bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on Platelet Clumping and Related Phenomena: A Reappraisal and a Clarification of Terms
Authors: Anstall Harold B. , Hawkey Christine M. 
Published: October 2009

Experiments were conducted to demonstrate that platelet stickiness can be induced by the cooling of a platelet suspension, and that when this system is agitated clumping occurs. The process is reversed by warming. This change is independent of metallic ions and is thus distinct from “viscous metamorphosis.” Platelet clumping in systems at 37 C. is dependent on the presence of divalent metallic ions. The clumping time is also strongly influenced by “contact activation” and by added “activation product.”Other observations throw doubt on the supposed relationship of “viscous (structural) metamorphosis” to thromboplastin formation. The significance of the various observations is discussed, and the phenomena associated with physical and structural changes in the blood platelets are redefined.
Blood for Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Hemphill Bernice M. 
Published: October 2009

Open heart surgeries are increasing in our metropolitan area. The provision of adequate amounts of blood for these cases is a challenge to our blood bank. Operations of this type for which our blood bank supplied blood numbered ten in 1956, 333 in 1960 and are currently occurring at a rate of 15 cases a week.Most of the blood for these patients is obtained from non‐paid donors recruited by the blood bank. Our blood bank checks the patient's ABO and Rh type, screens the donor sera for antibodies, and performs a crossmatch between the blood of the patient and each donor.These services are provided at our regular processing fee and donor replacement policy without added cost to the patient.
The Preparation and Uses of Antiglobulin Reagents with Special Reference to Complement‐Fixing Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Stratton F. , Gunson H. H. , Rawlinson Violet I. 
Published: October 2009

This paper describes the preparation of anti‐C′, anti‐γ1and anti‐γ2antiglobulin reagents especially for use with human cells sensitized with blood group antibodies. Anti‐γ1and anti‐γ2are carefully prepared so as to be as specifically active as possible. The paper also describes the value and application of these reagents in clinical diagnostic work and their use in the detection ofγ1andγ2globulins in solution, or as they occur in the form of antibody absorbed on to erythrocytes. By the use of these sera it is possible to determine the nature of the antibody coating sensitized cells. Within the limitations described, it is possible to do this with the cells coated not only with antibody but with complement as well.The value of these sera in experimental work, with particular reference to the demonstration of the action of human complement on red cells sensitized with blood group antibodies, is described; it is shown that the action between sensitized cells and anti‐γ1antiglobulin serum is depressed by complement activity and the significance of these observations is discussed.
A New Method for Preparing Buffy Coat‐Poor Blood
Authors: Greenwalt Tibor J. , Gajewski Mieczyslaw , McKenna James L. 
Published: October 2009

Patients who have been sensitized to leukocytes by transfusions and pregnancy are subject to “pyrogenic” reactions of varying severity following the administration of whole blood. Present methods for preparing buffy coat‐poor blood utilize differential centrifugation or sedimentation in the presence of dextran. They are time consuming and not uniformly dependable.The procedure described removes the granulocytes from heparinized whole blood by passing it over a column of Nylon fibers in ten to 15 minutes. Only 5 per cent of the donation is retained in the column and the white blood counts of the final product are 500‐3,100/cu. mm. with 95 to 100 per cent lymphocytes. Cr51 survival studies suggest that these preparations withstand storage satisfactorily for 14 to 21 days.Our experience with the transfusion of 82 units of this product and the relative importance of lymphocytes and granulocytes in leukoagglutination are discussed.
Function and Ultrastructure of Transfused, Surviving, Human Platelets in Patients with Thrombocytopenic Complicating Disease
Authors: Arnaud S. B. , Greenwalt T. J. , Pawlowski J. M. , Johnson S. A. 
Published: October 2009

Platelet concentrates prepared from freshly drawn blood were infused into patients with thrombocytopenic complicating disease. All exhibited a prolonged bleeding time, no clot retraction of a whole blood clot, platelet counts between 20,000 to 100,000 per cu. mm., usually, abnormal platelet ultrastructure and prothrombin consumption times under 15 seconds. Detection of platelet antibodies was attempted and the ultrastructure with a differential platelet count under the electron microscope of the patient's own platelets was documented. The platelet concentrates were given and it was possible to follow the fate of the donor's platelets by ultrastructural changes. Parallel studies of the coagulation mechanisms of the patients were followed serially. We found that some platelets survived up to seven days, although in some patients, platelets circulated but did not survive. Therefore immediate circulation of platelets cannot be equated with survival. In one patient with hypersplenism and a positive platelet agglutinin test no transfused platelets appeared to circulate. The ultrastructure of transfused platelets is greatly altered in bleeding patients. In the two patients with aplastic anemia and one with leukemia surviving platelets circulated which did not enter into the mechanisms of prothrombin activation, but which continued to circulate for some days with no improvement in the prothrombin consumption time over the pretransfusion level. Ultra‐structural studies of these platelets showed that the circulating platelets possessed their granules which contain platelet factor 3 activity. The differential platelet count under the electron miscroscope becomes abnormal as the donor platelets are stored. Our work suggests that the ultrastructure and differential platelet count of a platelet concentrate must be essentially normal for survival to be achieved.We confirmed the work of others indicating that donor platelets do not survive if stored or, if the recipient has detectable platelet antibodies. Donor platelets did not survive in some patients for reasons we could not explain. This may be dependent on utilization of platelets in hemostatic plugs, in thrombin production or for the endothelial supporting function but to date we cannot estimate to what extent or in what fashion a thrombocytopenic patient utilizes donor platelets.
Sources of Error in a Hospital Blood Bank
Authors: Schmidt Paul J. , Kevy Sherwin V. 
Published: October 2009

An analysis has been made of the 12 technical and 52 clerical errors occurring in a hospital blood bank over a 21‐month period during which 5,806 transfusions were given. All but four of these errors were discovered before blood was transfused and no clinical complications resulted. In some cases, discovery of the error was quite fortuitous but the role of clinically oriented laboratory personnel in recognizing unusual situations is stressed.Specific corrective measures are described and it is urged that a workable plan of reducing errors can only be achieved in each blood bank by an analysis based on past experience of the clinical effects of its own operation.
Massive Intravascular Sickling after Exchange Transfusion with Sickle Cell Trait Blood*
Authors: Veiga Secundino , Vaithianathan Thiru 
Published: October 2009

In vivo and in vitro experiments show that sickle trait blood can be safely used for blood transfusions. However, nowhere in the literature is there a reference as to the possible dangers of the use of such blood in exchange transfusions.We are reporting a case of a premature white infant with physiological jaundice who received an exchange transfusion of blood containing hemoglobin A and S and expired five days later. Autopsy revealed generalized intravascular aggregation of sickled erythrocytes similar to that found in patients dying in sickling crises.
The Reactions between Blood Group Antibodies and Antisera to Purified Immunoglobulins*
Authors: Abelson Neva M. , Rawson Arnold J. 
Published: October 2009

Rabbit antibody to chromatographically separated 7S gamma globulin proved to be a potent anti‐gamma globulin reagent, capable of potentiating the serologic activity of blood group antibodies of the 7S gamma globulin class without dependence on complement.Purified proteins of the beta2A class caused the production of weak antibodies to gamma globulin and to complement as well as to beta2A globulin. Specific anti‐beta2A serum prepared by absorbing this reagent with cord blood serum appeared incapable of potentiating the serologic activity of the blood group antibodies tested.Purified proteins of the beta2M class caused the production of antibodies to gamma globulin and to complement as well as to beta2M globulin. Such antisera were of broad spectrum activity. Specific anti‐beta2M serum prepared by absorption with cord blood serum was found capable of potentiating the serologic activity of only certain examples of anti‐Lewis agglutinins. It can be questioned whether this potentiation was due to specific anti‐19S activity, to cross‐reactivity with 7S gamma globulin or to other factors.
Electronic Particle Counting Applied to the Quantitative Study of Red Cell Agglutination
Authors: Bowdler A. J. , Swisher Scott N. 
Published: October 2009

Quantitation of red cell agglutination can be made by counting the residual free cells remaining after agglutination and comparing the count with the pre‐agglutination red cell count. Most previous studies have used visual hemocytometry for this purpose. The use of the Coulter Model B electronic particle counter has been investigated and is shown to be a practical alternative.The problem of counting a free cell population overlapped in size by small aggregates is approached by two methods. In the first, a correction is made for aggregates present in the size range of single red cells based on the change in mean particle volume which results from the presence of cell clumps. In the second, red cells are counted in a size range in which aggregates are unlikely to occur. The methods are evaluated and their extension to provide further data on the pattern of red cell aggregation in agglutination is indicated.
Blood Groups, Serum Genetic Factors, and Hemoglobins in New Hebrides Islanders
Authors: Douglas R. , Jacobs J. , Greenhough R. , Staveley J. M. 
Published: October 2009

A sample of 200 New Hebrides Islanders has been tested for 13 blood group systems and for haptoglobin, transferrin, and Gm types.The population is characterized by a high B gene frequency, high N, and S associated only with N. The Rh results show very high R1 with one example of the genotype r′r′. This is the fourth example we have encountered in Polynesians and Melanesians in whom the rr genotype has never been recorded.The Lewis groups show the consistently high Le(a‐b‐) frequency found in Southwest Pacific Island Populations.As in the Solomon Islanders, the absence of abnormal hemoglobins is noted in relationship to a high malaria incidence.
Effect of Storage up to 48 Hours on Response to Transfusions of Platelet Rich Plasma
Authors: Levin Robert H. , Freireich Emil J. , Chappell Wanda 
Published: October 2009

The effect of in vitro storage of platelet rich plasma (PRP) on the circulating platelet count following platelet transfusion was evaluated in patients with thrombocytopenia and acute leukemia. PRP was obtained by plasmapheresis using ACD anticoagulant. There was little or no decline in response to PRP up to seven hours after donation whether kept at room temperature or at 4 C. In order to study the effect of storage at 4 C. for 24 and 48 hours, a protocol was designed which limited donor‐patient variables. PRP stored 24 and 48 hours was 62 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively, as effective as fresh PRP in elevating the platelet count in the recipient one hour after transfusion.Stored platelets are less than 5 per cent as effective as fresh PRP in maintaining elevation of platelet count 20 hours after transfusion. These studies define, quantitatively, the effect of short‐term storage on response to transfusions of platelet rich plasma.
Adenine in Blood Preservation: Posttransfusion Viability and Biochemical Changes
Authors: Verdier C.‐H. de , Garby L. , Hjelm M. , Högman C. , Eriksson Å. 
Published: October 2009

Posttransfusion viability was studied in red blood cells stored for 21 days in ACD solution and for 35 days in ACD solution supplemented with adenine to a final concentration of 0.5 mM. The survival of radio‐chromium‐labeled red cells was determined after transfusion of 10 ml. of autologous blood and 350–400 ml. homologous blood. The viability values were about the same for the two transfusion procedures. The mean posttransfusion viability was 80 per cent for erythrocytes stored for 35 days in the medium containing adenine and 79 per cent for cells preserved in ACD solution for 21 days.The concentration in the erythrocytes of ATP, ADP, AMP, reduced and oxidized glutathione, 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate, and four glycolytic enzymes was measured before and after storage in the two media. The ATP and the total adenine nucleotide concentrations were much higher in the red cells stored in the adenine‐containing solution. Of the enzymes tested, only phosphofructokinase decreased in activity during 35 days of storage. The decrease was about 50 per cent and was not dependent on the storage solution.This study supports the theory that decreased adenine supply is an important cause of damage to erythrocytes in ACD solution.
Identification of Blood Stains in the Immunohematology Laboratory:
Authors: Innella F. P. , Redner W. J. 
Published: October 2009

Stains on three items, a bottle, a man's shoe and a beer can, were revealed to be human blood, Group O. Methods of study characteristic of the immunohematology laboratory were utilized to perform the necessary tests for identification and blood grouping:Precipitin Tests in Agar with Anti‐Human Serum. Hemagglutination Tests for identification of iso‐agglutinins anti‐A and anti‐B, including an enzyme test (Ficin).Hemagglutination‐Inhibition Teste for identification of blood group O, using anti‐H (Ulex europeus) in addition to anti‐A and anti‐B.
A Second Example of —/— or Rhnull Blood
Authors: Levine Philip , Celano M. J. , Falkowski F. , Chambers J. White , Hunter O. B. , English C. T. 
Published: October 2009

The second example of a —/— or Rhnull, LW‐negative individual is described, who delivered a mildly affected infant and produced only anti‐e. The proposita is a member of a large family and their probable genotypes are known. The parents, who are not related to each other, are R1R1, father, and R1r mother, so that the proposita could be either [R1R1) or [R1r], but none of the Rh antigens are expressed. Her husband is rr and their first infant is R1r. Thus the proposita transmits R1 to her child. Scoring titrations reveal that 12 out of the 16 members of the family, including the parents of the proposita and her child have diminished reactivity of D, C, c, and e.All members of the family except the proposita are LW‐positive.Theoretical aspects are discussed in terms of an independent amorph X0r which when present in double dose prevents expression of Rh and LW genes. The (our normal individuals are represented as X1rX1r which act on precursor substance to produce full expression of Rh and LW genes. In the 12 heterozygotes, X1rX0r, Rh antigens are weaker but not LW.
Treatment by Transfusion of Severe General Radiation Injury in Dogs
Authors: Collins J. A. , Hechtman H. B. , Theobald T. J. , Blumenstock D. A. , Thomas E. D. , Ferrebee J. W. 
Published: October 2009

The effects of transfusion of fresh whole blood were observed in 55 dogs exposed to 1,250 ± 100 r of continuous total body gamma radiation. Seven controls received the same basic care, fluids and antibiotics, but no transfusions. The amount of blood administered ranged from 100–150 ml in daily infusions through exchanges of seven liters or more repeated once or twice. Transfusion increased survival time but hazards were apparent. The anesthesia and surgical procedures required for the larger exchanges of blood led to complicating infections. Large amounts of fresh unirradiated blood induced early return of hematopoiesis apparently by implantation of cells present in the blood administered, but jaundice and serious liver injury also occurred, perhaps as a reaction of foreiga cells against their host. Best results were obtained by frequent non‐traumatic administration of small amounts of blood, roughly equivalent to one‐tenth the dog's blood volume daily. There were two long term survivors. One received irradiated blood and the other received blood from a litter‐mate.When histocompatibility is adequate, fresh blood can be used without irradiation and will hasten marrow recovery. When the histocompatibility of donor and recipient is unknown, frequent nontraumatic administration of irradiated fresh blood is helpful and free from injurious effects.
The In Vivo Survival of Coombs Positive Autologous Erythrocytes Produced by Agglomeration
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , McCallum Linda E. , Sobucki John P. 
Published: October 2009

Coombs positive erythrocytes were observed following the preservation of autologous, human erythrocytes using glycerol, slow freezing, and agglomeration. In 22 of 48 autotransfusions, the preserved erythrocytes were Coombs positive when tested with an anti‐gamma + non‐gamma globulin serum. In ten of these 22 units, the erythrocytes were tested with both an anti‐7S gamma globulin serum and an anti‐β1C globulin serum. All of the erythrocytes in these ten units reacted positively with the anti‐β1C globulin serum, and only one unit reacted equivocally with the anti‐7S gamma globulin serum.The reduction in ionic strength during glycerolization allowed for the uptake of the complement fraction β1C by the erythrocytes. There was a significant correlation between the Coombs test and the per cent of initial ionic strength of the erythrocyte resuspension medium after glycerolization.There was no significant correlation between the Coombs test and the 24‐hour and seven‐day chromium survivals.
Changes of pH of Blood Diluted with Plasma and Plasma Substitutesin Vitro
Authors: Takaori Masuhiko 
Published: October 2009

In vitrochanges of blood pH following serial dilution (1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16 of dog arterial blood) with three colloid plasma substitutes, ACD plasma and two crystalloid solutions were observed.Dilution of blood with ACD plasma (pH 6.95) caused a marked and progressive decrease in pH. During dilution with colloid plasma substitutes (clinical dextran, low molecular weight dextran and hydroxyethyl starch), pH remained at physiologically normal levels. Only with 1:15 dilution there was a slight but significant decrease in pH with dextrans. Likewise, following dilution with the crystalloid solutions (lactated Ringer's solution and isotonic saline) pH remained essentially unchanged.
Further Studies on the Effect of Adenine in Blood Preservation*
Authors: Åkerblom O. , de Verdier C.‐H. , Finnson M. , Garby L. , Högman C. F. , Johansson S. G. O. 
Published: October 2009

Clinical and experimental studies on the effect of adenine supplementation to ACD blood are reported. The frequency and type of transfusion reactions in 5,595 transfusions of ACD‐adenine blood (storage time 0–35 days) was the same as in 4,519 transfusions of ACD blood (storage time 0–21 days). There was no change in the plasma haptoglobin level in 10 recipients during and after transfusion of 29 to 35 day old ACD‐adenine blood.The relation between posttransfusion viability, in vitro hemolysis, erythrocyte ATP content and duration of storage were studied. Supplementation with adenine increased the posttransfusion viability and the erythrocyte ATP content; these effects were noticeable after two weeks of storage. A negative correlation was found with respect to posttransfusion viability and the concentration of total lipids in the medium. A significant covariation between the concentrations of the three nucleotides ATP, ADP and AMP was found. This indicates that erythrocyte adenylate kinase dominates in the regulation of the relative concentrations of these nucleotides.
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Values of Blood Donors
Authors: Keating L. J. , Gorman R. , Moore R. 
Published: October 2009

This study reports hemoglobin and hematocrit values of over 1,000 prospective blood donors who presented themselves to Red Cross Bloodmobile clinics in the Greater Cleveland area.The donors were simultaneously tested by the copper sulfate test (used by the Red Cross as the only blood screening test) and by the microhemato‐crit and cyanmethemoglobin tests.The data demonstrate the value of copper sulfate as a highly efficient test in screening out donors who could not pass the quantitative tests. In this study, however, the copper sulfate test rejected 10.2% of the presenting donors, over half of whom passed both microhematocrit and cyanmethemoglobin criteria. Salvaging these rejected donors by added quantitative testing would represent about 6,000 units of blood annually in Northern Ohio alone.
Immune Mechanisms for Destruction of Erythrocytes in Vivo
Authors: Vitale Branco , Kaplan Manuel E. , Rosenfield Richard E. , Kochwa Shaul 
Published: October 2009

The hemolytic, agglutinating, and coating antibody activities of the serum of rabbits immunized with rat erythrocytes could be separated at least partially by DEAE and CM cellulose chromatographic fractionation of ΓG globulins. The serologic activities of serums from different animals did not separate identically by these methods, and serums obtained from animals immunized for only two weeks displayed more chromatographic heterogeneity in regard to these properties than did serums obtained after four weeks of immunization.When Cr51‐labeled rat erythrocytes were sensitized with fractionated antibodies and then injected into isologous rats, shortened survival and sequestration of cells in the liver was observed to be a function of the amount of lytic antibodies applied. Cells sensitized with even large amounts of agglutinating or coating (but non‐lytic) antibodies survived normally. Lysis observed with tests in vitro and shortened survival with liver sequestration in vivo were both either abolished or markedly reduced when the complement‐fixing properties of lytic antibodies were altered by pepsin digestion or reduction and alkylation.Heated antibody fractions (56 C for two hours) supported indirect complement antiglobulin tests in vitro and, when tested in vivo, supported a pattern of splenic sequestration with shortened survival time of sensitized cells.
Bromelin Treatment of Red Blood Cells
Authors: Milner L. V. 
Published: October 2009

The data presented shows that the most effective method for the bromelinization of red blood cells when using 0.5% bromelin, is to incubate equal volumes of an 80% suspension of cells in saline with an equal volume of bromelin at 37 C for 15 minutes. Forty per cent of antibodies will give better reactions at some other suspension of red cells and 25% require a different incubation time.Fifteen minutes is the optimum incubation time for the direct test, but 55% of the antibodies tested in this series had a different incubation period.The indirect test gave titers equal to or higher than the direct test with 86.6% of the antibodies tested. It gave titers one dilution higher in 47.2%, two dilutions higher in 8.33% and 3 tubes higher in 2.78% of the antibodies tested.