bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Before and After for Tonogenesis
Authors: Purcell E.T. , Villegas G. , Young S.P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The development of tone in Panjabi from the loss of certain consonants has often been cited as an instance of the consonantal origins of a tonal system. Acoustic data demonstrating the correlation between Panjabi tones and Hindi consonants are presented. Panjabi high tone matches a higher fundamental frequency on a Hindi vowel preceding a breathy voiced consonant. Panjabi low tone matches a lower fundamental frequency on a Hindi vowel following a breathy voiced consonant. It is interesting that the data exhibit the spread of the consonantal effect throughout the entire word.
Intonation und Prosodie (Intonation and Prosody)
Authors: Artemov V.A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The modern understanding of prosody and its correlation to intonation on the basis of the author’s Moscow Laboratory experimental data is given in this article. Intonation is not subjected to prosody; the latter is also regarded as the lingual phenomenon sui generis. The hypothesis on communicative, lingual and psychological substance of prosody is proposed.
s Duration: Methodological Influences and Linguistic Variables
Authors: Ingrisano Dennis , Weismer Gary 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Durational characteristics of [s] were estimated as a function of two experimental tasks, i.e. reading and delayed imitation. In the two tasks, each of six subjects produced 25 tokens of /s/; the s segments were embedded in sentences, and were controlled for location of lexical stress and syllable and morpheme boundaries. In addition, phonetic context effects on [s] were controlled. Results indicate that the reading task introduces exaggerated duration effects relative to those observed in delayed imitation. For example, the hypothesis that an underlying double s may account for longer [s] in the first member of stimulus pairs such as misstep-mistake was shown to be true under the reading condition but not the delayed imitation condition.
Breathing, Pausing and Reading
Authors: Grosjean François , Collins Maryann 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An analysis of the breathing patterns of speakers in a variable-rate reading task shows that the duration and frequency of breathing pauses are dependent both on the rate of speaking and the syntactic nature of the pause location. Non-breathing pauses follow the same pattern of occurrence as breathing pauses, but are always shorter and tend to occur primarily at minor constituent breaks. At slow and normal rates, speakers accommodate their need to inhale to the preplanned pause patterns. At fast rates, however, the physiological need to breathe is the sole determinant of pausing.
Interprétation monophonématique et neutralisation syntagmatique
Authors: Herrmann M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The phonological interpretation of sound groups depends on the distinction between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. Since the segmentability of phonemes is based, not upon substitution (in absentia), but upon implementation (in praesentia) of distinctive features, the monophonematic interpretation of phoneme combinations has to be made in the same way. If we admit, differing from Trubetzkoy, the neutralization of multilateral oppositions and the existence of ‘omnilateral’ oppositions based upon the invariance of phonemic category, we may interpret certain combinations of two phonemes as an implementation of three phonematic units: each phoneme is considered as an archi phoneme and a constituent of a new phoneme, resulting from neutralization of a syntagmatic contrast.
An Articulatory Experiment on Voice Onset Time in German Stop Consonants
Authors: Haag Winfried K. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The study investigates voice onset time (VOT) in German stop consonants and its relationship to place of articulation in a variety of phonetic environments. The outstanding findings are the consistently lowest values for the alveolars and the particular susceptibility of the VOT of bilabials to environmental variables like position in the utterance and stress. Highest values for velar stops are only achieved in initial position and medially before stress. Airflow measurements suggest a direct relationship between VOT and rate of articulation and airflow.
Sentence Intonation in Swedish
Authors: Gårding Eva 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In ‘A Prosodic Typology for Swedish Dialects’ (Nordic Prosody 1978), Bruce and Gårding proposed a schema for generating fundamental frequency patterns of statements in four Swedish dialects. Dialectal variation was obtained by timing word accents and sentence accent differently in a common frame expressing statement intonation. In addition to presenting the method, this paper also shows how it can be applied to two different interrogative frames, one for yes/no questions with non-inverted word order and one for inverted order.
Monoamine Oxidase A–Mediated Enhanced Catabolism of Norepinephrine Contributes to Adverse Remodeling and Pump Failure in Hearts With Pressure Overload
Authors: Kaludercic Nina , Takimoto Eiki , Nagayama Takahiro , Feng Ning , Lai Edwin W. , Bedja Djahida , Chen Kevin , Gabrielson Kathleen L. , Blakely Randy D. , Shih Jean C. , Pacak Karel , Kass David A. , Di Lisa Fabio , Paolocci Nazareno 
Published: November 2009

Rationale:Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are mitochondrial enzymes that catabolize prohypertrophic neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, generating hydrogen peroxide. Because excess reactive oxygen species and catecholamines are major contributors to the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure, MAOs could play an important role in this process.Objective:Here, we investigated the role of MAO-A in maladaptive hypertrophy and heart failure.Methods and Results:We report that MAO-A activity is triggered in isolated neonatal and adult myocytes on stimulation with norepinephrine, followed by increase in cell size, reactive oxygen species production, and signs of maladaptive hypertrophy. All of these in vitro changes occur, in part, independently from α- and β-adrenergic receptor–operated signaling and are inhibited by the specific MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline. In mice with left ventricular dilation and pump failure attributable to pressure overload, norepinephrine catabolism by MAO-A is increased accompanied by exacerbated oxidative stress. MAO-A inhibition prevents these changes, and also reverses fetal gene reprogramming, metalloproteinase and caspase-3 activation, as well as myocardial apoptosis. The specific role of MAO-A was further tested in mice expressing a dominant-negative MAO-A (MAO-Aneo), which were more protected against pressure overload than their wild-type littermates.Conclusions:In addition to adrenergic receptor–dependent mechanisms, enhanced MAO-A activity coupled with increased intramyocardial norepinephrine availability results in augmented reactive oxygen species generation, contributing to maladaptive remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction in hearts subjected to chronic stress.
Effect of Impaction Sequence on Osteochondral Graft Damage: The Role of Repeated and Varying Loads
Authors: Kang Richard W. , Friel Nicole A. , Williams James M. , Cole Brian J. , Wimmer Markus A. 
Published: November 2009

Background Osteochondral autografts and allografts require mechanical force for proper graft placement into the defect site; however, impaction compromises the tissue. This study aimed to determine the effect of impaction force and number of hits to seat the graft on cartilage integrity. Hypothesis Under constant impulse conditions, higher impaction load magnitudes are more detrimental to cell viability, matrix integrity, and collagen network organization and will result in proteoglycan loss and nitric oxide release. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Osteochondral explants, harvested from fresh bovine trochleae, were exposed to a series of consistent impact loads delivered by a pneumatically driven device. Each plug received the same overall impulse of 7 Ns, reflecting the mean of 23 clinically inserted plugs. Impaction loads of 37.5 N, 75 N, 150 N, and 300 N were matched with 74, 37, 21, and 11 hits, respectively. After impaction, the plugs were harvested, and cartilage was analyzed for cell viability, histology by safranin-O and picrosirius red staining, and release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and nitric oxide. Data were compared with nonimpacted controls. Results Impacted plugs had significantly lower cell viability than nonimpacted plugs. A dose-response relationship in loss of cell viability with respect to load magnitude was seen immediately and after 4 days but lost after 8 days. Histological analysis revealed intact cartilage surface in all samples (loaded or control), with loaded samples showing alterations in birefringence. While the sulfated GAG release was similar across varying impaction loads, release of nitric oxide increased with increasing impaction magnitudes and time. Conclusion Impaction loading parameters have a direct effect on the time course of the viability of the cartilage in the graft tissue. Clinical Relevance Optimal loading parameters for surgical impaction of osteochondral grafts are those with lower load magnitudes and a greater number of hits to ensure proper fit.
The clinical utility of lenalidomide in multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Bonkowski Joseph , Vermeulen Lee C , Kolesar Jill M 
Published: November 2009

Purpose. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical utility, adverse effects, dosage, and cost of lenalidomide are reviewed. Summary. Lenalidomide is a thalidomide analogue approved for treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) associated with a cytogenetic 5q deletion. In combination with dexamethasone, lenalidomide has been approved by the FDA in the United States for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma, and is sometimes used for induction therapy. Although the precise mechanism of action of lenalidomide remains unknown, it does exhibit antineoplastic and immunomodulatory properties. Lenalidomide is quickly absorbed after oral administration and is renally eliminated. In patients with myelodysplatic syndromes, lenalidomide reduces the need for transfusion. In patients with refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma, lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone demonstrated a significantly longer time to tumor progression compared to placebo plus dexamethasone. Lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone also elicited an objective response from patients with newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma. Treatment with lenalidomide was associated with neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, constipation, pruritus, and fatigue. Due to the teratogenic nature of thalidomide, lenalidomide must be obtained through a restrictive distribution program. The initial daily dosing of lenalidomide is 10 mg for MDS with a 5q deletion and 25 mg for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Dose modifications are required for renal impairment and grade 3—4 adverse events. Conclusion. Lenalidomide is an effective agent for the treatment of MDS with a 5q deletion and relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.
A recombinant adenovirus type 35 fiber knob protein sensitizes lymphoma cells to rituximab therapy
Authors: Wang Hongjie , Liu Ying , Li Zong-Yi , Fan Xiaolong , Hemminki Akseli , Lieber André 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMany tumors, including lymphomas, up-regulate expression of CD46 to escape destruction by complement. Tumor cells are therefore relatively resistant to therapy by monoclonal antibodies, which act through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). From an Escherichia coli expression library of adenovirus type 35 fiber knob mutants, we selected a variant (Ad35K++) that had a higher affinity to CD46 than did the natural Ad35 fiber knob. We demonstrated that incubation of lymphoma cells with recombinant Ad35K++ protein resulted in transient removal of CD46 from the cell surface. Preincubation of lymphoma cells with Ad35K++ sensitized cells to CDC, triggered by the CD20-specific monoclonal antibody rituximab. In xenograft models with human lymphoma cells, preinjection of Ad35K++ dramatically increased the therapeutic effect of rituximab. Blood cell counts and organ histology were normal after intravenous injection of Ad35K++ into mice that express human CD46. The presence of polyclonal anti-Ad35K++ antibodies did not affect the ability of Ad35K++ to enhance rituximab-mediated CDC in in vitro assays. The Ad35K++-based approach has potential implications in monoclonal antibody therapy of malignancies beyond the combination with rituximab.
Foxp1 is an essential transcriptional regulator for the generation of quiescent naive T cells during thymocyte development
Authors: Feng Xiaoming , Ippolito Gregory C. , Tian Lifeng , Wiehagen Karla , Oh Soyoung , Sambandam Arivazhagan , Willen Jessica , Bunte Ralph M. , Maika Shanna D. , Harriss June V. , Caton Andrew J. , Bhandoola Avinash , Tucker Philip W. , Hu Hui 
Published: November 2009

AbstractProper thymocyte development is required to establish T-cell central tolerance and to generate naive T cells, both of which are essential for T-cell homeostasis and a functional immune system. Here we demonstrate that the loss of transcription factor Foxp1 results in the abnormal development of T cells. Instead of generating naive T cells, Foxp1-deficient single-positive thymocytes acquire an activated phenotype prematurely in the thymus and lead to the generation of peripheral CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells that exhibit an activated phenotype and increased apoptosis and readily produce cytokines upon T-cell receptor engagement. These results identify Foxp1 as an essential transcriptional regulator for thymocyte development and the generation of quiescent naive T cells.
Molecular analysis of T-B-NK+severe combined immunodeficiency and Omenn syndrome cases in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsmadi Osama , Al-Ghonaium Abdulaziz , Al-Muhsen Saleh , Arnaout Rand , Al-Dhekri Hasan , Al-Saud Bandar , Al-Kayal Fadi , Al-Saud Haya , Al-Mousa Hamoud 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Background
Children with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) lack autologous T lymphocytes and present with multiple infections early in infancy. Omenn syndrome is characterized by the sole emergence of oligoclonal auto-reactive T lymphocytes, resulting in erythroderma and enteropathy. Omenn syndrome (OS) shares the genetic aetiology of T-B-NK+ SCID, with mutations in RAG1, RAG2, or DCLRE1C.

Methods
Patients diagnosed with T-B-NK+ SCID or phenotypes suggestive of Omenn syndrome were investigated by molecular genetic studies using gene tightly linked microsatellite markers followed by direct sequencing of the coding regions and splice sites of the respective candidate genes.

Results
We report the molecular genetic basis of T-B-NK+ SCID in 22 patients and of OS in seven patients all of Arab descent from Saudi Arabia. Among the SCID patients, six (from four families) displayed four homozygous missense mutations in RAG1 including V433M, R624H, R394W, and R559S. Another four patients (from three familes) showed 3 novel homozygous RAG2 mutations including K127X, S18X, and Q4X; all of which predict unique premature truncations of RAG2 protein. Among Omenn patients, four (from two families) have S401P and R396H mutations in RAG1, and a fifth patient has a novel I444M mutation in RAG2. Seven other patients (six SCID and one OS) showed a gross deletion in exons 1-3 in DCLRE1C. Altogether, mutations in RAG1/2 and DCLRE1C account for around 50% and 25%, respectively, in our study cohort, a proportion much higher than in previous reported series. Seven (24%) patients lack a known genetic aetiology, strongly suggesting that they carry mutations in novel genes associated with SCID and Omenn disorders that are yet to be discovered in the Saudi population.

Conclusion
Mutation-free patients who lack a known genetic aetiology are likely to carry mutations in the regulatory elements in the SCID-causing genes or in novel genes that are yet to be discovered. Our efforts are underway to investigate this possibility by applying the whole genome scans on these cases via the use of Affymetrix high density DNA SNP chips in addition to homozygosity mapping.
The health impact of remarriage behavior on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: findings from the US longitudinal survey
Authors: Noda Tatsuya , Ojima Toshiyuki , Hayasaka Shinya , Hagihara Akihito , Takayanagi Ryoichi , Nobutomo Koichi 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major disease among adults, and its deterioration was reported to be associated with psychological imbalance. Meanwhile, bereavement and divorce have proven harmful to the health status of a surviving spouse. But few studies have been conducted to evaluate the remedial effect on survivors' health outcome by remarriage after bereavement. The present study thus examined the associations between remarriage and the onset of COPD.

Methods
Our cohort was drawn from Health and Retirement Study participants in the United States, and consisted of 2676 subjects who were divorced or bereaved from 1992 to 2002. We then followed them for up to 11 years and assessed the incidence rate of COPD using a Cox proportional hazard model after adjusting for marital status, age, gender, education and the number of cigarettes smoked.

Results
Among all subjects, 224 who remarried after bereavement or divorce tended to be younger and more male dominated. Remarriage after bereavement/divorce was associated with significantly decreased risk of COPD onset for overall subjects [hazard ratio (HR): 0.51, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.28-0.94], female subjects [HR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.13-0.98], and for those under 70 years old [HR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.17-0.79].

Conclusion
This study investigates the impact of remarriage on health outcome based on a large-scale population survey and indicates that remarriage significantly correlates with reduced risk of COPD incidence, even after adjusting smoking habit.
Solitary submucous neurofibroma of the mandible: review of the literature and report of a rare case
Authors: Depprich Rita , Singh Daman D , Reinecke Petra , Kübler Norbert R , Handschel Jörg 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Solitary neurofibroma is a rare benign non-odontogenic tumor. Particularly in the oral cavity, neurogenic tumors are rare, especially if they are malignant. Neurofibromas may present either as solitary lesions or as part of the generalised syndrome of neurofibromatosis or von Recklinghausen's disease of the skin. Clinically, oral neurofibromas usually appear as pediculated or sessile nodules, with slow growth and mostly without pain. The diagnosis can be confirmed by histological examination. Neurofibromas are immunopositive for the S-100 protein, indicating its neural origin. Treatment is surgical and the prognosis is excellent. For illustration a rare case of a solitary neurofibroma in the mandible is presented.
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its TX527 Analog Inhibit the Growth of Endothelial Cells Transformed by Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus G Protein-Coupled Receptor in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Gonzalez-Pardo Verónica , Martin Daniel , Gutkind J. Silvio , Verstuyf Annemieke , Bouillon Roger , de Boland Ana Russo , Boland Ricardo L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus-G protein-coupled receptor is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma, playing a central role in promoting vascular endothelial growth factor-driven angiogenesis and spindle cell proliferation. We studied the effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] and the analog TX527 on the proliferation of endothelial cells (SVECs) and SVECs transformed by the viral G protein-coupled receptor (SVEC-vGPCR). 1α,25(OH)2D3 and TX527 decreased SVEC-vGPCR and SVEC numbers, the response being time dependent and similar in both cell lines. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) levels increased on treatment with 10 nm 1α,25(OH)2D3 or 1 nm TX527 in a time-dependent manner (1.5–24 h) in SVECs and SVEC-vGPCR. Basal VDR levels were increased in SVEC-vGPCR. The antiproliferative effects were accompanied by reduction in cyclin D1 and accumulation of p27 in SVECs but not SVEC-vGPCR. Induction of VDR was blocked by transfection of short hairpin RNA against VDR in SVEC-vGPCR and the antiproliferative effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and TX527 were decreased, involving the VDR genomic pathway in the hormone and analog mechanism of action. In vivo experiments showed that 1α,25(OH)2D3 and TX527 decreased SVEC-vGPCR tumor progression when the tumor cells were implanted in nude mice. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that 1α,25(OH)2D3 and its TX527 analog have antiproliferative effects on the growth of endothelial cells transformed by the vGPCR in vitro and in vivo, the vitamin D receptor being part of the inhibitory mechanism of action.
Environment, antecedents and climate change: lessons from the study of temperature physiology and river migration of salmonids
Authors: Farrell A. P. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryAnimal distributions are shaped by the environment and antecedents. Here I show how the temperature dependence of aerobic scope (the difference between maximum and minimum rates of oxygen uptake) is a useful tool to examine the fundamental temperature niches of salmonids and perhaps other fishes. Although the concept of aerobic scope has been recognized for over half a century, only recently has sufficient evidence accumulated to provide a mechanistic explanation for the optimal temperature of salmonids. Evidence suggests that heart rate is the primary driver in supplying more oxygen to tissues as demand increases exponentially with temperature. By contrast, capacity functions (i.e. cardiac stroke volume, tissue oxygen extraction and haemoglobin concentration) are exploited only secondarily if at all, with increasing temperature, and then perhaps only at a temperature nearing that which is lethal to resting fish. Ultimately, however, heart rate apparently becomes a weak partner for the cardiorespiratory oxygen cascade when temperature increases above the optimum for aerobic scope. Thus, the upper limit for heart rate may emerge as a valuable, but simple predictor of optimal temperature in active animals, opening the possibility of using biotelemetry of heart rate in field situations to explore properly the full interplay of environmental factors on aerobic scope. An example of an ecological application of these physiological discoveries is provided using the upriver migration of adult sockeye salmon, which have a remarkable fidelity to their spawning areas and appear to have an optimum temperature for aerobic scope that corresponds to the river temperatures experienced by their antecedents. Unfortunately, there is evidence that this potential adaptation is incompatible with the rapid increase in river temperature presently experienced by salmon as a result of climate change. By limiting aerobic scope, river temperatures in excess of the optimum for aerobic scope directly impact upriver spawning migration and hence lifetime fecundity. Thus, use of aerobic scope holds promise for scientists who wish to make predictions on how climate change may influence animal distributions.