bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of Huntingtin at Ser421in YAC128 Neurons Is Associated with Protection of YAC128 Neurons from NMDA-Mediated Excitotoxicity and Is Modulated by PP1 and PP2A
Authors: Metzler Martina , Gan Lu , Mazarei Gelareh , Graham Rona K. , Liu Lili , Bissada Nagat , Lu Ge , Leavitt Blair R. , Hayden Michael R. 
Published: October 2010

YAC transgenic mice expressing poly(Q)-expanded full-length huntingtin (mhtt) recapitulate many behavioral and neuropathological features of Huntington disease (HD). We have previously observed a reduction in phosphorylation of mhtt at S421 in the presence of the mutation for HD. In addition, phosphorylation of normal S421-htt is reduced after excitotoxic stimulation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs). To test whether NMDAR stimulation contributes to reduced pS421-htt levels in HD, we determined phosphorylation of htt at Ser421after NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in neurons from YAC128 mice.Here, we report that the total level of pS421-htt is reduced in YAC128 primary neurons after excitotoxic NMDAR stimulation. Similarly, the total level of pS421-htt is reduced in YAC128 transgenic mice after quinolinic acid injection into the striatum. In contrast, loss of phosphorylation of pS421-htt is prevented in YAC mice that never develop clinical or neuropathological features of HD [the caspase 6-resistant YAC128 transgene (C6R)].To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying these findings, we determined that the Ser/Thr protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A dephosphorylate pS421-httin situand after excitotoxic stimulation of NMDARs in neurons. Furthermore, increasing the phosphorylation of htt at S421 by blocking PP1 and PP2A activity protects YAC128 striatal neurons from NMDA-induced cell death. These results, together with the observed modulation of pS421-htt levels by dopamine, the reduced expression of PP1 inhibitor Darpp-32 in the striatum of YAC128 mice, and the reduced phosphorylation of PP1 substrate CreB, point to altered regulation of phosphatase activity in HD and highlight enhancing phosphorylation of htt at S421 as a therapeutic target.
Circulating osteoprotegerin and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand in polycystic ovary syndrome: relationships to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Pepene Carmen Emanuela , Ilie Ioana Rada , Marian Ioan , Duncea Ileana 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveThere is plenty of evidence that osteoprotegerin (OPG) is linked to subclinical vascular damage and predicts cardiovascular disease in high-risk populations. Our aim is to investigate the relationships of OPG/free soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (sRANKL) to insulin resistance, brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), and the carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, impaired glucose control, and endothelial injury.DesignA cross-sectional, observational study.MethodsHormonal and metabolic profiles, FMD, CIMT, serum OPG, and ampli-sRANKL were assessed in 64 young PCOS patients and 20 controls of similar age. Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.ResultsOPG was significantly lower in PCOS and related negatively to free testosterone and positively to estradiol (E2) levels. In multivariate analysis, OPG but not ampli-sRANKL correlated positively to fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity indices, and FMD. Neither OPG nor ampli-sRANKL was associated with CIMT. Significantly lower adjusted FMD values were demonstrated in women in the upper OPG quartile group (>2.65 pmol/l) compared with all other quartile groups together (P=0.012). In PCOS, multiple regression analysis retained E2/sex hormone-binding globulin ratio, fat mass, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance as independent predictors of OPG.ConclusionsIn PCOS, circulating OPG is related to both endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, independent of obesity and androgen excess, suggesting OPG as a useful biomarker of these effects. Further studies are needed to evaluate OPG in relation to cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality in PCOS.
Ethnicity and Sex Affect Diabetes Incidence and Outcomes
Authors: Khan Nadia A. , Wang Hong , Anand Sonia , Jin Yan , Campbell Norman R. C. , Pilote Louise , Quan Hude 
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE
Diabetes guidelines recommend aggressive screening for type 2 diabetes in Asian patients because they are considered to have a higher risk of developing diabetes and potentially worse prognosis. We determined incidence of diabetes and risk of death or macrovascular complications by sex among major Asian subgroups, South Asian and Chinese, and white patients with newly diagnosed diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using population-based administrative data from British Columbia and Alberta, Canada (1997–1998 to 2006–2007), we identified patients with newly diagnosed diabetes aged ≥35 years and followed them for up to 10 years for death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Ethnicity was determined using validated surname algorithms.

RESULTS
There were 15,066 South Asian, 17,754 Chinese, and 244,017 white patients with newly diagnosed diabetes. Chinese women and men had the lowest incidence of diabetes relative to that of white or South Asian patients, who had the highest incidence. Mortality in those with newly diagnosed diabetes was lower in South Asian (hazard ratio 0.69 [95% CI 0.62–0.76], P &lt; 0.001) and Chinese patients (0.69 [0.63–0.74], P &lt; 0.001) then in white patients. Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure was similar or lower in the ethnic groups relative to that of white patients and varied by sex.

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of diagnosed diabetes varies significantly among ethnic groups. Mortality was substantially lower in South Asian and Chinese patients with newly diagnosed diabetes than in white patients.
Supervised Walking Groups to Increase Physical Activity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Negri Carlo , Bacchi Elisabetta , Morgante Susanna , Soave Diego , Marques Alessandra , Menghini Elisabetta , Muggeo Michele , Bonora Enzo , Moghetti Paolo 
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the impact of an exercise program organized into supervised walking groups in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fifty-nine diabetic subjects were randomized to a control group receiving standard lifestyle recommendations or an intervention group assigned to three supervised walking sessions per week and counseling. Changes in metabolic features, weight, 6-min walk test, prescription of antidiabetic medications, and overall physical activity were assessed.

RESULTS
Functional capacity and overall physical activity were higher in the intervention group, whereas metabolic changes were not different between groups after 4 months. However, in subjects who attended at least 50% of scheduled walking sessions, changes in A1C and fasting glucose were greater than in control subjects. Discontinuation or reduction of antidiabetic drugs occurred in 33% of these patients versus 5% of control subjects (P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Supervised walking may be beneficial in diabetic subjects, but metabolic improvement requires adequate compliance.
Variation in seed morphology in the genus Erica L. (Ericaceae)
Authors: Szkudlarz Piotr 
Published: October 2010

Variation in seed morphology in the genus Erica L. (Ericaceae)
Seed morphology was studied in 136 species of Erica, including 123 from South Africa (Cape Floristic Region), 5 from tropical Africa, and 8 from Europe. Seed anatomy was studied in 13 selected species by light and scanning electron microscopy. Seed morphology of each species was described and documented by SEM micrographs. Ten major diagnostic features were selected, concerning seed shape, primary sculpture, and fine relief. On the basis of these features, the species were divided into 14 groups. Within them, 40 morphologically homogeneous subgroups were distinguished, which could possibly be used in future revisions of the genus. A key to species identification has been developed on the basis of seed characteristics. A very close similarity was observed between seeds of some Erica species from distant parts of the distribution range of this genus.
Fox tapewormEchinococcus multilocularis,an underestimated threat: a model for estimating risk of contact
Authors: König Andreas , Romig Thomas 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis occurs across large areas of Europe, Asia and North America. In people it may cause the zoonotic infection alveolar Echinococcosis (AE). Incurable and fatal if left untreated, it therefore requires costly, intensive and lifelong medication. To ensure efficient use of resources it is crucial to know where counter‐measures are most beneficial. To assist prevention efforts, we developed a model based on prevalence rates in red foxes Vulpes vulpes, fox population densities, fox defecation rates and human population densities. Our aim was to estimate and gain insight into the intensity of contamination in different environments and the relative probability of people coming into contact with tape worm eggs. Based on data from six Bavarian regions, there was a strong positive correlation (Pearson r = + 0.970, P ≤ 0.001) between human cases of AE and the relative probability of contact calculated using this model. Furthermore, the example calculations showed that due to the higher fox population density, just as much infectious material is released into the environment per day and per km2in urban areas with low prevalence of fox tapeworms (10%) as is in rural areas with high prevalence (80%). If human population density is also taken into account, the likelihood of contact between people and infectious faeces is higher in suburban/urban than in rural areas. For example, in 2005 the likelihood of contact was 45 times higher in the city of Munich than the Bavarian average. Our model thus confirms the hypothesis of Deplazes et al. (2004), which emphasises the substantial risk presented to humans by fox tapeworms in suburban areas, and it calls for counter‐measures.
Timing of parturition events in Yellowstone bison Bison bison: implications for bison conservation and brucellosis transmission risk to cattle
Authors: Jones Jennifer D. , Treanor John J. , Wallen Rick L. , White Patrick J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractYellowstone bison Bison bison are chronically infected with brucellosis (caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus), which raises concerns about possible transmission to cattle when they migrate to winter ranges outside the Yellowstone National Park. We monitored bison from April to mid‐June during 2004‐2007 to estimate the timing and location of parturition events that may shed tissues infected by B. abortus. Observed abortions (N = 29) occurred from January through 19 May, while peak calving (80% of births) occurred from 25 April to 26 May, and calving was finished by 5 June. Observed parturition events (N = 115) occurred in the Park and on the Horse Butte peninsula in Montana, USA, where cattle were not present at any time of the year. Allowing bison to occupy public lands outside the Park where cattle are never present (e.g. Horse Butte peninsula) until most bison calving is completed (late May or early June) is not expected to significantly increase the risk of brucellosis transmission from bison to cattle because: 1) bison parturition is essentially completed weeks before cattle occupy nearby ranges, 2) female bison meticulously consume birthing tissues, 3) ultraviolet light and heat degrade B. abortus on tissues, vegetation and soil, 4) scavengers remove fetuses and remaining birth tissues and 5) management maintains separation between bison and cattle on nearby ranges. Allowing bison to occupy public lands outside the Park through their calving season will help conserve bison migratory behaviour and reduce stress on pregnant females and their newborn calves, while still minimizing the risk of brucellosis transmission to cattle.
Examining Welfare Receipt and Mental Disorders After a Decade of Reform and Prosperity: Analysis of the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Butterworth Peter , Burgess Philip M. , Whiteford Harvey 
Published: October 2010

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of mental disorders among Australian income support recipients in 2007, and to evaluate whether this has changed over the past 10 years. Methods: Analysis of data from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB), a nationally representative survey of 8841 community-dwelling residents. The data were used to estimate and classify those working-age survey respondents who were income support recipients into categories reflecting major payment types, and to estimate the 12-month prevalence of affective, anxiety and substance use disorders. Data from the 1997 NSMHWB were also used for comparison. Results: The 12-month prevalence of mental disorders among working-age recipients was 34% compared to 20% for non-recipients. Rates of mental disorders were elevated among all categories of income support recipients, including the unemployed, lone parents, partnered parents, and those classified as receiving disability payments. There were limited differences between the results from the two surveys. A marked increase in the prevalence of mental disorders in partnered parent recipients (from 21% in 1997 to 39% in 2007) seemed due to methodological differences in the estimation of income support categories and likely reflected greater accuracy of the 2007 estimate. Conclusions: Income support recipients are much more likely to experience mental disorders than those not receiving payments and there has been little change in the strength of the association between income support receipt and mental disorders over the past decade. Mental disorders represent a substantial barrier to work, community engagement and social participation. A greater focus on mental health in the design and delivery of social policy and services may be an appropriate strategy to promote more positive outcomes in areas such as welfare, employment and social inclusion.
Clinical Indicators for Routine Use in the Evaluation of Early Psychosis Intervention: Development, Training Support and Inter-Rater Reliability
Authors: Catts Stanley V. , Frost Aaron D. J. , O'Toole Brian I. , Carr Vaughan J. , Lewin Terry , Neil Amanda L. , Harris Meredith G. , Evans Russell W. , Crissman Belinda R. , Eadie Kathy 
Published: October 2010

Aim: Clinical practice improvement carried out in a quality assurance framework relies on routinely collected data using clinical indicators. Herein we describe the development, minimum training requirements, and inter-rater agreement of indicators that were used in an Australian multi-site evaluation of the effectiveness of early psychosis (EP) teams. Methods: Surveys of clinician opinion and face-to-face consensus-building meetings were used to select and conceptually define indicators. Operationalization of definitions was achieved by iterative refinement until clinicians could be quickly trained to code indicators reliably. Calculation of percentage agreement with expert consensus coding was based on ratings of paper-based clinical vignettes embedded in a 2-h clinician training package. Results: Consensually agreed upon conceptual definitions for seven clinical indicators judged most relevant to evaluating EP teams were operationalized for ease-of-training. Brief training enabled typical clinicians to code indicators with acceptable percentage agreement (60% to 86%). For indicators of suicide risk, psychosocial function, and family functioning this level of agreement was only possible with less precise ‘broad range’ expert consensus scores. Estimated kappa values indicated fair to good inter-rater reliability (kappa > 0.65). Inspection of contingency tables (coding category by health service) and modal scores across services suggested consistent, unbiased coding across services. Conclusions: Clinicians are able to agree upon what information is essential to routinely evaluate clinical practice. Simple indicators of this information can be designed and coding rules can be reliably applied to written vignettes after brief training. The real world feasibility of the indicators remains to be tested in field trials.
Explaining Economic Crises: Are There Collective Representations?
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper uses the economic crisis of 2008 as a case study to examine the explanatory validity of collective mental representations. Distinguished economists such as Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz attribute collective beliefs, desires, intentions, and emotions to organizations such as banks and governments. I argue that the most plausible interpretation of these attributions is that they are metaphorical pointers to a complex of multilevel social, psychological, and neural mechanisms. This interpretation also applies to collective knowledge in science: scientific communities do not literally have collective representations, but social mechanisms do make important contributions to scientific knowledge.
Le discours cinématographique de Clint Eastwood : individualisme et humanisme
Authors: Szlamowicz Jean 
Published: October 2010

Résumé L' uvre de Clint Eastwood développe un discours politique concernant les rapports de l'individu et de la cité. Ce discours est à apprécier dans le cadre de l'individualisme comme valeur politique américaine et de l'individualisme méthodologique. Parmi ses thématiques principales, Eastwood s'intéresse aux conflits et la légitimité de la violence, à la solitude des faibles et à la question de la liberté individuelle. Dans les rapports horizontaux, il montre la spécificité individuelle face à la pression du communautarisme, de l'appartenance sociale ou sexuelle. Dans les rapports verticaux, c'est leur fragilité face aux pressions de toutes sortes, institutionnelles, religieuses ou criminelles qui souligne une lutte de l'individu face aux pouvoirs. Certains héros ou figures allégoriques interviennent alors pour souligner la violence inhérente à ces rapports. Son discours est parfois considéré comme sécuritaire, voire « fascisant » par certains critiques, ce qui pose la question des tensions idéologiques qui entourent son cinéma. Face à l'idéologie gramscienne des critiques, Eastwood affirme une position individualiste tocquevillienne originale qui impose une certaine vision du processus démocratique américain.
Les triangulations précoces
Authors: Gérard Christian 
Published: October 2010

Résumé Les triangulations précoces sont considérées comme des pré-requis préalables à l’élaboration du fantasme de scène primitive, les identifications primaires à chaque parent y tenant une place de premier plan. La prise en compte des parents dans leur réalité corporelle est soulignée, y compris celle du père : un « père primaire ». L’attention portée aux aléas de ces articulations de la réalité des parents, tant psychique que physique, permet une meilleure compréhension des éventuels dysfonctionnements de l’élaboration du fantasme de scène primitive et des pathologies actuelles.
Autoréférence et exploitation opportuniste d'un environnement hypermédia « ouvert » : étude de l'activité d'utilisateurs
Authors: Leblanc Serge , Saury Jacques , Sève Carole 
Published: October 2010

Résumé Cet article propose une présentation de quelques résultats concernant les « situations problématiques » et les usages « prometteurs » d’un environnement hypermédia « ouvert ». L’analyse de l’activité des utilisateurs de cet environnement en situation réelle de formation a été menée à partir du cadre théorique et méthodologique du cours d’action. La description des cours d’action des utilisateurs fait apparaître une errance interprétée comme une perte de sens et une désorientation mais également une capacité des utilisateurs à « s’autoréférencer » et à exploiter de manière opportuniste les offres de cet environnement « ouvert ».
L'expérience des apprenants en e-formation : revue de littérature
Authors: Dieumegard Gilles , Durand Marc 
Published: October 2010

Résumé Cet article présente une revue de littérature internationale portant sur l’expérience des apprenants dans des dispositifs d’e-formation. 43 publications ont été étudiées. Leurs résultats ont été organisés selon cinq thèmes : a) l’usage des technologies ; b) l’organisation de l’activité d’étude ; c) la médiatisation des interactions ; d) la collaboration dans des e-communautés, e) le lien entre interactions en ligne et apprentissage. Ils montrent l’importance d’aspects peu pris en compte dans les dispositifs d’e-formation : l’autonomie réelle des apprenants, la dimension temporelle dans leur activité d’étude et les interactions, les limites des interactions asynchrones.
« L'autodidacte » : un Robinson Crusoé de la formation ?
Authors: Cyrot Pascal 
Published: October 2010

Résumé L’autodidacte est souvent perçu par le sens commun comme un auto-apprenant solitaire, autarcique, donnant ainsi envie de le comparer au modèle de Robinson Crusoé. Cependant, si les spécialistes affirment l’écart entre les deux modèles, rares sont les études qui travaillent de façon systématique les relations sociales de l’autodidacte. L’article s’emploie alors à montrer cet écart, affirmant ainsi le niveau de sociabilité de l’autodidacte et la nature des relations sociales d’apprentissage, ou plus largement « de soutien », qu’il vit durant son autodidaxie. En outre, si l’article refuse de voir une équivalence entre l’autodidacte et le mythe de Robinson, il considère que le personnage originel de D. Defoe est un guide intéressant pour comprendre l’autodidaxie contemporaine.
L'information pour le développement des savoirs en soutien à la résilience des proches soignants
Authors: Lefebvre Hélène , Pelchat Diane , Levert Marie-Josée , David Claire 
Published: October 2010

Résumé Cette étude préliminaire avait pour but de documenter les besoins d’information des proches soignants, les sources d’information et les stratégies utilisées pour obtenir de l’information. Deux groupes de discussion ont été réalisés : l’un auprès de proches soignants de personnes ayant subi un traumatisme craniocérébral, un accident vasculaire cérébral ou une blessure médullaire, et l’autre auprès de professionnels de la santé de différentes disciplines impliqués auprès de ces patients. Les résultats montrent que les proches ont besoin d’information sur l’impact des incapacités dans leur vie quotidienne et sur les moyens pour la repérer. Du point de vue des professionnels, le besoin d’information des proches concerne notamment les incapacités consécutives au problème de santé et les stratégies pour y faire face. Selon les professionnels, les proches comblent leurs besoins d’information par la consultation de l’Internet, des médias, de la documentation écrite et d’échanges avec les professionnels de la santé et les pairs.