bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opsonins in uterine washings influencingin vitroactivity of equine neutrophils
Authors: WATSON ELAINE D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryUterine washings were found to promote neutrophil mediated killing ofStreptococcus zooepidemicus.Depletion of complement and/or specific antibody from the washings significantly reduced bactericidal activity. Phagocytosis of yeast by uterine washings was complement dependent. Inhibition of the classical pathway significantly reduced opsonic activity indicating that, in addition to direct activation via the alternate pathway, antibody may also be involved in yeast phagocytosis.
Sequelae of myelography in the horse
Authors: HUBBELL J. A. E. , REED S. M. , MYER C. W. , MUIR W. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe records of 131 horses undergoing general anaesthesia and positive contrast cervical myelography with metrizamide were examined to determine the effect of the procedure on the ‘patient’. Three per cent of minimally ataxic and moderately ataxic horses had serious complications after myelography. Thirty‐two per cent of severely ataxic horses died or were destroyed after general anaesthesia and myelography. Although general anaesthesia and myelography are essential components of a complete neurological evaluation of a horse, they impose a significant risk.
The relationship of frog pressure to heel expansion
Authors: COLLES C. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA study was carried out on five horses and four ponies to assess the effect of altering frog pressure on hoof expansion. Measurements of hoof expansion were made using strain gauges. It was concluded that whereas frog pressure affects hoof expansion, it is only one of several factors. Increasing frog pressure may result in increased expansion, or contraction, or may have virtually no affect. The variable results of changing frog pressure should be taken into account when considering therapeutic shoeing.
Left ventricular function and haemodynamics in ponies during exercise and recovery
Authors: RUGH K. S. , GARNER H. E. , MIRAMONTI J. R. , HATFIELD D. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMyocardial and haemodynamic responses to strenuous treadmill exercise were monitored with chronically implanted instrumentation in seven physically untrained ponies. In two other ponies, haemodynamics were monitored using a conventional catheter technique. During exercise (mean ± sem heart rate = 203 ± 3 beats/min), left ventricular peak systolic and end‐diastolic blood pressure significantly increased from 125 ± 2 to 208 ± 6 mmHg and from 29 ± 1 to 58 ± 3 mmHg, respectively (P<0.05). Peak positive first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) was also increased significantly, (1397 ± 144 to 6016 ± 325 mmHg/sec), as were myocardial segment velocity of shortening during systole (dL/dtsys) and stroke work (193 and 109 per cent, respectively). Paradoxically, segment systolic shortening was reduced significantly (P<0.05) with respect to resting control values for 10 mins after cessation of exercise, with the maximal reduction of 22 per cent occurring at 2 mins post exercise. In addition, left ventricular segment stroke work decreased significantly to 67 per cent of resting control value at 2 mins post exercise. This study demonstrates that analysis of regional myocardial performance in conjunction with haemodynamic data permits a detailed description of cardiac events during and immediately following exercise, facilitating definition of changes which are not readily reflected by haemodynamics. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that untrained ponies may readily complete short bouts of near‐maximal exercise, yet experience significantly diminished left ventricular function in the immediate post exercise period.
Effect of freeze‐drying on measurements of pH in biopsy samples of the middle gluteal muscle of the horse: Comparison of muscle pH to the pyruvate and lactate content
Authors: HARRIS R. C. , SNOW D. H. , KATZ A. , SAHLIN K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMuscle biopsies taken after exercise, in comparison to those at rest, contain increased amounts of blood and this is a particular problem in studies of the horse. The inclusion of blood in muscle will introduce an upward bias in values of pH measured in muscle homogenates. In an attempt to control this, muscle biopsy samples of the middle gluteal from Thoroughbred horses were freeze‐dried and dissected free of blood before determination of pH. Following exercise, muscle pH measured after freeze‐drying was similar to that measured in homogenates prepared from frozen samples. In contrast, freeze‐drying appeared to increase muscle pH in samples taken at rest. This was probably the result of loss of Co2 during freeze‐drying. Muscle pH determined in freeze‐dried samples taken at rest and after exercise was linearly related to pyruvate and lactate content (P<0.001). It is concluded that muscle samples taken after exercise can be freeze‐dried and dissected free from blood before determination of pH, whereas this procedure will cause an alkaline shift in samples taken at rest.
A rapid, non‐invasive method for measuring total respiratory impedance in the horse
Authors: YOUNG S. S. , HALL L. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTotal respiratory impedance was measured rapidly and non‐invasively in conscious horses over the frequency range 3 to 40 Hz by the forced random noise method. The shape of curve of impedance versus frequency in horses was markedly different from that of humans. Respiratory resistance was readily found as the real part of impedence and both its absolute value and frequency dependence are useful indices of pulmonary function. It was difficult to obtain meaningful results in intubated animals with the method because of the mechanical properties of the endotracheal tube itself.
Muscle glycogen depletion patterns during draught work in Standardbred horses
Authors: GOTTLIEB MARIANNE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMuscle fibre recruitment was investigated during draught loaded exercise by studying glycogen depletion patterns from histochemical stains of muscle biopsies from the gluteus and semitendinosus muscles. Three Standardbred trotters performed several intervals of draught loaded exercise on a treadmill with 34 kp at a trot (7 m/sec) and with 34 and 80 kp, respectively at a walk (2m/sec). Exercise was continued until the horses were unwilling to continue. Glycogen depletion was seen in all three fibre types when trotting with 34 kp for 5 or 10 mins. When an equal weight resistance was pulled at a walk, glycogen depletion was first seen in type I fibres only, then followed by a small percentage of type IIA fibres after at least 1 h. When 80 kp was pulled at a walk both type I and IIA fibres showed glycogen depletion, and after at least 30 mins exercise a small percentage of type IIB fibres was also depleted. These results indicate that the muscle fibres are depleted, in order, from type I through IIA to IIB as the intensity or duration of draught work increases.
Predictive utility of pre‐partum temperature changes in the mare
Authors: HALUSKA G. J. , WILKINS KAREN 
Published: April 2010

SummaryRectal temperature was recorded from 22 mares at 0700, 1500 and 2300 h daily for seven days pre‐partum and one day post partum. A circadian variation in rectal temperature was present with the lowest temperature recorded at 0700 h. Because of this, the mares were divided into three groups based on time of parturition; those foaling between 0700 and 1500 h (n=2); between 1500 and 2300 h (n=13); and between 2300 and 0700 h (n=7). On the day prior to delivery (Day −1) the circadian pattern was absent because the nocturnal increase did not occur. A significant decrease in temperature was recorded prior to parturition in the group foaling between 1500 and 2300 h. A distinct decrease in temperature occurred in the majority of mares in the other two groups but this was not statistically significant. After parturition, rectal temperature increased to supranormal levels before returning to normal.
Plasma plasminogen concentrations in clinically normal horses: the effect of age, sex and pregnancy
Authors: MORRIS DEBRA DEEM , WARD M. V. , WHITLOCK R. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlasma concentrations of plasminogen were determined in 28 clinically normal horses, including 13 adult geldings, five nonpregnant mares, five pregnant mares and five yearlings (two fillies, three geldings). Plasminogen was quantitated by a chromogenic assay based on activation of plasmin by excess urokinase. The overall mean plasma plasminogen for these horses was 2.94 ± 0.54 CTA units (casein units, as defined by the Committee on Thrombolytic Agents) per ml. There were no significant differences in mean plasma plasminogen values among adult geldings, non‐pregnant mares, pregnant mares or yearling horses (P>0.05).
Rectal tears in the horse: an analysis of 35 cases
Authors: WATKINS J. P. , TAYLOR T. S. , SCHUMACHER J. , TAYLOR J. R. , GILLIS J. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe records of 35 horses with Grade 3 or 4 rectal tears, presented to the Veterinary Medical Center at Texas A&M University over a five year period, were reviewed. Grade 3 tears were sub‐classified according to whether the remaining tissue was serosa (Grade 3a) or mesorectum (Grade 3b). Five horses were destroyed on presentation and 30 were treated by primary suture closure (8 horses), faecal diversion alone (9 horses) or in combination with suture closure (11 horses) and packing of the tear with medicated gauze sponges (two horses). Faecal diversion was achieved with a temporary indwelling rectal liner (TIRL) in 19 horses and colostomy in one. Survival was related to classification of the tear, efficacy of first aid measures administered at time of injury and method of treatment. Seventy‐four per cent of horses with Grade 3a tears and 44 per cent of those with Grade 3b tears survived. Grade 4 tears had a grave prognosis. Horses given adequate first aid before admission had a better survival rate. With proper patient selection, primary closure of the tear with sutures yielded excellent results. In horses which were not candidates for suture closure alone, a combination of faecal diversion and suturing gave better results than faecal diversion only. In addition, selected horses were treated successfully by packing the rectal tear with gauze sponges. The results demonstrate the value of a TIRL to divert faeces and appropriate first aid measures in treating rectal tears.
Kinematics of the cervical spine of the adult horse
Authors: CLAYTON HILARY M. , TOWNSEND H. G. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAt least three types of movement, dorsoventral flexion and extension, axial rotation and lateral bending, were shown to occur at each of the intervertebral joints in the cervical spine. Between the first two cervical vertebrae the mean axial rotation was 107.5°, which was 73 per cent of the total axial rotation of the cervical spine. The atlantooccipital joint rotated through a mean of 27°, whereas the remaining cervical joints each had less than 3° of rotatory movement. Dorsoventral flexion and extension were maximal at the atlantooccipital joint, which had an amplitude of 86.4° and accounted for 32 per cent of the total dorsoventral movement of the cervical spine. Lateral bending was relatively more uniform along the length of the neck, with mean values ranging from 25 to 45° for each joint except that between the first two cervical vertebrae, which had a mean of only 3.9° of lateral bending.
The nephrotoxic potential of neomycin in the horse
Authors: EDWARDS DEBORAH J. , LOVE DARIA N. , RAUS J. , BAGGOTT J. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryNeomycin was administered intramuscularly to four normal adult horses at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg bodyweight every 12 h for 10 days (21 doses). The pharmacokinetic behaviour of neomycin with multiple dosing was characterised and a range of blood chemical and urinary parameters examined for evidence of nephrotoxicity. There was evidence of physical renal tubular injury (enzymuria and cylindriuria) within four days of neomycin administration but this subsided following cessation of treatment. No significant functional nephrotoxicity was detected. More severe nephrotoxicity might be expected in ill horses and it is recommended that several clinicopathological results be monitored serially in those horses receiving parenteral neomycin.
Fever of unknown origin in the horse: a review of 63 cases
Authors: MAIR T. S. , TAYLOR F. G. R. , PINSENT P. J. N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFever of unknown origin (FLO) is a syndrome characterised by prolonged, unexplained fever associated with non‐specific signs of illness such as lethargy, inappetence and weight loss. This paper reviews the details of 63 horses affected by FUO. The cause was found to be infection in 43 per cent of the cases, neoplasia in 22 per cent, immune‐mediated diseases in 6.5 per cent and miscellaneous diseases in 19 per cent the cause remained undiagnosed in 9.5 per cent.
Arterial‐alveolar carbon dioxide tension difference and alveolar dead space in halothane anaesthetised horses
Authors: MOENS Y. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryArterial‐alveolar carbon dioxide tension differences (a‐A)PCO2and alveolar dead space were measured during clinical halothane anaesthesia of 110 horses with the help of continuous infra‐red carbon dioxide analysis of expiratory gas. Mean (a‐A)PCO2was 1.6 ± 0.8 kPa. Alveolar dead space expressed as a percentage of alveolar tidal volume had a mean value of 23 ± 13 per cent. Influence on (a‐A)PCO2and alveolar dead space of the following variables was tested statistically: age, weight, body position, respiration mode and duration of anaesthesia. (a‐A)PCO2was influenced positively by weight (P<0.0001) and adoption of dorsal recumbency (P<0.01). Alveolar dead space was influenced positively by weight (P<0.0005), adoption of dorsal recumbency (P<0.01), intermittent positive pressure ventilation (P<0.0001) and duration of anaesthesia (P<0.05).
Postprandial serum gastrin concentrations in normal foals
Authors: SMYTH G. B. , YOUNG DIANE W. , SCHUMACHER J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPostprandial gastrin concentrations were assayed in serum samples from a group of six foals at one day, one week, one month and three months of age. Before sampling, each foal was prevented from feeding for 2 h and was then allowed to suck for 15 mins. Blood samples were taken at the start of the meal and at 30 min intervals for the next 3 h. Feeding increased serum gastrin concentrations at one day, one week and one month, with the greatest increases detected at one day. Mean pre‐feeding gastrin concentrations were 25.2 ± 2.3 pg/ml at one day, 22.8 ± 3.9 pg/ml at one week, 15.2 ± 2.3 pg/ml at one month and 15.6 ± 7.5 pg/ml at three months. Highest mean post prandial concentrations were at 60 mins on Day one (47.4 ± 15.2 pg/ml) and at 30 mins for the one week (44.4 ± 14.2 pg/ml) and one month (25.2 ± 4.1 pg/ml) old foals. There was no apparent post prandial increase in serum gastrin concentrations in foals at three months of age. Precise reasons for changes in postprandial serum gastrin concentrations remain unknown. Factors that could be important include maturation of G cell function, alterations in gastrin metabolism and excretion, and changes in gastrointestinal motility with increasing age.
Development of the navicular bone in foetal and young horses, including the arterial supply
Authors: RIJKENHUIZEN ASTRID B. M. , NÉMETH F. , DIK K. J. , GOEDEGEBUURE S. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA macroscopic, arteriographic and histological study of the development and the arterial anatomy of the navicular bone of 33 foetuses and 55 young horses is described. After 125 days of gestation the blood supply consists of two routes: one situated in the superficial layer of the fibrocartilage and the other similar to the blood supply of the navicular bone of the normal mature horse. After 270 days gestation, the blood vessels in the fibrocartilage gradually regressed and retracted until they have disappeared at six months after birth. At two months after birth the first macroscopic thinning of the fibrocartilage was noticed. From seven months to one year about 45 per cent of the navicular bones showed a slight thinning of the fibrocartilage. A positive correlation was found between radiographic abnormalities (ie enlargement of the nutrient foramina) and the frequency of thinning of the fibrocartilage. Radiographic abnormalities were first recognised 14 days after birth, whereas the arteriogram showed the first changes such as fewer or no arteries entering distally at the distal extremities at 10 weeks after birth. At four weeks after birth the first arterial wall changes were found, ie intimai thickening with or without splitting of the internal elastic membrane. From that age onward, the number of navicular bones with arterial wall changes gradually increased. Starting at five months after birth only 6 to 20 per cent of the arteries in the navicular bones without radiographic abnormalities showed arterial wall changes. However, the navicular bones with radiographic abnormalities showed arterial wall changes in 25 to 80 per cent of the arteries.
Immunohistochemical investigation of the distribution of immunoglobulins G, A and M within the anterior uvea of the normal equine eye
Authors: MATTHEWS A. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDistribution of the immunoglobulin (Ig) classes G, A and M within the anterior uvea of eight clinically normal equine eyes was examined using indirect immunoperoxidase labelling. Increased staining intensity of stromal IgG and IgA was observed within the ciliary processes, the iris stroma being relatively free of immunoglobulin. This may reflect anatomical variation in the permeability of the uveal microvasculature to lipid insoluble plasma macro‐molecules. Intracellular IgG and IgA were observed within the non‐pigmented ciliary epithelium in seven and four of the eight eyes respectively, although wide variation between numbers of Ig bearing cells in each eye was noted. It was suggested that these cells may have a role in the removal of Ig from the posterior chamber aqueous. Plasma cells, of IgG isotype, were observed in only one eye, suggesting that intraocular production of Ig is not a feature of the normal equine eye.
The evaluation of isoxsuprine hydrochloride for the treatment of navicular disease: a double blind study
Authors: TURNER A. SIMON , TUCKER C. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA randomised double‐blind clinical trial of 28 horses was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of isoxsuprine hydrochloride at four different doses:‐ 0.0 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) (placebo), 0.6 mg/kg bwt, 1.2 mg/kg bwt and 1.8 mg/kg bwt for treatment of navicular disease. The results showed that horses treated with isoxsuprine hydrochloride (N=22) responded significantly with respect to clinical assessment score (P<0.01) when compared with the control group (N=6). Furthermore, there were no dose‐related differences in the responses of the horses treated with increasing levels of isoxsuprine. No correlation was found between radiological evidence of the extent of navicular disease and severity of lameness or response to treatment.
Iohexol myelography in the horse
Authors: BURBIDGE HILARY M. , KANNEGIETER N. , DICKSON LINDA R. , GOULDEN B. E. , BADCOE L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIohexol, a water soluble non‐ionic contrast agent, was evaluated for myelography in the horse. Both 300 and 350 mg iodine/ml iohexol gave diagnostic cervical myelograms. Pathological changes were limited to extradural oedema and an increase in the number of white blood cells and specific gravity in the cerebrospinal fluid two days after myelography. This increase in white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid was, however, much less than that recorded by other authors using metrizamide and iopamidol contrast media. These findings indicate that iohexol is a less irritant myelographic contrast agent than those previously evaluated in the horse.
Equine mastitis ‐ a review of 28 cases
Authors: McCUE P. M. , WILSON W. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMastitis was diagnosed in 28 mares. Cytological evaluation of milk samples showed large numbers of neutrophils in 72 per cent and bacteria in 33 per cent. Aerobic bacteria were cultured from 71 per cent of samples.Streptococcus zooepidemicuswas the most common isolate (37 per cent). Gram‐negative species accounted for 42 per cent. Determination of the probability for antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from mares with mastitis indicated that a trimethoprim‐sulphonamide combination would be active against more than 75 per cent of isolates while penicillin would be active against less than 60 per cent. Systemic antibiotics, frequent milking, hotpacks and/or hydrotherapy and, if possible, infusion of an intramammary antibiotic preparation is recommended for treatment of equine mastitis.
Injuries to the cranial cruciate ligament and associated structures: summary of clinical, radiographic, arthroscopic and pathological findings from 10 horses
Authors: PRADES MARTA , GRANT B. D. , TURNER T. A. , NIXON A. J. , BROWN M. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe clinical, radiographic, arthroscopic and pathological findings of 10 horses with injury to the cranial cruciate ligament are presented. The most consistent clinical signs included moderate to severe distension of the femoropatellar joint and a Grade III to a Grade V out of V lameness. Craniocaudal instability could be elicited in five horses under general anaesthesia and in one conscious horse. Radiographic evaluation of the stifles revealed that avulsion fracture of the medial intercondylar eminence was the most common finding in six out of 10 horses. Arthroscopic examination of the affected femorotibial joints were performed in five horses. This confirmed the presumptive diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament injury or rupture. Post mortem examinations were performed on two horses which documented partial tears of the cranial cruciate ligament.
Fluorometric evaluation of large and small intestinal ischaemia in the horse
Authors: BRUSIE R. W. , SULLINS K. E. , SILVERMAN D. G. , ROSENBERGER J. L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryArteriovenous (ischaemic strangulating obstruction, ISO) and venous obstructions (haemorrhagic strangulating obstruction, HSO) were created for 70 min in the small intestine of eight anaesthetised horses, and ISO was created in four horses for 2 h and four horses for 3 h at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures of the large colon. Five minutes following release of the occlusions, sodium fluorescein 20 per cent (0.5 mg/kg bodyweight intravenously) was administered. Serial quantitative measurements of serosal surface fluorescence of the injured segments and a control segment were made at 2, 10, 15, 20 and 30 mins using a fibreoptic perfusion fluorometer. Significant differences in fluorescence were seen in small intestine segments between HSO vs control, ISO vs HSO, but not ISO vs control segments. In the large colon, significant differences were seen between the fluorescence in the ischaemic 3 h ventral colon and control segments, and a trend for difference in fluorescence between the 2 and 3 h ischaemic segments. Differences in fluorescence between 2 vs 3 h dorsal colon segments and 2 or 3 h dorsal colon vs control segments were not significant.