bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective targeting of green fluorescent nanodiamond conjugates to mitochondria in HeLa cells
Authors: Mkandawire Msaukiranji , Pohl Andrea , Gubarevich Tatiana , Lapina Victoria , Appelhans Dietmar , Rödel Gerhard , Pompe Wolfgang , Schreiber Jürgen , Opitz Jörg 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFluorescent cellular biomarkers play a prominent role in biosciences. Most of the available biomarkers have some drawbacks due to either physical and optical or cytotoxic properties. In view of this, we investigated the potential of green fluorescent nanodiamonds as biomarkers in living cells. Nanodiamonds were functionalized by attaching antibodies that target intracellular structures such as actin filaments and mitochondria. Then, the nanodiamond conjugates were transfected into HeLa cells. Transfections were mediated by 4th‐generation dendrimers, cationic liposomes and protamine sulfate. Using fluorescence microscopy, we confirmed successful transfections of the nanodiamonds into HeLa cells. Nanodiamond fluorescence could be easily differentiated from cellular autofluorescence. Furthermore, nanodiamonds could be targeted selectively to intracellular structures. Therefore, nanodiamonds are a promising tool for intracellular assays. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Task‐specific training: evidence for and translation to clinical practice
Authors: Hubbard Isobel J. , Parsons Mark W. , Neilson Cheryl , Carey Leeanne M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThere is mounting evidence of the value of task‐specific training as a neuromotor intervention in neurological rehabilitation. The evidence is founded in the psychology of motor skill learning and in the neuroscience of experience‐dependent and learning‐dependent neural plastic changes in the brain in animals and humans. Further, there is growing empirical evidence for the effectiveness of task‐specific training in rehabilitation and for neural plastic changes following task‐oriented training. In this paper, we position the evidence for task‐specific training in the context of rehabilitation; review its relevance for occupation‐based neurological rehabilitation, particularly in relation to upper limb function and everyday activities; and recommend evidence‐driven strategies for its application. We recommend that task‐specific training be routinely applied by occupational therapists as a component of their neuromotor interventions, particularly in management related to post‐stroke upper limb recovery. Specifically, we propose five implementation strategies based on review of the evidence. These are: task‐specific training should be relevant to the patient/client and to the context; be randomly assigned; be repetitive and involve massed practice; aim towards reconstruction of the whole task; and be reinforced with positive and timely feedback. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distress in women with gynecologic cancer
Authors: Johnson Rhonda L. , Gold Michael A. , Wyche Karen F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjective: The NCCN Distress Thermometer (DT) was administered to 143 women undergoing chemotherapy for gynecologic cancer over a two‐year period. This report describes the frequency and character of psychological distress in this population and examines the effect of disease, treatment, and demographic variables on levels of distress.Method: The DT is a self‐administered scale for patients to rate their level of distress from 0 to 10, where 0 represents no distress and 10 represents extreme distress. Further, patients are asked to choose from among 34 items that constitute sources of distress within the last week. All women who were undergoing their first chemotherapy treatment at the outpatient clinic at the University of Oklahoma Cancer Institute for either primary disease or recurrent disease were asked by the clinical nurses to complete the assessment prior to that first infusion.Results: Over half (57%) of women reported a score of 4 or greater on the DT and were then assessed by the oncology psychologist. Women who were younger than age 60 and single were more likely to be distressed. There were no associations between the type of cancer, stage of cancer, or insurance status.Conclusions: A significant percentage (57%) of these women experienced distress at levels that indicate further evaluation is indicated. This study suggests that early screening and evaluation are essential in this group of cancer patients.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family Responsibility and State Responsibility in Britain Before the Welfare State
Authors: Crowther M. A. 
Published: June 2009

In his autobiography, Joseph Arch recalled a trial which had taken place in Bedford in 1875, and which had caused much local dissatisfaction:Samuel Dawson, a farm labourer aged fifty-seven, whose wages averaged twelve shillings a week, was sent to Bedford gaol for two months with hard labour…because he could not pay one shilling a week towards the maintenance of his parents… It was a cruel business and it touched scores and scores of labourers on the raw^-fof'this question of maintaining parents was a burning one.
II. The Cardinal of Lorraine and the Colloquy of Poissy
Authors: Nugent Donald G. 
Published: June 2009

In a whimsical scene of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, the pope and the Cardinal of Lorraine enter the banquet hall only to have an invisible Faustus snatch away their dinners and, in a truly spectacular exit, scatter the banquet hall with fireworks.1 The Cardinal of Lorraine has been surrounded by fireworks for four hundred years. This is an effort to give him some peace at last.The concern here is a symposium of quite another sort, the Colloquy of Poissy. Poissy, the last great Colloquy of the Reformation, was an attempt at religious reconciliation of Calvinist and Catholic within the framework of the Gallican Church.
‘A Ship with Two Rudders’: ‘Righetto Marrano’ and the Inquisition in Venice
Authors: Pullan Brian 
Published: June 2009

In Venice on 5 October 1570:A man of ordinary height, dressed in the foreign style, with a curved black beard, was escorted into the Holy Office and asked his age.He answered, ‘Some forty years’.He was asked his name, his surname, his father, his status, his country and his employment.He answered, ‘My name is Abraham, called Righetto, my father's Num Rig (a Spaniard of Portugal), my occupation is that of an exchange-broker; I am no Christian but a Jew; and I have been detained in the prisons of the Most Excellent Council of Ten’.He was asked, ‘For what reason have their Most Excellent Lordships sent you to this Holy Office?’He answered, ‘I know not, and cannot imagine, for I have never heard of Jews entering this Office’.He was asked, ‘Do you know what Office it is?’ He answered, ‘This moment I was told it was the Office of the Holy Inquisition’.He was asked, ‘In the last ten years, where have you lived?’He answered, ‘Lately I have been in Spain, and was there three years from leaving this place, and I journeyed, too, to France; and seven months have passed since my return to Venice’.
John Reeves's prosecution for a seditious libel, 1795–6: a study in political cynicism
Authors: Beedell A. V. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTConsidered by many of his contemporaries in 1792–3 as the saviour of the British state, at his subsequent trial in 1796, Reeves was charged by the house of commons with seditious libel. The case offers an opportunity to scrutinize the current revisionist position which claims that loyalist values and ideologies, such as those promulgated by Reeves and his Association, were widely accepted and functioned as a natural bulwark against revolutionary principles and the destabilizing of the British state. But the publication of Reeves's ultra-tory tractThoughts on the English governmentin 1795 not only provided the Foxite minority with a focus for its parliamentary attack on the 1795 Treason and Sedition bills, but, because of the overwhelming condemnation of the tract, forced Pitt publicly to repudiate Reeves and the entire ultra-tory position. Indeed, it is argued here that Reeves's church and king loyalist crusade of 1792–3 had been tolerated by Pitt's ministry merely as a convenient means of political intimidation and found little resonance in the political culture of the house of commons.
Trotsky andBor'ba
Authors: Thatcher Ian D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTLeon Trotsky's contributions to the journalBor'ba,published in St Petersburg between February and July 1914, have been overlooked in scholarly accounts of his biography. This paper has two aims. First, to provide an exposition of Trotsky's contributions to this journal; and, second, to explain why they have been forgotten. Three explanations are offered. First, Trotsky biographers look to Deutscher's trilogy for the main events in Trotsky's life, and he does not mentionBor'ba.Second, Trotsky himself did not refer to his work for the journal in his autobiographyMy Life.Finally, Stalin did not use Lenin's critique of Trotsky's participation inBor'baas further ammunition against Trotsky in the power struggle after Lenin's death.
Joseph II's Reshaping of the Austrian Church
Authors: Dickson P. G. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe article draws on recently discovered manuscript sources to re-examine Joseph II's structural changes to the Catholic and Uniat church in the Austrian central lands between 1781 and 1790. In contrast to the extensive literature dealing with state policy towards church authority, or Josephinism, these changes have traditionally been the subject of guesswork and misstatement. Joseph has been credited with nationalizing the church, ruthlessly cutting down its monastic numbers, placing the secular clergy on fixed stipends, and financing a wholesale increase in bishoprics, parishes and secular clergy by extensive sales of monastic lands. The article presents new figures for clerical numbers and income before and after Joseph's reforms, and argues that while the latter were radical (though not always consistent) in intention, they were much less so in execution, partly because the church's resources, exposed by the emperor's massive investigation, proved less extensive than he had expected.
The politics of London air John Evelyn's Fumifugium and the Restoration
Authors: Jenner Mark 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTHistorians have commonly described John Evelyn's pamphlet about London smoke pollution, Fumifugium, as a precocious example of environmental concern. This paper argues that such an interpretation is too simple. Evelyn's proposals are shown to be closely related to political allegory and the panegyrics written to welcome the newly restored Charles II. However, the paper also shows that Fumifugium was not simply a literary conceit; rather it exemplified the mid-seventeenth-century Ėnglish interest in the properties of air that is visible in both the Hartlib circle and the early Royal Society.
Law and order in Habsburg Venetia 1814–1835
Authors: Laven David 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMuch recent historiography has adopted a revisionist approach to Habsburg policy in restoration Italy, jettisoning the ‘black legend’ which long surrounded Austrian rule of Lombardy-Venetia. Nevertheless the Habsburg police still tend to be portrayed as essentially repressive, constantly preoccupied with the threat of revolution. This case study of the police in the Venetian provinces during the reign of Francis I challenges such a view. It looks first at the problem of establishing forces of law and order in the aftermath of Napoleonic rule, demonstrating how under-funding conservatism and a desire for uniformity with the rest of the empire meant that the Venetian constabulary was often ill-suitedfor the prevention of crime. Then follows an examination of the part played by the police in the administrative machine. This emphasises a number of roles performed by higher-ranking police officials and the secret police, and suggests their major concerns were not merely with the threat of revolution, but with gathering information essential for efficient government, and with maintaining a watchful eye over other branches of the bureaucracy. These in turn contributed considerably to the efficiency of Habsburg rule and the remarkable political passivity of the Venetian provinces in this era.
Popular culture and public debate: London 1780
Authors: Andrew Donna T. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper examines an important and rather neglected forum for popular discussion – the debating society – in London in 1780. This was the first full year that debating societies left their semi-private, club-like sites and took to new rooms, all across the metropolitan area. These new venues were large (seating between 400 and 1200) commercial settings, where men and women could come to speak and to listen, to enjoy an evening of rational entertainment at a small price. Using the many daily London newspapers as its main source, this essay examines the audiences present at these debates, the types of questions asked and the nature of the responses, when known, and surveys the wide range of reactions to such activity. Finally, it suggests some explanations for and evaluations of the growth and decline of this important cultural form.
Research, rumour and propaganda: Anne Boleyn in Foxe's ‘Book of Martyrs’
Authors: Freeman Thomas S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTRecent scholarship has questioned the accuracy of John Foxe's depiction of Anne Boleyn as an evangelical and a patron of reformers. It has even been suggested that Foxe exaggerated or invented the material he presented on the evangelical zeal of Henry VIII's second queen. A thorough examination of Foxe's sources, however, reveals that he based his account of Anne on material ultimately derived from those who knew her or had benefited from her support. It can also be demonstrated that much of Foxe's account of Anne is confirmed by independent sources. Finally, careful comparison of the material on Anne in the different editions of Foxe's work printed during his lifetime, and analysis of their variations, indicates when Foxe acquired his information about Anne. This, in turn, reveals a great deal about the circumstances in which Foxe composed his account and the specific political and polemical purposes which influenced it. Foxe's account of Anne was one-sided and biased but the information he presented on her was, as far as it went, accurate and it should not be discounted in any scholarly assessment of Henry's queen.
Treason's Reward: the punishment of conspirators in the Bye plot of 1603
Authors: Nicholls Mark 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe so-called Bye plot of 1603 is one of the best documented in that procession of treasons which confronted late-Elizabethan and early-Jacobean governments. For more than a century, it has also been almost entirely neglected by historians. Through an examination of the cases made against seven suspects – William Clark, George Brooke, Sir Griffin Markham, Anthony Copley, Bartholomew Brookesby, Sir Edward Parham, and John Scudamore – the methods by which the state acquired and deployed evidence in advancing the prosecution are here detailed and analysed. Comparison of each man's fate also reveals how, although the crime of high treason carried but one penalty, the punishments handed down, ranging as they did from execution to discharge before trial, reflected both the prisoners' own conduct and the current political imperatives in a year of dynastic change.
21. The Influence of the Stage of Lactation on the Natural Acidity of Milk
Authors: Houston J. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryWeekly tests of the acidity of the evening milk of each cow in the herd of the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland, Hillsborough, Co. Down, were made over a period of almost two years. A graph showing the influence of the stage of lactation on the acidity of the milk is given.
79. Studies in Cheddar Cheese. II. The Effect of Controlled Oxidation-reduction Potential on Ripening. III. The Rôle of Rennin, Pepsin and Lactobacilli
Authors: Davies W. L. , Davis J. G. , Dearden D. V. , Mattick A. T. R. 
Published: June 2009

II. When added as an oxidant to cheese, copper, to the extent of 36 p.p.m., produced an abnormal flavour and markedly inhibited the ripening process. The remaining oxidants (KNO3, KCIO3 and KCIO4) held the cheese at a higher potential and decreased the amount of proteolysis, especially after five months.Potassium cyanide had no effect on the proteolysis or the oxidation-reduction potential.It is concluded, therefore, that normally the flora of cheese holds the oxidation-reduction potential at such a point that proteolysis is diminished if the potential is raised to the oxidative side.III. Variations in the amounts of pepsin and rennin appeared to have little effect on flavour, texture, body or ripening. There was apparently no correlation between clotting time and extent of proteolysis. The addition of lactobacilli with the starter appeared to accelerate the protein degradation in the early stages of ripening.
105. The Phosphatase Test for Pasteurised Milk
Authors: Kay H. D. , Graham W. R. 
Published: June 2009

Details are given of two simple tests for efficiency of pasteurisation. The first, test A, may be carried out completely within half an hour, and will detect any gross errors of pasteurisation technique. The second, test B, is more searching, and will reveal minor errors of technique as follows:(a) 1½° F. below the minimum temperature for pasteurisation, or (b) heating (at 145° F.) for 20 instead of 30 min., or (c) admixture of 0·25 per cent, of raw milk with properly pasteurised milk. Taken together, the two tests form an efficient method for the laboratory diagnosis of faulty pasteurisation.
106. The Role of Rennet in the Ripening of Cheddar Cheese
Authors: Sherwood I. R. 
Published: June 2009

Attempts were made to eliminate the bacterial factor in Cheddar cheeseripening, through the agency of chloroform, and an assessment of the role of rennet was thus rendered possible.After investigating the effect of chloroform and toluene upon the proteolytic action of rennet and trypsin in milk, the results obtained were applied in studies upon the ripening of cheese in the presence of chloroform. Cheese of normal manufacture was chloroformed at the salting stage or one week or more after manufacture (when the curd had lost its rubbery nature and the germicide was more easily incorporated). Owing to the weakened activity of enzymes in the presence of germicides, it was necessary to employ larger proportions than usual of rennet, measured additions generally being made at the time when the chloroform was added. Under these conditions the general course of protein degradation, as measured by determinations of soluble nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen, was found to be identical with that occurring in normal control cheeses. Strong evidence was thus afforded that rennet is the only important agent attacking cheese protein during the ripening process.In the partition between the non-protein constituents of the normal and chloroformed cheeses, respectively, there were observed definite differences which tended to remain constant over the greater part of the ripening period. The relatively higher proportion of subpeptone nitrogen in the normal cheese was shown to be due, at least in some measure, to bacterial action.Cheese ripened in the presence of chloroform developed no volatile acid, and no cheese flavour could be detected.
108. Studies on the Chemistry of Cheddar Cheese Making. II. The Buffer Capacity of Wheys
Authors: Dolby R. M. , McDowall F. H. 
Published: June 2009

1. The buffer values of wheys obtained at various stages of the cheesemaking process have been determined over the pH range 3·5—7·5.2. The buffering between pH 3 and 5 is shown to be chiefly due to lactate, while that at higher PH values is chiefly due to calcium phosphate.3. The results of the buffer determinations are shown to be in accord with the analyses of the mineral constituents of wheys reported in the first paper of this series (1).
147. The soluble protein fraction of milk
Authors: Rowland Samuel J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The literature on the soluble protein fraction of milk has been reviewed to show the difficulties that are encountered in attempting to decide whether the fraction consists, as is usually supposed, of lactalbumin and lactoglobulin only, or whether it consists partly of secondary proteins of a proteose-peptone nature.2. It has been shown that on boiling the casein-free filtrate of milk, maximum coagulation of albumin and globulin occurs at a pH. of 4–75–4–80. At this pS. prolonged boiling does not cause hydrolysis, and the amount of albumin and globulin N coagulated represents about 70 per cent of the total soluble protein N of milk.3.By precipitation of the casein-free nitrate of milk with various con- centrations of trichloracetic acid, a partition of the soluble proteins has been effected which strongly suggests the presence of proteose-peptone substances to an extent in agreement with the results of heat coagulation.4. The maximum amount of albumin and globulin rendered coagulable by heating milk itself has been determined by precipitating denatured albumin and globulin along with casein at pH. 4–7. This maximum represented an average of 76 per cent of the total soluble protein N in a series of normal milk samples, and reasons have been given for considering this maximum as the total of true albumin and globulin present.5. The conclusion has been reached that the soluble protein fraction of normal fresh milk is composed of approximately 76 per cent albumin and globulin, and 24 per cent proteose-peptone substances.
175. The precipitation of the proteins in milk. I. Casein. II. Total proteins. III. Globulin. IV. Albumin and Proteose-peptone
Authors: Rowland Samuel J. 
Published: June 2009

Improved methods have been evolved for the separation of the total protein, casein, albumin, globulin, and proteose-peptone substances of milk.I. The use of acetic acid-sodium acetate solutions for the precipitation of casein is elucidated, and it is shown that the maximum precipitation of casein is rapidly effected from milk samples of varying casein content by the addition to 10 ml. of milk of about 80 ml. of water at 40° C. and 1·0 ml. of 10% acetic acid solution, followed, after 10 min., by 1·0 ml. ofNsodium acetate solution.This maximum precipitation was found to be 1·0–1·4% greater than by Moir's method, and 2·4–3·8% greater than by the method of the Association of Oflicial Agricultural Chemists.A procedure is suggested for the determination of casein which avoids the tedious transfer and washing of the precipitate, and gives enhanced ease, accuracy and speed of working.II. The advantages of trichloroacetic acid for the precipitation of proteins in determinations of the total protein and the non-protein nitrogenous substances of milk are discussed.The trichloroacetic acid methods at present in use are shown not to give complete precipitation, and for this a rapid method employing, at room temperature, a final concentration of 12% acid in the milk-acid mixture is recommended.III. An accurate method for the precipitation of globulin uncontaminated with either albumin or casein is described.IV. Methods are given for the precipitation and separation of the albumin and proteose-peptone substances.