bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of Key Experimental Parameters in Steam Oxidation Testing and the Impact they have on the Interpretation of Experimental Results
Authors: Fry A. T. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The acceptance of materials for long-term, safety-critical power generation applications requires multiple testing stages and data generation. Initial screening involves short-term exposures under simplified, constant atmospheres and temperatures, which can eliminate unsuitable materials but fail to distinguish between those with broadly acceptable properties. Subsequent pilot plant testing, costing over £100K for month-long exposures, is typically required. An intermediate laboratory testing step that better replicates in-service conditions would offer a cost-effective approach to material selection and lifetime prediction. For steam oxidation degradation, key experimental parameters—such as water chemistry, pressure, steam delivery, and flow rate—must be tailored to produce oxide scale morphologies similar to those observed in actual plant conditions. This study examines the effects of these parameters through steam exposure tests on ferritic (P92), austenitic (Esshete 1250), and superalloy (IN740) materials. Results indicate that oxidation rates vary with dissolved oxygen levels in feed water, increasing for austenitic materials and decreasing for ferritic materials, while also influencing spallation tendencies. Additionally, steam pressure and delivery methods impact oxidation rates and scale morphology. A comparison with service-exposed materials revealed that traditional oxide scale morphologies were not adequately replicated, whereas cyclic oxidation tests provided a closer match to service-grown scales.
Service Experience with a Retrofit Modified 9Cr (Grade 91) Steel Header
Authors: Brett S J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In 2004, extensive Type IV cracking was discovered in the branch and attachment welds of a modified 9Cr (Grade 91) header after 58,000 hours of service. The header, installed as a retrofit in a 500MW unit in 1992, was inspected early due to concerns over the incorporation of low nitrogen-to-aluminum (N:Al) ratio components, a factor previously linked to premature failures of this steel grade in the UK. Investigations confirmed the presence of coarse aluminum nitride (AlN) precipitates, a depleted VN-type MX precipitate population, and reduced parent and Type IV creep strength in low N:Al ratio material. Cracking predominantly occurred on the header barrel sides of the welds in material that, despite meeting ASTM compositional requirements, exhibited this unfavorable N:Al ratio. This paper summarizes the inspection history, detailing crack distribution observed in 2004 and a subsequent outage in 2006. The findings are analyzed in the context of Grade 91’s Type IV creep life shortfall and its dependence on chemical composition, with broader implications for other Grade 91 components in service.
The Estimation of Residual Life of Low-Alloy Cast Steel Cr-Mo-V Type after Long-Term Creep Service
Authors: Zieliński A. , Dobrzański J. , Renowicz D. , Hernas A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study examined a three-way steam pipe made from low-alloy cast Cr-Mo-V steel after more than 100,000 hours of creep service. The investigation compared the microstructure and mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperatures to the material's initial state, including impact transition temperatures. The research utilized shortened creep tests under various conditions of stress and temperature, along with extensive investigations of both low-alloy Cr-Mo-V and high-alloyed 12Cr-Mo-V steels, to develop methods for estimating service life and residual life in practical applications. The findings enabled the development of parameter selection methods for long-term creep tests and helped determine the residual life of the low-alloy Cr-Mo-V cast steel. Additional low-cycle isothermal and thermal fatigue tests were conducted to assess the overall degree of material property degradation, with results being applicable to the diagnostics of pressure installations in power stations.
Application of a Comprehensive R&D Concept to Improve Long-Term Creep Behavior of Martensitic 9-12% Cr Steels
Authors: Cerjak H. , Holzer I. , Mayr P. , Pein C. , Sonderegger B. , Kozeschnik E. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Institute for Materials Science, Welding and Forming (IWS) conducts extensive research on modern martensitic 9-12% Cr steels intended for use in environmentally friendly power plants. Their comprehensive research program encompasses mechanical testing of base and weld metals, analysis of creep and damage mechanisms, weldability studies, microstructural evolution during creep, mathematical modeling of precipitation and coarsening kinetics, and simulation of complex heat treatments and creep deformation behavior. Through these interconnected projects, which are briefly described, IWS develops a thorough understanding of these materials while working toward a quantitative model of their creep behavior.
Microstructural Characterization of Modern Martensitic Steels
Authors: Maile K. , Kauffmann F. , Klenk A. , Roos E. , Straub S. , Mayer K.H. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
TAF steel is a Japanese high-boron 10.5% Cr martensitic stainless steel known for its exceptional high-temperature creep strength. Its high boron content (300-400 ppm) limited practical applications due to reduced hot workability in large turbine components. Recent research suggests that increasing boron content while adjusting nitrogen levels could enhance creep properties by promoting fine vanadium carbonitride formation while preventing boron nitride formation. This study presents microstructural investigations, particularly using transmission electron microscopy, focusing on precipitation characteristics and long-term precipitate evolution within the COST 536 framework.
Towards a Standard for Creep-Fatigue Testing
Authors: Holdsworth S R , Gandy D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Procedures for assessing components subjected to cyclic loading at high temperatures require material property data that characterize creep-fatigue deformation behavior and resistance to cracking. While several standards and codes define test procedures for acquiring low cycle fatigue (LCF) and creep properties, no formal guidelines exist for determining creep-fatigue data. This paper reviews the results of a global survey conducted by EPRI to support the development of a new draft testing procedure intended for submission to ASTM and, ultimately, ISO standards committees. The survey included a review of relevant national and international standards, as well as responses to a questionnaire distributed to high-temperature testing specialists in Europe, North America, and Japan. Additionally, standards related to the calibration of load, extension, and temperature measurement devices were examined. The questionnaire responses provided insights into test specimen geometry, testing equipment, control and measurement of load, extension, and temperature, and data acquisition practices. This paper outlines the background and considerations for the proposed guidance in the new standard.
Rupture Strength Data for Austenitic Stainless Steels: Experiences Gained with Demanding Data Analyses
Authors: Spindler M W , Andersson H 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The European Creep Collaborative Committee Working Group on Austenitic Stainless Steels (WG3B) has conducted comprehensive reviews of existing rupture strength values, compiled data for both existing and new grades of austenitic steels, and performed new assessments of rupture strength for these materials. Specifically, new creep rupture data assessments have been carried out for TP316L, TP316, Alloy 800H, Alloy 800HT, 253MA, Esshete 1250, HR3C, NF709, and NF709R. Various data analysis methods were applied by different assessors, and notably, most encountered similar challenges in simultaneously fitting high-stress, low-temperature data and low-stress, high-temperature data. These difficulties are consistent with those observed in assessments of modified 9Cr and 12Cr alloys. This paper summarizes WG3B’s experiences with such complex datasets and proposes several potential solutions to address these challenges.
Improved Methods of Creep-Fatigue Life Assessment of Components
Authors: Scholz A. , Berger C. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Here’s a refined version of your abstract for improved clarity, grammar, and readability: Enhanced life assessment methods contribute to the long-term operation of high-temperature components by reducing technical risks and increasing economic benefits. This study investigates creep-fatigue behavior under multi-stage loading, including cold start, warm start, and hot start cycles, as seen in medium-loaded power plants. During hold times, creep and stress relaxation accelerate crack initiation. Creep-fatigue life can be estimated using a modified damage accumulation rule that incorporates the fatigue fraction rule for fatigue damage and the life fraction rule for creep damage while accounting for mean stress effects, internal stress, and creep-fatigue interaction. In addition to generating advanced creep, fatigue, and creep-fatigue data, scatter band analyses are necessary to establish design curves and lower-bound properties. To improve life prediction methods, further advancements in deformation and lifetime modeling are essential. Verification requires complex experiments under variable creep conditions and multi-stage creep-fatigue interactions. A key challenge remains the development of methods to translate uniaxial material properties to multiaxial loading scenarios. Additionally, this study introduces a constitutive material model, implemented as a user subroutine for finite element applications, to simulate start-up and shut-down phases of components. Material parameter identification has been achieved using neural networks.
Advances in Welded Creep Resistant 9-12% Cr Steels
Authors: Abson D.J. , Rothwell J. S. , Cane B. J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Research on high chromium ferritic materials for high temperature power plant components generally concentrates on the properties of the parent steel. Weldments, however, are often the weak link, leading to premature failures and associated forced outages and high maintenance spend. Clearly, consideration of the creep performance of weld metals and associated heat-affected zones (HAZs) in these materials is important. Despite this, relevant weldment creep rupture data are not commonly available, and weldment creep rupture “strength reduction factors” are not always known. This paper provides comment on the available information on parent materials, and highlights the need for the assessment of the creep performance of weldments. Strategies for increasing HAZ creep rupture strength are reviewed, and some available weldment data are considered. Less conventional welding processes (GTA/TIG variants and EB welding) appear to provide improved creep performance of weldments. They therefore merit further study, and should be considered for welding the new steel grades, particularly in supercritical and ultra-supercritical applications.
Weldability Investigation of Inconel Alloy 740 for Ultrasupercritical Boiler Applications
Authors: Sanders John M. , Ramirez Jose E. , Baker Brian A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Inconel alloy 740, a precipitation-hardenable nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy with niobium addition, has emerged as a leading candidate material for ultra-supercritical (USC) boilers due to its superior stress rupture strength and corrosion resistance at operating temperatures near 760°C. While derived from Nimonic alloy 263, alloy 740's unique chemistry necessitates comprehensive weldability studies to address potential challenges including heat-affected zone liquation cracking, ductility-dip cracking, and post-weld heat treatment cracking. This ongoing investigation examines the alloy's weldability characteristics through material characterization studies comparing its cracking sensitivity to established aerospace alloys like Waspalloy and Inconel alloy 718. The research applies aerospace industry expertise to boiler applications requiring sections up to three inches thick, with gas tungsten arc welding and pulsed gas metal arc welding identified as the most promising processes for producing sound, crack-free welds.
Behavior of New Pipe Steels and Their Welds in Modern High Efficiency Power Stations with High Steam Parameter
Authors: Bendick W. , Hahn Bernd , Heuser Herbert , Fuchs Russel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The rising global energy demand has led to a surge in the construction of high-efficiency power plants with advanced steam parameters. National and international projects indicate that fossil fuels will continue to be the primary source of power generation in the coming years, despite significant efforts and progress in utilizing alternative energy sources. Economic pressures and climate protection concerns necessitate more cost-efficient and environmentally sustainable energy production. Achieving this requires reducing specific fuel and heat consumption per kilowatt-hour, making it essential to improve the efficiency of new power plants beyond those commissioned in Germany between 1992 and 2002. While new construction and process innovations contribute to efficiency gains, the primary factors driving improvement are increased steam pressure and temperature. Current design parameters include steam temperatures of 605 °C (live steam) and 625 °C (hot reheat steam), along with pressures of 300 bar (live steam) and 80 bar (hot reheat steam), which have become critical for obtaining building and operating licenses in Germany. However, the European Creep Collaborative Committee’s (ECCC) 2005 reassessment of the creep strength of steel T/P92 (X10CrWMoVNb9-2) has placed limitations on further increasing steam temperatures beyond 625 °C.
Selection of Erosion Resistant Materials in the Severe Environment of Coal Fired Power Plants
Authors: Harley Chris 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Competitive pressures throughout the power generation market are forcing individual power plants to extend time between scheduled outages, and absolutely avoid costly forced outages. Coal fired power plant owners expect their engineering and maintenance teams to identify, predict and solve potential outage causing equipment failures and use the newest advanced technologies to resolve and evade these situations. In coal fired power plants, erosion not only leads to eventual failure, but during the life cycle of a component, affects the performance and efficiency due to the loss of engineered geometry. “Wear” is used very generally to describe a component wearing out; however, there are numerous “modes of wear.” Abrasion, erosion, and corrosion are a few of the instigators of critical component wear, loss of geometry, and eventual failure in coal fired plants. Identification of the wear derivation is critical to selecting the proper material to avoid costly down-times and extend outage to outage goals. This paper will focus on the proper selection of erosion resistant materials in the severe environment of a coal fired power plant by qualifying lab results with actual field experiences.
Alloys for Advanced Steam Turbines—Oxidation Behavior
Authors: Holcomb G. R. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Advanced ultra-supercritical (USC) steam power plants promise higher efficiencies and lower emissions. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) aims to achieve 60% efficiency in coal-based power generation, requiring steam temperatures of up to 760°C. This study presents ongoing research on the oxidation behavior of candidate materials for advanced steam turbines, with a focus on estimating chromium evaporation rates from protective chromia scales. Due to the high velocities and pressures in advanced steam turbines, evaporation rates of CrO2(OH)2(g) are predicted to reach up to 5 × 10−8 kg m−2s−1 at 760°C and 34.5 MPa, corresponding to a solid chromium loss of approximately 0.077 mm per year.
Overview of Oxy-Combustion Technology for Utility Coal-Fired Boilers
Authors: Vitalis Brian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
With nearly half of the world's electricity generation fueled by coal and an increasing focus on limiting carbon dioxide emissions, several technologies are being evaluated and developed to capture and prevent such emissions while continuing to use this primary fossil energy resource. One method aimed at facilitating the capture and processing of the resulting carbon dioxide product is oxy-combustion. With appropriate adjustments to the process, the approach is applicable to both new and existing power plants. In oxy-combustion, rather than introducing ambient air to the system for burning the fuel, oxygen is separated from the nitrogen and used alone. Without the nitrogen from the air to dilute the flue gas, the flue gas volume leaving the system is significantly reduced and consists primarily of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Once the water vapor is reduced by condensation, the purification and compression processes otherwise required for carbon dioxide transport and sequestration are significantly reduced. As an introduction to and overview of this technology, the paper summarizes the basic concepts and system variations, for both new boiler and retrofit applications, and also serves as an organized review of subsystem issues identified in recent literature and publications. Topics such as the air separation units, flue gas recirculation, burners and combustion, furnace performance, emissions, air infiltration issues, and materials issues are introduced.
Versos e reversos do familismo em debate
Authors: Cristiane Bonfim Fernandez  
Published: February 2025

O texto aborda discursos e tendências sobre familismo, a partir do debate em periódicos científicos nacionais e internacionais. Para tanto, foi feita uma revisão integrativa na base de dados scielo.br. A partir do descritor familismo, foram mapeados 18 artigos e selecionados 9. Há um predomínio de artigos em periódicos brasileiros e de autoria de estrangeiros; um equilíbrio na distribuição das produções no período de 1998-2022 e uma heterogeneidade na compreensão do familismo conforme o contexto sócio-histórico. Os resultados apontam que a família se configura uma importante força política em busca da definição dos rumos da sociedade, cujo posicionamento converge e/ou diverge dos espectros políticos de diferentes contextos socio históricos. A família pode sobrecarregar-se ao assumir responsabilidades pela ausência do Estado, pode confrontá-lo ou ser cooptado por ele. Conclui-se que a presença de famílias/familismo tem contribuído para construção da cultura brasileira, latino-americana e europeia.

Palavras-chave: Familismo. Família. Familiar
Percepción de los factores protectores en docentes de una institución de educación superior en Colombia
Authors: Peña Meneses Gilma Rocio , Rojas Burgos Efren Eduardo 
Published: February 2025

Introducción: Los factores psicosociales laborales son características de la organización, que afectan el bienestar de las personas, la forma como se adaptan a los entornos, el manejo del estrés y las cargas laborales. Las organizaciones deben tener elementos protectores que reduzcan los niveles de exposición a los factores de riesgo psicosocial. Así, este estudio busca conocer la percepción que tienen los profesores de una institución de educación superior en Colombia frente a 5 factores principales del instrumento ENPROS1. Metodología: Se toma una muestra aleatoria de 50 profesores, el tratamiento de datos se realizó con SPSS a partir del análisis de componentes principales y se aplicó la regresión a la matriz de componentes factoriales. Resultados: Se encontraron 10 componentes principales en las 4 dimensiones. Discusión: En la quinta dimensión, sobre trabajo en equipo y ambiente psicosocial no se encontró varianza, dado que la evaluación de los docentes fue de 5 para más del 90 %, por tanto, no se realiza el análisis de componentes principales. Conclusiones: Una conclusión relevante es que la organización parece experimentar variaciones notables en cómo las dimensiones específicas se correlacionan con diferentes grupos, es decir, los docentes tienen percepciones diferentes sobre los factores protectores.
Clustering OKU Timur Script Images using VGG Feature extraction and K-Means
Authors: Toriko Liu , Purnamasari Susan Dian , Kunang Yesi Novaria , Yadi Ilman Zuhri , Andri Andri 
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on the utilization of clustering models to group manuscript images from the OKU Timur region based on specific characteristics. OKU Timur is rich in cultural heritage, including a unique writing system known as the OKU Timur script. The development of intelligent systems technology can be employed to recognize the OKU Timur script. For this purpose, a dataset of OKU Timur script is needed, which will later be used for classifying script images. One of the challenges in preparing the dataset is grouping a large number of script image samples according to the number of characters. A proposed solution in this research is to automatically group script images by applying the K-Means algorithm. The dataset comprises 2,280 images, representing 19 characters and 228 variations with different diacritics. Features are extracted using the VGG16 model, which are then clustered with the K-Means algorithm. Clustering performance is evaluated based on the percentage of correctly grouped characters. For 19 groups (character count), the model achieves an accuracy of 82.6%. For 228 groups (variations and diacritics), it correctly groups 48.16% of characters. Despite the challenges, the results demonstrate the model’s potential for further refinement. This study’s contribution lies in introducing an efficient clustering approach for cultural manuscripts, supporting digital preservation, and advancing automatic recognition of the OKU Timur script. These efforts aim to preserve the script for future generations.
The business of transformative agreements
Authors: Steinberg Reece 
Published: February 2025

<p> </p>
<p>What can transformative agreements (TA) tell us about the future of Open Access (OA)? To investigate and analyze the business model of big publishers driving these</p>
<p>agreements, this article uses a case study of the publisher Wiley, a business model canvas, and a decision matrix. The study uncovers motivations for moving to this</p>
<p>model and effects to libraries and research spread unequally among institutions and globally.</p>
<p>This has implications for the work of liaison librarians – the frontline with researchers, as well as library leadership, university leadership and others concerned</p>
<p>with equitable access to publishing, and diversity of research.</p>