bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytic Styrene Polymerization by Novel Bichromophoric Pd Catalyst Having Long Excited-state Lifetime
Authors: Murata Kei , Ito Masaharu , Inagaki Akiko , Akita Munetaka 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The reaction of the novel bichromophoric Pd complexes with styrene resulted in the formation of polymer or dimer by UV–vis light irradiation, depending upon the connectivity of the naphthyl moiety. The Pd complex having the bichromophore with a Ru(II)–polypyridyl and a naphthyl moiety connected by a single σ bond contained long-lived 3MLCT emitting species.
Impact of Timing of Birth and Resident Duty-Hour Restrictions on Outcomes for Small Preterm Infants
Authors: Bell Edward F. , Hansen Nellie I. , Morriss Frank H. , Stoll Barbara J. , Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Gould Jeffrey B. , Laptook Abbot R. , Walsh Michele C. , Carlo Waldemar A. , Shankaran Seetha , Das Abhik , Higgins Rosemary D. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The goal was to examine the impact of birth at night, on the weekend, and during July or August (the first months of the academic year) and the impact of resident duty-hour restrictions on mortality and morbidity rates for very low birth weight infants.

METHODS:
Outcomes were analyzed for 11 137 infants with birth weights of 501 to 1250 g who were enrolled in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network registry in 2001–2005. Approximately one-half were born before the introduction of resident duty-hour restrictions in 2003. Follow-up assessments at 18 to 22 months were completed for 4508 infants. Mortality rate, short-term morbidities, and neurodevelopmental outcome were examined with respect to the timing of birth.

RESULTS:
There was no effect of the timing of birth on mortality rate and no impact on the risks of short-term morbidities except that the risk of retinopathy of prematurity (stage ≥2) was higher after the introduction of duty-hour restrictions and the risk of retinopathy of prematurity requiring operative treatment was lower for infants born during the late night than during the day. There was no impact of the timing of birth on neurodevelopmental outcome except that the risk of hearing impairment or death was slightly lower among infants born in July or August.

CONCLUSION:
In this network, the timing of birth had little effect on the risks of death and morbidity for very low birth weight infants, which suggests that staffing patterns were adequate to provide consistent care.
Safety of diagnostic imaging in pregnancy. Part 2: magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound scanning and Doppler assessment
Authors: Eskandar Osama , Eckford Seumas , Watkinson Tony 
Published: July 2010

Key content

There is a widespread lack of understanding among clinicians regarding the potential risks of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound energy on the fetus.
The use of MRI is not generally advisable during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Concerns exist regarding the potential thermal and mechanical effects of ultrasound on the developing embryo/fetus.
The use of Doppler ultrasound in the first trimester should be restricted to well‐defined diagnostic purposes with the shortest possible exposure duration.

Learning objectives

To understand the safety issues of MRI and ultrasound scanning.
To understand the potential mechanical and thermal effects of Doppler ultrasound at various stages of pregnancy.
To be able to provide women with accurate information about the safety of MRI and ultrasound scanning.

Ethical issues

Clinicians should be aware of and trained in the safety issues concerning the use of MRI and ultrasound scans in relation to the stages of pregnancy.

Please cite this article as: Eskandar OS, Eckford SD, Watkinson T. Safety of diagnostic imaging in pregnancy. Part 2: magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound scanning and Doppler assessment. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010;12:171–177.
Temporal Reproductive Separation of Fluvial Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout from Rainbow Trout and Hybrids in the Yellowstone River
Authors: DeRito James N. , Zale Alexander V. , Shepard Bradley B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvierii are genomically extinct throughout much of their historic range because of displacement by and introgression with introduced rainbow trout O. mykiss. However, fluvial Yellowstone cutthroat trout still retain their genetic integrity while coexisting with rainbow trout in the Yellowstone River. We assessed whether spatial or temporal reproductive isolation, or both, occurs between these taxa. Time and place of spawning was determined by radiotelemetry. We implanted 164 trout (98 cutthroat trout, 37 rainbow trout, and 29 cutthroat trout × rainbow trout hybrids) with radio tags before the 2001, 2002, and 2003 spawning seasons in four sections of a 140-km segment of the main-stem Yellowstone River. Of the 164 radio-tagged fish, 73 (44 Yellowstone cutthroat trout, 15 rainbow trout, and 14 hybrids) were assumed to have spawned; 55 (75.3%) used 16 tributaries, 17 (23.3%) used 7 river side channels, and 1 (1.4%) used the main channel of the Yellowstone River for spawning. The majority of fish that spawned (62%) used five spawning areas. Spawning area and spawning reach overlap index values were high among all taxa. In contrast, the mean migration and spawning dates of rainbow trout and hybrids were 5–9 weeks earlier than those of cutthroat trout. Rainbow trout and hybrids began migrating and spawning in April and May when Yellowstone River discharges were lower and water temperatures were colder than during cutthroat trout migration and spawning in June and July. The spawning period overlap index values (rainbow trout and hybrids versus cutthroat trout) were typically less than half the spatial overlap index values. Therefore, the difference in time of spawning is probably the predominant mechanism maintaining reproductive isolation among fluvial trout. Management actions focused on protecting and enhancing later-spawning cutthroat trout in tributaries may enhance their temporal reproductive separation from earlier-spawning rainbow trout and hybrids.
Assessment of Artisanal Fishery Impacts on West African Croaker Pseudotolithus elongatus in the Cross River Estuary, Nigeria, Using Length-Based Models
Authors: Nwosu Francis M. , Enin Udeme I. , Holzlöhner Sieghard 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In Nigeria and other countries of the Gulf of Guinea, the genus Pseudotolithus is predominant in the catches of both artisanal (small-scale, commercial, or subsistence) and industrial fisheries. Data on this fishery are readily available, enabling resource managers to track stock dynamics. The study objective was to ascertain the status of an exploited stock of West African croaker (also known as the giant captainfish) P. elongatus using von Bertalanffy growth models. Length distribution data were collected monthly from landings of artisanal fisherfolk at the Cross River estuary, Nigeria, between March and August 2008. A fisheries stock assessment tool developed by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization was used to calculate estimates of the von Bertalanffy growth function based on these data. The asymptotic length was 61.5 cm, the curvature parameter was 0.40/year, the oscillation constant was 0.3, the winter point was 0.40, and the goodness-of-fit index was 0.515. The instantaneous rates of total, natural, and fishing mortality were 3.71, 0.78, and 2.93 per year, respectively. The resultant exploitation ratio was 0.79, indicating that the fishery is overexploited. Management regulation, particularly seasonal closures coinciding with the period of peak spawning, should be implemented to avoid the eventual collapse of this fishery. Particular attention should be given to the conservation of the mangrove habitat that sustains the productivity of this system. Previous recommendations for the management or conservation of this stock have neglected the depletion of the mangrove ecosystem supporting this species. It is imperative to include habitat conservation as one of the regulatory measures for this stock.
ZFAT is essential for endothelial cell assembly and the branch point formation of capillary-like structures in an angiogenesis model
Authors: Yoshida Yasuhiro , Tsunoda Toshiyuki , Takashima Yasuo , Fujimoto Takahiro , Doi Keiko , Sasazuki Takehiko , Kuroki Masahide , Iwasaki Akinori , Shirasawa Senji 
Published: July 2010

AbstractZFAT, originally identified as a susceptibility gene for autoimmune thyroid disease, encodes a transcriptional regulator with one AT-hook and 18 C2H2-type zinc-finger domains. It is highly conserved among species. Here, we demonstrate that ZFAT is clearly expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, we show that endothelial cell assembly and the branch point formation of capillary-like structures in HUVECs is impaired by the reduction of ZFAT expression through the use of ZFAT-miRNAs, whereas differences in cell proliferation or apoptotic features were not observed after the reduction in ZFAT expression. These results suggest that ZFAT may have critical roles in the capillary-like network formation that is involved in vascular remodeling. Elucidating the ZFAT-mediated transcriptional network will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis.
Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: RABIU KABIRU A. , AKINOLA OLUWAROTIMI I. , ADEWUNMI ADENIYI A. , OMOLOLU OLUFEMI M. , OJO TEMITOPE O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectives. To determine the risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria, and the possible implications for hepatitis B prevention in the country. Design. Prospective case control study. Setting. Lagos Island Maternity Hospital. Methods. Between 1 August 2006 and 31 January 2007, risk factors for hepatitis B infection were determined amongst pregnant women using a structured questionnaire. The women were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as part of routine antenatal care. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out using logistic regression. Main outcome measures. Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women. Results. Of the 1,052 women attending the antenatal clinic, 6.08% (n = 64) were positive for HBsAg. A total of 61 HBsAg positive and 183 negative controls were interviewed. The significant risk factors for HBV infection were an early age of sexual debut below 19 years (adjusted OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.44–5.40; p = 0.0023); history of multiple sexual partners (adjusted OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.02–3.98; p = 0.0427); and past history of sexually transmitted infection (adjusted OR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.15–5.90; p = 0.0214). Of the HBsAg positive women, 45 (73.77%) had at least one of these risk factors while 91 (49.73%) of the controls had at least one risk factor. Conclusion. Screening pregnant for hepatitis B infection on the basis of risk factors may not be effective. Education on modification of lifestyle and sexual behavior as well as non‐selective screening of pregnant women for HBV infection is recommended.
History of preeclampsia is not associated with an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction
Authors: DEKKER RUTH R. , JOCHEMSEN BRAM M. , VAN PAMPUS MARIA G. , SANTEMA JOB G. , ROOZENDAAL CAROLINE , GROEN HENK , LINKS THERA P. , VAN DOORMAAL JASPER J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjective. We evaluated the thyroid function in women with a history of preeclampsia and/or HELLP syndrome at least 2 years after delivery. Design. Observational retrospective study. Setting. University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Population. Women with a history of preeclampsia and/or HELLP syndrome (n = 310) or uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 363), between January 1990 and February 2003. Methods. Measurement of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase and the use of a questionnaire about relevant history and family history of auto‐immune diseases related to thyroid disease. Main outcome measures. Prevalence of primary thyroid dysfunction and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase. Results. Mean serum TSH values were not significantly different between the preeclampsia and control group (1.62 vs. 1.80 mU/l). The percentage of women who have (have had) hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, respectively, did not differ significantly between the preeclampsia and the control group (3.3 vs. 6.1% and 10.0 vs. 7.7%). Furthermore the prevalence of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase was not significantly different (6.1 vs. 7.7%). Conclusion. Preeclampsia and/or HELLP syndrome are not associated with an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction in later life.
Prevalence, Impairment and Severity of 12-Month DSM-IV Major Depressive Episodes in Te Rau Hinengaro: New Zealand Mental Health Survey 2003/4
Authors: Scott Kate M. , Oakley Browne Mark A. , Elisabeth Wells J. 
Published: July 2010

Objective: To assess the prevalence, symptom severity, functional impairment and treatment of major depressive episodes in the New Zealand population, in light of recent criticism that depression is ‘over-diagnosed’, especially in community surveys. Method: Nationally representative cross-sectional household survey of 12 992 adults (aged 16+): The New Zealand Mental Health Survey 2003/4. 12-month major depressive episode measured in face-to-face interviews with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Results: The 12-month prevalence of major depressive episode (MDE) was 6.6% for the total population, with decreasing prevalence with increasing age, and higher prevalence in females (8.1% versus 4.9% in males). Fewer than 10% of 12-month episodes were classified on a symptom severity rating scale as mild, and 69% of all episodes were accompanied by severe impairment in at least one domain of functioning. Only a third of those with severe impairment received treatment in the mental health sector, and half saw a general medical practitioner. Conclusion: These results offer little support for the suggestion that depression is over-diagnosed and over-treated, and that current diagnostic thresholds allow the inclusion of too many mild episodes in community surveys.
Processing of Facial Emotion Expression in Major Depression: A Review
Authors: Bourke Cecilia , Douglas Katie , Porter Richard 
Published: July 2010

Processing of facial expressions of emotion is central to human interaction, and has important effects on behaviour and affective state. A range of methods and paradigms have been used to investigate various aspects of abnormal processing of facial expressions in major depression, including emotion specific deficits in recognition accuracy, response biases and attentional biases. The aim of this review is to examine and interpret data from studies of facial emotion processing in major depression, in the context of current knowledge about the neural correlates of facial expression processing of primary emotions. The review also discusses the methodologies used to examine facial expression processing. Studies of facial emotion processing and facial emotion recognition were identified up to December 2009 utilizing MEDLINE and Web of Science. Although methodological variations complicate interpretation of findings, there is reasonably consistent evidence of a negative response bias towards sadness in individuals with major depression, so that positive (happy), neutral or ambiguous facial expressions tend to be evaluated as more sad or less happy compared with healthy control groups. There is also evidence of increased vigilance and selective attention towards sad expressions and away from happy expressions, but less evidence of reduced general or emotion-specific recognition accuracy. Data is complicated by the use of multiple paradigms and the heterogeneity of major depression. Future studies should address methodological problems, including variations in patient characteristics, testing paradigms and procedures, and statistical methods used to analyse findings.
Efficient Eradication of Subcutaneous but Not of Autochthonous Gastric Tumors by Adoptive T Cell Transfer in an SV40 T Antigen Mouse Model
Authors: Bourquin Carole , von der Borch Philip , Zoglmeier Christine , Anz David , Sandholzer Nadja , Suhartha Nina , Wurzenberger Cornelia , Denzel Angela , Kammerer Robert , Zimmermann Wolfgang , Endres Stefan 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In stomach cancer, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies, in particular for the treatment of unresectable tumors and micrometastases. We investigated the efficacy of immunotherapy in an autochthonous model of gastric cancer, the CEA424-SV40 T Ag (TAg) transgenic mice. Treatment efficacy against both the autochthonous tumors and s.c. tumors induced by the derived cell line mGC3 were assessed. In wild-type mice, a dendritic cell vaccine loaded with irradiated tumor cells combined with CpG oligonucleotides induced efficient cytotoxic T cell and memory responses against mGC3 s.c. tumors. In contrast, neither s.c. nor autochthonous tumors responded to vaccination in CEA424-SV40 TAg mice, indicating tolerance to the SV40 TAg. To examine whether tumors in these mice were principally accessible to immunotherapy, splenocytes from immune wild-type mice were adoptively transferred into CEA424-SV40 TAg transgenic mice. Treated mice showed complete regression of the s.c. tumors associated with intratumoral infiltrates of CD8 and CD4 T cells. In contrast, the autochthonous gastric tumors in the same mice were poorly infiltrated and did not regress. Thus, even in the presence of an active anti-tumoral T cell response, autochthonous gastric tumors do not respond to immunotherapy. This is the first comparison of the efficacy of adoptive T cell transfer between transplanted s.c. tumors and autochthonous tumors in the same animals. Our results suggest that in gastric cancer patients, even a strong anti-tumor T cell response will not efficiently penetrate the tumor in the absence of additional therapeutic strategies targeting the tumor microenvironment.
Resident and Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Become Dominant IL-12 Producers under Different Conditions and Signaling Pathways
Authors: Zhan Yifan , Xu Yuekang , Seah Shirley , Brady Jamie L. , Carrington Emma M. , Cheers Christina , Croker Ben A. , Wu Li , Villadangos Jose A. , Lew Andrew M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
IL-12 is such a pivotal cytokine that it has been called the third signal for T cell activation, TCR engagement being the first and costimulation being the second. It has been generally viewed that the resident CD8+ dendritic cell (DC) subset is the predominant IL-12–producing cell type. In this study, we found, although this is so under steady state conditions, under inflammatory conditions monocyte-derived DC (mDC) became a major cell type producing IL-12. Depletion of either type of DC resulted in reduced production of IL-12 in vivo. For CD8+ DC, IL-12 production could be stimulated by various pathways viz. signaling through MyD88, Trif, or nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptors. In contrast, for mDC, IL-12 production was mainly dependent on MyD88 signaling. Thus, conventional DCs and mDCs use different pathways to regulate IL-12 production.
Thymocyte-Specific Truncation of the Deubiquitinating Domain of CYLD Impairs Positive Selection in a NF-κB Essential Modulator-Dependent Manner
Authors: Tsagaratou Ageliki , Trompouki Eirini , Grammenoudi Sofia , Kontoyiannis Dimitris L. , Mosialos George 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The cylindromatosis tumor suppressor gene (Cyld) encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme (CYLD) with immunoregulatory function. In this study, we evaluated the role of Cyld in T cell ontogeny by generating a mouse (CyldΔ9) with a thymocyte-restricted Cyld mutation that causes a C-terminal truncation of the protein and reciprocates catalytically inactive human mutations. Mutant mice had dramatically reduced single positive thymocytes and a substantial loss of peripheral T cells. The analyses of polyclonal and TCR-restricted thymocyte populations possessing the mutation revealed a significant block in positive selection and an increased occurrence of apoptosis at the double-positive stage. Interestingly, in the context of MHC class I and II restricted TCR transgenes, lack of functional CYLD caused massive deletion of thymocytes that would have been positively selected, which is consistent with an impairment of positive selection. Biochemical analysis revealed that CyldΔ9 thymocytes exhibit abnormally elevated basal activity of NF-κB and JNK. Most importantly, inactivation of NF-κB essential modulator fully restored the NF-κB activity of CyldΔ9 thymocytes to physiologic levels and rescued their developmental and survival defect. This study identifies a fundamental role for functional CYLD in establishing the proper threshold of activation for thymocyte selection by a mechanism dependent on NF-κB essential modulator.
Rhinovirus Infection of Allergen-Sensitized and -Challenged Mice Induces Eotaxin Release from Functionally Polarized Macrophages
Authors: Nagarkar Deepti R. , Bowman Emily R. , Schneider Dina , Wang Qiong , Shim Jee , Zhao Ying , Linn Marisa J. , McHenry Christina L. , Gosangi Babina , Bentley J. Kelley , Tsai Wan C. , Sajjan Umadevi S. , Lukacs Nicholas W. , Hershenson Marc B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman rhinovirus is responsible for the majority of virus-induced asthma exacerbations. To determine the immunologic mechanisms underlying rhinovirus (RV)-induced asthma exacerbations, we combined mouse models of allergic airways disease and human rhinovirus infection. We inoculated OVA-sensitized and challenged BALB/c mice with rhinovirus serotype 1B, a minor group strain capable of infecting mouse cells. Compared with sham-infected, OVA-treated mice, virus-infected mice showed increased lung infiltration with neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages, airway cholinergic hyperresponsiveness, and increased lung expression of cytokines including eotaxin-1/CCL11, IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ. Administration of anti–eotaxin-1 attenuated rhinovirus-induced airway eosinophilia and responsiveness. Immunohistochemical analysis showed eotaxin-1 in the lung macrophages of virus-infected, OVA-treated mice, and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed colocalization of rhinovirus, eotaxin-1, and IL-4 in CD68-positive cells. RV inoculation of lung macrophages from OVA-treated, but not PBS-treated, mice induced expression of eotaxin-1, IL-4, and IL-13 ex vivo. Macrophages from OVA-treated mice showed increased expression of arginase-1, Ym-1, Mgl-2, and IL-10, indicating a shift in macrophage activation status. Depletion of macrophages from OVA-sensitized and -challenged mice reduced eosinophilic inflammation and airways responsiveness following RV infection. We conclude that augmented airway eosinophilic inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in RV-infected mice with allergic airways disease is directed in part by eotaxin-1. Airway macrophages from mice with allergic airways disease demonstrate a change in activation state characterized in part by altered eotaxin and IL-4 production in response to RV infection. These data provide a new paradigm to explain RV-induced asthma exacerbations.