bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of testosterone alone as hormonal male contraceptive
Authors: Nieschlag E. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The world population continues to grow rapidly while resources for sustainable living dwindle and manmade ecological problems increase proportionally to the overpopulation. Family planning is required to reduce population growth in developing countries and to stabilize populations in developed countries. Contraception makes abortion superfluous and provides the key to family planning. Women increasingly demand that men share the burden and risks of contraception and — as opinion polls show — men would be willing to use contraceptives if they were available. Research has established the principle of hormonal male contraception based on suppression of gonadotropins and spermatogenesis. All hormonal male contraceptives use testosterone, but in East Asian men, testosterone alone can suppress spermatogenesis to a level compatible with contraceptive protection. In Caucasians additional agents are required of which progestins are favoured.
“Feeling” hierarchy: The pathway from subjective social status to achievement⋆
Authors: Destin Mesmin , Richman Scott , Varner Fatima , Mandara Jelani 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe current study tested a psychosocial mediation model of the association between subjective social status (SSS) and academic achievement for youth. The sample included 430 high school students from diverse racial/ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Those who perceived themselves to be at higher social status levels had higher GPAs. As predicted by the model, most of the relationship was mediated by emotional distress and study skills and habits. The lower SSS students had more depressive symptoms, which led to less effective studying and lower GPA. The model held across different racial/ethnic groups, was tested against alternative models, and results remained stable controlling for objective socioeconomic status. Implications for identity‐based intervention are discussed.
Pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: From initiation to maintenance
Authors: Yamazaki Masatoshi , Jalife José 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in adults; it affects approximately 0.8 million patients in Japan alone. Yet despite many years of basic and clinical research, the exact mechanisms underlying the initiation and maintenance of AF remain poorly understood. In this review article, we summarize recent high‐resolution optical mapping studies in isolated sheep hearts, which have provided new insights into the dynamics and mechanisms of AF. We focus on 3 models of AF. First, we discuss results from experiments on AF induced by atrial stretch that revealed the presence of spatio‐temporally organized waves emerging from the posterior wall of the left atrium. In the presence of adreno‐cholinergic stimulation and stretch, AF was governed by evolving interactions between reentry and spontaneous focal discharges. Next, we outline the results obtained from a persistent AF model (average AF duration: 21.3 day) induced by intermittent rapid atrial pacing. By using simultaneous optical mapping of epicardial and endocardial activation patterns, we demonstrated that AF in this model was maintained by 3‐dimensional scroll waves with I‐shaped filaments anchored to junctions between thin and thick myocardium. Numerical simulation results predicted that wall thickness‐dependent activation of stretch‐activated channels and the filament tension dynamics were sufficient to explain the specific localization of the I‐shaped filament. In a final set of studies discussed herein, we investigated AF in sheep with tachypacing‐induced heart failure and found that micro‐reentry in the left atria was a major mechanism of AF maintenance, although focal discharges at the pulmonary vein area also played a role. Large fibrotic patches in failing hearts may serve as potential anchoring sites for micro‐reentry in this model. Thus, the 3 different experimental results in isolated sheep hearts presented here clearly suggest that self‐sustained rotors do exist in the atria and that such rotors are in fact the high frequency sources that determine the complex patterns of activation that characterize AF.
Association of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) G894T Polymorphism With High Altitude Pulmonary Edema Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Luo Yongjun , Chen Yu , Zhang Yao , Zhou Qiquan , Gao Yuqi 
Published: July 2012

Background High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a potentially deadly disease associated with exposure to altitudes greater than 3000 m. Individuals who have previously experienced HAPE are at a significantly higher risk of recurrence, suggesting an underlying genetic component to HAPE pathogenesis. In a previous nuclear genomic study of individual variation in susceptibility to HAPE, the endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS) gene G894T polymorphism was identified as being associated with HAPE. However, another study found no association. Because of the low incidence of HAPE, sample sizes in current reports have been relatively limited. In this study, the association between the eNOS G894T polymorphism and HAPE was assessed through a meta-analysis of published data. Methods The literature was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for papers published before July 15, 2011. A fixed-effects model and a random-effects model were applied (Revman 5.0) on the basis of heterogeneity, and study quality was assessed in duplicate. Results Five studies with 360 HAPE patients and 469 control subjects were analyzed. There were no significant differences between carriers of the eNOS 894G and 894T polymorphism alleles in terms of the risk of developing HAPE. Conclusions The eNOS 894G and 894T polymorphism alleles are not associated with HAPE incidence.
Propagating and evanescent internal waves in a deep ocean model
Authors: Paoletti M. S. , Swinney Harry L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe present experimental and computational studies of the propagation of internal waves in a stratified fluid with an exponential density profile that models the deep ocean. The buoyancy frequency profile $N(z)$ (proportional to the square root of the density gradient) varies smoothly by more than an order of magnitude over the fluid depth, as is common in the deep ocean. The non-uniform stratification is characterized by a turning depth ${z}_{c} $, where $N({z}_{c} )$ is equal to the wave frequency $\omega $ and $N(z\lt {z}_{c} )\lt \omega $. Internal waves reflect from the turning depth and become evanescent below the turning depth. The energy flux below the turning depth is shown to decay exponentially with a decay constant given by ${k}_{c} $, which is the horizontal wavenumber at the turning depth. The viscous decay of the vertical velocity amplitude of the incoming and reflected waves above the turning depth agree within a few per cent with a previously untested theory for a fluid of arbitrary stratification (Kistovich and Chashechkin, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., vol. 39, 1998, pp. 729–737).
Boundaries among Kin: Sovereignty, the Modern Treaty Process, and the Rise of Ethno-Territorial Nationalism among Yukon First Nations
Authors: Nadasdy Paul 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe Canadian government recently concluded a series of land claim and self-government agreements with many First Nations in the Yukon Territory. A result of First Nation claims to land and sovereignty in the region, these modern treaties grant First Nations some real powers of self-governance. They are framed in the idiom of sovereignty, but they also compel First Nation people to accept—in practice if not in theory—a host of Euro-American assumptions about power and governance that are implicit in such a framing. This article focuses on a central premise of the sovereignty concept: territorial jurisdiction. The Yukon agreements carve the Yukon into fourteen distinct First Nation “traditional territories.” Although many assume that these territories reflect “traditional” patterns of land-use and occupancy, indigenous society in the Yukon was not composed of distinct political entities each with jurisdiction over its own territory. Thus, the agreements do not simply formalize jurisdictional boundaries among pre-existing First Nation polities; rather, they are mechanisms for creating the legal and administrative systems that bring those polities into being. The powers these agreements confer come in the territorial currency of the modern state, and territorialization processes they engender are transforming First Nation society in radical and often unintended ways. One significant aspect of this transformation is the emergence of multiple ethno-territorial identities, and corresponding nationalist sentiments. I examine these processes by focusing on two cases of contemporary boundary making among Yukon First Nations.
Fuzzy Sovereignty: Rural Reconstruction in Afghanistan, between Democracy Promotion and Power Games
Authors: Monsutti Alessandro 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper contributes to the study of new forms of transnational power constituted by the action of international and nongovernmental organizations, to which gravitate loose networks of activists variously promoting democracy, human rights, the empowerment of women, and environmental conservation. The paper's focus is impacts that the massive reconstruction effort is having on Afghan society, examined through a case study of The National Solidarity Programme (NSP), the main project of rural rehabilitation underway in the country. Launched in 2003, its objective is to bring development funds directly to rural people and to establish democratically elected local councils that will identify needs, and plan and manage the reconstruction. Although the NSP's political significance faded in the context of the presidential elections of 2009, which were characterized by quickly evolving alliances, the program illustrates how reconstruction funds are an integral part of Afghanistan's social and political landscape. My arguments are four-fold: First, the NSP subtly modifies participants' body gestures and codes of conduct. Second, the program's fundamental assumptions are at odds with the complex social fabric and the overlapping sources of solidarity and conflict that characterize rural Afghanistan. Third, the ways in which political actors use material and symbolic resources channeled through the NSP mirror national struggles for power. Finally, such programs are one element in a much larger conceptual and bureaucratic apparatus that promotes new forms of transnational governmentality that coexist with and sometimes challenge the more familiar, territorialized expressions of state power and sovereignty.
Slave Cocoa and Red Rubber: E. D. Morel and the Problem of Ethical Consumption
Authors: Robins Jonathan E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOver the last two decades, consumption, consumerism, and the idea of consumer agency have attracted a great deal attention from scholars across a number of disciplines. Among historians, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have been identified as a crucial period for consumption, one in which consumers emerged as an influential group of political, economic, and social agents. Historians of the English-speaking world have advanced bold claims about the prominence and impact of consumers during this period. Consumer movements were conspicuously absent in two major scandals of the early twentieth century, however. This article uses these commodity-centered cases—of rubber in the Congo Free State, and cocoa in the Portuguese colonies of São Tomé and Príncipe—to question the salience of “consumerism” in turn-of-the-century political thought. By tracing the career of British journalist and humanitarian activist E. D. Morel through the “red rubber” and “slave cocoa” scandals, the article demonstrates that consumers were only one of many influences along the commodity chain of production and consumption.
Iran's Karaj Dam Affair: Emerging Mass Consumerism, the Politics of Promise, and the Cold War in the Third World
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper examines two intertwined processes that shaped post-war Tehran. One was a ravenous demand for electricity, part of a surge in popular expectations for consumer goods and higher standards of living. The other was the construction of the Karaj Dam to meet that demand. Consumerist expectations, especially among Tehran's bourgeoning middle classes, developed together with a West-centered but ultimately global maturation of mass consumer culture, with the cultural Cold War, and with the shaky post-1953 regime's politics of promising higher living standards. The Karaj Dam became possible when that regime frightened its patron—the U.S. administration that dreaded Soviet influence—into helping pay for the project despite reservations in the U.S. Congress and among technical specialists. The dam was not simply a top-down state (or U.S.) project—it was also caused by and in that sense belonged to Tehranis. I draw on archival and published primary sources, images, and secondary literature to tell a story of society-state and domestic-global interactions that characterized many Third World countries. This paper builds on past studies of relationships between the Cold War and Third World development, and of the transnational history of development/modernization. But it transcends their focus on elites, and that of other scholars’ on subaltern victims, and argues that analyses of Third World development and the Cold War must include the middle classes and, conceptually, social history.
Exogenous Shocks, Foreign Aid, and Civil War
Authors: Savun Burcu , Tirone Daniel C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe recent civil war literature suggests that negative economic shocks in low-income countries increase the risk of civil war. Foreign aid can be an effective conflict-prevention tool in times of severe economic conditions. Aid cushions government spending from the downward pressures of economic shocks, providing recipient governments with resources they can use to make rebellion a less attractive option for aggrieved domestic groups. Using Official Development Assistance (ODA) data covering 1990 through 2004, we find that foreign aid appears to be a useful tool for preventing civil wars in the wake of negative economic shocks, and as such aid should be assessed by donors with these conflict-suppressing aspects in mind.
Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea revealing an unusual ethmoido-sphenoidal foreign body
Authors: Aubin A , Moriniere S , François P , Bakhos D 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIntroduction:Foreign bodies in the transnasal ethmoido-sphenoidal sinus are uncommon. We present a case of unilateral rhinorrhoea caused by a foreign body which had been lodged in the ethmoido-sphenoidal sinus for 38 years.Case report:A 40-year-old woman presented with unilateral rhinorrhoea. Computed tomography showed a foreign body located in the right ethmoido-sphenoidal sinus, with a defect of the lamina papyracea and the ethmoid roof. The endonasal approach did not permit extraction of the foreign body. A combined approach allowed the extraction of a pen cap, and the defect of the ethmoid roof was rebuilt.Conclusion:Despite its limitations, the endonasal approach remains the treatment of first choice for osteo-meningeal defects, because of its minimal invasiveness and high success rate. However, in the presented case a combined approach was needed.
Monetary power and EMU: macroeconomic adjustment and autonomy in the Eurozone
Authors: VERMEIREN MATTIAS 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article examines the impact of the establishment of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the introduction of the euro on the monetary power of its member states. Taking into consideration continuing capitalist variety among national political economies of the Eurozone, I examine the implications of EMU for the macroeconomic autonomy of different national models capitalism. Drawing on a comparative capitalism perspective, it is argued that the Eurozone's coordinated market economies – Germany in particular – have gained much more from the introduction of the euro in terms of monetary power than the other models. This argument will be based on an analysis of two key dimensions of EMU's macroeconomic governance regime: (1) exchange rate policymaking; and (2) the management of balance-of-payments.
Improved local energy decay for the wave equation on asymptotically Euclidean odd dimensional manifolds in the short range case
Authors: Bony Jean-François , Häfner Dietrich 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe show improved local energy decay for the wave equation on asymptotically Euclidean manifolds in odd dimensions in the short range case. The precise decay rate depends on the decay of the metric towards the Euclidean metric. We also give estimates of powers of the resolvent of the wave propagator between weighted spaces.
Model Platonism: Neoclassical economic thought in critical light
Authors: ALBERT HANS , ARNOLD DARRELL , MAIER-RIGAUD FRANK 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:This article is a translation of the original German text of Hans Albert's 1963 article titled ‘Modell-Platonismus. Der neoklassische Stil des ökonomischen Denkens in kritischer Beleuchtung’, in F. Karrenberg and H. Albert (eds.),Sozialwissenschaft und Gesellschaftsgestaltung – Festschrift für Gerhard Weisser, Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 45–76. The enduring relevance of Hans Albert's critique together with an introduction to the author as one of Germanys most distinguished philosophers of science can be found in Arnold and Maier-Rigaud (2012) also in this volume.
Growth of planetary waves and the formation of an elevated stratopause after a major stratospheric sudden warming in a T213L256 GCM
Authors: Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Sato Kaoru , Watanabe Shingo , Kawatani Yoshio , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Takahashi Masaaki 
Published: July 2012

Recovery processes after a major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) with the formation of an elevated stratopause and a strong polar‐night jet are investigated using a gravity‐wave‐resolving GCM. The major SSW that occurred in the GCM bears a strong resemblance to observations in January 2006 and January 2009. The recovery phase of the SSW in the GCM is divided into two stages. In the first stage during about five days just after the SSW, a large positive Eliassen‐Palm (E‐P) flux divergence associated with the growth of planetary waves contributes to the quick recovery of eastward wind above 2 hPa (about 42 km), which is likely due to baroclinic and/or barotropic instabilities. In the second stage over the next three weeks, a prolonged westward wind in the lower stratosphere blocked upward propagation of gravity waves with westward intrinsic phase velocities. It reduces the deceleration of eastward wind in the upper mesosphere and raises the breaking height of gravity waves. Since the height of westward gravity wave forcing also rises, the polar stratopause created by the gravity‐wave‐driven meridional circulation is formed at an elevated height (about 75 km) compared to that before the SSW (55–65 km). In addition, the weaker westward gravity‐wave forcing in the upper mesosphere drives weaker downwelling around 1 hPa and forms a cold layer. Consequently, the strong polar‐night jet forms at a higher altitude than before the SSW as a result of adjustment toward the thermal wind balance. This indicates that these two stages provide eastward acceleration in different ways.
Climate‐driven variability in lake and wetland distribution across the Prairie Pothole Region: From modern observations to long‐term reconstructions with space‐for‐time substitution
Authors: Liu Ganming , Schwartz Franklin W. 
Published: July 2012

This study was designed (1) to explore the links between climate variability and the population dynamics of closed‐basin surface water bodies of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) in North America, and (2) to test the validity of space‐for‐time (SFT) substitution approach for the analysis of hydrologic systems. Observational results from 1981 to 2000 show that the climate with respect to annual residual moisture (ε, i.e., precipitation minus potential evaporation or evapotranspiration) of the PPR changed across space (over 0.6 m) and time (over 0.3 m in central North Dakota), causing spatiotemporal variability in water areas and water body numbers. Spatial analysis of a suite of surface water complexes along a spatial ε gradient in the Missouri Coteau shows that a four parameter Boltzmann function quantitatively describes how the number of water bodies (N) varied as a function of 5‐year average annualε (R2 = 0.76). Temporal analysis of monthly N data (1931–2005) reconstructed by a hydrologic model also demonstrates that values of temporally varying N were highly correlated with εand yielded a nearly identical Boltzmann function. This result confirms the validity of SFT substitution and suggests that detailed modern spatial data can be used to interpret hydrologic system behaviors under past or future climate conditions. This study also has important regional‐scale implications for water resources management by providing a complete picture of the spatiotemporal water body distribution across the entire PPR and the potential for rapidly converting climate predictions into surface water assessments.
Interactive Field Site Visits Can Help Students Translate Scientific Studies into Contextual Understanding
Authors: Burt J M , Donaldson M R , Hruska K A , Hinch S G , Richardson J S 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
This article describes how the interactive learning methods employed during a short (1.5 h) class visit to a nearby stream engaged undergraduate students in their own exploration of riparian ecology. We describe how the use of a published field study conducted at this stream site served as an effective learning tool to help students contextualize ecological research-based findings. During the outing, students worked in groups using a “stream station worksheet” and participated in facilitated discussions to relate their observations to the findings of the published field study. An anonymous survey of students Opinions after the site visit revealed positive responses, reflecting success in achieving the desired learning objectives. We discuss how the site visit has been enhanced from previous years to increase effective student learning and how this type of activity could be applied to other ecology or fisheries courses by utilizing appropriately chosen local research.
RESUMEN
En este artículo se describe cómo la aplicación de métodos interactivos de aprendizaje, durante visitas guiadas en clase (1.5 h de duración) a un arroyo natural, capta la atención de los estudiantes de licenciatura en cuanto a su capacidad de exploración de la ecología ripariana. Se describe también cómo una publicación sobre un estudio realizado en el sitio visitado, sirve como una herramienta efectiva de aprendizaje para ayudar a los estudiantes a poner en contexto los resultados del estudio ecológico. Durante la excursión, los estudiantes trabajaron en grupos usando hojas de referencia con estaciones de muestreo y participaron a través de discusiones en las que relacionaban sus observaciones con los resultados encontrados en el estudio. Un sondeo de opiniones anónimas aplicado a los estudiantes después de la salida de campo, reveló que las respuestas reflejaron el cumplimiento exitoso de los objetivos de aprendizaje. Se discute cómo las salidas de campo han ido mejorando en el tiempo en cuanto a la efectividad en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, y cómo este tipo de actividades pudieran aplicarse a otros cursos de ecología y pesquerías, utilizando investigaciones locales.