bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 16 Ideology of the Good Old Days: Exaggerated Perceptions of Moral Decline and Conservative Politics
Authors: Eibach Richard P. , Libby Lisa K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBeliefs in social and moral decline are widespread, and people sometimes perceive decline when conditions are actually improving. The original research presented here seeks to explain such illusory perceptions of decline by linking them to a general judgmental bias that causes people to mistake change in the self for change in the external world. Many changes that people experience during the life-course alter their perspectives in ways that sensitize them to social threats. When people fail to realize that these personal changes have heightened their perceptions of threat, they may mistakenly conclude that threats are becoming more prevalent in society. This chapter tests this thesis by combining surveys of people actually undergoing relevant transitions with experimental analogues of these transition processes. Also reviewed is evidence linking the belief that conditions are declining to politically conservative attitudes. After examining the judgmental biases that produce illusory perceptions of decline, the chapter draws on broader models of ideology and system justification to explain how the rhetoric of decline may function to achieve wider public support for conservative social movements.
CHAPTER 20 The Politics of Intergroup Attitudes
Authors: Nosek Brian , Banaji Mahzarin R. , Jost John T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIdeologies that underlie concepts of ethnocentrism, authoritarianism, system justification, social dominance, and morality shape minds in sufficiently deep ways to bring about (a) congruence between implicit and explicit preferences, and (b) a consistently greater preference for socially advantaged groups among political conservatives than liberals on both explicit and implicit measures. Data from large web samples and representative samples from the American National Election Studies (ANES) provide support for these and two additional results: (a) liberals show greater mean dissociation between explicit and implicit attitudes than conservatives, reporting more favorable attitudes toward the underprivileged groups than they demonstrate on implicit measures; and (b) over time, conservatives’ racial preferences converge on those of liberals, suggesting that where liberals are today, conservatives will be tomorrow.
Children's Understanding and Remembering of Stressful Experiences
Authors: Baker-Ward Lynne , Ornstein Peter A. , Starnes Lauren P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAutobiographical memory involves a set of constructive processes that can continue long after an experience has ended but which nonetheless influence our understanding and memory of the events of our lives. This chapter considers these constructive processes as they impact children's understanding of emotionally significant experiences and their subsequent memory for these events. It suggests that the processes involved in the encoding of information in memory are knowledge-driven and extended in time. Children's understanding of the events that they experience is critical for subsequent remembering, and comprehension is driven by both endogenous and exogenous forces that may operate long after an event has ended. In turn, our understanding of children's abilities to remember events, especially those that are emotionally laden, requires an analysis of the factors that influence the establishment and modification—through extended encoding—of representations in memory.
Injuries, Emergency Rooms, and Children's Memory
Authors: Peterson Carole , Warren Kelly L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by presenting recent theoretical discussion of the relationship between stress and memory. It then summarizes a body of research that explored children's recall of naturally occurring stressful events, specifically injuries serious enough to require hospital emergency-room treatment. It focuses on potential sources of individual variation in children's recall of real-life stressful events, both in research conducted in the laboratory and in related research conducted by other investigators. Finally, the chapter discusses the practical significance of this work for clinical and legal contexts.
Coping and Memory
Authors: Compas Bruce E. , Campbell Laura K. , Robinson Kristen E. , Rodriguez Erin M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes a dual-process model of responses to stress as a framework for understanding stress, coping, and memory. The model includes both automatic and controlled responses to stress that involve engagement with or disengagement from sources of stress and one's emotions. Controlled responses to stress, which are equated with the concept of coping, are considered within the broader cognitive processes of executive functions and memory. Two examples from research on children and adults with cancer are used to show the diverse relations among these processes—the relations between controlled, working memory processes and coping, and the interplay between disengagement coping and intrusive, automatic memories. Finally, directions for future research on the role of memory in coping with stress are outlined.
Mother-Child Emotion Dialogues
Authors: Oppenheim David , Koren-Karie Nina 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMother-child conversations about the past, including dialogues about distressing events experienced by the child, play an important role in the development of children's autobiographical memory. This chapter describes studies of such dialogues and reviews findings that point to their importance. Findings from the longitudinal studies including both low- and high-risk samples highlight the importance of the dialogues that evolve between mothers and children when they discuss children's memories of emotional events. Within this context, mothers' sensitive guidance and structuring of the dialogues and children's openness and cooperation while jointly negotiating the narrative have emerged as particularly meaningful.
An Integrated Model of Emotional Memory
Authors: Alexander Kristen Weede , O'Hara Karen Davis 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the state of research and theory concerning relations among emotion, developmental context, and memory in development, with a particular emphasis on how psychobiological processes play an integral role in these relations. Because memory is a skill relying heavily on a variety of cognitive, social, and biological factors, it posits that a dynamic systems framework is essential to understanding the development of memory for emotional and stressful experiences. The chapter begins with an overview of this theoretical framework in the context of emotional memory. It then turns to factors within the dynamic model by providing an overview of the psychophysiological systems involved in emotional memory. With this lens, memory for emotional experiences is further considered, beginning with the nature of the emotional event itself. Next, the chapter reviews developmental and individual differences related to children's processing of emotional experiences, focusing on individual differences related to social and cognitive processes and emotion regulation. The chapter concludes with applications of this model to clinical and legal domains and suggestions for new directions of future research.
Stress Effects on the Brain System Underlying Explicit Memory
Authors: Carver Leslie J. , Cluver Annette 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the literature on the development of event memory and the brain system that underlies it. It describes what is known about the explicit memory system and its development, as well as areas in which more could be understood about the development of the system. It reviews the literature on effects of stress on the development of the explicit memory system, and proposes ways in which timing and plasticity could play a role in long-term effects of stress on the brain basis of memory.
Islam and Liberal Citizenship
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book examines both the liberal and the Islamic legal and doctrinal treatments of the moral and political terms of residence and citizenship in a non-Muslim liberal democracy. It seeks to stage an ideal moral encounter between contemporary political liberalism and evolving Islamic doctrinal discourses, first elaborating a uniquely detailed methodology for normative inquiry across ethical and religious traditions, asking what is involved morally and epistemically in justifying conceptions of justice and political morality in an ethical framework not one’s own. It then proposes an ideal-typical Islamic “doctrine of citizenship” in a non-Muslim liberal democracy, based on a survey of Islamic objections to liberal citizenship. It then examines Islamic doctrinal responses to the minority condition, from early juridical prohibitions on residing in non-Muslim lands to contemporary fatwas and treatises on the “jurisprudence of Muslim minorities” (fiqh al-aqalliyyat al-muslima). The specific questions comprising the general problem of citizenship in Islamic discourses include the terms and conditions of residence in non-Muslim polities; balancing Islamic commitments with loyalty to non-Muslim polities; the recognition of moral pluralism and solidarity with non-Muslim fellow citizens. This book establishes that classical Islamic jurisprudence already contains many powerful resources for justifying moral commitment to a non-Muslim society and that even conservative, classically-minded Islamic scholars are engaged in a theorization and theologizing of principled moral obligation to non-Muslims and non-Islamic polities.
1 Purposes: The Place of Justificatory Comparative Political Theory
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter explains further the idea of an overlapping consensus and the interest in arguing for one across multiple ethical traditions, showing that this interest is primarily derived from the desire for social stability and solidarity, rather than first-order philosophical moral justification. The chapter surveys the justificatory theories of John Rawls’s political liberalism and Jürgen Habermas’s discourse ethics, as well as the relativist critiques of Rorty and Fish, arguing that there is a basic agreement that the justification of liberal norms from within a particular religious tradition is of primarily political interest, rather than philosophical. It closes with a defense of justificatory comparative political theory primarily aimed at refuting the charge of cultural hegemony and clarifying the nature of the “liberal bias” involved. The central argument is that this inquiry is ultimately deeply respectful of Islam as an autonomous source of ethical thought and motivation, which is compatible with criticism of specific doctrines or practices.
4 Identifying Equilibrium: An Ideal-Typical Islamic Doctrine of Citizenship
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter seeks to establish what is reasonable for citizens in a liberal society to demand of Muslim fellow citizens by way of an “Islamic doctrine of citizenship” if it is to be said that there is an overlapping consensus on the terms of social cooperation. This inquiry involves two distinctions: between justice and citizenship, and between a citizen and a “loyal resident alien” or an “alienated citizen.” It is best perceived as the search for a fully reasonable account of the minimal demands of liberal citizenship least in conflict with the aims and sprit of Islamic political ethics. Ideal-typical “reasonable” Islamic positions are formulated on the core questions of residence, political obligation, loyalty, recognition, solidarity and political participation to be used in later chapters for evaluating existing Islamic views.
5 Residence in a Non-Muslim State
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the Islamic arguments for the permissibility of residence (iqama) in a non-Muslim country, against a tradition which holds it divinely prohibited and holds that migration (hijra) is mandatory or encouraged. It shows that even medieval Islamic jurists did not condition such residence on the ability to govern Muslim minority communities by Islamic law as a clear facet of the need to “manifest one’s religion.” This chapter introduces for the first time the Islamic obligation of proselytization (da‘wa) and how the possibilities for missionary activity are central to classical and contemporary Islamic justifications of residence in non-Muslim lands. Da‘wa is argued to have an ambiguous status as a motivating reason from a liberal perspective. Some attention is paid to the Islamic classification of non-Muslim lands as “abodes” of War (dar al-harb), Unbelief (dar al-kufr), Treaty (dar al-’ahd), Security (dar al-aman) Calling (dar al-da‘wa) and Testimony (dar al-shahada).
Recipes for Immortality
Authors: Weiss Richard S 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book illuminates the present success of traditional doctors by examining the ways that siddha medical practitioners in Tamil south India have won the trust and patronage of patients. While biomedicine might alleviate a patient’s physical distress, siddha doctors offer their clientele much more: affiliation to a timeless and pure community, the fantasy of a Tamil utopia, and even the prospect of immortality. They speak of a golden age of Tamil civilization and of traditional medicine, drawing on broader revivalist formulations of a pure and ancient Tamil community. This work illuminates the lives, vocations, and aspirations of these traditional doctors, documenting the challenges they face in the modern world. It demonstrates that medical authority is based not only on physical effectiveness, but also on imaginative processes that relate to personal and social identities; conceptions of history, secrecy, and loss; and utopian promise. Drawing from ethnographic data; premodern Tamil texts on medicine, alchemy, and yoga; government archival resources; college textbooks; and popular literature on siddha medicine and on the siddhar yogis, this book presents a study of a traditional system of knowledge that serves the medical needs of millions of Indians. It is more than a local study, however, analyzing the political and religious dimensions of medical discourse and authority in our modern world.
Collaborating with the Enemy
Authors: Gubar Marah 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The boys' adventure story is perhaps the genre that seems least likely to invite child readers to dodge rather than succumb to adult authority, since such stories often strive to brainwash boys into committing themselves to the imperialist cause. Chapter 2 argues that Treasure Island, long accepted as an exemplary text in this regard, actually functions as an anti-adventure story, inciting child readers to see through the seductive propaganda of typical desert island romances. Like Ewing, Robert Louis Stevenson portrays the project of draining foreign lands of riches as traumatizing and morally problematic. At the same time, he exposes flattery as the key narrative technique adult storytellers employ to seduce children into embracing the project of empire-building. Thus, the duplicitous Long John Silver butters up Jim Hawkins using the very same techniques employed by writers like W. H. G. Kingston and R. M. Ballantyne: addressing the boy as an equal, promising to tell him the truth, and portraying him as an invaluable collaborator in the project of subduing foreign lands. Treasure Island warns children to beware of the treachery of such silver-tongued adult storytellers.
Reciprocal aggression
Authors: Gubar Marah 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In his famous photographs of children and in the Alice books, Lewis Carroll often displays a surprising willingness to jettison the solitary Child of Nature paradigm and explore instead the complex relationship that links children to adults, himself to his beloved child friends. Rather than single-mindedly insisting that a firm barrier separates young from old, Carroll frequently blurs this line, characterizing the child not as an untouched Other, but as a collaborator enmeshed in a complicated relationship with the adults who surround her. As in the case of the female children’s authors studied in Chapter 1, his work reveals a keen awareness of the fact that children are always already involved with (and influenced by) adults. But whereas they seem comfortably certain that children can nevertheless develop into creative agents who help shape their own life stories, Carroll remains unsure. He hopes that children can function as empowered collaborators, but—like Stevenson—he fears that the power imbalance inherent in the adult-child relationship ensures that all adults can offer children is a fraudulent illusion of reciprocity. Even his own cherished brand of nonsense literature, he suggests, can function as a form of coercion that pushy adults foist upon profoundly uninterested children.
1 Avant‐garde
Authors: Berg Hubert F. van den 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of the history of the term ‘avant‐garde’ as it has been used in the historiography of art. The point of departure is the lack of agreement as to the term's meaning. Noting the almost complete absence of the term in the statements of the early 20th‐century artists more recently viewed as representing the avant‐garde's apogee, the chapter emphasises instead the role of the 1960s avant‐garde in retrospectively constructing an ‘historical avant‐garde’ to serve as their legitimating forebear. The 19th‐century association of the term with the service of political ideology was essential to its appeal in the 1960s, but this putative radicalism was muddied by the later, early 20th‐century understanding that progressive artists should lead, not serve. The chapter also notes how the association of artistic avant‐gardes with radical political movements undoubtedly contributed to the avant‐garde's alleged demise in the 1980s and 1990s.
2 “Demolish Serious Culture!”
Authors: Piekut Benjamin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses traces the path taken by the maverick composer, philosopher and activist Henry Flynt in the early 1960s, from a position at the heart of New York's downtown avant‐garde community, to his radical repudiation of the avant‐garde under the influence of the Marxist‐Leninist Workers World Party (WWP). The WWP both shaped the rhetoric of Flynt's attacks on the avant‐garde, and (through its militant advocacy of civil rights) encouraged his growing interest in black popular music. Paradoxically, this was to lead to tension with the WWP itself, which shared the culturally conservative outlook of Soviet communism. Flynt, by contrast, viewed “street‐Negro music” as representing the vanguard of musical evolution through its resourceful use of electric instruments and recording and broadcasting technology.
4 Aesthetic Theories and Revolutionary Practice
Authors: Kutschke Beate 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The West‐German avant‐garde music scene of the early 1970s—the period in which the spirit of the New Left manifested itself most intensively in the musical field—was especially marked by the numerous discussions and debates about the nature of political music, its perfection and failures, conducted by musicians and music writers with endless energy and engagement. This chapter throws light on one of these debates: the argument between Nikolaus A. Huber and Clytus Gottwald in 1971–72 about Huber's composition Harakiri. It investigates the terms of the debate, firstly with regard to the musical facts—and in particular a comparison made at the time between Huber's Harakiri and Hans Otte's contemporary piece, Zero—and secondly with regard to the ideas of Theodor W. Adorno, who provided the New Leftist avant‐gardists with politico‐aesthetical ideas.
5 “Music Is a Universal Human Right”
Authors: Beal Amy C. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The Ivy‐League pedigrees of many of the Musica Elettronica Viva (MEV) composers seems to contradict their anarchic‐Marxist musical activities in Rome during the late 1960s. Influenced by the live‐electronic improvisations of John Cage and David Tudor, the Italian network of avant‐garde composers, and the intense collective work of The Living Theater, these self‐exiled Americans (including Alvin Curran, Frederic Rzewski, Richard Teitelbaum, and Jon Phetteplace) developed a radical approach to free improvisation during a time of political and social turmoil in Europe. Joining forces in Rome in 1966, they performed throughout Europe during the late 1960s and gained influence as an intensely politicized underground model for musical action. MEV soon made the journey from performing compositions to provoking free sonic rituals where artists and audiences made music with any means available.
7 The Politics of Presque rien
Authors: Drott Eric 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Luc Ferrari's 1970 tape composition Presque rien no. 1—an apparently unretouched recording of daybreak on the Black Sea—has long been characterized as a transgressive work, breaking with established notions of compositional craft. However, statements made by the composer in the late 1960s point to a different way of reading Presque rien, one that situates it within contemporaneous debates concerning cultural democratization in France. The use of familiar, recognizable sounds to make experimental music accessible to a mass audience, along with the composer's stated desire that Presque rien might serve as a model for a new kind of amateur musique concrète, are read as responses to contemporaneous calls to reconcile avant‐garde music and popular culture.
9 “Scream against the Sky”
Authors: Everett Yayoi Uno 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In 1960, a succession of massive strikes and violent demonstrations culminated in a national crisis in Japan, spurred by the United States‐Japan Security Treaty which gave the United States the right to use Japan as a military base, and thereby expanded the Cold War arena in East Asia. Socialist parties, artists, and intellectuals staged large‐scale protests (called Anpo‐Undô) in opposition to the authorities. Rejecting the fallacies of Japanese imperialism, this new generation faced the task of rebuilding their cultural identity from the charred ruins of post‐atomic history. This chapter examines the diverse aesthetic trajectories and reception of Japanese avant‐garde music that emerged during this critical period of transition, with particular attention to Tokyo's Sôgetsu Center for the Arts, and the works of Yoko Ono, Toshi Ichiyanagi, and Yûji Takahashi.
11 American Cultural Diplomacy and the Mediation of Avant‐garde Music
Authors: Fosler‐Lussier Danielle 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Avant‐garde music played a small but important role in American cultural diplomacy during the cold war. In Western Europe, it was meant to demonstrate the United States' cultural sophistication; in Eastern Europe, to present a provocative alternative to socialist realism. In Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the music both engaged elite listeners and elicited feelings of respectful indebtedness from broader audiences. The latter relationship can be described as an unusual form of “gift economy” in which questions of prestige and value were negotiated through the medium of a musical performance with its accompanying publicity. While during the 1960s avant‐garde jazz and art music were treated alike in some respects, American officials were more likely to alter jazz programs, reflecting ambivalent expectations about their global audiences and about jazz as high art.