bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barley
Authors: Ganeshan Seedhabadee , Chibbar Ravindra N. , Dahleen Lynn S. , Tranberg Janice , Lemaux Peggy G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe value of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) has steadily gained importance over the years. The economic and consumer importance of barley is constantly being re‐evaluated as new market niches and end‐uses become evident. Improvement strategies have generally employed conventional breeding methods, including mutation‐breeding approaches. However newer technology‐driven improvement strategies offer promising new perspectives and include genetic transformation. Barley was generally recalcitrant to tissue culture and transformation, but is now fairly amenable to genetic transformation by particle bombardment as well as byAgrobacterium. Target traits for modification have encompassed malting, nutritional and disease‐resistance attributes in barley. However, with the emerging trends in high‐throughput genomic sequencing and the need for functional validation of cloned genes, genetic transformation of barley has become an important tool and use of approaches such as transposable elements mediated transformation offers the possibility of producing large numbers of transgenic barley plants. Approaches based on the RNAi technology are also likely to advance understanding of the functions of cloned genes in barley. In this chapter, there is a wide‐ranging discussion on barley genetic transformation, prospects, challenges and risk assessment and environmental concerns.
Sorghum
Authors: Laidlaw Hunter K.C. , Godwin Ian D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSorghum is a globally important crop for grain and forage, particularly in the semi‐arid tropics of Africa and Asia. In developed countries, it is also produced primarily for animal feed and increasingly, ethanol production. Sorghum has proved to be one of the more difficult cereal crop plants to genetically engineer, with most studies focussed on the development of more efficient tissue culture and transformation systems. Biolistic andAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation systems have now been developed and are beginning to be applied in sorghum improvement programs. This chapter discusses the development of transgenic sorghum technologies, including the tissue culture, selection and regeneration systems that have been used. The role of transgenic sorghum in the development of germplasm with improved nutritional qualities, and biotic stress resistance is discussed, together with more recent advances in transformation technologies and ways in which potential risks of transgenic sorghum are being minimized.
Pearl Millet
Authors: O'Kennedy Martha M. , Crampton Bridget G. , Ozias‐Akins Peggy 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum(L.) R. Br.) is a staple food that supplies a major proportion of calories and protein to large segments of the populations living in the semi‐arid tropical regions of Africa and Asia. The crop is supremely adapted to heat and aridity, and production is likely to increase as the world gets hotter and drier. The grain is nutritious, and has higher protein and energy levels than maize or sorghum. Pearl millet has an abundant natural diversity with approximately 140 species or subspecies belonging to the genusPennisetum. Detailed genetic maps of pearl millet of some 300 loci spread over 7 linkage groups are available and 3437 pearl millet sequences have been deposited in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database. Breeding objectives for pearl millet include tolerance to drought, enhanced nutritional quality, adaptation to saline conditions, stover feeding value, high tillering, and resistance to major pearl millet diseases such as downy mildew, ergot, smut, rust, and head mold of pearl millet. A new green revolution will necessitate the application of recent advances in plant breeding, including new tissue culture techniques, marker‐aided selection, mutagenesis, and genetic modification to meet our increasing requirement for food, feed, fodder, and fuel, with cereal grains playing a pivotal role.
Cool‐Season Forage Grasses
Authors: Wang Zeng‐Yu , Yamada Toshihiko 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCool‐season grasses provide most of the forage consumed by ruminant animals in temperate areas of the world. Transgenic plants have been obtained for a number of cool‐season grass species, including tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, orchardgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and Russian wildrye. This chapter describes the origin, taxonomy, cytological features, economic importance, and biotechnological improvement of these species. Progresses in genetic transformation techniques and the use of transgenic technology for improvement of these species are summarized.
Soybean
Authors: Tallman Jennifer , Zhang Jian , Lu Guihua , Han Feng , Klein Theodore M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSoybean is the most valuable grain legume crop, representing the primary source of protein and vegetable oil throughout the world. In the past decades, soybean crops have been improved significantly in agronomic traits such as yield, disease and pest resistance, and seed composition by both conventional and transgenic breeding methods. In this chapter, we describe the history of soybean development and distribution, trait improvement by conventional breeding, the advancement of transformation and transgenic traits, current and future soybean products, and new technologies in modern agricultural practices. New transgenic soybean products with stacking traits can further benefit human life, environment preservation, and global economic advancement. Once biotechnology has gained widespread acceptance, the miracle soybean will fully express its beauty.
Oilseed Brassicas
Authors: Cui Yuhai , Patel Jayantilal , Zou Jitao , Keller Wilfred A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis chapter on oilseed brassicas contains three sections: Introduction, Development of Transgenic Oilseed Brassicas, and Future Roadmap. In the first section, after a brief summary on the history, origin, distribution, and the biology of Brassicas, we review in detail the development history of oilseed canola and their production in major growing countries. We then review the traditional breeding efforts for genetic improvements of the crop and the rationale for transgenic breeding. In the second section, we review in detail the transgenic traits developed, including resistance to herbicides, insects, diseases and stresses and the modification of seed quality traits, followed by a review of the transformation strategies, selection of transformed tissues and regeneration of whole plants. Lastly, in the third section, we discuss the future directions to further improve the productivity of the crop to meet the pressing market needs, particularly the opportunities provided by the knowledge generated/being generated by genomics.
Flax
Authors: Green Allan G. , Singh Surinder P. , Chen Yurong , Dribnenki J.C. Paul 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFlax (Linum usitatissimum) is an ancient crop grown for either its linen fiber (fiber flax) or its highly polyunsaturated seed oil (linseed). In recent times, the whole seed and the extracted oils have also become highly valued nutritional supplements due to their rich content of lignans and ω‐3 fatty acids. Compared to other more major crops, flax is relatively little studied from the genetic, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic perspectives. Nonetheless, significant achievements in improving yield, agronomics, and disease resistance were made during the 1900s using conventional plant breeding and selection techniques. The natural gene pool for flax is limited toL. usitatissimumand its respective annual and biennial progenitors,L. angustifoliumandL. bienne, which significantly limits the opportunity for further genetic improvement. Consequently, mutation breeding techniques were successfully applied in the 1980s to alter the fatty acid composition of the seed and develop a new low‐linolenic form (Linola) that has been used as an alternative to sunflower and safflower oils in polyunsaturated margarine manufacture. More recently, flax has proven to be highly amenable to genetic transformation using Agrobacterium‐mediated approaches. This capability is likely to provide most of the future achievements in flax improvement in the areas of yield, abiotic stress tolerance, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, insect tolerance, and diversification of product quality.
Safflower
Authors: Babbar Shashi B. , Kaur Amandeep , Walia Neetika 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe chapter deals with the biology, breeding, and transgene research of safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.), an important source of edible oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids. A brief description of its origin, domestication, introduction to other countries, current distribution, and major uses is followed by details about its habit, habitat, taxonomy, cytogenetics, genetic resources, and economic importance. Traditional breeding of this crop has primarily been carried out to improve the oil yield and quality, develop male sterile lines, and incorporate traits for resistance/tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Because of the assiduous and time‐consuming nature of the traditional breeding, efforts have been initiated to improve this crop by biotechnological methods, especially genetic transformation. Most of these studies are preliminary and demonstrative in nature, except two: one leading to the development of genetically transformed safflower capable of synthesizing insulin in its seeds and the other incorporating a gene coding for a specific esterase, capable of hydrolyzing a phototoxic fromAlternaria carthami, a pathogen causing devastating leaf blight disease of safflower. Besides emphasizing the importance and implications of these studies, transgenes, transformation methods, and selection procedures utilized in such studies have been described. The chapter is concluded by discussing some of the future goals of transgene research on safflower, probable environmental risks because of the products so developed, and possible biosafety measures.
Common Bean
Authors: Aragão Francisco J.L. , Faria Josias C. , Del Peloso Maria J. , Melo Leonardo C. , Brondani Rosana P.V. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important source of protein in the diet of more than 300 million people throughout the world. Studies on the domestication and organization processes of the common bean genetic variability was first based on morphological traits and biochemical markers and over the last years, several research groups have made efforts in the development of microsatellite markers for common bean, those are considered the most informative class of markers. Early efforts to transform common beans demonstrated its susceptibility to Agrobacterium, and some transgenic tissues or organs, such as calli, leaves, meristems, cotyledon, and hypocotyl have been achieved. In 1993, it was the first reportedP. vulgaristransformation, presenting molecular evidences of transgenic progeny. Recently, reproducible systems, based onAgrobacteriumand biolistics process, have been developed to achieve transgenic bean plants routinely. Using these systems, some agronomically important genes have been introduced into common bean, such as: the methionine‐rich 2S albumin gene from Brazil nut,bargene that confers resistance to glufosinate ammonium, LEA protein gene, and genes for resistance to theBean golden mosaic virus(BGMV). Herbicide and BGMV‐resistant plants were the first transgenic common bean plants to be evaluated under field conditions.
Lentil
Authors: Oktem Huseyin A. , Akcay Ufuk Celikkol , Bayrac Abdullah Tahir , Kamci Hamdi , Yucel Meral 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLentils are annual pulse legume plants and their cultivation by humans is as old as the agriculture itself. Although they are very important as a high protein source for the people of various countries in the world and they are vulnerable to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses, they received very little research attention for the improvement of nutritional and growth characteristics. This chapter summarizes various genetic transformation studies and plant regeneration methods used for the propagation and genetic improvement of this important crop plant.
Tepary Bean
Authors: Terryn Nancy , Van Montagu Marc , Zambre Mukund , Angenon Geert 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWithin the genusPhaseolus,Phaseolus vulgarisor the common bean is the most important grain legume for direct food use. Four otherPhaseolusspecies are also cultivated, although at a lower scale, namelyP. lunatus(lima bean),P. coccinus(scarlet runner bean),P. polyanthus(year‐long bean), andP. acutifolius, the tepary bean; and the tepary bean is the focus of this chapter. The tepary bean is seen by many as one of the most drought‐tolerant annual legume in the world. It is a minor subsistence crop and, hence, is not very important from an economic point of view. Nevertheless, it has some interesting characteristics. On the one hand, its tolerance to drought, high temperatures, and common bacterial blight has inspired breeders to explore the possibilities of crosses with the common bean,P. vulgaris, for its improvement. On the other hand, the tepary bean is the onlyPhaseolusspecies that can easily be transformed with anAgrobacterium‐based system, and for which several classes of transgenic plants have been described, and hence its coverage in this volume.
Vetch
Authors: Ford Rebecca , Maddeppungeng Andi Munasifah , Taylor Paul W.J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCommon vetch,Vicia sativaL, is an annual grain legume species and a member of theVicieaetribe. Generally grown as a mix for hay production or grazing, vetch has considerable potential as a grain and forage legume as the seed contains high protein levels. Although the seed has also been used for human consumption, several common accessions contain β‐cyanolalanine and its γ‐glutamyl peptide derivative, which are neurotoxic to monogastric animals. Traditional breeding methods reduced seed toxin levels from 1.15% to between 0.3% and 0.4% of total seed protein, however, due to accumulative effects, much lower or zero levels are required to ensure safe consumption. This may ultimately be achieved through either blocking the neurotoxin production upstream or enabling the currently inactivated downstream biosynthesis of asparagine. Both approaches require the development of a robust and efficient transgenic and regeneration system. The initial steps toward the development of these systems are outlined in this chapter. A regeneration system was developed using somatic embryonic callus derived from epicotyl regions of etiolated seedlings. AnAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation system was also developed, again with best results from using epicotyl‐derived callus.
Pears
Authors: Malnoy Mickael A. , Chevreau Elisabeth , Bell Richard L. , Dolgov Sergey V. , Aldwinckle Herb S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe first report of transformed apple plants in 1996 raised expectations for new pear cultivars that would be better tasting, healthier, and easier to grow. Although, different traits have now been introduced successfully into pear, no transformed cultivars have yet made it to commercial production. Most early reports on transformed pear described “proof of concept” experiments involving the development of regeneration protocols, and the choice of appropriate promoters and selectable markers. More recently the focus has moved onto functional testing of traits of potential commercial interest. Production traits of interest include bacterial, fungal and pest resistance, dwarfing, propagation, stress resistance, and precocity. This review will consider reports of characters introduced into pear that are useful to growers and consumers, and looks toward future trends, targets, and challenges.
Cherries
Authors: Song Guo‐Qing , Lang Gregory A. , Sink Kenneth C. , Dolgov Sergey V. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGenetic transformation will be an increasingly important tool for potential improvement of cultivated cherry species (e.g.,Prunus aviumL.,P. cerasusL., and interspecific rootstocks). To understand the best potential applications of genetic engineering and transformation to overcome current genetic barriers to, and/or improve efficiency of, developing improved genotypes for fruit production and rootstock development, the review begins with pertinent background on cherry cultivation, including species history, origins, botanical features, ploidy levels and genetic linkages, and economic and nutritional importance. Traditional breeding objectives, tools, strategies, and achievements to date are discussed, as well as the limitations of conventional breeding, for sweet cherry, sour cherry, and cherry rootstocks. Subsequently, current information on state‐of‐the‐art cherry regeneration and transformation systems is presented. Most cherry species have been recalcitrant to transformation, primarily due toin vitroregeneration difficulties. Consequently, the various regeneration systems that have been attempted are discussed, including descriptions of the biotic and abiotic factors that have been found to influence plant regeneration, such as genotype and explants, culture media, plant growth regulators, and environmental conditions. Current cherry transformation systems are described, including gene delivery systems, explant tissues for transformation, selection regimes, and regeneration of transgenic plants. Based on the perspective of priorities for transgenes, the review concludes with an outline of some targeted traits for future cherry improvement via genetic transformation, including resistance to specific diseases and insects as well as horticultural characteristics.
Grapes
Authors: Bouquet Alain , Torregrosa Laurent , Iocco Pat , Thomas Mark R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGrapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the major fruit crops in the world based on hectares cultivated and economic value, essentially due to the production of wine. The premium quality wines are produced from cultivars that enjoy a high level of consumer acceptance and are firmly entrenched in the market place. Transgenic breeding is attractive when compared to conventional breeding, because it offers a means of inserting new characters, such as disease resistance, into the genome of traditional cultivars without changing any of their other characteristics particularly wine typicity and quality. The aim of this review is to provide an outlook on the usefulness of genetic transformation in grapevine, not only to develop genetically modified cultivars for commercial release, but also as a valuable tool to understand the genetics and mechanisms of plant growth, development, and metabolism. Thus, the availability of improved and efficient techniques of transformation is needed to sustain the current development of grapevine genomics. Even if the future development of transgenic cultivars will depend essentially on a general acceptance of GM plant products by the consumers, it will require a complete and reliable assessment of their environmental and health safety, comparing the potential risks to the expected benefits of their use.
Olive
Authors: Rugini Eddo , Gutiérrez‐Pesce Patricia , Muleo Rosario 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBiochemical and molecular procedures have been developed for olive genotyping, for taxonomy between cultivated and wild olives, for phylogenetic studies of cultivars, and for identification of usable markers linked to the most important agronomic traits, such as size of the tree, flowering induction, apical dominance, productivity, self‐fertility, quantity and quality of oil and secondary products of fruit, biotic and abiotic resistance. These characters could be introgressed into cultivars by conventional breeding or through transgeny. Successful results by classical breeding are difficult to obtain due to the different flower fertility and the long juvenile period of the progenies. The low efficiency of modern genetic improvement techniques suggests that genetic transformation techniques could speed up the development of new genotypes; however, the development of efficient regeneration methods from mature tissue is the limiting factor for applying this technology, in olive. Transgenic olive plants with modified growth habit and putative induced disease resistance are under filed conditions to test their phenotype. Other attempts of genetic improvement such as clonal selection, mutation through γ‐irradiation, protoplast technology, haploid, changes in ploidy level, somaclonal variation, and somatic hybridization are discussed and reviewed.
Almond
Authors: Oliveira M. Margarida , Miguel Célia , Costa Milene S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlmond evolved in the deserts and central slopes of central and southwest Asia (present China and Iran) and was later distributed by many temperate areas all around the word. Almond is a nut fruit of high economical importance, used in various food products and exploited for its oil in pharmaceutical industry and cosmetics. Being very close to peach and otherPrunusspecies, almond can easily hybridize with these close relatives, which may have led to gene exchange in both directions. Self‐fertility and late blooming are among the most important breeding traits. Almond breeding is presently being supported by biotechnology tools, to track the self‐fertility allele in the progeny among other traits that are being mapped. Although there is not an obvious need for genetic engineering tools in almond breeding, engineering strategies have been developed and transgenic plants were regenerated usingAgrobacterium‐mediated gene transfer. This, however, is still only applicable to a couple of genotypes. At present, the most important use of genetic engineering tools in almond seems to be gene functional studies.
Persian Walnut
Authors: T. Britton Monica , Leslie Charles A. , Dandekar Abhaya M. , McGranahan Gale H. , Caboni Emilia 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPersian walnut (Juglans regiaL.) has been cultivated for nuts and timber for thousands of years. Commercially, the major centers of production are China, the United States, and Europe. Worldwide, walnut production is valued at over $2 billion per year. Walnuts are very high in nutritional content, containing up to 24% protein and up to 70% fats, most of which are polyunsaturated. Several studies have demonstrated the health benefits derived from a diet that includes walnuts. As is true for many heterozygous tree crops, traditional breeding and selection of new walnut cultivars is slow and resource intensive. Therefore, techniques including micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, and transgenic technology have been developed to speed the incorporation of desirable traits, such as pest and disease resistance, and to clonally propagate select progeny, speeding up the time in which new cultivars can be released to the growers. Transgenic rootstocks will show the greatest promise. However, it is unlikely that transgenic scion cultivars will be commercially available unless there is widespread consumer acceptance.