bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locally advanced prostate cancer: a population‐based study of treatment patterns
Authors: Lowrance William T. , Elkin Elena B. , Yee David S. , Feifer Andrew , Ehdaie Behfar , Jacks Lindsay M. , Atoria Coral L. , Zelefsky Michael J. , Scher Howard I. , Scardino Peter T. , Eastham James A. 
Published: November 2011

Study Type – Therapy (practice patterns)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?The treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer varies widely even though there is level one evidence supporting the use of multimodality therapy as compared with monotherapy.This study defines treatment patterns of locally advanced prostate cancer within the United States and identifies predicators of who receives multimodality therapy rather than monotherapy.OBJECTIVE
To identify treatment patterns and predictors of receiving multimodality therapy in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The cohort comprised patients ≥66 years with clinical stage T3 or T4 non‐metastatic prostate cancer diagnosed between 1998 and 2005 identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registry records linked with Medicare claims.
Treatments were classified as radical prostatectomy (RP), radiation therapy (RT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) received within 6 and 24 months of diagnosis.
We assessed trends over time and used multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of multimodality treatment.
RESULTS
Within the first 6 months of diagnosis, 1060 of 3095 patients (34%) were treated with a combination of RT and ADT, 1486 (48%) received monotherapy (RT alone, ADT alone or RP alone), and 461 (15%) received no active treatment.
The proportion of patients who received RP increased, exceeding 10% in 2005.
Use of combined RT and ADT and use of ADT alone fluctuated throughout the study period.
In all 6% of patients received RT alone in 2005.
Multimodality therapy was less common in patients who were older, African American, unmarried, who lived in the south, and who had co‐morbidities or stage T4 disease.
CONCLUSIONS
Treatment of LAPC varies widely, and treatment patterns shifted during the study period.
The slightly increased use of multimodality therapy since 2003 is encouraging, but further work is needed to increase combination therapy in appropriate patients and to define the role of RP.
End‐of‐Life Decision‐Making in Canada: The Report by the Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel on End‐of‐Life Decision‐Making
Authors: SCHÜKLENK UDO , VAN DELDEN JOHANNES J. M. , DOWNIE JOCELYN , MCLEAN SHEILA A. M. , UPSHUR ROSS , WEINSTOCK DANIEL 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis report on end‐of‐life decision‐making in Canada was produced by an international expert panel and commissioned by the Royal Society of Canada. It consists of five chapters.Chapter 1 reviews what is known about end‐of‐life care and opinions about assisted dying in Canada.Chapter 2 reviews the legal status quo in Canada with regard to various forms of assisted death.Chapter 3 reviews ethical issues pertaining to assisted death. The analysis is grounded in core values central to Canada's constitutional order.Chapter 4 reviews the experiences had in a number of jurisdictions that have decriminalized or recently reviewed assisted dying in some shape or form.Chapter 5 provides recommendations with regard to the provision of palliative care in Canada, as well as recommendations for reform with respect to the various forms of assisted death covered in this document.
Board Task‐related Faultlines and Firm Performance: A Decade of Evidence
Authors: Kaczmarek Szymon , Kimino Satomi , Pye Annie 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: To what extent can group faultlines and their potential value‐destroying effects be detected on corporate boards? Task‐related attributes of the type of directorship, education, board tenure, and financial background of board members are considered as directors' characteristics that give rise to the faultline phenomenon. The impact of task‐related faultlines on firm performance as well as the moderating effects of busy boards, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) tenure, executive directors' (EDs) compensation structure, and the average non‐executive directors' (NEDs) involvement in board committees are examined.Research Findings/Insights: Using a panel of FTSE 350 companies from 1999 to 2008, we find a strong negative effect of task‐related faultlines on firm performance. Further exploration of the moderating effects demonstrates that the condition of a busy board and CEO tenure exacerbate the negative effects of faultlines. At the same time, the executive pay contingency is found to have a remedying effect on boardroom cohesiveness, whereas the involvement of NEDs in board committee work is not likely to make the adverse effects of board faultlines less pronounced.Theoretical/Academic Implications: Based on the arguments of social identity theory, this study shows that task‐related faultlines on corporate boards have strong negative value‐creating implications. The positive moderating impact of the executive compensation structure renders support to agency theory predictions about executive incentive alignment. This work also underlines the usefulness of the concept of faultlines in the corporate governance literature, because unitary boards, where NEDs and EDs share board responsibility, exhibit pre‐existing factions, similar to top management teams of family‐controlled firms and teams managing international joint‐ventures.Practitioner/Policy Implications: This research points to the importance of a careful selection process of directors by nomination committees. It also underlines the role for active leadership on boards, who should be aware of available strategies to ameliorate the negative consequences of board schisms, such as accentuating superordinate board identity and/ or informal meetings.
Family Control and Investment‐Cash Flow Sensitivity: Moderating Effects of Excess Control Rights and Board Independence
Authors: Kuo Yi‐Ping , Hung Jung‐Hua 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: We explore the effect of family control on investment‐cash flow sensitivity and disentangle the effects of agency problems of free cash flow and asymmetric information. Excess control rights and board independence may moderate the relationship between family control and investment‐cash flow sensitivity by changing agency costs.Research Findings/Insights: Family control lessens investment‐cash flow sensitivity by mitigating the problem of asymmetric information. Investment‐cash flow sensitivity will be higher in family‐controlled firms with excess control rights because Type II agency problems predominate. Family control may affect investment‐cash flow sensitivity when firms lack independent directors. Having another blockholder in addition to the controlling family reduces the agency problem and improves the independent monitoring function of the board for family‐controlled firms.Theoretical/Academic Implications: This study provides a better understanding of the relationship between family control and investment‐cash flow sensitivity. It delineates the separate effects of agency problems stemming from free cash flow and asymmetric information and demonstrates that excess control rights and board independence can moderate the effect of family control on investment‐cash flow sensitivity. We show the significant role another blockholder plays in internal governance mechanisms.Practitioner/Policy Implications: Investors can better gauge firm value by examining the type of company control and linkages between investment distortion and firm value. Policy makers can better understand how excess control and board independence act as mechanisms to worsen or mitigate the effects of family control. Managers can understand the effects of control type and board independence on the firm's financial constraints.
Connections Among Farsighted Agents
Authors: GRANDJEAN GILLES , MAULEON ANA , VANNETELBOSCH VINCENT 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe study the stability of social and economic networks when players are farsighted. In particular, we examine whether the networks formed by farsighted players are different from those formed by myopic players. We adopt the notion of pairwise farsightedly stable sets (Herings, Mauleon, and Vannetelbosch 2009). We first show that under the componentwise egalitarian allocation rule, the set of strongly efficient networks and the set of pairwise (myopically) stable networks that are immune to coalitional deviations are the unique pairwise farsightedly stable set if and only if the value function is top convex. We then investigate in some classical models of social and economic networks whether the pairwise farsightedly stable sets of networks coincide or not with the set of pairwise (myopically) stable networks and the set of strongly efficient networks.
Future need of ageing people with an intellectual disability in the Republic of Ireland: lessons learned from the literature
Authors: Doody Catriona M. , Markey Kathleen , Doody Owen 
Published: November 2011

Accessible summary This article synthesises current literature regarding ageing and service provision for people with an intellectual disability. People with intellectual disability are living longer. Services need to respond to the needs of older people with intellectual disability.SummaryPeople with an intellectual disability are living longer, and the numbers continue to rise. Ireland has and is seeing a dramatic change in the age profile of clients and the support services they require. While Ireland had specifically trained nurses in intellectual disability, they predominately work in residential settings. This can be seen as been at odds with the philosophy of supporting people with intellectual disability live at home with their family and the primary care system. As the ageing population is rising, intellectual disability services need to proactively develop and respond to this changing age profile by reviewing and adjusting the way in which they deliver services, not only in terms of how services develop and respond to a changing age profile but also in terms of collaborative working across all health services.
Management of severe acute to fulminant hepatitis B: to treat or not to treat or when to treat?
Authors: Tillmann Hans L. , Zachou Kalliopi , Dalekos George N. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDespite a decline in cases of acute hepatitis B and the low hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronicity rates in adults, still some patients progress to HBV‐related fulminant liver failure. In this review, we discuss treatment options that may prevent the progression of severe acute hepatitis B to fulminant liver failure and death. In severe acute HBV with prolonged prothrombin time and increased bilirubin, interferon failed to be effective while antiviral treatment, particularly with lamivudine, appears to improve survival (mean survival almost 80%). Outcome without antiviral therapy has remained considerably poor, whereas there is no convincing evidence of amelioration of HBV‐targeted immunity. Of note, most patients who died or required transplantation despite lamivudine therapy, were started on lamivudine at advanced stages compared with those survived. This suggests that prompt and timely antiviral therapy is crucial. Owing to the abovementioned results the design of randomized placebo‐control trials in the setting of severe acute hepatitis B seems unethical. On the contrary, the design of multicentre double‐blind randomized trials to compare the efficacy between lamivudine and entecavir or even tenofovir in acute severe HBV cases is ideally needed, but these studies appear to be very difficult to perform considering that these cases are not frequent and therefore, it is almost impossible to have two arms adequately numerous and homogenous for statistical evaluation. Thus, in the absence of solid evidence based data, the hepatologists could treat their patients with severe acute hepatitis B with lamivudine or the most potent antivirals entecavir or tenofovir.
Dehydration melting of ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite in the Dabie orogen: evidence from multiphase solid inclusions in garnet
Authors: GAO X.‐Y. , ZHENG Y.‐F. , CHEN Y.‐X. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSeveral types of multiphase solid (MS) inclusions are identified in garnet from ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) eclogite in the Dabie orogen. The mineralogy of MS inclusions ranges from pure K‐feldspar to pure quartz, with predominance of intermediate types consisting of K‐feldspar + quartz ± silicate (plagioclase or epidote) ± barite. The typical MS inclusions are usually surrounded with radial cracks in the host garnet, similar to where garnet contains relict coesite. Barite aggregates display significant heterogeneity in major element composition, with total contents of only 57–73% and highly variable SiO2 contents of 0.32–25.85% that are positively correlated with BaO and SO3 contents. The occurrence of MS inclusions provides petrographic evidence for partial melting in the UHP metamorphic rock. The occurrence of barite aggregates with variably high SiO2 contents suggests the coexistence of aqueous fluid with hydrous melt under HP eclogite facies conditions. Thus, local dehydration melting is inferred to take place inside the UHP metamorphic slice during continental collision. This is ascribed to phengite breakdown during ‘hot’ exhumation of the deeply subducted continental crust. As a consequence, the aqueous fluid is internally buffered in chemical composition and its local sink is a basic trigger to the partial melting during the continental subduction‐zone metamorphism.
How to Save Europe
Authors: BROWN GORDON 
Published: November 2011

The sovereign debt problem in Europe, ignited by Greece, has morphed into an economic crisis challenging the solvency of major banks and countries as well as a generalized crisis of governance. Lacking the legitimacy of public support, the leaders of the European Union's fledgling institutions have been indecisive and unable to contain the looming danger of financial contagion. Along with the economic slowdown in the United States, instability and volatility in Europe threaten to derail the fragile global recovery.In this section, several former European leaders as well as political figures from the emerging economies offer their ideas on how to fix Europe and stem the global threat.
Only Full Integration Can Save Europe
Authors: ROUBINI NOURIEL , BERGGRUEN NICOLAS 
Published: November 2011

The sovereign debt problem in Europe, ignited by Greece, has morphed into an economic crisis challenging the solvency of major banks and countries as well as a generalized crisis of governance. Lacking the legitimacy of public support, the leaders of the European Union's fledgling institutions have been indecisive and unable to contain the looming danger of financial contagion. Along with the economic slowdown in the United States, instability and volatility in Europe threaten to derail the fragile global recovery.In this section, several former European leaders as well as political figures from the emerging economies offer their ideas on how to fix Europe and stem the global threat.
Immediate and 18‐Month Outcome of Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty: Comparison of Inoue and Multi‐Track System
Authors: ORABY MOHAMED , YOUSSEF ALI 
Published: November 2011

Aims: To compare the immediate and 18‐month clinical and echocardiographic outcome of Inoue and multi‐track system for balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV).
Methods: We included 78 consecutive patients with moderate to severe rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) [mitral valve area (MVA) < 1.5 cm2] and clinically indicated BMV. The first 42 consecutive patients were assigned to Inoue BMV (group I), and the following 36 consecutive patients were assigned to multi‐track system (group M). Clinical and echocardiographic assessment was performed before, immediately after, 3 months after, and 18 months after the procedure.
Results: The successful immediate result [MVA > 1.5 cm2 and mitral regurgitation (MR) < II/IV] was achieved in 40 (95.23%) patients of group I and 34 (94.44%) patients of group M (P = 0.12). Immediately after BMV, MVA increased from 0.9 ± 0.4 to 1.7 ± 0.5 cm2 in group I and from 0.8 ± 0.2 to 1.9 ± 0.3 cm2 in group M (P < 0.01). Bilateral commissural splitting was significantly higher in group M (P < 0.01). This was associated with higher incidence of mild commissural mitral regurgitation. There were no significant differences of moderate to severe MR. Both procedure and fluoroscopy time were significantly shorter in group I (P < 0.001). Eighteen‐month clinical and echocardiographic evaluation was available for 66 (84.64%) patients with sustained immediate clinical and echocardiographic improvements.
Conclusions: Both Inoue and the multi‐track balloon systems achieved successful immediate and 18‐month results. The multi‐track double balloon system produced significantly larger MVA, with better bilateral commissurotomy, yet with longer procedure and fluoroscopy times. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:47–52)
Oxidation Behavior of ZrB2–SiC–TaC Ceramics
Authors: Wang Yiguang , Ma Baisheng , Li Lulu , An Linan 
Published: November 2011

ZrB2–SiC–TaC ceramics with different content of TaC were prepared by hot‐pressing at 1800°C in vacuum environment. The oxidation behavior of these ceramics was studied in the temperature range of 1200°C–1500°C in air. It was found that low concentration of TaC (10 vol%) deteriorated the oxidation resistance of ZrB2–SiC, while high concentration of TaC (30 vol%) significantly improved the oxidation resistance of the ceramics. Reoxidation experiments indicated that the metallic species (tantalum and/or silicon) diffusing out of the materials into the oxides was initially involved in the controlling process.
DREEM on, dentists! Students’ perceptions of the educational environment in a German dental school as measured by the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure
Authors: Ostapczuk M. S. , Hugger A. , de Bruin J. , Ritz‐Timme S. , Rotthoff T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectives:  The educational climate in which future doctors are trained is an important aspect of medical education. In contrast to human medicine, it has been rather neglected in dental educational research. The aim of the study was to supplement this lack by applying and validating the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) for the first time in a German‐speaking sample of dental students.Methods:  All dental students at the Medical Faculty of Heinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf were asked to complete a German adaptation of the DREEM and the Düsseldorf Mission Statement Questionnaire (DMSQ) in a paper‐pencil survey. Data from 205 participants were analysed. Psychometric validation included analysis of item homogeneity and discrimination, test reliability, criterion and construct validity (convergent, factorial).Results:  DREEM item parameters were satisfactory, reliability (α = 0.87) and convergent validity (r = 0.66 with DMSQ) were also high. Factor analyses, however, yielded dimensions which did not fully correspond to the original DREEM subscales. Overall perception of the educational environment was positive (DREEM total score = 122.95 ± 15.52). Students in the clinical part of course rated the atmosphere more negatively, but their academic self‐perception more positively than preclinical students.Conclusions:  Showing satisfactory psychometric properties, DREEM proved suitable for assessing educational environments among dental students. Given the right circumstances, e.g., small and early clinically oriented classes, traditional curricula can generate positive environments.
Histopathological features that predict the recurrence of odontogenic keratocysts
Authors: Cottom Hannah E. , Bshena Faten I. , Speight Paul M. , Craig Geoffrey T. , Jones Adam V. 
Published: November 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 408–414Background:  Odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) constitute between 1.8% and 21.5% of odontogenic cysts and are associated with higher propensity to recur than other odontogenic cysts following surgical removal. Previous studies have been performed to identify clinico‐pathological predictive factors in relation to such behaviour. The relationship between the presence of hyalinisation and recurrence of the OKC has not been explored.Methods:  A total of 110 OKCs were selected, comprising 53 non‐recurrent cases, 50 cases known to subsequently recur and seven syndromic cases. Cases were examined blind, and histological assessment of the epithelial lining, connective tissue capsule and cyst lumen was made. Statistical analysis was completed using Pearson Chi‐square, Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression analysis.Results:  Subepithelial hyalinisation of the underlying connective tissue capsule (P = 0.006) was significantly more common in OKC that recurred. Recurring cysts demonstrating hyalinisation were seen in a younger age group (mean = 40.8 years) than the non‐recurrent cysts (mean = 56.4 years). In addition, subepithelial splitting (P = 0.015) and the position of mitotic figures (P = 0.033) were more common in recurring cysts.Conclusion:  In this case series, several differences were found in relation to histological features of recurring and non‐recurring OKCs. There are many factors responsible for the high recurrence rate of OKCs, and the presence of subepithelial hyalinisation may be used as an additional histopathological feature to predict a greater tendency for recurrence.
Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy for alopecia areata
Authors: Bayramgürler Dilek , Demirsoy Evren Odyakmaz , Aktürk Aysun Şikar , Kıran Rebiay 
Published: November 2011

SummaryAlthough narrowband ultraviolet B (NB UVB) phototherapy is a well‐established treatment in many dermatosis, there is little evidence of efficacy of this method for alopecia areata (AA) treatment in the literature. We undertook a retrospective review of the 25 AA patients treated with NB UVB. Intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide injections per month were used as concomitant treatment in some patients who did not have any contraindication. Eight patients (32%) received monthly intramuscular corticosteroid injections. Four (22.2%) and two (20%) patients achieved excellent response in extensive patchy hair loss patients and entire scalp hair loss patients, respectively. Four of six patients who achieved excellent response also received monthly intramuscular corticosteroid injections. When patients receiving systemic corticosteroid injections were compared with patients given only NB UVB with respect to the treatment responses, a statistically significant difference was seen in patients who achieved excellent response. NB UVB is not an effective treatment with only 20% excellent treatment responses in patients with severe AA, most of whom were also treated with systemic corticosteroids.
Failure of omalizumab (Xolair®) in the treatment of a case of solar urticaria caused by ultraviolet A and visible light
Authors: Duchini Giacomo , Bäumler Wolfgang , Bircher Andreas J. , Scherer Kathrin 
Published: November 2011

SummarySolar urticaria is a rare photodermatosis probably caused by a chromophore, that – if activated by light of a specific spectrum – binds to mast cell‐bound IgE and elicits degranulation. In our patient an action spectrum in ultraviolet A and visible light range was found, in the autologous serum test the presence of a serum chromophore for the same action spectra could be demonstrated, which may underline this pathogenetic hypothesis. Symptoms did not improve using antihistamines and sun protection. Photo hardening was denied from the patient, immunosuppression and plasmapheresis were discussed but not considered. So a treatment with Omalizumab was started that recently was successfully used in 4 case reports. After 3 doses of Xolair® there was no changing in the phototesting results and after 4 doses no subjective improvement.