bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of benzene on supported nickel and nickel oxide catalysts
Authors: Motard R. L. , Burke R. F. , Canjar L. N. , Beckmann R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the development of a pilot unit for studying reactions involving heterogeneous catalysis a nickel catalyst was selected for the initial study, and the hydrogenation of benzene in a fluidized reactor using nickel and nickel oxide supported on silica gel was investigated for the reaction C6H6+ 3 H2→ C6H12at temperatures of 150—220° for the nickel oxide study and 220–275° for nickel, pressures being 25–100 p.s.i.g. and molal ratios of hydrogen to benzene ranging from 0·5 to 3·9. The data were correlated with an equation of the form\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \[r = \frac{{k_e K_{H_2 }^3 K_B p_{H_2 }^3 p_B }}{{\left({1 + K_{H_2 } p_{H_2 } + K_B p_B } \right)^4 }} \] $\end{document}By observing how the history of the catalyst affects its activity some of the known erratic behaviour of nickel catalysts is now better understood. The reported rate equation and constants for various activity levels for nickel catalyst enable a more intelligent design of chemical reactors employing this catalyst.
The purification of plutonium by a thenoyltrifluoro‐acetone (T.T.A.) process
Authors: Cuninghame J. G. , Miles G. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extraction of plutonium by T.T.A. in the presence of impurities is discussed, and data are presented for the extraction of uranium, zirconium, ruthenium, iron, and chromium. A block flow‐sheet for the purification of 1 g. of plutonium from 10 g. of uranium and one curie of zirconium is given.
Raney cobalt hydrogenation catalysts. I. the preparation of the catalyst
Authors: Aller B. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of Raney cobalt in a highly active form has been accomplished by treating fine‐mesh cobalt/aluminium alloy powders with alkali at 15–20°. The influence of alloy particle size, preparation temperature and aluminium content on catalytic activity is demonstrated, and a comparison is made with the better‐known Raney nickel catalysts.
Stages in the preparation of potassium manganate from pyrolusite
Authors: de Carvalho A. J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe progress of the reaction between solid KOH and pyrolusite has been shown by X‐ray analysis to proceed via cryptomelane, K2Mn8O16, to potassium permanganite, K2Mn4O8, both of which are brown‐black insoluble compounds. The next step would appear to be the formation of an unstable potassium manganite of approximate composition K2Mn2O4–6 which breaks down to varying mixtures of the soluble manganate K2MnO4 and insoluble potassium permanganite.
Physical factors affecting the absorption of oxygen by thin films of bituminous road binders
Authors: Dickinson E. J. , Nicholas J. H. , Boas‐Traube S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe absorption of oxygen by bituminous road binders in the absence of light at temperatures normally encountered on the road was found to be a process controlled by diffusion, the rate of absorption depending markedly on the viscosity of the binder and the thickness of the binder‐film. The acceleration of absorption produced by increasing the temperature corresponded to an activation energy for the process of approximately 10 kcal./mol. Generally speaking, tars showed a higher rate of absorption than straight‐run petroleum bitumens.Irradiation of the film with light in the wavelength range 3000–5000Å was found to produce a marked acceleration of the reaction but, because of the high degree of absorption of the light, it was probably effective only to a depth of 10μ below the exposed surface. Light had no effect at film depths greater than 60μ. When the illumination was sufficiently intense a relatively hard layer was formed on the surface which retarded further reaction of oxygen with the underlying layers of binder. This surface skin is always produced by exposure to natural sunlight. With the bitumens examined, light produced a greater acceleration of the reaction than with the tars; the surface skin was also formed more rapidly on the bitumen films.
Catalytic vapour‐phase oxidation of crotonaldehyde to maleic acid
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Venkataraman N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe oxidation of crotonaldehyde to maleic acid over various catalyst combinations is studied and compared with the oxidation of benzene. About 76% conversion of crotonaldehyde is obtained on a vanadium pentoxide‐molybdenum oxide‐kieselguhr catalyst. The effects of preparation of catalyst and operating conditions on the percentage conversion are described. The presence of water in the crotonaldehyde has little effect on the activity of the catalysts.
The recovery of molybdenum from acid solution using potassium ferrocyanide
Authors: Robbins D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA process has been devised for the recovery of molybdenum from a concentrated acid solution utilizing the well known reaction between molybdates and a soluble ferrocyanide. It is shown that the product of this reaction is molybdenyl ferricyanide (MoO2)3[Fe(CN)6]2.This compound is roasted in air to give a mixture of ferric and molybdic oxides, which can be separated by ammonia solution or, alternatively, it is converted to MoS3 by acidifying the solution obtained by dissolving it in yellow ammonium sulphide. Investigations into the effect of ammonia on the molybdate‐ferrocyanide reaction are described and it is shown that ammonium molybdate will react with potassium ferricyanide.
Ternary liquid equilibria systems:n‐propanol‐water‐esters
Authors: Rao R. Jagannadha , Rao C. Venkata 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMutual solubility and tie‐line data are presented for five ternary‐liquid systems containingn‐propanol, water and the estersn‐propyl acetate,n‐butyl acetate, amyl acetate, ethyl propionate and ethyl butyrate. Equilibrium distribution data for the systemn‐propanol‐water‐ethyl acetate at 20° reported in the literature have been plotted for comparison on the mutual solubility and equilibrium distribution diagrams. The tie‐line data for all the systems are correlated well by the methods of Hand and Othmer‐Tobias and the plait points are located by the method of Treybalet al.From the equilibrium distribution diagram, it is seen that in all the above systems,n‐propanol prefers the ester layer unlike methanol which favours the aqueous phase. Esters seem to be better suited for the extraction ofn‐propanol than of methanol from water.
Solubility of hydrogen halides in organic compounds containing oxygen. II. Assessment of contributions of groups in alcohols
Authors: Gerrard W. , Macklen E. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractContinuation of the study of saturation solubility of hydrogen chloride in alcohols at 0–50° has led to the assessment of the contribution to the solubility of each part of a molecule, according to its polar character and distance from the oxygen atom. Correlation of solubility with electron density on the oxygen atom is in excellent agreement with the correlation of the basic strength of alcohols, esters and ethers, and certain physical and chemical properties.
The heats of formation and dissociation of zinc sulphide
Authors: Richards A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn entrainment method has been used to measure the reduction and dissociation equilibria of β‐zinc sulphide (sphalerite) in hydrogen and nitrogen respectively.Values obtained for ΔH1000 in the reactions studied ZnS(β)+Hg(g)=Zn(s)+H2S(g), and ZnS(β)=Zn(g)+½S2(g), were 71.93 ± 1.0 and 93.51 ± 1.0 kcal/mole, respectively.The heat of formation of zinc sulphide was calculated from the reaction Zn(s) + S(rhombic) = ZnS(β), and a value of ΔH298=‐49.2 ± 1.0 kcal./mole was obtained.It is concluded that the observed vapour pressure of ZnS is due completely to dissociation of it into Zn and S vapour.
The use of anion‐exchange resins for the removal and recovery of non‐hydrocarbon constituents from hydrocarbons. I. Carboxylic acids and phenols
Authors: Eaves A. , Munday W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn examination has been made of the adsorption of phenols and carboxylic acids (including naphthenic acids) from hydrocarbon solvents, especially benzene, using a strongly basic anion‐exchange resin in hydroxide, chloride and bicarbonate forms after pretreatment of the water‐wet resin with (A) benzene, (B) methanol and (C) methanol followed by drying, resins treated as (B) and (C) being then treated with benzene.The possibilities of the uses of these pretreated resins for separation of phenols from carboxylic acids or fractionation of mixtures of phenols or acids are discussed. Application of the procedure to the separation of higher‐alkylated phenols from lubricating oil is described.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XII. The action of lithium aluminium hydride and grignard reagents on organo‐tin nitriles and esters
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Noltes J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReactions of cyanoalkyl‐ and methoxycarbonylalkyl‐tin compounds with lithium aluminium hydride and Grignard reagents have been studied. Several new organo‐tin compounds containing hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl and ketoalkyl groups are described.
The dioxan method for recovering tar binder from road materials
Authors: Green E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA solvent method is described for recovering tar from samples of road‐surfacing materials for viscosity measurements and distillation tests. The sample is extracted with dioxan plus 2.5% of methanol which dissolves tar oils and resins leaving the dioxan‐insoluble portion on the aggregate. Either (1) the solution is distilled under standard conditions to remove the solvent and, during the final stage, dioxan‐insoluble material (prepared beforehand from a suitable tar) is added and the solids are dispersed to give a tar having properties similar to those of the original tar, or (2) the soluble tar only is recovered by distilling the solution under standard conditions, and an allowance is made for the insoluble portion of tar when the viscosity of the recovered soluble tar is determined. The second procedure effects a useful saving in time when the viscosity only is required.The method has been checked over a range of viscosities wide enough to embrace all road materials. The repeatability and reproducibility of the method have been established by co‐operative tests with other laboratories.
Pitting corrosion of aluminium in sodium chloride solutions
Authors: Hagyard T. , Santhiapillai J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe anodic corrosion process in an artificial pit in aluminium undergoing active corrosion in dilute sodium chloride has been examined by pH and potential measurements and by schlieren observations. Evidence is produced that corrosion continues and spreads mainly in a downwards direction due to the special ability of aluminium chloride solutions to activate passive aluminium surfaces, thus extending the area of active metal along the flow path of this solution.It is shown that the anodic solution can dissolve large amounts of aluminium hydroxide yet still exhibit this behaviour. Insoluble anodic products, postulated by previous workers, would seem to occur in a minor degree, if at all, inside of the pit itself; any anodic hydrogen evolution would probably produce a basic aluminium chloride solution, not a mixture of hydroxide and stoicheiometric chloride.
The polymerisation of acetylene derivatives. II. Polymerisation of pentenynyl, hexenynyl and pentadienyl esters of dibasic acids
Authors: Davis A. C. , Hunter R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDipent‐4‐en‐2‐yn‐1‐yl phthalate readily undergoes polymerisation in the crude state but suffers from thermal instability on distillation even in high vacuum. The corresponding ester of adipic acid showed, however, the increased stability anticipated on the further separation of the vinylacetylenic groupings and yielded a tough, insoluble, difficultly‐fusible polymer on heating with diazoamino‐benzene as initiator. The corresponding terephthalic ester has a higher melting point but tends to polymerise at room temperature.The effect of partial reduction of the conjugated triple bond of the vinylacetylenic residues in the last two esters was investigated by preparation of the corresponding derivatives of penta‐2:4‐dien‐1‐ol. These esters showed very similar properties to the acetylenic compounds.Attempts to polymerise n‐butylallylacetylene and diallylacetylene by heating with diazoaminobenzene and benzoyl peroxide respectively as initiators proved unsuccessful.
The mechanism of detergency. I. Adsorption of detergent on fibre and soil
Authors: Jayson G. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of 35S‐labelled sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate on clean and soiled cotton has been studied. To assess the importance of this adsorption in detergency the effect of changes in the concentrations of detergent, particulate soil, detergent adjuncts and water hardness were investigated. The rǒle of the detergent in the soil‐removal process is discussed.
Ziegler‐type polyethylene
Authors: Berger M. N. , Boultbee T. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn account is given of the production, structure and properties of polyethylene made by the Ziegler process, by which polymers in a wide range of molecular weight and density can be produced.The choice of catalyst combination of aluminium alkyl and transition metal halide (e.g. TiCl4) is discussed and factors affecting rate of polymerisation, density and average molecular weight are considered.Results are given for molecular weight distribution and the nature of the residual unsaturated groups is described.Curves relating various physical and mechanical properties are presented, the results of accelerated light‐stability tests are given and changes in properties with degradation are illustrated.
Effect of relative humidity on the rate of dissolution of aluminium in iodine‐methanol solution
Authors: Maclennan D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the isolation of surface films from aluminium alloys, by dissolving the metal in iodine‐methanol solution, the rate at which the aluminium is dissolved depends upon the relative humidity of the atmosphere in contact with the solution. Controlled‐humidity experiments have shown that, at 30°c, the most favourable relative humidity is about 38%.
Water‐transfer between aqueous systems by a partially miscible solvent. II.
Authors: Baniel A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe direction of isothermal water transfer between two aqueous systems and its theoretical maximum value are directly deducible from a diagram describing water partial vapour pressure as a function of concentration for each of these systems. Such deductions remain approximately valid when a partially miscible solvent is used as a transfer medium provided all solutes present have only small or negligible partition coefficients with respect to it. The possible extent of water transfer is necessarily affected by the intervention of a solvent and can be computed exactly only from diagrams of solvent hydration as a function of concentration of solute in the aqueous phase.Several features of butanol‐1, butanol‐2 and butanone as water transfer media are compared and evaluated.
Poly‐N‐vinylcarbazole. II. Preparation, moulding and dielectric properties
Authors: Davidge H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolymerisations of N‐vinylcarbazole have been carried out in bulk and in suspension, to provide a machinable material, a moulding powder and a novel foamed polymer. The dielectric properties of the polymer were found to be of the same order as those of polystyrene, having a dielectric constant of 3.00 and a power factor of about 0.0010 over a wide frequency range but were more stable to changes of frequency and temperature; mechanically it is marginally inferior, but has a superior thermal stability.
Some polyamides from dicarboxylic acids containing aromatic ether groups
Authors: Tyler G. J. , Whittaker K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of some novel dicarboxylic acids* containing one or more phenoxyacetic acid group(s) is described. The acids give polyamides of high molecular weight when condensed with diamines. Some properties of the polyamides with hexamethylenediamine and decamethylenediamine are described.
Further advances in dissolved oxygen microanalysis. II. Sources of interference
Authors: Potter E. C. , Everitt G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe interfering effects of various substances on the Winkler reaction as applied to dissolved oxygen microanalysis have been elucidated. Ammonia, cyclohexylamine and morpholine do not interfere at concentrations encountered in power‐station practice. Interference from sulphite ion is overcome by the reversed‐reagents procedure introduced by Schwartz & Gurney, but this is invalidated in the presence of ferrous ion or hydrazine. Interference from this source is fully overcome by pre‐treatment of the water sample with an equilibrated strongly acidic cation‐exchange resin.
Pitting of aluminium in synthetic waters
Authors: Davies D. Eurof 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe corrosion characteristics of commercially pure aluminium in synthetic ‘tap’ waters, containing sodium chloride, calcium carbonate and dissolved copper, have been studied. In the presence of any two of the constituents, the loss in weight is very small, but nodular pitting is observed when the three are present. The maximum weight loss occurs when the Ca2+ content is 50 p.p.m., irrespective of the chloride ion concentration, the copper content being constant.Specimens which have been anodised and subsequently sealed, show no pitting in two weeks; unsealed specimens are less effective in this respect. Localised corrosion is most severe after the oxide film has been removed in a phosphoric/chromic mixture.A theory is put forward to explain the initiation of pits and their subsequent development with time.
Polymerisation of acetylene derivatives. III. Polymerisation of a dimer of 4‐penten‐2‐yn‐1‐ol and attempted polymerisation and copolymerisation with styrene of 1:1:3:3:6‐pentamethyl‐4‐isopropenyliso‐coumaran, 1: 4 ‐ di ‐p ‐ chlorophenoxy ‐ 2 ‐ butyne, and 2‐methyl‐2‐isopropenyl‐4‐methyloldioxolan
Authors: Davis A. C. , Hunter R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn contrast to 3‐buten‐1‐ynyldimethyl‐carbinol, 4‐penten‐2‐yn‐1‐ol gives on treatment with anhydrous ferric chloride an open‐chain dimer which readily polymerises on heating with benzoyl peroxide and 1: 1‐azobisisobutyronitrile as initiators to give resins which are insoluble in hot dioxan and cold cyclohexanone.Attempts to polymerise 1:1:3:3:6‐pentamethyl‐4‐isopropenyltsocoumaran and to copolymerise both this monomer and 1: 4‐di‐p‐chlorophenoxy‐2‐butyne with styrene by heating with benzoyl peroxide as initiator were unsuccessful. Similar attempts to polymerise and copolymerise 2‐methyl‐isopropenyl‐4‐methyloldioxalan with styrene were also unsuccessful.
Studies on the hydrolysis of sodium aluminate solutions. XIX.x‐ray diffraction studies of the crystals precipitated by seeded decomposition of sodium aluminate solution in the presence of some carbohydrates
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractX‐Ray diffraction studies were carried out on the hydrated alumina precipitated during the seeded decomposition of sodium aluminate solution in the presence of glucose, cane sugar and starch (white potato), and the results are considered in relation to the rate of decomposition.Glucose and sugar suppress bayerite formation, may increase crystallite size, and slow down decomposition. Starch is without effect on bayerite formation and increases the rate and extent of decomposition.
The antioxidant action of phenols and related reactions
Authors: McGowan J. C. , Powell T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent work on the reactions of phenols with peroxy radicals and with α α‐diphenyl‐β‐picryl‐hydrazyl is considered. The effects of extension of the conjugation of phenol on both reactions can be correlated with a simple molecular orbital theory. These effects on the logarithms of the rate constants are for reactions with α α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl about twice as great as for reactions with peroxy radicals. This may mean that two electrons are involved in the reactions of the hydrazyl with these reactive phenols and one electron is involved in the reactions of the peroxy radicals. The substitution of electron‐withdrawing groups in phenol may however result in only one electron being removed in the hydrazyl reaction. Rough measures of the intensities of light absorption of the coloured products from reactions of phenols with α α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl are given since they may be some guide in the search for non‐staining antioxidants.
Reactions between solids. V. Uncatalysed, catalysed and inhibited reaction of potassium chlorate with polydivinylbenzene
Authors: Patai S. , Albeck M. , Cross H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of the solid–solid reaction between potassium chlorate and a cross‐linked divinyl‐benzene/p‐ethylstyrene copolymer (pDVB) was studied, both in the absence and in the presence of various additives, some of which catalysed the reaction and others inhibited it. The reaction was found to follow zero‐order kinetics. The effects of various catalysts are discussed and the reaction of potassium chlorate is compared with that of other oxidants studied previously.
Effects of sonic vibrations on the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide in gas bubble‐beds
Authors: Harbaum K. L. , Houghton G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of sonic vibrations of frequencies 20–2000 c/s on the rate of absorption in water of carbon dioxide by a countercurrent bubble‐type absorber has been measured in terms of KLa. Increases in KLa of up to 70% have been observed for the expenditure of relatively small amounts of sonic power. By determining the bed density and the average bubble diameter in the bed as a function of frequency, it has been possible to show that the effect of sound is primarily to increase the number of bubbles present without affecting their diameter appreciably. The effects of temperature and bed height on the performance at various frequencies are also evaluated.
Effect of temperature on the inhibited and accelerated hydration of calcined gypsum
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Boell G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the effect of initial temperature on the kinetics of the inhibited and accelerated hydration of some samples of calcined gypsum. The inhibitors used were borax, calcium acetate, egg albumin and a commercial organic retarder; the accelerators were sodium sulphate, sodium chloride and precipitated gypsum.Acceleration by salts decreased the induction period by the same amount over the range examined, whereas acceleration by precipitated gypsum decreased the induction period more markedly as the temperature increased. Inhibition by calcium acetate, egg albumin and the commercial organic retarder did not greatly increase the dependence of the induction period on initial temperature. Inhibition by borax rendered the induction period strongly dependent upon initial temperature.The results are discussed in terms of theories already advanced to explain the rate of hydration.