bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bronze Age Structures at Tougs, Burra Isle, Shetland
Authors: Hedges J W 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe 1977 excavation in Shetland of typical examples of an oval stone house, burnt mound, and field system, is reported on. The findings, including the dates — have implications for the elucidation of Shetland's prehistory, and are discussed. The assemblages of crude stone implements and quartz were specially collected and studied and the conclusions are innovatory. The survey of Burra Isle published in GAJ 11 (Hedges 1984) was complementary to the excavation.
The Metrology of Stone Rows: A Reassessment
Authors: Davis A 
Published: February 2011

Summary A reappraisal is attempted of Alexander Thom's metrological hypotheses concerning the spacings of stones in the prehistoric stone rows in Britain (Thom 1978). After full consideration of the archaeological status of the sites, and the application of improved statistical techniques, aquantum identifiable with the megalithic yard emerges at probability levels very much lower than hitherto suspected. The suggestion by Kendall (1974) and others, that the evidence for the quantum resides mainly among Scottish sites, is shown to be no longer tenable when all available data from circles and rows are considered. Strong evidence for a larger quantum, possibly identifiable with the ‘megalithic rod’, is obtained from two sites in northern Scotland.
Three Cists from Tayvallich, Argyll
Authors: Lehane D 
Published: February 2011

Summary Three cists were discovered during the rebuilding of a house in Tayvallich. They appear to have been inserted into a roughly oval pit. All three cists contained cremated human remains and Cist 3 also contained a food vessel with beaker affinities. Lithics from among the cairn material appear to be a redeposited Mesolithic assemblage.
Excavation at Cleaven Dyke, Perthshire, 1975
Authors: Adamson H C , Gallagher D B 
Published: February 2011

SummaryAn excavation examined the surviving evidence for the Cleaven Dyke in an area threatened by a pipeline, immediately west of the present upstanding earthwork. No artefacts were found but soil analysis suggests a date not incompatible with the early first millennium AD.
The distribution of lithic materials of possible Mesolithic age on the Isle of Arran
Authors: Allen Chris , Edwards Kevin J 
Published: February 2011

SummaryDetails are presented of 22 findspots in southern Arran which have produced pitchstone and flint materials. Although a microlithic component can be distinguished at 3 locations, most of the material is less diagnostic culturally. Radiocarbon dates are presented from two sites (in the late 7th and 6th millennia and in the 2nd millennium BC respectively), the distribution of locations is discussed and some finds are illustrated.
Excavations at Levan Castle, Gourock, 1966 & 1970-72
Authors: Denholm Peter C. , McCartney E. , Jarvis M. C. , Davis J. , Dickson J. H. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIn 1970 Renfrewshire Planning Authority were concerned with proposals to develop part of the Levan estate for new housing, and wished to know the probable extent of the former barmkin and outbuildings. A three-season excavation was arranged and supervised by the writer, with the advice in the first year of Eric J. Talbot, then lecturer in medieval archaeology at Glasgow, and thereafter with the advice and support of the late Mrs. Anne Halifax-Crawford, Hon. Vice-President of this society and a member of the Renfrewshire Heritage Committee. The writer however claims any mistakes herein as his own.Apart from identifying two sides of the barmkin, the operation produced an interesting range of late medieval pottery, including continental imports, and a large collection of animal bone from the kitchen midden, indicating contemporary diet (Appendix I).The report is prefaced by a brief history of the building and its owners as far as is ascertainable from documentary sources, which in this case provide as much tentative dating information as the excavation.
A Romanesque crucifix from Macewen's Castle, Loch Fyne, Mid Argyll
Authors: Scott J. G. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThis copper alloy crucifix was found during excavation at Macewen's Castle in Argyll in 1968 and closely resembles others known to date from the 12th century; it may have been made in Belgium. The arms could have been bent back to aid concealment in the 17th or 18th centuries.
Bodsberry Hill Unenclosed Platform Settlement, Near Elvanfoot, Strathclyde
Authors: Terry John 
Published: February 2011

Summary Excavation and survey work ahead of the new M74 road development, jointly funded by Historic Scotland and Scottish Office Industry Department (Roads), at an unenclosed platform settlement, with its accompanying field system, has yielded an Early Bronze Age radiocarbon date from a primary hut platform structure. Subsequent re-use of the single excavated platform stance is dated to the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
Roman Penetration in Strathclyde South of the Antonine Wall PART TWO: ROMANIZATION
Authors: Wilson Allan 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIt will be shown that at the time of Roman conquest, the Damnonii in Strathclyde consisted probably of a decentralised grouping of tribesmen whose political fragmentation is evidenced by their ubiquitous smallscale structures. Some form of hierarchical society is indicated with wealth based on ownership of land and stock and mixed farming the basic element in an embedded economy. Archaeological evidence suggests the Damnonii may have undergone a degree of agricultural revolution in the pre-Roman Iron Age sufficient to meet the demands of an invading and standing army. Roman finds clearly datable to the 1st century AD have been found on only three native sites at the extremities of the area under investigation, their presence suggesting not casual drift from Roman to native, but deliberate Roman policy to control the Damnonii through a few leaders rewarded with Roman patronage. The points of contact are widened in the 2nd century AD. Bearing in mind that Romanization in southern Scotland is different from that of the fully Romanized province of southern Britain and that Roman occupation in Scotland was relatively brief and essentially military, southern Scotland in effect being a frontier zone, it will be shown that the degree of Romanization is not insignificant and Romanization itself may even have gained momentum after the departure of the Roman army. An examination of the finds from Buiston crannog shows elements of continuity as well as discontinuity with Roman culture and technology. Perhaps the clearest expression of Romanization in the longer term, is the emergence of the Romano-British church in the Early Historic period in south-west Scotland.
Excavation of a small limekiln at North Medrox, Mollinsburn, North Lanarkshire
Authors: Alexander Derek 
Published: February 2011

Summary Excavation of a limekiln at North Medrox, near Mollinsburn, in North Lanarkshire was carried out in advance of the construction of the Loch Lomond Water Supply 1420mm Main from Balmore to Glenhove. The excavation revealed a stone-built, vertical draw-kiln; structural details included a splayed buttressed vent, a brick-built draw-hole, a kiln-bowl base of bedrock, and heavily vitrified sandstone wall faces. The kiln is dated by documentary evidence to the first half of the 19th century and was possibly in use earlier.
Excavations at 3–11 Main Street, Cumbernauld
Authors: Mackenzie J R , Stronach S 
Published: February 2011

Summary The Scottish Urban Archaeological Trust Ltd (SUAT) carried out excavations in advance of a possible infill development on a site located within the historic core of the village of Cumbernauld. Evidence of some 300–400 years of activity dating from the post-medieval period was uncovered with some residual finds from the medieval period. The excavations were jointly funded by the Cumbernauld Development Corporation and Historic Scotland.
Excavations at Burnhouse Moor, Clydesdale, 1985
Authors: Ross Lindsay 
Published: February 2011

Summary The ring enclosure at Burnhouse Moor lies at the 300m contour on a small hill just SW of Tinto Hill near Biggar (Fig 1). It was excavated prior to the afforestation of the area. Before excavation the site appeared as a 2m wide bank with no breaks apart from a modern sheep track. The bank enclosed a circular area 8m in diameter. A slight depression or halo was just visible around the outer edge of the bank. One quarter of the interior was excavated with extension trenches to S and E sectioning both bank and the external depression. Four pits were dug outside the excavated area to examine the soil profiles across the hillside. In places these showed tilled soil, while others showed a build up of peat.
History and Computing: Some Reflections on the Achievements of the Past Decade.
Authors: Speck W. A. 
Published: February 2011

Since the symposium held atHull Universityin December 1983 there have been considerable advances for historians enthusiastic about the application of computers to their teaching and research. The inauguration of the A. H. C, an indirect development from the Hull meeting, was itself a milestone. The Association has acted as a forum for the exchange of ideas and information about courseware andresearch tools such as databases and bibliographies. However, while this has consolidated the activities of those who wouldhave been enthusiasts about the new technology anyway, there is little evidence that it has converted many traditional historians to their cause. The profession has become divided into two distinct groups: a minoritywhich subscribes to thisjournaland attends A. H. C. conferences; and the majority which remains resistant to the computation ofhistorical evidence. Changes in higher education which are making increasing demands on time andits efficient use offer anopportunity for further progress, since computation could provide some solutions to the problems faced byprofessional historians. The launching of the TLTP History consortium gives the enthusiasts an unprecedented chance to convert their sceptical colleagues. The next decade could therefore see the Association making an even greater impact than the past ten years.
Historical Height Samples with Shortfall: A Computational Approach
Authors: Heintel Markus 
Published: February 2011

Research in economic history frequently uses human height as a proxy for net nutrition. This anthropometric method enables historians to measure time trends and differences in nutritional status. However, the most widely used data sources for historical heights, military mustering registers, cannot be regarded as random samples of the underlying population. The lower side of the otherwise normal distribution is eroded by a phenomenon called shortfall, because shorter individuals are under-represented below a certain threshold (truncation point). This paper reviews two widely used methods for analyzing historical height samples with shortfall -the Quantile Bend Estimator (QBE) and the Reduced Sample Maximum Likelihood Estimator (RSMLE). Because of the drawbacks of these procedures, a new computational approach for identifying the truncation point of height samples with shortfall, using density estimation techniques, is proposed and illustrated on an Austrian dataset. Finally, this procedure, combined with a truncated regression model, is compared to the QBE to estimate the mean and the standard deviation. The results demonstrate the deficiencies of the QBE again and cast a good light on the new method.
99mTc-prulifloxacin in artificially infected animals
Authors: Khan A. U. , Khan M. R. , Shah S. Q. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryAim: The radiosynthesis of 99mTc-Prulifloxacin (99mTc-PRN) was assessed in terms of stability, binding with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), biodistribution in rats (RT) and scintigraphic profile in rabbits (RB). Animals, material, methods: 99mTc-PRN was synthesized by mixing 25 μg of stannous fluoride (SnF2) with 18.5 MB of sodium pertechnetate. Thereafter, 0.5 mg of the prufloxacin (PRN) was added to the reaction mixture and the pH was set at 5.1 with 0.01 mol/l HCl. The reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature. The same process was repeated by increasing the concentration of the stannous fluoride from 25 to 250 μg, sodium pertechnetate from 18,5 to 185 MBq and the PRN from 0.5 to 5 mg. The radiochemical stability of the 99mTc-PRN was investigated in higher concentration of the cystein. In-vitro binding investigation was performed using living and heat killed S. aureus to verify specificity of the 99mTc-PRN. Biodistribution was evaluated in artificially infected rats and scintigraphic precision in rabbits at different interval. Results: The 99mTc-RPN prepared by mixing 2 mg of PRN, 74 MBq sodium pertechnetate, 100 μg stannous fluoride at pH 5.4, appeared to be more than 90% stable with a maximum radiochemical yield of 98.15 ± 0.25% at 30 min. The 99mTc-PRN showed higher stability in serum and satisfactory in-vitro binding to living as compared to heat killed S. aureus. 14.25 ± 0.15% of the injected dose was accumulated in the infected muscle of the model RT. Infected to normal muscle ratio was 5.12 and inflamed to normal muscle was 1.2. The biodistribution was validated by the scintigraphic localization of infection in rabbits. Conclusion: This investigation of 99mTc-PRN confirmed its momentous radiochemical immovability in saline, serum, preferential in-vitro binding to living bacteria, higher uptake in the infected muscle of model RT and precise localization in the infected muscle of model RB.
Construct Validity of the Three Motor-Reduced Subscales of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception — Adolescent and Adult (DTVP-A): A Rasch Analysis Model Evaluation
Authors: Brown Ted 
Published: February 2011

Background: The Developmental Test of Visual Perception — Adolescent and Adult (DTVP-A) is a test used by therapists even though its construct validity has not been thoroughly assessed. Purpose: This study evaluated the scalability/interval level measurement, unidimensionality, lack of differential item functioning (DIF) and hierarchical ordering of the items of the three motor-free subscales (Figure-Ground, Form Constancy and Visual Closure) of the DTVP-A. Method: The motor-free visual perceptual performance scores from a sample of 221 participants aged 20+ years (49 adults with and 172 adults without neurological impairment) were used to complete a Rasch analysis of the DTVP-A's three motor-free subscales. Results: On the DTVP-A Figure-Ground (FG) subscale, items FG2 and FG6 demonstrated Rasch model misfit, while no item exhibited DIF. On the Form Constancy (FC) subscale, items FC1, FC2, FC4 and FC6 were misfitting, while items FC3 and FC11 exhibited DIF based on gender. Visual Closure (VC) subscale items VC2, VC3, VC13 and VC15 exhibited misfit with the Rasch model requirements, while VC1 and VC5 demonstrated DIF. When all three subscales were analysed together as one Total Motor-Reduced Visual Perception Scale, items FC2, FC1, FC4, VC12, VC15, FC17 and FG6 demonstrated Rasch model misfit, while items VC1, VC2, VC5 and FC11 exhibited DIF based on gender. Conclusion: The construct validity, scalability, hierarchical ordering and lack of DIF requirements were met by the majority of the motor-free DTVP-A items. However, items FG6, FC1, FC2, FC4 and FC11 appeared to be particularly problematic. Given the fact that a number of items exhibited Rasch analysis model misfit or DIF, clinicians need to take this into consideration when using the three motor-free DTVP-A subscales individually or collectively to assess clients.
A Factor Analytic Study of the Japanese Interest Checklist for the Elderly
Authors: Nakamura-Thomas Hiromi , Yamada Takashi 
Published: February 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the interest patterns among Japanese older people. Method: This study of 967 healthy older people examined the factorial structure of the Japanese Interest Checklist for the Elderly (JICE) and also examined whether interest patterns differed across genders and two age groups of older people. Results: The rotated varimax factor analysis extracted six factors: Activities Parallel to Daily Living (APDL), Pleasurable Outings, Cultural/Educational Activities, Entertainment Activities, Nature-related Activities and Social Activities. Alpha coefficients indicated adequacy for APDL, Pleasurable Outings and Cultural/Educational Activities (that is, above 0.70). The other three factors had lower coefficients, near or above 0.60. Differences in the strength of interest within each of the factors were found when men and women and different age groups were compared. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the JICE adequately captures the interests of Japanese older people. Considered in the light of previous research, the results also suggest that valid assessments of interests must include items targeted to a relatively homogeneous group.
Protein‐Directed Solution‐Phase Green Synthesis of BSA‐Conjugated MxSey (M=Ag, Cd, Pb, Cu) Nanomaterials
Authors: Huang Peng , Bao Le , Yang Dapeng , Gao Guo , Lin Jing , Li Zhiming , Zhang Chunlei , Cui Daxiang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBovine serum albumin (BSA)‐conjugated MxSey (M=Ag, Cd, Pb, Cu) nanomaterials with different shapes and sizes were synthesized in water at room temperature by a protein‐directed, solution‐phase, green synthetic method. The method features very low energy consumption and nontoxic reagents with high yields of concentrated nanoparticles. The obtained bioconjugated nanoparticles have good dispersibility, bioactivity, and biocompatibility. In addition, various functional groups of protein on the surface of the nanocrystals are suitable for further biological interactions or couplings, which is very important for further biological applications.
Regulation of the Chiral Twist and Supramolecular Chirality in Co‐Assemblies of Amphiphilic L‐Glutamic Acid with Bipyridines
Authors: Zhu Xuefeng , Duan Pengfei , Zhang Li , Liu Minghua 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA series of amphiphilic L‐glutamic acid derivatives with various saturated alkyl chains has been designed and their co‐assembly with 4,4′‐bipyridine in aqueous media has been investigated. While the individual amphiphiles formed hydrogels with water and self‐assembled into fine fiber networks, the addition of 4,4′‐bipyridine caused significant changes in the co‐assembled nanostructures such that twisted chiral ribbons were formed. In these supramolecular systems, either fine structural changes or adjustment of the stoichiometric ratio of the two components had crucial effects on the formation of the chiral twists. Based on detailed investigations by SEM and XRD analyses, FTIR, CD, and UV/Vis spectroscopies, and molecular simulation, it is considered that a delicate synergistic balance between π–π stacking, hydrophobic, and chiral interactions is responsible for the formation of the chiral twists. An interesting sandwich structure, in which an excess of 4,4′‐bipyridine is inserted into the space of primary cages constructed from the amphiphile and 4,4′‐bipyridine, is proposed. Remarkably, the handedness of these chiral twists is related not only to the chiral center of the glutamic unit, but also the chain length of the alkyl tails. This work provides a deeper understanding of the formation mechanism of chiral twists, and exemplifies a feasible shortcut to the rational design of chiral structures from basic molecular structures to supramolecular systems.
Ground and Excited State Double Hydrogen Transfer in Symmetric and Asymmetric Potentials: Comparison of 2,7,12,17‐Tetra‐n‐propylporphycene with 9‐Acetoxy‐2,7,12,17‐tetra‐n‐propylporphycene
Authors: Fita Piotr , Garbacz Piotr , Nejbauer Michał , Radzewicz Czesław , Waluk Jacek 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAnalysis of time‐resolved anisotropy of transient absorption enabled determination of room temperature ground and excited state rate constants for intramolecular double hydrogen transfer in two similar porphycenes, one of them with symmetric and the other, with asymmetric character of a double minimum potential for hydrogen motion. The perturbation preserves a quasi‐symmetric minimum in S0, but the rate decreases approximately two times. In S1, the perturbed potential becomes strongly asymmetric, and the downhill hydrogen transfer occurs with a rate higher than that observed for a symmetrical compound.
Studies on fermentation aeration: I. The oxygen transfer coefficient
Authors: Carpani R. E. , Roxburgh J. M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe transfer coefficients for oxygen from air to water and dilute salt solutions and from air to sodium sulphide solutions catalyzed by copper ion have been determined in an unbaffled stirred vessel. Up to the level of agitation at which the vortex broke the surface there is no apparent simple relation between these coefficients. Scale up on the basis of sulphite oxidation rates is therefore likely to be successful only under conditions of similar geometry and Reynold's number. Apparent activation energies of 1.2 and 10.6 kcal./g.mole were obtained for the transfer of oxygen to water and M/20 sodium sulphite solution respectively.
The relationship between the capacity and efficiency of dewaxing filters
Authors: Butler R. M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe throughput, and the sharpness of separation of the oil from the wax, are factors which must be balanced against each other in the design and operation of a lubricating oil dewaxing plant. Changes in this balance can be made by varying such quantities as dilution ratio, speed of filter rotation, quantity of wash applied and wax content of the feed. The relations between these quantities and their effect on the performance of a plant are discussed. The treatment is largely a theoretical one and involves an extension of conventional filtration theory to take account of the quantity of liquid remaining in the filter cake and the rate at which wash can be applied to displace it. The predicted interrelationships between the different variables have been shown by families of curves plotted on coordinates of dewaxed oil output (capacity) and dewaxed oil yield (efficiency). From these diagrams it is possible to predict the effect of changes in the operating conditions on the yield and capacity for a plant.
A heat exchanger design for heavy water reactor service
Authors: Duff A. D. , Wilson E. E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe volume of heavy water required for a power reactor plant using this moderator has an important influence on investment. Likewise, the cost of leakage justifies extraordinary containment measures. A heat exchanger design is described which satisfies these requirements, as well as those imposed by the radiation field in which the equipment must operate.
First order rate processes and axial dispersion in packed bed reactors
Authors: Carberry James J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBy employing recently secured data for the axial dispersion of mass flowing through fixed beds, it is shown that for first order isothermal processes conducted in fixed beds of practical aspect ratios (L/Dp), the effect of mixing upon kinetics is insignificant. It follows that in shallow bed systems usually employed in kinetic research efforts, the influence of axial mixing cannot be ignored, particularly in the case of a liquid reactant. The dispersion data and the analyses support the contention of Ergun (14) and the recent treatment of the problem by Epstein (16).