bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protocol for a randomised controlled trial to improve cognitive functioning in older adults: the Iowa Healthy and Active Minds Study
Authors: Wolinsky Fredric D , Vander Weg Mark W , Howren M Bryant , Jones Michael P , Martin Rene , Luger Tana M , Duff Kevin , Goerdt Christopher , Wolfe Steven , Dotson Megan M 
Published: September 2011

ObjectivesGradual age-related cognitive deteriorations are common and are hypothesised to be partially attributable to declines in information-processing speed. The Iowa Healthy and Active Minds Study will evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of a computerised visual processing speed training programme (Road Tour, Posit Science Corporation, San Francisco, California).Methods and analysisUsing a 3:3:4:4 ratio within two age strata (50–64 vs ≥65 years old), 681 men and women attending family care clinics were randomised to four treatment groups: 10 h of on-siteRoad Tourtraining, 10 h of on-siteRoad Tourtraining with 4 h of booster training at 11 months postrandomisation, 10 h of on-site attention control using computerised crossword puzzles (Boatload of Crosswords, Boatload Puzzles, LLC, Yorktown Heights, New York) and 10 h of at-homeRoad Tourtraining using the participant's personal computer. The primary outcome, visual processing speed, was assessed at randomisation and post-training (6–8 weeks postrandomisation), and is being reassessed at 1-year postrandomisation using the Useful Field of View test. Five secondary outcomes (Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Trail Making Tests A and B, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Digit Vigilance Test, and the Stroop Colour and Word Test) were assessed at randomisation and will be reassessed at 1-year postrandomisation. Seven hypotheses will be tested using intent-to-treat analyses involving multiple linear, logistic, Poisson and negative binomial regression.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was provided by the University of Iowa Institutional Review Board (IRB-03 protocol 200908789). All participants completed signed informed consent prior to enrolment.Road Touris commercially available from Posit Science Corporation, which provided it to Iowa Healthy and Active Minds Study at no cost. All participants will receive a free copy ofRoad Tourfor unlimited perpetual use at study completion.Clinical Trial Registration NumberNCT01165463.
Is medical students' moral orientation changeable after preclinical medical education?
Authors: Lin Chaou-Shune , Tsou Kuo-Inn , Cho Shu-Ling , Hsieh Ming-Shium , Wu Hsi-Chin , Lin Chyi-Her 
Published: September 2011

PurposeMoral orientation can affect ethical decision-making. Very few studies have focused on whether medical education can change the moral orientation of the students. The purpose of the present study was to document the types of moral orientation exhibited by medical students, and to study if their moral orientation was changed after preclinical education.MethodsFrom 2007 to 2009, the Mojac scale was used to measure the moral orientation of Taiwan medical students. The students included 271 first-year and 109 third-year students. They were rated as a communitarian, dual, or libertarian group and followed for 2 years to monitor the changes in their Mojac scores.ResultsIn both first and third-year students, the dual group after 2 years of preclinical medical education did not show any significant change. In the libertarian group, first and third-year students showed a statistically significant increase from a score of 99.4 and 101.3 to 103.0 and 105.7, respectively. In the communitarian group, first and third-year students showed a significant decline from 122.8 and 126.1 to 116.0 and 121.5, respectively.ConclusionDuring the preclinical medical education years, students with communitarian orientation and libertarian orientation had changed in their moral orientation to become closer to dual orientation. These findings provide valuable hints to medical educators regarding bioethics education and the selection criteria of medical students for admission.
Edinburgh 1910-2010: A Retrospective Assessment
Authors: Morris Jeremy 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe centenary of the World Missionary Conference held at Edinburgh in 1910 has recently been celebrated. The Conference has been hailed as a decisive point in the rise of the modern ecumenical movement and in the history of mission. But there is a need for objective analysis of what the Conference achieved. This article examines the legacy of Edinburgh 1910 through the themes of unity and mission, exploring subsequent changes in attitudes and concerns in the four areas of secularization, empire, nationalism and gender. It suggests that the real achievements of the Conference have been obscured by the mythology that has grown up around it, and that a proper reception of the Conference requires much closer attention to the conditions that produced it than has conventionally been undertaken.
New Methods Enhance the Processing of Permanent Gauge Data
Authors: Houzé Olivier , Allain Olivier , Josso Bruno 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Permanent Downhole Gauges (PDG) are used increasingly in ‘intelligent fields’ to provide valuable information at different time scales. Specific processing of the massive amount of data produced by PDG is required to automatically (1) reduce the volume of data without losing valuable information, (2) remove outliers and (3) identify build-ups and re-allocate production. In the late 1990's, publications tried to address all these points using a first generation of wavelet based filters.
Items (1) and (2) were successfully addressed but required prior data interpolation. Wavelets generally failed on item (3). In this paper we present the use of a new generation of wavelets, allowing a more accurate processing of items (1) and (2) without any prior interpolation. This paper also presents a new method using tangents crossing, which successfully replaces the failing wavelets for item (3).
Production Allocation in Multi-Layers Gas Producing Wells Using Temperature Measurements By Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Reda Rabie , Ahmed Salah El-Din , Ahmed Daoud , Ahmed Ali , Ahmed Nabet 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
We present a methodology of allocating gas rate and associated water to each individual layer using temperature measurements and total surface production of gas and water. This paper consists of two parts. In part one; we propose an analytical forward model for wellbore temperature response under two-phase production in a multilayer geometry, using a nodal representation of the well. This model accounts for the formation geothermal gradient, steady-state gas-water flow in the wellbore, friction loss and Joule-Thomson effect in the wellbore, contrast in the thermal and physical properties of gas and water, wellbore heat losses due to unsteady heat conduction in the earth, and the mixing of the fluid streams of contrasting temperature. The second part shows the solution technique used to allocate the gas and water rate for each layer using the genetic algorithm and the constructed software by knowing the temperature measurements inside the wellbore and by using the previously derived forward model for temperature response along with commercial software packages used to estimate the pressure loss required by the temperature forward model.
Two synthetic cases are used to test the validity of the new developed forward model; the first one is account for a well that produces from a single layer, while the second one produces from multilayer well in which the temperature in the wellbore and production rate is known. The developed model is applied to calculate the temperature profile inside the wellbore. The calculated profile is compared with the actual profile. The results showed that the new developed model is valid and reliable.
The practical implementation of the new developed production allocation model is examined on data from two actual gas wells with temperature measurements taken from Production logging tools recorded in these wells. The results showed that the model succeeded to accurately allocate the flow rate of gas and water phase for the multilayer producing wells based only on the temperature measurements inside the well bore and the total surface rates.
Identifying Reservoir Heterogeneity of the Ratawi Limestone in Umm Gudair Field, Kuwait; Utilizing Seismic Attributes and Post Stack Inversion: A Case Study
Authors: Dutta Pradyumna , Haifa Al-Muraikhi 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The Umm Gudair field is located in West Kuwait. Oil was discovered in the Lower Cretaceous Minagish Oolite in 1962 and around 180 wells have been drilled on the structure. The field has been geographically divided into three smaller sectors; East Umm Gudair (EUG), West Umm Gudair (WUG) and South Umm Gudair (SUG). It essentially consisits of two anticlines, EUG/SUG and WUG connected by a saddle; into a single accumulation. Overlying the Minagish Oolite is the Ratawi limestone reservoir of around 300 feet, and is composed of mudstone/wackstone rock, representing middle to inner ramp depositional setting. The reservoir is broadly defined by three units; Lower, Middle and Upper units. The Lower and Upper units are non-reservoir, while the Middle unit of an average thickness of around 50 feet, has moderate to high porosity, is hydrocarbon bearing and developed in EUG. Six wells have been tested till date, with relatively low productivity and rapid decline of pressure, suggesting that the unit is heterogeneous.
Based on the recently acquired seismic data, an integrated study was conducted, encompassing geological, geophysical and petrophysical data to understand the reservoir complexity. Seismic attributes along with deterministic inversion techniques, utilizing the relationship of acoustic impedance and porosity have been employed to identify areas of good porosity development. The multidisplinary work has provided an understanding of the reservoir heterogeneity and is expected to be used in future development of this reservoir.
Adopting Simple & Advanced Genetic Algorithms as Optimization Tools for Increasing Oil Recovery & NPV in an Iraq Oil Field
Authors: Al-Mudhafer Wathiq J. , Shahed Maytham A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A Multidisciplinary study for increasing oil recovery has been made in the present paper. This work has been adopted in the Upper Sandstone member/Zubair formation in South Rumaila Oil Field. The work was achieved by using optimization techniques for determining the optimal future reservoir performance regarding to infill drilling. Two different methods of Genetic Algorithm used to optimize the number and locations of infill wells. The first method is simple adaptive genetic algorithm and the second one is the breeder adaptive. The main parameters depended in this study is the cumulative oil production obtained from the output of reservoir simulation software. These two methods of GA depend on using the objective function of Net Present Value (NPV) as economic analysis. The optimal number of infill wells is three wells that have maximum cumulative oil production and maximum value of NPV. The same results from two GA methods have been obtained. The locations of these optimal infill wells located in the crest of the oil field.
Modeling Naturally Fractured Tight Carbonate Reservoirs – A Case Study
Authors: Chakraborty Subrata , Narahari Srinivasa Rao , Al-Ajmi Neama Hussain , Al-Ashwak Samar , Kidambi Vijaya Kumar , Pattnaik Chinmaya , Stelzer Hermann 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) is engaged in an early phase of development of a giant, tight, fractured carbonate play within the State of Kuwait, spread over a large area covering six fields. The producing reservoirs belong to the geological Formations of Toarcian to Tithonian age. Some reservoirs are characterized by very low porosity and permeability and productivity of these reservoirs is driven by the natural fracture system. This paper described the approach followed in developing a 3D fracture model for these reservoirs.
Carefully planned data acquisition resulted in a rich suite of dataset consisting of image logs, conventional cores covering the target pay zones in a number of wells. Analysis of these data gave a clear understanding about fracture orientation, density, aperture, and other fracture parameters. Special 3D seismic processing was carried out to derive a volume curvature attribute, which was able to detect and identify the fracture corridors away from the wells. Structural geological analysis resulted in an understanding of the tectonic history of the area, which helped in genetically relating the identified fracture orientations with the structural evolution. A discrete fracture network was developed for these reservoirs combining the well and seismic attribute data. Parameters like aspect ratio, orientation and aperture of fractures was assigned to different fracture sets based on this analysis. The apertures were corrected for the present day stress effect based on the borehole breakout data. This fracture model was upscaled into the 3D geological model to get the fracture porosity and the permeability tensors. The fracture model was validated by history matching pressure build up and production data and was used for dynamic flow simulation studies for the field development planning.
An Easy-to-Use Matlab-based Computer Program for Prediction of n-Alkanes Surface Tension
Authors: Bahadori Alireza , Vuthaluru Hari , Bahadori Meysam 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
One of the most striking demonstrations of intermolecular forces is the tension at the surface of liquid n-alkanes. The prediction of surface tension is important in the design of distillation towers, extraction units and tower internals such as bubble caps and trays, since it has a considerable influence on the transfer of mass and energy across interfaces. Surface tension data are needed wherever foaming emulsification, droplet formation or wetting are involved. They are also required in a number of equations for two-phase flow calculations and for determining the flow regime. Petroleum engineers are especially interested in the surface tension in the extraction of crude oil to add surfactants to modify the interfacial properties between crude oil and the geological reservoir to improve production and increase oil yields. In this work, a simple computer program using Arrhenius-type asymptotic exponential function, Vandermoned matrix and Matlab technical computing language, is developed for the estimation of surface tension of paraffin hydrocarbons as a function of molecular weight and temperature. The surface tension is calculated for temperatures in the range of 250 to 440 K and paraffin hydrocarbons molecular weights between 30 and 250. The proposed numerical technique is superior owing to its accuracy and clear numerical background, wherein the relevant coefficients can be retuned quickly if more data become available in the future. Estimations are found to be in excellent agreement with the reliable data in the literature with average absolute deviation being less than 2%.
The Modification of the Dykstra-Parsons Method for Inclined Stratified Reservoirs
Authors: El-Khatib Noaman A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The Dykstra-Parsons method is used to predict the performance of waterflooding in non-communicating stratified reservoirs. Much interest was shown lately for the application of the method for chemical flooding and in particular for the case of polymer injection used for mobility control. The original method however assumes the layers to be horizontal. Most oil reservoirs exhibit a dip angle with the water being injected in the up dip direction. It is there for important to account for the effect of the inclination on the performance.
A modification of the Dykstra-Parsons equations is obtained to account for reservoir inclination. The developed model includes a dimensionless gravity number that accounts for the effect of the dip angle and density difference between the displacing and displaced fluids. The derived equation that governs the relative locations of the displacement fronts in different layers is non linear and include a logarithmic term. Iterative numerical solution is used to obtain the location of the front in the different layers at the time of water breakthrough in successive layers. This solution is used to obtain values for the fractional oil recovery, the water cut, the dimensionless time and the injectivity ratio.
Solutions for stratified systems with log normal permeability distribution were obtained and compared with the horizontal systems. The effects of the gravity number, the mobility ratio and the Dykstra-Parsons permeability variation coefficient (VDP) on the performance are investigated.
It was found that the gravity (dip angle) enhances the performance in terms of delaying water breakthrough, increasing the fractional oil recovery, and decreasing water cut as compared to horizontal layers. This occurs for both favorable and unfavorable mobility ratios but is more evident in unfavoorable mobility ratios and more heterogeneous cases.
The results were also compared with the performance of inclined communicating reservoirs with complete crossflowand the communication was found to improve fractional oil recovery for unit and favorable mobility ratios and decrease recovery for unfavorable mobility ratio.
Solid Expandable Solution for Wellbore Stability in Developing Khafji Offshore Field
Authors: Kumamoto K. , Qadmani Marwan Ahmad , Hanak Hrvoje , Sanders Tom , Harvey Michael , Saad Marc-Antoine 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Development of existing mature fields can pose a wide variety of specific challenges originiating from earlier programs and extended production operations. Wellbore stability parameters can change as fields mature and wells age requiring suitable combinations of innovative techniques and new technologies to further develop these fields. Added challenges arise when the development program is based on re-entering existing wells.
Al-Khafji Joint Operations (KJO) is developing and producing the offshore Al-Khafji field, located in the former offshore neutral zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The field has commenced oil production in 1961.
To sustain and meet the increased production targets, the operator started implementing a novel drilling and workover project. The program was designed to mitigate expected challenging borehole instability problems in the Wara and Burgan shale formations, resulting in issues such as stuck bottom-hole assemblies, poor hole enlargement and cleaning, and poor deviation control. The instabilities are encountered in the build sections of the horizontal wells and are further complicated in re-entry wells, due to the limitation is casing string sizes from surface. The novel program implemented incorporated an optimized drilling fluid system and a solid expandable open-hole liner that was utilized to case off these unstable formations and allow the well to be drilled without downsizing the planned production zone size and compromising well objectives.
This paper details the extensive studies and planning, originating from lessons learned that were implemented in the integrated program with focus on the innovative techniques and new technologies used in this field. Specific focus is placed on the solid expandable system used as it formed an integral part of allowing a successful implementation of these programs.
To ICD or Not to ICD? A Techno-economic Analysis of Different Control Strategies Applied to a Thin Oil Rim Dield Case
Authors: Twerda A. , Nennie E. , Alberts G. , Leemhuis A. , Widdershoven C. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
During end-of-life production from an oil well it is often impossible to sustain continuous production. Gas coning is a common cause of production problems, especially in thin oil reservoirs. This study compares three production strategies that can be used to deal with this problem for a specific field case. The strategies will be evaluated on the basis of two criteria: Total number of barrels produced and Net Present Value (NPV). The three strategies considered are (i) intermittent production, (ii) Well Head Control (WHC), (iii) Inflow Control Devices, (ICD). The first two are currently common practice, while the latter is an emerging technology which is not applied on a large scale yet, because of the larger expense incurred by ICD installation.
The onset of gas breakthrough occurs in a much shorter timescale than many other production upsets, such as water flooding, making it a very challenging situation for a control strategy. A coupled dynamic reservoir-well model has been used in order to describe the breakthrough accurately. A simulation environment has been constructed and validated in which different well and reservoir models can be coupled. Since correct prediction of flow and pressure drop over ICDs is essential, special care was taken to accurately model these devices. For the WHC control strategies a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) algorithm was used.
Despite the higher initial completion costs associated with ICDs, they can provide a cost-effective way to reduce long-term operating costs and increase yield. Production targets are achieved with longer, but fewer wells, maintenance and overhead. From a reservoir management point of view, ICDs can improve the productivity index (PI) by maximizing reservoir contact, minimizing gas coning by operating at lower drawdown, and increasing overall efficiency.
In this study we evaluate a field case, which suffers from gas coning, to verify whether the implementation and usage of ICDs are cost-effective alternatives, and quantify the relative merits for each technology. The comparison is based on both the total barrels produced and the NPV, taking into account the integral cost, including installation, operating, and maintenance costs.