bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining the age of tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae): an appraisal of the pteridine fluorescence technique
Authors: Langley P. A. , Hall M. J. R. , Felton T. , Ceesay M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStandard curves for the regression of pteridine fluorescence in the head upon chronological age were constructed for laboratory-reared Glossina adults. Of the five species investigated, the technique was a reliable predictor of age in G. morsitans morsitans Westwood, G. pallidipes Austen, G. palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and G. tachinoides Westwood, but was not reliable for G. austeni Newstead. Field-caught tenerals of both sexes of G. p. palpalis, field-caught teneral females of G. pallidipes and tenerals of both sexes of G. m. morsitans released on an island in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe, had significantly higher pteridine fluorescence levels than tenerals hatched in the laboratory. However, the regression of fluorescence on age produced similar slopes for both laboratory-reared and field-caught flies. From this, it is concluded that estimates of the ages of field-caught flies can be corrected by simply subtracting the difference in fluorescence values between field-caught and laboratory-reared tenerals. In practice, this amounts to shifting the frequency distribution of different age categories to bring the youngest age group back to day zero. A comparison of the fluorescence technique and the ovarian dissection method of determining the ages of females showed that over a wide range of ages the former was at least as accurate as the latter and should be the technique of choice for most field investigations.
Survivorship patterns of larvae of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Massachusetts kale, with special reference to mortality due to Apanteles glomeratus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Van Driesche R. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSurvivorship curves for the pre-adult stages of Pieris rapae (L.) on kale in Massachusetts exhibited two patterns. Early season generations showed a linear decline with mortality in all stages, whereas late season generations showed reduced losses in larval instars 2-4 and a concentration of mortality in the fifth instar. Ratios of direct measurement of recruitment of P. rapae and its parasitoid Apanteles glomeratus (L.) to their first larval and egg-plus-larval stages, respectively, indicated that losses to parasitism for five host generations were 86·1, 9·1, 58·O, 71·7 and 40·3% for the 1985 third generation and the 1986 first to fourth generations. Patterns of percentage parasitism within single generations were determined by higher rates of mortality in parasitized than healthy older larvae (instars 3-5) and, in some cases, by higher rates of host than parasitoid recruitment towards the end of the generation.
A field trial of the synthetic oviposition pheromone with Culex quinquefasciatus say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kenya
Authors: Otieno W. A. , Onyango T. O. , Pile M. M. , Laurence B. R. , Dawson G. W. , Wadhams L. J. , Pickett J. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe synthetic attractant pheromone 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide in a formulation of 20 mg containing 5 mg of the active (−)-(5R,6S)-isomer in an effervescent tablet produced a high, positive overall response by gravid females of Culex quinquefasciatus Say when the mosquitoes were exposed to the pheromone in established breeding sites in western Kenya. Significantly more females (82%) oviposited around the pheromone source compared to a control. The activity of the pheromone persisted in the established breeding place for four days after application. The addition of the insect growth regulator S-31183 (2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine) to the formulation did not affect the activity of the pheromone. Newly-made breeding sites exposed domestically were not attractive initially for oviposition by gravid females but, after 18 days, they became more attractive. Trays treated with synthetic pheromone diverted females from similar unbaited trays exposed within 10 m. A sample of larvae taken from a site treated with pheromone and insect growth regulator showed 100% mortality by the pupal stage. Thus, the efficacy of the pheromone has been demonstrated for the first time in the field and the possibility of using this material in combination with a ‘safe’ insecticide confirmed.
Possible selective advantage of Anopheles spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) with the oxidase- and acetylcholinesterase-based insecticide resistance genes after exposure to organophosphates or an insect growth regulator in Sri Lankan rice fields
Authors: Hemingway J. , Bonning B. C. , Jayawardena K. G. I. , Weerasinghe I. S. , Herath P. R. J. , Oouchi H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTreatment of rice fields in Sri Lanka with monocrotophos at 10 mg/litre or pirimiphos-methyl at 0·1 mg/litre gave a selective advantage to larvae of Anopheles subpictus Grassi and A. nigerrimus Giles carrying the oxidase- and acetylcholinesterase-based resistance genes, respectively. However, this selective advantage was apparent for less than ten days after spraying. There was no mortality of any larval instar with monocrotophos 12 days after spraying, and no fourth-instar larval mortality with pirimiphos-methyl 17 days after spraying. The chemical degredation curves for these compounds indicated that this short duration of efficacy was due to the instability of the compounds in water under field conditions. In contrast, the new growth regulator S-31183 (2-[1-methy1-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine) sprayed at 0·1 mg/litre conferred no selective advantage to larvae with either resistance mechanism and had a total efficacy period of at least 71 days. This difference can be attributed to the greater toxicity of the growth regulator and its slower chemical degradation under field conditions when compared to the organophosphates.
The life history, host specificity and potential of alagoasa parana Samuelson (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for biological control of Lantana camara in Australia
Authors: Winder J. A. , Sands D. P. A. , Kassulke R. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn southern Brazil, adults and larvae of the halticine beetle Alagoasa parana Samuelson fed on the foliage and flowers of Lantana tiliaefolia and L. glutinosa (Verbenaceae). The life-cycle of this univoltine species from egg to adult emergence took 80-90 days between October and April. The abundance varied seasonally from four to eight adults per 100 branches. Larvae remained on the foliage during development and pupated in moist, loose, friable soil within a cocoon at the base of the host-plant. Adults overwintered and oviposited in litter at the base of the host-plant. In multiple-choice host- specificity studies in Australia, adults fed lightly on Verbena bonariensis and Clerodendrum speciosissimum (Verbenaceae) and produced minute scars on leaves on unrelated passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus). However, A. parana completed immature development only on L. camara among the 55 plants tested. The potential of A. parana as a biological control agent for L. camara in Australia is discussed.
Tamarixia leucaenae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitic on the leucaena psyllid Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Hemiptera) in Trinidad
Authors: Bouček Z. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTamarixia leucaenae sp. n. is described from Trinidad as a parasitoid of Heteropsylla cubana Crawford. The psyllid is a serious pest of Leucaena leucocephala, which is used as a shade tree in plantations of various crops in the tropics.
Forecasting the favourableness of the Australian environment for the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae), and its potential impact on Australian wheat yields
Authors: Hughes R.D. , Maywald G.F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe CLIMEX model for matching climates in ecology is used to forecast the favourableness of the Australian environment for Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). Parameters used in CLIMEX for D. noxia were derived from the literature and tuned by iterative matching with the known distribution of the aphid in North America. These fitted values were then validated using the known distribution of D. noxia in southern Africa, and with the country-by-country occurrence of the aphid around the world. The results suggest that the drier inland parts of the Australian wheat belt would be very favourable for D. noxia growth and survival. A computer model of the interactions between climate, wheat growth and the biology of D. noxia was then used to simulate the likely infestation rates and potential yield reductions at selected sites in both the summer and winter rainfall regions of the Australian wheat belt. The results indicate that D. noxia has potential to cause severe losses to the wheat crop should it arrive in Australia.
Preselecting predatory mites for biological control: the use of an olfactometer
Authors: Janssen A. , Hofker C.D. , Braun A.R. , Mesa N. , Sabelis M.W. , Bellotti A.C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPrevious investigations showed that (1) predatory mites use odours volatilizing from spider-mite infested plants for remote prey selection and (2) the response to the volatiles is correlated to the predator's ability to control populations of the prey species. Based on this correlation, it is hypothesized that preselecting predatory mites with the aid of olfactometer experiments will increase the probability of finding an efficient natural enemy. Y-tube olfactometer experiments with 11 species of phytoseiids showed that only four species were attracted by the odour of cassava leaves infested with cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar). If the hypothesis mentioned above is valid, the probability of finding an efficient natural enemy within this group of four will be higher than finding one by randomly taking a species from the initial group of 11 species. Since testing of phytoseiids with an olfactometer can be done in a few hours, it is suggested that these tests precede more laborious evaluation methods.
Differences in the larval head patterns and body coloration of members of the Simulium metallicum species complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Mexico
Authors: Millest A.L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSimulium metallicum Bellardi larvae were collected from a variety of sites in the three onchocerciasis foci in Mexico. Their head patterns and body coloration were scored before the larvae were cytologically analysed. Cytotypes A, B, H and I were collected and in the majority of cases they could be distinguished from each other by larval morphology. An undescribed cytotype (termed cytotype X) was found in Oaxaca which, on the basis of larval morphology, was indistinguishable from cytotype B.
Mesobraconoides psolopterus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of the white rice borer, Maliarpha separatella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in West Africa
Authors: Sarhan Awad A. , Quicke Donald L.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new genus Mesobraconoides Sarhan & Quicke is described for the species M. psolopterus (Wilkinson) comb. n. (type species) and M. truncatus (Szépligeti) comb. n. Both species have been transferred from Mesobracon. M. psolopterus is here recorded from Sierra Leone as a parasitoid of the pyralid, white rice borer, Maliarpha separatella Ragonot, widespread in the Afrotropical region. M. psolopterus is redescribed and illustrated and a key provided to separate it from M. truncatus.
Susceptibility of the salvinia biological control agent Cyrtobagous salviniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to chemicals used to control tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae)) in Botswana
Authors: Semple J.L. , Forno I.W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of endosulfan and deltamethrin, chemicals used to control Glossina morsitans Westwood (tsetse fly), were tested against Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands (Curculionidae), a biological control agent for the floating fern Salvinia molesta. The weevil was very susceptible to deltamethrin and less susceptible to endosulfan. The use of these chemicals for control of G. morsitans in Botswana, where the biological control agent is active, is discussed.
Behavioural responses of the haematophagous bugTriatoma infestans(Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to visual stimuli
Authors: Ward J. P. , Finlayson L. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBehavioural responses ofTriatoma infestans(Klug) to visual stimuli were analysed using a novel method involving remote monitoring of individual tethered bugs.T. infestansshowed negative phototactic behaviour and a reduction in activity in response to a directional white light stimulus at an intensity of 1·2 /µW/cm2. A lower intensity of white light (0·6 µW/cm2) elicited a similar negative phototaxis but failed to induce a significant reduction in activity. The response to green light at 0·6 µW/cm2was similar to that towards white light at 1·2 µW/cm2. Blue light did not induce any behavioural responses, whereas red light induced a significant reduction in activity at the lower intensity but did not affect phototaxis. Infrared radiation did not induce any significant behavioural effects, but there was an indication thatT. infestanscan detect near infrared radiation (750 nm). The activity response to the higher intensity white light appeared to be mediated primarily by the compound eyes. The dorsal ocelli, however, were involved in the directing of the phototactic response.T. infestansresponded to moving objects by a marked reduction in activity. Slowly moving objects induced a following response, whereas more quickly moving objects did not.
Diapause inHeliothis armigera(Hübner) andH. fletcheri(Hardwick) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Sudan Gezira
Authors: Hackett D. S. , Gatehouse A. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDiapause induction inHeliothis armigera(Hb.) from the Sudan Gezira was investigated under controlled conditions. A maximum incidence of diapause occurred in response to exposure to low temperature (22°C) and short daylength (12 h) during the larval stage. However, the prepupal and early pupal stages were also sensitive to temperature; if they were exposed to 26°C, diapause was averted. After more than two months at low temperature, some pupae remained in diapause for more than two months after transfer to high temperature (34°C) and only commenced developing when the temperature was lowered again. This may provide a mechanism to bridge the hot dry season and to synchronise emergence with the start of the rainy season. A high incidence of diapause inH. fletcheri(Hardwick) was observed to occur at the end of the rainy season under ambient conditions in the Sudan. Emergence from these diapause pupae occurred in the following rainy season. The different phenologies of diapause in the two species are discussed in relation to their distribution in rain-fed and irrigated vegetation in the Sudan.
A new species of Zeteticontus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from Israel and Kenya, a Parasite of Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Authors: Noves J. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractZeteticontus utilis sp. n., an encyrtid parasite of larvae of Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) and Urophorus humeralis (F.) in pineapple fields in Kenya and of C. hemipterus larvae in decaying fruit in Israel, is described. The parasite has been released in an attempt to control C. hemipterus in pineapple fields in Hawaii and is to be released against the same pest in Ohio.
Studies on insecticide resistance in cotton stainers, Dysdercus spp. (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae), in Kenya
Authors: Nyamasyo G. H. N. , Karel A. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResistance to carbaryl, lindane and methidathion was studied in field and laboratory strains of Dysdercus fasciatus Sign., D. nigrofasciatus Stål, D. superstitiosits (F.) and D. cardinalis Gerst. from Kenya. Four-day old fifth-instar female nymphs were found to be the most convenient for bioassay. The LC50s of carbaryl, lindane and methidathion for D. fasciatus were 372, 240, and 110 mg/litre, respectively, those for D. nigrofasciatus 337, 294, and 111 mg/litre, and that for carbaryl for D. cardinalis 147 mg/litre. The Meru and Ngwata strains of D. fasciatus had resistance factors of ×5·3 and ×6·1, respectively, to carbaryl. The field strains of all four species showed slight resistance (up to ×3·4) to lindane and methidathion. The poor control of Dysdercus spp. experienced in Eastern Province, Kenya, is probably due to the development of resistance to carbaryl. A laboratory and a field strain of each of D. fasciatus and D. nigrofasciatus were subjected to carbaryl selection pressure for six generations of doses equivalent to the LC50-LC70. The laboratory strain of D. fasciatus was also subjected to lindane selection for six generations. The laboratory and field strains of D. fasciatus developed resistance to carbaryl of ×3·7 and ×5·7, respectively, and cross-resistance to lindane of up to ×2·7. No significant increase in resistance was observed in D. nigrofasciatus after selection. The laboratory strain of D. fasciatus developed resistance to lindane of ×5·5 after selection and cross-resistance to carbaryl of ×4·3.
Description of the African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora sp. n., with comparative notes on the ASian rice gall midge, O. oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Harris K. M , Gagné R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora sp. n., is described and illustrated from adults of both sexes, larvae and pupae collected in West Africa. This species had previously been misidentified as O. oryzae (Wood-Mason), which is a major pest of rice in Asia, but the two species are morphologically distinct in the larval, pupal and adult stages. All available African material has been examined, and O. oryzivora is recorded from cultivated rice in Senegal, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and the Sudan. Larvae and pupae collected from Paspalum in Upper Volta differ from typical O. oryzivora in some morphological characters and probably represent an undescribed species of Orseolia
Attempts to measure the influence of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the field mortality of the bush fly Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae) in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Wallace M. M. H. , Tyndale-Biscoe M 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe immature stages of Musca vetustissima Wlk. in dung pads in south-eastern Australia suffered a high mortality through the actions of a complex array of dung organisms, including dung beetles (scarabaeids), predatory beetles (hydrophilids and histerids) and predatory mites (Macrocheles glaber (Müll.)). At times of high dung beetle numbers, it was possible to demonstrate a relationship between fly mortality and dung beetle numbers. Single-species dung beetle populations appeared to be as effective as multiple-species populations in reducing fly numbers, except that some benefit was derived from a combination of day- and night-flying species. When dung beetle numbers were low, their influence could not be measured because of the high mortalities already caused by the other dung fauna. It is suggested that in those circumstances any mortality caused by the dung beetles may simply have become substituted for an existing mortality caused by other fauna without adding to the total mortality.
Effects of ovarian condition on nesting behaviour in a brood-caring dung beetle, Copris diversus Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Tyndale Biscoe Marina 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCopris diversus Waterh. is a brood-caring dung beetle from Africa, the females remaining in the nest with their brood balls until the young emerge. A technique was developed which allowed access to the nest without interrupting nesting behaviour, so that beetles and nest contents could be observed and dung could be added into or removed from the nest at specific times. At 27°C, if more dung was added to the nest in the first three days after the start of brood care, most beetles continued oviposition. Resorption of the terminal follicle started some time between the third and twelfth days of brood care, and while the terminal follicle was resorbing the beetles did not revert to breeding if supplied with additional dung. Subsequent follicles were also resorbed if brood care was allowed to continue beyond ten days, but their resorption did not impose a lengthy delay in breeding. Oviposition resumed 17 to 21 days after the start of brood care, irrespective of when the dung was added. Development of new follicles following follicle resorption took three to seven days, and thus the resorption of the terminal follicle must have taken about seven to fifteen days.
The effects of odours, wind direction and wind speed on the distribution of Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) and other insects near stationary targets
Authors: Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn studies in the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. were captured on electric nets at various points around stationary targets. The distribution of flies was affected by wind direction, wind speed and the presence or absence of an attractant odour consisting of carbon dioxide and acetone. The distributions suggested that tsetse attracted to baits by visual stimuli alone fly first to a point just downwind of the baits, where the perception of odour is important in host recognition. Changes in the distribution of catches when odour was used suggested that the distributions could form useful indices of assaying attractant odours in the field. Data for Muscidae, Tabanidae, Asilidae and Hymenoptera are also presented.
Distribution, biology and host specificity ofCyrtobagous singularisHustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for the biological control ofSalvinia molesta
Authors: Forno I. W. , Sands D. P. A. , Sexton W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCyrtobagous singularisHust. was recorded from Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina in association with six species ofSalvinia(aquatic ferns). Field observations and laboratory studies in Brazil and Australia showed thatC. singularisseverely damagedS. molestaand that the weevil is suitable as a control agent for this weed in tropical and subtropical areas in Australia. In host-specificity studies using 46 plant species that occur in Australia, development of the immature stages took place only onS. molesta. Minor leaf scarring occurred on sweet potato when in contact with water, but starvation tests excluded this plant as a possible terrestrial host. Adults fed, but were unable to reproduce, on water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). The high degree of host specificity indicated that establishment of this weevil in Australia is without risk to non-target plants.C. singulariswas first released and became established in Australia in 1980.
Application of the FAO-recommended method for detecting insecticide resistance in Aphis jabae Scopoli, Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Stribley M. F. , MOORES G. D. , DEVONSHIRE A. L. , SAWICKI R. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBaseline toxicity measurements established discriminating concentrations of pirimicarb and demeton-S-methyl guaranteed to kill susceptible examples of Aphis fabae Scop., Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) in the dip-test, the FAO-recommended method for detecting resistance in aphids. There was no evidence for resistance to either insecticide in field-collected populations of aphids from various parts of the UK or amongst variants of S. avenae characterised by staining their esterases after electrophoresis. New, simple techniques for rearing large numbers of colonies of cereal aphids are described.