bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Experiments Testing CSL
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses experiments (already performed or proposed), as well as related topics. The “theoretical constraint,” the requirement that a superposition of a visible object not last longer than human perception time, is depicted on a parameter constraint graph (a graph of λ vs. with shaded area representing forbidden parameter values). Discussed experiments include bound state “spontaneous” excitation (electrons knocked out of atoms, deuterium ripped apart), heating (temperature rise of an object, atoms knocked out of a Bose–Einstein concentrate), “spontaneous” radiation of a free charged particle, interference of a “large” object. It also covers topics of special relativity and gravity.
A Stochastic Differential Equation Cookbook
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a tutorial on stochastic differential equations (SDEs). It starts by suggesting that, if one has a first-order differential equation dx/dt = a(x) + b(x)η(t), where η(t) is a randomly wildly fluctuating function of time, one may wish to approach its solution approximately by using SDE techniques. One starts with the approximation of replacing η(t) by white noise w(t). This then becomes a Stratonovich SDE. The chapter then provides a series of steps, a “recipe,” to obtain a satisfactory resolution of the problem. It explains how to add an “Ito correction term” to the Stratonovich SDE so that it becomes an Ito SDE. The next step is to (easily) pluck, from the Ito SDE, the ensemble mean values of dx/dt and (dx)2/dt (expressed in terms of a, b).The final step is to insert these expressions in the Fokker–Planck equation for ρ(x,t), the probability (density) of x at time t (whose solution gives one what is desired for the original first-order differential equation). Some examples of how this recipe works are provided. So far, as befits a recipe, no justification for these steps was provided. So, the chapter next justifies these steps. It then goes on to treat the general case of a set of first order differential equations, for a set of variables xi and a set of white noise functions wi(t).
The Romantic Lie in the Brain
Authors: Brown Brookes 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Prominent political philosophers have recently argued that nation-states can be held morally accountable because they qualify as group agents Much of the ensuing debate has focused on the existence of collective agency or its consequences for individual responsibility. Critics deny that groups possess the self-awareness, motivation, or biological material to qualify as agents. Others question what such claims tell us about the answerability of discrete actors such as citizens. Overlooked in these discussions is the fact that claims about national responsibility contain not only theories of group agency but also a theory of states—of what such entities are and what they are like. It is merely assumed that if groups can be held accountable then nation-states bear moral responsibility. The aim of this chapter is to challenge this presumption. Political institutions, the chapter argues, predictably lack the unity and control that accounts of group agency contend moral accountability requires. This tells us something important about the moral landscape. But even more significant is the reason why this misalignment between theory and reality has been overlooked. As the chapter shows, contemporary philosophers take themselves to be able to “reason together without having to argue about what domestic states are actually like.” This, I argue, is an error. As Aristotle wrote, “he who would inquire into the nature and various kinds of government must first of all determine, ‘what is a state?’”
Proportionality and the Prospect of Compensation
Authors: Eggert Linda 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines whether the proportionality requirement in the ethics of defensive harming is sensitive to compensation. May future compensation render otherwise disproportionate harms proportionate? The chapter argues that the prospect of compensation does not render otherwise disproportionate, and hence impermissible, harms proportionate and, to that extent, permissible, and defends an alternative view, which is threefold: (i) failing to discharge duties of compensation constitutes a wrong independently of considerations of proportionality; (ii) what matters for proportionality is not the question of whether harms will be compensated but the degree to which harms are compensable; (iii) harms that are so severe that they cannot be adequately compensated carry more weight in proportionality calculations than harms that are readily compensable. By clarifying whether, and how, discharging compensatory duties bears on the permissibility of doing what gives rise to these duties in the first place, the chapter elucidates the relationship between proportionality, compensation, and permissions to harm.
When the one true faith trumps all: Low religious diversity, religious intolerance, and science denial
Authors: Ding Yu , Johar Gita Venkataramani , Morris Michael W 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Past theories have linked science denial to religiosity but have not explained its geographic variability. We hypothesize that it springs not only from religious intensity but also from religious intolerance, which depends greatly on the experience of religious diversity and hence on geography. The belief that one's religion trumps other faiths precipitates the stance that it trumps science too. This psychological process is most likely to operate in regions or countries with low religious heterogeneity. We measure the rejection of science not only in people's refusal to follow specific health recommendations, such as taking COVID-19 vaccines, but also in general measures of scientific engagement and attainment. We rule out alternative explanations, including reverse causality and spurious correlations, by conducting controlled experiments and running robustness checks on our statistical models.
Duncan Tanner Essay Prize Winner 2023: A ‘High Quality’ Deal: The Business of British Comedy Television in Australia, 1960–90
Authors: Swenson Holly 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Historians of the late British empire often cite the 1960s and 1970s as a turning point in Commonwealth nationalisms, when British sentiment abroad was in major decline. This article investigates one exception to that phenomenon: Australians’ continued appreciation for British television, especially British comedy television. While other historians have seen this as a symptom of ‘cultural imperialism’, this article argues that Australian stations purchased British comedies for complex commercial reasons that extended beyond imperial sentiment. Australian and British television stations worked together to bring British television programmes to Australia. Public and private British stations sold Australians programmes to finance their domestic activities, claiming their products were uniquely ‘high quality’. Australian stations borrowed British language of ‘high quality’ to describe these programmes, a rhetoric which filtered through to how Australian viewers described their television preferences. Combining international business records with viewers’ opinions, this article demonstrates the role media firms could play in positively framing consumers’ attitudes to Britain even in the post-imperial era.
Using Natural Language Processing to Evaluate the Quality of Supervisor Narrative Comments in Competency-Based Medical Education
Authors: Spadafore Maxwell , Yilmaz Yusuf , Rally Veronica , Chan Teresa M. , Russell Mackenzie , Thoma Brent , Singh Sim , Monteiro Sandra , Pardhan Alim , Martin Lynsey , Monrad Seetha U. , Woods Rob 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Learner development and promotion rely heavily on narrative assessment comments, but narrative assessment quality is rarely evaluated in medical education. Educators have developed tools such as the Quality of Assessment for Learning (QuAL) tool to evaluate the quality of narrative assessment comments; however, scoring the comments generated in medical education assessment programs is time intensive. The authors developed a natural language processing (NLP) model for applying the QuAL score to narrative supervisor comments.

Method
Samples of 2,500 Entrustable Professional Activities assessments were randomly extracted and deidentified from the McMaster (1,250 comments) and Saskatchewan (1,250 comments) emergency medicine (EM) residency training programs during the 2019–2020 academic year. Comments were rated using the QuAL score by 25 EM faculty members and 25 EM residents. The results were used to develop and test an NLP model to predict the overall QuAL score and QuAL subscores.

Results
All 50 raters completed the rating exercise. Approximately 50% of the comments had perfect agreement on the QuAL score, with the remaining resolved by the study authors. Creating a meaningful suggestion for improvement was the key differentiator between high- and moderate-quality feedback. The overall QuAL model predicted the exact human-rated score or 1 point above or below it in 87% of instances. Overall model performance was excellent, especially regarding the subtasks on suggestions for improvement and the link between resident performance and improvement suggestions, which achieved 85% and 82% balanced accuracies, respectively.

Conclusions
This model could save considerable time for programs that want to rate the quality of supervisor comments, with the potential to automatically score a large volume of comments. This model could be used to provide faculty with real-time feedback or as a tool to quantify and track the quality of assessment comments at faculty, rotation, program, or institution levels.
Hemoglobin Drop is Associated with Early Post-operative Stroke Following Revascularization Surgery for Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Ran Kathleen R. , Nair Sumil K. , Srinivas Tara , Xie Michael E. , Kilgore Collin B. , Ye Xiaobu , Yedavalli Vivek S. , Sun Lisa R. , Jackson Christopher M. , Caplan Justin M. , Gonzalez L. Fernando , Tamargo Rafael J. , Huang Judy , Xu Risheng 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Postoperative stroke is a potentially devastating neurological complication following surgical revascularization for Moyamoya disease. We sought to evaluate whether peri-operative hemoglobin levels were associated with the risk of early post-operative stroke following revascularization surgery in adult Moyamoya patients.

Methods:
Adult patients having revascularization surgeries for Moyamoya disease between 1999-2022 were identified through single institutional retrospective review. Logistic regression analysis was used to test for the association between hemoglobin drop and early postoperative stroke.

Results:
In all, 106 revascularization surgeries were included in the study. A stroke occurred within 7 days after surgery in 9.4% of cases. There were no significant associations between the occurrence of an early postoperative stroke and patient age, gender, or race. Mean postoperative hemoglobin drop was greater in patients who suffered an early postoperative stroke compared with patients who did not (2.3±1.1 g/dL vs. 1.3±1.1 g/dL, respectively; P=0.034). Patients who experienced a hemoglobin drop post-operatively had 2.03 times greater odds (95% confidence interval, 1.06-4.23; P=0.040) of having a stroke than those whose hemoglobin levels were stable. Early postoperative stroke was also associated with an increase in length of hospital stay (P<0.001), discharge to a rehabilitation facility (P=0.014), and worse modified Rankin scale at 1 month (P=0.001).

Conclusion:
This study found a significant association between hemoglobin drop and early postoperative stroke following revascularization surgery in adult patients with Moyamoya disease. Based on our findings, it may be prudent to avoid hemoglobin drops in Moyamoya patients undergoing surgical revascularization.
Gaining momentum: stem cell therapies for HIV cure
Authors: Buck Amanda M. , LaFranchi Brian H. , Henrich Timothy J. 
Published: April 2024

Purpose of review
Durable HIV-1 remission has been reported in a person who received allogeneic stem cell transplants (SCTs) involving CCR5 Δ32/Δ32 donor cells. Much of the reduction in HIV-1 burden following allogeneic SCT with or without donor cells inherently resistant to HIV-1 infection is likely due to cytotoxic graft-versus-host effects on residual recipient immune cells. Nonetheless, there has been growing momentum to develop and implement stem cell therapies that lead to durable long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART)-free remission without the need for SCT.

Recent findings
Most current research leverages gene editing techniques to modify hematopoietic stem cells which differentiate into immune cells capable of harboring HIV-1. Approaches include targeting genes that encode HIV-1 co-receptors using Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN) or CRISPR-Cas-9 to render a pool of adult or progenitor cells resistant to de-novo infection. Other strategies involve harnessing multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells to foster immune environments that can more efficiently recognize and target HIV-1 while promoting tissue homeostasis.

Summary
Many of these strategies are currently in a state of infancy or adolescence; nonetheless, promising preclinical and first-in-human studies have been performed, providing further rationale to focus resources on stem cell therapies.
The Forgotten Joint Score Is a Valid Outcome Measure for Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Prospective Study
Authors: Mazzotti Antonio , Zielli Simone Ottavio , Artioli Elena , Astolfi Michele , Langone Laura , Faldini Cesare 
Published: April 2024

Background
The success of total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) involves objective and subjective parameters such as joint motion and implant survival. Patient-reported outcome measures provide key context from the patient’s perspective so that we can evaluate the results of these procedures. The Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) has demonstrated validity and reliability in other arthroplasties, but the existing evidence on the FJS in TAA is very limited.

Question/purposes
We aimed to assess the reliability, validity, responsiveness to change, and floor and ceiling effects, as well as to perform a gender analysis, of the FJS in patients who had undergone TAA.

Methods
A prospective, observational study enrolled patients who underwent TAA at our institution between June 2021 and May 2023. The three-component TAA was performed through an anterior approach. A total of 120 patients (mean age 62 ± 10 years) participated, which was 83% (120 of 145) of those eligible, and 77% (92 of 120) of those patients underwent follow-up assessments at 12 ± 1 months after surgery. A cross-culturally adapted and validated version of the FJS in our language (Italian) was used. Additionally, three other commonly used patient-reported outcome measures for TAA were administered: the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ), and the VAS.

Results
Reliability was demonstrated by excellent internal consistency (Cronbach α coefficient = 0.95) and excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99; standard error of measurement = 2.7). Robust validity was observed, in that the FJS had a strong correlation with the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score, the MOXFQ, and the VAS (Pearson and Spearman values consistently above 0.7 or below -0.7). Responsiveness to change was observed between 6 and 12 months (Cohen d = 0.37). Low ceiling and floor effects at both 6 months (4% and 3% reached top and bottom scores, respectively) and 12 months (10% and 0% reached top and bottom scores, respectively) were demonstrated, below the recommended 15% interpretability threshold. No association between outcomes and patient gender was observed.

Conclusion
Test properties and validity of the FJS were strong in patients who underwent TAA. It seems suitable for clinical use, although future studies should seek to replicate or refute our findings in other patient populations.

Level of Evidence
Level II, therapeutic study.
Clinical and Dermoscopic Insights Into Scalp Nevi in Chinese Children
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Wan Pengjie , Chen Ji , He Huan , Deng Dan 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND
The presence of scalp nevi in children frequently causes apprehension, leading physicians and parents to consider unnecessary biopsies or excisions of scalp nevi in children. There are limited data on the dermoscopic characteristics of scalp nevi in Chinese children.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to comprehensively analyze the clinical and dermoscopic features of scalp nevi in this specific population of Chinese pediatric patients, with a focus on a single pediatric dermatologic surgery practice.

METHODS
This retrospective cohort study investigated patients who underwent surgical excision of scalp nevi. All patients underwent dermoscopy with photographic documentation.

RESULTS
Seventy-two scalp nevi in 56 Chinese children were included. Notably, no melanoma cases were detected. The parietal region (35, 48.6%) was the most frequently affected anatomical site. Clinical asymmetry was more prevalent in nevi with a diameter exceeding 6 mm (p < .05). The predominant dermoscopic pattern observed was the globular pattern (50, 69.4%) while an intriguing rarity of a reverse-eclipse pattern (1, 1.4%).

CONCLUSION
This study revealed that scalp nevi in Chinese children usually did not exhibit concerning behavior. Increasing awareness of the clinical characteristics, dermoscopic features, and the natural progression of scalp nevi in children can potentially help reduce unnecessary surgical interventions.
Pattern of admission, outcome and predictors of trauma patients visiting the surgical emergency department in comprehensive specialized hospital: a retrospective follow-up study
Authors: Zegeye Robel Mesfin , Nigatu Yonas Addisu , Fentie Demeke Yilkal , Arefayne Nurhusen Riskey , Tegegne Biresaw Ayen 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Traumatic injuries represent a huge burden in the developing world, and a significant proportion has found in low-income and middle-income countries. However, the pattern, outcome and factors of injury varies from setup to setup and is less studied in public health problems.

Objective:
To assess pattern of admission, outcome and its predictors among trauma patients visiting the surgical emergency department in a comprehensive specialized hospital.

Methods:
A retrospective follow-up study was conducted, and data were taken from the medical records of patients from 2019 to 2021. A simple random sampling technique was used to get a sample size of 386 from injured patient charts. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 4.6 software and exported to STATA version 14.1 for analysis. The dependent variable was injured patient’s outcome, which could be died or not died. The independent variables with P value less than 0.25 in the bi-variable regression analysis were considered for the multivariable regression. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with the 95% CI were used to declare statistical significance.

Result:
About 13.99% of injured patients with (95% CI: 10, 17) had died during the study period. The leading cause of injury was assault (62.44%) followed by road traffic accidents (26.17%). Severe Glasgow Coma Scale (AOR 6.6; 95% CI: 2.6–16.4), length of hospital stay more than or equal to 7 days (AOR=2.8; 95% CI: 1.2–6.2), time of arrival in between 1 and 24 h (AOR=0.15; 95% CI: 0.06–0.37), and upper trunk injury (AOR=6.3; 95% CI: 1.3–28.5) were significantly associated with mortality.

Conclusion and recommendation:
Mortality after traumatic injury was considerably high. Severe Glasgow Coma Scale, Length of hospital stay more than or equal to 7 days, time of arrival in between 1 and 24 h, and upper trunk injury were the associated factors for mortality. Priority should be given for injured patients with decreased levels of consciousness and upper trunk injury. The establishment of organized pre-hospital emergency services and provision of timely arrival is recommended. The authors recommend prospective follow-up study.
Assessing the Reliability of Facial Feminization Content on Social Media and Its Impact on the Dissemination of Misinformation
Authors: Hauc Sacha C. , Mehrzad Raman , Rivera Jean C. , Hanrahan Grace B. , de Baun Heloise M. , Cruz Claudia A. , Woo Albert S. 
Published: April 2024

Background
The surge in social media usage has transformed the dissemination and consumption of healthcare information, notably impacting plastic surgery and cosmetic specialties. This study focuses on the influence of social media, particularly Instagram and TikTok, in shaping perceptions of individuals seeking facial feminization (FF) procedures.

Methods
Using the validated DISCERN scale, we assessed the reliability and accuracy of FF content on TikTok and Instagram. The study also analyzed the relationship between content reliability on engagement metrics (likes, comments, views) and the type of content shared (educational, testimonial, promotional).

Results
The analysis encompassed 225 TikTok videos and 75 Instagram posts. TikTok content showed 9.33% as “very poor,” 66.2% as “poor,” 22.6% as “fair,” and only 1.33% as “excellent.” Similarly, Instagram content demonstrated 14.67% as “very poor” and 69.33% as “poor,” with no content rated as “good” or “excellent.” Educational content received higher reliability scores on both platforms. TikTok engagement metrics showed lower reliability ratings correlating with more views, comments, and likes.

Conclusion
The study underscores the critical role of social media in shaping patient perspectives on FF procedures. The prevalence of inaccurate information necessitates a focus on responsible engagement by healthcare professionals, aiming to provide accurate, educational content that aligns with patients' informational needs and ultimately enhances surgical outcomes.
Repair of Sciatic Nerve Defect in Rats With Acellular Nerve Allograft Carrying Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Meng Dehua , Xu Qintong , Chen Zenggan , Pan Jianfeng , Jiang Libo , Zou Jiapeng , Yuan Yaqin , Zhang Jian , Lineaweaver William C. , Zhang Feng 
Published: April 2024

Background
Acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) were developed to replace the autologous nerve grafts (ANGs) to fill the peripheral nerve defects. Poor vascularization relative to ANGs has been a limitation of application of ANAs.

Methods
A total of 60 female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned 3 groups. The rats in A group received ANGs, the rats in B group received ANAs, and the rats in C group were transplanted with ANA carrying endothelial cells (ANA + ECs). In the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 12th postoperative weeks, 5 rats were selected from each group for evaluating sciatic function index (SFI), electrophysiology, maximum tetanic force recovery rate, tibialis anterior muscle weights recovery rate, and microvessel density. In the 12th postoperative week, the nerves were harvested and stained with toluidine blue and observed under an electron microscope to compare nerve fibers, myelin width, and G-ratio.

Results
All the rats survived. In the first and second postoperative weeks, more microvessels were found in the ANA + EC group. In the 12th postoperative week, the nerve fibers were more numerous, and G-ratio was smaller in the C group compared with the B group. The compound muscle action potential and maximum tetanic force recovery rate in the tibialis anterior muscle in the C group were better than those in the B group in the 12th postoperative week. The A group showed better performances in electrophysiology, maximum tetanic force, muscle wet weight, and nerve regeneration.

Conclusion
ANA + ECs can promote early angiogenesis, promoting nerve regeneration and neurological function recovery.