bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global atmospheric effects on the gravity field quantities
Authors: Tenzer Robert , Vajda Peter ,   Hamayun
Published: December 2009

Global atmospheric effects on the gravity field quantitiesWe compile the global maps of atmospheric effects on the gravity field quantities using the spherical harmonic representation of the gravitational field. A simple atmospheric density distribution is assumed within a lower atmosphere (< 6 km). Disregarding temporal and lateral atmospheric density variations, the radial atmospheric density model is defined as a function of the nominal atmospheric density at the sea level and the height. For elevations above 6 km, the atmospheric density distribution from the United States Standard Atmosphere 1976 is adopted. The 5 × 5 arc-min global elevation data from the ETOPO5 are used to generate the global elevation model coefficients. These coefficients (which represent the geometry of the lower bound of atmospheric masses) are utilized to compute the atmospheric effects with a spectral resolution complete to degree and order 180. The atmospheric effects on gravity disturbances, gravity anomalies and geoid undulations are evaluated globally on a 1 × 1 arc-deg grid.
Is Low Hemoglobin Level a Risk Factor for Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections?
Authors: Malla Tejesh , Pathak Om K , Malla Kalpana K 
Published: December 2009

Objective: This prospective study was conducted to evaluate whether a low hemoglobin level, was a risk factor for Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (ALRTI) in children. Methods: 150 Children of all age groups who came to the outpatient department and those admitted for ALRTI were included in the study. Age and sex-matched 140 children, not having any respiratory illness, were taken as control. The study period was from March 2006 - March 2007. Detailed clinical and laboratory evaluation of the enlisted patients was done. All were subjected to detail investigations. Results: Radiological evidence of pneumonia was present in 70 (50 %) children.Hyperinflated lungs were seen in 40 (29%) and was normal in 30 (21.4%) cases. Blood culture was positive in 14 (10%) children of study group and none among control group. Klebsiella was the commonest organism isolated 6 (4.2%) in blood culture positive cases. The mean Hemoglobin (Hb) level of study group was 9.88 gm% and it was 12 gm% in control group.96 (68.6%) of study group and 30 (21.42%) of control group had anemia. Of the anemic children, 79 (82.3%) in study group had iron deficiency, and 17 (17.7%) had normocytic normochromic anemia. These values were 18 (33.3%) and 36 (66.6%) respectively for control group. Low hemoglobin level was a risk factor (p<0.001) ALRTI. Conclusion: Anemic children were 3.2 times more susceptible to ALRTI compared to the control group and and iron deficiency anemia was predominating. Supplemental iron therapy may reduce the incidence of ALRTI. Prevention of anemia, due to whatever etiology is also essential. Key words: ALRTI, anemia, hemoglobin. DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v30i1.2453 Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society Vol.30(1) 2010 1-7
Factors influencing the risk of local recurrence after resection of a single brain metastasis
Authors: Patel Akash J. , Suki Dima , Hatiboglu Mustafa Aziz , Abouassi Hiba , Shi Weiming , Wildrick David M. , Lang Frederick F. , Sawaya Raymond 
Published: December 2009

Object
Local recurrence (LR) of a resected brain metastasis occurs in up to 46% of patients. Postoperative whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) reduces that incidence. To isolate factors associated with the risk of LR after resection, the authors only studied patients who did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy.

Methods
The authors reviewed data from 570 cases involving patients who had undergone resection of a previously untreated single brain metastasis at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1993 and 2006 without receiving postoperative WBRT. All tumors were measured preoperatively on MR images. The resection method (en bloc resection [EBR] or piecemeal resection [PMR]) was noted at the time of surgery. Predictors of LR were assessed using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results
The median patient age was 58 years, 55% were male, and 88% had a Karnofsky Performance Scale Score ≥ 80. The most common primary cancers were those of the lung (28%), skin (melanoma, 21%), kidney (19%), and breast (11%). Piecemeal resection was performed in 201 patients (35%) and EBR in 369 (65%). Local recurrence developed in 84 patients (15%). The histological type of the primary cancer did not significantly predict LR; however, 7 of 22 patients with sarcoma developed LR (p = 0.16). The authors identified 2 variables that increased the risk of LR. Undergoing PMR carried a significantly higher LR risk than EBR (crude hazard ratio [HR] 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.6, p = 0.03). Tumors exceeding the median volume (9.7 cm3) had a significantly higher LR risk than those that were < 9.7 cm3 (crude HR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1–2.6; p = 0.02). In the multivariate analysis, small tumors removed by EBR had a significantly lower LR risk.

Conclusions
The LR risk of a single brain metastasis is influenced by biological factors (such as tumor volume) and treatments (such as the resection method). Early administration of postoperative WBRT may be particularly warranted when such negative tumor-related prognostic factors are noted or when treatment-related ones such as PMR are unavoidable.
Design, Synthesis, and Amplification of DNA Pools for In Vitro Selection
Authors: Hall Bradley , Micheletti John M. , Satya Pooja , Ogle Krystal , Pollard Jack , Ellington Andrew D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPreparation of a random‐sequence DNA pool is presented. The degree of randomization and the length of the random sequence are discussed, as is synthesis of the pool using a DNA synthesizer or via commercial synthesis companies. Purification of a single‐stranded pool and conversion to a double‐stranded pool are presented as step‐by‐step protocols. Support protocols describe determination of the complexity and skewing of the pool, and optimization of amplification conditions. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 88:24.2.1‐24.2.27. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DSPFAP: Distribution systems power flow analysis package using Matlab graphical user interface (GUI)
Authors: Eminoglu U. , Gözel T. , Hocaoglu M.H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a software package whose purpose is to provide a tool to be used for load flow analysis in Power System Analysis courses. The software package which is called Distribution Systems Power Flow Analysis Package (DSPFAP) uses the graphical user interface (GUI) capabilities of Matlab. The main advantage of the developed package is that the load flow analysis can be achieved in both transmission and distribution levels. The package facilitates different forward/backward sweep‐based algorithms to be used for the distribution systems and conventional Newton–Raphson, Gauss–Seidel algorithms for the transmission system load flow analysis. In addition to that, effect of voltage dependent load models and effects of DGs on the distribution systems load flow solution can be investigated using the program. It is also possible to use conventional algorithms for distribution system load flow analysis in the package. The package can freely be downloaded from the website: http://www.gyte.edu.tr/Dosya/102/power/. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 1–13, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20209
Evaluation of Left Atrial Function in Physiological and Pathological Left Ventricular Myocardial Hypertrophy by Real‐time Tri‐plane Strain Rate Imaging
Authors: Sun Pin , Wang Zhi‐Bin , Li Jian‐Xing , Nie Jing , Li Yan , He Xiang‐Qin , Su Xiao‐Ting 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the difference between left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy caused by primary hypertension and physiological LV hypertrophy in athletes as seen in left atrial (LA) function by real‐time tri‐plane strain rate imaging.HypothesisA real‐time tri‐plane imaging technique using the same phase of the same cardiac circle was used to synchronously demonstrate the section of apical 4‐chamber, 2‐chamber, and apical left ventricle long axis.MethodsWe measured standard Doppler echocardiographic quantitative analysis and the strain rate peak values of each LA wall in the systolic phase, in the early stage of diastole, and in the advanced stage of diastole and made a comparison of these values.ResultsThe alteration of configuration and function of the left atrium in hypertensive patients is an early sign of the myocardial damage caused by hypertension. Strain rate imaging could sensitively reflect LA function changes in the early stages of hypertension. While physiological, myocardial hypertrophy is a benign reaction, LA function is significantly different from that of hypertension.ConclusionsReal‐time tri‐plane strain rate imaging techniques could simultaneously analyze 3 sections, which shortens scanning time and depletes the influence of variations of different cardiac cycles on quantitative analysis of local myocardial segments of the left atrium. This would improve the comparability of myocardial movement of different segments so that we could more comprehensively and accurately evaluate the systolic and diastolic function of the left atrium in primary hypertension and physiological LV hypertrophy in athletes. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of Chronic Antithrombotic Therapy on Hospital Course of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Bauer Timm , Gitt Anselm , Zahn Ralf , Jünger Claus , Koeth Oliver , Towae Frank , Bestehorn Kurt , Senges Jochen , Zeymer Uwe 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the influence of chronic antithrombotic therapy on treatment and clinical outcome in patients with acute ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).HypothesisThe purpose of this study was to investigate the hospital course of STEMI patients on antithrombotics.MethodsWe analyzed data of consecutive patients with STEMI, who were prospectively enrolled in the German Acute Coronary Syndromes registry between July 2000 and November 2002. Overall, 8224 patients were stratified into 3 groups: group 1 had no prior chronic antithrombotic medication (n = 6004), group 2 was on chronic acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) therapy (n = 2022), and group 3 was on chronic oral anticoagulation therapy (n = 198).ResultsPatients on antithrombotic medication were older and had a higher baseline risk profile. The rate of patients receiving early reperfusion (group 1: 74.6%, group 2: 61.2%, group 3: 52.0%) and guideline‐adherent adjustment therapy was lower among patients on antithrombotics. Age and left bundle branch block were strong negative predictors for early reperfusion therapy in patients with prior antithrombotic treatment. Infarct size measured by peak creatine kinase level was lower in patients on antithrombotics. Hospital mortality (group 1: 8.0%, group 2: 12.8%, group 3: 16.2%) and major bleeding complications (group 1: 1.6%, group 2 2.0%, group 3 4.1%) were highest in patients on oral anticoagulants. However, after adjustment for confounding factors, prior ASA (odds ratio [OR]: 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80–1.21) and oral anticoagulant treatment (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.66–1.71) were not independent predictors for in‐hospital death.ConclusionsDespite a higher risk profile, patients with STEMI on a chronic antithrombotic therapy were less likely to receive early reperfusion therapy. However, after adjustment, prior ASA or oral anticoagulant therapy was not associated with higher in‐hospital mortality. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prehospital Electrocardiograms (ECGs) Do Not Improve the Process of Emergency Department Care in Hospitals with Higher Usage of ECGs in Non–ST‐segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Cudnik Michael T. , Frank Peacock W. , Diercks Deborah B. , Roe Matthew T. , Chen Anita Y. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundThis article will describe the impact of prehospital electrocardiogram (ECG) use on emergency department (ED) processes of care for non–ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients and assess the characteristics associated with prehospital ECG use.MethodsThis is a retrospective, multicenter, observational analysis of NSTEMI patients captured by the National Cardiovascular Data Registry‐Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry—Get with the Guidelines (NCDR ACTION‐GWTG) in 2007. Patient and hospital data were stratified by documentation of a prehospital ECG (pECG). Hospitals were stratified into tertiles of pECG use by higher pECG (>5.6%, n 91), lower pECG (≤ 5.6%, n = 83), or no pECG (n = 100). Statistical evaluation was done via Wilcoxon rank sum and χ2 tests.ResultsThere were 21 251 patients eligible for analysis. A pECG was documented in 1609 (7.6%) patients. Of 274 hospitals, 100 (36.5%) had no pECGs recorded. Median ED length of stay (LOS) was shorter at no pECG hospitals vs lower pECG hospitals (3.97 h vs 4.12 h, P < 0.05), but not higher pECG hospitals vs no pECG hospitals (3.85 h vs 3.97 h, P = not significant [NS]). A pECG was not associated with an improvement in ED performance metrics (use of aspirin, β‐blocker, any heparin) in the higher pECG hospitals vs no pECG hospitals or the lower pECG hospitals vs no pECG hospitals.ConclusionsUse of prehospital ECG in NSTEMI patients is uncommon. In contrast to its impact on reperfusion times in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, its use does not appear to be associated with an improvement in ED processes of care at the hospital level. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lens morphogenesis is dependent on Pax6‐mediated inhibition of the canonical Wnt/beta‐catenin signaling in the lens surface ectoderm
Authors: Machon Ondrej , Kreslova Jana , Ruzickova Jana , Vacik Tomas , Klimova Lucie , Fujimura Naoko , Lachova Jitka , Kozmik Zbynek 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLens formation in mouse is critically dependent on proper development of the retinal neuroectoderm that is located close beneath the head surface ectoderm. Signaling from the prospective retina triggers lens‐specific gene expression in the surface‐ectoderm. Supression of canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the surface ectoderm is one of the prerequisites for lens development because, as we show here, ectopic Wnt activation in the retina and lens abrogates lens formation. Wnt inhibiton is mediated by signals coming from the retina but its exact mechanism is unknown. We show that Pax6 directly controls expression of several Wnt inhibitors such as Sfrp1, Sfrp2, and Dkk1 in the presumptive lens. In accordance, absence of Pax6 function leads to aberrant canonical Wnt activity in the presumptive lens that subsequently impairs lens development. Thus Pax6 is required for down‐regulation of canonical Wnt signaling in the presumptive lens ectoderm. genesis 48:86–95, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective concomitant inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells by BN107 and oleanolic acid
Authors: Chu Ruth , Zhao Xiaoyue , Griffin Chandi , Staub Richard E. , Shoemaker Mark , Climent Joan , Leitman Dale , Cohen Isaac , Shtivelman Emma , Fong Sylvia 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHormonal, targeted and chemotherapeutic strategies largely depend on the expression of their cognate receptors and are often accompanied by intolerable toxicities. Effective and less toxic therapies for estrogen receptor negative (ER−) breast cancers are urgently needed. Here, we present the potential molecular mechanisms mediating the selective pro‐apoptotic effect induced by BN107 and its principle terpene, oleanolic acid (OA), on ER− breast cancer cells. A panel of breast cancer cell lines was examined and the most significant cytotoxic effect was observed in ER− breast lines. Apoptosis was the major cellular pathway mediating the cytotoxicity of BN107. We demonstrated that sensitivity to BN107 was correlated to the status of ERα. Specifically, the presence of functional ERα protected cells from BN107‐induced apoptosis and absence of ERα increased the sensitivity. BN107, an extract rich in OA derivatives, caused rapid alterations in cholesterol homeostasis, presumably by depleting cholesterol in lipid rafts (LRs), which subsequently interfered with signaling mediated by LRs. We showed that BN107 or OA treatment in ER− breast cancer cells resulted in rapid and specific inhibition of LR‐mediated survival signaling, namely mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities, by decreasing the levels of the mTOR/FRAP1, RAPTOR and RICTOR. Cotreatment with cholesterol abolished the proapoptotic effect and restored the disrupted mTOR activities. This is the first report demonstrating possible concomitant inhibition of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities by modulating the levels of protein constituents present in these signaling complexes, and thus provides a basis for future development of OA‐based mTOR inhibitors.
Accuracy of phase contrast, black‐blood, and bright‐blood pulse sequences for measuring compliance and distensibility coefficients in a human‐tissue mimicking phantom
Authors: Taviani Valentina , Patterson Andrew J. , Worters Pauline , Sutcliffe Michael P.F. , Graves Martin J. , Gillard Jonathan H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPurpose:To assess the accuracy of MR‐derived luminal diameter variations and its implications for compliance (CC) and distensibility coefficients (DC) by comparison with high‐resolution digital photography (HRDP) in a tissue‐mimicking phantom with pulsatile flow.Materials and Methods:Diameters, CC, and DC extracted using cine phase‐contrast (CPC), cine bright‐blood (CBrB), and a cine black‐blood (CBB) sequence were compared. The diameter in the left–right direction was compared against HRDP, as the gold‐standard. The experiments were performed using 2562 and 5122 matrix sizes. Bland‐Altman analysis was performed to compare each sequence with the gold‐standard in terms of diameter changes over the simulated cardiac cycle.Results:The bias and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) for CBB and CBrB were comparable. The bias for CPC was larger, however, the LOA were comparable. Increasing spatial resolution improved agreement with HRDP for all sequences. CBrB‐derived CC and DC were within 3% of the high resolution CBB values while CPC CC and DC were underestimated but still within 11%.Conclusion:CPC images were found to underestimate the luminal area over the cardiac cycle. CBrB‐derived diameters were more accurate in diastole while CBB‐derived diameters gave the best results in systole. CC and DC varied depending on the pulse sequence. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:160–167. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of imaging modalities in diagnosis of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Floriani Irene , Torri Valter , Rulli Eliana , Garavaglia Daniela , Compagnoni Anna , Salvolini Luca , Giovagnoni Andrea 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSurgery of liver metastases can be effective, and the appropriate selection of surgical candidates relies first on imaging. Different techniques are available, but information on their relative performance is unclear. The aim of this overview is to assess the imaging modality performance in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for articles published from January 2000 to August 2008. Eligible trials had to be conducted on patients with diagnosis/suspicion of CRC liver metastases, comparing more than two modalities among MRI, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography using fluoro‐18‐deoxyglucose (FDG‐PET), ultrasonography (US). Pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity were calculated and pair‐wise comparisons were performed. Of 6030 screened articles, 25 were eligible. Sensitivity and specificity on a per‐patient basis for US, CT, MRI, and FDG‐PET were 63.0% and 97.6%, 74.8% and 95.6%, 81.1% and 97.2, and 93.8% and 98.7%, respectively. On a per‐lesion basis, sensitivity was 86.3%, 82.6%, 86.3%, and 86.0%, respectively. Specificity was reported in few studies. MRI showed a better sensitivity than CT in per‐patient (odds ratio [OR]: 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47–0.99; P = 0.05) and in per‐lesion analysis (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.55–0.80; P < 0.0001). In per‐lesion analysis, the difference was higher when liver‐specific contrast agents were administered. Available evidence supports the MRI use for the detection of CRC liver metastases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:19–31. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peristaltic motion of a magnetohydrodynamic generalized second‐order fluid in an asymmetric channel
Authors: Wang Yongqi , Ali Nasir , Hayat Tasawar 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe investigate the peristaltic motion of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generalized second‐order fluid in an asymmetric channel. The governing equations are first modeled and then numerically solved under the long wavelength approximation. Attention has been focused to analyze the shear‐thinning and shear‐thickening effects of the investigated non‐Newtonian fluid, the influence of the magnetic force on the flow, especially the trapping, pumping characteristics caused by the peristalsis of the walls. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2011
Von Null auf 200 km/h in 40 Femtosekunden
Authors: Nubbemeyer Thomas , Sandner Wolfgang , Eichmann Ulli 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDipolkräfte im Fokus eines moderaten Laserfeldes sind seit langem bekannt und ermöglichen zum Beispiel den Einfang makroskopischer neutraler Teilchen (optische Pinzette) oder den Einschluss kalter Quantengase. Im Gegensatz zu Rückstoßkräften wie bei der Laserkühlung sind sie direkt proportional zur Laserintensität, wenn auch bisher angenommen wurde, dass sie nur bei Intensitäten unterhalb der Multiphoton‐ oder gar Tunnel‐Ionisationsschwelle wirksam sein können. Nun konnte unsere Gruppe am Max‐Born‐Institut in Berlin zeigen, dass auch in stärksten fokussierten, gepulsten Laserfeldern neutrale Atome überleben und Kräfte erfahren, die zu den bislang größten im Labor beobachteten Beschleunigungen führen.
Süße Zuckergläser
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: December 2009

AbstractZucker süßt Kaffee, Kuchen und Kekse, hat Kalorien und ist verantwortlich für Karies. Die physikalische Seite des Zuckers ist allerdings differenzierter. Zucker ist ein faszinierendes Material, das Köche und Patissiers wegen seiner thermisch aktivierbaren Zustandsänderungen besonders schätzen. Ein kulinarisches Geheimnis des Zuckers ist sein Glasübergang. Wird geschmolzener Zucker abgekühlt, haben die sperrigen Disaccharidmoleküle bei üblichen Abkühlraten keine Chance, sich in einem Kristall zu ordnen.