bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical Modulation and Selective Recovery of Cy5 Fluorescence
Authors: Fan Chaoyang , Hsiang Jung‐Cheng , Dickson Robert M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFluorescence modulation offers the opportunity to detect low‐concentration fluorophore signals within high background. Applicable from the single‐molecule to bulk levels, we demonstrate long‐wavelength optical depopulation of dark states that otherwise limit Cy5 fluorescence intensity. By modulated excitation of a long‐wavelength Cy5 transient absorption, we dynamically modulate Cy5 emission. The frequency dependence enables specification of the dark‐state timescales enabling optical‐demodulation‐based signal recovery from high background. These dual‐laser illumination schemes for high‐sensitivity fluorescence‐signal recovery easily improve signal‐to‐noise ratios by well over an order of magnitude, largely by discrimination against background. Previously limited to very specialized dyes, our utilization of long‐lived dark states in Cy5 enables selective detection of this very common single‐molecule and bulk fluorophore. Although, in principle, the “dark state” can arise from any photoinduced process, we demonstrate that cis–trans photoisomerization, with its unique transient absorption and lifetime enables this sensitivity boosting, long‐wavelength modulation to occur in Cy5. Such studies underscore the need for transient absorption studies on common fluorophores to extend the impact of fluorescence modulation for high‐sensitivity fluorescence imaging in a much wider array of applications.
Synthesis of Neoglycoconjugates Containing 4‐Amino‐4‐deoxy‐L‐arabinose Epitopes Corresponding to the Inner Core of Burkholderia and Proteus Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Blaukopf Markus , Müller Bernhard , Hofinger Andreas , Kosma Paul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDisaccharides that contain 3‐deoxy‐D‐manno‐oct‐2‐ulosonic acid (Kdo) and D‐glycero‐D‐talo‐oct‐2‐ulosonic acid (Ko) substituted at the 8‐position by 4‐amino‐4‐deoxy‐β‐L‐arabinopyranosyl (Ara4N) residues have been prepared. Coupling an N‐phenyltrifluoroacetimidate‐4‐azido‐4‐deoxy‐L‐arabinosylglycosyl donor to acetyl‐protected allyl glycosides of Kdo and Ko afforded anomeric mixtures of disaccharide products in 74 and 90 % yield, respectively, which were separated by chromatography. Further extension of an intermediate Ara4N‐(1→8)‐Kdo disaccharide acceptor, which capitalized on a regioselective glycosylation with a Kdo bromide donor under Helferich conditions, afforded the branched trisaccharide α‐Kdo‐(2→4)[β‐L‐Ara4N‐(1→8)]‐α‐Kdo derivative. Deprotection of the protected di‐ and trisaccharide allyl glycosides was accomplished by TiCl4‐promoted benzyl ether cleavage followed by the removal of ester groups and reduction of the azido group with thiol or Staudinger reagents, respectively. The reaction of the anomeric allyl group with 1,3‐propanedithiol under radical conditions afforded the thioether‐bridged spacer glycosides, which were efficiently coupled to maleimide‐activated bovine serum albumin. The neoglycoconjugates serve as immunoreagents with specificity for inner core epitopes of Burkholderia and Proteus lipopolysaccharides.
Task Palatability, But Not Structure, Differentially Influences Mother–Child Interactions in Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Children With and Without Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Gopin Chaya B. , Healey Dione M. , Grossman Bella R. , Campbel Susan B. , Halperin Jeffrey M. 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveTo assess whether preschoolers with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) behave differently during mother–child interaction tasks as a function of task palatability and whether differences are associated with the presence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).MethodsTypically developing, ADHD, and ADHD + ODD children and their mothers participated in digitally recorded interactions, which included three 5‐min tasks, differing in level of palatability/engagement and parental structure (Free Play Task = highly engaging, not structured; Paper and Pencil Task = not engaging, highly structured; Duplo Task = highly engaging, structured).ResultsMixed ANOVAs revealed that positive engagement, but not structure, differentially improved the behaviour of children with ADHD + ODD.DiscussionAlthough ADHD and ODD are associated with more negative behaviours during the mother–child interaction, those with comorbid ADHD + ODD exhibit differentially greater impairment during relatively boring tasks. Implications for treatment are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Edge preserving filter of side scan sonar images with wavelet modulus maxima shift‐correlative technique
Authors: Tao Wei‐Liang , Liu Yan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn edge preserving filter algorithm of side scan sonar (SSS) image based on wavelet modulus maxima shift‐correlative (WMMS) technique is proposed in this article. First, the proposed WMMS algorithm decomposes SSS image into multiscale wavelet coefficients. Then the modulus maxima, which are produced by catastrophe points, are extracted from wavelet coefficients. The algorithm matches these maxima across the different scales to identify signal or noise. After correcting the “drifting” phenomenon of modulus maxima, a correlation factor array of wavelet coefficients is constructed by strengthening the maxima dominated by signal and suppressing those maxima dominated by noise. By correlating wavelet coefficients with the correlation factor array, the WMMS strengthens the useful high‐frequency signal and weakens the noise. Finally, the algorithm restores SSS image from revised wavelet coefficients. We apply the WMMS algorithm to filter SSS images of the experimental sea areas. Results show that WMMS has advantages over traditional algorithms in suppressing noise and preserving useful high‐frequency information. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 349–355, 2011
What every hospitalist should know about the post‐bariatric surgery patient
Authors: Swanson Christine M. , Roust Lori R. , Miller Kay , Madura James A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObesity is a growing worldwide epidemic, increasingly addressed through surgical options for weight loss. Benefits of these operations, such as weight loss and improvement or reversal of obesity‐related comorbidities, are well established; however, postoperative complications do occur. This article will evaluate common causes for hospital admissions in the post‐bariatric surgery population as they relate to the hospitalist who is often responsible for their care. Here we provide an overview of the most common bariatric procedures currently performed, early postoperative complications, late medical complications (ie, abdominal complaints, weight fluctuations, nutritional deficiencies, and metabolic bone disease), and late surgical complications that often affect these patients and result in hospital admissions. Special attention will be paid to radiologic pearls that can assist in the initial evaluation and diagnosis of these patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Myostatin deficiency is associated with an increase in number of total axons and motor axons innervating mouse tibialis anterior muscle
Authors: Gay Stephanie , Jublanc Elodie , Bonnieu Anne , Bacou Francis 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIntroduction: Myostatin (Mstn) is a secreted protein that acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. However, a critical evaluation of neuromuscular aspects of hypertrophied muscles induced by Mstn deficiency has not been done. Methods: We compared the tibialis anterior muscle–nerve interrelationships in wild‐type and Mstn‐null mice of both genders by immunohistochemical analyses, which allowed us to count the number of total axons and motor axons and estimate the size of motor units and the innervation ratio of the tibialis anterior muscle (TAm). Results: There was an increase in the number of total axons and motor axons, and higher values in both the motor unit size and the innervation ratio of Mstn‐null TAm compared with those of wild‐type TAm. Conclusions: We found that myostatin is involved either directly in the control of neuromuscular interrelationships or indirectly through its effect on muscle size. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Ghost marks—gloss‐related defects in injection‐molded plastics
Authors: Ignell Sofie , Porsgaard Peter , Rigdahl Mikael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe production of injection‐molded parts free from surface appearance defects is of great importance in the manufacturing of high‐quality products. A particular surface defect which occurs on components manufactured from an acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS) is here described. The defect has been called ghost marks and is characterized by a local change in gloss or lightness which is only visually detectable in certain viewing angles and conditions of illumination. By means of scanning electron microscopy, small‐scale deformations of the surface texture were observed in the area of the defect which in turn alters the light scattering properties of the surface. The light scattering properties were evaluated by means of a multiangle spectrophotometer. The holding pressure during the injection molding process was shown to play a significant role in the formation of the ghost marks possibly imposing forces causing the deformation of the surface texture. The deformations may also occur from nonuniform thermal surface shrinkage during cooling. The type of texture and wall thickness also influences the occurrence of ghost marks.POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of phenol functionalized carbon nanotube on mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties of isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites
Authors: P. Selvin Thomas , Girei Salihu Adamu , Al‐Juhani Abdulhadi A. , Mezghani Khaled , De S.K. , Atieh Muataz Ali 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this work, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were functionalized with phenol and characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/MWCNT composites of both the unfunctionalized and functionalized MWCNT were prepared by melt blending in a miniextruder at different loadings of nanotubes (i.e., 0.1, 0.25, 1.0, and 5.0 wt%). The tensile properties of the composites were found to increase with increase in nanotube loading with a maximum in Young's modulus being achieved at 1.0 wt% loading of phenol functionalized MWCNT. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies reveal the nucleating effect of MWCNT on the crystallization of iPP. Percentage crystallinity was found to increase on phenol functionalization of MWCNT. Results of X‐ray diffraction studies of the composites are in conformity with that of DSC studies. Dynamic mechanical studies reveal that the functionalized MWCNT causes many fold increase in the storage modulus, and the effect is pronounced in the case of functionalized MWCNT. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Melt fracture of two broad molecular weight distribution high‐density polyethylenes
Authors: Ansari Mahmoud , Hatzikiriakos Savvas G. , Sukhadia Ashish M. , Rohlfing David C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe melt fracture instabilities of two broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) high‐density polyethylenes (one Ziegler–Natta and one metallocene HDPEs) are studied as functions of the temperature and geometrical details and type of die (cylindrical, slit, and annular). It is found that sharkskin and other melt fracture phenomena are distinctly different for these resins, despite their almost identical rheology. It is also found that the critical conditions for the onset of various melt fracture phenomena depend significantly on the type of die used for their study. For example, sharkskin melt fracture in slit and capillary extrusion was obtained at much small critical shear stress values compared with those found in annular extrusion. Moreover, the metallocene HDPE shows significant slip at the die wall in the sharkskin flow regime. On the other hand, the Ziegler–Natta HDPE has shown no sign of slip. These differences are discussed on the basis of differences in their MWDs that influence their melt elasticity. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of the tert‐dodecyl mercaptan content in poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) on properties of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride/poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) blends
Authors: Zhang Lixin , Sun Shulin , Ma Xiaolin , Meng Ting , Zhang Mingyao , Zhang Huixuan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA series of poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) (ABS) grafting modifiers were synthesized by emulsion grafting poly(acrylonitrile‐styrene) (SAN) copolymer onto polybutadiene (PB) latex rubber particles. The chain transfer reagent tert‐dodecyl mercaptan (TDDM) was used to regulate the grafting degree of ABS and the molecular weight of SAN copolymers. By blending these ABS modifiers with Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) resin, a series of CPVC/ABS blends were obtained. The morphology, compatibility, and the mechanical properties of CPVC/ABS blends were investigated. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies showed that the ABS domain all uniformly dispersed in CPVC matrix. Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) results showed that the compatibility between CPVC and SAN became enhanced with the TDDM content. From the mechanical properties study of the CPVC/ABS blends, it was revealed that the impact strength first increases and then decreases with the TDDM content, which means that the compatibility between CPVC and the SAN was not the only requirement for maximizing toughness. The decreasing of tensile strength and the elongations might attribute to the lower entanglement between chains of CPVC and SAN. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigation on the motion of different types of fibers in the vortex spinning nozzle
Authors: Pei Zeguang , Hu Biyu , Diao Chuanyun , Yu Chongwen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA numerical model is presented to simulate the fiber motion in the airflow inside the vortex spinning nozzle (VSN). The coupling between the fiber and airflow together with the fiber‐wall contact is solved. Based on the numerical model, the motional characteristics of four types of fibers—cotton, viscose rayon, lyocell, and polyester fibers—in the airflow inside the vortex spinning nozzle are simulated and analyzed. The vortex yarn structure is viewed under the scanning electron microscope and the fiber strength utilization factors of the vortex yarns spun from different types of fibers are compared to verify the wrapping effects of different types of fibers in the vortex yarns obtained by the numerical simulation. The agreement between the numerical and experimental results shows that the numerical modeling methodology proposed in this research provides a reliable way of investigating the fiber dynamics in airflow and an efficient solution to the mechanical problems in polymer/textile manufacturing processes involving fluid–solid coupling. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Improvement in compression performance of the polysulfide sealant by thiol‐acrylate reaction
Authors: Zhou Baijie , Zhang Junsheng , Wang Qingjun , Chen Qingmin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTrimethylolpropanetriacrylate (TMPTA) was added to the polysulfide‐manganese dioxide (PSF‐MnO2) liquid mixtures as a crosslinker to improve their crosslinking capability. The samples were cured at room temperature for different times and the crosslinking degree was characterized by extraction and swelling tests. Mechanical properties of the cured samples including tensile, compression (stress relaxation, permanent set, and cyclic compression), and dynamic mechanical behaviors were investigated. The results indicated that the TMPTA crosslinker significantly increased the crosslinking degree and the homogeneity of the formed PSF networks. As a result, the tensile and compression stress and relaxation performances of the cured PSF rubber were dramatically improved. This result was also consistent with the results from the swelling, cyclic compression, and dynamic mechanical measurements. Interestingly, the tensile strength of the TMPTA cured samples did not show apparent change when the curing time was longer than 14 days, whereas their compression stress and relaxation performance were growing remarkably from 14 to 60 days. The improved performances were attributed to the high efficiency of thiol‐acrylate Michael addition reaction for the crosslinking. It promoted the curing rate, resulting in good compression properties in a much shorter curing time.POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of rolling deformation on the structures and properties of multi‐walled carbon nanotube filled isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Mina Forhad , Haque Akramul , Gafur Abdul , Asano Tsutomu 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIsotactic polypropylene filled with various contents of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated by the injection molding technique and then rolled at room temperature. The unrolled samples (URS) and rolled samples (RS) were characterized by X‐ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical and micromechanical tests and differential thermal analyses. Although the URS exhibit the lamellar α‐crystal with a*‐axis orientation, the RS show the same crystals with both a*‐ and c‐axis orientation, which is explained by interlamellar and intralamellar slips and lamellar destruction. Scanning electron micrographs display distinct surface morphological features for both URS and RS. While the tensile strength of RS is higher than that of URS, the Young's modulus (Y) is found to be lower than that of URS. Anisotropy in microharness (H) parallel and perpendicular to the rolled direction has been detected, although H for both samples increases with increasing MWCNT contents. The average relationship H/Y ≈ 0.18 as estimated for URS is closer to the predicted value of 0.10 for polymers than the H/Y ≈ 0.22 obtained for RS. The lamellar thickness for URS increases with increase of MWCNT content and that for RS decreases, as evaluated from both differential thermal analyses and X‐ray diffraction data. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Spectrally and angle‐resolved emission of thin film fluorescence collectors
Authors: Sträter Hendrik , Knabe Sebastian , Meyer Thomas J.J. , Bauer Gottfried H. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTFluorescence collectors (FSCs) offer the possibility to collect and concentrate direct and ambient light and are, thereby, an option to decrease the cost of high‐efficiency solar modules. So far, scattering, absorption and reabsorption of the incoming and fluorescence light cannot be discriminated completely in experiments. Thus, the contribution to the discrepancy of experimentally achieved efficiencies from the theoretical one has not been identified. To understand the propagation of the fluorescence light by illumination at a certain distance from the edge of the FSC, we have developed a two‐dimensional analytical model based on geometrical optics that reproduces the experimental results. Under certain conditions for each distance from the edge regimes of detection angles exist for which no fluorescence light of the edge occurs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The properties of Ru films deposited by remote plasma atomic layer deposition on Ar plasma‐treated SiO2
Authors: Park Taeyong , Choi Dongjin , Choi Hagyoung , Jeon Hyeongtag 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBy using remote plasma atomic layer deposition (ALD), ruthenium thin films were deposited on SiO2 using bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium [Ru(EtCp)2] as a Ru precursor and an ammonia plasma as a reactant. Different plasma treatments were applied, and the best results were obtained with the Ar plasma‐treated SiO2 surface. The initial transition region usually observed with Ru deposition before continuous film formation was present, and the number of ALD cycles required to obtain a continuous film was reduced to about 35 cycles on the Ar plasma‐treated SiO2 substrates. The transition region of Ru cluster growth on Ar plasma‐treated SiO2 was investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Most of the Ru clusters were larger and better crystallized on the Ar plasma‐treated SiO2 than on untreated SiO2. Also, Ru films deposited on the treated SiO2 exhibited a (002) preferred orientated structure with a film resistivity of about 10.26 µΩ‐cm. The growth rates of Ru after passing the transition region were similar on both the treated and untreated SiO2 at about 1.7 Å/cycles. From the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) spectrum, a very low content of oxygen was observed in the Ru films. About 9% carbon was detected by a rutherford backscattering spectrometer (RBS).
Neuroinvasive flavivirus infections
Authors: Sips Gregorius J. , Wilschut Jan , Smit Jolanda M. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYFlaviviruses, including Dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and Tick‐borne encephalitis virus, are major emerging human pathogens, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Many clinically important flaviviruses elicit CNS diseases in infected hosts, including traditional “hemorrhagic” viruses, such as Dengue. This review focuses on the epidemiology, symptomatology, neuropathology, and, specifically, neuropathogenesis of flavivirus‐induced human CNS disease. A detailed insight into specific factors priming towards neuroinvasive disease is of clear clinical significance, as well as importance to the development of antiviral therapies and identification of key mechanisms involved in the (re)emergence of specific flaviviruses, including potentially novel or previously unrecognized ones, as neuroinvasive pathogens. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE RESPONSE TO HABITAT RESTORATION IN A CONSTRUCTED ARCTIC STREAM
Authors: Scrimgeour G. , Jones N. , Tonn W. M. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTWe examined the ability of engineered rock structures to enhance the productive capacity of benthic macroinvertebrates 2 years after their installation in a constructed stream in the Northwest Territories, Canada. We used a control‐impact design to compare biological attributes of the structures to those of riffles in natural reference streams and among individual structures. The biomass of epilithon and coarse particulate organic matter, cover by bryophytes and macrophytes and volume of woody debris, however, were similar at structures and unenhanced control sites in the constructed stream and lower than at riffles in reference streams. Total macroinvertebrate density and densities of Chironomidae, Nematoda and Oligochaeta did not differ among engineered structures, unenhanced sites and reference riffles. In contrast, reference streams supported higher densities of Simuliidae and Ephemeroptera compared with engineered structures and unenhanced sites within the channel. Total biomass, biomass of Chironomidae, non‐chironomid Diptera and combined biomasses of (i) Nematoda, Oligochaeta and Turbellaria and (ii) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Hemiptera from reference riffles exceeded those at engineered structures. Density and biomass of macroinvertebrates varied within and among structure types and were highest at one of two ramps, one of two vanes and at the single groin compared with other structures. In the majority of cases, density and biomass of macroinvertebrates from individual structures were less than those at reference streams. These results suggest that engineered structures had variable effects on the productive capacity of benthic macroinvertebrates of the constructed streams and may be related to the extent that structures provided habitat conditions characteristic of reference riffles. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2011. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Natural Resources.