bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of enteral infusion of nutrients on canine intestinal motor‐patterns
Authors: SCHMID H. R. , EHRLEIN H. J. , FEINLE C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLittle is known on the effects of enteral nutrition on intestinal motor patterns. In dogs, intestinal motility was recorded with multiple extra‐luminal strain‐gauges. An elemental diet was infused into the jejunum (0.5–2.5 kcal min−1) over 6 h. The elemental diet or dog food were also administered orally for comparison. Jejunal infusion of the elemental diet stimulated jejunal motility; the motor pattern was characterized by clustered contractions. During enteral feeding, stimulation of jejunal motility was initially less (lower motility index, lower incidence of contraction waves and shorter spread of contractions) compared with oral feeding. Jejunal motility declined linearly with time, the decline being less profound during enteral than after oral feeding. Linear correlations also existed between motility parameters and energy loads; increasing energy loads produced reduction instead of enhancement of motility. Strong inhibition of motility followed by vomiting occurred with energy loads ≥ 2 kcal min−1. The following conclusions were reached: (a) jejunal feeding evoked different patterns of jejunal motility compared with oral feeding; (b) jejunal motility was the result of both a local stimulation and an inhibitory feedback mechanism; (c) intestinal overload of nutrients was indicated by marked inhibition of motility. These results indicate that recording of motility during enteral nutrition might be a useful diagnostic tool for predicting gastrointestinal sequelae.
Organization of antral, pyloric and duodenal motility in patients with gastroparesis
Authors: FRASER R. , HOROWITZ M. , MADDOX A. , DENT J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe motor mechanisms associated with delayed gastric emptying are poorly understood, and the contribution of abnormal patterns of gastroduodenal motility to gastroparesis is unknown. Limited data suggest an increased frequency of localized pyloric contractions contributes to delayed gastric emptying. Antropyloroduodenal pressures and gastric emptying of 99mTc chicken liver/ground beef were recorded simultaneously for 60 min in 16 patients with gastroparesis and 26 healthy subjects, using a sleeve/sidehole manometric assembly and a scintigraphic technique. Manometric recordings were analysed for localized pyloric contractions (isolated pyloric pressure waves), basal pyloric pressure (tone), antral and duodenal pressure waves and the number of associated antropyloroduodenal contractions ≥6 cm in length. There was no significant difference in median pyloric tone (1.1 (interquartile range 0.3–2.1) vs 0.5 (0–1.8)mmHg), number of isolated pyloric pressure waves (15 (4.5–25) vs 25 (12–37)) or antral pressure waves (47 (16–62) vs 46 (17–76) between the patients with gastroparesis and the healthy controls. The number of duodenal pressure waves was significantly less in the gastroparetics (54 (41–80) vs 102 (63–116), P < 0.05) as was the number of antropyloroduodenal pressure waves ≥6 cm (5 (0.5–6) vs 12.5 (4–24), P < 0.05). There was no difference in the lag time for solid gastric emptying, but there was a reduction in the amount emptied after 60 min (1 (0–10) vs 10 (0–14)%, P < 0.01). These results suggest that abnormal patterns of antropyloroduodenal contractions contribute to slow gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis. Localized pyloric contractions are not a major pathogenetic mechanism.
Gastric emptying in normal subjects: reproducibility and relationship to characteristics of the migrating motor complex
Authors: RASMUSSEN L. , ØSTER‐JØRGENSEN E. , QVIST N. , HOVENDAL C. P. , PEDERSEN S. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study was designed to clarify whether a part of the variability in gastric emptying could be ascribed to a relationship between meal ingestion and phase activity of the migrating motor complex and whether reproducibility is increased when meal ingestion takes place in relation to preselected characteristics of the migrating motor complex. We examined 12 healthy males, and the design included three examinations, twice with meal ingestion in a duodenal Phase I, and once in a Phase II. The meal consisted of an omelette labelled with 99mTc followed by 150 ml water labelled with 111In. The results showed that liquid lag phase (min) and was significantly shorter in Phase II than in Phase I (1 vs. 4, P = 0.007). The half emptying time of solid linear phase (min) was reproduced with nearly identical median and range values in the three series (I[1]: 67[51–87]; I[2]: 63[47–80]; 61[47–76]). With meal ingestion in Phase I a significant difference between inter‐ and intra‐individual variance could not be demonstrated. With meal ingestion in Phase I a second examination in Phase I did not increase reproducibility of any of the variables compared to a second examination in Phase II. In conclusion, scientific investigations on gastric emptying have to be performed with phase related meal ingestion and a double‐radionuclide technique.
Pharmacological characterization of 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor types in the guinea‐pig proximal colon
Authors: BRIEJER M. R. , AKKERMANS L. M. A. , MEULEMANS A. L. , LEFEBVRE R. A. , SCHUURKES J. A. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIt was investigated which 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) receptors mediate the responses to 5‐HT in the longitudinal muscle layer of the guinea‐pig proximal colon, using selective 5‐HT receptor antagonists and the 5‐HT analogues α‐methyl‐5‐HT (2‐Me‐5‐HT), 2‐methyl‐5‐HT (2‐Me‐5‐HT), and 5‐methoxytryptamine (5‐MeOT). 5‐HT as well as its analogues induced concentration‐related contractions, at low concentrations preceded by relaxations. The 5‐HT concentration‐contractile response curve was biphasic whilst the curves to α‐Me‐5‐HT, 2‐Me‐5‐HT, and 5‐MeOT were monophasic. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) abolished the relaxations, and it inhibited the contractions to all agonists. In the presence of TTX, blockade of either 5‐HT2(ketanserin) or 5‐HT3receptors (ondansetron, tropisetron) reduced the contractions to 5‐HT, whereas blockade of both 5‐HT receptor types at the same time abolished them. In the absence of TTX, the contractions to 5‐HT were inhibited by antagonists at 5‐HT2(ketanserin), 5‐HT3(granisetron, nanomolar concentration of tropisetron) and also 5‐HT4receptors (micromolar concentration of tropisetron). Contractions to α‐Me‐5‐HT did not seem to be sensitive to 5‐HT2receptor blockage with ketanserin, but in the presence of TTX the contractions were abolished by the 5‐HT2receptor antagonist. The 5‐HT3receptor antagonist granisetron abolished contractions to 2‐Me‐5‐HT. In the presence of TTX, the 5‐HT2receptor antagonist ketanserin abolished contractions to 5‐MeOT, and in the absence of TTX the contractions to 5‐MeOT were highly sensitive blockade of 5‐HT4receptors with tropisetron. Blockage of either 5‐HT1(methiothepin), 5‐HT2(ketanserin), 5‐HT3(ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron) or 5‐HT4(tropisetron) receptors did not abolish the relaxations to 5‐HT or 5‐MeOT. In conclusion, 5‐HT induces contractions of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea‐pig proximal colon, through the stimulation of 5‐HT2receptors on the smooth muscle cells and 5‐HT3receptors and putative neuronal 5‐HT4receptors. 5‐HT evokes relaxations via an unknown neuronal receptor.
Opioid agonists modulate excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in human colon
Authors: ANGEL F. , CHAMOUARD P. , KLEIN A. , MARTIN E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe effects of different opioid agonists on spontaneous mechanical activity and response to electrical transmural nerve stimulation of both longitudinal and circular muscle strips from the human colon were studied by using a superfusion apparatus to record isometric contractions. Exogenously added opioid agonists did not modify the spontaneous contractile activities of both types of strips. Nerve stimulation induced a triphasic response composed of a first contraction C1followed by a relaxation C2and an off‐contraction C3; this response was mediated by cholinergic excitatory nerves and non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic (NANC) excitatory and inhibitory nerves. The delta‐agonists methionine enkephalin, [D‐Pen2, D‐Pen5] enkephalin (DPDPE) and the kappa‐agonists dynorphin, trans‐3,4 dichloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐[1 pyrolidinyl]‐cyclohexyl) (U‐50488H) decreased the amplitudes of the contractions C1and C3of both strips in a dose‐dependent manner. The selective mu‐agonist D‐alaglymepheglyol (DAGO) decreased the contraction C1of longitudinal and circular muscle at high dose (1 μM) and often reduced the relaxation C2of both types of strips at low dose (0.05 μM), finally, naloxone, but only at higher concentrations (1 μM) decreased the C1amplitude significantly in circular muscle. In conclusion, these data suggest that mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors are involved in the neuro‐regulation of smooth muscle of human colon and that opioid agonists modulate both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission through an action on cholinergic and non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic neurons.
Effect of topical anaesthesia on oesophageal sensory and motor function in healthy subjects
Authors: BECKER K. , KUHLBUSCH R. , ENCK P. , LÜBKE H. J. , FRIELING T. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Oesophageal hyperalgesia was demonstrated in the non‐cardiac chest pain syndrome and suggests an altered perception of visceral stimuli in these patients. Data on oesophageal sensory function and its pharmacological manipulation, however, are fragmentary.Using a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over design, ten healthy male volunteers were manometrically examined for the effects of topical oesophageal anaesthesia with benzocaine 0.75% on (1) oesophageal perception of graded intra‐luminal balloon distension, (2) oesophageal compliance and primary motility, and (3) rectal perception of graded intraluminal balloon distension.It was demonstrated that topical benzocaine significantly increased oesophageal perception thresholds for intraluminal distension (P < 0.03), irrespective of them being correlated to distension volume or distension pressure. The level of first sensation increased from 4.3 ml (SD 2.8) and 24.8 mmHg (SD 9.1) to 7.4 ml (SD 4.4) and 32.1 mmHg (SD 8.3), respectively; pain perception increased from 11.O ml (SD 4.5) and 30.9 mmHg (SD 8.9) to 14.5 ml (SO 5.1) and 38.3 mmHg (SD 10.2), respectively. In contrast, oesophageal compliance, primary oesophageal motility and rectal perception were not altered.It was concluded that topical anaesthesia decreases visceral sensitivity of the oesophagus to mechanical distension by action on intramural nervous afferents. It does not affect oesophageal motor function, nor does it exert systemic analgesic effects.
Effect of Terbutaline, a β2‐adrenergic Receptor Stimulating Compound, on Cutaneous Responses to Histamine, Allergen, Compound 48/80, and Trypsin
Authors: Grönneberg Reidar , Strandberg Kjell , Hägermark ÖSten 
Published: August 2010

The β‐adrenoceptor stimulating agent terbutaline (2 ng‐2 μg) injected intradermally in eight atopic subjects produced a dose‐dependent inhibition of the skin reactions induced by subsequently injected allergen. After injection of 0.5 μg terbutaline inhibition of the flare and weal responses was demonstrable throughout the observation period of 90 min.The flare response induced by histamine, the histamine liberator compound 48/80 and the proteolytic enzyme trypsin was not inhibited by terbutaline in the doses used, suggesting a selective action of terbutaline on the allergen‐induced response. The weal response elicited by histamine and compound 48/80 was slightly reduced by 2 ng terbutaline.It is suggested that pretreatment of me skin with terbutaline interferes with the ability of the cutaneous mast cells to respond to challenge with allergen and that terbutaline produces this effect in doses lower than those needed to counteract the permeability increasing effect of released mediator substances.
The Lung
Authors: Bousquet Jean 
Published: August 2010

•A positive food challenge doesn't imply that there is an IgE mediated allergy but implies the patient is intolerant to certain foods.•If specific IgE and/or prick test to a specific food‐stuff is positive, an IgE‐mediated mechanism is likely to be involved but a proportion of patients with IgE to foods do not present any symptom when ingesting the food.
The Nose
Authors: Høst Arne 
Published: August 2010

•Rhinitis is a common symptom in food allergic patients, but rhinitis is rarely the only symptom.•Rhinitis due to adverse reactions to preservatives and colorants is very rare.•In anaphylactic systemic reactions to foods the rhinitis symptoms are caused by inflammatory mediators transported by the circulation.•In non‐anaphylactic reactions, the nasal inflammation and symptoms are probably induced by interaction with food allergens transported to the nasal mucosa via the blood circulation.
The Ear
Authors: Høst Arne 
Published: August 2010

•Otitis media with effusion is rarely caused by allergy to food.•Allergic inflammation in the nasal mucosa, mainly due to IgE‐mediated reactions to foods, may cause eustachian tube dysfunction and subsequent otitis media with effusion.•Inflammatory mediators from the nasal mucosa transported via the nasal mucociliary system may cause eustachian tube dysfunction.
The Joints and Muscles
Authors: Panush Richard S. , Veloso Mary Lind , Weiss Steven , Bielory Leonard 
Published: August 2010

There are several reasons for considering the hypothesis that food hypersensitivity might relate to rheumatic diseases.•Food can evoke immune responses.•Food can cause immunologically mediated symptoms.•Immunological mechanisms are important in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases.•Antigens triggering rheumatic responses are unknown.•Rheumatic diseases have been associated with foods in many reports.
Effect of seasonal allergen exposure on mucosal IL‐16 and CD4+ cells in patients with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Pullerits T. , Lindén A. , Malmhäll C. , Lötvall J. 
Published: August 2010

Background: CD4+ T cells constitute a major source of cytokines in allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis. Interleukin (IL)‐16 selectively recruits CD4+ cells. Methods: We evaluated the effect of natural allergen exposure during a grass‐pollen season on IL‐16 expression and number of CD4+ cells in nasal mucosa. Patients with allergic rhinitis (n=16) were treated with either a nasal glucocorticoid beclomethasone (BDP; 400 µg/day) or placebo, and gave nasal biopsies prior to and during the grass‐pollen season. The evaluated markers in allergic rhinitis patients were also compared to those in healthy control subjects (n=5). Results: Prior to the pollen season, the expression of IL‐16, but not the number of CD4+ cells, was significantly higher in patients with allergic rhinitis than in healthy control subjects. The grass‐pollen season further increased IL‐16 expression and also increased the number of CD4+ cells in placebo‐treated, but not in BDP‐treated, allergic rhinitis patients. The pollen‐season‐induced change in IL‐16 expression and in CD4+ cells was significantly more pronounced in placebo‐ than in BDP‐treated patients. There was a significant correlation between the change in IL‐16 expression and the number of CD4+ cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that local upregulation of IL‐16 expression contributes to the inflammation observed in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Hypothetically, inhibition of IL‐16 expression can be one of several mechanisms by which nasal glucocorticoids achieve their anti‐inflammatory effect in allergic rhinitis.
ALOX5 promoter genotype, asthma severity and LTC4 production by eosinophils
Authors: Kalayci O. , Birben E. , Sackesen C. , Keskin O. , Tahan F. , Wechsler M. E. , Civelek E. , Soyer O. U. , Adalioglu G. , Tuncer A. , Israel E. , Lilly C. 
Published: August 2010

Background:  The number of Sp1–Egr1 binding tandem repeats at the ALOX5 promoter influences gene transcription and may modify the response to anti‐leukotriene treatment. The relationship of ALOX5 variants to asthma severity and leukotriene production by eosinophils is unknown.Objective:  To characterize ALOX5 mRNA expression and cysteinyl‐leukotriene production by eosinophils from individuals bearing ALOX5 promoter deletional variants and their association with the severity of childhood asthma.Methods:  Eosinophils from adult asthmatics bearing only variant alleles (with other than five tandem repeats on both chromosomes, non5/non5) or no variant alleles (5/5) were cultured in vitro and ALOX5 expression and leukotriene secretion were measured. A total of 621 children with mild or moderate‐severe asthma were genotyped at the ALOX5 core promoter.Results:  Asthmatics with non5/non5 genotype expressed less ALOX5 mRNA and produced less LTC4 into culture supernatants than 5/5 individuals (6.4 ± 2.0 and 20.0 ± 5.0 pg/ml, n = 5; P < 0.05). More asthmatic children bearing non5/non5 genotype had moderate‐severe asthma than children with the 5/5 genotype (5.3% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.008). Multivariate logistic regression identified ALOX5 promoter genotype as a significant predictor of disease severity (OR = 3.647, 95% CI: 1.146–11.608, P = 0.03). Consistent with these findings, children bearing the non5/non5 genotype had greater bronchomotor response to exercise as measured by the maximum fall after exercise and the area under the exercise curve (P < 0.05 for both).Conclusion:  Our results suggest that children who express the asthma phenotype despite having a genetic variant that impairs their ability to express ALOX5 have more severe disease and thus are more likely to have asthma symptoms.
Cysteinyl‐leukotrienes contribute to sputum eosinophil chemotactic activity in asthmatics
Authors: Hemelaers L. , Henket M. , Sele J. , Bureau F. , Louis R. 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Cysteinyl‐leukotrienes are lipid derived mediators involved in asthma. They are able to stimulate eosinophil chemotaxis in vitro. Induced sputum from asthmatics has been shown to contain eosinophil chemotactic activity. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the contribution of cysteinyl‐leukotrienes to sputum eosinophil chemotactic activity in asthmatics and to seek whether there might be differences between asthmatics free of inhaled corticosteroids vs those regularly receiving this treatment.Methods:  Twenty‐two patients (11 corticosteroid free, mean FEV1 99% predicted, 11 corticosteroid‐treated, mean FEV1 77% predicted) recruited from our asthma clinic underwent a sputum induction. Sputum was processed according to standard procedure. Eosinophil chemotactic activity contained in the fluid phase was assessed using Boyden microchamber model and expressed as chemotaxis index (CI). Cysteinyl‐leukotrienes were measured in sputum supernatant by ELISA and their role in sputum eosionophil chemotactic activity was evaluated by using montelukast, a selective antagonist of a cys‐LT1 receptor.Results:  Cysteinyl‐leukotrienes were well detectable in sputum supernatants from both steroid‐naive (247 ± 42 pg/ml) and steroid‐treated (228 ± 26 pg/ml) asthmatics. Sputum eosinophil chemotactic activity was indiscriminately present in both corticosteroid‐naive (CI: 2.61 ± 0.22) and corticosteroid‐treated (2.98 ± 0.35) asthmatics. Montelukast (100 μM) significantly inhibited the eosinophil chemotactic activity in both groups achieving a mean inhibition of 54.2 ± 9.2% (P < 0.001) and 64.7 ± 7.8% (P < 0.001) in steroid‐naive and steroid‐treated asthmatics respectively.Conclusion:  Cysteinyl‐leukotrienes actively participate in sputum eosinophil chemotactic activity found in asthmatics irrespective of whether they are or not under treatment with inhaled corticoids.
3‐Nitrotyrosine, a marker of nitrosative stress, is increased in breath condensate of allergic asthmatic children
Authors: Baraldi E. , Giordano G. , Pasquale M. F. , Carraro S. , Mardegan A. , Bonetto G. , Bastardo C. , Zacchello F. , Zanconato S. 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Asthmatic patients have high exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels. NO‐mediated inflammatory actions are mainly due to NO conversion into reactive nitrogen species, which can lead to nitrotyrosine formation. The aim of this study was to assess 3‐nitrotyrosine (3‐NT) levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of asthmatic and healthy children and to investigate whether there is any relationship with exhaled NO (FENO) and lung function.Methods:  The study included 20 asthmatic children (10 steroid‐naive with intermittent asthma, 10 steroid‐treated with unstable persistent asthma) and 18 healthy controls. They underwent FENO measurement, EBC collection and spirometry. 3‐NT was measured by a new liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method in isotopic dilution.Results:  The median EBC concentration of 3‐NT (expressed as nitrotyrosine/tyrosine ratio × 100) in asthmatic children was fivefold higher than in healthy subjects [0.23% (0.12–0.32) vs 0.04% (0.02–0.06), P < 0.001] with no difference between steroid‐naive and unstable steroid‐treated asthmatic patients. FENO levels were higher in asthmatic [44.6 ppb (36.0–66.0)] than in healthy children [7.5 ppb (6.0–8.8), P < 0.001]. No correlation was found among 3‐NT, FENO and lung function parameters.Conclusion:  Nitrotyrosine is high in EBC of asthmatic children and could be considered as a noninvasive marker of nitrosative events in the airways.
The socio‐economic burden of asthma is substantial in Europe
Authors: Accordini S. , Corsico A. , Cerveri I. , Gislason D. , Gulsvik A. , Janson C. , Jarvis D. , Marcon A. , Pin I. , Vermeire P. , Almar E. , Bugiani M. , Cazzoletti L. , Duran‐Tauleria E. , Jõgi R. , Marinoni A. , Martínez‐Moratalla J. , Leynaert B. , De Marco R. ,   Therapy and Health Economics Working Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II
Published: August 2010

Background: Few data are available on the asthma burden in the general population. We evaluated the level and the factors associated with the asthma burden in Europe.Methods: In 1999–2002, 1152 adult asthmatics were identified in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS)‐II and the socio‐economic burden (reduced activity days and hospital services utilization in the past 12 months) was assessed.Results: The asthmatics with a light burden (only a few reduced activity days) were 13.2% (95% CI: 11.4–15.3%), whereas those with a heavy burden (many reduced activity days and/or hospital services utilization) were 14.0% (95% CI: 12.1–16.1%). The burden was strongly associated with disease severity and a lower quality of life. Obese asthmatics had a significantly increased risk of a light [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.18–4.00] or a heavy burden (RRR = 2.77; 95% CI: 1.52–5.05) compared with normal/underweight subjects. The asthmatics with frequent respiratory symptoms showed a threefold (RRR = 2.74; 95% CI: 1.63–4.61) and sixfold (RRR = 5.76; 95% CI: 3.25–10.20) increased risk of a light or a heavy burden compared with asymptomatic asthmatics, respectively. Moreover, the lower the forced expiratory volume in 1 s % predicted, the higher the risk of a heavy burden. The coexistence with chronic cough/phlegm only increased the risk of a heavy burden (RRR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.16–3.06). An interaction was found between gender and IgE sensitization, with nonatopic asthmatic females showing the highest risk of a heavy burden (21.6%; 95% CI: 16.9–27.1%).Conclusions: The asthma burden is substantial in Europe. A heavy burden is more common in asthmatics with obesity, frequent respiratory symptoms, low lung function, chronic cough/phlegm and in nonatopic females.