bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Different Articulate Curvature of Artificial Disc on Loading Distribution
Authors: Wei Hung-Wen , Chiang Yueh-Feng , Chen Yu-Wen , Cheng Cheng-Kung , Tsuang Yang-Hwei 
Published: July 2012

Purpose Deeper insights into the mechanical behavior of lumbar disc prostheses are required. Prior studies on the biomechanical performance of artificial discs were mostly performed with finite element analyses, but this has never been analyzed with altering articulate curvature. This study aimed to ascertain the influence of the geometry of a ball-and-socket disc prosthesis for the lumbar spine. Materials and Methods Three-dimensional finite element model of human L4–L5 was reconstructed. Convex, concave, and elliptic artificial disc models were also established with Computer-Aided-Design software. Simulations included: (1) three articulate types of polyethylene (PE) insert were implanted inferiorly and (2) concave and convex PE inserts were implanted on the superior or inferior sides in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation in the lumbar spine. Shear stresses and von Mises stresses on PE insert were assessed for their loading distributions. Results High shear stresses of all articulate types occurred in flexion, and convex PE insert performed the maximum stress of 23.81 MPa. Under all conditions, stresses on concave PE inserts were distributed more evenly and lower than those on the convex type. Elliptic geometry enabled confining the rotation of the motion unit. The shear force on the convex PE insert on the inferior side could induce transverse crack because the shear stress exceeded yielding shear stress. Conclusions The concave PE insert on the inferior side not only decreased loading concentration but had relatively low stress. Such a design may be applicable for artificial discs.
Time-Dependent Adhesive Interaction of Osteoblastic Cells with Polished Titanium Alloyed Implant Surfaces
Authors: Fritsche Andreas , Luethen Frank , Lembke Ulrich , Zietz Carmen , Rychly Joachim , Mittelmeier Wolfram , Bader Rainer 
Published: July 2012

Aim Design optimization and surface modifications of orthopedic implants are focused on adhesive properties depending on specific applications. To obtain an in vitro understanding of the adhesion interaction of bone cells on implant surfaces the time-dependent adhesion behavior of osteoblastic cells was studied. Materials and Methods MG-63 osteoblastic cells were seeded on discs of polished titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and allowed to adhere for various time periods (1 to 48 h). Using a spinning disc device and a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM) the shear stress required to detach the bone cells from the substrate was determined. An approximation of the adhesion force was calculated from measurements of cell height and contact radius. Results Shear stress ranged from 40.4 N/m2 to 82.4 N/m2 showing an increase in cell adhesion reaching a maximum after 6 h before decreasing significantly. Using the cell height and contact radii, measured for the various time periods, the lowest adhesion force of 232 nN was approximated after 1 h cell adhesion and analogous to the adhesion strength measurements, the highest of 664 nN after 6 h. Generally, cell adhesion decreased at incubation times longer than 6 h before an increase after 48 h was observed once again. Conclusions differences in adhesion behavior over time indicate dynamic cell-substrate interactions because of cell migration and proliferation processes. The study stresses the importance of calculating the adhesion force rather than shear stress to gain more expressive data regarding cell adhesion.
The Effect of Stem Curvature on Torsional Stability of a Generalized Cemented Joint Replacement System
Authors: Hosein Yara K. , Clynick Meghan P. , McLachlin Stewart D. , King Graham J.W. , Dunning Cynthia E. 
Published: July 2012

Purpose Implant loosening is a common complication that compromises the stability of joint replacement systems. Stem geometry is particularly influential in the stability of cemented implants, both before and after debonding occurs at the stem-cement interface. There are few studies assessing the effect of stem longitudinal curvature as a geometric factor in cemented implant stability. The purpose of this study was to compare the torsional stability of four generalized cemented implant stems (i.e., non-specific to joint), with varying degrees of longitudinal curvatures - zero, two, four, and six degrees. Methods Twelve specimens of each curvature angle were potted to a depth of 20 mm using bone cement, given 24 hours to cure, and then tested in a materials testing machine. Torque was applied to the stems under monotonic loading at a rate of 2.5 degrees/min, until five degrees of rotation had occurred. Results There were no differences in torsional stability among the four stem curvature angles, when the magnitudes of peak torque (P=.72; 1-β = 0.13), rotation of the stem at peak torque (P=0.23; 1-β = 0.38) and work required for five degrees of stem rotation (P=.58; 1-β = 0.07) were compared. Conclusions The findings from this study demonstrate that for short stems, stem curvature angles up to six degrees does not improve torsional stability when compared to the straight stem design.
An Outline of the Islamic Maqasidi/Purpose-Based Approach
Authors: Auda Jasser 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper explains the reasoning methodology generally utilized for an Islamic approach to “new” questions in bioethics. It is an approach based on maqasid al-Shariah (sing. maqsid) which are the purposes, objectives, principles, and ends of the Islamic jurisprudence. The paper explains various maqasid definitions, structures, dimensions, and outlines how they are integrated in the Islamic ethical approach. A few examples are introduced, such as: allowing organ transplantation based on the maqsid of preservation of life; placing conditions on IVF based on the maqsid of protecting family and progeny; promoting stem cell research based on the maqsid of promotion of knowledge; and prohibiting cloning based on the maqsid of preservation of the universal law of diversity.
Islamic bioethics’, religious authority and modernity: anthropological comments on Shi‘i responses to assisted conception in Lebanon
Authors: Clarke Morgan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThrough ethnography of Islamic legal debates over assisted reproduction in Lebanon, this paper reaffirms the need to place discussions of ‘Islamic bioethics’ within particular intellectual, social and political contexts. ‘Islamic bioethics’, as most commonly employed in academic discourse at least, serves as a term of art for Islamic legal (fiqhi) discussions of biomedical ethical issues. Such discussions in the first place are, in the context of the Shi‘i debates focused on here, responses to particular cases and queries on the part of comprehensive religious authorities (maraji‘ al-taqlid). Relative expertise in responding to such ‘contemporary’ issues is, amongst other things, a source of prestige and advancement in the highly politicised and competitive field of Shi‘i religious authority in Lebanon.
Incorporating such Islamic legal discourse into medical institutional or state legal regulation has proved problematic in this area in Lebanon. Such incorporation has occurred in other medical ethical areas in Lebanon and elsewhere. There is, then, a varied institutional and political topography that needs to be considered in any investigation of a putative instance of ‘Islamic bioethics’. The paper thus concludes with some critical comments with regards to the category, ‘Islamic bioethics’ itself. ‘Bioethics’ is a specialised discourse distinctive to late modern societies, as manifested in a variety of institutions with particular genealogies. If ‘Islamic bioethics’ is to refer to anything at all, it must refer not to instances of casuistic Islamic legal discourse but to emergent constellations of interrelation between Islamic legal, medical and state legal institutions.
Symbolic Pluriformity in ‘Religion and Science’: Islam, Environmentalism, and Medical Ethics
Authors: Drees Willem 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWhat is presented as discussions on religious faith in relation to science is often as much a podium for disagreements within religious traditions. As an example, in the United States controversies over evolution are primarily controversies among various attitudes within American protestant Christianity. In this context, ‘evolution’ has become a symbolic issue, with various steps removed from the science involved. When anti-evolution attitudes migrate to other contexts, also among Muslims, the symbolic issues may be different even if the same examples are used.
Attitudes regarding modern technology and medicine have a similar ‘symbolic’ dimension. Understanding attitudes with respect to bioethics and modern medicine may be served by paying attention to this symbolic dimension. As a contrast to medical technologies I Intend to discuss also some positions on “Islam and ecology”, drawing on works of a graduate student, A.M. Schwencke. Her study has illustrated the internal diversity in this field. However, by and large ‘religion and ecology’ tends to present a positive view of the natural world, which strengthens an alliance of secular and religious environmentalists. In contrast, biotechnology and modern medicine may be seen as efforts to “improve nature”. Values that support an alliance in the environmentalist area might put positive collaboration of scientists, doctors and religious thinkers under pressure. In various traditions, religious authorities have dismissed modern technological options as hubris, as “playing God”. In contrast, scientists, doctors and other believers have spoken of a moral obligation to care for humans in need, and for that purpose the obligation to use the best techniques available. Differences between technophobe attitudes and technophile attitudes are not merely a matter of different moral orientations, but often correlate with different orientations within religious traditions. Some emphasize “creation” as a God given, normative order. This often corresponds with an inclination to self-restraint with respect to medical and other technologies. For others, the religious call to serve God and hence the obligation to help people in need, strengthens a positive engagement with technology. Whereas the one might take the form of a “natural theology”, the moral stance seems to require a “theology of nature”.
Introduction: Teaching Music and the Moving Image and the Value of Praxis
Authors: Walker Elsie 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The introduction begins by focusing on those presentations devoted to pedagogical practice at the Music and the Moving Image conference of 2011. (These presentations were the inspiration for creating this special issue.) Walker then summarizes her own pedagogical approach to teaching sound tracks by raising a series of questions with regard to a one minute music cue from Max Steiner’s score for The Searchers (1956). In the context of the long-standing visual bias within cinema studies, Walker argues that we can empower our students to help redefine the power of many films through analysis of their sound tracks.
Rivaroxaban in der Prävention und Therapie thromboembolischer Erkrankungen
Authors: Helbing T. , Bode C. , Moser M. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryRivaroxaban (Xarelto®) is a new anticoagulant for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Rivaroxaban inhibits coagulation factor Xa directly, has high oral bioavailability, shows low propensity for drug-drug interactions and requires no routine coagulation monitoring. In patients undergoing elective knee or hip replacement surgery rivaroxaban (10 mg/d) is highly effective to prevent venous thromboembolism. In patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation rivaroxaban (20 mg/d) has been approved to prevent stroke or systemic embolism. The favourable benefit-risk profile of rivaroxaban in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was shown in EINSTEIN-DVT and led to its clinical approval (twice daily 15 mg for 3 weeks, followed by 20mg/d). Based on ATLASACS-TIMI-51 which has shown that rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) reduced thrombotic cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome, the approval of low dose rivaroxaban has been submitted for this indication.Taken together, rivaroxaban may become an effective alternative to standard anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders.
Vorapaxar expands antiplatelet options
Authors: Bode C. , Duerschmied D. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryVorapaxar is the first substance of a new class of antiplatelet drugs that has been tested in large clinical trials. The protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) antagonist inhibits thrombin-induced platelet activation to prevent atherothrombosis. In the phase 3 trials TRACER (acute coronary syndrome) and TRA 2P-TIMI 50 (stable atherosclerosis) reducing ischemic events with vorapaxar came at the cost of bleeding.TRACER compared vorapaxar to placebo in 12 944 patients who had non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes on top of contemporary treatment including dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel). Vorapaxar reduced ischemic events non-significantly, but increased bleeding significantly, therefore not justifying triple antiplatelet therapy in this setting. Follow-up was stopped early because of bleeding. TRA 2P-TIMI 50 examined 26 449 patients who had a history of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or peripheral arterial disease. Vorapaxar reduced ischemic events and increased bleeding both significantly. Recruitment of patients with prior stroke was stopped early. Net clinical outcome and subgroup analyses suggested that vorapaxar could be beneficial for patients with prior myocardial infarction – but no history of stroke.
Prevalence of tinnitus in workers exposed to noise and organophosphates
Authors: de Freitas Thais Domingues , Frizzo Ana Claúdia Figueiredo , Cardoso Ana Claúdia Vieira , Delecrode Camila Ribas 
Published: July 2012

Introduction: Research on the workplace has emphasized the effects of noise exposure on workers' hearing, but has not considered the effects of agrochemicals.
Aim: To evaluate and correlate the hearing level and tinnitus of workers exposed simultaneously to noise and organophosphates in their workplace and to measure tinnitus distress on their quality of life.
Method: A retrospective clinical study. We evaluated 82 organophosphate sprinklers from the São Paulo State Regional Superintendence who were active in the fight against dengue and who were exposed to noise and organophosphates. We performed pure tone audiometry and applied the translated THI (Tinnitus Handicap Inventory) questionnaire.
Results: Of the sample, 28.05% reported current tinnitus or had presented tinnitus, and the workers with tinnitus had an increased incidence of abnormal audiometry. The average hearing threshold for the 4–8-kHz frequency range of the workers with current tinnitus was higher than that of the others, and was most affected at the 4-kHz frequency. The THI score ranged 0–84, with an average score of 13.1. Twelve (52.17%) workers had THI scores consistent with discrete handicap.
Conclusion: There is an increased incidence of abnormal pure tone audiometry in workers with tinnitus, and its impact on the workers' quality of life was discrete. The correlation between average hearing threshold and tinnitus distress was weak.
Assessment of nasal patency after rhinoplasty through the Glatzel mirror
Authors: Alonso Nivaldo , Mendes Rogério Rafael da Silva , Gravina Paula Rocha , Cronenberg Eduardo Valente , Meneses José Valber Lima , de Pochat Victor Diniz 
Published: July 2012

Introduction: Objective evaluation of nasal function is a constant challenge for plastic surgeons, otolaryngologists, and allergists. The modified Glatzel mirror can evaluate nasal expiratory flow; however, there is little information on this method and its use in the measurement of nasal patency after surgical procedures.
Objective: To compare, in a prospective study, the functional results before and after cosmetic rhinoplasty and evaluate the use of the Glatzel mirror as an objective method to assess nasal patency.
Methods: To achieve this objective, we analyzed the functional results of surgery through a subjective questionnaire and objective evaluation through a modified Glatzel mirror, and evaluated the correlation between the 2 methods. Twenty patients (14 women and 6 men) underwent aesthetic rhinoplasty using spreader grafts. Pre- and postoperative evaluation (90–120 days) included a respiratory quality score (subjective) and modified Glatzel mirror test (objective). Subsequently, the Spearman test was used to compare the pre- and postoperative subjective and objective data.
Results: The subjective evaluation demonstrated a statistical difference between pre- and postoperative scores (8 ± 2 and 9.4 ± 0.7, P ≤ 0.001). There was no statistical difference in mean nasal patency by modified Glatzel mirror. No statistically significant correlation was observed when comparing the modified Glatzel mirror values with the subjective scores reported by patients pre- or postoperatively.
Conclusion: The Glatzel method lacks sensitivity in detecting patient-reported improvements in breathing following rhinoplasty. This suggests that the method is a poor assessment tool to detect small, post-surgical changes in the nasal airways.
Proposed computerized protocol for epidemiological study of patients undergoing microsurgery of the larynx
Authors: Catani Guilherme Simas do Amaral , Filho Jorge Massaaki Ido , Filho Evaldo Dacheux de Macedo , Pinto José Simão de Paula , Malafaia Osvaldo , Stahlke Henrique Jorge , Carvalho Bettina 
Published: July 2012

Introduction: The merging of medicine with information technology facilitates the retrieval of stored data, aiding the conduct of research with greater scientific rigor. Studies in the field of otorhinolaryngology, specifically in the area of laryngology and voice, are of fundamental importance, since 70% of the economically active need their voice to work.
Objective: To create a computerized protocol of the diseases of the larynx, apply and validate it, and use it to evaluate patients undergoing laryngoscopic microsurgery of the larynx.
Method: We created a database of ENT diseases through a literature review of textbooks and scientific articles. Next, we computerized the data and incorporated it into the SINPE©, creating a master protocol (ENT diseases) and a specific protocol (laryngeal diseases). Data were collected prospectively from patients undergoing laryngeal microsurgery in the ENT Hospital of Paraná. The collected data were analyzed with graphs through the SINPE© Analyzer module.
Results: We evaluated 245 patients aged 9–79 years, and determined that 36.61% (93 patients) underwent surgery for the presence of polyps on the vocal folds, 12.6% (32) underwent surgery for papillomatosis, and 11.83% (29) underwent surgery for intracordal cysts.
Conclusions: The creation of an electronic database of clinical ENT diseases was feasible. We were also able to implement and validate the protocol. The database may be released to physicians involved in clinical data collection and retrieval of information to conduct scientific research in an organized manner. The most common laryngeal disorders identified were polyps, papilloma, and intracordal cysts.
Middle ear resonance in infants: Age effects
Authors: André Karina Delgado , Sanches Seisse Gabriela Gandolfi , Carvallo Renata Mota Mamede 
Published: July 2012

Introduction: The resonant frequency is the probe frequency in which susceptance is 0 due to the neutralization of the forces of mass and stiffness components that control the middle ear. This frequency can be evaluated by multifrequency tympanometry, and the normality value for adults ranges 800–1,200 Hz. Studies about resonant frequency in children are scarce.
Aim: Identify the variation of the resonant frequency in infants between the first days after birth and the third month of life.
Method: Prospective study. Thirty newborns were evaluated at 2 different times: at the neonatal phase up to 12 days of life, and between 72 and 84 days of life. In the first evaluation, we carried out otoacoustic emissions and identified the resonant frequency, and identified the resonant frequency again in the second evaluation.
Results: In the first evaluation, we determined a mean resonance value of 250 Hz for both ears, while that in the second evaluation was 385 Hz. In both assessments, we found no significant differences between the ears. There was a significant difference between the first and second evaluation.
Conclusion: The middle ear resonant frequency in infants is lower in the first days of life due to the influence of the mass component. The present study demonstrated that the resonance frequency increased in the first months of life.
Analysis of the masticatory process of asthmatic children: Clinical and electromyographic research
Authors: da Silva Hilton Justino , Nascimento Gerlane Karla Bezerra Oliveira , da Silva Elthon Gomes Fernandes , da Cunha Renata Andrade , Régis Renata Milena Freire Lima , de Castro Célia Maria Machado Barbosa , da Cunha Daniele Andrade 
Published: July 2012

Introduction: The prevalence of asthma has grown considerably in recent decades, but some studies have shown stabilization of this trend. The masticatory process of asthmatic children may be altered due to asthma-related anatomo-functional changes.
Objective: The study objective was to determine the clinical and electromyographic characteristics of the masticatory process in asthmatic children and compare the electrical activities of their masseter and anterior temporal muscles (at rest and during maximal voluntary contraction and mastication) with those of non-asthmatic children.
Method: Case study. Asthmatic and non-asthmatic groups, each consisting of 30 children of both sexes between 6 and 10 years of age, were evaluated. Mastication was evaluated clinically and electromyographically in all subjects. RESULTS: The masticatory process did not differ significantly between asthmatic and non-asthmatic children.
Conclusion: Although the masticatory process did not differ significantly between asthmatic and non-asthmatic children, the masticatory process of asthmatic children may be altered because of anatomical changes of Asthma.