bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical channel narrowing along the Rio Grande near Albuquerque, New Mexico in response to peak discharge reductions and engineering: magnitude and uncertainty of change from air photo measurements
Authors: Swanson Benjamin J. , Meyer Grant A. , Coonrod Julie E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOver the last century, geomorphic processes along the Middle Rio Grande have been altered by flood control and bank stabilization projects, intensified land and water use, and climate change. In response to potential risks to infrastructure and ecological integrity, recent (1985–2008) adjustment was investigated and historic (1918–1985) changes in Rio Grande channel planform through the Albuquerque, New Mexico, area were reviewed, especially in relation to changes in annual peak discharge and river engineering measures. Using a GIS, channel characteristics were digitized from georeferenced photographs and analyzed with particular attention to quantifying potential measurement error and its propagation. Error associated with average channel widths and channel area ranged between 4 and 13%. For smaller polygons, e.g. islands, error was higher (11 to 40% for width and >200% for area) because width error is large relative to polygon width. Between 1918 and 1963, average channel widths decreased 8 m/yr, from 516 ± 67 m to 176 ± 7 m, mostly due to decreasing peak flows and the implementation of flood control and other engineering measures. From 1985 to 2008, widths decreased 0·7 m/yr, from 176 ± 23 m to 146 ± 5 m, accompanied by an increase in vegetated island area which largely coincided with low flow periods. Narrowing was concentrated at tributary inputs and in the upstream part of the reach, where bedload trapping by Cochiti Dam has caused degradation. Bank protection structures and dense vegetation limit bank erosion in the reach, but erosion is significant where expanding islands, incision, and increased meandering force water against banks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the relationship between damage of oil‐impregnated insulation paper and evolution of phase‐resolved partial discharge patterns
Authors: Liao Ruijin , Yan Jiaming , Yang Lijun , Zhu Mengzhao , Liu Bin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper studied the relationships between evolution of phase‐resolved partial discharge (PRPD) patterns and damaging characteristics, such as surface topography, surface roughness, and surface conductivity, and the constitution of gas within cavity for oil‐impregnated insulation paper during the damaging process caused by partial discharge (PD). According to PRPD patterns, the damaging process can be divided into five stages. At each of the stages, surface conditions of insulation were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and high‐resistance meter. Gas constitution was analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, as well. Meanwhile, PRPD patterns of different gas constitution were compared, and analyzed, as well as those of different surface‐damaging conditions. Results reveal that during the damaging process, the percentage content of electronegative gases descends and ascends alternately, and discharging types alternate between pseudo‐glow (or glow) and spark. PRPD pattern of pseudo‐glow‐type discharge chiefly depends on the properties of weak electronegative gases generated during PD. PRPD patterns of spark‐type discharge are chiefly determined by surface damage conditions. PRPD patterns of spark‐type discharge manifest different levels of “rabbit‐ear” and periodical features. The level of “rabbit‐ear” feature is mostly determined by surface conductivity, while the level of periodical feature generally depends on surface trap density. In addition, surface roughness does not change shapes of PRPD patterns; however, the amount of discharge increases as the value of surface roughness declines. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design methods investigation for residential microgrid infrastructure
Authors: Zhang Xianjun , Karady George G. , Guan Yonggang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this study a residential community in Phoenix was selected as the basis to develop design methods for a residential microgrid. A microgrid model was built using computer based software. Photovoltaic (PV) modules, microturbines, and fuel cells were chosen as the distributed energy resources (DERs) for the model. The optimal residential microgrid system configuration was sorted out according to the least net present cost (NPC), and the least cost of energy (COE) of the designed microgrid system. The results indicate that the COE of the designed microgrid in island mode is expensive, although it is more environmentally friendly compared to the grid. The purpose of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) is achieved by utilizing the exhaust heat from microturbines to provide daily hot water consumption while cooling demand is achieved through the connection of adsorption chillers to microturbines. Sensitivity analysis shows that natural gas price escalation and price reduction of DERs significantly impact COE and NPC. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and control of isolated hybrid system using wind driven DFIG and hydro driven SCIG
Authors: Goel Puneet K. , Singh Bhim , Murthy S. S. , Kishore Navin 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYThis paper deals with design and control of a new isolated wind‐hydro hybrid generation system employing a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by a variable speed wind turbine and a constant speed squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) driven by a constant power hydro turbine feeding three‐phase four‐wire local loads. The proposed hybrid energy conversion system is using back to back connected pulse width modulated (PWM) insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) based voltage source converters (VSCs) with a battery energy storage system (BESS) at their dc link. The ac terminals of one VSC (rotor side converter) are connected to the rotor terminals of DFIG for the maximum power tracking (MPT) through its rotor speed control. The ac terminals of the other VSC (stator side converter) are connected to the stator terminals of DFIG and SCIG and load terminals through a delta‐star transformer. The stator side converter is used for the voltage and frequency control (VFC) at the stator terminals of the DFIG and SCIG. The proposed electro‐mechanical system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB using simulink and sim power systems (SPS) set toolboxes. The performance of the proposed wind‐hydro hybrid system is presented to demonstrate its capability of MPT, stator voltage and frequency control, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and load leveling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal controls on DOC dynamics in nested upland catchments in NE Scotland
Authors: Dawson Julian J. C. , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Speed Mark , Hrachowitz Markus , Soulsby Chris 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSpatial and temporal variability of hydrological responses affecting surface water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations are important for determining upscaling patterns of DOC export within larger catchments. Annual and intra‐annual variations in DOC concentrations and fluxes were assessed over 2 years at 12 sites (3·40–1837 km2) within the River Dee basin in NE Scotland. Mean annual DOC fluxes, primarily correlated with catchment soil coverage, ranged from 3·41 to 9·48 g m−2 yr−1. Periods of seasonal (summer–autumn and winter–spring) DOC concentrations (production) were delineated and related to discharge. Although antecedent temperature mainly determined the timing of switchover between periods of high DOC in the summer‐autumn and low DOC in winter‐spring, inter‐annual variability of export within the same season was largely dependent on its associated water flux. DOC fluxes ranged from 1·39 to 4·80 g m−2 season−1 during summer–autumn and 1·43 to 4·15 g m−2 season−1 in winter–spring.Relationships between DOC areal fluxes and catchment scale indicated that mainstem fluxes reflect the averaging of highly heterogeneous inputs from contrasting headwater catchments, leading to convergent DOC fluxes at catchment sizes of ca 100 km2. However, during summer–autumn periods, in contrast to winter–spring, longitudinal mainstem DOC fluxes continue to decrease, most likely because of increasing biological processes. This highlights the importance of considering seasonal as well as annual changes in DOC fluxes with catchment scale. This study increases our understanding of the temporal variability of DOC upscaling patterns reflecting cumulative changes across different catchment scales and aids modelling of carbon budgets at different stages of riverine systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐stationarity in rainfall and temperature in the Murray Darling Basin
Authors: Kamruzzaman M. , Beecham S. , Metcalfe A. V. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTwo analyses, one based on multiple regression and the other using the Holt–Winters algorithm, for investigating non‐stationarity in environmental time series are presented. They are applied to monthly rainfall and average maximum temperature time series of lengths between 38 and 108 years, from six stations in the Murray Darling Basin and four cities in eastern Australia. The first analysis focuses on the residuals after fitting regression models which allow for seasonal variation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The models provided evidence that rainfall is reduced during periods of negative SOI, and that the interaction between PDO and SOI pronounces this effect during periods of negative PDO. Following this, there was no evidence of any trend in either the PDO or SOI time series. The residuals from this regression were analysed with a cumulative sum (CUSUM) technique, and the statistical significance was assessed using a Monte Carlo method. The residuals were also analysed for volatility, autocorrelation, long‐range dependence and spatial correlation. For all ten rainfall and temperature time series, CUSUM plots of the residuals provided evidence of non‐stationarity for both temperature and rainfall, after removing seasonal effects and the effects of PDO and SOI. Rainfall was generally lower in the first half of the twentieth century and higher during the second half. However, it decreased again over the last 10 years. This pattern was highlighted with 5‐year moving average plots. The residuals for temperature showed a complementary pattern with increases in temperature corresponding to decreased rainfall. The second analysis decomposed the rainfall and temperature time series into random variation about an underlying level, trend and additive seasonal effects and changes in the level; trend and seasonal effects were tracked using a Holt–Winters algorithm. The results of this analysis were qualitatively similar to those of the regression analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thymosin β4 activates integrin‐linked kinase and decreases endothelial progenitor cells apoptosis under serum deprivation
Authors: Zhao Yanbo , Qiu Fuyu , Xu Shengjie , Yu Lu , Fu Guosheng 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThymosin β4 (Tβ4) has been suggested to regulate multiple cell signal pathways and a variety of cellular functions such as cell migration, proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. Here, we investigated the effect of Tβ4 on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) apoptosis induced by serum deprivation and the corresponding signal transduction pathways involved in this process. Circulating EPCs, isolated from healthy volunteers, were cultured in the absence or presence of Tβ4 and various signal cascade inhibitors. Apoptosis was evaluated with Annexin V immunostaining and cytosolic cytochrome c expression. Incubation of EPCs with Tβ4 caused a concentration dependent increase in cell viability and proliferation activity. It also caused an inhibitory effect on EPCs apoptosis, which was abolished by PI3K inhibitors (either LY294002 or Wortmannin) or JNK MAPK inhibitor SP600125. In addition, the expression and activity of caspase‐3 and ‐9 were decreased by Tβ4, which markedly increased the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio within EPCs. Furthermore, Tβ4 was immunoprecipitated with integrin‐linked kinase (ILK), accompanied by augmentation of ILK activity. Transfection of EPCs with ILK‐siRNA resulted in abolishment of the activation of ILK‐Akt and the ameliorative effect on apoptosis by Tβ4. Together, Tβ4 mediated inhibitory effect on EPCs apoptosis under serum deprivation can be attributed, at least in part, to ILK‐Akt activation. The activation of JNK MAPK might also be involved in this process. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2798–2806, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in Solar Cell Technologies and Laser Manufacturing
Authors: Werthen Jan‐Gustav 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article gives a brief overview of the current technological players in photovoltaic solar‐energy solutions – crystalline wafers, thin‐films, and multijunction concentrator cells – and how lasers play important roles in their manufacture. Then, we discuss a technology on the horizon: high‐efficiency crystalline thin film deposited onto inexpensive substrates to provide cost‐effective, high‐output solar panels.
Increasing Photovoltaic Efficiency on the Production Floor
Authors: Oesterlin Peter , Büchel Andreas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDriven by a more and more competitive market, manufacturers of photovoltaic cells are seeking for cell concepts and production processes to reduce costs and increase cell efficiency. Many laboratory developments find their way into mass production. Among them are many laser applications which have been proven on a small scale to achieve the desired goals. One of the most promising of these developments is laser doping or laser diffusion of selective emitters.
Direct Fabrication of Periodic Structures on Surfaces
Authors: Lasagni Andrés F. , Bieda Matthias , Roch Teja , Langheinrich Denise 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis report introduces a recently developed method for the direct fabrication of 2D and 3D structures. The technique involves the modulation of the laser beam intensity by generating interference patterns. By using high power lasers it is possible to directly modify the material's surface obtaining micro‐ and submicrometer periodic arrays with controlled spatial modulation. Some examples of fabricated structures on metals, polymers as well as ta‐C layers are discussed.
Equivalent continuum modeling for non‐linear wave propagation in jointed media
Authors: Vorobiev Oleg , Antoun Tarabay 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a methodology to build equivalent continuum (ECC) models to represent jointed media for non‐linear wave propagation. In the present work, we study the response of randomly jointed rock media both to quasi‐static and dynamic loadings. We have found that, unlike in the quasi‐static case where no relaxation is observed, during dynamic loading, the deviatoric stress drops in the plastic wave after reaching its peak. Such stress relaxation phenomenon is calculated in jointed media, although the model used for intact rock blocks is rate‐independent. This is a strong indication that EC models for jointed rock should include some rate‐dependence when used in wave propagation simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zukunft der antiviralen Therapie der chronischen Hepatitis C. Direkt antiviral wirksame Medikamente
Authors: Lange Christian M. , Sarrazin Christoph , Zeuzem Stefan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractZahlreiche direkt antiviral wirksame Medikamente befinden sich derzeit in präklinischer und klinischer Entwicklung zur Behandlung der chronischen Hepatitis C. Obwohl wegen des hohen Risikos der viralen Resistenzentwicklung eine Monotherapie mit diesen Substanzen nicht möglich sein wird, belegen große Phase‐II‐Studien dass mit den Protease‐Inhibitoren Telaprevir (PROVE‐1‐ und PROVE‐2‐Studie) und Boceprevir (SPRINT‐1‐Studie) in Kombination mit pegyliertem Interferon‐alfa und Ribavirin das dauerhafte virologische Ansprechen gegenüber der Standardtherapie bei HCV‐Genotyp‐1‐Patienten beträchtlich gesteigert werden kann. Dies gilt sowohl für therapienaive Patienten, als auch für Non‐Responder und Relapser auf eine vorangegangene Standardtherapie mit pegIFN‐alfa und Ribavirin. Darüber hinaus erlauben zumindest Telaprevir‐basierte Regime für einen Teil der HCV‐infizierten Patienten deutlich verkürzte Therapiedauern. Allerdings sind Triple‐Therapien mit Protease‐Inhibitoren mit zusätzlichen Nebenwirkungen wie Anämie oder Hautausschlag (und zusätzlichen Kosten) verbunden, weswegen die Frage aufkommen wird, welche Patienten eine Triple‐Therapie benötigen. Neu entdeckte genetische Polymorphismen im Bereich des IL28B‐Gens erlauben eine zuverlässige Prädiktion des Therapieerfolges einer konventionellen Interferon‐basierten Therapie und könnten in Zukunft für diese Fragen herangezogen werden. Im Gegensatz zu Protease‐Inhibitoren weisen HCV‐Polymerase‐Inhibitoren und Inhibitoren von zellulären Proteinen im Allgemeinen eine geringere antivirale Aktivität auf. Insbesondere nukleosidische Polymerase‐Inhibitoren zeichnen sich durch eine breitere Wirksamkeit gegen verschiedene HCV‐Genotypen aus als NS3‐Protease‐Inhibitoren. Des weiteren werden zukünftige Studien zeigen, inwieweit mit einer Interferon‐freien, oralen Kombinationstherapie dieser Substanzen eine dauerhafte Elimination des HCV möglich ist.
Electrochemical detection of honokiol and magnolol in traditional Chinese medicines using acetylene black nanoparticle‐modified Electrode
Authors: Yang Xiaofeng , Gao Miaomiao , Hu Haidong , Zhang Huajie 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIntroduction – Honokiol and magnolol are the active components of Magnolia officinalis, which is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. Their simultaneous analysis is, therefore, important for the quality control of the product.Objective – To establish a simple, sensitive and rapid electrochemical method for the simultaneous detection of honokiol and magnolol based on the remarkable enhancement effect of acetylene black nanoparticle (AB).Methodology – The AB‐modified electrode was prepared via solvent evaporation. The electrochemical response of honokiol and magnolol was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The simultaneous detection was performed with differential pulse voltammetry. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy.Results – The linear range for honokiol is 0.5–300 µg/L, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.25 µg/L (9.4 × 10−10 mol/L). For magnolol, the linear range is 10–250 µg/L, and the LOD is 5 µg/L (1.88 × 10−8 mol/L).Conclusion – The new method was successfully used to determine honokiol and magnolol in a traditional Chinese medicine called Ageratum liquid. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The quantification of ellagic acid in the crude extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Dhooghe Liene , Meert Hans , Cimanga Richard K. , Vlietinck Arnold J. , Pieters Luc , Apers Sandra 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIntroduction – Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae), already well known for its antiviral, antihyperglycaemic and antihepatotoxic effects, is also investigated for its antimalarial activity. The major constituent of the crude extract of the whole plant was isolated and identified in this research to be ellagic acid, for which antiplasmodial activity already has been reported.Objective – Because of the potential of the plant and the interesting properties of ellagic acid, an analytical method can be useful for the standardisation of the extracts to allow further biological and pharmacological investigations. In order to obtain an easily performable and inexpensive method, an HPLC analysis was developed and validated.Methodology – The samples were dissolved in DMSO, ultrasonicated for 15 min, and diluted with 50% methanol. Analysis was performed using water and methanol containing 0.06% TFA and the peaks were detected at 254 nm.Results – Ellagic acid showed a linear relationship in the range of 1.74–20.91 µg/mL and a single‐point calibration was allowed. The method was shown to be precise with respect to time (RSD of 1.84%, 3 days, n = 6) and concentration (RSD of 2.54%, 3 levels, n = 6). The overall mean content of ellagic acid was 2.06%. A recovery experiment was performed and it showed an accuracy of 100.4%.Conclusion – Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the newly developed method is suitable for its purpose, namely the determination of ellagic acid in the crude extract of P. amarus. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein Offizier auf akademischen Abwegen
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDas Standardmodell der Physik kennt heute vier Grundkräfte. Für den Gesuchten stellt sich die Lage viel unübersichtlicher dar: Er unterscheidet Schwerkraft, magnetische Anziehungskraft und elektrische Kräfte und hätte sicher noch mindestens eine weitere Schublade für andere “mechanische” Kräfte aufgemacht, in der er etwa Torsion oder Reibung untergebracht hätte.
Impact of PCR for respiratory viruses on antibiotic use: Theory and practice
Authors: van de Pol Alma C. , Wolfs Tom F.W. , Tacke Carline E.A. , Uiterwaal Cuno S.P. , Forster Johannes , van Loon Anton M. , Kimpen Jan L.L. , Rossen John W.A. , Jansen Nicolaas J.G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRationale for the studyReal‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for respiratory viruses is more sensitive, yet more expensive, than conventionally used direct immunofluorescence (DIF). We determined the impact of real‐time PCR, additional to DIF, on antibiotic prescription in ventilated children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) at admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).MethodsFirst, a multicenter survey study was performed. Subsequently, in a prospective study, children (≤5 years) with LRTI were tested at admission by DIF and PCR. Positive DIF results were reported at the end of the first working day. PICU physicians reported antibiotic treatment on the second working day. After informing them of the PCR result antibiotic treatment was reevaluated.ResultsThe multicenter survey study (94 respondents) showed that PCR decreased antibiotic use (P < 0.001). In the prospective study 38 children were included, of which 19 (50%) were DIF positive. Of the 19 DIF negative patients 12 (63%) were treated with antibiotics before revealing the PCR result; the PCR test was positive in 9 out of 12. Revealing PCR results did not alter antibiotic treatment. In 7 DIF negative patients antibiotics not given, the PCR test was positive.ConclusionIn contrast to their responses to the survey study, in real‐life PICU physicians did not let their antibiotic prescription be influenced by respiratory real‐time PCR in children ventilated for LRTI. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:428–434. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effective Gene Silencing by Multilayered siRNA‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Seung Koo , Han Myung Shin , Asokan Subashini , Tung Ching‐Hsuan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSmall interfering RNA (siRNA) has been widely proposed to treat various diseases by silencing genes, but its delivery remains a challenge. A well controlled assembly approach is applied to prepare a protease‐assisted nanodelivery system. Protease‐degradable poly‐L‐lysine (PLL) and siRNA are fabricated onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), by alternating the charged polyelectrolytes. In this study, up to 4 layers of PLL and 3 layers of siRNA (sR3P) are coated. Due to the slow degradation of PLL, the incorporated siRNA is released gradually and shows extended gene‐silencing effects. Importantly, the inhibition effect in cells is found to correlate with the number of siRNA layers.