bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caecal intussusceptions in horses: a New Zealand perspective
Authors: Bell RJW , Textor JA 
Published: June 2010

Objective To establish the prevalence of intussusceptions involving the caecum in a population of horses admitted to a university hospital for colic.Design Retrospective clinical studyMethods Medical records of all horses admitted to the Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1991 and 2004 were examined for information of those horses diagnosed with an intussusception involving the caecum.Results A total of 135 horses were admitted for colic surgery during the study period and 61 horses had a diagnosis of ileocaecal (37), caecocaecal (5) or caecocolic intussusception (19) made either at surgery or necropsy. Of the horses with ileocaecal intussusception, 32 had an incomplete hand‐sewn ileocaecostomy without reduction and 29 survived to discharge. All the horses with caecocaecal intussusceptions were diagnosed preoperatively via rectal examination and/or transabdominal ultrasound: 2 were euthanased at surgery and 3 survived to discharge. In the 19 horses with caecocolic intussusceptions, manually reduction at surgery was performed in 6 and 5 of them survived to discharge. A typhlectomy was performed via a colotomy in 6 horses, 3 of which survived to discharge.Conclusions The high prevalence of intussusceptions involving the caecum seen at this referral centre may indicate a higher prevalence in New Zealand than is reported elsewhere in the world.Clinical relevance Intussusceptions involving the caecum should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses presenting with chronic low‐grade colic. Transabdominal ultrasound is useful for identifying caecocaecal and caecocolic intussusceptions. Hand‐sewn side‐to‐side incomplete ileocaecostomy is a quick, effective and safe method of surgical treatment of ileocaecal intussusceptions.
Serovar profiling ofHaemophilus parasuison Australian farms by sampling live pigs
Authors: Turni C , Blackall PJ 
Published: June 2010

Objective Investigate the diversity of serovars ofHaemophilus parasuis(Hps) present in Australian pig herds.Design Nasal swabs were used to obtain multiple isolates of Hps, which were grouped first by genotyping and then by serotyping representative isolates.Procedure Swabs were taken from the nasal cavity of just‐weaned healthy pigs from multiparous sows on 12 farms and from post‐weaned pigs of multiparous sows on 1 farm. On 5 of the 13 farms, nasal swabs were also obtained from pigs showing clinical signs suggestive of Glässer's disease. On a further 7 farms, nasal swabs were obtained only from pigs with clinical signs suggestive of Glässer's disease.Results A total of 556 Hps isolates were genotyped, and 150 isolates were serotyped. Hps was detected on 19 of the 20 farms, including 2 farms with a long history of freedom from Glässer's disease. Isolates of Hps belonging to serovars regarded as potentially pathogenic were obtained from healthy pigs at weaning on 8 of the 10 farms with a history of Glässer's disease outbreaks. Sampling 213 sick pigs yielded 115 isolates of Hps, 99 of which belonged to serovars that were either potentially pathogenic or of unknown pathogenicity. Only 16 isolates from these 213 sick pigs were of a serovar known to be non‐pathogenic.Conclusion Healthy pigs contain a range of Hps serovars, even on farms free of Glässer's disease. Nasal swabbing of both healthy and sick pigs seems a useful method of serovar profiling of farms.
Photo‐oxidation of 6‐Thioguanine by UVA: The Formation of Addition Products with Low Molecular Weight Thiol Compounds
Authors: Ren Xiaolin , Xu Yao‐Zhong , Karran Peter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe thiopurine, 6‐thioguanine (6‐TG) is present in the DNA of patients treated with the immunosuppressant and anticancer drugs azathioprine or mercaptopurine. The skin of these patients is selectively sensitive to UVA radiation—which comprises >90% of the UV light in incident sunlight—and they suffer high rates of skin cancer. UVA irradiation of DNA 6‐TG produces DNA lesions that may contribute to the development of cancer. Antioxidants can protect 6‐TG against UVA but 6‐TG oxidation products may undergo further reactions. We characterize some of these reactions and show that addition products are formed between UVA‐irradiated 6‐TG and N‐acetylcysteine and other low molecular weight thiol compounds including β‐mercaptoethanol, cysteine and the cysteine‐containing tripeptide glutathione (GSH). GSH is also adducted to 6‐TG‐containing oligodeoxynucleotides in an oxygen‐ and UVA‐dependent nucleophilic displacement reaction that involves an intermediate oxidized 6‐TG, guanine sulfonate (GSO3). These photochemical reactions of 6‐TG, particularly the formation of a covalent oligodeoxynucleotide–GSH complex, suggest that crosslinking of proteins or low molecular weight thiol compounds to DNA may be a previously unrecognized hazard in sunlight‐exposed cells of thiopurine‐treated patients.
The ‘LipoYeasts’ project: using the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica in combination with specific bacterial genes for the bioconversion of lipids, fats and oils into high‐value products
Authors: Sabirova Julia S. , Haddouche R. , Van Bogaert I. N. , Mulaa F. , Verstraete W. , Timmis K. N. , Schmidt‐Dannert C. , Nicaud J. M. , Soetaert W. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe oleochemical industry is currently still dominated by conventional chemistry, with biotechnology only starting to play a more prominent role, primarily with respect to the biosurfactants or lipases, e.g. as detergents, or for biofuel production. A major bottleneck for all further biotechnological applications is the problem of the initial mobilization of cheap and vastly available lipid and oil substrates, which are then to be transformed into high‐value biotechnological, nutritional or pharmacological products. Under the EU‐sponsored LipoYeasts project we are developing the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica into a versatile and high‐throughput microbial factory that, by use of specific enzymatic pathways from hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, efficiently mobilizes lipids by directing its versatile lipid metabolism towards the production of industrially valuable lipid‐derived compounds like wax esters (WE), isoprenoid‐derived compounds (carotenoids, polyenic carotenoid ester), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and free hydroxylated fatty acids (HFAs). Different lipid stocks (petroleum, alkane, vegetable oil, fatty acid) and combinations thereof are being assessed as substrates in combination with different mutant and recombinant strains of Y. lipolytica, in order to modulate the composition and yields of the produced added‐value products.
Rituximab in intractable ocular lesions of Behcet’s disease; randomized single‐blind control study (pilot study)
Authors: DAVATCHI Fereydoun , SHAMS Hormoz , REZAIPOOR Mozhgan , SADEGHI‐ABDOLLAHI Bahar , SHAHRAM Farhad , NADJI Abdolhadi , CHAMS‐DAVATCHI Cheyda , AKHLAGHI Massoomeh , FAEZI Tahereh , NADERI Nasim 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground:  Ocular lesions, the main morbidity of Behcet’s disease (BD), are the most difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of rituximab.Methods:  Inclusion criteria were retinal vasculitis and edema, resistant to cytotoxic drugs. Twenty patients were randomized to a rituximab group (RG) or cytotoxic combination therapy group (CCTG). Rituximab was given in two 1000‐mg courses (15‐day interval). Subjects received methotrexate (15 mg/weekly) with prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg per day). The CCTG received pulse cyclophosphamide (1000 mg/monthly), azathioprine (2–3 mg/kg per day) and prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg per day). The primary endpoint was the overall state of patients’ eyes and the Total Adjusted Disease Activity Index (TADAI). Secondary endpoints were: visual acuity (VA), posterior uveitis (PU), and retinal vasculitis (RV). The baseline data were compared at 6 months by paired sample t‐test and analysis of variance.Results:  TADAI improved significantly in the RG (t = 3.340, P = 0.009), but not in the CCTG (t = 2.241, P = 0.052). For secondary endpoints (RG/CCTG), the mean VA improved in two patients versus three (2/3), remained unchanged in 1/1, and worsened in 7/6 patients. The mean PU improved significantly in the RG (t = 3.943, P = 0.001), not in the CCTG (t = 2.371, P = 0.028). RV improved, but not statistically (t = 2.027, P = 0.057 vs. t = 1.045, P = 0.31). Edema of retina, disc and macula improved significantly in both, but much better for the RG (t = 2.781, P = 0.012 vs. t = 2.707, P = 0.014).Conclusion:  Rituximab was efficient in severe ocular manifestations of BD, TADAI improved significantly after 6 months with rituximab, but not with CCT.
Analytical Model to Predict Thermomechanical Relaxation of Shot Peening Induced Residual Stresses
Authors: Huang Min , Potdar Yogesh K. , Akkaram Srikanth 
Published: June 2010

AbstractShot peening is widely used to improve the fatigue life of engine blades and rotors by inducing compressive residual stress on component surfaces. However, the residual stresses can relax due to exposure at high service temperature and mechanical loading. A physics-motivated analytical solution is developed to predict the residual stress relaxation at high temperature and under mechanical loading. In this thermomechanical relaxation model, the plastic strains in the shot peening layer and the substrate are obtained analytically by using linear kinematic hardening material law, and the plastic strain evolution at high temperature is modeled by using a recovery strain term. The final residual stress as a function of time, temperature, and mechanical loading is obtained analytically by combining this recovery strain with equilibrium and compatibility conditions. The whole method can be implemented into Microsoft Excel, and is easy to use and validate. As a special case, an analytical closed-form solution to predict the pure thermal relaxation of a shot peening residual stress is developed. The model predictions agree satisfactorily with published experimental measurements.
Distribution in Tissue and Seasonal Variation of Norovirus Genogroup I and II Ligands in Oysters
Authors: Maalouf Haifa , Zakhour Maha , Le Pendu Jacques , Le Saux Jean-Claude , Atmar Robert L. , Le Guyader Françoise S. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
Bivalve molluscan shellfish, such as oysters, filter large volumes of water as part of their feeding activities and are able to accumulate and concentrate different types of pathogens, particularly noroviruses, from fecal human pollution. Based on our previous observation of a specific binding of the Norwalk strain (prototype norovirus genogroup I) to the oyster digestive tract through an A-like carbohydrate structure indistinguishable from human blood group A antigen and on the large diversity between strains in terms of carbohydrate-binding specificities, we evaluated the different ligands implicated in attachment to oysters tissues of strains representative of two main genogroups of human norovirus. The GI.1 and GII.4 strains differed in that the latter recognized a sialic acid-containing ligand, present in all tissues, in addition to the A-like ligand of the digestive tract shared with the GI.1 strain. Furthermore, bioaccumulation experiments using wild-type or mutant GI.1 Viruslike particles showed accumulation in hemocytes largely, but not exclusively, based on interaction with the A-like ligand. Moreover, a seasonal effect on the expression of these ligands was detected, most visibly for the GI.1 strain, with a peak in late winter and spring, a period when GI strains are regularly involved in oyster-related outbreaks. These observations may explain some of the distinct epidemiological features of strains from different genogroups.
Influence of Temperature and Predation on Survival ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium and Expression ofinvAin Soil and Manure-Amended Soil
Authors: García R. , Bælum J. , Fredslund L. , Santorum P. , Jacobsen C. S. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe effects of three temperatures (5, 15, and 25°C) on the survival ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium in topsoil were investigated in small microcosms by three different techniques: plate counting,invAgene quantification, andinvAmRNA quantification. Differences in survival were related to the effect of protozoan predation. Tetracycline-resistantSalmonellaserovar Typhimurium was inoculated into soil and manure-amended soil at 1.5 × 108cells g soil−1. Population densities were determined by plate counting and by molecular methods and monitored for 42 days. Simultaneous extraction of RNA and DNA, followed by quantitative PCR, was used to investigateinvAgene levels and expression. Analysis by these three techniques showed thatSalmonellaserovar Typhimurium survived better at 5°C. Comparing DNA and CFU levels, significantly higher values were determined by DNA-based techniques.invAmRNA levels showed a fast decrease in activity, with no detectable mRNA after an incubation period of less than 4 days in any of the soil scenarios. A negative correlation was found betweenSalmonella serovar Typhimurium CFU levels and protozoan most probable numbers, and we propose the role of the predator-prey interaction as a factor to explain the die-off of the introduced strain by both culture- and DNA quantification-based methods. The results indicate that temperature, manure, and protozoan predation are important factors influencing the survival ofSalmonellaserovar Typhimurium in soil.
Microbial Community Development in a Dynamic Gut Model Is Reproducible, Colon Region Specific, and Selective forBacteroidetesandClostridiumCluster IX
Authors: Van den Abbeele Pieter , Grootaert Charlotte , Marzorati Massimo , Possemiers Sam , Verstraete Willy , Gérard Philippe , Rabot Sylvie , Bruneau Aurélia , El Aidy Sahar , Derrien Muriel , Zoetendal Erwin , Kleerebezem Michiel , Smidt Hauke , Van de Wiele Tom 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTDynamic, multicompartmentin vitrogastrointestinal simulators are often used to monitor gut microbial dynamics and activity. These reactors need to harbor a microbial community that is stable upon inoculation, colon region specific, and relevant toin vivoconditions. Together with the reproducibility of the colonization process, these criteria are often overlooked when the modulatory properties from different treatments are compared. We therefore investigated the microbial colonization process in two identical simulators of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME), simultaneously inoculated with the same human fecal microbiota with a high-resolution phylogenetic microarray: the human intestinal tract chip (HITChip). Following inoculation of thein vitrocolon compartments, microbial community composition reached steady state after 2 weeks, whereas 3 weeks were required to reach functional stability. This dynamic colonization process was reproducible in both SHIME units and resulted in highly diverse microbial communities which were colon region specific, with the proximal regions harboring saccharolytic microbes (e.g.,Bacteroidesspp. andEubacteriumspp.) and the distal regions harboring mucin-degrading microbes (e.g.,Akkermansiaspp.). Importantly, the shift from anin vivoto anin vitroenvironment resulted in an increasedBacteroidetes/Firmicutesratio, whereasClostridiumcluster IX (propionate producers) was enriched compared to clusters IV and XIVa (butyrate producers). This was supported by proportionally higherin vitropropionate concentrations. In conclusion, high-resolution analysis ofin vitro-cultured gut microbiota offers new insight on the microbial colonization process and indicates the importance of digestive parameters that may be crucial in the development of newin vitromodels.
Metatranscriptomic Analysis of the Response of River Biofilms to Pharmaceutical Products, Using Anonymous DNA Microarrays
Authors: Yergeau Etienne , Lawrence John R. , Waiser Marley J. , Korber Darren R. , Greer Charles W. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
Pharmaceutical products are released at low concentrations into aquatic environments following domestic wastewater treatment. Such low concentrations have been shown to induce transcriptional responses in microorganisms, which could have consequences on aquatic ecosystem dynamics. In order to test if these transcriptional responses could also be observed in complex river microbial communities, biofilm reactors were inoculated with water from two rivers of differing trophic statuses and subsequently treated with environmentally relevant doses (ng/liter to μg/liter range) of four pharmaceuticals (erythromycin [ER], gemfibrozil [GM], sulfamethazine [SN], and sulfamethoxazole [SL]). To monitor functional gene expression, we constructed a 9,600-feature anonymous DNA microarray platform onto which cDNA from the biofilms was hybridized. Pharmaceutical treatments induced both positive and negative transcriptional responses from biofilm microorganisms. For instance, ER induced the transcription of several stress, transcription, and replication genes, while GM, a lipid regulator, induced transcriptional responses from several genes involved in lipid metabolism. SN caused shifts in genes involved in energy production and conversion, and SL induced responses from a range of cell membrane and outer envelope genes, which in turn could affect biofilm formation. The results presented here demonstrate for the first time that low concentrations of small molecules can induce transcriptional changes in a complex microbial community. The relevance of these results also demonstrates the usefulness of anonymous DNA microarrays for large-scale metatranscriptomic studies of communities from differing aquatic ecosystems.
Epigenetics in Plasmodium: What Do We Really Know?
Authors: Merrick Catherine J. , Duraisingh Manoj T. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTIn the burgeoning field ofPlasmodiumgene expression, there are—to borrow some famous words from a former U.S. Secretary of Defense—“known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns.” This is in itself an important achievement, since it is only in the past decade that facts have begun to move from the third category into the first. Nevertheless, much remains in the middle ground of known or suspected “unknowns.” It is clear that the malaria parasite controls vital virulence processes such as host cell invasion and cytoadherence at least partly via epigenetic mechanisms, so a proper understanding of epigenetic transcriptional control in this organism should have great clinical relevance.Plasmodium, however, is an obligate intracellular parasite: it operates not in a vacuum but rather in the complicated context of its metazoan hosts. Therefore, as valuable data about the parasite's basic epigenetic machinery begin to emerge, it becomes increasingly important to relatein vitrostudies to the situationin vivo. This review will focus upon the challenge of understandingPlasmodiumepigenetics in an integrated manner, in the human and insect hosts as well as the petri dish.
Molybdenum Incorporation in Tungsten Aldehyde Oxidoreductase Enzymes from
Pyrococcus furiosus
Authors: Sevcenco Ana-Maria , Bevers Loes E. , Pinkse Martijn W. H. , Krijger Gerard C. , Wolterbeek Hubert T. , Verhaert Peter D. E. M. , Hagen Wilfred R. , Hagedoorn Peter-Leon 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

The hyperthermophilic archaeon
Pyrococcus furiosus
expresses five aldehyde oxidoreductase (AOR) enzymes, all containing a tungsto-bispterin cofactor. The growth of this organism is fully dependent on the presence of tungsten in the growth medium. Previous studies have suggested that molybdenum is not incorporated in the active site of these enzymes. Application of the radioisotope
99
Mo in metal isotope native radioautography in gel electrophoresis (MIRAGE) technology to
P. furiosus
shows that molybdenum can in fact be incorporated in all five AOR enzymes. Mo(V) signals characteristic for molybdopterin were observed in formaldehyde oxidoreductase (FOR) in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-monitored redox titrations. Our finding that the aldehyde oxidation activity of FOR and WOR5 (W-containing oxidoreductase 5) correlates only with the residual tungsten content suggests that the Mo-containing AORs are most likely inactive. An observed W/Mo antagonism is indicative of tungstate-dependent negative feedback of the expression of the tungstate/molybdate ABC transporter. An intracellular selection mechanism for tungstate and molybdate processing has to be present, since tungsten was found to be preferentially incorporated into the AORs even under conditions with comparable intracellular concentrations of tungstate and molybdate. Under the employed growth conditions of starch as the main carbon source in a rich medium, no tungsten- and/or molybdenum-associated proteins are detected in
P. furiosus
other than the high-affinity transporter, the proteins of the metallopterin insertion machinery, and the five W-AORs.
The Native 67-Kilodalton Minor Fimbria ofPorphyromonas gingivalisIs a Novel Glycoprotein with DC-SIGN-Targeting Motifs
Authors: Zeituni Amir E. , McCaig William , Scisci Elizabeth , Thanassi David G. , Cutler Christopher W. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTWe recently reported that the oral mucosal pathogenPorphyromonas gingivalis, through its 67-kDa Mfa1 (minor) fimbria, targets the C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN for invasion and persistence within human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The DCs respond by inducing an immunosuppressive and Th2-biased CD4+T-cell response. We have now purified the native minor fimbria by ion-exchange chromatography and sequenced the fimbria by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), confirming its identity and revealing two putative N-glycosylation motifs as well as numerous putative O-glycosylation sites. We further show that the minor fimbria is glycosylated by ProQ staining and that glycosylation is partially removed by treatment with β(1-4)-galactosidase, but not by classic N- and O-linked deglycosidases. Further monosaccharide analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed that the minor fimbria contains the DC-SIGN-targeting carbohydrates fucose (1.35 nmol/mg), mannose (2.68 nmol/mg),N-acetylglucosamine (2.27 nmol/mg), andN-acetylgalactosamine (0.652 nmol/mg). Analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the minor fimbria forms fibers approximately 200 nm in length that could be involved in targeting or cross-linking DC-SIGN. These findings shed further light on molecular mechanisms of invasion and immunosuppression by this unique mucosal pathogen.
The role of thrust tectonic models in understanding structural evolution in NW Scotland
Authors: Butler R. W. H. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The NW Highlands of Scotland have been an important test-bed for concepts in thrust tectonics. Here, research following the breakthrough publication of the 1907 memoir is reviewed, especially that relating to structural evolution in the Moine Thrust Belt. This belt was WNW-directed, involving cover sediments and thin sheets of crystalline basement. Displacements total 50–100 km within a branching array of thrusts. There are significant lateral variations in imbricate thrust geometry and localization behaviour. Following the application of linked thrust tectonic models in the 1980s significant attention has been directed at deducing thrust sequences, patterns of strain localization, folding styles and the significance of extensional tectonics as part of the structural evolution. The key has lain in deducing the kinematic linkages between thrusts and other structures, tracing displacements and examining the consequences of structural interpretations through geometric restoration. Thrusting models have been up-scaled to the crust. However, these linked kinematic approaches have been applied only hesitantly to the ductile structures of the Moine Thrust Sheet where structural research has focused on outcrop-scale deformation, especially of folds. Consequently, the larger-scale significance for Caledonian tectonics of thrust systems in the NW Highlands of Scotland has yet to be developed fully.