bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The infectivity of chorio-allantoic membrane influenza virus and incomplete influenza virus by the six-hour soluble antigen productionl test
Authors: Beale A. J. , Finter N. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. After inoculation of eggs with a large dose (108·6ID50) of influenza virus, chorio-allantoic membranes harvested from the 3rd to at least the 21st hr. (but not at the 1st or 2nd hr.) gave rise to large amounts of soluble antigen in 6 hr. in the chorio-allantoic membranes of sub-inoculated eggs (6 hr. soluble antigen production test). These amounts were larger than resulted from inoculation of equivalent numbers of ID50of standard allantoic fluid virus. By the conventional 72 hr. test, the infectivity of the chorio-allantoic membranes increased 1 hr. later, at the 4th hr. after inoculation.2. Allantoic fluids and chorio-allantoic membranes harvested from passages of very large and of small amounts of influenza virus were tested by 6 hr. soluble antigen production. The relative amounts of soluble antigen formed by different seeds appeared to be determined by their ID50: HA ratios, irrespective of whether they were allantoic fluid or chorio-allantoic membrane preparations. Larger amounts of soluble antigen were formed in 6 hr. per ID50inoculated by preparations having lower ID50: HA ratios, i.e. containing larger amounts of ‘incomplete’ virus, and vice versa.3. It is suggested that high infectivity in the 6 hr. soluble antigen test per ID50inoculated is due to a content of ‘incomplete’ virus, or of virus precursors: possibly these are in fact the same.4. More particles of an incomplete virus preparation than of standard allantoic fluid virus must be inoculated to produce a given amount of soluble antigen in 6 hr. It is suggested that a process resembling multiplicity reactivation must occur in cells infected with more than one particle of ‘incomplete’ virus.
The nucleic acid and carbohydrate content of influenza virus A and of virus fractions produced by ether disintegration
Authors: Frisch-Niggemeyer W. , Hoyle L. 
Published: May 2009

The preparation of purified influenza virus from infected allantoic fluid is described, and its fractionation by ether treatment with the production of pure samples of soluble antigen and haemagglutinin.Chemical analysis of intact infective virus showed it to have a nitrogen content of 9.3%, a carbohydrate content of 3.5%, and a content of ribonucleic acid of 0.7–0.74%.Purified soluble antigen derived from the infective virus particle was shown to be a ribonucleoprotein containing 5.3% RNA. No carbohydrate other than ribose was found. Purified haemagglutinin was shown to be a mucoprotein containing 4.2% of a polysaccharide possibly composed of galactose and mannose in equimolar proportions.
An interference phenomenon caused by Pasteurella pestis
Authors: Parry W. R. 
Published: May 2009

An interference phenomenon was produced by the intraperitoneal injection of broth culture dilutions of Pasteurella pestis grown at 28° C. into small white rats.At a critical level of approximately 106Past. pestis L37 marked interference was produced. Doses of 104 or 107 killed rats readily.Interference was produced by the addition of killed organisms, a cell-free vaccine or a live vaccine, to small lethal doses of L37.Non-specific interference was produced by the intravenous injection of Indian ink prior to the intraperitoneal challenge with Past. pestis L37.
Observations on the viability of Trichomonas foetus during the process of freezing to –79° C. and thawing in the presence of glycerol
Authors: Joyner L. P. , Bennett G. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. It has been confirmed that Trichomonas foetus fails to survive freezing and thawing in the presence of 10 % glycerol in egg-yolk-citrate diluent. Under the same conditions adequate sperm survival was demonstrated.2. Trichomonads were particularly sensitive to the toxic effects of glycerol when suspended in egg-yolk citrate.3. Trichomonads will survive freezing and thawing when suspended in other diluents such as egg-yolk phosphate or milk.
Incomplete Antibodies in Experimental Brucella Infection
Authors: Cruickshank J. C. 
Published: May 2009

Incomplete antibodies demonstrable by the Coombs antiglobulin technique were found in almost all guinea-pigs inoculated subcutaneously withBrucella abortus.They were detected between the 20th and 30th day after infection and reached a peak between the 50th and 70th day, at which time their titre was 4—8 times that of the ordinary agglutinins.Paper electrophoresis of sera from infected guinea-pigs showed a great increase in y-globulin as infection developed. Smaller increases in α1- and β-globulin were observed.
Two outbreaks of echovirus 14 infection: a possible interference with oral poliovirus vaccine and a probable association with aseptic meningitis
Authors: Hinuma Yorio , Murai Yoshimichi , Nakao Tooru 
Published: May 2009

Two events concerned with echo virus 14 infection were reported.The first, which occurred in Sendai in 1962, was that the intestinal infection with the attenuated poliovirus 1 vaccine was possibly suppressed by naturally occurring infection with echovirus 14. Echovirus 14 was isolated 10 days after the vaccine feeding in six out of nine cases, but poliovirus in only two cases. Six of the vaccinated babies did not exhibit antibody response to the poliovirus 1, while a significant rise of antibody titre against echovirus 14 was seen in as many as eight babies 7 weeks after the vaccination.The second was a small outbreak of aseptic meningitis due to echovirus 14 in Aomori in 1963. During August to October, echovirus 14 was isolated from the faeces of seven patients with aseptic meningitis. The virus was also isolated from the CSF in one case. The antibody titre against echovirus 14 was detected in all the patients from whom the virus was isolated. In addition, echovirus 14 antibody was detected in four out of fourteen patients with aseptic meningitis from whom no virus was recovered. The onset of serologically positive patients was limited to the months of August to October.
Staphylococcus aureusstrains associated with the hedgehog,Erinaceus europaeus
Authors: Smith John M. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Strains ofStaphylococcus aureuswere obtained from the nostrils of twenty-three of fifty-eight hedgehogs; the skin of thirty-eight of fifty-six hedgehogs; the paws of thirty-six of fifty-seven hedgehogs and the anus of six of eleven hedgehogs.2. Of 118 strains, 106 (90%) were typable with human staphylophages. Seventeen were phage group I, three phage group II, twenty-five phage group III, sixty-one were typable but unclassifiable into groups, and twelve were untypable.3. Male hedgehogs were more heavily infected than females, while all ages of hedgehogs appeared equally susceptible to infection.4. Of the 124 coagulase positive strains obtained, 107 (86·3%) were resistant to penicillin. Resistance to other antibiotics—chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, celbenin—was not encountered.5. Thirty-three (83%) of forty strains produced β-lysin.6. Mites (Caparinia tripilis) and fungi (Trichophyton mentagrophytesvar.erinacei) did not appear to directly influence the carriage ofStaphylococcus aureuson the hedgehog skin.
Serological epidemiological studies with influenza A viruses
Authors: Schild G. C. , Stuart-Harris C. H. 
Published: May 2009

Determinations were made of the age distribution of antibody to swine virus and representatives of the various families of human influenza A virus in 1961–62 collections of human sera and paired sera from forty individuals taken in 1952 and 1963:(a) The existence of cohorts of the population, each with a dominant antibody type related to strains of virus first encountered in childhood, was confirmed.(b) The basic epidemiological pattern was similar to that previously detected in 1954. However, it seemed that antibody to swine virus had been reinforced but not antibody to A and A1 strains.(c) Neutralizing and HI antibodies to A/Equine/Miami/63 virus were detected only in the sera of older people (65 years or over) collected in 1964. No antibodies were found to A/Equine/Prague/56 or two duck viruses.(d) Relatively constant levels of antibody to A, A1 and A 2 viruses were present in sera from aged persons but antibody to swine virus diminished with age. This could be attributed to a lack of swine antibody in the older females.
The bacteriology of tropical pyomyositis in Uganda
Authors: Foster W. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. The bacteriology of the pus from 79 cases of tropical pyomyositis has been studied. In 74 cases Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in pure culture.2. Phage typing showed that 60% of the pyomyositis strains belonged to phage Group II as compared with 22% for miscellaneous hospital infections and 21% for nasal carrier strains.3. A high proportion of the Group II strains from pyomyositis were found to be penicillin resistant and it is thought that this is unlikely to be due to the use of penicillin therapeutically but is probably a natural characteristic of the strains.4. Other suggested aetiological factors in pyomyositis such as leptospirosis and syphilis have been investigated but no association has been found.5. The phage types of staphylococci found in Uganda have been compared with those reported from England and Australia and found not to be strikingly different.
Salmonella food poisoning associated with imported canned meat
Authors: Burnett R. C. S. , Davies B. I. 
Published: May 2009

Two outbreaks of salmonella food poisoning are described. In one, involving 55 persons, the infecting organism was Salmonella reading, and in the other, involving 39 persons, S. tennessee. In both, epidemiological and bacteriological evidence pointed to imported cans of cooked meat as the source. The role of contaminated shop equipment in furthering the spread of infection is particularly emphasized.Attention is drawn to the severity of the symptoms and prolonged excretion of the organism in a number of the patients infected with S. reading.
Experiments on terminal disinfection of cubicles with formaldehyde
Authors: Beeby M. M. , Kingston D. , Whitehouse C. E. 
Published: May 2009

The conditions for satisfactory fumigation with formaldehyde were investigated using suspensions of Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa dried as drops on strips of polythene or after mixing with cotton dust. In laboratory experiments with controlled concentrations of formaldehyde and water vapour, satisfactory results were obtained at 86 % humidity, but at 32 % humidity the formaldehyde was virtually inactive.Measurements under field conditions showed that the permanganate method of vaporizing formaldehyde did not vaporize enough water to produce optimum conditions for sterilization, and that great care was necessary in the sealing of rooms. When sterilization was incomplete the surviving organisms were not uniformly distributed within the room.In the limited circumstances in which fumigation with formaldehyde is thought to be essential, the process should be controlled by estimating the formaldehyde and water vapour concentrations initially and after 3 hr.
Reactions and antibody response to live influenza vaccine prepared from the Iksha (A2) strain. (A report to the Medical Research Council by their Committee on Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Vaccines)
Authors: Beare A. S. , Tyreell D. A. J. , McDonald J. C. , Pollock T. M. , Taylor C. E. D. , Howells C. H. L. , Tyler L. E. 
Published: May 2009

Two field trials of A 2 live influenza vaccine (Iksha) are described; the clinical reactions and antibody response in three earlier trials are compared.The antibody response in the last two trials was unsatisfactory and was inferior to that observed in the earlier investigations. This reduction in response was probably due to an alteration in the virus during further passage.
Features of molluscum contagiosum in the north-east of Scotland and in Fijian village settlements
Authors: Postlethwaite R. , Watt J. A. , Hawley T. G. , Simpson I. , Adam Helen 
Published: May 2009

Between 1964 and 1966 comparative studies were carried out in Aberdeen, Scotland, and in village settlements in Fiji on the clinico-epidemiological features of molluscum contagiosum. In Aberdeen there was a positive correlation between this disease and attendance of patients at public swimming baths. The preponderance of male patients in Aberdeen was attributed to their more frequent indulgence in swimming. Household spread of the condition was rare in Aberdeen but common in Fiji. Lesions frequently occurred unilaterally or were situated on opposing skin surfaces. They were mainly central in distribution in Aberdeen, the axilla being a site of predilection. In Fijians, peripheral lesions were fairly common though palms and soles were not affected. Peak age incidence in Aberdeen was 10–12 years, contrasting with a peak at 2–3 years in Fiji. Opportunity for contagious exposure appeared to be the main factor determining transmission of molluscum contagiosum between hosts, this opportunity occurring frequently and early in life in Fiji but only under special circumstances and later in childhood in Aberdeen. However, the age distributions in the two populations suggested the possible operation of immunological as well as environmental factors in determining the overall pattern of disease in the community.We should like to express our thanks to the following people whose support and co-operation made this joint study possible: Dr K. J. Gilchrist, Principal of the Fiji School of Medicine; Prof J. A. R. Miles, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago; Dr C. H. Gurd, Director of Medical Services, Fiji; and Prof. A. Macdonald, Department of Bacteriology, University of Aberdeen. We are indebted to Dr T. E. Anderson and Dr R. A. Main of the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for referring patients, to Mr W. Hodgkiss of the Torry Research Station, Aberdeen for carrying out the electron microscopy and to Dr Peter Bennett, Nuffield Foundation Scholar in Tropical Medicine from Aberdeen in 1962, who brought to the attention of the Aberdeen workers the prevalence of molluscum contagiosum in Fiji. Part of the work was supported by a grant to R. Postlethwaite from the British Empire Cancer Campaign for Research. Mr (now Dr) Ian Simpson and Miss Helen Adam were supported by Nuffield Foundation Scholarships in Tropical Medicine, and Dr J. A. Watt by a Garden Research Fellowship from the University of Aberdeen.
Edwardsiella tardain a study of juvenile diarrhoea
Authors: Bhat Prema , Myers Ruth M. , Carpenter K. Patricia 
Published: May 2009

Four strains ofEdwardsiella tarda, a recently described member of the Entero-bacteriaceae, were studied, They were isolated from four out of 832 children during a 3-year survey of juvenile diarrhoea at Vellore, S. India. Three of the four children had diarrhoea when the organisms were isolated and one was convalescent from bacillary dysentery. From this study and a review of the literature it appears thatEd. tardais found only infrequently in man and that its main reservoir may be in animals such as snakes and seals. It is suggested that this organism should be specifically looked for in cases of diarrhoea to determine its etiological role, particularly when the major intestinal pathogens are not isolated.This work forms part of the studies on the etiology of diarrhoeal infections in children for the Ph.D thesis of P.B., and the grant from the Indian Council for Medical Research towards these studies is gratefully acknowledged. We also wish to thank Dr Sakazaki for serotyping the strains.
Investigations on the incidence of rinderpest virus infection in game animals of N. Tanganyika and S. Kenya 1960/63
Authors: Plowright W. , McCulloch B. 
Published: May 2009

The incidence of rinderpest infection in game animals in selected localities of South Kenya and North Tanganyika was studied during the period 1960 to 1963. Serum samples from 590 wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), 48 eland (Taurotragus oryx), 65 Thompson's gazelle (Gazella thompsoni) and 39 Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti) were tested for rinderpest neutralizing antibody.Rinderpest infection was shown to have been very frequent in yearling wilde-beest in the Mara area of Kenya in 1959/60, in the Serengeti National Park of Tanganyika in late 1960 and also in the Serengeti, and some adjacent areas, during the latter half of 1961. In the Ngorongoro Crater in 1961 infection was far less widespread, with only 11% of the yearlings acquiring antibody, compared to 67% in the Serengeti. The infections in 1959 and 1960 were clinical epizootics, accompanied by a considerable mortality, whereas no overt disease was reported in the course of 1961. Eland were affected in a similar manner to wildebeest up to 1960 but only a low rate of serological conversion was demonstrated in 1961. Adult Thompson's gazelle showed a low rate (ca. 12%) of infection but no anti-body was detected in Grant's gazelle.Only a small proportion of the wildebeest calves born in early 1962 acquired antibody by mid-1963 and this was due, at least in part, to infection late in 1962; it was not clear, unfortunately, whether the positive animals belonged entirely to resident, as opposed to migratory, groups. No clinical signs or mortality were reported in this year.A low incidence of rinderpest infection in wildebeest was also demonstrated both before and after 1960 in the Kajiado district of Kenya, where disease of game has not been reported in recent years. It is possible that the positive animals, as also the 1962 cases in Tanganyika, acquired the virus from low-grade infections of cattle.The transmission of rinderpest antibody from wildebeest dam to calf, presumably via the colostrum, was demonstrated regularly, except in six calves about 1–2 weeks old. No completely satisfactory explanation was obtained for their failure to acquire passive antibody but it may have been due to abnormal disturbance in the herds, associated with the shooting. The antibody titres in calves were initially higher than those in the serum of their dams but by the end of the 3rd month this position had been reversed. Individual calves became serologically negative from about the 10th week of life and all were devoid of antibody by the 6th to 7th month. The half-life of passively-acquired antibody was 4·4 weeks.
A study on the virus aetiology of mild respiratory infections in the primary school child
Authors: Pereira M. S. , Andrews B. E. , Gardner S. D. 
Published: May 2009

A survey of mild respiratory disease in a primary school was undertaken over a 2-year period to determine which of the newer respiratory viruses were responsible for these illnesses.The over-all isolation rate was low but a wide variety of viral agents was isolated.None of these caused epidemics but it is suggested they may be the cause of a low but constant absentee-rate throughout the year.
Ward floors and other surfaces as reservoirs of hospital infection
Authors: Ayliffe G. A. J. , Collins B. J. , Lowbury E. J. L. , Babb J. R. , Lilly H. A. 
Published: May 2009

Impression plates from initially clean horizontal surfaces and floor areas in surgical wards showed a rapid accumulation of bacteria, mainly micrococci, which reached a fluctuating equilibrium after about 24 h. A later increase in bacterial contamination (mainly with aerobic sporing bacilli) to a higher equilibrium level after about 14 days occurred on uncleaned areas. Walls, even if left unwashed, acquired very few bacteria, but many were deposited locally when the wall was touched by a subject whose skin carried large numbers of staphylococci; moist exposed plaster was also heavily contaminated.Regular use of a disinfectant (‘Sudol’ 1 in 100) in cleaning a ward floor did not reduce the equilibrium level of bacteria on the floor.The transfer of staphylococci from contaminated to clean areas on the soles of shoes was demonstrated; the use of tacky and disinfectant mats did not appreciably reduce the transfer of bacteria by this route.Staphylococci deposited on a wall by a disperser were shown to be transferred from the contaminated area of wall to the hands of another subject who did not previously carry the organism; this subject was shown to transfer the staphylo-coccus to a wall which he touched.Attempts to redisperse by air movementStaph. aureuswhich had been shed by a disperser or by a contaminated blanket on to the floor surfaces had little effect; neither blowing with a hair dryer nor brisk exercise appeared to lift any of the staphylococci from a vinyl surface, and only small numbers were lifted by these measures from a terrazzo surface.The hazards of infection from the inanimate environment are discussed.
Antibody to streptococcal opacity factor in human sera
Authors: Maxted W. R. , Widdowson Jean P. , Fraser Cherry A. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo tests are described for detecting antibody to the type-specific opacity factor (OF) of group A streptococci. This antibody was detected among patients convalescent from streptococcal sore throat in two communities in which out-breaks due to opacity factor-producing strains of group A streptococci occurred.In an outbreak due to streptococci of M-type 22 there was a close correspondence between the distribution of anti-OF and of bactericidal M-antibody for the type. In a smaller outbreak due to M-type 58 streptococci, however, M-antibody was detected more often than antibody of OF.
The post-mortem diagnosis of influenzal infection by fluorescent IgG, IgA and IgM antibody studies on necropsy blood
Authors: de Silva L. M. , Khan M. S. , Kampfner G. , Tobin J. O'H. , Gillett R. , Morris C. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNecropsy blood from cases diagnosed as dying from influenza A was examined for specific antibody in the IgG, IgA and IgM fractions and a specific diagnosis of recent infection was made if either IgM or IgA antibody and low titres of IgG antibody were found. By these criteria a diagnostic rate of 77% was found in those cases from whom no virus was isolated. The use of infected cell monolayers grown on polytetrafluoroethylene-coated slides gave a simple method of carrying out these antibody assays, and the use of necropsy blood did not require any special methods of transport of specimens to the virus laboratory.
Social class and infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Nye F. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe socio-economic status of 80 patients with infectious mononucleosis was compared with the socio-economic distribution of the general population in the same area of south-west London. An excess incidence of infectious mononucleosis was observed among subjects from upper socio-economic groups. A possible relationship between this observation and the epidemiology of the Epstein—Barr virus is discussed.
Epstein-Barr virus antibody in cases and contacts of infectious mononucleosis; a family study
Authors: Nye F. J. , Lambert H. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSerological investigations were carried out on 147 patients with Paul—Bunnell positive infectious mononucleosis (IM) from the general population. All possessed antibody to the Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) and 63% showed serological evidence of recent infection. Contacts of 132 patients, 306 in all, were followed serologically; within 6 months of the index cases' illness twenty one contacts developed evidence of EBV infection or re-infection and of these five developed overt IM. The secondary attack rate of EBV infection among susceptible contacts was at least 19%; the corresponding figure for clinically apparent IM was 6%. EBY antibody prevalence among patients' siblings was significantly lower than among age-matched controls, suggesting that cases of IM come from families with a lower than normal previous experience of the virus. Of thirteen patients with persistently Paul—Bunnell negative ‘glandular fever’ four had serological evidence of recent EBV infection and two had probable cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. Recent EBV infection may have been associated with the illnesses of five of the remaining patients.