bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inside Luciano Berio's Serialism
Authors: NEIDHÖFER CHRISTOPH 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTLike many other composers who later distanced themselves from serialism, Luciano Berio (1925–2003) embraced its principles in the 1950s and beyond. While Berio's early serial techniques from the Due pezzi of 1951 to Nones of 1954 are well known, his subsequent serial practice is still little understood for three principal reasons: in his writings and interviews Berio provided only limited information on his serial works; it is very difficult to decipher Berio's later complex serial techniques from the published scores alone; and only one sketch survives for any of his serial works from 1951 to 1958 (for Allelujah I, 1955–6).Following a brief examination of the integral serialism in Nones (whose principles have been known for some time thanks to an analytical note by Berio), the present study investigates the serial techniques deployed in the Quartetto per archi (1955–6) and Allelujah I. Berio's serial materials are reconstructed with the help of distributional analyses and from an historical angle that has been little explored thus far: the influence of Bruno Maderna (1920–1973), Berio's mentor and close collaborator at the Studio di fonologia musicale in Milan.
Reconsidering Messiaen as Serialist
Authors: BENITEZ VINCENT 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe present study challenges prevailing interpretations of Messiaen's serial practice by arguing that it not only focused on rhythm but also was ongoing, extending far beyond the years (1949–52) in which he supposedly used and then abandoned serial techniques. Messiaen's serial practice emerged from his theological preoccupation with time and eternity and his fascination with number. His temporal ideas and efforts to express them in his music are indebted to the philosophies of Henri Bergson (1859–1941) and Gaston Bachelard (1884–1962). These precepts are examined in the context of several works dating from the 1960s to the 1990s.
Gérard Grisey and the ‘Nature’of Harmony
Authors: HASEGAWA ROBERT 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTGérard Grisey (1946–1998) was a founder of the influential ‘spectral’ movement. Reacting against the abstractions of serialism, spectral composers derived their musical material from the physics of sound and the mechanisms of aural perception. The present study explores the tensions between Grisey's natural sonic models and their alterations and distortions in his music. One common spectral technique is ‘instrumental synthesis’– the scoring for instrumental ensemble of the partials of a complex natural sound. Instrumental synthesis creates a musical effect which is neither atonal nor tonal in the traditional sense – rather, we can best understand this music as exhibiting an extended tonality based on the upper overtones of the harmonic series. The analysis of this extended tonality calls for new theoretical tools which can account for the complex harmonic relationships between high overtones.I propose a modification of Hugo Riemann's theory of Tonvorstellung (tone representation): the idea that, given a collection of pitches, we will understand them as connected by the simplest possible just intervals. As a model of harmonicmeaning based on our processes of auditory cognition, tone representation can illuminate the way we hear and understand harmony in a wide variety of works. The theory is demonstrated in a discussion of Sehoenberg's Piano Piece, Op. 11 No. 2, then applied in an analysis of Grisey's Vortex Temporum (1994–6). Sketches for the piece indicate Grisey's use of distorted –‘stretched’ and ‘compressed’– spectra in addition to the familiar harmonic series. Applying my theory of tone representation makes possible a sensitive description of the aural effect of such distorted spectra, rather than the interpretations we frequently find of these sonorities which contradict their natural origins in Grisey's sketches.
AnImaginedDrama ofCompetitiveOpposition inCarter'sScrivo inVento,withNotes onNarrative, Symmetry, QuantitativeFlux andHeraclitus
Authors: MAILMAN JOSHUA B. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTCarter's music poses struggles of opposition, for instance in timbre (Double Concerto), space (String Quartet No. 3) or pulse (String Quartet No. 5). His preference for the all‐interval tetrachords, 4–Z15 [0, 1, 4, 6] and 4–Z29 [0, 1, 3, 7], is also well known. From these facets of Carter's music, I develop a narrative interpretation of his Petrarch sonnet–inspired solo flute piece,Scrivo in Vento(1991). Specifically, I forge narrative pathways by imagining the two tetrachords as active agents opposed in competition. PreviousScrivoanalyses (Capuzzo 2002;Childs 2006) stress continuity by revealing Q‐transforms and common‐note voice leading between the tetrachords. While acknowledging such features, my analysis emphasises oppositional struggle by tracing the tetrachords as separate entities which cooperate and conflict as they manoeuvre to outdo each other.The analysis advances three theses: (1) it guides listening to and readingScrivoin a way which resonates with Carter's concern for the aesthetics of oppositional struggle, his choice of a sonnet as inspiration and his affinity for all‐interval tetrachords; (2) it shows that music‐analytical detail can be organised into dramatic narratives by (a) projecting dramatic roles onto categories asserted by a formal theory and (b) treating the formal theory's relations metaphorically as actions performed by each role as the musical work unfolds; and (3) it shows how detailed pc‐set analysis can support a Heraclitean view of music: a flux of opposing forces seeking and resisting unity.
Genetic control of plant organ growth
Authors: Johnson Kim , Lenhard Michael 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThe growth of plant organs is under genetic control. Work in model species has identified a considerable number of genes that regulate different aspects of organ growth. This has led to an increasingly detailed knowledge about how the basic cellular processes underlying organ growth are controlled, and which factors determine when proliferation gives way to expansion, with this transition emerging as a critical decision point during primordium growth. Progress has been made in elucidating the genetic basis of allometric growth and the role of tissue polarity in shaping organs. We are also beginning to understand how the mechanisms that determine organ identity influence local growth behaviour to generate organs with characteristic sizes and shapes. Lastly, growth needs to be coordinated at several levels, for example between different cell layers and different regions within one organ, and the genetic basis for such coordination is being elucidated. However, despite these impressive advances, a number of basic questions are still not fully answered, for example, whether and how a growing primordium keeps track of its size. Answering these questions will likely depend on including additional approaches that are gaining in power and popularity, such as combined live imaging and modelling.

Contents

Summary
319

I.
Introduction
320

II.
The cell biology and biophysics of growth
320

III.
Timing is everything: what determines when proliferation gives way to expansion?
323

IV.
Anisotropic growth and the importance of polarity
325

V.
How does organ identity and developmental patterning modulate growth behaviour?
326

VI.
Coordination of growth at different scales
327

VII.
Conclusions
329

Acknowledgements
329

References
330
Neuroinflammatory and behavioural changes in the Atp7B mutant mouse model of Wilson’s disease
Authors: Terwel Dick , Löschmann Yi‐Na , Schmidt Hartmut H.‐J. , Schöler Hans R. , Cantz Tobias , Heneka Michael T. 
Published: April 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07278.xAbstractWilson’s disease (WD) is caused by mutations in the copper transporting ATPase 7B (Atp7b). Patients present with liver pathology or behavioural disturbances. Studies on rodent models for WD so far mainly focussed on liver, not brain. The effect of knockout of atp7b on sensori‐motor and cognitive behaviour, as well as neuronal number, inflammatory markers, copper and synaptic proteins in brain were studied in so‐called toxic milk mice. Copper accumulated in striatum and hippocampus of toxic milk mice, but not in cerebral cortex. Inflammatory markers were increased in striatum and corpus callosum, but not in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, whereas neuronal numbers were unchanged. Toxic milk mice were mildly impaired in the rotarod and cylinder test and unable to acquire spatial memory in the Morris water maze. Despite the latter observation only synaptophysin of a number of synaptic proteins, was altered in the hippocampus of toxic milk mice. In addition to disturbances in neuronal signalling by increased brain copper, inflammation and inflammatory signalling from the periphery to the brain might add to the behavioural disturbances in the toxic milk mice. These mice can be used to evaluate therapeutic strategies to alleviate behavioural disturbances and cerebral pathology observed in WD.
NMDA receptor regulates migration of newly generated neurons in the adult hippocampus via Disrupted‐In‐Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1)
Authors: Namba Takashi , Ming Guo‐li , Song Hongjun , Waga Chikako , Enomoto Atsushi , Kaibuchi Kozo , Kohsaka Shinichi , Uchino Shigeo 
Published: April 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07282.xAbstractIn the mammalian brain, new neurons are continuously generated throughout life in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Previous studies have established that newborn neurons migrate a short distance to be integrated into a pre‐existing neuronal circuit in the hippocampus. How the migration of newborn neurons is governed by extracellular signals, however, has not been fully understood. Here, we report that NMDA receptor (NMDA‐R)‐mediated signaling is essential for the proper migration and positioning of newborn neurons in the DG. An intraperitoneal injection of the NMDA‐R antagonists, memantine, or 3‐(2‐carboxypiperazin‐4‐yl)propyl‐1‐phosphonic acid (CPP) into adult male mice caused the aberrant positioning of newborn neurons, resulting in the overextension of their migration in the DG. Interestingly, we revealed that the administration of NMDA‐R antagonists leads to a decrease in the expression of Disrupted‐In‐Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), a candidate susceptibility gene for major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, which is also known as a critical regulator of neuronal migration in the DG. Furthermore, the overextended migration of newborn neurons induced by the NMDA‐R antagonists was significantly rescued by exogenous expression of DISC1. Collectively, these results suggest that the NMDA‐R signaling pathway governs the migration of newborn neurons via the regulation of DISC1 expression in the DG.
The local pathology of interstitial edema: Surface tension increases hydration potential in heat‐damaged skin
Authors: McGee Maria P. , Morykwas Michael J. , Argenta Louis C. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe local pathogenesis of interstitial edema in burns is incompletely understood. This ex vivo study investigates the forces mediating water‐transfer in and out of heat‐denatured interstitial matrix. Experimentally, full‐thickness dermal samples are heated progressively to disrupt glycosaminoglycans, kill cells, and denature collagen under conditions that prevent water loss/gain; subsequently, a battery of complementary techniques including among others, high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging, equilibrium vapor pressure and osmotic stress are used to compare water‐potential parameters of nonheated and heated dermis. The hydration potential (HP) determined by osmotic stress is a measure of the total water‐potential defined empirically as the pressure at which no net water influx/efflux into/from the dermis is detected. Results show that after heat denaturation, the HP, the intensity of T2‐weighed magnetic resonance images, and the vapor pressure increase indicating higher water activity and necessarily, smaller contributions from colloidosmotic forces to fluid influx in burned relative to healthy dermis. Concomitant increases in HP and in water activity implicate local changes in interfacial and metabolic energy as the source of excess fluid‐transfer potential. These ex vivo findings also show that these additional forces contributing to abnormal fluid‐transfer in burned skin develop independently of inflammatory and systemic hydrodynamic responses.
Hyperbaric oxygen improves ultraviolet B irradiation‐induced melanin pigmentation and diminishes senile spot size
Authors: Nishizaka Takahiro , Nomura Tomoko , Sano Tomohiko , Higuchi Kazuhiko , Nagatomo Fumiko , Ishihara Akihiko 
Published: April 2011

Background: The effects of exposure to hyperbaric oxygen on ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation‐induced melanin pigmentations of skins and on senile spot sizes of faces were investigated.Methods: In the first experiment, male subjects were irradiated with UVB on their upper arms for inducing erythema and the subsequent melanin pigmentation. They were exposed to a hyperbaric environment at 1.25 atmospheres absolute (ATA) with 32% oxygen for 1 h/day, three times per week. In the second experiment, female subjects were exposed to a hyperbaric environment at 1.25 ATA with 32% oxygen for 1 h/day, two times per week.Results: In the first experiment, melanin pigmentations lightened after 4 weeks of exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. In the second experiment, senile spot sizes became small after 12 weeks of exposure to hyperbaric oxygen.Conclusion: We concluded that exposure to hyperbaric oxygen used in this study accelerates both the fading in melanin pigmentation and the decrease in senile spot size.
Sun‐induced changes of stratum corneum hydration vary with age and gender in a normal Chinese population
Authors: Liu Zhili , Song Shunpeng , Luo Wenhai , Elias Peter M. , Man Mao‐Qiang 
Published: April 2011

Background/objectives: Previous studies have demonstrated that sun‐induced alteration of epidermal permeability barrier function varies with gender and age. In the present study, we assess the stratum corneum (SC) hydration in sun‐exposed males and females.
Methods: A total of 168 subjects (84 males and 84 females) aged 19–75 years were enrolled. A multifunctional skin physiology monitor was used to measure SC hydration.
Results: In comparison with non‐sun exposure, sun exposure does not cause a significant change in SC hydration in either young males or young females, whereas in aged females, a significant reduction of SC hydration is seen on the forehead and the dorsal hand of sun‐exposed subjects. SC hydration on the canthus of both aged males and aged females is significantly lower than that of young subjects. Additionally, SC hydration on the dorsal hand of aged females is also significantly lower as compared with young females. Sun‐induced reduction of SC hydration is more evident on the dorsal hand of aged females than that of males (P<0.001). Moreover, the SC rehydration capacity is significantly lower in sun‐exposed aged females than in age‐matched males.
Conclusion: These results demonstrated that sun‐induced changes of the SC hydration property vary with age and gender.
Effects of the feeding of wild Yeso sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) on the prevention of damage due to bark stripping and the use of feeding sites
Authors: MASUKO Takayoshi , SOUMA Kousaku , KUDO Hirofumi , TAKASAKI Yukari , FUKUI Emi , KITAZAWA Reiko , NISHIDA Rikihiro , NIIDA Toshimitsu , SUZUKI Teiji , NIBE Akio 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTFeeding sites for wild Yeso sika deer around Lake Akan, Japan, were established. Effects on the number of deer using the feeding sites, the prevention of bark stripping damage, the amount of feeding, and eating time in a 5‐year period (1999–2003) were evaluated. The number of deer using feeding sites increased with years during the feeding period. The damaged tree ratio after the initiation of feeding markedly decreased compared with 16.5% before the initiation of feeding. After the start of feeding, there were no trees with damage the entire circumference. According to tree species, the number of damaged trees of Ulmus laciniata Mayr as a percentage of all investigated trees was high (5.2%). The total amount of beet pulp feeding increased with the feeding year, showing 4.5‐fold increase. At feeding sites in deer culling, eating behavior was observed during the night. The preventive effects on bark stripping damage continued during the 5‐year feeding period. However, with the course of feeding years, the number of deer using feeding sites and the level of feeding increased.
An Analysis of the Potential Impact of Decoupled Payments: An Irish Case Study  Une analyse de l’impact potentiel des paiements découplés : une étude de cas irlandaise  Eine Analyse der potenziellen Auswirkung von entkoppelten Zahlungen: Eine Fallstudie aus Irland
Authors: Howley Peter , Donnellan Trevor , Hanrahan Kevin 
Published: April 2011

summaryAn Analysis of the Potential Impact of Decoupled Payments: An Irish Case StudyDecoupled payments are in the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) ‘green box’ of agriculture‐related subsidies and thus must adhere to the fundamental requirement that the policy has no, or at most minimal, trade‐distorting effects. The question as to whether decoupled payments affect production is an important issue in the context of international trade, as these payments can be exempt from WTO limits if they have none or at most, minimal, trade distorting effects. Using a dynamic multi‐product partial equilibrium model, this article provides projections for cereal and beef production in Ireland between 2005 and 2020 under the alternate assumptions of full (decoupled payments have the same impact as output prices) and zero (decoupled payments have no impact on production) coupling. The projections from the model were then compared with actual real market data in Ireland. The results suggest that if decoupled payments are treated by farmers as being ‘truly’ decoupled then there is likely to be a substantial decline in agricultural production in Ireland. Our model results suggest, however, that grain and cattle farmers in Ireland do not consider these payments as fully decoupled which calls into question the appropriateness of decoupled payments being included as a ‘green box’ policy.
Conjunctivochalasis: associations with pinguecula in a hospital‐based study
Authors: Mimura Tatsuya , Mori Mikiro , Obata Hiroto , Usui Tomohiko , Yamagami Satoru , Funatsu Hideharu , Noma Hidetaka , Amano Shiro 
Published: April 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To assess the relationship between the prevalence and severity of conjunctivochalasis and pinguecula.Methods:  Cross‐sectional, consecutive case study conducted at the university hospital of University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine. A total of 1061 patients aged from 1 to 94 years were enrolled. The grade and other parameters of conjunctivochalasis (classified into three locations: nasal, middle and temporal) and the grade of pinguecula located on the nasal or temporal conjunctiva were determined in all subjects. Patients were also divided into 5 or 10 age groups.Results:  The severity of conjunctivochalasis affecting the nasal and temporal bulbar conjunctiva was significantly correlated with the grade of pinguecula located on the nasal and temporal conjunctiva in each age group (p < 0.05). Pinguecula was independently associated with conjunctivochalasis (nasal: odds ratio [OR] = 1.44; temporal: OR = 1.43) after adjustment for age.Conclusion:  This was the first assessment of the relation between the grade of conjunctivochalasis and pinguecula in a large consecutive series of patients. Our results suggest that the prevalence and severity of conjunctivochalasis are related to the presence of pinguecula.
Local and regional factors influencing bacterial community assembly
Authors: Lindström Eva S. , Langenheder Silke 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThe classical view states that microbial biogeography is not affected by dispersal barriers or historical events, but only influenced by the local contemporary habitat conditions (species sorting). This has been challenged during recent years by studies suggesting that also regional factors such as mass effect, dispersal limitation and neutral assembly are important for the composition of local bacterial communities. Here we summarize results from biogeography studies in different environments, i.e. in marine, freshwater and soil as well in human hosts. Species sorting appears to be the most important mechanism. However, this result might be biased since this is the mechanism that is easiest to measure, detect and interpret. Hence, the importance of regional factors may have been underestimated. Moreover, our survey indicates that different assembly mechanisms might be important for different parts of the total community, differing, for example, between generalists and specialists, and between taxa of different dispersal ability and motility. We conclude that there is a clear need for experimental studies, first, to clearly separate regional and local factors in order to study their relative importance, and second, to test whether there are differences in assembly mechanisms depending on different taxonomic or functional groups.
Conflicted Corporates: Rethinking the Role of Business in Global Security
Authors: Martin Mary 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCorporate responsibility and the social behaviour of transnational business towards vulnerable individuals have become a significant part of the global governance agenda, yet an emphasis on self‐regulation and the proliferation of different voluntary codes of conduct have produced disappointing results. At the same time there is a lack of systematic effort to engage transnational companies (TNCs) in comprehensive approaches to conflict and securing successful transitions to peace. The article argues for a back‐to‐basics step of re‐examining the complex roles companies play in conflict‐affected societies and proposes a human security perspective to address gaps in the current conceptualisation of corporate responsibility and to develop policy which constrains and conscripts corporate power more effectively in fragile environments. The article draws on two case studies of international business in conflict‐affected areas to illustrate how a human security approach might indicate new avenues for policy making.Policy Implications
A commitment should be made by the UN and the EU to involve business in their initiatives at both strategic and tactical levels to ensure that conflict resolution programmes are not unwittingly undermined by TNCs.
A multi‐actor forum should be created involving the UN Special Representative, states, civil society and TNCs to extend the Ruggie agenda, monitor and advise on specific cases of conflict and transition, from a human security perspective.
To address the lack of awareness by companies of the impact of their activities, training in conflict sensitivity, human rights and human security should be developed for senior management as well as operatives on the ground. To enhance comprehensive and multilateral approaches, TNCs should be trained alongside other civilian and military actors in conflict zones.
Ethical and human rights audits of companies should be expanded to include human security principles in conflict zones.
Programmes should be developed to help local community awareness of TNC behaviour and assist them cognitively as well as financially and legally in holding TNCs to account.