bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viruses and viroids of peach trees.
Authors: Cambra M. , Flores R. , Pallás V. , Gentit P. , Candresse T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the economic importance, geographical distribution, symptoms, causal agents, diagnosis, epidemiology and management (such as through the production of virus-free planting materials and quarantine) of the following diseases/pathogens of peach: Sharka or plum pox (caused by Plum pox virus), Ilarviruses, Tomato ringspot virus, Strawberry latent ringspot virus, Peach rosette mosaic virus, peach latent mosaic (induced by Peach latent mosaic viroid), peach dapple (caused by Hop stunt viroid), peach mosaic (caused by Peach mosaic virus or Peach latent mosaic viroid), and diseases of unknown aetiology and experimental infections in peach (Apricot latent virus, Peach sooty ringspot virus, Peach asteroid spot virus and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus).
Ripening, nutrition and postharvest physiology.
Authors: Ramina A. , Tonutti P. , McGlasson W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the following aspects of peach ripening, nutrition and postharvest physiology: main processes defining the ripening syndrome (respiration, ethylene biosynthesis and perception, flesh softening and melting, organic acid and sugar metabolism, and colour and aroma development), nutrititive value, and effects of genetic differences among cultivars, cold storage, and controlled atmosphere and modified atmosphere packaging on postharvest physiology.
Biochemistry, health benefits and food science of alliums.
Authors: Brewster J. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter reviews aspects of biochemistry that are special to alliums, all of which are relevant to their properties as foods, both raw and processed, and also to their well-known health benefits. Subjects reviewed are the biochemistry of the flavour compounds, aspects of carbohydrate biochemistry and, thirdly, the flavanoids responsible, among other things, for the colour of onion bulbs. The evidence for health benefits from allium vegetables is then discussed. The chapter ends with a brief consideration of the use of allium vegetables for various processed foods and for making extracts for flavouring or medicines.
Grapevine pests, diseases and disorders.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the most common diseases (fungal, bacterial and viral) and pests (insects, nematodes, vertebrates, and weeds) of grapevines, and their control using chemical, cultural, biological or quarantine methods. Other grape disorders due to environmental factors (e.g. hail and heat stress) or man-made hazards (such as herbicide application) are mentioned.
Telling tales of tourism: mobility, media and citizenship in the 2004 EU Enlargement.
Authors: Coles T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter argues that citizenship is a key, but routinely overlooked unifying conceptual framework in studies of tourism and other forms of mobility. The chapter explores how 'tourism', as an activity and as a concept, featured in wider public debates in Britain concerning migration, as a result of the recent 2004 EU enlargement from 15 to 25 member states. Media representations of changes in relative mobilities and flows of citizens between the UK and Eastern Europe reveal that multiple interpretations of citizenship and tourism were invoked tactically and flexibly in discussions of the merits and (potential) outcomes of enlargement. On the one hand, tourism was connected as an activity with new conceptualizations of citizenship to highlight the benefits of enlargement for UK residents; on the other, in a more abstract sense, tourism was deliberately connected by means of older, 'traditional' views of citizenship to (im-)migration and used by the government to address, even appease, the concerns of the anti-European lobby. As the case of the emergence of 'benefits tourism' demonstrates, far from being separate from other forms of human movement, tourism is not only intimately linked with them, but also used as a primary means of making sense of them.
'Claim you are from Canada, eh': travelling citizenship within global space.
Authors: Duval D. T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter revisits social science-based notions of identity and how these might apply to understanding mobilities as an inadvertent, yet conscious, personal exercise in relating person to place. In so doing, it presents 'netnographic' data from an online discussion forum 'thread' where advice is dispensed on 'how to look less American while travelling'. The chapter attempts a rough discourse analysis and concludes by suggesting that considerations of temporary mobility, of which tourism is most certainly an example, are manifested through the negotiation of tradition, nationalism, citizenship and pleasure.
International student mobility: cross-cultural learning from international internships.
Authors: Wijk J. van , Go F. , Klooster E. van't 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter addresses the impacts of internships on cross-cultural competencies of business students. It reports on self-perceived learning effects of internships by 168 Dutch business school alumni. The findings indicate that internships served in countries that required students to cross their cultural and economic 'home zone' resulted in significantly higher learning effects. This was not only in terms of appreciation and understanding of other cultures, but also in a better understanding of international issues and of local stakeholder perceptions.
Hypermobility in backpacker lifestyles: the emergence of the internet café.
Authors: O'Regan M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter explores how networked technology is made ordinary at an Internet café and how backpackers use the Internet as 'non-places' in the form of Internet cafés, and how this use may be impacting the experience of being an independent traveller. It is argued that Internet cafés as hypermobile places are not aimed at encouraging digital inclusion and at enhancing social contacts between locals and travellers or any sense of community. Rather, cafés are used by travellers as part of their hypermobile lifestyle, and many cafés are embedded within enclaves and hostels and are not fully embedded in place. It is indicated that Internet cafés created to serve travellers have changed those same travellers, transforming expectation and altering the very rhythm of their travel days, the use of travel time, perhaps undermining the systems in place that provided expertise, the middlemen/women and locals.
Entering the global margin: setting the 'other' scene in independent travel.
Authors: Bennett R. J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter argues that touristic popular culture and critical tourist theory is disproportionately focused on the scene of the 'self', especially in relation to the individualized discourse of the independent traveller. It is pointed out that demonstrating how backpacking is defined through the absence or subjective presence of 'otherness' allows for a more tangible and problematic reading of mobile leisure classes to emerge as a necessary focus for tourism critique. The configuration of otherness is an important facet of critical tourism theory because it exemplifies how the industry maintains and justifies its globalizing power. The chapter focuses on how backpacker media and theory contribute to the systematic silencing of one half of the tourist equation: the 'non-tourist' half. Tourist media encourages binary oppositions between pleasure and politics and subsequently tourism and terrorism that arbitrarily politicize and neuter the tourist experience in a global economic setting.
Everyday techno-social devices in everyday travel life: digital audio devices in solo travelling lifestyles.
Authors: Burns P. M. , O'Regan M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter looks at the growing proliferation of digital information, from place-bound desktops to pocket-sized portable digital technology, which has come to facilitate the mobility of modern society. In particular, it explores how budget travellers use a connected, pedestrian, personal and portable mobile sound technology - the iPod, a mobile auditory experience kept close to one's body - in everyday travel life. First, it looks at the mobility of budget travellers and the mobility of objects. Secondly, it conceptually discusses the 'everyday' and, thirdly, it examines how the iPod allows its user to weave in and out of public space and virtual space (or cyberspace). Fourthly, it looks at some of the consequences of travellers weaving in an out of these worlds. This is because, with the iPod, the public/private/virtual worlds intertwine, overlap, interact if not collide head on, causing new relationships, presences, absences, contexts and identities to change, emerge or be constrained (even if only temporarily). By examining how the iPod and mobilities blend together in the travelscape, one can examine the effects on a budget traveller's everyday activities, how they practise mobility, behaviour and management of everyday life and visualize the impact ubiquitous computing may have in the future.
Environmental discourses in the aviation industry: the reproduction of mobility.
Authors: Peeters P. , Gössling S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter investigates environmental narratives and discourses surrounding air travel. Four major lines of argument are identified and discussed. First, air travel is energy efficient. Globally, it accounts only for marginal emissions of CO2. Second, air travel is economically and socially too important to be restricted. Third, environmental impacts exist, but technology will solve the problem. And fourth, air travel is treated 'unfairly' in comparison to other means of transport. It is shown that these existing discourses are shaped mostly by the industry, leaving few opportunities for alternative messages to reach the public. The developments induced by these discourses are evaluated with respect to their short- and long-term consequences for tourism and sustainability.
Business relations in the design of package tours in a changing environment: the case of tourism from Germany to Jordan.
Authors: Dörry S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter uses the theoretical concept of 'global commodity chains', or more precisely one type - the buyer-driven value chain - to address two important issues. First, the supply chain from source market to the destination is generally governed by a lead firm (an issue of power); and, second, the characteristics of the demand side are not discussed in the concept (an issue of neglect). This is an indication that the tourism value chain (looking at both supply and demand) is not governed by a particular firm, although packaged tourism can be clearly seen as a buyer-driven 'commodity' chain. It is then pointed out that the kind of relationship between the tour operator and the incoming agent changes through a sudden event such as a terror attack and through steadier, predictable changes such as the Internet. These arguments are developed using the case study of German travellers who are culturally and religiously motivated to travel to Jordan.
Section IV. Aroids: pests and diseases.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the pests (insects, snails and nematodes) and diseases (caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses) of major aroids (mainly Alocasia macrorrhiza, Amorphophallus campanulatus, Colocasia esculenta, Cyrtosperma merkusii and Xanthosoma sagittifolium), and their management (biological, cultural, chemical and integrated control methods).
Section IV. Aroids: postharvest quality and marketing.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the following aspects of the postharvest quality and marketing of major aroids (Alocasia macrorrhiza, Amorphophallus campanulatus, Colocasia esculenta, Cyrtosperma merkusii and Xanthosoma sagittifolium): chemical composition, physiological disorders in freshly stored corms, marketing and quality standards, storage methods, traditional processing techniques, and industrial processing.
History of olive growing.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Olives were first cultivated in the Eastern Mediterranean region and expanded westwards during the next millennium. Olive cultivation spread from Crete to Syria, Palestine and Israel, to Cyprus, southern Turkey and Egypt. With the expansion of the Greek colonies, olive culture reached southern Italy and North Africa during the 8th century BC and subsequently spread into southern France. This chapter discusses the history of olive culture, origin, uses and industry.
Climatic and soil conditions.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This paper describes the climatic and edaphic factors influencing the growth of olive trees. Topics covered include: the optimum temperature range and thermal requirements of olive trees; low temperature sensing and the role of calcium in olive trees; the different methods for the assessment of frost tolerance in olives; the measures for protecting olive trees against frost; the influence of climate change and air pollutants (sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and ozone) on olive trees; the relationship between light and photosynthesis in olive trees; and the influence of various soil properties (soil texture, soil structure, soil porosity, soil horizons, soil water retention, infiltration, soil water content, and waterlogging) on the growth of olive trees.
Alternate bearing.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

The productivity of each cultivar is a function of alternate-bearing habit and fruit abscission before ripening. Alternate bearing is defined as the characteristic of an olive tree to produce olives every 2 or more years. The year of maximum production is called the 'on' year, while the year with minimum or no production is called the 'off' year. The effects of fruit load, girdling, endogenous hormones, protein content and phenolic acids on the alternate-bearing habit of olives are described.
Water use efficiency by the olive.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

The olive tree is very efficient in its use of water. It requires 312 g water to produce 1 g dry matter, whereas other evergreen plants such as Citrus and Prunus species require 400 and 500 g, respectively. Water consumption by the olive is 30 and 40% of that of Citrus and Prunus species, respectively. The mechanisms conferring high water use efficiency (WUE) include the ability of the olive leaves to tolerate very low leaf water potential values and osmotic adjustment via the synthesis of osmoregulatory solutes. This chapter defines WUE, discusses the effect of plant nutrition on WUE, and describes methods of improving WUE (i.e. by regulated deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying irrigation). The role of chemical signals which involve changes in the transport of growth regulators or other substances via the xylem on the WUE is also discussed.
Stress-induced accumulation of proline and mannitol.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Proline is one of the most common compatible solutes accumulated in plants under stress conditions. It contributes to osmotic adjustment, preserves enzymes and other important cellular structures and is a reserve for carbon and nitrogen following stress relief. Increasing osmotic stress stimulates the accumulation of mannitol as a compatible protective compound in olive. In the family Oleaceae, mannitol represents a significant proportion of the carbohydrate pool. This chapter focuses on the accumulation of proline and mannitol in olive trees under stress conditions, such as water stress and salinity. The 6 enzymes (δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (PCP) synthetase, PCP reductase, proline dehydrogenase, PCP dehydrogenase, ornithine δ-aminotransferase, and arginase) that participate in proline biosynthesis and degradation are described.
Olive ripening.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the fruit assimilate supply and growth of olives, and the seasonal changes occurring in fruit size and chemical composition during fruit ripening. The factors affecting olive fruit size and precocity of ripening are discussed. The components of the olive fruit (organic acids, water, sugars, oil, oleuropein, proteins, chlorophylls, carotenoids, sterols, aromatic compounds, tocopherols, phenols and minerals) and the ripening-related changes (softening of the cell wall, changes in the chloroplast pigments, and changes in catechol oxidase) are also described. The phenolic and volatile components of extra virgin olive oil are given. Several methods for evaluation of maturation stage are provided, as well as the characteristics of table olives and criteria for ripening.
Pests and diseases.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the morphology, life cycle, economic damage and control (using insecticides, pheromones, biological control agents, and cultural methods) of insect pests (Bactrocera oleae, Saissetia oleae, Prays oleae, Palpita unionalis, Frankliniella occidentalis, Parlatoria oleae, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Aspidiotus nerii, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, Oxycenus maxwelli and Zeuzera pyrina); and the symptoms and control of fungal (Spilocaea (or Cycloconium) oleaginea, Verticillium dahliae, Armillaria mellea, Mycocentrospora (Cercospora) cladosporioides), bacterial (Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi [Pseudomonas savastanoi]) and viral diseases of olive trees.
Origin, phylogeny, domestication and spread.
Authors: Cubero J. I. , Pérez de la Vega M. , Fratini R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the history, taxonomy (morphological and molecular), centre of origin, spread of culture, and evolution of the cultivated forms of lentil. Lentils were domesticated, in the Near East or, more accurately, in the foothills of the mountains of southern Turkey and northern Syria. The raw materials were populations of orientalis, but primitive farmers could also have used some other species of the genus, whose similarity has been shown in this chapter, in mixed populations rather than in pure strands. But orientalis and odemensis forms are the most likely candidates to have been companion weeds of the cultigen. However, molecular marker analyses have indicated that the genetic variability within cultivated lentils is relatively low, which supports the idea that microsperma and macrosperma morphotypes are simple variants for quantitative traits resulting from disruptive selection. It is difficult to establish how much the wild relatives have contributed to the cultigen gene pool.
Genetics of economic traits.
Authors: Sharma B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Although lentil is among the most prominent grain legumes globally, its economic position strengthened significantly when it became important in international trade about two decades ago. This, coupled with the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), focused attention on the crop as its world mandate, served as a stimulus for enhanced research in the area of genetics, breeding and biotechnology. This chapter deals with the genetics of characters showing discrete, identifiable and contrasting phenotypes. The inheritance of morphological traits (growth habit, red foliage, light green foliage, leaflet shape, size and number, tendril formation, plant pubescence, plant height, globe mutant, stem fasciation, stipule size, flowering time, flower colour, number of flowers per peduncle, pod size, pod dehiscence, seed coat colour, tannin in seed coat, seed coat spotting, seed size, hardseededness, cotyledon colour), protein content, abiotic stresses (frost injury, drought tolerance, soil factors), disease resistance, and alloenzyme variation. Cytogenetics studies on lentil are discussed.
Soil nutrient management.
Authors: Yadav S. S. , McNeil D. L. , Andrews M. , Chen ChengCi Chen ChengCi , Brand J. , Guriqbal Singh Guriqbal Singh , Shivakumar B. G. , Gangaiah B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This paper discusses various management options and interactions as they apply to both high productivity and subsistence cropping of lentils. These include: nutrient management involving chemical, organic and biological sources (macronutrients, micronutrients, organic sources, chemical fertilizers and crop resiudes); and the management of toxic elements in lentil (in consideration with pH management and pH interactions, soil acidity, salinity and alkalinity, and toxicities). Also discussed are the different strategies for optimizing nutrient use efficiency in lentil, economics of nutrient management in lentil, and the economics of application of nutrients and biofertilizers.
The impact of improvement research: the case of Bangladesh and Ethiopia.
Authors: Aw-Hassan A. A. , Senait Regassa Senait Regassa , Islam Q. M. S. , Ashutosh Sarker Ashutosh Sarker 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses the state of adoption of improved lentil cultivars in Bangladesh and Ethiopia using survey data, the factors constraining the diffusion of new lentil cultivars, the ex post economic impacts based on the adoption that has already taken place, and the costs of the time lag in new lentil cultivar adoption. The chapter is organized in 8 sections. The first section provides an overview of lentil research and development. The second section introduces the study areas and the third section describes the household surveys. The fourth section provides estimates of the profitability of new lentil technologies. The fifth section documents the adoption of new lentil cultivars. An analysis of the factors influencing the adoption of new lentil cultivars is presented in the sixth section. The economic impacts of lentil improvement research and the methods used in estimation are discussed in the seventh section. A discussion of results, their implications or lessons for research and extension are presented in the eighth section.
Reproductive physiology.
Authors: Davenport T. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter addresses the physiology of mango flowering, early fruit set and fruit retention. The following topics are covered: phenology; shoot development (vegetative shoots and reproductive shoots); flowering mechanisms (shoot initiation, induction, florigenic promoter or stimulus, and vegetative promoter); effect of environment on vegetative and reproductive development (temperature, water relations, nitrogen and photoperiod); effects of growth regulators on flowering (ethylene, auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins and plant growth retardants); effects of photoassimilate on flowering; horticultural manipulation of flowering; conceptual flowering models (carbohydrate-regulated flowering models and hormone-regulated flowering models); floral management; floral biology (environmental and physiological determinants of sex ratio, anthesis and dehiscence, pollen and pollination); fruit development; stenospermocarpy; fruit set and retention; and alternate bearing.
Crop production: management.
Authors: Crane J. H. , Salazar-García S. , Lin T. S. , Pinto A. C. de Q. , Shü Z. H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of cultural practices in mango production. Specific topics that are covered consisted of: production areas and yields, climate of production areas, soils and soil preparation, plant propagation and rootstocks, major cultivars, plant spacing, fertilizer practices, irrigation practices, vegetative growth and reproduction manipulation, environmental stress management, and harvesting practices.