bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
8 Optometrists vs. Ophthalmologists
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A dispute began when Tennessee optometrists tried to get their state legislature to grant them the right to prescribe therapeutic drugs for their patients. The state's ophthalmologists objected strenuously, and commissioned a report on the status of optometry. That report led the optometrists to bring a defamation lawsuit against the ophthalmologists. A linguistic analysis of this report highlighted the writer's heavy use of accusations, pejorative terms, conveyed meanings, exaggerations, overgeneralizations, ambiguity and vagueness. In addition it address the defendants' claim that the report was the writer's opinion, not factual.
9 Otolaryngologists vs. Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
When Georgia plastic surgeons were appalled about the state's otolarynogologists announcement that they were broadening their specialization to include head and neck medicine and surgery, the plastic surgeons published an article in their professional journal that was considered by the otolaryngologists and their leader to be defamatory. Linguistic analysis of the article included discourse analysis to identify the themes of the article, most of which included accusations, inferences in conveyed language, and malicious words and expressions. The plastic surgeons claimed that they were offering opinions, not factual accusations, but linguistic analysis showed the contrary.
10 Infighting in the Hair Care Products Industry
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with a videotaped speech given by the head of a large hair care products company. One person in the audience sued the speaker for defamatory statements he made in that speech and for extensive quotations from him in a later magazine article. Clues from topic analysis showed that the speaker's intentions were on other matters, not the alleged defamation. He made no accusations, imperatives, laments, or complaints. His tone of voice contained no emotional characteristics of anger and his gesturing was consistently benign. The analysis also showed that the speaker's language exhibited no evidence of linguistic features that associate with a person having malicious intent and that the speaker's non‐native English skills led to at least some of the plaintiff's misperceptions of what was said. The speaker's use of verb tense, pronouns, and noun plurals supported this conclusion.
13 A Corporation Files a Lawsuit against Its Union
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
During a labor dispute, a union published widely a number of messages that the company believed were defamatory. Discourse analysis and speech act analysis of these messages indicated that they were accusatory, contained inflammatory language, and attributed bad intentions to the company. The union's claim that the messages conveyed opinions rather than facts was also shown to be without merit.
Is There a Human Right to Development?
Authors: SARKAR RUMU 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines whether there is a human right to development. It is the most legally focused of all the chapters and essentially tracks the historical antecedents of the “right to development,” the Africanization of such rights, and the imposition of a duty-based regime under this and Islamic notions of what constitutes a human right to development. The “judicialization” of such international human rights discourse is also examined as a new trend in this area. The chapter considers the historical antecedents to the right to development and its theoretical foundations. The tensions between the international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the international Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) are examined. The influence of African states on the right to development is reviewed with a thorough examination of the Banjul Charter and its implications. The impact of the New International Economic Order (NEIO), the Monterrey Consensus, and the judicialization of human rights within the “right to development” spectrum are all critically reviewed. New trends and possibilities for the future of the right to development are discussed.
International Borrowing
Authors: SARKAR RUMU 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter explains the international financial architecture supporting the financing of international development. It examines the international borrowing practices of sovereign states, and analyzes two case studies of the Mexican and Asian financial crises. These sovereign debt crises are examined from the standpoint of strategic and tactical approaches to resolving them, and preventing financial contagion in the future. The current global financial contagion, originating in the United States, and its impact on developing countries, is reviewed from a “lessons learned” perspective. Tactical approaches to resolving sovereign debt crises such as debt-for-debt exchanges, debt-equity swaps, debt securitization, credit facilities, and special financing techniques are critically reviewed. Finally, debt relief as a development strategy is critically examined. Explanatory text boxes and other graphics are provided to assist the reader absorb a complex area of law.
Emerging Capital Economies
Authors: SARKAR RUMU 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines emerging capital economies from the perspective of creating the new success stories in the developing world. It focuses on the underlying (legal) causes for such successes and the impediments thereto. The perspective of international finance (e.g., foreign direct and foreign portfolio investment), and their relative pitfalls are examined along with a sea change in investment patterns as may be discerned from sovereign wealth funds, and other related issues. Financing private infrastructure projects, the access to private bond and equity markets, and the dangers of global financial contagion are all explored. Finally, the need for the prudential and legal regulation of private equity markets, and related issues, are examined in the context of furthering development objectives.
The orbitofrontal cortex: sulcal and gyral morphology and architecture
Authors: Petrides Michael , Mackey Scott 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe chapter describes the detailed topography of the orbitofrontal sulci and gyri in humans and nonhuman primates. Orbitofrontal gyri include the medial, lateral, anterior and posterior orbital gyri, and the gyrus rectus. The primary orbital sulci include the olfactory suclus, medial, lateral, and transverse transverse orbital sulci, although intermediate orbital, posterior orbital and fragmentosi sulci also arise in some subjects. Variations in sulcal and gyral patterns are described, along with the typical location of the gyri and sulci in stereotactic space. Finally, the location of cytoarchitectural regions is discussed in relationship to the topography of the orbitofrontal cortex.
Sequential and parallel circuits for emotional processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Barbas Helen , Zikopoulos Basilis 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSeveral features of the circuits of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) suggest that it is in an ideal position to convey signals associated with the emotional significance of events. Key features of this neural circuitry include: the role of the posterior orbital regions as a global environment integrator; the distinction between input and output zones linking the OFC with the amygdala; the role of projections to the intercalated masses in the amygdala in controlling central nucleus output; the involvement of connections to medial temporal cortex in emotional memory; and the potential importance of information transfer from the OFC to lateral prefrontal cortices in decision-making. Ultimately, the OFC communicates with lateral and caudal medial prefrontal cortices in synergistic functions in decision and action in behavior.
Involvement of primate orbitofrontal neurons in reward, uncertainty, and learning
Authors: Schultz Wolfram , Tremblay Leon 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews studies using neurophysiological recordings of the orbitofrontal cortex in behaving monkeys in order to understand the brain's representation of predictable future events of motivational significance. Orbitofrontal neurons respond to rewards and reward-related stimuli, and these responses are differentially and dynamically attributed through learning to events of specific motivational valence (rewards and punishers). Orbitofrontal neurons discriminate between different rewards based on quantity or preference, and adaptively respond to changes in reward contingencies. Critically, these reward-related responses are also activated in anticipation of future events. This expectation-related activity shows appropriate adaptations during learning allowing a transition from previous or default representations to expectations that are updated by the latest experience. The processing of reward predicting stimuli by the orbitofrontal cortex helps to reduce the uncertainty about which rewards will be available in the immediate future, helping to optimize decision-making in the face of risk and ambiguity.
The orbitofrontal cortex in drug addiction
Authors: Goldstein Rita Z. , Alia-Klein Nelly , Cottone Lisa A. , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the clinical characteristics of drug addiction and their putative neuropsychological mechanisms. The OFC's role in reward processing, saliency attribution, and motivation is hypothesized to allow drugs of abuse to assume such intense value that the drug-addicted individual experiences intense wanting (or craving) of this valuable commodity at the cost of a generalized relative indifference for all other stimuli. It is suggested that the OFC maintains a representation of the drug as valuable. With this impairment in salience attribution, loss of inhibitory control ensues, causing the bingeing component of addiction. When the drug is no longer available, the individual experiences withdrawal, and OFC abnormalities may feedback into relapse to drug use, especially when the drug itself, or merely a cue, triggers the well-maintained association between the drug and its salient value.
Effect of orbitofrontal lesions on mood and aggression
Authors: Blake Pamela , Grafman Jordan 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews the effects of lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) on mood states and aggressive behavior. Particular attention is paid to studies of patients with traumatic brain injury, although data from patients with stroke or degenerative disorders are also presented. Lesions of the OFC have been observed to cause disinhibited, impulsive states that result in an increase in impulsive aggression. Problems with reduced empathy and social processing may further contribute to the clinical picture. OFC lesions are not as closely associated with depression as are dorsolateral lesions. The current literature on the effects of OFC lesions in the development of anxiety appear contradictory, with some studies showing increased and others showed decreased anxiety symptoms. Methodological issues that hinder interpretation of the effects OFC lesions on personality and mood are discussed.
Doing and Being
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDoing and Being confronts the problem of how to understand two central concepts of Aristotle's philosophy: energeia and dunamis. While these terms seem ambiguous between actuality/potentiality and activity/capacity, Aristotle did not intend them to be so. Through a careful and detailed reading of Metaphysics Theta, the author argues that we can solve the problem by rejecting both ‘actuality’ and ‘activity’ as translations of energeia, and by working out an analogical conception of energeia. This approach enables the author to discern a hitherto unnoticed connection between Plato's Sophist and Aristotle's Metaphysics Theta, and to give satisfying interpretations of the major claims that Aristotle makes in Metaphysics Theta, the claim that energeia is prior in being to capacity (Theta 8), and the claim that any eternal principle must be perfectly good (Theta 9).
1 Peace between the Gods and Giants
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe ninth book of Aristotle's Metaphysics — Book Theta — develops a theory of causal powers, and then distinguishes two ways of being: being-in-capacity and being-in-energeia (where energeia is, as a first gloss, the exercise of a capacity). The discussion culminates in a challenging and controversial claim: energeia has priority in being over capacity (dunamis). This chapter attempts to explain this claim: its meaning, its justification, and its philosophical import.
Chapter 8 Sea changes: structure and functioning of emerging marine communities
Authors: Emmett Duffy J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The industrial-scale fishing that expanded during the 20th century has strongly reduced the abundance of large animals throughout the world's oceans, reduced the food chain length of many pelagic and benthic communities, altered fish community size-structure, and selected for evolutionary shifts toward maturation at smaller sizes in many exploited fish assemblages. This chapter reviews the consequences of keystone predation by humans on marine communities. Data from open, unmanipulated marine ecosystems support insights from theory and experiments that trophic cascades can occur in a range of pelagic and benthic systems, despite their complexity and openness. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that functional diversity within lower trophic levels tends to reduce their vulnerability to top-down control.
Chapter 9 Applied (meta)community ecology: diversity and ecosystem services at the intersection of local and regional processes
Authors: Bengtsson Janne 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
It is argued that community ecology should provide useful knowledge for managing ecological interactions and biological resources sustainably. In the context of managing biodiversity and ecosystem services in human-dominated landscapes, a theoretical and historical background to metacommunity ecology (Chapter 5) is presented and some case studies showing the interplay between theory and applied questions in agricultural landscape ecology are discussed. Several expectations from metacommunity theory on the effects of land use intensification are suggested, based on the fact that both local and regional processes are important for diversity and ecosystem functioning. Some rules of thumb for landscape management based on metacommunity theory and empirical studies are suggested: maintain local conditions by management; manage whole landscapes and not only single patches; maintain diversity of local conditions in region; maintain connections between patches without homogenizing landscape; maintain disturbance regimes close to natural.
Chapter 13 Mutualisms and community organization
Authors: Kothamasi David , Toby Kiers E. , van der Heijden Marcel G.A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A major aim in ecology is to understand the determinants of plant community structure. Here we focus on mutualisms and how these positive interactions between distinct species influence plant community structure and the organization of plant communities. Although mutualisms have been described as mathematically unstable, key evolutionary events such as the origin of the eukaryotic cell, invasion of land by plants and radiation of the angiosperms have been linked to mutualism. Mutualisms can enhance diversity and influence community organization via numerous routes, including habitat modifications, the acquisition of food sources, dispersal and protection. Disruptions of mutualistic interactions can cause declines in population sizes of organisms involved in such interactions and even lead to shifts in community composition. Mutualisms provide partner species with novel options for adjusting to stress and may play a critical role in regulating organization, structure and function of communities through activities that regulate the acquisition of resources and ameliorate stresses. Mutualisms may mediate the outcome of interspecific interactions such as competition and facilitate the coexistence of competing species. In this chapter we focus on the role that mutualisms play in plant community organization.
Equation-Free Computation: An Overview of Patch Dynamics
Authors: Samaey G. , Roberts A. J. , Kevrekidis I. G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter overviews recent progress in the development of patch dynamics, an essential ingredient of the equation-free framework. In many applications we have a given detailed microscopic numerical simulator that we wish to use over macroscopic scales. Patch dynamics uses only simulations within a number of small regions (surrounding macroscopic grid points) in the space-time domain to approximate a discretization scheme for an unavailable macroscopic equation. The approach was first presented and analyzed for a standard diffusion problem in one space dimension; here, we will discuss subsequent efforts to generalize the approach and extend its analysis. We show how one can modify the definition of the initial and boundary conditions to allow patch dynamics to mimic any finite difference scheme, and we investigate to what extent (and at what computational cost) one can avoid the need for specifically designed patch boundary conditions. One can surround the patches with buffer regions, where one can impose (to some extent) arbitrary boundary conditions. The convergence analysis shows that the required buffer for consistency depends on the coefficients in the macroscopic equation; in general, for advection dominated problems, smaller buffer regions–as compared to those for diffusion-dominated problems–suffice.
Multiscale Nature Inspired Chemical Engineering
Authors: Coppens Marc-Olivier 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSymmetry is key in solving many scientific and engineering problems. Drawing on examples from chemical engineering, this chapter illustrates how recognizing fractal scaling and other invariant patterns that envelop multiple scales is an excellent way to bridge multi-scale gaps. Such invariants are frequently observed in biological systems, which are only able to function thanks to the conservation of microscopic properties up to macroscopic scales in a scale-free way. Similarly, by imposing such invariant distributions in engineering designs, the advantages of microscopic (micro- or nanoscale) designs are preserved for macro-scale applications, while considerably reducing complexity and increasing efficiency. This holistic view helps to simplify multi-scale problems, and is proposed as a useful supplement to atomistic, bottom-up approaches.
10 Cognitive models
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter develops the theoretical construct of the cognitive model. The cognitive model is a unit of conceptual structure which consists of a frame — or related and/or embedded frames — and gives rise to a potentially limitless number of simulations. Frames have complex structure. The chapter examines in detail the nature of two types of frames: frames for things and situations. A subset of lexical concepts — open-class lexical concepts — facilitate access to cognitive models, what is referred to as a cognitive model profile.
13 Interpretation
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the final compositional process in LCCM Theory: interpretation. Interpretation involves activation of conceptual content, in a way that is in keeping with the linguistic content associated with the lexical conceptual unit(s) in the utterance, and the interpretation associated with other lexical concepts in the utterance. The chapter provides detailed exemplification of the range of principles which govern the operation of interpretation.
16 A Question of Trust: Historical Lessons for Current Development
Authors: Mayer Colin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines contemporaneous and historical evidence on the structure of financial systems in their relation with industry to draw lessons from the development of financial systems in developing economies. It discusses the role that equity markets and finance have played in early stages of development of currently industrialized countries, such as Britain and Germany, and observes that the access by industry to financial resources occurred largely in the absence of formal systems of regulation. Instead, relationships based on the local proximity of investors and institutions, such as banks and coordinators, appeared to have been important in sustaining conditions of trust. This suggests that the preconditions for the development of financial systems may be informal relations of trust between investors and enterprises rather than formal regulation. Investor protection may not always be sufficient or even appropriate while greater attention should be given to the factors that promote such trust relations.
18 Latecomer Entrepreneurship: A Policy Perspective
Authors: Hobday Mike , Perini Fernando 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe conventional view of the entrepreneur as a risk-taking innovator and developer of new technology has been highly influential in modern policies towards entrepreneurship in developing countries (DCs). This chapter challenges such a conventional “Schumpeterian” view and the policies which arise from it, especially those which encourage an increase in small firm entrance as a source of entrepreneurship. In contrast with developed economies, in DCs entrepreneurship should be understood within the context of latecomer catch-up, behind the innovation frontier, and of technology acquisition from abroad. In such circumstances, entrepreneurship is largely embedded in existing enterprises of all sizes as well as the subsidiaries of transnational corporations. Thus, policies aimed at fostering entrepreneurship come together policies targeted at strengthening the domestic industrial structure and the managerial capabilities it embodies.
19 Intellectual Property and Industrial Development: A Critical Assessment
Authors: Cimoli Mario , Coriat Benjamin , Primi Annalisa 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers a sort of roadmap for the analysis of the relationship between intellectual property right protection and industrial development. The general point is that all successful catching-up episodes occurred under condition of weak IPR regimes, allowing easier knowledge acquisition and imitation. Conversely, strong IPR regimes are strongly promoted by countries on the innovation frontier. Nowadays, the latter, and in particular the US, strategically use IP protection as a mechanism to protect the rent-generating potential stemming from the technological capabilities accumulated in their firms. This is a de facto industrial policy and an “anti-developmental” one, which ought to be matched by “pro-diffusion” policies in catching-up countries.
1 Shepherd, farmer, poet, sophist: Hesiod on his own reception
Authors: Haubold J. H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that Hesiod shapes the history of his own reception by way of an elaborate biographical narrative, leading his readers from a conception of knowledge as Muse-inspired poetry in the Theogony, to one that centres on the human world and which must be acquired through reflection and personal experience, in the Works and Days. This vision of intellectual progress informed the reception of Hesiod in classical Athens, and may also have had a role in the wider intellectual developments of the 5th and 4th centuries BC.