bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A ‘Public Works State’
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHistorically, Japan invested, and continues to invest, a greater proportion of its gross domestic product (GDP) in gross fixed capital formation than comparable industrialized countries. General government gross fixed capital formation accounted for about a fifth of the total, but on a rising trend in the 1990s, reaching 6.7% of GDP in fiscal year 1995, as government made repeated attempts to kick-start the economy with public works spending. As private investment declined after the collapse of the bubble economy, general government claimed an increasing proportion. Public investment by central government was planned and financed partly through the General Account Budget, partly through the Fiscal Investment Loan Programme (FILP), and partly through some of the thirty-eight Special Accounts. Some of the public investment schemes financed by public banks and finance corporations, and public corporations and special companies, apart from substantial FILP funding, were self-financed and/or financed by approved borrowing in domestic and overseas capital markets. This chapter discusses how Japan had become a public works state by the 1990s.
Fiscal Reconstruction: ‘Smoke and Mirrors’
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe main objective of the Ministry of Finance (MOF) from the emergence of the fiscal crisis in 1975 onwards was to reduce the fiscal deficit on the General Account Budget and, in the longer term, to eliminate it, as well as restore the balanced-budget characteristics that prevailed in the high-growth era. This chapter assesses the MOF's claim to have made substantial progress towards the achievement of that aim by the end of the 1980s, until the onset of economic recession in the early 1990s first slowed then halted that progress, and ultimately reversed it as the economic imperatives triggered more public spending, higher levels of government borrowing, and tax cuts and concessions. It analyses and assesses the effects and effectiveness of the policies that the MOF initiated, and attempted to implement, under the broad banners of fiscal reconstruction and fiscal consolidation in the 1980s and early 1990s, and the counter-cyclical expansionary policies that succeeded them in the recessionary conditions that prevailed for most of the remainder of the decade.
5 Gladstone and Peel
Authors: Ghosh Peter 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses Sir Robert Peel, the founder of modern Conservatism, and his role in nineteenth-century politics as the pioneer of ‘Gladstonian Liberalism’. One of the most fundamental assumptions underlying our understanding of nineteenth-century politics, although it has never been explicitly worked out, is that Peel remained a central presence in later Victorian England; in particular, that he was a decisive influence on W. E. Gladstone and on the Liberal Party he led between 1867 and 1894. Instead of being represented as a bilateral constitutional and party contest, nineteenth-century politics is more conveniently construed along the single axis supplied by ‘Peel-Gladstone’. But if Peel had become an anomaly in his own day, it is unlikely that he should have had any more relevance to succeeding generations, since they, like their predecessors, also believed in a party system as the best means of organizing public opinion in the country and of representing it in Parliament.
9 Liberal Passions: Reason and Emotion in Late- and Post-Victorian Liberal Thought
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter characterizes liberalism and presents diverse approaches to the dissemination of liberal thinking. Liberalism is regarded as the epitome of a rational political theory. It is based on notions of human autonomy, reflective self-direction, considered judgement, and purposiveness. It has employed formal and carefully controlled models of human relationships embodied in the device of the contract, both among individuals and between individuals and society, a contract to which the participants are conscious and willing signatories. Lately, it has endorsed a range of models exploring free, equal, and transparent communication as applied to deliberative democracy, from which a shared or common good may emerge. Liberal reason is not necessarily incompatible with emotion, sentiment, and passion, though obviously not with all of their manifestations; and it is quite proper, as well as inevitable, for a healthy political ideology both to display and to embrace emotion as a rich and creative force in political life.
14 Victorian Interpretations of Thomas Hobbes
Authors: Harris Jose 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores the Victorian interpretations of Thomas Hobbes and the pursuit of Victorian Hobbesian revival. Studies have varied in detail, but have concurred in claiming that arguments derived from Hobbes were systematically deployed by Victorian theorists, in order to resist the rise of democracy and to foster new forms of state power on a scale undreamt of by ‘absolutist’ rulers of Hobbes's own era. By the 1890s Hobbes was widely referred to, even by those who disliked his ideas, as England's ‘greatest’ political philosopher. His most important work, Leviathan, was portrayed as ‘one of the English bibles’, ‘the first great fountain of original ideas’, and ‘nothing less than the cornerstone of the science of politics’.Yet it had not always been thus. After his death in 1679 detailed knowledge of Hobbes's life and thought had largely disappeared from the mainstream of intellectual debate in Britain for well over a century.
Nationalism and Economic Policy in the Era of Globalization
Authors: Bhaduri Amit 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNationalism is a complex notion, which encompasses society, the state, and the economy. It comprises a complex nexus of multiple loyalties of an individual as a member of the society, duties and rights of the citizen in a reciprocal political arrangement with the state, and the role of the individual as a producer and consumer in the economy. While the balance among these different aspects of nationalism evolved historically, in the present area of globalisation this balance seems to be shifting in favour of global market forces. Its consequences for the nation state, and the new role that it needs to define for itself, especially in terms of economic policy, is the theme of this chapter. Through several centuries in Western political philosophy, the relationship between the political authority of the state and the historical formation of the society, viewed as the voluntary association of individuals, posed a major problem.
Global Macroeconomic Management
Authors: Taylor Lance 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The most important development in the global macroeconomic system over the past few decades has been the liberalisation of international capital markets that got underway in the 1970s. This sea of change from the Bretton Woods system has had enormous consequences for both developed and developing economies. This chapter begins by recalling the history of world capital markets — especially changes that have occurred since World War II. One important outcome has been a marked increase in the volatility of capital movements and asset prices, amplified by international contagion. In forward markets, conventions about the future determine these expectations. International payments flows have been profoundly affected by liberalisation, and the peculiar role the American economy plays in regulating them. How shifting conventions led to crises in developing economies is discussed. A stylised model of cycles of capital movements and macroeconomic performance is sketched. The chapter closes with a review of international financial regulation and governance.
Reforming the International Financial Architecture: Consensus and Divergence
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Asian crisis and its rapid spread to Russia and Latin America in 1997 and 1998 gave rise to a broad consensus on the need to reform the international financial architecture in order to reduce the inherent instability of the current system. This chapter critically reviews the ongoing debate from the developing country perspective and argues the case for a thoroughgoing reform of the current architecture. It looks at the current controversy which is organised in terms of distinguishing the areas in which there is some agreement from those in which there is still a considerable divergence of opinion. This is an expository device, based on the chapter's perception of existing consensus and divergence. The chapter focuses on reforms needed to prevent and manage financial crises — what may be called the ‘narrow’ financial architecture — leaving aside issues relating to development finance, in particular.
Developing Countries in Global Economic Governance and Negotiation Processes
Authors: Helleiner G. K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter on the roles and objectives of developing countries in global economic governance is organized around themes in negotiation processes rather than the specific objectives of improved global governance themselves. These objectives are considered, of course, but they are discussed within the context of a discussion of better process. The chapter addresses the prospect for fairly short-term and modest reforms, mainly relating to governance and negotiation processes for reform, within the key current multilateral economic institutions — the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organiszation. It focuses upon the importance of the selection of the agenda and the choice of appropriate forums and processes for moving toward longer-term and more fundamental reforms in the global economic governance system. The particular problems of the smallest and poorest countries in the global economic system are considered in the chapter. It also addresses the potential for improved developing country cooperation within existing systems.
The limits of expression
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines how the limits of expression or limits of the inexpressible, one of the four limits of thought, arose in pre-Kantian philosophy. It explains three reasons for assuming that there are features of the world that transcend language. Good examples of these features are the ones that might be thought to constitute ultimate reality, such as the fundamental matter or God. This chapter analyses these two things based on Aristotle's account of prime matter and Nicholas Cusanus' account of God. It also discusses Cratylus' view of the flux of meaning.
Absolute infinity
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the relevance of mathematician and philosopher George Cantor's views on infinity to the contradictions in the limits of thought. Cantor's work has clarified with an unprecedented rigour that contradictions do occur and he has narrowed down the field of possible solutions to a very small surveyable class. His notion of diagonalization has provided the cornerstone for an adequate understanding of boundary-transcendence. However, it is shown that Cantor's theory of the transfinite is not successful in removing the paradoxes of the infinite, it merely relocates them.
Vicious Circles
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the relevance of philosopher Bertrand Russell's views and works on absolute infinity to the contradictions in the limits of thought. It is shown that Russell's paradox is the simplest of all the set-theoretic paradoxes and it demonstrate that the paradoxes of the set theory could not be blamed on a mistake in the relatively subtle arguments required to establish the Burali-Forti contradiction. This chapter also shows that the limit of iteration and the limit of conception are intimately related to the Inclosure Schema.
Sets and classes
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the relevance of theories on sets and classes to the contradictions in the limits of thought. It analyses possible solutions to the set-theoretic paradoxes based on Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo's Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory and John von Neumann's notion of a proper class. It shows that, like other contemporary solutions to inclosure contradictions, Zermelo's and von Neumann's are not adequate even in the limited domain for which they were designed. This chapter suggests that the only uniform approach to all these paradoxes is the dialetheic one, and that the limits of thought which are the inclosures are truly contradictory.
Consciousness, rules, anddifférance
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the views of philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein and Jacques Derrida on the theory of meaning. Both philosophers reject accounts of meaning based on semantic correlates but they accept the consequent indeterminacy of sense and the relationship between consciousness and meaning. Wittgenstein and Derrida share another similarity in that their views all trespass over the limits of the expressible, and so deliver contradictions at the limits of thought.
Analysing Buyer Behaviour
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter analyses buyer behaviour, taking an outside-inside view of the organization. It looks at buyer behaviour from the perspective of a marketing manager. Part A describes some simple data about the brands a consumer has recently bought. The analysis of this type of purchase-history data helps marketers to understand how typical their brand is relative to other brands in their market and in other similar markets. Part B of the chapter provides a brief discussion of research techniques for generating insight into consumer behaviour. It suggests two clear messages to marketing managers — make the brand salient, and make it available to as many target customers as possible.
Market Segmentation and Targeting
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines market segmentation, one the basic ideas on which much of modern marketing is built. For most organizations, market segmentation is a primary way to search for and exploit market opportunities. Part A of this chapter describes three broad types of segmentation — corporate, product-market, and tactical. Part B examines product-market segmentation and strategic market selection. One of the key issues here is the issue of how many segments should organizations compete in. Part C examines tactical segmentation and targeting. The emphasis is to ‘get close to customers’ by developing an understanding of their needs, wants, and how they go about buying products and services.
Working with External Service Providers
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses primarily on advertising agencies and market research firms, the two principal outside suppliers of professional services to most marketing managers. The issues that govern the working relationship between the organization and these two agents are similar to those for other service providers. To implement many of the organization's marketing programmes requires working with outside suppliers of services, such as consultants, distributors, advertising agencies, and market research firms. Being outside the organization enables them to look at the marketing issues with more detachment than most insiders. Good working relationships with service suppliers provide leverage for the marketing team's internal capabilities. However, to gain the most benefit from these professional service firms requires the development of a commercial arrangement that is based on sound economic foundations.
Real numbers
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt was noted in the Introduction to this part of the book that Weierstrass based his rigorous presentation of the calculus on the assumption that the real numbers form a complete ordered field — that is to say, a continuum on which are defined operations of addition and multiplication satisfying the familiar algebraic laws. This chapter constructs such a set in this book's default theory ZU. The previous chapter went some way towards this when it showed how to construct a continuum. But an ordering is not enough structure for the purpose of measurement: addition and multiplication cannot be defined in terms of order structure alone. To carry out this programme the strategy is to use the set ω of natural numbers to construct in turn sets Z (of integers), Q (of rational numbers), and R (of real numbers) endowed with an algebraic structure as well as an ordering.
Further cardinal arithmetic
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The axiom of choice leads to a considerable simplification of the arithmetic of cardinals, but even so it leaves some questions in this domain unsettled. This chapter focuses on these issues. Topics discussed include the arithmetic of alephs, counting well-ordered sets, cardinal arithmetic and the axiom of choice, the continuum hypothesis, the axiom of determinacy, and the generalized continuum hypothesis.
Of the Origin of Ideas
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDavid Hume begins with a distinction that everyone will readily allow, that there is a difference of intensity between feelings and sensations on the one hand, and the deliverances of memory and imagination on the other. The latter may mimic or copy the former, but, unless people are disordered by disease or madness, they never reach such a pitch of vivacity to rival them. The point is that while people take their thoughts to be wholly mental events, whereas people take their sensations to be of external objects, people's means of distinguishing the two is wholly in terms of the vividness of their different perceptions, and vividness per se justifies no external reference. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that sensations are of external objects after all: phenomenalism stands at the door.
Of the Idea of necessary Connexion
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDavid Hume has argued that the contents of people's minds depend wholly on experience, and that through experience, they gain no insight into the natures or essences or powers of objects. They are able to function effectively in the world only because they are creatures of habit: they are so geared that, without understanding why things occur as they do, they just expect the world to go on in the way that it has. Human beings are crude inductivists, and cannot but be so. However, people are not hopelessly crude, because their expectations are themselves capable of nuance: the more or less frequently something has occurred, the more or less confidently they expect it. Where experience has been entirely uniform, expectations are unshakeable.
Of the Reason of Animals
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDavid Hume argues that animals as well as humans learn from experience by means of customary connections between causes and effects. The title is provocative, in that it implicitly denies that reason is the mark of the human. It is best regarded as debunking in intent, since the argument is to the effect that all learning from experience, whether by animals or humans, is founded not on reasoning, but on instinct; that is, animals learn from experience according to the same non-rational process by which human beings also learn. The section's modern career is characterised largely by neglect: its significance, and even the reason for its inclusion in the Enquiry, are rarely considered. The section thus seems only to be filling in the details, not extending the fundamentals of Hume's position.
Of a particular Providence and of a future State
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe explicit subject of this section is the prospect of those special future rewards and punishments, beyond the ordinary rewards and punishments to be expected in the common course of life, that are the stuff of religious systems. That is, it is concerned with the grounds for believing in particular, as distinct from general, Providence. The latter lies open to view: it is the implications, for human beings, of the general economy of the created order, the fortunes and misfortunes that arise predictably from the normal course of human affairs in the world. The former, in contrast, concerns the special stuff of religious hopes and fears, especially of Christian hopes and fears: of divine judgement, of the reward of the virtuous and punishment of the wicked, of heaven and hell.
Quantifiers and Characterization
Authors: Forbes Graeme 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt is possible that propositionalism is the worst semantics for intensional transitives, except for all the others. At the start of Chapter 4, it was noted that there is a higher-order alternative to propositionalism. It is championed most prominently in (Montague 1974) and this chapter begins with an outline of Montague's approach. It then argues for a variant of it that employs ideas taken from (Davidson 1967) and (Goodman 1949, 1976).
Wage Behaviour: the Evidence
Authors: Layard Richard , Nickell Stephen , Jackman Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWages differ in industries and companies in ways that go beyond the effect of differences in ability plus working conditions. These extra differences rise for the reason that wages reflect not only the outside forces but also the internal forces (value added per worker). There is sufficient evidence that inside factors are more significant when wage-bargaining is decentralized and when product markets are less competitive. Wages are higher in larger corporations. This is for the reason that large corporations have higher product market power and more powerful labour unions, in some cases.
Classical Logic
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLogical pluralism addresses the following conditions. First, the settled core of consequence is given in the Generalised Tarski Thesis (GTT). Second, an instance of GTT is obtained by a specification of the cases in GTT, and a specification of the relation is true in a case. Such a specification can be seen as a way of spelling out truth conditions. Third, an instance of GTT is admissible if it satisfies the settled role of consequence, and if its judgements about consequence are necessary, normative, and formal. Fourth, a logic is given by an admissible instance of GTT. Lastly, there are at least two different admissible instances of GTT. Logic is a matter of preservation of truth in all cases, which lies at the heart of logical consequence, the settled core of follows from. This chapter considers two well-known specifications of casesx: possible worlds and models for classical predicate logic. It notes the extent to which the canvassed accounts of consequence are admissible: the extent to which their respective judgements are necessary, normative, and formal.
Other Directions
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter looks at just a few of the ways in which a pluralistic view of logical consequence could be developed. It considers the upshot of recognising the plurality of consequence relations; how the plurality can be exploited; and ways that pluralism might be further developed in the theory of proofs. The moral of logical pluralism is that not every consequence relation needs to do everything that must be done by consequence relations. Failure to learn that (pluralistic) moral unnecessarily hinders logical theorising. It is one thing to recognise plurality in the development of a logical system, but something more interesting to let pluralism go somewhere. We can exploit the fact that we have more than one consequence relation, and allow the presence of a number of distinct consequence relations to do some work for us.