bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of chiral 3‐substituted‐3‐aminomethyl‐pyrrolidines and related compounds
Authors: Suto Mark J. , Turner William R. , Kampf Jeffrey W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe preparation of a series of chiral 3‐methyl‐3‐substituted‐pyrrolidines/pyrrolidinones starting from (R)‐4‐(methoxycarbonyl)‐1‐(1R‐phenethyl)‐2‐pyrrolidinone (1) is described. The chiral α‐methylbenzyl functionality serves not only as a nitrogen protecting group for the pyrrolidine nitrogen, but also as a chiral auxillary. The synthesis of the 4‐position enantiomers was accomplished by converting the ester of 1 to the ketone, protecting the ketone as the benzyloxime and separation by chromatography. These key intermediates were converted to the (R) and (S)‐3‐methyl‐3‐aminomethylpyrrolidines by removal of the benzyl group followed by oxidation. The 3‐methyl‐3‐(1‐aminoethyl)pyrrolidines were obtained via a two step reduction of the corresponding oximes. The stereochemical assignments were determined by X‐ray crystallography.
Tautomerism of some amino aza‐containing heterocycles
Authors: Forlani Luciano 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWith the aim of checking potential amino/imino tautomerism in heterocyclic series, some uv/visible spectroscopic properties of 2‐N‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)pyridine, 2‐N‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)pyrimidine and of 2‐N‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)thiazoleamine are reported and discussed. In dimethyl sulphoxide the imino tautomer of the thiazole derivatives is the more populated form, while in toluene the amino aromatic form predominates. The more populated tautomer of the pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives is the amino aromatic form in both polar and apolar solvents. For the thiazole derivatives the tautomeric equilibrium in toluene is shifted toward the imino form by adding small amounts of tetrabutylammonium bromide or of dimethyl sulphoxide. The position of the tautomeric equilibrium is quantitatively evaluated and discussed.
A synthesis of 5‐carboxamidopyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyridine
Authors: Macor John E. , Post Ronald , Ryan Kevin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA four‐step synthesis of 5‐carboxamidopyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyridine (3) from pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyridine (4) is described (45% overall yield). The one‐step conversion of the N‐oxide 6 of the pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyridine 5 leads to the 5‐cyanopyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyridine 7. The cyano group is hydrolyzed to afford the title compound 3, which is the 4‐aza analog of the indole backbone in 5‐carboxamidotryptamine, a potent agonist of the neurotransmitter, serotonin.
Electrophilic substitution of diazonium salts in 2‐amino‐4‐(alkyl or aryl)oxazoles
Authors: Crank George , Mekonnen Belew 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAryl diazonium fluoborates react readily with 2‐amino‐4‐alkyloxazoles and 2‐amino‐4‐aryloxazoles under mild conditions. The products are the corresponding 5‐arylazo derivatives formed, in 44‐98% yield free from side products.
Synthesis of indolizines and pyrrolo[2,1‐b]azoles from 2‐pyridylmagnesium bromide and 2‐lithiated azoles using tris(alkylthio)‐cyclopropenyl cations as a three‐carbon building block
Authors: Kojima Hideo , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Kinoshita Yasuo , Inoue Hiroo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA convenient method for the preparation of indolizines 3 and 4 and pyrrolo[2,1‐b]azoles 7a‐e from 2‐pyridylmagnesium bromide and 2‐lithiated azoles 6a‐e, respectively, was developed by using tris(tert‐butylthio)‐ and tris(isopropylthio)cyclopropenyl cations 1 and 2 as a three‐carbon building block.
Enantiospecific activity of tetracyclic PAF‐antagonists
Authors: Walser A. , Flynn T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe syntheses of two enantiomeric tetracyclic compounds, the thieno[3,2‐f][pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a][1,4]diazepines10aand10bare described. Testing of these enantiomers as inhibitors of platelet activating factor (PAF) revealed good enantiospecificity, meaning that one enantiomer is responsible for the observed biological activity.
Synthesis of quinazolino‐1,3‐benzothiazine derivatives
Authors: Szabó János , Bani‐Akoto Ernest , Dombi György , Bernáth Gábor , Fodor Lajos , Sohár PÁL 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ring‐closure reactions of N‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenylthiomethyl)‐2‐nitrobenzamide derivatives 5a,b with phosphoryl chloride gave 4‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐2H1,3‐benzothiazine derivatives 7a,b, which on reduction yielded 4‐(2′‐aminophenyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzothiazines 8a,b. Reaction of these compounds with phosgene led to a new heterocyclic ring system, 6H,8H‐quinazolino[3,4‐c][1,3]benzothiazine derivatives 9a,b. The structures of the title compounds were proved via their ir and nmr (1H, 13C) spectra.
Condensation products of 2‐bromo‐3‐substituted‐inden‐1‐ones with several primary amines
Authors: Nan'ya Seiko , Kitahara Takeo , Fujii Kenichi , Bajji Ashok C. , Butsugan Yasuo 
Published: March 2009

Abstract2‐Bromo‐3‐substituted‐inden‐1‐ones 2 reacted with L‐cysteine or 2‐aminobenzenethiol to produce 2,3‐dihydro‐5‐phenylindeno[2,1‐b][1,4]thiazine in moderate yield or 6‐substituted‐indeno[2,1‐b][1,4]benzothiazines in good yield. The debrominated oxime and the phenylhydrazone of 2 were separated into their respective E‐ and Z‐conformers by column chromatography and their E‐ and Z‐configurations were obtained from the 1H nmr spectra.
Cis and trans 4,8‐dimethyl‐6‐phenyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetra‐hydro‐4H‐1,3,6‐oxadiazocin‐2‐ones: Conformational studies and configurational assignments by NMR
Authors: Nishiyama Tomihiro , Fujiwara Toyokuni , Miyazaki Satoshi , Yamada Fukiko 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction of N‐(2‐aminopropyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)aniline with phosgene afforded cis and trans isomers of 4,8‐dimethyl‐6‐phenyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐1,3,6‐oxadiazocin‐2‐one. On the basis of ASIS data and Eu‐shift difference, the title compounds are found to exist as boat‐chair conformation in which the carbonyl carbon resides at the BC‐2 position on the molecular plane.
New triazole antifungal agents derived from mercaptomethylisoxazoles
Authors: Moreno‐Mañas M. , Arredondo Y. , Pleixats R. , Teixidó M. , Raga M. M. , Palacín C. , Castelló J. M. , Ortiz J. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeveral new triazole antifungal agents derived from mercaptomethylisoxazoles of general structure 2(2,4‐dihalogenophenyl)‐3‐((X‐isoxazolyl)methylthio)‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐2‐propanol, as well as some selected sulfoxides and sulfones derived thereof, have been synthesized and tested for antifungal activity. Some of these compounds showed good activity against yeasts and dermatophytes.
A convenient synthesis of 2‐amino‐6‐methoxy‐1‐methyl (and 1,4‐dimethyl)carbazole derivatives and their 6‐aza analogues
Authors: Moron Jacqueline , Landras Corinne , Bisagni Emile 
Published: March 2009

Abstract2,6‐Diaminotoluene (3a) and 2,6‐diamino‐p‐xylene (3c) led to 2‐methyl (and 2,5‐dimethyl)‐3‐acetylamino‐phenylhydrazines 5a,b. Fischer indolization of their hydrazones 6a,b and 7a,b derived from 4‐methoxycy‐clohexanone and 4‐piperidone, and subsequent aromatization of intermediate tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives 8a,b and 9a,b allowed us to work out a convenient route to the title compounds.
Synthesis and spectral properties of 6H‐2,7,7‐trimethyl‐7,8‐dihydrofuro[3,2‐c]azepines
Authors: Cortés Eduardo C. , Martínez Roberto , Avila‐arraga J. Gustavo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe preparation of novel 7,8‐Dihydrofuro[3,2‐c]azepines is described. The structure of all products was corroborated by ir, 1H‐nmr and mass spectrometry.
Palladium‐catalyzed synthesis of indoles from 2‐nitrostyrenes
Authors: Izumi Taeko , Soutome Michihiko , Miura Takashi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the presence of palladium salts, oxidation of 2‐nitrostyrenes 1 with nitrous acid alkyl esters 2 resulted in the formation of 2‐nitrophenylacetaldehyde dialkyl acetals 3. Reductive cyclization of the acetals 3 with iron powder in acetic acid afforded indoles 5 in good yield.
New synthesis of 2(1H)‐pyridone derivatives
Authors: Cocco Maria Teresa , Congiu Cenzo , Maccioni Antonio , Onnis Valentina 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction of N1‐acyl‐2‐ethoxycarbonylacetamidrazones 1 with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (EMME) is reported. By refluxing equimolecular amounts of 1 and EMME in DMSO/toluene (or ethanol) solution, the 1‐acylamino‐2(1H)‐pyridones 2 were obtained in good yield. When the reaction was performed in ethanolic solution in the presence of triethylamine, the 6‐acylhydrazino‐2(1H)‐pyridones 3 were obtained.
A convenient synthesis of 1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3,2‐o,p]‐[1,3]diazocino[4,5‐b]quinoxalines via a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction and a ring transformation
Authors: Kurasawa Yoshihisa , Yoshishiba Noriko , Kureyama Tomomi , Okano Tomoko , Takada Atsushi , Kim Ho Sik , Okamoto Yoshihisa 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction of 6‐chloro‐2‐hydrazinoquinoxaline 4‐oxide 5 with triethyl orthoformate gave 7‐chloro‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxaline 5‐oxide 6. The reaction of compound 6 with phenyl isocyanate afforded 7‐chloro‐4‐phenylamino‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxaline 7, while the reaction of compound 6 with phenyl isothiocyanate resulted in deoxygenation to provide 7‐chloro‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxaline 8. However, the reaction of compound 6 with allyl isothiocyanate effected the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction, but not deoxygenation, to furnish 9‐chloro‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazolo[2,3‐a][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐c]quinoxalin‐5‐ylmethylisothiocyanate 9. Moreover, the reduction of compound 9 with iron/acetic acid resulted in ring transformation to give 11 ‐chloro‐7‐hydroxy‐4‐thioxo‐4,5,6,7,8,9‐hexahydro‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3,2‐ o,p][1,3]diazocino[4,5‐b]quinoxaline 10, whose acetylation afforded 5‐acetyl‐11‐chloro‐7‐hydroxy‐4‐thioxo‐4,5,6,7,8,9‐hexahydro‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3,2‐o,p][1,3]diazocino[4,5‐b]quinoxaline 11.
The synthesis of a new benzothiazine derivative, related to oxicams, synthesized from natural safrole
Authors: Fraga Carlos A. M. , Barreiro Eliezer J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of the new derivatives, 2‐methyl‐6,7‐methylenodioxy‐2H‐1,2‐benzothiazin‐3‐one‐4‐(N‐phenyl)carboxamide 1,1‐dioxide (6a) from natural safrole (5) is described. The principal feature of this route is brevity and the high overall yield, producing the new analogue in ca. 35% from the natural product.
Selective synthesis of 1,3‐Di(pyridylimino)‐isoindolines from tetracyanobenzene
Authors: Mandal Sanat K. , Thompson Laurence K. , Ray Soma 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of substituted 1,3‐bis‐(2‐pyridylimino)isoindoline 4 from 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene and 2,6‐diaminopyridine under mild and dilute conditions constitutes a new approach to produce a functionalized compound 4. The synthesis of an analogous compound 5 from 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene and 2‐amino‐6‐methylpyridine is also described.
n‐Butyl by‐products in the syntheses of 2‐(1‐ and 2‐naphthyl)pyridines via lithiation
Authors: Klemm L. H. , Burel William , Purtzer Daniel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBy‐products in the syntheses of 2‐(1‐ and 2‐naphthyl)pyridines by successive treatments of 1‐ and 2‐bromonaphthalenes with (a) n‐butyllithium in ether and (b) pyridine are identified as 5‐butyl‐2‐(1‐naphthyl)pyridine and, tentatively, 5‐butyl‐2‐(2‐naphthyl)pyridine, respectively. It is proposed that these by‐products result from reaction of intermediate compounds 1‐lithio‐2‐naphthyl‐1,2‐dihydropyridines and 1‐bromobutane.
Treatment with oseltamivir in children hospitalized with community‐acquired, laboratory‐confirmed influenza: Review of five seasons and evaluation of an electronic reminder
Authors: Wilkes Jennifer J. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Keren Ron , Desai Bimal , Leckerman Kateri H. , Hodinka Richard L. , Metjian Talene A. , Coffin Susan E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:When initiated within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms, oseltamivir has been shown to reduce severity and length of influenza illness. Few studies have evaluated the use of oseltamivir in patients hospitalized with influenza.OBJECTIVE:To describe the prescribing practices for oseltamivir in children hospitalized with influenza and to evaluate a mechanism to improve the rate of appropriate prescription.DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS:Retrospective cohort study of 929 patients aged 21 years or younger hospitalized with community‐acquired laboratory‐confirmed influenza (CA‐LCI) during 5 consecutive seasons (2000‐2005). We examined oseltamivir eligibility, which included patients 1 year of age or older with an influenza test result available within 48 hours of symptom onset. During the 2005‐2006 season, an observational trial of an electronic reminder was conducted to improve the frequency of oseltamivir prescription.MEASUREMENTS:Oseltamivir prescription.RESULTS:Of 305 patients (32.8%) eligible for treatment with oseltamivir, 49 (16.1% of those eligible) were prescribed oseltamivir during hospitalization. Prescription rates for indications consistent with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval (“on label”) increased from 0% to 37.2% over 5 seasons (P < 0.0001). Prescriptions outside this recommendation (“off label”) also increased over 5 seasons (P < 0.0001). Twenty‐nine (5%) of 624 patients were treated with oseltamivir off label; 11 were less than 1 year of age. Initiation of a reminder had no impact on prescription (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Oseltamivir was used infrequently for children hospitalized with influenza. In addition, use inconsistent with the FDA label of oseltamivir occurs. Mechanisms are needed to improve appropriate prescription of oseltamivir. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:171–178. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
An eight‐phase CMOS voltage controlled oscillator
Authors: Jang Sheng‐Lyang , Liu Cheng‐Chen , Suchen Ming‐Hsiang , Huang Shih‐Hsin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article presents an eight‐phase low phase noise CMOS voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The low noise CMOS VCO has been implemented with the TSMC 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS technology and adopts two quadrature cross‐coupled nMOS‐core VCOs injection‐locked through the second‐harmonic. The VCO operates from 5.1 GHz to 5.5 GHz with 7.54% tuning range. The measured phase noise at 1 MHz offset from 5.1 GHz is about −115.4 dBc/Hz. The power consumption of the VCO core is 7.43 mW at the supply voltage of 1 V. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1225–1228, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24270
Planar ultra wideband inphase power divider
Authors: Abbosh A. M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA planar inphase power divider, which has ultra wideband performance, is presented. The proposed device utilizes a T‐microstrip junction combined with an electromagnetic coupling between a slotted ground plane and an elliptical patch at the centre of the T‐junction. A resistor is also used to enhance the isolation between the output ports of the power divider. The simulated and measured return losses at the three ports of the device, isolation between its output ports, and phase stability of the output signals prove the ultra wideband performance of the presented device. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1185–1188, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24272
Diversity performance of body communication channels using switching parasitic disk‐loaded monopole array antenna
Authors: Kamarudin M. R. , Hall P. S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the cellular systems diversity reception techniques such as space, time, frequency, polarization, and pattern diversity are widely used to minimize or mitigate the effect of multipath fading due to scattering, diffraction, and reflection of the transmitted signal. Practically, these methods can be applied either at the base station or at the mobile terminal. In the on‐body environment, fading has also been found to be significance. Space diversity has been useful in such channels. In this article, a switching parasitic disk‐loaded monopole array antenna (also called pattern diversity antenna) was used to investigate diversity performance in on‐body channels. There were five body channels that have been investigated that are belt‐to‐chest, belt‐to‐wrist, belt‐to‐ankle, belt‐to‐head, and belt‐to‐back channels. The diversity data was analyzed using a switched diversity combining method. Diversity gain has been measured at outage of 1% and 10% for five on‐body channels. The results show significance gains are achieved for nonline‐of‐sight channels especially the ankle and wrist channels which have involved lots of antenna movement. In contrast, very little gain is obtained for line‐of‐sight channel particularly for the chest channel as only one beam was used for most of the time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1157–1161, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24274
Particle swarm intelligence applied to determination of the feasible design target for a low‐noise amplifier
Authors: Güneş Filiz , Özkaya Ufuk , Demirel Salih 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this work, feasible design target space is presented as an optimization problem for a basic low‐noise amplifier and solved by using particle swarm optimization (PSO). This feasible design space consists of {Noise Figure F, Input VSWR Vi, Gain GT} triplets and their source ZS and load ZL termination couples. Worked examples are preented for the two high technology transistor and results are compared with the ones obtained from the device performance characterization Gunes et al., IEEE Proc Circ Devices Syst 141 (1994) 337–344. Excellent agreement is observed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1214–1218, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24276
A dual‐polarized printed UWB antenna
Authors: Yunlong Cai , Feng Zhenghe 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA dual‐polarized PES‐monopole UWB antenna is proposed. It is coplanar and compact, and the dimension is only 45 *30 *1 mm3. The two equivalent antenna ports are orthogonal, and the isolation between the two ports is 13–20 dB. The antenna is dual‐polarized. The cross‐polarization of each port is low over UWB frequency.© 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1177–1180, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24279
Resonance transmission through electromagnetic crystals consisting of metal strips
Authors: Bing Hwang Ruey 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this letter, we present frequency‐selective transmission of a 2D (two‐dimensionally) electromagnetic (EM) crystal. Such a 2D EM crystal consists of a finite stack of one‐dimensionally metal‐strip gratings. The rigorous mathematical formulation using the mode‐matching method incorporating the Floquet solution was employed to calculate the scattering and guiding characteristics of the structure under consideration. Additionally, the experimental studies were also carried out to verify the numerical results. Significantly, the correlation between frequency‐selective transmission and the Fabry‐Perot resonance was clarified. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1209–1212, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24280
Hybrid of monopole and dipole antennas for concurrent 2.4‐ and 5‐GHz WLAN access point
Authors: Chou Jui‐Hung , Su Saou‐Wen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA novel hybrid of a 2.4‐GHz monopole antenna and a 5‐GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access‐point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short‐circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub‐dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T‐junction microstrip‐line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below −20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1206–1209, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24281
A differential VCO using the drain‐connected‐to‐body MOSFET
Authors: Jang Sheng‐Lyang , Chang Chia‐Wei , Suchen Ming‐Hsiang , Shen Kuan‐Chun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new differential voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) is designed and implemented in a 0.13 μm CMOS 1P8M process. The designed circuit topology is an all nMOS LC‐tank VCO, and a drain‐connected‐to‐body MOSFET is used to enhance the VCO performance. At the supply voltage of 1.0 V, the output phase noise of the VCO is −109.66 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency from the carrier frequency of 13.64 GHz, and the figure of merit is −187.15 dBc/Hz. Total power consumption is 3.3 mW. Tuning range is about 270 MHz, from 13.63 to 13.9 GHz, while the control voltage was tuned from 0 to 1.0 V.© 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1174–1177, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24282
Design of an I‐band low phase noise oscillator using a new hair‐pin resonator
Authors: Yoon Ki‐Cheol , Lee Hyun‐Wook , Park Jung‐Geun , Kim Ki‐Byoung , Lee Jong‐Chul 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this article, a new high Q resonator is presented and it is applied to the design of an I‐band oscillator. The measurement of the resonator itself shows that it provides a higher loaded quality factor when compared with the spiral‐resonator. The oscillator is designed to be operated at 10 GHz using the new resonator to confirm the phase noise performance. The measurement results for the new hair‐pin resonator oscillator show the output power of 8.18 dBm and the phase noise of −103.48 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1172–1174, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24283
Photonic generation of microwave/millimeter‐wave sources without cavity or modulation using fiber stimulated Brillouin scattering
Authors: Gao Shiming , Fu Hongyan , Gao Ying 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA simple photonic scheme is presented to generate microwave/mm‐wave sources by utilizing the optical heterodyne technique between an optical carrier and its Stokes light coming from stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibers. Stable microwave sources with the frequencies of about 10.56 and 21.71 GHz are experimentally realized using the first‐ and second‐order SBS frequency shifts based on standard single‐mode fibers. This scheme is laser cavity or modulation free and of frequency‐multiplied capacity to achieve higher microwave and millimeter‐wave sources. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1203–1206, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24285