bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting Realistic Design Indoor Conditions for Residential Buildings by Vapor Pressure Difference
Authors: Roppel  Patrick , Lawton Mark , Brown William C. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Indoor relative humidity (RH) is commonly used to characterize the indoor environment for heat-air-moisture (HAM) simulations, chamber studies, analysis of monitoring data, or test hut studies of buildings without recognition that indoor RH and condensation potential depend on concurrent outdoor temperature and RH. This can lead to the use of unrealistic boundary conditions for HAM simulations and test programs, which may result in misleading conclusions. In buildings operating without mechanical dehumidification, the indoor air moisture level (vapor pressure) is directly related to the outdoor vapor pressure, moisture sources in the space, and the level of ventilation. Mathematics suggests that one can expect buildings with similar operation, occupancy, and construction, but affected by different weather conditions, to have a similar difference between indoor and outdoor vapor pressures. This paper provides a foundation for selecting appropriate and realistic boundary conditions for the design of residential buildings that are based on vapor pressure difference with the aim to eliminate any significant bias for a particular climate. The paper will present the following: (1) Discussion of current standards that provide some guidance to selecting appropriate indoor moisture levels based on vapor pressure difference; (2) Moisture balance equations will be used to show the impact of ventilation and moisture generation rates on the vapor pressure difference; (3) Monitoring data for six multi-unit residential buildings in two Canadian climates (Toronto and Vancouver) showing the relationship between the outdoor temperatures and vapor pressure difference; (4) Analysis of seasonal indoor moisture conditions and their impact on HAM modeling based on assumed indoor RH and conditions derived by a constant vapor pressure difference; and (5) Exploration of the concept that vapor pressure difference and indoor RH are limited by moisture removal on windows.
Reconstructing an Old Slavic toponymic field: the base *bĭrl- in Romanian toponymy and its historical implications
Authors: Moldovanu Dragos 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
After a brief presentation of the concept of toponymic field from a synchronic and diachronic perspective, as well as of a number of related methodological issues, the author discusses the etymologies proposed for the Romanian hydronym Bârlad, focusing on a South Slavic etymon: *Bĭrljadĭ. The incompatibility of the collective suffix with the toponymic category (hydronym) is elucidated through the reconstruction of the original toponymic field placed in the historical context of the Old Bulgarian knezates in South Moldavia. The question of locating the Berladniks and the Brodniks is also approached in the present paper.
Surgery and radioablation therapy combined: introducing a 1-week-condensed procedure bonding total thyroidectomy and radioablation therapy with recombinant human TSH
Authors: Emmanouilidis Nikos , Müller Jörg A , Jäger Mark D , Kaaden Stephan , Helfritz Fabian A , Güner Zeynep , Kespohl Holger , Knitsch Wolfgang , Knapp Wolfram H , Klempnauer Jürgen , Scheumann Georg F W 
Published: August 2009

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine whether the use of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) to stimulate radioiodine uptake after thyroidectomy is as efficacious as a period of withholding thyroid hormones, while at the same time avoiding hypothyroidism, reducing sick leave time and shortening the hospital stay.DesignOur aim was to compare the standard procedure of differentiated thyroid cancer treatment, which consists of thyroidectomy followed by 4 weeks of hypothyroidism and a conclusive ablative activity of 131iodine, with a new shortened treatment in which l-thyroxine (T4) medication is initiated a day after thyroidectomy, followed by application of rhTSH stimulation and subsequent ablation a few days after surgery. We presumed our treatment to represent the most sophisticated strategy for the reduction in sick leave days overall without any reduction in safety or the efficacy of ablative therapy.MethodsPatients (n=25) were randomized either for surgery and rhTSH stimulation or surgery and l-T4 abstinence before the first application of radioiodine. Ablation success was determined by neck ultrasound and serum thyroglobulin during follow-up. RhTSH receivers were monitored for an average of 635 days (s.d.±289) and patients in l-T4 abstinence for an average of 624 days (s.d.±205). Both groups were statistically compared for significant differences in treatment efficacy, safety and overall time of sick leave.Results and conclusionsOur shortened treatment proved to be equally efficacious and safe in comparison with the conventional therapy regimen. At the same time, it showed economic advantages through the reduction in average sick leave time from ∼29 days (l-T4 abstinence) down to ∼6 days (rhTSH stimulation) as well as sustaining the patient's quality of life by the complete avoidance of hypothyroidism.
Diminished and irregular TSH secretion with delayed acrophase in patients with Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Roelfsema Ferdinand , Pereira Alberto M , Biermasz Nienke R , Frolich Marijke , Keenan Daniel M , Veldhuis Johannes D , Romijn Johannes A 
Published: August 2009

ContextThe hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis in Cushing's syndrome may be altered. Previous reports have shown diminished serum TSH concentration and decreased response to TRH.ObjectiveWe analyzed serum TSH profiles in relation to cortisol profiles in patients with hypercortisolism of pituitary (n=16) or primary-adrenal origin (n=11) and after remission by pituitary surgery (n=7) in order to delineate aberrations in the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid system.InterventionPatients and controls (n=27) underwent a 24-h blood sampling study. Serum TSH and cortisol were measured with precise methods, and data were analyzed with a deconvolution program, approximate entropy (ApEn), and cosinor regression.ResultsPulsatile TSH secretion and mean TSH pulse mass were diminished during hypercortisolism, independently of etiology (P<0.001). TSH secretion was increased in patients in remission only during daytime due to increased basal secretion (P<0.01). Pulse frequency and half life of TSH were similar in patients and controls. TSH ApEn (irregularity) was increased in patients with hypercortisolism (P<0.01), but was normal in cured patients. Cross-ApEn between TSH and cortisol, a measure of pattern synchrony loss, was increased in active disease, indicating (partial) loss of secretory synchrony. The TSH rhythm was phase delayed in hypercortisolemic patients, but normal in cured patients (P<0.01). Free thyroxine levels were decreased only in pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism compared with controls (P=0.003). Total 24-h TSH correlated negatively and linearly with log-transformed cortisol secretion (R=0.43, P=0.001).ConclusionCortisol excess decreases TSH secretion by diminishing pulsatile release, whereas surgically cured patients have elevated nonpulsatile TSH release. Diminished TSH secretory regularity in active disease suggests glucocorticoid-induced dysregulation of TRH or somatostatinergic/annexin-1 control.
Testing for Spatially Divergent Selection: Comparing QST to FST
Authors: Whitlock Michael C , Guillaume Frederic 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Q ST is a standardized measure of the genetic differentiation of a quantitative trait among populations. The distribution of QST's for neutral traits can be predicted from the FST for neutral marker loci. To test for the neutral differentiation of a quantitative trait among populations, it is necessary to ask whether the QST of that trait is in the tail of the probability distribution of neutral traits. This neutral distribution can be estimated using the Lewontin–Krakauer distribution and the FST from a relatively small number of marker loci. We develop a simulation method to test whether the QST of a given trait is consistent with the null hypothesis of selective neutrality over space. The method is most powerful with small mean FST, strong selection, and a large number (&gt;10) of measured populations. The power and type I error rate of the new method are far superior to the traditional method of comparing QST and FST.
Critical Care Clinicians’ Knowledge of Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: El-Khatib Mohamad F. , Zeineldine Salah , Ayoub Chakib , Husari Ahmad , Bou-Khalil Pierre K. 
Published: August 2009

Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the most common hospital-acquired infection among patients receiving mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit. Different initiatives for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia have been developed and recommended.Objective To evaluate knowledge of critical care providers (physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists in the intensive care unit) about evidence-based guidelines for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia.Methods Ten physicians, 41 nurses, and 18 respiratory therapists working in the intensive care unit of a major tertiary care university hospital center completed an anonymous questionnaire on 9 nonpharmacological guidelines for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia.Results The mean (SD) total scores of physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists were 80.2% (11.4%), 78.1% (10.6%), and 80.5% (6%), respectively, with no significant differences between them. Furthermore, within each category of health care professionals, the scores of professionals with less than 5 years of intensive care experience did not differ significantly from the scores of professionals with more than 5 years of intensive care experience.Conclusions A health care delivery model that includes physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists in the intensive care unit can result in an adequate level of knowledge on evidence-based nonpharmacological guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Iced vs Room-Temperature Injectates for Cardiac Index Measurement During Hypothermia and Normothermia
Authors: Walsh Elissa , Adams Sheila , Chernipeski Janine , Cloud Jenny , Gillies Elizabeth , Fox Robert , Luckeroth Patti , Rice Marsha , Salamanca Cora , Sherman Betty , Nezworski Andrea , Ash Tracey 
Published: August 2009

Background Few data are available on the accuracy of thermodilution measurements of cardiac index with room-temperature injectates and a closed delivery system in patients with low cardiac indexes and/or hypothermic body temperatures.
Objective To compare iced and room-temperature injectates for thermodilution measurement of cardiac index in postoperative cardiac surgical patients during hypothermia and normothermia.
Methods In a convenience sample of cardiac surgical patients in a cardiac recovery unit, cardiac index was measured with both room-temperature and iced injectates during hypothermia (≤36.0°C) and normothermia (≥36.1°C and ≤38.0°C). Device bias and precision were calculated and graphed by using the Bland-Altman method. A Student t test was used to determine differences between cardiac indexes by injectate temperature.
Results A total of 38 patients were studied. Mean bias and precision for room-temperature and iced injectates in all patients were 0.11 (SD, 0.27) during hypothermia and −0.03 (SD, 0.21) during normothermia. In hypothermic patients, cardiac index differed significantly between room-temperature and iced injectates (t1,37 = 2.41, P = .02). Cardiac index measurements did not differ between room-temperature and iced injectates in normothermic patients (P = .33).
Conclusions Although significant differences in thermodilution cardiac index were found between room-temperature and iced injectates during hypothermic body temperatures, these differences were small (mean, &lt;0.11). These findings add to the results of the few studies on accuracy of room-temperature injectates for thermodilution measurement of cardiac index.
Age-Dependent B Cell Autoimmunity to a Myelin Surface Antigen in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: McLaughlin Katherine A. , Chitnis Tanuja , Newcombe Jia , Franz Bettina , Kennedy Julia , McArdel Shannon , Kuhle Jens , Kappos Ludwig , Rostasy Kevin , Pohl Daniela , Gagne Donald , Ness Jayne M. , Tenembaum Silvia , O'Connor Kevin C. , Viglietta Vissia , Wong Susan J. , Tavakoli Norma P. , de Seze Jerome , Idrissova Zhannat , Khoury Samia J. , Bar-Or Amit , Hafler David A. , Banwell Brenda , Wucherpfennig Kai W. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) typically manifests in early to mid adulthood, but there is increasing recognition of pediatric-onset MS, aided by improvements in imaging techniques. The immunological mechanisms of disease are largely unexplored in pediatric-onset MS, in part because studies have historically focused on adult-onset disease. We investigated autoantibodies to myelin surface Ags in a large cohort of pediatric MS cases by flow cytometric labeling of transfectants that expressed different myelin proteins. Although Abs to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) were uncommon among adult-onset patients, a subset of pediatric patients had serum Abs that brightly labeled the MOG transfectant. Abs to two other myelin surface Ags were largely absent. Affinity purification of MOG Abs as well as competition of binding with soluble MOG documented their binding specificity. Such affinity purified Abs labeled myelin and glial cells in human CNS white matter as well as myelinated axons in gray matter. The prevalence of such autoantibodies was highest among patients with a very early onset of MS: 38.7% of patients less than 10 years of age at disease onset had MOG Abs, compared with 14.7% of patients in the 10- to 18-year age group. B cell autoimmunity to this myelin surface Ag is therefore most common in patients with a very early onset of MS.
N‐Terminal Sequence Analysis of Proteins and Peptides
Authors: Speicher Kaye D. , Gorman Nicole , Speicher David W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAutomated N‐terminal sequence analysis involves a series of chemical reactions that derivatize and remove one amino acid at a time from the N‐terminus of purified peptides or intact proteins. At least several picomoles of a purified protein or 10 to 20 pmol of a purified peptide with an unmodified N‐terminus is required to obtain useful sequence information. In recent years, the demand for N‐terminal sequencing has decreased substantially as some applications for protein identification and characterization can now be more effectively performed using mass spectrometry. However, N‐terminal sequencing remains the method of choice for verifying the N‐terminal boundary of recombinant proteins, determining the N‐terminus of protease‐resistant domains, identifying proteins isolated from species where most of the genome has not yet been sequenced, and mapping modified or crosslinked sites in proteins that prove to be refractory to analysis by mass spectrometry. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 57:11.10.1‐11.10.31. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Glycoconjugate Analysis
Authors: Varki Ajit , Freeze Hudson H. , Manzi Adriana E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWhereas DNA, RNA, and proteins are linear polymers that can usually be directly sequenced, glycans show substantially more complexity, having branching and anomeric configurations (α and β linkages). The biosynthesis of glycans, termed glycosylation, is extremely complex, is not template‐driven, varies among different cell types, and cannot be easily predicted from simple rules. This overview discusses the stereochemistry of monosaccharides and glycans and provides diagrammatic representations of monosaccharides (Fisher projections and Haworth representations) and formulas for representation of glycan chains. A glossary of terms used in glycobiology is also provided. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 57:12.1.1‐12.1.10. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metabolic Radiolabeling of Animal Cell Glycoconjugates
Authors: Diaz Sandra , Varki Ajit 
Published: August 2009

AbstractUseful information about glycoconjugates can be obtained by labeling their aglycone (noncarbohydrate) portions—e.g., labeling proteins with radioactive amino acids—and then using techniques described elsewhere in this chapter to infer the presence, type, and nature of glycan chains. This unit describes metabolic labeling techniques that provide more specific information about the structure, sequence, and distribution of the sugar chains of glycoconjugates. Following metabolic labeling, the radioactive glycoconjugate of interest is isolated, individual glycosylation sites are identified and separated if necessary, and the labeled glycans are subjected to structural analysis. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 57:12.2.1‐12.2.15. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Combinatorial Peptide Synthesis on a Microchip
Authors: Schirwitz Christopher , Block Ines , König Kai , Nesterov Alexander , Fernandez Simon , Felgenhauer Thomas , Leibe Klaus , Torralba Gloria , Hausmann Michael , Lindenstruth Volker , Stadler Volker , Breitling Frank , Bischoff F. Ralf 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMicrochips are used in the combinatorial synthesis of peptide arrays by means of amino acid microparticle deposition. The surface of custom‐built microchips can be equipped with an amino‐modified poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate (PEGMA) graft polymer coating, which permits high loading of functional groups and resists nonspecific protein adsorption. Specific microparticles that are addressed to the polymer‐coated microchip surface in a well defined pattern release preactivated amino acids upon melting, and thus allow combinatorial synthesis of high‐complexity peptide arrays directly on the chip surface. Currently, arrays with densities of up to 40,000 peptide spots/cm2 can be generated in this way, with a minimum of coupling cycles required for full combinatorial synthesis. Without using any additional blocking agent, specific peptide recognition has been verified by background‐free immunostaining on the chip‐based array. This unit describes microchip surface modification, combinatorial peptide array synthesis on the chip, and a typical immunoassay employing the resulting high‐density peptide arrays. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 57:18.2.1‐18.2.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Delay‐dependent robust L2–L∞ filtering of T‐S fuzzy systems with time‐varying delays
Authors: Li Ze , Xu Shengyuan , Zou Yun , Chu Yuming 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper considers the problem of robust delay‐dependent L2–L∞ filtering for a class of Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems with time‐varying delays. The purpose is to design a fuzzy filter such that both the robust stability and a prescribed L2–L∞ performance level of the filtering error system are guaranteed. A delay‐dependent sufficient condition for the solvability of the problem is obtained and a linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach is developed. A desired filter can be constructed by solving a set of LMIs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospinning of Manmade and Biopolymer Nanofibers—Progress in Techniques, Materials, and Applications
Authors: Agarwal Seema , Greiner Andreas , Wendorff Joachin H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractElectrospinning of nanofibers has developed quickly from a laboratory curiosity to a highly versatile method for the preparation of a wide variety of nanofibers, which are of interest from a fundamental as well as a technical point of view. A wide variety of materials has been processed into individual nanofibers or nanofiber mats with very different morphologies. The diverse properties of these nanofibers, based on different physical, chemical, or biological behavior, mean they are of interest for different applications ranging from filtration, antibacterial coatings, drug release formulations, tissue engineering, living membranes, sensors, and so on. A particular advantage of electrospinning is that numerous non‐fiber forming materials can be immobilized by electrospinning in nanofiber nonwovens, even very sensitive biological objects such as virus, bacteria, and cells. The progress made during the last few years in the field of electrospinning is fascinating and is highlighted in this Feature Article, with particular emphasis on results obtained in the authors' research units. Specific areas of importance for the future of electrospinning, and which may open up novel applications, are also highlighted.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(dimethylsiloxane‐urethane) nanocomposites: Effect of (in)completely condensed silsesquioxanes on thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties
Authors: Madhavan K. , Gnanasekaran D. , Reddy B. S. R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe structural properties of completely condensed and incompletely condensed silsesquioxane in the polyurethane nanocomposites containing 17.5 wt % of silsesquioxane was investigated by FTIR, TGA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and DMA techniques. FTIR spectra shows the existence of hydrogen bonding in the PU‐POSS system. The intensity of hydrogen bonding decreases with the increase in POSS‐H loading suggesting the prevention of the formation of hydrogen bonding by the addition of POSS‐H molecule. SEM analysis reveals the incompatibility of POSS‐H molecule in the PU matrices exhibiting greater extent of phase separation and a large number of POSS aggregates on the addition of POSS‐H molecule in the PU‐POSS matrices. The TGA thermograms show that the POSS‐PU hybrids possess excellent thermal stabilities. However, the incorporation of POSS‐H molecule leads to a decrease in the thermal properties and only the char yield values increase with the increase in the POSS‐H content in the PU‐POSS hybrids. The XRD pattern reveals that the crystalline structure of POSS molecules are destroyed by the polymer matrices in the PU‐POSS hybrid films. The decrease in the bending storage modulus E′ values with the increase in the POSS‐H content proves the retardation of hydrogen bonding formation by the POSS‐H molecule in the PU‐POSS hybrid. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Microspheres of calcium carbonate composite regulated by sodium polyacrylates with various ways
Authors: Jiang Fuguang , Yang Yuhong , Huang Lei , Chen Xin , Shao Zhengzhong 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMicrospheres of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/sodium polyacrylate (PAAs)/H2O composite were synthesized by adding PAAs to the supersaturated solution of CaCO3. It was found that the sizes of microsphere were influenced by the concentration and average molecular weight (Mw) of PAAs. Particularly, the polymorph of CaCO3in the microspheres could be regulated byMwof PAAs, that is, the formation of aragonite was induced by PAAs with lowerMw, while the amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) was facilitated by PAAs with a higher one. Both polymorphs in produced microspheres were stable in air for longer than 3 months. In addition, it was revealed that the formation of calcite crystals was suppressed by a highly concentrated solution of PAAs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009