Abstract 218: The hexosamine biosyntheic pathway and O-linked glycosylation for targeted therapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Bryant Jerry , Tamayo Archito T. , Mendez Richard , Lee John , Li Changping , Yang David J. , Rollo David , Ford Richard J. , Pham Lan V. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Mammalian cells fuel their growth and proliferation through the catabolism of two main substrates: glucose and glutamine. Both nutrients are required for the synthesis of glucosamine, the precursor substrate of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. The hexosamine signaling pathway terminating in O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) cycling has been implicated in cellular signaling cascades and regulation of transcription factors involved in cancer biology. Biological functions of the hexosamine biosynthetic signaling pathways need elucidation, to determine whether altered O-GlcNAc metabolism plays a significant role in hematologic tumors such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and utilize this bifunctional pathway as a targeted therapeutic strategy in DLBCL. We have identified a key enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathways to be highly-expressed in DLBCL cell lines and patient tumor cells. In contrast to normal circulating and tonsillar B cells, DLBCL cells expressed high levels of the terminating enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). OGT mRNA expression is highly expressed in DLBCL in comparaison to other cancers. We discovered that several key growth and survival transcription factors, such as NF-kB and NFAT, known to be highly-activated in DLBCL, are linked to the hexoasmine biosynthetic pathway. We demonstrated that both NF-kB (p65) and NFATc1 directly associated with OGT, and down-regulation of OGT by siRNA inhibits these transcription factors activation, suggesting that both NF-kB-p65 and NFATc1 require O-GlcNAc glycosylation by OGT for their activation. These results suggest that the hexosamine pathway is highly active and utilized in DLBCL, and that exploiting this bi-functional pathway(s) as a therapeutic approach is feasible. We have previously developed an imaging agent, 99mTc-ethylenedicysteine-glucosamine (99mTc-EC-G) because EC-G mimics phosphorylated N-acetylglucosamine. ECG treatment in DLBCL cells enhances p65 and NFATc1 nuclear translocation. For therapeutic strategies, we developed metallic unlabeled Platinum (Pt) derivatives-EC-G as potential therapeutic agents. Pre-clinical in vitro studies have shown that our two lead compounds, Pt-9 and Pt-DACH-EC-G effectively inhibit lymphoma cell growth and induce apoptosis. These lead compounds can also induce DNA damage in DLBCL cells, through the up-regulation of phosphorylated histone 2AX (pH2AX), leading to the disruption of p65 and NFATc1 binding to DNA. This data importantly demonstrates that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway is linked to key growth and survival pathways involved in the pathophysiology of DLBCL. Targeting these pathways with novel platinum EC-G compounds as a theranostic approach should lead to new, more effective treatments and diagnosis for DLBCL, particularly for relapsed/refractory DLBCL.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 218. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-218