bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Oxidation of DNA Topoisomerase 1 Induces Systemic Sclerosis in the Mouse
Authors: Servettaz Amélie , Goulvestre Claire , Kavian Niloufar , Nicco Carole , Guilpain Philippe , Chéreau Christiane , Vuiblet Vincent , Guillevin Loïc , Mouthon Luc , Weill Bernard , Batteux Frédéric 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disorder of great clinical heterogeneity. Its pathophysiology remains unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the relative roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of the immune system using an original model of SSc. BALB/c and immunodeficient BALB/c SCID mice were injected s.c. with prooxidative agents (hydroxyl radicals, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrites, superoxide anions), bleomycin, or PBS everyday for 6 wk. Skin and lung fibrosis were assessed by histological and biochemical methods. Autoantibodies were detected by ELISA. The effects of mouse sera on H2O2 production by endothelial cells and on fibroblast proliferation, and serum concentrations in advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were compared with sera from patients with limited or diffuse SSc. We observed that s.c. peroxynitrites induced skin fibrosis and serum anti-CENP-B Abs that characterize limited SSc, whereas hypochlorite or hydroxyl radicals induced cutaneous and lung fibrosis and anti-DNA topoisomerase 1 autoantibodies that characterize human diffuse SSc. Sera from hypochlorite- or hydroxyl radical-treated mice and of patients with diffuse SSc contained high levels of AOPP that triggered endothelial production of H2O2 and fibroblast hyperproliferation. Oxidized topoisomerase 1 recapitulated the effects of whole serum AOPP. SCID mice developed an attenuated form of SSc, demonstrating the synergistic role of the immune system with AOPP in disease propagation. We demonstrate a direct role for ROS in SSc and show that the nature of the ROS dictates the form of SSc. Moreover, this demonstration is the first that shows the specific oxidation of an autoantigen directly participates in the pathogenesis of an autoimmune disease.
An Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2/Fetal Liver Kinase-1 Listeria monocytogenes Anti-Angiogenesis Cancer Vaccine for the Treatment of Primary and Metastatic Her-2/neu+ Breast Tumors in a Mouse Model
Authors: Seavey Matthew M. , Maciag Paulo C. , Al-Rawi Nada , Sewell Duane , Paterson Yvonne 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Thirty years after angiogenesis was shown to play an enabling role in cancer, modern medicine is still trying to develop novel compounds and therapeutics to target the tumor vasculature. However, most therapeutics require multiple rounds of administration and can have toxic side effects. In this study, we use anti-angiogenesis immunotherapy to target cells actively involved in forming new blood vessels that support the growth and spread of breast cancer. Targeting a central cell type involved in angiogenesis, endothelial cells, we immunized against host vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 to fight the growth of Her-2/neu+ breast tumors. Using the bacterial vector, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), we fused polypeptides from the mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 molecule (fetal liver kinase-1) to the microbial adjuvant, listeriolysin-O, and used Lm to deliver the Ags and elicit potent antitumor CTL responses. Lm-listeriolysin-O-fetal liver kinase-1 was able to eradicate some established breast tumors, reduce microvascular density in the remaining tumors, protect against tumor rechallenge and experimental metastases, and induce epitope spreading to various regions of the tumor-associated Ag Her-2/neu. Tumor eradication was found to be dependent on epitope spreading to HER-2/neu and was not solely due to the reduction of tumor vasculature. However, vaccine efficacy did not affect normal wound healing nor have toxic side effects on pregnancy. We show that an anti-angiogenesis vaccine can overcome tolerance to the host vasculature driving epitope spreading to an endogenous tumor protein and drive active tumor regression.
NF-κB p50 Regulates C/EBPα Expression and Inflammatory Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Production
Authors: Wang Dehua , Paz-Priel Ido , Friedman Alan D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
NF-κB is a key transcriptional inducer of the inflammatory response in mature myeloid cells, and also stimulates cell survival, but its role in immature myeloid cell development has not been well characterized. C/EBPα is required for the development of monocytic and granulocytic myeloid cells from early progenitors, and NF-κB and C/EBPβ cooperatively induce several inflammatory mediators. Having found that C/EBPα binds NF-κB p50 preferentially compared with NF-κB p65, we have now investigated myelopoiesis in nfkb1(−/−) mice lacking NF-κB p50. Absence of p50 leads to a significant reduction in the number of granulocytic progenitors, CFU-granulocyte, obtained with G-CSF or GM-CSF in vitro and reduces neutrophil production in vivo in response to G-CSF, with preservation of monopoiesis in vitro in response to cytokines or LPS. To gain insight into the mechanism underlying reduced granulopoiesis in the absence of NF-κB p50, we assessed the expression of several myeloid regulatory proteins in lineage-negative, immature myeloid cells. Although PU.1, C/EBPβ, and STAT3 levels were unchanged, C/EBPα protein and RNA levels were reduced ∼3-fold in the absence of NF-κB p50. In addition, NF-κB p50 and C/EBPα bound the endogenous C/EBPα promoter in a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and NF-κB p50 trans activated the C/EBPα promoter, alone or in cooperation with C/EBPα. Despite reduction of C/EBPα, G-CSFR and M-CSFR levels were maintained in total marrow and in lineage-negative cells. Together, these data indicate that acute inflammation not only activates mature myeloid cells, but also stimulates neutrophil production via NF-κB p50 induction of C/EBPα transcription.
Ym1/2 Promotes Th2 Cytokine Expression by Inhibiting 12/15(S)-Lipoxygenase: Identification of a Novel Pathway for Regulating Allergic Inflammation
Authors: Cai Yeping , Kumar Rakesh K. , Zhou Jiansheng , Foster Paul S. , Webb Dianne C. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The Ym1/2 lectin is expressed abundantly in the allergic mouse lung in an IL-13-dependent manner. However, the role of Ym1/2 in the development of allergic airways disease is largely unknown. In this investigation, we show that treatment of mice with anti-Ym1/2 Ab during induction of allergic airways disease attenuated mediastinal lymph node production of IL-5 and IL-13. Ym1/2 was found to be expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) in an IL-13-dependent manner and supplementation of DC/CD4+ T cell cocultures with Ym1/2 enhanced the ability of IL-13−/− DCs to stimulate the secretion of IL-5 and IL-13. Affinity chromatography identified 12/15(S)-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) as a Ym1/2-interacting protein and functional studies suggested that Ym1/2 promoted the ability of DCs to stimulate cytokine production by inhibiting 12/15-LOX-mediated catalysis of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE). Treatment of DC/CD4+ T cell cultures with the 12/15-LOX inhibitor baicalein enhanced, whereas 12(S)-HETE inhibited the production of Th2 cytokines. Notably, delivery of 12(S)-HETE to the airways of mice significantly attenuated the development of allergic airways inflammation and the production of IL-5 and IL-13. In summary, our results suggest that production of Ym1/2 in response to IL-13 promotes Th2 cytokine production and allergic airways inflammation by inhibiting the production of 12(S)-HETE by 12/15-LOX.
Cross-Presentation by Osteoclasts Induces FoxP3 in CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Kiesel Jennifer R. , Buchwald Zachary S. , Aurora Rajeev 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Bone is remodeled throughout the life of an animal by the action of osteoclasts, which resorb bone, and osteoblasts, which form new bone. It has recently been recognized that T cells regulate osteoclasts by secreting a number of cytokines including type I and II IFNs and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. In this study, we show that osteoclasts produce chemokines that recruit CD8+ T cells. Using transgenic OT-I mice, we found that in the presence of OVA, osteoclasts induced the secretion of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ as well as the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells activated by osteoclasts expressed FoxP3, CTLA4, and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. The FoxP3+CD8+ T cells were anergic and suppressed dendritic cell priming of naive responder CD8+ T cells. These results provide two novel observations for osteoimmunology: first, we demonstrate that osteoclasts can cross-present Ags to CD8+ T cells. Second, these data show that osteoclasts are not only regulated by T cells, but they also can regulate T cells forming a feedback control loop. The induction of FoxP3 in T cells through a MHC class I-dependent manner provides a new mechanism to peripherally produce a regulatory T cell. These observations open a new avenue of investigation for the pathogenesis of autoimmune-mediated inflammatory bone diseases.
Developmental Acquisition of the Lyn-CD22-SHP-1 Inhibitory Pathway Promotes B Cell Tolerance
Authors: Gross Andrew J. , Lyandres Julia R. , Panigrahi Anil K. , Prak Eline T. Luning , DeFranco Anthony L. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
To better understand whether autoimmunity in Lyn-deficient mice arises from compromised central or peripheral B cell tolerance, we examined BCR signaling properties of wild-type and Lyn-deficient B cells at different stages of development. Wild-type mature follicular B cells were less sensitive to BCR stimulation than were immature transitional stage 1 B cells with regard to BCR-induced calcium elevation and ERK MAPK activation. In the absence of Lyn, mature B cell signaling was greatly enhanced, whereas immature B cell signaling was minimally affected. Correspondingly, Lyn deficiency substantially enhanced the sensitivity of mature B cells to activation via the BCR, but minimally affected events associated with tolerance induction at the immature stage. The effects of CD22 deficiency on BCR signaling were very similar in B cells at different stages of maturation. These results indicate that the Lyn-CD22-Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 inhibitory pathway largely becomes operational as B cell mature, and sets a threshold for activation that appears to be critical for the maintenance of tolerance in the B cell compartment.
Phagocytosis in Macrophages Lacking Cbl Reveals an Unsuspected Role for Fcγ Receptor Signaling and Actin Assembly in Target Binding
Authors: Dale Benjamin M. , Traum Daniel , Erdjument-Bromage Hediye , Tempst Paul , Greenberg Steven 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis is known to require tyrosine kinases (TKs). We identified c-Cbl and Cbl-b as proteins that undergo tyrosine phosphorylation during phagocytosis. Cbl-deficient macrophages displayed enhanced FcγR-mediated signaling and phagocytosis. Surprisingly, binding of IgG-coated targets (EIgG) was also enhanced. c-Cbl-deficient macrophages expressed less FcγRIIb, the inhibitory Fcγ receptor; however, this did not account for enhanced target binding. We isolated the function of one Fc receptor isoform, FcγRI, using IgG2a-coated targets (EIgG2a). Cbl-deficient macrophages demonstrated a disproportionate increase in binding EIgG2a, suggesting that signal strength regulates binding efficiency toward opsonized targets. In resting cells, FcγRI colocalized with the Src family TK Hck in F-actin-rich structures, which was enhanced in Cbl-deficient macrophages. Target binding was sensitive to TK inhibitors, profoundly inhibited following depletion of cholesterol, and ablated at 4°C or in the presence of inhibitors of actin polymerization. Sensitivity of EIgG binding to cytoskeletal disruption was inversely proportional to opsonin density. These findings challenge the view that FcγR-mediated binding is a passive event. They suggest that dynamic engagement of TKs and the cytoskeleton enables macrophages to serve as cellular “Venus fly traps”, with the capacity to capture phagocytic targets under conditions of limiting opsonin density.
Cutting Edge: Genetic Characterization of IFN-Producing Killer Dendritic Cells
Authors: Guimont-Desrochers Fanny , Cappello Zachary John , Chagnon Miguel , McDuffie Marcia , Lesage Sylvie 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The combined phenotypic expression of CD11clowB220+CD122+DX5+ has been used to define a novel cell type termed IFN-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDC). IKDC readily produce IFN-γ and demonstrate spontaneous cytotoxic activity toward tumors, suggesting that a modulation of IKDC number may be beneficial in cancer treatment. We examined various mouse strains and found that IKDC number was highly variable between the different strains. A linkage analysis associated the distal arm of chromosome 7 with variations in IKDC number. The genetic contribution of chromosome 7 to the regulation of IKDC number was confirmed through the use of congenic mice. We further demonstrate that IKDC proportion is regulated by intrinsic hematopoietic factors. We discuss the role of various candidate genes in the regulation of this newly described cell type and its implication in therapy.
Ig-Like Transcript 3 Regulates Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Migration of Activated T Cells
Authors: Chang Chih-Chao , Liu Zhuoru , Vlad George , Qin Haiyan , Qiao Xugang , Mancini Donna M. , Marboe Charles C. , Cortesini Raffaello , Suciu-Foca Nicole 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3), an inhibitory receptor expressed by APC is involved in functional shaping of T cell responses toward a tolerant state. We have previously demonstrated that membrane (m) and soluble (s) ILT3 induce allogeneic tolerance to human islet cells in humanized NOD/SCID mice. Recombinant sILT3 induces the differentiation of CD8+ T suppressor cells both in vivo and in vitro. To better understand the molecular mechanisms by which ILT3 suppresses immune responses, we have generated ILT3 knockdown (ILT3KD) dendritic cells (DC) and analyzed the phenotypic and functional characteristics of these cells. In this study, we report that silencing of ILT3 expression in DC (ILT3KD DC) increases TLR responsiveness to their specific ligands as reflected in increased synthesis and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and type I IFN. ILT3KD-DC also secretes more CXCL10 and CXCL11 chemokines in response to TLR ligation, thus accelerating T cell migration in diffusion chamber experiments. ILT3KD-DC elicit increased T cell proliferation and synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17A both in MLC and in culture with autologous DC pulsed with CMV protein. ILT3 signaling results in inhibition of NF-κB and, to a lesser extent, MAPK p38 pathways in DC. Our results suggest that ILT3 plays a critical role in the in control of inflammation.
A Single Residue, Arginine 65, Is Critical for the Functional Interaction of Leukocyte-Associated Inhibitory Receptor-1 with Collagens
Authors: Tang Xiaobin , Narayanan Sriram , Peruzzi Giovanna , Apara Akintomide , Natarajan Kannan , Margulies David H. , Coligan John E. , Borrego Francisco 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
ITIM-containing receptors play an essential role in modulating immune responses. Leukocyte-associated inhibitory receptor (LAIR)-1, also known as CD305, is an ITIM-containing inhibitory receptor, expressed by all leukocytes, that binds collagens. In this article, we investigate the effect of a conservative R65K mutation on LAIR-1 ligand binding and function. Compared with LAIR-1 wild-type (wt)-expressing cells, LAIR-1 R65K cells show markedly reduced binding to collagen, which correlates with a reduced level of LAIR-1 polarization to the site of interaction with collagens. Both LAIR-1 wt and R65K cells can generate intracellular signals when ligated by anti-LAIR-1 mAb, but only LAIR-1 wt cells respond to collagens or matrigel. In agreement, surface plasmon resonance analyses showed that LAIR-1 R65K protein has markedly reduced avidity for collagen type I compared with LAIR-1 wt. Likewise, LAIR-1 R65K protein has decreased avidity for cells expressing transmembrane collagen XVII. Thus, a single residue, Arg65, is critical for the interaction of LAIR-1 with collagens.
The Role of TCR Specificity and Clonal Competition During Reconstruction of the Peripheral T Cell Pool
Authors: Leitão Catarina , Freitas António A. , Garcia Sylvie 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Survival of peripheral CD8+ T cells requires TCR interactions with peptide-MHC complexes (p-MHC). In the adult mouse, in the presence of homeostatic mechanisms that strictly control T cell numbers, it is likely that diverse T cell clones may compete for shared patterns of p-MHC. In the present study, we investigate whether the recognition of p-MHC overlaps between different T cell populations and what role does this process plays in the establishment of the peripheral T cell pools. Using an experimental strategy that follows the fate of adoptively transferred polyclonal T cells into RAG0/0 or different TCR transgenic RAG0/0 hosts, we demonstrate that T cells bearing different TCR specificities share identical TCR-specific requirements for survival and lymphopenia driven proliferation (LDP). This interclonal competition applies to both naive and activated/memory T cells and is partially determined by the clone size of the established/resident T cells. However, clonal competition with activated/memory resident T cells impacts differently on the fate of newly produced bone-marrow-derived T cells or adoptively transferred peripheral T cells. Overall, our findings indicate that p-MHC define multiple diverse resource niches that can be shared by T cells from different compartments.
Tumor Regression following DNA Vaccination and Regulatory T Cell Depletion in neu Transgenic Mice Leads to an Increased Risk for Autoimmunity
Authors: Jacob Jennifer B. , Kong Yi-chi M. , Nalbantoglu Ilke , Snower Daniel P. , Wei Wei-Zen 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Modulation of the immune system to amplify anti-tumor immunity carries the risk of developing autoimmune diseases, including hypothyroidism, as seen with cancer patients undergoing clinical trials for immunotherapeutic regimens. Although there is a tendency to view autoimmunity as a positive indicator for cancer immunotherapy, some autoimmune manifestations can be life-threatening and necessitate prolonged medical intervention or removal from trial. We have established murine test models to assess such risks by monitoring, simultaneously, the immune reactivity to tumor-associated rat erbB-2 (neu) and another self Ag, mouse thyroglobulin (mTg). We previously reported that in wild-type, thyroiditis-resistant BALB/c mice that underwent regression of neu+ TUBO tumors following regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion, immune responses to rat neu and mTg with resultant autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) were both enhanced. In this study, we tested the balance between tumor immunity and autoimmunity in neu-transgenic BALB NeuT female mice. First, growth and progression of neu+ tumor were compared in neu tolerant mice treated with either CD25 mAb to deplete Tregs and/or DNA vaccination. Only Treg depletion followed by neu DNA vaccination abrogated tolerance to neu, resulting in complete regression of neu+ tumors, as well as long-term protection from spontaneous tumorigenesis in 58% of mice. The risk of developing EAT was then assessed by incorporated mTg immunization with or without LPS as adjuvant. In mice with induced tumor regression, mTg response was enhanced with modest increases in EAT development. Therefore, tumor regression induced by Treg depletion and DNA vaccination can exacerbate autoimmunity, which warrants close monitoring during immunotherapy.
World Malaria Day 2009: What Malaria Knows about the Immune System That Immunologists Still Do Not
Authors: Pierce Susan K. , Miller Louis H. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Malaria kills &gt;1 million children each year, and there is little doubt that an effective vaccine would play a central role in preventing these deaths. However, the strategies that proved so successful in developing the vaccines we have today may simply not be adequate to confront complex, persistent infectious diseases, including malaria, AIDS, and tuberculosis. We believe that the development of a highly effective vaccine will require a better understanding of several features of the immune response to malaria. At the top of the list is the complex and ancient relationship between the parasite that causes malaria and the immune system that enables the parasite to persist in an otherwise functional immune system. A close second is the antigenic targets in malaria and how to overcome the enormous polymorphism of these targets. Meeting these challenges represents a call to arms of basic immunologists to advance our knowledge of malaria immunity.
The Regulation of Liver Cell Survival by Complement
Authors: Markiewski Maciej M. , DeAngelis Robert A. , Strey Christoph W. , Foukas Periklis G. , Gerard Craig , Gerard Norma , Wetsel Rick A. , Lambris John D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractComplement effectors are known to contribute to host cell injury in several inflammatory diseases. Contrary to this paradigm, in this study utilizing surgical liver resection (partial hepatectomy) in various complement-deficient mice as a model, we have demonstrated that complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are required for the survival of liver cells during regeneration. The mechanisms of these cytoprotective functions of complement were related to the regulation of IL-6 and TNF production or release after liver resection. Disturbances in the cytokine milieu, induced by a loss of complement activity, were found to alter prosurvival signaling, including the IL-6/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. In conclusion, this study documents functions of complement proteins as prosurvival factors that, through their interactions with cytokines, inhibit apoptotic signaling in proliferating cells of epithelial origin.
CD59 Blockade Enhances Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses in Humans: A New Target for Cancer Immunotherapy?
Authors: Sivasankar Baalasubramanian , Longhi M. Paula , Gallagher Kathleen M. E. , Betts Gareth J. , Morgan B. Paul , Godkin Andrew J. , Gallimore Awen M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
CD59, a broadly expressed GPI-anchored molecule, regulates formation of the membrane attack complex of the complement cascade. We previously demonstrated that mouse CD59 also down-modulates CD4+ T cell activity in vivo. In this study, we explored the role of CD59 on human CD4+ T cells. Our data demonstrate that CD59 is up-regulated on activated CD4+ T cells and serves to down-modulate their activity in response to polyclonal and Ag- specific stimulation. The therapeutic potential of this finding was explored using T cells isolated from colorectal cancer patients. The findings were striking and indicated that blockade of CD59 significantly enhanced the CD4+ T cell response to two different tumor Ags. These data highlight the potential for manipulating CD59 expression on T cells for boosting weak immune responses, such as those found in individuals with cancer.