bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Studies on the Behaviour of the Douglas-fir Beetle,Dendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopkins
Authors: Atkins M. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe behaviour ofDendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopk. in different physiological states was studied in relation to temperature, light, and host.Newly emerged beetles preferred temperatures near the threshold for flight. When conditioned in dry air at room temperature for 16 hours they preferred cooler temperatures.At room temperature, most newly emerged beetles settled in the brightest zone of a light gradient (55 foot-candles), although some settled in dimmer zones. If the beetles' emergence was delayed or if they were stored after emergence, more remained in the zone between 0.5 and 10 foot-candles.In light-dark tests at room temperature most newly emerged beetles were photopositive, but some were indifferent and a few were photonegative. Increasing the temperature and humidity increased the proportion of photonegative individuals. Newly emerged females oriented more directly to a single source of light than males, bur after conditioning or aging both reacted similarly.Females were separated into three behavioural types based on their reactions. Photopositive individuals flew more readily than indifferent or photonegative beetles; some photonegative females showed no inclination to fly.Photopositive females were usually host negative but photonegative females were host positive. The proportion of these behavioural types within different samples varied. A group that emerged early contained a higher incidence of photopositive host-negative individuals than a group that emerged late, or was stored for 10 days after emergence. But host-negative beetles would attack logs after starvation, flight exercise, or exposure to more attractive hosts.Host-positive females contained less fat than host-negative siblings. The decline in lipids during aging, starvation or flight thus may induce behavioural changes.There is a co-ordination of successive activities in the Douglas-fir beetle similar to that reported for aphids. The initial urge to disperse outweighs responses to host stimuli, but this balance changes as the beetles fly or as host stimuli increase. The balance between thresholds for dispersal and attack also varies in relation to the conditions under which the emerging beetles developed. Consequently, each individual behaves differently when it emerges. The behaviour of a population changes as the season progresses and from year to year owing to changes in the state of individuals and in the attractiveness of hosts.
The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XV. Chemical Controls for Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), and Their Effects on Phytophagous Mite and Predator Populations
Authors: Sanford K. H. , Herbert H. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the apple orchards of Nova Scotia DDT, azinphos-methyl or lead arsenate control the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.). DDT, even at a low dosage, is detrimental to predators but not to the phytophagous mites Bryobia arborea M. & A. and Panonychus ulmi (Koch); azinphos-methyl is toxic to B. arborea but not to P. ulmi; lead arsenate is of low toxicity to both the phytophagous mites and predators but effective in control of the winter moth when applied against the maturing larvae.
A Classification of the Subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Based on Final-instar Larval Characteristics
Authors: Finlayson Thelma 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA revised classification of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) based on characteristics of final-instar larvae is suggested and discussed. On a basis of larval characters the subfamily falls into two tribes: the Pimplini; and the Ephialtini, which consists of the subtribes Ephialtina, Polysphinctina, Poemeniina, Rhyssina and Theroniina.
ASSOCIATION OF SUBZERO TEMPERATURES, SNOW COVER, AND WINTER MORTALITY OF GRASSHOPPER EGGS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Riegert P. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHigh winter mortality of eggs of three species of grasshopper occurred at various locations in Saskatchewan. Climatological factors associated with these mortalities indicated that egg survival during the winter is dependent upon snow cover as well as upon the intensity and duration of periods of subzero air temperatures.
THEPTEROCOMMAOF CANADA AND GREENLAND WITH NOTES ON THE PHYLETIC POSITION OF THE PTEROCOMMATINI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Canadian and Greenlandic species ofPterocommaBuckton are described and illustrated and a key provided. This includes all but one of the known North American species as follows:bicolor(Oestlund);populifoliae(Fitch);populeum(Kaltenbach);salicis(Linnaeus);sanguicepsnew species;smithiae(Monell). The phyletic position of the Pterocommatini is discussed. It is apparent that the Pterocommatini is not a primitive group of aphids.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RESPONSE OFIPS CONFUSUS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO MALE ATTRACTANT
Authors: Borden John H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractVarious aspects of the behavior ofI.confusus(LeConte) relating to the production of and response to male attractant were studied. Storage at 8.0 °C and 100% R.H. had no adverse effect on survival, response to male attractant, or predisposition to fly. Low humidity and high temperatures (21 °C) adversely affected behavior and survival. Beetles conditioned either in natural or constant environments responded at high levels throughout a 24-hour period. Female response to male frass reached a low of 24.2% in January and February and rose to a peak of 76.6% in May and June. Response to benzene extract of male frass fell moderately during autumn and winter, indicating a lowered response ability for overwintering populations. Male response was lower and more erratic but followed the same seasonal trends.After brief exposure periods, even previous nonresponders oriented to male attractant at significantly higher levels than the total original population. Long-term confinement in an atmosphere containing male frass odor caused a reduction in response of both sexes to male frass extract, presumably because of adaptation of olfactory receptors.Flight attempts by both sexes occurred between 25° and 40 °C but were severely inhibited at these extremes. Light intensities below 431 luxes suppressed flight. Optimal take-off temperatures were 30 °C for males and 32.5 °C for females. Both contact with male frass and with attractive air reduced the take-off attempts of both sexes to near zero. Attractive odor in the air still suppressed flight significantly after beetles had been conditioned up to 4 hours in contact with male frass.Teneral males produced attractant after a long maturation period. Single, mature males produced attractant up to 18 days, but after mating, productivity declined in direct correlation with the number of females per male. Single males produced frass throughout the day but maximum production was coincident with peak female emergence and flight. Male frass was significantly less attractive 15 minutes after exposure to open air and after 1 hour, very little attraction remained.No trends in the ability of newly emerged adults to respond to male attractant were noted over a 30-day period. Emerging brood and re-emerging parent adults are responsive to flight stimuli, but darkened callows and parent adults removed from galleries could not be induced to fly. Reproducing females show a greatly reduced response to male attractant.
TAXONOMY OF FINAL-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE HYMENOPTEROUS AND DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF ACROBASIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE) IN THE OTTAWA REGION
Authors: Finlayson Thelma 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParasites of Acrobasis spp. found in the Ottawa, Ont., area are separated by using characters of the parasite remains left in the host cases from which the parasites emerged. Characteristics of the cephalic structures, spiracles and skins of final-instar larvae of 28 species of parasites are described and illustrated in this paper; one species was described and illustrated in an earlier paper (Finlayson 1962); and one species is described from the literature. A record of all known species of Acrobasis parasitized by the species treated in this paper is tabulated.
A SPECIMEN OF AEDES THIBAULTI COLLECTED NEAR BELLEVILLE, ONTARIO
Authors: Belton Peter , French Diane E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOne male of this species was collected in a light-trap on 28 June, 1967 at Chatterton, Hastings County, Ontario. This appears to be the first record of A. thibaulti Dyar and Knab in Canada.
LEAFHOPPERS OF THE SUBFAMILY TYPHLOCYBINAE FROM BIRCHES
Authors: Varty I. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMany of the small leafhoppers that feed and reproduce upon the foliage of birch trees belong to the subfamily Typhlocybinae. The main species are Typhlocyba hockingensis Knull, T. pomaria McAtee, Ribautiana foliosa (Knull), Edwardsiana bergmani (Tullgren), Empoa latifasciata Christian, Dikrella cruentata (Gillette), Alebra albostriella (Fallen) and several Erythroneura species. Their ecological requirements and life histories are described. Notes on morphology and illustrations of each species except the Erythroneura are included.
Notes on Sirex juvencus californicus (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), with a Description of the Male and a Key to the California Species of Sirex
Authors: Cameron E. Alan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFor the first time the male of Sirex juvencus californicus (Ashmead) (= Sirex obesus Bradley, new synonymy) is described; the female is redescribed. Biological notes on this subspecies are included, together with a key to the California species of the genus.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XVII. EFFECTS ON SOME PREDACIOUS MITES
Authors: Sanford K. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects from treating populations of predacious mites with a number of spray chemicals are tabulated. The species include Phytoseiidae: Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, T. rhenanus (Oudms.), Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks), Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudms.); and Raphignathidae: Mediolatta novae-scotiae Nes. The chemicals include fungicides, acaricides and insecticides.
A METHOD FOR DETECTING VIRAL INFECTION IN POPULATIONS OF NEODIPRION SWAINEI BY EXAMINATION OF PUPAE AND ADULTS
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMicroscopic examinations revealed that free-floating hard black bodies in larvae, pupae and adults of the Swaine jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd., often contained polyhedra. A simple and rapid method for detecting the presence of the virus infection before gross symptoms appear is described.
A DETAILED STUDY OF IRONOMYIIDAE (DIPTERA: PHOROIDEA)
Authors: McAlpine J. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA detailed taxonomic definition of the family Ironomyiidae is presented, based on both sexes of Ironomyia nigromaculata White, the only known representative. Attention is drawn to the peculiar blend of primitive and specialized conditions displayed by this species. Most of the characters discussed are illustrated and compared with homologous characters in hybotine Empididae, Platypezidae, and other groups.
EMERGENCE PATTERNS OF IPS CONFUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FROM PONDEROSA PINE
Authors: Cameron E. Alan , Borden John H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA total of 6995 summer generation Ips confusus (LeConte) adults was reared from logs of Pinus ponderosa Laws. under laboratory conditions. Emerging adults were collected every two hours throughout the day and their sex determined. Females predominated for the first eight days but the sex ratio at the end of 40 days was 1.18 ♀, ♀: 1 ♂. High differential loss of males before reproduction is discussed. From logs attacked in the spring 62.0% of the parent adults re-emerged. Large numbers of such parents capable of reproduction could greatly increase the severity of an infestation. Spring brood emergence totaled 67.64 beetles per sq. ft. of bark surface, while summer brood emergences from two different areas were 54.50 and 33.37 beetles per sq. ft. Above 72° F., peak male emergence occurs at the 10:00 a.m. or noon collection. Females exhibit a lesser peak in mid to late morning and a major peak in mid to late afternoon, but at temperatures below 72° F. a unimodal female emergence curve becomes apparent.
Influence of Parental Food Quality on the Survival of Hyphantria cunea
Authors: Morris R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarvae of Hyphantria cunea Drury were reared on early, mid-season, and late foliage collected from the same apple trees. Survival was significantly lower on late foliage and the fecundity of the moths decreased from 604 in the early series to 128 in the late. Half the filial generation was reared under nutritional stress on a deficient synthetic diet and the other half on a very favorable host, speckled alder. Under both conditions there was a strong transmitted influence of parental food quality on the viability of the eggs and on the ability of first-instar larvae to become established on food. The progeny of the late series did not survive beyond this instar. When the filial generation was subjected to nutritional stress, the influence of parental food was apparent throughout the larval, pupal and adult stages, with progeny of the early series having higher survival than those of the mid-season series. However, when the filial generation hail very favorable food, there was no significant difference in survival rates subsequent to the larval establishment period.The quality of foliage available to univoltine populations of H. cunea depends largely on temperature. Thus, in the development of population models for this species, temperature should be treated as a variable having not only direct effects on establishment and survival each season, but also indirect effects on the quality of the progeny in the following season.
THE COLPOCEPHALUM (MALLOPHAGA: MENOPONIDAE) OF THE PELECANIFORMES
Authors: Price Roger D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFive species of the genus are discussed and illustrated, including a new species, C. occidentalis from Pelecanus occidentalis. The lectotype is designated for C. unciferum Kellogg, fixing the type-host as Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. A key is given to the species.
INJURY OF DOUGLAS-FIR TREES BY MATURATION FEEDING OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR HYLESINUS, PSEUDOHYLESINUS NEBULOSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Stoszek K. J. , Rudinsky J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFor maturation feeding, the teneral adults of Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (LeConte) infest healthy twigs of Douglas-fir trees, where they excavate short, irregular galleries in the wood. Mechanically damaged twigs and smaller branches then break off, or a canker-like structure, vulnerable to further breakage, develops at the place of feeding. Some silvicultural and forest entomological implications are mentioned.
SPECIALIZATION IN THE EGG STRUCTURE OF EXENTERUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN RELATION TO DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE
Authors: Mason W. R. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLike all other Tryphoninae, the European species of Exenterus have eggs that are attached to the host by a stalk inserted into the host integument. Their eggs present an interesting series of evolutionary steps from the typical tryphonine condition in which the egg has a small single stalk with a knob-like anchor to an extremely specialized condition in which the stalk is doubled and its two parts migrate to opposite ends of the egg; the anchoring part of the stalk is concurrently enlarged until it half encloses the egg and functions as an extremely efficient organ of attachment to the host cuticle. In dry periods the simple type of stalk becomes brittle and easily broken, resulting in the death of the parasite. The specialized eggs with protected stalks are not subject to such hazards; thus species with specialized eggs can succeed in drier climates and can better survive droughty seasons. Correlated with these specializations is an increase in range of species, and greater abundance of individuals. The success of the European species introduced into North America for biological control has been roughly proportional to the amount of specialization in the egg structure. Little is known of the life histories of the American species of Exenterus but the few facts available do not appear to contradict the type of correlation exhibited by the European species.
AN ASSAY FOR DETERMINING INSECTICIDE TOLERANCE OF ONION MAGGOT LARVAE
Authors: Allen W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn assay procedure for estimating the dosage–response relationship of early instar larvae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), to insecticides is reported. The method gave reproducible results for diazinon on several test dates. The assay showed that maggots from strains collected at East St. Paul and Portage La Prairie, Man., tolerated 50 to 108 times as much heptachlor as a susceptible strain from Chatham, Ont. Previously, adults from the Manitoba strains had been shown to be highly tolerant to heptachlor. The potencies of Bayer 37289 and Bayer 25141 relative to diazinon were 0.5 and 0.1, respectively, for a heptachlor-tolerant strain. For NIA 10242 and Nemacide, equivalent values were 0.9 and 0.2 for this strain and 1.0 and 0.2 for the susceptible Chatham strain. The slight differences in the tolerance to these insecticides, shown for the two strains of larvae, were not associated with their tolerance to heptachlor.
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOOD AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN FIVE SPECIES OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Ayre G. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractResults of the analyses for digestive enzymes in the glands and midguts of five species of ants showed that invertase is usually secreted by the maxillary glands, amylase by the salivary glands, and protease and lipase by the midgut. Lipase was found in the post-pharyngeal glands but observations indicate that it is not associated with the digestion of ingested food. Differences in the activity of the enzymes in different species tended to reflect the feeding habits of the ants.
TAXONOMY OF LAST-INSTAR LARVAL REMAINS OF PARASITES REARED FROM SPILONOTA OCELLANA
Authors: Sadava D. , Miller C. D. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn illustrated key to the last-instar larval cephalic structures of parasites reared from larvae of Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), notes on habits of the parasites, and a description of their cocoons and pupae are given. Rearing techniques are described. The parasites reared are Gelis tenellus (Say), Hyposoter sp., Meteorus argyrotaeniae Johansen, Phanerotoma recurvariae Cush., Apanteles sp., Agathis dimidiator (Nees.), Euderus cushmani Cwfd., and Sympiesis bimaculatipennis (Grlt.).
ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: II. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH FOREST REGIONS
Authors: Stehr G. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractField collections of late instar larvae of Choristoneura populations were obtained from a wide range of localities. These populations were found to fall into nine taxonomic entities, either species or subspecies. A tenth group is of uncertain affiliation. Five of these entities have tree species of the subfamily Abieteae as their hosts, whereas the other four (probably five) characteristically feed on species of the subfamily Pinoideae. Furthermore, each of the budworm species, or subspecies, is associated with a characteristic forest region.
A NEW GENUS, MISTURAPHIS, AND A NEW SPECIES OF CRYPTAPHIS FROM MANITOBA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), WITH A NOTE ON PSEUDASIPHONAPHIS ANOGIS
Authors: Robinson A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new genus, Misturaphis, is described, with type-species Misturaphis shiloensis new species, from Artemisia caudata Michx. Cryptaphis bromi new species is described from Bromus inermis Leyss. Asiphonaphis anogis Hottes and Frison is declared a junior synonym of Pergandeidia corni Tissot, and P. corni is re-designated as type species of the genus Pseudasiphonaphis, with new name Pseudasiphonaphis corni (Tissot).
EVALUATION OF LARVAL HEMOLYMPH AMINO ACIDS AS A TAXONOMIC CHARACTER FOR NEODIPRION SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Schaefer C. H. , Wallace D. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe composition and variation of hemolymph amino acids in larvae of nine species of the genus Neodiprion were studied. The amino acid pattern was the same in all samples analyzed. Quantitative differences were as great within as between species; hence, hemolymph amino acid data does not appear to be of taxonomic usefulness for this genus.
RELATIONS BETWEEN INVERTEBRATE PREDATORS AND PREY ASSOCIATED WITH LARCH SAWFLY EGGS AND LARVAE ON TAMARACK
Authors: Ives W. G. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSuspected predatory invertebrates associated with the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), on tamarack were confined in cages with sawfly eggs or larvae to determine which species were predaceous. Most of the insects were found to feed on larch sawfly eggs or larvae under these conditions, but very few spiders ate larch sawfly. The amount of food eaten by various predators is presented.Seasonal population trends of the more common predators and prey available to them were determined from samples of tamarack branches taken at weekly intervals. Associations between the numbers of various predators and prey per 20-branch sample were investigated, and a number of significant predator–prey correlations were obtained. These included correlations between Deraeocoris and sawfly eggs, Plagiognathus and sawfly eggs, and Tetraphleps and sawfly eggs. However, estimates of larch sawfly egg mortality under field conditions showed that egg mortality was largely independent of egg density in the range of populations studied, and showed little relationship to predator density per 20-branch sample. This is because the distribution of larch sawfly egg predators per individual branch was random and appeared to be independent of egg density. Single factor analysis of annual egg populations and egg survival indicated that survival in the egg stage is of no value in predicting population trends of the larch sawfly.
LIFE HISTORIES AND HABITS OF TWO SPECIES OF PHILODROMUS (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Putman W. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPhilodromus praelustris Keyserling and P. cespiticolis Walckenaer have annual life cycles in the Niagara Peninsula. Females of P. praelustris produced up to 12 egg sacs containing a total of over 200 eggs in an insectary but the later eggs did not hatch. Fecundity of females in the orchards appeared to be considerably lower.There was no experimental evidence that P. praelustris disperses by ballooning though some very young individuals probably do so. All stages disperse by bridging, i.e., by casting an air-borne loop of web that catches on distant objects.P. praelustris perceives prey by contact or, over very short distances, by vision. Two species of ants were rejected as prey.