bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inadequate fine needle aspiration biopsy samples: Pathologists versus other specialists
Authors: Gomez-Macías GS , Garza-Guajardo R , Segura-Luna J , Barboza-Quintana O 
Published: June 2009

Background:
Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a simple, sensitive, quick and inexpensive method in which operator experience is essential for obtaining the best results.

Methods:
A descriptive study in which the aspiration biopsy cases of the Pathology and Cytopathology Service of the University Hospital of the UANL (2003–2005) were analyzed. These were divided into three study groups: Group 1, FNAB performed by a pathologist; Group 2, FNAB performed by specialists who are not pathologists, Group 3, FNAB guided by an imaging study with immediate evaluation by a pathologist. The samples were classified as adequate and inadequate for diagnosis, the organ, the size and characteristics of the lesions were taken into consideration.

Results:
A total of 1905 FNAB were included. In Group 1: 1347 were performed of which 1242 (92.2%) were adequate and 105 (7.7%) were inadequate. Of the 237 from Group 2, 178 were adequate (75.1%) and 59 inadequate (24.8%); in Group 3 there were 321 of which 283 (88.1%) were adequate and 38 (11.8%) inadequate. A statistically significant difference was found between FNAB performed by Group 1 (p< 0.001) and the other groups. A multivariate analysis was done where the organ punctured, the study groups, the size and characteristics of the lesion by study group were compared, finding that the most important variable was the person who performed the procedure.

Conclusion:
The experience and training of the person performing the aspiration biopsy, as well as immediate evaluation of the material when it is guided, substantially reduces the number of inadequate samples, improving the sensitivity of the method as well as reducing the need for open biopsies to reach a diagnosis.
Turning a blind eye to double blind line‐ups
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , Carlucci Marianna E. , Evans Jacqueline R. , Compo Nadja Schreiber 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAlthough psychologists have urged police officers to use double blind line‐up procedures during their investigations, police officers state that these would be difficult to administer and most have been reluctant to implement this change. Four studies examine whether lay people's judgements about the guilt of a suspect vary according to whether a brief written summary of a case described the identification procedure as double blind or non‐double blind. The effects were all small (and almost all non‐significant). Most people do not treat double blind line‐ups differently from non‐double blind line‐ups when assessing the guilt of a defendant. Either police investigators should stop using this biased method or police investigators and others in the judicial system (e.g. jurors, judges) should be informed of this bias when evaluating results from any line‐up. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rewritable Holographic Structures Formed in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials by Photothermal Processing
Authors: Kakiuchida Hiroshi , Takahashi Masahide , Tokuda Yomei , Yoko Toshinobu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHolographic and direct‐written structures are fabricated in tin‐doped silicophosphite thin plates containing rhodamine 6G dye by a photothermal process based on the principle of glass softening/frozen‐in behavior. To be highly processable by photothermal treatment and stable at room temperature after processing, the intrinsic viscoelastic property is improved by increasing the crosslinking density of the network structure, and the photothermal conditions for efficient transfer of the irradiated photons to thermal phonons are explored. Then, the excellent rewritability and reliability of the fine processed structure are found by examining the writing/erasing repetition. Furthermore, the origins of the changes in refractive index due to photothermal treatment are classified into density change and photobleaching, and the dynamics of the formation process of holographic gratings are studied by measuring refractive index changes as functions of irradiation time and wavelength. As a result, it is found that the holographic structure consists of spatial modulation of the refractive index and the refractive index change results primarily from the change in the frozen structure, although there is a slight influence by photobleaching.
Ferroelectric Response and Induced Biaxiality in the Nematic Phase of Bent‐Core Mesogens
Authors: Francescangeli Oriano , Stanic Vesna , Torgova Sofia I. , Strigazzi Alfredo , Scaramuzza Nicola , Ferrero Claudio , Dolbnya Igor P. , Weiss Thomas M. , Berardi Roberto , Muccioli Luca , Orlandi Silvia , Zannoni Claudio 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe still undiscovered fluid ferroelectric nematic phase is expected to exhibit a much faster and easier response to an external electric field compared to conventional ferroelectric smectic liquid crystals; therefore, the discovery of such a phase could open new avenues in electro‐optic device technology. Here, experimental evidence of a ferroelectric response to a switching electric field in a low molar mass nematic liquid crystal is reported and connected with field‐induced biaxiality. The fluid is made of bent‐core polar molecules and is nematic over a range of 120 °C. Combining repolarization current measurements, electro‐optical characterizations, X‐ray diffraction and computer simulations, ferroelectric switching is demonstrated and it is concluded that the response is due to field‐induced reorganization of polar cybotactic groups within the nematic phase. This work represents significant progress toward the realization of ferroelectric fluids that can be aligned at command with a simple electric field.
Increased Interface Strength in Carbon Fiber Composites through a ZnO Nanowire Interphase
Authors: Lin Yirong , Ehlert Gregory , Sodano Henry A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOne of the most important factors in the design of a fiber reinforced composite is the quality of the fiber/matrix interface. Recently carbon nanotubes and silicon carbide whiskers have been used to enhance the interfacial properties of composites; however, the high growth temperature degrade the fiber strength and significantly reduce the composite's in‐plane properties. Here, a novel method for enhancing the fiber/matrix interfacial strength that does not degrade the mechanical properties of the fiber is demonstrated. The composite is fabricated using low‐temperature solution‐based growth of ZnO nanowires on the surface of the reinforcing fiber. Experimental testing shows the growth does not adversely affect fiber strength, interfacial shear strength can be significantly increased by 113%, and the lamina shear strength and modulus can be increased by 37.8% and 38.8%, respectively. This novel interface could also provide embedded functionality through the piezoelectric and semiconductive properties of ZnO.
Spontaneous Lamellar Alignment in Thickness‐Modulated Block Copolymer Films
Authors: Kim Bong Hoon , Lee Hyung Min , Lee Joo‐Hyung , Son Seung‐Woo , Jeong Seong‐Jun , Lee Sumi , Lee Dong Il , Kwak Sin Ung , Jeong Hawoong , Shin Hyunjung , Yoon Jun‐Bo , Lavrentovich Oleg D. , Kim Sang Ouk 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHere, spontaneous lamellar alignment in a thickness‐modulated block copolymer film is presented as a facile, scalable, and general approach for creating a highly aligned lamellar morphology. Thickness‐modulated block copolymer films are prepared on neutral surfaces by various methods, such as solution dropping, dewetting‐induced self‐organized patterning, and thermal imprinting. Regardless of the film preparation method, the self‐assembled lamellar domains become spontaneously aligned along the thickness gradient after sufficient thermal annealing. Real‐time AFM imaging reveals that spontaneous alignment occurs through the directional growth of well‐ordered domains along the thickness gradient, which is accompanied by defect dynamics, with vertical linear defects moving from thicker parts of the film towards the thinner ones, reducing their length and thus the associated energy. The mechanism underlying this interesting self‐aligning behavior is provided by a ‘geometric anchoring’ phenomenon, originally envisioned to account for the liquid crystal alignment under a non‐flat geometry of confinement. This novel self‐aligning principle offers a valuable opportunity to control nanoscale alignment in block copolymer films by manipulating the, much larger, microscale morphology.
Intensification of liquid–liquid two‐phase mass transfer by gas agitation in a microchannel
Authors: Su Yuanhai , Chen Guangwen , Zhao Yuchao , Yuan Quan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this experiment, the inert gas is used to agitate two immiscible fluids in microchannels. The mass transfer performances with or without gas agitation are investigated. 30% TBP (in kerosene)‐acetic acid‐water is chosen as testing system, and nitrogen as agitating gas. The superficial velocities of the immiscible liquid–liquid two phases and gas phase are varied in the range from 0.02 to 1.2 m/s, and 0 to 3.0 m/s, respectively. In microchannels, with enough gas agitating intensity, high dispersion between two immiscible liquid phases can be obtained. The overall volumetric mean mass transfer coefficients are two‐folds higher than those without gas agitating, which are in the range of 3.8–30.6 s−1. Some parameters which impact on the mass transfer process, such as the mixture superficial velocity of the immiscible liquid–liquid two phases, the gas superficial velocity, the microchannel structure, the gas inlet locations and the sampling time are experimentally investigated. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Experimental and CFD studies of fluid dynamic gauging in annular flows
Authors: Gu T. , Chew Y. M. J. , Paterson W. R. , Wilson D. I. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFluid dynamic gauging has been applied for the first time to measurements on a curved surface, specifically the inner convex surface of an annulus. Two hydraulic cases were examined: (i) the quasi‐static case, where there is no flow in the annulus, other than the flow imposed by the working action of the gauge and (ii) the turbulent case, where there is additionally a forced advective flow in the turbulent regime (14,000 < Reannulus < 32,000). The nozzle clearance–flow rate characteristics resembled those reported previously for flat geometries, with one exception; at small clearance values (0 < h/dt < 0.1), flow rate was found to be independent of clearance because of a leakage flow arising from the curvature of the surface. The experimental results for the quasi‐static case showed very good agreement with simulations of the configuration using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The agreement indicates that the technique may be used not only for measuring the thickness of deposits on curved surfaces, but also for measuring their strength. CFD simulation of the turbulent case was not attempted, but the experimental results imply that the technique could be used reliably as a real‐time in situ thickness sensor for this scenario, which is often employed in laboratory fouling studies. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
CAG‐repeat length and the age of onset in Huntington disease (HD): A review and validation study of statistical approaches
Authors: Langbehn Douglas R. , Hayden Michael R. , Paulsen Jane S. ,   and the PREDICT‐HD Investigators of the Huntington Study Group
Published: June 2009

AbstractCAG‐repeat length in the gene for HD is inversely correlated with age of onset (AOO). A number of statistical models elucidating the relationship between CAG length and AOO have recently been published. In the present article, we review the published formulae, summarize essential differences in participant sources, statistical methodologies, and predictive results. We argue that unrepresentative sampling and failure to use appropriate survival analysis methodology may have substantially biased much of the literature. We also explain why the survival analysis perspective is necessary if any such model is to undergo prospective validation. We use prospective diagnostic data from the PREDICT‐HD longitudinal study of CAG‐expanded participants to test conditional predictions derived from two survival models of AOO of HD. A prior model of the relationship of CAG and AOO originally published by Langbehn et al. yields reasonably accurate predictions, while a similar model by Gutierrez and MacDonald substantially overestimates diagnosis risk for all but the highest risk participants in this sample. The Langbehn et al. model appears accurate enough to have substantial utility in various research contexts. We also emphasize remaining caveats, many of which are relevant for any direct application to genetic counseling. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A longitudinal follow‐up study of autistic symptoms in children and adults with duplications of 15q11‐13
Authors: Simon Elliott W. , Haas‐Givler Barbara , Finucane Brenda 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe completed a longitudinal follow‐up of autistic symptoms in a cohort of children and young adults with duplications of chromosome 15q11‐13. In our initial investigation of 29 individuals, tentative conclusions were drawn based on cross‐sectional data suggesting that autistic symptoms increased with age, most specifically in the area of social interaction. We were able to re‐assess 22 individuals from the original study an average of 7 years later using the same standardized autism screening measure. As predicted, autistic symptoms were found to increase for the younger children in the cohort but remained constant for the older participants. This global change in autistic symptoms among the younger children could not be ascribed to any particular autism subscale and reflects small but cumulatively significant increases across several domains. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A population‐based association study of candidate genes for depression and sleep disturbance
Authors: Utge Siddheshwar , Soronen Pia , Partonen Timo , Loukola Anu , Kronholm Erkki , Pirkola Sami , Nyman Emma , Porkka‐Heiskanen Tarja , Paunio Tiina 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe clinical manifestation of depression comprises a variety of symptoms, including early morning awakenings and fatigue, features also indicating disturbed sleep. The presence or absence of these symptoms may reflect differences in neurobiological processes leading to prolonged depression. Several neurobiological mechanisms have been indicated in the induction of depression, including disturbances in serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission and in the action of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The same transmitters have also been linked to sleep regulation. We hypothesized that depression without simultaneous symptoms of disturbed sleep would partly have a different genetic background than depression with symptoms of disturbed sleep. We tested this hypothesis using a systematic population‐based association study of 14 candidate genes related to depression and disturbed sleep. Association of genetic variants with either depression alone, depression with early morning awakenings, or depression with fatigue was investigated using permutation‐based allelic association analysis of a sample of 1,654 adults recruited from Finland's population‐based program. The major findings were associations of TPH2 (rs12229394) with depression accompanied by fatigue in women and CREB1 (rs11904814) with depression alone in men. We also found suggestive associations in women for GAD1, GRIA3, and BDNF with depression accompanied by fatigue, and for CRHR1 with depression accompanied by early morning awakenings. The results indicate sex‐dependent and symptom‐specific differences in the genetic background of depression. These differences may partially explain the broad spectrum of depressive symptoms, and their systematic monitoring could potentially be used for diagnostic purposes. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐6 genotype and risk for cerebral palsy in term and near‐term infants
Authors: Wu Yvonne W. , Croen Lisa A. , Torres Anthony R. , Van De Water Judy , Grether Judith K. , Hsu Nathaniel N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveChorioamnionitis is associated with increased risk for cerebral palsy (CP) in term infants. A functional polymorphism in the interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) gene has been implicated in newborn brain injury. We studied whether the IL‐6 ‐174 G/C polymorphism confers increased risk for CP in term infants.MethodsThis population‐based case–control study included 334,333 live‐born infants born at ≥36 weeks gestation within Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program from 1991 to 2002. Case patients (n = 250) were identified from electronic records and confirmed by chart review, and comprised all infants with spastic or dyskinetic CP not caused by developmental abnormalities who had a neonatal blood specimen available for study. Control patients (n = 305) were randomly selected from the study population.ResultsCompared with genotype GG, the less common CC genotype was associated with increased risk for overall CP (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–4.6), quadriparetic CP (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.8–9.3), and hemiparetic CP (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3–5.7), after controlling for race. The C allele conferred increased risk for CP in both recessive and additive genetic models. In multivariate analysis controlling for race, independent risk factors for CP included CC genotype compared with GG (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3–4.4), clinical chorioamnionitis (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 2.1–10.4), maternal age ≥ 35 (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6–4.1), and male sex (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.4).InterpretationOur data suggest that a functional polymorphism in the IL‐6 gene is a risk factor for CP among term and near‐term infants. Ann Neurol 2009;66:663–670
Seizures, enhanced excitation, and increased vesicle number in Lis1 mutant mice
Authors: Greenwood Joel S.F. , Wang Yanling , Estrada Rosanne C. , Ackerman Larry , Ohara Peter T. , Baraban Scott C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveIn humans, abnormal neuronal migration and severe neuronal disorganization resulting from Lis1 (lissencephaly) haploinsufficiency contributes to cognitive impairment and seizures early in life. In Lis1 heterozygotic mice, severe hippocampal disorganization and cognitive impairment have also been reported. Using this mouse model, we examined the functional impact of LIS1 deficiency with particular focus on excitatory glutamate‐mediated synaptic transmission.MethodsWe used visualized patch‐clamp recordings in acute hippocampal slices. We recorded spontaneous, miniature and stimulation‐evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). Additional mice were processed for immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy (EM), or video‐electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring.ResultsVideo‐EEG confirmed the presence of spontaneous electrographic seizures in Lis1 mutant mice. In disorganized hippocampal slices from Lis1+/− mice, we noted a nearly two‐fold significant increase in the frequency of spontaneous and miniature EPSC; no significant change in amplitude or decay was noted. Synaptic function assessed using brief repetitive or paired‐pulse stimulation protocols, also revealed significant enhancement of glutamate‐mediated excitation. Low concentrations of cadmium, a nonspecific blocker of voltage‐dependent calcium channels mediating vesicle release, effectively restored paired‐pulse facilitation deficits back to control levels. Analysis of synapse ultrastructure at the EM level identified a large increase in synaptic vesicle number.InterpretationSeizure activity, possibly associated with increased glutamate‐mediated excitation and an increased pool of vesicles at the presynaptic site, was demonstrated in a mouse model of type I lissencephaly. Ann Neurol 2009;66:644–653
Total Synthesis of Cyathin A3 and Cyathin B2
Authors: Kim Keunho , Cha Jin Kun 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStereoselektiv verläuft die hier vorgestellte Synthese von Cyathin A3 und Cyathin B2 mithilfe einer Prins‐Reaktion eines Cycloalkenylcyclopropanols. Erwähnung verdient auch die Anwendung einer Spirocyclobutanon‐Einheit, um in einer effizienten Ringschlussmetathese stereoselektiv zu einem Siebenring mit dem gewünschten Funktionalisierungsmuster zu gelangen (siehe Schema).magnified image
Total Synthesis of Cyathin A3 and Cyathin B2
Authors: Kim Keunho , Cha Jin Kun 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA stereoselective synthesis of cyathin A3 and cyathin B2 has been achieved by a Prins‐type reaction of a cycloalkenyl cyclopropanol. Particularly noteworthy is the use of a spirocyclobutanone moiety as a convenient scaffold for an efficient ring‐closing metathesis to stereoselectively construct a suitably functionalized seven‐membered ring (see scheme).magnified image
A Highly Connected Porous Coordination Polymer with Unusual Channel Structure and Sorption Properties
Authors: Zhang Yue‐Biao , Zhang Wei‐Xiong , Feng Fei‐Yue , Zhang Jie‐Peng , Chen Xiao‐Ming 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMaking connections: A hydroxy‐centered trinuclear nickel cluster has been employed to construct a highly connected, highly symmetric framework with a uninodal nine‐connected topology. An array of triakis tetrahedra leads to a biporous intersecting‐channel system (see picture).magnified image
Synthesis of functionalized liquid rubbers from polyisoprene
Authors: Dubkov Konstantin A. , Semikolenov Sergey V. , Ivanov Dmitry P. , Babushkin Dmitry E. , Matsko Mikhail A. , Panov Gennady I. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNoncatalytic transformation of cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene rubber (Mn = 320,000) into functionalized liquid rubbers containing various amounts of carbonyl groups was studied. The process is performed via selective carboxidation of the polymer CC bonds by nitrous oxide (N2O) in the temperature range of 180–230°C and under 3–6 MPa pressure. The carboxidation proceeds by the nonradical type mechanism involving the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of N2O to the CC bond. The main route of the reaction (ca. 65%) proceeds without cleavage of the internal CC bonds and leads to the formation of ketone groups in the polymer backbone. The second route (ca. 35%) includes the cleavage of CC bonds, yielding the molecules of a smaller size. This route results in a manifold decrease of the molecular weight, which, depending on the carboxidation degree, may be more than two orders of magnitude less than that of the parent rubber. A series of functionalized liquid rubbers having Mn value from 1000 to 19,000, and the oxygen content from 0.3 to 3.9 wt % was obtained in the form of the liquid unsaturated polyketones. Similar polyketones can also be prepared by carboxidation of the natural rubber. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009