bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal, healthy women predicts increased cardiovascular events: a 16-year follow-up study
Authors: Schierbeck Louise Lind , Rejnmark Lars , Tofteng Charlotte Landbo , Stilgren Lis , Eiken Pia , Mosekilde Leif , Køber Lars , Jensen Jens-Erik Beck 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between vitamin D status in healthy women and cardiovascular outcome.Design and methodsBetween 1990 and 1993, 2016 healthy, recently postmenopausal women were enrolled in the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D, nmol/l) were measured at baseline. Participants were followed for 16 years. The primary end point was a combination of death, heart failure, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D<50 nmol/l. The primary end point was adjusted for other risk factors of adverse cardiovascular events (age, smoking, blood pressure, hip–waist ratio, education and family history of MI).ResultsAt baseline, mean age was 50 years and BMI 25. Women with vitamin D deficiency (n=788) had more cardiovascular risk factors than vitamin D-replete women (n=1225). Compared with vitamin D-replete women, women with low 25(OH)D levels had significantly higher BMI and triglycerides, lower HDL and hip–waist ratio and less education. More were smokers among the vitamin D deficient (47 vs 38%). A primary end point was experienced by 118 (15%) with vitamin D deficiency and by 125 (10%) of the vitamin D replete. Hazard ratio (HR) was 1.49 (95% confidence interval: 1.16–1.92;P=0.002) in the vitamin D deficient. Adjusted HR was 1.32 (1.02–1.71;P=0.03). In total, 135 women died; of these, 65 (8%) were of the vitamin D deficient and 70 (6%) in the vitamin D-replete group; unadjusted HR was 1.44 (1.02–2.01;P=0.04) for vitamin D deficiency.ConclusionHealthy women with vitamin D deficiency have increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcome.
Prions in Yeast
Authors: Liebman Susan W , Chernoff Yury O 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe concept of a prion as an infectious self-propagating protein isoform was initially proposed to explain certain mammalian diseases. It is now clear that yeast also has heritable elements transmitted via protein. Indeed, the “protein only” model of prion transmission was first proven using a yeast prion. Typically, known prions are ordered cross-β aggregates (amyloids). Recently, there has been an explosion in the number of recognized prions in yeast. Yeast continues to lead the way in understanding cellular control of prion propagation, prion structure, mechanisms of de novo prion formation, specificity of prion transmission, and the biological roles of prions. This review summarizes what has been learned from yeast prions.
Combinatorial New Facing Targets Sputtering
Authors: Maetani Takuya , Mori Naoya , Nakamitsu Yutaka , Hata Seiichi 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTCombinatorial sputtering is one of the useful methods that can be used to search for optimal composition of alloy materials or for new alloy materials. To search materials more efficiently, it is required that compositions and their distribution on samples can be easily controlled for the evaluation of their properties. Moreover, it is desirable that compositions change linearly to search for novel materials systematically. In conventional combinatorial sputtering method, it is difficult to fabricate samples having linear compositions distribution without moving hard masks or rotating substrate.In this paper, a novel combinatorial sputtering method with New Facing Targets Sputtering (Combi-NFTS) of material search is introduced. In this method, several sputtering targets are placed in opposite direction, and substrates are placed in vertical direction of these targets. From this structure, thin film with binary/ternary composition distribution could be synthesized onto one single substrate. Moreover, it can fabricate samples having relatively linear composition distribution without moving hard masks or rotating substrate. As an example, Cu, Zr and Ti pure targets were used to confirm the performance of Combi-NFTS. Binary system of Cu-Zr and ternary system of Cu-Zr-Ti thin films were fabricated by using Combi-NFTS. After deposition, compositions of the films were characterized by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. As a result of Cu-Zr binary system, the composition of the thin film was changed as the power of targets was changed. Moreover, composition distribution was expanded as the distance from substrate to targets was decreased. In the Cu-Zr-Ti ternary system, it was obtained similar trend for composition distribution. Moreover, the composition changed two dimensional by changing the substrate position.These results indicate that combi-NFTS can easily control the composition and composition distribution of thin films by changing the power of targets or the distance from substrate to targets which make combi-NFTS very suitable for combinatorial materials search.
Microstructure analysis of GdBa2Cu3O7-δ coated conductors by the RCE-DR process
Authors: Choi Soon-Mi , Lee Jung-Woo , Moon Seung-Hyun , Yoo Sang-Im 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTWe report the microstructural features of GdBa2Cu3O7-δ (GdBCO) coated conductors (CCs) on LaMnO3 (LMO)-buffered IBAD MgO template, produced by the Reactive Co-Evaporation Deposition & Reaction (RCE-DR) process. Analysis results by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that a lot of elongated round second phase particles of 70-150nm size within the GdBCO matrix were the Gd2O3 phase, a small amount of Cu-O phase were also trapped in the GdBCO matrix, and a thick layer of Cu-excessive Ba-Cu-O phase was found on the top surface of the GdBCO film, suggesting that the GdBCO film might be grown from Gd2O3 and liquid phase by a peritectic recombination. While both the GdBCO film and some Gd2O3 particles grown on the LMO-buffer layer were biaxially textured, the Gd2O3 particles fully trapped in the GdBCO matrix were randomly oriented. The Gd2O3 particles located at the interface between the GdBCO and LMO buffer layer exhibited the following crystallographic orientation relationship: LMO [010] // GdBCO [010] // Gd2O3 [110]; LMO [001] // GdBCO [001] // Gd2O3 [001].
Model of Subgrain Structure Formation in HTS Cuprates and Ferropnictides
Authors: Tretiatchenko Constantin G. , Svetchnikov Vassily L. , Wiesmann Harold 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTWe have modified the model of rotational relaxation of stresses at mismatched interface by taking into account elastic strains of the growing film. This extended the model validity range to a wider class of compounds including pnictides. The model describes formation of low angle boundaries consisting of threading edge dislocations. Calculated interface energy shows that rotational relaxation occurs due to finite size of clusters and to non-equilibrium effect of the film growth. Subgrain size and expected angle of domain rotation depending on the lattice mismatch have been estimated. Unusual effect of increasing angle between the film subgrains at reduction of the deposition rate is predicted. The computed parameters of subgrains are consistent with the observed film nanostructure.
Limitations and Perspectives of Optically Switched Interconnects for Large-scale Data Processing and Storage Systems
Authors: Aleksic Slavisa , Schmid Gerhard , Fehratovic Naida 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe ever-growing Internet data traffic leads to a continuously increasing demand in both capacity and performance of large-scale Information and Communication (ICT) systems such as high-capacity routers and switches, large data centers, and supercomputers. Complex and spatially distributed multirack systems comprising a large number of data processing and storage modules with high-speed interfaces have already become reality. A consequence of this trend is that internal interconnection systems also become large and complex. Interconnection distances, total required number of cables, and power consumption increase rapidly with the increase in capacity, which can cause limitations in scalability of the whole system. This paper addresses requirements and limitations of intrasystem interconnects for application in large-scale data processing and storage systems. Various point-to-point and optically switched interconnection options are reviewed with regard to their potential to achieve large scalability while reducing power consumption.
Improving Photoresist Spray Coating on 3D Structures for Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Kumagai Shinya , Fukuda Naoya , Tajima Hisayoshi , Sasaki Minoru 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTSpray coating of a photoresist onto three-dimensional (3D) structure was investigated. To improve the uniformity of photoresist deposition onto the 3D structure, a shield plate with an aperture was used. The shield plate set over a sample permitted the resist deposition on the sample surface located in the aperture area while the plate blocked the deposition for the other area. The spray flow which is suitable for the resist deposition can be used effectively. Numerical analysis revealed that the vertical velocity component of gas flow was enhanced in the aperture area. In the experiments of the spray coating, the difference between the resist film thicknesses deposited on top and bottom trench surfaces was decreased. On the trench sidewall, resist bump formation, which was frequently observed in spray coating, was suppressed. The uniform resist deposition is necessary to realize 3D microdevices by lithography. In the microfluidic devices of dielectrophoresis, aside from the top and botttom trench surfaces, the trench sidewall can be used to fabricate device structures such as electrode for dielectrophoresis.
Truth-Telling and Cancer Diagnoses: Physician Attitudes and Practices in Qatar
Authors: Rodriguez del Pozo Pablo , Fins Joseph J. , Helmy Ismail , El Chaki Rim , El Shazly Tarek , Wafadari Deena , Mahfoud Ziyad 
Published: August 2012

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare physician-stated and actual disclosure practices with respect to cancer diagnoses.Identify variables that influence physician truth-telling practices with respect to cancer diagnoses.CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.comThere is limited information regarding physicians' attitudes toward revealing cancer diagnoses to patients in the Arab world. Using a questionnaire informed by a seminal study carried out by Oken in 1961, our research sought to determine present-day disclosure practices in Qatar, identify physician sociodemographic variables associated with truth-telling, and outline trends related to future practice. A sample of 131 physicians was polled. Although nearly 90% of doctors said they would inform cancer patients of their diagnosis, ∼66% of respondents stated that they made exceptions to their policy, depending on patient characteristics. These data suggest that clinical practices are somewhat discordant on professed beliefs about the ethical propriety of disclosure.
Participatory irrigation water management in the Jordan Valley
Authors: Salman Amer , Al-Karablieh Emad , Regner Hans-Jochen , Wolff Heinz-Peter , Haddadin Munther 
Published: August 2012

This paper reviews Jordan's relatively short experience gained since participatory irrigation management (PIM), was introduced with due consideration of the traditional social and cultural merits. The introduction of PIM was a meaningful partial shift in the paradigm of operation of the Jordan Valley irrigation system that has been undertaken by government agencies since its staged implementation between 1960 and 1988. The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, among other responsibilities, is the current government agency in charge of operation and maintenance of the irrigation system. The advantages of the introduced mode of operation, the PIM, especially in an environment of perpetual irrigation water shortage, are presented.
The paper further discusses the multi-dimensional facets of PIM expressed by the representation of users’ community and by the level of representation as well as the interaction between the targeted groups and the government and highlights the virtues of “learning while implementing” in which midcourse corrections can be made in order to arrive at a state of equilibrium between the various stakeholders. The adoption of traditional cooperation as a basis for setting up water users associations (WUAs), is presented. The emergence of PIM as a competitor to management contracts adopted in municipal water and wastewater management in Jordan is touched upon and the dynamics of PIM application in the Jordan Valley, including the division of labor between the WUAs and JVA, is described.
β-Cell Mass and Turnover in Humans
Authors: Saisho Yoshifumi , Butler Alexandra E. , Manesso Erica , Elashoff David , Rizza Robert A. , Butler Peter C. 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE
We sought to establish β-cell mass, β-cell apoptosis, and β-cell replication in humans in response to obesity and advanced age.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined human autopsy pancreas from 167 nondiabetic individuals 20–102 years of age. The effect of obesity on β-cell mass was examined in 53 lean and 61 obese subjects, and the effect of aging was examined in 106 lean subjects.

RESULTS
β-Cell mass is increased by ∼50% with obesity (from 0.8 to 1.2 g). With advanced aging, the exocrine pancreas undergoes atrophy but β-cell mass is remarkably preserved. There is minimal β-cell replication or apoptosis in lean humans throughout life with no detectable changes with obesity or advanced age.

CONCLUSIONS
β-Cell mass in human obesity increases by ∼50% by an increase in β-cell number, the source of which is unknown. β-Cell mass is well preserved in humans with advanced aging.
The Use of an Automated, Portable Glucose Control System for Overnight Glucose Control in Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: O'Grady Michael J. , Retterath Adam J. , Keenan D. Barry , Kurtz Natalie , Cantwell Martin , Spital Glenn , Kremliovsky Michael N. , Roy Anirban , Davis Elizabeth A. , Jones Timothy W. , Ly Trang T. 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE
A key milestone in progress towards providing an efficacious and safe closed-loop artificial pancreas system for outpatient use is the development of fully automated, portable devices with fault detection capabilities to ensure patient safety. The ability to remotely monitor the operation of the closed-loop system would facilitate future physician-supervised home studies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study was designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of a fully automated, portable, closed-loop system. The Medtronic Portable Glucose Control System (PGCS) consists of two subcutaneous glucose sensors, a control algorithm based on proportional-integral-derivative with insulin feedback operating from a BlackBerry Storm smartphone platform, Bluetooth radiofrequency translator, and an off-the-shelf Medtronic Paradigm Veo insulin pump. Participants with type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy underwent two consecutive nights of in-clinic, overnight, closed-loop control after a baseline open-loop assessment.

RESULTS
Eight participants attended for 16 overnight studies. The PGCS maintained mean overnight plasma glucose levels of 6.4 ± 1.7 mmol/L (115 ± 31 mg/dL). The proportion of time with venous plasma glucose &lt;3.9, between 3.9 and 8 (70 and 144 mg/dL), and &gt;8 mmol/L was 7, 78, and 15%, respectively. The proportion of time the sensor glucose values were maintained between 3.9 and 8 mmol/L was greater for closed-loop than open-loop (84.5 vs. 46.7%; P &lt; 0.0001), and time spent &lt;3.3 mmol/L was also reduced (0.9 vs. 3%; P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the PGCS, an automated closed-loop device, is safe and effective in achieving overnight glucose control in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Concave iteration semigroups of linear continuous set-valued functions
Authors: Smajdor Andrzej , Smajdor Wilhelmina 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Let {F
t: t ≥ 0} be a concave iteration semigroup of linear continuous set-valued functions defined on a convex cone K with nonempty interior in a Banach space X with values in cc(K). If we assume that the Hukuhara differences F
0(x) − F
t (x) exist for x ∈ K and t > 0, then D
t
F
t (x) = (−1)F
t ((−1)G(x)) for x ∈ K and t ≥ 0, where D
t
F
t (x) denotes the derivative of F
t (x) with respect to t and $$G(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{s \to 0} {{\left( {F^0 \left( x \right) - F^s \left( x \right)} \right)} \mathord{\left/
{\vphantom {{\left( {F^0 \left( x \right) - F^s \left( x \right)} \right)} {\left( { - s} \right)}}} \right.
\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( { - s} \right)}}$$ for x ∈ K.
Homoclinic orbits for a class of singular second order Hamiltonian systems in ℝ3
Authors: Janczewska Joanna , Maksymiuk Jakub 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
We consider a conservative second order Hamiltonian system $$\ddot q + \nabla V(q) = 0$$ in ℝ3 with a potential V having a global maximum at the origin and a line l ∩ {0} = ϑ as a set of singular points. Under a certain compactness condition on V at infinity and a strong force condition at singular points we study, by the use of variational methods and geometrical arguments, the existence of homoclinic solutions of the system.
Host Factor Transcriptional Regulation Contributes to Preferential Expression of HIV Type 1 in IL-4–Producing CD4 T Cells
Authors: Zhang Mingce , Clausell Adrian , Robinson Tanya , Yin Jiyi , Chen Eric , Johnson Leanne , Weiss Greta , Sabbaj Steffanie , Lowe Robert M. , Wagner Fred H. , Goepfert Paul A. , Kutsch Olaf , Cron Randy Q. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replicates preferentially in IL-4–producing CD4 T cells for unclear reasons. We show increased HIV-1 expression is irrespective of viral tropism for chemokine receptors as previously suggested, but rather transcription of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) is increased in IL-4–producing CD4 T cells. Increased expression of HIV-1 message is also confirmed in IL-4–producing CD4 T cells from HIV-1–infected individuals ex vivo. In exploring a transcriptional mechanism, we identify a novel c-maf (required for IL-4 expression) transcription factor binding site just upstream of the dual NF-κB/NFAT binding sites in the proximal HIV-1 LTR. We demonstrate that c-maf binds this site in vivo and synergistically augments HIV-1 transcription in cooperation with NFAT2 and NF-κB p65, but not NFAT1 or NF-κB p50. Conversely, small interfering RNA inhibition of c-maf reduces HIV-1 transcription in IL-4–producing T cells. Thus, c-maf increases HIV-1 expression in IL-4–producing CD4 T cells by binding the proximal HIV-1 LTR and augmenting HIV-1 transcription in partnership with NFAT2 and NF-κB p65 specifically. This has important implications for selective targeting of transcription factors during HIV-1 infection because, over the course of HIV-1 progression/AIDS, IL-4–producing T cells frequently predominate and substantially contribute to disease pathology.
Survival of Short Hip Stems with A “Modern”, Trochanter-Sparing Design - A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Rometsch Elke , Bos Pieter K. , Koes Bart W. 
Published: August 2012

Modern total hip arthroplasty delivers excellent and reproducible results. New implant developments include a wide range of implants with a bone and tissue sparing design, including short femoral stems. This review was performed to provide an overview on the currently published survival results of short stems to allow comparison with the results of traditional hip stems. A literature search was performed to identify publications on short stems with a “modern” trochanter sparing design including implant survival information. Information was collected on the study population, follow-up time, implants used, implant survival and functional scores. The revision rate per 100 observed component years was calculated and compared to data presented in national arthroplasty registries. The methodological quality was assessed by employing a score specific to survival assessment of hip stems. In the course of 16 individual searches in EMBASE and Medline, 460 potentially eligible articles were identified. After thorough screening, 14 articles were deemed applicable. The variability in quality of the publications was high. No association between survival outcome and publication quality was apparent. The total revision rate over all studies was found to be 0.38 per 100 component years with endpoint “stem revision for any reason”. The survival rate of these stems is encouraging and appears to be comparable with that of more traditional uncemented stems. However, only few mid-term and long-term studies are available. Reports with longer follow-up are needed to draw further conclusions.
EL PROGRAMA UNIVERSIDAD EMPRENDEDORA (PUE) EN NICARAGUA: ACTIVIDADES, PRODUCTOS Y RESULTADOS
Authors: Alemán Freddy , Scheinberg Sari 
Published: August 2012

Las diez Universidades que conforman el Consejo Nacional de Universidades (CNU) en Nicaragua participaron en un programa (2007 a 2010) orientado a desarrollar el papel y la contribución de las Universidades en los procesos de innovación. El programa fue financiado por la Agencia Sueca para el Desarrollo Internacional (Asdi), y se basó en una metodología de acción-aprendizaje, en el cual las universidades compartían sus experiencias, competencias, estrategias y actividades entre ellas, así como, con otros actores claves en los sistemas de innovación. La Universidad Tecnológica de Chalmers, a través de la fundación Stiftelsen Chalmers Industriteknik (CIP) fue la contraparte sueca, con participación de investigadores de la escuela de tecnologías, gestión y economía, y el centro para estudios de propiedad intelectual (CIP). Los objetivos del programa fueron de extrema importancia para el desarrollo de las Universidades Nicaragüenses, y se asemejan a los retos y desafíos que las Universidades en todo el mundo enfrentan en el momento actual. En busca de la mejora de los procesos innovadores de las Universidades se definieron los siguientes objetivos: Desarrollar los roles y las responsabilidades que el CNU y las Universidades poseen en el sistema actual y futuro de innovación en Nicaragua, en asociación con otros grupos de claves en Nicaragua; generar las políticas que permitan a la Universidad incluir la innovación en su misión y prácticas; evaluar y mejorar el proceso de manejo de la investigación, incluyendo planes, diseños, métodos, construcción de relaciones y prácticas gerenciales que apoyarán la aplicabilidad e integración de las actividades de investigación y los resultados en la sociedad; desarrollar funciones, procesos y estructuras en las Universidades, que permitan que la innovación y el emprendedurismo sean integrados en su visión y prácticas, particularmente en el proceso de “investigación para el mercado”. Desarrollar a fondo el rol y la profesión del investigador, que incluyan contratos e incentivos para asegurar el desarrollo continuo de este grupo profesional desde una perspectiva de investigación e innovación; desarrollar una atmósfera y cultura en las Universidades (y el CNU) que estimulen transparencia, cooperación y aprendizaje, por medio del desarrollo de métodos de trabajo sistemáticos y conscientes, reflexionando y compartiendo; desarrollar habilidades y estrategias para proteger y extraer valor de la propiedad intelectual, basada en nuevos conocimientos y tecnologías generadas en las universidades, y por ultimo formar personal especializado a nivel de maestría, con el propósito de desarrollar habilidades locales en el área de propiedad intelectual y gerencia del capital intelectual. Este escrito presenta las acciones realizadas, los resultados y las conclusiones del programa. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v11i16.752 La Calera Vol. 11, No 16 p. 50-56/junio 2011