bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of glycomacropeptide fractions on cholecystokinin and food intake
Authors: Keogh Jennifer B. , Woonton Brad W. , Taylor Cheryl M. , Janakievski Filip , Desilva Kirthi , Clifton Peter M. 
Published: March 2010

Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is the hydrophilic 64-amino acid C-terminal glycopeptide released into cheese whey when κ-casein is cleaved by chymosin. GMP exists as a mixture of different glycoforms due to the carbohydrates sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid, NeuNAc), galactose (Gal), galactosamine and glucosamine attached by O-glycosidic linkages. GMP reportedly stimulates the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), which may promote satiety. The objectives of the present study were to manufacture three glycoforms of GMP, minimally glycosylated GMP (3·5 (sd 0·1) % NeuNAc and 1·5 (sd 0·1) % Gal), glycosylated GMP (12·0 (sd 0·3) % NeuNAc and 4·2 (sd 0·2) % Gal) and a GMP-depleted whey protein concentrate, and to assess the effects of these fractions relative to glucose on CCK, subjective measures of satiety and food intake. In a randomised double-blind acute study, twenty overweight/obese males (56·9 (sd 7·2) years, 97·4 (sd 8·1) kg, 31·5 (sd 3·0) kg/m2) were recruited to consume four 50 g preloads (two GMP preparations, GMP-depleted whey and glucose) containing 895 kJ. Blood samples and subjective measures of satiety were collected before and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after the consumption of preload, and CCK levels were measured. A lunchtime meal of hot food was provided from which subjects ate ad libitum until satisfied. Energy and nutrient intakes from the food consumed were calculated. There was no significant difference in CCK levels, subjective measures of satiety or food intake between treatments at the given preload level. These results suggest that the protein fractions at the dose employed do not influence satiety, CCK levels or energy intake at a subsequent meal.
INTEGRATION OF AQUACULTURE AND ARID LANDS AGRICULTURE FOR WATER REUSE AND REDUCED FERTILIZER DEPENDENCY
Authors: STEVENSON KALB T. , FITZSIMMONS KEVIN M. , CLAY PATRICK A. , ALESSA LILIAN , KLISKEY ANDREW 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYField irrigation is costly in arid regions, and over-fertilization of farmland can lead to high groundwater nitrate levels and significant environmental challenges. Integrative aquaculture and agriculture (IAA) systems allow the reuse of water and nutrients to offset production costs while promoting greater sustainability. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of an IAA system using treatments formed from one water source, groundwater (GRND) or fish pond effluent (EFF), and one chemical fertilizer regime, eliminated (ELIM) or historical (HIST). Treatments were applied to field plots of barley or cotton. There were typically positive effects of EFF applications on crop growth and yield relative to GRND applications under identical fertilizer regimes. However, GRND-HIST almost always outperformed EFF-ELIM, suggesting that substituting effluent irrigations for a historical fertilization regime without pond biosolid or reduced fertilizer applications could be detrimental to crop production.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF UREA N, POULTRY MANURE AND THEIR COMBINATION IN CHANGING SOIL PROPERTIES AND MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS IN NORTHEAST PAKISTAN
Authors: ABBASI M. KALEEM , KHALIQ ABDUL , SHAFIQ M , KAZMI MUSHTAQ , ALI IMRAN 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of poultry manure, urea N and the integrated use of both in changing soil properties, nutrient uptake, yield and yield attributes of maize grown at Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Treatments include control without any amendment (N0); urea N (UN) = 120 kg N ha−1(N120U); UN = 150 kg N ha−1(N150U); poultry manure (PM) = 120 kg N ha−1(N120PM); PM = 150 kg N ha−1(N150PM); UN = 90 kg N ha−1+ PM = 30 kg N ha−1(N90U+30PM); UN = 60 kg N ha−1+ PM = 60 kg N ha−1(N60U+60PM); UN = 30 kg N ha−1+ PM = 90 kg N ha−1(N30U+90PM). N fertilization from different sources and combinations increased dry matter yield from 5206 kg ha−1in the control to 5605–5783 kg ha−1and grain yield increased from 1911 kg ha−1to 2065–3763 kg ha−1. Application of the highest rate of urea N recorded the highest grain yields of 3763 kg ha−1, double the control. The proportional increase for N90U+30PMand N60U+60PMwas 85 and 83% while PM alone gave lower yields (41 and 44%) than the respective urea N treatments. Integrated use of urea + PM proved superior to other treatments in enhancing the uptake of N, P and K in plants. Averaged across two years, uptake of N, P and K in N90U+30PMand N60U+60PMwas 88 and 85, 16.5 and 17.5, and 48.5 and 53.5 kg ha−1, respectively compared to 52.5, 11.5 and 33.5 kg ha−1in the control. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) varied from 29% in PM treatments to 30–39% in combined treatments while NUE of 40% was recorded for urea N treatments. Application of PM lowered soil bulk density from 1.19 t m−3in the control to 1.10 and 1.05 t m−3in N120PMand N150U, enhanced pH from 7.39 to 7.65 and 7.78 and increased soil organic matter (22 and 32%), total N (21 and 26%), available P (44 and 55%) and available K (10 and 15%) compared with the control. Economic analysis suggested the use of 50% recommended mineral N (60 kg N ha−1) with PM saves the mineral N fertilizer by almost 50% compared to a system with only mineral N application. In addition, increase in N efficiency, plant nutrition and soil fertility associated with combined treatment would help to minimize the use of high cost synthetic mineral fertilizers and represents an environmentally and agronomically sound management strategy.
Observing the Biofilm Matrix ofStaphylococcus epidermidisATCC 35984 Grown Using the CDC Biofilm Reactor
Authors: Williams Dustin L. , Bloebaum Roy D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBacteria flourish in nearly every environment on earth. Contributing to their ability to grow in many esoteric locations is their development into a biofilm structure. In an effort to more accurately model the growth environment of biofilms in nature, a Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) biofilm reactor has been developed that mimics nature-like shear forces and renewable nutrient sources. To date, there has been no confirmation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that mature biofilms develop on a surface when grown using the CDC biofilm reactor. Three different SEM methods were used to collect images ofStaphylococcus epidermidisATCC 35984 that was to be grown using the CDC biofilm reactor. In addition, two different fixative techniques were used in each of the imaging methods. Results indicated that after 48 hours of growth in the reactor,S. epidermidisATCC 35984 does produce a significant network of matrix components and 3D mushroom- or pillar-like structures with signs of water channel development. In conclusion,S. epidermidisATCC 35984 grown using the CDC biofilm reactor does appear to display signs of mature biofilm development. These results could be important for studies wherein mature biofilms are needed forin vitroand/orin vivoapplications.
Ribavirin dosage in patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3 who completed short therapy with peg‐interferon α‐2b and ribavirin
Authors: MANGIA A. , DALGARD O. , MINERVA N. , VERBAAN H. , BACCA D. , RING‐LARSEN H. , COPETTI M. , CARRETTA V. , PIAZZOLLA V. , COZZOLONGO R. , MOTTOLA L. , ANDRIULLI A. 
Published: March 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 1346–1353SummaryBackground  The optimal dose of ribavirin to be used in combination with Peg‐IFN in patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3 undergoing short treatment has not been established.Aim  To explore the relationship between starting ribavirin doses, expressed as mg/kg body weight and both rapid viral response at treatment week 4 (RVR) and sustained virological response (SVR) in patients treated for 12–14 weeks with peg‐interferon α‐2b and ribavirin.Methods  A post hoc analysis of data collected from two multicenter clinical trials was performed. Multiple regression analyses were employed to identify independent baseline and on‐treatment predictors of RVR and SVR. For each dose of ribavirin, the empirical estimated probability of response was computed and the continuous exposure index was dichotomized by using a recursive partitioning and amalgamation method.Results  A nonlinear relationship was ascertained between ribavirin dose and RVR, but not SVR. A dose of 15.2 mg/kg was selected as the best splitting value for discriminating RVR vs. non‐RVR. Regression analysis identified low baseline viraemia, genotype 2 and high ribavirin dose as independent prognostic factors for RVR. The likelihood of an SVR was not correlated with baseline ribavirin dose, but was independently predicted by adherence to the full dose throughout treatment and normal platelet counts.Conclusions  Starting high ribavirin doses appears capable of increasing the rate of RVR in patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3 undergoing short treatment. Maintenance of the full planned dose throughout treatment is essential for achieving optimal SVR rates.
The predictors of complications in patients with drug‐induced liver injury caused by antimicrobial agents
Authors: TREEPRASERTSUK S. , HUNTRAKUL J. , RIDTITID W. , KULLAVANIJAYA P. , BJÖRNSSON E. S. 
Published: March 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 1200–1207SummaryBackground  Antimicrobials are the leading cause of idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury in most series.Aim  To determine the incidence and the predictors of complications in patients with drug‐induced liver injury caused by antimicrobial agents requiring hospitalization.Methods  Medical records of patients with drug‐induced liver injury caused by antimicrobial agents were identified by ICD‐10, for the period between 2002 and 2006. Clinical information and blood tests during hospitalization were recorded. The causality assessment of drug‐induced liver injury was determined by the Roussel UCLAF causality assessment method (RUCAM) scale.Results  Of 47 594 in‐patient admissions per year, the annual incidence of drug‐induced liver injury was 0.03%. Male: female ratio was 7:3 with a median age of 47 years. Eighty reactions of drug‐induced liver injury were caused by anti‐tuberculosis drugs (85%) and by antibiotics (15%). The median (IQR) of RUCAM scale was 6 (5–8). A total of 36% had HIV infection and 9% of patients had diabetes mellitus. Median (IQR) duration of hospitalization was 9 (5–15) days. Serious complications and death were found in 27.5% and 26%, respectively. By a multivariable logistic analysis, the presence of jaundice was found to be significantly associated with an unfavourable outcome.Conclusion  Although rare, antimicrobial agents‐related drug‐induced liver injury requiring hospitalization has a high mortality rate. The presence of jaundice predicts poor outcome.
Ultrasound in regional anaesthesia
Authors: Griffin J. , Nicholls B. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryUltrasound guidance is rapidly becoming the gold standard for regional anaesthesia. There is an ever growing weight of evidence, matched with improving technology, to show that the use of ultrasound has significant benefits over conventional techniques, such as nerve stimulation and loss of resistance. The improved safety and efficacy that ultrasound brings to regional anaesthesia will help promote its use and realise the benefits that regional anaesthesia has over general anaesthesia, such as decreased morbidity and mortality, superior postoperative analgesia, cost‐effectiveness, decreased postoperative complications and an improved postoperative course. In this review we consider the evidence behind the improved safety and efficacy of ultrasound‐guided regional anaesthesia, before discussing its use in pain medicine, paediatrics and in the facilitation of neuraxial blockade. The Achilles’ heel of ultrasound‐guided regional anaesthesia is that anaesthetists are far more familiar with providing general anaesthesia, which in most cases requires skills that are achieved faster and more reliably. To this ends we go on to provide practical advice on ultrasound‐guided techniques and the introduction of ultrasound into a department.
Local anaesthetics and adjuvants – future developments
Authors: Wiles M. D. , Nathanson M. H. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe introduction of local anaesthesia some years after the first public demonstration of general anaesthesia not surprisingly created less excitement and interest amongst both the public and the medical profession. However, in its own way, a new revolution was happening. Local anaesthesia produced an increase in the choice of anaesthetic techniques available to practitioners and patients. In common with general anaesthesia, the choice of agents remained very limited for the first six decades, and interest in the practice of local, regional or central neuraxial blockade and the development of new techniques and drugs were hampered by perceived safety issues even as late as the second half of the 20th century. It is only in the last few years that, with an apparent renaissance in the use of local anaesthesia, the pace of development has picked up. As the use and range of techniques has increased, so has interest in solving some of the longstanding problems with the available drugs.
Regional anaesthesia and pain management
Authors: Power I. , McCormack J. G. , Myles P. S. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryDespite recent advances in analgesia delivery techniques and the availability of new analgesic agents with favourable pharmacokinetic profiles, current evidence suggests that postoperative pain continues to be inadequately managed, with the proportion of patients reporting severe or extreme postoperative pain having changed little over the past decade. Regional techniques are superior to systemic opioid agents with regards to analgesia profile and adverse effects in the context of general, thoracic, gynaecological, orthopaedic and laparoscopic surgery. Outcome studies demonstrate that regional analgesic techniques also reduce multisystem co‐morbidity and mortality following major surgery in high risk patients. This review will discuss the efficacy of regional anaesthetic techniques for acute postoperative analgesia, the impact of regional block techniques on physiological outcomes, and the implications of acute peri‐operative regional anaesthesia on chronic (persistent) postoperative pain.
Beyond biomass: measuring the effects of community‐level nitrogen enrichment on floral traits, pollinator visitation and plant reproduction
Authors: Burkle Laura A. , Irwin Rebecca E. 
Published: March 2010

Summary1. Nitrogen (N) limits primary productivity in many systems and can have dramatic effects on plant–herbivore interactions, but its effects on mutualistic interactions at the community level are not well‐understood. The reproduction of many plants depends on both soil N and pollination, and N may affect floral traits, such as flower number or size, which are important for pollinator attraction to plant individuals and communities.2. Thus, N may influence plant biomass and reproduction directly as well as indirectly via changes in pollination. The degree to which the effects of N enrichment scale from plant individuals to assemblages through emerging community‐level changes in species interactions, like pollination, is relatively unknown.3. For 4 years, we tested how N addition to subalpine plant assemblages in Colorado, USA, affected primary productivity and species diversity, floral traits and plant–pollinator interactions, and components of female and male plant reproduction.4. At the community level, we found that high‐N addition favoured the biomass and seed production of grasses, whereas low‐N addition promoted forb growth, flower production and pollinator visitation. However, using a pollen supplementation experiment, we found no evidence that N addition altered patterns of pollen limitation of seed production. Pollinators distributed themselves evenly across floral resources such that per‐flower visitation rate did not differ among N treatments. Thus, individual plants did not incur any extra benefit or cost from community‐level changes in plant–pollinator interactions that resulted from N enrichment, and the effects of N on forb reproduction were direct.5. Synthesis. Understanding how mutualistic and antagonistic species interactions influence individual and community responses to abiotic resources may provide insight to the dominant forces structuring communities and is especially important in the context of predicting the effects of environmental change. In this case, the direct effects of N addition on plants were stronger than the indirect effects mediated through plant–pollinator interactions, thus supporting the concept of bottom‐up resource limitation controlling plant response.
Six quantitative trait loci influence task thresholds for hygienic behaviour in honeybees (Apis mellifera)
Authors: OXLEY PETER R. , SPIVAK MARLA , OLDROYD BENJAMIN P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHoneybee hygienic behaviour provides colonies with protection from many pathogens and is an important model system of the genetics of a complex behaviour. It is a textbook example of complex behaviour under simple genetic control: hygienic behaviour consists of two components – uncapping a diseased brood cell, followed by removal of the contents – each of which are thought to be modulated independently by a few loci of medium to large effect. A worker’s genetic propensity to engage in hygienic tasks affects the intensity of the stimulus required before she initiates the behaviour. Genetic diversity within colonies leads to task specialization among workers, with a minority of workers performing the majority of nest‐cleaning tasks. We identify three quantitative trait loci that influence the likelihood that workers will engage in hygienic behaviour and account for up to 30% of the phenotypic variability in hygienic behaviour in our population. Furthermore, we identify two loci that influence the likelihood that a worker will perform uncapping behaviour only, and one locus that influences removal behaviour. We report the first candidate genes associated with engaging in hygienic behaviour, including four genes involved in olfaction, learning and social behaviour, and one gene involved in circadian locomotion. These candidates will allow molecular characterization of this distinctive behavioural mode of disease resistance, as well as providing the opportunity for marker‐assisted selection for this commercially significant trait.
Molecular phylogeography of Carapichea ipecacuanha, an amphitropical shrub that occurs in the understory of both semideciduous and evergreen forests
Authors: OLIVEIRA LUIZ ORLANDO DE , ROSSI ANA APARECIDA BANDINI , MARTINS ERNANE RONIE , BATISTA FLÁVIA REIS DE CARVALHO , SILVA ROBERTA SANTOS 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe medicinal shrub Carapichea ipecacuanha (ipecac) is an amphitropic species with three disjunct areas of distribution. In the Brazilian Atlantic and Amazonian ranges, the species was associated mostly with the understory of seasonal semideciduous forests, whereas in the Central American–Colombian range, the species occurred in the understory of moist evergreen forests. We examined the phylogeographic structure of ipecac using chloroplast trnT‐trnL and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from 120 and 46 specimens, respectively. To complement existing data on root alkaloid profiles, we used high‐performance liquid chromatography to assess the levels of emetine and cephaeline in 33 specimens from the two Brazilian ranges. The three ranges shared neither nuclear nor chloroplast haplotypes. The phylogeographic structures showed an uneven distribution of genetic diversity, sharp breaks and high levels of genetic differentiation among ranges. Our results suggest that the extant populations are descendents of at least four distinct ancestral lineages. The Atlantic ipecacs showed higher levels of genetic diversity than ipecacs from the other two ranges; it is likely that they derive from two ancestral lineages, with long‐term persistence in that region. The Amazonian ipecacs were monomorphic with respect to the ITS and cpDNA sequences, which supports the view that there was a recent expansion from a single parental source after a strong genetic bottleneck. The existence of a fourth distinct lineage is apparent from the high levels of genetic and chemical differentiation that we identified in the Central American–Columbian ipecacs.
Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in human endometriosis: Relation to disease stage, menstrual cycle and infertility
Authors: Lin Wei , Chen Shaomin , Li Min , Wang Bo , Qu Xun , Zhang Youzhong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  The aim of the present study was to compare the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in eutopic and ectopic endometria of women with endometriosis and eutopic endometria of women without endometriosis, and to investigate whether such an expression varies according to disease stage, menstrual cycle and infertility status.Methods:  Forty patients with endometriosis and 15 control women were recruited for the study. Following isolation of total RNA from endometria and reverse transcription, cDNA samples were amplified to quantify the level of MIF expression by real‐time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. All of the endometriosis tissue and normal endometrium specimens were analyzed using immunohistochemistry.Results:  The levels of MIF in eutopic and ectopic endometria in endometriosis patients were significantly higher than in normal eutopic endometria (P < 0.01). Further, when comparing MIF in eutopic endometria (separated by phases) between the endometriosis and control groups, MIF was higher in the former group, both in the proliferative and secretory phases (P < 0.05). In addition, the MIF mRNA level was cycle phase‐dependent and increased in the proliferative phase, both in women with endometriosis and the control women, compared with the level in the secretory phase (P < 0.05). There was no significant association between MIF expression and American Fertility Society staging of endometriosis (P > 0.05). However, MIF levels were obviously elevated in sterile women in the endometriosis group compared with women in the endometriosis group who were not sterile (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  The expression of MIF was increased significantly in the eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue of women with endometriosis, and this factor may play a possible role in endometriosis‐associated infertility.
Prognostic significance of p‐STAT3 in patients with bulky cervical carcinoma undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Choi Chel Hun , Song Sang Yong , Kang Heeseok , Lee Yoo‐Young , Kim Chul‐Jung , Lee Jeong‐Won , Kim Tae‐Joong , Kim Byoung‐Gie , Lee Je‐Ho , Bae Duk‐Soo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  To better predict treatment responses for managing bulky cervical carcinoma with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).Methods:  The expression of p‐STAT3 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using paraffin‐embedded pretreatment cervical biopsy tissues. The study included 29 patients with bulky IB to IIA cervical squamous cell carcinoma treated with NAC.Results:  Twenty (69.0%) of 29 patients were scored as p‐STAT3‐positive. Pathological response to chemotherapy (complete response or residual tumor with less than 3 mm stromal invasion) was observed in eight patients (27.6%). The p‐STAT3‐positive patients had a longer disease‐free survival compared to p‐STAT3‐negative patients (P = 0.03), though they had more frequent clinical nodal involvement (P = 0.046).Conclusion:  Pretreatment assessment of p‐STAT3 expression may provide additional information for the identification of patients with cervical cancer who have a favorable prognosis.