bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROPERTIES OF INJECTIVE HULLS OF A RING HAVING A COMPATIBLE RING STRUCTURE
Authors: OSOFSKY BARBARA L. , PARK JAE KEOL , RIZVI S. TARIQ 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIf the injective hull E = E(RR) of a ring R is a rational extension of RR, then E has a unique structure as a ring whose multiplication is compatible with R-module multiplication. We give some known examples where such a compatible ring structure exists when E is a not a rational extension of RR, and other examples where such a compatible ring structure on E cannot exist. With insights gleaned from these examples, we study compatible ring structures on E, especially in the case when ER, and hence RR ⊆ ER, has finite length. We show that for RR and ER of finite length, if ER has a ring structure compatible with R-module multiplication, then E is a quasi-Frobenius ring under that ring structure and any two compatible ring structures on E have left regular representations conjugate in Λ = EndR(ER), so the ring structure is unique up to isomorphism. We also show that if ER is of finite length, then ER has a ring structure compatible with its R-module structure and this ring structure is unique as a set of left multiplications if and only if ER is a rational extension of RR.
INJECTIVE MODULES OVER DOWN-UP ALGEBRAS
Authors: CARVALHO PAULA A. A. B. , LOMP CHRISTIAN , PUSAT-YILMAZ DILEK 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to study finiteness conditions on injective hulls of simple modules over Noetherian down-up algebras. We will show that the Noetherian down-up algebras A(α, β, γ) which are fully bounded are precisely those which are module-finite over a central subalgebra. We show that injective hulls of simple A(α, β, γ)-modules are locally Artinian provided the roots of X2 − αX − β are distinct roots of unity or both equal to 1.
GOLDIE DIMENSION, DUAL KRULL DIMENSION AND SUBDIRECT IRREDUCIBILITY
Authors: ALBU TOMA 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this survey paper we present some results relating the Goldie dimension, dual Krull dimension and subdirect irreducibility in modules, torsion theories, Grothendieck categories and lattices. Our interest in studying this topic is rooted in a nice module theoretical result of Carl Faith [Commun. Algebra27 (1999), 1807–1810], characterizing Noetherian modules M by means of the finiteness of the Goldie dimension of all its quotient modules and the ACC on its subdirectly irreducible submodules. Thus, we extend his result in a dual Krull dimension setting and consider its dualization, not only in modules, but also in upper continuous modular lattices, with applications to torsion theories and Grothendieck categories.
Lymph node central necrosis on computed tomography as predictor of extracapsular spread in metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: pilot study
Authors: Zoumalan R A , Kleinberger A J , Morris L G T , Ranade A , Yee H , DeLacure M D , Myssiorek D 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective:This study aimed (1) to investigate the relationship between the presence of lymph node central necrosis, viewed on pre-operative computed tomography imaging, and the occurrence of histopathologically determined metastatic lymph node extracapsular spread and (2) to determine whether a larger scale study would be valuable.Materials and methods:Pre-operative computed tomography scans, surgical records and post-operative histopathological analysis results were reviewed for 19 consecutive neck dissections performed in 17 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Results:A total of 20/26 (77 per cent) lymph nodes with central necrosis had extracapsular spread on histopathological analysis. Twenty of 21 (95 per cent) lymph nodes with extracapsular spread had central necrosis on pre-operative computed tomography. Thirty-four of 40 (85 per cent) lymph nodes without extracapsular spread had no evidence of central necrosis on computed tomography. Only three of 12 (25 per cent) patients with lymph node central necrosis identified on pre-operative computed tomography were found to have actual necrosis on final histopathological analysis.Conclusions:Lymph node central necrosis viewed on pre-operative computed tomography scans is a useful indicator of metastatic lymph node extracapsular spread, with a sensitivity of 95 per cent, a specificity of 85 per cent, a positive predictive value of 69 per cent and a negative predictive value of 98 per cent. Lymph node diameter is not a sensitive indicator of extracapsular spread.
Recurrent familial malignant carotid body tumour presenting with lymph node metastasis: case report, and review of diagnosis and management of familial carotid body tumours
Authors: Hall T C , Renwick P , Stafford N D 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective:We report the case of a recurrent familial malignant carotid body tumour presenting with metastasis to local ipsilateral lymph nodes; the rarity of both recurrence combined with nodal spread is emphasised in this article.Method:We present a case report, and a review of the world literature concerning the diagnosis and management of carotid body tumours in the familial setting.Case report:A woman with a family history of succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B gene mutation presented with right vocal fold palsy. A causative carotid body tumour was excised. Fifteen years later, the patient developed a right-sided swelling in the jugulo-digastric region, together with shooting pains towards her right ear. Imaging revealed right posterior triangle lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the node was equivocal. Computed tomography of her neck revealed, in addition, a mass within the right side of the larynx. Excision biopsy of the lymph node demonstrated metastatic paraganglioma. A carotid angiogram revealed a right-sided carotid body tumour. This was embolised prior to neck exploration and excision of the carotid body tumour with en bloc resection of adjacent nodes. Histological analysis confirmed the presence of lymph nodes containing metastatic paraganglioma.Conclusion:This case report demonstrates the need for extra vigilance to enable early disease detection in the familial setting of carotid body tumour, in order to reduce the surgical morbidity associated with disease progression. In addition, our report highlights the atypical aspects of presentation in the familial setting, together with the difficulty and lack of standardisation regarding monitoring of the disease.
Fish farms as amphibian habitats: factors affecting amphibian species richness and community structure at carp ponds in Poland
Authors: KLOSKOWSKI JANUSZ 
Published: June 2010

SUMMARYOpen fish ponds are a potential consideration in the conservation of biodiversity, yet information on their suitability for breeding amphibians remains lacking. This study examined amphibian responses to attributes of pond habitats at common carp Cyprinus carpio farms in eastern Poland, focusing on features typical of traditional European cyprinid culture. Canonical correspondence analysis identified age of fish stocks, density of predatory Anisoptera and pond hydroperiod as the factors most strongly influencing amphibian community composition expressed in terms of larval abundance. Separation of fish age-cohorts into different growing ponds was decisive for differential occurrence patterns of individual amphibian taxa. The amphibian assemblage was significantly nested: ponds stocked with young-of-the-year fish supported relatively high numbers of amphibian taxa, including endangered species known to be vulnerable to fish, while ponds containing one- and two-year-old carp harboured only more common taxa. These results suggest that traditional carp pond culture characterized by a spatially discrete distribution of inter-annual cohorts includes habitats compatible with amphibian conservation. However, a flexible conservational approach is needed: ponds stocked with young fish produce secondary breeding habitats for amphibians, but presence of large-sized carp is associated with severe species loss.
Early trajectories of interparental conflict and externalizing problems as predictors of social competence in preadolescence
Authors: Kouros Chrystyna D. , Cummings E. Mark , Davies Patrick T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractConsistent with developmental cascade notions, the present study investigated (a) associations between trajectories of interparental conflict and early externalizing problems during childhood and (b) early trajectories of externalizing problems as a pathway by which interparental conflict impacts children's social competence in preadolescence. Participants were 235 children and their parents and teachers. Children were assessed annually for 3 years, beginning when they were in kindergarten. Parents provided reports of interparental conflict and child externalizing problems. Children's social competence (prosocial behavior, social problems) was assessed approximately 5 years later via parent and teacher reports. Results from parallel process models indicated that changes in interparental conflict were positively associated with changes in externalizing problems during childhood. Further, demonstrating pathways consistent with notions of developmental cascades, early trajectories of externalizing problems accounted for the longitudinal link between early trajectories of interparental conflict and children's social problems in preadolescence.
Transactional relations across contextual strain, parenting quality, and early childhood regulation and adaptation in a high-risk sample
Authors: Yates Tuppett M. , Obradović Jelena , Egeland Byron 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis investigation examined transactional relations across contextual strain, parenting quality, and child adjustment in 209 mothers and children at 24, 42, and 72 months of age. Independent ratings of mothers' stressful life events, social support, and relationship quality provided an objective measure of maternal contextual strain. Observers evaluated parenting quality during parent–child interactions at each time point. Child regulatory functioning during laboratory tasks at 24 and 42 months was evaluated by independent observers based on both behavioral (e.g., noncompliance, distractibility) and emotional (e.g., frustration, anger) indices. At 72 months, teachers reported on children's externalizing behaviors, and children completed objective measures of academic achievement. Nested path analyses were used to evaluate increasingly complex models of influence, including transactional relations between child and parent, effects from contextual strain to parenting and child adaptation, and reciprocal effects from child and parent behavior to contextual strain. Over and above stability within each domain and cross-sectional cross-domain covariation, significant paths emerged from maternal contextual strain to subsequent child adjustment. Bidirectional relations between parenting and child adjustment were especially prominent among boys. These findings counter unidirectional models of parent-mediated contextual effects by highlighting the direct influences of contextual strain and parent–child transactions on early childhood behavioral and academic adjustment, respectively.
Competence and psychopathology: Cascade effects in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development
Authors: Burt Keith B. , Roisman Glenn I. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractExisting longitudinal research on the interplay between externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and academic and social competence has documented “cascading” effects from early aggressive/disruptive behavior through impairments in competence, leading to symptoms of depression and anxiety. The primary aim of the current study was to replicate such work using the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development while also extending the developmental window of investigation of cascades back into early childhood. Participating families (N= 1,160) completed questionnaire measures of externalizing, internalizing, and social competence (maternal report), as well as individual assessment of academic achievement, spanning five time points from age 54 months through age 15 years. A series of nested structural equation models tested predicted links across various domains of competence and psychopathology. Results were consistent with prior research, demonstrating cross-domain effects from early externalizing problems through effects on both academic and social competence into later internalizing problems. Effects held across gender and were largely unaffected by inclusion of socioeconomic status, early caregiving, and early cognitive ability as covariates in the model.
Cascading peer dynamics underlying the progression from problem behavior to violence in early to late adolescence
Authors: Dishion Thomas J. , Véronneau Marie-Hélène , Myers Michael W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study examined the peer dynamics linking early adolescent problem behavior, school marginalization, and low academic performance to multiple indices of late adolescent violence (arrests, parent report, and youth report) in an ethnically diverse sample of 998 males and females. A cascade model was proposed in which early adolescent risk factors assessed at age 11 to 12 predict gang involvement at age 13 to 14, which in turn, predicts deviancy training with friends at age 16 to 17, which then predicts violence by age 18 to 19. Each construct in the model was assessed with multiple measures and methods. Structural equation modeling revealed that the cascade model fit the data well, with problem behavior, school marginalization, and low academic performance significantly predicting gang involvement 2 years later. Gang involvement, in turn, predicted deviancy training with a friend, which predicted violence. The best fitting model included an indirect and direct path between early adolescent gang involvement and later violence. These findings suggest the need to carefully consider peer clustering into gangs in efforts to prevent individual and aggregate levels of violence, especially in youths who may be disengaged, marginalized, or academically unsuccessful in the public school context.
Studies in haemoglobin E beta‐thalassaemia
Authors: Olivieri Nancy F. , Muraca Giulia M. , O’Donnell Angela , Premawardhena Anuja , Fisher Christopher , Weatherall David J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryHaemoglobin E β‐thalassaemia is the commonest form of severe thalassaemia in many Asian countries, but little is known about its natural history, the reasons for its clinical diversity, or its optimal management. Despite its frequency, haemoglobin E β‐thalassaemia is often managed in an ill‐defined and haphazard way, usually by demand transfusion. We studied a cohort of Sri Lankan patients with haemoglobin E β‐thalassaemia over 5 years, and identiﬁed several genetic and environmental factors possibly contributing to the phenotypic diversity of the disorder. These included modiﬁers of haemoglobin F production, malaria and age‐related changes in adaptation to anaemia. Our ﬁndings suggest that in many patients, haemoglobin E β‐thalassaemia can be managed without transfusion, even with low haemoglobin levels. Age‐related changes in the pattern of adaptation to anaemia suggest that more cost‐effective approaches to management should be explored.
Multiple bacteria contribute to intraplaque T‐cell activation in atherosclerosis
Authors: Van Der Meer J. J. , Van Der Wal A. C. , Teeling P. , Idu M. M. , Van Der Ende A. , De Boer O. J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Infection with microorganisms is considered a pathogenic factor in atherogenesis. Several studies have shown the presence of a broad spectrum of bacterial species in atherosclerotic plaques, which could trigger local inflammation. Because T cells contribute to atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, we studied the responsiveness of human plaque derived T‐cell cultures to bacteria of different species.Materials and methods  Primary polyclonal T‐cell cultures were generated from both carotid endarterectomy tissue and peripheral blood of nine patients, and the peripheral blood of eight matched controls. The in vitro proliferative responses of the T‐cell cultures against H. pylori, N. meningitidis, N. lactamica, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis and E. coli were analysed. T‐cell proliferation was measured by 3H‐thymidine incorporation and expressed as a stimulation index. Selective outgrowth of intraplaque microbial specific T cells was studied by calculating the ratio of plaque T‐cell SI and peripheral blood T‐cell SI in each patient.Results  All patients showed T‐cell responsiveness to multiple bacteria in their plaque tissue. Stimulation indices were in the range of 0·3–30, and this degree of reactivity with the different species was heterogeneous among patients. Selective outgrowth (plaque/peripheral blood ratio) of T cells against multiple bacteria was observed in six out of nine patients.Conclusions  T cells in atherosclerotic plaques have the capacity to selectively respond to antigens of a wide variety of microbial antigens. This supports the view that such mechanisms could contribute to the atherosclerotic inflammatory response.
Effects of telmisartan and enalapril on renoprotection in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease
Authors: Nakamura Tsukasa , Fujiwara Nobuharu , Kawagoe Yasuhiro , Sugaya Takeshi , Ueda Yoshihiko , Koide Hikaru 
Published: June 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (9): 790–796AbstractBackground  Blocking the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) with angiotensin receptor blockers or angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors protects against renal injury in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to compare the chronic effects of telmisartan and enalapril on proteinuria, urinary liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein (L‐FABP) and endothelin (ET)‐1 levels in patients with mild CKD.Materials and methods  Thirty CKD patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency (20 men and 10 women; mean age, 37 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 60 mL min−1 and blood pressure > 130/85 mmHg) were included in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive telmisartan at 80 mg day−1 (n = 15) or enalapril at 10 mg day−1 (n = 15). We measured blood pressure, serum creatinine, eGFR, urinary protein, L‐FABP and ET‐1 before the start of treatment and 6 and 12 months after the start of treatment.Results  The blood pressure reduction rate was similar between the two groups. Urinary protein, L‐FABP and ET‐1 levels were significantly reduced in both groups 6 and 12 months (P < 0·001) after treatment, but the reduction rates were more pronounced in patients receiving telmisartan than in those receiving enalapril (P < 0·001). Estimated glomerular filtration rate was increased similarly in both groups at 12 months.Conclusions  The study results suggest that telmisartan results in a greater reduction of urinary markers than does enalapril and that this effect occurs by a mechanism independent of blood pressure reduction. It would be needed to investigate whether the differences may be distinct or not the same when other dosages are used.
Local exposure shapes spatial patterns in infectivity and community structure of Daphnia parasites
Authors: Jansen Mieke , Stoks Robby , Decaestecker Ellen , Coors Anja , Van De Meutter Frank , De Meester Luc 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. Spatial patterns in parasite community structure are probably driven by the availability of infectious stages. This is because hosts become infected through picking up infectious stages from their environment. Several studies have, however, reported strong genotype by genotype interactions and parasite‐mediated selection in hosts. This leads to the prediction of a parasite by host population interaction with respect to infection rates and intensities, which may also shape spatial patterns in parasite community structure. 2. Using the water flea Daphnia magna and its microparasites as a model, we carried out a laboratory experiment to test explicitly to what extent parasite community structure in host populations is determined by the availability of infectious stages in the sediment they are exposed to, and to what extent host population identity and location play a role. 3. We exposed 10 D. magna host populations each to sediment of their own habitat and sediment of the other nine habitats, and monitored the parasite community of the resulting experimental populations. 4. Sediment seems to be a strong determinant of parasite infection rates, while there was no overall effect of host population. Sympatric parasite and host population combinations did in most cases not result in significantly different infection rates than allopatric parasite and host combinations. Our results indicate that spore availability could be the key variable determining parasite community structure in natural Daphnia populations.
Oxylipin channelling in Nicotiana attenuata: lipoxygenase 2 supplies substrates for green leaf volatile production
Authors: ALLMANN SILKE , HALITSCHKE RAYKO , SCHUURINK ROBERT C. , BALDWIN IAN T. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTLipoxygenases (LOXs) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of oxylipins, and catalyse the formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides (HPs), which represent the first committed step in the synthesis of metabolites that function as signals and defences in plants. HPs are the initial substrates for different branches of the oxylipin pathway, and some plant species may express different LOX isoforms that supply specific branches. Here, we compare isogenic lines of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata with reduced expression of NaLOX2 (irlox2) or NaLOX3 (irlox3) to determine the role of these different LOX isoforms in supplying substrates for two different pathways: green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and jasmonic acid (JA). Reduced NaLOX2 expression strongly decreased the production of GLVs without influencing the formation of JA and JA‐related secondary metabolites. Conversely, reduced NaLOX3 expression strongly decreased JA biosynthesis, without influencing GLV production. The temporal expression of NaLOX2 and NaLOX3 also differed after elicitation; NaLOX3 was rapidly induced, attaining highest transcript levels within 1 h after elicitation, whereas NaLOX2 transcripts reached maximum levels after 14 h. These results demonstrate that N. attenuata channels the flux of HPs through the activities of different LOXs, leading to different direct and indirect defence responses mediating the plant's herbivore resistance.
Role of inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate signalling in gravitropic and phototropic gene expression
Authors: SALINAS‐MONDRAGON RAUL E. , KAJLA JYOTI D. , PERERA IMARA Y. , BROWN CHRISTOPHER S. , SEDEROFF HEIKE WINTER 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTPlants sense light and gravity to orient their direction of growth. One common component in the early events of both phototropic and gravitropic signal transduction is activation of phospholipase C (PLC), which leads to an increase in inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate (InsP3) levels. The InsP3 signal is terminated by hydrolysis of InsP3 through inositolpolyphosphate‐5‐phosphatases (InsP 5‐ptases). Arabidopsis plants expressing a heterologous InsP 5‐ptase have low basal InsP3 levels and exhibit reduced gravitropic and phototropic bending. Downstream effects of InsP3‐mediated signalling are not understood. We used comparative transcript profiling to characterize gene expression changes in gravity‐ or light‐stimulated Arabidopsis root apices that were manipulated in their InsP3 metabolism either through inhibition of PLC activity or expression of InsP 5‐ptase. We identified InsP3‐dependent and InsP3‐independent co‐regulated gene sets in response to gravity or light stimulation. Inhibition of PLC activity in wild‐type plants caused similar changes in transcript abundance in response to gravitropic and phototropic stimulation as in the transgenic lines. Therefore, we conclude that changes in gene expression in response to gravitropic and phototropic stimulation are mediated by two signal transduction pathways that vary in their dependence on changes in InsP3.