bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation errors in all‐sky data assimilation
Authors: Geer Alan J. , Bauer Peter 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article examines the first‐guess (FG) departures of microwave imager radiances assimilated in all‐sky conditions (i.e. clear, cloudy and precipitating). Agreement between FG and observations is good in clear skies, with error standard deviations around 2 K, but in heavy cloud or precipitation errors increase to 20 K. The forecast model is not good at predicting cloud and precipitation with exactly the right intensity or location. This leads to apparently non‐Gaussian behaviour, both heteroscedasticity, i.e. an increase in error with cloud amount, and boundedness, i.e. the size of errors is close to the geophysical range of the observations, which runs from clear to fully cloudy. However, the dependence of FG departure standard deviations on the mean cloud amount is predictable. Using this dependence to normalise the FG departures gives an error distribution that is close to Gaussian. Thus if errors are treated correctly, all‐sky observations can be assimilated successfully under the assumption of Gaussianity on which assimilation systems are based. This ‘symmetric’ error model can be used to provide a robust threshold quality‐control check and to determine the size of observation errors for all‐sky assimilation. In practice, however, this ‘observation’ error is being used to account for the model's difficulty in forecasting cloud, which really comes from errors in the background and in the forecast model. Hence in future it will be necessary to improve the representation of background and model error. Separately, symmetric cloud amount is recommended as a predictor for bias correction schemes, avoiding the sampling problems associated with ‘asymmetric’ predictors like the FG cloud amount. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Development and application of enhanced sampling techniques to simulate the long‐time scale dynamics of biomolecular systems
Authors: Spiriti Justin , Kamberaj Hiqmet , Van Der Vaart Arjan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe behavior of proteins and DNA is largely determined by their dynamics, which involves transitions between various conformational states. Computer simulations can provide detailed insights into these dynamics, but the long‐time scales of the transitions severely complicate such an approach. In this review, we present a few recently developed enhanced sampling techniques for the simulation of conformational changes at atomic resolution. To illustrate the application of these techniques, we discuss the isomerization of a nonprolyl peptide bond in a collagenase and a joint simulation‐experimental study of a DNA‐dye system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Modeling of PEG grafting and prediction of interfacial force profile using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Damodaran Vinod B. , Fee Conan J. , Popat Ketul C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐grafted Sephadex™ derivatives were prepared by a covalent amine conjugation method and characterized using XPS. PEG‐grafting kinetics were studied using both Langmuir and Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm models by correlating fractional CO intensities obtained from high‐resolution C 1s scans with the grafting period. Theoretical values were compared with experimental results to confirm the reliability of the modeling predictions. Detailed surface characterization of PEG‐grafted Sephadex derivatives was performed using XPS data, and the results were used to predict the interaction free energy and stick force exerted at the matrix interface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximating Pareto optimal compiler optimization sequences—a trade‐off between WCET, ACET and code size
Authors: Lokuciejewski Paul , Plazar Sascha , Falk Heiko , Marwedel Peter , Thiele Lothar 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYWith the growing complexity of embedded systems software, high code quality can only be achieved using a compiler. Sophisticated compilers provide a vast spectrum of various optimizations to improve code aggressively w.r.t. different objective functions, e.g. average‐case execution time (ACET) or code size. Owing to the complex interactions between the optimizations, the choice for a promising sequence of code transformations is not trivial. Compiler developers address this problem by proposing standard optimization levels, e.g.O3orOs. However, previous studies have shown that these standard levels often miss optimization potential or might even result in performance degradation. In this paper, we propose the first adaptive worst‐case execution time (WCET)‐aware compiler framework for an automatic search of compiler optimization sequences that yield highly optimized code. Besides the objective functions ACET and code size, we consider the WCET which is a crucial parameter for real‐time systems. To find suitable trade‐offs between these objectives, stochastic evolutionary multi‐objective algorithms identifying Pareto optimal solutions for the objectives 〈WCET, ACET 〉 and 〈WCET, code size 〉 are exploited. A comparison based on statistical performance assessments is performed that helps to determine the most suitable multi‐objective optimizer. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated on real‐life benchmarks showing that standard optimization levels can be significantly outperformed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐functional information transmission patterns for distributed real‐time Java
Authors: Basanta‐Val P. , Garcia‐Valls M. , Estevez‐Ayres I. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYMany real‐time systems use preemptive priority‐based scheduling in their internals to guarantee certain real‐time performance. This includes technologies that range from The Real‐Time Specification for Java (RTSJ) to middleware like Real‐Time Common Object Request Broker Architecture (RT‐CORBA), which offers additional models and policies that blend client and server information. This decision eases the integration of real‐time admission tests and dispatching policies in these types of infrastructures. In this paper, we analyze different trade‐offs that emerge from the definition of different propagation models for distributed real‐time Java. The paper covers technological integration aspects as impact on interfaces and other practical issues mainly related to the performance that this model offers to a real‐time application and non‐functional overhead. The contribution described in the paper may help in the development of The Distributed Specification for Java (DRTSJ). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of storage conditions and acid solvent types on structural, mechanical and physical properties of kudzu starch (Pueraria lobata)‐chitosan composite films
Authors: Zhong Yu , Li Yunfei 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEffects of acid solvents (acetic, lactic and malic acid) on properties of kudzu starch‐chitosan composite films were evaluated at −20 or 25°C during storage of 60 days. The yellowness of films enhanced, whereas water content and water vapour permeability of films declined with increasing storage time. Tensile strength of films choosing acetic and lactic acid as solvents, and solubility of all the films increased within 30 days thereafter decreased. Storage temperature had no impact on X‐ray diffraction, water content and solubility. Under the same storage conditions, the film using acetic acid as solvent presented the strongest mechanical property, the smallest solubility and the lightest colour. The film made from lactic acid solution was the most flexible and the yellowiest. The film with malic acid solvent showed the highest ordering degree, the lowest water content and the best water barrier property.
Evolutionary selection of interesting class association rules using genetic relation algorithm
Authors: Gonzales Eloy , Mabu Shingo , Taboada Karla , Shimada Kaoru , Hirasawa Kotaro 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDuring the last years, several association rule‐based classification methods have been proposed, these algorithms may quickly generate accurate rules. However, the generated rules are often very large in terms of the number of rules and usually complex and hardly understandable for users. Among all the rules generated by the algorithms, only some of them are likely to be of any interest to the domain expert analyzing the data. Most of the rules are either redundant, irrelevant or obvious. In this paper, a new method for selecting the interesting class association rules is proposed by an evolutionary method named genetic relation algorithm. The algorithm evaluates the relevance and interestingness of the discovered association rules by the relationships between the rules in each generation using a specific measure of distance among them giving a reduced set of rules as the result in the final generation. This small rule set has the following properties: (i) accurate as it has at least the same classification accuracy as the complete association rule set, (ii) interesting because of the diversity of rules and (iii) comprehensible because it is more understandable for the users as the number of attributes involved in the rules is also small. The efficiency of the proposed method is compared with other conventional methods including genetic network programming‐based mining using ten databases and the experimental results show that it outperforms others keeping a good balance between the classification accuracy and the comprehensibility of the rules. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MBFP generalized association rule mining and classification in traffic volume prediction
Authors: Zhou Huiyu , Mabu Shingo , Shimada Kaoru , Hirasawa Kotaro 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGenetic network programming (GNP)‐based time‐related association rules mining method provides a useful mean to investigate future traffic volume of road networks and hence helps us to develop traffic navigation system. Further improvements have been proposed in this paper about the time‐related association rule mining using generalized GNP with multibranches and full‐paths (MBFP) algorithm. For fully utilizing the potential ability of GNP structure, the mechanism of generalized GNP with MBFP is studied. The aim of this algorithm is to better handle association rule extraction from the databases with high efficiency in a variety of time‐related applications, especially in the traffic volume prediction problems. The generalized algorithm which can find the important time‐related association rules is described, and experimental results are presented considering a traffic prediction problem. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solving the m‐way graph partitioning problem using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Qiang , Wang Rong‐Long 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe m‐way graph partitioning problem is of central importance in combinatorial optimization. It has many important applications in fields such as VLSI circuit design, task allocation in distributed computing systems, and network partitioning. In this paper, we propose an efficient genetic algorithm to solve this problem. The proposed method searches a large solution space and finds the best possible solution by adjusting the intensification and diversification automatically during the optimization process. The proposed method is tested on a large number of instances and compared with some existing algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to its competitors in terms of computation time and solution quality. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of a maximum‐power‐point‐limiting control system for a direct methanol fuel cell
Authors: Norimatsu Yasuaki 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA new maximum‐power‐point limiting (MPPL) control method for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) was proposed. In regard to achieving MPPL, it was affirmed by experiment that it is possible to control the DMFC by simply ensuring that its voltage does not fall below a certain level regardless of its state. An MPPL control system that accomplishes the DMFC voltage limitation required for MPPL control by using a ‘soft‐start function’ fitted in a ready‐made DC/DC converter was developed. It was confirmed by experimental tests that the circuit board of the developed MPPL control system can perform DMFC voltage limitation control. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis, NMR‐Spectroscopy, and Molecular Structure of a Phosphonyl Ene Diamine
Authors: Bogomilova Anita , Günther Michael , Hägele Gerhard , Heuermann Sabine , Wagner Ernst , Troev Kolio 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFirst examples of ene diamines with a phosphonate function at the C=C double bond were obtained by the reaction of dialkyl H‐phosphonates with bis(N‐tert‐butyl)‐diimine derived from glyoxal, [1,4‐bis(tert‐butyl)‐1,4‐diaza‐1,3‐butadiene], and isolated as hydrochlorides. Preferentially the cis‐diamine is formed. The new phosphonates are characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy(1H, 13C, 31P). In addition the methyl ester 8a was characterized by 14,15N NMR spectroscopy as well as by several 2D NMR techniques and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, unequivocally establishing the ene diamine structure. In the crystal dimers of the cations are formed by P–O···H–N hydrogen bonding.
Syntheses and Structural Studies of Several Diynyl‐Ruthenium Complexes and their Adducts with Cyano‐Alkenes
Authors: Bruce Michael I. , Burgun Alexandre , Grelaud Guillaume , Jevric Martyn , Nicholson Brian K. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H. , Zaitseva Natasha N. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHerein are described some continuing investigations into the reactions of cyano‐alkenes with diynyl‐ruthenium complexes which have resulted in the preparation and characterisation of diynyl‐ruthenium compounds Ru(C≡CC≡CR)(PP)Cp [R = Ph, PP = dppe; R = Fc, PP = dppf; R = CPh=CBr2, PP = (PPh3)2], together with the polycyanobutadienyls Ru{C≡CC[=C(CN)2]CR=CR′(CN)}(PP)Cp′ [R = Fc, (PP)Cp′ = (dppf)Cp; R = H, SiMe3, (PP)Cp′ = (dppe)Cp*] formed by [2 + 2]‐cycloaddition of the cyano‐alkenes to the outer C≡C triple bonds and subsequent ring‐opening reactions. Single‐crystal XRD molecular structure determinations of six complexes are reported.
Postoccupancy evaluations in zoological settings
Authors: Kelling Angela S. , Gaalema Diann E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA postoccupancy evaluation (POE) is a systematic assessment performed to examine the effectiveness of the built environment after occupation. Although POEs have been mainly used to examine the effectiveness of built environments for human usage, they can and should be adapted for use in zoological settings. Zoological exhibits have evolved from when hygiene concerns ruled design to current trends that involve elaborate exhibits that often cost millions of dollars. Thus, it is imperative to conduct evaluations to ensure that these exhibits function to meet the complex needs of all users. It is crucial to perform a comprehensive POE that focuses on all three user groups; animals, visitors, and staff. However, work in this field is limited. Animal research has tended to remain very primate‐focused with differing opinions as to what constitutes optimal outcomes. Zoo visitor studies often have limited scope and differing methodologies. Additionally, research on zoo staff opinions and feedback is almost nonexistent. A new exhibit opening at a zoo has huge potential for improving the welfare of the animals it will house, enhancing the zoo visitor experience, and improving the workplace for zoo personnel. Building the best possible exhibits requires not only the analysis of how the built environment affects all three groups, but also dissemination of those findings to guide future design. Zoo Biol 30:597–610, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Local Recurrence after Intended Curative Excision of Presacral Lesions: Causes and Preventions
Authors: Gao Xian Hua , Zhang Wei , Fu Chuan Gang , Liu Lian Jie , Yu En Da , Meng Rong Gui 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveThis study was designed to explore causes for local recurrence of presacral lesions after intended curative surgery and discuss prevention strategies.MethodsMedical data of presacral lesions in our hospital from January 2001 to September 2009 were retrospectively studied, including preoperative examinations, intraoperative findings, and postoperative histopathologies.ResultsOf 39 patients (29 women and 10 men) with presacral lesions, who ranged in age from 14 to 71 (mean, 39.56) years, 7 patients were diagnosed with recurrent presacral lesions on admission. Preoperative pelvic MRI, pelvic CT, and endorectal ultrasonography (ERUS) were performed in 23, 22, and 8 cases, respectively. MRI/CT showed that five cases had two coexisting lesions and three cases had lobulated or dumbbell shaped lesions, all of which were confirmed by intraoperative findings. ERUS suspected involvement of the rectal wall in three cases: adhesion to the rectal wall in two cases, and tumor invasion in the remaining case. During the operation, 26, 8, and 2 cases were resected by the transsacral, transabdominal, and combined abdominosacral approach, respectively. Four patients underwent simultaneous coccygectomy, and three patients received simultaneous resection of the sacrum and coccyx. Simultaneous partial resection of the invaded sigmoid colon or rectum was performed in two patients, respectively. By postoperative pathological examination, three cases were found to have ruptured cystic lesions, three had previous cyst rupture history, and five had infected lesions.ConclusionsPresacral lesions are likely to be multiple, lobulated, infected, ruptured, and adhesive to the sacrococcyx and rectum, which contribute to the high local recurrence rate. Preoperative CT/MRI/ERUS and careful intraoperative exploration are required to direct surgical treatment and to reduce local recurrence. Optimal selection of surgical approach also is very important to reduce local recurrence. Presacral lesions attached to the sacrococcyx or rectum require simultaneous partial resection of the sacrococcyx or rectum to reduce local recurrence.
Exposure to Violence and Socioemotional Adjustment in Low‐Income Youth: An Examination of Protective Factors
Authors: Hardaway Cecily R. , McLoyd Vonnie C. , Wood Dana 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUsing a sample of 391 low‐income youth ages 13–17, this study investigated the potential moderating effects of school climate, participation in extracurricular activities, and positive parent–child relations on associations between exposure to violence (i.e., witnessing violence and violent victimization) and adolescent socioemotional adjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems). Exposure to violence was related to both internalizing and externalizing problems. High levels of participation in extracurricular activities and positive parent–child relations appeared to function as protective factors, weakening the positive association between exposure to violence and externalizing problems. Contrary to prediction, school climate did not moderate associations between exposure to violence and socioemotional adjustment. Further, none of the hypothesized protective factors moderated the association between exposure to violence and internalizing problems.
Reporting outcomes of back pain trials: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Froud Robert , Eldridge Sandra , Kovacs Francisco , Breen Alan , Bolton Jenni , Dunn Kate , Fritz Julie , Keller Anne , Kent Peter , Lauridsen Henrik Hein , Ostelo Raymond , Pincus Tamar , van Tulder Maurits , Vogel Steven , Underwood Martin 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground: Low back pain is a common and expensive health complaint. Many low back pain trials have been conducted, but these are reported in a variety of ways and are often difficult to interpret.Aim: To facilitate consensus on a statement recommending reporting methods for future low back pain trials.Methods: We presented experts with clinicians’ views on different reporting methods and asked them to rate and comment on the suitability reporting methods for inclusion in a standardized set. Panellists developed a statement of recommendation over three online rounds. We used a modified Delphi process and the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method as a formal framework for establishing appropriateness and quantifying panel disagreement.Results: A group of 63 experts from 14 countries participated. Consensus was reached on a statement recommending that the continuous patient‐reported outcomes commonly used in back pain trials, are reported using between‐group mean differences (accompanied by minimally important difference (between‐group/population‐level) thresholds where these exist), the proportion of participants improving and deteriorating according to established and relevant minimally important change thresholds, and the number needed to treat; all with 95% confidence intervals. Outcomes may additionally be reported using alternative approaches (e.g. relative risks, odds ratios, or standardized mean difference) according to the needs of a particular trial.Conclusions: A group of back pain experts reached a high level of consensus on a statement recommending reporting methods for patient‐reported outcomes in future low back pain trials. The statement has the potential to increase interpretability and improve patient care.
Mixed‐type paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma—A case report
Authors: Lee Hsiang‐Ying , Tsai Chia‐Chun , Huang Chun‐Hsiung , Li Wei‐Ming , Yeh Hsin‐Chih , Wu Wen‐Jeng , Wang Chii‐Jye , Chou Yii‐Her , Wu Chun‐Chieh 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue tumor of childhood; about 80% of cases occur before the age of 21 with the remaining 20% evenly spread throughout the remaining decades. A primary paratesticular site is considered to have a good prognosis in comparison with other RMS sites. Histologically, any subtype of RMS, including alveolar, pleomorphic, embryonal, and mixed type, may occur in the paratesticular region, but only a relatively small number of cases are mixed and this variant has a poor prognosis. We report a case of paratesticular RMS (mixed embryonal and alveolar type) in a 16‐year‐old boy.
Use of high‐dose nandrolone aggravates septic shock in a mouse model
Authors: Lin Che , Chen Shou‐Tung , Chien Su‐Yu , Kuo Shou‐Jen , Chen Dar‐Ren 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNandrolone, an anabolic‐androgenic steroid, is widely misused by athletes who wish to rapidly increase muscle mass and performance. An increasing number of reports have indicated that nandrolone may affect and modulate the immune system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nandrolone on septic shock‐caused immune responses and the cellular mechanism of action using a sepsis murine model. Before septic shock induction, BALB/c mice were given a high dose of nandrolone or peanut oil only. After septic shock induction, mice were sacrificed at different time points. Their blood and tissue specimens were analyzed. It was found that the high‐dose nandrolone group had significantly increased mortality compared with the control group (p < 0.001). The serum malondialdehyde level was significantly increased in the high‐dose group compared with the control group. Animals administered a high dose of nandrolone had significantly increased hepatic tumor necrosis factor‐α or splenic interferon‐γ at 0 and 6 hours. In lung tissue, insulin‐like growth factor‐1, insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor, and IGFBP1 and IGFBP2 mRNA expression were increased in the high‐dose nandrolone group at 6 hours. Nandrolone abuse may hasten the death of patients with septic shock and may aggravate septic shock in mice.