bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Agricultural Runoff Dispersion on Nitrate Reduction in Forested Filter Zone Soils
Authors: Verchot Louis V. , Franklin E. Carlyle , Gilliam J. Wendell 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForested filter zones (FFZ) are being used more frequently for remediation of agricultural non‐point source pollution. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of short‐term dispersal (1–2 yr) of agricultural runoff on the denitrification potential of the soil microbial population and denitrification rates, to a depth of 1 m, in forest soils in two small watersheds (W1 and W2) in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Each watershed consisted of a field and a FFZ. Denitrification potential was measured in a series of soil slurry incubations of soils from inside the FFZ that received agricultural runoff and from soils immediately adjacent to the FFZ that received no runoff (control). Soils were amended with both glucose and nitrate (G + NO3) to ensure adequate supply of substrate and energy source. Denitrification rates were measured at ambient C conditions in a similar incubation with only NO3‐N amendment (NO3). We measured NO3‐N disappearance in both incubations and reported loss as a percentage of initial concentrations. For the FFZ soils, >80% of the added NO3‐N was lost in the G + NO3 incubation from soils from the upper 50 cm in W1 and from the upper 30 cm in W2. In control soils, high levels of NO3‐N loss were observed in only the upper 20 cm of the profile in W1, and in W2 surface soils had significantly lower denitrification potential than FFZ soils at all depths. Denitrification potential was greatly enhanced (P = 0.05) throughout the entire first 100 cm in the first FFZ and in the surface 40 cm in the second FFZ. Denitrification rates under ambient C conditions were higher (>40%) in the surface 20 cm of the profile of the FFZ in W1, compared with the unexposed control (∼20%), but no enhancement was observed on W2. Exposure of soil to agricultural runoff had a significant impact on the soil microbial community. Denitrification potential in subsoil was limited by the absence of denitrifiers in unexposed soils, but subsoils exposed to agricultural runoff had a significant denitrifier population. The fact that higher denitrification potential did not translate to higher denitrification rates in these incubations indicates that C availability limited the denitrification process at all depths in these Piedmont forest soils.
Discriminating Dyes in Soil with Color Image Analysis
Authors: Ewing R. P. , Horton R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDyes are useful tools for revealing flow patterns, but because analysis of dyes is time‐consuming and often only qualitative, soil scientists have not used them to their full advantage. We developed a method for discriminating dyed from undyed soil in the field and for determining the dye concentration from point to point. The method requires a 35‐mm camera, a specially constructed camera stand for uniform illumination during field work, and a color scanner. Working with Brilliant Blue FCF dye on a gray (chroma of one) soil, we determined dye concentrations <2.0 g L‐1 with an r2 of 0.85 and a median absolute error of 0.17 g L‐1. At concentrations >2.0 g L‐1, analysis was more problematic due to dye precipitating out of solution onto the soil surface, but we obtained an r2 of 0.70. Use of this method allows convenient and rapid quantitative analysis of dye concentration and other color contrast patterns.
Soil Warming and Carbon Loss from a Lake States Spodosol
Authors: MacDonald Neil W. , Randlett Diana L. , Zak Donald R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElevated soil temperatures may increase C loss from soils by accelerating microbial respiration and dissolved organic C leaching. We evaluated the effect of elevated soil temperatures on C losses from a forest Spodosol by incubating soil cores from surface (Oa + A + E) and subsurface (Bhs) horizons at two seasonal temperature regimes. One regime simulated the normal course of soil temperatures in northern lower Michigan, and the other simulated soil temperatures representing an amount of warming that might occur under some global warming theory calculations. We measured the amounts of CO2‐C respired and dissolved organic C leached from the soil cores during a 33‐wk period. Microbial respiration rates, after adjustment for variation in initial rates, were significantly increased by soil warming and were greater in surface than in subsurface horizons. Warming significantly increased cumulative C respired, with greater losses from surface soils (≥50 mg C g‐1 C) as compared with subsurface soils (≤25 mg C g‐1 C). Mean quantities of dissolved organic C leached, ranging from 2.3 to 3.2 mg C g‐1 C, did not differ significantly by soil horizon or temperature regime. Increased microbial respiration in surface soil horizons was the process most responsive to soil warming in the Spodosol samples we examined. Whether this is a short‐term effect that would disappear once pools of labile C are exhausted, or represents a long‐term response to soil warming, remains uncertain.
In Situ Measurement of Solute Transport Coefficients: Assumptions and Errors
Authors: Snow V. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSingle‐tracer and sequential‐tracer techniques for directly measuring the immobile water content, θim, and a sequential‐tracer technique for measuring the solute transfer rate coefficient, α, have been proposed. These techniques have not been subjected to a comprehensive analysis of their assumptions, nor of the errors resulting if those assumptions are violated. Here, an analytical solution to the mobile‐immobile convection‐dispersion equation was used to assess the range of soil and sampling conditions that can lead to accurate estimates of θim and α. Both techniques were shown to result in considerable error in soils possessing high dispersivity (λ) and high α when conductivity (q) was low, or if sampling was done when the cumulative infiltration (I) was too small. For a wide range of conditions, the single‐tracer technique resulted in estimates of θim within 15% of the true value if sampling took place when q > 10 mm h‐1, I > λ, and sampling time <1.25 h. The value of θm/θ had only a small effect on appropriate sampling conditions. Sampling conditions were more restrictive for the sequential‐tracer technique than for the single‐tracer technique. When θm/θ ≈ 0.6, if λ ≈ 5 mm and q > 10 mm h‐1, and I > 30 mm, acceptable values of θim and α were calculated. Sampling conditions became more restrictive as λ increased. If λ > 20 mm, there seemed little possibility for obtaining reasonable estimates of either θim or α. Sampling conditions varied strongly with θm/θ, becoming more lenient as θm/θ decreased.
Alteration of Soil Properties through a Weathering Sequence as Evaluated by Spectral Reflectance
Authors: Demattê José Alexandre M. , Garcia Gilberto J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the study of physical, chemical, and mineralogical data related to the weathering of soils and the quantification of their properties, remote sensing constitutes an important technique that, in addition to conventional analyses, can contribute to soil survey. The objectives of this research were to characterize and differentiate soils developed from basaltic rocks that occur in the Paraná state, Brazil and to quantify soil properties based on their spectral reflectance. These observations were used to verify the relationship between the soils and reflectance with regard to weathering, organic matter (OM), and forms of Fe. From the least to the most weathered soil, we used a Typic Argiudoll (Reddish Brunizem), Rhodudalf (Terra Roxa Estruturada), and Rhodic Hapludox (Very Dark Red Latosol). The spectral reflectances between 400 and 2500 nm were obtained in the laboratory from soil samples collected at two depth increments, 0‐ to 20‐ and 40‐ to 60‐cm, using an Infra Red Intelligent Spectroradiometer (IRIS). Correlation, regression, and discriminant estimates were used in analyzing the soil and spectral data. Results of this study indicated that soils could be separated at the soil‐type level based on reflectance intensity in various absorption bands. Soil collected in the 40‐ to 60‐cm depth appeared to have higher reflectance intensities than those from the 0‐ to 20‐cm depth. Removal of OM from soil samples promoted higher reflectance intensity in the entire spectrum. Amorphous and crystalline Fe influenced reflectance differently. Weathering of basaltic soils was correlated with alterations in the reflectance intensities and absorption features of the spectral curves. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that this technique was efficient in the estimation of clay, silt, kaolinite, crystalline Fe, amorphous Fe, and Mg through the use of reflected energy of the soils.
Relating Suspended Sediment to its Original Soil Depth Using Fallout Radionuclides
Authors: Wallbrink P. J. , Olley J. M. , Murray A. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe present and test a new method for determining the original soil depth of suspended sediment through analysis of fallout radionuclide properties. We propose that combining the different depth distributions of fallout 7Be, 210Pb, and 137Cs in soils with one another provides reference curves that can be used as a framework for interpreting the tracer concentrations of sediments derived from them. If it is assumed that the soil depth sources of the sediment are from the surface and the subsurface, the tracer concentrations from these two sources can be used to calculate the actual soil depth(s) from which the sediment originated. The proportion of sediment from each depth can also be calculated. We tested this method by generating sediment from a hillslope with treatments simulating: (T1) surface erosion, (T2) shallow rills to 10 mm, (T3) deep rills to 100 mm, and (T4) small gullies to 250 mm. The tracer‐based calculations of sediment source matched the known incision depths of these features. Material was predicted to be from 1 ± 2 mm and 4 ± 4 mm soil depth for T1 and T2 respectively. In T3, the material was predicted to be from 1.25 ± 0.5 mm at the surface and >78 ± 6 mm depth from the deep rills. In T4, the sediment was predicted to be from <2.5 ± 1.5 mm at the soil surface and > 86 ± 6 mm from the small gullies. The subsoil contribution to sediments increased from ≈50% (T3) to 75% (T4) as rill and gully depths and widths increased.
Event Charts for the Analysis of Adverse Events in Longitudinal Studies: An Example from a Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy Trial
Authors: Dubin Joel A. , O'Malley Stephanie S. 
Published: July 2010

Purpose:
To illustrate the use of one particular graphical method, the event chart (Lee et al., 2000), for the
display of adverse events (AE’s), along with other important considerations such as time on treatment/intervention,
severity of AE’s, treatment assignment, gender, etc., in longitudinal studies. These graphs can also include other key
information such as efficacy measures and time-dependent covariates of interest.

Methods:
Emphasizing an application of a dose-ranging smoking cessation trial of naltrexone, we use event charts to
convey a few potentially interesting findings from the complex data from this trial, with particular attention paid to the
analysis of the safety (AE) data from the subset of individuals who dropped out before the end of the treatment phase of
the study

Results:
The event charts conveyed some interesting findings regarding relationships between gender, AE’s and dropout
time, as well as between treatment group, AE’s and dropout time, and between AE burden and dropout time.

Conclusion:
Event charts can be one of the helpful exploratory tools in investigating the pattern of adverse events and
their possible association with covariates and time on treatment/intervention in longitudinal studies. Findings from the
event chart analysis of AE’s could potentially lead to more formal statistical analysis and modeling. Software for
generating these event charts is available in R and S-Plus.
Clarifying Blackness in Anglo-Native Fictions: Tom Spanbauer's Cross-Ethnic Borrowings
Authors: Norman Brian 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Anglo writer Tom Spanbauer's The Man Who Fell in Love with the Moon (1991) and American-Indian author Sherman Alexie's Reservation Blues (1995) illustrate how contemporary multicultural literature uses Jim Crow figures as reference points for sorting intricate social lines among other ethnic groups. Spanbauer also illustrates the related dangers of cross-ethnic pilfering.
Backwasting rate on debris-covered Koxkar glacier, Tuomuer mountain, China
Authors: Han Haidong , Wang Jian , Wei Junfeng , Liu Shiyin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA physically based energy-balance model with improved parameterization of solar radiation for a sloped ice surface has been developed to estimate the backwasting rate of an ice cliff in a debris-covered area. The model has been tested against observations between 5 August and 5 September 2008 on 38 ice cliffs in the debris-covered area of Koxkar glacier, Tuomuer mountain, China. We calculated that the energy-balance model gave a good estimate of the backwasting rates, with errors in the range ±1.96 cm d−1and root-mean-square errors of 0.99 cm d−1. Errors arising from setting of surface albedo and turbulent flux parameterization were limited. We found that shortwave radiation is the most important heat source for ice-cliff ablation, contributing about 76% of the total heat available for ice melt, while the sensible heat flux provides nearly 24% of the total heat for ice-cliff wastage. The latent heat flux and net longwave radiation are comparatively small according to the model calculation. The mean backwasting rate of ice cliffs in the debris-covered area of Koxkar glacier is estimated at 7.64 m a−1when the winter ablation is neglected. With this annual backwasting rate and given a mean slope angle of 46.4°, the backwasting of ice cliffs produces about 1.60 × 106m3of meltwater, accounting for about 7.3% of the total melt runoff from the debris-covered area.
Ice growth in a spherical cavity of a porous medium
Authors: Vlahou Ioanna , Worster M. Grae 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe consider an idealized problem of a sphere of ice growing symmetrically in a spherical cavity within a porous rock in order to identify and quantify different physical mechanisms that can result in fracturing the rock. We show that if the permeability of the rock is very small then high pressures can develop in the cavity as the water inside it expands on freezing. However, given typical permeabilities of most rocks, the pressure is relieved by flow out of the cavity through the rock pores. When ice fills the cavity, there remains a microscopic film of water separating the ice from the rock, owing to disjoining forces, and these forces can stress the rock and have the potential to fracture it. The elastic pressure in the rock depresses the freezing temperature, which can limit the potential for fracturing. This simple example reveals the important interactions between disjoining forces, elasticity and fluid flow in determining the pressure exerted during freezing of water-saturated cavities in rocks.
The influence of the presence and drainage of an ice-marginal lake on the flow of Gornergletscher, Switzerland
Authors: Riesen Patrick , Sugiyama Shin , Funk Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGornergletscher, Switzerland, is located adjacent to the marginal lake Gornersee, which periodically drains. We measured glacier ice-flow velocities during two drainage events of the lake, in 2004 and 2006. The common feature of these events was that, during both, Gornersee filled to its maximum level and then overflowed. The events differed in that in 2004 Gornersee rapidly drained via a sudden subglacial connection, whereas in 2006 the lake water continued to overflow and slowly discharged into a nearby moulin. We analysed the changes in ice-flow velocities in the vicinity of Gornersee during the two drainage events, using a three-dimensional ice-flow model which is able to (1) simulate locally variable enhanced basal motion of the ice and (2) account for the load and release of water pressure exerted on the ice margin. We demonstrate that the key features of the observed flow changes can be reproduced adequately in the numerical model by considering these two effects as the main mechanisms. We interpret the 2006 flow changes to be dominated by the release of lake water pressure acting on the ice during the lake drainage. The 2004 ice-flow changes can be explained by enhanced basal motion, and the impact of the lake water pressure provides certain clues to some observations insufficiently explained by enhanced basal motion.
The personal values of tomorrow's workforce: Similarities and differences across sex and nationality
Authors: Lindorff Margaret 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious research has identified that values affect attitudes and behaviour, and value differences may be associated with conflict in organizations. This paper examines potential national and gender differences in values in a group of 345 young people soon to be entering the Australian workforce. Although there were national, and small gender, differences in the importance placed on particular values, the young people in the study were consistent in the relative importance placed on happiness, work success and friendship, and the unimportance of life and work activities that contributed to society. Implications for organizations and suggestions for future research are explored.
Are business academics in Australia experiencing emotional labour? A call for empirical research
Authors: Hatzinikolakis John , Crossman Joanna 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe concept of ‘emotional labour’ is concerned with occasions when feelings are managed to create publically observable emotions in organizational settings in ways that involve them being ‘sold for a wage’ and therefore taking on an ‘exchange value’ (Hochschild (1983: 7). Drawing on an in-depth literature review, this paper explore grounds for arguing that business academics in Australia are experiencing emotional labor. The authors consider the application of findings concerned with emotional labor in a variety of occupations in relation to the context of university business schools. More specifically, they discuss how two decades of increasing marketisation, commercialisation and service orientated university practices may have contributed to emotional labor in Australian university business schools. The paper draws two conclusions. Firstly, educational managers need to be better informed about the positive and negative implications of emotional labor so that they can develop appropriate strategies, guidelines and workplace environments at the organizational level. Secondly, that a review of the literature suggests that empirical research is warranted in order to address the question posed in the title of the paper.
Electronic collaboration ontology: The case of readiness analysis of electronic marketplace adoption
Authors: Miri-Lavassani Kayvan , Movahedi Bahar , Kumar Vinod 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper introduces the ontology of electronic collaboration (e-collaboration) and applies it for modeling the readiness analysis of e-collaboration through the electronic marketplace (EM). Our search of the literature shows that the publication of papers in the areas of e-collaboration and EM has reached to the third phase of S-shape growth, which indicates that these areas have arrived at a certain level of maturity. However, while most of the e-collaboration studies focus on the application of collaboration technologies, less attention has been paid to the development of frameworks and the models that can describe the concept of the collaboration. Based on the notion of e-collaboration at the organization level, this paper introduces the ontology of e-collaboration. The proposed e-collaboration ontology is further applied to the case of readiness analysis for EM-based collaboration. Following the proposed ontology, the readiness model displays key measures of readiness at the strategy, process, and technology levels. At each level, the measures are segmented into internal and external contexts.
Influence of blinding sequence of radiographs on the reproducibility and sensitivity to change of joint space width measurement in knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Gensburger Déborah , Roux Jean‐Paul , Arlot Monique , Sornay‐Rendu Elisabeth , Ravaud Philippe , Chapurlat Roland 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether knowledge of the sequence of radiographs impacts inter‐ and intraobserver reproducibility and sensitivity to change for measuring joint space width (JSW) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsA cohort of 70 postmenopausal women with radiologic knee OA was assessed through the measurement of knee radiographs acquired in the semiflexed posteroanterior view, using a positioning frame and fluoroscopy, at baseline and 48 months later. Paired readings of radiographs were made using landmarks at baseline by 2 independent observers unblinded to sequence and blinded to sequence. Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility was assessed on JSW measurements at baseline and 4 years later and on the longitudinal difference (joint space narrowing [JSN]), using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland and Altman methods. The sensitivity to change was assessed through standardized response means (SRMs).ResultsFor JSW and JSN and with both methods, ICCs were high for the intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility (0.90–0.99 for JSW and 0.77–0.89 for JSN). For the Bland‐Altman method, the mean difference was close to 0, with no bias for both observers and methods. The SRMs ranged from 0.38 to 0.48. All of the results were numerically in favor of measuring with knowledge of time sequence, but without a statistically significant difference between the methods.ConclusionIntra‐ and interobserver reproducibility was high with or without blinding of the radiograph sequence. Reading with knowledge of time sequence using baseline landmarks tended to improve sensitivity. Therefore, in longitudinal studies of OA radiographs can be read unblinded to sequence.