bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of summer drought and spring defoliation on carbohydrate reserves, persistence and recovery of two populations of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) in a Mediterranean environment
Authors: Volaire F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe ability to survive severe summer water stress determines the persistence, and therefore autumn yield, of temperate grasses in the Mediterranean environment. In the island of Corsica, sward survival and changes in carbohydrate content were investigated over 2 years, in two contrasting populations of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerataL.): KM2, an early-flowering population of Mediterranean origin and Lutetia, a late-flowering cultivar bred in North West France.In Expt 1 (1987/88) three spring defoliation intensities were imposed. In Expt 2 (1989/90) three levels of water deficit were imposed under a rain shelter.In spring, dry matter (DM) yields and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations in leaf bases were similar (20–35% of DM) for both populations. From June to September, WSC reserves tended to decline in Lutetia, whereas accumulation of WSC was maintained until August (45% of DM) in KM2. Fructans formed the major component, and therefore followed the same seasonal pattern, as total WSC. Contents of trisaccharide and sucrose increased in late summer as drought progressed. Contents of glucose and fructose were lower but increased in August or in September according to treatment.In both field experiments during summer, KM2 had 50% more live tillers/m2than Lutetia, possibly because it remained in positive carbon balance for a longer period. WSC levels in summer and regrowth in autumn were reduced both by intense defoliation in spring and by severe water stress in summer. On average, autumn yields of KM2 were five times greater than those of Lutetia and the recovery yields were closely correlated with fructan contents of leaf bases in summer (r =0·80;P< 0·001).The role of fructans and low DP-sugars as solutes in osmotic adjustment and as substrates for regrowth are discussed, and the differences between populations are analysed.
Genetic factors controlling outcrossing in faba bean (Vicia faba): effects of pollen donor and receptor genotypes and estimates of inter-receptor crossfertilization
Authors: Metz P. L. J. , Buiel A. A. M. , Van Norel A. , Helsper J. P. F. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFor the production of hybrid and synthetic varieties, high rates of cross-fertilization are needed. Two aspects of cross-fertilization in Vicia faba L. were studied at Wageningen in 1989 and 1990. The occurrence of cross-fertilization between pollen receptor lines in large-scale assays for crossfertilization was determined. Furthermore, the contribution of the genotype of the donor, of the receptor, and of their specific interactions in terms of cross-fertilization rate were studied.Inter-receptor cross-fertilization may represent from 2 to 70% of the total cross-fertilization. Interreceptor cross-fertilization increases when donors and receptors do not match for flowering height.The genotype of the receptor appeared to be of importance for the cross-fertilization rate. No differences in cross-fertilization rate due to genetic differences between pollen donors were noticed. Also no significant specific donor x receptor interaction effect on cross-fertilization rate could be observed.
Cotton spacing experiments in Uganda
Authors: Hearn A. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRecently developed mathematical models have been used to study the effects of plant population density and arrangement on the yield of cotton in central Uganda. Optimum density did not vary with variety, but was less with bollworm infestation, infertile soils and drought. A reasonable compromise between a population density suitable for adverse conditions and one suitable for good conditions is 7·4 plants m−2. This population is best achieved with 0·45 × 0·25 m spacing but if such rows are too close to manage then 0·2 m in rows 0·7–0·9 m apart is recommended. The mathematical models used in the study are discussed and appraised.
The growth of maize. II. Dry-matter partition in three maize hybrids
Authors: Adelana B. O. , Milbourn G. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWork that has been reported from some African countries indicates a dependence of grain yield in maize on the duration of leaf area after flowering. This paper studies maize yield in south-east England and confirms work at a similar northern latitude in Canada which has shown that considerable remobilization of photosynthate from the stem to the ear takes place during the main ear fill period.A similar grain yield was obtained from two contrasting hybrids. In a short early hybrid, Kelvedon 75A, there was a low peak leaf area index (5·3) but the net assimilation rate was high due possibly to efficient light interception by leaves that maintained an erect posture. Stem dry matter was also low and hence in this hybrid the high reproductive/vegetative ratio shows that there has been economy in the production of leaves and stem, especially as a 48% stem loss occurred during the period of ear fill.In contrast, in a later hybrid, Anjou 210, the final shoot dry matter was 20% higher as the peak leaf-area index of 7·7 gave slightly higher crop growth rates than K 75A. Although the remobilization of stem dry matter was similar in both hybrids it was notable that a different partition of dry matter in the ears of Anjou 210 gave a higher grain/rachis ratio.
A radiological investigation of the effects of cannulation on intestinal motility and digesta flow in sheep
Authors: Wenham G. , Wyburn R. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRadiological examinations were carried out on ten sheep to see what changes in intestinal motility and flow of digesta were caused by intestinal cannulation. Barium sulphate was injected or infused into the abomasum via an implanted catheter; its passage through the intestine and associated muscular contractions were observed using X-ray image intensification. Once the normal pattern had been established for each individual, single or re-entrant cannulae were inserted into one of four positions in the small intestine.All the cannulations caused some disruption of the normal flow of digesta, causing retention of digesta and distension of the intestine around and proximal to the intraluminal flanges of the cannulae. The duodenum was affected the most, particularly by one type of re-entrant cannula which reduced the degree of jejunal filling; peristaltic contractions often failed to propagate beyond these cannulae and also caused some retrograde movement of digesta between the cannulation site and the duodenal bulb during the irregular contraction phase (ICP) of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC). These re-entrant cannulae also impaired the clearing effect of regular contraction phase (RCP).
An assessment of barley straw and oat hulls as energy sources for yearling cattle
Authors: Smith T. , Broster W. H. , Siviter J. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree experiments, each consisting of a feeding trial plus a digestibility and nitrogen retention study, compared long barley straw with rolled barley as basal diets and oat hulls with maize starch as energy supplements for yearling dairy cattle. The protein ontent of the diets was varied by the addition of flshmeal.Growth rates were reduced by the dietary combination of high fibre and low protein, so that diets rich in straw, or containing a supplement of oat hulls, gave a large response to a supplement of fishmeal compared with low straw or maize starch supplemented diets. The data suggest a crude protein concentration of 115 g/kg dry matter as a requirement for high fibre diets supplemented with fishmeal, when fed to yearling cattle. Retention of nitrogen reflected the pattern of live-weight gain. Molar proportions of VFA were affected by changes in the roughage: concentrates ratio, except where energy and protein intakes were both low.Barley straw was of a higher nutritive value than oat hulls.
A U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Plan: First Meeting of the Carbon Cycle Science Working Group; Washington, D. C., 17–18 November 2008
Authors: Michalak Anna M. , Jackson Rob , Marland Gregg , Sabine Christopher 
Published: March 2009

The report “A U.S. carbon cycle science plan” (J. L. Sarmiento and S. C. Wofsy, U.S. Global Change Res. Program, Washington, D.C., 1999) outlined research priorities and promoted coordinated carbon cycle research across federal agencies for nearly a decade. Building on this framework and subsequent reports (available at http://www.carboncyclescience.gov/docs.php), the Carbon Cycle Science Working Group (CCSWG) was formed in 2008 to develop an updated strategy for the next decade. The recommendations of the CCSWG will go to agency managers who have collective responsibility for setting national carbon cycle science priorities and for sponsoring much of the carbon cycle research in the United States.The first meeting of the CCSWG took place in November, with the overall goals of achieving consensus on the extent to which the 1999 plan should be updated, developing a list of overarching scientific questions to be addressed by the new plan, and identifying mechanisms for maximizing community input.
The Effects of a Sound-Field Amplification System on Managerial Time in Middle School Physical Education Settings
Authors: Ryan Stu 
Published: March 2009

Purpose
The focus of this research effort was to examine the effect of a sound-field amplification system on managerial time in the beginning of class in a physical education setting.

Method
A multiple baseline design across participants was used to measure change in the managerial time of 2 middle school female physical education teachers using a portable sound-field amplification system. Managerial time is defined as the cumulative amount of time that students spend on organizational, transitional, and nonsubject matter tasks in a lesson.

Results
The findings showed that the amount of managerial time at the beginning of class clearly decreased when the teacher used sound-field amplification feedback to physical education students.

Conclusion
Findings indicate an immediate need for administrators to determine the most appropriate, cost-effective procedure to support sound-field amplification systems in existing physical education settings.
Solving the Reading Crisis—Take 2: The Case for Differentiated Assessment
Authors: Kamhi Alan G. 
Published: March 2009

Purpose
The responses to my initial article (A. G. Kamhi, 2007) have raised serious questions about whether embracing the narrow view of reading is the best way to reduce the persistently high levels of reading failure experienced in today’s schools. This afterword provides another attempt to offer a solution to this problem without the distraction of the narrow view of reading.

Method

This second attempt to solve the reading crisis draws on the five responses in this clinical forum and other helpful comments from colleagues who responded to the initial article in
The
ASHA Leader
.

Conclusion

The way to eliminate high levels of reading failure is to differentiate word recognition from domain-general reading comprehension and specific subject knowledge in high-stakes assessments. This differentiation will focus attention on the true crisis in American education—knowledge deficiencies in the sciences, history, math, literature, and other subject areas that are important for success in the 21
st
century.
Anaemia in schoolchildren in eight countries in Africa and Asia
Authors:   Partnership for Child Development. Principal investigators:, Hall Andrew , Bobrow Emily , Brooker Simon , Jukes Matthew , Nokes Kate , Lambo Jane , Guyatt Helen , Bundy Don , Adjei Sam , Wen Su-Tung , Satoto  , Subagio Hertanto , Rafiluddin Mohammed Zen , Miguel Ted , Moulin Sylvie , Johnson Joseph de Graft , Mukaka Mary , Roschnik Nathalie , Sacko Moussa , Zacher Anna , Mahumane Bonifacio , Kihamia Charles , Mwanri Lillian , Tatala Simon , Lwambo Nicholas , Siza Julius , Bao Khanh Le Nguyen , Khoi Ha Huy , Toan Nguyen Duy 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo report on the haemoglobin concentrations and prevalence of anaemia in schoolchildren in eight countries in Africa and Asia.DesignBlood samples were collected during surveys of the health of schoolchildren as a part of programmes to develop school-based health services.SettingRural schools in Ghana, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Tanzania and Vietnam.SubjectsNearly 14 000 children enrolled in basic education in three age ranges (7&ndash;11 years, 12&ndash;14 years and &Auml;15 years) which reflect the new UNICEF/WHO thresholds to define anaemia.ResultsAnaemia was found to be a severe public health problem (defined as >40% anaemic) in five African countries for children aged 7–11 years and in four of the same countries for children aged 12–14 years. Anaemia was not a public health problem in the children studied in the two Asian countries. More boys than girls were anaemic, and children who enrolled late in school were more likely to be anaemic than children who enrolled closer to the correct age. The implications of the four new thresholds defining anaemia for school-age children are examined.ConclusionsAnaemia is a significant problem in schoolchildren in sub-Saharan Africa. School-based health services which provide treatments for simple conditions that cause blood loss, such as worms, followed by multiple micronutrient supplements including iron, have the potential to provide relief from a large burden of anaemia.
Intraindividual comparison between gadopentetate dimeglumine and gadobutrol for magnetic resonance perfusion in normal brain and intracranial tumors at 3 tesla
Authors: Giesel Frederik L. , Mehndiratta Amit , Risse Frank , Rius Maria , Zechmann Christian M. , von Tengg-Kobligk Hendrik , Gerigk Lars , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Politi Maria , Essig Marco , Griffiths Paul D. , Wilkinson Iain D. 
Published: March 2009

Background: In vitro studies have shown that the 3-Tesla (T) magnetic resonance (MR) characteristics of high- and standard-molar gadolinium-based contrast agents differ. Such differences may indicate that high-molar (1.0 M) agents offer advantages for perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) at 3T, as has been previously reported at 1.5T. Purpose: To investigate possible intraindividual differences of high- versus low-molar contrast agents on PWI at 3T in patients with intracranial space-occupying lesions. Material and Methods: Six patients with intraaxial and five patients with extraaxial tumors underwent two MR examinations at 3T, separated by at least 48 hours. On each occasion, an exogenous contrast-based, T2*-weighted, gradient-recalled echo-planar imaging (EPI) technique was used to determine the intracranial perfusion characteristics using one of two intravenous contrast agents: either 5 ml of 1.0 M gadobutrol or 10 ml of 0.5 M gadopentetate dimeglumine. The primary PWI outcome measure was region-of-interest maximal signal change (Cmax). Results: The difference in Cmax for gray and white matter (ΔCmax) was significantly higher for gadobutrol compared to gadopentetate dimeglumine ( P<0.01). The ratio of Cmax between gray and white matter (rCmax = CmaxGray/CmaxWhite) was also significantly higher (median 24.6%, range 13.7–36.5%) for gadobutrol ( P<0.01). The ratio of Cmax between the whole tumor and whole normal side hemisphere was higher in five out of the six intraaxial tumor cases. A significantly higher ratio (ΔCmax/Cmax) in the difference between Cmax of gray and white matter (from hemisphere without brain lesion) compared to Cmax for the hemisphere containing the neoplasm (hemisphere with brain lesion) was demonstrated for gadobutrol in intraaxial tumors ( P<0.05). Conclusion: Higher-concentration 1.0 M gadobutrol can offer advantages over standard 0.5 M gadopentetate dimeglumine, particularly with respect to delineation between gray and white matter and for the demarcation of highly vascularized tumor tissue on brain PWI performed at 3T.
A systematic review of telemonitoring technologies in heart failure
Authors: Maric Biljana , Kaan Annemarie , Ignaszewski Andrew , Lear Scott A. 
Published: March 2009

AimsHeart failure (HF) results in characteristic signs and symptoms including oedema and breathing difficulties. Heart failure is particularly suited to telemonitoring, because patients’ signs and symptoms can be assessed remotely by healthcare providers, and deterioration can be quickly detected and addressed. In this paper, we review studies conducted in HF telemonitoring, to describe the nature of the modality, the methods, and the results.Methods and resultsArticles were obtained through a MedLine search, utilizing the term heart failure in conjunction with the terms telehealth, telecare, telemonitoring, web, Internet, remote monitoring, and self‐monitoring. Studies utilizing various modalities, including telephone touch pad, specialized hardware, and websites for participants to enter data were found, with various benefits being reported. Most studies demonstrated improvements in outcome measures, including improved quality of life and decreased hospitalizations. However, not all studies reported the same improvements and in several cases the sample sizes were relatively small.ConclusionTelemonitoring appears to be an acceptable method for monitoring of HF patients. Controlled, randomized studies directly comparing different modalities and evaluating their success and feasibility when used as part of routine clinical care, are now required.
Severity scores, itch scores and plasma substance P levels in atopic dermatitis treated with standard topical therapy with oral olopatadine hydrochloride
Authors: HOSOKAWA Chisato , TAKEUCHI Satoshi , FURUE Masutaka 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic or chronically relapsing, severely pruritic, eczematous skin disease. Recently, substance P (SP) has been demonstrated to be one of the important neuropeptides for mediating itch–scratch and stress–scratch cycles. In this study, we examined the severity scores, itch scores and plasma SP levels in 19 patients with AD treated with standard topical therapy with or without an oral antihistamine, olopatadine hydrochloride, for 4 weeks. The standard therapy decreased SCORAD scores, itch behavioral rating scores and plasma SP levels at post‐treatment in the mass, but the topical therapy with olopatadine was more effective than the topical therapy alone, suggesting a potential additive effect.
Effects of Propionibacterium acnes on various mRNA expression levels in normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro
Authors: AKAZA Narifumi , AKAMATSU Hirohiko , KISHI Masataka , MIZUTANI Hiroshi , ISHII Izumi , NAKATA Satoru , MATSUNAGA Kayoko 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT Propionibacterium acnes is one of the most significant pathogenic factors of acne vulgaris. This bacteria relates to acne by various pathways. It has also been reported that P. acnes influences pro‐inflammatory cytokine production in keratinocytes in vitro. However, the influence on the differentiation of keratinocytes by P. acnes has not been studied extensively. We analyzed the expression of keratinocyte differentiation‐specific markers, keratins, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) exposed to P. acnes in vitro. All P. acnes strains used in this study increased transglutaminase (TGase), keratin 17 (K17) and interleukin (IL) mRNA expression levels in NHEK, and decreased K1 and K10 expression levels. Some P. acnes strains increased involucrin and K6 mRNA expression levels in NHEK and decreased filaggrin, K6 and K16 expression levels in vitro. This experiment clarified that P. acnes influences the differentiation of NHEK in vitro. As a result, P. acnes influenced the expression of not only pro‐inflammatory cytokines but also some keratinocyte differentiation‐specific markers and keratins in NHEK. Our results suggest that P. acnes relates to acne pathogenesis by not only the induction of inflammation but also in the differentiation of keratinocytes. Moreover, it was considered that the reaction of NHEK to P. acnes may be different depending on the type of bacteria.
Successful treatment of Rosai–Dorfman disease with low‐dose oral corticosteroid
Authors: OKA Masahiro , KAMO Tsuneyoshi , GOTO Noriko , NAGANO Tohru , HIRAYAMA Yuji , NIBU Ken‐ichi , NISHIGORI Chikako 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTWe present herein a Japanese case of Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD) in which cutaneous manifestations completely remitted after treatment with low‐dose oral corticosteroid. A 69‐year‐old Japanese man presented with a 1‐year history of enlarged submandibular lymph nodes and subsequent nasal and pharyngeal bleeding. RDD was diagnosed based on biopsy results from a lymph node in the left parotid region. The patient had also noted several skin eruptions that repeatedly appeared and disappeared on the face and arms. Biopsies were taken from skin eruptions on the face and cuboidal fossa. Both biopsy specimens showed dense, well‐demarcated infiltration of histiocytes, lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells from just under the epidermis to the subcutaneous tissue. These histiocytes were positive for CD68 and S‐100, but negative for CD1a, and some displayed emperipolesis. Given the histopathological findings and the fact that the patient was suffering from RDD, skin lesions were diagnosed as cutaneous manifestations of RDD. Cutaneous lesions gradually began to persist concomitant with enlargement of extranodal lymphadenopathy in the nasopharyngeal area. Increasing respiratory obstruction prompted a trial with oral prednisolone commencing at 0.4 mg/kg per day. Both the lymphadenopathy and skin lesions responded quickly. Within 3 months, all his skin lesions disappeared completely with almost complete resolution of lymphadenopathy. Twelve months after the beginning of oral prednisolone therapy, slight recurrence of mucosal and cutaneous lesions appeared, but disappeared quickly with an increase in prednisolone to 0.3 mg/kg per day. Low‐dose prednisolone appeared very effective in the case of RDD.
Evidence that PKA activity is constitutively activated in human GH‐secreting adenoma cells in a patient with Carney complex harbouring a PRKAR1A mutation
Authors: Takano Koji , Yasufuku‐Takano Junko , Morita Koji , Mori Shigetoshi , Takei Mao , Osamura Robert Yoshiyuki , Teramoto Akira , Fujita Toshiro 
Published: March 2009

SummaryContext  The GHRH–protein kinase A (PKA) signalling pathway is essential for cell proliferation and GH synthesis/secretion in somatotrophs. An inactivating mutation of PRKAR1A is one of the causes of somatotrophinoma in Carney complex (CNC). The basal PKA activity of somatotroph adenoma cells from CNC has not been evaluated because of a limited amount of available tissue.Objective  This study examined how the PRKAR1A mutation affects the PKA signalling pathway in a human somatotrophinoma with a PRKAR1A mutation.Design and setting  Somatotrophinoma cells from a 40‐year‐old male patient with CNC were used. The patient had a novel somatic heterozygous germline frameshift mutation (227delT) in PRKAR1A leading to a premature stop codon. The tumour showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 17q23–24. Primary cultured adenoma cells were subjected to electrophysiological experiments to evaluate PKA signalling in individual cells.Results  GHRH did not increase the nonselective cation current or the voltage‐gated calcium current in these adenoma cells, in contrast to nonadenomatous somatotroph cells in which these currents increase through the PKA pathway. Application of a PKA inhibitor inhibited the basal currents in these adenoma cells, results that were not observed in nonadenomatous somatotrophs. These data indicate that the basal currents are already increased and cannot be further increased by GHRH.Conclusions  The results demonstrate that PKA is activated at the basal state in these adenoma cells. The data also show that both the nonselective cation current and the voltage‐gated calcium current, vital regulators of GH secretion downstream of PKA, are maximally increased in these cells. These maximally increased currents probably account for the excessive GH secretion.