bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport-related walking and pedestrian injuries among adults in urban India: association with socioeconomic indicators
Authors: Dandona R , Kumar G A , Dandona L 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveThe association of individual- and cluster-level socio-economic status indicators for transport-related walking (TRW) and pedestrian injuries is reported from an urban population in India.MethodsA three-stage systematic cluster design was used to recruit 7650 people aged 15–49 years (92.8% participation) representative of Hyderabad city population. Participants responded to questions on TRW and pedestrian injuries. Logistic regression was used to assess association for having >2 TRW trips per day and non-fatal pedestrian injury incidence in the last 12 months with individual-level (caste, education, per capita monthly income (PCMI), household ownership of vehicle) and cluster-level (cluster median income, CMI) socio-economic indicators.ResultsThe overall mean number of TRW trips per day was 6.25 with five times higher trips in the households that owned only a cycle as compared with those which owned a car (p<0.001). Those with no education had the highest odds of reporting >2 TRW trips per day (8.30; 95% CI 6.79 to 10.13), and these trips decreased with increasing PCMI and CMI quartiles. Annual age-sex-adjusted rate for non-fatal pedestrian injuries was 7.4% (95% CI 6.7 to 8.0) and the highest rate was reported for those with >10 TRW trips per day (15.1%, 95% CI 12.4 to 17.8). The odds of reporting non-fatal pedestrian injury in the last 12 months increased with increasing number of TRW trips.ConclusionsThese data can contribute to understanding the differences in walking patterns and pedestrian injuries across the socio-economic gradient to formulate police and interventions aimed at reducing road traffic injuries in India.
Safety excellence by design (achieving stellar performance)
Authors: Furst P G 
Published: March 2011

The ultimate goal of the safety process is to assist in creating a safe work environment for the organisations employees. In reality a limited number of safety programs/initiatives prove successful in consistently accomplishing this. Safety usually is and has been treated as a separate function from that of the rest of the organisations operations, system, processes and procedures. There are many reasons for this. Some are historical, others are operational, some relate to the basic understanding of core drivers of loss, and still other relate to the organisations values, vision and strategy.To achieve excellence in safety one must approach the issue holistically. One must start with a vision (what one is trying to accomplish), next assessing the situation (where are we), then selecting the strategies and define the process of how to achieve that goal. This may require corrective action (fixing things), or it may require change (continuous improvement), or it may require innovation (creative change). In this session we will look at how, High Performance Safety initiatives can and will improve the company's bottom line. We will look at the way safety is usually approached (prevailing wisdom), some of the impediments to achieving safety excellence (standards, procedures, behaviours, culture & leadership), and the critical steps (alignment and integration) that will help achieve safety excellence within an organisation.
Making of unintentional injury pyramid chart by age group in Japan
Authors: Uchiyama Y , Tanaka T , Ishii H , Matsuda H 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to make Japanese unintentional injury pyramid chart indicating the relation between injury death, hospitalisations and practice visits by age group for consider the feature of unintentional injury in Japan.MethodsMortality data for unintentional injuries available from Vital Statistics of Japan and the patient survey in 2008 were used.ResultsIn 2008, the mortality for unintentional injury was 13.2 per 100 000 populations under 1 year old. Assuming injury death was one, the hospitalisations were 33 and practice visits were 2028. Among 1–4 year olds, 3.8 and 1: 110: 11 196. Among 5–14 year olds, 2.1 and 1: 218: 20,211. Among 15–24 year olds, 8.2 and 1: 102: 2869. Among 25–34 year olds, 7.0 and 1: 78: 2215. Among 35–44 year olds, 8.4 and 1: 63: 1691. Among 45–54 year olds, 13.2 and 1: 47: 1,080. Among 55-64 year olds, 22.4 and 1: 38: 653. Among 65–74 year olds, 44.8 and 1: 31: 349. Over 75 year olds, 159.3 and 1: 24: 101.ConclusionsThough the injury pyramid chart is useful as an index for enlightenment of injury prevention, there are some features by age groups. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse injury data including the mortality, the hospitalisations, practice visits comprehensibly, particularly in children and seniors for effective injury prevention.
Unique features of unintentional injury death, hospitalisations and practice visits rate by age groups in Japan
Authors: Tanaka T , Ishii H , Uchiyama Y , Yanai M , Yamada Y 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify the unique features of Japanese unintentional injury and to consider strategies for injury prevention.MethodMortality data for unintentional injuries available from Vital Statistics of Japan and the patient survey in 2008 was used, and the rate of hospitalisations and practice visits for unintentional injury was calculated.ResultsIn 2008, the mortality for unintentional injury was 13.2, the rate for hospitalisations was 441, and the rate for practice visits was 26 838 per 100 000 populations under 1 year old. Among 1–4 years, 3.8 and 423 and 42 850. Among 5-14 years, 2.1 and 452 and 41 907. Among 15–24 years, 8.2 and 834 and 23 405. Among 25–34 years, 7.0 and 549 and 15 578. Among 35–44 years, 8.4 and 530 and 14 255. Among 45–54 years, 13.2 and 624 and 14 229. Among 55-64 years, 22.4 and 861 and 14 666. Among 65-74 years, 44.8 and 1383 and 15 651. Over 75 years, 159.3 and 3872 and 16 074.ConclusionsThough the rate of mortality and hospitalisations among 1–4 and 5–14 year olds groups was lower than the other age groups, the rate of practice visits was higher than the other age groups. Also, it was necessary to pay attention to the mortality for among 65–74 year olds and over 75 year olds, the hospitalisation rates for over 64 year olds.
Healthcare providers readiness to screen for intimate partner violence in Northern Nigeria
Authors: John I A , Lawoko S , Svanström L , Mohammed A Z 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionScreening for intimate partner violence (IPV) against women within healthcare has been advocated and practiced as routine in high income countries. However, screening for IPV against women in sub-Saharan African context is limited or none at all.ObjectiveTo assess the factors associated with the readiness to screen for IPV among care providers at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano hospital, Nigeria.MethodReadiness was measured using the Domestic Violence Healthcare Providers survey instrument, which measures grade of perceived self efficacy in screening for IPV, fear for victim/provider safety, access to system support to refer abused victims, professional roles resistant/fear of offending clients and blaming the victim for being abused.ResultsSocial workers perceived a higher self-efficacy and better access to system support networks to refer victims than peers in other occupation categories. Female care providers and doctors were less likely to blame the victim than males and social workers respectively. Younger care providers, of Yoruba ethnicity and social workers were less likely to perceive conflicting professional roles related to screening than older providers, of Hausa ethnicity and doctors respectively.ConclusionThe preparedness of healthcare providers is important in screening for IPV, findings that informs interventions and further research.
Animal-related activities as risk factors for injuries among youths on agricultural operations
Authors: Ryan A D , Gerberich S G , Alexander B H , Renier C M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionWorking with animals on agricultural operations is hazardous for youths. We evaluated the associations between activities and injuries related to specific animal types.MethodsA case-control study within the Regional Rural Injury Study II included 425 youths (less than 20 years of age) with injuries related to their operation and 1886 controls (randomly selected youths). Exposures of interest were collected for the months prior to injury events for cases and randomly selected months for controls, based on an injury incidence algorithm. Multivariate logistic regression characterised associations between specific animal-related activities and injury outcomes among youths who reported working with the same animals.ResultsA large proportion of cases and controls worked with beef cattle (47%, 28%), followed by horses (28%, 14%) and dairy cattle (22%, 12%). Feeding was the most common activity associated with animals in the study. Among those working with swine, 100% of cases (reporting swine-related injuries) and 85% of controls indicated feeding these animals during the month of interest. Activities most reported for dairy cows and beef cattle, respectively, were milking (63%, 44%) and herding (81%, 61%). Elevated risk of dairy cattle-related injury was associated with milking (OR: 2.5; 95% CI 1.0 to 6.6). Beef cattle-related injuries were associated with calving (OR: 4.2; 95% CI 2.1 to 8.6) and footwork (OR: 2.2; 95% CI 1.0 to 4.9).ConclusionsAmong youths working with a specific type of animal, activities can be identified that are associated with injuries related to that animal. Identifying specific hazardous tasks is necessary for effective prevention measures.
Wednesday eve festival injuries
Authors: Haddadi M , Masoumi G , Afshar M G 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionIn our country there was an ancient Wednesday eve festival during the last Wednesday evening of each year which included creating small fire and jumping over it with making good health wishes. Unfortunately for using fire crackers nowadays the real feature of this night has become similar to a war scene.MethodsData was collected during 21 April 2009 till 20 March 2009 and carried out from all over the country. It was assessed and analysed in the Violence and injury prevention department of the Ministry of health and medical education. Different types of injuries were classified and correlated with age, sex, education, out come, activity while injury occurred and place or field of occurrence.ResultOverall, 1817 cases were registered in 41 medical universities. The most common type of injury was first degree burning (25.2%), followed by abrasion and corrosion (24.6%), and second degree burning (13.3%). The most common place for injuries was road, street and highways (80.2%) followed by home and around it. Overall, the commonest age of injures was 15–19 (25.8%) followed by 20–24 (20.5%). Males were more likely to be injured than female (83.2 vs 16.8). Hands (43.3%) were the most common injured site in the Wednesday eve festival followed by eyes (24.5%). Unfortunately three dead and four disabilities were reported.ConclusionPreventive interventions most focus on pupils as the most vulnerable group and the schools as the most accessible field in Iran.
Pattern and aetiology of maxillofacial injuries in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Authors: Obimakinde O S , Ogundipe K O , Ijarogbe A O 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo analyse the pattern, aetiology and demography of maxillofacial injuries seen at our centre between October 2008 and December 2009.MethodsA prospective descriptive study. The data for each patient was recorded on a proforma which was serialised to obtain information on demography, cause and type of maxillofacial injury including treatment offered and complications.ResultsA total of 156 patients presented with maxillofacial injuries during the study period. Age range of the patients was 2–66 years while the male: female was 102:54. 68.6% (n=107) were due to road traffic crashes, 21.7% from violence (n=34), falls accounted for 5.8% (n=9) while 3.9% (n=6) were due to sport related activities. Motor bike accident accounted for higher proportion of the road crashes (63.6%) and most of the victims (64.7%) were not wearing any protective device as at the time accident. Mandibular fractures was the commonest skeletal injury (33.3%) followed by dentoalveolar fractures (21.8%) while 28 cases of midface fractures (17.9%) were seen. Only 42 cases of isolated soft injuries (26.9%) presented and they were mostly facial/oral lacerations (78.6%). 23 patients in our series had other associated injuries of which craniocerebral injury in the commonest (43.5%).Conclusionthere is considerable morbidity and mortality associated with maxillofacial injuries among Nigerian population probably because legislation on the use of seatbelt, drunken driving, helmet use and other preventive measures are not strictly enforced.
Addressing illegal road blockage by law enforcement agents and its attendant road deaths
Authors: Maxwell A , Anisha E , Ojugbana C , Unoka C 
Published: March 2011

Present positionNigerian roads are well known to have claimed so many preventable lives due to road blockage mounted by law enforcement officers especially policemen. Despite the existing ban on checkpoints on most highways, illegal road blockage remains a common feature.AimThe study investigates existing checkpoints on Nigeria highways to determine measures for reducing associated deaths and injuries.MethodA study was carried out on Asaba-Agbor road and Onitsha-Mgbidi roads of about 115 km. 20 checkpoints were investigated and 40 drivers were interviewed. Questionnaires were distributed to 100 road users.Analysis90% of respondents confirmed that road blockage were a major contributor to road crashes. 80% of drivers interviewed said the road blockage served as points for illegal collection of bribes by many compromising and corrupt enforcement officers. No standardised road furniture was used to identify checkpoints. All sorts of dangerous materials were used to block roads ranging from huge stones, thick woods to items of great threat to road use. 15 abandoned damaged vehicles were noted near the checkpoints. Information could not be obtained from the police officers on the cause of such road crashes but 62% of respondents interviewed attributed such incidents to road blockage at checkpoints.ConclusionRoad blockage contributes to rising road fatalities and injuries on Nigerian roads. Proper and standardised checkpoints are very necessary and the Nigerian legislature should make laws that would stipulate stiff penalties for defaulting law enforcement agents.
First Callers Response Action in Emergencies Initiative
Authors: Ojugbana D , Ojugbana C C , Emmanuel O , Eseanobi A 
Published: March 2011

SituationResponse to emergencies is well known to be poor, delayed and inadequate in most developing nations. Consequently, fatalities on the spot of road crashes and in local communities have remained a worrisome issue in most African countries.ObjectiveThe study seeks to review First Callers Response Action in Emergencies Initiative (First C.A.R.E), a rescue initiative being implemented by PATVORA, a Nigerian based non-governmental organisation to enhance community participation in reducing road traffic and community related injuries and make recommendations on its usefulness or otherwise.MethodFirst C.A.R.E concept was examined and investigations were carried out in locations it has operated. 150 community members including road users and leaders were interviewed.AnalysisIn 6 months of first C.A.R.E existence, it conducted training on first aid (FA) administration in 20 locations of 12 communities. An average of 25 volunteers received training with two FA boxes given to each location. Review of report on injury related incidents by trained volunteers in 3 months after FA training indicated that 60% of victims of injury related incidents received FA attention. All community leaders commended first C.A.R.E and 80% of road users interviewed confirmed its usefulness. Inadequacy of FA boxes was noted.ConclusionFirst C.A.R.E has proved to be efficient and cost effective measure for saving preventable lives especially in impoverished communities with limited healthcare facilities. Initiative conforms to 2007 Accra Declaration and is replicable in similar African communities. Scaling up initiative requires distribution of more FA boxes.
The burden of deaths caused by guns in Maputo City, Mozambique
Authors: Francisco V C , Zacarias A E 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundStudies carried in Mozambique show that injuries are one of the 10 top leading causes of death in the country.ObjectivesProvide baseline profile of injury mortality caused by guns.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study of all non-natural deaths recorded from 2000 to 2009 at The Forensic Medicine Services in Maputo Central Hospital. This data was abstracted from hand written autopsy reports, into 15 item- one page, standardised form. The data collection was designed in order to evaluate the following variables: gender; age divided into four groups (0–19 years old), (20–39 years old), (40–59 years old) and over 60 years old; socio-economic status and intentional death (homicide and suicide) as well as non-intentional death.ResultsOver this period 12 732 autopsies have been done out of which 6% (n=764) were resulting in deaths caused by gun fire. The majority of victims were male 95.2% (n=727) and were also single 77.7% (n=594). We found out that the distribution by age groups were: (0–19 years old) 10.73%; (20–39 years old) 69.11%; (40–59 years old) 17.27% and over 60 years old 20%. Regarding the socio-economic status, we realised that the victims those worker for others were 40%, own business were 19%, unemployed/others were 31% and students were 10%. Almost (99%) of the case are related to homicides.
Risk perception and risky driving behaviours of adolescents and their parents: New Zealand drivers study
Authors: Brookland R , Begg D , Langley J , Ameratunga S 
Published: March 2011

Background and AimA growing body of research indicates that driving behaviours and beliefs of parents can influence their child's driving. However, these studies have been limited by small sample sizes, low recruitment rates or have focused on ‘children’ with several years of driving experience. The main aim of the present study was to examine the association between risk perception and driving behaviours of parents and their adolescents at the critical time when the young driver transitions into driving solo and crash risk is at its highest.HypothesisThe risk perceptions and driving behaviours of young newly licensed drivers will reflect their parents' perceptions and behaviours.MethodsThis study was part of the New Zealand Drivers Study (NZDS), an ongoing prospective cohort study of 3992 newly licensed car drivers. As part of larger telephone administered interviews, after completing the supervised driving stage of the graduated licensing system, 1200 young drivers (aged 15–17 years) and their parents independently reported their perception of risk regarding unsafe driving practices and their risky driving behaviours.Results and ConclusionSpeeding is a major contributor to injury crashes. Preliminary results indicated significant positive correlations between parent and adolescent risk perception and driving behaviours with regards to exceeding the posted speed limits and driving fast for the thrill of it. These and other findings relating to risky driving will be presented, providing new insights into the relationships between risk perception and risky driving behaviours of young drivers and their parents.
Reducing falls among older people in Victoria: better evidence, better targeting, better outcomes
Authors: Day L , Finch C F , Hill K , Haines T , Clemson L , Thompson M , Thompson C 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionWe are undertaking a partnership project to enable more effective policy responses to the falls prevention challenge in Victoria. We report our experience using the REAIM model to inform future Victorian Department of Health falls prevention initiatives.MethodsREAIM was used to identify strategies required for an effective program. Research objectives were developed following an analysis of the current state of knowledge relative to these required strategies. The research results will subsequently guide strategy details for the falls prevention plan. Finally, evaluation will be integrated into the plan, using REAIM.ResultsPlanning and evaluation approaches for the 5 core REAIM dimensions as these related to the falls prevention plan were identified. Relevant research objectives included: identification of subgroups of older people most frequently admitted to hospital; examining the acceptability of proven falls interventions to those subgroups; identification of factors that encourage and support relevant lifestyle changes; identifying opportunities to incorporate proven falls interventions in existing programs and services; developing and testing guidelines for sustainability within agencies and programs. The application of REAIM to evaluating the integration of home hazard assessment and modification into hospital discharge planning will be presented as an example.ConclusionsUsing a model which supports the whole process from planning a statewide falls prevention program, identifying the necessary evidence-base, through to designing the evaluation provides coherence, ensures systematic consideration of critical factors and incorporates feedback into program planning from the outset. 1. Glasgowet alAJPH 1999;89(9):1322–7
In a search for a safety bucket to prevent child drowning at home
Authors: Celis A , Orozco-Valerio M 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo test different bucket shapes and to measure the force needed to spill the water contained into it.MethodsWe designed six metal buckets, all 23 cm high and 26 cm of rim diameter, but with different base diameters: 26.00, 24.67, 23.26, 21.75, 20.14 and 18.38 cm. We fill all them with water up to 20 cm from bottom-to-top. Then, we exert a progressive pressure in a 45 downward direction until the bucket was tilted enough to pour the water it contained. The pressure in kg at that moment was measured and registered.ResultsBase bucket diameter and kg pressured needed to till the bucket showed a straight and direct relationship, with β=1.20 kg, α=−14.05, r=0.99 and p<0.001.ConclusionFor the bucket sample studied, its stability is in direct relationship with its base diameter: the bucket with the wider base (diameter of 26 cm) needed 17.3 kg to till, while the narrower (diameter of 18.38 cm) needed 8.0 kg. Since a 11 months old child weight about 9.7 kg, in the case he/her trips over a bucket and falls into it could more easily till the bucket (pour the water and save his/her life) when the base is narrower (at least 50%) than the diameter of the opening when the diameter of the rim is 26 cm and the height is 23 cm.