bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderator effects to internal audits' self‐efficacy and job involvement
Authors: Shih Kuang‐Hsun , Hsieh Yin‐Ru , Lin Binshan 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between two variables, self‐efficacy and job involvement, of internal auditors of companies. It also aims to explore its intervention on self‐efficacy and job involvement using organizational power as another variable.Design/methodology/approachA survey is conducted on 600 publicly listed Taiwanese companies that have subsidiaries in China. A total of 600 questionnaires are distributed to their internal auditors.FindingsThe results show that there is a significant and positive correlation between self‐efficacy and job involvement of internal auditors. Organizational control power does not exhibit intervening effects on self‐efficacy or job involvement.Practical implicationsThis paper can offer a new perspective for managers of internal auditors because internal auditors' self‐efficacy can influence job involvement. Therefore, at the same time of supervising internal auditors, managers should not overlook the need to strengthen internal auditors' self‐efficacy.Originality/valuePast discussions on internal auditors are widespread. However, the conclusion of this paper, which is focused on the exploration of the relationship between self‐efficacy and job involvement, can offer a different insight on the internal auditor domain.
First insights into the genes that control plant–bacterial interactions
Authors: STASKAWICZ BRIAN 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe events leading up to the cloning of the first bacterial avirulence gene, avrA, from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea are described. The cloning of this gene marked the beginning of the molecular analyses of bacterial effectors and has paved the way for determining of the role of bacterial effectors in pathogen virulence and the triggering of plant innate immunity.
Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and health related quality of life in female veterans
Authors: GRAHAM D. P. , SAVAS L. , WHITE D. , EL‐SERAG R. , LADAY‐SMITH S. , TAN G. , EL‐SERAG H. B. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBackground  The status and determinants of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in female veterans with and without irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are unknown.Aim  To compare HRQOL in female veterans with and without IBS symptoms and examine the contribution of post‐traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety to HRQOL.Methods  A cross‐sectional study of 339 female veterans. Self‐report questionnaires were used to evaluate IBS symptoms, post‐traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and HRQOL.Results  Symptoms consistent with IBS were present in 33.5% of participants. Female veterans with IBS symptoms had significant reductions in physical component score and 5 of 8 Health Related Quality of Life subscales and on 7 of 8 Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality Of Life subscales than female veterans without IBS symptoms. Compared with the US general female population, female veterans had significantly lower Health Related Quality of Life physical component score and mental component scores (MCS) irrespective of IBS symptom status. Differences in the MCS score were most explained by depression, while those in the physical component score were most explained by anxiety.Conclusions  Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in female veterans are associated with considerable reduction in HRQOL. However, female veterans, regardless of IBS symptom status, have lower HRQOL compared with the general US female population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 261–273
The assessment of regional gut transit times in healthy controls and patients with gastroparesis using wireless motility technology
Authors: SAROSIEK I. , SELOVER K. H. , KATZ L. A. , SEMLER J. R. , WILDING G. E. , LACKNER J. M. , SITRIN M. D. , KUO B. , CHEY W. D. , HASLER W. L. , KOCH K. L. , PARKMAN H. P. , SAROSIEK J. , MCCALLUM R. W. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBackground  Wireless pH and pressure motility capsule (wireless motility capsule) technology provides a method to assess regional gastrointestinal transit times.Aims  To analyse data from a multi‐centre study of gastroparetic patients and healthy controls and to compare regional transit times measured by wireless motility capsule in healthy controls and gastroparetics (GP).Methods  A total of 66 healthy controls and 34 patients with GP (15 diabetic and 19 idiopathic) swallowed wireless motility capsule together with standardized meal (255 kcal). Gastric emptying time (GET), small bowel transit time (SBTT), colon transit time (CTT) and whole gut transit time (WGTT) were calculated using the wireless motility capsule.Results  Gastric emptying time, CTT and WGTT but not SBTT were significantly longer in GP than in controls. Eighteen percent of gastroparetic patients had delayed WGTT. Both diabetic and idiopathic aetiologies of gastroparetics had significantly slower WGTT (P < 0.0001) in addition to significantly slower GET than healthy controls. Diabetic gastroparetics additionally had significantly slower CTT than healthy controls (P = 0.0054).Conclusions  In addition to assessing gastric emptying, regional transit times can be measured using wireless motility capsule. The prolongation of CTT in gastroparetic patients indicates that dysmotility beyond the stomach in GP is present, and it could be contributing to symptom presentation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 313–322
A comparison of a flexometallic tracheal tube with the intubating laryngeal mask tracheal tube for nasotracheal fibreoptic intubation using the two‐scope technique*
Authors: Rai M. R. , Scott S. H. , Marfin A. G. , Popat M. T. , Pandit J. J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWe compared the incidence and site of impingement of a flexometallic tracheal tube with those of the re‐usable intubating laryngeal mask (ILMA) tube in 60 anaesthetised patients undergoing nasotracheal fibreoptic intubation for oral surgery. A two‐scope technique was used, observing the site of impingement with one scope whilst intubating with the other. The tubes were 6.0‐mm in females and 6.5‐mm in males. Impingement occurred with 10 (33%) flexometallic and 2 (7%) ILMA tubes (p < 0.032). In all but one case, the impingement was posterior to the right arytenoid cartilage. When impingement was observed, a single disempaction with a 90° anticlockwise rotational manoeuvre overcame impingement in every case except one, allowing successful intubation. We conclude that the incidence of impingement of the tracheal tube, and therefore of potential laryngeal trauma from nasotracheal fibreoptic intubation, is significantly greater with the flexometallic tube than with the ILMA tube.
Grey plumage colouration in the duck is genetically determined by the alleles on two different, interacting loci
Authors: Gong Y. , Yang Q. , Li S. , Feng Y. , Gao C. , Tu G. , Peng X. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBased on the observation of a grey phenotype in the F1 generation from a cross between two white plumage duck varieties, the white Kaiya and the white Liancheng, we hypothesized a possible interaction between two autosomal loci that determine grey plumage. Using the parental and F1 individuals, seven testing combinations including five different F1 intercrosses (F2) and two different backcrosses (BC1 and BC2) were designed to test our hypothesis. It was demonstrated by chi‐squared analysis that six test matings produced offspring in the expected ratios between the grey and white, with P‐values ranging from 0.50 to 0.99. Another mating, where all white offspring were expected, produced 33 white individuals. These results verified that the interaction between two loci produced the grey phenotype. The C locus, which carries the recessive allele (c), was previously thought to be the only gene responsible for white plumage in the duck. This is the first report that an allele (t), carried by the white Liancheng at a different autosomal locus, also determines white plumage in ducks. Furthermore, the dominant alleles at both loci can interact with each other to produce the grey phenotype, and a new dark phenotype, observed in some F2 individuals, can be attributed to the dosage effect of the T allele.
Promoting public awareness of randomised clinical trials using the media: the ‘Get Randomised’ campaign
Authors: Mackenzie Isla S. , Wei Li , Rutherford Daniel , Findlay Evelyn A. , Saywood Wendy , Campbell Marion K. , MacDonald Thomas M. 
Published: October 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Recruitment is key to the success of clinical trials.• Many clinical trials fail to achieve adequate recruitment.• Public understanding and engagement in clinical research could be improved. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • ‘Get Randomised’ is the first campaign of its kind in the UK.• It is possible to improve public awareness of clinical research using the media.• Further work is needed to determine whether improved public awareness leads to increased participation in clinical research in the future.AIMTo increase public awareness and understanding of clinical research in Scotland.METHODSA generic media campaign to raise public awareness of clinical research was launched in 2008. The ‘Get Randomised’ campaign was a Scotland‐wide initiative led by the University of Dundee in collaboration with other Scottish universities. Television, radio and newspaper advertising showed leading clinical researchers, general practitioners and patients informing the public about the importance of randomised clinical trials (RCTs). ‘Get Randomised’ was the central message and interested individuals were directed to the http://www.getrandomised.org website for more information. To assess the impact of the campaign, cross‐sectional surveys were conducted in representative samples of 1040 adults in Scotland prior to campaign launch and again 6 months later.RESULTSThere was an improvement in public awareness of clinical trials following the campaign; 56.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 51.8, 61.6] of the sample recalled seeing or hearing advertising about RCTs following the campaign compared with 14.8% (10.8, 18.9) prior to the campaign launch (difference = 41.4%; 95% CI for difference 35.6, 48.3; P < 0.01). Of those who recalled the advertising, 49% felt that the main message was that people should take part more in medical research. However, on whether they would personally take part in a clinical trial if asked, there was little difference in response following the campaign [‘yes’ 31.3% (28.4, 34.1) prior; 30.4% (27.6, 33.2) following; difference =−0.9%; 95% CI for difference −4.8, 3.1%; P= 0.92].CONCLUSIONSIt is possible to raise public awareness of clinical research using the media, but further efforts may be required to influence individuals' decisions to take part in clinical research.
Cleanliness of dentinal tubules following gutta‐percha removal with and without solvents: a scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Horvath S. D. , Altenburger M. J. , Naumann M. , Wolkewitz M. , Schirrmeister J. F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAim  To determine the influence of solvents on gutta‐percha and sealer remaining on root canal walls and in dentinal tubules.Methodology  The root canals of 70 teeth were prepared chemomechanically to apical size 40. In group 1 (n = 10; control group), the canals remained unfilled. In groups 2–4 (n = 20 each), the canals were filled using lateral compaction with gutta‐percha and sealer. Removal of root fillings was undertaken after 2 weeks using Gates Glidden burs and hand files without solvent (group 2), with eucalyptol (60 μL; group 3) and with chloroform (60 μL; group 4) to size 50. After further irrigation using sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, the roots were split, photographed and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. The number of filled dentinal tubules (SEM) and the surface covered by root filling remnants (photographs) were evaluated for the coronal, middle and apical third of each root half. Statistical analysis was performed via mixed model for clustered data followed by Tukey’s test.Results  After pooling the results of all thirds of the canal, open tubules were more prevalent in the control group, followed by the nonsolvent group, the eucalyptol group and the chloroform group (P < 0.05 between all groups). Less surface was covered by root filling remnants in the nonsolvent group than in the eucalyptol group and the chloroform group (P < 0.05); again, fewer remnants were found in the control group than in all other groups (P < 0.05).Conclusions  Solvents led to more gutta‐percha and sealer remnants on root canal walls and inside dentinal tubules.
Dental stem cells and their potential role in apexogenesis and apexification
Authors: Friedlander L. T. , Cullinan M. P. , Love R. M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractInjury to an immature permanent tooth may result in cessation of dentine deposition and root maturation leaving an open root apex and thin dentinal walls that are prone to fracture. Endodontic treatment is often complicated and protracted with an uncertain prognosis frequently resulting in premature tooth loss. Postnatal stem cells, which are capable of self‐renewal, proliferation and differentiation into multiple specialized cell lineages have been isolated and identified within the dental pulp, apical papilla and periodontal ligament. The ability of these cells to produce pulp‐dentine and cementum‐periodontal ligament complexes in vivo suggest potential applications involving stem cells, growth factors and scaffolds for apexification or apexogenesis. Similar protein expression amongst dental stem cells possibly implicates a common origin; however, the dominant cells to repopulate an open apex will be directed by local environmental cues. A greater understanding of the structure and function of cells within their environment is necessary to regulate and facilitate cellular differentiation along a certain developmental path with subsequent tissue regeneration. This review focuses on development of the apical tissues, dental stem cells and their possible involvement clinically in closing the open root apex. MEDLINE and EMBASE computer databases were searched up to January 2009. Abstracts of all potentially relevant articles were scanned and their contents identified before retrieval of full articles. A manual search of article reference lists as well as a forward search on selected authors of these articles was undertaken. It appears that dental stem cells have the potential for continued cell division and regeneration to replace dental tissues lost through trauma or disease. Clinical applications using these cells for apexogenesis and apexification will be dependent on a greater understanding of the environment at the immature root end and what stimulates dental stem cells to begin dividing and then express a certain phenotype.
Effectiveness of HERO 642 versus Hedström files for removing gutta‐percha fillings in curved root canals: an ex vivo study
Authors: Aydın B. , Köse T. , Çalışkan M. K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAim  To compare the effectiveness of gutta‐percha removal and the maintenance of canal anatomy when using the HERO 642 system or Hedström files (H‐files) in mandibular molar teeth.Methodology  The root canals of 40 mandibular molar teeth were instrumented using H‐files and filled with gutta‐percha and sealer. After 1 year in storage, the roots were sectioned horizontally to provide apical, middle and coronal root thirds. Sections were photographed, and an individual muffle was produced for each tooth. Teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) and the gutta‐percha removed using either the HERO 642 system or H‐files, with or without solvent. Digital images of the root canals were then re‐taken. Root thirds were inspected for lateral perforations, and the percentage of the residual canal filling was determined on postoperative images. Transportation and centring ratio were calculated using preoperative and postoperative images of the cross‐sections of root thirds.Results  H‐files groups were associated with less filling material than the HERO 642 system (H‐files–HERO 642 P = 0.056, H‐files–HERO 642+solvent P = 0.041, H‐files + solvent–HERO 642 P = 0.018, H‐files + solvent–HERO 642 + solvent P = 0.016). The percentage of residual filling material was similar in the apical thirds, and the contribution of solvent to canal debridement was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Perforation occurred mesiobuccally in 48% of specimens in the apical sections of mesial roots. There were no significant differences for centring ratio, transportation and perforation rate between groups.Conclusions  H‐files left less gutta‐percha overall; however, there was no difference in the apical third. The effect of solvent was not remarkable. Both instrument systems created a large number of perforations.
Role of the heat shock transcription factor, Hsf1, in a major fungal pathogen that is obligately associated with warm‐blooded animals
Authors: Nicholls Susan , Leach Michelle D. , Priest Claire L. , Brown Alistair J. P. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAll organisms have evolved mechanisms that protect them against environmental stress. The major fungal pathogen of humans, Candida albicans, has evolved robust stress responses that protect it against human immune defences and promote its pathogenicity. However, C. albicans is unlikely to be exposed to heat shock as it is obligatorily associated with warm‐blooded animals. Therefore, we examined the role of the heat shock transcription factor (Hsf1) in this pathogen. We show that C. albicans expresses an evolutionarily conserved Hsf1 (orf19.4775) that is phosphorylated in response to heat shock, induces transcription via the heat shock element (HSE), contributes to the global transcriptional response to heat shock, and is essential for viability. Why has Hsf1 been conserved in this obligate animal saprophyte? We reasoned that Hsf1 might contribute to medically relevant stress responses. However, this is not the case, as an Hsf1‐specific HSE‐lacZ reporter is not activated by oxidative, osmotic, weak acid or pH stress. Rather, Hsf1 is required for the expression of essential chaperones in the absence of heat shock (e.g. Hsp104, Hsp90, Hsp70). Furthermore, Hsf1 regulates the expression of HSE‐containing genes in response to growth temperature in C. albicans. Therefore, the main role of Hsf1 in this pathogen might be the homeostatic modulation of chaperone levels in response to growth temperature, rather than the activation of acute responses to sudden thermal transitions.
An intricate network of regulators controls biofilm formation and colonization by Vibrio fischeri
Authors: Visick Karen L. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe initial encounter between a microbe and its host can dictate the success of the interaction, be it symbiosis or pathogenesis. This is the case, for example, in the symbiosis between the bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the squid Euprymna scolopes, which proceeds via a biofilm‐like bacterial aggregation, followed by entry and growth. A key regulator, the sensor kinase RscS, is critical for symbiotic biofilm formation and colonization. When introduced into a fish symbiont strain that naturally lacks the rscS gene and cannot colonize squid, RscS permits colonization, thereby extending the host range of these bacteria. RscS controls biofilm formation by inducing transcription of the symbiosis polysaccharide (syp) gene locus. Transcription of syp also requires the σ54‐dependent activator SypG, which functions downstream of RscS. In addition to these regulators, SypE, a response regulator that lacks an apparent DNA binding domain, exerts both positive and negative control over biofilm formation. The putative sensor kinase SypF and the putative response regulator VpsR, both of which contribute to control of cellulose production, also influence biofilm formation. The wealth of regulators and the correlation between biofilm formation and colonization adds to the already considerable utility of the V. fischeri–E. scolopes model system.
Plasma levels and skin‐eosinophil‐expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with chronic urticaria
Authors: Tedeschi A. , Asero R. , Marzano A. V. , Lorini M. , Fanoni D. , Berti E. , Cugno M. 
Published: October 2009

Background:  Although chronic urticaria (CU) is often regarded as autoimmune in nature, only less than 50% of sera from CU patients contain histamine‐releasing autoantibodies. This suggests that other factors may contribute to its pathogenesis. We evaluated the possible involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the major mediators of vascular permeability, in CU.Methods:  Eighty consecutive adult patients with CU and 53 healthy subjects were studied. VEGF and prothrombin fragment F1+2 were measured by enzyme immunoassays. Autologous plasma skin test (APST) was performed in CU patients and, in six of them, skin biopsy specimens were taken from wheals to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP).Results:  Plasma VEGF concentrations were higher in CU patients (8.00 ± 0.90 pmol/l) than in controls (0.54 ± 0.08 pmol/l) (P = 0.0001) and tended to parallel both the severity of CU and to correlate with F1+2 levels. APST was positive in 85.1% of patients. VEGF concentration was significantly higher in APST‐positive than in APST‐negative patients (P = 0.0003). Immunohistochemically, all specimens from patients with CU showed a strong expression of VEGF (P = 0.002) that colocalized with ECP, a classic eosinophil marker.Conclusions:  VEGF plasma levels are elevated in CU and parallel the disease severity. This supports a possible role of this molecule in CU pathophysiology. Eosinophils are the main cellular source of VEGF in CU lesional skin.
Association and interaction analyses of eight genes under asthma linkage peaks
Authors: Ferreira M. A. R. , Zhao Z. Z. , Thomsen S. F. , James M. , Evans D. M. , Postmus P. E. , Kyvik K. O. , Backer V. , Boomsma D. I. , Martin N. G. , Montgomery G. W. , Duffy D. L. 
Published: October 2009

Background:  Linkage studies have implicated the 2q33, 9p21, 11q13 and 20q13 regions in the regulation of allergic disease. The aim of this study was to test genetic variants in candidate genes from these regions for association with specific asthma traits.Methods:  Ninety‐five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located in eight genes (CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, ADAM23, ADAMTSL1, MS4A2, CDH26 and HRH3) were genotyped in >5000 individuals from Australian (n = 1162), Dutch (n = 99) and Danish (n = 303) families. Traits tested included doctor‐diagnosed asthma, atopy, airway obstruction, total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels and eosinophilia. Association was tested using both multivariate and univariate methods, with gene‐wide thresholds for significance determined through simulation. Gene‐by‐gene and gene‐by‐environment analyses were also performed.Results:  There was no overall evidence for association with seven of the eight genes tested when considering all genetic variation assayed in each gene. The exception was MS4A2 on chromosome 11q13, which showed weak evidence for association with IgE (gene‐wide P < 0.05, rs502581). There were no significant gene‐by‐gene or gene‐by‐environment interaction effects after accounting for the number of tests performed.Conclusions:  The individual variants genotyped in the 2q33, 9p21 and 20q13 regions do not explain a large fraction of the variation in the quantitative traits tested or have a major impact on asthma or atopy risk. Our results are consistent with a weak effect of MS4A2 polymorphisms on the variation of total IgE levels.