bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Zonal Asymmetries in the Southern Annular Mode and Their Impact on Regional Temperature Anomalies
Authors: Fogt Ryan L. , Jones Julie M. , Renwick James 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) is the dominant mode of climate variability in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere. Representing variations in pressure and the corresponding changes to the circumpolar zonal flow, it is typically thought of as an “annular” or ringlike structure. However, on seasonal time scales the zonal symmetry observed in the SAM in monthly or annual mean data is much less marked. This study further examines the seasonal changes in the SAM structure and explores temperature signals across the Southern Hemisphere that are strongly tied to the asymmetric SAM structure.
The SAM asymmetries are most marked in the Pacific sector and in austral winter and spring, related to changes in the jet entrance and exit regions poleward of 30°S. Depending on the season, the asymmetric SAM structure explains over 25% of the variance in the overall SAM structure and has strong connections with ENSO or zonal wavenumber 3. In austral summer and autumn the SAM has been becoming more zonally symmetric, especially after 1980, perhaps tied to changes in anthropogenic forcing. Across the Pacific sector, including the Antarctic Peninsula, temperature variations are strongly tied to the asymmetric SAM structure, while temperatures across East Antarctica are more strongly tied to the zonally symmetric SAM structure.
The results suggest that studies examining the climate impacts of the SAM across the Southern Hemisphere need to consider the seasonal variations in the SAM structure as well as varying impacts between its positive and negative polarity to adequately describe the underlying relationships.
Different El Niño Types and Tropical Cyclone Landfall in East Asia
Authors: Zhang Wei , Graf H.-F. , Leung Yee , Herzog Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examines whether there exist significant differences in tropical cyclone (TC) landfall between central Pacific (CP) El Niño, eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño, and La Niña during the peak TC season (June–October) and how and to what extent CP El Niño influences TC landfall over East Asia for the period 1961–2009. The peak TC season is subdivided into summer [June–August (JJA)] and autumn [September–October (SO)]. The results are summarized as follows: (i) during the summer of CP El Niño years, TCs are more likely to make landfall over East Asia because of a strong easterly steering flow anomaly induced by the westward shift of the subtropical high and northward-shifted TC genesis. In particular, TCs have a greater probability of making landfall over Japan and Korea during the summer of CP El Niño years. (ii) In the autumn of CP El Niño years, TC landfall in most areas of East Asia, especially Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines, is likely to be suppressed because the large-scale circulation resembles that of EP El Niño years. (iii) During the whole peak TC season [June–October (JJASO)] of CP El Niño years, TCs are more likely to make landfall over Japan and Korea. TC landfall in East Asia as a whole has an insignificant association with CP El Niño during the peak TC season. In addition, more (less) TCs are likely to make landfall in China, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines during the peak TC season of La Niña (EP El Niño) years.
Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus in the Community Atmosphere Model
Authors: Medeiros Brian , Williamson David L. , Hannay Cécile , Olson Jerry G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Forecasts of October 2006 are used to investigate southeast Pacific stratocumulus in the Community Atmosphere Model, versions 4 and 5 (CAM4 and CAM5). Both models quickly develop biases similar to their climatic biases, suggesting that parameterized physics are the root of the climate errors. An extensive cloud deck is produced in CAM4, but the cloud structure is unrealistic because the boundary layer is too shallow and moist. The boundary layer structure is improved in CAM5, but during the daytime the boundary layer decouples from the cloud layer, causing the cloud layer to break up and transition toward a more trade wind cumulus structure in the afternoon. The cloud liquid water budget shows how different parameterizations contribute to maintaining these different expressions of stratocumulus. Sensitivity experiments help elucidate the origins of the errors. The importance of the diurnal cycle of these clouds for climate simulations is emphasized.
Historical Global Tropical Cyclone Landfalls*
Authors: Weinkle Jessica , Maue Ryan , Pielke Roger 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In recent decades, economic damage from tropical cyclones (TCs) around the world has increased dramatically. Scientific literature published to date finds that the increase in losses can be explained entirely by societal changes (such as increasing wealth, structures, population, etc.) in locations prone to tropical cyclone landfalls, rather than by changes in annual storm frequency or intensity. However, no homogenized dataset of global tropical cyclone landfalls has been created that might serve as a consistency check for such economic normalization studies. Using currently available historical TC best-track records, a global database focused on hurricane-force strength landfalls was constructed. The analysis does not indicate significant long-period global or individual basin trends in the frequency or intensity of landfalling TCs of minor or major hurricane strength. The evidence in this study provides strong support for the conclusion that increasing damage around the world during the past several decades can be explained entirely by increasing wealth in locations prone to TC landfalls, which adds confidence to the fidelity of economic normalization analyses.
Diagnosing Ocean Stirring: Comparison of Relative Dispersion and Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponents
Authors: Waugh Darryn W. , Keating Shane R. , Chen Mei-Lin 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The relationship between two commonly used diagnostics of stirring in ocean and atmospheric flows, the finite-time Lyapunov exponents λ and relative dispersion R2, is examined for a simple uniform strain flow and ocean flow inferred from altimetry. Although both diagnostics are based on the separation of initially close particles, the two diagnostics measure different aspects of the flow and, in general, there is not a one-to-one relationship between the diagnostics. For a two-dimensional flow with time-independent uniform strain, there is a single time-independent λ, but there is a wide range of values of R2 for individual particle pairs. However, it is shown that the upper and lower limits of R2 for individual pairs, the mean value over a large ensemble of pairs, and the probability distribution function (PDF) of R2 have simple relationships with λ. Furthermore, these analytical expressions provide a reasonable approximation for the R2–λ relationship in the surface ocean flow based on geostrophic velocities derived from satellite altimeter measurements. In particular, the bimodal distribution, upper and lower bounds, and mean values from the ocean flow are similar to the analytical expressions for a uniform strain flow. How well, as well as over what integration time scale, this holds depends on the spatial and temporal variations within the ocean region being considered.
Study of MPLNET-Derived Aerosol Climatology over Kanpur, India, and Validation of CALIPSO Level 2 Version 3 Backscatter and Extinction Products
Authors: Misra Amit , Tripathi S. N. , Kaul D. S. , Welton Ellsworth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The level 2 aerosol backscatter and extinction profiles from the NASA Micropulse Lidar Network (MPLNET) at Kanpur, India, have been studied from May 2009 to September 2010. Monthly averaged extinction profiles from MPLNET shows high extinction values near the surface during October–March. Higher extinction values at altitudes of 2–4 km are observed from April to June, a period marked by frequent dust episodes. Version 3 level 2 Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol profile products have been compared with corresponding data from MPLNET over Kanpur for the above-mentioned period. Out of the available backscatter profiles, the16 profiles used in this study have time differences less than 3 h and distances less than 130 km. Among these profiles, four cases show good comparison above 400 m with R2 greater than 0.7. Comparison with AERONET data shows that the aerosol type is properly identified by the CALIOP algorithm. Cloud contamination is a possible source of error in the remaining cases of poor comparison. Another source of error is the improper backscatter-to-extinction ratio, which further affects the accuracy of extinction coefficient retrieval.
Impact of Physics Representations in the HWRFX on Simulated Hurricane Structure and Pressure–Wind Relationships
Authors: Bao J.-W. , Gopalakrishnan S. G. , Michelson S. A. , Marks F. D. , Montgomery M. T. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A series of idealized experiments with the NOAA Experimental Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model (HWRFX) are performed to examine the sensitivity of idealized tropical cyclone (TC) intensification to various parameterization schemes of the boundary layer (BL), subgrid convection, cloud microphysics, and radiation. Results from all the experiments are compared in terms of the maximum surface 10-m wind (VMAX) and minimum sea level pressure (PMIN)—operational metrics of TC intensity—as well as the azimuthally averaged temporal and spatial structure of the tangential wind and its material acceleration.
The conventional metrics of TC intensity (VMAX and PMIN) are found to be insufficient to reveal the sensitivity of the simulated TC to variations in model physics. Comparisons of the sensitivity runs indicate that (i) different boundary layer physics parameterization schemes for vertical subgrid turbulence mixing lead to differences not only in the intensity evolution in terms of VMAX and PMIN, but also in the structural characteristics of the simulated tropical cyclone; (ii) the surface drag coefficient is a key parameter that controls the VMAX–PMIN relationship near the surface; and (iii) different microphysics and subgrid convection parameterization schemes, because of their different realizations of diabatic heating distribution, lead to significant variations in the vortex structure.
The quantitative aspects of these results indicate that the current uncertainties in the BL mixing, surface drag, and microphysics parameterization schemes have comparable impacts on the intensity and structure of simulated TCs. The results also indicate that there is a need to include structural parameters in the HWRFX evaluation.
Zebrafish screen identifies novel compound with selective toxicity against leukemia
Authors: Ridges Suzanne , Heaton Will L. , Joshi Deepa , Choi Henry , Eiring Anna , Batchelor Lance , Choudhry Priya , Manos Elizabeth J. , Sofla Hossein , Sanati Ali , Welborn Seth , Agarwal Archana , Spangrude Gerald J. , Miles Rodney R. , Cox James E. , Frazer J. Kimble , Deininger Michael , Balan Kaveri , Sigman Matthew , Müschen Markus , Perova Tatiana , Johnson Radia , Montpellier Bertrand , Guidos Cynthia J. , Jones David A. , Trede Nikolaus S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
To detect targeted antileukemia agents we have designed a novel, high-content in vivo screen using genetically engineered, T-cell reporting zebrafish. We exploited the developmental similarities between normal and malignant T lymphoblasts to screen a small molecule library for activity against immature T cells with a simple visual readout in zebrafish larvae. After screening 26 400 molecules, we identified Lenaldekar (LDK), a compound that eliminates immature T cells in developing zebrafish without affecting the cell cycle in other cell types. LDK is well tolerated in vertebrates and induces long-term remission in adult zebrafish with cMYC-induced T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). LDK causes dephosphorylation of members of the PI3 kinase/AKT/mTOR pathway and delays sensitive cells in late mitosis. Among human cancers, LDK selectively affects survival of hematopoietic malignancy lines and primary leukemias, including therapy-refractory B-ALL and chronic myelogenous leukemia samples, and inhibits growth of human T-ALL xenografts. This work demonstrates the utility of our method using zebrafish for antineoplastic candidate drug identification and suggests a new approach for targeted leukemia therapy. Although our efforts focused on leukemia therapy, this screening approach has broad implications as it can be translated to other cancer types involving malignant degeneration of developmentally arrested cells.
Co-existence of other copy number variations with 22q11.2 deletion or duplication: a modifier for variable phenotypes of the syndrome?
Authors: Li Deling , Tekin Mustafa , Buch Maria , Fan Yao-Shan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
The phenotype in patients with a 22q11.2 deletion or duplication can be extremely variable, and the causes of such as variations are not well known.

Results
We observed additional copy number variations (CNVs) in 2 of 15 cases with a 22q11.2 deletion or duplication. Both cases were newborn babies referred for severe congenital heart defects. The first case had a deletion with a size of approximately 1.56 Mb involving multiple genes including STS in the Xp22.31 region along with a 22q11.2 deletion. The second case had a duplication of 605 kb in the 15q13.3 region encompassing CHRNA7 and a deletion of 209 kb involving the RBFOX1 gene in the 16p13.2 region, in addition to 22q11.2 duplication.

Discussion
Our observations have shown that additional CNVs are not rare (2/15, 13%) in patients with a 22q11.2 deletion or duplication. We speculate that these CNVs may contribute to phenotype variations of 22q11.2 microdeletion/duplication syndromes as genomic modifiers.
Visual cortex in dementia with Lewy bodies: Magnetic resonance
imaging study
Authors: Taylor John-Paul , Firbank Michael J. , He Jiabao , Barnett Nicola , Pearce Sarah , Livingstone Anthea , Vuong Quoc , McKeith Ian G. , O'Brien John T. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundVisual hallucinations and visuoperceptual deficits are common in dementia
with Lewy bodies, suggesting that cortical visual function may be
abnormal.AimsTo investigate: (1) cortical visual function using functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI); and (2) the nature and severity of perfusion
deficits in visual areas using arterial spin labelling (ASL)-MRI.MethodIn total, 17 participants with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB group) and
19 similarly aged controls were presented with simple visual stimuli
(checkerboard, moving dots, and objects) during fMRI and subsequently
underwent ASL-MRI (DLB group n = 15, control group
n = 19).ResultsFunctional activations were evident in visual areas in both the DLB and
control groups in response to checkerboard and objects stimuli but
reduced visual area V5/MT (middle temporal) activation occurred in the
DLB group in response to motion stimuli. Posterior cortical perfusion
deficits occurred in the DLB group, particularly in higher visual
areas.ConclusionsHigher visual areas, particularly occipito-parietal, appear abnormal in
dementia with Lewy bodies, while there is a preservation of function in
lower visual areas (V1 and V2/3).
Skeletal Muscle Lipid Peroxidation and Insulin Resistance in Humans
Authors: Ingram Katherine H. , Hill Helliner , Moellering Douglas R. , Hill Bradford G. , Lara-Castro Cristina , Newcomer Bradley , Brandon L. Jerome , Ingalls Christopher P. , Penumetcha Meera , Rupp Jeffrey C. , Garvey W. Timothy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Objective:
The relationships among skeletal muscle lipid peroxidation, intramyocellular lipid content (IMCL), and insulin sensitivity were evaluated in nine insulin-sensitive (IS), 13 insulin-resistant (IR), and 10 adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Design:
Insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp [glucose disposal rate (GDR)]. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-protein adducts and general oxidative stress by protein carbonyl content. All patients were sedentary.

Results:
Protein-HNE adducts were elevated 1.6-fold in T2DM compared with IS adults, whereas IR showed intermediate levels of HNE-modified proteins. Protein-HNE adducts correlated with GDR, waist circumference, and body mass index. IMCL was increased by 4.0- and 1.9-fold in T2DM and IR patients, respectively, compared with IS, and was correlated with GDR and waist circumference but not BMI. Protein carbonyls were not different among groups and did not correlate with any of the measured variables. Correlations were detected between IMCL and protein-HNE.

Conclusion:
Our data show for the first time that skeletal muscle protein-HNE adducts are related to the severity of insulin resistance in sedentary adults. These results suggest that muscle lipid peroxidation could be involved in the development of insulin resistance.
Dynamics and activation in response regulators: the β4-α4 loop
Authors: Bobay Benjamin G. , Hoch James A. , Cavanagh John 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTwo-component signal transduction systems of microbes are a primary means to respond to signals emanating from environmental and metabolic fluctuations as well as to signals coordinating the cell cycle with macromolecular syntheses, among a large variety of other essential roles. Signals are recognized by a sensor domain of a histidine kinase which serves to convert signal binding to an active transmissible phosphoryl group through a signal-induced ATP-dependent autophosphorylation reaction directed to histidine residue. The sensor kinase is specifically mated to a response regulator, to which it transfers the phosphoryl group that activates the response regulator’s function, most commonly gene repression or activation but also interaction with other regulatory proteins. Two-component systems have been genetically amplified to control a wide variety of cellular processes; for example, both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have 60 plus confirmed and putative two-component systems. Bacillus subtilis has 30 plus and Nostoc punctiformis over 100. As genetic amplification does not result in changes in the basic structural folds of the catalytic domains of the sensor kinase or response regulators, each sensor kinase must recognize its partner through subtle changes in residues at the interaction surface between the two proteins. Additionally, the response regulator must prepare itself for efficient activation by the phosphorylation event. In this short review, we discuss the contributions of the critical β4-α4 recognition loop in response regulators to their function. In particular, we focus on this region’s microsecond-millisecond timescale dynamics propensities and discuss how these motions play a major role in response regulator recognition and activation.
Synthesis of novel benzo[f]chromene compounds catalyzed by ionic liquid
Authors: Eshghi Hossein , Zohuri Gholam Hossein , Sandaroos Reza , Damavandi Saman 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A facile method for the synthesis of benzo[f]chromene derivatives is reported. The procedure involves a novel three-component reaction of 1-naphthol or 2-naphthol, acetophenone derivatives and triethyl orthobenzoate in the presence of silica supported ionic liquid [pmim]HSO4 SiO2 [silica supported 1-methyl-3-(triethoxysilylpropyl)imidazolium hydrogensulfate] as an efficient catalyst.
The monoepoxidation of acyclic, conjugated aliphatic dienes by dimethyldioxirane: kinetics
Authors: Baumstark Alfons L. , Vasquez Pedro C. , Michelena-Baez Elba , Chen Hsin-Hung 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Kinetic data for the reaction of dimethyldioxirane (1) with a series of acyclic, aliphatic conjugated dienes 2a–f are reported. Monoepoxidation is the preferred process and the monoepoxides are formed in high yield as long as the dienes are in excess. The results show that epoxidation of the dienes is less sensitive to structural effects than that for simple alkenes. Furthermore, these monoepoxidations show little sensitivity to cis/trans substitution in marked contrast to those of simple aliphatic alkenes. The relative reactivities were modeled using a density function approach. Consistent with previous calculations on alkene systems, a concerted process with a spiro transition state was obtained for diene epoxidation regardless of the initial orientation of the reactants. The relative reactivities for monoepoxidation of 2c–e were calculated based on the weighted average of the calculated differences between Ecalc for reaction of the s-cis and s-trans conformer of each diene with 1. The predicted relative reactivities were in reasonable agreement with those from the kinetic data.
Level of NICU Quality of Developmental Care and Neurobehavioral Performance in Very Preterm Infants
Authors: Montirosso Rosario , Del Prete Alberto , Bellù Roberto , Tronick Ed , Borgatti Renato ,   and the Neonatal Adequate Care for Quality of Life (NEO-ACQUA) Study Group
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the relation between the neurobehavior of very preterm infants and the level of NICU quality of developmental care.

METHODS:
The neurobehavior of 178 very preterm infants (gestational age ≤29 weeks and/or birth weight ≤1500 g) from 25 NICUs participating in a large multicenter, longitudinal study (Neonatal Adequate Care for Quality of Life, NEO-ACQUA) was examined with a standardized neurobehavioral assessment, the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS). A questionnaire, the NEO-ACQUA Quality of Care Checklist was used to evaluate the level of developmental care in each of the NICUs. A factor analyses applied to NEO-ACQUA Quality of Care Checklist produced 2 main factors: (1) the infant-centered care (ICC) index, which measures parents’ involvement in the care of their infant and other developmentally oriented care interventions, and (2) the infant pain management (IPM) index, which measures the NICU approach to and the procedures used for reducing infant pain. The relations between NNNS neurobehavioral scores and the 2 indexes were evaluated.

RESULTS:
Infants from NICUs with high scores on the ICC evidenced higher attention and regulation, less excitability and hypotonicity, and lower stress/abstinence NNNS scores than infants from low-care units. Infants from NICUs with high scores on the IPM evidenced higher attention and arousal, lower lethargy and nonoptimal reflexes NNNS scores than preterm infants from low-scoring NICUs.

CONCLUSIONS:
Very preterm infant neurobehavior was associated with higher levels of developmental care both in ICC and in IPM, suggesting that these practices support better neurobehavioral stability.
Chondral Lesion of the Patella
Authors: Leahy Ian M. , Powers Christopher M. 
Published: April 2012

The patient was a 27-year-old man who was a recreational baseball player. He was referred to a physical therapist for a suspected medial meniscus injury following a right-sided lower extremity twisting injury sustained 3 weeks prior. Despite 4 weeks of physical therapist intervention, the patient was unable to successfully return to athletic activities. The patient was then referred to an orthopaedic surgeon, who ordered magnetic resonance imaging of his right knee, which revealed a focal full-thickness chondral lesion at the median patellar ridge. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(3):291. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.0404