bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Legitimation in the Professional Socialization of Second-Year Undergraduate Athletic Training Students
Authors: Klossner Joanne 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:Professional socialization during formal educational preparation can help students learn professional roles and can lead to improved organizational socialization as students emerge as members of the occupation's culture. Professional socialization research in athletic training is limited.Objective:To present the role of legitimation and how it influences the professional socialization of second-year athletic training students.Design:Modified constructivist grounded theory and case study methods were used for this qualitative study.Setting:An accredited undergraduate athletic training education program.Patients or Other Participants:Twelve second-year students were selected purposively. The primary sample group (n  =  4) was selected according to theoretical sampling guidelines. The remaining students made up the cohort sample (n  =  8). Theoretically relevant data were gathered from 14 clinical instructors to clarify emergent student data.Data Collection and Analysis:Data collection included document examination, observations, and interviews during 1 academic semester. Data were collected and analyzed through constant comparative analysis. Data triangulation, member checking, and peer-review strategies were used to ensure trustworthiness.Results:Legitimation from various socializing agents initiated professional socialization. Students viewed trust and team membership as rewards for role fulfillment.Conclusions:My findings are consistent with the socialization literature that shows how learning a social or professional role, using rewards to facilitate role performance, and building trusting relationships with socializing agents are important aspects of legitimation and, ultimately, professional socialization.
Evaluation of Athletic Training Students' Clinical Proficiencies
Authors: Walker Stacy E. , Weidner Thomas G. , Armstrong Kirk J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Appropriate methods for evaluating clinical proficiencies are essential in ensuring entry-level competence.

Objective:
To investigate the common methods athletic training education programs use to evaluate student performance of clinical proficiencies.

Design:
Cross-sectional design.

Setting:
Public and private institutions nationwide.

Patients or Other Participants:
All program directors of athletic training education programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs as of January 2006 (n  =  337); 201 (59.6%) program directors responded.

Data Collection and Analysis:
The institutional survey consisted of 11 items regarding institutional and program demographics. The 14-item Methods of Clinical Proficiency Evaluation in Athletic Training survey consisted of respondents' demographic characteristics and Likert-scale items regarding clinical proficiency evaluation methods and barriers, educational content areas, and clinical experience settings. We used analyses of variance and independent t tests to assess differences among athletic training education program characteristics and the barriers, methods, content areas, and settings regarding clinical proficiency evaluation.

Results:
Of the 3 methods investigated, simulations (n  =  191, 95.0%) were the most prevalent method of clinical proficiency evaluation. An independent-samples t test revealed that more opportunities existed for real-time evaluations in the college or high school athletic training room (t189  =  2.866, P  =  .037) than in other settings. Orthopaedic clinical examination and diagnosis (4.37 ± 0.826) and therapeutic modalities (4.36 ± 0.738) content areas were scored the highest in sufficient opportunities for real-time clinical proficiency evaluations. An inadequate volume of injuries or conditions (3.99 ± 1.033) and injury/condition occurrence not coinciding with the clinical proficiency assessment timetable (4.06 ± 0.995) were barriers to real-time evaluation. One-way analyses of variance revealed no difference between athletic training education program characteristics and the opportunities for and barriers to real-time evaluations among the various clinical experience settings.

Conclusions:
No one primary barrier hindered real-time clinical proficiency evaluation. To determine athletic training students' clinical proficiency for entry-level employment, athletic training education programs must incorporate standardized patients or take a disciplined approach to using simulation for instruction and evaluation.
Mechanisms of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Shimokochi Yohei , Shultz Sandra J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Objective:
To examine and summarize previous retrospective and observational studies assessing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury mechanisms and to examine such reported ACL injury mechanisms based on ACL loading patterns due to knee loadings reported in in vivo, in vitro, and computer simulation studies.

Data Sources:
We searched MEDLINE from 1950 through 2007 using the key words anterior cruciate ligament + injury + mechanisms; anterior cruciate ligament + injury + mechanisms + retrospective; and anterior cruciate ligament + injury + mechanisms + video analysis.

Study Selection:
We selected retrospective studies and observational studies that specifically examined the noncontact ACL injury mechanisms (n  =  7) and assessed ACL loading patterns in vivo, in vitro, and using computer simulations (n  =  33).

Data Extraction:
The motion patterns reported as noncontact ACL injury mechanisms in retrospective and observational studies were assessed and critically compared with ACL loading patterns measured during applied external or internal (or both) forces or moments to the knee.

Data Synthesis:
Noncontact ACL injuries are likely to happen during deceleration and acceleration motions with excessive quadriceps contraction and reduced hamstrings co-contraction at or near full knee extension. Higher ACL loading during the application of a quadriceps force when combined with a knee internal rotation moment compared with an external rotation moment was noted. The ACL loading was also higher when a valgus load was combined with internal rotation as compared with external rotation. However, because the combination of knee valgus and external rotation motions may lead to ACL impingement, these combined motions cannot be excluded from the noncontact ACL injury mechanisms. Further, excessive valgus knee loads applied during weight-bearing, decelerating activities also increased ACL loading.

Conclusions:
The findings from this review lend support to ACL injury prevention programs designed to prevent unopposed excessive quadriceps force and frontal-plane or transverse-plane (or both) moments to the knee and to encourage increased knee flexion angle during sudden deceleration and acceleration tasks.
A Systematic Review of Prophylactic Braces in the Prevention of Knee Ligament Injuries in Collegiate Football Players
Authors: Pietrosimone Brian G. , Grindstaff Terry L. , Linens Shelley W. , Uczekaj Elizabeth , Hertel Jay 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective:To determine the relative risk reduction associated with prophylactic knee braces in the prevention of knee injuries in collegiate football players.Data Sources:An exhaustive search for original research was performed using the PubMed, SportDiscus, and CINAHL databases from 1970 through November 2006, with the search terms knee brace, knee braces, knee bracing and football, prophylactic brace, and prophylactic knee braces.Study Selection:Seven studies comparing knee injuries among braced and nonbraced collegiate football players were included. Study methods were assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. PEDro scores ranged from 2 to 5.Data Extraction:The number of participants and frequency of knee injuries were used to calculate the relative risk reduction or increase.Data Synthesis:We found a relative risk reduction for 3 studies with point estimates of 10% (36% to −26%), 58% (25% to 76%), and 56% (13% to 77%). Four studies demonstrated an increased risk of injury, with point estimates of 17% (19% to −71%), 49% (−31% to −69%), 114% (23% to −492%), and 42% (−18% to −70%).Conclusions:Data from existing research are inconsistent. Based on a Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy level of evidence of 2 with a grade B recommendation, we cannot conclusively advocate or discourage the use of prophylactic knee braces in the prevention of knee injuries in collegiate football players.
Return of Postural Control to Baseline After Anaerobic and Aerobic Exercise Protocols
Authors: Fox Zachary G. , Mihalik Jason P. , Blackburn J. Troy , Battaglini Claudio L. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
With regard to sideline concussion testing, the effect of fatigue associated with different types of exercise on postural control is unknown.

Objective:
To evaluate the effects of fatigue on postural control in healthy college-aged athletes performing anaerobic and aerobic exercise protocols and to establish an immediate recovery time course from each exercise protocol for postural control measures to return to baseline status.

Design:
Counterbalanced, repeated measures.

Setting:
Research laboratory.

Patients Or Other Participants:
Thirty-six collegiate athletes (18 males, 18 females; age  =  19.00 ± 1.01 years, height  =  172.44 ± 10.47 cm, mass  =  69.72 ± 12.84 kg).

Intervention(s):
Participants completed 2 counterbalanced sessions within 7 days. Each session consisted of 1 exercise protocol followed by postexercise measures of postural control taken at 3-, 8-, 13-, and 18-minute time intervals. Baseline measures were established during the first session, before the specified exertion protocol was performed.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) results, sway velocity, and elliptical sway area.

Results:
We found a decrease in postural control after each exercise protocol for all dependent measures. An interaction was noted between exercise protocol and time for total BESS score (P  =  .002). For both exercise protocols, all measures of postural control returned to baseline within 13 minutes.

Conclusions:
Postural control was negatively affected after anaerobic and aerobic exercise protocols as measured by total BESS score, elliptical sway area, and sway velocity. The effect of exertion lasted up to 13 minutes after each exercise was completed. Certified athletic trainers and clinicians should be aware of these effects and their recovery time course when determining an appropriate time to administer sideline assessments of postural control after a suspected mild traumatic brain injury.
Electromyography of 3 Scapular Muscles: A Comparative Analysis of The Cuff Link Device and a Standard Push-Up
Authors: Tucker W. Steven , Campbell Brian M. , Swartz Erik E. , Armstrong Charles W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:The Cuff Link is a closed kinetic chain rehabilitation apparatus for the upper extremity. Limited research has established its effectiveness to elicit muscle activation of the scapular muscles.Objective:To determine if scapular muscle activation differs in response to 2 upper extremity closed kinetic chain exercises: Cuff Link and standard push-up.Design:A single-group, repeated-measures design.Setting:Controlled laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Twenty-eight healthy individuals (13 women: age  =  19.69 ± 1.55 years, height  =  167.44 ± 9.52 cm, mass  =  61.00 ± 8.79 kg; 15 men: age  =  22.00 ± 3.91 years, height  =  181.44 ± 6.60 cm, mass  =  82.36 ± 13.23 kg) with no history of shoulder or low back injury volunteered to participate in this study.Intervention(s):Participants performed 10 trials of complete revolutions on the Cuff Link and 10 full–weight-bearing push-ups. We controlled trial velocity and randomized order. Trunk and shoulder positions were normalized to the participant's height. Using surface electromyography, we recorded muscle activity of the serratus anterior, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius. Rectified and smoothed electromyography data for the serratus anterior, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius were normalized as a percentage of the maximal voluntary isometric contractions (%MVIC).Main Outcome Measure(s):Mean muscle activity of the serratus anterior, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius. We used paired-samples t tests to analyze the mean data for each condition. The α level was adjusted to .016 to avoid a type I error.Results:Middle trapezius %MVIC was greater during push-ups (27.01 ± 20.40%) than during use of the Cuff Link (11.49 ± 9.46%) (P  =  .001). Lower trapezius %MVIC was greater during push-ups (36.07 ± 18.99%) than during use of the Cuff Link (16.29 ± 8.64%) (P  =  .001). There was no difference in %MVIC for the serratus anterior between conditions.Conclusions:The push-up demonstrated greater middle trapezius and lower trapezius activation levels compared with the Cuff Link. However, the push-up had a high participant failure rate. Because serratus anterior activation levels were similar, the Cuff Link may be an appropriate alternative for individuals lacking the upper body strength to perform a push-up.
Initial Reliability of The Standardized Orthopedic Assessment Tool (SOAT)
Authors: Lafave Mark R. , Katz Larry , Donnon Tyrone , Butterwick Dale J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Orthopaedic assessment skills are critical to the success of athletic therapists and trainers. The Standardized Orthopedic Assessment Tool (SOAT) has been content validated.

Objective:
To establish interrater reliability of the SOAT.

Patients or Other Participants:
Thirty-two college students, 10 raters, and 2 standardized patients (SPs) from Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Design:
Randomized observational study.

Intervention(s):
Students were allowed 30 minutes to complete a mock orthopaedic assessment of an SP with an injury specific to a region of the body (shoulder, knee, or ankle). Using the region-specific SOAT, raters and SPs evaluated students' orthopaedic assessment skills.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The sum totals of the SOAT for 2 raters and 1 SP were used to calculate each student's performance scores for respective scenarios. Scale reliability analysis (Cronbach α) was completed on the SOAT for each of the 3 body-region examinations.

Results:
The mean overall reliability of 3 SOATs (ie, ankle, knee, and shoulder) was positive: α  =  .85 with the SP scores factored into the equation and α  =  .86 without the SP scores factored into the equation. Reliability for the ankle region was highest (α  =  .91), followed by the knee (α  =  .83) and the shoulder (α  =  .82).

Conclusions:
The study sample size was small, but the results will enable further study with generalization to a broader audience of athletic therapists and athletic trainers. Because a baseline measure of reliability was established using a robust statistical analysis, future researchers can employ more stringent statistical analysis and focus on the effects of various pedagogical techniques to teach and learn the underlying construct of clinical competence in orthopaedic assessment.
Nutrition Concepts for Elite Distance Runners Based on Macronutrient and Energy Expenditure
Authors: Schröder Sandra , Fischer Alexandra , Vock Christina , Böhme Mike , Schmelzer Constance , Döpner Myriam , Hülsmann Olaf , Döring Frank 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Elite distance runners (EDR) must optimize their nutrition to maintain their demanding training schedules.

Objective:
To develop a nutrition concept for EDR based on energy and macronutrient expenditures.

Design:
This theoretical study provides calculations for macronutrient and energy expenditures of EDR. Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of EDR were assumed based on average real EDR.

Setting:
University of Kiel.

Patients Or Other Participants:
Three prototypic types of male EDR described in the literature as type I (TI; body mass  =  72 kg, respiratory quotient  =  0.9 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers  =  60% to 70%), type II (TII; body mass  =  67 kg, respiratory quotient  =  0.82 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers  =  50%), and type III (TIII; body mass  =  60 kg, respiratory quotient  =  0.75 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers  =  30% to 40%).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We calculated the macronutrient and energy expenditures of the 3 types of EDR according to body mass, respiratory quotient, and percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers.

Results:
We found that the average energy expenditure was 3750 kcal · d−1 for TI runners, 3463 kcal · d−1 for TII runners, and 3079 kcal · d−1 for TIII runners. The carbohydrate (CHO) expenditure reached an average value of 10.0 g · kg−1 · d−1 for TI runners, 8.0 g · kg−1 · d−1 for TII runners, and 4.7 g · kg−1 · d−1 for TIII runners. When the EDR accomplished running sessions at a pace ≥100% of maximum oxygen consumption, all types of runners had a CHO demand of about 10 g · kg−1 · d−1. The TI and TII runners need a CHO intake of 8 to 10 g · kg−1 · d−1. For the TIII runners, a CHO intake &gt;6 g · kg−1 · d−1 is necessary during anaerobic training sessions.

Conclusions:
Nutrition concepts must be differentiated for EDR according to metabolic and anthropometric characteristics of the runners and their special training emphases.
Work-Family Conflict, Part I: Antecedents of Work-Family Conflict in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I-A Certified Athletic Trainers
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Bruening Jennifer E. , Casa Douglas J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Work-family conflict (WFC) involves discord that arises when the demands of work interfere with the demands of family or home life. Long work hours, minimal control over work schedules, and time spent away from home are antecedents to WFC. To date, few authors have examined work-family conflict within the athletic training profession.

Objective:
To investigate the occurrence of WFC in certified athletic trainers (ATs) and to identify roots and factors leading to quality-of-life issues for ATs working in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I-A setting.

Design:
Survey questionnaire and follow-up, in-depth, in-person interviews.

Setting:
Division I-A universities sponsoring football.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 587 ATs (324 men, 263 women) responded to the questionnaire. Twelve ATs (6 men, 6 women) participated in the qualitative portion: 2 head ATs, 4 assistant ATs, 4 graduate assistant ATs, and 2 AT program directors.

Data Collection and Analysis:
Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine whether workload and travel predicted levels of WFC. Analyses of variance were calculated to investigate differences among the factors of sex, marital status, and family status. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and then analyzed using computer software as well as member checks and peer debriefing. The triangulation of the data collection and multiple sources of qualitative analysis were utilized to limit potential researcher prejudices.

Results:
Regression analyses revealed that long work hours and travel directly contributed to WFC. In addition to long hours and travel, inflexible work schedules and staffing patterns were discussed by the interview participants as antecedents to WFC. Regardless of sex (P  =  .142), marital status (P  =  .687), family status (P  =  .055), or age of children (P  =  .633), WFC affected Division I-A ATs.

Conclusions:
No matter their marital or family status, ATs employed at the Division I-A level experienced difficulties balancing their work and home lives. Sources of conflict primarily stemmed from the consuming nature of the profession, travel, inflexible work schedules, and lack of full-time staff members.
Work-Family Conflict, Part II: Job and Life Satisfaction in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I-A Certified Athletic Trainers
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Bruening Jennifer E. , Casa Douglas J. , Burton Laura J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Previous researchers have shown that work-family conflict (WFC) affects the level of a person's job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and job burnout and intentions to leave the profession. However, WFC and its consequences have not yet been fully investigated among certified athletic trainers.

Objective:
To investigate the relationship between WFC and various outcome variables among certified athletic trainers working in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I-A settings.

Design:
A mixed-methods design using a 53-item survey questionnaire and follow-up in-depth interviews was used to examine the prevalence of WFC.

Setting:
Division I-A universities sponsoring football.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 587 athletic trainers (324 men, 263 women) responded to the questionnaire, and 12 (6 men, 6 women) participated in the qualitative portion of the mixed-methods study.

Data Collection and Analysis:
We calculated Pearson correlations to determine the relationship between WFC and job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and job burnout. Regression analyses were run to determine whether WFC was a predictor of job satisfaction, job burnout, or intention to leave the profession. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and then analyzed using the computer program N6 as well as member checks and peer debriefing.

Results:
Negative relationships were found between WFC and job satisfaction (r  =  −.52, P &lt; .001). Positive were noted between WFC and job burnout (r  =  .63, P &lt; .001) and intention to leave the profession (r  =  .46, P &lt; .001). Regression analyses revealed that WFC directly contributed to job satisfaction (P &lt; .001), job burnout (P &lt; .001), and intention to leave the profession (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions:
Overall, our findings concur with those of previous researchers on WFC and its negative relationships to job satisfaction and life satisfaction and positive relationship to job burnout and intention to leave an organization. Sources of WFC, such as time, inflexible work schedules, and inadequate staffing, were also related to job burnout and job dissatisfaction in this population.