bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Von den politischen Erfahrungen anderer Länder mit der sozialen Langzeitpflegeversicherung lernen: Deutschland, Japan und die Republik Korea
Authors: Campbell John Creighton , Ikegami Naoki , Kwon Soonman 
Published: September 2010

AuszugIn neuerer Zeit haben viele Industrieländer umfassende Systeme der Langzeitpflege (LP) eingeführt. Neben den herkömmlichen, auf inländischen Faktoren basierenden Begründungen für diese politischen Neuerungen gilt es auch, Lernerfahrungen aus dem Ausland zu berücksichtigen. Wir konzentrieren uns dabei auf das Sozialversicherungsmodell in der Langzeitpflege (LP) und insbesondere darauf, wie Japan von Deutschland und die Republik Korea von Japan lernten. Wir schlagen dabei Ansätze vor, wie politisches Lernen allgemein und über Landesgrenzen hinweg in die Wege geleitet werden kann.
A Half‐century of Community Water Fluoridation in the United States: Review and Commentary
Authors: Ripa Louis W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe nearly 50‐year history of community water fluoridation is reviewed with the major emphasis on the benefits and safety of fluoridation. Other aspects of water fluoridation also described include the apparent reduction in measurable fluoridation benefits because of the abundance of other fluoride sources, the diffusion of fluoridation effects into fluoride‐deficient communities, preemptive and posteruptive effects, technical and cost aspects, sociopolitical and legal issues that affect the successful fluoridation of communities, and alternatives to community water fluoridation. The majority of studies have evaluated the effectiveness of water fluoridation on the permanent teeth of children, while there are fewer studies on deciduous teeth and in adults; the relationship between fluoride ingestion and bone health needs further clarification; the sociopolitical issues of fluoridation need to be better understood.
The IHS Dental Program–a Historical Perspective
Authors: Martin R. Frank 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe federal government provides health services for American Indians and Alaska Natives based on treaties with tribes, legislation, and executive orders. These services began in the late 1700s, when they were the responsibility of the Department of War. This responsibility was later transferred to the Bureau of Indian Affairs and in 1955 the Indian Health Service was established within the United States Public Health Service. This paper describes the development and mission of the Indian Health Service dental program. During the 1950s, Public Health Service officers were assigned to the dental program, dental assistant training centers were established, and clinical prevention programs were implemented. Increased dentist recruitment, the implementation of four‐handed dentistry, and the development of an automated information system were the highlights of the 1960s. Considerable effort was placed on work force development during the 1970s, while expansions of both treatment and prevention services were the highlights of the 1980s. Unfortunately, decreases in administrative staffing and a decline in clinical services have been noted during the last decade. The main reasons for the decline were initiatives to reduce the size of federal government and inability to recruit and retain dentists in clinical positions. Also, many tribes have elected to manage their own programs and have requested and received their share of IHS administrative funds to use in their programs. Recent pay and budget legislation along with changes in program management should reverse this trend.
Estimating Dental Treatment Needs among American Indians and Alaska Natives
Authors: Broderick Eric B. , Niendorff William J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Objective:This paper describes the treatment needs of the American Indian and Alaska Native (Native American) population estimated from the 1991 Indian Health Service Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs Survey (1991IHSpatient survey). Methods: The average per capita treatment need for the population is expressed both as the number of dental services and clinical time required to provide these services. Values for service minutes also are used to compare treatment needed with the treatment provided. Results: The need for dental care is greatest among adults aged 25–54 years. We anticipate that needs will increase with population growth and as teeth are retained longer. Large amounts of dental needs go unmet each year in the Native American population: because resources are not available to provide all needed care, dental services are prioritized and rationed. The basic premise upon which care is rationed is changing from basic care for all who have access, to more complex care for fewer individuals. This trend may be driven by the opportunity to generate third party revenue offered by more complex procedures. Conclusion: Evaluation is needed of the effects of new approaches on oral health and access to dental care.
Periodontal Disease in American Indians and Alaska Natives
Authors: Skrepcinski Fred B. , Niendorff William J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Objective: The primary purpose of this paper is to provide information on the periodontal disease status of Native Americans using a variety of data sources. The impact of periodontal disease on the provision of dental care within the Indian Health Service (IHS) is also discussed. Methods: Four data sources were used to evaluate the periodontal disease status of Native Americans: IHS periodontal disease monitoring system (1962‐78), 1984 IHS Patient Oral Health Survey, 1990 WHO community‐based survey (ICS‐II), and the 1991 IHS Patient Oral Health Survey. Results: There appears to be a trend toward a higher prevalence of incipient and overt periodontal disease among Native Americans over time. The prevalence of overt periodontal disease (periodontal pockets >5.5 mm) is higher among Native American diabetic patients than nondiabetic patients (34% vs 19%). Conclusions: Due to the variety of indices used by the IHS during the last 20 years, it is difficult to make direct comparisons of the available periodontal disease data. However, it appears that the prevalence of periodontal disease among Native Americans is increasing. Type II diabetes accounts for significant increases in periodontal disease and tooth loss in Native American populations. Certain forms of early onset periodontal disease also may pose significant threats to the oral health of Native Americans.
Tooth Loss and Need for Extractions in American Indian and Alaska Native Dental Patients
Authors: Presson Scott M. , Niendorff William J. , Martin R. Frank 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Objective:This article reports results of the 1991 Indian Health Service Patient Oral Health Survey in the areas of tooth loss and need for tooth extraction. Methods: The survey examined a sample of American Indian and Alaska Native dental patients. Tooth loss and need for tooth extraction are explored for a total of 12,349 individuals aged 18 years and older. Results: Complete tooth loss in patients aged 35 years and older was 11 percent; in patients aged 65 years and older, it was 42 percent. The mean number of remaining teeth in dentate patients aged 35 years and older was 20.7; the mean number of remaining teeth decreased in each older age group. Partial and complete tooth loss were more severe in diabetic patients. In 35‐ to 44‐year‐old patients, only 20 percent had not lost at least one permanent tooth. The prevalence of tooth loss differs by geographic region. The percentage of dental patients with 20 or more teeth increased between 1984 and 1991. Conclusion: Tooth loss remains a substantial problem in American Indian and Alaska Native adult dental patients. This article presents results of an Indian Health Service (IHS) oral health survey conducted in 1991 of the American Indian and Alaska Native (Native American) population with respect to tooth loss. Limited comparisons of tooth loss observed in the 1991 patient survey are made to the 1984 patient survey.
Measuring Parental Perceptions of Child Oral Health‐related Quality of Life
Authors: Jokovic Aleksandra , Locker David , Stephens Marlene , Kenny David , Tompson Bryan , Guyatt Gordon 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the P‐CPQ, a measure of parental/caregiver perceptions of the oral health‐related quality of life of children. This forms one component of the Child Oral Health Quality of Life Questionnaire (COHQOL). Methods: An item pool was developed through a review of existing child health questionnaires and interviews with parents/caregivers of children with pedodontic, orthodontic, and orofacial conditions. The resulting 47 items were used in a study in which 208 parents/caregivers provided data on their frequency and importance. The 31 items rated the most frequent and important were selected for the final questionnaire (P‐CPQ). The P‐CPQ validity and reliability were assessed by a new sample of 231 parents, 79 of whom completed two copies for the assessment of test‐retest reliability. Results: The P‐CPQ discriminated among the three clinical groups included in the expected direction. Within‐group analyses using clinical data provided some evidence that scores were associated with the severity of the condition. The P‐CPQ also showed good construct validity. It had excellent internal consistency reliability with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.94 and demonstrated perfect test‐retest reliability (ICC=0.85). Conclusion: The study provides data to indicate that the P‐CPQ is valid and reliable.
Measuring the Impact of Oral Health on Quality of Life in Britain Using OHQoL‐UK©
Authors: McGrath Colman , Bedi Raman 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectives: This study assessed the impact of oral health on quality of life (OHQoL) in Britain and identified disparities in OHQoL among subgroups of the population. Methods: A national survey involved a random probability sample of 2,667 households. Participants were interviewed about their oral health status and sociodemographic information was collected. The impact of oral health on life quality was measured utilizing the OHQoL‐UK©. Results: The response rate was 68 percent. Most people in Britain (73%) claimed their oral health did affect their life quality, most frequently through physical influences rather than social or psychological. Disparities in perceived influences of oral health on life quality among subgroups of the population were apparent by age, sex, and social class; OHQoL also was influenced by oral health status (self‐reported). Conclusion: Most Britons claim their oral health affects their life quality and OHQoL was associated with sociodemographic and oral health factors.
Perceived Oral Health Status, Unmet Needs, and Barriers to Dental Care Among HIV/AIDS Patients in a North Carolina Cohort: Impacts of Race
Authors: Patton Lauren L. , Strauss Ronald P. , McKaig Rosemary G. , Porter Dawn R. , Eron Joseph J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Objective: This prospective observational study examined differences in perceived oral health status, treatment needs, dental care utilization patterns, and barriers to care between HIV‐infected non‐Hispanic blacks and whites in North Carolina. Methods: 632 adult HIV‐infected medical clinic attendees provided information on their oral health status and dental care history during face‐to‐face interviews with a trained interviewer. Results: Compared to whites, blacks were significantly more likely to be female, older, less educated, have lower income, and have acquired HIV by heterosexual sex or injecting drug use. Although two‐thirds of patients reported good oral health, blacks were significantly more likely to have loose teeth, need extractions, and be episodic dental care utilizers. Primary barriers to dental care were cost (30%), fear (19%), and low motivation (13%). Sixty‐five percent of patients had unmet dental needs in the last three years. Race, cost, fear, and immune competence were significantly associated with unmet dental need in a multivariate model. Conclusions: Disparities exist within this HIV‐infected population in oral symptoms, utilization patterns, and perceived unmet dental need. Targeted interventions that address barriers to care are needed to help establish preventive dental care patterns in this region, especially among blacks.
Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART): A Three‐year Clinical Study in Malawi–Comparison of Conventional Amalgam and ART Restorations
Authors: Kalf‐Schoite Sonja M. , van Amerongen Willem E. , Smith Albert J. E. , van Haastrecht Harry J. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective: This study compares the quality of class I restorations made with the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique and conventional class I amalgam restorations. Methods: The study was carried out among secondary school students in Mzuzu, Malawi. First‐year students in 1987 who needed at least two class I restorations were selected. Based on a split‐mouth design, each participant received both ART and conventional restorations. The 89 pairs of class I cavities were divided randomly into two groups, since two different cermet ionomer cement (CIC) filling materials were used. Impressions of the restorations and subsequent models were made shortly after restoration, after six months, one year, two years, and three years. The quality of the restorations was determined on the models following the US Public Health Service criteria. Bulk fracture, contour, marginal integrity, and surface texture of the restorations were recorded and evaluated separately. Survival rates were determined by the resultant score of all criteria. Results: Though conventional amalgam restorations performed better on all criteria, this difference was significant only for the contour criterion. The survival rates of ART restorations after three years (81.0%) were lower than those of amalgam restorations (90.4%) (P=.067). Conclusions: The quality of ART class I restorations is competitive with that of conventional amalgam restorations.
Comparing Different Methods to Detect and Correct Nonresponse Bias in Postal Questionnaire Studies
Authors: Tickle Martin , Milsom Keith M. , Blinkhorn Anthony S. , Worthington Helen V. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Objectives: This study compares methods for detecting and correcting the bias associated with nonresponse to postal questionnaires. Methods: Questionnaires were sent out in three sequential stages to parents of all 5‐year‐old children examined in a clinical survey. Each stage progressively targeted nonresponders. Data on dmft and area measures of socioeconomic status were available for all children. Estimates for whole population dmft were produced by different methodologies comparing the relationship between dmft and stage of response and three area measures of socioeconomic status.Results: A total of 1,776 children were examined and 1,437 questionnaires were obtained, a response rate of 80.9 percent. The mean dmft of the total population (1.49) was 17.3 percent more than responders (1.27). The dmft of the nonresponders was 2.41, 89.7 percent more than responders. There were significant linear trends in dmft and socioeconomic status across the mailing stages. The methodology using mailing stage regressed against dmft produced the most accurate adjusted dmft value (1.42). The methods using area measures of socioeconomic status produced nearly identical adjusted dmft values ranging from 1.31 to 1.32.Conclusions: Even with an “acceptable” response rate, nonresponse bias can still be present. Researchers should report the outcomes of analyses to detect nonresponse bias when publishing questionnaire studies.
The Community Dental Facilitator Project: Reducing Barriers to Dental Care
Authors: Harrison Rosamund L. , Li Jin , Wyman Tana 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectives: This report describes an initiative developed and implemented by a low‐income, urban, Canadian community to respond to their children's dental problems. Methods: The first strategy pursued by the community was the development of the Community Dental Facilitator Project. This project facilitated children's access to existing government funding for dental treatment, and subsequently facilitated access to treatment at local dental offices. Children in need of treatment were identified by a school dental screening. The facilitation work was done by three lay workers hired from within the community who represented the community's predominant ethnic groups. Results: Parents revealed that barriers to dental care in local dental offices were lack of information about funding programs, language, inflexible work situation, and mistrust of bureaucracy. By the project's end, with the assistance of the facilitators, a significantly increased number of children had been enrolled for government dental benefits (P<.001). In addition to the 123 children identified at the screening as needing treatment, another 30 children “self‐referred” to the program. At the end of the project's original funding period, dental appointments had been made for 68 children: 60 (48.8%) of the “screened” group, 8 (26.7%) of the “self‐referred” group. One‐year telephone follow‐up to parents of the screened children revealed that 42 of 59 (71.1%) had completed treatment. Conclusions: Barriers to dental care for low‐income children go beyond economics. A community facilitation model can improve low‐income children's access to existing dental services and may reduce the barriers to care for some children requiring treatment.
Twelve‐month Sealant Retention in a School‐based Program Using a Self‐etching Primer/Adhesive
Authors: Venker Daniel J. , Kuthy Raymond A. , Qian Fang , Kanellis Michael J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Objectives: Very little independent research has been done on the new self‐etching primer/adhesives in dentistry. A recent clinical study compared two sealant application techniques involving self‐etching primer adhesives and the traditional phosphoric acid etch. The purpose of this study was to compare these two techniques in an Iowa school‐based sealant program. Methods: Twelvemonth sealant retention data on 208 students from the Des Moines, Iowa, school‐based sealant program were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Sealant retention reported at the person level showed that 60 percent of the students who received sealants at the five schools had to be recalled at one year to have one or more surfaces reseated. A logistic regression model at the person level demonstrated that the phosphoric acid technique was six times as likely to have retention of all the sealed tooth surfaces as those sealed with Prompt‐L‐Pop®. Conclusions: In this study, many students had to be recalled to the chair 12 months after sealant application due to incomplete retention. Though sealants were retained in larger numbers with phosphoric acid, overall sealant retention at the tooth level was lower than previously published for clinical studies and school‐based programs. Examining retention data at the person level, however, allows program administrators to plan resources more effectively and reevaluate sealant protocol to ensure as few children return for sealant reapplication.
Pediatricians' Perception about the Use of Antibiotics and Dental Caries—a Preliminary Study
Authors: Pierro Viviane Santos da Silva , Barcelos Roberta , Maia Lucianne Cople , da Silva Andrea Neiva 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate pediatricians' perception about the use of antibiotics and dental caries. Methods: One hundred pretested questionnaires containing open and closed questions were distributed to pediatricians from public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Results: The response rate was 60 percent. Considering the respondents, 73.3 percent frequently prescribed antibiotics, oral administration being the chosen mode (93.3%). Antibiotics were pointed out as being very sweet substances by 53.3 percent of the pediatricians. However, the same percentage did not know what sweetener was responsible for the sweet flavor, and just 40.6 percent recommended oral hygiene after the medicine's intake. Among the pediatricians, 56.7 percent related the use of antibiotics to the occurrence of dental effects, and 40 percent thought that antibiotics could cause a defect of tooth structure. Only one pediatrician (3.2%) associated the presence of fermentable carbohydrates in the composition of these medicines with dental caries. Conclusions: Pediatricians in this study did not perceive the correct relationship between the presence of fermentable carbohydrates in antibiotics and dental caries. Many of them believed these medicines promoted a defect of tooth structure favoring the development of dental caries. Further studies with a larger sample are necessary.
Geographic Distribution and Evolution of Changxingian Ammonoid Faunas of South China
Authors: Fengqing Yang , Yijie Zhang 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Changxingian ammonoids are well developed in South China, including 154 species, 33 genera and 11 families. They are mainly distributed in the southern and northern subprovinces of the South China province but are rare in the middle. According to the development of the ammonoid zone and lithologic characteristics, the two subprovinces are subdivided into six endemic areas. The above‐mentioned distribution is controlled by such factors as palaeogeographic environment and sedimentary facies.The evolution of Changxingian ammonoids of South China is characterized by distinct evolutionary stages, and the whole evolutionary history of ammonites consists of alternate episodes of “explosive” radiation, slow and steady evolution and mass extinction. The alternation of mass extinction and “explosive” radiation usually occur at the boundaries of stages (or substages). “Explosive” radiation refers to rapid proliferation of new species (or genera) within a very short geologically negligeable period of time. The origin of species can be well explained by the concept of punctuated equilibria — a new concept of evolution. Mass extinction refers to rapid, large‐scale demise of taxa within a very short period of time. The cause of such an extinction might be due to the inevitable replacement of the old forms by rapidly developing new ones and the environmental changes, in addition to the global sea‐level changes, extraterrestrial impacts and geomagnetic reversal.