bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photocontrollable Analyte‐Responsive Fluorescent Probes: A Photocaged Copper‐Responsive Fluorescence Turn‐On Probe
Authors: Yuan Lin , Lin Weiying , Cao Zengmei , Long Lingliang , Song Jizeng 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAnalyte‐responsive fluorescent probes are valuable chemical tools for dissecting complex living systems. However, the major shortcoming of fluorescent probes is that once they enter the cells, control over them is basically lost. It is critical to regulate fluorescent probes in a spatial and temporal manner, as functions of biomolecules are spatiotemporal. On the other hand, light can be manipulated in time and in the application site, so the photocaging technique allows researchers to control the biomolecules of interest in a temporal and spatial fashion. Herein, we propose for the first time the combination of the merits of sensing and photocaging technologies, which may afford the caging version of analyte‐responsive fluorescent probes, referred to as photocontrollable analyte‐responsive fluorescent probes (PCAFPs). These “smart” fluorescent probes apparently have the intrinsic advantage of spatiotemporal control when compared to traditional fluorescent probes, as the “sensing activity” of PCAFPs is photocontrollable. This should enable biologists to interrogate complex biological systems in a spatial and temporal manner with an innovative chemical tool. In this work, for proof of concept, we report the rational design, synthesis, photocontrollable sensing in solution and in living cells, and mechanistic studies of a molecular prototype of PCAFP for copper as the first paradigm of this new class of smart fluorescent probes. We believe that PCAFPs represent a substantial breakthrough in the sensing and photocaging fields, and that the general concept of PCAFPs should be broadly applicable for a wide variety of biologically relevant species.
Equilibrium calculations for direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas
Authors: Moradi G.R. , Ahmadpour J. , Yaripour F. , Wang J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThermodynamic analysis of single‐step synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas over a bi‐functional catalyst (BFC) in a slurry bed reactor has been investigated as a function of temperature (200–240°C), pressure (20–50 bar), and composition feed ratio (H2/CO: 1–2). The BFC was prepared by physical mixing of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 as a methanol synthesis catalyst and H‐ZSM‐5 as a methanol dehydration catalyst. The three reactions including methanol synthesis from CO and H2, methanol dehydration to DME and water–gas shift reaction were chosen as the independent reactions. The equilibrium thermodynamic analysis includes a theoretical model predicting the behaviour and a comparison to experimental results. Theoretical model calculations of thermodynamic equilibrium constants of the reactions and equilibrium composition of all components at different reaction temperature, pressure, and H2/CO ratio in feed are in good accordance with experimental values.
Evaluation of Function in Single Segments of Isolated Renal Blood Vessels, Nephrons, and Collecting Ducts
Authors: Grantham Jared J. , Welling Larry W. , Edwards Richard M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Glomerulus and VesselsMammalianNonmammalianProximal TubuleMammalianNonmammalianThin Limbs of Henle's LoopMammalianThick Ascending Limbs of Henle's LoopMammalianNonmammalianDistal Convoluted and Connecting SegmentsMammalianNonmammalianCollecting Tubules and DuctsMammalianNonmammalian
Application of Tissue Culture Techniques to Study of Renal Tubular Epithelia
Authors: Handler Joseph S. , Burg Maurice B. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Types of Renal Epithelial Tissue CulturesContinuous Lines from Dispersed CellsPrimary CulturesContinuous Lines from Dissected Renal EpitheliaImmortalization of Renal Epithelial CellsEpithelial Cell BiologyPlasma Membrane PolarityIntercellular JunctionsJunctional ComplexesGap JunctionsDifferentiationControl of Renal Epithelial Cell GrowthComposition of the MediumSubstrataTransportTransepithelial Transport and the Formation of DomesTranscytosisSodium, Potassium, and Chloride FluxesNa+,K+−ATPaseCellular ElectrophysiologyCellular pH RegulationRegulation of Cell CalciumSodium‐Coupled Hexose TransportSodium‐Coupled Phosphate TransportAmino Acid TransportAdjustment to Altered OsmolalityEffects of Hormones on Cultured EpitheliaAdenosineAdrenergic AgentsAldosteroneAtrial Natriuretic FactorCalcitoninGlucagonInsulinParathyroid HormoneProstaglandinsVasopressinActivators of Protein Kinase CSomatic Cell GeneticsConclusions
Comparative Physiology of the Kidney
Authors: Dantzler William H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Morphological RelationshipsInitial Process in Urine FormationFiltration of Fluid by GlomeruliRegulation of Number of Filtering Nephrons and ofSNGFRSecretion of Fluid by TubulesTransport of Inorganic Ions By TubulesSodium and ChloridePotassiumCalciumPhosphateMagnesium and SulfateTransport of Fluid by TubulesFluid AbsorptionFluid SecretionTransport of Organic Substances by TubulesGlucoseAmino AcidsUreaOrganic Acids and Anions (Other Than Amino Acids, Urate, and Lactate)UrateLactateOrganic CationsDiluting and Concentrating ProcessesRange of Urine OsmolalityProcess and Sites of DilutionRegulation of Changes in Urine OsmolalityIntegrative Summary of Some Renal FunctionsFishesAmphibiansReptilesBirds
The Kidney During Development
Authors: Spitzer Adrian , Schwartz George J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Historical PerspectiveStandards of Reference for Comparison of Renal Function Between Infants and AdultsMorphogenesis of the KidneyEmbryologic Origin of the KidneySubsequent Development of the KidneyGlomerulusRenal TubuleRenal Blood Flow and its Control During DevelopmentTotal Renal Blood FlowIntrarenal Distribution of Blood FlowRenal MicrovasculatureControl of Renal CirculationGlomerular FiltrationNet Ultrafiltration PressureHydraulic Conductivity and Ultrafiltration CoefficientGlomerular Capillary Surface AreaFactors That AffectGFRduring DevelopmentAutoregulation ofGFRRenal Energy MetabolismDevelopment of Renal Cortical Metabolic PathwaysTubular FunctionsRenal Reabsorption of SodiumReabsorption of Bicarbonate and Excretion of Hydrogen IonsGlucose TransportTransport of Amino AcidsTransport of Organic AcidsPhosphate TransportControl of Renal Transport during DevelopmentCalcium TransportMagnesium TransportPotassium TransportConcentration of UrineDevelopmental Renal Physiology as A Tool for Understanding the Emergence and Integration of Renal Transport Systems
Renal Acidification: Cellular Mechanisms of Tubular Transport and Regulation
Authors: Alpern Robert J. , Rector Floyd C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Newer TechniquesCarbonic AnhydraseMechanisms of Proximal Tubular AcidificationApical MembraneBasolateral MembraneLeak PathwaysCarbonic AnhydraseSummaryMechanisms of Loop of Henle AcidificationMechanisms of Distal Nephron AcidificationMechanism of Proton Secretion (Bicarbonate Absorption)Mechanism of Bicarbonate SecretionLeak PathwaysCells Mediating H+/TransportCarbonic AnhydraseMechanisms of Regulation of AcidificationProximal TubuleDistal Tubule
Control of Sodium Excretion: An Integrative Approach
Authors: Knox Franklyn G. , Granger Joey P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Intrarenal Hemodynamic Control of Sodium ExcretionEffects of Peritubular Starling Forces on Sodium ExcretionEffects of Medullary Blood Flow on Sodium ExcretionEffects of Renal Perfusion Pressure on Sodium ExcretionNeural Control of Sodium ExcretionSodium Intake and Body Fluid VolumesLow‐Pressure BaroreceptorsRenal Sympathetic Nerve ActivityHormonal Control of Sodium ExcretionRenin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone SystemRenal Prostaglandin SystemRenal Kallikrein–Kinin SystemNatriuretic HormoneAtrial Natriuretic PeptideSummary
Renal Ammonia Production and Excretion
Authors: Tannen Richard L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Role of Ammonia Excretion in the Maintenance of Acid–Base BalanceOverview of Acid–Base BalanceRenal Acidification MechanismsNH4Excretion in Response to Acute and Chronic AcidosisRelationship between Amino Acid Metabolism and Acid–Base BalanceRenal Ammonium ExcretionNephron Sites of Ammonia TransportMechanism of Ammonia Transport across the Tubular EpitheliumIntegrative View of Ammonia ExcretionFactors Altering Ammonia ExcretionRenal Ammonia ProductionSubstrates for AmmoniagenesisPathways of Ammonia MetabolismNephron Sites of Ammonia ProductionContribution of Extrarenal Organs to Ammonia HomeostasisResponse of Renal Ammonia Production to Acid‐Base PerturbationsAcute AcidosisChronic AcidosisAcute AlkalosisChronic Metabolic AlkalosisResponse of Ammonia Production to Alterations in K+HomeostasisHypokalemia and Potassium DepletionHyperkalemia and Ingestion of a High‐Potassium DietInfluence ofNH3Production on K+ExcretionOther Factors that Influence AmmoniagenesisTricarboxylic Acid Cycle IntermediatesProstaglandinsIntracellular Mediators (CyclicAMP, Calcium, Phorbol Esters)Adrenal HormonesOther Hormones (Insulin, Growth Hormone, AngiotensinII)Other FactorsAltered Ammonia Metabolism in DiseaseChronic Renal FailureAmmonia‐Induced Renal InjuryReflections on the Future
Molecular Mechanisms of Vasopressin Action in the Kidney
Authors: Skorecki Karl L. , Brown Dennis , Ercolani Louis , Ausiello Dennis A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Localization of Vasopressin Action in the KidneyGlomerulusVasa RectaMedullary Thick Ascending LimbCollecting DuctRenal Medullary InterstitiumMolecular Mechanisms of Vasopressin Receptor (V2) Activation of Adenylate CyclaseGeneral Characteristics of Adenylate Cyclase ActivationDevelopment of a Model for Vasopressin Receptor Stimulation of Adenylate Cyclase in the Renal Epithelial MembraneModulation of the Vasopressin‐Sensitive Adenylate Cyclase ResponseRole of Water Channel Recycling and Cytoskeletal Changes in the Hydroosmotic Response to VasopressinOverviewCellular and Molecular Events at the Apical Plasma MembraneRole of the Cytoskeleton in Vasopressin ActionIsolation and Identification of the “Water Channel”Future Directions
Vitamin D Endocrine System and Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis
Authors: Gross Myron , Kumar Rajiv 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Physiological Effects of Vitamin D and its Active Metabolites on Calcium and Phosphorus HomeostasisSources of Vitamin DTransport of Vitamin D and its Metabolites in PlasmaMetabolism of Vitamin D3to 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3Metabolism of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3Regulation of the 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3–1α‐Hydroxylase EnzymeParathyroid HormonePhosphorus ConcentrationsCalcium: Direct Effects1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3CalcitoninHydrogen IonSex SteroidsGlucocorticoidsPituitary HormonesThyroid HormonePregnancyCatabolism of 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3Physiological Adaptations that Occur in Response to Changes in Serum Calcium and Phosphate ConcentrationsHypocalcemia and HypercalcemiaHypophosphatemia and HyperphosphatemiaPathophysiology and Physiology of the 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3SystemMechanisms of Action of 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D31,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3in the IntestineProcesses in the Cell That Are Mediated by 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3Intestinal Brush Border Events Induced by 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3Events at the Contraluminal BorderEffects of 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3on the Intestinal Cell1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3in the Kidney
Biochemical Characterization of Individual Nephron Segments
Authors: Guder W. G. , Morel Francois 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Biochemical Basis of Active Tubular TransportBiochemical Mechanisms of Hormone ActionCyclicAMPas Intracellular Messenger of HormonesInositol Polyphosphates, Diacylglycerol, and Ca2+as Hormone MessengersInsulin and Growth FactorsAction of Steroid Hormones Including Vitamin D HormoneThyroid HormonesBiochemical Functions of the Proximal TubuleCoupling of Metabolism and TransportBrush‐Border EnzymesRenal GluconeogenesisAmino Acid and Peptide MetabolismBiotransformation ReactionsThin Limbs of Henle's LoopThick Ascending Limb of Henle's LoopTamm‐Horsfall GlycoproteinThe Distal Convoluted TubuleThe Collecting TubuleMetabolism and TransportATPasesOrganic Osmolytes
Extraauditory Effects of Acoustic Stimulation
Authors: Cohen Alexander 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Neurophysiological Basis for Extraauditory EffectsSpecific Extraauditory EffectsAspects of Sensory InteractionReflex Response to SoundGeneral Extraauditory EffectsEffects of Sound Stimulation on Psychological StateEffects of Sound Stimulation on Physiological StateSpecial Considerations Regarding Extraauditory Response to SoundExposure to Infrasound and UltrasoundStress‐Sensitive Groups
Control of Body Temperature
Authors: Stolwijk Jan A. J. , Hardy James D. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Development of the ModelControlled SystemHeat Loss to the EnvironmentHeat ProductionControlling SystemTemperature Sensing SystemIntegrating SystemEffector SystemHeat Production — Work and ChillEvaporative Heat Loss and SweatingBlood Flow — VasomotorPerformance of the Thermoregulation Model for Human Beings at RestThermoregulation During ExerciseEvaluation of Model Performance
Heat Exchange Between Human Skin Surface and Thermal Environment
Authors: Gagge A. Pharo , Nishi Yasunobu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Body Heat Balance EquationsIndependent Variables in Human Thermal EnvironmentAmbient TemperatureDew‐point Temperature and Ambient Vapor PressureAir (and Fluid) MovementMean Radiant Temperature or Effective Radiant FieldClothing InsulationBarometric PressureTime of ExposureDependent Physiological Variables in Body Heat Balance EquationMean Skin TemperatureSkin WettednessBody Heat Storage and Rate Change of Mean Body TemperatureMetabolic EnergySensible Heat Exchange by Radiation and ConvectionOperative TemperatureClothing in Sensible Heat ExchangeRadiation ExchangeMean Radiant Temperature and Effective Radiant FieldDirect Evaluation of Effective Radiant FieldSolar RadiationMeasurement of Radiation ExchangeConvective Heat ExchangeHeat Transfer TheoryFree and Forced ConvectionMeasurement of Convective Heat Transfer CoefficientEffect of Barometric PressureEvaporative Heat ExchangeDirect Measurement of Evaporative Heat LossMaximum Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin SurfaceThe Lewis Relation Between Heat and Mass Transfer CoefficientsSkin Wettedness vs. Efficiency of Evaporative RegulationSpecial EnvironmentsWater ImmersionHyperbaric Helium‐Oxygen AtmospheresRational Temperature Indices of Thermal EnvironmentOperative TemperatureHumid Operative TemperatureStandard Operative TemperatureStandard Humid Operative TemperatureStandard Effective TemperatureA New Effective Temperature IndexSummary
Chemical Agents in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Falk Hans L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:SmokingVariations in Smoke Composition and SmokingSidestream Smoke InhalationOxides of Nitrogen and Reaction ProductsOther Compounds Containing NitrogenAminesNitritesAlkaloidsHeterocyclicsCompounds Containing Oxygen and SulfurAlcoholsPhenolsCarbonyl CompoundsAcidsHeterocyclicsCompounds Containing SulfurHydrocarbonsAlkanes, Alkenes, Alkines, and Simple AromaticsPoly cyclic AromaticsEffects of Soil Composition or Agricultural Practices on Smoke CompositionTrace ElementsOrganic PesticidesBiological Contaminants and their Toxic Metabolites in SmokeFungiVirusesSummary: The More Hazardous Substances in Smoke
Immunological Reactions to Inhaled Physical and Chemical Agents
Authors: Burrell Robert 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Classification of Types of Immune InjuryType I: Reagin‐Dependent ReactionsTypeII: Cytotoxic ReactionsTypeIII: Immune Complex Disposition ReactionsTypeIV: Cell‐Mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity ReactionsNonspecific Complement ActivationInhalantsPhysical AgentsChemical AgentsAntigens of Plant OriginAntigens of Animal OriginImmunosuppressive InhalantsHalothane and Other Inhalant AnestheticsCigarette Smoke
Retention and Excretion Kinetics of Chemical Agents
Authors: Piotrowski Jerzy K. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are:

Metabolic Models and Compartmental Analysis

Exponential Models

Reliability of Concepts Underlying Compartmental Analysis

Simplification of Exponential Models

Power Function Model

Kinetic Solutions for Various Patterns of Exposure

Single Instantaneous Exposure

Continuous Exposure

Interrupted Exposure Cycles

Accumulation of Chemicals
Pulmonary Excretion of Absorbed Gases
Authors: Klocke Robert A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Factors Involved in Inert Gas ExchangeSolubility EffectInteraction of Ventilation, Blood Flow, and SolubilityMeasurementsTransport of Carbon MonoxideExposure to Exogenous Carbon MonoxideEndogenous Production of Carbon MonoxideElimination of Carbon MonoxideTheory: Steady StateTheory: Unsteady StateExperimental VerificationCarbon Monoxide PoisoningTreatmentPhysiological Alterations
Altered Permeability of Cell Membranes
Authors: Kinter W. B. , Pritchard J. B. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Membrane Theory of ToxicityHeavy Metals — Mercury and its CompoundsPassive Ion and Water Permeability of CellsCarrier‐Mediated Ion TransportInhibition of Other Transport SystemsEnvironmental RoleOrganochlorines —DDTand its MetabolitesPassive Na+and K+Permeability of AxolemmaActive Na+Transport in Epithelia and CellsInhibition of Other Active Transport SystemsConclusions and Speculations
Altered Protein Synthesis
Authors: Sidransky Herschel 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Inhibition of Protein SynthesisPuromycinEthionineSparsomycinHypertonicity of Portal BloodEnhancement of Protein SynthesisAlterations or Imbalances in NutritionHormones, Toxins, Physical Agents, ChemicalsAltered Metabolic StatesInduced Synthesis of Specific ProteinsCorrelation Between Structural and Functional ChangesDiscussion
Surface and Internal Morphology of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Ishikawa Harunori , Sawada Hajime , Yamada Eichi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Methods for Surface MorphologyScanning Electron MicroscopyFreeze‐Replica TechniqueOrganization of Muscle TissueFiber SurfaceEndomysiumBasal LaminaSarcolemmaFiber InteriorExposure of Fiber InteriorMyofibrilsSarcoplasmic Reticulum and T SystemMitochondriaNeuromuscular JunctionSummary
Structure of Vertebrate Striated Muscle as Determined by X‐ray‐Diffraction Studies
Authors: Haselgrove John C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Muscle Structure: An OverviewDescription of Low‐Angle Diffraction PatternsInterpretation of X‐Ray PatternsTheoretical AspectsExperimental ApproachesFilament LatticeLattice SpacingFilament OrientationsRadial Electron‐Density DistributionActin‐Containing FilamentsHelix ParametersThin‐Filament Regulation of ContractionMyosin‐Filament BackboneAxial Packing of MyosinHelical Packing of MyosinAxial Repeat of C ProteinCross BridgesRelaxed MuscleRigor MuscleContracting MuscleAnalogues ofATP
Conformational Changes and Molecular Dynamics of Myosin
Authors: Gergely John , Seidel John C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Myosin StructureSubunitsActin Interaction SiteMyosin Interaction withATPand its AnaloguesConformational ChangesUltraviolet Spectral ChangesElectron Paramagnetic Resonance SpectraRelation toATPaseMechanismRod Conformational ChangesChemical ModificationCysteine Residue ModificationLysine ModificationTwo‐Headed Nature of MyosinAre the Two Myosin Heads Identical?Interactions of the Two Myosin HeadsMolecular Mechanism of Cross‐Bridge CycleSegmental Flexibility of MyosinMeasurement of Correlation TimeLocal Fluctuations in Myosin StructureOrganized SystemsMotion of Myosin HeadsOrientation of Myosin HeadsForce Generation and ElasticityRotating‐Head ModelsHelix‐Coil Melting ModelActin MotionsX‐Ray StudiesCorrelation Functions
Inward Spread of Activation in Twitch Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Authors: Gonzalez‐Serratos Hugo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Inward Spread of the Excitatory ProcessDevelopment of the ProblemRole of the Action PotentialNew Facts and TheoriesMorphological EvidenceHypothesisMorphological CorroborationMechanism of Inward Spread of ActivationSome Physiological Properties of the T‐Tubule SystemSome Electrophysiological Properties of the T‐Tubule SystemMechanism of Inward Spread of the Excitatory Process
Aging: Current Concepts
Authors: Masoro Edward J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Aging at The Population LevelLife TablesSurvival CurvesMaximum Life SpanAge‐Specific Mortality RatesUniversality of AgingAging at the Individual LevelConcept of Primary Aging ProcessesClassification of Theories of AgingGenetic Programs Akin to Development and MorphogenesisHomeostatic FailureCurrent Status of the Concept of Primary Aging ProcessesEvolutionary Biology of AgingManifestations of Aging ProcessesAge‐Associated Disease ProcessesAge‐Associated Physiological ChangesSummary and Conclusions
Respiratory System
Authors: Sparrow David , Weiss Scott T. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Pulmonary MechanicsRespiratory Muscles and Chest WallLung RecoilLung VolumesFlow RatesGas ExchangeRespirationRespiratory ControlRespiratory SensationExercise CapacityDefense MechanismsAirway ResponsivenessNatural History of Disease
Renal and Urinary Tract Function
Authors: Lindeman Robert D. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Age‐Related Changes in Kidney FunctionCross‐Sectional StudiesModification of View of Inevitable Change from Results of Longitudinal StudiesAge‐Related Proteinuria and Glomerular Lesions in RodentsPathophysiology of the Decrease in Renal Function with AgeAge‐Related Changes in Renal Control of Fluid and Electrolyte HomeostasisControl of Sodium BalanceControl of Potassium BalanceControl of Water Balance and Susceptibility of Older Individuals to Dehydration (Hypernatremia)Susceptibility of Older Individuals to the Development of HyponatremiaAging and Kidney DiseaseAcute Renal FailureGlomerular Disease (Nephrotic Syndrome)Chronic Renal FailureUrinary Tract InfectionsLower Urinary Tract Dysfunction with AgingAnatomy and Physiology of the Lower Urinary TractEffect of Age on Lower Urinary TractTransient IncontinenceEstablished IncontinencePathophysiology of Voiding Dysfunction in Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaOther Diseases of the Lower Urinary Tract
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Holt Peter R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Salivary GlandsStomachGastric SecretionSmall IntestineMorphologyBrush Border MembranesEnzymesIntestinal PermeabilityProtein SynthesisIntestinal AbsorptionGut‐Associated Immune SystemSplanchnic Blood FlowGastrointestinal MotilityEsophagusStomachNeuromuscular FunctioningColon and RectumPancreasLiver and Biliary TreeMorphologyAge‐Associated EffectsConsequences of AgingBileGastrointestinal HormonesCellular ProliferationEsophagus and StomachSmall IntestineColonEffects of Caloric Restriction