bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying roots of northern hardwood species: patterns with diameter and depth
Authors: Yanai Ruth D. , Fisk Melany C. , Fahey Timothy J. , Cleavitt Natalie L. , Park Byung B. 
Published: April 2010

Forest canopies are often stratified by species; little is known about the depth distribution of tree roots in mixed stands because they are not readily identified by species. We used diagnostic characteristics of wood anatomy and gross morphology to distinguish roots by species and applied these methods to test for differences in the rooting depth of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.), American beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), and yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) in two northern hardwood forests. We also distinguished hobblebush ( Viburnum lantanoides Michx.) and white ash ( Fraxinus americana L.) roots. Analysis of plastid DNA fragment lengths confirmed that 90% of the roots were correctly identified. The vertical distribution of fine roots of these species differed by 2–4 cm in the median root depth (P = 0.03). There was a significant difference in the distribution of roots by size class, with fine roots (0–2 mm) being more concentrated near the soil surface than coarser roots (2–5 mm; P = 0.004). The two sites differed by <2 cm in median rooting depths (P = 0.02). The visual identification of roots for the main tree species in the northern hardwood forest allows species-specific questions to be posed for belowground processes.
Intense forest wildfire sharply reduces mineral soil C and N: the first direct evidence
Authors: Bormann Bernard T. , Homann Peter S. , Darbyshire Robyn L. , Morrissette Brett A. 
Published: April 2010

Direct evidence of the effects of intense wildfire on forest soil is rare because reliable prefire data are lacking. By chance, an established large-scale experiment was partially burned in the 2002 Biscuit fire in southwestern Oregon. About 200 grid points were sampled across seven burned and seven unburned stands before and after the fire. Fire-related soil changes — including losses of soil organic and inorganic matter — were so large that they became complicated to measure. The 51 Mg·ha–1 of loose rocks on the soil surface after fire suggests erosion of 127 Mg·ha–1 of fine mineral soil, some of which likely left in the fire plume. After accounting for structural changes and erosion with a comparable-layers approach, combined losses from the O horizon and mineral soil totaled 23 Mg C·ha–1 and 690 kg N·ha–1, of which 60% (C) and 57% (N) were lost from mineral horizons. Applying a fixed-depth calculation — commonly used in previous fire studies — that disregards structural changes and erosion led to underestimates of loss of nearly 50% for C and 25% for N. Although recent debate has centered on the effects of postwildfire forest management on wood, wildlife habitat, and fuels, this study indicates that more consideration should be given to the possible release of greenhouse gases and reduction of future forest productivity and CO2 uptake.
Dummynet revisited
Authors: Carbone Marta , Rizzo Luigi 
Published: April 2010

Dummynet is a widely used link emulator, developed long ago to run experiments in user-configurable network environments. Since its original design, our system has been extended in various ways, and has become very popular in the research community due to its features and to the ability to emulate even moderately complex network setups on unmodified operating systems.
We have recently made a number of extensions to the emulator, including loadable packet schedulers, support for better MAC layer modeling, the inclusion in PlanetLab, and development of Linux and Windows versions in addition to the native FreeBSD and OS X ones.
The goal of this paper is to present in detail the current features of Dummynet, compare it with other emulation solutions, and discuss what operating conditions should be considered and what kind of accuracy to expect when using an emulation system.
Fighting online click-fraud using bluff ads
Authors: Haddadi Hamed 
Published: April 2010

Online advertising is currently the richest source of revenue for many Internet giants. The increased number of online businesses, specialized websites and modern profiling techniques have all contributed to an explosion of the income of ad brokers from online advertising. The single biggest threat to this growth, is however, click-fraud. Trained botnets and individuals are hired by click-fraud specialists in order to maximize the revenue of certain users from the ads they publish on their websites, or to launch an attack between competing businesses.
In this note we wish to raise the awareness of the networking research community on potential research areas within the online advertising field. As an example strategy, we present Bluff ads; a class of ads that join forces in order to increase the effort level for click-fraud spammers. Bluff ads are either targeted ads, with irrelevant display text, or highly relevant display text, with irrelevant targeting information. They act as a litmus test for the legitimacy of the individual clicking on the ads. Together with standard threshold-based methods, fake ads help to decrease click-fraud levels.
Highly Ordered Mesoporous α-Mn2O3 for Catalytic Decomposition of H2O2 at Low Temperatures
Authors: Park Jung-Nam , Shon Jeong Kuk , Jin Mingshi , Hwang Seong Hee , Park Gwi Ok , Boo Jin-Hyo , Han Tae Hee , Kim Ji Man 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Highly ordered mesoporous α-Mn2O3 with well-defined mesopores, high surface area, and high oxygen vacancy exhibits excellent catalytic activity toward H2O2 decomposition at low temperature.
Conversion of Glycerol to Ethylene Glycol over Pt-modified Ni Catalyst
Authors: Ueda Naoyuki , Nakagawa Yoshinao , Tomishige Keiichi 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In glycerol hydrogenolysis, Ni/γ-Al2O3 gave 1,2-propanediol mainly. In contrast, modification of the Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst with a small amount of Pt promoted the conversion to ethylene glycol and CH4 by hydrocracking. This property is related to the formation of a Pt–Ni alloy surface.
On the characteristic direction of real hypersurfaces in and a symmetry result
Authors: Martino Vittorio , Montanari Annamaria 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In this paper we show the following property of a non Levi flat real hypersurface in : if the unit characteristic direction T is a geodesic, then it is an eigenvector of the second fundamental form and the relative eigenvalue is constant. As an application we prove a symmetry result of Alexandrov type for compact hypersurfaces in with positive constant Levi mean curvature.
Synthesis of global convergence and adaptivity for a hyperbolic coefficient inverse problem in 3D
Authors: Beilina Larisa , Klibanov Michael V. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A globally convergent numerical method for a 3-Dimensional Coefficient Inverse Problem for a hyperbolic equation is presented. A new globally convergent theorem is proven. It is shown that this technique provides a good first guess for the Finite Element Adaptive method (adaptivity) method. This leads to a synthesis of both approaches. Numerical results are presented.
N-Class Fire Resistant Divisions in U.S. Naval Ships
Authors: Sorathia Usman 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The U.S. Navy has now developed an N-Class division system to classify fire resistant boundaries in accordance with MIL-STD-3020, fire resistance on U.S. naval surface ships. The N-Class division is analogous to the commercial International Maritime Organization (IMO) system (e.g., A-Class) division. The key difference is that N-Class divisions are designed to have satisfactory fire resistance when exposed to hydrocarbon pool fire (UL 1709 fire exposure) following a shock event. In addition, N-Class is applicable to fire resistant divisions constructed from polymer composites structures when they meet the requirements of DDS-078-1. MIL-STD-3020 requires a hydrocarbon pool fire exposure (UL-1709 fire exposure) which provides a minimum average total heat flux of 188 kW per square meter (kW/m2) (60,000 British thermal unit per square foot/hour (Btu/ft2∣h)) within the first 5 min of the test exposure. At all times after 5 min, the average temperature within the furnace shall be maintained at a minimum of 1038 °C (1900 °F) and a maximum of 1149 °C (2100 °F) for the duration of the test. These fire conditions simulate a post-flashover fire scenario for shipboard applications. Performance is defined as the time period during which assemblies will continue to perform their intended function when subjected to fire exposure. The minimum duration of fire exposure is 30 min. Shock testing prior to fire resistance test is performed to ensure that fire resistance of divisions, with fire insulation, penetrations, and associated attachment methods, is not degraded in a combat environment. Shock test specimen size of 1219 by 3048 mm (4 by 10 ft) was selected to reduce the cost of shipping a full size fire test specimen of 3048 by 3048 mm (10 by 10 ft) or greater to the fire test laboratory. A full scale fire resistance test is still required for qualification purposes after successful completion of the shock test prior to fire resistance test. MIL-STD-3020 also permits AN-Class fire resistant divisions when fire threat is from common combustibles (Class A) and where liquid flammable (Class B) fire threat is non-existent. AN-Class divisions are those divisions formed by bulkheads and decks that are designed to protect against structural failure and prevent the passage of flame or hot gases when exposed to IMO Resolution A.754(18) fire exposure after shock testing. For all AN-Class divisions, including those with penetrations, the fire test duration is a minimum of 60 min. This paper will discuss fire resistance test results conducted using steel, aluminum, and composite substrates.
Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel by Automatic and Manual Analysis Methods
Authors: Dunn Robert O. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Biodiesel from most common feedstocks has inferior cold flow properties compared to conventional diesel fuel. Blends with as little as 10 vol % biodiesel content typically have significantly higher cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) than No. 2 grade diesel fuel (DF2). Although PP and CFPP may be lowered by treating with cold flow improver additives, these additives do not reduce CP by more than 3–5°C. When stored in moderate temperature climates, biodiesel should be periodically monitored during cooler months. This work examines the use of automated ASTM test methods to reliably monitor CP, PP, and CFPP. Automated instruments have a number of advantages over manually operated apparatus, namely small sample volumes, consistency, speed of analysis, and accuracy of results. Some deviations in data from automated and manual techniques were observed across a diverse set of biodiesel samples. Biodiesel samples were analyzed by subambient differential scanning calorimetry performed at various heating and cooling scan rates for comparison with cold flow property results.
Parallelisierung rigoroser Streulicht-Simulationsalgorithmen für nanostrukturierte OberflächenParallelization of Rigorous Light Scattering Simulation Algorithms for Nanostructured Surfaces
Authors: Tausendfreund Andreas , Patzelt Stefan , Goch Gert 
Published: April 2010

Zusammenfassung
Streulicht-Messmethoden lassen sich auf Basis von Simulationen untersuchen und weiterentwickeln. Im Fall nanostrukturierter Oberflächen sind allerdings neue rigorose Verfahren und Simulationsalgorithmen für die Streulichtberechnung erforderlich. Existierende Ansätze erweisen sich aufgrund des hohen Rechenaufwands als ungeeignet. Z. B. führt die Diskrete-Dipol-Approximation zu Systemen aus vielen Millionen gekoppelter Gleichungen, welche nur mit erheblichem Aufwand lösbar sind. Dieser Beitrag stellt ein Verfahren vor, das die Gleichungen entkoppelt und die entstehenden Teilsysteme parallel berechnet.
Modellgestützte Prozessplanung zur laserchemischen Herstellung von MikroumformwerkzeugenParameter and Path Planning for a Laser-Chemical Production of Micro-Forming Dies
Authors: Cuypers Pierre , Freyberg Axel v. , Goch Gert , Stephen Andreas , Vollertsen Frank 
Published: April 2010

Zusammenfassung
Zur Herstellung von Werkzeugen für das Mikro-Kaltumformen soll ein laserchemischer Prozess eingesetzt werden. Dieser Ätzprozess ist mittels Laser in der Lage, auch schwer zerspanbare Werkstoffe zu bearbeiten. Für seinen flexiblen Einsatz zur Herstellung qualitativ hochwertiger Produkte wurde eine prozessdiskrete Regelung entwickelt, die auf einem Modell des Materialabtrags in Abhängigkeit der Prozessparameter basiert. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der automatisierten Parameter- und Bahnplanung am Beispiel einer konvexen Verrundung der Kanten eines Mikro-Tiefziehrings vorgestellt.
(Pyrazinecarbonyl)hydrazones of heteroarenealdehydes: crystal structures formed from N—H···O, N—HN, C—H···O hydrogen-bonds, C—H···π and π···π interactions
Authors: Howie R. Alan , da Silva Lima Camilo H. , Kaiser Carlos R. , da Silva Marcele M. , de Souza Marcos V. N. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The molecules of the (pyrazinecarbonyl)hydrazones of the heterocyclic aldehydes RCHO with R = pyrrol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, thien-2-yl and pyridin-2-yl corresponding to compounds (2: X = NH), (2: X = O), (2: X = S)and 3, respectively, are formally rather similar. Despite this the molecular packing and intermolecular interactions show unexpectedly wide variation throughout the series. In 2 hydrogen-bonds link the planar molecules edge to edge to form chains or, in one case, planar ribbons while 3 exhibits zig-zag chain connectivity. Three-dimensional connectivity is attained by intermolecular hydrogen-bonds alone in ortho-(2: X = S), the orthorhombic polymorph of (2: X = S)and by intermolecular hydrogen-bonds combined with π···π interactions in (2: X = O) and 3. No more than two-dimensional layer connectivity is found in (2: X = NH) and the monoclinic polymorph, mono-(2: X = S) of (2: X = S).
Comparative electrooptic study of new orthoconic liquid crystals with fluorinated alkoxy terminal chains
Authors: Spadło A. , Otón E. , Dąbrowski R. , Żurowska M. , Otón J. , Bennis N. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractElectrooptical properties of several new orthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures with partially fluorinated alkoxyalkoxy terminal chains have been investigated in order to select the best mixture for display applications. Electrooptical studies have been performed on these orthoconic materials aiming at evaluating their static and dynamic performance under passive multiplexing conditions. A number of parameters have been evaluated, static and dynamic contrast, driving scheme for passive multiplexing, rise and fall response times, dynamic range, and dynamic greyscale.
Advantages of fluorescence over diffuse reflectance measurements tested in phantom experiments with dynamic inflow of ICG
Authors: Milej D. , Kacprzak M. , Żołek N. , Sawosz P. , Gerega A. , Maniewski R. , Liebert A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTime-resolved measurements of diffuse reflectance and fluorescence were carried out using phantom with dynamic inflow of indocyanine green (ICG) in tubes located at different depths. Better sensitivity of fluorescence signals related to the inflow of the dye was observed in comparison to simultaneously acquired diffuse reflectance. Obtained results can be referred to results of in-vivo measurements. We have observed much larger amplitude of changes in relative number of detected photons, mean time of flight and variance of the distributions of times of arrival of fluorescence photons than amplitudes of respective parameters measured from diffuse reflectance distributions of times of flight of photons. The constructed phantom allows us to study influence of concentration of the dye in the tube and the surrounding medium as well as temporal relation between appearance of the boli in deeper and superficial tube. Results of the study were used in optimization of the time-resolved multichannel system for simultaneous monitoring of fluorescence and reflectance.
Foot and Ankle Characteristics in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Case Control and Reliability Study
Authors: Barton Christian J. , Bonanno Daniel , Levinger Pazit , Menz Hylton B. 
Published: April 2010

Study Design Case-control and reliability study. Objectives To compare foot and ankle characteristics between individuals with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and to identify reliable weight-bearing foot and ankle measurements for use in future research on PFPS. Background PFPS is a common presentation to sports medicine and orthopaedic clinics. Characteristics of the foot and ankle are often linked with PFPS development, although evidence to support this link is equivocal and there is a lack of consensus on how best to evaluate these characteristics. Methods A variety of weight-bearing foot and ankle measurements were evaluated by 3 raters of varying experience in 20 individuals with PFPS and 20 controls matched by age, sex, height, and body mass. Between-group comparisons were made for each measurement using data from an experienced podiatrist blinded to group assignment of the participants. Intrarater and interrater reliability was compared between all measurements using the first 15 participants from each group. Results Between-group comparisons showed that the individuals in the PFPS group had a more pronated foot posture when assessed by the foot posture index and longitudinal arch angle, and for all measurements relative to subtalar joint neutral. Foot posture index, normalized navicular drop, and calcaneal angle relative to subtalar joint neutral measurements also possessed high reliability in both groups when used by experienced raters. Reliability was not influenced by rater experience or the presence of PFPS for relaxed-stance foot posture measurements. Both tester inexperience and the presence of PFPS reduced reliability for all measurements of foot posture relative to subtalar joint neutral and measurement of weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion. Conclusion The foot posture index, normalized navicular drop, and calcaneal angle relative to subtalar joint neutral are all reliable and sensitive to group differences when used in a population with PFPS. Individuals with PFPS possess a more pronated foot posture and increased foot mobility compared to controls. Prospective evaluation of these measurements is now required to determine whether they contribute to the development of PFPS. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):286–296. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3227
The Immediate Effects of Atlanto-occipital Joint Manipulation and Suboccipital Muscle Inhibition Technique on Active Mouth Opening and Pressure Pain Sensitivity Over Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in the Masticatory Muscles
Authors: Oliveira-CampelO Natalia M. , Rubens-Rebelatto José , MartÍn-Vallejo Francisco J. , Alburquerque-SendÍn Francisco , Fernádez-de-las-Peñas César 
Published: April 2010

Design A randomized controlled trial. Objective To investigate the immediate effects on pressure pain thresholds over latent trigger points (TrPs) in the masseter and temporalis muscles and active mouth opening following atlanto-occipital joint thrust manipulation or a soft tissue manual intervention targeted to the suboccipital muscles. Background Previous studies have described hypoalgesic effects of neck manipulative interventions over TrPs in the cervical musculature. There is a lack of studies analyzing these mechanisms over TrPs of muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve. Methods One hundred twenty-two volunteers, 31 men and 91 women, between the ages of 18 and 30 years, with latent TrPs in the masseter muscle, were randomly divided into 3 groups: a manipulative group who received an atlanto-occipital joint thrust, a soft tissue group who received an inhibition technique over the suboccipital muscles, and a control group who did not receive an intervention. Pressure pain thresholds over latent TrPs in the masseter and temporalis muscles, and active mouth opening were assessed pretreatment and 2 minutes posttreatment by a blinded assessor. Mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the effects of interventions on each outcome, with group as the between-subjects variable and time as the within-subjects variable. The primary analysis was the group-by-time interaction. Results The 2-by-3 mixed-model ANOVA revealed a significant group-by-time interaction for changes in pressure pain thresholds over masseter (P<.01) and temporalis (P = .003) muscle latent TrPs and also for active mouth opening (P<.001) in favor of the manipulative and soft tissue groups. Between-group effect sizes were small. Conclusions The application of an atlanto-occipital thrust manipulation or soft tissue technique targeted to the suboccipital muscles led to an immediate increase in pressure pain thresholds over latent TrPs in the masseter and temporalis muscles and an increase in maximum active mouth opening. Nevertheless, the effects of both interventions were small and future studies are required to elucidate the clinical relevance of these changes. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):310–317. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3257
Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in the Development of Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Fatigue and Changes in Biochemical Markers Related to Postexercise Recovery
Authors: Leal Ernesto Cesar Pinto , Lopes-Martins Rodrigo ÁLvaro BrandÃo , Frigo Lucio , De Marchi Thiago , Rossi Rafael Paolo , de Godoi Vanessa , Tmazoni Shaiane Silvato , Silva Daniela Perin , Basso Maira , Filho Pedro Lotti , de Valls Corsetti Francisco , Iversen Vegard V. , Bjordal Jan Magnus 
Published: April 2010

Study Design Randomized crossover double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Objective To investigate if low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can affect biceps muscle performance, fatigue development, and biochemical markers of postexercise recovery. Bcakground Cell and animal studies have suggested that LLLT can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in muscle tissue. But it remains uncertain whether these findings can translate into humans in sport and exercise situations. Methods Nine healthy male volleyball players participated in the study. They received either active LLLT (cluster probe with 5 laser diodes; λ = 810 nm; 200 mW power output; 30 seconds of irradiation, applied in 2 locations over the biceps of the nondominant arm; 60 J of total energy) or placebo LLLT using an identical cluster probe. The intervention or placebo were applied 3 minutes before the performance of exercise. All subjects performed voluntary elbow flexion repetitions with a workload of 75% of their maximal voluntary contraction force until exhaustion. Results Active LLLT increased the number of repetitions by 14.5% (mean ± SD, 39.6 ± 4.3 versus 34.6 ± 5.6; P = .037) and the elapsed time before exhaustion by 8.0% (P = .034), when compared to the placebo treatment. The biochemical markers also indicated that recovery may be positively affected by LLLT, as indicated by postexercise blood lactate levels (P<.01), creatine kinase activity (P = .017), and C-reactive protein levels (P = .047), showing a faster recovery with LLLT application prior to the exercise. Conclusion We conclude that pre-exercise irradiation of the biceps with an LLLT dose of 6 J per application location, applied in 2 locations, increased endurance for repeated elbow flexion against resistance and decreased postexercise levels of blood lactate, creatine kinase, and C-reactive protein. Level of Evidence Performance enhancement, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(8):524–532. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3294