bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possibilities and Limits of the Red Cross
Authors: Schlögel Anton 
Published: January 2010

A survey, over a period of time, of what the public thinks of the Red Cross as reflected in the spoken, written and audio-visual media, has led to astonishing conclusions: two diametrically opposite trends have steadily emerged. On the one hand, at national and international level, the Red Cross, whose activities over the past few years have developed to a surprising extent, has received great praise, in fact too much praise. Yet at the same time bitter criticism has constantly been levelled at the Red Cross. A study of the causes of that praise and criticism, however paradoxical this may seem, shows that both stem from the very same facts and events!Obviously they have been due to the viewpoint held, the hopes pinned on Red Cross action, and one's idea of Red Cross possibilities. While those who are realistic in their appraisal of the Red Cross express their appreciation of the results, however meagre they may be, others show keen disappointment because they have assigned the Red Cross tasks and achievements far beyond its field of activity. In addition, all manner of personal considerations, financial and otherwise, weigh the balance this way and that. Yet by taking a closer look at things we realize that the very factors that make for the strength of the Red Cross and determine its possibilities also set its limits, even though the attempt to exceed those limits may have no untoward effect on practical activities.
The condition of cultural property in armed conflicts (I): From Antiquity to World War II
Authors: Verri Pietro 
Published: January 2010

The condition of cultural property through the armed conflicts which have succeeded one another from Antiquity to the eve of the Second World War is no easy subject to study.The sources available have of course made it possible to establish that from the latter part of the nineteenth century onwards, domestic and international laws have been enacted to reduce somewhat rather than prevent damage to cultural property during hostilities.
Synopsis V: Capture
Authors: de Preux J. 
Published: January 2010

— A person is hors de combat if:a) he is in the power of an adverse Party;b) he clearly expresses an intention to surrender; orc) he has been rendered unconscious or is otherwise incapacitated by wounds or sickness, and therefore is incapable of defending himselfprovided that in any of these cases he abstains from any hostile act and does not attempt to escape (Protocol I, Art. 41).
The protection of children during armed conflict situations
Authors: Singer Sandra 
Published: January 2010

We have looked at the protection offered to children in conflict situations by the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 and the Additional Protocols of 1977. The principle that children are particularly vulnerable and in need of special protection has been developed in these provisions.When the idea of a Convention on the Rights of the Child was first put forward there were debates about whether this was the best way to proceed. The International Union for Child Welfare expressed reservations about the Polish draft proposal stressing the legal difference between a Declaration and a Convention. Although a Convention is theoretically stronger than a Declaration because it is legally binding, experience has shown that a Declaration adopted unanimously has a greater moral impact than a Convention only ratified by a few countries.Evi Underhill in a paper (undated) “Comments on the Draft Convention on the Rights of the Child” posed not only the question whether Conventions are necessary but also whether they are effective or implemented and if they correspond to the large variety of national customs, political, economic and legal structures.Certainly, concern has been expressed about the lack of geographical representation of Member States attending the working group which is drafting the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In the meantime some NGOs are urging that the drafting process should be speeded up.
The role and characteristics of an emergency mission
Authors: Aoun André 
Published: January 2010

Governed as it is by the very nature of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, an emergency mission is more than a mere effort to restore essential services. Although it is undoubtedly best characterized by the relief activities set in motion during the acute phase, its full scope cannot be measured without taking into account the preparatory and subsequent rehabilitation and development phases.Such a mission thus consists invariably of three stages: preliminary, in situ and follow-up.
Medical Supplies for Emergency Medical Actions
Authors: Russbach R. 
Published: January 2010

The following circular letter was sent by the ICRC and League chief medical officers to all the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies with a view to rationalizing consignments of medicaments and medical material for emercency medical actions. The circular letter contains practical advice and precise rules to be observed when selecting and packaging emergency relief medicaments.The success of emergency action in cases of natural disaster or armed conflict depends of the degree of preparedness of personnel and material: it is not necessarily proportional to the number of volunteers or the volume of relief supplies hastily dispatched.
Law of war training within armed forces: Twenty years experience
Authors: de Mulinen Frédéric 
Published: January 2010

The States which have accepted international treaties on the law of war are bound “to respect and to ensure respect for these treaties in all circumstances”.This general principle, stated in the 1949 Geneva Conventions, has to be put into practice. For that reason, the States “undertake, in time of peace as in time of war, to disseminate the text of the treaties as widely as possible and, in particular, to include the study thereof in their programmes of military and, if possible, civil intruction, so that the principles thereof may become known to the entire population, in particular to the armed forces”.
Recognition of the Somali Red Crescent Society (Circular No. 476)
Authors: Naville Marcel A. 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross on 3 July 1969 officially recognized the Somali Red Crescent Society.The new Society, founded in 1963, formally applied to the International Committee for recognition on 9 April 1967. Some improvements and modifications to the statutes being considered necessary, these were realized in May 1969.
The Geneva Convention of 6 July 1906 is now a Historic Document
Authors: J. P.  
Published: January 2010

In 1966, we mentioned in these pages that, following the accession of the Republic of Korea to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, the original Convention of 1864 was no more than a venerable museum piece.To-day, with the accession of Costa Rica to the 1949 version, the “Geneva Convention of 6 July 1906 for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armies in the field” is no longer binding on any State. Thus, in its turn, it becomes a thing of the past, a glorious trophy like its predecessor.
Red Cross assistance and protection
Authors: Moreillon Jacques 
Published: January 2010

Assistance is the essence of all Red Cross actions; protection and assistance are the essence of all ICRC actions.To approach the subject of this paper “Red Cross assistance and protection”, one should recall a few basic rules and concepts as guidelines in this study.Firstly it should be clear that we shall not deal here with situations of natural disasters, which normally require Red Cross assistance only. Nor shall we deal with situations of internal disturbances or tensions, which involve mainly the ICRC and its activities in favour of persons detained for political or security reasons.
The ICRC and International Humanitarian Issues
Authors: Hay Alexandre 
Published: January 2010

I am glad to have the opportunity to address such a gathering of eminent personalities concerned with the increasingly grave humanitarian problems of our time.The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has, for the last 120 years, served the cause of humanity in a world torn by conflicts.In 1864, a year after the ICRC was founded, the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, the first multilateral humanitarian law treaty, established a legal basis for ICRC activities and brought about the recognition of the Red Cross movement by the States.
ICRC surgical activities
Authors: Russbach Rémi , Gray Robin Charles , Coupland Robin Michael 
Published: January 2010

The surgical activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross stem from the institution's general mandate to protect and assist the victims of armed conflict.The war wounded are thus only one category of the victims included in the ICRC's terms of reference.The ICRC's main role in relation to the war wounded is not to treat them, for this is primarily the responsibility of the governments involved in the conflict and hence their army medical services. The task of the ICRC is first and foremost to ensure that the belligerents are familiar with the provisions of the Geneva Conventions and apply them, that is, care for members of the enemy armed forces as well as their own and afford medical establishments and personnel the protection to which they are entitled.
Strategy for medical assistance in disaster situations
Authors: Perrin Pierre 
Published: January 2010

Disasters create specific problems shaped by both the type of event (earthquake, volcanic eruption, war) and its consequences (sudden or gradual impact on the victims).The process that unleashes a disaster is often more complex than appears at first glance. For example, drought is obviously caused by poor climatic conditions, but it may also be precipitated by human behaviour detrimental to the environment.While internal conflicts do not always have a direct and major impact on civilians beyond the casualties they claim, the breakdown of local services, particularly medical care and food supply, may have dire effects on health and nutrition, so that the entire civilian population falls victim to the situation.
Respect for fundamental judicial guarantees in time of armed conflict — The part played by ICRC delegates
Authors: Gasser Hans-Peter 
Published: January 2010

Article 75 of Protocol I additional to the Geneva Conventions lays down with admirable clarity and concision thateven in time of war, or rather especially in time of war, justice must be dispassionate. How does international humanitarian lawpromote this end? What can theInternational Committee of the Red Cross, an independent humanitarian institution, do in the harsh reality of an armed conflict towards maintaining respect for the fundamental judicial guarantees protecting persons accused of crimes, some of them particularly abhorrent?This article will first consider the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols in relation to judicial procedure in time of armed conflicts. Thereafter it will examine the legal bases legitimizing international scrutiny of penal proceedings instituted against persons protected by humanitarian law. The next and principal part of the article will indicate how ICRC delegates appointed to monitor trials as observers do their job. In conclusion the article will try to evaluate this little-known aspect of the ICRC's work of protection.
Assistance to the civilian population: the development and present state of international humanitarian law
Authors: Plattner Denise 
Published: January 2010

Bearing in mind the plethora of rules applicable in time of war, jurists define international law rather elaborately as follows:“International humanitarian law applicable in armed conflict means international rules, established by treaties or custom, which are specifically intended to solve humanitarian problems directly arising from international or non-international armed conflicts and which, for humanitarian reasons, limit the right of Parties to a conflict to use the methods and means of warfare of their choice or protect persons and property that are, or may be, affected by conflict”.
Implementation of human rights and humanitarian law in situations of armed conflict
Authors: Weissbrodt David , Hicks Peggy L. 
Published: January 2010

Governments are principally responsible for the implementation of international human rights and humanitarian law during periods of armed conflict. During non-international armed conflicts, governments and armed opposition groups each bear responsibility for their obedience to those norms.International organizations can encourage the participants in armed conflicts to respect human rights and humanitarian law. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has long played a leading role in working for the application of humanitarian law during armed conflicts; it has also begun to refer to human rights law in situations of internal strife or tensions not covered by international humanitarian law. The United Nations General Assembly, the UN Commission on Human Rights, the International Court of Justice, and several other intergovernmental organizations have occasionally attempted to secure respect for human rights law during armed conflicts and have referred on an irregular basis to humanitarian law in such endeavors. The UN Security Council has almost exclusively used humanitarian law in its decisions.
Recognition of the Mozambique Red Cross Society
Authors: Sommaruga Cornelio 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour of informing you that the Mozambique Red Cross Society has been officially recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross. This recognition, which took effect on 29 September 1988, brings to 147 the number of National Societies that are members of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.Founded on 10 July 1981, the Society officially applied for recognition by the International Committee of the Red Cross on 23 September 1988. In support of its application, it forwarded various documents, including a report on its activities, the text of its Statutes and a copy of Government Decree No. 7/88 of 17 May 1988 attesting that the Mozambique Red Cross Society is recognized by the Government as a voluntary aid society auxiliary to the public authorities in accordance with the provisions of the First Geneva Convention of 1949.
The lasting nature of the Red Cross
Authors: Milosevic Olga 
Published: January 2010

The idea of the Red Cross was born of suffering, suffering in war. It was followed by humanitarian action for the benefit of all humanity, and has been enhanced with the knowledge and experience gained throughout the many years of its long history.We have seen how one man, a good man, struck with compassion for those who were suffering, was able to arouse that same compassion and will to help in many hitherto indifferent people, how he was able to convince them to give what was best in them to a noble humanitarian cause. In doing their humanitarian work, these people did not ask who was friend and who was foe. Only one thing mattered: to alleviate suffering and save human lives.
Recognition of the Dominica Red Cross Society
Authors: Sommaruga Cornelio 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition of the Dominica Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross. This recognition, which took effect on 15 March 1989, brings to 148 the number of National Societies members of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.The new Society applied for recognition by the International Committee of the Red Cross on 13 December 1988. In support of its application it forwarded various documents, including a report on its activities, the text of its Statutes and a copy of governmental decree No. 5/83 adopted by the House of Assembly on 7 March 1983, signed by the President of the Commonwealth of Dominica on 25 March 1983 and published in the Official Gazette on 7 April 1983. This attests that the Dominica Red Cross Society is recognized by the Government as a voluntary aid society auxiliary to the public authorities in accordance with the provisions of the First Geneva Convention of 1949.
Protection of the natural environment in time of armed conflict
Authors: Bouvier Antoine 
Published: January 2010

Since the early 1970s, the steady deterioration of the natural environment has given rise to widespread awareness of man's destructive impact on nature.This awareness of the vital importance for humanity of a healthy environment and the determined efforts of numerous environmental protection agencies have led over the years to the adoption of a large body of laws for the protection and preservation of the natural environment.
The 125th anniversary of the International Review of the Red Cross
Authors: Sommaruga Cornelio 
Published: January 2010

The International Review of the Red Cross is 125 years old — an age which might well be called venerable, unless the term “honourable” is preferred, but in any case a surprising age for a publication.Periodical publications which have lasted for so long are rare indeed, and the number of such international and multilingual reviews can be counted on the fingers of one hand.
The 125th anniversary of the International Review of the Red Cross — A faithful record — I. Protection and assistance
Authors: Meurant Jacques 
Published: January 2010

Officers, soldiers, medical personnel and the inhabitants of areas near and far from the theatre of war — these are the categories of people whom writers should address to explain, in the language best suited to each, the basic humanitarian ideas and sentiments which it is so urgent to impress on their minds and hearts.(Bulletin international des Sociétés de secours aux militaires blessés. No. 1, October 1869.)
The Issues — The ICRC's position
Authors: The Review  
Published: January 2010

The Review Conference of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects will be held in Vienna from 25 September to 13 October 1995.This Conference offers a unique opportunity for a thorough analysis of the problems caused by the use of certain weapons, with landmines heading the list. It should also specify measures to be taken to prevent the manufacture and use of new weapons from creating serious problems in future.
The International Committee of the Red Cross and the protection of war victims
Authors: The Review  
Published: January 2010

In its recent issues the International Review of the Red Cross announced the publication of a work entitled Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge et la protection des victimes de la guerre by François Bugnion, Deputy Director of the ICRC Department of Principles, Law and Relations with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.The book has already become the reference work par excellence on the International Committee of the Red Cross in that it analyses, in a combined historical and legal approach, the process whereby the international community came to entrust the Committee with tasks and areas of competence relating to the protection of war victims. It also highlights the interaction between the development of ICRC practice and that of international humanitarian law.
Red Cross of Cape Verde: Development of National Societies and co-operation: The viewpoint of the Red Cross of Cape Verde
Authors: dos Reis Dario L. R. Dantas 
Published: January 2010

Cape Verde, a small archipelago formed by ten islands and eight islets, is located 455 km off the west coast of Africa, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. It has an area of 4,033 sq km and a population of 320,000.The dry climate and sparse rainfall characteristic of these volcanic islands, which constitute a prolongation into the Atlantic of the arid Sahel region, are extremely unfavourable to agriculture.
The 1864 Geneva Convention, a link between the ICRC and the United Nations
Authors: Martenson Jan 
Published: January 2010

It is an honour and a privilege for me to speak to you today, as we celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Geneva Convention.This commemoration is of special significance in that the Geneva Convention—which deals with the situation of war wounded—was the first text providing for international humanitarian action and regulating individual behaviour in certain defined circumstances.
The international challenges facing humanitarian law today, 125 years after its creation
Authors: Andries André 
Published: January 2010

As part of its activities to mark the 125th anniversary of its foundation on 4 February 1864, the Belgian Red Cross has been taking stock of its work to date and future possibilities for Red Cross action in various domains.From 15 to 22 April 1989, the French-language Community of the Belgian Red Cross held a series of one-day symposiums in which Society volunteers and officials as well as many outside individuals and associations took part.
1. Communication and dissemination: Moroccan Red Crescent: Practical aspects of information and dissemination
Authors: Badreddine Ben Saoud 
Published: January 2010

What is the true impact of Red Cross and Red Crescent information in the world today?The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement's information policy, long a source of controversy, is considered by some to be insufficiently developed and in need of greater attention.Since its foundation over 125 years ago, the Movement has constantly had to adapt its image to the changing times. This is no easy task for those in charge of shaping its multifaceted image and devising ways to alleviate human suffering, a source of perpetual violence.
3. Communication, recruitment of members and fund-raising: The Netherlands Red Cross: Communication to raise funds for humanitarian activities
Authors: Vergeer Marcel P.L. 
Published: January 2010

Ask any number of Dutchmen out in the street the name of a nonprofit organization and 93 out of 100 will spontaneously answer: the Netherlands Red Cross. And when you ask these 93 people for their appreciation of Red Cross activities, 92 of them will say: “Very good!”I suppose your reaction will be: “That's fantastic! That means the Netherlands Red Cross has to invest hardly any energy in raising funds! The money comes rolling in automatically, so to speak.”
The customary law of non-international armed conflict - Evidence from the United States Civil War
Authors: Hoffman Michael Harris 
Published: January 2010

James Surget made no impact on history. He did, however, make an impression on Washington Ford. The latter sued him in 1866 regarding the destruction of 200 bales of cotton.In May 1862, Ford owned a plantation in Mississippi, a state then in rebellion against United States authority. The local commander of rebelling forces ordered his troops to burn all cotton along the Mississippi River that was vulnerable to capture by the United States army. Surget assisted in the destruction of Ford's cotton. Ford sued him to recover for its value.
The philosophy of international law: Suárez, Grotius and epigones
Authors: Villa Sergio Moratiel 
Published: January 2010

Francisco Suárez, “the prince of modern jurists”, was accused by some of being a great anti-monarchist, even the first regicide, because he was the first “convinced and avowed republican”.He incorporated Platonist, Aristotelian, Augustinian and Thomist ontology, metaphysics and theodicy within a legal framework; in urisprudence, he introduced the world of ideas into the material world; his discourse on law is valid for his own day and for all time. In dealing with abstract questions, he developed a philosophy of law that is applicable to concrete situations.