bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effect of procyanidin oligomer from elm cortex on the matrix metalloproteinases and proteases of periodontopathogens
Authors: Song Si‐Eun , Choi Bong‐Kyu , Kim Sang‐Nyun , Yoo Yun‐Jung , Kim Moon‐Moo , Park Sang‐Ki , Roh Seok‐Sun , Kim Chong‐Kwan 
Published: September 2009

Objectives:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate a partially purified extract (elm extract) from the Ulmi cortex (Ulmi macrocarpa Hance) and its active ingredient, a mix of procyanidin oligomers (3 to 12 flavan‐3‐ol monomers, an average molecular weight of 1,518 with an average polymerization degree of 5.3) for a possible inhibitory effect against proteases.Background:  Host‐derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and bacterial proteases play important roles in the gingival tissue destruction that is a characteristic of periodontitis. The inhibitors of these proteases may be developed into therapeutic agents against periodontitis.Methods:  The inhibitory effects were assessed by gelatin zymography. The MMPs tested were originated from the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of adult periodontitis patients and from the conditioned media of cultured periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, which provided the proMMP‐2 and activated MMP‐2 when treated with a periodontopathogen, Treponema lecithinolyticum. Bacterial enzymes tested were secreted forms from two major periodontopathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. In addition, the inhibitory effects on trypsin‐like enzymes from these two periodontopathogens were assayed by the n‐benzoyl‐DL‐arginine‐naphthylamide (BANA) test.Results:  The elm extract and the procyanidin oligomer (100‐1,000 μg/ml) exhibited potent inhibitory effects on the MMPs in GCF (chiefly MMP‐8 and MMP‐9), the pro and active forms of MMP‐2, and secreted and trypsin‐like enzymes from T. denticola and P. gingivalis.Conclusions:  These results suggest that elm cortex should be considered as a potential agent against periodontal diseases, due to its inhibitory action on MMPs and the proteases of periodontopathogens.
Generation of gingival T cell lines/clones specific with Porphyromonas gingivalis pulsed dendritic cells from periodontitis patients
Authors: Aroonrerk Nuntana , Pichyangkul Sathit , Yongvanitchit Kosol , Wisetchang Mahisorn , Sa‐Ard‐Iam Noppadol , Sirisinha Stitaya , Mahanonda Rangsini 
Published: September 2009

Objectives and background:  It is well documented that in periodontitis lesions, most infiltrated gingival T cells are antigen‐specific memory T cells. These cells play an important role as regulators and effector cells in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. In this study, we used dendritic cells (DCs) as antigen‐presenting cells to generate human gingival T cell lines and clones specific for Porphyromonas gingivalis from periodontitis patients.Methods:  Autologous DCs were derived from the patients' adherent monocytes using granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and interleukin (IL)‐4. Lymphocytes were isolated from gingival biopsies using collagenase enzyme digestion and the number was increased by subsequent culturing in IL‐2‐containing medium. T cells were then negatively sorted using flow cytometry, cocultured with P. gingivalis‐pulsed DCs and subsequently expanded in the culture medium containing IL‐2. T cells were kept viable and active by periodic exposure to antigen‐pulsed DCs. The specificity of the T cell lines was tested against four plaque bacteria: P. gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Actinomyces viscosus. The established T cell lines were then cloned. Three P. gingivalis‐specific T cell lines and 12 gingival T cell clones were generated. They all showed good specificity against P. gingivalis but not to other plaque bacteria.Results:  All T cell clones were positive for CD4 and the majority of them produced interferon gamma, but a minimal or negligible amount of IL‐5.Conclusions:  The data obtained clearly showed that monocyte‐derived DCs could be used as powerful antigen‐presenting cells to generate antigen‐specific T cells from periodontitis tissues.
Comparing and Explaining Public Acceptance Of Ecological Forestry in Tasmania and the U.S. Pacific Northwest
Authors: Ribe Robert , Ford Rebecca , Williams Kath 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMajor controversies have erupted in recent years about extensive and intensive timber harvesting programs in Tasmania and the U.S. Pacific Northwest. These conflicts have centered on ecological impacts and both regions have responded by adopting similar programs of “ecological forestry.” Both programs emphasize the retention of varying amounts of trees in aggregated or dispersed patterns within harvests, and seek to “life boat” mature-forest habitat functions across some harvest prescriptions. Are these programs garnering similar public acceptance? Do people with similar ideologies judge the acceptability of forests similarly in both regions? Do perceptions differ between regions due to differences in ecological, cultural or economic conditions? Similar public perception surveys within each region investigated the acceptance of harvest prescriptions that matched closely between regions. In both surveys, images of the appearance of harvests were presented to respondents with expert-derived information about the magnitude of similar ecological, safety and economic impacts. Respondents rated the acceptability of each prescription. Respondents’ environmental attitudes were classified as forest protectionist, productionist or non-aligned within each region. Statistical and graphical analyses compared the patterns and sources of comparable acceptability judgments between the regions.
Results/Conclusions
Ideologically similar samples of respondents in both regions exhibited comparable patterns of increasing mean acceptability ratings with increasing tree retention levels for all harvest prescriptions, except 30-40% dispersed retention harvests. These comparable respondent samples also exhibited similar correlations between acceptability ratings and levels of harvest impacts by category, exhibiting the same associations between ideologies and preferred impacts across regions. Three exceptions showed that Tasmanians exhibited a greater range of sensitivity for certain impact categories: (1) ground habitat impacts, likely attributable to greater retention of down wood in all Pacific Northwest prescriptions, versus burning most down wood in some Tasmanian prescriptions for regeneration of commercial species; (2) logger safety, likely attributable to greater differences in actual safety levels across the Tasmanian prescriptions; and (3) wildfire risk, likely because the affected Pacific Northwest region has few historical wildfires. Utility functions were estimated for each region’s respondents and applied to the opposite region’s forests. This confirmed that both regions’ respondents would agree about the lower acceptability of Tasmanian 30-40% dispersed retention harvests, likely because Tasmanians retain only a percent of commercial species while felling all other trees, versus Americans’ retention of a percent of all tree types, retaining more trees and more ecosystem components.
Bactericidal Activity of Copper and Non-Copper Paints
Authors: Cooney Timothy E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To screen copper and noncopper paints for their bactericidal effectiveness in rendering surfaces self-disinfecting.Design:Tested paints were applied to glass coverslips, cured, inoculated with test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis), and dried. After 0, 24, or 48 hours, surviving organisms were eluted and enumerated, and counts compared with those obtained from inoculated control (unpainted) coverslips for the corresponding time periods. Copper elution from select copper paints was quantified by complete immersion of coated coverslips followed by spectroscopic analysis to infer a threshold relationship between kill and copper release.Results:Nearly all of the tested copper paints were capable of reducing organism counts to negligible levels within 24 hours. Exterior latex paints supplemented with a fungicide were similarly efficacious. Standard interior latex paint reduced bacterial counts to nearly zero within 24 hours for E coli and P aeruginosa, and to zero within 48 hours for E faecalis. However, substantial survival of S aureus occurred (up to 4 logs at 24 hours). Chi-squared analysis of elution and cidal data indicated that lethality was dependent on copper release in excess of 32 μg.Conclusion:The data support presumptive bactericidal claims for several copper and noncopper paints. Despite controversy over environment-based contagion, such paints could be used to render surfaces self-disinfecting in strategic locations where environmental causation of nosocomial infections is suspected.
Gown-Glove Interface: A Possible Solution to the Danger Zone
Authors: Meyer Kenneth K. , Beck William C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe gown-glove interface is the weakest point in the present barrier system of gown and glove protection for the surgeon and other healthcare professionals who come into direct contact with body liquids. Try it yourself: put on a fluid-resistant gown and surgical gloves. See that the glove cuff is well proximal to the stockinette. Hold your wrist and forearm for a moment under running water. Wait a minute to see if your forearm is wet. A wet forearm during surgery would be a bloodied one. We propose a gown redesign that creates a dart at the terminal forearm, sealed by a liquid-proof method, and then similarly sealing the proximal end of the glove to the sleeve.
Breast cancer aetiology: where do we go from here?
Authors: Santos Silva Isabel dos , De Stavola Bianca L. , Potischman Nancy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a brief review of the established adult risk factors for breast cancer. It then assesses the evidence linking breast cancer with childhood and prenatal exposures. Finally, it considers the aetiology of breast cancer in a life course framework in which risk factors occurring at each life stage are linked to investigate possible pathways from early life events to adulthood and subsequent occurrence of breast cancer.
A life course approach to coronary heart disease and stroke
Authors: Lawlor Debbie A. , Ebrahim Shah , Smith George Davey , Law Catherine 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter shows that the main classical cardiovascular risk factors have the same effects in women as they do in men and preventive treatments that lower risk factors—antihypertensive drugs, aspirin, and cholesterol lowering drugs—work equally well in both sexes. Diabetes and the insulin resistance syndrome may confer greater risk to women than men. Women may be protected from coronary heart disease by a number of interacting factors including a more favourable fat distribution, a less adverse response to dietary saturated fats, and endogenous oestrogens. Low birthweight, poor infant nutrition, and accelerated postnatal growth are all associated with CHD and stroke risk in both women and men.
A life course approach to diabetes
Authors: Colhoun Helen M. , Chaturvedi Nish , Rich-Edwards Janet 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on determinants of type 2 diabetes in women and girls from conception through the life course. Topics covered include genetic determinants of diabetes risk, parent of origin effects on diabetes risk, the effect of intrauterine environment on diabetes risk in women, the catch-up growth hypothesis, and effect of parity on subsequent risk of diabetes.
Body image: a life course perspective
Authors: McLaren Lindsay , Wardle Jane , Thompson J. Kevin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter integrates existing literature on body dissatisfaction in a way that highlights possible pathways or trajectories that explain variation in body dissatisfaction at midlife. It focuses on three main questions: first, what is the extent or prevalence of body dissatisfaction in women beyond young adulthood, and what trends have there been over time? Second, what are the consequences of body dissatisfaction for health and well-being among older women? Third, what are the determinants of dissatisfaction at different stages of the life span that may be relevant in explaining midlife dissatisfaction? A life course perspective is considered in this third goal, and since this perspective is a new framework for the study of body image, identification of gaps in the literature is inevitable.
Endocrine pathways in differential well-being across the life course
Authors: Worthman Carol M. , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a survey of endocrine axes (gonadal, adrenal, thyroid, adiposal) to show how mediating pathways operate. Hormones are central agents in the pathways to differential well-being: they regulate virtually every aspect of function, from gestation onwards. Integrated endocrine action also allocates limited resources (energy, materials, time) between the competing demands of living. Such demands range from the immediate necessities for survival, to the life course projects of growing up, reproducing, producing, and being social. This last demand strongly engages the physiological systems responsible for health maintenance because for humans, social context and human relationships are crucial to well-being.
Life course influences on women’s social relationships at midlife
Authors: Marks Nadine F. , Ashleman Kristy , Stansfeld Stephen , Fuhrer Rebecca 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews evidence documenting how the structure and quality of women's social relationships change from childhood to middle adulthood; considering how biological, psychological, and social factors uniquely, cumulatively, and interactively influence the quantity and quality of women's social relationships over time, which might, in turn, be expected to influence women's health. Several types of relationships are considered—with mothers, with fathers, with siblings, with partners, with children, and with friends. The relative importance of early life course factors for helping to determine later life relationships and relationship quality is examined. Wherever possible, life course differences between women and men, and differences between persons of varying socioeconomic status (SES) are addressed. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research and implications for policy.
Sexually transmitted infections and health through the life course
Authors: Gray Ronald H. , Wawer Maria J. , Serwadda David , Hall Andrew J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the effects of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV at different life stages. It draws examples from an ongoing population-based cohort studies in rural Rakai District, southwestern Uganda. The chapter also highlights some of the social and behavioural risk factors for disease, as well as the social and health consequences of disease.
Single-center versus multicenter trials
Authors: Meinert Curtis L. , Tonascia Susan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter provides a definition of single and multicenter trials and discusses a number of issues related to these two classes of trials. These include National Institutes of Health count of single center and multicenter trials, design characteristics of single center versus multicenter trials, the pros and cons of single center versus multicenter trials, initiation of single center versus multicenter trials, investigator incentives for single center versus multicenter trials, timing of incentives for single center versus multicenter trials, and cost of single center versus multicenter trials.
Interim data analyses for treatment monitoring
Authors: Meinert Curtis L. , Tonascia Susan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter addresses issues involved in the treatment monitoring and provides a brief description of some of the analysis approaches used for that purpose. Topics discussed include procedural issues, treatment monitoring reports, special statistical problems, data dredging as an analysis technique, the pros and cons of stopping rules in monitoring trials, and steps in terminating a treatment.
The Social Basis of Disparities in Health
Authors: DIDERICHSEN FINN , EVANS TIMOTHY , WHITEHEAD MARGARET 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter deals with social concepts and theories. Finn Diderichsen, Tim Evans, and Margaret Whitehead address the fundamental question of how societies generate and maintain social and health inequities. A unifying framework, the Diderichsen model, is then presented as a basis for designing research and policy development on this issue. Key features of this framework are the five different mechanisms that may operate to generate inequities in health and the policy entry points to disrupt these mechanisms. The question of which of these mechanisms is important in a particular society can be tested empirically within this framework. Indeed, many of the empirical analyses presented in the thirteen country chapters in the book are based on this framework. The identification of policy entry points in the pathways to social inequities in health is a unique aspect of the Diderichsen model.
Japan: Historical and Current Dimensions of Health and Health Equity
Authors: HASEGAWA TOSHIHIKO 
Published: September 2009

AbstractJapan has attracted considerable attention as a country with one of the highest life expectancies and lowest infant mortality rates in the world. The focus on impressive gains in average health indicators may have obscured the issue of inequalities in health within Japan. This chapter starts by examining the long-term historical antecedents of the unparalleled improvements in the population's health as a whole. It then analyzes patterns of past, current, and future health inequalities in Japanese society. The analysis reveals significant inequalities in health according to average wealth, income distribution, education levels, television ownership (a indirect marker of income), and occupational grouping. This and other research over recent years calls into question the “classlessness” of Japanese society and the need to remain vigilant to the ways that social or health systems may still generate inequities.
Tanzania: Gaining Insights into Adolescent Lives and Livelihoods
Authors: NANTULYA VINAND M. , SEMAKAFU AVE MARIA , MULI-MUSIIME FLORENCE , MASSAWE AUGUSTINE , MUNYETTI LAWRENCE 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Adolescents represent a large proportion of the population in developing countries, yet within these countries policy rarely addresses their particular needs. This chapter sheds light on previously ignored aspects of adolescent lives which are of major public health significance in Tanzania and elsewhere. It begins by presenting information that can be gleaned from routine statistical sources and surveys. It then presents further insights gained from interviews and discussion groups with vulnerable adolescents, for example, those working in mines and plantations, commercial sex workers, street children, refugees, and other children living in difficult circumstances. The final part of the chapter draws lessons for future research and policy development in Tanzania.
Bangladesh: An Intervention Study of Factors Underlying Increasing Equity in Child Survival
Authors: BHUIYA ABBAS , CHOWDHURY MUSHTAQUE , AHMED FARUQUE , ADAMS ALAYNE M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the separate and joint health benefits arising from a rural development program designed to promote the rights and status of poor women, and a maternal child health program in rural Bangladesh. The case study is remarkable in that the interventions have been accompanied by reductions in inequities in health—differentials between socioeconomic and gender groups in child mortality have narrowed dramatically in the past two decades. Not only has mortality declined across all groups, but the greatest absolute and relative gains in child mortality were experienced by girls from the poorest households. This example of intervention research provides a valuable model with which to gather further empirical evidence on the ways to reduce socioeconomic and gender inequities in health.
Mexico: Marginality, Need, and Resource Allocation at the County Level
Authors: LOZANO RAFAEL , ZURITA BEATRIZ , FRANCO FRANCISCO , RAMÍREZ TERESITA , HERNÁNDEZ PATRICIA , TORRES JOSÉ LUIS 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents the case of Mexico, which reveals the fact that district/provincial expenditures in health care are inversely related to need, a case in point of the “inverse care law.” Mexico is a middle-income country facing a double burden of infectious and chronic disease and engaged in health sector reform and decentralization. Using the marginality index developed by the Mexican government, the chapter employs a policy-relevant mechanism for highlighting disparity and mapping the intersection of marginality, membership in an indigenous group, and rural poverty. It outlines the implications of the analyses for resource allocation to meet the differential needs for health care more equitably in marginalized areas.
Developing the Policy Response to Inequities in Health: A Global Perspective
Authors: WHITEHEAD MARGARET , DAHLGREN GÖRAN , GILSON LUCY 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents a policy-oriented overview of the whole process of challenging inequities in health—from ethics to action. It identifies ways of challenging inequities in health and highlights some practical applications of the approaches advocated, drawn from all the chapters in the book. It suggests a way forward toward raising awareness of the issue and stimulating policy makers at various levels to take action. Given the global nature of the subject of this book, the chapter incorporates an important section on how the international agencies could work together to challenge these unacceptable inequities in health. This issue deserves to be at the top of the public health agenda in these early years of the 21st century.
Educational Achievements
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the educational experience and achievements of the Northwest alumni. Children in foster care are at high risk for school failure because of childhood deprivation and other adversities, frequent school changes, and lack of educational supports. Because of the extended time in care (an average of over six years), educational achievement is particularly relevant for the Northwest alumni. The educational achievement of alumni is tabled at the end of the chapter.
Relation Between Agency Membership and Outcomes
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the third major research question: Is one foster care program approach better than another in terms of outcomes? It was hypothesized that Casey alumni would exhibit more desirable outcomes than state alumni. To test this hypothesis, the relation between the location in which alumni were served (agency and state) and outcomes (e.g., PTSD in last twelve months, current employment) was examined after controlling for demographics and risk factors that were significant in a stepwise logistic regression.