bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Albumin in the Antiglobulin Crossmatch
Authors: Griffitts James J. , Frank Sally , Schmidt R. Pauline , Müller Susanne 
Published: October 2009

The “High Protein Tube” (HPT) technic converted to an antiglobulin (Coombs) test has proponents as a crossmatch procedure. Data are presented to indicate its suitability and its superiority over the conventional saline‐antiglobulin method. Tests employing 30 per cent and 22 per cent bovine albumin were performed in two stages to determine which of two final protein concentrations were optimal. Saline and 30 per cent albumin tests were performed in three stages with subsequent evaluations of each stage. Analysis was also made of the three stages as an integral procedure.A study of 453 antibodies yielded the following observations. A final protein concentration of 17 per cent was more efficacious than a final protein concentration of 12 per cent for demonstrating antibodies by the high protein tube test. The inclusion of albumin in the indirect antiglobulin test not only strengthened or enhanced the reactions but also revealed antibodies not previously demonstrable by the saline‐antiglobulin test.
Observations on Recipient Plasma Hemoglobin Concentration after Transfusion with Glycerolized Frozen Blood
Authors: Valeri C. R. 
Published: October 2009

Recipient plasma hemoglobin was measured prior to, during, and following infusions of deglycer‐olized red blood cells resuspended in autologous plasma, 5 per cent outdated albumin resuspension medium, and isotonic saline. Blood collected in ACD solution and stored at 4 C was studied in a similar manner. The effect of aggregation and disaggregation of erythrocytes on the recipient plasma hemoglobin was observed. Observations in 12 nonsurgical recipients indicate that the mode of removal of nonviable deglycerolized erythrocytes is primarily through an extravascular mechanism without detectable hemoglobinemia.The aggregation of erythrocytes in either ACD blood or deglycerolized, reconstituted blood with 5 per cent dextrose and water and their disaggregation with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride in a common channel of intravenous tubing produced no unexplained elevation of the recipient plasma hemoglobin. In seven recipients studied, no abnormal antibodies were detected following repeated transfusions of deglycerolized erythrocytes over a period of time.
The Use of Serum Enzyme Determinations to Detect Anicteric Hepatitis
Authors: Prince Alfred M. , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: October 2009

The distribution of transaminase values in a series of 1,906 sera drawn from clinically normal Republic of Korea Army recruits has been analyzed statistically. The data have indicated the existence of two normally distributed populations, and the hypothesis has been presented that one of these populations represents the normal population, characterized by absence of hepatocellular damage; and the other represents an “abnormal” population characterized by the presence of definite hepatocellular damage.The data have been analyzed, and interpreted, with reference to the concept of “normal values,” frequency of anicteric serum hepatitis carriers, ratio of anicteric to icteric serum hepatitis, and the problem of exclusion of anicteric serum hepatitis carriers from blood bank procedures.It is suggested that climination of bloods having SGPT concentrations of greater than 25 units, in this or similar populations, may result in elimination of approximately SO per cent of cases of anicteric hepatitis, with an associated loss of only about 15 per cent of available blood.
Evaluation of the Albumin Antiglobulin Technic in Antibody Detection
Authors: Stroup Marjory , MacIlroy Mija 
Published: October 2009

Studies were made of 363 sera containing specific antibodies in order to determine the influence of cell suspending media and time of incubation on the sensitivity of the anti‐globulin test. A comparison was made between the strength of the antiglobulin reaction when pooled test cells were suspended (1) in bovine albumin and (2) in saline. A duplicate set of tests compared incubation times of 15 minutes and one hour. Results obtained with the 162 sera tested indicate that the albumin medium for suspending the test cells is superior to the saline medium at either incubation time.A second series was similar except that test cells were used individually and a 30 minute incubation was included in tests of some sera. The results with the 201 sera in this part of the study indicate no loss of sensitivity of the anti‐globulin test at a shortened incubation time of 15 minutes provided the test cells were suspended in bovine albumin.
Interrelationship of the Various Subgroups of the Blood Group A: Study with Immunofluorescence
Authors: Cohen Flossie , Zuelzer Wolf W. , Evans Margaret M. 
Published: October 2009

The various subgroups of A studied with immunofluorescence seemed to form a single antigenic continuum with the A1 bloods at one end, and the “weak” A bloods at the other. Within this continuum each blood except the strongest samples of A1 was characterized by its own individual spectrum of reactivity, which ranged frcm 4+ to no fluorescence. These findings support a quantitative basis for the differences between the various subgroups of A.It is suggested that “weak” or Aw be used for the various bloods comprising the weak end of the continuum, rather than the numerous designations currently used, since with the fluorescent antibody technic, the differences within this group were no greater than those within the single category of A1 bloods.
The Frequency and Properties of pH‐Dependent Anti‐M
Authors: Beattie Kathryn M. , Zuelzer Wolf W. 
Published: October 2009

The accidental finding of an agglutinin in ACD plasma, not demonstrable in unmodified serum from the same donor, led to the discovery of a pH‐dependent antibody with anti‐M specificity. Two additional examples were found shortly thereafter. Screening of 1,000 random group N donors disclosed 21 similar examples of pH‐dependent natural anti‐M.Titers of the 24 antibodies studied in detail ranged from 1:1 to 1:128, with most falling in the lower range. The more potent sera reacted well at room temperature, provided the pH was kept in the proper range, the low‐titered sera were active only at 4 C. With increasing pH the agglutination could be abolished in every case. Under certain conditions, a prozone‐like effect was observed in titrations in which the initial acidification of the serum was kept marginal. This was shown to be the result of the buffemg effect of the serum at low dilutions, preventing acidification by the usually slightly acid (pH 5.6–6.0) saline. The optimum pH for demonstration of this type of anti‐M was found to be 6.5.
Effect of Lactose, Dextran and Albumin on Recovery and Survival of Frozen Red Cells
Authors: Strumia Max M. , Strumia Paul V. , Burns M. Elizabeth , Dugan Ann , Alter Burr , Benner Richard 
Published: October 2009

We have studied the effect of albumin and dextran, with and without previous modification with lactose, on the recovery and posttransfusion survival of red cells subjected to rapid freezing and thawing.Dextran and albumin have been found to protect red cells during freezing and thawing, with a recovery rate of 98.5 and 98.57%, respectively. A mean survival of 69.14% of red cells was obtained 24 hours posttransfusion when the red cells were treated with lactose, prior to freezing with dextran.A relationship has been found to exist between the mean corpuscular volume of the frozen red cells and the posttransfusion survival; potassium loss, stability, dimensional changes and O2 dissociation of frozen red cells were determined.
The Age of Human Erythrocytes Lost During Freezing and Thawing with Glycerol Using the Cohn Fractionator
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , McCallum Linda 
Published: October 2009

Three technics to identify the age of erythro‐cytes—Fe50, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity, and osmotic fragility—were used to investigate the red cell population lost during glyceroli‐zation, freezing, thawing and deglycerolization, using the Cohn fractionator with the slow freeze technic.The Fe50 study showed that “young” red blood cells (less than 20 days old) were preferentially retained. Both the glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity and osmotic fragility tests indicated random loss of “young” and “old” erythrocytes. However, neither of these methods can be used to determine the age distribution of the erythrocytes lost.
A Clinical Evaluation of the Use of Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose Solution in Children
Authors: Kevy Sherwin V. , Gibson John G. , Button Lawrence 
Published: October 2009

Red cells collected in CPD anticoagulant have been shown to have a mean postinfusion survival of greater than 75 per cent after 28 days of storage at 4C, in contrast to blood collected in ACD solution whose mean survival is less than 70 per cent after 28 days.In a clinical study, 3,704 units of CPD blood collected in double plastic blood packs were utilized for 4,354 transfusions in 2,425 children. Evaluation of the stability of red cell antigens disclosed that blood preserved in CPD showed a minimal loss of antigenicity after 28 days. In contrast, clotted samples were hemolyzed and demonstrated marked loss of antigenicity for Kell, hr′(c) and P after 14 days.Whole blood preserved in CPD provides two basic advantages over the presently used ACD solution. It provides a more physiologic blood for the recipient and has decreased the outdating percentage by better than 65 per cent.
Enhancement of Immunofluorescent Staining of Erythrocytes by Saponin Hemolysis
Authors: Massey Barbara W. , Klein Sidney J. , Reilly Emmett B. 
Published: October 2009

The demonstration of human blood group antigens by the fluorescent antibody technic has been improved by hemolyzing the red cells with saponin. Hemoglobin has a quenching effect on fluorescence. Its removal resulted in dramatic enhancement of the stain. Saponin proved more effective for this purpose than several other common hemolytic agents, all of which caused nonspecific staining.Antigens A, B, M, and N were readily demonstrated when the saponin step was incorporated into the usual two‐layer staining procedure. Antigen Rho(D) required the additional enhancement provided by the triple sandwich technic.
Platelet Life Span
Authors: Gardner Frank H. , Cohen Phin 
Published: October 2009

In the past decade platelet transfusions into thrombocytopenic recipients indicated that the platelet had a curvilinear lifespan. These early studies showed that platelet transfusions could be used to demonstrate shortened lifespans of platelets in idiopathic acute and chronic thrombocytopenic purpura. In addition, progressive shortening of the platelet lifespan followed the administration of multiple transfusions.A variety of isotopes has been used to gather further information regarding platelet physiology in the non‐thrombocytopenic recipient. For the most part, irregular labeling or re‐utilization of the isotope has made these procedures unsatisfactory except for sodium chromate (Cr51).Modification of ACD anticoagulant has been helpful in eliminating the initial sequestration of platelets noted earlier with EDTA anticoagulant. These more precise measurements have confirmed the linear, senescent, lifespan of the human blood platelet. A comparison of platelet measurements in the recipient by numerical counting and radioactivity of platelets has indicated that the data may not be comparable. These differences may be related to in vivo elution of the Cr51 label. For complete understanding of the platelet lifespan investigators should confirm isotope data with numerical counting of platelets.
Immunological Considerations Attending Platelet Transfusion
Authors: Shulman N. Raphael 
Published: October 2009

Iso‐immunization against platelets occurs infrequently with less than ten transfusions, but the frequency rises steadily with the number of transfusions until all patients eventually become immunized.
Characteristics of specific antigens and antibodies that have been identified to date are described briefly and the relative merits of various immunologic technics used to measure platelet iso‐antibodies are discussed.
More than half of the anti‐platelet iso‐anti‐bodies that arise after transfusion are “incomplete” and cannot be detected by conventional serologic tests. Some of these antibodies have been identified by “blocking” tests or by passive transfer. These findings explain why refractoriness to platelet transfusions is not always accompanied by serologic evidence of immunization.
Isoimmune destruction of platelets is a relatively innocuous occurrence and does not contra‐indicate further trials of platelet transfusion.
Although platelets can be matched under some circumstances when iso‐immunization has taken place, at present empirical selection of donors based on survival of transfused platelets appears to be the best approach to platelet transfusion in sensitized individuals.
Effectiveness of Platelet Transfusion in Leukemia and Aplastic Anemia
Authors: Freireich Emil J. 
Published: October 2009

Hemorrhage resulting from thrombocytopenia in patients with acute leukemia and aplastic anemia can be controlled by platelet transfusions. Severe gross hemorrhage was rarely observed when platelet counts were higher than 20,000 per cu. mm. Transfusion of 1 × 1011 platelets produced an average increment of 12–14,000 platelets per cu. mm./square meter (m2) of body surface in acute leukemia. One unit of platelet rich plasma (PRP) contains an average of 1 × 1011 platelets and 4 PRP/m2 twice weekly will maintain the platelets above 20,000 per cu. mm. most of the time. When very large doses of platelets are required in a small volume then platelet concentrates (PC), prepared by centrifuging PRP and removing most of the plasma, are used. PC are 80 to 90 per cent as effective as PRP in elevating the platelet count if prepared from plasma with a pH of 6.8 or less, achieved by the addition of citric acid.The major hazard of platelet transfusion is posttransfusion hepatitis. This can be minimized by the use of plasmapheresis thus using the same donors repeatedly. In the presence of anemia platelets can be given effectively in fresh whole blood transfusions until the patient's hematocrit is raised.
Genetic Factors of Human Gamma Globulin Detected by Rabbit Antisera
Authors: Litwin S. D. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: October 2009

Antisera of rabbits immunized with isolated human myeloma proteins, urinary proteins, papain treated myeloma proteins and FII γ‐globulin were studied. It was established that such antisera after absorption were able to serve as typing reagents for the detection of human genetic factors on gamma globulin. Specific antibodies were found against Gm(a), (b) and (f) and Inv(l) determinants.It was possible to differentiate the Gm specific antibodies from those defining the heavy chain subgroups although they usually occurred together in the rabbit antisera.
Preparation of Platelet Concentrates for Transfusion Employing Adenosine Diphosphate*
Authors: Flatow F. A. , Levin R. H. , Freireich E. J. 
Published: October 2009

Platelet aggregation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a self‐limited and reversible process. An application of this phenomenon is described which allows removal of the platelets from large volumes of fresh platelet rich plasma (PRP) for the preparation of platelet concentrates. The macroscopic platelet clumps resulting from a concentration of 10 μgm ADP per ml of PRP are removed by centrifugation at 50 × g for 10 minutes. Resuspension of these platelets in 20 cc of native plasma results in a platelet concentrate that is 80 to 90 per cent as effective per unit as PRP in its ability to elevate the platelet count in recipients. Such concentrates are superior to concentrates prepared by other methods. The posttransfusion survival of ADP platelets compares favorably with the survival of platelets administered as PRP. There is evidence of minor sequestration but there is no apparent irreversible damage to platelets handled in this manner.Alkaline plasma and increase in plasma ionized calcium enhance the ADP aggregation and improve the efficiency of in vitro separation of platelets from PRP. However, the resulting concentrate is less effective in vivo, because of prolonged and slowly reversible clumping, and failure of these platelets to circulate.
Blood Group, Serum Genetic Factors, and Hemoglobins in Cook Islanders
Authors: Douglas R. , Jacobs J. , McCarthy D. D. , Staveley J. M. 
Published: October 2009

The blood groups, the haptoglobin and transferrin types, together with the Gm2 groups and hemoglobins of 100 unrelated Cook Islanders in Atiu Island are recorded.The absence of the B gene, the low frequency of S, the high frequency of non‐secretors, the absence of K and the high Hpl level together with the absence of hemoglobin variants are features of the peoples of the South West Pacific, particularly Eastern Polynesia.
The Effect of Dipyridamole on the Adenosine Triphosphate Level of Stored Human Blood
Authors: Gibson John G. , Lionetti Fabian J. 
Published: October 2009

The addition of dipyridamole, a synthetic deaminase inhibitor at a concentration of 1 × 10−4 M to human Heparin‐ACD blood fortified with adenosine, results in an increase in ATP above control levels during storage at 4 C, rising to a maximum of 130 per cent at five days and falling to 20 per cent at 30 days. Aliquots of the same blood fortified with adenine, adenosine or both incubated at 37 C for 30 hours showed levels at or slightly above the upper limit of +2 SD of normal. The addition of dipyridamole at a concentration of 1 × 10−4 M to similar aliquots showed significant increases in ATP above normal, rising to a maximum of 300, 350 and 400 per cent in the aliquots fortified with adenine, adenosine and both respectively.Whereas the presence of adenine, adenosine or both in Heparin‐ACD blood did not significantly alter the rise in whole blood inorganic phosphate during incubation at 37 C for 30 hours, the addition of dipyridamole to similar aliquots depressed the level by from 20 to 30 per cent of control values.The possible beneficial role of a deaminase inhibitor in the preservation of human red cells is discussed.
Relationship between Lipid Fractions of Erythrocytes and Their In Vivo Survival Following Preservation with Glycerol and the Slow Freeze Technic
Authors: Almond Douglas V. , Valeri C. Robert 
Published: October 2009

Total lipid, cholesterol, and lipid phosphorus determinations were performed on erythrocytes in the following groups: 1) 22 units of deglycerolized erythrocytes, frozen previously at — 80 C for 6–7½ months with glycerol, processed by cellular agglomeration, and stored subsequently at 4 C from 0 to 11 days; 2) 5 units of deglycerolized erythrocytes processed by centrifugation, frozen previously at —80 C for 6–7½ months with glycerol, and stored subsequently at 4 C for 3 to 10 days; 3) 5 units of ACD blood (NIH formula A) collected from healthy donors and stored at 4 C for 1, and subsequently 7 days; 4) 20 cc aliquots of fresh blood from 5 healthy donors collected in 20 mg disodium EDTA.Chromium51‐labeled 10 cc aliquots of the autologous erythrocytes from full units in groups 1) and 2) were used to determine cell survival at the time the lipid assays were done. The 24‐hour posttransfusion survival was compared with the lipid values obtained.No correlation was found between survival or length of post‐thaw storage up to 11 days and any of the lipid measurements. Cholesterol concentrations in deglycerolized cells varied widely in both directions from normal values, but cholesterol concentrations, on the day of transfusion, could be correlated with the duration of pre‐freeze storage at 4 C. Significantly elevated lipid phosphorus values were observed in the deglycerolized cells after post‐thaw storage, whereas mean values for total lipid and cholesterol were comparable to those of the ACD controls stored at 4 C for corresponding periods of time.
A Study Related to the Significance of Hemolysins Observed among Aborters, Nonaborters and Infertility Patients
Authors: Vos G. H. 
Published: October 2009

In this study the significance of anti‐Tja‐like and immune anti‐A or anti‐B hemolysins was examined among a selected series of aborters, nonaborters and infertility patients who on an average had been exposed to pregnancy for the same number of years. Of particular importance is the observation that the presence of anti‐Tja‐like hemolysins could be regarded as an effective indicator of the possible occurrence of conception.The high frequency of immune anti‐A or anti‐B hemolysins found among the ABO incompatible father‐mother combinations of the aborters and the infertility cases strongly suggests that spermatic material possessing A or B antigens can be responsible for the very frequent production of these hemolysins.
The In Vivo Effects of Deglycerolized Agglomerated Erythrocytes Transfused in Multiple Units to Stable Anemic Patients
Authors: Almond Douglas V. , Valeri C. Robert , Booth Wiley M. , Seiler Michael J. , Sobucki John P. 
Published: October 2009

Ninety‐two units of deglycerolized cells processed by cellular agglomeration were transfused to 25 stable, anemic patients. For controls, 24 units of nonfrozen cells collected in ACD‐A anticoagulant were transfused to nine similar patients.Laboratory and clinical measurements were made in all recipients before, during, and after the transfusion. Data recorded for each unit of deglycerolized cells included length of storage at 4 C prior to freezing, duration of storage at —80 C and storage post‐thaw at 4 C, together with the in vitro loss during processing.Principal differences consisted of higher supernatant hemoglobin concentrations and reduced amounts of cellular hemoglobin in the deglycerolized units. The smaller amount of cellular hemoglobin was due to the in vitro loss incurred during processing.Hematocrit and total hemoglobin changes in the patients who received either nonfrozen or deglycerolized cells were comparable if the difference in the unit cellular hemoglobin was considered. The mode of removal of the nonviable cells appeared to be via an extravascular mechanism. Higher plasma hemoglobin concentrations and lower serum potassium levels were noted in recipients of deglycerolized cells in contrast to patients receiving non‐frozen cells. No adverse effects on renal function were observed after transfusion with either type of cell.
Substances in Serum Causing Interference with Blood Group Determination
Authors: Treacy M. , Geiger J. , Goss M. F. 
Published: October 2009

Excessively high concentrations of soluble substances which inhibit anti‐A or anti‐B have been reported previously in the sera of patients with certain disease conditions. This report describes four new cases in which sufficient soluble substance was present in a suspension of unwashed red cells to completely neutralize the antiserum used for blood group determination.The soluble antigen content of these sera was compared with that of normal sera by inhibition tests.