bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamentalism
Authors: Kivisto Peter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFundamentalism refers to a movement within organized religion that defines itself primarily in terms of its rejection of the culture of secular modernism. Opposed to ambiguity and doubt, those who embrace fundamentalism attempt to articulate bright rather than blurred boundaries between the elect and the damned, or to use the distinction made by theologian Reinhardt Niebuhr (1960), between the children of light versus the children of darkness. Fundamentalism is a global phenomenon. All of the world's major religions – Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism – contain fundamentalist elements or currents, and a fundamentalist mindset can be found in other religions besides the major ones. Fundamentalism can take both apolitical and political form. When its adherents opt for the latter, it often takes the form of a social movement, and in some instances it endorses ­violence in order to advance its goals.
General Agreement on Trade in Services
Authors: Batista Juliana Peixoto 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is the agreement that regulates multilateral trade in services. It is included in the so‐called Marrakech Agreements as a result of the multilateral negotiations in the Uruguay Round (1986–1994), which ultimately led to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In force since January 1, 1995, the WTO took up the regulation of multilateral trade in place of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT), which had been the framework of negotiations on the liberalization of the goods market among its member countries between 1947 and 1994.
Genital Mutilation
Authors: Lee Susan Hagood 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the ancient cultural practice of removing portions of a girl's genitalia. It occurs extensively in Africa on girls from infancy to puberty with significant negative medical consequences. The custom is known as female circumcision in English‐speaking areas of Africa and excision in French‐speaking areas. In Arabic, the language of many proponents of female circumcision, the practice is known as
tahara
, cleanliness or purification.
Geography of Globalization
Authors: Herod Andrew 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Whatever else it may be, globalization is a geographical process, one that connects diverse parts of the globe together in new and different ways as it supposedly fosters the increasing integration of planetarywide labor, commodity, and financial markets. As such, a common spatial metaphor used to describe it is that of the shrinking globe, as the time and costs that it takes to cross space become ever diminished. Thus, it is now possible to fly from one place and be in virtually any other location on the Earth's surface in no more than about 24 to 48 hours. Likewise, the speed with which information and money can travel around the globe has meant that events in one place are known about, and reacted to, in myriad others across the planet virtually as they happen – for instance, stock markets in Europe reacted within minutes to the attacks of September 11, 2001 (Herod 2009: 5). Such time‐space compression means that we are increasingly said to be living in an “epoch of simultaneity” (Foucault 1986), an era of “fast capitalism” (Agger 1989) operating across an increasingly “borderless world” (Ohmae 1990).
Global Futures
Authors: PatomÄki Heikki 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe measure time and coordinate our activities in terms of mechanical movements of clocks (seconds and minutes and fractions of these) and in terms of the rotation of the Earth (days) or its orbit around the sun (a year). However, these constant and repetitious movements do not constitute time. They are just particular rhythmics amongst numerous ongoing causal processes. The present is not a point on a line, but an indefinite boundary state of a causal process (cf. Bhaskar 1994: 67–72).
Global Village
Authors: Longhurst Brian 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The global village is an idea originally propounded by the Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980). He argued that due to the development and expansion of mass media of communication, the world was becoming village‐like. McLuhan introduced the idea in his famous work of the early 1960s including
The Gutenberg Galaxy
(1962) and
Understanding Media
(1964). Discussions of the idea occur in his other books and it forms the title of a posthumous publication,
The Global Village
(1989, with Bruce R. Powers).
Globalists
Authors: Wilson Erin K. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The term
globalists
is used with growing frequency in academic literature. Although there is some ambiguity surrounding its meaning, the term generally has two main uses. The first and original application of the term refers to academic theorizing, primarily in economics, sociology, and international relations, about the significance and impact of globalization. Globalists argue that processes of globalization are empirical fact and have a profound impact on international economic, political, cultural and ecological arrangements. Also referred to as “globalizers,” these academics suggest that increased interconnections amongst national economies are gradually eroding aspects of state power. Globalists point to dramatic – some would say unprecedented – increases in cross‐border flows of finance, goods and people to suggest that state borders are becoming more porous and that the global economy is growing in significance.
Globality
Authors: Wilson Erin K. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The term “globality” primarily refers to a social condition, potentially the end‐point of globalization, whereby individual and collective consciousness is focused increasingly at the global level and away from the national level. As in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when collective consciousness shifted away from religious affiliations towards national affiliations, in the era of globalization there is speculation that we are witnessing a shift away from national allegiances towards a global consciousness or “imaginary” (Steger 2008), whereby individuals will feel a greater connection with the global community than with presently existing national communities. This shift in consciousness is orchestrated and promoted through increasing social, economic, political, cultural, and ecological interconnections across current state borders brought about by globalization. Proponents of globality do not argue that a state of globality already exists. Rather, they suggest that globality is one possible future condition amongst many that could result from current processes of globalization. Further, globality, like all social conditions, will be temporary and will eventually give way to other social conditions, such as, potentially, “planetarity,” which could result from the possible future colonization of the Solar System.
Globalization
Authors: Dean Paul , Ritzer George 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGlobalization is easily among the most important and contested topics within the contemporary social sciences. Debated in both popular media and academic circles, it has inspired avid proponents and passionate protestors as it reconfigures social relations in all areas of life, lessening and exacerbating inequalities. The world, now instantaneously connected through telecommunications technologies and rapid modes of transport, is organized through a vast network of global institutions, civil society, multinational corporations, and nation‐states. Within this loose network, governments have struggled to control flows of people, capital, and ideas, as states have sought to balance their autonomy with an increasingly interdependent world. Local economies are now quickly affected by distant policies and cycles, and formerly isolated locales have been integrated into a new “global village.” Even the most fundamental questions about what globalization is, when it began, and the nature of global politics, culture, and the economy, are all hotly debated throughout the social sciences.
Globalization and Inequality
Authors: Albrecht Scott , Korzeniewicz Roberto Patricio 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe United Nations'2005 Report on the World Social Situation: The Inequality Predicamentopens with the claim that “globalization has helped to accentuate trends that show the wealthiest 20 per cent of the planet accounting for 86 per cent of all private consumption and the poorest accounting for just above 1 per cent”; the first area demanding “urgent attention” in the report is “worldwide asymmetries deriving from globalization” (United Nations 2005: 6, 9). On the other hand, albeit writing about a previous wave of globalization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Williamson (1997: 405) concluded that “globalization wasthecritical factor promoting economic convergence” not only between nations, but within nations as well. These two examples illustrate deep disagreements about the impact of globalization on inequality.
Globalization from Below
Authors: Langman Lauren 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In the beginning of 2011, the self‐immolation of a Tunisian street vendor, an unemployed college graduate, set off massive popular protests in Tunisia, then Egypt, Libya, and beyond, and rocked the Middle East. While these mobilizations were directed at local leaders, more careful scrutiny reveals that a broad spectrum of the common people, the poor, workers, unemployed college students, professionals, and so on, were reacting to inequality, unemployment, and underemployment. However, much of this adversity stemmed from neoliberal globalization. Local leaders such as Ben Ali, Mubarak, or Gaddafi, acting on behalf of global corporations, enriched themselves with billions of dollars while the masses remained impoverished.
Globophilia
Authors: Kahn Richard 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Globophilia can be defined generally as an ideological perspective affirming that globalism in either its economic, political, or cultural aspects is a beneficial and necessary social force in the world. Conceived broadly, in this way, those who support globophilic ideas may variously hail from differing ends of the political spectrum, be in favor of cultural cosmopolitanism or not, and believe either in capitalist or alternative economic frameworks. Still, the existence of a core focus upon the need for unfolding globalism as a driving engine for their ideological ends characterizes all forms of globalization advocates as at least somewhat globophilic in their persuasion. More specifically, however, globophilia is most typically a moniker used to describe the particular positions of globalization ideologues who lobby for the extension of the “Washington Consensus,” neoliberal‐styled policies of capitalist modernization throughout the world, thereby arguing that such globalization is inevitable as well as synonymous with the continued revelation of democratic progress, cultural diversity, consumer choice, and increasing social equity.
Governance
Authors: Henry Cox Robert , Schilthuis Albert 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Global governance is a term used to describe the complex network of international institutions, treaties, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and bilateral and multilateral agreements that provide leadership and establish standard practices across the globe. As a concept, global governance identifies an architecture for governing international affairs that is broader than the traditional view of the international system. In that traditional view, the international order consists of a collection of sovereign nation‐states whose interaction with one another was guided by a series of legal treaties. Globalization, however, has helped to spawn a number of new organizations that operate beyond the reach of nation‐states, yet which guide and constrain the actions of states and individuals.
Greenpeace
Authors: Eden Sally 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Greenpeace
1
is a nongovernmental organization (NGO) that campaigns on environmental issues and is run through an international network of offices, with a headquarters in Amsterdam. It is generally regarded as a more radical and activist organization than many in the environmental movement, and is particularly well known for media coverage of its campaigns and direct actions against symbols of environmental destruction, such as whaling ships, nuclear power plants, and fossil fuel companies. Today, the name Greenpeace often serves as shorthand for the environmental movement as a whole in public consciousness, reflecting the group's success in helping to make environmental ideas part of everyday parlance.
Grobalization
Authors: Ritzer George 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Grobalization is defined as “the imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations, organizations, and the like and their desire, indeed need, to impose themselves on various geographic areas” (Ritzer 2007: 15). The term implies that these entities seek to have their power, influence, and in many cases profits
gro
w (hence the term
gro
balization). The term was created as a counterpart to glocalization, or “the interpenetration of the global and the local, resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas” (Ritzer 2007: 13; see also Robertson 2001). While glocalization is important, the literature on globalization, especially cultural globalization, has tended to emphasize, even overemphasize, the process of glocalization (as well as closely related ideas such as hybridity, hybridization (Nederveen Pieterse 2009), and creolization (Hannerz 1987)).
Health
Authors: Linn James G. , Wilson Debra Rose 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The globalization of health encompasses a wide array of epidemiologic, organizational, cultural and environmental processes, which affect many national societies, but are not controlled by any single country (Ritzer 2003). A central problem of health globalization today is the international and local tension resulting from cultural homogenization as Western health norms and organizational structures are widely disseminated in all regions of the world, while Eastern practices and folk or complementary medicine is being integrated worldwide.
Hegemony and Counterhegemony
Authors: Cox Robert Henry , Schilthuis Albert 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Counterhegemony is a notion developed by Antonio Gramsci (1995) to define the way people develop ideas and discourse to challenge dominant assumptions, beliefs and established patterns of behavior. In the context of globalization, counterhegemony is employed to explain some of the criticism of, and mobilization against, globalization. It is the intellectual foundation for much of the anti‐globalization movement.
Homosexuality
Authors: Ryan J. Michael 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe term homosexuality can refer to sexual relations between members of the same sex, desire linked to physical or emotional attraction between members of the same sex, or to the social identity of someone who engages in relations, sexual or otherwise, with members of the same sex. It is important to note that while the term generally has sexual connotations, these need not be implicit in its use. It can refer to a sense of behavior, desire, identity, or some combination thereof.
Identities
Authors: Niezen Ronald 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The term identity is derived from the Latin
idem
“the same,” which provided the foundation for the later permutation,
identitas
, referring to the qualities of sameness, likeness, or oneness. This implies a relationship of similarity between things, or, more importantly, between people belonging to the same community or society. Identity thus refers to the most important qualities shared by people within a recognized group, the cultural practices that set them apart from others and ultimately their character or personality, sometimes referring to an innermost essence that lacks clear definition but that nevertheless is a foundation for distinctiveness and, at times, sovereignty.
Ideoscapes
Authors: Martínez Airín D. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Ideoscape is a term introduced by Arjun Appadurai (1990) to represent one of the five contemporary global cultural flows that is constitutive of linked images and ideas related to the political discourses of the Enlightenment such as sovereignty, freedom, rights, welfare, representation, and democracy. Ideoscapes are attempts to capture state power and therefore also consist of counter‐ideologies in opposition to modern, dominant political discourses. Appadurai's major goals for developing his five dimensions (
ethnoscape
,
technoscape
,
financescape
,
mediascape
, and
ideoscape
) of global cultural economy were to demonstrate that globalization was not merely rooted in the expansion of global capitalism within core–periphery models, or produced a homogenized global culture. Rather, Appadurai sought to demonstrate how modernity circulates through geographic, diasporic, imaginary, and local spaces to produce irregularities of globalization. The suffix,
scapes
, is used to parallel the variable and often uneven terrain of landscapes to that of uneven global modernization.
Inequality, education
Authors: Rizvi Fazal 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOver the past few decades, inequalities in education have been a major source of concern for most societies around the world. Almost every educational system has used public policy to ensure greater participation in education in an attempt to reduce levels of social stratification. Commitment to equality has been based on the principles of economic efficiency and social justice. It has been argued that a more educated population is necessarily good for the economic development of a nation (Darling‐Hammond 2010). On social justice grounds, educational equality has been regarded as a basic human right, essential for social cohesion. A commitment to these principles has led governments, often with the assistance of international development agencies, to invest heavily in education, in an attempt to increase access, widen participation, reduce levels of illiteracy, and, to some extent, achieve greater equality of social outcomes.
Inequality, health
Authors: Rinaldo Lindsay A. , Ferraro Kenneth F. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Inequality in health is broadly defined as socially‐patterned variability in indicators of health status such as disease, disability, and mortality. Inequality is an attribute of a population, and sociologists examine the social patterns, antecedents, and consequences of inequality between and within countries. In this essay, we investigate (1) widely studied forms of health inequality, (2) changes in health inequality over time, and (3) the ascendancy of the life course perspective for studying health inequality.
Insourcing
Authors: Lair Craig D. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

One of the factors generally overlooked in the debate surrounding outsourcing is that it is always a two‐way process. That is, outsourcing involves the transfer of activities from one entity
to
another. As such, any instance of outsourcing necessarily involves a parallel process of
insourcing
– the taking in of affairs that have been outsourced by others. For example, if an automobile manufacturer decides to outsource the production of its chassis to an outside firm, the latter is insourcing what was previously performed by the former. Indeed, outsourcing is fundamentally premised on the idea that there are businesses that can and will take on (i.e., insource) what others do not wish to, or cannot, perform themselves.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Authors: Bhandari Medani 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
International organizations can create powerful tools to solve a particular problem, which helps to increase their power, access, and authority through collaborative efforts, mutual agreements, and policy formation. This situation creates a favorable environment for formulating new regimes, where solutions can be contemplated. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a good example of international regime formation on climate change because, based on the outcomes of its first four assessment reports, it is creating global agreement on how climate change may hamper the life of the planet. The reports demonstrate that climate change is scientific fact, and that the alarming rate of change is anthropogenic (IPCC 2010).
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
Authors: Bhandari Medani 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) was established in December 1983 as a regional knowledge and learning center for sustainable development in the Hindu Kush‐Himalayan (HKH) region, with a mandate of improving lives and the environment in mountain communities of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan. Its secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. ICIMOD works through three key strategic and programmatic thrusts: integrated water and hazard management, environmental change and ecosystem services, and sustainable livelihoods and poverty reduction. It helps clients balance the priorities of highland and lowland communities, plan for and adapt to climate change impacts, and apply effective integrated land and water resources management strategies. Using a transdisciplinary problem analysis, design, and implementation model, ICIMOD helps clients translate their concerns into operational action by supporting team work; instituting program monitoring and evaluation measures; and optimizing their use of financial, human, and institutional resources. ICIMOD's programs are committed to integrating crosscutting criteria of policy, governance, equity, and gender, and to mainstreaming principles of information and knowledge management (Bie & Qvenild 2005; ICIMOD and Asia Water Forum 2009: 1–4; ICIMOD 2010).
International Courts
Authors: Nagan Winston , Haddad Aitza M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractInternational courts were a tentative innovation in the early twentieth century. After World War II the international community developed a greater confidence in the importance of international courts within the context of law and public order. In the latter part of the twentieth century international confidence in the courts reached unprecedented levels as both international and regional international judicial institutions were created to meet many problems that were not suited to the conventional methods of solving international problems through diplomacy and other less formalized methods of dispute settlement.
International Governmental Organizations
Authors: Owsiak Andrew P. , Diehl Paul 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
As the iron curtain was drawn back across Europe at the end of the Cold War, policy‐makers anticipated that international governmental organizations (also known as intergovernmental organizations or IGOs), most prominently the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU), would be the primary mechanisms through which the global community addressed international problems. Such heightened expectations corresponded with a renewed scholarly interest in IGOs. To be sure, scholars never abandoned the study of international organizations (broadly defined). Nevertheless, specific attention on IGOs subsided decades earlier when international events undermined confidence in their effectiveness as international actors.