bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HETEROCHRONOUS CHANGES AMONG AUSTRALIAN LEPTODACTYLID FROGS
Authors: STEPHENSON N. G. 
Published: October 2009

This investigation has been carried out in order to estimate the extent to which osteological differences normally used as a basis for generic distinction among certain anurans may be explained on the basis of heterochronous changes in bone formation. Representative species of fourteen Australian genera of the family Leptodactylidae were compared, and an osteological survey was carried out on alizarin transparencies of sexually mature and juvenile specimens. As a basis for description, a little known and somewhat neotenic Western Australian anuran, Glauertia russelli Loveridge, was selected.Bone, as a tissue, is a useful index of heterochronous change. It gives a clear indication of the extent to which the developmental processes leading to its formation have proceeded. It often provides a reliable guide to the degree of general development attained by the time an animal reaches sexual maturity.The study of heterochrony indicates the evolutionary importance of this phenomenon in the establishment of certain species and genera. Skeletal distinctions among the Australian Leptodactylidae are readily explained, even at the generic level, in terms of such time‐axis or heterochronous changes. These, through shortening or lengthening the time of development of particular bones, or by altering the speed of their ossification, lead to differences of phylogenetic significance. The fact that not only individual variations but also specific and generic distinctions may arise in this way in certain groups of animals has an important bearing on problems of their distribution.
ZOOPLANKTON OF LAKES MUTANDA, BUNYONYI AND MULEHE
Authors: GREEN J. 
Published: October 2009

Quantitative samples of zooplankton from three lakes in the Kigezi District of Uganda have been studied. The systematics of the zooplankton are considered, and some of the identifications given by Worthington & Ricardo (1936) in a previous study of one of these lakes are revised.Lake Mulehe is the shallowest of the three lakes and contains the largost standing crop of zooplankton. This is in agreement with chemical data which indicato that the supply of nutrient salts in Lake Mulehe is higher than in the other two lakes.In October 1962 the zooplankton of Lake Mutanda was characterized by the relative abundance of three species of Daphnia which were not found in the samples from the other lakes, although two of these species were present in Lake Bunyonyi in 1931. Rotifers were sparse in Lako Mutands, but here dominant by Tetramastix opoliensis. Lake Bunyonyi was richer in rotifers, but here the dominant species was Keratella tropica, whilo in Lake Mulehe the dominant rotifer was Synchaeta pectinata.The zooplankton of Lake Mutanda in October 1962 was similar in composition to that of Lake Bunyonyi in 1931, but in 1962 the zooplankton of Lake Bunyonyi was more like that of Lake Mulehe. The possible causos of this change are discussed.
THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND STOMATOGASTRIC NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE ADULT TSETSE FLY GLOSSINA MORSITANS
Authors: LANGLEY P. A. 
Published: October 2009

The brain of Glossina morsitans Westwood contains four groups of neurosecretory cells which are stainable with chrome haematozylin and phloxin. The axons of these cells form a pair of nervi corporis cardiaci which pass posteriorly from the brain and innervate the corpora cardiaca and corpus allatum before uniting with a small ganglion posterior to the corpora cardiaca. This ganglion is considered to represent the fusion of the fusion of the hypocerebral and ventricular ganglia which remain separate in other insects.There is no frontal ganglion in the adult Glossina and the recurrent nerve fuses with one of the nervi corporis cardiaci immediately behind the brain. The oesophageal nerves arising from the fused hypocerebral and ventricular ganglia innervate the oesophagus in the anterior part of the thorax, the proventriculus and the posterior extension of the oesophagus close to the crop. These nerves possess both sensory and motor nerve endings. The differences which exist between Glossina and other cyclorrhaphous Diptera with respect to their neuroendocrine/stomatogastric system are noted and considered in terms of the control of neuroendocrine function.
Human skin wounds: A major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy
Authors: Sen Chandan K. , Gordillo Gayle M. , Roy Sashwati , Kirsner Robert , Lambert Lynn , Hunt Thomas K. , Gottrup Finn , Gurtner Geoffrey C. , Longaker Michael T. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIn the United States, chronic wounds affect 6.5 million patients. An estimated excess of US$25 billion is spent annually on treatment of chronic wounds and the burden is rapidly growing due to increasing health care costs, an aging population and a sharp rise in the incidence of diabetes and obesity worldwide. The annual wound care products market is projected to reach $15.3 billion by 2010. Chronic wounds are rarely seen in individuals who are otherwise healthy. In fact, chronic wound patients frequently suffer from "highly branded" diseases such as diabetes and obesity. This seems to have overshadowed the significance of wounds per se as a major health problem. For example, NIH's Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool (RePORT; http://report.nih.gov/), directed at providing access to estimates of funding for various disease conditions does list several rare diseases but does not list wounds. Forty million inpatient surgical procedures were performed in the United States in 2000, followed closely by 31.5 million outpatient surgeries. The need for post‐surgical wound care is sharply on the rise. Emergency wound care in an acute setting has major significance not only in a war setting but also in homeland preparedness against natural disasters as well as against terrorism attacks. An additional burden of wound healing is the problem of skin scarring, a $12 billion annual market. The immense economic and social impact of wounds in our society calls for allocation of a higher level of attention and resources to understand biological mechanisms underlying cutaneous wound complications.
Amygdala reduction in patients with ADHD compared with major depression and healthy volunteers
Authors: Frodl T. , Stauber J. , Schaaff N. , Koutsouleris N. , Scheuerecker J. , Ewers M. , Omerovic M. , Opgen‐Rhein M. , Hampel H. , Reiser M. , Möller H.‐J. , Meisenzahl E. 
Published: October 2009

Frodl T, Stauber J, Schaaff N, Koutsouleris N, Scheuerecker J, Ewers M, Omerovic M, Opgen‐Rhein M, Hampel H, Reiser M, Möller H.‐J, Meisenzahl E. Amygdala reduction in patients with ADHD compared with major depression and healthy volunteers.Objective:  Results in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on structural brain changes and the clinical relevance are contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate whether in adult patients with ADHD hippocampal or amygdala volumes differs from that in healthy controls and patients with major depression (MD).Method:  Twenty patients with ADHD, 20 matched patients with MD and 20 healthy controls were studied with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging.Results:  Amygdala volumes in patients with ADHD were bilaterally smaller than in patients with MD and healthy controls. In ADHD, more hyperactivity and less inattention were associated with smaller right amygdala volumes, and more symptoms of depression with larger amygdala volumes.Conclusion:  This study supports findings that the amygdala plays an important role in the systemic brain pathophysiology of ADHD. Whether patients with ADHD and larger amygdala volumes are more vulnerable to affective disorders needs further investigation.
The Stockholm non‐affective psychoses study (snaps): the importance of including out‐patient data in incidence studies
Authors: Jörgensen L. , Ahlbom A. , Allebeck P. , Dalman C. 
Published: October 2009

Jörgensen L, Ahlbom A, Allebeck P, Dalman C. The Stockholm non‐affective psychoses study (snaps): the importance of including out‐patient data in incidence studies.Objective:  To estimate the incidence rate of schizophrenia and non‐affective psychoses from registers, to highlight the importance of including data from out‐patient care, and to assess the proportion of persons treated in out‐patient care only.Method:  Data from out‐patient and in‐patient psychiatric care in Stockholm and information from several national registers constitute ‘The Stockholm Non‐Affective Psychoses Study’ (SNAPS). Incidence rates based on SNAPS data were calculated and compared to in‐patient care incidence rates.Results:  The incidence rate was 72/100 000 for non‐affective psychoses (age group 18–44) and 28/100 000 for schizophrenia (age group 18–34) in the SNAPS. This was higher compared to in‐patient based incidence rates (42 and 13/100 000 respectively). The proportion of individuals with psychosis treated in out‐patient care only was 25%.Conclusion:  There are substantial differences in the incidence rates of non‐affective psychoses and schizophrenia depending on the availability of data. Not including out‐patient care will underestimate the incidence rates.
Shoe contact dermatitis from dimethyl fumarate: clinical manifestations, patch test results, chemical analysis, and source of exposure
Authors: Giménez‐Arnau Ana , Silvestre Juan Francisco , Mercader Pedro , De la Cuadra Jesus , Ballester Isabel , Gallardo Fernando , Pujol Ramón M. , Zimerson Erik , Bruze Magnus 
Published: October 2009

Background: The methyl ester form of fumaric acid named dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an effective mould‐growth inhibitor. Its irritating and sensitizing properties were demonstrated in animal models. Recently, DMF has been identified as responsible for furniture contact dermatitis in Europe.Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations, patch test results, shoe chemical analysis, and source of exposure to DMF‐induced shoe contact dermatitis.Patients, Materials, and Methods: Patients with suspected shoe contact dermatitis were studied in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patch test results obtained with their own shoe and the European baseline series, acrylates and fumaric acid esters (FAE), were recorded according to international guidelines. The content of DMF in shoes was analysed with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.Results: Acute, immediate irritant contact dermatitis and non‐immunological contact urticaria were observed in eight adults and two children, respectively. All the adult patients studied developed a delayed sensitization demonstrated by a positive patch testing to DMF ≤ 0.1% in pet. Cross‐reactivity with other FAEs and acrylates was observed. At least 12 different shoe brands were investigated. The chemical analysis from the available shoes showed the presence of DMF.Conclusion: DMF in shoes was responsible for severe contact dermatitis. Global preventive measures for avoiding contact with DMF are necessary.
Continuing Medical Education: Sexual Functioning in Transsexuals Following Hormone Therapy and Genital Surgery: A Review (CME)
Authors: Klein Carolin , Gorzalka Boris B. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIntroductionSexual function following genital sexual reassignment surgery (SRS) is an important outcome for many transsexuals, affecting the choice of surgical technique, satisfaction with surgery, and quality of life. However, compared to other outcome measures, little clinical and research attention has been given to sexual functioning following SRS.AimTo discuss the potential impact of cross-sex hormone therapy and SRS on sexual function and to summarize the published empirical research on postsurgical sexual functioning in male-to-female (MtF) and female-to-male (FtM) transsexuals.MethodsCross-sex hormone therapy and SRS techniques are outlined, the potential roles of cross-sex hormone therapy and SRS on sexual function are discussed, and peer-reviewed literature published in English on postoperative sexual functioning in MtF and FtM transsexuals is reviewed.Main Outcome MeasuresSexual desire, sexual arousal, and ability to achieve orgasm following SRS.ResultsContrary to early views, transsexualism does not appear to be associated with a hyposexual condition. In MtF transsexuals, rates of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) are similar to those found in the general female population. In FtM transsexuals, sexual desire appears unequivocally to increase following SRS. Studies with MtF transsexuals have revealed not only vasocongestion, but also the secretion of fluid during sexual arousal. Research on sexual arousal in FtM transsexuals is sorely lacking, but at least one study indicates increased arousal following SRS. The most substantial literature on sexual functioning in postoperative transsexuals pertains to orgasm, with most reports indicating moderate to high rates of orgasmic functioning in both MtF and FtM transsexuals.ConclusionsBased on the available literature, transsexuals appear to have adequate sexual functioning and/or high rates of sexual satisfaction following SRS. Further research is required to understand fully the effects of varying types and dosages of cross-sex hormone therapies and particular SRS techniques on sexual functioning.
Lessons From Single Cell Organisms: Insights Into the Antimicrobial and Toxic Effects of Peritoneal Dialysate Bases
Authors: Diskin Charles J 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlthough it was first described over a quarter of a century ago, the mechanisms behind the antimicrobial activity of fresh peritoneal dialysate have been poorly understood. Recent insight into the biochemistry appears to suggest that at least part of the effect resides in the salts of the carboxylic acids. An understanding of the metabolic pathways of both sensitive and resistant organisms has not only led to an understanding of the mechanisms of the antimicrobial effect, but also may have provided the insight for future studies to reduce toxicity to the peritoneal membrane. While our knowledge base in this area is still evolving, an improved understanding of the biochemical basis of both the antibacterial effect and toxicity of the salts of carboxylic acids in peritoneal dialysate can only prove useful.
Physical Activity Is Necessary to Prevent Deterioration of the Walking Ability of Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis
Authors: Kutsuna Toshiki , Matsunaga Atsuhiko , Matsumoto Takuya , Ishii Akira , Yamamoto Kazuya , Hotta Kazuki , Aiba Naoko , Takagi Yutaka , Yoshida Atsushi , Takahira Naonobu , Masuda Takashi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMaintenance of the walking ability is very important for smooth continuation of maintenance hemodialysis (HD). The aim of the present study was to clarify the physical activity level in daily living that HD patients should maintain to prevent deterioration of their walking ability. Outpatients undergoing maintenance HD, consisting of 65 males and 88 females with a mean age of 64 ± 11 years, were recruited for the present study. Their physical activity level was recorded over a week with an accelerometer. The physical activity level in daily living was defined as the sum of the lengths of time for which the patients were engaged in physical activity of light or greater intensity during the day, and expressed as the average duration per day. The walking ability was assessed by the normal walking speed and maximum walking speed. Data were analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the cut‐off point for the physical activity time was determined to predict deterioration of the walking ability. In the prediction of deterioration of the normal and maximum walking speeds, the areas under the ROC curve for the physical activity time were 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.69–0.87, P < 0.001) and 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.86, P < 0.001), respectively. Moreover, the ROC curve revealed that the cut‐off point for the physical activity time to prevent deterioration of the normal and maximum walking speeds was 50 min/day. Thus, HD patients should engage in physical activity for at least 50 min/day to prevent deterioration of their walking ability.
BOOTSTRAP CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE KINETIC PARAMETERS OF DEGRADATION OF ANTHOCYANINS IN GRAPE POMACE
Authors: MISHRA D.K. , DOLAN K.D. , YANG L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT Because of the growing interest in nutraceuticals and their health benefits, it is important to develop tools for modeling degradation of nutraceuticals in low‐moisture‐ and high‐temperature‐heated foods. The objective of this study was to estimate the kinetic parameters for the degradation of anthocyanins in grape pomace and to calculate the bootstrap confidence interval (CI), which is a more realistic estimate of the true CI than the commonly used asymptotic CI. Thermal and kinetic parameters for unsteady‐state conduction‐heated foods (grape pomace) were estimated separately using an inverse problem technique. Rate constant (kr) and activation energy (Ea) for the degradation of anthocyanins in grape pomace were estimated, and the 95% bootstrap CIs were calculated and compared with the 95% asymptotic CIs. Grape pomace at 42% moisture content (wet basis) in steel cans (radius 0.027 m, and height 0.073 m) was heated in a steam retort at 126.7C. Anthocyanin retention was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The retention values were used to estimate kinetic parameters, which were k113.9C = 0.0606/min and Ea = 65.32 kJ/mol. Asymptotic CIs for k113.9Cand Ea were 0.052 and 0.068, and 23.3 and 102.7, respectively. Bootstrap 95% CIs for k113.9Cand Ea were 0.053 and 0.066, and 49.08 and 104.9, respectively. Bootstrap confidence band and bootstrap prediction band (PB) for anthocyanin retention were smaller than asymptotic confidence and PBs, respectively. The smaller width of the bootstrap bands, which are considered more accurate than asymptotic bands, allows more accurate process design and cost‐savings, potentially leading to higher‐quality nutraceutical products.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThermal and kinetic parameters for unsteady‐state conduction‐heated foods (grape pomace) were estimated separately using nonlinear regression techniques. This non‐isothermal method of estimating thermal and kinetic parameters is fast, convenient and more accurate than the isothermal method. Also, for certain application such as low‐moisture solids at high temperatures, isothermal experiments are not feasible. There is much more information gained from the type of plot presented here than from the typical plot with only one fitted line showing the mean values. The smaller width of the bootstrap bands, which are considered more accurate than asymptotic bands, allows more accurate process design and cost‐savings, potentially leading to higher‐quality nutraceutical products.
Relative Efficiency of the Fuzzy p‐Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Kuk Anthony Y. C. , Xu Jinfeng 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn missing data problems, it is often the case that there is a natural test statistic for testing a statistical hypothesis had all the data been observed. A fuzzy p‐value approach to hypothesis testing has recently been proposed which is implemented by imputing the missing values in the “complete data” test statistic by values simulated from the conditional null distribution given the observed data. We argue that imputing data in this way will inevitably lead to loss in power. For the case of scalar parameter, we show that the asymptotic efficiency of the score test based on the imputed “complete data” relative to the score test based on the observed data is given by the ratio of the observed data information to the complete data information. Three examples involving probit regression, normal random effects model, and unidentified paired data are used for illustration. For testing linkage disequilibrium based on pooled genotype data, simulation results show that the imputed Neyman Pearson and Fisher exact tests are less powerful than a Wald‐type test based on the observed data maximum likelihood estimator. In conclusion, we caution against the routine use of the fuzzy p‐value approach in latent variable or missing data problems and suggest some viable alternatives.
Delving into the “Institutional Black Box”: Revealing the Attributes of Sustainable Urban Water Management Regimes1
Authors: Van De Meene Susan J. , Brown Rebekah R. 
Published: October 2009

van de Meene, Susan J. and Rebekah R. Brown, 2009. Delving into the “Institutional Black Box”: Revealing the Attributes of Sustainable Urban Water Management Regimes.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 45(6):1448‐1464.Abstract: This paper is based on the proposition that the transition to sustainable urban water management has been hampered by the lack of insight into attributes of a sustainable urban water regime. Significant progress has been made in developing technical solutions to advance urban water practice, however it is the co‐evolution of the socio‐institutional and technical systems that enable a system‐wide transition. A systematic analysis of 81 empirical studies across a range of practice areas was undertaken to construct a schema of the sustainable urban water regime attributes. Attributes were identified and analyzed using a framework of nested management regime spheres: the administrative and regulatory system, inter‐organizational, intra‐organizational, and human resources spheres. The regime is likely to involve significant stakeholder involvement, collaborative inter‐organizational relationships, flexible and adaptive organizational cultures, and motivated and engaging employees. Comparison of the constructed sustainable and traditional regime attributes reveals that to realize sustainable urban water management in practice a substantial shift in governance is required. This difference emphasizes the critical need for explicitly supported strategies targeted at developing each management regime sphere to further enable change toward sustainable urban water management.
Reading ability and stereoacuity with combined implantation of refractive and diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses
Authors: Chen Weirong , Meng Qianli , Ye Haiyun , Liu Yizhi 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate reading ability and stereoscopic vision with combined implantation of refractive and diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs).Methods:  Thirty‐one cataract patients (62 eyes) were assigned to receive either a ReZoom NXG1 IOL in the dominant eye and a Tecnis ZM900 IOL in the fellow eye (MIOL group), or Sensar AR40e IOLs bilaterally (SIOL group). The uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) at 500 cm, best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) at 500 cm, reading acuity, reading speed, near stereoacuity and questionnaire were assessed 3 months postoperatively.Results:  Three months postoperatively, monocular and binocular UCVA and BSCVA at 500 cm showed no significant differences in both groups. The uncorrected reading acuity and reading speed in the MIOL group were significantly better than those in the SIOL group and were similar to that with correction in the SIOL group. The uncorrected mean near stereoacuity in the MIOL group was significantly better than that in the SIOL group (69 ± 50 seconds of arc in the MIOL group versus 180 ± 160 seconds of arc in the SIOL group). Patients in the MIOL group had a high level of satisfaction and more than 80% of them had an increased independence from spectacles for brief reading.Conclusion:  The combined implantation of refractive and diffractive multifocal IOLs was effective in improving reading ability and near stereoacuity with a good visual quality.