bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in metabolism and behaviour of the freshwater copepod Cyclops strenuus abyssorum infected with Diphyllobothrium spp
Authors: Pasternak A. F. , Huntingford F. A. , Crompton D. W. T. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYIn a population of copepods (Cyclops strenuus abyssorum), with a naturally high prevalence of infection with procercoids of Diphyllobothrium spp., no difference in body size was found between infected and uninfected hosts. However, a significant reduction in the reproductive capacity of infected females was observed, 87% of uninfected females having developed eggs in their gonads and sacs compared with 21% of infected females. The feeding rate of infected copepods was relatively high soon after infection occurred, but gradually decreased to less than half that of uninfected animals. Respiration rate was also lower in infected copepods. Infected copepods showed reduced motility and impaired escape responses, which is likely to make them more susceptible to predation.
Adhesion ofPasteuria penetransto the cuticle of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogynespp.) inhibited by fibronectin: a study of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions
Authors: Davies K. G. , Afolabi P. , O'Shea P. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYPasteuria penetransis a bacterium with the potential to control plant-parasitic nematode populations; the mechanism of spore adhesion, however, is poorly understood. Attachment assays were performed in media supplemented with various concentrations of fibronectin and in the presence and absence of KSCN which modulates hydrophobic interactions. A reduction in the strength of the hydrophobic effect prevented spores from binding to the cuticle as did 20 μg/ml fibronectin. It was also shown directly utilizing a newly-developed technique which utilizes 3-hexadecanoyl-7-hydro-coumarin as an indicator of the fibronectin binding to the spore surface that the presence of KSCN prohibited binding. This effect was interpreted to indicate that the reduction of binding was the direct result of the influence of hydrophobic interactions between the fibronectin and the spore surface. Western blot analysis of cuticle extracts ofMeloidogyne incognitaandCaenorhabditis elegansrevealed small amounts of fibronectin to be present. Fibronectin, or a similar receptor, present in the cuticle could be responsible for the adhesion ofP. penetransby hydrophobic interactions.
Studies on the life-cycle of Himasthla militaris (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae): influence of salinity and temperature on egg development and miracidial emergence
Authors: Vanoverschelde R. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYIn this study we examined the influence of salinity and temperature on egg development and miracidial emergence of the digenean, Himasthla militaris. In the range 2·1 to 34‰ salinity the eggs developed normally (i.e. no significant difference in the percentage embryonation), and miracidial emergence was only markedly inhibited in water with a salinity of 34‰. At 12 °C embryonation ceased; at 20 and 30 °C egg development as well as miracidial emergence occurred, but at 20 °C both processes progressed at a slower rate than at 30 °C.
The effect of irradiation on the susceptibility of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks to Theileria parva infection
Authors: Young A. S. , Leitch B. L. , Irvin A. D. , Dobbelaere D. A. E. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYIrradiation doses of 800 rad. or less had no detectable effect on the subsequent development of unfed nymphal Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Doses of 1600 rad. or above impaired feeding and moulting and delayed the subsequent development of unfed nymphs. At 6400 rad. no ticks completed their moult. Unfed nymphal R. appendiculatus irradiated at 0, 400, 800 and 1600 rad. were applied to 3 cattle infected with T. parva (Kiambu 4). The Theileria infections in the salivary glands of the resultant adult ticks were assessed and it was found that irradiation doses of 800 rad. or less had little effect on the Theileria infections, but an–irradiation dose of 1600 rad. greatly reduced the level of infection. The numbers of salivary gland acini in ticks of this group were reduced but the percentage of infected acini was similar.
Detection and characterization of DNA polymerase activity inToxoplasma gondii
Authors: Makioka A. , Stavros B. , Ellis J. T. , Johnson A. M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYA DNA polymerase activity has been detected and characterized in crude extracts from tachzoites ofToxoplasma gondii. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 6·4 S, corresponding to an approximate molecular weight of 150000 assuming a globular shape. Like mammalian DNA polymerase α, the DNA polymerase ofT. gondiiwas sensitive toN-ethylmaleimide and inhibited by high ionic strength. However, the enzyme activity was not inhibited by aphidicolin which is an inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, δ and ε and also cytosine-β-D-arabinofuranoside-5′-triphosphate which is an inhibitor of α polymerase. The activity was inhibited by 2′,3′-dideoxythymidine-5′-triphosphate which is an inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase β and γ. Magnesium ions (Mg2+) were absolutely required for activity and its optimal concentration was 6 mM. The optimum potassium (K+) concentration was 50 mM and a higher concentration of K+markedly inhibited the activity. Activity was optimal at pH 8. Monoclonal antibodies against human DNA polymerase did not bind to DNA polymerase ofT. gondii. Thus theT. gondiienzyme differs from the human enzymes and may be a useful target for the design of toxoplasmacidal drugs.
Identification of a fibronectin-like molecule onEimeria tenella
Authors: Lopez-Bernad F. , Cacho E. Del , Gallego M. , Quilez J. , Sanchez-Acedo C. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe attachment ofEimeria tenellato its target cells as an obligatory intracellular pathogen is essential for the development of disease. Previous reports have established that other intracellular protozoa parasites have either fibronectin, an adhesion protein, or fibronectin receptors, both of which are involved in the interaction with the host cells. In this current research, studies have been undertaken to visualize a surface component that may be involved in the attachment ofE. tenellato host cells. For this purpose, monoclonal antibodies, both anti-chicken and anti-human fibronectin, and also anti-chicken integrin were used. Our results show a fibronectin-like molecule with an apparent molecular weight of 110 kDa in mature schizonts and microgametes. Staining with serum directed against chicken integrin revealed immunoreactivity within mature schizonts. Both the fibronectin-like molecule and the integrin may play an important role in the parasite stage-cell interaction and the promotion of parasite uptake.
Studies on two new Cephaline gregarines from the intestine of Indian insects, Gryllodes sigillatus and Liogryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Narain Narsingh 
Published: June 2009

A description is given of two new Cephaline gregarines from Indian crickets collected at Lucknow and Jalaun, United Provinces.One of these, Stenophora gryllodes-sigillatae sp.nov., from the gut of Gryllodes sigillatus, has solitary slender trophozoites up to 194μ long. Its epimerite is rounded in young forms and absent or represented by its remnant in adults. The nucleus has two chromosomes. Cysts are rounded, invested in a very thin membrane and without sporoducts.The second, Bulbocephalus indicus sp.nov., from the gut of Liogryllus bimaculatus, is characterized by solitary elongated sporadins; the neck is short and a bulbous epimerite is always present. The body, measuring up to 175μ in length and up to 30μ in breadth, presents a striated appearance. Cysts are oval, covered by a very thin membrane, and have no sporoducts.The author is very grateful to Dr S. M. Das, under whose able guidance this work was carried out. His thanks are also due to the Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, for providing the laboratory facilities.
Observations on the occurrence of Dictyocotyle coeliaca and Calicotyle kroyeri (Trematoda: Monogenea)
Authors: Williams H. Harford 
Published: June 2009

Dictyocotyle coeliaca is recorded for the first time from Raja fullonica and R. batis. It is suggested that normally D. coeliaca may be restricted to waters deeper than about 50 fathoms and that this should be considered in attempts to incubate its eggs in the laboratory. No Calicotyle kroyeri were present in female R. radiata which contained eggs in their uteri and a brief account is given of the apparent differential distribution of the species in male and female rays. Up to 64 specimens of C. kroyeri per fish are recorded from the cloacae of R. radiata (previous records refer to an average of about four specimens per host). In a brief discussion of the controversial papers on these two monogeneans reasons are given for retaining the two in separate genera.I am most grateful to the following for providing excellent facilities for the work. The Director and staff, in particular Dr B. B. Rae and Dr Z. Kabata, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen; the Director and Staff, Plymouth Marine Laboratory; Professor James Brough, University College, Cardiff; the Director, Commonwealth Bureau of Helminthology; and Mr H. Atkinson of Messrs J. Marr and Son, Fleetwood. Additional specimens were provided by Mr J. Slinn, Marine Biological Station, Port Erin, and by Mr J. W. Smith of this Bureau.
An immunocytochemical study with Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Thorpe E. 
Published: June 2009

The results are described of a study of the distribution of the antigens in F. hepatica at various stages of development, and in the liver and spleen of experimentally infected rats using globulins labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, from rats and sheep infected with F. hepatica.Possible uses of this technique in aiding the diagnosis of fascioliasis are indicated.I wish to thank Dr A. W. J. Broome for a supply of the metacercariae of F. hepatica, and Dr J. S. S. Lowe who kindly isolated and labelled the globulins with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Miss Enid Eccleston gave valuable technical assistance.
Rhipicephalus reichenowi Zumpt, 1943: a re-description of the male and female and descriptions of the nymph and larva, together with an account of its known hosts and distribution
Authors: Walker Jane B. 
Published: June 2009

The male and female of Rhipicephalus reichenowi are re-described and the nymph and larva are described for the first time. The affinities of the species within the genus are discussed.Its developmental periods under laboratory conditions are given and all known records of its hosts and distribution in the field are noted.The author wishes to thank the Director of the East African Veterinary Research Organization for permission to publish this paper. She is also most grateful to everyone who submitted field collections of this species to her and to Dr Hoogstraal for permission to quote unpublished information; to Dr G. Theiler for her helpful suggestions during the preparation of the manuscript, and to Mr G. M. Kohls, Dr C. M. Clifford and Dr H. Hoogstraal, who also checked the manuscript before publication.
Resistance to diamino-diphenylsulphone in Plasmodium gallinaceum
Authors: Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

A fourfold enhancement of resistance to diamino-diphenylsulphone has been produced over a period of 15 months in strain A of P. gallinaceum by subjecting the strain, maintained in a state of patent infection, to increasing doses of the drug.The DDS-resistant strain was cross-resistant to the minimum effective dose of sulphadiazine and slightly resistant to twice this dose, but it showed only a slight enhancement of resistance to pyrimethamine and proguanil.The antimalarial action of DDS was antagonized by p–A.B. in the ratio of 100 to 1. DDS, in the minimum effective dose, was antagonized completely by folic acid if given in equal doses, but not by smaller doses of the antagonist; the antagonism was not competitive.The relationship of cross-resistance between p–A.B.-inhibited sulphonamides and proguanil and pyrimethamine is discussed.
Distribution of the nematode Labiostrongylus longispicularis (Wood) within the stomach of the Red Kangaroo Megaleia rufa (Desmarest)
Authors: Dudzinski M. L. , Mykytowycz R. 
Published: June 2009

The distribution of two stages of the nematode Labiostrongylus longispicularis (Wood) in thirty-eight stomachs of the Red Kangaroo, Megaleia rufa (Desmarest) has been analysed statistically.A quadratic regression was used where y = log of mean worm densities of stomach sections + 1 and x = numerical values of the mid-positions of the sections. The analysis revealed significant maxima in the proximity of the cardiac region. The maxima in stomachs with relatively large numbers of worms were found to be further away from the pylorus than in the stomachs with small numbers of worms. The mean maximum densities were about fifty worms per 100 g of stomach content in highly infected animals and about eight in low infections. It is suggested that freshly chewed food or saliva may be a factor regulating the distribution of worms.The parasite was absent from the stomach's pyloric region where the pH is low.Sex and size of the worm were independent of its position in the stomach.The average number of eggs per adult female in the different stomach sections roughly corresponded to the density of worms in these sections, but the sample material was inadequate to show that this relationship was statistically significant.The mean number of fertilized eggs per female worm was 3300.Thanks are due to Professor E. J. Williams of the University of Melbourne and Mr B. V. Fennessy of the Division of Wildlife Research, C.S.I.R.O., for reading and criticizing the manuscript, and to Messrs E. R. Hesterman and C. Kogon for technical assistance.
Besnoitia (Protozoa: Toxoplasmea) in lizards
Authors: Garnham P. C. C. 
Published: June 2009

Besnoitia sauriana sp.nov. is described from the tissues and organs of Basiliscus vittatus, with the type locality Baking Pot, British Honduras. It is placed in a new family, Besnoitiidae in the order Toxoplasmea.The proliferative stage is thought to take place in the alveoli of the lungs. The cystic stage begins as the greatly altered host cell, containing a single round or oval body. The host-cell membrane becomes greatly thickened, the nuclei multiply and enlarge and the cytoplasm assumes a granular texture. The parasites (‘spores’) multiply by binary fission, enclosed in a fine membrane, within this cell, which eventually they entirely fill.The ‘spores’ easily contaminate the blood and may be mistaken for Schellackia or Toxoplasma in blood smears of infected lizards.
Some observations on the morphology and developmental stages of Trypanosoma avium bakeri ssp.nov. from the red-whiskered bulbul (Otocompsa jocosa Linn.)
Authors: Chatterjee D. K. , Ray H. N. 
Published: June 2009

Trypanosoma avium bakeri ssp.nov. has been recorded from naturally infected red-whiskered bulbuls (Otocompsa jocosa Linn.). This trypanosome resembles T. avium Danilewsky, 1885 in general morphological features but it is larger in every respect. The parasite can also infect chicks, black-breasted quails and pigeons.The division stages of the parasite are also very interesting. Considering the different morphological criteria, division stages and loose host specificity, the parasite is designated as subspecies of T. avium.For the first time division stages of an avian trypanosome have been studied in detail in the peripheral circulation and bone marrow of the bird. The parasite multiplied by longitudinal binary fission and two types of plasmotomy.Our thanks are due to Dr S. Mookerjee, Professor and Head of the Department of Zoology, Presidency College, Calcutta for providing the necessary laboratory facilities and constant encouragement and for going through the manuscript and to Dr J. R. Baker, Department of Medical Protozoology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, for his valuable suggestions in the preparation of this article. The financial support provided by the Indian Council of Medical Research (for H.N.R.) and the University Grants Commission (for D.K.C.) is gratefully acknowledged.
Variables in the radiation-attenuation of helminth larvae: the effect of differences in quality of radiation
Authors: Kassai T. , Fitzpatrick B. , Mulligan W. 
Published: June 2009

A comparison has been made of the attenuating effect on N. brasiliensis larvae of X-rays (HVL, 8 mm Al) and γ-rays from 60Co over the range 10–80 kr. In the dose range where attenuation was manifested as a decrease in total worm burden the γ-rays had an RBE (relative biological effect) of 0-7 relative to the X-rays as unity.Because of the enhancement of infectivity occurring at low radiation doses, attenuation in this region is better assessed in terms of alteration to the sex-ratio of the parasite rather than effect on total population.This work was supported by grants from the Agricultural Research Council and the Horse Race Betting Levy Board, and was carried out during the tenure by one of the authors (T. Kassai) of a British Council exchange scholarship.Thanks are due to Dr T. Martin Young and Mr J. S. Orr of the Radiotherapy Department, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, for access to radiation sources and helpful advice.
Studies on the morphology and life-cycle ofDiplostomum (Diplostomum) gasterostei(Strigeida: Trematoda)
Authors: Williams Modupè O. 
Published: June 2009

One of a large number ofLymnaea peregra(Mull.) from a pond near Glasgow was found to be infested withCercaria diplostomi gasterostei.C. d. gastrosteihas been found to penetrateGasterosteus aculeatusand develop into a diplostomulum in the retina of the eyes.Large numbers ofG. aculeatusfrom the pond have been found withDiplostomulum gasterosteioccurring in the retina.Infested heads of fish were fed to domestic ducklings and pigeons, and adult stages of a worm considered to be a new species and namedD. gasterosteiwere obtained.Morphological details of the cercaria, diplostomulum and the adult worm are described.The author wishes to thank Dr C. A. Hopkins for reading and criticising the manuscript, Dr D. A. Erasmus and Dr G. Rees for valuable suggestions. My thanks are due also to the technical staff of the Department who assisted me in the collection of snails and fishes, and to Mr Francis Deen who did the sectioning of the specimens. This work was in part supported by a grant from Shell Oil Company (London).
Cultivationin vitroofEndolimax blattaeLucas, 1927 from the cockroach hind gut
Authors: Warhurst David C. 
Published: June 2009

Endolimax blattae, a small amoeba living in the cockroach hind gut, was cultivatedin vitrofor the first time.Growth and encystment took place in diphasic serum-saline media with or without the addition of starch.E. blattaegrew well at 25 and 37°C. At the latter temperature the flagellates andBlastocystiswhich contaminated recently isolated strains were eliminated.More amoebae and cysts were produced in cultures supplied with starch than in those without starch, and there seemed to be a relationship between depletion of starch and onset of encystment.The results are discussed with reference to conditions in the natural environment.I wish to express my thanks to Professor H. P. Moon, in whose department this work was carried out, for his help and advice, to my supervisor Dr Marjorie G. Guthrie for her advice, encouragement and constructive criticism, and to Dr Ann Bishop, F.R.S., and Dr Elspeth W. McConnachie for their invaluable advice onin vitrocultivation.
Changes in the protein content of the serum and intestinal mucus of sheep with reference to the histology of the gut and immunological response to Oesophagostomum columbianum infections
Authors: Dobson Colin 
Published: June 2009

Sheep infected with Oesophagostomum columbianum showed anorexia, loss of weight, diarrhoea and macroscopically obvious oedema and inflammation of the alimentary tract. Arthus-like lesions caused by the larvae developed particularly in the large intestine.The gross immunological responses of the sheep were associated with antibodies in greater titre within the mucus of the gut than in the serum. Acquired immunity was manifest through an antibody-antigen reaction which was localized mostly in the large intestine and which involved proliferation of the lymphoid tissue of the gut and an increased synthesis of protein. Lower titres of antibody in serum than in mucus may indicate leakage of antibody away from the gut. The direct effects of antibody were established by the respiratory inhibition of the 3rd-stage larvae. The presence of antibody was associated with particularly high concentrations of β globulin after first and β and γ globulins after second infection. Specific antibody was demonstrated in these protein fractions by blockage of electrophoretic movement by larval antigen in the buffer.The antibody-antigen reaction may act as a trigger which releases the nonspecific effects of excess mucus production and oedema which causes mechanical dislodgement of the infection. The natural and specific respiratory inhibitory effects of mucus on the worm would facilitate this dislodgement process.The greatest cellular reactions occurred where there was an active infection. Usually these reactions were associated with oedema, hyperaemia and an increase in the size of the mesenteric lymph nodes.
Studies on the morphology, ecology and life-cycle ofMeiogytnnophallus minutus(Cobbold, 1859) comb. nov. (Trematoda: Gymnophallidae)
Authors: Bowers E. A. , James B. L. 
Published: June 2009

Meiogymnophallvs minutus(Cobbold, 1859) comb, nov., fromCardium eduleL. andHaematopus ostralegus occidentalisNeumann is shown to be synonymous withLecithodendrium somateriae (nonLevinsen, 1881) Jameson, 1902in partim, Cercaria margaritaeLebour, 1907,Oymnophalloides oedemiae(Jameson & Nicoll, 1913) James, 1964,Cercaria cambrensisCole, 1938, andGymnophallus nereicolaRebecq & Prévot, 1962. The intensity of infestation of cockles, with the metacercariae, increases with the size and particularly with the age of this host and varies with the seasonal migrations of the final host. The connexion between the metacercaria and the adult is demonstrated experimentally. Domestic ducklings used as experimental hosts were susceptible to infection when fed with minced cockles but not when fed on baby chick crumbs.We are very grateful to Professor E. W. Knight-Jones for the provision of working facilities and for help with the manuscript and to the Science Research Council for a grant to one of us (E.A.B.) which made the work possible.
Studies on Eimeria praecox Johnson, 1930, in the chicken
Authors: Long P. L. 
Published: June 2009

E. praeox has been isolated in Britain for the first time and is similar in regard to its oocyst size, prepatent time, life-cycle and the development of host immunity to the reports of Tyzzer et al. (1932). Oocysts had mean dimensions of 20·4 × 17·45 μm and the first oocysts were discharged 83½ h after infection.Oocyst production and life-cycle studies suggest that at least three generations of schizogony precede gametogony and that at least one further generation of schizogony is needed to explain the oocyst reproduction resulting from a small dose of oocysts. Young chickens 1½–3 weeks of age were not such suitable hosts as older chickens (6 weeks) and the reproduction of the parasite was seriously reduced when large numbers (e.g. 105, 106) were used to infect chickens. A high degree of resistance to reinfection occurred after a single exposure to infection.Sporozoite infections of the caeca or cloaca resulted in the infection of the usual small intestine site; there was no development at the site of inoculation and attempts to infect the embryo allantois did not succeed.I wish to thank Dr M. Elaine Rose for the surgery required for the caecal infections, for her interest throughout and for help with the manuscript; Dr R. F. Gordon for help with the manuscript and permission to publish and Mr B. J. Millard for skilled technical assistance.