bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boundary layers for parabolic perturbations of quasi‐linear hyperbolic problems
Authors: Wang Jing 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we study the asymptotic relation between the solutions to the one‐dimensional viscous conservation laws with the Dirichlet boundary condition and the associated inviscid solution. We assume that the viscosity matrix is positive definite, then we prove the existence and the stability of the weak boundary layers by discussing nonlinear well‐posedness of the inviscid flow with certain boundary conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy of newly diagnosed grade II gliomas
Authors: Khayal Inas S. , McKnight Tracy R. , McGue Colleen , Vandenberg Scott , Lamborn Kathleen R. , Chang Susan M. , Cha Soonmee , Nelson Sarah J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDistinguishing between low‐grade oligodendrogliomas (ODs) and astrocytomas (AC) is of interest for defining prognosis and stratifying patients to specific treatment regimens. The purpose of this study was to determine if the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion imaging can help to differentiate between newly diagnosed grade II OD and AC subtypes and to evaluate the ADC and FA values for the mixed population of oligoastrocytomas (OA). Fifty‐three patients with newly diagnosed grade II gliomas were studied using a 1.5T whole body scanner (23 ODs, 16 ACs, and 14 OAs). The imaging protocol included post‐gadolinium T1‐weighted images, T2‐weighted images, and either three and/or six directional diffusion imaging sequence with b = 1000 s/mm2. Diffusion‐weighted images were analyzed using in‐house software to calculate maps of ADC and for six directional acquisitions, FA. The intensity values were normalized by values from normal appearing white matter (NAWM) to generate maps of normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (nADC) and normalized fractional anisotropy (nFA). The hyperintense region in the T2 weighted image was defined as the T2All region. A Mann–Whitney rank‐sum test was performed on the 25th, median, and 75th nADC and nFA among the three subtypes. Logistic regression was performed to determine how well the nADC and nFA predict subtype. Lesions diagnosed as being OD had significantly lower nADC and significantly higher nFA, compared to AC. The nADC and nFA values individually classified the data with an accuracy of 87%. Combining the two did not enhance the classification. The patients with OA had nADC and nFA values between those of OD and AC. This suggests that ADC and FA may be helpful in directing tissue sampling to the most appropriate regions for taking biopsies in order to make a definitive diagnosis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body mass index predicts insulin resistance in survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Lowas Stefanie , Malempati Suman , Marks Daniel 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundPediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapies have been associated with many late effects, including obesity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Few data are available linking these abnormalities to specific risk factors present during ALL treatment.MethodsRetrospective cohort study with prospective follow‐up. Subjects had been diagnosed with ALL at ages 1–18 years and had been off chemotherapy for >9 months. Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) was performed and these results compared to demographic, treatment, and anthropomorphic data from medical records.ResultsTwenty‐seven subjects (11 female) were evaluated. Mean (±SD) diagnosis age 5.7 ± 3.5 years, mean study age 11.3 ± 3.7 years, mean time off therapy 2.8 ± 1.5 years. Six subjects had transient hyperglycemia during ALL treatment. At study time, one subject had prediabetes; eight (29.6%) had insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was not predicted by glucose levels during treatment, cumulative steroid or asparaginase dose, or type of steroid received. Body mass index (BMI) for age correlated significantly with several measures of insulin resistance, including fasting insulin, HOMA index, Matsuda index and insulin AUC (P = 0.001–0.009). Waist/hip ratio and BMI at ALL diagnosis also correlated with insulin resistance, but these factors' effects could not be separated from BMI at study time.ConclusionsVariations in ALL therapy and presence of transient hyperglycemia do not appear to increase risk of glucose intolerance or insulin resistance in the first few years after completion of therapy. Elevated BMI strongly predicted insulin resistance in this study, as it does in the general population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:58–63. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical aspects of fertility preservation in female patients
Authors: Rodriguez‐Macias Wallberg Kenny A. , Keros Victoria , Hovatta Outi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThere are several methods of fertility preservation available for female patients facing infertility following gonadotoxic treatment of cancer or systemic disease. Embryos, oocytes or ovarian tissue can be cryopreserved and stored until the time when the patient is cured of her main disease and is expecting parenthood. The individual's choice depends on the nature and stage of the main disease, expected treatment, their condition, and age and existence of the partner. It is important to inform all such women about the options, and together with them, choose the most appropriate ones. It is often possible to save ovarian tissue even though the first chemotherapy courses have been undergone, but many more follicles can be stored before cancer treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:254–260. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validity of the Bracken School Readiness Assessment for predicting first grade readiness
Authors: Panter Janet E. , Bracken Bruce A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Bracken School Readiness Assessment (BSRA) was administered to all kindergarten students enrolled in two rural elementary schools in the fall of 2004. Eight months later, the reading portion of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests, 6th Edition (MRT‐6) was administered. Teachers were asked to indicate whether they had concerns about each student's readiness for first grade and whether students had been retained or referred for other assessment(s) or services. The BSRA was found to be a good predictor of children's readiness ratings, as well as their retention or referral for services. It also predicted performance on the MRT‐6. This study partially validated the use of the BSRA as a screening measure to predict kindergarten performance and kindergarten teachers' ratings of first grade readiness. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface structural characterization of highly porous activated carbon prepared from corn grain
Authors: Balathanigaimani M. S. , Shim Wang‐Geun , Kim Chan , Lee Jae‐Wook , Moon Hee 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA novel corn grain precursor was used for the preparation of activated carbon by chemical activation. The detailed investigation of the porosity development in the prepared activated carbon was done by altering the various activation conditions such as the activation temperature, activation time and ratio between the powdered form of carbonized corn grain char and KOH. The surface characteristics including the surface roughness of all the activated carbon samples were evaluated from the analysis of nitrogen (N2) adsorption isotherm data. At the maximum of 2978 m2/g, a super surface area having the corn grain‐based activated carbon (CG‐AC) was synthesized by using the following conditions: 1/4 ratio of powdered form of carbonized corn grain char/KOH; 800 °C; and 4 h. The possibility of preparing highly porous activated carbons with controlled porosity by varying different activation conditions was found from the pore size distribution results. In particular, the domination of the ratio between the powdered form of carbonized corn grain char and KOH on the porosity development was high compared to the activation temperature and activation time. In addition, the surface roughness calculated from the surface fractal dimension indicates the decrease of surface roughness with increasing activation conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress and dietary quality in black adolescents in a metropolitan area
Authors: Austin Anthony W. , Smith Albert F. , Patterson Stephen M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAdolescents from families with low socio‐economic status (SES) experience more stress and have poorer diets than adolescents from families with high SES. This study investigated whether change in dietary quality among urban, black adolescents related to changes in the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Daily Hassles Microsystem Scale (DHMS) while controlling for household income. At two times 1 month apart, 25 adolescents completed a modified Adolescent Food Habits Checklist (AFHC), the PSS and the DHMS. Change scores from time 1 to time 2 for each measure were computed. AFHC change and PSS change had a significant, negative correlation (r = −0.458, p < 0.05), even when controlling for income (r = −0.585, p < 0.05). For girls, AFHC change and PSS change had a significant, negative correlation (r = −0.599, p < 0.05), even when controlling for income (r = −0.697, p < 0.05). No significant correlation was observed for boys (r = 0.003, p = 0.993), and when controlling for income (r = −0.346, p = 0.448). The correlation between AFHC change and DHMS change was not significant. Black adolescent girls, but not boys, tended to make more unhealthy dietary choices when under increased stress. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eating out of home in Belgium: current situation and policy implications
Authors: Vandevijvere Stefanie , Lachat Carl , Kolsteren Patrick , Van Oyen Herman 
Published: April 2009

The aim of the study was to characterise substantial out-of-home (SOH) eaters, describe the nutritional quality of their diet, compare SOH eaters and non-SOH eaters for a set of nutritional indicators and evaluate the quality of meals consumed at home and at different places outside the home. Information on food intake was collected with two 24 h recalls. Habitual food intake was estimated by the Nusser method. Non-dietary variables were obtained using a face-to-face questionnaire. SOH eaters were defined as individuals who consume at least 25 % of their daily energy out of home. A representative sample (n 3245) of the Belgian population aged 15 years and older was randomly selected from the National Register using a multi-stage stratified procedure. Of the Belgian population, 35·2 % were defined as SOH eaters. Energy intake, energy density of the total diet and daily consumption of most food groups, except for fruits and vegetables, were substantially higher among SOH eaters compared with non-SOH eaters. Out-of-home eating was more common among men than women and decreased with increasing age. There were considerable differences in portion sizes, consumption frequency of different foods and diversity of meals according to different places of consumption. Out-of-home eating is a significant nutritional issue in Belgium and is associated with a more adverse dietary profile. Out-of-home eating, places of consumption, and specific population groups, eating substantially out of home, should consequently be taken into account when designing and evaluating nutrition policies.
Most rapid cognitive decline in APOE ε4 negative Alzheimer's disease with early onset
Authors: van der Vlies A. E. , Koedam E. L. G. E. , Pijnenburg Y. A. L. , Twisk J. W. R. , Scheltens P. , van der Flier W. M. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundWe aimed to compare the rate of cognitive decline in patients with early and late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to investigate the potentially modifying influence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype.MethodWe included 99 patients with early onset AD (age ⩽65 years) and 192 patients with late onset AD (age >65 years) who had at least two scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (range 2–14) obtained at least 1 year apart. Linear mixed models were performed to investigate the rate of cognitive decline dependent on age at onset (AAO) and APOE genotype.ResultsThe mean (s.d.) age for patients with early onset AD was 57.7 (4.5) years, and 74.5 (5.1) years for patients with late onset AD. AAO was not associated with baseline MMSE [β (s.e.)=0.8 (0.5), p=0.14]. However, patients with early onset showed a faster decline on the MMSE [β (s.e.)=2.4 (0.1) points/year] than those with late onset [β (s.e.)=1.7 (0.1) points/year, p=0.00]. After stratification according to APOE genotype, APOE ε4 non-carriers with early onset showed faster cognitive decline than non-carriers with late onset [2.4 (0.3) v. 1.3 (0.3) points/year, p=0.01]. In APOE ε4 carriers, no difference in rate of cognitive decline was found between patients with early and late onset [β (s.e.)=0.2 (0.2), p=0.47].ConclusionPatients with early onset AD show more rapid cognitive decline than patients with late onset, suggesting that early onset AD follows a more aggressive course. Furthermore, this effect seems to be most prominent in patients with early onset who do not carry the genetic APOE ε4 risk factor for AD.
Age transitions in the course of bipolar I disorder
Authors: Coryell W. , Fiedorowicz J. , Solomon D. , Endicott J. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundThis analysis aimed to show whether symptoms of either pole change in their persistence as individuals move through two decades, whether such changes differ by age grouping, and whether age of onset plays an independent role in symptom persistence.MethodParticipants in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) who completed at least 20 years of follow-up and who met study criteria for bipolar I or schizo-affective manic disorder, before intake or during follow-up, were divided by age at intake into youngest (18–29 years, n=56), middle (30–44 years, n=68) and oldest (>44 years, n=24) groups.ResultsThe persistence of depressive symptoms increased significantly in the two younger groups. Earlier ages of onset were associated with higher depressive morbidity throughout the 20 years of follow-up but did not predict changes in symptom persistence. The proportions of weeks spent in episodes of either pole correlated across follow-up periods in all age groupings, although correlations were stronger for depressive symptoms and for shorter intervals.ConclusionsRegardless of age at onset, the passage of decades in bipolar illness seems to bring an increase in the predominance of depressive symptoms in individuals in their third, fourth and fifth decades and an earlier age of onset portends a persistently greater depressive symptom burden. The degree to which either depression or manic/hypomanic symptoms persist has significant stability over lengthy periods and seems to reflect traits that manifest early in an individual's illness.
Emotion regulation strategies and later externalizing behavior among European American and African American children
Authors: Supplee Lauren H. , Skuban Emily Moye , Shaw Daniel S. , Prout Joanna 
Published: April 2009

AbstractChildren's early emotion regulation strategies (ERS) have been related to externalizing problems; however, most studies have included predominantly European American, middle-class children. The current study explores whether ERS use may have differential outcomes as a function of the mother's ethnic culture. The study utilizes two diverse samples of low-income male toddlers to examine observed ERS during a delay of gratification task in relation to maternal and teacher reports of children's externalizing behavior 2 to 6 years later. Although the frequencies of ERS were comparable between ethnic groups in both samples, the use of physical comfort seeking and self-soothing was positively related to African American children's later externalizing behavior but negatively related to externalizing behavior for European American children in Sample 1. Data from Sample 2 appear to support this pattern for self-soothing in maternal, but not teacher, report of externalizing behavior. Within group differences by income were examined as a possible explanatory factor accounting for the ethnic differences, but it was not supported. Alternative explanations are discussed to explain the pattern of findings.
Nurse home visitation and the prevention of child maltreatment: Impact on the timing of official reports
Authors: Zielinski David S. , Eckenrode John , Olds David L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study examined the effects of the Nurse Family Partnership (NFP), a program of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses, on the timing of verified reports of child maltreatment. A sample of predominantly unmarried, low-income mothers and their first-born children were randomly assigned to receive either home visitation services by nurses beginning in pregnancy and lasting until the child was age 2, or comparison services. Previous studies have found that this program was effective in reducing the overall number of substantiated Child Protective Service reports by age 15. In the current study, survival analyses were used to assess temporal differences between nurse visited (n= 93) and comparison (n= 144) children's onset rates for maltreatment. The two groups' survival functions remained nearly identical until age 4, at which point the nurse-visited group's risk for onset began to significantly diminish. These results were more pronounced among the highest risk subgroup and among victims of neglect. The findings provide evidence that the NFP's success in reducing the number of maltreatment reports resulted in part from in its impact on the timing of the maltreatment process.
Academic achievement of homeless and highly mobile children in an urban school district: Longitudinal evidence on risk, growth, and resilience
Authors: Obradović Jelena , Long Jeffrey D. , Cutuli J. J. , Chan Chi-Keung , Hinz Elizabeth , Heistad David , Masten Ann S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLongitudinal growth trajectories of reading and math achievement were studied in four primary school grade cohorts (GCs) of a large urban district to examine academic risk and resilience in homeless and highly mobile (H/HM) students. Initial achievement was assessed when student cohorts were in the second, third, fourth, and fifth grades, and again 12 and 18 months later. Achievement trajectories of H/HM students were compared to low-income but nonmobile students and all other tested students in the district, controlling for four well-established covariates of achievement: sex, ethnicity, attendance, and English language skills. Both disadvantaged groups showed markedly lower initial achievement than their more advantaged peers, and H/HM students manifested the greatest risk, consistent with an expected risk gradient. Moreover, in some GCs, both disadvantaged groups showed slower growth than their relatively advantaged peers. Closer examination of H/HM student trajectories in relation to national test norms revealed striking variability, including cases of academic resilience as well as problems. H/HM students may represent a major component of “achievement gaps” in urban districts, but these students also constitute a heterogeneous group of children likely to have markedly diverse educational needs. Efforts to close gaps or enhance achievement in H/HM children require more differentiated knowledge of vulnerability and protective processes that may shape individual development and achievement.
Socially indiscriminate attachment behavior in the Strange Situation: Convergent and discriminant validity in relation to caregiving risk, later behavior problems, and attachment insecurity
Authors: Lyons-Ruth Karlen , Bureau Jean-François , Riley Caitlin D. , Atlas-Corbett Alisha F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSocially indiscriminate attachment behavior has been repeatedly observed among institutionally reared children. Socially indiscriminate behavior has also been associated with aggression and hyperactivity. However, available data rely heavily on caregiver report of indiscriminate behavior. In addition, few studies have been conducted with samples of home-reared infants exposed to inadequate care. The current study aimed to develop a reliable laboratory measure of socially indiscriminate forms of attachment behavior based on direct observation and to validate the measure against assessments of early care and later behavior problems among home-reared infants. Strange Situation episodes of 75 socially at-risk mother–infant dyads were coded for infant indiscriminate attachment behavior on the newly developed Rating for Infant–Stranger Engagement. After controlling for infant insecure–organized and disorganized behavior in all analyses, extent of infant–stranger engagement at 18 months was significantly related to serious caregiving risk (maltreatment or maternal psychiatric hospitalization), observed quality of disrupted maternal affective communication, and aggressive and hyperactive behavior problems at age 5. Results are discussed in relation to the convergent and discriminant validity of the new measure and to the potential utility of a standardized observational measure of indiscriminate attachment behavior. Further validation is needed in relation to caregiver report measures of indiscriminate behavior.
FREIMAN THEOREM, FOURIER TRANSFORM AND ADDITIVE STRUCTURE OF MEASURES
Authors: IOSEVICH A. , RUDNEV M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe use the Freiman theorem in arithmetic combinatorics to show that if the Fourier transform of certain measures satisfies sufficiently bad estimates, then the support of the measure possesses an additive structure. The result is then discussed in light of the Falconer distance problem.
Statistical Learning in Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Evans Julia L. , Saffran Jenny R. , Robe-Torres Kathryn 
Published: April 2009

PurposeIn this study, the authors examined (a) whether children with specific language impairment (SLI) can implicitly compute the probabilities of adjacent sound sequences, (b) if this ability is related to degree of exposure, (c) if it is domain specific or domain general and, (d) if it is related to vocabulary.MethodChildren with SLI and normal language controls (ages 6;5–14;4 [years;months]) listened to 21 min of a language in which transitional probabilities within words were higher than those between words. In a second study, children with SLI and Age–Nonverbal IQ matched controls (8;0–10;11) listened to the same language for 42 min and to a second 42 min “tone” language containing the identical statistical structure as the “speech” language.ResultsAfter 21 min, the SLI group’s performance was at chance, whereas performance for the control group was significantly greater than chance and significantly correlated with receptive and expressive vocabulary knowledge. In the 42-minute speech condition, the SLI group’s performance was significantly greater than chance and correlated with receptive vocabulary but was no different from chance in the analogous 42-minute tone condition. Performance for the control group was again significantly greater than chance in 42-minute speech and tone conditions.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that poor implicit learning may underlie aspects of the language impairments in SLI.