bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capitalism, Communism and Colonialism? Revisiting "Transitology" as the Ideology of Informal Empire
Authors: Haskell John D , Mamlyuk Boris N. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In the context of international law, “transitology" is often used to describe the literature surrounding the former Soviet Union (fSU) and the subsequent reform attempts by Western and Eastern/Central European market reformers. While it is often acknowledged there have been other	“waves" of transition, this literature typically asserts that the situation in the fSU is somehow distinct in human history, and thus, to a large extent, unmixable with other past “transition" histories. Likewise, the story of the Soviet Union's dissolution, and the subsequent reforms in its aftermath, largely avoid the radar of critical colonial discourses. In short, there is almost no effort to link the fSU to the 19th century colonial project of Western European states, in particular the story of informal empire. This article seeks to re-frame the post-communist transition debate in terms of the broader international challenges of decolonization, “neo-colonialism," and informal empire building in the West, the former Soviet Union, as well as between the two in the post Soviet space.
A Dependency in Development Indicator for NGOs and International Organizations
Authors: Lempert David H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The article offers an easy-to-use indicator for measuring whether NGOs, international organizations, and government policies and projects meet the criteria for sustained poverty reduction that reverses legacies of colonialism and that promotes self-reliant (mostly "self sufficient") autonomous development following principles that have been established by various international treaties and that are recognized by experts in the field. Use of this indicator reveals that most of the major actors in the field of development are actually providing relief rather than development and are creating dependency by treating symptoms rather than long-term solutions. The indicator points to the specific areas where they need to improve in order to fulfill sustainability criteria including tests of whether aid distorts financial markets and business competition, erodes appropriate government functions, and reverses colonial institutions and ideologies that interfere with sustainable consumption within a resource base. The article also offers a sample test of the indicator using United Nations Volunteers (UNV) as a case study.
Human Factors: Industrial Incidents
Authors: Aleksander Adam K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article presents an overview of forensic engineering practice in product liability and industrial accident litigation, with an emphasis on human factors (HFs) and ergonomics issues. The discussion links safety engineering, human factors engineering and regulatory safety programs and briefly reviews litigation concepts such as product defects and foreseeable use. Three cases are used to illustrate home appliance, recreation vehicle, and construction equipment accidents, with HF elements, including risk perception, foreseeable behavior, and induced human error through defective design.
Occupational cancer in Italy: Evaluating the extent of compensated cases in the period 1994–2006
Authors: Scarselli Alberto , Scano Patrizia , Marinaccio Alessandro , Iavicoli Sergio 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study is to analyze occupational cancer claims compensated in the industrial sector in Italy between 1994 and 2006.MethodsA descriptive analysis of compensated occupational cancers based on the Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL) data was performed. Summary statistics were compiled by sex and age of worker, cancer type, workplace agent and economic sector. The temporal trend in the period 1994–2006 was investigated for the most frequently compensated cancers (mesothelioma and lung cancer from asbestos; nasal cavities cancer from wood and leather dust).ResultsBetween 1994 and 2006, 6,243 cancer claims were compensated by INAIL due to occupational exposure in the industrial sector. Most (5,288, or 85%) of these compensated claims occurred in the period 2000–2006, when the annual mean of the most compensated cancers increased approximately four times compared to the period 1994–1999.ConclusionsThere is an increasing trend in compensation for work‐related cancers in Italy in recent years, even if occupational cancers are still widely underreported. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:859–867, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complex contributions of Ets2 to craniofacial and thymus phenotypes of trisomic “Down syndrome” mice
Authors: Hill Cheryl A. , Sussan Thomas E. , Reeves Roger H. , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTs65Dn mice have segmental trisomy for orthologs of about half of the genes on human chromosome 21, including Ets2. These mice develop anomalies of the cranial skeleton and thymus that parallel those in Down syndrome. Overexpression of the Ets2 transcription factor gene was posited to be sufficient to produce these craniofacial and thymus deficits in transgenic mice that constitutively overexpress a processed Ets2 transcript under a promiscuous promoter [Sumarsono et al. (1996); Nature 379:534–537; Wolvetang et al. (2003); Hum Mol Genet 12:247–255]. Evaluation of trisomic mice with varying copy numbers of a properly regulated Ets2 gene indicated increased dosage of Ets2 was not sufficient to produce effects on thymus and most of the cranial anomalies seen in Ts65Dn mice. However, mesoderm‐derived cranial skeletal elements are significantly more affected in Ts65Dn, Ets2+/− mice compared to Ts65Dn littermates suggesting a differential interaction of Ets2‐related processes with mesoderm‐derived and neural crest‐derived formative tissues. Our results support the growing evidence for interactions among multiple genes contributing to developmental perturbations resulting in variation in complex Down syndrome phenotypes. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Floating–Harbor syndrome and intramedullary spinal cord ganglioglioma: Case report and observations from the literature
Authors: Nelson Rachel A. , McNamara Michelle , Ellis William , Stein‐Wexler Rebecca , Moghaddam Billur , Zwerdling Theodore 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe report on a 5‐year‐old male with expressive language delay, developmental delay, short stature, and facial anomalies consistent with Floating–Harbor syndrome (FHS). In addition, he developed an intramedullary ganglioglioma. This is the first reported case of a tumor associated with FHS, and may represent an as yet undefined genetic link between spinal cord tumors and FHS, adding this syndrome to the growing list of disorders with a predisposition for tumor development. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
4.3‐Mb triplication of 4q32.1–q32.2: Report of a family through two generations
Authors: Wang Jia‐Chi , Fisker Thomas , Dang Linda , Teshima Ikuko , Nowaczyk Małgorzata J.M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDuplications of 4q31‐qter have been rarely documented; moreover, triplications at this chromosomal region have never been described. Here we report a family through two generations (mother and three sons) with triplication of 4q32.1–q32.2. Their characteristic features include: macrocephaly, a long midface, hypoplastic zygoma, wide nasal bridge, short nose, downslanting and small palpebral fissures, and small, low‐set and squared‐off ears. Among the three sons, two had Hirschsprung disease, and one had constipation at birth. The phenotype of triplication of 4q32.1–q32.2 appeared to be distinct from duplications of 4q31‐qter. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic research on stored tissue samples from minors: A systematic review of the ethical literature
Authors: Hens Kristien , Nys Herman , Cassiman Jean‐Jacques , Dierickx Kris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe potential benefits of biobank research are well known. Also, the ethical implications of genetic research on stored tissue samples are well discussed in existing literature. The inclusion of tissue samples from minors may have significant scientific value. However, this inclusion raises specific ethical questions. We have performed a systematic search of the literature and found 21 theoretical and empirical articles dealing with the issue. After review, we distilled five clusters of themes: consent, risks, benefits, return of results, and ownership. We have described the different components of these themes, as they occurred in the literature and have provided a discourse on the topic. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of polypropylene‐grafted gelatin
Authors: Kaur Inderjeet , Gautam Neena , Khanna N. Deepika 
Published: September 2009

AbstractModification of polypropylene (PP) has been successfully carried out by graft copolymerization of gelatin, by chemical method using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as radical initiator. PP was preirradiated by gamma rays at a constant dose rate of 3.40 kGy/h before grafting to introduce hydroperoxide groups. Optimum conditions pertaining to maximum percentage of grafting were evaluated as a function of different reaction parameters. Maximum percentage of grafting of gelatin (115%) was obtained at BPO concentration = 4.132 × 10−2 mol/L in 120 min at 70°C using 30 mL of water. Characterization of PP‐g‐gelatin was carried out through FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Swelling studies were carried out in pure, binary, ternary, and quaternary solvent systems comprising distilled water, ethanol, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in different ratios. Maximum swelling of PP‐g‐gelatin (both composite and true graft) was observed in pure solvents that is, DMSO followed by DMF, ethanol, and water and was higher than that observed in the mixed solvent system. Water retention studies of unmodified PP, that is, pristine PP and PP‐g‐gelatin (both composite and true graft) were investigated at different time periods, temperatures and pH. Maximum % water retention for PP‐g‐gelatin (composite; 170%) was observed in 8 h at 50°C in neutral medium (pH = 7). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Use of an audience response system during peer teaching among physical therapy students in human gross anatomy: Perceptions of peer teachers and students
Authors: Wait Kevin R. , Cloud Beth A. , Forster Lindsey A. , Jones Tiffany M. , Nokleby Jessica J. , Wolfe Cortney R. , Youdas James W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn audience response system (ARS) has become popular among educators in medicine and the health professions because of the system's ability to engage listeners during a lecture presentation. No one has described the usefulness of ARS technology during planned nonlecture peer teaching sessions in gross anatomy instruction for health professionals. The unique feature of each peer teaching session was a nongraded 12–15 item ARS quiz assembled by six second‐year doctor of physical therapy (DPT) students and purposely placed at the beginning of the review session for those first‐year DPT students in attendance. This study used a ten‐item questionnaire and a five‐point Likert scale in addition to three open ended questions to survey perceptions of both first‐year and second‐year DPT students about the usefulness of ARS technology implemented during weekly interactive peer teaching sessions during a semester course in Anatomy for Physical Therapists. First‐year students overwhelmingly acknowledged the ARS system permitted each student to self‐assess his/her preparedness for a quiz or examination and compare his/her performance with that of classmates. Peer teachers recognized an ARS quiz provided them an opportunity to: (1) estimate first‐year students' level of understanding of anatomical concepts; and (2) effectively prepare first‐year students for their weekly quizzes and future examinations. On the basis of the mutual benefits derived by both students/tutees and teachers/tutors, physical therapist educators may wish to consider using ARS technology to enhance teaching methods for a class in gross human anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 2: 286–293, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Surgical Clinical Correlates in Anatomy: Design and implementation of a first‐year medical school program
Authors: Haubert Lisa M. , Jones Kenneth , Moffatt‐Bruce Susan D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMedical students state the need for a clinically oriented anatomy class so to maximize their learning experience. We hypothesize that the first‐year medical students, who take the Surgical Clinical Correlates in Anatomy program, will perform better than their peers in their anatomy course, their surgical clerkships and ultimately choose surgical residencies. We designed and recently implemented this program for first‐year medical students. It consisted of General Surgical Knowledge, Orthopedic Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Surgery, Vascular Surgery, and Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) sessions. Each session had defined learning objectives and interactive cadaveric operations performed by faculty members and students. The program was elective and had 25 participants randomly chosen. An evaluative questionnaire was completed before and after the program. Comparative analysis of the questionnaires, first‐year anatomy examination results, clinical surgical rotation scores, and residency match results will be completed. The positive opinions of surgeons increased for all medical students from the pre‐evaluation to the post‐evaluation, and there was a greater increase in positive opinions for our participants. Our participants also had the highest average overall for all combined anatomy examinations. A need exists among medical students to develop a clinically correlated anatomy program that will maximize their learning experience, improve their performance and allow them to make moreinformed career choices. The recent implementation of this Surgical Clinical Correlates in Anatomy program fulfills this need. Anat Sci Educ 2: 265‒272, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
The destruction of cometary grains and changes in the luminosity of comets
Authors: Gronkowski P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOne explanation of the sudden changes in the brightness of comets is proposed based on the author's earlier suggestions involving the fragmentation of cometary grains. Within the inner coma, a core‐mantle model of the structure of grains is assumed. The proposed mechanism is a combination of electrostatic stress and thermodynamical fragmentation of the cometary grains water‐ice mantle. It has been shown that the vapour pressure of volatile inclusions placed in the waterice mantle of grains can increase sufficiently to cause their fragmentation. It takes place before grains can completely sublime into the vacuum away. Numerical calculations have been carried out for a large range of values of probable physical characteristics of cometary material. The proposed approach yields increases in cometary brightness consistent with observations of typical cometary outbursts. It is concluded that this approach can provide an explanation of the sudden change in activity of comets for a wide range of heliocentric distances (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of local thermodynamics and of stellar mass ratio on accretion disc stability in close binaries
Authors: Lanzafame G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInflow kinematics at the inner Lagrangian point L1, gas compressibility, and physical turbulent viscosity play a fundamental role on accretion disc dynamics and structure in a close binary (CB). Physical viscosity supports the accretion disc development inside the primary gravitational potential well, developing the gas radial transport, converting mechanical energy into heat. The Stellar‐Mass‐Ratio (SMR) between the compact primary and the secondary star (M1/M2) is also effective, not only in the location of the inner Lagrangian point, but also in the angular kinematics of the mass transfer and in the geometry ofthe gravitational potential wells. In this work we pay attention in particular to the role ofthe SMR, evaluating boundaries, separating theoretical domains in compressibility‐viscosity graphs where physical conditions allow a well‐bound disc development, as a function ofmass transfer kinematic conditions. In such domains, the lower is the gas compressibility (the higher the polytropic index γ), the higher is the physical viscosity (α) requested. In this work, we show how the boundaries of such domains vary as a function of M1/M2. Conclusions as far as dwarf novae outbursts are concerned, induced by mass transfer rate variations, are also reported. The smaller M1/M2, the shorter the duration of the active‐to‐quiet and vice‐versa transitional phases. Time‐scales are of the order of outburst duration of SU Uma, OY Car, Z Cha and SS Cyg‐like objects. Moreover, conclusions as far as active‐quiet‐active phenomena in a CB, according to viscous‐thermal instabilities, in accordance to such domains, are also reported (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The symbiotic system CH Cygni: An analysis of the shocked nebulae at different epochs
Authors: Contini M. , Angeloni R. , Rafanelli P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe analyse the line and continuum spectra of the symbiotic system CH Cygni. We adopt the colliding‐wind model to explain the symbiotic system at different phases. Peculiar observed features such as flickering, radio variation, X‐ray emission, as well as the distribution of the nebulae and shells throughout the system are investigated by modelling the spectra at different epochs. The models account consistently for shock and photoionization and are constrained by absolute fluxes. We find that the reverse shock between the stars leads to the broad lines observed during the active phases, as well as to radio and hard X‐ray emission, while the expanding shock is invoked to explain the data particularly during the transition phases (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Galactic Sun's motion in the cold dark matter, MOdified Newtonian Dynamics and modified gravity scenarios
Authors: Iorio L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe numerically integrate the equations of motion of the Sun in Galactocentric Cartesian rectangular coordinates for –4.5 Gyr ≤ t ≤ 0 in Newtonian mechanics with two different models for the Cold Dark Matter (CDM) halo, in MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and in MOdified Gravity (MOG) without resorting to CDM. The initial conditions used come from the latest kinematical determination of the 3D Sun's motion in the Milky Way (MW) by assuming for the rotation speed of the Local Standard of Rest (LSR) the recent value Θ0 = 268 km s–1 and the IAU recommended value Θ0 = 220 km s–1; the Sun is assumed located at 8.5 kpc from the Galactic Center (GC). For Θ0 = 268 km s–1 the birth of the Sun, 4.5 Gyr ago, would have occurred at large Galactocentric distances (12–27 kpc depending on the model used), while for Θ0 = 220 km s–1 it would have occurred at about 8.8–9.3 kpc for almost all the models used. The integrated trajectories are far from being circular, especially for Θ0 = 268 km s–1, and differ each other with the CDM models yielding the widest spatial extensions for the Sun's orbital path (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Shear‐driven magnetic buoyancy oscillations
Authors: Vermersch V. , Brandenburg A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe effects of uniform horizontal shear on a stably stratified layer of gas is studied. The system is initially destabilized by a magnetically buoyant flux tube pointing in the cross‐stream direction. The shear amplifies the initial field to Lundquist numbers of about 200–400, but then its value drops to about 100–300, depending on the value of the sub‐adiabatic gradient. The larger values correspond to cases where the stratification is strongly stable and nearly isothermal. At the end of the runs the magnetic field is nearly axisymmetric, i.e. uniform in the streamwise direction. In view of Cowling's theorem the sustainment of the field remains a puzzle and may be due to subtle numerical effects that have not yet been identified in detail. In the final state the strength of the magnetic field decreases with height in such a way that the field is expected to be unstable. Low amplitude oscillations are seen in the vertical velocity even at late times, suggesting that they might be persistent (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Programmed motion in the presence of homogeneity
Authors: Bozis G. , Anisiu M.‐C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the framework of the inverse problem of dynamics, we face the following question with reference to the motion of one material point: Given a region Torb of the xy plane, described by the inequality g (x, y) ≤ c0, are there potentials V = V (x, y) which can produce monoparametric families of orbits f (x, y) = c (also to be found) lying exclusively in the region Torb? As the relevant PDEs are nonlinear, an answer to this question (generally affirmative, but not with assurance) can be given by the procedure of the determination of certain constants specifying the pertinent functions. In this paper we ease the mathematics involved by making certain simplifying assumptions referring to the homogeneity of both the function g (x, y) (describing the boundary of Torb) and of the slope function γ(x, y) = fy/fx (representing the required family f (x, y) = c). We develop the method to treat the so formulated problem and we show that, even under these restrictive assumptions, an affirmative answer is guaranteed provided that two algebraic equations have in common at least one solution (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The open cluster Berkeley 53
Authors: Maciejewski G. , Mihov B. , Georgiev Ts. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe present a photometric study of the neglected open cluster Berkeley 53. We derived its fundamental parameters, such as the age, the interstellar reddening, and the distance from the Sun, based on BV photometry combined with near‐infrared JHKS data. The structure and the mass function of the cluster were also studied and the total number of members and the total mass were estimated. The cluster was found to be a rich and massive stellar system, located in the Perseus Arm of the Milky Way, 3.1 ± 0.1 kpc from the Sun. Its age exceeds 1 Gy but it seems tobe very young in the context of its dynamical evolution. The analysis of the two‐color diagrams and color‐magnitude diagrams indicates that the cluster is significantly reddened. However, both methods resulted in different values of E (B – V), i.e. 1.21 ± 0.04 and 1.52 ± 0.01, respectively. This discrepancy suggests the presence of an abnormal interstellar extinction law toward the cluster (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)