bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Our favourite science’: Lord Bute and James Parkinson searching for a Theory of the Earth
Authors: Lewis Cherry L. E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

John Stuart, the third earl of Bute and the British Prime Minister from 1762 to 1763, and the apothecary surgeon James Parkinson both amassed large and important geological collections; both believed in the biblical Deluge; both admired the work of Jean André de Luc; and both were fascinated by the study of geology. Each sought a theory that would explain the geological phenomena they observed but which also allowed them to maintain their religious integrity. They were men of their time, struggling to come to terms with a new science that challenged their strongly held religious beliefs. Bute's
Observations on the Natural History of the Earth
, never published, provides us with a snapshot of his thinking about prevailing theories of the Earth. He dismissed all except those that fitted the geological facts as understood at the time, but was nevertheless unable to progress from a rigid belief in the biblical Flood having been a miracle. Parkinson's
Organic Remains of a Former World
reveals a man fully conversant with contemporary geological ideas being propounded elsewhere in Europe. Also highly religious, Parkinson oscillated between his deeply held beliefs and the contradictory evidence provided by the fossils he held in his hand.
Jean-André de Luc (1727–1817): an atheist's comparative view of the historiography
Authors: Oldroyd David R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The paper considers issues arising when historians of different theological persuasions write about geologists whose religious principles influenced their geological work. For illustrative purposes, three accounts of the work of Jean-André de Luc are discussed, written by a freethinker (Charles Gillispie); an Anglican (Martin Rudwick); and two co-authors, one a Calvinist (François Ellenberger) and the other an atheist (Gabriel Gohau). The issue of understanding or empathizing (or otherwise) with one's subject in writing the history of geology is raised. It is suggested that the accounts of de Luc discussed here show the marks of the religious views of the different historians. In discussing this suggestion, the concepts of ‘emic’ and ‘etic’ from cultural anthropology are deployed. (These terms indicate, respectively, an ‘insider's’ or an ‘outsider's’ approach to a subject.) Older geological writings commonly reflected their authors' religious perspectives; but this is much less common in modern work. Therefore the science–religion issue will become of less importance for historians writing about the history of geology for the twentieth century onwards.
Religious convictions as support in dangerous expeditions: Hermann Abich (1806–1886) and Heinrich Barth (1821–1865)
Authors: Seibold Eugen , Seibold Ilse 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Abich and Barth came from a North German bourgeois background and received a strict religious education. Later, when studying at the University of Berlin, both came under the strong influence of the geographer Carl Ritter and of his Pietist family. Abich became the doyen of Caucasus geology, and engaged in intensive and often perilous fieldwork in the region between 1842 and 1876. The help he received during his first two years in the field convinced him that it was God's will for him to bring this work to completion. His trust in the Bible was so firm that, after setting foot on the summit of Mount Ararat, he asked himself where exactly Noah's ark might have landed. Barth's most outstanding achievement was the exploration of the central Sahara and southern Sudan between 1849 and 1855. Here he worked mostly alone. In relationship to Muslims, he demonstrated an uncompromising and therefore convincing Christian faith. He survived the dangers of the desert and various illnesses with resilience, which he attributed to his unshakable faith.
Franz Unger and Sebastian Brunner on evolution and the visualization of Earth history; a debate between liberal and conservative Catholics
Authors: Klemun Marianne 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The point of departure for this study of the debate on links between sciences and religion is a church newspaper that appeared in Vienna after the revolution of 1848. In it we find the arguments of a particularly conservative journalist and priest (Brunner) who attacked scientific topics, such as evolution and the position of Franz Unger (1800–1871), who was a professor at the University of Vienna and who is a well-known figure in the history of science, because of his numerous contributions to cellular biology, plant physiology, biogeography and palaeobotany, and most of all because of his surveys of pre-Darwinian evolution theory. He was one of the first scientists who tried, in 1852, to suggest the temporal development of the natural world in a visual form. I propose here that the controversy between conservative clergy and liberal academics was invigorated not least because Unger was capable of using Catholic culture to communicate his concepts and representations of evolution and the Earth's development and to make them understandable. In return, Brunner understood how to exploit Unger's work and use Mosaic geology as a counterpoint for his strengthening of Catholic orthodoxy. This debate proves not to be a permanent conflict between religion and science, but to lie within the Viennese Catholic culture within which the protagonists took their stance.
From the beginning: faith and geology at evangelical Wheaton College
Authors: Moshier S. O. , Maas D. E. , Greenberg J. K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Geology has been part of the curriculum at Wheaton College, Illinois, since it was established in 1860 as a non-denominational, Christian liberal arts college. The school continues to maintain a strong identity with evangelical Christian theology and subculture. The first president Jonathan Blanchard recruited George Frederick Barker to teach geology and natural history on the personal recommendations of the renowned geologists Agassiz, Silliman and Hitchcock. Barker taught at Wheaton for only one year, and was followed by a succession of other young scientists who kept geology in the curriculum to the end of the nineteenth century. These teachers respected the geological evidence for an ancient Earth and interpreted the creation days in Genesis 1 as representing extended epochs of God's creative activity. In the early twentieth century, Professors James Bole and L. Allen Higley harmonized mainstream geological history and the Bible through the gap or ruin–restoration interpretation, wherein eons of geological time preceded six days of Edenic re-creation only thousands of years ago. Higley's background in geology, his role in recruiting additional science faculty staff, and his influence among fundamentalists set the stage for the acceptance by subsequent Wheaton geologists of mainstream geology and their rejection of emerging popular fundamentalist ideas about a six day creation and Flood geology. Geology was established as a major subject in 1935 and an independent Geology Department was established in 1958. Geology education at Wheaton College was profoundly influenced by the tension over creation issues in the evangelical subculture, and different models for understanding the relationship between science and Christian theology have been employed by teachers and students.
The history of the doctrine of creation; a Catholic perspective
Authors: Ostermann Martin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe history of the emancipation of modern science can be traced in the history of the relationship between creation and evolution, but this is also an example of the growing importance of scholarly–theoretical issues within theology, especially in relation to the interpretation of the Bible. Three phases can be distinguished: (1) the time when teachings about creation were the dominant model; (2) the time when the scientific model of evolution clashed with the theological doctrine of creation; (3) a phase of open dialogue. The third phase began with the recognition of the scientific method by the encyclicals ofPope Pius XII in 1943and1950. However, only in the recent past, initiated by the second Vatican Council, was room made for a fruitful collaboration and the instigation of complementary scientific–theological models. The basic openness to dialogue and the recognition of the working methods of theology and science highlight extreme positions that, from their method of argumentation, must be called fundamentalist. ‘Creationism’ insists upon a literal–naive understanding of the Bible, which cannot be supported by scholarly–theological means, whereas the ‘intelligent design movement’, under the guise of empirical science, tries to present religiously motivated statements as empirical facts. Both groups are characterized by a closed world view and the use of arguments that do not follow from their premises. The present attempts at a scientific–theological synthesis are diverse and show that creation and evolution can be thought of together without inconsistency. For this dialogue to be successful, the open demonstration of one's own methods and the recognition of the theoretically accounted for methods of the dialogue partner are essential. This paper endeavours to demonstrate some of the theological methods relevant to the question of creation and evolution.
Explanations of the Earth's features and origin in pre-Meiji Japan
Authors: Barbaro P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Pre-Meiji Japan was a religiously rich and intellectually varied country, where a large number of theories and beliefs about the origin of the Earth and its features coexisted. The history of science, and the history of geology in particular, lacks an account of this fertile and stimulating socio-cultural system and intellectual environment. The present paper aims to contribute to its understanding, by providing an overview of the most influential religious and scholarly approaches to geological topics in Japan from the eighth century to 1868. The comparison of explanations and beliefs on subjects such as fossils, volcanic eruptions, mountains and the origin of the Earth, and the analysis of geological expertise confirm the heterodox and holistic tendency of the Japanese intellectual and religious environment, which has had positive and negative outcomes for scientific thinking. It also reveals the importance of power structures, and of the social division of labour and knowledge, in the shaping of the Japanese intellectual and religious history.
Extreme Makeover: Transformation of the Veterans Health Care System
Authors: Kizer Kenneth W. , Dudley R. Adams 
Published: March 2009

The veterans health care system administered by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) was established after World War I to provide health care for veterans who suffered from conditions related to their military service. It has grown to be the nation's largest integrated health care system.As the system grew, a number of factors contributed to its becoming increasingly dysfunctional. By the mid-1990s, VA health care was widely criticized for providing fragmented and disjointed care of unpredictable and irregular quality, which was expensive, difficult to access, and insensitive to individual needs.Between 1995 and 1999, the VA health care system was reengineered, focusing especially on management accountability, care coordination, quality improvement, resource allocation, and information management. Numerous systemic changes were implemented, producing dramatically improved quality, service, and operational efficiency. VA health care is now considered among the best in America, and the VA transformation is viewed as a model for health care reform.
Cathepsin G Recruits Osteoclast Precursors via Proteolytic Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor-1
Authors: Wilson Thomas J. , Nannuru Kalyan C. , Singh Rakesh K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMetastatic breast cancer shows extreme tropism for the bone microenvironment, leading to the establishment of osteolytic metastases. Perpetuation of tumor-induced osteolysis requires a continuous supply of osteoclast precursors migrating into the bone microenvironment that can subsequently differentiate into mature osteoclasts and resorb bone. Thus, identification and subsequent targeting of chemoattractants of osteoclast precursors that are up-regulated at the tumor-bone interface represents a potential avenue to interrupt osteolysis. We report that cathepsin G, a serine protease, plays a vital role in the bone microenvironment by modulating tumor-stromal interaction in a manner that favors tumor establishment and regulates chemotaxis of monocytes, a subset of which has the potential to differentiate into osteoclasts. Our data show that cathepsin G–induced chemotaxis of monocytes is mediated by proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Attenuation of PAR-1 activation abrogates cathepsin G–mediated induction of monocyte chemotaxis. We also show that in vivo inhibition of cathepsin G reduces the number of CD11b+ osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts at the tumor-bone interface. Together, these data suggest that therapeutic targeting of both PAR-1 signaling in osteoclast precursors as well as cathepsin G at the tumor-bone interface has the potential to reduce osteolysis by inhibiting the recruitment, differentiation, and activation of osteoclast precursors. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):3188–95]
Inhibition of the Sodium Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase Pump Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Anoikis and Prevents Distant Tumor Formation
Authors: Simpson Craig D. , Mawji Imtiaz A. , Anyiwe Kika , Williams Moyo A. , Wang Xiaoming , Venugopal Amudha L. , Gronda Marcela , Hurren Rose , Cheng Sonia , Serra Stefano , Zavareh Reza Beheshti , Datti Alessandro , Wrana Jeffrey L. , Ezzat Shereen , Schimmer Aaron D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Normal epithelial cells undergo apoptosis upon detachment from the extracellular matrix, a process termed “anoikis.” However, malignant epithelial cells with metastatic potential resist anoikis and can survive in an anchorage-independent fashion. Molecules that sensitize resistant cells to anoikis will be useful chemical probes to understand this pathway. To identify novel anoikis sensitizers in anoikis-resistant PPC-1 prostate adenocarcinoma cells, a library of 2,000 off-patent drugs and natural products was screened for their ability to preferentially induce cell death in suspension over adherent culture conditions. This screen identified five members of the family of cardiac glycosides as anoikis sensitizers, including ouabain, peruvoside, digoxin, digitoxin, and strophanthidin. We conducted further studies with ouabain to discern the mechanism of cardiac glycoside-induced anoikis sensitization. Ouabain initiated anoikis through the mitochondrial pathway of caspase activation. In addition, ouabain sensitized cells to anoikis by inhibiting its known target, the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, and inducing hypoosmotic stress. Resistance to anoikis permits cancer cells to survive in the circulation and facilitates their metastasis to distant organs, so we tested the effects of Na+/K+ ATPase inhibition on distant tumor formation in mouse models. In these mouse models, ouabain inhibited tumor metastases but did not alter the growth of subcutaneous tumors. Thus, we have identified a novel mechanism to sensitize resistant cells to anoikis and decrease tumor metastasis. These results suggest a potential mechanism for the observed clinical reduction in metastasis and relapse in breast cancer patients who have undergone treatments with cardiac glycosides. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):2739–47]
PME-1 Protects Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway Activity from Protein Phosphatase 2A–Mediated Inactivation in Human Malignant Glioma
Authors: Puustinen Pietri , Junttila Melissa R. , Vanhatupa Sari , Sablina Anna A. , Hector Melissa E. , Teittinen Kaisa , Raheem Olayinka , Ketola Kirsi , Lin Shujun , Kast Juergen , Haapasalo Hannu , Hahn William C. , Westermarck Jukka 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activity is regulated by the antagonist function of activating kinases and inactivating protein phosphatases. Sustained ERK pathway activity is commonly observed in human malignancies; however, the mechanisms by which the pathway is protected from phosphatase-mediated inactivation in the tumor tissue remain obscure. Here, we show that methylesterase PME-1–mediated inhibition of the protein phosphatase 2A promotes basal ERK pathway activity and is required for efficient growth factor response. Mechanistically, PME-1 is shown to support ERK pathway signaling upstream of Raf, but downstream of growth factor receptors and protein kinase C. In malignant gliomas, PME-1 expression levels correlate with both ERK activity and cell proliferation in vivo. Moreover, PME-1 expression significantly correlates with disease progression in human astrocytic gliomas (n = 222). Together, these observations identify PME-1 expression as one mechanism by which ERK pathway activity is maintained in cancer cells and suggest an important functional role for PME-1 in the disease progression of human astrocytic gliomas. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):2870–7]
Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory Dendritic Cells Inhibit CD8+ T Cell Function via l-Arginine Metabolism
Authors: Norian Lyse A. , Rodriguez Paulo C. , O'Mara Leigh A. , Zabaleta Jovanny , Ochoa Augusto C. , Cella Marina , Allen Paul M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have a critical effect on the outcome of adaptive immune responses against growing tumors. Whereas it is generally assumed that the presence of phenotypically mature DCs should promote protective antitumor immunity, evidence to the contrary does exist. We describe here a novel mechanism by which tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (TIDC) actively contribute to the suppression of protective CD8+ T-cell–based antitumor immunity. Using the BALB/NeuT model of spontaneously arising mammary carcinoma, we found that canonical MHC II+/CD11b+/CD11chigh TIDCs act as regulatory DCs to suppress CD8+ T-cell function, resulting in diminished T-cell–based antitumor immunity in vivo. Stimulation of naive T cells with regulatory TIDCs resulted in an altered cell fate program characterized by minimal T-cell expansion, impaired IFNγ production, and anergy. Suppression by regulatory TIDCs overcame stimulatory signals provided by standard DCs, occurred in the absence of cognate interactions with T cells, and was mediated primarily by arginase metabolism of l-arginine. Immunosuppressive TIDCs were found in every murine tumor type examined and were phenotypically distinct from tumor-infiltrating CD11cint-low/CD11b+/Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Thus, within the tumor microenvironment, MHC II+ TIDCs can function as potent suppressors of CD8+ T-cell immunity. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):3086–94]
A Novel Human AlkB Homologue, ALKBH8, Contributes to Human Bladder Cancer Progression
Authors: Shimada Keiji , Nakamura Mitsutoshi , Anai Satoshi , De Velasco Marco , Tanaka Motoyoshi , Tsujikawa Kazutake , Ouji Yukiteru , Konishi Noboru 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We recently identified a novel human AlkB homologue, ALKBH8, which is expressed in various types of human cancers including human urothelial carcinomas. In examining the role and function of ALKBH8 in human bladder cancer development in vitro, we found that silencing of ALKBH8 through small interfering RNA transfection reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via down-regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase-1 (NOX-1) and induced apoptosis through subsequent activation of c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. However, we also found that JNK and p38 activation resulted in phosphorylation of H2AX (γH2AX), a variant of mammalian histone H2A, which contributes to the apoptosis induced by silencing ALKBH8 and NOX-1. Silencing of ALKBH8 significantly suppressed invasion, angiogenesis, and growth of bladder cancers in vivo as assessed both in the chorioallantoic membrane assay and in an orthotopic mouse model using green fluorescent protein–labeled KU7 human urothelial carcinoma cells. Immunohistochemical examination showed high expression of ALKBH8 and NOX-1 proteins in high-grade, superficially and deeply invasive carcinomas (pT1 and &gt;pT2) as well as in carcinoma in situ, but not in low-grade and noninvasive phenotypes (pTa). These findings indicate an essential role for ALKBH8 in urothelial carcinoma cell survival mediated by NOX-1–dependent ROS signals, further suggesting new therapeutic strategies in human bladder cancer by inducing JNK/p38/γH2AX–mediated cell death by silencing of ALKBH8. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):3157–64]
PPM1D Is a Potential Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Tan David S.P. , Lambros Maryou B.K. , Rayter Sydonia , Natrajan Rachael , Vatcheva Radost , Gao Qiong , Marchiò Caterina , Geyer Felipe C. , Savage Kay , Parry Suzanne , Fenwick Kerry , Tamber Narinder , Mackay Alan , Dexter Tim , Jameson Charles , McCluggage W. Glenn , Williams Alistair , Graham Ashley , Faratian Dana , El-Bahrawy Mona , Paige Adam J. , Gabra Hani , Gore Martin E. , Zvelebil Marketa , Lord Christopher J. , Kaye Stanley B. , Ashworth Alan , Reis-Filho Jorge S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Purpose: To identify therapeutic targets in ovarian clear cell carcinomas, a chemoresistant and aggressive type of ovarian cancer.
Experimental Design: Twelve ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell lines were subjected to tiling path microarray comparative genomic hybridization and genome-wide expression profiling analysis. Regions of high-level amplification were defined and genes whose expression levels were determined by copy number and correlated with gene amplification were identified. The effects of inhibition of PPM1D were assessed using short hairpin RNA constructs and a small-molecule inhibitor (CCT007093). The prevalence of PPM1D amplification and mRNA expression was determined using chromogenic in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR in a cohort of pure ovarian clear cell carcinomas and on an independent series of unselected epithelial ovarian cancers.
Results: Array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed regions of high-level amplification on 1q32, 1q42, 2q11, 3q24-q26, 5p15, 7p21-p22, 11q13.2-q13.4, 11q22, 17q21-q22, 17q23.2, 19q12-q13, and 20q13.2. Thirty-four genes mapping to these regions displayed expression levels that correlated with copy number gains/amplification. PPM1D had significantly higher levels of mRNA expression in ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell lines harboring gains/amplifications of 17q23.2. PPM1D inhibition revealed that PPM1D expression and phosphatase activity are selectively required for the survival of ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell lines with 17q23.2 amplification. PPM1D amplification was significantly associated with ovarian clear cell carcinoma histology (P = 0.0003) and found in 10% of primary ovarian clear cell carcinomas. PPM1D expression levels were significantly correlated with PPM1D gene amplification in primary ovarian clear cell carcinomas.
Conclusion: Our data provide strong circumstantial evidence that PPM1D is a potential therapeutic target for a subgroup of ovarian clear cell carcinomas.