bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Significance of Anti-HBc IgM (Radioimmunoassay) in Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B and in Blood Donors†
Authors: Banninger Peter , Altorfer Josef , Frösner Gert G. , Pirovino Mauro , Gudat Fred , Bianchi Leonardo , Grob Peter J. , Schmid Martin 
Published: July 2010

Anti-HBc IgM was determined by a modified radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 35 patients with acute hepatitis B, 35 patients with chronic hepatitis B (7 with chronic persistent, and 28 with chronic active hepatitis), 157 HBsAg positive blood donors, and in 143 HBsAg negative but anti-HBc positive donors. The results of the RIA test were compared with those obtained by an ELISA technique. In chronic hepatitis, anti-HBc IgM was correlated with the occurrence of HBeAg, anti-HBe, Dane particles in the serum, HBsAg, and HBcAg in liver tissue and with biochemical and histological degrees of hepatic inflammatory activity.
In acute self-limited hepatitis B, anti-HBc IgM (RIA and ELISA) was initially positive in all 35 patients. Twelve months after the acute illness, 94% of the patients were negative for anti-HBc IgM in the RIA test with only one patient showing a persistence of up to 18 months, whereas in the ELISA test anti-HBc IgM persisted in 17% of the patients over 2 years. In chronic hepatitis, the occurrence of anti-HBc IgM (RIA) showed a strong relation with the inflammatory activity, the anti-HBc IgM positive patients revealing a significantly more severe liver disease than did anti-HBc IgM negative patients. Anti-HBc IgM (RIA), however, did not correlate with the occurrence of HBeAg and Dane particles in the serum and HBcAg in liver tissue of patients with chronic hepatitis. Of the 157 HBsAg positive blood donors, anti-HBc IgM (RIA) could be demonstrated in 10 (6%), but in none of the 143 HBsAg negative, but anti-HBc positive donors, as compared to 43 (27%) and 9 (6%), respectively, in the ELISA test.
Comparing the two test methods, the RIA exhibits higher specificity than did the ELISA due to a better blocking of nonspecific reactions, but possibly somewhat lower sensitivity. In this form, however, the RIA test is a more useful tool in the diagnosis of the different forms of hepatitis B virus infection and in determining the severity of chronic hepatitis B.
Spironolactone- and Canrenone-Induced Changes in Hepatic (Na+, K+)ATPase Activity, Surface Membrane Cholesterol and Phospholipid, and Fluorescence Polarization in the Rat†
Authors: Miner Philip B. , Sneller Michael , Crawford Synda S. 
Published: July 2010

We studied changes in hepatic membrane (Na+,K+)ATPase activity and membrane lipids induced by canrenoate, the water-soluble congener of canrenone, the active metabolite of spironolactone. (Na+,K+)ATPase activity was decreased after canrenoate in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Decreased activity was demonstrated at the lowest dose (91% of control after 5 μmoles per 100 gm body weight per day × 3 days); the maximum dose (30 μmoles per 100 gm body weight per day × 3 days) resulted in activity 38% of untreated control values. A 20 μmoles per 100 gm body weight per day dose decreased enzyme activity to 89 and 55% of control after 24 and 72 hr, respectively. The nonionic detergent Triton WR- 1339 partially reversed drug-induced inhibition, suggesting that the enzyme changes may be related to altered membrane lipids.Membrane cholesterol increased 17% after 3 days of 30 μmoles canrenoate per 100 gm body weight per day; phospholipids decreased by 12%. The cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio increased from 0.419 to 0.555. Membrane fluidity, as measured by the fluorescent probe 1,6- diphenyl- 1,3,5-hexatriene decreased after treatment with 20 μmoles canrenoate per 100 gm body weight per day for 3 days.These results describe in vivo and in vitro inhibition of hepatic (Na+,K+)ATPase activity. Increased membrane cholesterol with decreased phospholipid alters membrane fluidity and may be partially responsible for the change in (Na+,K+)ATPase activity.
Hemodynamic Changes in Patients with Portal Venous Obstruction
Authors: Lebrec Didier , Bataille Christian , Bercoff Eric , Valla Dominique 
Published: July 2010

Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics were evaluated in five adult patients with portal hypertension due to portal venous obstruction and were compared with those of patients with cirrhosis and those of a control group. In patients with portal venous obstruction, the gradient between wedged and free hepatic venous pressures ranged from 2 to 3 mm Hg, as in the control group, and was significantly lower than in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatic blood flow averaged 0.521 ± 0.127 liter per min per m2 (mean ± S.D.) and was significantly lower than that measured in cirrhotic and normal patients. Cardiac index averaged 3.788 ± 0.629 liters per min per m2; this high value for cardiac index was not significantly different from that measured in cirrhotic patients, but was significantly higher than in patients of the control group.
It is suggested that a hyperkinetic circulatory state may result from the development of portal-systemic venous collateral circulation in patients with portal venous obstruction having normal liver and hepatic venous pressures
Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia in a Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatto)
Authors: Rosenberg Daniel P. , Morecki Rachel , Lollini Lance O. , Glaser Joy , Cornelius Charles E. 
Published: July 2010

Extrahepatic biliary atresia was observed in a 6-week-old female rhesus monkey. Jaundice and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia were detected at the age of 6 days and persisted throughout life. At 6 weeks of age, the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary atresia was established at exploratory laparotomy, and bile duct remnants were biopsied. Histological examination of these specimens showed inflammatory and fibrosing lesions similar to those observed in humans with extrahepatic biliary atresia.
Because of serologic evidence of Reovirus 3 infection in human patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia, serum of the affected monkey was tested for antibodies to this virus. Three sequential serum samples obtained during the course of illness showed persistently high Reovirus 3 titers which are consistent with but do not prove concurrent Reovirus 3 infection.
This report represents the first documented case of spontaneous extrahepatic biliary atresia in a nonhuman primate and suggests that this species may be suitable for further investigation of the pathogenesis of this disease.
Immunosuppressive Serum Factors in Viral Hepatitis. II. Further Characterization of Serum Inhibition Factor as an Albumin-Associated Molecule
Authors: Brattig Norbert W. , Schrempf-Decker Gabriele E. , Brockl Christoph W. , Berg Peter A. 
Published: July 2010

Immunosuppressive factor(s) in sera from patients with acute viral hepatitis B [serum inhibition factor(s) (SIF)] which functioned like an antiactivator of lymphocytes were further characterized and purified. The active moiety could be separated from immunoglobulins and other serum proteins by means of gel filtration, anion exchange, and affinity chromatography. The major SIF activity always copurified with albumin. Affinity chromatography with Cibacron blue agarose matrix followed by elution with 2 M NaCl proved an optimal procedure to obtain SIF-positive albumin fractions. The SIF moiety could be dissociated from albumin by use of 5 M NaCl or 6 M urea and was separated from protein by sequential molecular filtration and G-10 gel filtration indicating a low molecular weight substance. SIF activity of lower degree could also be detected in albumin-containing fractions derived from normal sera and exhibited similar biochemical properties as the factor which was isolated from patients' sera.
The purified SIF fractions could not be stained with various protein dyes after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The active moiety was partially extractable with chloroformrmethanol indicating a lipophilic nature. Common fatty acids or bile acids were excluded as causative factors by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric and radioimmunologic analyses.
These data suggest that the SIF effect is caused by an albumin-associated low molecular weight lipid or lipophilic peptide. SIF may be physiological immunoregulatory products of the immune system which are probably produced in response to a viral antigenic stimulus.
Effect of Immunosuppressive Therapy on HBsAg-Positive Chronic Active Hepatitis in Relation to Presence or Absence of HBeAg and Anti-HBe
Authors: Sagnelli Evangelista , Piccinino Felice , Manzillo Giuseppe , Felaco Francesca M. , Filippini Pietro , Maio Giuseppe , Pasquale Giuseppe , Izzo Crescenzo M. 
Published: July 2010

Two hundred and four patients with biopsy-proven HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis were treated for at least 2 years with azathioprine, prednisolone or a combination of both, or were untreated. Prevalences of HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HBc were 26, 58, and 100%, respectively.
Criteria for improvement or progression of disease were based on clinical, biochemical, and morphologic parameters. Prednisolone therapy and combination therapy did not modify the course of the disease in HBeAg-positive patients; azathioprine therapy may have been deleterious for these patients. Among HBeAg-negative patients, deterioration or death occurred more frequently in those who were untreated than in those who received the combination of azathioprine and prednisolone. Prednisolone therapy was of moderate effect, whereas azathioprine did not influence the outcome.
Hepatitis B: The virus and disease #
Authors: Liang Jake T. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects more than 300 million people worldwide and is a common cause of liver disease and liver cancer. HBV, a member of the Hepadnaviridae family, is a small DNA virus with unusual features similar to retroviruses. HBV replicates through an RNA intermediate and can integrate into the host genome. The unique features of the HBV replication cycle confer a distinct ability of the virus to persist in infected cells. Virological and serological assays have been developed for diagnosis of various forms of HBV-associated disease and for treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. HBV infection leads to a wide spectrum of liver disease ranging from acute (including fulminant hepatic failure) to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Acute HBV infection can be either asymptomatic or present with symptomatic acute hepatitis. Most adults infected with the virus recover, but 5%-10% are unable to clear the virus and become chronically infected. Many chronically infected persons have mild liver disease with little or no long-term morbidity or mortality. Other individuals with chronic HBV infection develop active disease, which can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. These patients require careful monitoring and warrant therapeutic intervention. Extrahepatic manifestations of HBV infection are rare but can be difficult to diagnose and manage. The challenges in the area of HBV-associated disease are the lack of knowledge in predicting outcome and progression of HBV infection and an unmet need to understand the molecular, cellular, immunological, and genetic basis of various disease manifestations associated with HBV infection. (Hepatology 2009;49:S13–S21.)
Side effects of long-term oral antiviral therapy for hepatitis B #
Authors: Fontana Robert J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize the safety profile of the five approved oral nucleoside analogs used to treat chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, focusing on both the class adverse effects and those that have been reported with individual agents, as well as their safety in pregnancy. All nucleoside analogs have a “Black Box” warning because of their potential for inhibition of human DNA polymerase gamma involved in mitochondrial DNA replication. A reduction in intracellular mitochondrial DNA levels can lead to varying clinical manifestations of mitochondrial toxicity (i.e., neuropathy, myopathy, lactic acidosis), but these side effects are rarely reported with the oral antiviral agents active against HBV. Adefovir and tenofovir are associated with a dose-dependent but usually reversible proximal renal tubular toxicity. For these reasons, patients receiving these agents should be monitored for renal toxicity and the dose modified for renal insufficiency. Prolonged use of tenofovir has also been reported to lead to reduced bone mineral density in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, but prospective studies in patients with HBV infection are lacking. Telbivudine treatment is associated with moderate serum creatine phosphokinase elevations in up to 12% of patients. There have been few prospective studies on the safety of nucleoside analogs during pregnancy. According to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry, the incidence of birth defects associated with lamivudine and tenofovir use during pregnancy is not increased. Studies on the safety of long-term therapy with the nucleoside analogs, alone and in combination, are needed as are further studies of children, the elderly, pregnant women, and patients with renal insufficiency. (Hepatology 2009;49:S185–S195.)
Indications for therapy in hepatitis B #
Authors: Degertekin Bulent , Lok Anna S. F. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Increased treatment options that are more efficacious and safe and new knowledge on the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have expanded the indications for therapy in hepatitis B. The question is no longer “Who should be treated?” but “When should treatment be initiated?” Treatment is clearly indicated in patients with life-threatening liver disease (acute liver failure, decompensated cirrhosis, or severe hepatitis flare) and in those with compensated cirrhosis and high levels of serum HBV DNA. For patients with precirrhotic liver disease, treatment indications should be based on clinical, biochemical, or histological evidence of liver disease, such as elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, abnormal histology, and high levels of serum HBV DNA. The cutoff for ALT and HBV DNA values are constantly being revised and should be set at a lower level for older patients who may have been infected for a longer period of time. High serum HBV DNA levels persisting for a few decades are associated with increased risk of clinical outcomes, but there is insufficient data to support the initiation of treatment based on high serum HBV DNA alone, particularly in young patients, those with persistently normal ALT levels, and those with a single high HBV DNA level. The decision to initiate treatment at the time of assessment or to defer treatment should take into consideration other factors such as desire to start a family, occupational requirement, family history of hepatocellular carcinoma, access to care and insurance coverage, and commitment to long-term treatment and medication compliance. All patients who are not initiated on treatment should continue to be monitored so treatment can be started if and when the indication arises. (Hepatology 2009;49:S129–S137.)
Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma #
Authors: Di Bisceglie Adrian M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus has been linked epidemiologically to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma for more than 30 years. Although the mechanisms by which chronic hepatitis B viral infection results in hepatocellular carcinoma are unclear, there is good evidence that the virus itself exerts a direct hepatocarcinogenic effect, and this has implications for prevention. First, programs of universal infant vaccination have been shown to be effective in reducing the rate of hepatocellular carcinoma among children. This benefit should be translated into adulthood among vaccine recipients. Second, it has been suggested that antiviral therapy against hepatitis B may reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Antiviral therapy against hepatitis B is effective in causing prolonged lowering of serum levels of hepatitis B virus DNA. There are emerging data showing that prolonged antiviral therapy may reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among certain patients with chronic hepatitis B. (Hepatology 200949:S56–S60.)
Kinetics of the formation of monoallyl phthalate
Authors: Rosenheimer M. O. , Mischke R. A. , Griskey R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMonoallyl phthalate is an intermediate and by‐product formed in the industrial production of diallyl phthalate. The kinetics of formation of the mono‐ester have been studied. The overall reaction was found to be second‐order with an Arrhenius frequency factor of 3.96 × 1017 and an activation energy of 28.8 kcal./g.‐mole.
The mechanical properties of films. III. Dilato‐metric observations of multiple transitions
Authors: Holt T. , Edwards D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvaluation of dilatometric data on cast films by the normal graphical method indicated the presence of multiple transitions. An alternative method is developed in which the coefficients of the polynomial which approximates to the given set of point data have been calculated using a least‐squares criterion and a programme written for a Ferranti Mercury computer. The peak values of the second derivative of this curve corroborated the transition temperatures obtained by the graphical method. Preliminary experiments suggested that the highest transition is associated with oxidative ageing conditions; this transition is absent in specimens prepared in non‐oxidising atmospheres.The free volume expansion coefficient αF approximates very closely to the Williams, Landel & Ferry predicted value of 4.8 × 10−4 c.c./°c/c.c. provided the contributions from all transitions are included. Experimental values less than this have invariably led to the detection of a further transition or transitions when the temperature range has been extended.
The mechanical properties of films. IV. The dynamic testing of micro‐samples
Authors: Jackson R. S. , Simpson W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTest equipment previously developed may be readily adapted to obtain dynamic mechanical data on very small samples of film (20 mils dia. by 3 mils thick). It is possible to carry out the observations on pieces of film cut directly from functional test samples so that the necessity for specially prepared samples is eliminated.
The sorption of sulphur dioxide by indoor surfaces. IV. Flooring materials
Authors: Spedding D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sorption of sulphur dioxide by a number of carpet and solid flooring material samples has been investigated at a concentration of 50 to 60 μg/m3using35S‐labelled sulphur dioxide. The amount of sulphur dioxide sorbed by the samples varied little with their chemical composition and was of such a magnitude as to suggest a low affinity of the surfaces for sulphur dioxide. The sorption of sulphur dioxide by artificial fibre carpet pile was shown to be significantly reduced by the application of dyes.
Stepwise uptake of water vapour by ground thorium oxide
Authors: Gammage R. B. , Brey W. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of water vapour and nitrogen has been measured on thorium oxide ground for 500 h. The thorium oxide appeared crystalline in character with nitrogen adsorption showing mesopores but not micropores. Stepped isotherms of water and hysteresis extending to low relative pressure were found after outgassing at 200 °C. However, after outgassing at 400°C, the step structure was lost together with a reduction in adsorptive capacity close to the step height. Of the two possible explanations for the step structure, restructuring at the water—oxide interface and intercalation, the latter is favoured. A pseudo‐lamellar structure involving traces of worn porcelain separating thorium oxide crystals is suggested with entry of water molecules permitted at a critical threshold pressure.
Influence of additives on the autoclave reactions of β‐Ca2SiO4 and Ca3SiO5 at 170 °C
Authors: Dyczek J. R. L. , Taylor H. F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe products formed from β‐Ca2SiO4 and Ca3SiO5 in the autoclave at 170°C are influenced by the presence of Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O and B2O3, whether in solid solution in the starting material or added to the mix in suitably reactive compounds. The most important conclusion is that Al2O3, Fe2O3 and Na2O all favour the formation of the orthorhombic α‐2CaO.SiO2.H2O as against hillebrandite or tricalcium silicate hydrate. Addition of Na2O, or especially of B2O3, retards the hydration of both β‐Ca2SiO4 and Ca3SiO5.
The reaction of carboxylic acids with vinylmagnesium chloride
Authors: Watanabe Shoji , Suga Kyoichi , Yamaguchi Yoshiaki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of vinylmagnesium chloride with an aromatic carboxylic acid gives a vinyl ketone. From benzoic acid, 5‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1‐pentene is obtained. Similarly, from aliphatic carboxylic acid, a mixture of vinyl ketone and divinyl carbinol is obtained. From pentanoic acid, a mixture of butyl divinyl carbinol and 5‐oxo‐1‐nonene is obtained.
Modelling and analysis of tower fermentation processes. I. Steady‐state performance
Authors: Erickson L. E , Lee S. S , Fan L. T 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mathematical model that can be used to describe cell growth in a tower fermentation system with backflow and cell sedimentation is presented. Two computation procedures to determine steady state performance are described and some results are obtained for two‐, four‐ and eight‐stage tower systems. The effects of feed geometry, backflow rate and cell sedimentation on steady‐state behaviour are investigated. The results show that control of backflow, and cell sedimentation within the tower together with control of feed flow rate and feed geometry will allow a wide range of operating conditions to be realised in a tower system.
The reduction of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds by the meerwein—ponndorf—verley method: The cause of low yields
Authors: Tyman J. H. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe main cause of low yields in the formation of allylic alcohols from unsaturated carbonyl compounds by the Meerwein—Ponndorf—Verley reaction has been found to be polymerisation of the product by acidity arising from small amounts of chloroalkoxides which occur in most alkoxides. Hot alkaline processing of crude reduction products effectively removes chloroalkoxides and leads to high yields of the allylic alcohols. The present work relates to the preparation of cinnamyl alcohol but it is applicable to other α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
The transformation: Brushite → calcium monofluorophosphate under aqueous conditions
Authors: Duff Edward J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction between CaHPO4. 2H2O and 10−1 M solution of Na2PO3F have been studied in the pH range 7 to 5 at 25 °C. The formation of CaPO3F · 2H2O, rather than CaF2 or Ca5F (PO4)3 by initial hydrolysis and subsequent reaction with the F− formed, appeared to occur. The value of ΔG for CaPO3F · 2H2O has been calculated as – 530.9 kcal mol−1. A comparison is drawn to the exchange reactions reported here, and to the similar reactions reported to occur in calcium deficient apatite.
Partial removal of hafnium from zirconium through the reactions of tetrachloride vapours with solid sodium chloride
Authors: Mazumdar Sibnath , Ray Hem Shanker 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA pyrometallurgical method for partial separation of hafnium from zirconium has been investigated. The method involves continuous reaction between a flowing gas mixture of zirconium tetrachloride and hafnium tetrachloride with solid sodium chloride in a packed bed reactor. The solid‐vapour reaction enriches the vapour phase with respect to zirconium tetrachloride. This may be attributed to a more favourable reaction for hafnium tetrachloride. The influence of a number of parameters, e.g. temperature, gas flow rate, particle size and bed length, has been studied. Decreases in flow rate and particle size and increase in bed length are found to favour separation, while temperature has little effect. A simple equation has been derived to explain the experimental observations.