bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE APPLICATION OF GAS PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY TO THE SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF STEROIDS IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: Patti A. Anne , Bonanno Philip , Frawley Thomas F. , Stein A. A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The separation and the identification of steroids in biological fluids by gas phase chromatography are described. Comparison of hydrolytic procedures indicated that fractionation into groups of similar compounds: pregnanediol, 17-ketosteroids, estrogens and corticoids was necessary. Bongiovanni's method was qualitatively and quantitatively superior for urinary pregnanediol in crude and purified extracts. Enzymatic hydrolysis, solvolysis and acid hydrolysis with and without simultaneous extraction were employed for the commonly occurring 11-oxo- and desoxy-17-ketosteroids and the estrogens. Solvolysis yielded the highest concentration of DHEA and seemed fairly specific for this steroid. Estrone, estradiol and estriol have been separated and identified as their acetoxy derivatives. Cortisone, cortisol and their tetrahydro reduced forms were detected in extracts from urines hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase and with acid at pH 1.0 at room temperature. Column and paper chromatography were used for purifying the extracts but molecular alteration was observed with cortisol in extracts from papergrams which had been scanned by ultraviolet light. The order of the migration of steroids was reversed from that usually observed on paper chromatograms.
ANTI-OVULATORY ACTIVITY OF SUBCUTANEOUSLY INJECTED STEROIDS IN THE ADULT OESTRUS RABBIT
Authors: Kind Fred A. , Dorfman Ralph I. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Thirty-six steroids of various structures were studied by subcutaneous injection in a rabbit anti-ovulatory test which depends upon the suppression of luteinizing hormones at the pituitary level, the direct interference with the peripheral action of the luteinizing hormone on the ovary or a combination of both.
The steroid 19-norprogesterone was the most active anti-ovulatory steroid found and was judged to be about 150 times more active than progesterone. The highly active progestational agents, 6-chloro-Δ6-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone, 6-chloro-Δ1,6-bisdehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesteroune, 6-chloro-16α-methyl-Δ6-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone, 6α-chloro-Δ1-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone and Δ6=dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone were highly active anti-ovulatory agents having potency ratios compared to progesterone of 30, 8, 5, 2.8, ≥ 2, 2. The anti-ovulatory activity of a steroid was not necessarily related to its progestational activity nor its anti-gonadotrophic activity as determined in a parabiosis assay.
STUDIES ON THE TESTICULAR-HYPOPHYSEAL FEED-BACK MECHANISM IN MAN
Authors: Johnsen Svend G. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Quantitative measurements of the urinary excretion of gonadotrophins and androgen metabolites have been correlated with the functional condition of the germinal epithelium in various forms of male hypogonadism. Data on the influence of Leydig-cells, Sertoli-cells and the spermatogenetic stages on the gonadotrophin production are given. The finding of some, previously undescribed, lesions in spermatogenesis in certain clinical conditions is discussed.
It is concluded that the testicular-hypophyseal feed-back mechanism in man depends on a very late stage in spermatogenesis. The suggestion is put forward that the cytoplasm which is split off from the spermatid immediately before liberation of the mature spermatozoon produces the hypophyseal inhibitor.
INHIBITION BY CORTICOSTEROIDS OF RED CELL LYSIS IN VITRO
Authors: Agarwal Kailash N. , Garby Lars 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The effect of different corticosteroids on the lysis of human erythrocytes caused by sulfhydryl inhibitors, mechanical stress and whole blood incubation was investigated. Several of the corticosteroids inhibited the lysis obtained under these conditions. Some conclusions were drawn regarding the molecular configuration required for the inhibitory effect.
CLINICAL TRIAL OF HUMAN GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Crooke A. C. , Butt W. R. , Bertrand P. V. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Thirteen patients with prolonged secondary amenorrhoea and 5 with anovular cycles each provided sufficient data to establish their individual sensitivity to FSH.
The parameters used were based on the rise in excretion of oestriol and of pregnanediol.
The sensitivity expressed as the ED 50 (that dose which is effective in 50 per cent of times it is given) varied between patients over at least a sevenfold range but the difference between the 2 groups of patients was not significant.
After adjusting for differences between patients a dose-response relationship was established and it was found that a dose equal to half the ED 50 would be expected to produce a response in less than Io per cent of the times it is given while a dose equal to twice the ED 50 would be expected to produce a response in more than go per cent of the times it is given. Such a dose would be likely to produce an excessive response.
An excessive response occurred three times in 140 months of treatment.
Sixteen of the I8 patients became pregnant. The 2 who failed gave up treatment prematurely.
A test of individual patient's sensitivity to FSH was established which depended on single injections of the hormone mixed with HCG. The test was repeated at 2 to 3 weekly intervals with increasing dosages until a positive response was obtained as judged by an increase in excretion of oestriol.
The rate at which the dose should be increased was investigated and a 30 per cent rate was selected.
When the effective test dose was established a standard schedule of dosages was recommended for treatment using 3 equal doses of FSH in 8 days and HCG on the tenth.
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTIONS OF ETHYNYL OESTRADIOL AND NORGESTREL (dl-13β-ETHYL-17α-ETHYNYL-17β-HYDORXYGON-4-EN-3-ONE; WY 3707)
Authors: Edgren Richard A. , Jones Robert C. , Peterson DeAnn L. , Gillen Anne L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The interactions of norgestrel (dl-13β-ethyl-17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one; Wy 3707) and ethynyl oestradiol (EO) have been examined in a variety of experiments. Norgestrel is an antagonist of EO in mouse uterine growth and vaginal smear tests; in a rat uterine growth test the progestagen appeared to potentiate the oestrogen. EO was an antagonist of norgestrel in the Clauberg test for progestational activity. In tests for pregnancy maintenance in spayed rats, the oestrogen was largely antagonistic to the progestagen, although a suggestion of potentiation was observed at certain dose combinations. The pituitary effects of EO, as judged from studies in hemicastrated rats, were not modified by the simultaneous administration of norgestrel. Cohabitation experiments in rats failed to demonstrate a »contraceptive« effect of norgestrel alone, whereas EO and the combinations were effective; essentially normal fertility and fecundity were recovered after termination of treatment.
None of these results differed significantly from what would be expected from data on other oestrogen/progestagen combinations.
EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE ON THE METABOLISM OF THE ISOLATED LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE OF THE RAT
Authors: Arvill A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The effects of restosterone were studied on the rate of intracellular accumulation of D-xylose-14C, AIB-14C, glycine-3H, valine-14C and leucine-14C in the isolated levator ani muscle of immature male rats. The effects of testosterone were also investigated on the incorporation of glycine-3H and leucine-14C into the muscle protein as well as on the incorporation of adenine-14C in muscle RNA. The testosterone stimulated AIB transport is described by the formulation of Michaelis-Menten and approximate values of Km and Vmax are calculated for this transport in the levator ani muscle. Testosterone stimulated the intracellular accumulation of D-xylose-14C, AIB-14C and glycine-3H, but only when injected to the rats at least six hours before the in vitro experiment. No effect could be observed when testosterone was added to the incubation media. Testosterone also stimulated the incorporation of glycine-3H and leucine-14C into the muscle protein. When puromycin was added to the medium no radioactivity was found in the protein fraction. Stimulating effects during the incubation period, of previously injected testosterone, were nevertheless observed on the intracellular accumulation of AIB-14C, glycine-3H and valine-14C.
Testosterone also stimulated the incorporation of adenine-14C into the muscle RNA.
No effects on these parameters were ever observed in the diaphragm muscles of the same rats.
SENSITIVITY OF THE RAT DIAPHRAGM TO GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: Hjalmarson Å. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
In vitro administration of bovine growth hormone (GH) to intact hemidiaphragms from hypophysectomized rats was found to produce both an early stimulatory and a late inhibitory effect on the rate of intracellular accumulation of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and D-xylose. These effects were obtained by using an in vitro system, in which the diaphragms were incubated for periods up to 5 hours, a procedure found suitable for studying early and late effects of GH in vitro.
GH (25 μg/ml) was added at the start of incubation and after various lengths of exposure to the hormone the diaphragms were transferred to other flasks and were incubated with AIB-14C (for 60 min) or D-xylose-14C (for 30 min). The stimulatory effect produced by GH on the uptake of the labelled substances in the diaphragm was seen during 2—3 hours after the initial addition of the hormone. The duration of the corresponding stimulatory effect of insulin was at least 4½ hours.
Exposure of the diaphragms in vitro to GH in a concentration of 5 μg/ml for 3 hours made the diaphragms almost completely insensitive to further addition of GH (25 μg/ml) later on, when the ability of the muscles to accumulate AIB-14C and D-xylose-14C was studied. Thus, a late inhibitory effect of GH on the membrane transport of AIB and D-xylose in the diaphragm was obtained after in vitro administration of the hormone.
The biphasic action of GH in vitro on the accumulation of AIB and D-xylose does not seem to be secondary to GH-produced changes of the glucose utilization in the diaphragm. This phenomenon cannot be explained by different dose levels of GH either, since qualitatively the same effects were obtained by GH at different concentrations from 0.1 to 100 μg/ml medium.
The results from the present study are discussed in relation to available observations of the dual nature of GH exerted both in vivo and in vitro.
ANALYSIS OF THE BIPHASIC ACTION OF GROWTH HORMONE IN VITRO ON THE RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Hjalmarson Å. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
In vitro addition of bovine growth hormone (GH) to intact hemidiaphragms from hypophysectomized rats has previously been found to produce both an early stimulatory effect lasting for 2—3 hours and a subsequent late inhibitory effect during which the muscle is insensitive to further addition of GH (Hjalmarson 1968). These effects on the accumulation rate of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and D-xylose have been further studied.
In presence of actinomycin D (20 μg/ml) or puromycin (100 μg/ml) the duration of the stimulatory effect of GH (25 μg/ml) was prolonged to last for at least 4—5 hours and the late inhibitory effect was prevented. Similar results were obtained when glucose-free incubation medium was used.
Preincubation of the diaphragm at different glucose concentrations (0—5 mg/ml) for 3 hours did not change the GH sensitivity. Addition of insulin at start of incubation could not prevent GH from inducing its late inhibitory effect, while dexamethasone seemed to potentiate this effect of GH. Furthermore, adrenaline was found to decrease the uptake of AIB-14C and D-xylose-14C in the diaphragm, but not to change the sensitivity of the muscle to GH.
Preincubation of the diaphragm for 3 hours with puromycin in a concentration of 200 μg/ml markedly decreased the subsequent basal uptake of both AIB-14C and D-xylose-14C, in the presence of puromycin, and abolished the stimulatory effect of GH on the accumulation of AIB-14C. However, the effect of GH on the accumulation of D-xylose-14C was unchanged. The present observations are discussed and evaluated in relation to various mechanisms of GH action proposed to explain the dual nature of the hormone.
TESTOSTERONAUSSCHEIDUNG BEI MÄNNLICHEN PERSONEN UNTER NORMALEN UND PATHOLOGISCHEN BEDINGUNGEN
Authors: Schmidt Helmuth 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARY
Until recently our knowledge concerning the endocrine function of the human testes was mainly based on clinical and morphological data. Biochemical criteria of Leydig cell function such as certain constituents of semen (fructose, citric acid, acid phosphatase) or urinary metabolites of testicular hormones (17-ketosteroids and their fractions, estrogens) were not able to give reliable and precise information. Since 1960 however progress in methodology has enabled us to determine testosterone itself in plasma and urine. Plasma and urinary testosterone is not only derived from the testicular but also from the adrenal androgens and urinary testosterone represents only 1% of the total testosterone produced in the male organism. If however the production of androgens by the testes or adrenals is suppressed by blocking ICSH or ACTH, it can be demonstrated that 80–90% of the plasma testosterone is derived from the testes; in contrast, about two thirds of the "androgenic" fractions of 17-ketosteroids are metabolites of adrenal precursors; similar relationships seem to exist in the urinary estrogens of the male. It can therefore be assumed that testosterone values correlate better with the endocrine testes function than any of the parameters formerly employed. Furthermore, testosterone is the most active androgen whereas the 17-ketosteroids are derived mainly from weak androgenic steroids and they do not represent the total androgenicity of the organism.
SATURATION ASSAYS FOR PLASMA PROGESTERONE AND 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE
Authors: Lipsett Mortimer B. , Doerr Peter , Bermudez Jose A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Saturation assays for progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone have been discussed. These methods have a sensitivity of 0.06 ng/ml and satisfactory precision and reproducibility for physiologic concentrations. Practical points of technique and a system for analysis of data are presented. Steroids that can be converted to progesterone or 17-hydroxyprogesterone, either chemically or enzymatically, may also be measured by these techniques.
RELIABILITY OF PLASMA TESTOSTERONE ASSAYS BY COMPETITIVE PROTEIN BINDING METHODS
Authors: Nugent C. A. , Mayes D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
This report examines the reliability of different methods for competitive protein binding assay of plasma testosterone. Most of the methods give results similar to those reported by the most reliable of the competitive protein binding methods and by established double isotope derivative methods. In a few instances poor reliability was demonstrated. However, the reliability of the remaining methods usually had not been investigated thoroughly.
An adequate examination of accuracy was one of the most frequent omissions in the investigation of the reliability of these methods. Differences between direct standards and samples containing known amounts of testosterone purified in the same manner as unknown samples can develop easily in competitive protein binding methods. These differences may be caused by substances other than the steroid being measured or by alteration of the labelled or unlabelled steroid. The interfering substance or altered steroid may be present before or appear during or after purification. The impurity may or may not be removed in purification and it may or may not bind with the binding protein. To detect these types of errors, accuracy studies should be done throughout the range of concentrations in which it is expected to apply the method.
ASSAY OF 17β-OESTRADIOL BY COMPETITIVE PROTEIN BINDING METHODS
Authors: Corker C. S. , Exley D. , Naftolin F. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
This report gives details of the authors' procedure for the measurement of 17β-oestradiol in plasma by competitive protein binding analysis, together with the results of studies on various parameters of the assay system. The preparation of the receptor cytosol, the assay system, extraction of plasma and reliability criteria are all discussed. The procedure is compared with those reported by other workers. Finally the results obtained by this technique are compared with those obtained by other methods and current applications are presented.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF STEROIDS
Authors: Midgley A. R. , Niswender G. D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A number of radioimmunoassay systems have been developed for quantitation of a variety of steroid hormones. Suitable antisera were obtained by immunizing rabbits with steroid derivatives conjugated at various positions to bovine serum albumin. The specificity of the antisera varied directly with the position of conjugation. Changes in the latter resulted in greater than 2000-fold shifts in relative inhibitory activity for a given steroid. The data indicate that conjugation should be done through a region (such as position 6) that is remote from distinguishing functional groups. The specificity data and nature of the inhibition curves suggest that the major portion of the steroid molecule is being recognized as a single immunoreactive unit. The advantages and problems associated with use of radioiodinated conjugates for labeled steroids are discussed. With conjugates, it has been possible to quantitate reliably as little as one pg of some steroids in a single assay tube.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF ESTRONE AND ESTRADIOL
Authors: Mikhail G. , Wu C. H. , Ferin M. , Wiele R. L. Vande 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Antibodies to estradiol were produced by immunization of sheep with 17β-estradiol-succinyl-BSA. The antiserum cross reacted readily with estrone and was used for radioimmunoassay of plasma estrone and estradiol. The method includes ether extraction, separation of estrone and estradiol by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and radio-immunoassay using a mixture of polymerized estradiol antibodies and tracer 3H-estradiol. Separation of the free and protein bound radio-activity was effected by centrifugation. The water blank of the method is 11 ± 1 picogram (pg). The lower limit of sensitivity is 50 pg. The coefficient of variation was 8–18% for estrone and 4–17% for estradiol. Analysis of plasma estrone and estradiol in 5 ovulatory menstrual cycles revealed a midcycle peak of estradiol in each subject.
IN VITRO METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL FUNCTIONS TO SECRETE GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: Kobayashi T. , Kigawa T. , Mizuno M. , Watanabe T. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
There are several in vitro methods to analyse the function of the adenohypophysis or the mechanisms of its regulation. The present paper deals with single cell culture, organ culture and short term incubation techniques by which the morphology and gonadotrophin-secreting function of the adenohypophysis were studied. In trypsin-dispersed cell culture, the adenohypophysial cells showed extensive propagation to form numerous cell colonies and finally develop into a confluent monolayer cell sheet covering completely the surface of culture vessels. Almost all of the cultured cells, however, became chromophobic, at least at the end of the first week of cultivation, when gonadotrophin was detectable neither in the culture medium nor in the cells themselves. After the addition of the hypothalamic extract, gonadotrophin became detectable again, and basophilic or PAS-positive granules also reappeared within the cells, suggesting that the gonadotrophs were stimulated by the extract to produce gonadotrophin. In organ culture and short term incubation, the incorporation of [3H] leucine into the adenohypophysial cells in relation to the addition of hypothalamic extract was examined. It was obvious that the ability to incorporate [3H] leucine into the gonadotrophs in vitro was highly dependent upon the presence of the hypothalamic extract.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY OF ENDOCRINE CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Milner A. Josephine , Hamilton David W. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The morphological and biochemical evidence supporting a relationship between structure and function has been examined for those endocrine cells involved in steroid biosynthesis. Recent evidence indicating that this relationship may not be a simple one has been presented and the usefulness of a morphological approach in assessing the functional activity of cells is discussed.
ASSESSMENT OF HORMONE ACTION IN CULTURED CELLS
Authors: Lee Kai-Lin , Kenney Francis T. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Corticosteroids effect a rapid and marked increase in the enzyme tyrosine transaminase in cultured cells of the Reuber or H-35 hepatoma. This change is comparable in all essential aspects to changes in the livers of rats treated with the same hormones. Methods of cell culture and of biochemical analysis designed to determine the mechanism of steroid action on cultured cells are described.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF TISSUE UPTAKE AND DISPOSITION OF HORMONES
Authors: Gurpide Erlio , Stolee Ann , Tseng Linda 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A two-tracer continuous flow perfusion experimental design has been used to measure the entry of steroids (oestradiol, oestrone, progesterone, 20α-dihydroprogesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, cortisol, cortisone) and nucleic acid precursors (uridine, cytidine, UMP) into several tissues, using slices (human endometrium, endometrial adenocarcinoma, placenta, foetal membranes, rat and rabbit liver) or cell suspensions (chorion, amnion, liver, choriocarcinoma Be/Wo). Rates of interconversion between the perfused compounds and rates of release into the medium were also measured. The response of the system to additions of hormones, drugs and plasma proteins was evaluated by measuring rates and concentrations. The entry of oestrogen sulphates and UMP into tissues was compared with the entry of the corresponding unesterified compounds.
IN SITU AND PILOT ORGAN PERFUSION TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF METABOLIC DYNAMICS
Authors: Urquhart John , Keller Nancy 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Two techniques for organ perfusion with blood are described which provide a basis for exploring metabolic or endocrine dynamics. The technique of in situ perfusion with autogenous arterial blood is suitable for glands or small organs which receive a small fraction of the animal's cardiac output; thus, test stimulatory or inhibitory substances can be added to the perfusing blood and undergo sufficient dilution in systemic blood after passage through the perfused organ so that recirculation does not compromise experimental control over test substance concentration in the perfusate. Experimental studies with the in situ perfused adrenal are described. The second technique, termed the pilot organ method, is suitable for organs which receive a large fraction of the cardiac output, such as the liver. Vascular connections are made between the circulation of an intact, anaesthetized large (> 30 kg) dog and the liver of a small (< 3 kg) dog. The small dog's liver (pilot liver) is excised and floated in a bath of canine ascites, and its venous effluent is continuously returned to the large dog. Test substances are infused into either the hepatic artery or portal vein of the pilot liver, but the small size of the pilot liver and its blood flow in relation to the large dog minimize recirculation effects. A number of functional parameters of the pilot liver are described.