bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The grammaticalization of you know
Authors: Vincent Sophie , Darbaky Sarah , Mettouchi Amina 
Published: July 2011

Most accounts of you know as a discourse marker underline shared knowledge as its core value. This study focuses on less standard values of you know where it functions as an introducer of new viewpoints or pieces of information, as a marker of the speakers’ will to impose their viewpoint, or as an emphasizing marker. 	We show that the loss of the spatio-temporal anchoring of the sequence and the evolution of its prosodic features are characteristics of those particular uses of you know. This leads us to propose a grammaticalization cline with clearcut stages, where the more argumentative uses of you know correspond to the rightmost stage of the cline <propositional – textual – interpersonal> (Traugott and Dasher 2002).
Critical and corpus approaches to English academic text revision
Authors: McKenny John , Bennett Karen 
Published: July 2011

Portuguese academic discourse of the humanities is notoriously difficult to render into English, given the prevalence of rhetorical and discourse features that are largely alien to English academic style. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that some of those features might find their way into the English texts produced by Portuguese scholars through a process of pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic transfer. If so, this would have important practical and ideological implications, not only for the academics concerned, but also for editors, revisers, teachers of EAP, translators, writers of academic style manuals and all the other gatekeepers of the globalized culture. 	The study involved a corpus of some 113,000 running words of English academic prose written by established Portuguese academics in the Humanities, which had been presented to a native speaker of English (professional translator and specialist in academic discourse) for revision prior to submission for publication. After correction of superficial grammatical and spelling errors, the texts were made into a corpus, which was tagged for Part of Speech (CLAWS7) and discourse markers (USAS) using WMatrix2 (Rayson 2003). The annotated corpus was then interrogated for the presence of certain discourse features using Wmatrix2 and Wordsmith 5 (Scott 1999), and the findings compared with those of a control corpus, Controlit, of published articles written by L1 academics in the same or comparable journals. 	The results reveal significant overuse of certain features by Portuguese academics, and a corresponding underuse of others, suggesting marked differences in the value attributed to those features by the two cultures.
Motion metaphors in discourse construction
Authors: Garrido Joaquín 
Published: July 2011

Motion metaphors occur at different levels, from prepositional phrases to discourse, including theoretical metaphors. After reviewing Relevance Theory as a bottom-up approach, and Cognitive Linguistics and Segmented Discourse Representation Theory as top-down ones, an integrated approach to metaphor in discourse construction is developed, based on a cognitive operation of connection of lower units into higher ones, similar to subsumption in the Lexical Constructional Model and to chunking in the Usage-Based Approach.
In discourse construction, as the analysis of press and poetry examples show, either a motion metaphor may contribute to the discourse structure, or it may result from it. Discourses are packed into text structures; live discourse metaphors develop into text-type metaphors on their way to conventionalization. Metaphor and discourse construction are bottom-up processes, since they result from connection of lower units, but they are also top-down, based on properties of higher units, domains in metaphor and relations in discourse.
An Electronic Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Surveillance Tool
Authors: Choudhuri Julie A. , Pergamit Ronald F. , Chan Jeannie D. , Schreuder Astrid B. , McNamara Elizabeth , Lynch John B. , Dellit Timothy H. 
Published: July 2011

Objective.To develop and validate an electronic surveillance tool for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.413-bed university-affiliated urban teaching hospital.Methods.An electronic surveillance tool was developed for CAUTI and urinary catheter utilization based on the objective components of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions including fever, urinalysis, and urine culture. Results were compared to manual chart review by an infection preventionist (IP).Results.During January and February 2010, 204 positive urine cultures (≥103 colony-forming units/mL) were identified in 136 patients with indwelling urinary catheters during their hospitalization. The electronic surveillance tool detected 60 CAUTI cases and 7,098 catheter-days, yielding a CAUTI incidence rate of 8.5 per 1,000 catheter-days. Urinary catheter utilization ratios (Foley-days/patient-days) were: acute care units, 0.27 (3,637 of 13,229); intensive care units, 0.77 (3,461 of 4,469); and overall, 0.40 (7,098 of 17,698). In comparison, the IP identified 59 cases by manual review with a sensitivity of 51 of 59 (86.4%), specificity 136 of 145 (93.8%), and negative predictive value of 136 of 144 (94.4%). Fever was present in 54 of 59 (91.5%) of CAUTI cases identified manually, while subjective criteria were documented in only 6 of 59 (10.2%) infections. Agreement between the electronic surveillance and manual IP review was assessed as very good (k, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.71–0.89).Conclusions.We report an attempt at automating surveillance for CAUTI. With a high negative predictive value, the electronic tool allows for more efficient CAUTI surveillance and facilitates housewide trending of rates and catheter utilization. This approach should be validated in different patient populations.
Ten years of software sustainability at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
Authors: Berriman G. Bruce , Good John , Deelman Ewa , Alexov Anastasia 
Published: July 2011

This paper presents a case study of an approach to sustainable software architecture that has been successfully applied over a period of 10 years to astronomy software services at the NASA Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), Caltech (
http://www.ipac.caltech.edu
). The approach was developed in response to the need to build and maintain the NASA Infrared Science Archive (
http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu
), NASA's archive node for infrared astronomy datasets. When the archive opened for business in 1999 serving only two datasets, it was understood that the holdings would grow rapidly in size and diversity, and consequently in the number of queries and volume of data download. It was also understood that platforms and browsers would be modernized, that user interfaces would need to be replaced and that new functionality outside of the scope of the original specifications would be needed. The changes in scientific functionality over time are largely driven by the archive user community, whose interests are represented by a formal user panel. The approach has been extended to support four more major astronomy archives, which today host data from more than 40 missions and projects, to support a complete modernization of a powerful and unique legacy astronomy application for co-adding survey data, and to support deployment of M
ontage
, a powerful image mosaic engine for astronomy. The approach involves using a component-based architecture, designed from the outset to support sustainability, extensibility and portability. Although successful, the approach demands careful assessment of new and emerging technologies before adopting them, and attention to a disciplined approach to software engineering and maintenance. The paper concludes with a list of best practices for software sustainability that are based on 10 years of experience at IPAC.
Defining diabetic dermopathy
Authors: McCASH Samuel , EMANUEL Patrick O. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDiabetic dermopathy presents as well‐demarcated, hyperpigmented, atrophic depressions, macules or papules located on the anterior surface of the lower legs of diabetic patients. The histopathology remains poorly defined which may in part be due to the fact that the lesions are rarely biopsied. An advantage of studying autopsy material is the ease of obtaining large biopsy specimens. To further define the histopathological features of this entity, we studied tissue taken from characteristic lesions at autopsy. Inclusion criteria included the presence of the lesions and diabetes‐related nephroarteriolosclerosis at autopsy. Surprisingly, only four out of 14 skin biopsies showed moderate to severe wall thickening of arterioles or medium‐sized arteries on periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stains. Only mild basement membrane thickening was noted in 11 of 14 which was highlighted by the PAS stain. Pigmented material was identified within the dermis of 13 cases. In 10 of the cases, the material was positive for Perl’s iron stain. Ten cases had material staining positive for Fontana–Masson in the dermis. Nine cases had markedly increased epidermal melanin. The findings suggest that hemosiderin deposition in conjunction with the deposition of melanin contribute to the clinical features of diabetic dermopathy.
Possible role of superantigens in inducing autoimmunity in pemphigus patients
Authors: DAR Sajad A. , DAS Shukla , BHATTACHARYA Sambit N. , RAMACHANDRAN Vishnampettai G. , AHMED Tanzeel , BANERJEE Basu Dev , SONTHALIA Sidharth , SOOD Vikas , BANERJEA Akhil C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe diagnostic and pathological relevance of anti‐desmoglein autoantibodies in common forms of pemphigus has been well established, and T cells have been shown to play a role in the onset and progression of these diseases. The role of superantigens in provoking polyclonal activation of T cells with many different fine specificities, possibly including autoreactive T cells and T‐cell mediated autoantibody response, is unknown. Further, abnormal T‐cell function may lead to opportunistic infections particularly with Candida. The response of T cells of pemphigus patients to recall antigens of these opportunists is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro response of T lymphocytes from pemphigus patients to common bacterial superantigens such as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A and staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and recall antigens such as Candida antigen. Changes in CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T‐cell sub‐populations and expression of naive/memory markers (CD45RA+/RO+) on different T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Significant elevation in CD3+CD4+ and expression of the memory (CD45RO+) markers on these cells was observed both in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus patients, as compared to healthy controls, upon stimulation with streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A and staphylococcal enterotoxin B. However, only memory T cells (CD45RO+) were significantly increased upon Candida antigen stimulation. Our study suggests that CD4+ memory T lymphocytes may modulate the pathogenic autoantibody response in pemphigus patients, and also emphasizes the possibility that the superantigen‐reactive T cells participate in the triggering of autoimmunity in pemphigus.
Resveratrol ameliorates TNFα‐mediated suppression of erythropoiesis in human CD34+ cells via modulation of NF‐κB signalling
Authors: Jeong Jee‐Yeong , Silver Matthew , Parnes Aric , Nikiforow Sarah , Berliner Nancy , Vanasse Gary J. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryOverexpression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anaemia of inflammation. TNFα suppresses erythroid colony formation via both direct and indirect effects on haematopoietic progenitors, often involving activation of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB signalling resulting in downregulation of transcription factors critical for erythropoiesis. There is a dearth of effective and safe therapies for many patients with inflammatory anaemia. Resveratrol is a flavanol found in red wine grapes that possesses potent anti‐inflammatory properties, but studies of its impact on human erythropoiesis have proven contradictory. We investigated whether resveratrol ameliorates TNFα‐mediated suppression of erythropoiesis in human CD34+ haematopoietic progenitors. We found that resveratrol partially reverses the erythroid suppressive effects of TNFα, leading to significant recovery in burst forming unit‐erythroid colony formation in human CD34+ cells. CD34+ cells pre‐incubated with resveratrol for 72 h in the presence of TNFα inhibited NF‐κB activation via decreased NF‐κB nuclear localization without altering total NF‐κB protein levels and independent of IκB degradation. Resveratrol also significantly restored the baseline expression of erythroid transcription factors NFE2 and the GATA1/GATA2 ratio in CD34+ cells treated with TNFα. In conclusion, resveratrol may inhibit TNFα‐mediated NF‐κB activation and promote erythropoiesis in primary human CD34+ cells.
Determination of nutritive value of forages in south Texas using anin vitrogas production technique
Authors: Aguiar A. D. , Tedeschi L. O. , Rouquette F. M. , McCuistion K. , Ortega‐Santos J. A. , Anderson R. , DeLaney D. , Moore S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to use thein vitrogas production (IVGP) technique to evaluate the pattern and parameters of anaerobic fermentation of forages from south Texas pastures throughout the year to (i) obtain empirical relationships between the IVGP technique fermentation parameters and chemical composition of the forages and (ii) develop equations to compute total digestible nutrients (TDN). During four consecutive years (2006–2009), forage samples were collected monthly (n = 39) at the King Ranch, TX, and chemical analyses and IVGP were obtained. For 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009, the average lag times, h, were 6·47 ± 0·54, 7·75 ± 0·65, 7·49 ± 2·01 and 5·44 ± 1·46, and the average ratio of millilitre of gas per milligram of dry matter was 0·41 ± 0·11, 0·34 ± 0·09, 0·34 ± 0·07 and 0·26 ± 0·10 respectively. There was a moderate negative correlation (r = −0·53) between lignin and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and a moderate positive correlation (r = 0·58) between crude protein and NDF digestibility. The predicted fractional passage rate (kp) by the large ruminant nutrition system model using the level 2 solution was on average 0·0366 h−1. The average computed TDN assuming a kp of 0·04 h−1was 55·9%. We concluded the IVGP technique may be used to predict TDN values of warm‐season forages.
Large‐scale heterogeneous cattle grazing affects plant diversity and forage value of Alpine species‐rich Nardus pastures
Authors: Parolo G. , Abeli T. , Gusmeroli F. , Rossi G. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn Europe, the decline in agriculture in traditional mountain farming areas has caused abandonment, or irregular grazing, of less accessible pastures. In the Italian Alps, we studied plant diversity, forage value and trophic traits in six large‐scale heterogeneously grazed Nardus pastures, in their central and peripheral parts, and across the montane, lower and upper subalpine zones. Seventy cover‐abundance floristic relevés were performed in randomly located permanent plots, half at the pasture edge (M‐plots) and half in their central part (C‐plots). Plant diversity varied significantly with respect to the distance from the edge, being higher in M‐plots because of shrub invasion as a consequence of reduced cattle pressure. Nardus cover was slightly higher in C‐plots and negatively related to plant diversity. Forage value was lower in M‐plots and negatively correlated with the cover of Nardus and woody species, implying that different grazing pressure was negatively influencing sward productivity. Differences in trophic traits of swards between C‐ and M‐plots existed mostly as trends. Forage value significantly decreased in the lower subalpine and montane pastures, which are further grazed in late summer. Heterogeneous grazing management was therefore exerting positive effects on plant diversity and negative effects on forage value. Results are discussed in the context of future management recommendations.
Morphology, tannin concentration and forage value of 15 Swiss accessions of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) as influenced by harvest time and cultivation site
Authors: Azuhnwi B. N. , Boller B. , Martens M. , Dohme‐Meier F. , Ampuero S. , Günter S. , Kreuzer M. , Hess H. D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFifteen accessions of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) were characterized for morphological and phenological traits at Reckenholz in the Swiss lowlands (Experiment 1). The effects of accession, harvest time and site on dry‐matter yield, condensed tannin (CT) concentration and forage value (Experiment 2) were determined at three sites in Switzerland varying in altitude from 440 to 559 m. Three to four harvests were taken in the first year after establishment (second year of stand) with harvests 1 and 2 chemically analysed. From the characterization in Experiment 1, a clear grouping of single flowering (Communis) and multiple flowering (Bifera) accessions emerged. Additionally, within the Communis accessions, distinct groupings were identified (historical landraces and newly collected ecotypes) based on morphological characteristics. Experiment 2 showed that Communis and Bifera accessions had a similar chemical composition in the first harvest. In the second harvest, Communis accessions were higher in crude protein and CT and lower in neutral and acid detergent fibre concentrations than Bifera accessions. Total dry‐matter yields were higher for Bifera accessions. Among the Communis accessions, ecotypes had consistently higher CT concentrations than landraces. In vitro organic matter digestibility did not significantly differ among accessions. There were clear effects of harvest time and site for most variables, with clear harvest time × sainfoin group interaction but no site × sainfoin group interactions. The results clearly demonstrate that historical landraces and newly collected ecotypes expand the range of available genetic variation for sainfoin breeding.
Tensile fracture properties of seven tropical grasses at different phenological stages
Authors: Jacobs A. A. A. , Scheper J. A. , Benvenutti M. A. , Gordon I. J. , Poppi D. P. , Elgersma A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe intake of forage grasses by grazing ruminants is closely related to the mechanical fracture properties of grasses. The relationship between the tensile fracture properties of grasses and foraging behaviour is of particular importance in tropical reproductive swards composed of both stems and leaves. This study (i) quantified and compared the tensile fracture properties of stems and leaves of seven tropical grass species and (ii) provided insight into the underlying plant traits that explain differences in fracture properties between species. Fracture force, tensile strength, fracture energy and toughness of stems (in various phenological stages) and leaves were measured and compared among five introduced tropical grasses (Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Digitaria milanjiana, Megathyrsus maximus (syn. Panicum maximum), Setaria sphacelata) and two native tropical grasses (Setaria surgens and Dichanthium sericeum). Species differed significantly in fracture force and fracture energy, with stems and leaves of C. ciliaris and S. surgens requiring less force and energy to fracture and stems and leaves of M. maximus and S. sphacelata requiring more force and energy to fracture in comparison with the other species. Differences in tensile strength and toughness were less pronounced. The differences among species in fracture force and energy mainly resulted from differences in cross‐sectional area of plant parts rather than from differences in tensile strength and toughness.
Psychometric analysis of a Taiwan‐version pain assessment scale for preterm infants
Authors: Liaw Jen‐Jiuan , Yang Luke , Chou Hsiu‐Ling , Yin Ti , Chao Shih‐Ching , Lee Tsorng‐Yeh 
Published: July 2011

Aim.  To determine the inter‐rater reliability, internal consistency, construct and concurrent validity and feasibility of the pain assessment scale for preterm infants.Background.  Repeated exposure to painful procedures has an adverse impact on preterm infants’ health outcomes. Although many scales are available for assessing these infants’ pain, only a few reliably and validly assess pain and no gold standard has been established in clinical practice.Design.  Instrument development and psychometric analysis.Methods.  Preterm infants (n = 60) born 27·6–36·3 weeks gestational age were assessed for pain 3 minutes before (phase I), during (phase II), 3 minutes after (phase III) and the tenth minute after (phase IV) heel‐stick procedures. Pain scores were independently coded from video recordings and observations by three trained nurses using our pain‐assessment scale, premature infant pain profile and visual analogue scale.Results.  Scores on the pain assessment scale for preterm infants differed significantly across four phases of heel‐stick procedures (F = 56·86, p < 0·0001). Internal consistency was 0·84 and inter‐rater reliability was 0·88–0·93. Scores on our pain scale correlated well with scores on the premature infant pain profile (0·74–0·83) and visual analogue scale (0·72–0·81).Conclusions.  The pain assessment scale for preterm infants integrates all possible pain indicators, with each item modified for clinicians’ simple and easy pain measurement to potentially yield different information. Our scale is valid, reliable and feasible for preterm infants with gestational age > 27 weeks. Further examination of the scale’s psychometrics is recommended with diverse samples of infants and different painful procedures.Relevance to clinical practice.  The pain assessment scale for preterm infants clearly defines item scoring and weighting, consistently discriminates different levels of pain and helps nurses to recognise infants’ pain. Nurses can easily remember the definition of each item, allowing them to use our scale to evaluate preterm infants’ pain at any time and to provide pain‐relief interventions when needed.