bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Wind Measurement in Extratropical Cyclones by Means of Doppler Radar
Authors: Baynton H. W. , Serafin R. J. , Frush C. L. , Gray G. R. , Hobbs P. V. , Houze R. A. , Locatelli J. D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractColor displays of the velocities of precipitation particles detected with a C-band Doppler radar in wide-spread cyclonic storms provide a variety of real-time information on the atmospheric wind field.Vertical profiles of wind speed and direction indicated by the real-time color displays agree well withrawinsonde measurements. Veering winds (or warm advection) produce a striking S-shaped pattern onthe color display and backing winds (or cold advection) produce a backward S. A maximum in the verticalprofile of wind speed is indicated by a pair of concentric colored rings, one upwind and one downwind ofthe radar. Vertically sloping velocity maxima are indicated by asymmetries in the color displays, as areconfluent and difluent winds. Divergence and convergence computed from the real-time color displays areof reasonable magnitude.
The Design and Use of Sensitive Pressure-Jump Sensors to Detect Thunderstorm Gust Fronts. Part I : Pressure- Jump Detector Design
Authors: Bedard A. J. , Meade H. B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe outline the known properties of atmospheric pressure jumps, including rise-time and pressure-amplitude statistics, and we indicate how these statistics guide the choice of pressure-jump detector components.We review design considerations and test procedures and discuss the practical constraints of inside and outside installations of such detectors. Our tentative conclusion is that a pressure switch with a threshold of 0.5mb, used with a high-pass filter with about a 3 min time constant, can detect sudden pressure increases reliably. The final choice of components and the evaluation of the sensor for thunderstorm gust-front detectionwill depend upon the accumulation of operating experience under well-defined meteorological conditions.
THE NATURE OF GROWING SEASON FROSTS IN AND ALONG THE PLATTE VALLEY OF NEBRASKA1
Authors: ROSENBERG NORMAN J. , MYERS RICHARD E. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Historical frost events (minimum shelter temperature ≤32° F.) were studied at 10 locations within and adjacent to the Platte Valley of Nebraska and the cause of these frosts was determined with the aid of synoptic maps. Frost series based upon last spring or first fall advection or radiation are defined and found to be random and normally distributed. The “potential growing season”, defined as the interval between last spring and first fall advection frosts, is found to be from 15 to 32 days longer than the “growing season” defined by the interval from last spring to first fall occurrences of minimum shelter temperature of 32° F. or below. The numbers of annual spring and fall radiation frosts and the number of days between last two spring and first two fall radiation frosts are presented to permit estimates of the practicality of frost protection for specialized crops in the area of study.
Sensitivity of Hadley Circulation to Physical Parameters and Resolution through Changing Upper-Tropospheric Ice Clouds Using a Global Cloud-System Resolving Model
Authors: Iga Shin-ichi , Tomita Hirofumi , Tsushima Yoko , Satoh Masaki 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe relationship between upper-tropospheric ice cloud properties and the Hadley circulation intensity is examined through parameter sensitivity studies of global cloud-system-resolving simulations with explicit cloud convection. Experiments under a perpetual July condition were performed by changing parameters in the boundary layer and cloud microphysics schemes, with a mesh size of approximately 14 km. One additional experiment with a mesh size of approximately 7 km was also conducted. These experiments produced a variety of upper-cloud coverage and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) distributions. The authors found that, as the upper-cloud coverage increased, the total precipitation decreased and the intensity of the Hadley circulation weakened because of energy balance constraints that radiative cooling are balanced by adiabatic warming. Interestingly, the ice water path was not correlated with the upper ice-loud coverage or OLR, indicating that the spatial coverage of upper ice clouds, rather than the ice water content, was the key factor in the radiation budget.
Forcing of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Interannual Variations of the Tropical Pacific Ocean: Roles of the Indonesian Throughflow
Authors: Yuan Dongliang , Wang Jing , Xu Tengfei , Xu Peng , Hui Zhou , Zhao Xia , Luan Yihua , Zheng Weipeng , Yu Yongqiang 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Controlled numerical experiments using ocean-only and ocean–atmosphere coupled general circulation models show that interannual sea level depression in the eastern Indian Ocean during the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events forces enhanced Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) to transport warm water from the upper-equatorial Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean. The enhanced transport produces elevation of the thermocline and cold subsurface temperature anomalies in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, which propagate to the eastern equatorial Pacific to induce significant coupled evolution of the tropical Pacific oceanic and atmospheric circulation. Analyses suggest that the IOD-forced ITF transport anomalies are about the same amplitudes as those induced by the Pacific ENSO. Results of the coupled model experiments suggest that the anomalies induced by the IOD persist in the equatorial Pacific until the year following the IOD event, suggesting the importance of the oceanic channel in modulating the interannual climate variations of the tropical Pacific Ocean at the time lag beyond one year.
A New Method for the Comparison of Trend Data with an Application to Water Vapor
Authors: Mieruch Sebastian , Noël Stefan , Reuter Maximilian , Bovensmann Heinrich , Burrows John P. , Schröder Marc , Schulz Jörg 
Published: March 2011

AbstractGlobal total column water vapor trends have been derived from both the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) and the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) satellite data and from globally distributed radiosonde measurements, archived and quality controlled by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD).The control of atmospheric water vapor amount by the hydrological cycle plays an important role in determining surface temperature and its response to the increase in man-made greenhouse effect. As a result of its strong infrared absorption, water vapor is the most important naturally occurring greenhouse gas. Without water vapor, the earth surface temperature would be about 20 K lower, making the evolution of life, as we know it, impossible. The monitoring of water vapor and its evolution in time is therefore of utmost importance for our understanding of global climate change. Comparisons of trends derived from independent water vapor measurements from satellite and radiosondes facilitate the assessment of the significance of the observed changes in water vapor.In this manuscript, the authors have compared observed water vapor change and trends, derived from independent instruments, and assessed the statistical significance of their differences. This study deals with an example of the Behrens–Fisher problem, namely, the comparison of samples with different means and different standard deviations, applied to trends from time series.Initially the Behrens–Fisher problem for the derivation of the consolidated change and trends is solved using standard (frequentist) hypothesis testing by performing the Welch test. Second, a Bayesian model selection is applied to solve the Behrens–Fisher problem by integrating the posterior probabilities numerically by using the algorithm Differential Evolution Markov Chain (DEMC). Additionally, an analytical approximative solution of the Bayesian posterior probabilities is derived by means of a quadratic Taylor series expansion applied in a computationally efficient manner to large datasets. The two statistical methods used in the study yield similar results for the comparison of the water vapor changes and trends from the different measurements, yielding a consolidated and consistent behavior.
An Assessment of Precipitation Changes over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean since 1989 in Contemporary Global Reanalyses*
Authors: Bromwich David H. , Nicolas Julien P. , Monaghan Andrew J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study evaluates the temporal variability of the Antarctic surface mass balance, approximated as precipitation minus evaporation (P − E), and Southern Ocean precipitation in five global reanalyses during 1989–2009. The datasets consist of the NCEP/U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project 2 reanalysis (NCEP-2), the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), NASA Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Application (MERRA), and the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). Reanalyses are known to be prone to spurious trends and inhomogeneities caused by changes in the observing system, especially in the data-sparse high southern latitudes. The period of study has seen a dramatic increase in the amount of satellite observations used for data assimilation.The large positive and statistically significant trends in mean Antarctic P − E and mean Southern Ocean precipitation in NCEP-2, JRA-25, and MERRA are found to be largely spurious. The origin of these artifacts varies between reanalyses. Notably, a precipitation jump in MERRA in the late 1990s coincides with the start of the assimilation of radiances from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU). ERA-Interim and CFSR do not exhibit any significant trends. However, the potential impact of the assimilation of rain-affected radiances in ERA-Interim and inhomogeneities in CFSR pressure fields over Antarctica cast some doubt on the reliability of these two datasets.The authors conclude that ERA-Interim likely offers the most realistic depiction of precipitation changes in high southern latitudes during 1989–2009. The range of the trends in Antarctic P − E among the reanalyses is equivalent to 1 mm of sea level over 21 years, which highlights the improvements still needed in reanalysis simulations to better assess the contribution of Antarctica to sea level rise. Finally, this work argues for continuing cautious use of reanalysis datasets for climate change assessment.
Calculating Estuarine Exchange Flow Using Isohaline Coordinates*
Authors: MacCready Parker 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A method for calculating subtidal estuarine exchange flow using an isohaline framework is described, and the results are compared with those of the more commonly used Eulerian method of salt flux decomposition. Concepts are explored using a realistic numerical simulation of the Columbia River estuary. The isohaline method is found to be advantageous because it intrinsically highlights the salinity classes in which subtidal volume flux occurs. The resulting expressions give rise to an exact formulation of the time-dependent Knudsen relation and may be used in calculation of the saltwater residence time. The volume flux of the landward transport, which can be calculated precisely using the isohaline framework, is of particular importance for problems in which the saltwater residence time is critical.
Positioning Graphical Objects on Computer Screens
Authors: Pastel Robert 
Published: March 2011

Objective: This experiment identifies and models phases during the positioning of graphical objects (called cursors in this article) on computer displays. Background: The human computer-interaction community has traditionally used Fitts’ law to model selection in graphical user interfaces, whereas human factors experiments have found the single-component Fitts’ law inadequate to model positioning of real objects. Method: Participants ( N = 145) repeatedly positioned variably sized square cursors within variably sized rectangular targets using computer mice. The times for the cursor to just touch the target, for the cursor to enter the target, and for participants to indicate positioning completion were observed. The positioning tolerances were varied from very precise and difficult to imprecise and easy. Results: The time for the cursor to touch the target was proportional to the initial cursor-target distance. The time for the cursor to completely enter the target after touching was proportional to the logarithms of cursor size divided by target tolerances. The time for participants to indicate positioning after entering was inversely proportional to the tolerance. Conclusions: A three-phase model defined by regions—distant, proximate, and inside the target—was proposed and could model the positioning tasks. Applications: The three-phase model provides a framework for ergonomists to evaluate new positioning techniques and can explain their deficiencies. The model provides a means to analyze tasks and enhance interaction during positioning.
Efficacy of Single‐Staged Modified Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with Nasal Surgery in Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Choi Ji Ho , Kim Eun Joong , Cho Woo Sung , Kim Yang Soo , Choi June , Kwon Soon Young , Kim Tae Hoon , Lee Heung Man , Lee Sang Hag , Lee Seung Hoon 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of single‐staged modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) with nasal surgery and the relationship between its surgical outcomes and an anatomy‐based staging system in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) with nasal obstruction.Study Design and SettingBefore–after analysis at a university hospital.Subjects and MethodsA total of 41 consecutive OSAS patients (mean age 40.1 ± 7.3 years) who underwent single‐staged modified (uvula‐preserving) UPPP with nasal surgery were included. The investigators compared subjective symptoms and polysomnographic data before and after surgery and investigated objective surgical outcomes according to the anatomy‐based (Friedman) staging system and postoperative complications. Surgical success was defined as a reduction of at least 50% in preoperative apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and a postoperative AHI of less than 20 per hour.ResultsAfter simultaneous nasal–oropharyngeal surgery, the AHI significantly decreased (from 45.9 ± 23.4 to 20.9 ± 22.1 events per hour; P <. 001) and the overall success rate was 56.1% (23/41). Surgical success rates in stages I, II, and III were 70.6% (12/17), 60.0% (9/15), and 22.2% (2/9), respectively. There were no major complications during or after surgery, and most minor complications were transient and resolved without morbidity.ConclusionsSingle‐staged modified UPPP with nasal surgery is an available and relatively safe surgical approach in OSAS patients with nasal obstruction. To achieve the best possible surgical outcomes, it is important to select appropriate patients using the anatomy‐based staging system.
Effects of Sensory or Motor Nerve Deafferentation on Oromotor Function in Mice
Authors: Shires Courtney B. , Saputra Jennifer M. , Stocks Rose Mary S. , Sebelik Merry E. , Boughter John D. 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of sensory or motor nerve damage to the tongue using a mouse model.Study DesignAnimal study.SettingResearch laboratory.Subjects and MethodsAdult male and female mice from inbred strains B6 (n = 19) and D2 (n = 25). Following lick training, bilateral lingual–chorda tympani nerve cuts (LX) (n = 6 B6, n = 7 D2), unilateral hypoglossal nerve cuts (HX) (n = 7 B6, n = 9 D2), or sham surgery (n = 6 B6, n = 9 D2) was performed. Mice were lick tested postsurgically with both water and sucrose (4 days total). Following testing, post mortem dissections and microscopic analysis of tongue papillae were performed.ResultsIn both strains, HX and LX mice demonstrated a significant reduction in volume per lick (VPL) in the surgical groups relative to shams. Neither motor nor sensory nerve transection affected local lick rate. In most LX mice in both strains, taste papillae were reduced compared with HX or sham mice.ConclusionMice of either strain with either a sensory or a motor nerve injury have a significant loss of VPL during ingestion of either a neutral (water) or preferred (sucrose) stimulus. This reduction in VPL reflects a deficit in licking. Lick rate was not affected by deafferentation. A reduction in fungiform papillae following LX but not HX mice was noted.
Epidemiology of Vertigo
Authors: Lai Ying‐Ta , Wang Ting‐Chuan , Chuang Li‐Ju , Chen Ming‐Hsu , Wang Pa‐Chun 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemiology of vertigo among the general adult population in Taiwan using the National Health Insurance claims database.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingData were retrieved from the 2006 National Health Insurance claims database.Subjects and MethodsClaims data were retrieved for patients 18 years or older with a diagnosis of vertigo (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 078.81, 386.XX, or 780.4) from January to December 2006. The authors describe the prevalence and recurrence of vertigo and the medical resource utilization associated with its treatment. Logistic regression models are used to assess the independent effects of age, sex, seasonal variation, institutional level of care, and specialty of care on the risk of vertigo recurrence.ResultsA total of 527,807 adult patients (mean ± SD age, 55.1 ± 17.3 years; 1:1.96 ratio of men to women) experienced vertigo in 2006. The prevalence of vertigo was 3.13 cases per 100 adults. Within 1 year of their index vertigo attack, 199,210 patients (37.7%) experienced recurrence. The prevalence and recurrence of vertigo increased significantly with age (P <. 001 for both, χ2 test). Age, sex, seasonal variation, institutional level of care, and specialty of care had various effects on the risk of vertigo recurrence.ConclusionVertigo is a major health burden among the general adult population and tends to recur, particularly among older women.
Oncologic Outcomes after Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy
Authors: Sánchez‐Cuadrado Isabel , Castro Alejandro , Bernáldez Ricardo , Del Palacio Antonio , Gavilán Javier 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo review the oncologic outcomes of a series of supracricoid partial laryngectomy.DesignCase series with chart review.SettingLa Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.PatientsForty‐one patients with glottic or supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma who underwent supracricoid partial laryngectomy between 1998 and 2008 at the authors’ institution.Main Outcome MeasureLocal control rate, specific‐disease survival rate, and overall survival rate.ResultsAll patients were male, with a mean age of 56 years (range, 38‐71 years). Forty‐one percent of tumors were classified as locally advanced carcinomas (T3‐T4). Thirty‐three patients (80%) underwent supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy. Epiglottis was resected in the remaining 8 patients. One patient died in the immediate postoperative period because of cardiac tamponade, 6 developed pneumonia, 2 had a postoperative bleeding that required reintervention, and 2 developed pharyngocutaneous fistula. The median follow‐up period was 43 months. More than 85% of the patients completed more than 2 years of follow‐up. Five‐year actuarial local control rate was 80%, being 92% for T1‐T2 tumors and 67% for locally advanced tumors. Thirty‐five patients (85%) preserved their larynx. The 6 patients who underwent total laryngectomy had a local recurrence or a regional recurrence that infiltrated the larynx. No laryngectomy was performed for functional reasons.ConclusionSupracricoid partial laryngectomy is an oncologically safe procedure to preserve laryngeal functions in selected patients with glottic and supraglottic carcinomas.
Curcumin Inhibits Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumor Growth In Vivo
Authors: Phillips Jeffrey M. , Clark Cheryl , Herman‐Ferdinandez Lilantha , Moore‐Medlin Tara , Rong Xiaohua , Gill Jennifer Roberts , Clifford John L. , Abreo Fleurette , Nathan Cherie‐Ann O. 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveSquamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) has increased from 4% to 10% over 4 decades, stimulating interest in developing novel agents that slow sun‐damaged skin progression. This is the first study evaluating the naturally occurring bioactive food compound curcumin on skin cancer xenografts. Low bioavailability of curcumin has slowed its transition to clinical trials. It is hypothesized that curcumin has growth‐inhibitory effects through the MTOR pathway and chemopreventive potential in skin SCCa where local application could bypass bioavailability problems.Study DesignA randomized experimental animal and laboratory study.SettingLouisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.Subjects and MethodsSCID mice were pretreated with 0, 5, or 15 mg of curcumin (n = 8 per group), 3 days prior to injecting 106 SRB12‐p9 skin SCCa cells in each flank, and were gavaged daily thereafter. Tumor volumes were measured and tumors were harvested on day 24 when mice were sacrificed. Immunohistochemical analysis of pS6 expression (n = 3 per group) and tumor volumes in the 3 groups were compared using 1‐way analysis of variance and pairwise comparisons were determined with the Tukey t test if overall comparisons were significant.ResultsTumor volume increased 2.3 times faster in control mice compared with the group receiving 15 mg of curcumin (P =. 0003). A significant difference in average tumor volumes was seen (P =. 0012), especially with treatment of 15 mg of curcumin compared with control P =. 0003). Curcumin inhibited S6 phosphorylation (P =. 0027), suggesting inhibition of the MTOR pathway.ConclusionCurcumin appears to inhibit skin SCCa growth and blocks tumor progression by inhibiting pS6 even when gavage is used to deliver curcumin, indicating even more significant effects in future experiments with local application.
In vivo biocompatibility and degradation behavior of Mg alloy coated by calcium phosphate in a rabbit model
Authors: Yang JX , Cui FZ , Lee I-S , Zhang Y , Yin QS , Xia H , Yang SX 
Published: March 2011

This study is conducted to investigate the biocompatibility and biodegradation behavior of calcium phosphate-coated Mg alloy in vivo. Calcium phosphate (Ca–P) was coated on the Mg alloy (AZ31) by a chemical process. Samples of Ca–P coated rods, the naked alloy rods, and degradable polymer as controls were implanted into the thighbone of rabbits to investigate the bone response at the early stage. The reduction in implant volume was determined by micro-computed tomography and three-dimensional reconstruction of the remaining Mg alloy segmented from the bone matrix. It was observed that the biodegradation rate of naked Mg implant is faster than that of the coated ones. The bone–implant interface was characterized in sections by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Biodegradation or reaction layer was formed on the surface of Mg alloy implants and direct contact with the surrounding bone. The layer was mainly composed of Ca, P, O, and Mg. After 8 weeks of post-operation, paraffin sections were generated for histomorphologic analysis; 100% implants were fixed and no inflammation was observed. Histological analysis showed that new bone tissue is formed around the Mg implants, and no fibrous capsule was found. Blood examination showed that the biodegradation of the Mg implant caused little change to blood composition. Ca–P coating on Mg alloy substrate might be an effective method to reduce the biodegradation rate of Mg alloy in vivo and improve the surface bioactivity of Mg alloy implants.