bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les congés payés en France avant le Front Populaire : l'exemple des ouvriers parisiens de 1919 à 1935
Authors: Sirot Stéphane 
Published: July 2010

Paid vacation in France before the Popular Front. The example of the workers in Paris, 1919 to 1935.
Before the june 1936, vote that gave salaried workers two weeks of paid vacation, only a minority benefited from this right. Within the world of the workers, it was above all those with a status in private industry who had this rarely granted advantage. In Paris, the demand for paid vacations predated the Popular Front. It had appeared as early as 1919 in the workers' strikes before reaching a peak at the end of the 1920s. While it's true that it was not a major claim of the workers, it was nevertheless one conquest of the Popular Front that was already part of Paris's strikes in the preceding years.
L'industrie automobile française d'une crise à l'autre
Authors: Loubet Jean-Louis 
Published: July 2010

French automobile industry from one crisis to another, Jean-Louis Loubet.
The car industry has gone through the deepest changes in its history in the last 20 years. The crisis from the oil shock in 1973 brought about the concentration of this sector in one fell swoop. This transformation had begun during the 1930s crisis, but at that time only the disappearance of small manufacturers had been speeded up. While the collapse of the automobile industry can be explained by a series of reasons whose effects are interlaced with the end of growth, its most visible consequences can be seen in the reductions of the work force. The present crisis is no longer just limited to taking into account the economic necessities of the various social partners. It forces manufacturers, unlike what happened in the 1930s, to pay constant attention to a more and more irregular and unpredictable market. Nevertheless, regardless of the period, the crises point out that the car industry only finds success in its ability to adapt to new conditions.
Pourquoi la France a-t-elle occupé la Ruhr ?
Authors: Jeannesson Stanislas 
Published: July 2010

Why did France occupy the Ruhr?, Stanislas Jeanneson.
The Poincare government wanted to give the 1923 Ruhr occupation a pacifist, temporary and limited vision. But next to the hidden long-term economic objectives, there were also political and strategic objectives. The occupation was supposed to serve not only to take guarantees for reparations, but also to create a protectorat to assure, beyond the withdrawal of the troops scheduled for 1935, French security. Some occupation officials even wanted to assure a cultural and civilizing presence on the Rhine after a century of Prussian domination. The occupation of the Ruhr was therefore essentially political. The real aim was to improve the Treaty of Versailles by force in order to correct its imbalances : the supply of French steel industry in German coke and security on the Rhine. Its failure was due to the way in which decisions were taken, in closed committee, without any consistency between the various decision-making groups.
Jean Monnet. La mesure d'une influence
Authors: Bossuat Gérard 
Published: July 2010

Jean Monnet and his influence, Gérard Bossuat.
For Monnet, decision-making put into play his intimate conviction of working toward bringing peoples together, his art of pedagogical synthesis and setting the stage which enabled him to convince, his team spirit, and his understanding of the right timing of political fights and acceptable compromise. Monnet took advantage of his French, European and American networks made up of top level business men and politicians whom he advised and media people whom he used to spread his ideas. His real influence can be measured by his ability to transform international and European relations. From the rearming of wartime France to the Plan, from the Victory program to the Schuman plan, from the CECA to working with the Kennedy administration, there were many successes although there were also some darker moments : Monnet was more of an organizer than a democrat; his choice of targeted conflicts sometimes led him to underestimate the general political situation; his determination to remain on the sidelines weakened his impact on public opinion until he published his Mémoires.
Tel quel et ses volte-face politiques (1968-1978)
Authors: Hourmant François 
Published: July 2010

Tel Quel and its political U-turns, (1968-1978), François Hourmant.
From 1968-1978, Tel Quel spanned the ideological spectrum. From the FCP to China, from America to dissidence and the CIEL, the telquelian parable, rich in turn-abouts, shows a propensity to react - but late - to the major and gratifying issues in the French political-intellectual lands-cape. Understanding this itinerary supposes coming across a plurality of factors : esthetic principle and shared values (revolution, writing, avant-garde), provocation and a desire for intellectual recognition, and literary prestige. It is in this tension, between an avowed and claimed position, and fights for power, vague ambitions and tactical choices or even premeditated strategies, that the curious political alchemy of a journal whose constrated history is closely linked to that of its director, Philippe Sollers, can be seen.
Camps de la mort, camps de concentration et camps d'internement dans la mémoire collective britannique
Authors: Cesarani David 
Published: July 2010

Death camps, concentration camps and internment camps in British collective memory, David Cesarani.
In studying cases of arbitrary detentions and massive detention that occurred in Great Britain during the first and second world wars, David Cesarani shows that several times the British government was led to twisting rules of law on which it was supposed to be founding its legitimacy as well as its prestige. The ignorance of these facts since 1945 has reassured the British conscience concerning the death camps.
Une entreprise concentrationnaire SS. La société des terres et pierres allemandes (1938-1945)
Authors: Fabréguet Michel 
Published: July 2010

An SS concentrationary enterprise. The Society of German Land and Stones (1938-1945), Michel Fabréguet.
The concentrationary System was also an economic enterprise marked by the exploitation of deported labor. This obvious fact can be understood from the Society of German Land and Stones. Catastrophically managed in the beginning, it became profitable little by little for the industrial empire that the SS as well as private firms built up.
Un siècle d'enseignement musical à l'école primaire
Authors: Alten Michèle 
Published: July 2010

A Century of Music Education in Primary School, Michèle Alten.
At a time when arts education for young people is listed as a national priority, this retrospective reminder shows that primary school, since Jules Ferry, has wavered between a rather unsinging citizen tradition except for the laborious learning of a few patriotic verses and a more melodious cultural tradition whose necessity never convinced the teachers. Only the Popular Front and the Vichy regime manifested a particular interest in school music. Theoretically obligatory but usually out of reach, a source of conflicts between musicians and pedagogues, here is the uninspired history of a discipline that doesn't sound good, of an education with troubling accents.
Itinéraire d'un propagandiste : Gustave Hervé, de l'antipatriotisme au pétainisme (1871-1944)
Authors: Heuré Gilles 
Published: July 2010

A Propagandist's Path: Gustave Hervé from anti-patriotism to Pétainism (1871-1944) Gilles Heure.
Gustave Hervé was a lycée professor won over to socialism. He had an active carreer as a militant socialist committed to antimilitarist and antipatriotic combat. His stands led him to imprisonment several times and made him Jean Jaurès' uncomfortable adversary in the beginnings of the SFIO. The disappointment in the workers' movement apathy, the membership in the holy Union, then the antibolshevism are the steps of shift to the right that led him between the two world wars to reinvest his propagandist talents in authoritarian national socialism and to become an admirer of Mussolini. He illustrates the ideological paths that crossed the Third Republic ; his itinerary is that of a polemicist who remained until the end a prisoner of the extremes in which he wrapped himself up.
Le monument aux martyrs d'Oradour-sur-Glane par Fenosa
Authors: Tillier Bertrand 
Published: July 2010

The Monument to the Martyrs of Oradour-sur-Glane by Fenosa, Bertrand Tillier.
In 1944 while he was in Limousin, the Catalan sculptor Apel les Fenosa (1899-1988) - a republican refugee living in France since 1939 - received the commission for a monument to commemorate the destruction of the village of Oradour-sur-Glane. Exhibited in the Salon of Extra-in-dependents (des Surindépendants) in 1945, the work was generally favorably received by the critics at the same time that it was virulently refused by the Limoges religious anthorities who denonced its failure to commemorate the massacre and saw in it an insuit to the memory of the victims. Entered as part of the Paris National Museum of Modem Art collections in 1947 under the aegis of Jean Cassou, the monument was not installed in Limoges until 1981. This article attempts to analyze the various motivations that led to its eviction in the multiple post-war strata in which history, art, politics and the stakes of memory are all intertwined.
Enquête sur une émission légendaire de la télévision française : les cinq dernières minutes (1958-1973)
Authors: Favre Muriel 
Published: July 2010

Enquiry on a French Legendary Television Program: Les Cinq Dernières Minutes (The hast Five Minutes) (1958-1973), Muriel Favre.
In the 1960s, television viewers were wild about the investigations carried out by Inspector Bourrel and his assistant Dupuy in Les Cinq Dernières Minutes. A minute examination of this program shows how television functioned at the beginning and provides additional proof that the interest of police series is as an indicator of the cultural and mental state of a society.
À la recherche des majorités invisibles, un parcours espagnol du second 20e siècle
Authors: Vilanova Mercedes 
Published: July 2010

Looking for Invisible Majorities, a Spanish Itinerary of the Second Half of the 20th Century, Mercedes Vilanova.
In explaining his research - from the study of the elections during the Spanish Second Republic to that of the phenomenon of illiteracy, the author illustrates the caracteristics of Spanish contempory historiography in the second half of the 20th century, marked by the consequences of the civil war. Election abstentionism, considered for a long time as a tacit agreement with anarchist movement theses, has, from this point of view, to be reconsidered in the light of illiteracy and of a relative autonomy of the Spanish masses towards the passwords of parties and trade unions.
Le populisme et la science politique du mirage conceptuel aux vrais problèmes
Authors: Taguieff Pierre-André 
Published: July 2010

Populism and political science. From conceptual mirage to the real problems, Pierre-andré Taguieff.
Populism, a word-suitcase, is an un-tried concept, a bastard outgrowth of an undecided "people". It can be reduced neither to a particular political régime nor to fixed ideological contents. From Russian populists of last century to today's omniprésent "telepopulists", political science has tried to delimit its devastating manifestations. Pierre-André Taguieff has drawn up the typology of this defensive system for fictional communities. Canovan, Gellner, Laclau, Weffort and others have been summoned to zero in on this rebellious entity.
Typologie des populismes en Europe (19e-20e siècles)
Authors: Pombeni Paolo 
Published: July 2010

Typologies of populisms, Paolo Pombeni.
By basing his analysis on constitutional texts and on the turning points of political life in the major European Countries, Paolo Pombeni puts the question of European populisms at the heart of modem representative regimes and political democracies. Populism is less a marginal case of European policy than one aspect, an inherent given of the democratic process.
Populismus, populistisch : la version allemande
Authors: Ayçoberry Pierre 
Published: July 2010

Populismus, populstisch: the German variable, Pierre Ayçoberry.
Probably Anglo-Saxon originally, the term Populismus appeared in German vocabulary in the early 1980s. But its genesis becomes clearer through the semantic evolution of the concept of Volk in the political vocabulary starting at the end of the Bismarckian era. Because of the crisis fueled by the rapid changes of German society, the term became weighted with a nationalist, anti-Semitic and anti-capitalist meaning. The First World War definitively promoted the people to the rank of "Supreme Being" and the term volkisch (racist) was fed on the crisis brought on by the defeat. If Nazism is first of all presented as a form of populism, its racist and artistocratic content could only lead to a betrayal of the people with which it claimed to identify. Rejected by a majority in both post-war Germanies, the populist theme and its racist connotations persisted, however, in far-right movements, and the CDU fed on its right the Bavarian populism of Franz Josef Strauss and the CSU. At the other end of the political fan, the "New social movements" that came out of 1968 carried an original populism in its desire to reconcile the Enlightenment and political romanticism, before the collapse of East German gave birth, with the PDS, to a left populism fed by the frustrations due to reunification.
Du populisme à gauche : les cas français et italien
Authors: Lazar Marc 
Published: July 2010

Populism on the left: the French and Italian cases, Marc Lazar.
In France like in Italy, the left repeatedly is tempted by protestation and identity-type populisms. For Marc Lazar, it's more a question of observing a syndrome than a coherent doctrine: idealized representation of a united, just, good, all-powerful but exploited people; defiance towards representative institutions; demands for direct democracy; designation of a charismatic leader, of the dominating enemy and his plots - the corrupt elites. Finally, we're told, the left resists populism because of its acceptance of a traditional democratic framework, old structures and an ideological framework that is stronger than makeshift populisms. Nevertheless, traces of populism can be found in the discourse and behavior of Communist parties especially, in far-left groups but also in the socialists, especially in the periods of broad alliances when it's necessary, to gather "the people". This left-wing populism extends a revolutionary reading of Jacobinism that is distrustful of institutionalised representations by aspiring to the exclusion of all the "privileged".
Jalons pour une histoire du «non-engagement»
Authors: Prochasson Christophe 
Published: July 2010

Markers for a History of «Non-Engagement», Christophe Prochasson.
Is non-engagement the exact opposite of engagement ? Is it even a useful word for the historian ? Taking the examples of experts and intellectuals since the time of the Dreyfus affair, Christophe Prochasson wonders. Professional, moral and political justifications for this abstention that has had a had press for a long time can be distinguished within a wide range of behavior patterns.
Les États-Unis et le Mexique. Une alliance orageuse
Authors: Vagnoux Isabelle 
Published: July 2010

The United States and Mexico: a stormy alliance, Isabelle Vagnoux.
Ever since the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 and the ensuing Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the relationships between Mexico and the United States have been marked by constant tensions, anti-American feelings, racist prejudices and conflicts of all kinds. Yet, geographically close though psychologically distant neighbors, the two countries have become increasingly interdependent over the years. With the implementation of NAFTA in 1994, this interdependence has reached a climax. As was made clear by the peso crisis of December 1994, Washington cannot remain indifferent to Mexico's woes, and in turn, Mexico is regularly affected by US decisions. This study focuses on the main issues that have kept dividing and at the same time uniting the two countries since 1945, i.e. economic relations, immigration, drug trafficking and foreign policy.
Citroën et l'innovation (1915-1996)
Authors: Loubet Jean-Louis 
Published: July 2010

Citroën and Innovation (1915-1996), Jean-Louis Loubet.
From its inception, Citroën made industrial innovation one of the centerpie- ces of its strategy. Its beginnings were marked by the introduction and then the development of OST (scientific organization of work) and Ford factory-inspired techniques in car manufacturing in France. The 1930s crisis, which hit the company very hard, led to a deep questioning of those techniques and to the possibility of creating a less rigid productive system better adapted to a tight market. And while Reconstruction scrambled the cards by making Ford techniques the one and only way for car manufacturing. Citroën continued, during the years of growth and even more with the crisis of the 1980s, to look for an alternative.
De la solidarité française au parti du faisceau français : un exemple de radicalisation politique
Authors: Lahousse Gilles 
Published: July 2010

From Solidarité Française to the Faisceau français: an Example of Political Radicalization, Gilles Lahousse.
From 1933 to 1939 Solidarité Française, founded by François Coty, went through deep changes. Anchored in the beginning to the national tradition of referenda, it radicalized its discourse and methods to the extreme so that it was no more than a tiny group close to fascism at the dawn of the Second World War. The political takeover by Jean-Renaud at François Coty's death, the competition with other leagues, and the hardening of the international situation explain this radicalization which made Solidarité Française a characteristic example of the political crisis of the 1930s.
Jérôme Carcopino, du triomphe à la roche Tarpéienne
Authors: Corcy-Debray Stéphanie 
Published: July 2010

Jérôme Carcopino, from Triumph to the Tarpeian Rock, Stéphanie Corcy-Debray.
From the Sorbonne to Vichy, in passing by l'École française de Rome and the management of the École Normale Supérieure, Jérôme Carcopino's itinerary is that of an ambitious historian attracted by power. In February 1941, backed by a brilliant international career and a solid network beyond academia then at the height of its reputation, he was called to a national role. He brought to the Vichy regime the whole weight of his experience of the world of education and especially its renown. The ministry provided him with a national tribune and the possibility of implementing his elitist and sectarian educational conceptions. In April 1942, wounded and deposed, he left the public scene and underwent the supreme humiliation of being judged for national indignity at the Liberation.
Le conseil d'état et le régime de Vichy
Authors: Massot Jean 
Published: July 2010

The Conseil d'État and the Vichy Régime, Jean Massot.
The history of the Conseil d'Etat in the period 1940 - 1944 has long been placed under the heading "Gaullist myth". The institution was supposed to have gone through this period remaining faithful to its traditions and preserving its republican principles to the best of its ability. While the analysis of the jurisprudence from his return to Paris in July, 1942 globally confirms this judgment by René Cassin himself in 1944, the opening of the archives, like the analysis of the role of some of its members, leads to a shading of this statement and the observation that like most French people, the Conseil, at least until 1942, put up very well with the new regime in spite of its exclusionary measures of which many of its members had already been its first victims. Was that its price for survival?
De l'affaire Philippe Bertrand à l'affaire Patrick Henry. Un fait-divers dans l'engrenage médiatique
Authors: Delporte Christian 
Published: July 2010

A News Item in the Media Spiral: From the Philippe Bertrand to the Patrick Henry Affair, Christian Delporte.
From the media coverage of a news item - the 1976 assassination of a 7-year old boy following a demand for ransom - the role of the media in public opinion reaction can be analyzed. While the murderer's arrest was widely covered by the written press and radio and television maintaining a feverish climate pitting the partisans against the opponents of the death penalty, it is possible that the astonishing serenity around the trial and its outcome was due to a new media attitude. This affair poses the question of the weight and role of the media in the mental and legislative transformations of a country.
La philatélie allemande entre mémoire et amnésie (1949-1989)
Authors: Rousseau Frédéric 
Published: July 2010

German Philately between Memory and Amnesia (1949-1989), Frédéric Rousseau.
Postage stamps, so sought after by philatelists, are neglected by historians. What a mistake. Because in a long-term analysis, stamps are the witness of memorialist policies of each issuing country. The study of West German stamps for the period from the creation of West Germany to the fall of the wall, unveils a deeply Christian and Western German identity. Moreover, the basic question of the relationship of the people with their past can be seen. Unlike its eastern neighbor who fostered a socialist and antifascist memory, West Germany, seeking normality, chose a less militant, more consensual memory, at the price of a few memory lapses and a big repression of the Nazi past.
Les métamorphoses du communisme italien depuis 1989
Authors: Marcou Lilly 
Published: July 2010

The Metamorphoses of Italian Communism since 1989, Lilly Marcou.
In the world process of Communist party transformation following the collapse of the USSR, the Italian Communist Party occupies a special place. Its own history, especially since 1945, placed it at the forefront of a western communism that wanted to detach itself from the Soviet experience by forging its own path and its own model of society. The consequence of this long period from Togliatti to Berlinguer was the 1989 to 1991 transformation from a communist party into a respectable social-democratic party, member of the International Socialist and mainspring of the entry of Italy in the European unification process. Altough the majority of the old ICP took this turn, a minority created a new party, the PR. This party did not consider itself as a continuation of the old one but it stands for the birth of another communism, one that takes into account both the failure of the Leninist model and also of the reformist one. The future will tell which of these two parties, offspring of the International Communist matrix, took the right road.
Les «colonnes» de Buren, une crise politico-artistique
Authors: Cascaro David 
Published: July 2010

Buren's "Columns". A Politico-Artistic Crisis, David Cascaro.
Illustrating the renewed public commission policy for historical monuments in 1985, Daniel Buren's work, Les deux plateaux, in the Palais Royal's court of honor, rapidly became the archetype of official art. Built in a space concentrating powerful institutions (Conseil d'État, (State Council) Ministry of Culture, Conseil Constitutionnel (Constitutional Council)), right in the middle of the legislative electoral campaign, the work roused passions fomented by the record of five years of socialism. Interrupted by a legal question, would the work begun by the Cultural Minister, Jack Lang, be continued after the arrivai of his successor, François Léotard?