bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viral loads of herpes simplex virus in clinical samples—A 5‐year retrospective analysis
Authors: Tang Julian W. , Lin Mingxuan , Chiu Lily , Koay Evelyn S.C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractViral loads of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are not monitored usually for the effective clinical management of HSV‐related diseases. However, recently, there has been more interest about the typical HSV levels in clinical specimens, and how such data may improve understanding of the behavior of this virus in such clinical presentations, particularly in immunocompromised patients, where more prolonged therapy using higher doses of antiviral drugs may be required. Using an in‐house quantitative HSV‐1/HSV‐2 polymerase chain reaction assay, an observational, retrospective 5‐year analysis of diagnostic, quantitative HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 DNA levels was conducted. The results (all in median log10 DNA copies/ml), including perhaps the first quantitative comparison of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HSV viral loads, were as follows: CSF: HSV‐1, 3.40 (range 2.30–8.98) versus HSV‐2, 3.60 (range 2.31–6.86) (P = 0.559); plasma: HSV‐1, 3.20 (range 2.23–5.51) versus HSV‐2, 3.20 (range 3.18–3.41) (P = 0.905); genital swabs: HSV‐1, 6.79 (range 2.28–8.48) versus HSV‐2, 6.97 (range 3.40–9.66) (P = 0.810); oral swabs: HSV‐1, 7.28 (range 2.46–10.04) versus HSV‐2, 5.62 (range 4.60–6.63) (P = 0.529). Note that with the samples usually collected for HSV testing (i.e., CSF, plasma, oral, and genital swabs) there was no significant difference in the viral loads between HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 types, nor between immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients for each of these different HSV types. Indeed, even between immunocompromised patients with similar diseases, for these samples, the HSV loads were found to vary considerably. These findings may therefore limit the usefulness of monitoring HSV loads in everyday clinical practice. J. Med. Virol. 82:1911–1916, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical characteristics of hepatitis E in a “Non‐Endemic” population
Authors: Turner Jeff , Godkin Andrew , Neville Peter , Kingham Jerry , Ch'ng Chin Lye 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus with predominant fecal oral spread. Traditionally in Western Europe it is associated with travel to endemic countries, but an increasing number of locally acquired cases have been reported throughout England. Patients presenting with acute non‐travel associated HEV infection in south Wales over a 25‐month period were monitored, in an attempt to understand the clinical picture and epidemiology in our patient population. Twenty‐four patients were identified with non‐travel associated HEV infection and studied prospectively. Patient demographics, symptoms, and serial laboratory results were recorded. There was a male/female ratio of 3:1, with a median patient age of 65.5 years old. Patients developed a significant icteric hepatitis (median peak bilirubin: 139 µmol/L, median peak AST: 1,973 IU/L and ALT: 2,021 IU/L), with liver function remaining abnormal for ∼7 weeks. All patients in whom HEV RNA was isolated were infected with genotype 3. Forty‐six percent of patients presented during winter months. The data show a group mortality rate of 4.2%, similar to that reported in endemic countries. HEV results in a severe and occasionally fatal hepatitis. Testing for hepatitis E is now recommended in any patient presenting with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology. J. Med. Virol. 82:1899–1902, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization, distribution, and dynamics of hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors in Colombia
Authors: Mora Mónica Viviana Alvarado , Romano Camila Malta , Gomes‐Gouvêa Michele Soares , Gutiérrez Maria Fernanda , Carrilho Flair José , Pinho João Renato Rebello 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a frequent cause of acute and chronic hepatitis and a leading cause for cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is classified in six major genotypes and more than 70 subtypes. In Colombian blood banks, serum samples were tested for anti‐HCV antibodies using a third‐generation ELISA. The aim of this study was to characterize the viral sequences in plasma of 184 volunteer blood donors who attended the “Banco Nacional de Sangre de la Cruz Roja Colombiana,” Bogotá, Colombia. Three different HCV genomic regions were amplified by nested PCR. The first of these was a segment of 180 bp of the 5′UTR region to confirm the previous diagnosis by ELISA. From those that were positive to the 5′UTR region, two further segments were amplified for genotyping and subtyping by phylogenetic analysis: a segment of 380 bp from the NS5B region; and a segment of 391 bp from the E1 region. The distribution of HCV subtypes was: 1b (82.8%), 1a (5.7%), 2a (5.7%), 2b (2.8%), and 3a (2.8%). By applying Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, it was estimated that HCV‐1b was introduced into Bogotá around 1950. Also, this subtype spread at an exponential rate between about 1970 to about 1990, after which transmission of HCV was reduced by anti‐HCV testing of this population. Among Colombian blood donors, HCV genotype 1b is the most frequent genotype, especially in large urban conglomerates such as Bogotá, as is the case in other South American countries. J. Med. Virol. 82:1889–1898, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of low‐risk and high‐risk types of human papillomavirus and other risk factors for HPV infection in Germany within different age groups in women up to 30 years of age: An epidemiological observational study
Authors: Iftner Thomas , Eberle Sonja , Iftner Angelika , Holz Barbara , Banik Norbert , Quint Wim , Straube Anja‐Natascha 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is frequent in young women and persistent infection may lead to cervical cancer. Therefore, vaccination against HPV is recommended for young women in the age group from 12–17 years in Germany. However, epidemiological data on the prevalence of HPV types and risk factors for infection for younger women in Germany is scarce. To address this, an observational study was performed in Germany including 1,692 women aged 10–30 years. After a routine Pap smear, cervical swabs were tested for high‐risk and low‐risk HPV, respectively, using the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) test, and genotyped using the PCR‐based tests SPF10/LiPA25 and PapilloCheck®. In addition, the women were interviewed regarding their medical history and lifestyle factors. Three hundred seventy‐seven (22.28%) women had positive HC2 results. The proportion of HPV positive women was highest in the 20–22 age group with 28.3%. Predominant HPV types were HPV 16, 42, 51 and HPV 16, 51, 31 as defined by PapilloCheck® and SPF10/LiPA25, respectively. 95.8% of women did not show signs of any cervical lesion. Adjusted analysis identified number of sexual partners (OR:1.105; 95% CI:[1.069–1.142]), smoking (OR:1.508; [1.155–1.968]), and vaccination against HPV (OR:0.589; [0.398–0.872]) rather than increasing age as risk associated with HPV infection. Comparison of the genotyping assays showed that they correspond well regarding the high‐risk HPV types but less well for low‐risk HPV types. This epidemiological study shows that high‐risk HPV infection is common in young women in Germany. According to our data, vaccination of young women could have a potential impact on the prevention of HPV infection and cervical disease. J. Med. Virol. 82:1928–1939, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser Market: Good Reason for Optimism
Authors: Thoss Andreas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe financial crisis had an enormous impact on the laser industry. In 2009, the total turnover from laser material processing systems fell by a staggering 41%. Making any prognosis was very difficult throughout the past year, with the number of incoming orders dropping in some cases to almost zero. Now it seems as if the worst is over and we are witnessing a strong growth in the current year. Nevertheless, the pre‐crisis level of 2008 remains some way off and it remains to be seen when it will be reached again.
Nd:YAG‐Laser Welding with Dynamic Beam Forming
Authors: Klotzbücher Thomas , Braune Torsten , Arlt Alfred G. , Kolb Gunther 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFuel processor / fuel cell systems for mobile applications are expected to be future mass products. Therefore, fabrication techniques are required, which can cope with high volume production at competitive pricing. Finally, the stainless steel or aluminium reactors and heat‐exchangers will be sealed by automated procedures such as laser welding, limiting the heat impact onto the catalysts applied in the reformers. Laser welding with dynamic beam forming is capable to weld the plate stacks of the heat‐exchanger reliably and mechanically stable to meet the demands of daily operation of such reactors.
CO2 Laser System Enhances Food Packaging
Authors: Gaebler Frank , Büchter Edwin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe food packaging industry has many applications which can benefit from laser technology. These include tasks such as perforating and slitting paper and plastic films. However, this industry presents challenges in that it is particularly cost sensitive, yet also demands very high process throughput. Furthermore, laser based equipment must sometimes be installed in environments which are less than ideal in terms of available space and ambient vibration.
Non‐Newtonian transient thermoelastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of an involute spur gear
Authors: Wang You‐Qiang , Yi Xue‐Juan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe lubrication design of gear is based on the assumption that the lubricant is an ideal Newtonian fluid. In fact, The Ree–Eyring fluid model is more in agreement with the lubricant rheological behaviour under medium or mild duty load. It is necessary for engineering lubrication design to study the non‐Newtonian transient thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of gear. In the paper, a full numerical solution to the non‐Newtonian transient thermal EHL of gear is obtained by utilising the multi‐grid method, which has strong numerical stability, a quick convergence rate and a high degree of accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex valued Ray–Singer torsion II
Authors: Burghelea Dan , Haller Stefan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper we extend Witten–Helffer–Sjöstrand theory from selfadjoint Laplacians based on fiber wise Hermitian metrics to nonselfadjoint Laplacians based on fiber wise non‐degenerate symmetric bilinear forms. As an application we show that results about the asymptotics of the Ray–Singer torsion of self‐adjoint Witten deformation, as well as the strategy proposed by Burghelea–Friedlander–Kappeler to derive the comparison of Ray–Singer and Reidemeister torsion, can be extended to nonself‐adjoint Witten deformation. This is then used to conclude the equality of complex analytic and Milnor–Turaev torsion, at least for odd dimensional manifolds, up to sign (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of the contact area and diffusion conditions during the fabrication of aluminum – magnesium – compounds
Authors: Neugebauer R. , Glaß R. , Popp M. , Porstmann S. , Kunze S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie zunehmende Forderung nach Effizienzsteigerung und Energieeinsparung kann speziell im Fahrzeug‐ und Maschinenbau durch innovativen Leichtbau umgesetzt werden. Ein Ansatz ist die Verwendung und Erschließung von Magnesiumlegierungen für die industrielle Anwendung, was durch die hohe Affinität zu Sauerstoff und der daher geringen Korrosionsbeständigkeit des Magnesiums erschwert wird. Um einen den Anforderungen entsprechenden Korrosionsschutz gewährleisten zu können, sind dicke mit konventionellen Beschichtungsverfahren nicht realisierbare Ummantellungen herzustellen, die gegenwärtig aus Aluminium bestehen sollen. Ein weiterer Anspruch besteht darin, eine gegen mechanische Einwirkungen resistente Schutzschicht zu erzeugen. Diese muss Aufgrund ihrer Dimensionierung und dem somit höheren Masseanteil, einen Beitrag zur Aufnahme der angreifenden Biege‐ und Torsionsbelastung im Materialverbund leisten. Dazu muss zwischen der Ummantelung und dem Kernwerkstoff bzw. den einzelnen Schichten ein stoffschlüssiger Materialverbund erzeugt werden. Um die wesentlichen Voraussetzungen für die Verbundbildung zu ermitteln, wird hier als Demonstratorversuch das Querfließpressen genutzt. Untersuchungsgegenstand war es dabei, wie sich in den Verbund eingebrachte Zwischenschichten auf die Verbundfestigkeit auswirken.The increasing demand for efficiency and energy savings can be satisfied by innovative lightweight construction, especially in the automotive and mechanical engineering industry. One approach is the use and development of magnesium alloys for industrial applications. Due to the high affinity for oxygen magnesium has a low corrosion resistance with limits its application considerably. In order to ensure the appropriate corrosion protection, conventional methods cannot be used, but cladding can supply the required protection. The goal is to create a protective layer resistant to mechanical damage. All the layers in such a composite have to withstand bending and torsion loads, but to realize this, there must be a material bond between the lamination layers. In order to determine the essential conditions for the bond formation a lateral extrusion device was used. A bond initially of aluminum and magnesium alloys was formed between semi‐finished products and the data generated will be presented in this document, with special focus on how an added inter layer compounds influenced the bond.
Hard anodizing of a coarse and an ultrafine‐grained aluminium‐copper alloy with incorporated alumina and silicon carbide particles
Authors: Händel M. , Nickel D. , Alisch G. , Lampke T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie Hartanodisierbarkeit der pulvermetallurgisch hergestellten Aluminium‐Matrix‐Komposite (Al‐Cu‐Legierung, EN AW‐2017) mit inkorporierten Aluminiumoxid‐ bzw. Siliziumkarbid‐Partikeln wurde in Abhängigkeit von Verstärkungspartikelgröße (fein oder nano) und ‐gehalt (5 oder 15 Vol.‐%) untersucht. Hierbei wurden Schichtdicken von über 20 μm erzielt. Die erhaltenen Schichten und Schicht‐Substrat‐Übergänge wurden in Abhängigkeit von Art, Größe und Anteil der Verstärkungskomponente mikrostrukturell charakterisiert. Darin inbegriffen ist die Durchführung einer röntgenografischen Phasenanalyse. Die Reproduzierbarkeit des an diesen Substratwerkstoff angepassten Prozesses wird anhand der erzielbaren Schichtdickenverteilungen dargestellt. Sie stellt eine Funktion der Anodisierdauer dar. Exemplarisch wurden die Auswirkungen der durch das ECAP‐Verfahren (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) induzierten feinkörnigen Mikrostruktur auf das Anodisierverhalten und die Schichteigenschaften untersucht.The hard anodizing of aluminium matrix composites (aluminium copper alloy, EN AW‐2017) with incorporated alumina and silicon carbide particles fabricated by powder metallurgy was investigated depending on reinforcement particle size (fine or nano) and fraction (5 or 15 % by volume). The resulting layers with a thickness of more than 20 μm and the layer substrate interface were characterized subject to character, size and fraction of the reinforcement component. Furthermore a phase analysis was carried out. The reproducibility of this adapted process was proven by the achievable oxide layer thickness distribution as a function of anodization time. The impact of an ultrafine‐grained microstructure induced by equal channel angular pressing on the anodization behaviour and layer characteristics was examined exemplarily.
Combined ultrasonic resistance brazing of aluminium
Authors: Wielage B. , Hoyer I. , Weis S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDas Widerstandslöten ist ein optimales Verfahren zum Löten von Aluminium und Aluminiummatrix‐Verbundwerkstoffen dar. Die gezielte und direkte Erwärmung der Fügestelle stellt eine minimale thermische Beeinflussung der Grundwerkstoffeigenschaften und optimale Verbindungseigenschaften sicher. Dies ist besonders bei Werkstoffen von Bedeutung, die mittels des ECAP‐Verfahrens (equal channel angular pressing) hergestellt werden. Durch die Kombination der Widerstandserwärmung mit der Einleitung einer Ultraschallschwingung ist ein flussmittelfreies Fügen möglich. Vorgestellt werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse zum Widerstandslöten von Aluminiumwerkstoffen mittels Zinkbasis‐Loten.Resistance brazing is an optimal procedure for joining aluminium and aluminium matrix composites. The directed heat input into the brazing zone ensures the preservation of the properties of the base material and optimal properties of the brazed joint. This is especially important for composites produced by ECAP (equal channel angular pressing). The combination of the resistance brazing and an ultrasound process enables a flux less joining. Selected test results of resistance brazed aluminium using Zink‐based fillers are shown.
Scaling up the equal‐channel angular pressing process – a study on a 6000 aluminium alloy
Authors: Frint P. , Halle T. , Wagner M. F.‐X. , Hockauf M. , Lampke T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn dieser Arbeit wird das Potenzial der ECAP‐Umformung (engl. Equal‐Channel Angular Pressing) für eine Skalierung vom Labor‐ zum industriellen Großmaßstab betrachtet. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen stehen dabei insbesondere die Erfassung und Quantifizierung von Skalierungseffekten auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften. Am Beispiel einer gut pressbaren Aluminiumknetlegierung der 6000er Reihe werden ECAP‐Umformungen mit Halbzeugquerschnitten von 15×15 mm2 und 50×50 mm2 realisiert. Neben der Charakterisierung der mechanischen Werkstoffeigenschaften durch Härtemessungen und Zugversuche werden relevante Prozessparameter beleuchtet: In beiden Größenmaßstäben besteht ein linearer Zusammenhang zwischen der zur Umformung notwendigen Presskraft und der Halbzeuglänge. Dieser Effekt kann direkt der mit steigender Halbzeuglänge zunehmenden Reibung zugeschrieben werden. Durch eine Charakterisierung der lokalen, richtungsabhängigen Werkstoffeigenschaften nach ECAP wird gezeigt, dass jeweils nur geringe Eigenschaftsunterschiede innerhalb der umgeformten Halbzeuge im Industriemaßstab vorliegen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Skalierung der ECAP‐Umformung hin zu industriell relevanten Querschnitten problemlos möglich ist, und dass die in der Literatur vorgestellten Kombinationen aus ECAP und anschließender Wärmebehandlung gut vom Klein‐ auf den Großmaßstab übertragen werden können.In the present study, the potential for up‐scaling the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) process from laboratory to an industrial scale is investigated. Special attention is placed on detecting and quantifying size effects on the mechanical properties of a 6000 series aluminium alloy (AA6060). ECAP is performed with two different cross sections (15×15 mm2 and 50×50 mm2). In addition to the characterisation of material properties by hardness measurements and tensile testing, the relevant processing parameters are considered: For both billet sizes, the pressing force is a linear function of the billet length, which can be directly related to frictional effects that increase linearly with increasing billet length. The local, post‐ECAP mechanical properties are determined by tensile testing of specimens with different orientations with respect to the pressing direction. The mechanical data demonstrate that the ECAP billet on an industrial length scale exhibits a good homogeneity. Furthermore the results of the present study show that homogeneous, large scale UFG materials can be achieved via ECAP processing. Moreover, the combination of ECAP and subsequent heat‐treatments previously proposed in the literature can directly be applied to an industrial scale.
Disability culture in West Africa: qualitative research indicating barriers and progress in the greater Accra region of Ghana
Authors: Reynolds Stacey 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn 2006, Ghana passed a Disability Rights Bill which proposes that by 2016 Ghana will provide disabled persons in the country with a variety of services and equal employment opportunities. This article presents interviews conducted with community leaders from the Greater Accra region of Ghana in 2009, examining the current views of persons with disabilities in the country. Using qualitative analytic methods, these interviews were coded for themes and examined in relation to historical perceptions of disabled persons in Ghana. The results suggest that there appears to be a growing acceptance that people with disabilities have rights as human beings and that the Disability Rights Bill is a positive step in the right direction for Ghana. There was no consensus, however, on what these basic rights entail, and who is responsible for enforcing and funding new policies. A potential barrier to progress included non‐biologically based beliefs about what causes disability, which were reported to resonate strongly with many Ghanaians. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, optimization, and manufacturing of a multiple‐thickness profile extrusion die with a cross flow
Authors: Rezaei Shahreza A. , Behravesh A.H. , Bakhshi Jooybari M. , Soury E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article presents a procedure to achieve a uniform outlet flow of molten polymer for a complex die profile with various thicknesses in die outlet cross section. According to a specific optimization methodology, the die was optimized based on varying die land length. The scope of this article includes: 3D flow simulation, optimization of the die velocity outputs based on the results of simulation process, and comparison of numerical predictions with the experimental data. Finally a significant result obtained by this work indicates higher ratio of the land length to the height of the zone with cross flow rather than the zones that are directly fed by the extruder. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Analysis of phagosomal proteomes: From latex‐bead to bacterial phagosomes
Authors: Li Qingbo , Jagannath Chinnaswamy , Rao Prahlad K. , Singh Christopher R. , Lostumbo Giovanni 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhagosomal proteome characterization has contributed significantly to the understanding of host–pathogen interaction and the mechanism of infectious diseases caused by intracellular bacteria. The latex bead‐containing phagosome has been widely used as a model system to study phagosomal proteomes at a global level. In contrast, the study of bacteria‐containing phagosomes at a similar level has just begun. A number of intracellular microbial species are studied for their proteomes during the invasion of a host, providing insight into their metabolic adaptation in host cells and interaction with host‐cell antimicrobial environments. In this review, we attempt to summarize the most recent advancements in the proteomic study of microbial phagosomes, especially those originating from mouse or human cells. We also briefly describe the proteomics of latex bead‐containing phagosomes because they are often used as model phagosomes for study. We provide descriptions on major biological and technological components in phagosomal proteome studies. We also discuss the role of phagosomal proteome study in the broader horizon of systems biology and the technological challenges in phagosomal proteome characterization.