bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Granular Formulations and Active Ingredient Distribution from a Rotary Spreader
Authors: Goss G. Robert , Bernal Y. , Johnsonbaugh A. , Henderson R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
When using a spinner spreader, particle size distribution may affect a gravimetric distribution pattern, larger particles being thrown farther than smaller particles. If active ingredient (AI) concentrations were uneven with respect to particle size, it is possible that a gravimetric distribution analysis (i.e., a spreader calibration) would not accurately reflect AI distribution. This paper discusses granule uniformity and its effect on granular formulation gravimetric distribution and AI distribution. A more uniform particle size provides a more even AI distribution.
Linking Ecosystems, Food Webs, and Fish Production: Subsidies in Salmonid Watersheds
Authors: Wipfli Mark S. , Baxter Colden V. 
Published: July 2010

Physical characteristics of riverine habitats, such as large wood abundance, pool geometry and abundance, riparian vegetation cover, and surface flow conditions, have traditionally been thought to constrain fish production in these ecosystems. Conversely, the role of food resources (quantity and quality) in controlling fish production has received far less attention and consideration, though they can also be key productivity drivers. Traditional freshwater food web illustrations have typically conveyed the notion that most fish food is produced within the local aquatic habitat itself, but the concepts and model we synthesize in this article show that most fish food comes from external or very distant sources—including subsidies from marine systems borne from adult returns of anadromous fishes, from fishless headwater tributaries that transport prey to downstream fish, and from adjacent streamside vegetation and associated habitats. The model we propose further illustrates how key trophic pathways and food sources vary through time and space throughout watersheds. Insights into how food supplies affect fishes can help guide how we view riverine ecosystems, their structure and function, their interactions with marine and terrestrial systems, and how we manage natural resources, including fish, riparian habitats, and forests.
las características físicas de los hábitats fluviales, tales como abundancia de madera, geometría y abundancia de cuerpos de agua, cobertura de vegetación riparia y condiciones de flujo superficial han sido comúnmente consideradas como determinantes de la producción de peces en este tipo de ecosistemas. Alternativamente, el papel del suministro alimenticio (calidad y cantidad) en el control de la producción de peces ha recibido mucha menos atención y consideración pese a que también puede ser un elemento clave en cuanto al control de la productividad. Las clásicas ilustraciones de redes alimenticias de ambientes de agua dulce han dado la impresión de que la mayor parte del alimento de los peces se produce dentro del propio hábitat acuático local, pero los conceptos y el modelo que se presentan en este artículo muestran que gran parte del alimento de los peces proviene de fuentes externas o muy distantes –incluyendo subsidios por parte de los sistemas marinos como el retorno de adultos de peces anádromos, tributarios paralelos que transportan las presas hacia los peces que habitan río abajo, vegetación ribereña y hábitats asociados. El modelo que se propone, además, explica cómo las vías tróficas clave y los suministros alimenticios, varían a través del tiempo y del espacio entre cuencas. El conocimiento de cómo los suministros de alimento afectan a los peces, puede ayudar a mejorar la forma en la que se estudian los ecosistemas fluviales, a entender su estructura y función, sus interacciones con sistemas marinos y terrestres y a optimizar el manejo de los recursos naturales, incluyendo peces, hábitats riparios y forestales.
Efficacy of Trastuzumab in Routine Clinical Practice and After Progression for Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients: The Observational Hermine Study
Authors: Extra Jean-Marc , Antoine Eric C. , Vincent-Salomon Anne , Delozier Thierry , Kerbrat Pierre , Bethune-Volters Anne , Guastalla Jean-Paul , Spielmann Marc , Mauriac Louis , Misset Jean-Louis , Serin Daniel , Campone Mario , Hebert Christophe , Remblier Céline , Bergougnoux Loïc , Campana Frank , Namer Moïse 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background.
The Hermine study observed the use of trastuzumab for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in routine practice, including patients who received trastuzumab treatment beyond progression (TBP).

Patients and Methods.
The study observed 623 patients for ≥2 years. Treatment was given according to oncologists' normal clinical practices. Endpoints included duration of treatment, efficacy, and cardiac safety. The TBP subanalysis compared overall survival (OS) in 177 patients who received first-line trastuzumab and either continued trastuzumab for ≥30 days following progression or stopped at or before progression.

Results.
The median treatment duration was 13.3 months. In the first-, second-, and third-line or beyond treatment groups, the median time to progression (TTP) were 10.3 months, 9.0 months, and 6.3 months, and the median OS times were 30.3 months, 27.1 months, and 23.2 months, respectively. Heart failure was observed in 2.6% of patients, although no cardiac-associated deaths occurred. In the TBP subanalysis, the median OS duration from treatment initiation and time of disease progression were longer in patients who continued receiving trastuzumab TBP (&gt;27.8 months and 21.3 months, respectively) than in those who stopped (16.8 months and 4.6 months, respectively). However, the groups were not completely comparable, because patients who continued trastuzumab TBP had better prognoses at treatment initiation. The median TTP was longer in patients who continued trastuzumab TBP (10.2 months) than in those who stopped (7.1 months).

Conclusion.
The Hermine findings confirm that the pivotal trials of first-line trastuzumab treatment in MBC patients are applicable in clinical practice. The subanalysis suggests that trastuzumab TBP offers a survival benefit to MBC patients treated with first-line trastuzumab.
Methods for casting subterranean ant nests
Authors: Tschinkel Walter R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The study of subterranean ant nests has been impeded by the difficulty of rendering their structures in visible form. Here, several different casting materials are shown to make perfect casts of the underground nests of ants. Each material (dental plaster, paraffin wax, aluminum, zinc) has advantages and limitations, which are discussed. Some of the materials allow the recovery of the ants entombed in the casts, allowing a census of the ants to be connected with features of their nest architecture. The necessary equipment and procedures are described in the hope that more researchers will study this very important aspect of ant natural history.
Split Decisions in Antidumping Cases
Authors: Crowley Meredith A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This paper provides a rationale for split decisions in antidumping cases. A split decision occurs when the U.S. government simultaneously investigates multiple countries for dumping the same product but imposes antidumping duties on only a subset of these countries. In the U.S., 76% of antidumping petitions filed between 1980 and 2004 involved two or more countries accused of dumping the same product. Among these multi-country investigations, roughly 30% concluded with a split decision in the final stage of an investigation. The model in this paper shows that selectively applying antidumping duties against foreign countries that are selling increased quantities of imports at a price below long run average total cost improves the importing country's welfare. Imperfectly competitive firms in different countries face stochastic demand and are subject to capacity constraints. As a result, foreign firms dump when they face weak demand in their own markets. In response to the shift in a foreign country's export supply, the importing country's optimal rent-shifting tariff against the foreign country with weak demand increases while its optimal tariff against other countries falls. This paper suggests an economic rationale behind the differential treatment afforded to different countries accused of dumping.
Overall Diet History and Reversibility of the Metabolic Syndrome Over 5 Years
Authors: Akbaraly Tasnime N. , Singh-Manoux Archana , Tabak Adam G. , Jokela Markus , Virtanen Marianna , Ferrie Jane E. , Marmot Michael G. , Shipley Martin J. , Kivimaki Mika 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVEWe examined the impact of adherence to the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), a set of dietary guidelines targeting major chronic diseases, on metabolic syndrome (MetS) reversion in a middle-aged population.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSAnalyses were carried out on the 339 participants (28% women, mean age 56.4 years) from the Whitehall II study with MetS as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Reversion was defined as not having MetS after 5 years of follow-up (158 case subjects).RESULTSAfter controlling for potential confounders, adherence to AHEI was associated with MetS reversion (odds ratio 1.88 [95% CI 1.04–3.41]), predominantly in participants with central obesity and in those with high triglyceride.CONCLUSIONSOur findings support the benefit of adherence to AHEI dietary guidelines for individuals with MetS, especially those with central obesity or high triglyceride levels.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) and the risk of birth and developmental defects - facts and fictions
Authors: Dolinska Barbara 
Published: July 2010

In vitro fertilization (IVF) and the risk of birth and developmental defects - facts and fictions
Poland is being swept by a wave of discussions on various aspects of IVF application. Scientists of various disciplines are getting involved in these discussions as opponents to this form of procreation. Referring to research carried out all over the world, they demonstrate that children born thanks to the in vitro procedure are significantly more susceptible to all sorts of disease. The author, surveying available research data, shows that, in reality, the worse health of in vitro-conceived children deals with a narrow number of well-identified disorders and in most cases is of correlative, not causative nature. The main reason for the weaker health of these children is often connected with the advanced age of the parents who choose IVF and their health condition (mothers' in particular), as compared to those who become parents in a natural way.
Type D personality in Poland: Validity and application of the Polish DS14
Authors: Ogińska-Bulik Nina , Juczyński Zygfryd 
Published: July 2010

Type D personality in Poland: Validity and application of the Polish DS14
Type D personality (increased negative emotions paired with emotional non-expression) is an emerging risk indicator in cardiovascular disease (CVD), associated with poor patient-centered outcomes, mortality and morbidity. Little is known about the cross-cultural utility of the construct, as it has primarily been used in the Western European setting. We applied the Type D Scale to a large sample of healthy and CVD patients to validate the DS14 in Poland. DS14 was used in the sample comprised 1154 persons, healthy and CVD. The internal consistency of the Polish version of the DS14 was good with Cronbach's alpha of 0.86 for negative affectivity (NA) and 0.84 for social inhibition (SI). The 2-factor structure of the DS14 was confirmed both with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Both of the DS14 subscales were internally consistent and stable over time. Using the standardized cut-off ≥10 for both NA and SI to identify those with a Type D personality, the prevalence was 72.1% in CVD patients and 34.8% in healthy. The Type D personality construct, as assessed with the DS14, seems to be applicable to the Polish setting, as the Polish DS14 was shown to be a psychometrically sound instrument.
Can We Explain Heterogeneity Among Randomized Clinical Trials of Exercise for Chronic Back Pain? A Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Ferreira Manuela L. , Smeets Rob J.E.M. , Kamper Steven J. , Ferreira Paulo H. , Machado Luciana A.C. 
Published: July 2010

BackgroundExercise programs may vary in terms of duration, frequency, and dosage; whether they are supervised; and whether they include a home-based program. Uncritical pooling of heterogeneous exercise trials may result in misleading conclusions regarding the effects of exercise on chronic low back pain (CLBP).PurposeThe purpose of this study was to establish the effect of exercise on pain and disability in patients with CLBP, with a major aim of explaining between-trial heterogeneity.Data SourcesSix databases were searched up to August 2008 using a computerized search strategy.Study SelectionEligible studies needed to be randomized clinical trials evaluating the effects of exercise for nonspecific CLBP. Outcomes of interest were pain and disability measured on a continuous scale.Data ExtractionBaseline demographic data, exercise features, and outcome data were extracted from all included trials.Data SynthesisUnivariate meta-regressions were conducted to assess the associations between exercise effect sizes and 8 study-level variables: baseline severity of symptoms, number of exercise hours and sessions, supervision, individual tailoring, cognitive-behavioral component, intention-to-treat analysis, and concealment of allocation.LimitationsOnly study-level characteristics were included in the meta-regression analyses. Therefore, the implications of the findings should not be used to differentiate the likelihood of the effect of exercise based on patient characteristics.ConclusionsThe results show that, in general, when all types of exercise are analyzed, small but significant reductions in pain and disability are observed compared with minimal care or no treatment. Despite many possible sources of heterogeneity in exercise trials, only dosage was found to be significantly associated with effect sizes.
Motor Control Exercises, Sling Exercises, and General Exercises for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial With 1-Year Follow-up
Authors: Unsgaard-Tøndel Monica , Fladmark Anne Margrethe , Salvesen Øyvind , Vasseljen Ottar 
Published: July 2010

BackgroundExercise benefits patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain; however, the most effective type of exercise remains unknown.ObjectiveThis study compared outcomes after motor control exercises, sling exercises, and general exercises for low back pain.DesignThis was a randomized controlled trial with a 1-year follow-up.SettingThe study was conducted in a primary care setting in Norway.PatientsThe participants were patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (n=109).InterventionsThe interventions in this study were low-load motor control exercises, high-load sling exercises, or general exercises, all delivered by experienced physical therapists, once a week for 8 weeks.MeasurementsThe primary outcome measure was pain reported on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale after treatment and at a 1-year follow-up. Secondary outcome measures were self-reported activity limitation (assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index), clinically examined function (assessed with the Fingertip-to-Floor Test), and fear-avoidance beliefs after intervention.ResultsThe postintervention assessment showed no significant differences among groups with respect to pain (overall group difference) or any of the outcome measures. Mean (95% confidence interval) group differences for pain reduction after treatment and after 1 year were 0.3 (−0.7 to 1.3) and 0.4 (−0.7 to 1.4) for motor control exercises versus sling exercises, 0.7 (−0.6 to 2.0) and 0.3 (−0.8 to 1.4) for sling exercises versus general exercises, and 1.0 (−0.1 to 2.0) and 0.7 (−0.3 to 1.7) for motor control exercises versus general exercises.LimitationsThe nature of the interventions made blinding impossible.ConclusionsThis study gave no evidence that 8 treatments with individually instructed motor control exercises or sling exercises were superior to general exercises for chronic low back pain.
Accuracy of ultrasound‐guided injections of thoracolumbar articular process joints in horses: A cadaveric study
Authors: FUGLBJERG V. , NIELSEN J. V. , THOMSEN P. D. , BERG L. C. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Arthrosis of the articular process joints (APJs) in the caudal thoracolumbar region of horses may cause back pain and subsequent reduced performance or lameness. Ultrasound‐guided injections of the APJs of the equine back have been described only briefly in the literature.Objectives: To evaluate factors affecting the accuracy of intra‐articular injections of the APJs in the caudal thoracolumbar region.Methods: One‐hundred‐and‐fifty‐four injections with blue dye were performed on APJs including the T14–L6 region in 12 horses subjected to euthanasia for reasons unrelated to back problems. The backs were subsequently dissected to verify the location of the injectate in relation to the APJs.Results: Twenty‐seven percent of the injections were found to be intra‐articular and a total of 77% found to be within 2 mm of the joint capsule including the intra‐articular deposits. Application of a medial approach and 18 gauge needle were significantly associated with an intra‐articular injection or deposition close to the joint capsule. Operator, APJ (location) and back number (chronological) did not significantly affect the accuracy of injection.Conclusions and potential relevance: Injection of the vertebral APJ in the thoracolumbar region using ultrasound guidance is a reliable method, as most of the injections were either in or within 2 mm of the joint. Based on the findings of this cadaver study, the medial approach is expected to be the most accurate in live horses. Further investigations are required to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of this method in clinical practice.
Finite element analysis of wall stress in the equine pulmonary artery
Authors: TEETER M. G. , ARROYO L. G. , BAKKER J. D. , HAYES M. A. , VIEL L. , RUNCIMAN R. J. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Arterial calcification is found frequently in the pulmonary artery of racehorses, but the aetiology is unknown. Calcification might be associated with increased wall stress due to arterial geometry (shape) and exercise‐induced hypertension.Hypothesis: High wall stress levels are found in the regions associated with calcified lesion formation, exacerbated as transluminal pressure increases to levels associated with exercise.Methods: The pulmonary arteries of 5 horses, unaffected by calcification, were dissected and pressurised to resting and exercising physiological transluminal pressures and scanned with MRI. Arterial geometries were reconstructed to form 3D computer models and finite element analyses performed. Wall stress levels were measured in 4 regions of interest: the arterial trunk and bifurcation, the wall ipsilateral and contralateral to the bifurcation. Measurements were made for arterial transluminal pressures of 25, 50 and 100 mmHg.Results: High wall stress levels were consistently found at the pulmonary artery bifurcation and wall ipsilateral to the bifurcation, where calcified lesions typically form. Lower wall stress levels were found along the trunk and the wall contralateral to the bifurcation where lesions are less frequently found. Wall stress levels increased 5‐fold over a 4‐fold increase in pressure. The wall stress levels ranged 10 kPa in the wall of the branch contralateral to the bifurcation at 25 mmHg to 400 kPa in the bifurcation at 100 mmHg.Conclusions: Wall stress from arterial geometry and increased pulmonary artery transluminal pressure are factors that may be associated with calcification of the equine pulmonary artery.Potential relevance: Arterial calcification may increase the risk of arterial wall failure in racing horses.
A survey on two years of medication regulation in horse races in Iran
Authors: LOTFOLLAHZADEH S. , MOKHBER‐DEZFOULI M. R. , TAJIK P. , BOKAIE S. , WATSON D. G. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: The present survey evaluated the use of prohibited substances cases in the first 2 years of medication regulation in horseracing in Iran so that the impact of these regulations on the level of positive cases over the period could be assessed.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of positive tests for prohibited substances in horse races during 2 years of a drugs testing programme in Iran.Methods: A total of 656 horses that were winners or second in races were tested during the 2 year study. In the first year 354 horses (209 males and 145 females) and in the second year 302 horses (155 males and 147 females) were tested. In the 2 years, 306 were found to be positive. Urine samples were taken from candidate horses and sent to the Central Doping Laboratory. Blood samples were taken from those horses where a urine sample could not be taken within one hour. Detection and measurement of prohibited substances were carried out by ELISA, GC and HPLC using standard methods.Results: Thirty‐two percent of males were positive for prohibited substances, which was not significantly different from the percentage of females (25.5%). In the second year, of the 302 horses tested for prohibited substances, 33.5% of males were positive, again similar to females (33.3%). Almost 83% of horses tested positive for prohibited substances once in the first year, 15% tested positive twice and 2% tested positive 3 times. In the second year 78% tested positive once, 15% tested positive twice and 7% tested positive 3 times. Morphine was the most used prohibited substance and was detected 42 times during the survey, followed by caffeine and phenylbutazone. Morphine was also the most used drug in combination with other drugs in both years.Conclusions: Morphine and caffeine were the most popular prohibited substances found in the measurements. As these substances were found in the environment and food stuffs, their presence in the samples may be due to unintentional feeding of contaminated materials (bread, hay and chocolate).