bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin of the Silurian Crude Oils and Reservoir Formation Characteristics in the Tazhong Uplift
Authors: Haijun YANG , Sumei LI , Xiongqi PANG , Zhongyao XIAO , Qiaoyuan GU , Baoshou ZHANG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:The Silurian stratum in the Tazhong uplift is an important horizon for exploration because it preserves some features of the hydrocarbons produced from multi‐stage tectonic evolution. For this reason, the study of the origin of the Silurian oils and their formation characteristics constitutes a major part in revealing the mechanisms for the composite hydrocarbon accumulation zone in the Tazhong area. Geochemical investigations indicate that the physical properties of the Silurian oils in Tazhong vary with belts and blocks, i.e., heavy oils are distributed in the TZ47–15 well‐block in the North Slope while normal and light oils in the No. I fault belt and the TZ16 well‐block, which means that the oil properties are controlled by structural patterns. Most biomarkers in the Silurian oils are similar to that of the Mid‐Upper Ordovician source rocks, suggesting a good genetic relationship. However, the compound specific isotope of n‐alkanes in the oils and the chemical components of the hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions indicate that these oils are mixed oils derived from both the Mid‐Upper Ordovician and the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks. Most Silurian oils have a record of secondary alterations like earlier biodegradation, including the occurrence of “UCM” humps in the total ion current (TIC) chromatogram of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and 25‐norhopane in saturated hydrocarbons of the crude oils, and regular changes in the abundances of light and heavy components from the structural low to the structural high. The fact that the Silurian oils are enriched in chain alkanes, e.g., n‐alkanes and 25‐norhopane, suggests that they were mixed oils of the earlier degraded oils with the later normal oils. It is suggested that the Silurian oils experienced at least three episodes of petroleum charging according to the composition and distribution as well as the maturity of reservoir crude oils and the oils in fluid inclusions. The migration and accumulation models of these oils in the TZ47–15 well‐blocks, the No. I fault belt and the TZ16 well‐block are different from but related to each other. The investigation of the origin of the mixed oils and the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation mechanisms in different charging periods is of great significance to petroleum exploration in this area.
Ordovician Carbonate Reservoir Bed Characteristics and Reservoir‐Forming Conditions in the Lungudong Region of the Tarim Basin
Authors: Weili WANG , Xiongqi PANG , Luofu LIU , Haijun YANG , Ying WANG , Zhenxue JIANG , Caifu XIANG , Qiaoyuan GU , Jianfa HAN 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Basic characteristics of Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds in the Lungudong region of northeastern part of the Tarim Basin are described in detail and the reservoir‐forming conditions of oil and gas are preliminarily discussed in this paper by collecting and sorting out a large amount of data. The carbonate reservoir beds are mainly developed in open‐platform and platform marginal facies; the reservoir beds have large changes in and low average values of physical property; the main type is fractured reservoir beds with the fracture‐porous type second. The reservoir bed development is chiefly controlled by the distribution of sedimentary facies, tectonic activity and karstification. Whereas the accumulation and distribution of hydrocarbons in the region are controlled by an advantageous structural location, a good reservoir‐caprock combination and a favorable transporting system, with the distribution characterized by zones horizontally and belts vertically, the oil and gas are mainly concentrated in areas with structural uplift, densely developed fractures, and surface karst, a vertical vadose zone, and a horizontal undercurrent belt of palaeokarst.
Tectonic Fractures in Tight Gas Sandstones of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Western Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Lianbo ZENG , Yuegang LI 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:The western Sichuan Basin, which is located at the front of the Longmen Mountains in the west of Sichuan Province, China, is a foreland basin formed in the Late Triassic. The Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation is a tight gas sandstone reservoir with low porosity and ultra‐low permeability, whose gas accumulation and production are controlled by well‐developed fracture zones. There are mainly three types of fractures developed in the Upper Triassic tight gas sandstones, namely tectonic fractures, diagenetic fractures and overpressure‐related fractures, of which high‐angle tectonic fractures are the most important. The tectonic fractures can be classified into four sets, i.e., N‐S‐, NE‐, E‐W‐ and NW‐striking fractures. In addition, there are a number of approximately horizontal shear fractures in some of the medium‐grained sandstones and grit stones nearby the thrusts or slip layers. Tectonic fractures were mainly formed at the end of the Triassic, the end of the Cretaceous and the end of the Neogene‐Early Pleistocene. The development degree of tectonic fractures was controlled by lithology, thickness, structure, stress and fluid pressure. Overpressure makes not only the rock shear strength decrease, but also the stress state change from compression to tension. Thus, tensional fractures can be formed in fold‐thrust belts. Tectonic fractures are mainly developed along the NE‐ and N‐S‐striking structural belts, and are the important storage space and the principal flow channels in the tight gas sandstone. The porosity of fractures here is 28.4% of the gross reservoir porosity, and the permeability of fractures being two or three grades higher than that of the matrix pores. Four sets of high‐angle tectonic fractures and horizontal shear fractures formed a good network system and controlled the distribution and production of gas in the tight sandstones.
Origin of Paleofluids in Dabashan Foreland Thrust Belt: Geochemical Evidence of 13C, 18O and 87Sr/86Sr in Veins and Host Rocks
Authors: Jianhui ZENG , Tianwu XU , Zhanqiang SUN , Yongwang ZHANG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:In the last ten years, with important discoveries from oil and gas exploration in the Dabashan foreland depression belt in the borderland between Shanxi and Sichuan provinces, the relationship between the formation and evolution of, and hydrocarbon accumulation in, this foreland thrust belt from the viewpoint of basin and oil and gas exploration has been studied. At the same time, there has been little research on the origin of fluids within the belt. Based on geochemical system analysis including Z values denoting salinity and research on δ13C, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr isotopes in the host rocks and veins, the origin of paleofluids in the foreland thrust belt is considered. There are four principal kinds of paleofluid, including deep mantle‐derived, sedimentary, mixed and meteoric. For the deep mantle‐derived fluid, the δ13C is generally less than –5.0‰PDB, δ18O less than –10.0‰PDB, Z value less than 110 and 87Sr/86Sr less than 0.70600; the sedimentary fluid is mainly marine carbonate‐derived, with the δ13C generally more than –2.0‰PDB, δ18O less than –10.0‰PDB, Z value more than 120 and 87Sr/86Sr ranging from 0.70800 to 0.71000; the mixed fluid consists mainly of marine carbonate fluid (including possibly a little mantle‐derived fluid or meteoric water), with the δ13C generally ranging from –2.0‰ to –8.0‰PDB, δ18O from –10.0‰ to –18.0‰ PDB, Z value from 105 to 120 and 87Sr/86Sr from 0.70800 to 0.71000; the atmospheric fluid consists mainly of meteoric water, with the δ13C generally ranging from 0.0‰ to –10.0‰PDB, δ18O less than –8.0%cPDB, Z value less than 110 and 87Sr/86Sr more than 0.71000. The Chengkou fault belt encompasses the most complex origins, including all four types of paleofluid; the Zhenba and Pingba fault belts and stable areas contain a simple paleofluid mainly of sedimentary type; the Jimingsi fault belt contains mainly sedimentary and mixed fluids, both consisting of sedimentary fluid and meteoric water. Jurassic rocks of the foreland depression belt contain mainly meteoric fluid.
Dynamic Systems of Petroleum Accumulation in the Nanpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China
Authors: Guangdi LIU , Mingliang SUN , Zhihuan ZHANG , Yuexia DONG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:It is significant to distinguish the dynamic systems of petroleum accumulation (DSPA) for the understanding of petroleum accumulation and distribution. According to the formation pressure framework, genetic types of petroleum and characteristics of conduit systems, three dynamic systems of petroleum accumulation were identified in the vertical profile in the Nanpu depression, Bohai Bay basin. The deeper DSPA (including formations Es3 to Es2) is a sealed system with high‐overpressure and high‐mature self‐sourced oil. Most of the crude oil in the system accumulated in the periods of late Oligocene (23.5 Ma) and late Pliocene (2.4 Ma). The middle DSPA (including formations Es1 to Ed1) is an overpressured half‐sealed system with mature or lower‐mature self‐sourced oil. The accumulation of oil in the system also occurred in the late Oligocene (23.5 Ma) and late Pliocene (2.4 Ma). The shallower DSPA (including formations Ed2 to Q) is a hydrostatic system with lower‐mature alien‐sourced oil from the middle system. Oil within this system accumulated only in the late Pliocene period. The oil in the shallower system migrated vertically along the faults from the formerly accumulated oil in the middle system by lateral migration along the sandbodies, whereas petroleum accumulation in the deeper system was mainly derived from the system itself by lateral migration along the sandbodies and rarely migrated out of the system. In this case, it seems that the deeper system is a more potential exploration prospect in addition to the other two proved favorable systems.
Alkyl Naphthalenes and Phenanthrenes: Molecular Markers for Tracing Filling Pathways of Light Oil and Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Meijun LI , Tieguan WANG , Ju LIU , Meizhu ZHANG , Hong LU , Qinglin MA , Lihui GAO 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Condensates and light oils are generally characterized by high maturity, low concentration of sterane and terpane biomarkers and low content of non‐hydrocarbon fraction. As a result, some commonly‐used sterane, terpane and carbazole migration parameters in conventional oil reservoirs may have a certain limitation in condensate and light oil reservoirs for their poor signal‐noise ratios in the gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Naphthalene, phenanthrene and their methylated substituents, however, are present in significant concentrations in condensates and light oils. Taking the Fushan depression (in the Beibuwan Basin, Northern South China Sea) as an example, this paper attempts for the first time to use polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)‐related parameters to trace migration directions and filling pathways for condensate and light oil reservoirs. The result shows that TMNr (i.e. 1,3,7‐TMN/ (1,3,7‐TMN + 1,2,5‐TMN), TMN: trimethylnaphthalene)), MPI‐1 (i.e. 1.5×(2‐MP + 3‐MP)/(P + 1‐MP + 9‐MP), P: phenanthrene MP: methylphenanthrene), MN/DMN (σmethylnaphthalene/σdimethylnaphthalene, %) and MN/TMN (σmethylnaphthalene/σtrimethylnaphthalene, %) can be used to trace the filling pathways of condensate and light oil reservoirs. These parameters, together with geological consideration and other bulk oil properties (e.g. the gas to oil ratio and density), suggest that the condensates and light oils in the Huachang oil and gas field are mainly sourced from the Bailian sag that is located to the northeast of the Huachang uplift in the Fushan depression.
Systemic daily morphine enhances the analgesic effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine via up-regulation of alpha 2 adrenergic receptor subtypes A, B and C in dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn
Authors: Tamagaki Shinji , Suzuki Takahiro , Hagihira Satoshi , Hayashi Yukio , Mashimo Takashi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesIt has been reported that the effect of intrathecally administered α2 adrenergic receptor (α2 AR) agonists is enhanced in mice that are chronically tolerant to systemic morphine. However, contributory factors have not been identified. Here we examined whether repeated systemic morphine affected the analgesic potency of intrathecal dexmedetomidine and the expression of subtype A, B and C α2 AR (α2A, α2B and α2C AR) in the dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn in mice.MethodsAfter subcutaneous injection of morphine or saline for two weeks, dexmedetomidine was administered intrathecally to evaluate its antinociceptive effect. Also, the α2 AR subtypes and µ-opioid receptor mRNA expression in lumbar dorsal root ganglion was quantified using PCR, and α2A and α2C AR in lumbar dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn were examined by immunohistochemistry.Key findingsDaily morphine enhanced the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine, increased all the α2 AR subtypes but decreased the µ-opioid receptor mRNA expression in dorsal root ganglion and increased immunoreactivity of α2A and α2C AR in dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn.ConclusionsThese results suggest that systemic daily morphine enhances the analgesic effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine via up-regulation of the α2A, α2B and α2C AR in lumbar dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn.
Abolition of prescription charges in Wales: the impact on medicines use in those who used to pay
Authors: Groves Sam , Cohen David , Alam M Fasihul , Dunstan Frank D J , Routledge Philip A , Hughes Dyfrig A , Myles Susan 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Patient co-payments for prescription medicines in Wales were abolished in April 2007 and there has been much speculation on the possible effects. We analysed patient-reported use of medicines before and after abolition of the prescription charge, noting changes in the number of items prescribed, number of non-prescription medicines purchased and participants not collecting all prescribed items (primary non-adherence).

Methods
A sample of community pharmacists across Wales (n = 249) issued questionnaires to customers at the point of dispensing who were not exempt from the prescription charge. A second questionnaire was delivered by post to those who returned the first questionnaire (n = 1027) and expressed a willingness to participate further. Paired t-tests were applied to responses from those completing both questionnaires (n = 593). Further analyses were carried out according to gender, age and reported levels of household income.

Key findings
There was a statistically significant (P = 0.03) rise in the number of items prescribed, and a statistically significant fall (P = 0.02) in the number of non-prescription medicines purchased. Primary non-adherence was also found to fall between pre- and post-abolition periods. Those most affected in terms of increase in number of prescribed items prescribed were the older age group (45–59 years), and those with household income of between £15 600 and £36 400. The most affected in the fall in number of medicines purchased were males, those in the lower age group (25–34 years) and those with a higher household income (&gt;£36 400).

Conclusions
Although the rise in number of items prescribed and fall in number of medicines purchased was generally anticipated, there appeared to be little or no effect for those on the lowest incomes.
Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Association between 63396C→T Pregnane X Receptor Polymorphism and Unboosted Atazanavir Clearance
Authors: Schipani Alessandro , Siccardi Marco , D'Avolio Antonio , Baietto Lorena , Simiele Marco , Bonora Stefano , Rodríguez Novoa Sonia , Cuenca Lorena , Soriano Vincent , Chierakul Nitipatana , Saguenwong Natpratou , Chuchuttaworn Charoen , Hoskins Janelle M. , Dvorak Anne M. , McLeod Howard L. , Davies Gerry , Khoo Saye , Back David J. , Di Perri Giovanni , Owen Andrew 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTAtazanavir (ATV) plasma concentrations are influenced by CYP3A4 and ABCB1, which are regulated by the pregnane X receptor (PXR;NR1I2). PXR expression is correlated with CYP3A4 in liver in the absence of enzyme inducers. ThePXRsingle nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 63396C→T (rs2472677) alters PXR expression and CYP3A4 activityin vitro, and we previously showed an association of this polymorphism with unboosted ATV plasma concentrations. The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic analysis to quantify the impact of 63396C→T and diurnal variation on ATV clearance. A population analysis was performed with 323 plasma samples from 182 randomly selected patients receiving unboosted ATV. Two hundred fifty-nine of the blood samples were collected at random time points, and 11 patients had a full concentration-time profile at steady state. Nonlinear mixed effects modeling was applied to explore the effects ofPXR63396C→T, patient demographics, and diurnal variation. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption and lag time best described the data. Population clearance was 19.7 liters/h with interpatient variability or coefficient of variation (CV) of 21.5%. Homozygosity for the T allele forPXR63396 was associated with a 17.0% higher clearance that was statistically significant. Evening dosing was associated with 34% higher bioavailability than morning dosing. Patient demographic factors had no effect on ATV clearance. These data show an association ofPXR63396C→T and diurnal variation on unboosted ATV clearance. The association is likely to be mediated through an effect on hepatic PXR expression and therefore expression of its target genes (e.g.,CYP3A4,SLCO1B1, andABCB1), which are known to be involved in ATV clearance.
Effects of the Putative Transcriptional Regulator IclR on
Francisella tularensis
Pathogenesis
Authors: Mortensen Brittany L. , Fuller James R. , Taft-Benz Sharon , Kijek Todd M. , Miller Cheryl N. , Huang Max T. H. , Kawula Thomas H. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Francisella tularensis
is a highly virulent Gram-negative bacterium and is the etiological agent of the disease tularemia. IclR, a presumed transcriptional regulator, is required for full virulence of the animal pathogen,
F. tularensis
subspecies
novicida
U112 (53). In this study, we investigated the contribution of IclR to the intracellular growth, virulence, and gene regulation of human pathogenic
F. tularensis
subspecies. Deletion of
iclR
from the live vaccine strain (LVS) and SchuS4 strain of
F. tularensis
subsp.
holarctica
and
F. tularensis
subsp.
tularensis
, respectively, did not affect their abilities to replicate within macrophages or epithelial cells. In contrast to
F. tularensis
subsp.
novicida iclR
mutants, LVS and SchuS4 Δ
iclR
strains were as virulent as their wild-type parental strains in intranasal inoculation mouse models of tularemia. Furthermore, wild-type LVS and LVSΔ
iclR
were equally cytotoxic and induced equivalent levels of interleukin-1β expression by infected bone marrow-derived macrophages. Microarray analysis revealed that the relative expression of a limited number of genes differed significantly between LVS wild-type and Δ
iclR
strains. Interestingly, many of the identified genes were disrupted in LVS and SchuS4 but not in their corresponding
F. tularensis
subsp.
novicida
U112 homologs. Thus, despite the impact of
iclR
deletion on gene expression, and in contrast to the effects of
iclR
deletion on
F. tularensis
subsp.
novicida
virulence, IclR does not contribute significantly to the virulence or pathogenesis of
F. tularensis
LVS or SchuS4.
Air conditioning and intrahospital mortality during the 2003 heatwave in Portugal: evidence of a protective effect
Authors: Nunes Baltazar , Paixão Eleonora , Dias Carlos Matias , Nogueira Paulo , Marinho Falcão José 
Published: October 2010

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to analyse the association between the presence of air conditioning in hospital wards and the intrahospital mortality during the 2003 heatwave, in mainland Portugal.MethodsHistorical cohort study design including all patients aged 45 or more who were hospitalised in the 7 days before the heatwave. The outcome was survival during the 18 days the heatwave lasted and during the 2 days after the end of the heatwave. A comparison group was also selected in four analogous periods without any heatwave event during January to May 2003. Data were obtained from the 2003 hospital discharges database. Air conditioning presence in hospital wards was determined using a survey sent to hospital administrations. A Cox-regression model was used to estimate the confounder-adjusted HR of death, during the heatwave and the comparison period, in patients in wards with air conditioning (AC+) versus patients in wards without air conditioning (AC−).Results41 hospitals of mainland Portugal (49% of all hospitals in mainland Portugal) participated, and 2093 patients were enrolled. The overall confounder-adjusted HR of death in AC+ patients versus AC− patients was 0.60 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.97) for the heatwave period and 1.05 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.32) for the comparison group.ConclusionsThe study found strong evidence that, during the August 2003 heatwave, the presence of air conditioning in hospital wards was associated with an increased survival of patients admitted before the beginning of the climate event. The reduction of the risk of dying is estimated to be 40% (95% CI 3% to 63%).
Effects of the administration of ketoprofen at parturition on the milk yield and fertility of Holstein‐Friesian cattle
Authors: Richards B. D. , Black D. H. , Christley R. M. , Royal M. D. , Smith R. F. , Dobson H. 
Published: October 2010

A total of 220 cows and heifers were treated with 3 mg/kg ketoprofen immediately after calving and 24 hours later, and 227 were left untreated as controls. The treated animals tended to have a lower incidence of retained fetal membranes and were 1˙7 times less likely to develop the condition than the untreated animals. The treatment did not affect the incidence of milk fever, the endometritis score or the presence of a corpus luteum by 20 to 25 days after calving, and did not affect the cows' early lactation milk yield. There was no particular level of dystocia or periparturient conditions other than retained fetal membranes for which there might be a reproductive or productive advantage following the use of ketoprofen. The intervals from calving to first insemination or to pregnancy, the numbers of inseminations per pregnancy and the pregnancy rate to first insemination were also unaffected by ketoprofen treatment.