bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐vacuum methods for formation of Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2thin film photovoltaic absorbers
Authors: Hibberd C. J. , Chassaing E. , Liu W. , Mitzi D. B. , Lincot D. , Tiwari A. N. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPolycrystalline thin films of copper indium diselenide and its alloys with gallium and sulphur (CIGS) have proven to be suitable for use as absorbers in high‐efficiency solar cells. Record efficiency devices of 20% power conversion efficiency have been produced by co‐evaporation of the elements under high vacuum. However, non‐vacuum methods for absorber deposition promise significantly lower capital expenditure and reduced materials costs, and have been used to produce devices with efficiencies of up to 14%. Such efficiencies are already high enough for commercial up‐scaling to be considered and several companies are now trying to develop products based on non‐vacuum deposited CIGS absorbers. This article will review the wide range of non‐vacuum techniques that have been used to deposit CIGS thin films, highlighting the state of the art and efforts towards commercialization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective Detonation Synthesis of Cubic Boron Nitride
Authors: Gavrilkin Sergei M. , Batsanov Stepan S. , Gordopolov Yury A. , Smirnov Alexander S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSuccessful realization of detonation‐induced h‐BN→c‐BN phase transition requires that a hydrolysis of BN by water from the detonation products is suppressed. For this two kinds of experiments for synthesis of c‐BN were attempted: using benzo‐trifuroxan (with no water in products) as an explosive, in 80% yield; and using the cast 50% TNT+50% RDX charges containing 5–25 wt.‐% of h‐BN powder in order to expend water from the detonation products by a part of BN, and to realize the phase transition in the rest, in 10% yield.
Influence of the H‐site residue 108 on human glutathione transferase P1‐1 ligand binding: Structure‐thermodynamic relationships and thermal stability
Authors: Quesada‐Soriano Indalecio , Parker Lorien J. , Primavera Alessandra , Casas‐Solvas Juan M. , Vargas‐Berenguel Antonio , Barón Carmen , Morton Craig J. , Paola Mazzetti Anna , Lo Bello Mario , Parker Michael W. , García‐Fuentes Luis 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe effect of the Y108V mutation of human glutathione S‐transferase P1‐1 (hGST P1‐1) on the binding of the diuretic drug ethacrynic acid (EA) and its glutathione conjugate (EASG) was investigated by calorimetric, spectrofluorimetric, and crystallographic studies. The mutation Tyr 108 → Val resulted in a 3D‐structure very similar to the wild type (wt) enzyme, where both the hydrophobic ligand binding site (H‐site) and glutathione binding site (G‐site) are unchanged except for the mutation itself. However, due to a slight increase in the hydrophobicity of the H‐site, as a consequence of the mutation, an increase in the entropy was observed. The Y108V mutation does not affect the affinity of EASG for the enzyme, which has a higher affinity (Kd ∼ 0.5 μM) when compared with those of the parent compounds, K ∼ 13 μM, K ∼ 25 μM. The EA moiety of the conjugate binds in the H‐site of Y108V mutant in a fashion completely different to those observed in the crystal structures of the EA or EASG wt complex structures. We further demonstrate that the ΔCp values of binding can also be correlated with the potential stacking interactions between ligand and residues located in the binding sites as predicted from crystal structures. Moreover, the mutation does not significantly affect the global stability of the enzyme. Our results demonstrate that calorimetric measurements maybe useful in determining the preference of binding (the binding mode) for a drug to a specific site of the enzyme, even in the absence of structural information.
Malaria in children: bite avoidance and prophylaxis
Authors: Gawthrop Mary , Ford Lisa 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOur series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for successful man‐agement of childhood prob‐lems in general practice. Here, the authors describe the mosquito bite avoidance and malaria prophylaxis options for this age group. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Design and technology considerations for SiC bipolar devices: BJTs, IGBTs, and GTOs
Authors: Zhang Qingchun (Jon) , Agarwal Anant K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThere has been a rapid improvement in SiC materials and power devices during the last few years. SiC unipolar devices such as Schottky diodes, JFETs and MOSFETs have been developed extensively and advantages of insertion of such devices in power electronic systems have been demonstrated [1, 2]. However, unipolar devices for high voltage systems suffer from high drift layer resistance that gives rise to high power dissipation in the on‐state. For such applications, bipolar devices are preferred due to their low on‐resistance. In this article, the physics and technology of SiC bipolar devices, namely Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs), and Gate Turn Off Thyristors (GTOs), are discussed. A detailed review of the current status and future trends in these devices is given with an emphasis on the device design and characterization. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A mass spectrometry based functional assay for the quantitative assessment of ABC transporter activity
Authors: Katona Mária , Kiss Katalin , Angyal Vilmos , Kucsma Nóra , Sarkadi Balázs , Takáts Zoltán , Szakács Gergely 
Published: September 2009

AbstractATP‐Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters are highly expressed in pharmacological barriers limiting the access of drugs to their targets. Since characterization of a compound as a transporter substrate or inhibitor bears significant consequences in drug development, there is a great need for reliable tools that enable the rapid analysis of the transport susceptibility of drugs. Here we describe a simple but very efficient high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) assay for measuring the ABC transporter‐dependent vesicular transport of compounds. In addition, we provide evidence that the requirement for sample preparation can be minimized using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)‐MS, paving the way for a direct, high‐throughput investigation of drug‐transporter interactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy‐aware and entropy coding for networked‐controlled linear systems
Authors: Canudas‐de‐Wit Carlos , Jaglin Jonathan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper addresses issues on coding design in the context of control of systems equipped with low‐energy sensors networks. We particularly focus on issues concerning minimum bit and energy‐aware coding. To this aim, we devise a coding strategy with the ability to quantify and to differentiate stand‐still signal events from changes in the source (level crossing detector). Coding is effectuated by defining at least 3‐valued alphabet for the minimum bit case and (2L+ 1)‐valued alphabet for a general case with a precision depending onL. Energy saves are studied in two different scenarios: (1) in the word‐by‐word transmission case, the stand‐still signal event is modulated with a low‐power transmission mechanisms, whereas the changes of levels will be modulated with high power and (2) in the package‐based transmission case, an entropy variable length coding is added to the previous encoding process. Entropy coding assigns some probability distribution to the events, so that the mean transmission energy can be substantially improved for systems where the stand‐still events have higher probability to arise (i.e. stable systems). The paper studies the stability properties needed for this type of coding to operate properly, and quantify the energy saves for each of the considered scenarios. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomization methods for assessing data analysis results on real‐valued matrices
Authors: Ojala Markus , Vuokko Niko , Kallio Aleksi , Haiminen Niina , Mannila Heikki 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRandomization is an important technique for assessing the significance of data analysis results. Given an input dataset, a randomization method samples at random from some class of datasets that share certain characteristics with the original data. The measure of interest on the original data is then compared to the measure on the samples to assess its significance. For certain types of data, e.g., gene expression matrices, it is useful to be able to sample datasets that have the same row and column distributions of values as the original dataset. Testing whether the results of a data mining algorithm on such randomized datasets differ from the results on the true dataset tells us whether the results on the true data were an artifact of the row and column statistics, or due to some more interesting phenomena in the data. We study the problem of generating such randomized datasets. We describe methods based on local transformations and Metropolis sampling, and show that the methods are efficient and usable in practice. We evaluate the performance of the methods both on real and generated data. We also show how our methods can be applied to a real data analysis scenario on DNA microarray data. The results indicate that the methods work efficiently and are usable in significance testing of data mining results on real‐valued matrices. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Intracellular Localization and Cytotoxicity of Spherical Mesoporous Silica Nano‐ and Microparticles
Authors: He Qianjun , Zhang Zhiwen , Gao Yu , Shi Jianlin , Li Yaping 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis work evaluates the cytotoxicity of spherical mesoporous silica (MS) nano‐ and microparticles and investigates the effects of particle size, concentration, biodegradation products of MS, residual surfactant, and surfactant removal by extraction and calcination on the cytotoxicity. The results from the intracellular localization of spherical MS nano‐ and microparticles with different sizes reveal the mechanism for their cytotoxicity and that the smaller particles in nanoscale are more easily endocytosed and consequently located within lysosomes.
Twin‐reversed arterial perfusion sequence: pre‐ and postoperative cardiovascular findings in the ‘pump’ twin
Authors: Kinsel‐Ziter M. L. , Cnota J. F. , Crombleholme T. M. , Michelfelder E. C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo assess cardiovascular findings in twin‐reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence pre‐ and post‐therapy and compare these findings to traditional obstetric markers, defined as acardius to pump twin weight ratio and presence of polyhydramnios.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of 27 cases of TRAP sequence diagnosed between 2004 and 2008. Echocardiographic data included indexed cardiac output and functional and anatomic parameters. Ultrasound reports were reviewed for acardius to pump twin weight ratio and polyhydramnios. We assessed the relationship between cardiac output and the remaining cardiac/obstetric variables obtained pre‐ and post‐treatment.ResultsTwenty‐three subjects had complete echocardiographic data sets at initial evaluation (mean gestational age, 20.4 ± 2.5 weeks) and, of these, post‐treatment echocardiographic evaluation was available in 10. Six of seven (86%) pump twins with elevated indexed cardiac output had significant cardiovascular compromise. Most fetuses with abnormal cardiac output or right ventricular dysfunction normalized post‐therapy. There was no relationship between cardiac output and obstetric markers.ConclusionsElevated indexed cardiac output is strongly associated with cardiovascular compromise. Traditional obstetric prognosticators do not correlate with cardiovascular derangements. In pump twins with cardiac compromise, postoperative cardiovascular status improves acutely. Given this analysis, we conclude that assessment of cardiovascular findings should be incorporated into the management and treatment of TRAP sequence. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Many Faces of Rare Earth Carbodiimide Compounds
Authors: Unverfehrt Leonid , Ströbele Markus , Glaser Jochen , Meyer H.‐Jürgen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSolid state metathesis reactions have been established as a successful tool in syntheses of rare earth carbodiimide compounds. Current results evidence the new compounds LiRE(CN2)2 with RE = La, Ce and the carbodiimide nitride Ce3(CN2)3N. LiRE(CN2)2 compounds were synthesized by solid state metathesis reactions between REF3 and Li2(CN2) in 1:2 molar ratio. Ce3(CN2)3N was obtained by thermal conversion of LiCe(CN2)2., Crystal structures of LiLa(CN2)2 and Ce3(CN2)3N were determined from X‐ray single crystal data (LiLa(CN2)2: P21/m, a = 542.4(2) pm, b = 379.16(7) pm, c = 1013.0(3) pm, β = 101.35(3) °; Ce3(CN2)3N: P212121, a = 672.97(9) pm, b = 1309.8(2) pm, c = 1697.7(3) pm) and LiCe(CN2)2 was assigned from indexed X‐ray powder diffraction data (LiCe(CN2)2: a = 541.9(1) pm, b = 374.50(8) pm, c = 1008.8(2) pm, β = 101.21(1) °)., The crystal structure of LiLa(CN2)2 represents a layer‐like arrangement of ions as typical for this type of compounds. The crystal structure of Ce3(CN2)3N reveals chains of [NCe4] tetrahedra running parallel to each other, and trigonal prismatic to trigonal antiprismatic arrangements of six distinctly interconnected [Ce3–NCN–Ce3] units. Both structures contain (CN2)2– ions deviating from their ideal D∞h symmetry, with C–N distances ranging between 121 and 126 pm and N–C–N angles near 180°.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermal Stability of two 3d‐4f Heterometallic Coordination Polymers
Authors: Huang Chun‐De , Qiu Tao‐Run , Wu Yi‐Yi , Mo Hai‐Hong , Zeng Rong‐Hua , Peng Guo , Wang Ning , Lu Dong‐Sheng , Fang Zhan‐Qiang 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTwo new 3d‐4f heterometallic coordination polymers, [LnCu(nic)2(ox)]·2H2O (Ln = Sm(1), Dy (2), ox = oxalate anion, Hnic = nicotinic acid) were synthesized and characterized by elementary analysis, IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The two structures exhibit the same unusual 3D microporous heterometallic coordination frameworks with 13.7 % voids occupied by guest water molecules.
Pancreatic lithiasis and intraductal papillary‐mucinous neoplasm with special reference to the pathogenesis of lithiasis
Authors: Kimura Wataru 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn pancreatic lithiasis in elderly autopsy cases, the stones are small and the pancreatic duct is changed very slightly when viewed by simple X‐ray film, pancreatic ductography and gross appearance. Histologically, a slight fibrous increase is seen very locally, but findings consistent with chronic pancreatitis are not found throughout the whole pancreas. However, marked, diffuse and irregular dilatation of the pancreatic duct is frequently found in operative cases with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic stones. These findings show that the changes seen with aging and with chronic pancreatitis can be distinguished based on the findings of pancreatic ductography. Mucin production in epithelia in intraductal papillary‐mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) may not be strongly associated with the pathogenesis of pancreatic lithiasis. Pancreatic lithiasis may be related to squamous cell metaplasia. IPMN and dilatation of the pancreatic duct are closely associated with mucin production. An increase in intraductal pressure of the pancreatic duct may be somewhat related to the mechanism of stone formation. The incidental co‐existence of pancreatic epithelia with pancreatic lithiasis in patients with chronic pancreatitis and the development of IPMN may also be possible. IPMN and pancreatic lithiasis may be related through the mechanism(s) of their pathogenesis, their synergism and the pathogenesis of stone formation. The relation between mucinous metaplasia and stone formation is slight and, therefore, there may be only a weak correlation between IPMN and pancreatic stones. This may explain why there are few reports of the co‐existence of IPMN and pancreatic stones (Kimura in Kan Tan Sui 58:485–492, 2009).
Grandmothers as Gems of Genetic Wisdom: Exploring South African Traditional Beliefs About the Causes of Childhood Genetic Disorders
Authors: Penn Claire , Watermeyer Jennifer , MacDonald Carol , Moabelo Colleen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWith its diverse cultural and linguistic profile, South Africa provides a unique context to explore contextual influences on the process of genetic counseling. Prior research suggests intergenerational differences regarding models of causation which influence treatment‐seeking paths. This pilot study therefore aimed to explore South African traditional beliefs regarding common childhood genetic disorders. Three focus groups were conducted with fifteen grandmothers from different cultural backgrounds in an urban community. Questions pertained to the role of the grandmother, traditional beliefs regarding causes of genetic disorders, explanations of heredity, and prevention and management of genetic disorders. Results indicate a variety of cultural explanations for causes of childhood genetic disorders. These causes can be classified into categories related to lifestyle, behavior, social issues, culture, religion, genetic, and familial causes. Prevention and treatment issues are also highlighted. These findings have implications for genetic counseling practice, which needs to include a greater focus on cultural issues.
Ventilation and clearance of the middle ear
Authors: Cohen D , Raveh D , Peleg U , Nazarian Y , Perez R 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To investigate the ventilation and drainage mechanism of the middle ear.Study design:Prospective.Setting:We observed 304 (of 337) middle ears with tympanic membrane perforation or myringotomy (102 normal, 90 with otitis media with effusion and 112 with chronic otitis media); 912 observations were recorded overall. Perforations were covered with solution, creating a fluid film, and inspected for gas bubbling at rest, and for outward and inward movement of the fluid film during swallowing. We also noted the inflammatory condition of the ear (i.e. dry, wet or purulent) and the perforation size.Results:Ears sometimes reacted differently in various sessions. Due to these differences, reactions were classified as ‘types’ of reactions rather than ‘ears’. We refer to 449 ‘types’ of 304 ears. Spontaneous gas bubbling at rest (indicating gas production) was observed in 98 per cent of normal types, 68 per cent of otitis media with effusion types and 65 per cent of chronic otitis media types. Evacuation towards the eustachian tube was observed in 47 per cent, no movement in 46 per cent and outward movement in 9 per cent. During swallowing, inward movement of the fluid film was observed in 74 per cent of normal types, 41 per cent of otitis media with effusion types and 32 per cent of chronic otitis media types.Conclusions:We found no support for the theory that the eustachian tube supplies air to the middle ear during swallowing. The normal middle ear produces gas which is evacuated by the Eustachian tube. In ears with otitis media, this mechanism appears to be impaired.
Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear: a high-risk cutaneous subsite
Authors: Turner S J , Morgan G J , Palme C E , Veness M J 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIntroduction:Patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear may develop metastatic spread to the nearby ipsilateral parotid and/or upper cervical lymph nodes. The literature suggests that the external ear is a high-risk subsite for such tumours, due to nodal metastasis and its associated morbidity and mortality.Methods:Between 1980 and 2007, 43 patients with a diagnosis of metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear were treated with surgery alone, surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy, or radiotherapy alone.Results:Patients comprised 39 men and four women. Their median age at diagnosis was 72 years, with a median follow up of 35 months. The median size of the primary lesion was 21 mm, with a median thickness of 7 mm. Fifteen patients presented concurrently with nodal metastases. Thirty patients developed parotid metastases (with positive cervical nodes in six patients), while 13 developed cervical metastases only. Eight patients underwent surgery alone, 32 underwent surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy, and three received radiotherapy alone. At the last follow up, 15 patients had relapsed and nine had died of their disease, with a median survival after relapse of 5.5 months.Conclusion:Patients with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear have a relatively poor outcome, with a significant number of patients experiencing nodal relapse and death after treatment.
A new species ofThaumastoderma(Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida) from the Antarctic deep sea with a phylogenetic analysis of the whole genus
Authors: Kieneke Alexander 
Published: September 2009

A new species of the marine gastrotrich taxonThaumastodermais described. A single specimen of this species,Thaumastoderma antarcticasp. nov., was extracted from silty sediment sampled at one station of the Andeep-1 cruise, about 150 km to the north of the South Shetland Islands (Drake Passage, South Atlantic Ocean). This paper provides the first record of this genus from the deep sea and the second description of a macrodasyid gastrotrich living in an abyssal habitat. The new species is characterized by several apomorphic features, among them a caudal pair of strongly elongated dorsal cirrata tubes. A phylogenetic analysis of the genusThaumastodermareveals thatTh. antarcticais closely related toTh. coronariumandTh. appendiculatum. Furthermore, the analysis offers an evolutionary scenario and a hypothesis for the internal phylogeny of this taxon while supporting its monophyly. It is the first time a cladistic analysis has been conducted for a delimited group of gastrotrichs, i.e. for all known members of a genus.
Case management for long-term conditions: implementation and processes
Authors: REILLY SIOBHAN , HUGHES JANE , CHALLIS DAVID 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a structured literature review that focused on comprehensive case management by nurses for adults with long-term conditions living in the community. The emphases of the review are the implementation of case-management approaches, including its roles, core tasks and components, and the coverage and quality of the reported implementation data. Twenty-nine studies were included: the majority were concerned with case management for frail older people, and others focused on people with multiple chronic diseases, high-cost patients, or those at high risk of hospital admissions. All the studies reported that case managers undertook the core tasks of assessment, care planning and the implementation of the care plan, but there was more variation in who carried out case finding, monitoring, review and case closure. Few studies provided adequate implementation information. On the basis of the reviewed evidence, three issues were identified as key to the coherent and sustainable implementation of case management for people with long-term conditions: fidelity to the core elements of case management; size of caseload; and case-management practice, incorporating matters relating to the continuity of care, the intensity and breadth of involvement, and control over resources. It is recommended that future evaluations of case-management interventions include a comprehensive process component or, at the very least, that interventions should be more fully described.