bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How are Trypanosoma brucei receptors protected from host antibody‐mediated attack?
Authors: Banerjee Sourav , Minshall Nicola , Webb Helena , Carrington Mark 
Published: May 2024

AbstractTrypanosoma brucei is the causal agent of African Trypanosomiasis in humans and other animals. It maintains a long‐term infection through an antigenic variation based population survival strategy. To proliferate in a mammal, T. brucei acquires iron and haem through the receptor mediated uptake of host transferrin and haptoglobin‐hemoglobin respectively. The receptors are exposed to host antibodies but this does not lead to clearance of the infection. Here we discuss how the trypanosome avoids this fate in the context of recent findings on the structure and cell biology of the receptors.
Vaccine process technology—A decade of progress
Authors: Buckland Barry , Sanyal Gautam , Ranheim Todd , Pollard David , Searles Jim A. , Behrens Sue , Pluschkell Stefanie , Josefsberg Jessica , Roberts Christopher J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn the past decade, new approaches to the discovery and development of vaccines have transformed the field. Advances during the COVID‐19 pandemic allowed the production of billions of vaccine doses per year using novel platforms such as messenger RNA and viral vectors. Improvements in the analytical toolbox, equipment, and bioprocess technology have made it possible to achieve both unprecedented speed in vaccine development and scale of vaccine manufacturing. Macromolecular structure‐function characterization technologies, combined with improved modeling and data analysis, enable quantitative evaluation of vaccine formulations at single‐particle resolution and guided design of vaccine drug substances and drug products. These advances play a major role in precise assessment of critical quality attributes of vaccines delivered by newer platforms. Innovations in label‐free and immunoassay technologies aid in the characterization of antigenic sites and the development of robust in vitro potency assays. These methods, along with molecular techniques such as next‐generation sequencing, will accelerate characterization and release of vaccines delivered by all platforms. Process analytical technologies for real‐time monitoring and optimization of process steps enable the implementation of quality‐by‐design principles and faster release of vaccine products. In the next decade, the field of vaccine discovery and development will continue to advance, bringing together new technologies, methods, and platforms to improve human health.
A clinical case concerning an extraordinary maxillary second molar having two separate palatal roots
Authors: Kottur Aishwarya A. , Mujeeb Abdul , Snigdha Niher Tabassum Siddiqua , Karobari Mohmed Isaqali 
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical MessageMain objective of root canal therapy is to locate all the canals, cleaning and shaping, and obturation to obtain fluid tight seal. Failure to locate all canals can lead to the failure of root canal therapy.AbstractVariation of pulp aperture, among teeth with multiple roots, constitutes recurring issue during diagnosing and completing efficient endodontic procedures. Understanding normal anatomy features and associated likely modifications is critical in the effective execution of the dental procedure, since the inability to effectively treat simply one canal may end up into endodontic unsuccessful therapy. The paper covers a procedure whereby the root pattern and canals of the maxillary second molar were modified employing an operative microscope and verified with cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT). Cone‐beam computed tomography revealed that the maxillary second molar containing two different palatal roots and canals and two distinct buccal roots and canals. This Research paper presents and investigates the morphological difference observed on the maxillary second molar in order to guarantee the effectiveness of root canal treatment examined utilizing imaging techniques like CBCT.
Ytterbium(II) Complex‐Catalyzed Selective Single and Double Hydrophosphination of 1,3‐Enynes
Authors: Jing Bing , Zhu Cheng , Song Haibin , Li Jianfeng , Cui Chunming 
Published: May 2024

Abstract1,3‐Enynes with conjugated alkene and alkyne moieties are attractive building blocks in synthetic chemistry. However, neither 4,1‐hydrophosphination nor dihydrophosphination of 1,3‐enynes has been reported. In this paper, the divalent ytterbium and calcium amide complexes supported by silaimine‐functionalized cyclopentadienyl ligands (C5Me4‐Si(L)=NR) were developed, which successfully catalyzed the efficient single and double hydrophosphination of 1,3‐enynes with diarylphosphines. The hydrophosphination reactions selectively produced homoallenyl phosphines and (E)‐propenylene diphosphines, respectively. This work demonstrated the potential of hemilabile silaimine‐Cp ligands in the supporting the efficient and selective rare‐ and alkaline‐earth catalysts.
Silver‐Catalyzed Carbofluorination of Olefins and α‐Fluoroolefins with Carbamoyl Radicals
Authors: Vincent Émilie , Brioche Julien 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe reactivity of carbamoyl radicals, generated in situ from sodium oxamate salts, has been investigated in the context of radical carbofluorination reactions of olefins and α‐fluoroolefins, respectively. Both transformations are catalyzed by silver salts and required the presence of potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) and SelectfluorTM as a radicophilic fluorine source. The reported methods provide a direct access to β‐fluoroamides and β,β‐difluoroamides.
Comprehensive mapping of histamine H1 receptor mRNA in the mouse brain
Authors: Futagawa Asako , Tsuneoka Yousuke , Lazarus Michael , Oishi Yo 
Published: May 2024

AbstractHistamine H1 receptor (H1R) in the central nervous system plays an important role in various functions, including learning and memory, aggression, feeding behaviors, and wakefulness, as evidenced by studies utilizing H1R knockout mice and pharmacological interventions. Although previous studies have reported the widespread distribution of H1R in the brains of rats, guinea pigs, monkeys, and humans, the detailed distribution in the mouse brain remains unclear. This study provides a comprehensive description of the distribution of H1R mRNA in the mouse brain using two recently developed techniques: RNAscope and in situ hybridization chain reaction, both of which offer enhanced sensitivity and resolution compared to traditional methodologies such as radioisotope labeling, which were used in previous studies. The H1R mRNA expression was observed throughout the entire brain, including key regions implicated in sleep–wake regulatory functions, such as the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and dorsal raphe. Additionally, strong H1R mRNA signals were identified in the paraventricular hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus, which may explain the potential mechanisms underlying histamine‐mediated feeding regulation. Notably, we identified strong H1R mRNA expression in previously unreported cerebral regions, such as the dorsal endopiriform nucleus, bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, and postsubiculum. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of the multifaceted roles of H1R in diverse brain functions.
Ion‐Specific Effects on Ion and Polyelectrolyte Solvation
Authors: Kastinen Tuuva , Batys Piotr , Tolmachev Dmitry , Laasonen Kari , Sammalkorpi Maria 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIon‐specific effects on aqueous solvation of monovalent counter ions, Na
, K
, Cl
, and Br
, and two model polyelectrolytes (PEs), poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA) were here studied with ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on the OPLS‐aa force‐field which is an empirical fixed point‐charge force‐field. Ion‐specific binding to the PE charge groups was also characterized. Both computational methods predict similar response for the solvation of the PEs but differ notably in description of ion solvation. Notably, AIMD captures the experimentally observed differences in Cl
and Br
anion solvation and binding with the PEs, while the classical MD simulations fail to differentiate the ion species response. Furthermore, the findings show that combining AIMD with the computationally less costly classical MD simulations allows benefiting from both the increased accuracy and statistics reach.
Sex and the Kidney Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters: Are Preclinical Drug Disposition Data Translatable to Humans?
Authors: Thakur Aarzoo , Yue Guihua , Ahire Deepak , Mettu Vijaya S. , Al Maghribi Abrar , Ford Kaitlyn , Peixoto Lucia , Leeder J. Steven , Prasad Bhagwat 
Published: May 2024

Cross‐species differences in drug transport and metabolism are linked to poor translation of preclinical pharmacokinetic and toxicology data to humans, often resulting in the failure of new chemical entities (NCEs) during clinical drug development. Specifically, inaccurate prediction of renal clearance and renal accumulation of NCEs due to differential abundance of enzymes and transporters in kidneys can lead to differences in pharmacokinetics and toxicity between experimental animals and humans. We carried out liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)‐based protein quantification of 78 membrane drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in the kidney membrane fractions of humans, rats, and mice for characterization of cross‐species and sex‐dependent differences. In general, majority of DMET proteins were higher in rodents than in humans. Significant cross‐species differences were observed in 30 out of 33 membrane DMET proteins quantified in all three species. Although no significant sex‐dependent differences were observed in humans, the abundance of 28 and 46 membrane proteins showed significant sex dependence in rats and mice, respectively. These cross‐species and sex‐dependent quantitative abundance data are valuable for gaining a mechanistic understanding of drug renal disposition and accumulation. Further, these data can also be integrated into systems pharmacology tools, such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, to enhance the interpretation of preclinical pharmacokinetic and toxicological data.
Does surface priming increase the bond strength of orthodontic brackets? An experimental study
Authors: Al Taweel Sara M. , Zinelis Spiros , Sofyan Arif , Al Jabbari Youssef S. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of metal primer II (MP II) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to teeth and bis‐acryl composite provisional material (Bis‐Acryl).Material and MethodsTwenty extracted human premolars specimens and 20 premolar shaped Bis‐Acryl specimens were obtained and randomly divided into two surface groups. The first group consisted of human premolars (T) bonded to brackets in the conventional way while in the second (T‐MP) MP II was applied on the bracket base before bonding. Similarly, one group of provisional material (PM) was prepared according to conventional treatment and another with the application of MP‐II metal bonder (PM‐MP). In all cases Ortho‐brackets (Victory Series, 3 M) were bonded employing Transbond XT resin cement. Then the brackets were debonded under shear and the results were statistically analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance and Holm Sidak at α = .05. The debonded surfaces of all specimens were examined by light microscopy and the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was recorded.ResultsThe SBS results exhibited significant differences er (p < .001). For both the T and TM the application of MP‐II increased the SBS compared to respective control groups (p < .001). The T‐C group was found inferior compared to PM‐C (p < .001) and the same is true for the comparison between T‐MP and PM‐MP (p < .001). ARI indexes demonstrated that the tooth groups were characterized by a predominantly adhesive failure at the resin‐dentin interface. In contrast, the control group for provisional crowns (PM‐C) showed a predominantly cohesive failure mode, which moved to predominantly adhesive after the application of MP II.ConclusionThe application of MP II enhances the SBS on both, human enamel and provisional crown materials.
Analysis and design of an efficient soft‐switching inverter with asymmetric auxiliary circuits
Authors: Wang Qiang , He Jianfeng , Wang Youzheng 
Published: May 2024

SummaryThe paper designs an efficient three‐phase soft‐switching inverter with asymmetric auxiliary circuits, which is beneficial for further miniaturization and efficiency optimization. Only two auxiliary switches, one resonant inductor, and three resonant capacitors make up simple asymmetric auxiliary circuits of each phase, contributing to the reduction of power loss and hardware cost. As soon as the simple auxiliary circuits get involved in the operation of the designed inverter, main switches can realize zero‐voltage switching within the entire load range. The reduction of power loss of auxiliary circuits and main switches is conducive to further efficiency optimization. The paper expounds every operating status during one switching period. The relevant experimental waveforms make known that switching devices can realize soft‐switching. The efficiency reaches 99% at rated operation status of the designed inverter, confirming that the designed inverter has superiority over comparison objects in the experiment with regard to the efficiency. Thus, the structural simplification of auxiliary circuits is an effective method for further miniaturization and efficiency optimization.
Enhanced voice over 5G transmission with unequal error protection and generative adversarial networks
Authors: Ragpot Prateema , Fowdur Tulsi Pawan , Soyjaudah Krishnaraj Madhavjee Sunjiv 
Published: May 2024

SummaryVoice services have progressed significantly since the launch of mobile phones and have evolved from analog technology to digital ones. Since the launch of 5G, voice over 5G (Vo5G) will slowly take over legacy mobile technologies to provide better voice services. Nevertheless, interruptions and noise will continue to affect speech communication over wireless networks, ensuing in a reduced Quality of Service (QoS). Three enhanced transmission schemes for Vo5G are proposed. The first proposal benefits from the difference in weight of the bits of internet Low Bitrate Code (iLBC) coded packets to offer them diverse degrees of protection i.e. Unequal Error Protection (UEP). UEP enhances the reception quality by allowing the more significant bits to be decoded with greater reliability during 5G transmission. The second and third schemes substitute the usual Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) constellation with a Statistical QAM (SQAM) one. The second scheme arranges the significant bits on the SQAM constellation and the remaining bits onto the conventional QAM arrangement. For the third scheme, all the bits are arranged on the SQAM constellation. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) were incorporated into the third scheme as the third scheme provided better gains over the first and second schemes. GAN was used to synthesize and enhance parts of the speech file that were lost during transmission over the 5G channel resulting in a gain in Segmented Signal to Noise Ratio (SSNR). The addition of GAN boosted the gain obtained by the third scheme by 1.45 dB with 16‐QAM at a code rate of 1/3.
Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of benign oncocytic lesions of the head and neck associated with false positive 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography scan
Authors: Hussain Mahreen , Ghani Hafiz , Ali Yasir , Clement Cecilia , Nawgiri Ranjana 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIntroduction18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has become the mainstay for staging and post‐therapy surveillance of cancer as malignant neoplasms generally demonstrate higher FDG uptake that benign entities. However, there are certain benign lesions, most notably oncocytic tumors, that can display very high uptake and fine needle aspiration (FNA) is usually done to confirm malignancy. Therefore, it is important to recognize that benign oncocytic lesions of the head and neck may also present as FDG‐avid lesions to avoid a diagnostic pitfall.MethodsElectronic search of institutional surgical and cytopathology archives was conducted to identify cases of benign oncocytic lesions involving the head and neck region diagnosed by FNA from January 2012 to April 2022. Chart review was used to assess whether lesions were initially discovered via PET scanning.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐five cases of oncocytic lesions were identified; 12 (9%) PET positive lesions were identified in the head and neck region from patients being evaluated for metastasis or for suspicion of malignancy. Cytopathology of all 12 cases demonstrated benign oncocytic lesions; eight (67%) of these cases were consistent with Warthin tumor, one (8.3%) was a benign oncocytic lesion, and one (8.3%) was consistent wit a parathyroid adenoma. Most (58%) of the PET‐positive lesions were in parotid region, two from thyroid gland (17%), one from submandibular gland (8%), one from paratracheal area (8%). The PET scan SUVs ranged from 3.3 to 19.5 g mL−1.ConclusionsOncocytic lesions including Warthin tumors can result in false‐positive FDG uptake on PET scans. Clinicians and cytopathologists should be aware of PET‐positive benign oncocytic head and neck lesions.
Radiomics analysis for prediction and classification of submucosal tumors based on gastrointestinal endoscopic ultrasonography
Authors: Zhou Hui , Wei Guoliang , Wu Junke 
Published: May 2024

AbstractObjectivesTo identify and classify submucosal tumors by building and validating a radiomics model with gastrointestinal endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) images.MethodsA total of 144 patients diagnosed with submucosal tumors through gastrointestinal EUS were collected between January 2019 and October 2020. There are 1952 radiomic features extracted from each patient's EUS images. The statistical test and the customized least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression were used for feature selection. Subsequently, an extremely randomized trees algorithm was utilized to construct a robust radiomics classification model specifically tailored for gastrointestinal EUS images. The performance of the model was measured by evaluating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsThe radiomics model comprised 30 selected features that showed good discrimination performance in the validation cohorts. During validation, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated as 0.9203 and the mean value after 10‐fold cross‐validation was 0.9260, indicating excellent stability and calibration. These results confirm the clinical utility of the model.ConclusionsUtilizing the dataset provided curated from gastrointestinal EUS examinations at our collaborating hospital, we have developed a well‐performing radiomics model. It can be used for personalized and non‐invasive prediction of the type of submucosal tumors, providing physicians with aid for early treatment and management of tumor progression.
Ecological and anthropogenic drivers of waterfowl productivity are synchronous across species, space, and time
Authors: Weegman Mitch D. , Devries James H. , Clark Robert G. , Howerter David W. , Gibson Daniel , Donnelly J. Patrick , Arnold Todd W. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractKnowledge of interspecific and spatiotemporal variation in demography–environment relationships is key for understanding the population dynamics of sympatric species and developing multispecies conservation strategies. We used hierarchical random‐effects models to examine interspecific and spatial variation in annual productivity in six migratory ducks (i.e., American wigeon [Mareca americana], blue‐winged teal [Spatula discors], gadwall [Mareca strepera], green‐winged teal [Anas crecca], mallard [Anas platyrhynchos] and northern pintail [Anas acuta]) across six distinct ecostrata in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. We tested whether breeding habitat conditions (seasonal pond counts, agricultural intensification, and grassland acreage) or cross‐seasonal effects (indexed by flooded rice acreage in primary wintering areas) better explained variation in the proportion of juveniles captured during late summer banding. The proportion of juveniles (i.e., productivity) was highly variable within species and ecostrata throughout 1961–2019 and generally declined through time in blue‐winged teal, gadwall, mallard, pintail, and wigeon, but there was no support for a trend in green‐winged teal. Productivity in Canadian ecostrata declined with increasing agricultural intensification and increased with increasing pond counts. We also found a strong cross‐seasonal effect, whereby more flooded rice hectares during winter resulted in higher subsequent productivity. Our results suggest highly consistent environmental and anthropogenic effects on waterfowl productivity across species and space. Our study advances our understanding of current year and cross‐seasonal effects on duck productivity across a suite of species and at finer spatial scales, which could help managers better target working‐lands conservation programs on both breeding and wintering areas. We encourage other researchers to evaluate environmental drivers of population dynamics among species in a single modeling framework for a deeper understanding of whether conservation plans should be generalized or customized given limited financial resources.
Historical baleen plates indicate that once abundant Antarctic blue and fin whales demonstrated distinct migratory and foraging strategies
Authors: Smith Malia E. K. , Ososky John J. , Hunt Kathleen E. , Cioffi William R. , Read Andy J. , Friedlaender Ari S. , McCarthy Matt , Fleming Alyson H. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSouthern hemisphere blue (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia) and fin (Balaenoptera physalus) whales are the largest predators in the Southern Ocean, with similarities in morphology and distribution. Yet, understanding of their life history and foraging is limited due to current low abundances and limited ecological data. To address these gaps, historic Antarctic blue (n = 5) and fin (n = 5) whale baleen plates, collected in 1947–1948 and recently rediscovered in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, were analyzed for bulk (δ13C and δ15N) stable isotopes. Regular oscillations in isotopic ratios, interpreted as annual cycles, revealed that baleen plates contain approximately 6 years (14.35 ± 1.20 cm year−1) of life history data in blue whales and 4 years (16.52 ± 1.86 cm year−1) in fin whales. Isotopic results suggest that: (1) while in the Southern Ocean, blue and fin whales likely fed at the same trophic level but demonstrated niche differentiation; (2) fin whales appear to have had more regular annual migrations; and (3) fin whales may have migrated to ecologically distinct sub‐Antarctic waters annually while some blue whales may have resided year‐round in the Southern Ocean. These results reveal differences in ecological niche and life history strategies between Antarctic blue and fin whales during a time period when their populations were more abundant than today, and before major human‐driven climatic changes occurred in the Southern Ocean.