bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Food of Young Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)
Authors: Scott Andrew 
Published: May 2009

The investigation of the food contents in the stomachs of young fishes was included in the scheme of scientific investigations drawn up and initiated by Professor Herdman for the Lancashire Sea Fisheries Committee nearly thirty years ago. The lengthy series of Annual Reports contain here and there accounts of the observations made on the stomach contents of various Pleuronectidæ captured close inshore, and the pelagic stages of other fishes caught from time to time in the plankton tow-nets. No systematic attempt has, however, been made, in connection with the investigation of the Irish Sea, to determine the food of any particular species of fish during the early part of its life history.Other observers working in other areas, notably Dr. Marie Lebour at Plymouth, have added very much to our knowledge of the early food of young fishes. Dr. Lebour's reports, published in the Journal of the Marine Biological Association, Vols. XI and XII, deal with a very large number of larval and post-larval stages of the more important food fishes caught in the tow-nets and young fish-trawl in Plymouth Sound and beyond.The present report gives an account of the food contained in the stomachs of young plaice (Pleuronectes platessa, Linn.) from a few days after hatching to about five months old. The samples examined in April and May were taken from the spawning pond at Port Erin, Isle of Man, where they had hatched from the pelagic eggs spawned by the adult plaice early in 1921. The later stages examined during May to August represented young plaice hatched in the open sea about the same time as those in the pond, and which had made their way close inshore.
On the Young Stages ofBlennius ocellarisL.,Blennius pholisL., andBlennius gattorugineL
Authors: Ford E. 
Published: May 2009

The post-larval blennies taken off Plymouth during recent years have been assigned to three species, namely,Blennius ocellarisL.,Bl. pholisL., andBl. gattorugineL. The process of identification, however, has emphasised the need for the revision of the available descriptions and illustrations of the various stages in development, and I have, therefore, thought it desirable to report on the Plymouth forms and give drawings of them.Blennius Ocellaris (12 rays to the pectorals).Ehrenbaum (2, p. 83) has copied two figures of the young of this species which were originally produced by Holt (5, p. 45), and it is somewhat unfortunate that both need to be commented upon. The first is satisfactory as a representation of the appearance of a larva some time after hatching, but the length is wrongly given as 6.3 mm. Garstang (4, p. 74) explained that this was an error in transcription, and, after a re-examination of Holt's specimens, he found that the total length was 4.6 mm. (varying between 4.55 and 4.65). The second figure, depicting a young fish of 18 mm., which Holt tentatively assigned toBl. ocellaris, was taken exception to by Garstang and the identification questioned, and it must be admitted that it does not portray satisfactorily the characters of the species.The full account of the rearing of the young from the egg by Garstang (4) was unfortunately not illustrated; but as several of his original specimens are in the Plymouth collection, I have been able to identify quite readily the more recently captured examples and have made a series of drawings which are given below (Figs. 1 to 4).
The Preparation of Permanently Non-acid Formalin for Preserving Calcareous Specimens
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. 
Published: May 2009

Formalin, which is permanently non-acid and only slightly alkaline, close to pH9, may be prepared by the addition of borax till a good red colour is shown with phenolphthalein, or a slaty blue with thymol blue, when added to the diluted formalin.Distillation of formalin from solid magnesium carbonate gives an acid product, which is at pH4·4.Formalin neutralised with sodium hydroxide becomes acid on standing, the change being more rapid in sunlight than in the dark. A reaction of pH5·2 was reached in fifty-six days in light, the initial value being pH8·0. Commercial formalin, “ 40 per cent,” may be as acid as pH2·8.
A Contribution towards the Life History of Parorchis acanthus Nicoll, A Trematode in the Herring Gull
Authors: Lebour Marie V. , Elmhirst Richard 
Published: May 2009

Parorchis acanthus is a Trematode described by Nicoll (1907) from the bursa Fabricii and rectum of the Herring Gull, Larus argentatus; in 1906 he first described it as Zeugorchis acanthus. Originally found at St. Andrews, it is now known to be common at Millport and also occurs in gulls from the Northumberland coast, and probably is abundant elsewhere. Nicoll found it once in the Common Gull, Larus canus. In 1907 (Lebour, 1907) one of the present writers described a cercaria occurring in rediæ from Purpura lapillus. This was named Cercaria purpurœ sp. inq., and afterwards identified with young stages of Parorchis acanthus in the Herring Gull (Lebour, 1914). It was thus shown that the first host of this Trematode is Purpura lapillus and the final host the Herring Gull, but the intermediate host was unknown. Localities for the cercaria were Loch Ryan, Wigtownshire; Budle Bay, Fenham Flats and Cullercoats in Northumberland; Robin Hood's Bay in Yorkshire; and Millport. Adults occur at St. Andrews, Northumberland coast and Millport, as already stated.The Cercaria appeared to be closely related to Echinostomum cercariæ, and it was suggested (Lebour, 1914) that the intermediate host would probably be some marine bivalve, as it is often so with Echinostomum (e.g. E. secundum in Mytilus edulis and Cardium edule, E. leptosomum in Scrobicularia tenuis). This suggestion now proves to be correct, and we are able to show that the intermediate host of Parorchis acanthus is Mytilus edulis or Cardium edule.On August 13th, 1921, at the Millport Station some larval cercariæ were noticed by Elmhirst swimming in a small glass aquarium, which contained a collection of Purpura lapillus, Cardium edule and Mytilus edulis.
Note on the Occurrence of Echinus esculentus above Low-tide Mark on the Cornish Coast
Authors: Trewavas Ethelwynn 
Published: May 2009

When collecting on the shores in the Plymouth area, while a member of the Easter Class at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, in 1921, I was struck by the absence above low-water mark of Echinus esculentus, as contrasted with its abundance in this zone at Port Erin in the Isle of Man; for there, as Chadwick states, “it may be collected by hand on the beach, and on the ruined breakwater at low-water of spring tides.” There is no record of this species except below tide-marks in the “Plymouth Marine Invertebrate Fauna” list (Journ. Marine Biological Association, Vol. VII, 1904).In 1849 W. P. Cocks, in the Trans. Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society (“List of Echinodermata procured in Falmouth and Neighbourhood from 1843 to 1849”), recorded the occurrence of this species thus:—“Echinus sphœra.—Trawl refuse; common: young specimen found attached to stones, low-water mark.”Later (1887–8), in the same journal, G. F. Tregelles, in a paper on “Echinodermata of Mount's Bay,” makes the following statement of the species of the genus Echinus: “The commonest and largest is E. esculentus (Pennant) [E. sphœra Forbes], which literally swarms off this coast at all depths. It is brought in by trawlers; it is found in crab-pots, into which it climbs laboriously after bait; the seaweed gatherers obtain them in from one to two fathoms of water. The Mouse-hole fishermen call them ‘zarts,’ doubtless an old Cornish word.”
Observations on Patella Vulgata. Part I. Sex-Phenomena, Breeding and Shell-Growth
Authors: Orton J. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe small individuals were examined before the height of the breeding season, and there is a probability that many or most of the indeterminate individuals would become male. Hermaphrodite individuals have been observed previously, and in certain samples 10% of the males contain
doubtful young ova in the gonad. It is therefore concluded that Patella vulgata is apparently a protandric hermaphrodite, but that the evidence is not yet sufficiently good to prove protandry.It is suggested that possibly two kinds of male, which may be recognisable by chromosome constitution, may occur, one being pure male and one protandric, and also that sex-change may be controlled by as yet unknown metabolic conditions.The breeding period is discussed ; it may extend from August to March at Plymouth in different seasons, and spawning may occur within this period. A maximum of spawning appears to occur about January-February. The conditions controlling breeding and spawning in Patella are unknown, and as the course of seasonal shell-growth is unknown, although shell-growth is general at the end of the breeding season, it is suggested that research on the subjects in the future should be combined.
A Comparison of the Biology of Echinus esculentus in Different Habitats. Part II
Authors: Moore Hilary B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Echinus esculentus was studied from four localities in the Isle of Man and from one in the Clyde.2. The inshore races are thicker shelled and natter, and on all grounds the urchins become taller with increasing age.3. Size distribution measurements on the Chickens material showed a rapid growing period in the spring, followed by cessation of growth for the rest of the year. There is a correlation between amount of growth in a given year, and the sea temperature. On the Breakwater the males and females grow at slightly different times of year.4. Concentric pigmented rings are demonstrated in the test, and are shown to be annual. They are used for estimating the growth rates on the different grounds, which are compared.5. The duration of life is four to eight years, and perhaps more in the very large southern urchins.
Observations on the shoaling behaviour of cod (Gadus callarias) in deep water relative to daylight
Authors: Ellis G. H. 
Published: May 2009

It is well known that vision is the main physical factor governing the formation and maintenance offish shoals, and that, in general, shoals break up when the light intensity falls below a certain level. Breder (1929, 1942), Newman (1876), Parr (1927, 1931), and others, have shown this by laboratory experiment.During a commercial fishing voyage to the Barents Sea it became possible, by means of a recording echo-sounder, to study the shoaling behaviour of cod in deep water relative to light intensity. The observations were made aboard the Hull trawlerLancellawhilst fishing in a depth of 110 fathoms at Skolpen Bank in September 1955. For this a Kelvin and Hughes recording echosounder type MS. 24J was used, the depth range across the chart being 55 fathoms. The scale was phased so that the region between 80 and 135 fathoms deep was displayed.
On Tubularia crocea in Plymouth Sound
Authors: Browne Edward T. 
Published: May 2009

During my visit to the Plymouth Laboratory in September, 1895, Mr. Roach brought in, on the 28th, some fine colonies of Tubularia which he had found attached to the stern of a large three-masted sailing ship, the Ballachulish, of Ardrossan. This ship had come direct from Iquique, Peru, and after staying a few days in the Sound left for London. The Tubularia was kindly given to me for identification by Mr. E. J. Allen. After making drawings and noting the variation of the different organs, I came finally to the conclusion that as it agreed so closely with Parypha crocea, Agassiz, from Boston Harbour, there was no need to add another species to the genus. I was fortunate to meet with colonies of both sexes, and to find the ova in various stages of development. I believe enough material has been preserved to trace the development of the ovum, which shows a remarkable similarity to the development of the ova from the medusa of Hybocodon prolifer.Actinulæ were being liberated in large quantities when the colonies were taken from the ship, so it is possible that this hydroid may become an interesting addition to the fauna of Plymouth Sound.To distinguish this species it is necessary to examine the female gonophores, and count the number of apical ridges. Agassiz states that the number varies between six and ten, but only eight were present in my specimens. The male gonophore is destitute of ridges, and usually terminates in a blunt apex.
Gadus Esmarkii, Nilsson, the Norway Pout, an addition to the Fish Fauna of the English South-Western District.
Authors: Dunn Matthias , Holt Ernest W. L. 
Published: May 2009

In the summer months, for some years prior to 1887, very large quantities ofHake (Merluccius vulgaris) had been caught by trawlers beyond the entrance of the Bristol Channel, and landed at Plymouth. Knowing that such masses of hungry creatures would not be found continuously in any given locality without a heavy balance of smaller fish being in their neighbourhood as food for these hakes, I became anxious to know what these smaller fish were, and throughout the summer of 1888 I tried more than once to get at them through our fishermen, but failed.In July, 1889, I desired my son Howard to visit the Plymouth Barbican, and notice the gutting of the hakes there and tell me the result. His report was that they had been feeding on small whiting (Gadus merlangus), and that single hakes had as many as ten whiting in their stomachs. I told him that I doubted if these small fish were whiting, and asked him to send the specimens at once, as I expected them to be the poutasson(Gadus poutassou) of Couch. I had recently had specimens of this fish brought me from thirty miles west of the Scilly Isles.About a week afterwards my son sent me.seven of these little ones taken from the stomach of a pollack(Gadus pollachius) which had been caught in a trawl forty miles north-west of St. Ives. On giving them my attention, I was surprised to find they were not the poutassou nor any other Gadus I was acquainted with.
Notes on the Reproduction of Teleostean Fishes in the South-Western District
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L. 
Published: May 2009

These notes are intended to be explanatory of the record of tow-net stages of Teleosteans kept by Mr. S. D. Scott and myself. Although my own name appears alone under the title, it must be understood that the observations were in the sole charge of Mr. Scott until the beginning of March. The record of the 5th April is also Mr. Scott's. The rest were kept by myself. The credit of any scientific result that may accrue from the observations previous to the 30th March belongs therefore solely to Mr. Scott, since his notes and figures are so complete as to render my own share of this part of the work a very simple one.This journal is not designed for the publication of such profusely illustrated papers as are best suited for the explanation of the earliest stages of Teleosteans. It so happens that in the present instance I am able in most cases to refer either to figures already published, or to others now in the press. A series of notes made at Professor Marion's laboratory at Endoûme, Marseilles, was prepared for the press during 1897. Observations made at Plymouth during the same period were found to have an obvious bearing on the subject-matter of my researches at Marseilles, and by the generous permission of Professor Marion I have been allowed to include in a paper shortly to be published in the Annales du Musée de Marseille a number of drawings made from Playmouth specimens. I am therefore able in many instances to eke out somewhat inadequate descriptions by references to figures in the Annales.
On the Occurrence of large Numbers of Larval Herring at the Surface
Authors: Dunn Matthias 
Published: May 2009

“It may interest you to know that on Friday, 14th January, the weather being very fine, and the wind from the S.E., as the fishing-boat Sea Belle (Mr. Blamey, master), was proceeding to the pilchard ground some four or five miles south of the Deadman headland, when about two miles from land they fell in with masses of muddy brown matter in strings, some of which were three or four hundred yards long and form two to seven feet wide, floating quite on the surface. They had not proceeded far along these lanes or path-like forms on the sea before they observed that pilchards were feeding on them ravenously; so they tacked their boat among them for a mile or more, and the further they went the more abundant were the pilchards. About four miles from land and in thirty fathoms of water the anxious gulls indicated the outmost limit of these strangely coloured bands, and here the pilchards were the most plentiful, almost rabid in their mad rush on the lessening streaks, causing the water to boil and whirl violently. Certainly some of the shoals of pilchards could not have had less than thirty to sixty thousand fish in them, for they coloured the water a dark red when concentrated on the brown matter.“Of course our fisherman expected a more than ordinary catch of pilchards when setting their nets; but, strange to tell, with the decline of the light, having fed to repletion, they sank down below the nets, and the catch was a small one, amounting to some two or three thousand fish.
Notes on Pontobdella Muricata
Authors: Gibbs Henry 
Published: May 2009

A Pontobdella lived in my tanks for about six months of the present year. I first placed it in a wide shallow tank with a variety of Actiniæ and a few Hermit Crabs, but no fish of any sort. When first introduced the leech was very restless, and wandered all over the tank. After a day or so, however, he took up his abode on the glass, close to the surface. He remained in this spot about three months, and if disturbed would always go back to it. He never noticed any of the other animals, and did not appear in the least sensitive to the stinging power of the tentacles of the Actiniæ. I have frequently seen him plunge his head and neck in amongst the tentacles of a large Anthea cereus who lived near him, and he treated T. crassicornis with a like disrespect.So soon as the weather grew warm, the leech displayed signs of uneasiness, and finally left his place on the glass, and retired to a cool corner formed by the slate back and side of the tank, close to the syphons of the aerating apparatus, where he remained two months and a half.He never appeared to notice sticks or nets moving near him in the water, but would remain in his usual position, viz., the base fixed to the wall of the tank, the body sticking out horizontally for about half its length, and the fore part doubled under, so that the mouth was pressed against the under side.
Animal Communities of the Level Sea-bottom in the Waters adjacent to Plymouth
Authors: Ford E. 
Published: May 2009

From May, 1922, onwards the sq. metre bottom-sampler has been used to collect samples of the bottom-deposits with their animals, in the waters off Plymouth. The animals have been removed as soon as possible after capture by passing the samples through a series of sieves, and have been preserved in alcohol, to be identified and counted ashore. The present report deals with the distribution of the species represented, in the light of Petersen's Community investigations in Danish waters.I express my thanks to Dr. Allen, Dr. Orton, Mr. Hunt, and Mr. Smith, of the Plymouth Laboratory, for their kind help in the identification of the material. I am particularly indebted to my friend, Mr. R. Winckworth, a late member of the staff, who has not only gone over with me the bulk of my collection of lamellibranchs, but has provided me with an excellent type series as complete as the material would allow.The extensive use of his bottom-sampler in Danish waters and elsewhere has enabled Dr. C. G. Joh. Petersen to advance an opinion that “as a rule it is best to regard the animals living on the sea-bottom as communities, just as botanists group together the vegetation of the land into plant communities, even though in the present state of our knowledge it is impossible to show how intimate the mutual relations are between the animals of the sea in the single cases.”It will probably assist the reader if I commence with a short summary recalling the more important points, concerning the recognition of communities, which have been advanced by Peterson, and in doing so I shall adhere closely to his own words.
The Larval Stages of processa canaliculata Leach
Authors: Gurney Robert 
Published: May 2009

The material upon which the following account of the development of P.canaliculata is based was mainly obtained in 1902 when working in the Laboratory at Plymouth. The larvæ were first noticed, and their identity suspected, in April of that year, and identification was made certain by keeping the larvæ in the “mysis” stage until they moulted into the post-larval form, some individuals being kept also through several subsequent moults. The intermediate stages were all taken from the plankton, since I was unable to hatch the larvæ from the egg. The only egg-bearing female seen at that time was taken on the Eddystone Ground on April 29, and her eggs were so far advanced that, although she was unfortunately killed, a few larvæ escaped from the eggs and made it possible to obtain some idea of the structure of the first zoæa.During a short stay in Plymouth during April, 1922,1 was able not only to pick out a few more specimens from the plankton then brought in, but also, by working through a large number of preserved plankton samples, to obtain a considerable amount of additional material, mainly of later stages. A few specimens have also been found in samples of plankton from the North Sea preserved at the Fisheries Laboratory at Lowestoft, for the loan of which I am indebted to Mr. A. C. Hardy. But the larvæ of this species are much rarer in the North Sea than in the neighbourhood of Plymouth, where they are quite common.
Coccolithophora pelagica (Wallich) from the Channel
Authors: Lebour Marie V. 
Published: May 2009

A small coccosphere occurs abundantly in centrifuged water samples from the Plymouth district, the western part of the Channel, and outwards towards the Irish Sea and the French coast. This agrees with the species described by Ostenfeld (1899) as Coccosphœra atlantica, from the North Atlantic, which Lohmann (1902) considers identical with Wallich's Coccosphœra pelagica (1877). Lohmann, therefore, unites the two species as Coccolithophora pelagica, and in this he is followed by Ostenfeld (1908), the generic name of Coccosphœra being preoccupied by Perty (1852) for a small green flagellate.The chief difference between C. pelagica and C. atlantica is in the number of coccoliths (16 to 36 in the former, 10 to 17 in the latter). The overlapping of the margins of the Coccoliths in C. atlantica is another difference, but it appears likely from Wallich's drawings that he had only taken the inner margins into consideration, and, therefore, regarded the coccoliths of C. pelagica as not overlapping. His measurements, which cover an extensive range, embrace those of C. atlantica. It seems, therefore, that C. atlantica is to be regarded as the same species as C. pelagica, the coccoliths having a similar form, and that Lohmann and Ostenfeld are justified in bringing them together.Coccolithophora pelagica thus includes Murray and Blackman's C. pelagica (1898), Huxley's “Coccospheres” (1868, Plate 4, Figs. 6, c, d, e, and 7, b and c), and Ostenfeld's C. atlantica (1899, 1900). The coccoliths described by Joly and Dixon (1897) and the coccospheres by Dixon (1900) from the Irish Sea also belong to this species.