bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacchylides and the Kuklios Khoros: Performance, Genre, and Reception
Authors: FEARN DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the nature of the Alexandrian edition of Bacchylides' Dithyrambs. Section I examines the importance of the kuklios khoros, or ‘circular chorus’, and looks at poetic evidence for the affiliations of the term, διθύραμβος during the period in which Bacchylides was operating. Section II discusses ways in which poetry became embroiled in scholarly, sophistic, and musical controversy about the ritual affiliations of choral culture, focusing on the New Music. Section III considers how the Alexandrians came to understand the term διθύραμβος and make it into a canonical genre, following Platonic and Aristotelian approaches to classification. Section IV focuses on later reception, in later antiquity and into the 19th century, to show how the orthodoxy concerning Bacchylides' poetry arose. Section V concludes by suggesting that a more discursive conception of genre needs to be adopted to do justice to Bacchylides' work. Furthermore, it argues that a more dynamic view of the interaction between the notions of genre and performance needs to be established.
Introduction to Quantum Information Science
Authors: Vedral Vlatko 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn addition to treating quantum communication, entanglement, error correction, and algorithms in great depth, this book also addresses a number of interesting miscellaneous topics, such as Maxwell's demon, Landauer's erasure, the Bekenstein bound, and Caratheodory's treatment of the second law of thermodynamics. All mathematical derivations are based on clear physical pictures which make even the most involved results — such as the Holevo bound — look comprehensible and transparent. Quantum information is a fascinating topic precisely because it shows that the laws of information processing are actually dependent on the laws of physics. However, it is also very interesting to see that information theory has something to teach us about physics. Both of these directions are discussed throughout the book. Other topics covered in the book are quantum mechanics, measures of quantum entanglement, general conditions of quantum error correction, pure state entanglement and Pauli matrices, pure states and Bell's inequalities, and computational complexity of quantum algorithms.
Classical information
Authors: Vedral Vlatko 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book deals with the basic concept of information, its importance, and the similarities and differences between classical and quantum information. First, classical information theory and its application to communication are discussed. Quantum mechanics and communication based on the laws of quantum mechanics are then considered. Quantum entanglement, a key resource in quantum communication, is analysed both from the fundamental perspective and from the perspective of its information-processing capability. This book also introduces quantum computation (in the context of the search and factorisation algorithms) and the basics of quantum error correction. Throughout this book, the connections between information theory, thermodynamics, and (quantum) physics are emphasised and discussed. Other topics covered in the book are data compression, related measures of information such as relative entropy, joint entropy, conditional entropy, and mutual information, along with the capacity of a noisy channel.
Entanglement, computation and quantum measurements
Authors: Vedral Vlatko 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces a method that combines the concepts of quantum entanglement with those of quantum algorithms. In particular, some bounds are placed on the efficiency (speedup) of quantum computations by using the fact that there is a limit to how quickly entanglement can be generated with some operations. This method will truly exploit the “many-worlds” nature of quantum superpositions. By solving one problem using a superposition of qubits as well as solving a superposition of problems, the efficiency of some quantum tasks can be evaluated. This chapter demonstrates that a quantum search cannot be performed faster than the square root of the time of the corresponding classical search (winch is still very much faster). The use of entanglement to optimise quantum searches is discussed, along with a model for quantum measurement, similarity between quantum computation and a quantum measurement as described by von Neumann, correlations and quantum measurement, and the Bekenstein bound as an example of the ultimate limits of quantum computation.
Quantum mechanics
Authors: Vedral Vlatko 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews all the rules of quantum mechanics and their mathematical notation. It also considers quantum entanglement, a fundamental resource in quantum information. There are four basic postulates of quantum mechanics, that indicate how to represent physical systems, how to represent observations, how to carry out measurements, and how systems evolve when “not measured”. Before describing the laws of quantum mechanics, their mathematical background is first described, along with a Mach Zehnder interferometer experiment in which the (strange) readings on the detectors can be explained by quantum mechanics. This chapter also discusses the Dirac notation, qubits, Hilbert spaces, projective measurements and operations, unitary operations, eigenvectors and eigenvalues, spectral decomposition, applications of the spectral theorem, Dirac notation shorthands, and mixed states.
Quantum information—the basics
Authors: Vedral Vlatko 
Published: January 2010

AbstractQuantum mechanics is a more accurate description of the microscopic world than classical mechanics, and quantum information, which is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics, is a more accurate description of information theory. The quantum laws of physics are fundamentally different from the classical laws and so, therefore, is the resulting information processing. In one limit, quantum information reduces to classical information; otherwise, quantum information is a much more general concept that allows information-processing protocols that have no classical analogue whatsoever. This chapter discusses the basics of quantum information, some differences between bits and qubits, quantum cryptography, trace and partial-trace operations, extension of Hilbert spaces, Schmidt decomposition, generalised measurements, CP-maps and positive operator-valued measurements, and the postulates of quantum mechanics.
Measures of entanglement
Authors: Vedral Vlatko 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses how entangled two states are. One obvious way is to consider the distillation procedure, in which the entanglement of any state is quantified by how many fully entangled qubits can be distilled from an entangled state. However, it is not easy to see how to distil singlets out of n copies of a general mixed state. Hence, it is necessary to first see what can be done with pure states. This chapter discusses the distillation of multiple copies of a pure state, analogy between quantum entanglement and the Carnot cycle, properties of entanglement measures, entanglement of pure states, entanglement of mixed states, measures of entanglement derived from relative entropy, relationship between classical information and entanglement, and links between entanglement and thermodynamics.
Quantum error correction
Authors: Vedral Vlatko 
Published: January 2010

AbstractQuantum error correction is a very advanced field, and researchers have invested a great deal of time in trying to find the best ways of combating errors in quantum computers, winch occur when the computer is not properly isolated from its environment. Theoretically, quantum computation can be stabilised against any kind of influence of the environment. Classical error correction has been generalised to quantum mechanics to show that a reliable quantum computer can be constructed out of unreliable simple elements, or quantum gates. This chapter discusses the basic techniques of quantum error correction and looks at some general conditions which a quantum error correction code has to satisfy, explains how to protect qubits against general errors and achieve fault-tolerant computing, compares quantum error correction with Maxwell's demon, and performs error correction for pure states and mixed states.
12 The Panathenaea
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the processions, sacrifices, religious symbols, and rituals associated with the Greater Panathenaea, one of the four Attic festivals in ancient Athens that stand out for the frequency with which they are mentioned and the abundance of evidence that survives in relation to them. The visibility of the Greater Panathenaea within the Greek world was great, through the concrete symbols of it obligingly taken home by visitors: not just the famous amphorae received by victors, but also smaller vessels evoking the larger in shape and decoration and probably sold as souvenirs. Only one of the ritual symbols deployed, the famous ship on land, is out of the ordinary. But commonplace elements are combined in ways that illustrate several potentialities of the festival form with great clarity. The prominence of the Greater Panathenaea in the administrative or organisational year is a demonstration of embedded religion in action in ancient Athens.
16 Festivals, Rituals, Myths: Reprise
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at the festivals, rituals, and myths associated with ancient Athens. A central dilemma in the analysis of ritual has been that of giving it an effective definition, and, although the difficulty is compounded once so-called secular rituals are taken into account, it quickly emerges even within the confines of religious activity. Not all Greek rituals are festivals, obviously; an oath sworn, a vow contracted, a sacrifice performed by an individual is not a festival. But are festivals rituals, and in what sense? Whether one favours the language of ritual or of ritualisation, the difficulty is in fact, in relation to festivals, the same. A central issue is the way in which the festivals defined and prescribed the social roles of those who participated in them. What is clear, though, is that whatever intensity there was in Greek religious experience was a product of ritual, and of festivals above all.
Constitutional Goods
Authors: Brudner Alan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Most constitutional theorists have despaired of a liberal consensus on the fundamental goals of constitutional order. Instead they have contented themselves with agreement on lower-level principles on which those who disagree on fundamentals may coincidentally converge or else with a process for translating fundamental disagreement into acceptable laws. The book suggests a conception of fundamental justice that liberals of competing philosophic schools may accept as fulfilling their own basic commitments. It argues that the model liberal-democratic constitution is best understood as a unity of three constitutional frameworks: libertarian, egalitarian, and communitarian. Each is based on a particular conception of public reason. The book criticizes each of these frameworks insofar as its organizing conception claims to be fundamental and then moves forward to suggest a Hegelian conception of public reason within which each framework is contained as a constituent element of a whole. When viewed in this light, the liberal constitution embodies a surprising synthesis. It reconciles a commitment to individual liberty and freedom of conscience with the perfectionist idea that the state ought to cultivate a type of personality whose fundamental ends are the goods essential to dignity. Such a reconciliation may attract competing liberalisms to a consensus on an inclusive conception of public reason under which political authority is validated for those who share a confidence in the individual's inviolable worth.
Hegel’s Idea of Sittlichkeit
Authors: BRUDNER ALAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces the communitarian conception of public reason, called living ethos. This idea involves the mutual recognition of community and individual, such that the individual's free commitment to a way of life is met by the community's deference to individual agency as to the vehicle of its vibrant actualization. The chapter discusses the new interpretation of rights implied by a fundamentalist communitarianism and illustrates the latter's illiberal implications in practice. It criticizes Kymlicka's attempt to accommodate communal membership within egalitarian liberalism and moves on to a new conception of public reason implied by the self-contradictory realization of the communitarian one. This conception is called dialogic community, whose structure of mutual recognition is exemplified in the constitutional paradigms previously considered.
Lying, Cheating, and Stealing
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The picture of crime that dominates the popular imagination is one of unambiguous wrong-doing — manifestly harmful acts that are clearly worthy of condemnation. The accompanying picture of the criminal — the thief, the murderer — is a picture of society's failures, to be cast out and re-integrated through a process of punishment and penance. Our understanding of white-collar crime, by contrast, is pervaded by moral and imaginative ambiguity. Such crimes are committed by society's success stories, by the rich and the powerful, and frequently have no visible victim at their root. The problem of marrying these disparate pictures has led to a confusion of the boundaries of white-collar crime. How is it possible to distinguish criminal fraud from mere lawful ‘puffing’, tax evasion from ‘tax avoidance’, insider trading from ‘savvy investing’, obstruction of justice from ‘zealous advocacy’, bribery from ‘log rolling’, and extortion from ‘hard bargaining’? How should we, as scholars and students, lawyers and judges, law enforcement officials and the general public, distinguish the lawful from the unlawful, the civil from the criminal? This study exposes the ambiguities and uncertainties that pervade the white-collar crimes, and offers an approach to their solution. Drawing on recent cases involving such figures as Martha Stewart, Bill Clinton, Tom DeLay, Scooter Libby, Jeffrey Archer, Enron's Kenneth Lay and Andrew Fastow, and the Arthur Anderson accounting firm, this book weaves together disparate threads of the criminal code to reveal a complex web of moral insights about the nature of guilt and innocence and what, fundamentally, constitutes conduct worthy of punishment by criminal sanction.
Coercion and Exploitation
Authors: GREEN STUART P 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There are at least two ways in which the concept of coercion figures in the criminal law. One is as an excusing condition: a defendant who, under the effects of coercion or duress, commits what would otherwise be a criminal act is regarded as blameless for his act, or at least as less blameworthy than he otherwise would have been. The second is as an ‘element’ of an offense: one who unjustifiably uses coercion on another does a blameworthy act, which will, if other conditions are also met, constitute a criminal offense. This chapter focuses on the second sense of coercion: it offers a brief account of what coercion means in the sense that it occurs in crimes such as extortion and blackmail, and says something about how the concept of coercion differs from that of exploitation, and why the latter form of moral wrongfulness is less comfortably subject to criminalization than the former.
Disloyalty
Authors: GREEN STUART P 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The significance of the norm against disloyalty (and the closely related concept of breach of trust) to our understanding of white-collar crime has been both over- and underestimated in the scholarly literature. On one hand, there are writers, such as Susan Shapiro, who have argued that violation of trust is the defining characteristic of white-collar crime. On the other hand, there are scholars such as John Coffee who have expressed considerable skepticism about the role that breach of trust should play in the criminal law. A more accurate assessment would arrive at a conclusion somewhere between these extremes. While the concept of disloyalty does play a significant role in defining certain key criminal offenses, such as bribery, treason, some acts of insider trading, and some frauds, it has little to do with many other core white collar offenses. This chapter explains the meaning of disloyalty, and foreshadows some of the ways that it plays a role in defining white-collar crime.
A Final Thought on Moral Wrongfulness
Authors: GREEN STUART P 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The focus in Part II has been on the various distinct ways in which people commit wrongful acts. The attempt has been to think about each kind of wrong in isolation — separated both from harms and one another. But it is important to recognize that such concepts are not wholly separable, and that there is in fact a potential for overlap among them. The chapter focuses on the nature of such overlap.
Extortion and Blackmail
Authors: GREEN STUART P 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
From the perspective of criminal practice, blackmail and extortion seem like fairly exotic offenses; prosecution for either is a relatively rare event. Yet no white-collar offense has received more serious and sustained philosophical attention than blackmail (and, indirectly, extortion). What explains this anomaly? The answer is that the very factors that make the so-called ‘blackmail paradox’ such a compelling subject of theoretical analysis — in particular, the uncertain moral basis on which the offense rests — also make blackmail and extortion disfavored in the real world of criminal prosecutions. This chapter does not attempt to resolve the blackmail paradox, but rather shows how it fits into the broader theory of white-collar criminal law that is being developed.
The Characters of Excuse
Authors: TADROS VICTOR 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with excuses. It is argued that there are different kinds of excuse claim. Some are based on the fact that the defendant could not have done otherwise than he did. Others are based on the fact that, for good reason, the action of the agent was not reflective of her character. In this case, the defendant must show that there was good reason why she was not guided by the reasons that would normally guide her. This involves showing that her capacity for being guided by the right reasons was interfered with.
Shifting Standards and Criminal Responsibility
Authors: TADROS VICTOR 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
It is sometimes argued that it is wrong to adjust standards of reasonableness that are imposed in the criminal law to accommodate particular characteristics or deficiencies that the defendant might have. That view is attacked in this chapter. It is suggested that we may adjust standards according to the expectations that we can reasonably have of people with various different characteristics. This allows a principled line to be drawn between factors which tend to erode criminal responsibility and those that do not. This argument is developed in the context of the law of provocation where the issue has been most thoroughly examined.
France
Authors: van Dam Cees 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In France, tort law is characterised by its broad general principles and its general lack of detail. The rule of strict liability has been developed by the Cour de cassation, which also developed a general strict liability rule for damage caused by other people. This rule supplements the more specific strict liability rules for parents (for damage caused by their children) and for employers (for damage caused by their employees). Hence, in France, in cases of personal injury and property loss, strict liability is the rule and fault liability the exception. This chapter presents general observations on France's fault liability (including abuse of rights), general rule of strict liability for things, specific rules of strict liability for things, general rule of strict liability for persons, and specific rules of strict liability for persons.
Coreference and Non-Coreference
Authors: BHAT D.N.S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter differentiates between logophoric and anaphoric pronouns by showing that the former is used to denote non-coreference between reported and reporting speech roles, whereas the latter is used to denote coreference between two linguistic expressions. The former occurs among personal pronouns, the latter among proforms. The chapter also shows that reflexive, reciprocal, switch-reference and modal devices differ from the above two in being predicative (affecting the meaning of the predicate) rather than nominal.
The Position of Third Person Pronouns
Authors: BHAT D.N.S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter establishes a typological distinction between two-person and three-person languages. In the former case, third person pronouns are identical or derivationally related to demonstratives, whereas in the latter, the two are quite distinct from one another. Languages that show gender distinction among their third person pronouns tend to be two-person languages, whereas the ones that manifest person-oriented (rather than distance-oriented) demonstrative systems tend to be three-person languages.
Interrogative–Indefinite Puzzle
Authors: BHAT D.N.S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The occurrence of one and the same set of proforms as indefinites and interrogatives in many languages, and the derivation of indefinites from interrogatives in many others is considered to be rather puzzling. This chapter resolves this puzzle by regarding the proforms occurring in constituent questions of such languages as indefinites rather than as interrogatives. That is, the proforms are considered to have only an information gap as their meaning. Additional meanings that need to be expressed in constituent questions – namely (i) making a request for information (interrogation) and (ii) restricting the request to a single constituent (focusing) – are assigned to other devices which co-occur with proforms in constituent questions, such as interrogative particles or moods, focus markers, and interrogative intonation.
Lacan, Irigaray, and Beyond: Antigones and the Politics of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Leonard Miriam 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In her recent book Antigone's Claim, Judith Butler returns to a question once posed by George Steiner: What would have happened if psychoanalysis had taken Antigone rather than Oedipus as its point of departure? This chapter explores how the figure of Antigone has played a crucial role in the history of psychoanalysis in post-war France. As Luce Irigaray and Jacques Lacan compete for the figure of Antigone, Greek myth becomes the battleground for psychoanalysis and its definitions of woman. If psychoanalysis had taken Antigone rather than Oedipus as its point of departure, it would have given rise to a more explicitly politicised understanding of the psychoanalytic sexual subject. The debate about ethics and politics in Antigone is also fundamentally a debate about feminism's relationship to politics.