bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Berberine: a plant alkaloid with therapeutic potential for central nervous system disorders
Authors: Kulkarni S. K. , Dhir Ashish 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBerberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid of the protoberberine type found in an array of plants, has been used in Indian and Chinese medicines as an antimicrobial, stomachic, bitter tonic and in the treatment of oriental sores. Although pharmacological investigations of berberine have been reported by many in the past, there is renewed interest in berberine because of its reported beneficial effect in various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The alkaloid is reported to modulate neurotransmitters and their receptor systems in the brain. This review attempts to discuss the pharmacological basis of the use of berberine in various central nervous system and related disorders. Its protective effect in Alzheimer's, cerebral ischemia, mental depression, schizophrenia and anxiety are highlighted. However, more detailed clinical trials along with a safety assessment of berberine are warranted for positioning the alkaloid in the treatment of neurological disorders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion behaviour of mechanically polished AA7075‐T6 aluminium alloy
Authors: Liu Y. , Laurino A. , Hashimoto T. , Zhou X. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E. , Scamans G. M. , Blanc C. , Rainforth W. M. , Frolish M. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the present study, the effects of mechanical polishing on the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of AA7075 aluminium alloy are investigated. It was found that a nano‐grained, near‐surface deformed layer, up to 400 nm thickness, is developed due to significant surface shear stress during mechanically polishing. Within the near‐surface deformed layer, the alloying elements have been redistributed and the microstructure of the alloy is modified; in particular, the normal MgZn2 particles for T6 are absent. However, segregation bands, approximately 10‐nm thick, containing mainly zinc, are found at the grain boundaries within the near‐surface deformed layer. The presence of such segregation bands promoted localised corrosion along the grain boundaries within the near‐surface deformed layer due to microgalvanic action. During anodic polarisation of mechanically polished alloy in sodium chloride solution, two breakdown potentials were observed at −750 mV and −700 mV, respectively. The first breakdown potential is associated with an increased electrochemical activity of the near‐surface deformed layer, and the second breakdown potential is associated with typical pitting of the bulk alloy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zuschrift zu: Schmidt, H., Fastabend, M., Swadlo, P., Lommen, H.‐G.: Ein ungewöhnliches Stabilitätsproblem verursacht Schadensfall.
Authors: Dietz Horst 
Published: December 2009

Abstract[Stahlbau 77 (2008), H. 12, S. 862–869 ]
Identification of Vitronectin as an Extrinsic Inducer of Cancer Stem Cell Differentiation and Tumor Formation
Authors: Hurt Elaine M. , Chan King , Duhagon Serrat Maria Ana , Thomas Suneetha B. , Veenstra Timothy D. , Farrar William L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
There is mounting evidence that tumors are initiated by a rare subset of cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are generally quiescent, self-renew, form tumors at low numbers, and give rise to the heterogeneous cell types found within a tumor. CSCs isolated from multiple tumor types differentiate both in vivo and in vitro when cultured in serum, yet the factors responsible for their differentiation have not yet been identified. Here we show that vitronectin is the component of human serum driving stem cell differentiation through an integrin αVβ3-dependent mechanism. CSCs cultured on vitronectin result in downregulation of stem cell genes, modulation of differentiation markers, and loss of β-catenin nuclear localization. Blocking integrin αVβ3 inhibits differentiation and subsequently tumor formation. Thus, CSCs must be engaged by one or more extracellular signals to differentiate and initiate tumor formation, defining a new axis for future novel therapies aimed at both the extrinsic and intracellular pathways.
Charisma, paternalism, and business leadership in Latin America
Authors: Behrens Alfredo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIf populist politics reveals a paradigm, in countries where populist politics are acceptable, effective paternalistic business leaders must offer unlimited protection in exchange for similarly unlimited allegiance from the workers. The reverse interview survey reported here suggests that, within knowledge‐based industries, the knowledgeable leader might override paternalistic considerations that nonetheless rule for the larger segment of Brazilian workers, who may shun the foreign‐appointed boss the most. Unfortunately, multinationals tend to expand abroad when they are mature businesses whose people‐oriented founders may be long gone. Their more technocratic successors are more likely to appoint the most despised leaders at subsidiaries. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A different toolbox for M&A due diligence in China
Authors: Boyle James , Winter Matthew 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPrior to spending considerable resources on putting together a meaningful due diligence process, it is imperative for businesspersons to ask some major questions regarding the decision under consideration. What, explicitly, does the company hope to achieve with the transaction? What is the end game and what are the alternatives? Why is the deal better than a greenfield operation or some other business arrangement? If the transaction is to be a joint venture, will the company merely be paying tuition for a formidable competitor? In the West, the diligence team would typically sit in a war room and pore over piles of documents. This will simply not work in China, as much of the documented information is intended to mislead the tax collector or, in the case of a business, the acquirer. Any meaningful understanding of the target will come from re‐creating a representation of the business from scratch using process mapping and modeling techniques based on trusted information. This article is intended to help businesses entering China conduct accurate and meaningful due diligence as they enter a market fraught with pitfalls and cultural nuances with which Westerners may not be familiar. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sport participation and positive development in older persons
Authors: Baker Joseph , Fraser-Thomas Jessica , Dionigi Rylee A. , Horton Sean 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn many Western countries, more and more people are living longer. As part of this demographic shift, increasing numbers are participating in Masters sport. In the past, sport was considered important for the development of young people; however, the potential for sport participation to affect positive development across the lifespan is now recognized. The purpose of this paper is to introduce conceptual frameworks from developmental psychology that are being used to understand youths’ positive development through sport, and to explore these frameworks in the context of sport as an avenue for positive development in older persons. To achieve this aim, we outline research on sport participation as it applies to youth development and consider relevant aspects as they broadly apply to development later in life. This discussion highlights the inherent paradox of sport participation—that it has the potential to provide considerable positive growth but also the potential for significant negative consequences. Finally, we explore areas of future research related to positive development in older persons through sport.
Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Oil from Isolated Oleosomes of Soybean Flour
Authors: Towa Lili T. , Kapchie Virginie N. , Hauck Catherine , Murphy Patricia A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEnzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of oil from isolated soybean oleosomes was evaluated as an alternative to the conventional organic solvent extraction. Three different processes: hydrolysis of oleosomes, thermal demulsification of the skim or the slurry, and destabilization of the cream by the churning butter process were examined to enhance the release of free oil from isolated oleosomes. The oil extraction involved incubating the oleosomes with either 0, 2.5 or 5% protease (Protex 6L®) at 60 °C, pH 9 for 18 h, destabilizing the slurry by three thermal strategies: freeze/thaw, freeze/thaw and heating, and destabilizing the cream by the churning butter process without and with 5% of phospholipase A2 (Multifect L1 10L®), at 40 °C, pH 8 for 4 h. The best total free oil yield was 83–88% by hydrolyzing oleosomes with 2.5 or 5% Protex 6L®, destabilizing the slurries by heating and destabilizing the resulting cream by the churning butter process. The oleosomes treated with 2.5 and 5% proteases generated hydrolyzed soybean storage proteins at 18–20% degree of hydrolysis, with all the storage proteins hydrolyzed to peptides smaller than 6.5 kDa, compared to the oleosomes disrupted without proteases.
A case–control study on seaweed consumption and the risk of breast cancer
Authors: Yang Yoon Jung , Nam Seok-Jin , Kong Gu , Kim Mi Kyung 
Published: December 2009

Gim (Porphyra sp.) and miyeok (Undaria pinnatifida) are the seaweeds most consumed by Koreans. We investigated the association between the intake of gim and miyeok and the risk of breast cancer in a case–control study. Cases were 362 women aged 30–65 years old, who were histologically confirmed to have breast cancer. Controls visiting the same hospital were matched to cases according to their age (sd 2 years) and menopausal status. Food intake was estimated by the quantitative FFQ with 121 items, including gim and miyeok. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to obtain the OR and corresponding 95 % CI. The average intake and consumption frequency of gim in cases were lower than in controls. The daily intake of gim was inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer (5th v. 1st quintile, OR, 0·48; 95 % CI, 0·27, 0·86; P for trend, 0·026) after adjustment for potential confounders. After stratification analysis was performed according to menopausal status, premenopausal women (5th v. 1st quintile, OR, 0·44; 95 % CI, 0·24, 0·80; P for trend, 0·007) and postmenopausal women (5th v. 1st quintile, OR, 0·32; 95 % CI, 0·13, 0·80; P for trend, 0·06) showed similar inverse associations between gim intake and the risk of breast cancer after an adjustment for potential confounders except dietary factors. Miyeok consumption did not have any significant associations with breast cancer. These results suggest that high intake of gim may decrease the risk of breast cancer.
Estimation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid content in UK foods and assessment of dietary intake in a cohort of healthy adults
Authors: Mushtaq Sohail , Heather Mangiapane E. , Hunter Kirsty A. 
Published: December 2009

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from ruminant-derived foods may be potentially beneficial to health. The quantity of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA in a range of UK foodstuffs (112 foods) was determined using triple-column silver ion HPLC. The cis-9, trans-11 CLA content ranged from 1·9 mg/g lipid (mild Cheddar) to 7·3 mg/g lipid (processed cheese) in cheeses, from 0·9 mg/g lipid (ice cream) to 3·7 mg/g lipid (double cream) in non-cheese dairy products, and from 2·9 mg/g lipid (Swedish meatballs) to 6·0 mg/g lipid (minced lamb) in meat products. cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentrations for chocolate and sweets ranged from 0·1 mg/g lipid (hot chocolate) to 4·8 mg/g lipid (buttermint). The trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer was undetected or negligible in the food samples examined. To provide information about dietary cis-9, trans-11 CLA intakes in the UK, a study was performed to estimate the daily intake of CLA in a cohort of eighteen healthy volunteers (nine female and nine male; aged 21–60 years; mean BMI = 24·0 kg/m2 (sd 2·2)) with a 7-d weighed food record. This information combined with the CLA isomer contents of UK foodstuffs was used to estimate the daily intake of the cohort. The mean daily intake of cis-9, trans-11 CLA was estimated to be 97·5 (sd 73·3) mg/d. Due to its potential health benefits, it is important to determine the CLA content of food and dietary intake as these data will be useful in determining the role of CLA in health and disease.
The ecology and evolution of microsporidian parasites
Authors: SMITH J. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYThe phylum Microspora is ancient and diverse and affects a wide range of hosts. There is unusually high use of vertical transmission and this has significant consequences for transmission and pathogenicity. Vertical transmission is associated with low pathogenesis but nevertheless can have significant impact through associated traits such as sex ratio distortion. The majority of microsporidia have mixed transmission cycles and it is not clear whether they are able to modify their phenotype according to environmental circumstances. There is a great need to understand the mechanisms controlling transmission and one of the first challenges for the genomics era is to find genes associated with life cycle stages. Similarly we cannot currently predict the ease with which these parasites might switch between host groups. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that there are strong relationships between Microsporidia and their hosts. However closer typing of parasite isolates, in relation to host range and disease phenotype, is required to assess future environmental risk from these pathogens.
Linear type theory for asynchronous session types
Authors: GAY SIMON J. , VASCONCELOS VASCO T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSession types support a type-theoretic formulation of structured patterns of communication, so that the communication behaviour of agents in a distributed system can be verified by static typechecking. Applications include network protocols, business processes and operating system services. In this paper we define a multithreaded functional language with session types, which unifies, simplifies and extends previous work. There are four main contributions. First is an operational semantics with buffered channels, instead of the synchronous communication of previous work. Second, we prove that the session type of a channel gives an upper bound on the necessary size of the buffer. Third, session types are manipulated by means of the standard structures of a linear type theory, rather than by means of new forms of typing judgement. Fourth, a notion of subtyping, including the standard subtyping relation for session types (imported into the functional setting), and a novel form of subtyping between standard and linear function types, which allows the typechecker to handle linear types conveniently. Our new approach significantly simplifies session types in the functional setting, clarifies their essential features and provides a secure foundation for language developments such as polymorphism and object-orientation.
Measuring food insecurity and hunger in Peru: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of an adapted version of the USDA’s Food Insecurity and Hunger Module
Authors: Vargas Silvana , Penny Mary E 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo adapt a scale to measure perceptions on food insecurity and hunger among households in urban and rural communities in Peru.DesignQualitative and quantitative methodology including consultation with regional experts, key informant interviews and focus groups. A field survey trial was conducted in urban and rural communities using an adapted version of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Insecurity and Hunger Module (FIHM).SettingFive communities in three regions in Peru – Lima (coast), Ayacucho (Andean highlands) and San Martín (Amazon basin).SubjectsThe qualitative component included forty intentionally selected people (fourteen key informants and twenty-six focus group participants). For the quantitative component 300 households that complied with selection criteria (poor or non-poor with at least one child below 12 years of age) were surveyed.ResultsQualitative research showed that concern about food availability and access was common among the three regions but its main cause varied across them. Participation in food aid programmes was a strategy to face constraints in food access. Mothers’ perceptions on the importance of balanced meals varied across households from different regions. Quantitative results showed robust findings for the reliability of the adapted FIHM’s fifteen-item scale (r > 0·863). In addition, descriptive results confirmed parallelism of item responses in the scale for variables such as farm ownership, family size and use of Communal Kitchens.ConclusionsThis mixed-method study allowed us to adapt the USDA module to assess food insecurity in Peru.
Mortality and major morbidity in premature infants less than 31 weeks gestational age in the decade after introduction of surfactant
Authors: GENZEL‐BOROVICZÉNY ORSOLYA , MACWILLIAMS SABINE , VON POBLOTZKI MARTINA , ZOPPELLI LUCIANO 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective. Population‐ but also center‐based mortality and major morbidity rates of premature infants are essential for prenatal counseling and quality control. Methods. Records of all infants <30 + 6 weeks (n=674) admitted (1991–2000) to a single neonatal intensive care unit were reviewed and compared to the state‐wide mortality. Results. Six hundred and ninety‐one infants were born in or transferred to the hospital and 600 infants (89%) survived. The mean (SD) birth weight was 1018 g (±314) and the mean gestational age 27 + 5 weeks (±2.0). Mortality and morbidity did not change significantly over the 10‐year period but correlated inversely with gestational age from 45% at 230/7 weeks to 5% at 306/7 weeks. Study center mortality rate for extremely low birth weight infants with birth weight <750 g was significantly lower than reported for the entire state (local 25%; Bavaria 36% p=0.0003). Thirty‐four per cent (251/600) of the survivors had one or more major complications: intracranial hemorrhage III–IV 8% (88/600), periventricular leucomalacia 6% (41/600), bronchopulmonary dysplasia with oxygen requirement at 36 weeks 20% (128/600), necrotizing enterocolitis 6% (43/600), and retinopathy of prematurity grade III–IV 9% (55/600). Survival without major morbidity increased from 32% at 23 weeks to 92% at 30 weeks. Conclusions. Despite changes in obstetric and neonatal care during the 1990s, mortality and major morbidity rates did not change significantly after the introduction of surfactant in 1991. Comparison of local, regional, national, and international mortality and morbidity rates are becoming more important in allocating resources and in decision‐making at the limits of viability.
Size of delivery unit and neonatal outcome in Sweden. A catchment area analysis
Authors: FINNSTRÖM ORVAR , BERG GÖRAN , NORMAN ANNA , OLAUSSON PETRA OTTERBLAD 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground. Quality of perinatal care was evaluated in relation to size of delivery unit and size of catchment area for deliveries. Methods. Neonatal outcome, measured as neonatal mortality, low Apgar scores at 5 min, and the occurrence of respiratory disorders and cerebral palsy was analyzed during a 15‐year period from 1985 to 1999 inclusive. Figures were derived from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry and the Hospital Discharge Registry. Odds ratios were estimated for the different outcomes in relation to size of delivery unit (actual and estimated number of births) and the provision of a pediatric department at the hospital. Seven possible confounders were considered: year of birth, maternal age, parity, smoking during pregnancy, gestational age, parental cohabitation, and maternal body mass index. Results. Neonatal mortality was significantly higher for infants in families living within the catchment area of the smallest units without a pediatric department. Small differences in the occurrence of respiratory disturbances and Apgar scores are probably due to diagnostic differences. There were no differences in the incidence of cerebral palsy. Neonatal mortality continued to decrease during the observation period. Conclusions. Differences were minor, pointing to a fairly homogeneous quality of perinatal care and an efficient referral system for risk pregnancies. Mortality continues to decrease in spite of a reduction in the number of units caring for deliveries.
Transcervical endometrial resection: Long‐term results of 390 procedures
Authors: BØE ENGELSEN INGEBORG , WOIE KATHRINE , HORDNES KNUT 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground. Hysteroscopic transcervical resection of the endometrium and submucous fibroids has been performed to treat excessive uterine bleeding as an alternative to hysterectomy. The present study aims to evaluate the treatment effect of this procedure at our department. Methods. Retrospective record review and a questionnaire 4–10 years after surgery. Patients’ characteristics, symptoms, medical treatment prior to surgery, uterine size, weight of resectate, blood loss, glycine loss, operative time, complications, procedures per surgeon, indications, frequency and time to hysterectomy, dysmenorrhea related to prior tubal ligation, the presence of adenomyosis related to later hysterectomy, and patient satisfaction. Results. In the period 1992–1998, 386 patients had 390 procedures performed by six different surgeons. 49.5% of patients had fibroids and 46.9% had a prior tubal sterilization. During operations, 6% had a hemoglobin loss of more than 2.5 g/dl, and 2.1% had a glycine loss of more than 1.5 l. Uterine perforations were encountered in 31 cases (8%), of which only 2 led to a laparotomy. During the time of follow‐up of 4–10 years, 16.6% of patients had a hysterectomy, usually because of pain or bleeding, and 50% of these were done within 2 years after the initial hysteroscopic procedure. Malignancy was found in the resectate in 6 of the patients (1.5%) despite a normal preoperative cytological or histological endometrial sample, and all these had a hysterectomy. Adenomyosis was not related to later hysterectomy and dysmenorrhea did not seem to increase after the procedure. Conclusions. For 83.4% of the patients, the problem of uterine bleeding was solved by the hysteroscopic resection, and major surgery was avoided. Long‐term results did not correlate to surgeon's experience. Patient satisfaction was high.