bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water‐soluble Carbohydrate Accumulation in Soybean Plants1
Authors: Dunphy E. J. , Hanway J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBecause metabolic processes in plants are dependent on water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC), information concerning the effects of different factors on the WSC contents of plants should be useful in the development of improved practices. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] plant samples from field fertility experiments on Webster soil (Typic Haplaquoll) were collected and analyzed during two growing seasons to study the effect of different variables on WSC contents of different plant parts at various stages of plant development. WSC in dried plant samples were extracted with hot water and determined using a phenolsulfuric acid colorimetric method with glucose as a standard. The WSC content of leaves and petioles increased between 0900 and 1300 hours daily. WSC contents generally were higher in 1971 than in 1972. Differences in WSC among cultivars and fertility levels were relatively small. Percentages of WSC in leaves increased throughout the growing season, but in stems and petioles increased only until seed development became rapid. WSC contents of stems, petioles, and pods decreased as the seeds developed. This decrease may indicate that soluble CHO (metabolically active carbohydrate) becomes a limiting factor for seed production during the seed‐filling period.
Herbicides for Seasonal Weed Control in Turfgrasses1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCommercially available preemergence herbicides do not consistently control weeds in turfgrasses satisfactorily in the Southeast. New herbicide tests to determine if weed control could be improved were conducted on several soil types over a 3‐year period. Several herbicides were applied in early spring and evaluated for the control of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop) in bermudagrasses [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf or they were applied in early fall and evaluated for the control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and other winter annuals in a bermudagrass turf. Soil types were Cecil sl and Cecil scl (Typic Hapludult), Appling loamy sand and Appling scl (Typic Hapludult), Madison scl (Typic Hapludult), Hatboro 1 (Typic Fluvaquents), and Davidson scl (Rhodic Paleudult). Oxadiazon [2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐(2,4‐dichloro‐5‐isopropoxyphenyl)‐ Δ2‐1,3,4‐oxadiazolin‐5‐one] applied in early spring at 4.5 kg/ha was better than with other herbicides tested for large crabgrass control. Oxadiazon was the only herbicide that consistently controlled large crabgrass at all locations. Parsley‐piert (Alchemilla microcorpa Boissier Reuter), a broadleaf winter annual not previously reported, was controlled satisfactorily when oxadiazon was applied preemergence in the fall. No other herbicide controlled parsley‐piert as well as oxadiazon.
Vegetative‐fruiting Development and N Concentrations of a Dwarf Determinate Cotton Cultivar
Authors: Wanjura D. F. , Sunderman H. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe lack of information needed to verify a nitrogen submodel for a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant simulation model suggested the need to measure the effect of N level on a broad spectrum of vegetative and fruiting development characteristics in a single field study. The effect on plant N accumulation and growth of 0, 90, and 180 kg N/ha applied to Amarillo loam soil, Aridic Paleustalfs, was measured on the cultivar ‘Paymaster Dwarf’ grown in 25 and 100‐cm rows. Increasing soil N application rate from 0 to 90 kg/ha increased per plant dry matter production in 100 but not in 25‐cm rows. Application of soil N increased plant N concentrations in leaves‐petiole‐squares and bur fractions. Plant N concentration was unaffected by row spacing. Stem, leaves‐petioles‐squares, and bur fractions decreased in N concentration from first square to maturity, while seed N concentration increased between peak bloom and maturity. The time of fruiting was unaffected by N application rate but there was a trend of increasing per plant square and boll numbers at higher application rates. Peak boll shedding showed two peaks in 25‐cm rows where soil N was applied compared to a single peak for 100‐cm rows. Collectively, the data describe plant‐N status and dry weight at three stages of growth and fruiting weekly for two row spacing and population levels.
Relationship between Potato Yield and Oxygen Diffusion Rate of Subsoil1
Authors: Saini G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNumerous studies in the past have been made of the effects of soil compaction on potato yield by deliberately packing the soil in small experimental plots. Since information obtainable from such experiments has limited value in the economic assessment of crop production of an area, a study was conducted on 10 different farmers' fields to find out which soil physical property (or a combination of properties) may best define the prevailing productive capacity of a soil for potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.).Various soil properties (stones, sand, silt, clay, bulk density, penetrometer readings, and organic matter) were measured according to the methods given by Black (1965) at a depth of 20 to 28 cm (8 to 11”) where the compact soles usually occur. Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR), however, was determined at a moisture content of field capacity by the platinum microelectrode method (Lemon and Erickson, 1952) using a rate meter manufactured by Jensen Instruments, Tacoma, Wash.Stepwise multiple regression analysis of potato yields of cultivar ‘Netted Gem’ and the soil properties indicated that ODR of subsoil was one single factor which highly correlated with marketable yield (r = +0.82). The correlation coefficient was significant at the 1% level of probability. Further addition of other properties did not improve the r value significantly.The study indicates that the ODR of subsoil is a useful criteria to diagnose the prevailing physical condition of the soil which, in turn, could be related to the relative productive capacity of soil for potato production in New Brunswick, Canada.
Reflectant Induced Modification of Soybean Canopy Radiation Balance IV. Leaf and Canopy Temperature1
Authors: Baradas Maximo W. , Blad Blaine L. , Rosenberg Norman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPotential water‐savings and increased water use efficiency may result from reflectant‐induced modification of the canopy radiation balance. This report is the fourth in a series of papers describing reflectant treatment effects on the radiation balance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of reflectant treatment on the leaf and canopy temperature of two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] cultivars which display contrasting types of canopy architecture. ‘Amsoy’ and ‘Beeson’ which have erectophile and planophile canopies, respectively, were used. Leaf temperature was measured with leaf thermocouples and canopy temperature with an infrared thermometer.Near solar noon, the reflectorized Amsoy canopy was 1 to 2 C warmer than the untreated canopy. Smaller but qualitatively similar differences were observed in the Beeson cultivar. Whether reflectorized or not, the Amsoy canopies were warmer than the corresponding Beeson canopies. The increased temperature of the treated plants was corroborated by thermal imagery from an airborne scanner.The unexpected temperature increase of the reflectorized crop was due to two major factors. The first, and probably most important, was a decrease in the longwave emissivity of the treated crop. This, in turn, caused reduced cooling rates and also caused the absorptivity to emissivity ratio (α/ε) to be increased. The second factor was reduced transpiration rates which were observed for the reflectorized crop.
Plant Population Effects on the Seed Yield of Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Crothers S. E. , Westermann D. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeed yields of Phaseolus vulgaris L. have not increased under the current production systems even with more precise management inputs. Recent studies of snap beans grown for processing suggested that yields could be increased by high density planting. Our study was made to evaluate the effects of plant populations on the seed yields of four representative field and snap bean cultivars grown under sprinkler irrigation on a Portneuf silt loam (Xerollic Calciorthid).Two cultivars each of bush snap beans and semivining field beans were grown in plant populations of 107,600 to 968,700 plants/ha in nearly equidistant plant arrangements. The optimum plant population for seed yield for the bush cultivars was approximately 400,000 plants/ ha and less than 300,000 plants/ha for the semivining cultivars. At smaller plant populations, seed yields decreased for the bush cultivars and remained constant for the semivining cultivars. The harvest index (seed weight/ total plant weight) increased slightly for the bush cultivars as their plant population decreased, but remained constant for the semivining cultivars up to 300,000 plants/ ha, then increased rapidly. The production index (seed yield/amount seeded) increased curvilinearly as plant population decreased for all cultivars. Plant maturity was advanced 7 to 10 days at the highest plant populations for all cultivars. Pods were located at upper nodes on the plants as the populations increased. These results suggest that greater seed yields could be expected with the equidistant plant arrangements as compared with conventional row plantings for the bush cultivars, but not for the semivining cultivars, primarily because of the ability of the semivining cultivars to compensate for the increased area/plant at smaller plant populations.
Solution Culture Evaluation of Sweet Potato Cultivar Tolerance to Aluminum1
Authors: Munn D. A. , McCollum R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique was desired that would permit screening of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamarck] cultivars for differential tolerance of Al in the root environment. Such a technique would be desirable to identify cultivars which would be adapted to acid soils where AI toxicity was a problem, or to identify A1 resistant cultivars for use in a plant breeding program. A solution culture technique was developed using a solution 0.25 mM CaCl2 14μM H3BO3, and 0 to 25μM Al2(SO4)3 at a pH of 4.5 to assess the relative Al damage to root initiation and root growth by stem cuttings of sweet potato. The technique was used to evaluate the Al tolerance of six sweet potato cultivars representing a spectrum of the cultivars grown in the southeast US. Root growth was assessed by measuring root weight, root length, and root length relative to the zero Al treatment (RRL). The six cultivars were ranked according to their ability to sustain root growth in the presence of Al (RRL) in the following order: ‘Australian Canner’ > ‘Centennial’ > ‘Pelican Processor’ > ‘Nugget’ > ‘White Star’ > ’Jewell.’ There were significant differences between cultivars in ability to sustain root growth in the presence of low levels of Al.
Onion‐Seed Yield and Quality as Affected by Irrigation Management1
Authors: Brown M. J. , Wright J. L. , Kohl R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of soil moisture, sprinkler irrigation, and misting (5 min at 30‐min intervals) on hybrid onion‐seed (Allium cepa L.) production were evaluated at Kimberly, Idaho. Sprinkling and misting treatments were included to determine if sprinkler irrigation could be used for onion‐seed production, and if evaporative cooling (misting) would alleviate the scalding of umbels at excessively high temperatures. Results showed that reasonable onion‐seed yields could be obtained with sprinkler irrigation in spite of anticipated adverse effects on pollination. In areas with high daytime temperatures, misting could be used to cool the umbels, as much as 15 C for about 20 min, although it does not seem necessary for the low 32 to 35 C daytime temperatures at Kimberly. The highest onion‐seed yields were obtained with the furrow‐irrigation treatment where water was applied when tensiometers at 20‐cm depth read about 0.5 bar soil moisture tension (furrow adequate). The addition of misting to furrow irrigation decreased seed yields 19%. Furrow irrigating at 0.4 bar decreased yields 26% below those obtained with irrigation at 0.5 bar. While overirrigation adversely affected yield, irrigation treatment had only a slight effect on seed weight and vigor.
Evaluation of an Evapotranspiration Model for Corn1
Authors: Rosenthal W. D. , Kanemasu E. T. , Raney R. J. , Stone L. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany empirical evapotranspiration models, used for scheduling irrigation, require meteorological measurements not routinely compiled by the National Weather Service. Thus, difficulties and expense are incurred in obtaining the needed measurements. Therefore, an empirical evapotranspiration model, requiring few meteorological measurements was developed and tested for corn [Zea mays (L.) cv. ‘Dekalb XL72A’] at two sites in Kansas. Daily inputs required by the model include leaf area index, solar radiation, effective precipitation, and maximum and minimum air temperatures. Daily outputs include transpiration, evaporation, advective contribution, and soil water content. Model estimates of soil moisture in the 150‐cm profile were compared with neutron attenuation estimates. Model estimates were within 6% of neutron attenuation estimates during the growing season, and since the meteorological measurements can be routinely obtained at the field site, the model has potential for scheduling irrigation on a regional basis in Kansas.
Time, Magnitude, and Quality Estimates of Forage Consumed by Deer in Woodland Clearings1
Authors: Kalmbacher R. S. , Washko J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForages are seeded in woodland clearings by state and federal agencies to provide herbage for deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Such plantings can supplement the diet, but the quantitative and qualitative means by which agricultural forages supplement the food base are not known. The purpose of this study was to measure time and magnitude of use, and nutritional quality of a birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) — orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) mixture, a birdsfoot trefoil — bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) — quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) mixture, and a mixture of native herbage (Danthonia spp., Festuca ovina L., Andropogon spp., Panicum spp., Rumex spp., Solidago spp., and Achillea millefolium L.) in order to establish guidelines for management of forage for deer in woodland clearings.Significant forage utilization occurred primarily in late April and May when only the grasses grown in association with birdsfoot trefoil were available. Annual consumption of these cool season grasses averaged 500 kg/ha or 8% of average annual production. The cool season grasses averaged 250%, crude protein during peak utilization. Significant utilization was not measured on the native herbage. Most of these species did not resume growth until after consumption of the cool season grasses declined.Management of forages for deer in woodland clearings should aim at producing forage during the early spring. Selected forages should be managed as a high protein supplement to bridge the gap between winter and summer foods. There appears to be little need to manage clearings as summer Led sources for deer.
Use of Paraquat in Establishing Dallisgrass and Bahiagrass1
Authors: Evers Gerald W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlantings of warm season perennial grasses from seed are slow to establish and often fail because of competition from fast growing weeds. Paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion), a fast acting contact herbicide, has been used successfully in establishing cool season grasses from seed for seed production. Purpose of this study was to determine if the application of paraquat after planting, but before the desired grasses emerged, would reduce weed competition and promote rapid establishment of the desired grasses. In the spring of 1974 and 1975 ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) and dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) were planted on a prepared seedbed on a Morey fine‐silty loam [Typic Argiaquolls, fine‐silty, mixed (noncalcareous), thermic]. Experimental design was a split, split plot with four replications for each of the two grasses. Main plots were paraquat applied at 0.56 kg in 154 liters of water/ha at random time intervals after planting. Subplots were 12 fertilizer treatments consisting of a four by three factorial of 0, 22.4, 44.8 and 67.3 kg/ha of phosphorus and 0, 33.6, and 67.3 kg/ha of nitrogen applied on the day of planting. Plant densities were determined at two or three locations in each plot by randomly throwing a 0.09 m2 quadrant on to the plot. Dry matter yields were determined by cutting a 1 × 4.2 m area from the center of each plot to a 4 cm height. Paraquat was most effective when applied as late as possible but before bahiagrass and dallisgrass plants emerged. Dry matter yields of bahiagrass were tripled and dallisgrass doubled. Under the climatic conditions and soil type in this study, optimum time for applying paraquat to dallisgrass plantings was 10 but no later than 14 days and to bahiagrass plantings 14 to 21 but no later than 28 days after sufficient rainfall for grass seed germination. No consistent benefit was produced by any of the fertilizer treatments.
Chemical Tests to Evaluate Plant Sandblast Damage1
Authors: Armbrust D. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant sandblast damage is currently evaluated by decreases in dry weight, survival, plant height, or yield. A laboratory method would be desirable to decrease the time required to determine plant damage and it might be used to predict plant yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate assays for exosmosed amino acids, exosmosed electrolytes, internal conductivity of plant stems, trypsin inhibitor, and chlorophyll content for their ability as predictors of yield decrease due to wind erosion damage. Greenhouse gown tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Bonnie Best’) and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Wayne’) were exposed to 5 amounts of blowing sand ranging from 0 to 30 kg. Exosmosed amino acids and exosmosed electrolytes can be used to predict fresh and dry weights for up to 20 days after tomatoes and soybeans are damaged. However, final yields cannot be predicted by any of the five assays because of the plants' ability to recover from the damage.
Glyphosate as a Postemergence Treatment for Johnsongrass Control in Cotton and Soybeans1
Authors: Banks P. A. , Santelmann P. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractJohnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) is a troublesome weed on cropland in the southern U. S. It is difficult to control due to its ability to reproduce from both rhizomes and seed. Glyphosate (N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine) has demonstrated phytotoxicity to johnsongrass, so experiments were conducted to evaluate its use in cotton and soybeans for Johnsongrass control. Glyphosate was applied postemergence to ‘Lankert LX 571’ cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and (‘Lee 68’ or ‘Bragg’ soybeans (Glycine max L.) in the field. Applications were made either over‐the‐top of the crop plants (topical) or directed to the base of the stems. Glyphosate controlled Johnsongrass best when treatments of at least 3.4 kg/ha were applied to plants 60 cm or greater in height. Discing the Johnsongrass 4 or 8 days after treatment had no effect upon control. Chlorflurenol (methyl 2‐chloro‐9‐hydroxyfluorene‐9‐carboxylate), when used as a tank mix with glyphosate, did not influence the degree of Johnsongrass control. Glyphosate at 0.8 kg/ha used postemergence topically on cotton and soybeans caused significant visual injury and crop yield reduction. When directed to the basal 2.5 cm of the crop stem, glyphosate at 3.4 kg/ha provided season‐long control of Johnsongrass with the least amount of crop injury or yield reduction. The crops were least affected by the directed treatments at the taller crop heights. Thus, selective control of this perennial weed in cultivated crops was demonstrated with directed applications applied to the basal 2.5 cm of the crop stem.
A Simple Laboratory Approach to Test and Estimate Seed Germination Performance Under Field Conditions1
Authors: Hadas A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple laboratory procedure for testing seed germination under simulated field conditions, and the utilization of these data in predicting the seed's performance under field conditions is presented.Sorghum, pea, chickpea, and vetch seeds were germinated in P.E.G. (polyethyleneglycol) solutions of different osmotic potential levels in the laboratory. The collected data were used to predict germination of sorghum and chickpea seeds in outdoor plots. A good agreement was found between the observed germination in field plots and predicted germination from laboratory data time period needed to attain germination. A comparison between this suggested simple seed testing method and the ISTA method is made and the merits of the presented method are discussed.
Control of Italian Ryegrass and Wild Oats in Winter Wheat with HOE 234081
Authors: Brewster B. D. , Appleby A. P. , Spinney R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractItalian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and wild oats (Avena fatua L.) are widespread and competitive weeds in winter grain fields of western Oregon and Washington. A new herbicide, HOE 23408 {methyl 2‐[4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoate}, has shown promise for selective control of both species. Field studies were conducted at 12 locations in 1974–75 and 1975–76 to evaluate the effectiveness and consistency of weed control with HOE 23408 in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to measure the influence of removing ryegrass and wild oats on wheat grain yields. HOE 23408 was applied preemergence, early postemergence (two to three‐leaf stage), and late postemergence (tillering stage) at rates from 0.84 to 2.24 kg/ha. When applied preemergence, HOE 23408 gave adequate control of ryegrass when the seedbed was relatively free of clods and plant residues but wild oat control was erratic. Nearly complete control of both species was obtained from all postemergence treatments at rates as low as 0.84 kg/ha. Increases in wheat grain yield were often dramatic; in one case, the increase over the untreated control was 6,000 kg/ha from treatment at 1.12 kg/ha applied early postemergence. Average yields from this treatment exceeded yields from plots treated with diuron [3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea], barban (4‐chloro‐2‐butynyl m‐chlorocarbanilate), and triallate [S‐(2,3,3‐trichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate] by 2,170, 1,280, and 1,580 kg/ha, respectively. Results indicate that HOE 23408 has considerable potential for control of ryegrass and wild oats and that large increases in yield of wheat grain can be expected when severe infestations of these weeds are controlled.