bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐professional communication for older people in transitional care: a review of the literature
Authors: Allen Jacqui , Ottmann Goetz , Roberts Gail 
Published: February 2012

Aims and objectives. To synthesise research‐reporting literature about multi‐professional communication between health and social care professionals within transitional care for older people, with particular attention on outcomes, enabling contextual factors and constraints.Background. Older adults experience high rates of morbidity and health care usage, and frequently transit between health services, and community and social care providers. These transition episodes place elders at increased risk of adverse incidents due to poor communication of information. Integrated multi‐professional models of care built on enhanced communication have been widely promoted as a strategy to improve transitional care for older people. However, a range of findings exist in the literature to guide service providers and researchers.Design. Comprehensive literature search and review strategies were employed to identify, describe and synthesise relevant studies. Ten databases were searched in addition to Google Scholar.Conclusions. Specified discharge worker roles, multi‐professional care coordination teams, and information technology systems promote better service satisfaction and subjective quality of life for older people when compared with standard hospital discharge. Improved multi‐professional communication reduces rates of re‐admission and length of stay indicating greater cost effectiveness and efficiency for the health and social care systems. Systems of care emphasizing information exchange, education and negotiation between stakeholders facilitate communication in transitional care contexts for older adults. Conversely, lack of dialogue and lack of understanding of others’ roles are barriers to communication in transitional care.Implications for practice. Enhanced multi‐professional communication, transitional pathways, and role clarity are required to improve the quality, sustainability and responsiveness of aged care into the future. Recommendations for further research include: (i) Investigation of pathways promoting person‐centred care planning including the older person, their family and relevant practitioners; (ii) Development of interventions aimed at improving multi‐professional communication and transitional aged care with marginalised and socially disadvantaged elders on indicators of equity and access; (iii) Investigation of changing roles for practitioners in multi‐professional teams with a focus on community‐based teams including nurses specialising in aged care and general practice.
Comparative study of molecular characteristics of X and Y nucleolar organizers of various lines of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Rosenberg‐Bourgin Myriam , Paumard Solange , Contesse Gérard 
Published: February 2012

We have determined for the X chromosomes of 10 laboratory strains and the Y chromosomes of 4 of them both the total number of ribosomal units and the relative percentages of uninterrupted (ins‐), type 1 (ins1: with distinction between small ins1S and large ins1L) and type 2 (ins2) interrupted ribosomal units.These studies were made with the DNA extracted from third instar larval diploid tissues (brains and imaginal discs) of X/X female lines or XNO−/Y male lineages (devoid of X ribosomal genes) whose members possess copies of the same initial X or Y chromosome.Between the X chromosomes as well as the Y chromosomes an ⋍ 2‐fold variation was observed in the total number of ribosomal genes: from ⋍ 200 to 420 for the X chromosomes and from ⋍ 150 to 330 for the Y ones.The Y chromosomes are devoid of insertion 1 interrupted units, but one can observe some variation in the percentage and hence the absolute numbers of uninterrupted and insertion 2 interrupted units.Among the X chromosomes a very large variation exists between the percentage and absolute number of all the ribosomal unit types; it is to be noted especially that the number of uninterrupted units, which are the only kind of ribosomal genes actively transcribed, can vary from about 20 to 140 without any differences in the development of the different strains.
Inhibition of the hydrosmotic response to antidiuretic hormone by 3,3′‐diallyldiethylstilbestrol (DADES)
Authors: Calamita G. , Bourguet J. , Hugon J.S. , Fischbarg J. 
Published: February 2012

3,3′‐diallyldiethylstilbestrol (DADES), a blocker of the facilitated diffusion of glucose, was found to interfere markedly with the hydrosmotic response to antidiuretic hormone and its related agonists. Frog urinary bladders were isolated and monitored for transmural net water flow. DADES was added either to the serosal or to the apical medium at concentrations ranging from 10−4 M to 10−6 M. Pretreatment for 30 min with apical 10−4 M DADES drastically reduced the subsequent hydrosmotic response: (a) to oxytocin (4.4×10−8 M) by 91.7±17.6% versus 6.2±7.8 in control; (b) to 8‐bromo 3′,5′‐cyclic AMP by 93.5±19.4% versus 19.4±11.4%; (c) to serosal hyperosmolarity (mannitol 220 mOsm) by 99.3±0.5% versus 12.3±18.2%.This effect was dose‐dependent. Inhibitory action of DADES was more effective on the apical side than on the serosal side (97.0±1.5 versus 45.8±10.8). Freeze‐fracture studies revealed a modified distribution of the particles and unusual endocytotic pits and vesicles in the apical membrane of both granular and mitochondria‐rich epithelial cells. These observations point to multiple and complex effects of the drug. Thus, it seems that DADES has numerous effects on urinary epithelium, which makes it a nonspecific inhibitor of water permeation. Conclusions on its use should therefore be drawn with suitable caution.
Stimulation by aldosterone of a conductive chloride pathway in toad skin
Authors: Crabbe J. , Beaujean V. , Devuyst O. 
Published: February 2012

As a rule, chloride movement (JCl−) across amphibian skin is considered to be passive; this is implied in fact for preparations incubated in Ringer's fluid, since short‐circuit current (Isc) is the quantitative expression of net, active sodium transport (JNa+). The nature of the Cl− pathway(s) was investigated by incubating amphibian skin (mostly Bufo marinus) with Cl− present on the epithelial side only, and after blocking JNa+ by combined treatment with ouabain and amiloride. In such conditions, JCl− was found to be equal to (reversed) Isc; furthermore, when JCl− was “translated” in terms of conductance, gCl−, the latter accounted almost quantitatively for transepithelial conductance, gt. When residual intratissue (i.e. intracellular) electronegativity was eliminated by replacing Na+ with K+, JCl− was larger but Isc and JCl− were still found to reflect each other, and gCl− again accounted for most, if not all, of gt. JCl− in the opposite direction, as a result of Cl− being present only on the dermal side, was negligible, and gt was very low.Thus, in the absence of sodium transport, when experimental conditions are such that a net inward JCl− obtains, the anion apparently flows only through (a) conductive pathways(s). Aldosterone is probably involved in the regulation of this pathway, as JCl− was much lower when toads were maintained in dilute saline than in water or on moist peat; so was the fraction of the apical surface corresponding to mitochondria‐rich cells.
Fluorescence labeling of proteins related to ADH‐induced change in frog bladder luminal membrane
Authors: Valenti Giovanna , Guerra Lorenzo , Casavola Valerua , Svelto Maria 
Published: February 2012

Sulfhydryl (SH) reactive reagents, such as cosin derivatives, have been found to be useful in labelling water pathways in red cells. In the present study we used an impermeable SH‐reagent, a fluorescent maleimide analogue EMA (eosin‐5′‐maleimide), in order to identify proteins involved in water permeability response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).We observed that: 1) EMA (1 mM) mucosal pretreatment did not modify either the basal water flux or the subsequent ADH‐induced hydrosmotic response; 2) EMA added to the mucosal bath at the maximum response to ADH, significantly decreased net water flux by about 40%; similar results were obtained when 10−5 M forskolin was used as a hydrosmotic agent. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of EMA occurs at a post cAMP step, possibly at the level of the sulfhydryl groups of the water channels themselves.Fluorescence distribution in SDS‐PAGE of Triton X‐100 extracted proteins from bladder labeled with EMA in both control conditions and under ADH stimulation allowed us to identify apical membrane proteins, labeled during ADH stimulation and not labeled in water impermeable controls. Of particular importance are four proteins of 52, 32–35, 26, 17, kDa. These polypeptides are probably involved in ADH‐stimulated water transport and may be components of the water channels.
Are close contacts between astrocytes and endothelial cells a prerequisite condition of a blood‐brain barrier? The rat subfornical organ as an example*
Authors: Bouchaud Claude , Le Bert Marc , Dupouey Pierre 
Published: February 2012

The microvessels of the rat subfornical organ (SFO) are heterogeneous: those of the caudal part lack a blood‐brain barrier (BBB) unlike those of the rostral part. The astroglial environment of these microvessels has been studied by combining an immunocytochemical technique employing an anti‐GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) antiserum with the morphological detection of a barrier to the protein‐silver complex.All the SFO microvessels are surrounded by astrocytes characterized by a tumescent aspect; however, the relative proximity between the astrocytic feet and the endothelial cells varies considerably. The capillaries provided with a barrier (rostral SFO) are contiguous with the astrocytes from which they are only separated by a basement membrane. The capillaries devoid of BBB (caudal SFO) are surrounded by a pericapillary space that keeps the astrocytes at a short distance (capillaries with a very rich vesicular entothelium) or at a long distance (capillaries with a fenestrated endothelium).The astrocytes are absent in the choroid plexus where all microvessels are fenestrated and lack a barrier.These data suggest that the astrocytes release one or more signals which in their vicinity inhibit the expression of endothelial morphological characteristics (fenestrations, vesicles) responsible for the leakage of plasmatic proteins from the blood to the cerebral parenchyma of the circumventricular organs.
Pathway and kinetics of vitellogenin‐gold internalization in the Xenopus oocyte
Authors: Busson Sylvie , Ovtracht Ludmilla , Gounon Pierre 
Published: February 2012

Summary— After in vitro incubation of Xenopus oocytes with vitellogenin (VTG)‐gold conjugate, the gold particles are distributed on the whole plasma membrane. Their concentration in coated pits still occurs at 0°C. At +20°C the label quickly (30 sec) appears in multi‐vesicular endosomes (MVE) which segregate together with primary endocytic vesicles into distinct clusters below the plasma membrane. From this step up to crystallization of the yolk platelets, the gold particles stay in the same compartment. During 5.5 h the label progressively increases along the MVE membrane, first (1.5 h) by fusion of primary endocytic vesicles with consecutively enlarging endosomes, then (4 h) by decreasing of the MVE membrane. As concerns the yolk platelet formation, concentration of primordial yolk platelets (PYP) occurs at 5.5 h from the incubation onset, the labeling of preexisting yolk platelets starts at 7 h, while crystallization of PYP begins only after 12–13 h.Our results indicate that VTG receptors are not preclustered in coated pits and their lateral translation is not inhibited at 0°C. The yolk protein processing takes place within one compartment only. The VTG condensation begins with a long concentration phase of receptor‐VTG complexes still integrated in the endosome membrane. It occurs in MVE by: i) a repeated fusion of primary endocytic vesicles; ii) removing part of the endosome membrane by internal vesiculation. Fusion between endosomes occurs only after VTG has dissociated from its receptors and VTG dissociates only when when the density of the VTG‐receptor complexes in the endosome membrane is sufficient. Crystallization begins after a 7–8 h delay.The endosome migration into the oocyte is also controlled by the binding of VTG to its receptors.Our results also demonstrate that binding of VTG colloidal gold modifies neither the vitellogenic pathway nor the duration of the vitellogenin internalization. However when vitellogenin is bound to colloidal gold, dissociation of ligand‐receptor complexes is delayed because the amount of ligand in the incubation medium is necessarily low.
Geolocation by light: accuracy and precision affected by environmental factors
Authors: Lisovski Simeon , Hewson Chris M. , Klaassen Raymond H. G. , Korner‐Nievergelt Fränzi , Kristensen Mikkel W. , Hahn Steffen 
Published: February 2012

Summary1. Geolocation by light allows for tracking animal movements, based on measurements of light intensity over time by a data‐logging device (‘geolocator’). Recent developments of ultra‐light devices (<2 g) broadened the range of target species and boosted the number of studies using geolocators. However, an inherent problem of geolocators is that any factor or process that changes the natural light intensity pattern also affects the positions calculated from these light patterns. Although the most important factors have been identified, estimation of their effect on the accuracy and precision of positions estimated has been lacking but is very important for the analyses and interpretation of geolocator data.2. The ‘threshold method’ is mainly used to derive positions by defining sunrise and sunset times from the light intensity pattern for each recorded day. This method requires calibration: a predefined sun elevation angle for estimating latitude by fitting the recorded day/night lengths to theoretical values across latitudes. Therewith, almost constant shading can be corrected for by finding the appropriate sun elevation angle.3. Weather, topography and vegetation are the most important factors that influence light intensities. We demonstrated their effect on the measurement of day/night length, time of solar midnight/noon and the resulting position estimates using light measurements from stationary geolocators at known places and from geolocators mounted on birds. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of different calibration methods on the accuracy of the latitudinal positions.4. All three environmental factors can influence the light intensity pattern significantly. Weather and an animal’s behaviour result in increased noise in positioning, whereas topography and vegetation result in systematic shading and biased positions. Calibration can significantly shift the estimated latitudes and potentially increase the accuracy, but detailed knowledge about the particular confounding factors and the behaviour of the studied animal is crucial for the choice of the most appropriate calibration method.
Osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. Part II: therapy with ibuprofen and a review of clinical trials
Authors: Adatia Aleem , Rainsford K D , Kean Walter F 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Objectives
We review the pharmacological properties and clinical evidence pertaining to the efficacy of ibuprofen as a first-line treatment in hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA). In the context of our previous paper's exploration of the aetiology and pathogenesis of OA as a basis for pharmacotherapy, we discuss the pharmacokinetics (PK) and clinical pharmacodynamics (PD) of ibuprofen relevant to OA.

Key findings
Although widely used, the benefits and risks of ibuprofen, especially compared with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and placebo, have only recently been evaluated in OA of the hip and knee in randomized-controlled clinical trials (RCT). The efficacy and occurrence of adverse reactions from ibuprofen was compared with placebo in a structural review of the literature and systematic review of RCTs in large-scale clinical trials. Ibuprofen has been found to result in approximately 50–60% improvement over placebo in WOMAC scores, including those reflecting inflammatory joint pain in knee and hip OA or other indices of pain, disability and impaired function. Mega-trials performed in comparison with the newer NSAIDs, the coxibs, have shown that ibuprofen has comparable therapeutic benefits and although serious gastrointestinal conditions are sometimes more frequent after short-term treatment, longer-term (several months) therapy in OA reduces the advantages of the coxibs over other NSAIDs including ibuprofen. Cardiovascular risk, though present with coxibs and some NSAIDs in OA, is lower or slightly so with ibuprofen compared with coxibs.

Summary
Ibuprofen is effective and relatively safe (especially at low over-the-counter doses and in the short term) for mild-to-moderate OA of the knee and hip. The PK properties of ibuprofen in OA (short plasma t½) confer advantages of this drug for OA, while evidence for clinically relevant PD benefits in joints of patients with OA, though limited, is suggestive of local anti-inflammatory activity.
Enhancement of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions of red ginseng extract by fermentation
Authors: Jung Hyun-Joo , Choi Hojin , Lim Hye-Won , Shin Daehyun , Kim Hacksoo , Kwon Bin , Lee Jong Eun , Park Eun-Hee , Lim Chang-Jin 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Objectives
This work aimed to compare some pharmacological properties of red ginseng extract (RG) and fermented red ginseng extract (FRG).

Methods
Antinociceptive activity was analysed using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction response. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced inflammation in the air pouch, and analysed through the measurement of nitrite content in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells. Anti-angiogenic activity was determined using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay.

Key findings
In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of FRG was stronger than that of RG in two animal models, vascular permeability and air-pouch models. In the vascular permeability model, the doses of RG and FRG required for half-maximal inhibition (IC50) were 181 and 59 mg/kg, respectively. FRG exhibited significantly stronger antinociceptive activity than RG. In the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction response, the IC50 values of RG and FRG were 153 and 27 mg/kg, respectively. Although both RG and FRG were able to suppress production of nitric oxide in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, the suppressive activity of FRG appeared to be stronger than that of RG. However, RG and FRG showed similar anti-angiogenic activity.

Conclusions
FRG possesses enhanced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity but similar anti-angiogenic activity than RG.
Nitric oxide and passive limb movement: a new approach to assess vascular function
Authors: Trinity Joel D. , Groot H. Jonathan , Layec Gwenael , Rossman Matthew J. , Ives Stephen J. , Runnels Sean , Gmelch Ben , Bledsoe Amber , Richardson Russell S. 
Published: February 2012

Key points
Passive limb movement elicits a robust increase in limb blood flow (LBF) and limb vascular conductance (LVC) without a concomitant increase in skeletal muscle metabolism.
The peripheral vascular mechanisms associated with the increase in LBF and LVC are unknown.
Using an intra‐arterial infusion of NG‐monomethyl‐l‐arginine (l‐NMMA) to inhibit nitric oxide synthase (NOS) the hyperaemic and vasodilatory response to passive limb movement was attenuated by nearly 80%.
This finding demonstrates that the increases in LBF and LVC during passive limb movement are primarily NO dependent.
Passive limb movement appears to have significant promise as a new approach to assess NO‐mediated vascular function, an important predictor of cardiovascular disease risk.
MK-4815, a Potential New Oral Agent for Treatment of Malaria
Authors: Powles Mary Ann , Allocco John , Yeung Lai , Nare Bakela , Liberator Paul , Schmatz Dennis 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

Malaria continues to have a significant impact on the health of the developing world. Efforts to combat this disease now focus on combination therapy in order to stem the emergence of resistant parasites. Continued efforts are needed to discover and develop new agents for use in combination antimalarial regimens. MK-4815 is a small molecule with antimalarial activity that was identified from a large pharmaceutical compound collection using a semiautomated version of a well-established
in vitro
assay for the erythrocytic stages of
Plasmodium falciparum. In vitro
studies indicate that the compound selectively accumulates in infected red blood cells and is most effective against the metabolically active late trophozoite/early schizont stages. A variety of drug-resistant field isolates of
P. falciparum
were found to be as sensitive to MK-4815 as the wild-type lines. MK-4815 is orally active in a
P. berghei
mouse model of acute malaria. In this model, where untreated animals succumb to infection 10 to 12 days postinfection, MK-4815 was completely curative when given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg, 2 doses of 25 mg/kg, or 4.5 doses of 12.5 mg/kg. In pharmacokinetic studies with mice and rhesus monkeys, MK-4815 demonstrated oral bioavailability and low clearance. In addition, MK-4815 is inexpensive to synthesize, an important characteristic for providing affordable antimalaria therapy to the developing world. The attractive biological and pharmaceutical profile of MK-4815 demonstrates its potential for use in combination with other agents in the fight against malaria.
CANVAS 1 and 2: Analysis of Clinical Response at Day 3 in Two Phase 3 Trials of Ceftaroline Fosamil versus Vancomycin plus Aztreonam in Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Authors: Friedland H. David , O'Neal Tanya , Biek Donald , Eckburg Paul B. , Rank Douglas R. , Llorens Lily , Smith Alex , Witherell Gary W. , Laudano Joseph B. , Thye Dirk 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

Scientific and regulatory interest in assessing clinical endpoints after 48 to 72 h of treatment for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) has increased. Historical, pre-antibiotic-era data suggest that a treatment effect relative to untreated controls can be discerned in this time interval. Ceftaroline fosamil, a broad-spectrum bactericidal cephalosporin with activity against Gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), and Gram-negative organisms was efficacious in two phase 3 trials of complicated skin infections (CANVAS 1 and 2) using clinical cure rates at the test-of-cure visit. To assess an early clinical response in the CANVAS trials, a retrospective analysis using a day 3 clinical endpoint was conducted. Adults with ABSSSI received intravenous ceftaroline fosamil at 600 mg every 12 h (q12h) or vancomycin at 1 g plus aztreonam at 1 g (V/A) q12h for 5 to 14 days. Clinical response at day 3, defined as cessation of infection spread and absence of fever, was analyzed in patients with a lesion size of ≥75 cm
2
and either deep and/or extensive cellulitis, major abscess, or an infected wound. Day 3 integrated CANVAS clinical response rates were 74.0% (296/400) for ceftaroline and 66.2% (263/397) for V/A (difference, 7.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3% to 14.0%). In the individual studies, absolute treatment differences of 9.4% (CANVAS 1) and 5.9% (CANVAS 2) favoring ceftaroline were observed. For ABSSSI due to MRSA, response rates were 81.7% and 77.4% in the ceftaroline and V/A groups, respectively. In this retrospective analysis, ceftaroline fosamil monotherapy had a numerically higher clinical response than V/A at day 3 in the treatment of ABSSSI.