bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ruthless player or development partner? Britain's ambiguous reaction to China in Africa
Authors: GALLAGHER JULIA 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBritish reactions to China's increasing engagement with Africa in recent years have been manifested in particularly negative and reductive ways tending to depict China's presence in Africa as destructive and self-serving, in contrast to Britain's more enlightened, supportive approach. However, more recently official discourse has begun to stress the shared outlook between British and Chinese objectives, emphasising Chinese moves towards a more constructive, development-focused approach in Africa. This article discusses the ways in which China in Africa is viewed in British political circles and assesses the degree to which such views resonate with the British sense of its own idealised identity. It suggests that the two narratives represent two sides of a dual ‘liberal’ approach to the problem of ‘non-liberal’ actors in international politics: first the tendency to reject and see them as outside the international order; and second the attempt to rehabilitate them and bring them within it. The article concludes by exploring a number of reasons for the particular ways in which Britain, China and Africa are configured, arguing that this dual conception represents a sense of ambiguity about the potential universality of liberalism.
The legitimation of international organisations: examining the identity of the communities that grant legitimacy
Authors: SYMONS JONATHAN 
Published: January 2011

Abstract‘Legitimacy’ is commonly cited as one of three fundamental mechanisms of social control within both domestic politics and international society. However, despite growing attention to the legitimacy of global governance, little consideration has been given to the identity of the political communities that must grant legitimacy to an international organisation or to the conditions under which legitimacy is valuable for the functioning of that organisation. In raising and responding to these questions, this article rejects the argument that actors must gain legitimacy among all subject social constituencies within their political realm of action. Instead, the importance of legitimacy within a particular constituency is a variable. The article labels this variable a ‘legitimacy nexus’ and outlines five factors that are hypothesised to contribute to calibrating a legitimacy nexus. The plausibility of the proposed schema is explored through discussion of the role of legitimacy in the trade regime and analysis of the origins of the International Labour Organization's anomalous tripartite representative structure.
Alternative accountability after the ‘naughts’
Authors: STEELE BRENT J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe article posits that in global politics, and in the scholarly subfield of international ethics, we should begin moving away from intentions and intentionality when considering accountability. Intentionality is problematic in at least three respects – analytically it is hard to determine; normatively it is difficult because we must invest our trust in authority; and it comes coupled with the problematic relationship between means and ends. This article explores these issues through three sections. First, it engages some of the purposes but also overall problems with ‘intentions’ in world politics (and especially the debate as it has progressed in the field of international ethics). The second section reviews recent theses on accountability, before moving towards an alternative aspect of accountability which already exists in world politics, termed in this article ‘the accountability of the scar’. This last form of accountability refers to the physical damage produced by violence, with reference to three domains – the anthrobiological, the architectural, and the agentic sphere. Two examples of the scar come to us from the different context of the Emmett Till case of 1955 and the more fluid, and recent case of Iranian protestor Neda Agha-Soltan.
The boundaries of transnational democracy: alternatives to the all-affected principle
Authors: KARLSSON SCHAFFER JOHAN 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRecently, theorists have sought to justify transnational democracy by means of the all-affected principle, which claims that people have a right to participate in political decision-making that affects them. I argue that this principle is neither logically valid nor feasible as a way of determining the boundaries of democratic communities. First, specifying what it means to be affected is itself a highly political issue, since it must rest on some disputable theory of interests; and the principle does not solve the problem of how to legitimately constitute the demos, since such acts, too, are decisions which affect people. Furthermore, applying the principle comes at too high a cost: either political boundaries must be redrawn for each issue at stake or we must ensure that democratic politics only has consequences within an enclosed community and that it affects its members equally. Secondly, I discuss three possible replacements for the all-affected principle: (a) applying the all-affected principle to second-order rules, not to decisions; (b) drawing boundaries so as to maximise everyone's autonomy; (c) including everyone who is subject to the law. I conclude by exploring whether (c) would support transnational democracy to the extent that a global legal order is emerging.
Right and left modules over the Frobenius skew polynomial ring in theF-finite case
Authors: SHARP RODNEY Y. , YOSHINO YUJI 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe main purposes of this paper are to establish and exploit the result that, over a complete (Noetherian) local ringRof prime characteristic for which the Frobenius homomorphismfis finite, the appropriate restrictions of the Matlis-duality functor provide an equivalence between the category of left modules over the Frobenius skew polynomial ringR[x,f] that are Artinian asR-modules and the category of rightR[x,f]-modules that are Noetherian asR-modules.
Permanence et variation des unités prosodiques dans le discours et l'interaction
Authors: PORTES CRISTEL , BERTRAND ROXANE 
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉNotre objectif est de montrer que les unités définies en laboratoire par la phonologie intonative sont non pas seulement identifiables dans la « parole naturelle », mais-jouent également un rôle discursif et interactionnel. Cependant, en vue de procéder à leur identification, on doit réussir à séparer, dans des données non contrôlées, la structure phonologique des autres types d'information encodés par la prosodie. Cela inclut à la fois des variations prosodiques « orthogonales » et graduelles de registre mélodique et de tempo, relative à la structure informationnelle ou au marquage du discours rapporté, mais aussi les disfluences (inhérentes aux processus de la production de la parole), qui jouent un rôle important dans la négociation de la prise de tours.
Une approche intégrative des relations de l'accentuation au phrasé prosodique du français
Authors: DI CRISTO ALBERT 
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉCet article expose les fondements et la démarche de notre approche des relations de l'accentuation au phrasé prosodique en français. Cette approche s'inscrit dans un cadre théorique général que nous exposons dans la première partie. D'autre part, elle s'appuie sur des principes généraux et sur des principes spécifiques au français que nous présentons dans la seconde partie. Ces principes supervisent des dispositifs de projection accentuelle fonctionnellement motivés (décrits dans la troisième partie) dont l'application conduit à la construction des trois domaines prosodiques qui constituent selon nous le système-noyau du phrasé prosodique du français: l'unité tonale, le syntagme prosodique et l'unité intonative. Ces unités sont illustrées par des exemples empruntés à divers types de corpus.
Effect of trichostatin A on fertilization and embryo development during extended culture of mouse oocyte
Authors: Jee Byung Chul , Jo Jun Woo , Lee Jung Ryeol , Suh Chang Suk , Kim Seok Hyun , Moon Shin Yong 
Published: January 2011

SummaryWe performed this study to investigate the effect of histone deacetylase inhibition during extended culture of in vitro matured mouse oocytes. In vitro matured mouse (BDF1) oocytes were cultured in vitro for 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively, and then inseminated. During in vitro culture for 6 and 12 h, two doses of trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, were added (100 nM and 500 nM) to the culture medium and the oocytes were then inseminated. During the 24-h in vitro culture, two doses of TSA were added (100 nM and 500 nM) to the medium and the oocytes were activated with 10 mM SrCl2. After the 6-h culture, the fertilization rate was similar to that of the control group, but the blastocyst formation rate was significantly decreased. After the 12-h culture, both the fertilization and blastocyst formation rates were significantly decreased. After the 24-h culture, total fertilization failure occurred. In the oocytes cultured for 6 and 12 h, the fertilization and blastocyst formation rates did not differ between the TSA-supplemented and control groups. Although extended culture of the mouse oocytes significantly affected their fertilization and embryo development, TSA supplementation did not overcome their decreased developmental potential.
‘A Little World without the World’: Ecclesiastical Foundation Myths in English Reformation Thought
Authors: Cunningham Jack P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAs the English Church began to develop in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the question of its origins became highly significant. From the outset the Henrician Reformation had to demonstrate that its claims to national ecclesiastical sovereignty had not been invented by hard-pressed statesmen to extricate the king from an inconvenient deference to the papacy. Thus began an industry that sent scholars delving into the archives in order to recover a historical precedent for independence. Joseph of Arimathea emerged as an early favourite candidate, and King Lucius, Simon Zealot and Aristobulus followed. Then there were the Samotheans, biblical giants that allowed English Reformers to trace their ancestry to Noah. This paper draws on a wide range of contemporary sources in order to explore how the English Reformation struggled with and ultimately failed to provide its Church with a legitimate ancient birth story.
Coral-mucus-associated Vibrio integrons in the Great Barrier Reef: genomic hotspots for environmental adaptation
Authors: Koenig Jeremy E , Bourne David G , Curtis Bruce , Dlutek Marlena , Stokes H W , Doolittle W Ford , Boucher Yan 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Integron cassette arrays in a dozen cultivars of the most prevalent group of Vibrio isolates obtained from mucus expelled by a scleractinian coral (Pocillopora damicornis) colony living on the Great Barrier Reef were sequenced and compared. Although all cultivars showed &gt;99% identity across recA, pyrH and rpoB genes, no two had more than 10% of their integron-associated gene cassettes in common, and some individuals shared cassettes exclusively with distantly-related members of the genus. Of cassettes shared within the population, a number appear to have been transferred between Vibrio isolates, as assessed by phylogenetic analysis. Prominent among the mucus Vibrio cassettes with potentially inferable functions are acetyltransferases, some with close similarity to known antibiotic-resistance determinants. A subset of these potential resistance cassettes were shared exclusively between the mucus Vibrio cultivars, Vibrio coral pathogens and human pathogens, thus illustrating a direct link between these microbial niches through exchange of integron-associated gene cassettes.
Flexibility of the Ure2 prion domain is important for amyloid fibril formation
Authors: Yu Yong , Wang Hai-Yan , Bai Ming , Perrett Sarah 
Published: January 2011

Ure2, the protein determinant of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion [URE3], has a natively disordered N-terminal domain that is important for prion formation in vivo and amyloid formation in vitro; the globular C-domain has a glutathione transferase-like fold. In the present study, we swapped the position of the N- and C-terminal regions, with or without an intervening peptide linker, to create the Ure2 variants CLN-Ure2 and CN-Ure2 respectively. The native structural content and stability of the variants were the same as wild-type Ure2, as indicated by enzymatic activity, far-UV CD analysis and equilibrium denaturation. CLN-Ure2 was able to form amyloid-like fibrils, but with a significantly longer lag time than wild-type Ure2; and the two proteins were unable to cross-seed. Under the same conditions, CN-Ure2 showed limited ability to form fibrils, but this was improved after addition of 0.03 M guanidinium chloride. As for wild-type Ure2, allosteric enzyme activity was observed in fibrils of CLN-Ure2 and CN-Ure2, consistent with retention of the native-like dimeric structure of the C-domains within the fibrils. Proteolytically digested fibrils of CLN-Ure2 and CN-Ure2 showed the same residual fibril core morphology as wild-type Ure2. The results suggest that the position of the prion domain affects the ability of Ure2 to form fibrils primarily due to effects on its flexibility.
Counter-regulation in the IKK family
Authors: O'Neill Luke A. J. 
Published: January 2011

The human IKK [IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB) kinase] family has four members; they are the central kinases of innate immunity. Two members, IKKα and IKKβ, the so-called canonical members, phosphoryate IκBα, leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor κB), which controls the expression of many immune and inflammatory genes. The IKK-related proteins TBK-1 (TANK-binding kinase 1) and IKKϵ have a different substrate – IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) – which regulates a different set of genes, the products of which include Type I interferons. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) such as the lipopolysaccharide receptor TLR4 or the poly(I:C) receptor TLR3 activate each of the IKKs, but the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 (interleukin 1), which signals in a broadly similar way to the TLRs, has so far been shown to activate only the canonical IKKs. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Clark et al. bring new insights into the regulation of IKKs. They demonstrate that IL-1 is in fact able to activate IKKϵ/TBK-1, which occurs via IKKα/IKKβ. The consequence of this is not IRF3 activation, but a negative feedback effect on IKKα/IKKβ. This provides us with yet another regulatory feedback loop in a system already replete with control mechanisms. It attests yet again to the importance of keeping these innate immune pathways in check, since if they proceed uncontrolled, inflammatory diseases can occur. Importantly, this study utilized new and specific inhibitors of these kinases, suggesting that the interpretation of any effects the compound might have in vivo may be complex, since for example the inhibition of IKKϵ/TBK-1 might actually have a pro-inflammatory effect.
Combination of EuroSCORE and Cardiac Troponin I Improves the Prediction of Adverse Outcome after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Fellahi Jean-Luc , Le Manach Yannick , Daccache Georges , Riou Bruno , Gérard Jean-Louis , Hanouz Jean-Luc 
Published: January 2011

Background
Reclassification tables have never been used to compare concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) with predictive models of risk in the perioperative setting. The current study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of pre- and/or postoperative serum cTnI when combined with The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) in predicting adverse outcome after cardiac surgery.

Methods
Nine hundred five consecutive patients were included. Standard EuroSCORE as well as preoperative and 24-h postoperative cTnI were measured in all patients. Major adverse cardiac events and in-hospital mortality were chosen as study endpoints. The performance of EuroSCORE with and without pre- and/or postoperative cTnI were assessed by means of receiver operating characteristic curves, net reclassification index, and integrated discrimination improvement analyses. Data are expressed as ±SD.

Results
Death occurred in 28 of 905 (3%) patients and major adverse cardiac events in 202/905 (22%) patients. Models including EuroSCORE alone were characterized by a low discriminative power (c-index = 0.60 ± 0.05) in predicting major adverse cardiac events. The c-index increased to 0.61 ± 0.05 (P = 0.46), 0.70 ± 0.04 (P < 0.001), and 0.71 ± 0.04 (P < 0.001) when preoperative, postoperative, and pre/postoperative cTnI were included, respectively. The better predictive ability was confirmed by net reclassification index (0.41 ± 0.08, P < 0.001; 0.67 ± 0.08, P < 0.001; and 0.68 ± 0.08, P < 0.001, respectively) and integrated discrimination improvement (0.003 ± 0.002, P = 0.12; 0.099 ± 0.015, P < 0.001; and 0.094 ± 0.016, P < 0.001, respectively). Similar results were observed for in-hospital mortality.

Conclusions
The combination of EuroSCORE and postoperative cTnI provides the best discriminative power and performance in predicting adverse outcome after cardiac surgery and is suggested as being an effective model that improves early identification of high-risk patients.
Lopinavir/ritonavir population pharmacokinetics in neonates and infants
Authors: Urien Saik , Firtion Ghislaine , Anderson Suzanne T. , Hirt Deborah , Solas Caroline , Peytavin Gilles , Faye Albert , Thuret Isabelle , Leprevost Marthe , Giraud Carole , Lyall Hermione , Khoo Saye , Blanche Stéphane , Tréluyer Jean‐Marc 
Published: January 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics have been fully investigated in adults and children. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Lopinavir/ritonavir population pharmacokinetics in 96 neonates and infants from birth to less than 2 years (1.16 to 10.4 kg) showed that CL/F and V/F were dependent on body weight on an allometric basis and post‐menstrual age.AIMS Because of immature hepatic metabolism, lopinavir could present specific pharmacokinetics in the first weeks of life. We aimed at determining the optimal dosing regimen in neonates and infants weighing 1 to 10.5 kg.METHODS Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) pharmacokinetics were studied in 96 infants using a population approach.RESULTS A one‐compartment model described LPV/r pharmacokinetics. Normalized to a 70 kg adult using allometry, clearance (CL/F) and distribution volume (V/F) estimates were 5.87 l h−1 70 kg−1 and 91.7 l 70 kg−1. The relative bioavailabilty, F, increased with post‐menstrual age (PMA) and reached 50% of the adult value at 39.7 weeks.CONCLUSIONS Size and PMA explained some CL/F and V/F variability in neonates/infants. Based upon trough concentration limitations, suggested LPV/r dosing regimens were 40 mg 12 h−1, 80 mg 12 h−1 and 120 mg 12 h−1 in the 1–2 kg, 2–6 kg and 6–10 kg group, respectively.
Chytrid infections and diatom spring blooms: paradoxical effects of climate warming on fungal epidemics in lakes
Authors: IBELINGS BAS W. , GSELL ALENA S. , MOOIJ WOLF M. , Van DONK ELLEN , Van Den WYNGAERT SILKE , De SENERPONT DOMIS LISETTE N. 
Published: January 2011

Summary1. We describe the dynamics of host–parasite interactions over a period of more than 30 years between the freshwater diatom Asterionella formosa and two highly virulent chytrid parasites (Rhizophydium planktonicum and Zygorhizidium planktonicum) in Lake Maarsseveen, The Netherlands. This period is characterised by a significant warming trend which is strongest in spring.2. The key spring event in lakes, the diatom bloom, was in many years dominated by Asterionella. We examine whether and how climate warming has affected the prevalence of infection in Asterionella by chytrids.3. In years with cold winters/early springs, a dense Asterionella bloom is followed by epidemic development of disease as high Asterionella densities greatly facilitate transmission of chytrid zoospores. This sequence of events is absent in milder winters.4. Earlier experimental studies have shown that the parasite is almost non‐infective at water temperatures below 3 °C, offering a disease‐free window of opportunity for growth of Asterionella. Climate warming has reduced periods in which water temperature remains <3 °C, narrowing the window of opportunity for uninfected growth. Consequently, Asterionella continuously suffers from infection, albeit at low levels.5. Population reduction as a result of low level infection allows other diatoms to take over as dominant species, possibly through priority effects.6. In mild winters, chytrid infections no longer reach epidemic levels, but remain at low prevalence since transmission is impaired at low host densities. Climate warming thus affects both host and parasite in intricate ways, with the host denied a bloom and consequently the parasite denied an epidemic.7. A shift from Asterionella to a mixed diatom community in years with mild winters may benefit the food web, because of the poor edibility of Asterionella, unless the numerous chytrid zoospores produced during epidemics significantly contribute to zooplankton nutrition.8. Our study demonstrates the potential complexity of climate change impacts on disease. A reduction in the likelihood of epidemic development of a virulent parasite would seem to be of great benefit to the host, but this was not the case. Unexpected, sometimes paradoxical consequences of climate change can be expected and suggest that the view of a ‘warmer hence sicker world’ may not always apply.
An integrative literature review of student retention in programmes of nursing and midwifery education: why do students stay?
Authors: Cameron Joan , Roxburgh Michelle , Taylor Julie , Lauder William 
Published: January 2011

Aims and objectives.  The purpose of the review was to identify student characteristics and strategies in research studies investigating retention (why students stay) as opposed to attrition (why students leave) nursing and midwifery preregistration programmes.Background.  Retention in nursing and midwifery programmes is a serious international problem. Many governments are committed to diversifying both the student population and the health care workforce. This has led to higher education institutes in some countries offering places on nursing and midwifery programmes to students with non‐traditional entry qualifications. There are suggestions that the policy of widening access has contributed to the challenges of retention in nursing and midwifery programmes.Design.  Integrative literature review.Method.  Undertaken using electronic databases and specific search terms, 15 articles were identified and reviewed. The critical appraisal tools produced by CASP (2009) were used to evaluate the quality of the data. Findings from the identified research literature were analysed using qualitative content analysis.Results.  Two broad themes emerged from the analysis: Programme and Personal. Subthemes were identified in these that give clues as to why students stay: profession, support, student characteristics and family.Conclusions.  Personal commitment and good support seem to be essential for students to remain on undergraduate programmes of nursing and midwifery. The term ‘support’ is rarely explicit and requires to be more clearly defined. Furthermore, studies reviewed fail to indicate clearly how to identify when students are most vulnerable and which interventions are most appropriate in different situations in supporting retaining students on programmes.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nursing and midwifery student retention is a political and professional problem. Collaboration between clinical placement providers, academic institutions, students and their families is required to address the issue. Illumination of factors that help students stay may help us devise interventions that prevent future students leaving.