bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Reception of Brandenburg-Prussia's New Lutheran Hymnal of 1781
Authors: Rathgeber Christina 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe attempted introduction of a new rationalist Lutheran hymnal into Brandenburg-Prussia in 1781 was largely a failure due to the successful popular opposition towards it. This opposition was inaugurated by four parishes in Berlin. They petitioned the monarch in January 1781 with the request to continue using the old hymnal. Similar petitions were submitted from the Landstände of Pomerania, Magdeburg and East Frisia. Frederick II immediately granted this concession to all parishes in Brandenburg-Prussia. The strength of this opposition – which also occurred in other German lands where new hymnals were introduced – indicates the limitations of the religious Aufklärung as a popular movement. Traditional religious beliefs could not be easily replaced by more rationalist doctrine that stressed only Christianity's ethical tenets. While Frederick was indifferent to questions of doctrine, he would not allow any religious reforms to be imposed upon his subjects. For the first time this central feature of his religious policy was influenced by the force of public opinion. He was persuaded to halt the implementation of a measure that enjoyed the support of both enlightened clergy and laymen.
The Historiography of fascist foreign policy
Authors: Azzi Stephen Corrado 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article analyses how, in the last half-century, scholars have differed over the nature of Italian foreign policy under the fascist regime. It examines the debate between orthodox and revisionist historians over Mussolini's foreign policy in general, and also over three specific areas of Italian policy in the interwar years: Franco-Italian relations, Italian participation in the Spanish Civil War, and the alliance with nazi Germany. The author concludes that much of the debate has arisen because of conceptual befuddlement; writers have been primarily concerned with questions of coherence and continuity, and not with understanding Italian foreign relations. Historians have also disagreed over whether Mussolini had a ‘programme’, but a closer look shows that many of them were engaging in a semantic debate, and did not differ over the nature of fascist policy.
The Continuation of War by other means: Party and Politics, 1855–1865
Authors: Gurowich P. M. 
Published: June 2009

In the familiar triptych of British political history between the first and third Reform Acts, whose panels are neatly divided by the years 1846 and 1867, the confused and uninspiring iconography of the large central canvas contrasts sharply and puzzlingly with that of its flanking pieces. In 1855 Gladstone lamented thatThe Session of 1845 was the last of those that witnessed party connection in its normal state. Throughout the decade which preceded that year it was in full and brilliant blossom. Since then we have had properly speaking…none in the best sense of the term: none compact and organized after the ancient manner.
Dutch patriots, French journalists, and declarations of rights: the Leidse Ontwerp of 1785 and its diffusion in France
Authors: Popkin Jeremy D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA previously unknown document reveals the authorship of the most important manifesto produced by the Dutch patriot movement of the mid-1780s and shows that it was originally written in French. This document was published in France in 1788 and may have influenced the drafting of the revolutionary Declaration of the rights of man in 1789.
‘The age of Cloe’? G. D. H. Cole and the British labour movement 1929–1933
Authors: Riddell Neil 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe period 1929–33 was perhaps the most traumatic in the inter-war history of the British Labour movement; the ignominious collapse of the second Labour government led the Labour party to question not only the role of its former leaders but also its ideology. This article will reassess the role of the Oxford academic and socialist intellectual, G. D. H. Cole, in this period and will argue that his contribution to the reshaping of the party in the wake of the 1931 financial crisis and the formation of the national government was of much greater significance than has previously been acknowledged. In addition, it will analyse the effects that the political events of the 1920s and the failures of the Macdonald government had upon Cole's socialist ideology and will illustrate that his move away from his earlier guild socialism to a collectivist philosophy was more profound than he himself, and many commentators since, have been prepared to concede.
Writing to redundancy: approaches to spiritual journals and early modern spirituality
Authors: Webster Tom 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe ‘puritan diary’ has received attention from historians and literary critics with little exchange between the approaches. Placing the diary in the context of experimental Calvinist personal discipline reveals that the form emerged independently of the literature of practical divinity. Considering the practice as a ‘technology of the self’ draws attention to the meanings of writing in a protestant context and encourages us to consider the cultural resources available to early modern protestants. Close reading of these texts suggests a greater degree of complexity than is often admitted and allows for a tension between different views of the salvific process. This tension between ‘open’ and ‘closed’ forms is helpful in understanding the religiosity of early modern protestants.
Family matters and Foxe'sActs and Monuments
Authors: Penny D. Andrew 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis essay maintains that John Foxe has been under-utilized as a source of early modern English social history. Accordingly, the mid-Tudor portions of theActs and monumentsof Foxe are examined with reference to such topics as the size of early modern families, the roles of spouses within marriage, the status of romantic love and marriage, and the treatment of children. In addition to these familiar categories, however, the essay also asks whether the protestant community of the Marian era was forming a coherent vision of the family as part of its strategy of survival, and whether the catholic authorities were aware of this and attempted to thwart its development. The possibility of a connection between the protestant emphasis on rediscovering the heart of the Christian gospel and a renewed emphasis on the biblical vision of family is raised, together with a discussion of the English reformers' concern that families not serve as hindrances in the advancement of the kingdom of God at that critical juncture in the life of the nation.
The earl of Cork and the fall of the earl of Strafford, 1638–41
Authors: Little Patrick 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article questions the assumption that the earl of Cork was at the forefront of the attack on the earl of Strafford in England. It is argued that, before the opening of the Long Parliament, Cork had much to gain by securing Strafford's favour because of his continuing need to secure his Irish estates and his increasing social ambitions within the English court. The earl's decision to stand as witness against the lord lieutenant in 1641 was made with great reluctance, and the trial itself was fraught with unexpected dangers for Cork as well as Strafford. Throughout the crisis of 1638–41, the earl of Cork was motivated by political and financial concerns, not by a single-minded hatred of the earl of Strafford.
Two houses both alike in dignity: Reginald Pole and Edmund Harvell
Authors: Barrington Robert 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn the period 1520–50 there was a large English community in the Veneto. This has traditionally been associated with the household of Reginald Pole, who is believed to have dispensed learning and patronage to those who went to the University of Padua in search of a continental education. However, an examination of both primary and secondary sources for the life of Pole suggests that he was only one of a number of reference points for young English scholars and travellers. Of equal, and perhaps greater, importance was the household of Edmund Harvell, a merchant who became English ambassador to the Republic. His household was philo-protestant in tone, and linked to Venetian dissenters and literary circles. These two central figures presented English scholars with the chance to experience the varying strands of Venetian political and religious philosophy at a time of great intellectual vitality. Men such as Richard Morison and Thomas Starkey returned home to write books about English government and society. When their work is set against the Venetian milieu of Harvell and Pole, we can gain a greater understanding of those Venetian influences which underpinned English political thought in the Tudor period and beyond.
II. Taverns, Coffee Houses and Clubs: Local Politics and Popular Articulacy in the Birmingham Area, in the Age of the American Revolution
Authors: Money John 
Published: June 2009

It has long been a commonplace among historians of eighteenth-century England that effective participation in the political affairs of the nation was confined to the privileged few. The substantial truth of this is undeniable, but its recognition has carried with it the questionable assumption that there wereTwo worlds of politics in the eighteenth century—a tight political establishment, linked to small groups of powerful managers in the provinces, who controlled parliament, the executive, and all that was effective in the nation, and outside this an amorphous mass of political sentiment that found expression in occasional hysteria and impotent polemic, but whose effective voice in the nation was negligible.
Control of Bovine Tuberculosis in Canada
Authors: Hilton George 
Published: June 2009

The Canadian Federal authorities, realising that the control of bovine tuberculosis is a problem of supreme economic importance to cattle owners, individually and collectively, and that it also affects public health, have for many years given careful consideration to the subject.As it has always been only too apparent that progress in the control of this disease depended to a great extent upon public opinion, the policy of the Federal Department of Agriculture has been governed accordingly.
36. Cheese-Ripening Studies: Nitrogen Distribution in Kingston Cheese-Ripening
Authors: Eagles Blythe A. , Sadler Wilfrid 
Published: June 2009

A study has been made of the nitrogen distribution in Kingston cheese, over a ripening period of 98 days. For the determinations, methods evolved and employed by Orla-Jensen, Barthel and others have been drawn upon. In addition, a departure has been made in applying to this study the method developed by Wasteneys and Borsook for the fractional analysis of incomplete protein hydrolysates.Determinations were carried out on cheese of the same “make” from the day of making to the 98th day of ripening at intervals denned and recorded in the tables and figures.Results obtained when employing the methods of Orla-Jensen and of Barthel have been complemented by the application of the Wasteneys and Borsook method, which defines the nature and the amount of various protein decomposition fractions (proteose, peptone and sub-peptone) formed as the ripening of the cheese proceeds.Particularly striking is the finding that the difference in the results of the amide nitrogen determinations and the amino nitrogen determinations can be explained when interpreted in the light of data secured by the application of the method of Wasteneys and Borsook. The amide nitrogen curve has been found to coincide with the sub-peptone nitrogen curve, and the amino nitrogen curve to superimpose itself upon the curve depicting the sum of the subpeptone nitrogen and the peptone nitrogen.The results of our study, subject to qualification as further data on the nature of specific enzymes may appear, suggest that after the first few hours of ripening the proteolytic breakdown in the ripening of Kingston cheese is of an associative peptic-tryptic-like nature.
45. The Ayrshire Breed of Cattle: A Genetic Study
Authors: Fowler Alexander Burn 
Published: June 2009

1. A study has been made of the degree of inbreeding in the Ayrshire breed of cattle.2. The coefficient of inbreeding for the whole breed, as calculated by Wright's “Approximate (or Short) Method,” showed a progressive increase from nil in 1877 to a mean value of 5·3 in 1927.3. No difference was found in the coefficient of inbreeding as between registered bulls and cows.4. A large proportion of the inbreeding was traced to two foundation sires, Burnhouses (8) and Hover-a-Blink of Drumjoan (892).5. Using Wright's “Long Method,” it was found that high milk-yielding cows showed a markedly lower coefficient of inbreeding than the breed average. On the other hand, when the coefficient of inbreeding of high milk-yielding cows (over 1000 gallons) was compared with that of cows giving average yields (under 800 gallons) it appeared that inbreeding itself had no detrimental effect on milk yield.6. In 1923, 39 per cent, of the inbreeding ties of high milk-yielding cows were traced to the Drumjoan herd, as against the next highest herd which had only 6·37 per cent, of ties. Of the total coefficient of inbreeding the Drumjoan herd was responsible for 18·36 per cent., whereas the next highest herd was only responsible for 8·35 per cent. The 1928 results also demonstrated the marked influence of the Drumjoan herd. Practically 50 percent, of these ties were traced to animals related to the foundation sire, Hover-a-Blink of Drumjoan. These results demonstrate the profound influence which one herd, and indeed one bull, may exert in the genetic construction of a recently established breed.7. It is pointed out that Wright's “Long Method,” when applied to breeds of relatively recent origin, gives far more reliable results than his “Short Method.”
48. Investigations on the Milk of a Typical Herd of Shorthorn Cows. I
Authors: Golding J. , Mackintosh J. , Mattick E. C. V. 
Published: June 2009

An investigation of the milk of a typical herd of Shorthorn cows kept under south of England conditions has been carried out.The results of the first three years of the investigation are now recorded. The plan of the experiment, the history of the cows during the period, the management, feeding, milking, and milk yields are described and illustrated in Tables I and II.
Phosphorus Compounds of Milk. V. The Phosphorus Partition in Milk, with Preliminary Observations on Milk Phosphatase
Authors: Graham W. R. , Kay H. D. 
Published: June 2009

1. Using the method described by Sanders for protein and fat precipitation from cow's milk, a fairly satisfactory method of determining the phosphorus partition in cow's milk has been devised.2. It is found that the gravimetric procedure of the American Association of Official Agricultural Chemists ((10), p. 3), which was not, in any case, specifically recommended for the analysis of milk, cannot be applied with safety to the determination of inorganic phosphate in filtrates prepared by Sanders' (1932) method, and that the conclusion that there is no appreciable amount of organically combined phosphorus in these filtrates is therefore invalidated.3. The ester P (organically combined, acid-soluble P) in milk obtained by the usual milking routine varies from 1/7 to 1/4 of the inorganic P of the milk (from 7 to 21 mg. P per 100 c.c. milk).4. An active phosphatase is present in cow's milky, and brings about changes in the ester P content of the milk on standing, possibly within and certainly without the mammary gland. Like phosphatases of all mammalian tissues, its optimumpH is in the neighbourhood of 9·0. In freshly drawn milk it is working, therefore, considerably on the acid side of its optimum.5. The phosphoric ester P of the milk appears to vary with the breed of cow, being low in the miiy of Canadian Holstein-Friesian cows and higher in that of Jersey cows.
81. Variations in the Solids-not-fat Content of Milk. III. The Lactation Yield and Factors Affecting it
Authors: Bartlett S. 
Published: June 2009

1. The influence of the age of cows on the milk yield and on the milk solids is traced. The milk yield reaches a maximum at about the sixth lactation and then declines. The concentration of fat and solids-not-fat shows a gradual decline from the first lactation onwards.2. During lactations in which the yield is below the normal productivity of a cow, the quality of the milk also tends to be subnormal.
85. Non-pathogenic Haemolytic Streptococci Occurring in Milk
Authors: Minett F. C. , Stableforth A. W. 
Published: June 2009

A description is given of the characters of certain streptococci which in small numbers are sometimes found in the milk of individual cows. Although the organisms possessed high haemolytic activity, they showed no evidence of pathogenic power, either for the cow's udder or for ordinary small laboratory animals. Not only are they different from the streptococci of bovine mastitis, but they are also to be distinguished from streptococci of theStr. pyogenesgroup which are occasionally found in milk. One of their principal characters is the formation on solid media of minute colonies, consisting of relatively minute cocci, which grow in broth as very short chains.The fifty-eight strains studied could be divided into two groups on biochemical grounds: (a) those fermenting glucose and lactose with production of small amounts of acid, (b) those which ferment mannite and salicin as well. The former are referred to as “low-acid” strains and the latter asStr. infrequens, as they bear a resemblance to the organism given this name in Holman's classification. Fermentation of sorbite and trehalose occurred with streptococci of both groups.The two groups could be distinguished fromStr. pyogenesand the ordinary mastitisStreptococcusby direct agglutination. For distinguishing the two groups from each other, agglutinin absorption methods were required. It was then found that the low-acidStreptococcuspossessed two antigens of which one only was represented inStr. infrequens.
90. Investigations on the Milk of a Typical Herd of Shorthorn Cows. II
Authors: Golding J. , Mackintosh J. , Mattick E. C. V. 
Published: June 2009

This paper contains the results obtained in the fourth and fifth, years of a study of the milk of a typical herd of healthy Shorthorn cows. The period of drought in the summer of 1933 is included and furnishes analyses which differ so much from the four previous years that the daily figures are given in Chart 1. In the earlier paper (i) weekly averages only could be published. The greatest seasonal variations which have been demonstrated by the daily analyses are:(1) A fall of the percentage of fat in the morning's milk in the spring when the cows were on young grass. This was clearly shown in each of the five years.(2) A fall in the percentage of solids-not-fat in the evening's and morning's milk during the period of drought in 1933, to an extent which had not previously been recorded.The causes of these changes in the composition of milk will be further studied using the milk of individual cows.The weekly analyses of morning's milk have also shown seasonal variations.Relatively high values of the titratable acidity, formol titration, ash, calcium and phosphorus were observed from October 1931 to February 1932, followed by a general decrease in the summer months, while in the late autumn somewhat higher values were again found.During the summer and early autumn of 1933 values which were lower than any previously obtained during this investigation were recorded for formol titration and for phosphorus, while the time of coagulation with rennet was longer.Preliminary consideration of the data has revealed the possibility that the fall in non-fatty solids may be particularly associated with the phosphorus content.
128. The Determination of Lactose and Glucose in Milk
Authors: Jones Tudor Stanley George 
Published: June 2009

1. The application of the method of Somogyi to the determination of the reducing sugar in milk, with a precision of ± 0·36 per cent., is described.2. Washed yeast does not ferment lactose and does not add reducing material to tungstic acid nitrates.3. The reducing substance in milk removable by yeast can be determined with an accuracy of ± 3 per cent.
139. A Comparison between Blood Meal and Wheat Gluten as a Supplement to a Low-Protein Diet for Dairy Cows
Authors: Bartlett S. 
Published: June 2009

1. A ration for dairy cows which supplied less protein than the recognized protein standards for milk production and contained less lysine than most rations normally used in English farming practice was selected. A comparison was then made between cows receiving this ration supplemented with (a) wheat gluten, a lysine-poor protein, and (b) blood meal, a lysine-rich protein. The addition of blood meal produced no measurable effect on the milk yields, but there was a small and almost significant advantage in the live weights of the cows.2. In a subsidiary experiment a large increase in the dietary protein produced a very small and non-significant increase in milk yield.
148. Diacetyl in cold-stored butters. II
Authors: Barnicoat C. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. Acetylmethylcarbinol in cream is partly destroyed by neutralization and pasteurization, but the diacetyl content is practically unchanged.2. Diacetyl and carbinol are retained in butter with the butter-milk fraction.3. Diacetyl is present in butter: (a) sweet-cream 0·05 p.p.m., (b) “mild starter” 0·3–0·4 p.p.m., and (c) “high acid” 1·5 p.p.m. The diacetyl content remains fairly constant during 3½ months' storage at 14° F.4. Diacetyl in butter does not affect the keeping quality or vitamin A content.5. The diacetyl content tends to increase when butter is held at 40° F. for several days after manufacture. The change is not caused by oxidation with air, but is probably due to dehydrogenase activity of the “starter” organisms or their enzymes.6. Experiments with butter “starters” are described.
155. The composition of mare's milk. II. The variation in composition during lactation. III. The influence of intra-mammary pressure on the composition of milk with special reference to the mare and cow
Authors: Linton R. G. 
Published: June 2009

1. The investigation was for the purpose of ascertaining the cause of the variations previously noted by the author as occurring in mare's milk.2. Determinations have been made of the composition of the milk of eight Shetland ponies and one Clydesdale mare throughout the lactation period, with observations on the milk of numerous thoroughbred mares. The constituents estimated were the total solids, solids-not-fat, protein, fat, lactose, total ash, CaO, P2O5, and chlorine. The CaO, P2O5and chlorine percentages in the ash of the milk were also determined. The freezing-point and pH were recorded in a number of samples. The animals were kept under natural conditions at grass.3. It was found that as lactation advanced the percentage of total solids, lactose and fat of the milk increased in a linear manner, whereas the percentage of solids-not-fat, protein, CaO, and P2O5decreased linearly.4. The regression of the total solids and the chlorine was parabolic in character as also was that of the chlorine-lactose index.