bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Proposals on Theological Apologetics – Faith and Its Critics: A Conversation – By David Ferguson; The Command of Grace: A New Theological Apologetics – By Paul D. Janz; Theology in Search of Foundations – By Randal Rauser
Authors: Oviedo Lluis 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRecent titles announce a new interest on apologetics, not in the habitual format of a popular theology providing arguments to believe, but rather as a dialogical engagement with the current developments in philosophy and science. The books under exam offer an outstanding review of the meaning for theology and faith of such tendencies, the risks and challenges they pose. Nevertheless, opportunities are perceived through the ongoing dialogue as well, for a better theological endeavor.
Reasoned ‘Balance’ in Europe's Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
Authors: Gibbs Alun Howard 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article considers how we might understand a constitutional ‘balancing’ of goods. In doing so, the article considers the EU's ‘Area of Freedom, Security and Justice’ (AFSJ) which poses the challenge as to how we balance our desire to feel secure with commitments to freedom and justice. The approach taken will be to argue that a ‘balance’ is a reasoned judgment, which must be understood in both a symbolic sense but, at the same time, also rooted in the practice of our constitutional decision making. This enables a political community to make sense of its value commitments so as to achieve a reflective balance between them. The article concludes that if the EU is to achieve an area of freedom, security and justice then it must be capable of developing a balance that can be a reasoned understanding of this constitutional commitment.
New species of the snakefly genus Mongoloraphidia (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from Japan and Taiwan, with phylogenetic and biogeographical remarks on the Raphidiidae of Eastern Asia
Authors: LIU Xingyue , ASPÖCK Horst , HAYASHI Fumio , ASPÖCK Ulrike 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTwo species of the snakefly genus MongoloraphidiaAspöck & Aspöck, 1968 from Japan and Taiwan are described as new to science: Mongoloraphidia (Japanoraphidia) occidentalis sp. nov. and Mongoloraphidia (Formosoraphidia) curvata sp. nov. A key to the species of Mongoloraphidia from Eastern Asia is provided. Phylogenetic and biogeographical aspects on the Raphidiidae from Eastern Asia are discussed.
Safety and Efficacy of Transjugular Renal Biopsy Performed by Interventional Nephrologists
Authors: Sarabu Nagaraju , Maddukuri Geetha , Munikrishnappa Devaraj , Martin Kevin J. , Qazi Rizwan A. , Alvarez Alejandro , Schmitz Paul G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObtaining renal tissue is often critical in the diagnosis and management of patients with renal disease of unknown etiology. Bleeding diathesis, liver disease, and obesity are common contraindications for percutaneous renal biopsy. In high‐risk patients, transjugular renal biopsy is believed to be a safe and effective procedure. This study reports the experience of an academic interventional nephrology program with performing transjugular renal biopsy. We performed a retrospective observational study of 23 patients with either acute or chronic kidney disease with contraindications for percutaneous renal biopsy. All transjugular renal biopsies were performed by interventional nephrologists at our university. We studied the efficacy and safety of transjugular renal biopsy in these patients. Twenty out of 23 (87%) of the procedures yielded adequate tissue for pathologic diagnosis. Three (13%) patients required blood transfusions, none required coil embolization or nephrectomy, and there were no deaths. Even though performing transjugular renal biopsy requires considerable technical expertise and must be performed in an interventional radiology suite, it can be safely and effectively performed by well‐trained interventional nephrologists to achieve pathological diagnosis.
CSF biomarkers in suicide attempters – a principal component analysis
Authors: Lindqvist D. , Janelidze S. , Erhardt S. , Träskman‐Bendz L. , Engström G. , Brundin L. 
Published: December 2010

Lindqvist D, Janelidze S, Erhardt S, Träskman‐Bendz L, Engström G, Brundin L. CSF biomarkers in suicide attempters – a principal component analysis.Objective:  The objective of the present study was to identify biological patterns (factors) among 20 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in suicide attempters and subsequently analyse their association with suicidal behaviour.Method:  We measured kynurenic acid, orexin, homovanillic acid (HVA), 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol, chemokines, matrix metalloproteases and cytokines in the CSF of 124 drug‐free suicide attempters. Patients were evaluated for suicidality and psychiatric symptoms using well‐defined psychiatric rating scales and followed‐up regarding future suicide. We used principal component analysis to identify factors among the biological substances.Results:  Four factors were extracted from the 20 biomarkers, explaining 52.4% of the total variance. Factors 1 and 2 were characterized by high loadings of chemokines and cytokines respectively. They were both associated with severe depressive symptoms. Factor 2 was also associated with a high suicidal intent. Factor 4 was characterized by strong loadings of the monoamine metabolites 5‐HIAA and HVA, as well as orexin and interleukin‐6. High scores on this factor were found in patients who performed a violent suicide attempt and in patients who subsequently completed suicide.Conclusion:  Our results suggest that specific combinations of CSF biomarkers may discriminate between types of suicidal behaviour and indicate increased risk for future suicide.
Cognitive hostility and suicide
Authors: Lemogne C. , Fossati P. , Limosin F. , Nabi H. , Encrenaz G. , Bonenfant S. , Consoli S. M. 
Published: December 2010

Lemogne C, Fossati P, Limosin F, Nabi H, Encrenaz G, Bonenfant S, Consoli SM. Cognitive hostility and suicide.Objective:  To determine whether a specific component of hostility (i.e. cognitive or behavioural) may predict suicide in a prospective design, controlling for depressive mood.Method:  In 1993, 14 752 members of the ‘GAZ et ELectricité’ (GAZEL) cohort (10 819 men, mean age = 49.0 years; 3933 women, mean age = 46.2 years) completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and at least one subscale (i.e. cognitive or behavioural hostility) of the Buss and Durkee Hostility Inventory. Dates and causes of death were obtained annually.Results:  During a mean follow‐up of 15.7 years, 28 participants completed suicide (24 men, four women). Suicide was predicted by depressive mood [relative index of inequality (RII) (95% CI) = 8.16 (1.97–33.85)] and cognitive hostility [RII (95% CI) = 10.76 (2.50–46.42)], but not behavioural hostility [RII (95% CI) = 1.37 (0.38–4.97)]. These associations remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders. After mutual adjustment, however, suicide remained significantly associated with cognitive hostility [RII (95% CI) = 8.87 (1.52–51.71)] (RII reduction: 34.6%), but no longer with depressive mood [RII (95% CI) = 2.03 (0.41–10.07)] (RII reduction: 79.1%).Conclusion:  Cognitive rather than behavioural hostility is associated with an increased risk of suicide, independently of baseline depressive mood.
Methodological Issues in Sampling the Local Immune System of the Female Genital Tract in the Context of HIV Prevention Trials
Authors: Jespers Vicky , Francis Suzanna C. , van de Wijgert Janneke , Crucitti Tania 
Published: December 2010

Citation  Jespers V, Francis SC, van de Wijgert J, Crucitti T. Methodological issues in sampling the local immune system of the female genital tract in the context of HIV prevention trials. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 368–376The spread of HIV continues unabated in the most vulnerable populations of the world. HIV prevention methods, such as a vaginal microbicide, a mucosal vaccine, pre‐exposure prophylaxis or a vaccine, are urgently needed in the fight against new infections. We must make a commitment to supporting innovative research and product design, so that one or more of these products provide a halt to the spread of HIV. Above all, these products should be proven to be safe and not negatively disturb the local immune system in a way that facilitates or enhances heterosexual transmission of HIV. HIV specific and non specific cellular and humoral local vaginal immunity must be assessed in clinical trials when testing prevention products for safety or efficacy. A proven, well‐documented and standardized sampling strategy will provide high quality data to be able to assess both safety and local immune responses. In this paper, we will discuss methods for vaginal immunology sampling in the context of clinical trials.
The utility of multimodality imaging with CT and MRI in defining rectal tumour volumes for radiotherapy treatment planning: a pilot study
Authors: Tan J , Lim Joon D , Fitt G , Wada M , Lim Joon M , Mercuri A , Marr M , Chao M , Khoo V 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAims: This study compares the volumetric and spatial relationships of gross tumour volume (GTV) derived from CT (CT‐GTV) and GTV derived from MRI (MR‐GTV) to determine the utility of multi‐modality imaging for radiotherapy treatment planning in rectal cancer.Methods and Materials: Fifteen patients with T3 rectal cancer were accrued over 18 months. The male : female ratio was 2:1. The average age was 60.3 years (range 38–79). All patients underwent a diagnostic MRI and CT and MRI simulation. Data sets were co‐registered. A site specialised diagnostic radiologist contoured all volumes in consultation with a radiation oncologist. CT‐GTV was contoured while blinded to MR data sets. MR‐GTV was contoured independently 2–4 weeks later whilst blinded to its respective CT‐GTV data. Tumour volumes were analysed for three anatomical subregions (sigmoid, rectal and anal). Reference points on tumour volumes were used for spatial comparison and analysis.Results: The mean CT‐GTV/MR‐GTV ratio was 1.2 (range 0.5–2.9). The tumour volume ratios for the rectal subregion were well correlated. CT‐GTV provided adequate spatial coverage of tumour in reference to MR‐GTV with the average mean discrepancy of 0.12 (range −0.08–0.38) or a maximum discrepancy of <0.4 cm (1.54 standard deviation). CT‐GTV coverage was inadequate for tumours with MRI evidence of anal and sigmoid invasion.Conclusions: Conventional simulation CT imaging provided a reasonable estimate of the GTV. Multi‐modality imaging with staging MRI can assist target volume definition where there is involvement of the sigmoid and anorectal region and avoid geographic misses. The role of a simulation MRI may aid in this process but remains investigational.
Corpus callosum: Normal imaging appearance, variants and pathologic conditions
Authors: Battal B , Kocaoglu M , Akgun V , Bulakbasi N , Tayfun C 
Published: December 2010

SummaryVarious types of lesions can occur within the corpus callosum (CC) which is a white matter tract communicating corresponding regions of the cerebral hemispheres. Magnetic resonance imaging is the modality of choice for the evaluation of the CC. In addition, diffusion weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging can provide additional information about the CC. The aim of this study is to illustrate the imaging features of the corpus callosum and its pathologies.
Clioquinol: Review of its Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Uses in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Bareggi Silvio R. , Cornelli Umberto 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYClioquinol was produced as a topical antiseptic and marketed as an oral intestinal amebicide in 1934, being used to treat a wide range of intestinal diseases. In the early 1970s, it was withdrawn from the market as an oral agent because of its association with subacute myelo‐optic neuropathy (SMON), a syndrome that involves sensory and motor disturbances in the lower limbs and visual changes. The first methods for determining plasma and tissue clioquinol (5‐chloro‐7‐iodo‐8‐quinolinol) levels were set up in the 1970s and involved HPLC separation with UV detection, these were followed by a more sensitive GC method with electron capture detection and a gaschromatographic‐massspectrometric (GC‐MS) method. Finally, an HPLC method using electrochemical detection has proved to be as highly sensitive and specific as the GC‐MS. In rats, mice, rabbits, and hamsters, clioquinol is rapidily absorbed and undergoes first‐pass metabolization to glucuronate and sulfate conjugates; the concentrations of the metabolites are higher than those of free clioquinol. Bioavailabilty versus intraperitoneal dosingis about 12%. Dogs and monkeys form fewer conjugates. In man, single‐dose concentrations are dose related, and the drug's half‐life is 11–14 h. There is no accumulation, and the drug is much less metabolized to conjugates. Clioquinol acts as a zinc and copper chelator. Metal chelation is a potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) because zinc and copper are involved in the deposition and stabilization of amyloid plaques, and chelating agents can dissolve amyloid deposits in vitro and in vivo. In general, the ability of clioquinol to chelate and redistribute metals plays an important role in diseases characterised by Zn, Cu, Fe dyshomeostasis, such as AD and Parkinson's disease, as it reduces oxidation and the amyloid burden. Zinc chelators may also act as anticancer agents. Animal toxicity studies have revealed species‐specific differences in neurotoxic responses that are related to the serum levels of clioquinol and metabolites. This is also true in humans, who form fewer conjugates. The results of studies of Alzheimer patients are conflicting and need further confirmation. The potential therapeutic role of the two main effects of MPACs (the regulation of the distribution of metals and antioxidants) has not yet been fully explored.
Essential Role for the Major Autolysin in the Fibronectin-Binding Protein-Mediated
Staphylococcus aureus
Biofilm Phenotype
Authors: Houston Patrick , Rowe Sarah E. , Pozzi Clarissa , Waters Elaine M. , O'Gara James P. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
clinical isolates are capable of producing at least two distinct types of biofilm mediated by the fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs) or the
icaADBC
-encoded polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA). Deletion of the major autolysin gene
atl
reduced primary attachment rates and impaired FnBP-dependent biofilm production on hydrophilic polystyrene in 12 clinical methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) isolates but had no effect on PIA-dependent biofilm production by 9 methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(MSSA) isolates. In contrast, Atl was required for both FnBP- and PIA-mediated biofilm development on hydrophobic polystyrene. Here we investigated the role of Atl in biofilm production on hydrophilic polystyrene. The alternative sigma factor σ
B
, which represses RNAIII expression and extracellular protease production, was required for FnBP- but not PIA-dependent biofilm development. Furthermore, mutation of the
agr
locus enhanced FnBP-dependent biofilm development, whereas a
sarA
mutation, which increases protease production, blocked FnBP-mediated biofilm development. Mutation of
sigB
in MRSA isolate BH1CC lowered primary attachment rates, in part via reduced
atl
transcription. Posttranslational activation or inhibition of Atl activity with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and polyanethole sodium sulfonate or mutation of the Atl amidase active site interfered with lytic activity and biofilm development. Consistent with these observations, extracellular DNA was important for the early stages of Atl/FnBP-dependent biofilm development. Further analysis of
atl
regulation revealed that
atlR
encodes a transcriptional repressor of the major autolysin and that an
atlR
::Tc
r
mutation in BH1CC enhanced biofilm-forming capacity. These data reveal an essential role for the major autolysin in the early events of the FnBP-dependent
S. aureus
biofilm phenotype.
A protocol for evidence-based targeting and evaluation of statewide strategies for preventing falls among community-dwelling older people in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Day Lesley , Finch Caroline F , Hill Keith D , Haines Terry P , Clemson Lindy , Thomas Margaret , Thompson Catherine 
Published: December 2010

BackgroundFalls are a significant threat to the safety, health and independence of older citizens. Despite the now substantial evidence about effective falls prevention interventions, translation into falls reductions has not yet been fully realised. While the hip fracture rate is decreasing, the number and rate of fall-related hospital admissions among older people is increasing. The challenge now is to deliver the most effective interventions efficiently at a population level, and for these interventions to be taken up by older people.ObjectiveTo support the development, and evaluation of, effective falls prevention policy and practice in the state of Victoria, Australia.MethodsThe RE-AIM model (Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) was used to identify strategies for an effective programme. Research objectives were developed to support the strategies. These include: (1) identification of subgroups of older people most frequently admitted to hospital for falls; (2) examining the acceptability of established falls interventions; (3) identification of factors that encourage and support relevant lifestyle changes; (4) identifying opportunities to incorporate confirmed interventions in existing programmes and services; (5) developing guidelines for sustainability. The research results will subsequently guide strategy details for the falls prevention plan. RE-AIM will provide the framework for the evaluation structure.Outcome measuresMeasures to monitor the implementation of the selected interventions will be determined for each intervention, based on the five key factors of the RE-AIM model. The overall effect of the falls prevention plan will be monitored by time series analysis of fall-related hospital admission rates for community-dwelling older people.
Post mortem scientific sampling and the search for causes of death in intensive care: what information should be given and what consent should be obtained?: Table 1
Authors: Rigaud J P , Quenot J P , Borel M , Plu I , Hervé C , Moutel G 
Published: December 2010

PurposeThe search for cause of death is important to improve knowledge and provide answers for the relatives of the deceased. Medical autopsy following unexplained death in hospital is one way to identify cause of death but is difficult to carry out routinely. Post mortem sampling (PMS) of tissues via thin biopsy needle or ‘mini incisions’ in the skin may be a useful alternative. A study was undertaken to assess how this approach is perceived by intensive care doctors and also to evaluate how this practice is considered in ethical terms in France.MethodsA study of PMS practices immediately after death in 10 intensive care departments was performed. The medical director of each centre was interviewed by telephone and asked to describe practices in their unit and to outline the questions raised by this practice.ResultsPMS is routinely performed in 70% of the units which responded, without systematically obtaining formal consent and without precise rules for communicating results. Approaches to PMS differed between centres, but all physicians felt that PMS is useful for the scientific information it gives and also for the information it provides for relatives. All physicians regret the lack of standards to structure PMS practices.ConclusionInformation from post mortem examinations is important for society to inform about causes of death, for doctors to improve practices and for decision-makers responsible for organising care. Debate persists regarding the balance between individual rights and community interests. It is suggested that an approach for identifying cause of death could easily be integrated into the relationship between carers and relatives, provided full transparency is maintained.
Retractions in the scientific literature: is the incidence of research fraud increasing?
Authors: Steen R Grant 
Published: December 2010

BackgroundScientific papers are retracted for many reasons including fraud (data fabrication or falsification) or error (plagiarism, scientific mistake, ethical problems). Growing attention to fraud in the lay press suggests that the incidence of fraud is increasing.MethodsThe reasons for retracting 742 English language research papers retracted from the PubMed database between 2000 and 2010 were evaluated. Reasons for retraction were initially dichotomised as fraud or error and then analysed to determine specific reasons for retraction.ResultsError was more common than fraud (73.5% of papers were retracted for error (or an undisclosed reason) vs 26.6% retracted for fraud). Eight reasons for retraction were identified; the most common reason was scientific mistake in 234 papers (31.5%), but 134 papers (18.1%) were retracted for ambiguous reasons. Fabrication (including data plagiarism) was more common than text plagiarism. Total papers retracted per year have increased sharply over the decade (r=0.96; p<0.001), as have retractions specifically for fraud (r=0.89; p<0.001). Journals now reach farther back in time to retract, both for fraud (r=0.87; p<0.001) and for scientific mistakes (r=0.95; p<0.001). Journals often fail to alert the naïve reader; 31.8% of retracted papers were not noted as retracted in any way.ConclusionsLevels of misconduct appear to be higher than in the past. This may reflect either a real increase in the incidence of fraud or a greater effort on the part of journals to police the literature. However, research bias is rarely cited as a reason for retraction.
HLA class II DPB1 and DRB1 polymorphisms associated with genetic susceptibility to beryllium toxicity
Authors: Rosenman K D , Rossman M , Hertzberg V , Reilly M J , Rice C , Kanterakis E , Monos D 
Published: December 2010

ObjectivesChronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a hypersensitivity granulomatous pulmonary disease caused by exposure to the metal beryllium (Be2+). Our objective was to extend current knowledge of the genetics of beryllium disease by examining all HLA-DPB1 and HLA-DPR1 gene polymorphisms and the interactions between them.MethodsDNA-based typing of HLA-DPB1 and HLA-DRB1 loci at the allele level was performed on 65 CBD, 44 beryllium sensitised (BeS) but without CBD and 288 non-affected, beryllium exposed controls.ResultsThe DPβE69 residue regardless of zygosity, but particularly if present on non-*0201 alleles, was of primary importance for the development of CBD and BeS, while other negatively charged residues DPβDE55, 56 and DPβDE84, 85 incrementally increased, although not independently, the risk. The DPβE69 positive alleles with charge −7 or −9 were associated with both CBD and BeS. The polymorphic residues DPβE69, DPβDE55, 56 and DPβDE84, 85 were responsible for the −9 charge and the first two residues for the −7 charge.ConclusionsIn the absence of DPβE69, DRβE71 is a risk factor for CBD and BeS. DPβE69 and DRβE71 are adjacent to other amino acids that are also negatively charged, suggesting that the positively charged Be2+modifies the local environment of the epitopes in a way that promotes interactions between peptides and T cells and results in CBD. Finally, the protective effect of the DPB1*0201 positive haplotype may involve particular polymorphisms outside of the DPB1 gene.