bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Life Cycle ofDavainea proglottinain Britain
Authors: Abdou A. H. 
Published: November 2009

1. The life-cycle of the fowl tapewormDavainea proglottinaand its various intermediate hosts are described briefly.2. Studies on the different species of slugs in Great Britain under natural conditions were carried out and a short, simple method of differentiating the species has been presented.3. A satisfactory method of keeping and breeding these slugs under laboratory conditions is described.4. Feeding experiments of the different slugs on freshly collected gravid proglottides confirm that the intermediate hosts, as published by Grassi and Rovelli are as follows:Agriolimax agrestis, Limax cinereus, Limax flavus; by Wetzel,Arion empericorum(A. ater),Arion hortensis, Arion circumscriptusandArion intermedius. In addition to these known intermediate hosts, the writer succeeded in infecting the following species:Agriolimax reticulatus, Agriolimax carvanae, Milax gracilisandMilax sowerbyiwhich may accordingly serve under natural conditions as intermediate hosts forD. proglottina.5. The common field or grey slug (Agr. reticulatus) and the garden slug (Arion hortensis) seem to be the most important intermediate hosts forD. proglottina. in Great Britain. Slugs of nearly every age of these two species were experimentally exposed to infection with almost 100% positive results. Both these slugs are the most prevalent and widely distributed species in this country. This fact and the wet climatic conditions which obtain in this country are thus very favourable factors in the propagation of the tapeworm.6. Slugs of different ages were experimentally infected and it was found that younger ones were more susceptible, butAgriolimax reticulatusof almost all ages became infected.7. From the last experiment it may be concluded that slugs will feed on the droppings of fowl despite the presence of a sufficient normal diet, in this case clean lettuce.
Observations on the Bionomics of the Free-living First Stage Larvae of the Sheep Lungworm, Muellerius capillaris
Authors: Rose J. H. 
Published: November 2009

1. Observations on faecal pellets, herbage and soil, under natural climatic conditions, indicate that the larvae of M. capillaris survive for several months. The majority of the surviving larvae remain in the faecal pellets, and do not pass on to the herbage.2. In the laboratory, larvae survived for many weeks in dry faeces, but the longevity was less in wet faeces. They survived better at a low temperature range of 3–6°C, than at higher temperatures.3. They exhibit a considerable degree of resistance to desiccation; some survived for a maximum of fourteen days at a relative humidity of 75%.4. Bright sunlight rapidly kills off the larvae.5. They can survive at temperatures below freezing point. All of the larvae were alive after three days' continuous freezing, but none were alive after being frozen for twelve days.
Cestoda fromRattus assimilis(Gould, 1858) from Australia
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F. 
Published: November 2009

Four species of adult cestodes and one larval form were recovered fromRattus assimilis(Gould, 1858) from Queensland.Hymenolepis diminutaRudolphi, 1819; and the cysticercus ofTaenia taeniae-formis(Batsch, 1786) are new host records for Australia; the same infestations withRaillietina(Raillietina)celebensis(Janicki, 1902) have also been recorded by Baer and Sandars (1956). Two new species, viz:—Choanotaenia ratticolaandHymenolepis australiensisare described.The type specimens are lodged in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane. Cotype and other specimens studied are also lodged in the Queensland Museum and in the Institut de Zoologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland; the Department of Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and in the British Museum (Natural History).
The pathogenesis of a single challenge dose ofHaemonchus contortusin lambs under six months of age
Authors: Hunter A. R. , Mackenzie Grace 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe pathogenesis ofH. contortusinfection in lambs under 6 months of age challenged orally with 10,000 third stage infective larvae is described. The development of the parasite and its relationship to haematological and pathological changes are discussed, with particular reference to specific cellular mobilizations, and detailed descriptions are given of the haematology and parasitology, gross pathology and histopathology at 4, 7, 12, 18, 22 and 35 days after infection. Dramatic changes had developed by day 12.
Pathophysiology ofMesocestoides cortiinfection in the mouse
Authors: White T. R. , Thompson R. C. A. , Penhale W. J. , Pass D. A. , Mills J. N. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTLiver histology and serum enzyme and protein changes were studied in two strains of mice showing different initial susceptibilities to infection withMesocestoides corti. The results show an increase in ALT and AST levels during the period of invasion and proliferation in the liver and a decrease in the levels of these two enzymes following encapsulation of the parasite in the liver and liver regeneration. A progressive loss of albumin was accompanied by increases in the levels of the beta- and gamma-globulins. These changes are discussed in the light of our knowledge of the effects of this parasite upon its host.
Amino acids of Hymenolepis palmarum (Johri, 1956) and chemotaxonomic studies on hymenolepidid cestodes
Authors: Bhalya Anjali , Seth Amita , Malhotra Sandeep K. , Capoor V. N. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTChemotaxonomic patterns in the distribution of amino acids of Hymenolepis palmarum (Jouri, 1956) and other hymenolepidids revealed the common presence of β-aminoisobutyric acid, lysine, phcnylalaninc and tyrosine but 3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine and norleucine were exclusive to H. palmarum. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in amino acids have been recorded.
Effects of gamma-irradiation on the infective larvae ofBunostomum trigonocephalum(Rud., 1808) in lambs
Authors: Srivastava V. K. , Singh K. Suresh 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTInfective larvae ofBunostomum trigonocephalumexposed to gamma-irradiation at 60 kr failed to develop in the lamb. At levels of 20 and 40 kr, the infectivity of the larvae was reduced and fewer worms developed with a predominating female population. The worms developing from the irradiated larvae were smaller and the sex organs were ill developed. The females developing from larave irradiated at 40kr were functionally sterile with atrophied uterus devoid of eggs.
Protection of sheep against Schistosoma bovis using cryopreserved radiation-attenuated schistosomula
Authors: James E. R. , Dobinson A. R. , Andrews B. J. , Bickle Q. D. , Taylor M. G. , Ham P. J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThree sheep were vaccinated with two doses of 3 Krad-irradiated cryopreserved Schistosoma bovis schistosomula containing 20,000 and 17,000 organisms respectively, injected intramusculary 23 days apart after storage in liquid nitrogen for between 9 and 46 days. A challenge of 5360 S. bovis cercariae was administered percutaneously approximately four weeks after the last vaccine dose to these animals and to three controls. Post-challenge the vaccinated animals gained significantly more weight (27%v.9%), produceed fewer eggs in their facces, showed a smaller reduction in PCV values (–18%v, –27%) and were over-all in better condition than control animals . At perfusion 49·1% fewer adult worms were found in the vaccinated sheep than in controls. The tissue egg burdens were similar in both groups. Histopathologically both groups were similar except that fewer and smaller egg lesions were observed in the livers of vaccinated animals.
The nature of antigens common to both the metacestodes ofTaenia crassicepsand its laboratory host
Authors: Chernin J. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTMetacestodes ofTaenia crassicepswere cultured in laboratory rats and mice, washed in glycine/hydrochloric acid (Gly/Hcl) buffer pH 2·4 and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7·2 and a soluble extract of the metacestodes (SEM) was prepared from larvae washed in both buffers. The SEM and the original washings were examined for host IgG and a common host antigen (CHA). CHA was present in both the SEM and Washings but IgG only in the washings and, in metacestodes from mice only in the Gly/HCl washings). Metacestodes washed in Gly/HCl were not viable.Metacestodes were also maintainedin vitroin a peptide nutrient agar and 0·9% saline at 37°C and a SEM was prepared from these; metacestodes from mice had neither host IgG nor CHA but those from rats had CHA but not IgG. SEM prepared from ‘normal’ metacestodes showed that the CHA consisted of at least two entities, only one having a common identity with the IgG. These results suggest that molecules of both host IgG and a common host antigen are present on the tegument of these parasites.
Sub‐millimolar concentration of the novel phenol‐based compound, 2‐hydroxy benzoate zinc, induces apoptosis in human HT‐1080 fibrosarcoma cells
Authors: Mahdi J. G. , Pepper C. J. , Alkarrawi M. A. , Mahdi A. J. , Bowen I. D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectives:  To examine the effect of a novel phenolic‐based compound, 2‐hydroxy benzoate zinc (2HBZ), and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on human HT‐1080 fibrosarcoma cells.Materials and methods:  MTT assay was used to assess cell proliferation while different methods were used to detect apoptosis morphologically and immunohistochemically in Human HT‐1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Apoptosis was determined by Annexine‐V labelling, and caspase‐3 activation. In addition, western blot was used to analyse p21, p53 and Bax and flow cytometry was to analyse the cell cycle.Results:  2HBZ exhibited a more than 5‐fold increase in cytotoxic potency when compared with ASA with mean LD50 values of 210 and 1100 lM respectively (P < 0.0001). The cytotoxic effects of 2HBZ were both time‐ and dosedependent with marked apoptosis being evident only after 24 h at concentrations as low as 200 mM. In contrast, ASA‐induced apoptosis was observed only at concentrations in excess of 1000 mM at the same time point. Both 2HBZ and ASA induced caspase‐3 activation in the cells, which confirmed that their cytotoxic effects were the result of apoptotic cell death. These findings were further confirmed by immunomorphological studies for the detection of apoptosis including haematoxylineosin, methyl green/pyronin Y staining and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, 2HBZ caused a marked increase in p21, p53 and Bax protein expressions and these effects were associated with an increase in G1 and G2 arrest of the cell cycle and a reduction in S‐phase.Conclusions:  These results demonstrate that the novel phenolic compound 2HBZ is a potent apoptosis‐inducing agent in HT‐1080 cells and warrants further investigation as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in primary cancer cell models.
Calcineurin inhibitors affect B cell antibody responses indirectly by interfering with T cell help
Authors: Heidt S , Roelen D L , Eijsink C , Eikmans M , Van Kooten C , Claas F H J , Mulder A 
Published: November 2009

SummaryIn general, humoral immune responses depend critically upon T cell help. In transplantation, prevention or treatment of humoral rejection therefore require drugs that ideally inhibit both B cell and T helper cell activity. Here, we studied the effects of commonly used immunosuppressive drugs [tacrolimus, cyclosporin, mycophenolic acid (MPA) and rapamycin] on T cell helper activity and on T cell-dependent B cell responses. T cells were activated polyclonally in the presence of immunosuppressive drugs in order to analyse the effect of these drugs on T cell proliferation, co-stimulatory ligand expression and cytokines. The impact of immunosuppressive drugs on T cell-dependent immunoglobulin production by B cells was addressed in T–B cell co-cultures. All drugs affected T cell proliferation and attenuated T cell co-stimulatory ligand (CD154 and CD278) expression when T cells were activated polyclonally. Tacrolimus, cyclosporin and rapamycin also attenuated B cell stimulatory cytokine mRNA levels in T cells. As a consequence, a decrease in immunoglobulin levels was observed in autologous T–B cell co-cultures, where T cell help is essential for immunoglobulin production. In contrast, when pre-activated T cells were used to stimulate autologous B cells, calcineurin inhibitors failed to inhibit B cell immunoglobulin production, whereas MPA and rapamycin did show inhibition. From these studies, it is evident that calcineurin inhibitors affect the humoral immune response by interfering with T helper signals, but not by targeting B cells directly. Furthermore, our studies support the necessity of intervening in T cell helper function to attenuate humoral responses.
Plankton response to weakening of the Iberian coastal upwelling
Authors: PÉREZ FIZ F. , PADÍN XOSÉ A. , PAZOS YOLANDA , GILCOTO MIGUEL , CABANAS MANUEL , PARDO PAULA C. , DOVAL Ma DOLORES , FARINA‐BUSTO LUIS 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCoastal upwelling regions, which are affected by equatorward‐wind variability, are among the most productive areas of the oceans. It has been suggested that global warming will lead to a general strengthening of coastal upwelling, with important ecological implications and an impact on fisheries. However, in the case of the Iberian upwelling, the long‐term analysis of climatological variables described here reveals a weakening in coastal upwelling. This is linked to a decrease of zonal sea level pressure gradient, and correlated with an observed increase of sea surface temperature and North Atlantic Oscillation. Weakening of coastal upwelling has led to quantifiable modifications of the ecosystem. In outer shelf waters a drop in new production over the last 40 years is likely related to the reduction of sardine landings at local harbors. On the other hand, in inner shelf and Ria waters, the observed weakening of upwelling has slowed down the residual circulation that introduces nutrients to the euphotic layer, and has increased the stability of the water column. The drop in nutrient levels has been compensated by an increase of organic matter remineralization. The phytoplankton community has responded to those environmental trends with an increase in the percentage of dinoflagellates and Pseudonitzschia spp. and a reduction in total diatoms. The former favors the proliferation of harmful algal blooms and reduces the permitted harvesting period for the mussel aquaculture industry. The demise of the sardine fishery and the potential threat to the mussel culture could have serious socio‐economic consequences for the region.
An integrated risk assessment for climate change: analysing the vulnerability of sharks and rays on Australia's Great Barrier Reef
Authors: CHIN ANDREW , KYNE PETER M. , WALKER TERENCE I. , McAULEY RORY B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn Integrated Risk Assessment for Climate Change (IRACC) is developed and applied to assess the vulnerability of sharks and rays on Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR) to climate change. The IRACC merges a traditional climate change vulnerability framework with approaches from fisheries ecological risk assessments. This semi‐quantitative assessment accommodates uncertainty and can be applied at different spatial and temporal scales to identify exposure factors, at‐risk species and their key biological and ecological attributes, critical habitats a`nd ecological processes, and major knowledge gaps. Consequently, the IRACC can provide a foundation upon which to develop climate change response strategies. Here, we describe the assessment process, demonstrate its application to GBR shark and ray species, and explore the issues affecting their vulnerability to climate change. The assessment indicates that for the GBR, freshwater/estuarine and reef associated sharks and rays are most vulnerable to climate change, and that vulnerability is driven by case‐specific interactions of multiple factors and species attributes. Changes in temperature, freshwater input and ocean circulation will have the most widespread effects on these species. Although relatively few GBR sharks and rays were assessed as highly vulnerable, their vulnerability increases when synergies with other factors are considered. This is especially true for freshwater/estuarine and coastal/inshore sharks and rays. Reducing the impacts of climate change on the GBR's sharks and rays requires a range of approaches including mitigating climate change and addressing habitat degradation and sustainability issues. Species‐specific conservation actions may be required for higher risk species (e.g. the freshwater whipray, porcupine ray, speartooth shark and sawfishes) including reducing mortality, preserving coastal catchments and estuarine habitats, and addressing fisheries sustainability. The assessment identified many knowledge gaps concerning GBR habitats and processes, and highlights the need for improved understanding of the biology and ecology of the sharks and rays of the GBR.
Mediterranean warming triggers seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) shoot mortality
Authors: MARBÀ NÚRIA , DUARTE CARLOS M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRapid warming of the Mediterranean Sea threatens marine biodiversity, particularly key ecosystems already stressed by other impacts such as Posidonia oceanica meadows. A 6‐year monitoring of seawater temperature and annual P. oceanica shoot demography at Cabrera Archipelago National Park (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean) allowed us to determine if warming influenced shoot mortality and recruitment rates of seagrasses growing in relative pristine environments. The average annual maximum temperature for 2002–2006 was 1 °C above temperatures recorded in 1988–1999 (26.6 °C), two heat waves impacted the region (with seawater warming up to 28.83 °C in 2003 and to 28.54 °C in 2006) and the cumulative temperature anomaly, above the 1988–1999 mean annual maximum temperature, during the growing season (i.e. degree‐days) ranged between 0 °C in 2002 and 70 °C in 2003. Median annual P. oceanica shoot mortality rates varied from 0.067 year−1 in 2002 to 0.123 year−1 in 2003, and exceeded recruitment rates in all stations and years except in shallow stations for year 2004. Interannual fluctuations in shoot recruitment were independent of seawater warming (P>0.05). P. oceanica meadows experienced a decline throughout the study period at an average rate of −0.050±0.020 year−1. Interannual variability in P. oceanica shoot mortality was coupled (R2>0.40) to seawater warming variability and increasing water depth: shoot mortality rates increased by 0.022 year−1 (i.e. an additional 2% year−1) for each additional degree of annual maximum temperature and by 0.001 year−1 (i.e. 0.1% year−1) for each accumulated degree water temperature remained above 26.6 °C during the growing season. These results demonstrate that P. oceanica meadows are highly vulnerable to warming, which can induce steep declines in shoot abundance as well indicating that climate change poses a significant threat to this important habitat.
A new reliable tool (PVCassess) for assessment of peripheral venous catheters
Authors: Ahlqvist Margary , Berglund Britta , Nordstrom Gun , Klang Birgitta , Wirén Mikael , Johansson Eva 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRationale and aims To evaluate the extensive use of peripheral venous catheters (PVCs), including catheter‐related complications, a reliable tool for PVC assessment is needed. The aim of this study was to develop such a tool to evaluate PVCs in relation to management, documentation and signs and symptoms of thrombophlebitis (TH), as well as to determine its inter‐rater and test‐retest reliability.Method The tool development included confirmation of content and face validity. Two groups of registered nurses used the new tool (PVCassess) to assess PVC management and signs of TH independently. Group A (n = 3) assessed 26 items in 67 PVCs bedside (inter‐rater reliability). Group B (n = 3) assessed photographs (67 PVCs, 21 items) of the same PVCs as those in Group A with a 4‐week interval (test‐retest reliability). Proportion of agreement P(A) and Cohen's kappa were calculated to evaluate inter‐rater and test‐retest reliability.Results Among nurses assessing PVCs at bedside, the P(A) was good to excellent (0.80–1) in 96% of the items in PVCassess. In 80% of the items kappa was substantial to almost perfect (0.61–1). TH sign erythema fell into the fair range (kappa = 0.40). In test‐retest reliability analysis the P(A) was within the good and excellent range (0.80–1.0) and kappa varied from moderate to almost perfect (0.41–1.0) in 95% of the items. One item ‘outer dressing is clean’ was in fair range (0.21–0.40).Conclusions The PVCassessinstrument shows satisfactory inter‐rater and test‐retest reliability. Reliability tests on reviewing documentation remain to be performed.
Identification of bloodmeals in Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Anopheles punctipennis from eastern equine encephalitis virus foci in northeastern U.S.A.
Authors: MOLAEI G. , FARAJOLLAHI A. , ARMSTRONG P. M. , OLIVER J. , HOWARD J. J. , ANDREADIS T. G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.The host‐feeding patterns of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say and Anopheles punctipennis (Say) were examined in order to evaluate their potential contributions to the transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEv) and other arboviruses in the northeastern U.S.A. Engorged mosquitoes of the two species were collected from EEEv foci in central New York (NY) and throughout New Jersey (NJ), and their bloodmeals were identified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based assay and sequencing portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Analysis of 131 An. quadrimaculatus and 107 An. punctipennis from NY revealed that 97.7% and 97.2%, respectively, had acquired blood solely from mammalian hosts. Similarly, examination of 288 An. quadrimaculatus and 127 An. punctipennis from NJ showed 100% and 96.0%, respectively, contained mammalian‐derived bloodmeals. Mosquitoes containing mixed bloodmeals from both avian and mammalian hosts were detected in 1.6% of An. quadrimaculatus from NY, and 2.8% and 4.0% of An. punctipennis from NY and NJ, respectively. White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) constituted the most common vertebrate host for these anopheline mosquitoes, accounting for 85.8–97.7% of all bloodmeals identified. The predominance of white‐tailed deer as a source of bloodmeals supports enzootic amplification of deer‐associated arboviruses in this region, including Jamestown Canyon, Cache Valley and Potosi viruses. One horse‐ and two human‐derived bloodmeals were also detected in An. quadrimaculatus collected in NJ. Limited avian‐derived bloodmeals were detected from mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), sharp‐shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus) and house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), mostly in mixed bloodmeals. Occasional feeding on avian hosts suggests that these mosquitoes may participate as epizootic–epidemic bridge vectors of EEEv from viraemic birds to mammalian hosts of concern, including horses and humans. An isolate of EEEv was recovered from the head and thorax of an An. punctipennis mosquito collected in NY.