bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early-life origins of schizotypal traits in adulthood
Authors: Lahti Jari , Räikkönen Katri , Sovio Ulla , Miettunen Jouko , Hartikainen Anna-Liisa , Pouta Anneli , Taanila Anja , Joukamaa Matti , Järvelin Marjo-Riitta , Veijola Juha 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundAlthough schizotypal traits, such as anhedonia and aberrant perceptions, may increase the risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, little is known about early-life characteristics that predict more pronounced schizotypal traits.AimsTo examine whether birth size or several other early-life factors that have been previously linked with schizophrenia predict schizotypal traits in adulthood.MethodParticipants of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study (n= 4976) completed a questionnaire on positive and negative schizotypal traits at the age of 31 years.ResultsLower placental weight, lower birth weight and smaller head circumference at 12 months predicted elevated positive schizotypal traits in women after adjusting for several confounders (P<0.02). Moreover, higher gestational age, lower childhood family socioeconomic status, undesirability of pregnancy, winter/autumn birth, higher birth order and maternal smoking during pregnancy predicted some augmented schizotypal traits in women, some in men and some in both genders.ConclusionsThe results point to similarities in the aetiology of schitzotypal traits and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Levels of anxiety and depression as predictors of mortality: the
HUNT study
Authors: Mykletun Arnstein , Bjerkeset Ottar , øverland Simon , Prince Martin , Dewey Michael , Stewart Robert 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundDepression is reported to be associated with increased mortality,
although underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Associations between
anxiety and mortality are also uncertain.AimsTo investigate associations between individual and combined
anxiety/depression symptom loads (using the Hospital Anxiety and
Depression Scale (HADS)) and mortality over a 3–6 year period.MethodWe utilised a unique link between a large population survey (HUNT–2,
n = 61 349) and a comprehensive mortality
database.ResultsCase-level depression was associated with increased mortality (hazard
ratio (HR) = 1.52, 95% CI 1.35–1.72) comparable with that of smoking (HR
= 1.59, 95% CI 1.44–1.75), and which was only partly explained by somatic
symptoms/conditions. Anxiety comorbid with depression lowered mortality
compared with depression alone (anxiety depression interaction
P = 0.017). The association between anxiety symptom
load and mortality was U-shaped.ConclusionsDepression as a risk factor for mortality was comparable in strength to
smoking. Comorbid anxiety reduced mortality compared with depression
alone. The relationship between anxiety symptoms and mortality was more
complex with a U-shape and highest mortality in those with the lowest
anxiety symptom loads.
Measuring the benefits of treatment for psychosis: validity and responsiveness of the EQ–5D
Authors: Barton Garry R. , Hodgekins Jo , Mugford Miranda , Jones Peter B. , Croudace Tim , Fowler David 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundThe UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has recommended that cost-effectiveness analysis includes the EQ–5D; however, this is often not implemented in the area of mental health.AimsTo assess the appropriateness of using the EQ–5D to measure improvements in mental health.MethodSeventy-seven participants with psychosis were rated according to the EQ–5D and seven measures of mental health at both pre- and post-intervention. To assess construct validity we compared the (pre-intervention) mean EQ–5D scores for those with milder and more severe scores, according to each of the seven measures. To assess responsiveness we estimated the mean EQ–5D change score for those who improved (post-intervention), according to each of the measures.ResultsThe mean EQ–5D score was more favourable for both those with milder scores (mean difference: 0.044 to 0.301) and for those who improved post-intervention (mean change: 0.029 to 0.117).ConclusionsThis suggests the EQ–5D should be considered for use in future cost-effectiveness studies in the area of mental health.
Rationalising medical careers
Authors: Lydall Gregory J. , Bourke Julius H. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThis article assesses the quality of higher psychiatric training opportunities under Modernising Medical Careers (MMC) and compares them with the existing specialist registrar (SpR) grade; the UK psychiatric educational literature is reviewed, and trainee concerns reported. Anecdotal reports of higher training losses under MMC suggest disparity between specialty training year 4 (ST4) and the first SpR year. the roles, controversies and losses of protected clinical special interest sessions and the research day are reviewed. UK psychiatric literature notes underutilisation and poor supervision of these highly valued protected training sessions, with suggestions for improvement. the sacrifice of protected training to service provision may have implications for training quality, leading to under-trained consultants in the long term, to the detriment of patients.
Psychiatrists' appreciation of statistical v. clinical significance: a quick test
Authors: Smith Alan , Warner James 
Published: July 2009

Aims and MethodPharmaceutical advertising material can confuse clinical and statistical significance. We used a brief questionnaire (five questions) to evaluate psychiatrists' appreciation of this difference. This approximated to the level of critical appraisal competence of the MRCPsych part 3 examination.ResultsOf the 113 questionnaires distributed 93 were returned complete (response rate 82%). Senior trainees were significantly better than junior trainees at correctly interpreting data (mean score (maximum 5) 2.61v.2.08; P = 0.04). Consultants did less well than senior trainees, although our sample of consultant respondents was too small for significance testing.Clinical ImplicationsLearning critical appraisal for the MRCPsych examination may provide psychiatrists with valuable transferable skills and prevent gaps in our knowledge being exploited by misleading study data. Psychiatrists of all grades need to maintain their research appraisal skills and should not regard the MRCPsych examination as the end of their learning.
The need for brain imaging in clinical psychiatry
Authors: Davoren Mary , Doherty Anne , Breen Eugene , Sheehan John , Kelly Brendan D. 
Published: July 2009

Aims and MethodTo explore clinical indications for, and results of, brain imaging in general adult psychiatry. We reviewed the 100 most recent uses of brain imaging on in-patients at the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin.ResultsPatients were of a mean age of 55.3 years. the most common indications for brain scans were cognitive impairment (33%) and other neurological concerns (e.g. seizures; 30%). Overall, 47% of scans were abnormal, with ischaemia (17%) and atrophy (10%) being the most common abnormalities. Patients with abnormal scans were older than those with normal scans (mean age 61.9 and 48.7 years respectively; P<0.001).Clinical ImplicationsA high proportion of brain scans demonstrate abnormalities in general adult psychiatry patients, especially among older patients.
The numerical comparison of flow patterns and propulsive performances for the hydromedusaeSarsia tubulosaandAequorea victoria
Authors: Sahin Mehmet , Mohseni Kamran , Colin Sean P. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThe thrust-generating mechanism of a prolate hydromedusa Sarsia tubulosa and an oblate hydromedusa Aequorea victoria was investigated by solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in the swirl-free cylindrical coordinates. The calculations clearly show the vortex dynamics related to the thrust-generating mechanism, which is very important for understanding the underlying propulsion mechanism. The calculations for the prolate jetting hydromedusa S. tubulosa indicate the formation of a single starting vortex ring for each pulse cycle with a relatively high vortex formation number. However, the calculations for the oblate jet-paddling hydromedusa A. victoria indicate shedding of the opposite-signed vortex rings very close to each other and the formation of large induced velocities along the line of interaction as the vortices move away from the hydromedusa in the wake. In addition to this jet propulsion mechanism, the hydromedusa's bell margin acts like a paddle and the highly flexible bell margin deforms in such a way that the low pressure leeward side of the bell margin has a projected area in the direction of motion. This thrust is particularly important during refilling of the subumbrella cavity where the stopping vortex causes significant pressure drag. The swimming performances based on our numerical simulations, such as swimming velocity,thrust, power requirement and efficiency, were computed and support the idea that jet propulsion is very effective for rapid body movement but is energetically costly and less efficient compared with the jet-paddling propulsion mechanism.
Redirection of center-of-mass velocity during the step-to-step transition of human walking
Authors: Adamczyk Peter G. , Kuo Arthur D. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYSimple dynamic walking models based on the inverted pendulum predict that the human body's center of mass (COM) moves along an arc during each step,with substantial work performed to redirect the COM velocity in the step-to-step transition between arcs. But humans do not keep the stance leg perfectly straight and need not redirect their COM velocity precisely as predicted. We therefore tested a pendulum-based model against a wide range of human walking data. We examined COM velocity and work data from normal human subjects (N=10) walking at 24 combinations of speed (0.75 to 2.0 m s–1) and step length. These were compared against model predictions for the angular redirection of COM velocity and the work performed on the COM during redirection. We found that the COM is redirected through angular changes increasing approximately linearly with step length(R2=0.68), with COM work increasing with the squared product of walking speed and step length (R2=0.82), roughly in accordance with a simple dynamic walking model. This model cannot, however, predict the duration of COM redirection, which we quantified with two empirical measures,one based on angular COM redirection and the other on work. Both indicate that the step-to-step transition begins before and ends after double support and lasts about twice as long – approximately 20–27% of a stride. Although a rigid leg model can predict trends in COM velocity and work, the non-rigid human leg performs the step-to-step transition over a duration considerably exceeding that of double support.
The effects of age and behavioral development on honey bee (Apis mellifera) flight performance
Authors: Vance Jason T. , Williams Jason B. , Elekonich Michelle M. , Roberts Stephen P. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYA critical but seldom-studied component of life history theory is how behavior and age affect whole-organism performance. To address this issue we compared the flight performance of honey bees (whose behavioral development and age can be assessed independently via simple manipulations of colony demographics) between distinct behavioral castes (in-hive nurse bees vs out-of-hive foragers) and across lifespan. Variable-density gases and high-speed video were used to determine the maximum hovering flight capacity and wing kinematics of age-matched nurse bees and foragers sampled from a single-cohort colony over a period of 34 days. The transition from hive work to foraging was accompanied by a 42% decrease in body mass and a proportional increase in flight capacity (defined as the minimum gas density allowing hovering flight). The lower flight capacity of hive bees was primarily due to the fact that in air they were functioning at a near-maximal wing angular velocity due to their high body masses. Foragers were lighter and when hovering in air required a much lower wing angular velocity, which they were able to increase by 32% during maximal flight performance. Flight performance of hive bees was independent of age, but in foragers the maximal wingbeat frequency and maximal average angular velocity were lowest in precocious (7–14 day old) foragers, highest in normal-aged (15–28 day old) foragers and intermediate in foragers older than 29 days. This pattern coincides with previously described age-dependent biochemical and metabolic properties of honey bee flight muscle.
Serotonin-induced high intracellular pH aids in alkali secretion in the anterior midgut of larval yellow fever mosquitoAedes aegyptiL.
Authors: Onken Horst , Parks Scott K. , Goss Greg G. , Moffett David F. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThe anterior midgut of the larval yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti generates a luminal pH in excess of 10 in vivo and similar values are attained by isolated and perfused anterior midgut segments after stimulation with submicromolar serotonin. In the present study we investigated the mechanisms of strong luminal alkalinization using the intracellular fluorescent indicator BCECF-AM. Following stimulation with serotonin, we observed that intracellular pH (pHi) of the anterior midgut increased from a mean of 6.89 to a mean of 7.62, whereas pHiof the posterior midgut did not change in response to serotonin. Moreover, a further increase of pHi to 8.58 occurred when the pH of the luminal perfusate was raised to an in vivo-like value of 10.0. Luminal Zn2+ (10 μmol l–1), an inhibitor of conductive proton pathways, did not inhibit the increase in pHi, the transepithelial voltage, or the capacity of the isolated tissue to alkalinize the lumen. Finally, the transapical voltage did not significantly respond to luminal pH changes induced either by perfusion with pH 10 or by stopping the luminal perfusion with unbuffered solution which results in spontaneous luminal alkalinization. Together, these results seem to rule out the involvement of conductive pathways for proton absorption across the apical membrane and suggest that a serotonin-induced alkaline pHi plays an important role in the generation of an alkaline lumen.
Masticatory (`superfast') myosin heavy chain and embryonic/atrial myosin light chain 1 in rodent jaw-closing muscles
Authors: Reiser Peter J. , Bicer Sabahattin , Chen Qun , Zhu Ling , Quan Ning 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYMasticatory myosin is widely expressed among several vertebrate classes. Generally, the expression of masticatory myosin has been associated with high bite force for a carnivorous feeding style (including capturing/restraining live prey), breaking down tough plant material and defensive biting in different species. Masticatory myosin expression in the largest mammalian order, Rodentia, has not been reported. Several members of Rodentia consume large numbers of tree nuts that are encased in very hard shells, presumably requiring large forces to access the nutmeat. We, therefore, tested whether some rodent species express masticatory myosin in jaw-closing muscles. Myosin isoform expression in six Sciuridae species was examined, using protein gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, mass spectrometry and RNA analysis. The results indicate that masticatory myosin is expressed in some Sciuridae species but not in other closely related species with similar diets but having different nut-opening strategies. We also discovered that the myosin light chain 1 isoform associated with masticatory myosin heavy chain, in the same four Sciuridae species, is the embryonic/atrial isoform. We conclude that rodent speciation did not completely eliminate masticatory myosin and that its persistent expression in some rodent species might be related to not only diet but also to feeding style.
Exposure assessment of 17α-ethinylestradiol in surface waters of the United States and Europe
Authors: Hannah Robert , D'Aco Vincent J. , Anderson Paul D. , Buzby Mary E. , Caldwell Daniel J. , Cunningham Virginia L. , Ericson Jon F. , Johnson Andrew C. , Parke Neil J. , Samuelian John H. , Sumpter John P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn evaluation of measured and predicted concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol in surface waters of the United States and Europe was conducted to develop expected long-term exposure concentrations for this compound. Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) in surface waters were identified from the literature. Predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) were generated for European and U.S. watersheds using the GREAT-ER and PhATE™ models, respectively. The majority of MECs are nondetect and generally consistent with model PECs and conservative mass balance calculations. However, the highest MECs are not consistent with concentrations derived from conservative (worst-case) mass balance estimates or model PECs. A review of analytical methods suggests that tandem or high-resolution mass spectrometry methods with extract cleanup result in lower detection limits and lower reported concentrations consistent with model predictions and bounding estimates. Based on model results using PhATE and GREAT-ER, the 90th-percentile low-flow PECs in surface water are approximately 0.2 and 0.3 ng/L for the United States and Europe, respectively. These levels represent conservative estimates of long-term exposure that can be used for risk assessment purposes. Our analysis also indicates that average concentrations are one to two orders of magnitude lower than these 90th-percentile estimates. Higher reported concentrations (e.g., greater than the 99th-percentile PEC of ∼1 ng/L) could result from methodological problems or unusual environmental circumstances; however, such concentrations are not representative of levels generally found in the environment, warrant special scrutiny, and are not appropriate for use in risk assessments of long-term exposures.
New Results Improve Fracture-Cleanup Characterization and Damage Mitigation
Authors: Ayoub J. A. , Hutchins R. D. , Van der Bas F. , Cobianco S. , Emiliani C. N. , Glover M. , Marino S. , Nitters G. , Norman D. , Turk G. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
It is well documented that hydraulic-fracture treatments, although successful, often underperform. Frac-and-pack completions exhibit positive skin values, and traditional hydraulic-fracture completions show discrepancies between the placed propped length and the effective production fracture length. Ineffective fracture cleanup is often cited as a likely cause.
This paper presents some of the results of an investigation of fracture-cleanup mechanisms. This investigation was undertaken under a joint-industry project (JIP) active since the year 2002. The data discussed build on the initial results published in early 2006, which indicated that the polymer concentrates only in the filter cake, and that flow along the fracture encounters significant yield stress when the filter-cake cumulative thickness dominates the width of the fracture.
The new results presented here demonstrate successful strategies that mitigate the effects of excessive filter-cake thickness. Experimental data demonstrate that flow along the fracture would encounter lower yield stress when the breaker is delivered directly to the filter cake as opposed to random distribution. The data also indicate that a smaller breaker amount delivered directly into the filter cake is more effective at reducing the yield-stress effects than a larger breaker amount delivered randomly in the slurry. Alternative breaker materials are explored, and additional data are also presented to estimate the yield-stress effect for fluid flow across the filter cake from the reservoir into the fracture.
Effect of Non-Darcy Flow on Well Productivity of a Hydraulically Fractured Gas-Condensate Well
Authors: Mohan Jitendra , Pope Gary A. , Sharma Mukul M. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
Hydraulic fracturing is a common way to improve productivity of gas-condensate wells. Previous simulation studies have predicted much larger increases in well productivity than have been actually observed in the field. This paper shows the large impact of non-Darcy flow and condensate accumulation on the productivity of a hydraulically fractured gas-condensate well. Two-level local-grid refinement was used so that very small gridblocks corresponding to actual fracture width could be simulated. The actual fracture width must be used to accurately model non-Darcy flow. An unre-alistically large fracture width in the simulations underestimates the effect of non-Darcy flow in hydraulic fractures. Various other factors governing the productivity improvement such as fracture length, fracture conductivity, well flow rates, and reservoir parameters have been analyzed. Productivity improvements were found to be overestimated by a factor as high as three, if non-Darcy flow was neglected. Results are presented that show the impact of condensate buildup on long-term productivity of wells in both rich and lean gas-condensate reservoirs.
Mechanistic Modeling of Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Floods
Authors: Mohammadi Hourshad , Delshad Mojdeh , Pope Gary A. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
Alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding is of increasing interest and importance because of high oil prices and the need to increase oil production. The benefits of combining alkali with surfactant are well established. The alkali has very important benefits such as lowering interfacial tension (IFT) and reducing adsorption of anionic surfactants that decrease costs and make ASP a very attractive enhanced-oil-recovery method, provided that the consumption is not too large and the alkali can be propagated at the same rate as the synthetic surfactant and polymer. However, the process is complex, so it is important that new candidates for ASP be selected taking into account the numerous chemical reactions that occur in the reservoir. The reaction of acid and alkali to generate soap and its subsequent effect on phase behavior is the most crucial for crude oils containing naphthenic acids. Mechanistic simulation of the ASP flood considering the chemical reactions, alkali consumption, and soap generation and the effect on the phase behavior is the key to success of future field operations. Using numerical models, the process can be designed and optimized to ensure the proper propagation of alkali and effective soap and surfactant concentrations to promote low IFT and a favorable salinity gradient. In this paper, we describe the ASP module of the UTCHEM simulator, which is the University of Texas chemical compositional simulator, with particular attention to phase behavior and the effect of soap on optimum salinity and solubilization ratio. Phase behavior data are presented for sodium carbonate and a blend of surfactants with an acidic crude oil that followed the conventional Winsor phase transition with significant three-phase regions even at low surfactant concentrations. The solubilization data at different oil concentrations were successfully modeled using Hand’s rule. Optimum salinity and solubilization ratio were correlated with soap mole fractions using mixing rules. ASP coreflood results were successfully modeled taking into account the aqueous reactions, alkali/rock interactions, and phase behavior of soap and surfactant. Mechanistic simulations give insights into the propagation of alkali, soap, and surfactant in the core and aid in future coreflood and field-scale ASP designs.