bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurturing regulatory compliance: Is procedural justice effective when people question the legitimacy of the law?
Authors: Murphy Kristina , Tyler Tom R. , Curtis Amy 
Published: April 2009

AbstractProcedural justice generally enhances an authority's legitimacy and encourages people to comply with an authority's decisions and rules. We argue, however, that previous research on procedural justice and legitimacy has examined legitimacy in a limited way by focusing solely on the perceived legitimacy of authorities and ignoring how people may perceive the legitimacy of the laws and rules they enforce. In addition, no research to date has examined how such perceptions of legitimacy may moderate the effect of procedural justice on compliance behavior. Using survey data collected across three different regulatory contexts – taxation (Study 1), social security (Study 2), and law enforcement (Study 3) – the findings suggest that one's perceptions of the legitimacy of the law moderates the effect of procedural justice on compliance behaviors; procedural justice is more important for shaping compliance behaviors when people question the legitimacy of the laws than when they accept them as legitimate. An explanation of these findings using a social distancing framework is offered, along with a discussion of the implications the findings have on enforcement.
Cost–benefit analysis: New foundations on shifting sand
Authors: Sinden Amy , Kysar Douglas A. , Driesen David M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract New Foundations of Cost–Benefit Analysis, by Matthew Adler and Eric Posner, represents the most ambitious and credible effort to date to build a solid theoretical defense of the use of cost–benefit analysis (CBA) in evaluating government regulation. In this review, three cost–benefit “skeptics” offer their reactions to this ambitious and important book. We note its virtues – its humility, its scrupulousness, its open‐mindedness. We also explore its vices. If preferences are to be “laundered,” is it intellectually defensible to remove the bad but not consider adding the good? Does Adler's and Posner's welfarism really play the limited role they suppose, or does it risk “crowding out” other important deontological and distributional values? If CBA is merely a decision procedure that provides an imperfect proxy of welfare – the moral criterion we really care about – how do we know that the proxy it provides in practice will actually be accurate enough to be useful? Isn't this at bottom an empirical question that cannot be answered by this thoroughly theoretical book? If CBA is no more than an imperfect proxy for welfare, then alternative imperfect decision procedures may perform better in the real world.
Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (history, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments)
Authors: McDermott Patricia 
Published: April 2009

AbstractInterstitial cystitis (IC) is a condition that is difficult to diagnose. In some cases, it has taken 5 years, and five doctors, before a correct diagnosis has occurred, with patients voiding up to 60 times per 24 h. There is a wide variation in the prevalence rate, identifying the problems of diagnosing and reporting pelvic bladder syndrome/IC. This paper will identify the history and epidemiology of IC, analysis of the associated symptoms, diagnosis and treatments.
Anything to declare sir? Case study review of schistosomiasis haematobium infection
Authors: Drudge‐Coates Lawrence , Khati Vitra 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSchistosomiasis is the most widespread human disease caused by a parasite. We present the case of a patient from Uganda with asymptomatic frank haematuria, and he was initially diagnosed with an Escherichia coli infection and managed with trimethoprim. Subsequent cystoscopic evaluation and bladder histology confirmed schistosomiasis haematobium, which was treated with praziquantel.
The Legacies of 2007: Remapping the Black Presence in Britain
Authors: Bressey Caroline 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe 1807/2007 commemorations of the bicentenary of the Parliamentary Act to abolish the British slave trade stimulated a large number of academic and community based projects, from small scale research to the renovation of national museums. This article reviews the academic and other literatures that informed and have emerged from these projects. It explores how contradictions, fractures and openings highlighted by the 1807/2007 bicentenary and these literatures might be taken forward and developed by geographers interested in the making of Britishness, and the relationship between public geographies and public histories.
Modeling Catchment Evolution: From Decoding Geomorphic Processes Signatures toward Predicting Impacts of Climate Change
Authors: Istanbulluoglu Erkan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNumerical models of landscape evolution facilitate quantitative understanding of the causal linkages, interactions, and feedbacks between geomorphic processes and landscape morphology under climate and tectonic forcing. Numerical modeling progressively becomes a crucial component of Earth sciences for decoding the signature of the past history, and predicting the future of observed landforms. The past 15 to 20 years have seen major advances in landscape evolution model development and confirmation against observed topography. In this article, first leading geomorphic transport laws are reviewed and their imprint on landscape morphology are discussed using prime examples of numerical model predictions reported in the literature. The article continues with discussing the relevance of the existing geomorphic transport laws and landscape evolution models to address the current and historic climate change impacts on landforms. This article ends with the opinion that climate‐driven variations in environmental variables affecting geomorphic processes will need to be represented in numerical models of landscape evolution for improved predictions of climate control on sediment yields, the natural environment, and landforms.
Clinicovirologic analysis of hepatitis C infection in transfusion‐dependent β‐thalassemia major children
Authors: RAGAB L. , HELAL S. , ZAGHLOUL N. , EL‐RAZIKY M. , AFIFI R. , MUSALLAM K. M. , TAHER A. T. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryRegular blood transfusion puts β‐thalassemia major patients at a higher risk of developing hepatic iron overload and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The association between several transfusion‐related factors and an increased risk of developing HCV viremia has been reported. The effect of HCV infection on liver damage in transfusion‐dependent thalassemia patients has been poorly described. A sample of 100 Egyptian transfusion‐dependent β‐thalassemia major children were studied. Individual patients underwent full history taking, clinical examination and a panel of laboratory tests including HCV ribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (HCV‐PCR) in blood samples. Liver biopsy was performed for 24 patients. HCV‐PCR was positive in 64% of patients. A statistically significant correlation was found between HCV‐PCR positivity (HCV viremia) and shorter inter‐transfusion interval. There was a significant positive correlation between mean serum ferritin level and mean levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartase aminotransferase. Histopathologic features of both chronic hepatitis and siderosis were present in 91.7% of biopsy specimens, and fibrosis was present in 41.67%. A higher risk of HCV viremia is noted with a shorter inter‐transfusion interval. The reduced role of HCV infection in chronic liver injury in this group of patients may be surpassed by the associated effects of iron overload because of the chronic transfusion. However, the latter finding should be verified in larger studies.
Calculating Cumulants of a Taylor Expansion of a Multivariate Function
Authors: Kamanzi‐wa‐Binyavanga  
Published: April 2009

SummaryA method, which we believe is simpler and more transparent than the one due toMcCullagh (1984), is described for obtaining the cumulants of a scalar multivariate stochastic Taylor expansion. Its generalisation is also suggested. An important feature, previously not reported, is that the expansion of every cumulant of order≥ 2is made up of separate subseries.In order to handle certain frequently occurring sums over permutations of members of compound index sets, we introduce a new notation[m]*,wheremis a positive integer.
Production and biological function of volatile esters inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Saerens Sofie M. G. , Delvaux Freddy R. , Verstrepen Kevin J. , Thevelein Johan M. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe need to understand and control ester synthesis is driven by the fact that esters play a key role in the sensorial quality of fermented alcoholic beverages like beer, wine and sake. As esters are synthesized in yeast via several complex metabolic pathways, there is a need to gain a clear understanding of ester metabolism and its regulation. The individual genes involved, their functions and regulatory mechanisms have to be identified. In alcoholic beverages, there are two important groups of esters: the acetate esters and the medium‐chain fatty acid (MCFA) ethyl esters. For acetate ester synthesis, the genes involved have already been cloned and characterized. Also the biochemical pathways and the regulation of acetate ester synthesis are well defined. With respect to the molecular basis of MCFA ethyl ester synthesis, however, significant progress has only recently been made. Next to the characterization of the biochemical pathways and regulation of ester synthesis, a new and more important question arises: what is the advantage for yeast to produce these esters? Several hypotheses have been proposed in the past, but none was satisfactorily. This paper reviews the current hypotheses of ester synthesis in yeast in relation to the complex regulation of the alcohol acetyl transferases and the different factors that allow ester formation to be controlled during fermentation.
L'ajustement mutuel dans le fonctionnement organique du système multiorganisationnel d'aide et de services aux sans‐abri de Montréal
Authors: Dupuis Alain , Farinas Luc 
Published: April 2009

Sommaire :Notre étude de l'organisation du secteur de l'aide et des services aux sans‐abri à Montréal Centre met en lumière un système multiorganisationnel de services de santé et de services sociaux qui n'est pas intégré hiérarchiquement dans son ensemble et qui n'est pas soumis à une « entente de gestion et d'imputabilité» globale propre à une gestion fondée sur la normalisation des résultats. L'étude présente un système d'ensemble de type « organique » plutôt que bureaucratique, largement fondé sur des ajustements mutuels entre les nombreux acteurs publics et « communautaires » de ce secteur. La coordination des services se réalise alors essentiellement dans les interactions entre les intervenants alors qu'ils accomplissent leur travail, et ce avec le soutien des gestionnaires. À l'aide de nombreux extraits d'entrevues, nous étudions le fonctionnement de ce système « organique » sous la forme de trois catégories de processus d'ajustement mutuel qui se superposent et se complètent pour assurer la valeur des services :disjoint unilatéral, conjoint bilatéraletconjoint multilatéral. Selon les sciences de l'organisation, un tel système est potentiellement mieux adaptéà composer avec la complexité des connaissances et des valeurs caractéristiques des services humains, qu'un à système formellement intégré et contrôlé par des règles, des indicateurs et des cibles quantifiables.Abstract:This study of the organization of the sector dedicated to providing aid and services to the homeless in Central Montreal reveals a multiorganizational health and social services system that is neither hierarchically integrated as a whole nor subject to a comprehensive “management and accountability agreement” specific to standardized results‐based management. The study details a comprehensive system that is “organic,” rather than bureaucratic, and broadly organized based on mutual adjustments among the numerous public and “community” practitioners in this sector. The coordination of services is therefore essentially achieved through the interaction of the workers as they perform their jobs, with the support of management. This study draws on a number of extracts from interviews to examine how this “organic” system operates, in the form of three distinct processes of mutual adjustment that are superimposed and complementary to ensure the value of the services: “unilateral disjoined,”“bilateral joined” and “multilateral joined.” According to organizational science, this type of system is potentially more likely to address the complexities inherent in the knowledge and values that are characteristic of human services than a formally integrated system that is controlled by rules, indicators and quantifiable targets.
Health‐care reform and the dimensions of professional autonomy
Authors: Randall Glen E. , Williams A. Paul 
Published: April 2009

Abstract: A “managed competition” model was introduced in the Canadian province of Ontario as part of the government's reform of home care. With this model, it was assumed that competitive forces would encourage quality while driving down costs. While such reforms often achieve cost controls by constraining the incomes and practices of health‐care workers, there has been relatively little analysis of the extent to which self‐governing health‐care professionals, particularly those outside of medicine and nursing, may experience a decline in their ability to control the content and context of their professional work. In this article, the authors analyse the results of thirty‐six in‐depth interviews with representatives of Community Care Access Centres (CCACs), the organizations that purchase and coordinate the delivery of home‐care services, and rehabilitation provider agencies to examine the impact of Ontario's managed competition reform on rehabilitation professionals. Findings suggest that the impact of the reform varied across the economic, political, and clinical dimensions of professional autonomy and that, despite a general loss of autonomy under the managed competition model, market forces also served to mitigate the loss of autonomy, thus contributing to a remarkable resilience of professional autonomy.Sommaire: Un modèle de « concurrence dirigée » a été introduit récemment dans la province canadienne de l'Ontario dans le cadre de la réforme gouvernementale des soins à domicile. Avec ce modèle, il était présumé que les forces de la concurrence encourageraient la qualité tout en faisant baisser les coûts. Alors que de telles réformes parviennent souvent à maîtriser les coûts en réduisant les revenus et les pratiques des travailleurs de la santé, il y a eu relativement peu d'analyses de faites sur la mesure dans laquelle les professionnels de la santé autonomes, particulièrement ceux qui exercent en dehors de la médecine et de la profession infirmière, connaissent une perte de contrôle sur le contenu et le contexte de leur travail professionnel. Dans le présent article, les auteurs analysent les résultats de trente‐six entrevues en profondeur menées auprès de représentants des Centres d'accès aux soins communautaires (CASC), organismes qui achètent et coordonnent la prestation des services de soins à domicile, et organismes de prestation de soins de réadaptation, afin d'examiner les conséquences de la réforme de la concurrence dirigée de l'Ontario sur les professionnels de la réadaptation. Les résultats laissent entendre que l'effet de la réforme a varié en fonction des dimensions économiques, politiques et cliniques de l'autonomie professionnelle et que, malgré une perte d'autonomie générale liée au modèle de concurrence dirigée, les forces du marché ont également permis d'atténuer la perte d'autonomie, contribuant ainsi à la remarquable résilience dont font preuve ces professionnels en la matiére.
Do crises help remedy regulatory failure? A comparative study of the Walkerton water and Jerusalem banquet hall disasters
Authors: Schwartz Robert , McConnell Allan 
Published: April 2009

Abstract: This study explores whether and how policy changes in the aftermath of a crisis. The authors ask why pre‐existing regulatory regimes that are identified as contributory factors to “failure” are not necessarily reformed in the wake of a crisis. The investigation adds to the literature that addresses the classic tension between reformism and conservatism in post‐crisis periods. Regulatory failure is identified as being largely responsible for two crises – the tainted drinking‐water tragedy in Walkerton, Canada, and the collapse of a banquet hall in Jerusalem, Israel. Despite similarities in the nature of media coverage, institutional procedures for investigation and commission findings, these two tragedies differ dramatically in policy change outcomes. A policy streams prism is used to identify, characterize and analyse reasons for very different policy responses to crises associated with regulatory failure.Sommaire: Cette étude examine si et comment les politiques changent à la suite d'une crise. Les auteurs se posent la question de savoir pourquoi des régimes de réglementation préexistants qui sont identifiés comme étant des facteurs contribuant à l'«échec » ne sont pas nécessairement réformés à la suite d'une crise. L'enquête apporte des éléments à la documentation portant sur la tension classique qui existe entre le réformisme et le conservatisme au cours des périodes postérieures à une crise. L'échec de la réglementation est identifié comme étant largement responsable de deux crises : la tragédie de l'eau potable contaminée à Walkerton, au Canada, et l'effondrement d'une salle de réception à Jérusalem, en Israël. Malgré des similarités dans la nature de la couverture médiatique, dans les procédures institutionnelles de l'enquête et les résultats des commissions, ces deux tragédies diffèrent radicalement dans les résultats des modifications de politiques. Un prisme des courants de politiques est utilisé pour identifier, caractériser et analyser les raisons des réactions très différentes en matière de politiques à des crises associées à l'échec de la réglementation.
Impact of Human Serum Albumin on Oritavancin In Vitro Activity against Enterococci
Authors: McKay Geoffrey A. , Beaulieu Sylvain , Sarmiento Ingrid , Arhin Francis F. , Parr Thomas R. , Moeck Gregory 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT
Oritavancin is a lipoglycopeptide with activity against gram-positive pathogens including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The impact of human serum albumin (HSA) on oritavancin activity against enterococci was compared to those of vancomycin, daptomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid in vitro using MIC and time-kill methods. Oritavancin MICs increased between 0- and 8-fold in the presence of HSA. In time-kill assays with HSA, oritavancin retained activity, killing or inhibiting enterococci more rapidly than did comparators when peak concentrations were simulated.
AAC(6′)-Iaf, a Novel Aminoglycoside 6′-
N
-Acetyltransferase from Multidrug-Resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Clinical Isolates
Authors: Kitao Tomoe , Miyoshi-Akiyama Tohru , Kirikae Teruo 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

We report here the characterization of a novel aminoglycoside resistance gene,
aac(6
′
)-Iaf
, present in two multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
clinical isolates. These isolates, IMCJ798 and IMCJ799, were independently obtained from two patients, one with a urinary tract infection and the other with a decubitus ulcer, in a hospital located in the western part of Japan. Although the antibiotic resistance profiles of IMCJ798 and IMCJ799 were similar to that of MDR
P. aeruginosa
IMCJ2.S1, which caused outbreaks in the eastern part of Japan, the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns for these isolates were different from that for IMCJ2.S1. Both IMCJ798 and IMCJ799 were found to contain a novel chromosomal class 1 integron, In123, which included
aac(6
′
)-Iaf
as the first cassette gene. The encoded protein, AAC(6′)-Iaf, was found to consist of 183 amino acids, with 91 and 87% identity to AAC(6′)-Iq and AAC(6′)-Im, respectively. IMCJ798, IMCJ799, and
Escherichia coli
transformants carrying a plasmid containing the
aac(6
′
)-Iaf
gene and its upstream region were highly resistant to amikacin, dibekacin, and kanamycin but not to gentamicin. The production of AAC(6′)-Iaf in these strains was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that AAC(6′)-Iaf is a functional acetyltransferase that specifically modifies the amino groups at the 6′ positions of aminoglycosides. Collectively, these findings indicate that AAC(6′)-Iaf contributes to aminoglycoside resistance.
In Vitro Activity of Ceftaroline Alone and in Combination against Clinical Isolates of Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens, Including β-Lactamase-Producing
Enterobacteriaceae
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Vidaillac Céline , Leonard Steve N. , Sader Helio S. , Jones Ronald N. , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Ceftaroline is a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin that exhibits bactericidal activity against many gram-positive and -negative pathogens. However, the activity of ceftaroline cannot be solely relied upon for eradication of multidrug-resistant gram-negative isolates, such as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
, which represent a current clinical concern. As drug combinations might be beneficial by potential synergy, we evaluated the in vitro activity of ceftaroline combined with meropenem, aztreonam, cefepime, tazobactam, amikacin, levofloxacin, and tigecycline. Susceptibility testing was performed for 20 clinical
P. aeruginosa
isolates, 10 ESBL-producing
Escherichia coli
isolates, 10 ESBL-producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates, and 10 AmpC-derepressed
Enterobacter cloacae
isolates. Time-kill experiments were performed for 10 isolates using antimicrobials at one-fourth the MIC. Ceftaroline exhibited a MIC range of 0.125 to 1,024 μg/ml and was reduced 2- to 512-fold by combination with tazobactam (4 μg/ml) for ESBL-producing strains. In time-kill experiments, ceftaroline plus amikacin was synergistic against 90% of the isolates (and indifferent for one
P. aeruginosa
isolate). Ceftaroline plus tazobactam was indifferent for
E. cloacae
and
P. aeruginosa
strains but synergistic against 100% of
E. coli
and
K. pneumoniae
isolates. Combinations of ceftaroline plus meropenem or aztreonam were also synergistic for all
E. coli
and
E. cloacae
isolates, respectively, but indifferent against 90% of the other isolates. Finally, combinations of ceftaroline plus either tigecycline, levofloxacin, or cefepime were indifferent for 100% of the isolates. No antagonism was observed with any combination. Ceftaroline plus amikacin appeared as the most likely synergistic combination. This represents a promising therapeutic option, and further studies are warranted to elucidate the clinical value of ceftaroline combinations against resistant gram-negative pathogens.