bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in LTM-forming capability between geographically different strains of AlbertaLymnaea stagnalisare maintained whether they are trained in the lab or in the wild
Authors: Orr M. , Hittel K. , Lukowiak K. S. , Han J. , Lukowiak K. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYWe found strain differences in the ability of wild Alberta Lymnaea stagnalis to form long-term memory (LTM) following operant conditioning when L. stagnalis were collected from the wild and trained in the laboratory. Lymnaea stagnalis obtained from the Belly River watershed had an enhanced ability to form LTM compared with those from an isolated pond (referred to as Jackson snails). We therefore asked whether the differences in cognitive ability were an epiphenomenon as a result of training in the laboratory. To answer this question we trained each specific strain (Belly and Jackson) in both the laboratory and the field (i.e. in their home pond and in the pond where the other strain resided - referred to as the visitor pond). We found that within each strain there was no difference in the LTM phenotype whether they were trained in the lab or in either their home or visitor pond. That is, the strain differences in the ability to form LTM were still present. Interestingly, we found no strain differences in the ability to learn or the ability to form intermediate-term memory (ITM).
Vocally correlated seasonal auditory variation in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus)
Authors: Henry K. S. , Lucas J. R. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARY
Songbirds exhibit seasonal plasticity in a broad variety of behavioral and morphological traits associated with reproduction. Changes in song production are well described while changes in song reception are not. In the present study, we test for seasonal variation in auditory processing of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus L.) using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to tone bursts. We measured amplitude and latency of the first ABR peak in spring, summer and autumn at stimulus frequencies from 0.8 to 6.4 kHz and intensity levels from 24 to 80 dB SPL. ABR thresholds were determined at each frequency using cross-correlation. Amplitude was greater in spring than in autumn at frequencies from 3.2 to 6.4 kHz whereas latency and thresholds exhibited no seasonal variation. The results indicate an increase in the number or temporal synchrony of responses from peripheral auditory neurons during the early breeding season. Changes in peripheral auditory processing may enhance temporal coding of the fine structure and envelope of song; thereby, improving assessment of encoded information in both sexes (e.g. individual identity and dominance status) and auditory feedback during song production in males. Peripheral auditory changes may be mediated by reproductive hormones, and could involve changes in hair cell density on the basilar papilla. Our results suggest that peripheral auditory processing of songbirds changes seasonally in parallel with other behavioral and morphological traits, such as song production.
Perception of airborne odors by loggerhead sea turtles
Authors: Endres C. S. , Putman N. F. , Lohmann K. J. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARY
Sea turtles are known to detect chemical cues, but in contrast to most marine animals, turtles surface to breathe and thus potentially have access to olfactory cues both in air and in water. To determine whether sea turtles can detect airborne chemical cues, captive loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) were placed into a circular, water-filled arena in which odorants could be introduced to the air above the water surface. Air that had passed across the surface of a cup containing food elicited increased activity, diving and other behavior normally associated with feeding. By contrast, air that had passed across the surface of an identical cup containing distilled water elicited no response. Increases in activity during food odor trials occurred only after turtles surfaced to breathe and peaked in the first post-breath minute, implying that the chemical cues eliciting the responses were unlikely to have been detected while the turtles were under water. These results provide the first direct evidence that sea turtles can detect airborne odors. Under natural conditions, this sensory ability might function in foraging, navigation or both.
Risk reduction in cosmetic surgery
Authors: Khoo Christopher 
Published: November 2009

Cosmetic or aesthetic surgery is defined as ‘operations or other procedures that revise or change the appearance, colour, texture, structure or position of bodily features to achieve what patients perceive to be more desirable’. It differs from reconstructive surgery in that patients do not suffer from surgical pathology, but come to a surgeon desiring alteration of appearance to achieve an improvement. It has been said that cosmetic surgery patients differ from those presenting to other surgeons, in that instead of hoping that they do not need an operation, in cosmetic surgery the wish to undergo surgery is the patient's primary motivation for the consultation. There are distinctive risks in cosmetic surgery. The focus is on an individual surgeon, rather than a system of institutional care delivery. The surgeon's assessment and selection of patients is crucial to the avoidance of subsequent dissatisfaction. Mainstream surgical training concentrates on the acquisition of knowledge and technical competencies: the cosmetic surgeon's armamentarium must include in addition superlative communication skills and a degree of psychological awareness which will allow exclusion of those patients for whom it is unlikely that satisfaction can be achieved. It may circumvent disaster for the surgeon to say ‘no’. Awareness of inherent clinical risks and the ability to manage them are crucial to successful practice, as is the surgeon's commitment to support and encourage the patient throughout the entire process. There is, however, the potential for extremely high levels of satisfaction for both surgeon and patient if pitfalls are avoided, and risks are managed appropriately within a positive doctor–patient relationship.
OM Practice—Choice-Based Revenue Management: An Empirical Study of Estimation and Optimization
Authors: Vulcano Gustavo , van Ryzin Garrett , Chaar Wassim 
Published: November 2009

Discrete choice models are appealing for airline revenue management (RM) because they offer a means to profitably exploit preferences for attributes such as time of day, routing, brand, and price. They are also good at modeling demand for unrestricted fare class structures, which are widespread throughout the industry. However, there is little empirical research on the practicality and effectiveness of choice-based RM models. Toward this end, we report the results of a study of choice-based RM conducted with a major U.S. airline. Our study had two main objectives: (1) to assess the extent to which choice models can be estimated well using readily available airline data, and (2) to gauge the potential impact that choice-based RM could have on a sample of test markets.We developed a maximum likelihood estimation algorithm that uses a variation of the expectation-maximization method to account for unobservable data. The procedure was applied to data for a test market from New York City to a destination in Florida. The outputs are promising in terms of the quality of the computed estimates, although a large number of departure instances may be necessary to achieve highly accurate results. These choice model estimates were then used in a simulation study to assess the revenue performance of the EMSR-b (expected marginal seat revenue, version b) capacity control policies and the current controls used by the airline relative to controls optimized to account for choice behavior. Our simulation results show 1%–5% average revenue improvements using choice-based RM. Although such simulated results must be taken with caution, overall our study suggests that choice-based revenue management is both feasible to execute and economically significant in real-world airline environments.
DNA Sequence Capture and Enrichment by Microarray Followed by Next-Generation Sequencing for Targeted Resequencing: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Gene as a Model
Authors: Chou Lan-Szu , Liu C-S Jonathan , Boese Benjamin , Zhang Xinmin , Mao Rong 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Background: The introduction and use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have taken genomic research into a new era; however, implementing such powerful techniques in diagnostics laboratories for applications such as resequencing of targeted disease genes requires attention to technical issues, including sequencing template enrichment, management of massive data, and high interference by homologous sequences.
Methods: In this study, we investigated a process for enriching DNA samples that uses a customized high-density oligonucleotide microarray to enrich a targeted 280-kb region of the NF1 (neurofibromin 1) gene. The captured DNA was sequenced with the Roche/454 GS FLX system. Two NF1 samples (CN1 and CN2) with known genotypes were tested with this protocol.
Results: Targeted microarray capture may also capture sequences from nontargeted regions in the genome. The capture specificity estimated for the targeted NF1 region was approximately 60%. The de novo Alu insertion was partially detected in sample CN1 by additional de novo assembly with 50% base-match stringency; the single-base deletion in sample CN2 was successfully detected by reference mapping. Interferences by pseudogene sequences were removed by means of dual-mode reference-mapping analysis, which reduced the risk of generating false-positive data. The risk of generating false-negative data was minimized with higher sequence coverage (&gt;30×).
Conclusions: We used a clinically relevant complex genomic target to evaluate a microarray-based sample-enrichment process and an NGS instrument for clinical resequencing purposes. The results allowed us to develop a systematic data-analysis strategy and algorithm to fit potential clinical applications.
Chirality, a never-ending source of confusion
Authors: Wallentin Carl-Johan , Orentas Edvinas , Wärnmark Kenneth , Wendt Ola F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this Discussion a few points of confusion concerning chirality are clarified. The term chirodescriptive is proposed for such space groups that lack inversion centres, reflection planes, glide planes or rotary-inversion axes and thus can contain enantiopure, chiral objects. It is pointed out that chiral compounds can (and often do) crystallise in non-chirodescriptive space group when they occur as racemates and in such cases there is no incompatibility between chirality and mirror planes or centres of inversions. We also propose the term raceomorphism to describe the relationship between a conglomerate and a collection of racemic crystals of the same compound.
Branding the Rodeo: A Case Study of Tobacco Sports Sponsorship
Authors: Ling Pamela M. , Haber Lawrence A. , Wedl Stefani 
Published: November 2009

Rodeo is one of the few sports still sponsored by the tobacco industry, particularly the US Smokeless Tobacco Company. Rodeo is popular in rural communities, where smokeless tobacco use is more prevalent. We used previously secret tobacco industry documents to examine the history and internal motivations for tobacco company rodeo sponsorship. Rodeos allow tobacco companies to reach rural audiences and young people, enhance brand image, conduct market research, and generate positive press. Relationships with athletes and fans were used to fight proposed restrictions on tobacco sports sponsorship. Rodeo sponsorship was intended to enhance tobacco sales, not the sport. Rural communities should question the tradition of tobacco sponsorship of rodeo sports and reject these predatory marketing practices.
Quality-Adjusted Life-Years and Helmet Use Among Motorcyclists Sustaining Head Injuries
Authors: Lee Hsin-Yi , Chen Yeh-Hsin , Chiu Wen-Ta , Hwang Jing-Shiang , Wang Jung-Der 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We estimated loss of quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) among motorcyclists in Taiwan who sustained head injuries while wearing or not wearing a helmet.Methods. Patients with head injuries (n = 3328) were grouped into categories representing good and poor outcomes (moderate disability or death) at discharge. After linkage with the National Mortality Registry, survival functions were determined and extrapolated over a 50-year period on the basis of the survival ratio between patients and age- and gender-matched reference populations, as calculated from available Taiwan vital statistics. Survival functions were then multiplied by scores from quality-of-life measures.Results. Percentages of good and poor outcomes were 87.2% and 12.8%, respectively, in the helmeted group and 66.4% and 33.6% in the nonhelmeted group. The mean QALE for helmeted motorcyclists, calculated by weighting percentages of good and poor outcomes, was 31.7 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with an average loss of 5.8 QALYs. For nonhelmeted motorcyclists, the mean QALE was 25.9 QALYs, with a loss of 10.7 QALYs.Conclusions. Helmet use could save approximately 5 QALYs among motorcyclists sustaining head injuries. Future cost-effectiveness analysis can calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for regulation of helmet use.
Generational Status and Family Cohesion Effects on the Receipt of Mental Health Services Among Asian Americans: Findings From the National Latino and Asian American Study
Authors: Ta Van M. , Holck Peter , Gee Gilbert C. 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We investigated the relative strengths of generational status and family cohesion effects on current use of mental health services (past 12 months) among Asian Americans.Methods. We conducted a secondary data analysis with data from the National Latino and Asian American Study, 2002 to 2003, restricted to Asian American respondents (n = 2087). The study's outcome was current use (past 12 months) of any mental health services. Respondents included Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, and other Asian Americans.Results. Multivariate analyses suggest no significant interaction exists between second- versus first-generation Asian Americans and family cohesion. The impact of generational status on mental health service use was significant for third- or later-generation Asian Americans (versus first-generation Asian Americans) and varied with family cohesion score.Conclusions. Family cohesion and generational status both affect the likelihood of Asian Americans to seek mental health services. Our findings also highlight the need for primary care and other providers to consistently screen for mental health status particularly among first-generation Asian Americans. Mental health service programs should target recent immigrants and individuals lacking a strong family support system.
Quantity and Quality of Sleep and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Cappuccio Francesco P. , D'Elia Lanfranco , Strazzullo Pasquale , Miller Michelle A. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess the relationship between habitual sleep disturbances and the incidence of type 2 diabetes and to obtain an estimate of the risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a systematic search of publications using MEDLINE (1955–April 2009), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library and manual searches without language restrictions. We included studies if they were prospective with follow-up &gt;3 years and had an assessment of sleep disturbances at baseline and incidence of type 2 diabetes. We recorded several characteristics for each study. We extracted quantity and quality of sleep, how they were assessed, and incident cases defined with different validated methods. We extracted relative risks (RRs) and 95% CI and pooled them using random-effects models. We performed sensitivity analysis and assessed heterogeneity and publication bias.

RESULTS
We included 10 studies (13 independent cohort samples; 107,756 male and female participants, follow-up range 4.2–32 years, and 3,586 incident cases of type 2 diabetes). In pooled analyses, quantity and quality of sleep predicted the risk of development of type 2 diabetes. For short duration of sleep (≤5–6 h/night), the RR was 1.28 (95% CI 1.03–1.60, P = 0.024, heterogeneity P = 0.015); for long duration of sleep (&gt;8–9 h/night), the RR was 1.48 (1.13–1.96, P = 0.005); for difficulty in initiating sleep, the RR was 1.57 (1.25–1.97, P &lt; 0.0001); and for difficulty in maintaining sleep, the RR was 1.84 (1.39–2.43, P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Quantity and quality of sleep consistently and significantly predict the risk of the development of type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms underlying this relation may differ between short and long sleepers.
Association of Lower Plasma Fetuin-A Levels With Peripheral Arterial Disease in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Eraso Luis H. , Ginwala Naeema , Qasim Atif N. , Mehta Nehal N. , Dlugash Rachel , Kapoor Shiv , Schwartz Stanley , Schutta Mark , Iqbal Nayyar , Mohler Emile R. , Reilly Muredach P. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
Fetuin-A is an inhibitor of vascular calcification and a mediator of insulin resistance. This study evaluated the association of plasma fetuin-A and peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 738 individuals with type 2 diabetes (mean age 58.7 years, 37.1% female) without known cardiovascular or kidney disease were included in this cross-sectional analysis.

RESULTS
Subjects with PAD had a significantly lower fetuin-A (264.3 vs. 293.4 ng/dl, P &lt; 0.001). In multivariable analysis, a 1-SD decrease in fetuin-A increased the odds of PAD (odds ratio 1.6, P = 0.02). Subgroup analysis revealed an increased odds even in subjects with glomerular filtration rate &gt;80 (odds ratio 1.9, P = 0.05) or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein &lt;3 mg/dl (odds ratio 2.7, P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS
Lower circulating fetuin-A is associated with PAD in type 2 diabetes beyond traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors. Our findings suggest a potentially unique role for fetuin-A deficiency as a biomarker of PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Effectiveness of an epidural blood patch for patients with intracranial hypotension syndrome and persistent spinal epidural fluid collection after treatment
Authors: Horikoshi Toru , Watanabe Arata , Uchida Mikito , Kinouchi Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2009

Object
Magnetic resonance imaging may show a fluid collection in the spinal epidural space of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome (SIHS), but the chronological changes remain unclear.

Methods
Brain and spine MR imaging findings were analyzed in 16 patients (9 women and 7 men, mean age 48.6 years) with SIHS before and after treatment.

Results
Diffuse dural enhancement was seen in 15 patients, and the epidural fluid collection in the spinal canal was clear in 15 and equivocal in 1. Symptoms disappeared after bed rest in 1 patient, and an epidural blood patch was performed in 15 patients, resulting in complete resolution of symptoms in 13. After the follow-up period (range 1–20 months, mean 5.0 months), 1 patient had persistent mild headache that gradually worsened in the afternoon, and another patient complained of heaviness of the eyes. Follow-up MR imaging demonstrated disappearance of the dural enhancement in all patients, but a fluid collection in the spinal canal remained in 4. Two of the 4 patients had persistent symptoms, but the other patients exhibited complete resolution of the symptoms.

Conclusions
An epidural blood patch is effective for sealing of CSF leaks, but the resolution of SIHS-related symptoms does not always imply complete eradication of the leakage.
Intracellular free magnesium of brain and cerebral phosphorus-containing metabolites after subarachnoid hemorrhage and hypermagnesemic treatment: a 31P–magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Authors: Wong George K. C. , Yeung David K. W. , Ahuja Anil T. , King Ann D. , Lam Christopher W. K. , Chan Matthew T. V. , Gin Tony , Poon Wai S. 
Published: November 2009

Object
Disturbance of cerebral phosphorus-containing metabolites occurs in many disease entities and has not been widely studied in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Pilot studies have indicated that hypermagnesemic treatment may improve outcome in patients with aneurysmal SAH, but the precise mechanism is not known. The authors hypothesized that, by raising intracellular brain free magnesium in aneurysmal SAH, hypermagnesemic treatment would alter the cerebral energy status.

Methods
The authors designed the current study to use 31P-MR spectroscopy (MRS) to investigate intracellular brain free magnesium and cerebral phosphorus-containing metabolites in patients with good-grade aneurysmal SAH, both those receiving and not receiving hypermagnesemic therapy. A total of 37 eligible patients and 23 healthy volunteers were recruited. A total of 81 MRS studies were performed.

Results
Hypermagnesemic treatment after aneurysmal SAH produced a small (mean difference 0.018 ± 0.007 mM [+ 13.0%]) but significant elevation of intracellular free magnesium during the 1st week. Aneurysmal SAH produced a depressed membrane metabolism with lower phosphodiester/total phosphate.

Conclusions
The MRS finding of elevated brain free intracellular magnesium after intravenous magnesium sulfate infusion is novel, and the changes in membrane metabolism provide insight into the metabolic effects of aneurysmal SAH and future pathophysiological studies.
Recruitment of Sprouty1 to Immune Synapse Regulates T Cell Receptor Signaling
Authors: Lee Jun Sung , Lee Ji Eun , Oh Yu Mi , Park Jong Bae , Choi Heonsik , Choi Chung Yeon , Kim In-Hoo , Lee Seung Hoon , Choi Kyungho 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
TCR stimulation not only initiates positive signals for T cell activation, but also induces negative signals that down-regulate T cells. We previously reported that Sprouty1, a negative regulator of Ras-MAPK pathway of receptor tyrosine kinases, was induced by TCR signal and inhibited TCR signaling in CD4+ T cell clones. In this study, we addressed the mechanism underlying Sprouty1 inhibition of T cells. When overexpressed in Jurkat T cells, Sprouty1 inhibited TCR signal-induced IL-2 transcription, and also AP-1, NFAT, and NF-κB activation, which suggests that Sprouty1 acts at proximal TCR signalosome. Accordingly, we found that Sprouty1 translocated to immune synapse upon TCR engagement in both Jurkat cells and activated primary T cells and interacted with various signaling molecules in the TCR signalosome, such as linker for activation of T cells (LAT), phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1), c-Cbl/Cbl-b, and HPK1. Sprouty1 inhibited LAT phosphorylation, leading to decreased MAPK activation and IL-2 production. Deletion of C-terminal 54 amino acids in Sprouty1 abolished its inhibitory effect and this deletion mutant was unable to translocate to immune synapse and interact with LAT. Overall, our data suggest that Sprouty1 induced by TCR signal negatively regulates further TCR signaling by interacting with proximal signaling molecules in immune synapse, providing a novel regulatory mechanism of T cells.