bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable ethanol fermentation from synthesis gas by Clostridium ljungdahlii in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor
Authors: Mohammadi Maedeh , Younesi Habibollah , Najafpour Ghasem , Mohamed Abdul Rahman 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Ethanol production from synthesis gas (syngas) by Clostridium ljungdahlii was autotrophically carried out in a continuous flow stirred tank bioreactor (CSTR). A 2 L bioreactor was operated at 37 °C and constant agitation rate of 500 rpm. The experiments were conducted at various media flow rates and uncontrolled culture pH condition while the gas flow rate was kept constant at 14 mL min−1.RESULTS: Continuous fermentation of the syngas containing 55% CO, 20% H2, 10% CO2 and 15% argon as internal standard resulted in cell dry weight of 2.34 g L−1 and CO conversion of 93%. Maximum concentration of ethanol and acetate was 6.50 g EthOH L−1 and 5.43 g Ac L−1.CONCLUSION: High ethanol concentration was achieved in continuous fermentation using C. ljungdahlii. The ethanol producing ability of this acetogene and succesful switch of the metabolic pathway from acetogenesis to solventogenesis during the fermentation process was confirmed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of altitude and latitude on changes in temperature extremes over South Asia during 1971–2000
Authors: Revadekar J. V. , Hameed S. , Collins D. , Manton M. , Sheikh M. , Borgaonkar H. P. , Kothawale D. R. , Adnan M. , Ahmed A. U. , Ashraf J. , Baidya S. , Islam N. , Jayasinghearachchi D. , Manzoor N. , Premalal K. H. M. S. , Shreshta M. L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSouth Asia covers more than 30° of latitude with weather observation stations situated from 6°N at Galle, Sri Lanka, to 36°N at Chitral in Pakistan. Moreover, the South Asian station network ranges in altitude from sea level to nearly 4000 m above sea level. This paper uses time series of 11 objectively defined indices of daily temperature extremes at 197 stations in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to examine the possible impacts of elevation and latitude on changes in temperature extremes over the period of 1971–2000. Trends in extreme indices are consistent with general warming only at low altitudes and latitudes. Stations at high altitudes and latitudes show both positive and negative trends in extreme temperature indices. As a notable example, the Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR), which has been known to decrease in most parts of the globe, has increasing trends over many high altitude stations in South Asia. Trends in extreme temperature indices at stations in South Asia higher than 2000 m above sea level are mostly in disagreement with those reported over the Tibetan Plateau. Observed trends at low altitude locations in South Asia suggest that these sites can generally expect future changes in temperature extremes that are consistent with broad‐scale warming. High‐elevation sites appear to be more influenced by local factors and, hence, future changes in temperature extremes may be less predictable for these locations. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Production, purification and characterisation of polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus with antitumour activity
Authors: Silva Sara , Martins Sónia , Karmali Amin , Rosa Eduardo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Mushroom polysaccharides play an important role in functional foods because they exhibit biological modulator properties such as antitumour, antiviral and antibacterial activities. The present study involved the production, purification and characterisation of intracellular and extracellular free and protein‐bound polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus and the investigation of their growth‐inhibitory effect on human carcinoma cell lines.RESULTS: Several fermentation parameters were obtained: batch polysaccharide productivities of 0.013 ± 8.12 × 10−5 and 0.037 ± 0.0005 g L−1 day−1 for intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides respectively, a maximum biomass concentration of 9.35 ± 0.18 g L−1, Pmax = 0.935 ± 0.018 g L−1 day−1, µmax = 0.218 ± 0.02 day−1, YEP/X = 0.040 ± 0.0015 g g−1 and YIP/X = 0.014 ± 0.0003 g g−1. Some polysaccharides exhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐like activity of 50‐200 units. Fourier transform infrared analysis of the polysaccharides revealed absorption bands characteristic of such biological macromolecules. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides exhibited antitumour activity towards several tested human carcinoma cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner.CONCLUSION: The polysaccharides of P. ostreatus exhibited high SOD‐like activity, which strongly supports their biological effect on tumour cell lines. The extracellular polysaccharides presented the highest antitumour activity towards the RL95 carcinoma cell line and should be further investigated as an antitumour agent. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrically assisted liquid‐phase microextraction for determination of β2‐receptor agonist drugs in wastewater
Authors: Rezazadeh Maryam , Yamini Yadollah , Seidi Shahram 
Published: January 2012

AbstractElectromembrane extraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection was validated for the determination and quantification of salbutamol (SB) and terbutaline in aqueous samples. A 200‐V electrical field was applied to extract the analytes from 2.5 mL sample solution with pH 3.0, through an organic phase which consisted of 80% 2‐nitrophenyl octyl ether, 10% di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphate and 10% tris‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphate as supported liquid membrane into an acidic acceptor solution with pH 1.0, located inside the lumen of a hollow fiber. To achieve the best extraction conditions, the organic membrane composition was optimized separately and other parameters, such as extraction time, applied voltage and pH in sample solution and acceptor phase were studied using experimental design. Under optimal conditions, extraction recoveries of 53 and 43% were obtained for SB and terbutaline, respectively, which corresponded to preconcentration factors of 89 for SB and 72 for terbutaline. The method offers acceptable linearity with correlation coefficient higher than 0.9947 and relative standard deviation less than 4.7%. Finally, it was applied for analysis of drugs in wastewater samples.
Weak type (p,q)‐inequalities for the Haar system and differentially subordinated martingales
Authors: Oseçkowski Adam 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFor any \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$1\leq p,\,q<\infty$\end{document}, we determine the optimal constant \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$C_{p,q}$\end{document} such that the following holds. If \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$(h_k)_{k\geq 0}$\end{document} is the Haar system on [0,1], then for any vectors ak from a separable Hilbert space \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal{H}$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\varepsilon_k\in \{-1,1\}$\end{document}, \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$k=0,\,1,\,2,\ldots,$\end{document} we have

This is generalized to the sharp weak‐type inequality

where X, Y stand for \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal{H}$\end{document}‐valued martingales such that Y is differentially subordinate to X.
A projection method to solve linear systems in tensor format
Authors: Ballani Jonas , Grasedyck Lars 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, we propose a method for the numerical solution of linear systems of equations in low rank tensor format. Such systems may arise from the discretisation of PDEs in high dimensions, but our method is not limited to this type of application. We present an iterative scheme, which is based on the projection of the residual to a low dimensional subspace. The subspace is spanned by vectors in low rank tensor format which—similarly to Krylov subspace methods—stem from the subsequent (approximate) application of the given matrix to the residual. All calculations are performed in hierarchical Tucker format, which allows for applications in high dimensions. The mode size dependency is treated by a multilevel method. We present numerical examples that include high‐dimensional convection–diffusion equations.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel adaptive mesh refinement for first‐order system least squares
Authors: Brezina M. , Garcia J. , Manteuffel T. , McCormick S. , Ruge J. , Tang L. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThis paper develops new adaptive mesh refinement strategies for first‐order system least squares (FOSLS) in conjunction with algebraic multigrid (AMG) methods in the context of nested iteration (NI). The goal is to reach a certain error tolerance with the least amount of computational cost and nearly uniform distribution of the error over all elements. To accomplish this, the refinement decisions at each refinement level are determined on the basis of minimizing the ‘accuracy‐per‐computational‐cost’ efficiency (ACE) measure that takes into account both error reduction and computational cost. The NI‐FOSLS‐AMG‐ACE approach produces a sequence of refinement levels in which the error is equally distributed across elements on a relatively coarse grid. Once the solution is numerically resolved, refinement becomes nearly uniform. Accommodations of the ACE approach to massively distributed memory architectures involve a geometric binning strategy to reduce communication cost. Load balancing begins at very coarse levels. Elements and nodes are redistributed using parallel quadtree structures and a space‐filling curve, which automatically ameliorates load balancing issues at finer levels. Numerical results show that the NI‐FOSLS‐AMG‐pACE approach is able to provide highly accurate approximations to rapidly varying solutions at relatively low cost. Excellent weak and strong scalability are demonstrated on 4096 processors for problems with 15 million biquadratic elements.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering anisotropic dielectric response through amorphous laminate structures
Authors: Cowell E. William , Knutson Christopher C. , Kuhta Nicholas A. , Stickle William , Keszler Douglas A. , Wager John F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNanolaminates built from ultra‐thin, ultra‐smooth films of amorphous metals, and solution‐processed oxides represent a new platform for dispersion engineering. Materials exhibiting anisotropic elliptical dispersion and hyperbolic dispersion with positive refraction are realized through choice of amorphous metal and laminate design. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), polarized reflectance measurements, and effective medium theory are combined to demonstrate the precision and predictability of the fabrication techniques and optical properties from ultra‐violet to infra‐red frequencies.magnified image
Engineering anisotropic dielectric response through amorphous laminate structures.
Optical identification of silicon as a shallow donor in MOVPE grown homoepitaxial AlN
Authors: Neuschl Benjamin , Thonke Klaus , Feneberg Martin , Mita Seiji , Xie Jinqiao , Dalmau Rafael , Collazo Ramón , Sitar Zlatko 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAluminum nitride (AlN) layers doped intentionally with different concentrations of silicon atoms acting as shallow donors were grown by MOVPE on bulk c‐plane AlN to minimize dislocations in the doped layers; typical values for the dislocation density in the bulk AlN substrates are less than 104 cm−2. The actual silicon concentration was confirmed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis and ranging from 1017 to 1019 cm−3. In highly resolved low temperature photoluminescence (PL) investigations, we found dominating bandgap‐related sharp emission lines with linewidth lower than 500 µeV for undoped samples. We tentatively assign silicon as the shallow donor causing the bound exciton line with 28.5 meV exciton localization energy, for which we found an intensity ratio relative to the free exciton line being linearly dependent on the silicon concentration. For increasing Si content, the respective emission band also broadened asymmetrically and shifted to lower energies as expected from the analogy with other semiconductor systems.
Utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after closed reduction of developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Bachy Manon , Thevenin-Lemoine Camille , Rogier Amélie , Mary Pierre , Ducou Le Pointe Hubert , Vialle Raphaël 
Published: January 2012

Purpose Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been successfully used in the determination of the adequacy of the surgical reduction of congenitally dislocated hips in children. We present the results of a prospective series of patients treated conservatively. MRI was performed in all hips after positioning was deemed adequate on radiographs after spica cast application. The goal of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of MRI in this indication. Methods After the study was approved by our local ethics committee, 31 patients for a total of 36 dislocated hips were included. After the traction period, hip testing was performed and a hip spica cast was applied under general anaesthesia. All children had MRI within 1 week of reduction, without the need for contention or general anaesthesia. Hip reduction was assessed on axial and coronal MRI images. Results The concentric reduction of the hip was confirmed in 30 cases out of 36. In three cases, the dislocation was retrospectively suspected on radiographs and then confirmed. In the three remaining cases, hip dislocation was only diagnosed on MRI. Conclusions MRI screening of congenitally dislocated hips after reduction procedures is a safe and reliable procedure to assess the concentric reduction of the hip. Even in doubtful cases, MRI detected persistent hip dislocations and was conducive to iterative reduction and satisfactory outcome and result.
The costs of parental pressure to express emotions: Conditional regard and autonomy support as predictors of emotion regulation and intimacy⋆
Authors: Roth Guy , Assor Avi 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis research focuses on offspring’s perceptions of their parents’ usage of conditional regard and autonomy‐supportive practices in response to the offspring’s experiences of negative emotion. Participants were 174 college students (60% were females). As predicted from self‐determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), students’ perceptions of parents as hinging their regard on students’ expression or suppression of negative emotions predicted a maladaptive pattern of emotion regulation and intimacy capacity. In contrast, autonomy‐supportive parenting predicted more adaptive emotion regulation and intimacy patterns. Also as predicted, emotion‐regulation mode mediated the relations between parental practices and intimacy capacity. The innovative aspect of the study is the finding that parents who use conditional regard to encourage children’s expression (sharing) of negative emotions may actually undermine their children’s socioemotional capacities.
THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT AND WINE FARMERS AT THE CAPE: COLLECTIVE ACTION, RACIAL DISCOURSE, AND LEGISLATIVE REFORM, C. 1890–1965
Authors: NUGENT PAUL 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the struggle between the temperance and wine interests in South Africa during three phases: 1890–1920, 1920–48 and 1948–65. It argues that divergent outcomes were rooted in a combination of differential levels of internal cohesion and the configuration of the political arena within which the protagonists manoeuvred for advantage. Conflicting interests within the wine industry hindered collective action, whereas the temperance movement derived strength from its decentralized modes of operation and international connections. The latter pioneered mass action alongside the art of lobbying. After 1948, the wine industry turned the tables by cementing a special relationship with the National Party, while tapping into popular nationalism, youth culture, and emergent consumerism.
Aberrant anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve
Authors: Islam S , Walton G M , Howe D 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjective:Variant anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve is very rare. We report an unusual intra-operative finding of an aberrant branch of the hypoglossal nerve, encountered during a facial reanimation procedure.Case report:A 50-year-old man was referred to the head and neck surgery department by the neurosurgeons for hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis to treat his facial paralysis, which had occurred following the removal of an intracranial neoplasm. During surgery, we identified an aberrant branch of the hypoglossal nerve, which took a more ventral and superior course in the carotid triangle, prior to entering the base of the tongue. Following further dissection, we found the main trunk of the ‘true’ hypoglossal nerve. Several interconnecting strands were seen in the proximal aspect of both the aberrant branch and the main trunk of the hypoglossal nerve. These interconnecting fibres appeared to have tethered the main trunk into an abnormal anatomical position.Conclusion:As far as we can ascertain, this is the first report of an aberrant branch of the hypoglossal nerve. Although this variant would appear to be extremely rare, surgeons must consider all variations of this nerve during head and neck procedures, in order to minimise iatrogenic complications.
Forward directed ion acceleration in a LWFA with ionization-induced injection
Authors: LEMOS N. , MARTINS J. L. , DIAS J. M. , MARSH K. A. , PAK A. , JOSHI C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this work we present an experimental study where energetic ions were produced in an underdense 2.5 × 1019 cm−3 plasma created by a 50 fs Ti:Sapphire laser with 5 TWs of power. The plasma comprises 95% He and 5% N2 gases. Ionization-induced trapping of nitrogen K-shell electrons in the laser-induced wakefield generates an electron beam with a mean energy of 40 MeV and ~1 nC of charge. Some of the helium ions at the wake–vacuum interface are accelerated with a measured minimum ion energy of He1+ ions of 1.2 MeV and He2+ ions of 4 MeV. The physics of the interaction is studied with 2D particle-in-cell simulations. These reveal the formation of an ion filament on the axis of the plasma due to space charge attraction of the wakefield-accelerated high-charge electron bunch. Some of these high-energy electrons escape the plasma to form a sheath at the plasma–vacuum boundary that accelerates some of the ions in the filament in the forward direction. Electrons with energy less than the sheath potential cannot escape and return to the plasma boundary in a vortex-like motion. This in turn produces a time-varying azimuthal magnetic field, which generates a longitudinal electric field at the interface that further accelerates and collimates the ions.
Kinematic modelling of a 5-DOF hybrid parallel robot for laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Pisla Doina , Gherman Bogdan , Vaida Calin , Plitea Nicolae 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYRobotic-assisted surgery is a continuously developing field because robots have demonstrated clear benefits in operating rooms. Until now, vast majority of robots used in surgery had serial structures. This paper presents the kinematic modelling of a 5-degree of freedom hybrid parallel architecture in two slightly different variants. The kinematics of this structure is determined, and following the analysis of singularities, the best variant is chosen. The robot workspace is computed and finally the experimental model and some simulation results are presented.
LINKING THE EVIDENCE: INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES IN MEDICAL TEST ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Staub Lukas P. , Dyer Suzanne , Lord Sarah J. , Simes R. John 
Published: January 2012

Objectives:The aim of this study is to review how health technology assessments (HTA) of medical tests incorporate intermediate outcomes in conclusions about the effectiveness of tests on improving health outcomes.Methods:Systematic review of English-language test assessments in the HTA database from January 2005 to February 2010, supplemented by a search of the Web sites of International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) members.Results:A total of 149 HTAs from eight countries were assessed. Half evaluated tests for screening or diagnosis, a third for disease classification (including staging, prognosis, monitoring), and a fifth for multiple purposes. In seventy-one HTAs (48 percent) only diagnostic accuracy was reported, while in seventeen (11 percent) evidence of health outcomes was reported in addition to accuracy. Intermediate outcomes, mainly the impact of test results on patient management, were considered in sixty-one HTAs (41 percent). Of these, forty-seven identified randomized trials or observational studies reporting intermediate outcomes. The validity of these intermediate outcomes as a surrogate for health outcomes was not consistently discussed; nor was the quality appraisal of this evidence. Clear conclusions about whether the test was effective were included in approximately 60 percent of HTAs.Conclusions:Intermediate outcomes are frequently assessed in medical test HTAs, but interpretation of this evidence is inconsistently reported. We recommend that reviewers explain the rationale for using intermediate outcomes, identify the assumptions required to link intermediate outcomes and patient benefits and harms, and assess the quality of included studies.
The health and economic burden of chickenpox and herpes zoster in Belgium
Authors: BILCKE J. , OGUNJIMI B. , MARAIS C. , DE SMET F. , CALLENS M. , CALLAERT K. , VAN KERSCHAVER E. , RAMET J. , VAN DAMME P. , BEUTELS P. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYVaricella-zoster virus causes chickenpox (CP) and after reactivation herpes zoster (HZ). Vaccines are available against both diseases warranting an assessment of the pre-vaccination burden of disease. We collected data from relevant Belgian databases and performed five surveys of CP and HZ patients. The rates at which a general practitioner is visited at least once for CP and HZ are 346 and 378/100 000 person-years, respectively. The average CP and HZ hospitalization rates are 5·3 and 14·2/100 000 person-years respectively. The direct medical cost for HZ is about twice as large as the direct medical cost for CP. The quality-adjusted life years lost for ambulatory CP patients consulting a physician is more than double that of those not consulting a physician (0·010vs. 0·004). In conclusion, both diseases cause a substantial burden in Belgium.