bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MII/MIII‐Catalyzed ortho‐Fluoroalkylation of 2‐Phenylpyridine
Authors: Dudkina Yulia B. , Mikhaylov Dmitry Y. , Gryaznova Tatyana V. , Sinyashin Oleg G. , Vicic David A. , Budnikova Yulia H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA one‐step catalytic method for the ortho‐fluoroalkylation of 2‐phenylpyridine has been developed that employs the less‐commonly used higher oxidation states of nickel or palladium by electro‐oxidation of stable MII precursors.
Impacts of upland open drains upon runoff generation: a numerical assessment of catchment‐scale impacts
Authors: Lane Stuart N. , Milledge David G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractShallow upland drains, grips, have been hypothesized as responsible for increased downstream flow magnitudes. Observations provide counterfactual evidence, often relating to the difficulty of inferring conclusions from statistical correlation and paired catchment comparisons, and the complexity of designing field experiments to test grip impacts at the catchment scale. Drainage should provide drier antecedent moisture conditions, providing more storage at the start of an event; however, grips have higher flow velocities than overland flow, thus potentially delivering flow more rapidly to the drainage network. We develop and apply a model for assessing the impacts of grips on flow hydrographs. The model was calibrated on the gripped case, and then the gripped case was compared with the intact case by removing all grips. This comparison showed that even given parameter uncertainty, the intact case had significantly higher flood peaks and lower baseflows, mirroring field observations of the hydrological response of intact peat. The simulations suggest that this is because delivery effects may not translate into catchment‐scale impacts for three reasons. First, in our case, the proportions of flow path lengths that were hillslope were not changed significantly by gripping. Second, the structure of the grip network as compared with the structure of the drainage basin mitigated against grip‐related increases in the concentration of runoff in the drainage network, although it did marginally reduce the mean timing of that concentration at the catchment outlet. Third, the effect of the latter upon downstream flow magnitudes can only be assessed by reference to the peak timing of other tributary basins, emphasizing that drain effects are both relative and scale dependent. However, given the importance of hillslope flow paths, we show that if upland drainage causes significant changes in surface roughness on hillslopes, then critical and important feedbacks may impact upon the speed of hydrological response. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ice jam modelling and field data collection for flood forecasting in the Saint John River, Canada
Authors: Beltaos Spyros , Tang Patrick , Rowsell Robert 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIce jams cause major flooding and severe damages to communities and infrastructure along the Saint John River. There is a growing need to develop capability in forecasting and analysing ice‐jam‐related flood events. This capability is also essential in anticipating the potential for increased ice jam damages as a result of a changing climate. The well‐known and user‐friendly Hydrologic Engineering Centre's River Analysis System (HEC‐RAS) model, which can simulate ice jam configuration under steady‐state conditions, has been calibrated for operational application along the international Saint John River from Dickey, Maine, USA, to Grand Falls, New Brunswick. Examples of model results are presented, and the modelling experience gained to date is outlined. Surprisingly, model output begins to deteriorate when the spacing of cross sections is less than a site‐specific threshold. Once calibrated, the model generates good results, but model parameters change from site to site. Inconsistencies relative to current ice jam understanding and potential improvements are identified. A dangerous consequence of jamming is the sharp wave (jave for short) that is generated upon ice jam release. At present, dynamic aspects of breakup can best be assessed by measurement. Specially designed portable loggers were deployed in 2009 to capture various javes as well as the spring flood that typically arrives after ice clearance. The results enabled a comprehensive comparison between the characteristics of javes and runoff waves, whereas the runoff data were also used to test the unsteady flow routine of HEC‐RAS, which can be used to develop forecasts for runoff floods. Copyright © 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dimensionality reduction in drought modelling
Authors: Santos João Filipe , Portela Maria Manuela , Pulido‐Calvo Inmaculada 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFor monitoring hydrological events characterized by high spatial and temporal variability, the number and location of recording stations must be carefully selected to ensure that the necessary information is collected. Depending on the characteristics of each natural process, certain stations may be spurious or redundant, whereas others may provide most of the relevant data. With the objective of reducing the costs of the monitoring system and, at the same time, improving its operational effectiveness, three procedures were applied to identify the minimum network of rain gauge stations able to capture the characteristics of droughts in mainland Portugal. Drought severity is characterized by the standardized precipitation index applied to the timescales of 1, 3, 6 and 12 consecutive months. The three techniques used to reduce the dimensionality of the network of rain gauges were as follows: (i) artificial neural networks with sensitivity analysis, (ii) application of the mutual information criterion and (iii) K‐means cluster analysis using Euclidean distances. The results demonstrated that the best dimensionality reduction method was case dependent in the three regions of Portugal (northern, central and southern) previously identified by cluster analysis. All the reduction techniques lead to the selection of a subset of rain gauges capable of reproducing the original temporal patterns of drought. For specific severe drought events in Portugal in the past, the comparison between drought spatial patterns obtained with the original stations and the selected subset indicated that the subset produced statistically satisfactory results (correlation coefficients higher than 0.6 and efficiency coefficients higher than 0.5). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CONVERGENT READINGS OF GROUNDWATER GOVERNANCE? ENGAGING EXCHANGES BETWEEN DIFFERENT RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Faysse Nicolas , Petit Olivier 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTIn the last 50 years, the study of groundwater governance has given rise to rich and differentiated analytical approaches. This article proposes an exchange between the main heuristic viewpoints, results and theses of three approaches which studied groundwater governance: the study of groundwater governance as collective action initiated by Ostrom, the analysis made by Shah on informal groundwater economies and the works of Prakash, Mukherji and Birkenholtz drawing on political ecology. The aquifers on which each approach originally built its analysis played a key role in the design of analytical frameworks which, in the case of the first two approaches, were later applied to a much larger set of cases. The three approaches share many commonalities in their heuristic methods. However, they differ in the content of governance systems recommended to achieve sustainable groundwater use, and especially in the benefits of involving water users in the implementation of governance. Therefore, they also differ on what should be the focus of academic analyses. It is thus of interest to organize joint readings of cases of groundwater governance and to discuss the contents of research programmes able to provide fruitful analyses of these cases, based on local specificities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonclinical vaccine safety evaluation: advantages of continuous temperature monitoring using abdominally implanted data loggers
Authors: Kaaijk Patricia , van der Ark Arno A. J. , van Amerongen Geert , van den Dobbelsteen Germie P. J. M. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTFever has been reported as the most common adverse event after vaccination in infants and children. For this reason it is important that, prior to clinical testing of a new vaccine, change in body temperature following vaccination is tested carefully in nonclinical animal studies. Since both the timing and the height of the temperature peak after vaccination may differ from vaccine to vaccine, it is important that the time point for body temperature measurement should be chosen on a case‐by‐case basis with sufficient knowledge of the specific vaccine. In order to determine the best time point for rectal body temperature measurement after vaccination with a new vaccine candidate against N. meningitidis serogroup B, to be applied in a formal Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) toxicology study, miniature temperature data loggers were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of rabbits. The continuous body temperature monitoring appeared to give a complete picture of the entire body temperature kinetics after vaccination. The body temperature peaked at 4 h after vaccination, and this time point was subsequently applied in the toxicology study. Measured body temperature values at the selected time point of 4 h after vaccination were comparable in the continuous temperature setting and in the formal toxicology study, i.e. rectal temperature measurement at one time point. In the present study implanted temperature loggers were successfully used to define an adequate time point to be applied in determining rectal body temperature in a formal GLP toxicology study with a new vaccine candidate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methyl tert butyl ether is anti‐angiogenic in both in vitro and in vivo mammalian model systems
Authors: Kozlosky John , Bonventre Josephine , Cooper Keith 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTMethyl‐tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), a well known gasoline oxygenate, and US Food and Drug Administration approved gallstone treatment, has been previously shown to specifically target teleost embryonic angiogenesis. The studies reported here were to determine whether similar vascular disrupting effects occur in higher vertebrate models. Rat brain endothelial cells were isolated and allowed to form microcapillary‐like tubes on Matrigel. MTBE (0.34–34.0 mm) exposure resulted in a dose‐dependent reduction of tube formation, with the LOAEL at 0.34 mm, while MTBE's primary metabolite, tertiary butyl alcohol had no effect on tube formation. HUVECs, a primary cell line representing macrovascular cells, were able to form tubes on Matrigel in the presence of MTBE (1.25–80 mm), but the tubes were narrower than those formed in the absence of MTBE. In a mouse Matrigel plug implantation assay, 34.0 mm MTBE completely inhibited vessel invasion into plugs containing endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS) compared with control plugs with ECGS alone. When timed‐pregnant Fisher 344 rats were gavaged with MTBE (500–1500 mg kg−1) from day 6 of organogenesis through 10 days post‐parturition, no organ toxicity or histological changes in pup vasculature were observed. Results of the in vitro cell culture studies show that MTBE is anti‐angiogenic at mm concentrations and has potential use as an anti‐angiogenic treatment for solid tumors with minimal toxicity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective healing of diabetic skin wounds by using nonviral gene therapy based on minicircle vascular endothelial growth factor DNA and a cationic dendrimer
Authors: Kwon Min J. , An Songhie , Choi Sunghyun , Nam Kihoon , Jung Hye S. , Yoon Chang S. , Ko Jung H. , Jun Hye J. , Kim Tae K. , Jung Soo J. , Park Jeong H. , Lee Yan , Park Jong‐Sang 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe development of an efficient method to improve the wound healing process is urgently required for diabetic patients suffering a threat of limb amputations. Various growth factors have been proposed for treatment; however, more research still has to be carried out to maintain their curative effect. In the present study, we describe a simple nonviral gene therapy method for improving wound healing.MethodsMinicircle plasmid DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was combined with an arginine‐grafted cationic dendrimer, PAM‐RG4. The formed complexes were injected subcutaneously into the skin wounds of diabetic mice.ResultsActively proliferating cells in wound tissue were efficiently transfected, resulting in a high level of VEGF expression. Within 6 days after injection, skin wounds in the diabetic mice were generally healed and displayed a well‐ordered dermal structure, which was confirmed by histological staining.ConclusionsThis simple and effective gene therapy method may represent a powerful tool for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and other diseases that are refractory to treatment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing the efficiency of removing support material from rapid prototype parts
Authors: Kuo C.‐C. , Tsou Y.‐C. , Chen B.‐C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe optimal process parameters for removing support material from rapid prototype (RP) part using the Taguchi method are investigated. Four parameters of pH value, solvent temperature, depth of the RP, and distance of the RP part are considered as control factors. The experimental trials based on L9 (34) orthogonal array are carried out. Based on the results of analysis of variance, the most significant factor is the solvent temperature having a percentage contribution of 83.32%. Through the confirmation experiment, the savings in the removing time can exceed 70% using the optimal parameters. The mechanism of removing support material from RP part is presented in this work.
Effects of various parameters on ultrasonic separation of inclusions from magnesium alloy melt
Authors: Shao Z.‐W. , Le Q.‐C. , Zhang Z.‐Q. , Cui J.‐Z. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe acoustic radiation force generated by ultrasonic standing wave in the flow media can make solid particles suspending in the liquid agglomerate at the nodal planes of the waves and then realize their separation, which is also known as ultrasonic agglomeration in chemical industry. In this paper, ultrasonic waves were employed to promote and accelerate the separation of inclusions from magnesium alloy melt, and the effect of acoustic radiation forces on oxide inclusions removal from magnesium alloy melts were studied by numerical calculation. The agglomeration behavior of the inclusions was also obtained by solving the equations of motion for inclusions. Finally, parametric studies, usually very helpful for continued optimization and design efforts, were carried out to evaluate the effects of various parameters such as ultrasonic power, ultrasonic treating time, particle size and density difference between particle and melt on the inclusions distribution. The results indicate that when a moderate ultrasonic power was applied, most of inclusions could agglomerate at wave nodes in a short time which finally enhanced and accelerated the separation of inclusions from magnesium alloy melt.
Features of austenitic steels' microstructure following plastic deformation
Authors: Gershteyn G. , Shevchenko N. , Diekamp M. , Brosius A. , Schaper M. , Bach Fr.‐W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe carried out transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis of steels 316L and TWIP, has shown that important mechanisms of plastic deformation are mechanical twinning, shear band formation and deformation martensitic transformations. Mechanical twinning is a characteristic feature of a plastic deformation at ε ≈ (20–50) % deformation degrees. At ε = (20–70) % the basic contribution in plastic deformation of a material brings shear band formation. The contribution deformation martensitic transformations into plastic deformation is defined by level of phase instability of steels.
Occipitalization of the Atlas in Archaeological Material from the 16th–19th Century
Authors: Bašić Z. , Anterić I. , Škorić E. , Vilović K. , Anđelinović š. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTDuring the anthropological analysis of skeletal material dated in the 16th–19th century from St Katarina monastery in Split, a female skull with occipitalization of atlas has been found. Anterior part of atlas and foramen magnum were fused, with numerous perforations on auricular surface of atlas. As the age at death was estimated at more than 70 years, it is most likely that this woman had progressive course of illness. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical issues for safer dryer operations
Authors: Kwasny R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDrying is an especially hazardous operation. To make this operation safer, it is critical to understand the hazards associated with decomposition, fire, and explosion including worst‐case scenarios resulting from operational and control failures.This article describes the tests and standards required to prevent accidents when handling bulk powders and dusts. The outcome of these tests and standards is to quantify the risks for normal and upset conditions and to implement adequate safeguards to prevent accidents. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Japanese encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis virus in mainland China
Authors: Zheng Yayun , Li Minghua , Wang Huanyu , Liang Guodong 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYJapanese encephalitis (JE), caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, is the most important viral encephalitis in the world. Approximately 35,000–50,000 people suffer from JE every year, with a mortality rate of 10,000–15,000 people per year. Although the safety and efficacy of JE vaccines (inactivated and attenuated) have been demonstrated, China still accounts for 50% of the reported JE cases worldwide. In this review, we provide information about the burden of JE in mainland China and the corresponding epidemiology from 1949 to 2010, including the morbidity and mortality of JE; the age, gender, and vocational distribution of JE cases; its regional and seasonal distribution; and JE immunization. In addition, we discuss the relationships among vectors, hosts, and JEV isolates from mainland China; the dominant vector species for JEV transmission; the variety of JEV genotypes and the different biological characteristics of the different JEV genotypes; and the molecular evolution of JEV. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Modern Dilemma for Chemistry and Civic Responsibility: The Tragic Life of Clara Immerwahr
Authors: Meschel Susan V. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractClara Immerwahr was a talented chemist born at the end of the 19th century. In 1900, she received the first doctorate in chemistry awarded to a woman candidate at Breslau University, Germany. She married Nobel Laureate Fritz Haber and vehemently opposed his well‐known work on chemical warfare during WWI. Popular works, including theater and documentary film, dramatize her dilemma in a way that can catalyze meaningful discussion in college‐level chemistry courses on scientists' ethical and civic responsibilities. This paper surveys her life, accomplishments in chemistry, and her legacy.
A Series of [Mn6] Complexes with Terminal Functional Groups
Authors: Hołyńska Małgorzata , Dehnen Stefanie 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA series of [Mn6O2(R1OH)4(sao)6(R2COO)2] complexes with terminal functional groups (1: R1 = CH3, R2 = HO‐C6H4, 2: R1 = C2H5, R2 = H2N‐C6H4, 3: R1 = CH3, R2 = Cl‐C6H4, 4: R1 = CH3, R2 = CH3S‐C6H4, 5: R1 = CH3, R2 = I‐C6H4, 6: R1 = CH3, R2 = pymSCH2, 7: R1 = CH3, R2 = ortho‐pyr‐SCH3, 8: R1 = C2H5, R2 = (CH3)3OOCNHCH2C6H4; sao = doubly deprotonated salicylaldoxime ligand, pym = pyrimidyl, pyr = pyridyl) have been obtained in a reaction of a ligand R2C6H4COOH, salicylaldoxime, manganese(II) perchlorate and [NEt4](OH) in methanol or a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and dichloromethane. In this report, structural aspects as well as preliminary studies of magnetic and thermal properties are presented. Compounds 1, 3, 6, 8 exhibit an antiferromagnetic coupling of the Mn2+ ions, whereas 4 and 7 show ferromagnetic interactions. The title compounds may act as starting materials for further derivatization addressing the functional groups.
{nBuMg(OR)}2 und {Mg(OR)2}2 (R = 2, 4, 6‐tBu3C6H2) – sterisch überfrachtete Magnesiumalkoholate
Authors: Flörke Ulrich , Henkel Gerald , Kuhn Annette , Kuhn Norbert , Laufer Stefan , Maichle‐Mößmer Cäcilia 
Published: March 2012

AbstractReaction of 2, 4, 6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenol (1) with di‐n‐butylmagnesium in the molar ratio 1:1 allows the synthesis of {(nBu)Mg(μ‐OR)2Mg(nBu)} (2) (R = 2, 4, 6‐tBu3C6H2), which reacts with excess 1 to give the homoleptic alcoholate complex {(RO)Mg(μ‐OR)2Mg(OR)} (3) (R = 2, 4, 6‐tBu3C6H2). The structures of 2 and 3 were determined by X‐ray crystallography.
The clinical implementation of whole genome sequencing: a conversation with seven scientific experts
Authors: Lerner‐Ellis Jordan P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis commentary is based on the key note address given by Jordan Lerner‐Ellis at the annual symposium of the Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, held in Geneva, Switzerland in August 2011. The content of the address was developed from a series of discussions with seven clinicians and medical geneticists, all having a long‐time interest in genetic testing and genomic medicine (the interviews were not intended to be a forum for the introduction of new data). All participants were asked to offer their views on five questions: the benefits of using whole genome sequencing (WGS) in the clinic; the corresponding risks; the limitations on its wider use; the interviewees’ particular interests in using WGS in their practice; and projected timelines for successful adoption in clinical medicine.
Clinical features and heteroplasmy in blood, urine and saliva in 34 Dutch families carrying the m.3243A > G mutation
Authors: de Laat Paul , Koene Saskia , den van Heuvel Lambert P. W. J. , Rodenburg Richard J. T. , Janssen Mirian C. H. , Smeitink Jan A. M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe m.3243A > G mutation has become known as the MELAS mutation. However, many other clinical phenotypes associated with this mutation have been described, most frequently being maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD). The m.3243A > G mutation, can be detected in virtually all tissues, however heteroplasmy differs between samples. Recent reports indicate, a preference to perform mutation analysis in urinary epithelial cells (UEC). To test this, and to study a correlation between the mutational load in different tissues with two mitochondrial scoring systems (NMDAS and NPMDS) we investigated 34 families carrying the m.3243A > G mutation. Heteroplasmy was determined in three non‐invasively collected samples, namely leucocytes, UEC and buccal mucosa. We included 127 patients, of which 82 carried the m.3243A > G mutation. None of the children (n = 11) had specific complaints. In adults (n = 71), a median NMDAS score of 15 (IQR 10‐24) was found. The most prevalent symptoms were hearing loss(48%), gastro‐intestinal problems(42%), exercise intolerance(38%) and glucose intolerance(37%). Ten patients had neurologic involvement. Buccal mucosa had the best correlation with the NMDAS in all adults (r = 0.437,p < 0.001), whereas UEC had the strongest correlation with the NMDAS in severely affected patients (r = 0.593,p = 0.002). Heteroplasmy declined significantly with increasing age in all three samples (leucocytes r = ‐0.705 (p < 0.001), UEC r = ‐0.374(p = 0.001), buccal mucosa r = ‐0.460(p < 0.001). In our cohort of 82 patients, the m.3243A > G mutation causes a wide variety of signs and symptoms, MIDD being far more prevalent than MELAS. Looking at the characteristics of the three non‐invasively available tissues for testing heteroplasmy we confirm that UEC are the preferred sample to test.