bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les pôles de compétitivité : Une réponse industrielle française à la mondialisation ?
Authors: Gallaud Delphine 
Published: March 2012

Résumé Les délocalisations industrielles, très médiatisées, ont remis à l’ordre du jour les I problèmes de désindustrialisation en France. Les pouvoirs publics ont donc proposé la mise en place d’un nouveau dispositif de politique industrielle : les pôles de compétitivité. Mais ce dispositif est-il réellement nouveau ? Peut-il être efficace contre les « menaces » qui ont présidé à sa création ou n’est-il qu’une énième tentative de la politique industrielle pour lutter contre la « désindustrialisation » de la France, qui semble inexorable ? Premièrement, nous analyserons la situation de l’industrie en France afin d’étudier le diagnostic établi quant à la désindustrialisation. Celui-ci semble devoir nettement être relativisé. Deuxièmement, nous analyserons la nouveauté du dispositif des pôles de compétitivité. Sa forme organisationnelle présente une continuité forte avec d’autres politiques, en revanche, son orientation conduit à une rupture de logique. Nous terminerons par les problèmes qui se posent lors de la mise en œuvre concrète des dispositifs de politique industrielle. Du point de vue des moyens concrets, les pôles de compétitivité présentent une assez grande continuité avec des mesures antérieures. Mais, ils proposent également quelques nouveaux moyens, en particulier liés aux TIC.
Premières interrogations concernant les pôles de compétitivité
Authors: Battini Pierre 
Published: March 2012

Résumé Durant soixante ans les politiques économiques en France n’ont pas manqué : reconstruction de la France (avec l’aide du Plan Marshall), développement économique, les trente glorieuses, (dotant notamment la nation du nucléaire, d’un plan calcul avorté et de quelques réalisations prestigieuses comme le paquebot France), constitution de grands groupes industriels de taille mondiale, mise à niveau technologique (nucléaire civil, télécommunications), nationalisations, dénationalisations, et quelques mesures ponctuelles comme le soutien aux jeunes entreprises de technologie (encouragement au capital risque et concours des entreprises innovantes du Ministère de la Recherche). Dernière en date : sur un modèle ayant réussi à l’étranger : les Pôles de Compétitivité. Cette initiative a fait l’objet d’une grande mobilisation de tous les acteurs censés être impliqués, les collectivités, les entreprises, les centres de recherche et chacun espère une grande réussite : on mesure ainsi les attentes de la société française, à qui il est vrai on ne propose pas souvent quelque chose de nouveau et de motivant. Cependant – et c’est normal – on sent déjà, concernant ce projet ambitieux, percer des interrogations qui revêtent des formes différentes de l’inquiétude à la critique. Quatre types d’interrogations se sont ainsi manifestés. Les mentionner, les souligner n’est pas faire preuve de pessimisme, mais simplement attirer l’attention des opérateurs en charge de cette dynamique pour qu’elle réussisse sans trop de retard, sans trop d’accrocs et que les espoirs nés et attendus des participants motivés ne soient pas déçus.
Perspectives de l'économie française et stratégie de réforme : Pour un pacte national de croissance et de compétitivité
Authors: Maury Maxime 
Published: March 2012

Résumé L’hypothèse la plus vraisemblable en ce début d’année est bien celle d’une légère accélération de la croissance. Dans le contexte de plus forte expansion qu’ait connu le monde depuis 30 ans, la zone euro devrait voir progresser ses exportations et ses investissements ; la France devrait en tirer parti. Le redressement indiqué par les dernières enquêtes semble prometteur d’une activité plus soutenue dans l’industrie.
L'évaluation de la “start-up” par le capital-risqueur entre objectivité, jugement et mimétisme
Authors: Dubocage Emmanuelle 
Published: March 2012

Résumé La spécificité du capital-risque, mode de financement de l’innovation radicale, est fondée selon nous sur l’ampleur de l’incertitude à laquelle capital-risqueurs et dirigeants de start-up font face : ils ne peuvent le plus souvent pas faire appel aux outils du risque, aux probabilités objectives pour la traiter. La littérature consacrée au capital-risque, qui dans la majorité des cas adopte les cadres analytiques des théories de l’agence et de l’information, n’analyse pas la question du traitement de l’incertitude par les acteurs du capital-risque. Le cadre analytique du traitement de l’incertitude que nous proposons est basé sur la conjugaison de trois approches théoriques qui restituent la pluralité des dimensions de l’évaluation de la qualité de la start-up par le capital-risqueur. Il est pris en tension entre trois pôles. L’évaluation de la jeune entreprise innovante revêt tout d’abord un caractère objectif et ce sont les options réelles qui s’avèrent être l’outil analytique le plus adapté. Mais vouloir se maintenir exclusivement dans l’objectivité dans le cadre de l’incertitude radicale est un leurre. La dimension subjective est éclairée théoriquement par le traitement de l’incertitude radicale par le jugement, proposé par Knight. Enfin, l’évaluation du capital-risqueur non compétent est mimétique, intersubjective.
Used Glasses Versus Ready-Made Spectacles for the Treatment of Refractive Error
Authors: Shane Thomas S. , Shi Wei , Schiffman Joyce C. , Lee Richard K. 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To compare visual outcomes for used glasses versus ready-made spectacles in the treatment of refractive error.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
In this prospective, comparative case series, undilated refractive error screening examinations were conducted over a 5-week period. Patients with bilateral refractive error were treated with used glasses and ready-made spectacles powered to match their prescriptions. Snellen visual acuity was measured with no correction, best (manifest) correction, unrefined autorefraction, used glasses, and ready-made spectacles. Main outcome measurements were the mean visual improvement from uncorrected acuity and median final visual acuity after treatment with used and ready-made spectacles.

RESULTS:

One hundred forty-one patients ages 18 and older with bilateral refractive error were examined. Uncorrected visual acuity in each eye improved an average of 4.5 lines with best correction, 4.0 lines with used glasses, and 3.5 lines with ready-made spectacles, with used glasses demonstrating a statistically significant advantage over ready-made spectacles (
P
< .001). The median visual acuity in the better eye improved from 20/60 uncorrected to 20/25 with all types of glasses. In patients with less than 1 diopter of anisometropia and greater than 1 diopter of astigmatism in each eye (49%), the ready-made spectacles performed equally as well as the used glasses (
P
= .95), improving vision an average of 3.9 lines for a median final visual acuity of 20/25 in the better eye.

CONCLUSION:
Although both were effective, used glasses are better than ready-made spectacles for improving vision loss due to refractive error.
Utilisation de supports visuels et de l’induction linguistique pour répondre aux besoins d’apprenants en anglais de spécialité
Authors: Landure Corinne 
Published: March 2012

L’un des deux axes de cette étude est de distinguer et de comparer les besoins d’apprenants en formation initiale et en formation continue en s’appuyant sur une consultation menée sous la forme d’un questionnaire auprès de ces deux publics. Les besoins et objectifs d’étudiants LANSAD sont précis et concrets et rejoignent les attentes d’apprenants L2 en entreprise. Ils sollicitent une formation en langues se rapportant à leur domaine de spécialité mais ne se limitant pas à l’apprentissage d’un lexique spécialisé ; le problème selon eux se situe davantage au niveau de la construction / formulation du discours. La deuxième orientation de cette étude concerne une expérience réalisée avec la participation d’étudiants en DUT de Génie Industriel et Maintenance. Nous avons observé les pratiques des apprenants dans leur démarche autonome de création de catalogues et d’affiches représentant les outils et machines de leur atelier. Une analyse linguistique des différentes étapes menant à la rédaction des textes renseigne sur l’efficacité de la consultation de corpus pour l’autocorrection de productions écrites.
Epithelioid Lesions of the Serosa
Authors: Anttila Sisko 
Published: February 2012

Context.—Diagnosing epithelioid serosal lesions remains a challenge because numerous different processes—primary or secondary, benign or malignant—occur in body cavities, some of which are very rare.Objectives.—To review the newest literature and to describe the morphologic criteria and immunohistochemical markers that are useful for distinguishing epithelioid serosal lesions.Data Sources.—Previously published literature concentrating on the newest research findings. Earlier reviews are principally referred to for established diagnostic criteria.Conclusions.—Immunohistochemistry with a panel of antibodies has made the diagnosis of epithelioid serosal lesions very reliable. When deciding on antibodies used in differential diagnosis, it is important to consider tumor location, clinical and radiologic information, and morphologic features. Immunohistochemistry is less useful in the differential diagnosis of benign versus malignant mesothelial lesions. The diagnosis of benign versus malignant mesothelial proliferations still relies on the histologic criteria of invasion.
Prevalence and determinants of allergic diseases in a Congolese population
Authors: Nyembue Tshipukane Dieudonné , Jorissen Mark , Hellings Peter W. , Muyunga Christophe , Kayembe Jean Marie 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:Allergic rhinitis (AR) is increasing worldwide, but little is known about AR in Africa. We aimed to establish the prevalence of AR and related allergic diseases, to classify AR according to the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines, and to determine factors associated with allergy in Congo.Methods:We conducted a cross‐sectional clustered survey of the population of 8 randomly chosen health zones of Kinshasa. Information was collected on demographics, home environment, participant characteristics, atopic history, and allergic symptoms. Skin‐prick testing (SPT) was done.Results:Of 1508 screened individuals, 1412 (5–83 years of age) were interviewed and 1005 underwent SPT. Of the participants, 65.6% and 34.4% lived in urban and rural areas, respectively. Mean (± standard deviation [SD]) of age was 29 (±16) years and 52% were female. The 12‐month prevalence of rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, wheeze, and skin itch‐rash was 30.8%, 24.4%, 15.4%, and 6.2%, respectively. Rhinoconjunctivitis and wheeze were more prevalent in urban than rural individuals. Of skin‐tested respondents, 23.2% showed positive results, with mainly Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and cockroach being involved. AR and non‐AR prevalence was reported in 13.9% and 27.9%, respectively. Of AR individuals, 59.7% and 48.0% expressed moderate to severe and persistent symptoms, respectively. Independent determinants of having any allergic diseases in multivariate analysis were active smoking, presence of cockroach in home, history of atopy in siblings, personal history of atopy, using straw or herb mattress, and positive SPT responses.Conclusion:This study revealed a high prevalence of allergic diseases in Congolese individuals. It is important to increase awareness toward allergic disorders and to ensure adequate management. © 2012 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Microencapsulation of imidazole curing agents by spray‐drying method using W/O emulsion
Authors: Shin Min Jae , Kim Jin Gon , Shin Jae Sup 
Published: February 2012

AbstractImidazoles were microencapsulated for the latent curing of the epoxy resin— imidazole system. Using polycaprolactone as the wall material, the microcapsules were formed by spray‐drying method using water/oil (W/O) emulsion. Poly(vinyl alcohol) was used as the emulsion stabilizer. The imidazoles used in this study were imidazole and 2‐methylimidazole. The amount of imidazoles in the microcapsule was measured using elemental analysis. The permeability of the microcapsules was measured in ethanol, and the shelf life of the microcapsules was also studied for the epoxy resin. The curing behavior of these microcapsules to epoxy resin was examined using a differential scanning calorimeter. In the curing reaction, the microcapsule of imidazoles exhibited delayed kinetic behaviors compared to pure imidazoles. And the curing times were estimated at 150 and 180°C using an indentation method. These microcapsules of imidazoles exhibited a long shelf life. When comparing the previous method in which simple dichloromethane solution was used for spray‐drying, finer microcapsules were formed using the W/O emulsion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The Thermodynamics of Translesion DNA Synthesis Past Major Adducts of Enantiomeric Analogues of Antitumor Cisplatin
Authors: Malina Jaroslav , Novakova Olga , Natile Giovanni , Brabec Viktor 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe PtII‐coordination complex [PtCl2(DAB)] (DAB=2,3‐diaminobutane) belongs to a class of cytotoxic cisplatin analogues that contain chiral diamine ligands. Enantiomeric pairs of these compounds have attracted particular interest because they have different effects on different DNA conformations, which, in turn, influences the binding of damaged‐DNA‐processing enzymes that control downstream effects of the adducts, and thus exhibit different biological activities of the enantiomers. Herein, we studied the translesion synthesis across the major 1,2‐d(GG) intrastrand cross‐link formed by the R,R and S,S enantiomers of [Pt(DAB)]2+ in the TGGT sequence by using the enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand. We also employed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the thermodynamic changes associated with replication‐bypass past 1,2‐d(GG) adducts of the [Pt(DAB)]2+ enantiomers. In the sequence TGGT, the 1,2‐d(GG) intrastrand cross‐links that were formed by the enantiomeric pairs of [Pt(DAB)]2+ inhibited DNA polymerization in a chirality‐dependent manner. The thermodynamic data helped to understand the effect of the alterations in thermodynamic stability of DNA caused by the Pt‐d(GG) adducts upon DNA polymerization across these lesions. Moreover, these data can possibly explain the influence of these alterations on the ability of many DNA polymerases to bypass adducts of antitumor platinum drugs. These results also highlighted the usefulness of DSC in evaluating the impact of DNA adducts of platinum‐coordinated compounds on the processing of these lesions by damaged‐DNA processing‐enzymes.
Bayesian imputation of non‐chosen attribute values in revealed preference surveys
Authors: Washington Simon , Ravulaparthy Srinath , Rose John M. , Hensher David , Pendyala Ram 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYObtaining attribute values of non‐chosen alternatives in a revealed preference context is challenging because non‐chosen alternative attributes are unobserved by choosers, chooser perceptions of attribute values may not reflect reality, existing methods for imputing these values suffer from shortcomings, and obtaining non‐chosen attribute values is resource intensive. This paper presents a unique Bayesian (multiple) Imputation Multinomial Logit model that imputes unobserved travel times and distances of non‐chosen travel modes based on random draws from the conditional posterior distribution of missing values. The calibrated Bayesian (multiple) Imputation Multinomial Logit model imputes non‐chosen time and distance values that convincingly replicate observed choice behavior. Although network skims were used for calibration, more realistic data such as supplemental geographically referenced surveys or stated preference data may be preferred. The model is ideally suited for imputing variation in intrazonal non‐chosen mode attributes and for assessing the marginal impacts of travel policies, programs, or prices within traffic analysis zones. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteoglycans in stem cells
Authors: Gasimli Leyla , Linhardt Robert J. , Dordick Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe remarkable promise of pluripotent and multipotent stem cells (SCs) imparts tremendous optimism for advancement of regenerative medicine, developmental biology, and drug discovery. Perhaps the greatest challenge is to finely direct, control, and command their differentiation. As those processes are managed on many levels, including genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic, examination of all of these components will yield powerful tools for manipulation of SCs. Carbohydrates surround all cells, including SCs as a glycocalyx. Of particular interest is the class of carbohydrates known as proteoglycans (PGs), which are a diverse group of glycoconjugates consisting of core protein with one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached. They are primarily located in the extracellular matrix as well as at cell surfaces, where they are bound or anchored to the membrane through their core proteins. GAG chains are linear, anionic, and highly heterogeneous carbohydrates consisting of repeating disaccharides. PGs facilitate interaction of cells with the extracellular environment by interacting with chemokines, growth factors, and other signaling molecules. Core proteins are involved in many signaling pathways, both individually, as well as through attached proteins via GAG‐mediated interactions. These essential and accessible functions make PGs an excellent target for manipulating SCs and guiding their fate. Studying the role of PGs in cell development will yield valuable insight into the mechanism of SC differentiation and suggest approaches toward directing those pathways. Such studies may also help identify valuable markers for distinguishing between various cell populations during differentiation.
Role of the planar cell polarity gene CELSR1 in neural tube defects and caudal agenesis
Authors: Allache Redouane , De Marco Patrizia , Merello Elisa , Capra Valeria , Kibar Zoha 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDNeural tube defects (NTDs), including anencephaly and spina bifida, have a complex etiology. Defects in the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway have been strongly associated with NTDs in animal models and human cohorts. In this genetic study, we examined the core PCP gene CELSR1 in NTDs and caudal agenesis cases to determine whether mutations at this gene predispose to these defects.METHODSWe sequenced the coding region and the exon‐intron junctions of CELSR1 in a cohort of 473 patients affected with various forms of open and closed NTDs (412) or caudal agenesis (61). Novel and rare variants (<1%) were genotyped in a cohort of 639 ethnically‐matched individuals. The effect of novel missense mutations absent in controls and in public databases on protein function was predicted in silico.RESULTSWe identified in our cohort one nonsense mutation in exon 1 of CELSR1 that truncates the majority of the protein in one patient with NTD and one in‐frame 12 bp deletion that removes a putative PKC phosphorylation “SSR” motif in one caudal agenesis patient. We also detected a total of 13 novel missense variants in 12 patients (11 NTDs and 1 caudal agenesis) that were predicted to be pathogenic in silico.CONCLUSIONSWe detected novel CELSR1 mutations predicted to be pathogenic in 2.9% of our NTD cohort and 3.3% of our caudal agenesis cohort. Our findings implicate CELSR1 as a risk factor for NTDs or caudal agenesis and provide additional evidence for a pathogenic role of PCP signaling in these malformations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nhs: Network‐based hierarchical segmentation for cryo‐electron microscopy density maps
Authors: Burger Virginia , Chennubhotla Chakra 
Published: February 2012

AbstractCryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) experiments yield low‐resolution (3–30 Å) 3D‐density maps of macromolecules. These density maps are segmented to identify structurally distinct proteins, protein domains, and subunits. Such partitioning aids the inference of protein motions and guides fitting of high‐resolution atomistic structures. Cryo‐EM density map segmentation has traditionally required tedious and subjective manual partitioning or semisupervised computational methods, whereas validation of resulting segmentations has remained an open problem in this field. We introduce a network‐based hierarchical segmentation (Nhs) method, that provides a multi‐scale partitioning, reflecting local and global clustering, while requiring no user input. This approach models each map as a graph, where map voxels constitute nodes and weighted edges connect neighboring voxels. Nhs initiates Markov diffusion (or random walk) on the weighted graph. As Markov probabilities homogenize through diffusion, an intrinsic segmentation emerges. We validate the segmentations with ground‐truth maps based on atomistic models. When implemented on density maps in the 2010 Cryo‐EM Modeling Challenge, Nhs efficiently and objectively partitions macromolecules into structurally and functionally relevant subregions at multiple scales. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 732–741, 2012.
Enhanced arsenate uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae overexpressing the Pho84 phosphate transporter
Authors: Shen Michael W.Y. , Shah Dhawal , Chen Wilfred , Da Silva Nancy 
Published: February 2012

AbstractArsenate is a major toxic constituent in arsenic‐contaminated water supplies. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered as a potential biosorbent for enhanced arsenate accumulation. The phosphate transporter, Pho84p, known to import arsenate, was overexpressed using a 2μ‐based vector carrying PHO84 under the control of the late‐phase ADH2 promoter. Arsenate uptake was then evaluated using a resting cell system. In buffer solutions containing high arsenate concentrations (12,000 and 30,000 ppb), the engineered strains internalized up to 750 μg of arsenate per gram of cells, a 50% improvement over control strains. Increasing the cell mass 2.5‐fold yielded a proportional increase in the volumetric arsenate uptake, while maintaining the same level of specific uptake. At high levels of arsenate, loss from the intact cells to the medium was observed with time; knockouts of two known arsenic extrusion genes, ACR3 and FPS1, did not prevent this loss. At trace level concentrations (120 ppb), rapid and total arsenate removal was observed. The presence of 50 μM phosphate reduced uptake by approximately 15% in buffer containing 80 μM (6,000 ppb) arsenate. At trace levels of arsenate (70 ppb), the phosphate reduced the initial rate of uptake, but not the total amount removed. PHO84 mRNA levels were nearly 30 times higher in the engineered strains relative to the control strains. Uptake may no longer be a limiting factor in the engineered system and further increases should be possible by upregulating the downstream reduction and sequestration pathways. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012