bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to prevent postoperative complications?
Authors: CREUZOT C 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Retinal detachment can lead to early and delayed post‐operative complications. The purpose of the course is to present the different complications following retinal detachment surgery with their appropriate treatments. Methods The postoperative complications will be divided according to the presentation of the patient (ie inflamed, painful eye or white painless eye) with or without visual loss.Then, IOP measurement and the results from slit lamp and fundus exam will provide us with the main signs useful for diagnosis. Results With a painful red eye, the main severe diagnoses will be the different causes of increased IOP and endophthalmitis. The main cause of increased ocular pressure is related to the internal tamponade used during surgery (gas or silicone). However, the diagnosis of massive passage of silicone in the anterior chamber should be difficult. Hyphema or cataract due to gas should prevent us from a good fundus examination. Conclusion This course will mainly focus on the different early and more delayed complications after retinal detachment surgery and will try to give some rules to decrease this risk.
Technique and role of biopsies in intraocular tumours
Authors: DAMATO BE , COUPLAND SE 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To discuss the roles of various forms of biopsy of intraocular tumours, to describe the techniques and to highlight the main pitfalls and complications. Methods Intraocular tumours can be sampled by exo‐ or endo‐biopsy. Exo‐biopsy can consist of excisional biopsy (e.g., iridocyclectomy), trans‐scleral incisional biopsy, or trans‐scleral fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. Endo‐biopsy comprises vitreous biopsy and retinal or choroidal biopsy performed with a fine needle or vitreous cutter. In rare cases, enucleation is the most pragmatic method of establishing the diagnosis, especially if the eye is blind and painful. Results For many years, biopsy was performed mostly for diagnostic purposes the main reasons being to distinguish melanoma from metastasis and lymphoma from various forms of uveitis. Recently, prognostic biopsy has become more popular, the objective being to determine whether or not a uveal melanoma is likely to be life‐threatening. Biopsy can profoundly influence the management of an individual patient but requires special expertise both in the operating theatre and in the laboratory. There are many possible complications, which include endophthalmitis, extraocular seeding of tumour, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, cataract, haemorrhage, inconclusive result, and mis‐diagnosis. Conclusion Biopsy of intraocular tumours is invaluable in the management of selected patients, but requires special expertise to ensure that good results are obtained without causing complications.
Diagnostic techniques for adnexal tumours
Authors: SEREGARD S 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To outline clinical features and diagnostic techniques available for ocular adnexal tumours Methods Review of pertinent literature and personal unpublished data. Results Ocular adnexal tumours include a wide range of beningn and malignant neoplasms, some of which may be systemic. A correct pre‐operative diagnosis is imperative for appropriate management of these tumours. In most cases a combination of distinct clinical features, pertinent review of the patient's history and the judicial use of salient diagnostic techniques, like exfolitaion cytology and punch biopsies will provide the clinician with an approach to manage these lesions. Conclusion The wide range of ocular adnexal tumours may cause significant clinical confusion. Recognition of distinct clinical features and judicial use of auxiliary diagnostic techniques will in most cases provide the clinician with a correct pre‐operative diagnosis.
Pathophysiology and classification of uveitis
Authors: DICK AD 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose This talk will overview the pathophysiology of non‐infectious uveitis in relation to recent SUN (standardised uveitis nomenclature) disease classification. Methods The experimental and translational human evidence of autoimmunity and activation of immunity will be discussed. In addition the talk will highlight the pathways and mechanisms of tissue damage that results in sight‐threatening disease. Results Traditionally, despite active immune regulatory mechanisms operative within the ocular environment, inflammation still occurs. Activated antigen and non‐antigen specific T cells are generated in uveitis. The interplay with innate immunity and in particular cells of myeloid lineage both systemically and within the local environment dictate the severity and extent of pathology we observe. Conclusion The understanding of immune responses during the uveitis open many avenues to potential novel immunotherapies that not only suppress inflammation but attempt to redress immune balance, tolerance and local homeostasis within ocular tissues.
Symptoms and signs of anterior uveitis
Authors: TUGAL‐TUTKUN I 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Based on the anatomic classification of uveitis, iritis and iridocyclitis are classified as anterior uveitis. Methods Symptoms and signs of anterior uveitis will be presented Results Patients with acute anterior uveitis typically present with red eyes, photophobia, ocular pain, and sometimes visual blurring. In chronic anterior uveitis, onset is usually insidious and patients may be asymptomatic until the development of complications. Ciliary injection, endothelial dusting or fine keratic precipitates (KPs), cells and flare in the anterior chamber with or without hypopyon formation or fibrinous exudate are the typical findings of alternating unilateral acute nongranulomatous anterior uveitis which is most commonly seen in association with HLA‐B27 antigen and spondyloarthropaties. Medium‐size KPs or large mutton‐fat KPs, chronic flare, Koeppe and Busacca nodules of the iris, peripheral anterior synechiae and broad‐based posterior synechiae are the typical findings of granulomatous anterior uveitis which is often chronic. Viral anterior uveitis is characterized by unilateral recurrent episodes of anterior uveitis characterized by endotheliitis, elevated intraocular pressure, and patchy or sectoral iris atrophy. JIA‐associated anterior uveitis is typically a bilateral nongranulomatous chronic anterior uveitis often complicated by band keratopathy, seclusion of the pupil, and cataract. Conclusion Symptoms and signs in anterior uveitis vary depending on the acute or chronic, ganulomatous or nongranulomatous nature of the disease. Specific anterior uveitic entities are characterized by a distinct constellation of ocular signs.
Symptoms and signs of posterior uveitis
Authors: KHAIRALLAH M , KAHLOUN R 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Posterior uveitis (PU) is an important anatomic form of uveitis in which the primary site of inflammation is the choroid or retina, with or without subsequent vitreous involvement. Methods Review of symptoms and signs of PU. Results The onset of PU can be sudden or less frequently insidious. Most common ocular symptoms include blurred vision, loss of vision, and floaters. Some patients with PU may have no symptoms, especially if inflammatory process is asymmetric. PU is usually associated with vitritis that can vary from mild to severe. Vitritis should be graded according to standardized grading systems. Other vitreous changes may include vitreous strands, vitreous hemorrhage, vitreous traction, and posterior vitreous detachment. Retinal and/or choroidal inflammation can be focal, multifocal, or more diffuse. It is important to distinguish between active and inactive chorioretinal disease. Retinal vasculitis can occur in the setting of several PU entities. It can involve retinal veins or arteries. It appears as focal, multifocal, or diffuse vascular cuffing or sheathing. Other retinal vasculitic changes include retinal hemorrhages, retinal vascular occlusion, retinal/optic disc neovascularization, and aneurysms. Maculopathy is common patients with PU. It may result from direct inflammatory infiltration, macular edema, serous retinal detachment, retinal ischemia, epiretinal membrane, or macular hole. Optic nerve involvement that can occur in association with PU include optic disc hyperemia/edema, optic neuritis, neuroretinitis, optic disc exudate, and optic disc granuloma. Conclusion Clinical examination is a key step in the diagnostic approach to PU. Clinician should be aware of the array of ocular symptoms of signs and their importance in orienting the differential diagnosis.
Laboratory work‐up and specialized investigations
Authors: PLEYER U 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBased on the anatomical involvement of the eye intraocular inflammation is classified into anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis. All subtypes of uveitis are potentially related to infectious and noninfectious etiologies. This presentation will assist the participants in accurately diagnosing uveitis in a step latter approach including physical and laboratory investigations. In addition, a tailored approach based on confounding clinical observations with specialized investigations will help to further differentiate clinical entities. In cases of suspected intraocular infections the option of intraocular fluid evaluation for antibody testing and polymerase chain testing against the causative agent will be presented. Taken together, this part of the course will provide a rational decision‐making strategy for diagnosis of patients with uveitis.
Main anterior entities 1: non‐granulomatous
Authors: NERI P 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To describe the clinical course, the laboratory work‐up and the treatment of different types of anterior non‐granulomatous uveitis. Methods The current literature is reviewed and the experience of a tertiary referral centre is reported. Results The lecture describes the most typical subsets of non‐granulomatous uveitis. Most part of the talk is dedicated to the most common form of non‐granulomatous anterior uveitis: the acute anterior uveitis (AAU), which is very often associated with the HLA‐B27 allele. This antigen is also typically associated with the spondyloarthropathies, which are inflammatory joint diseases of the vertebral column. The correct interpretation of the clinical pattern can drive the decision towards the right therapeutic strategy. Other uveitis entities are described also. Conclusion Non‐granulomatous uveitis is one of the most important ocular inflammations. It is mandatory to pay attention to the clinical findings and to the laboratory work‐up, in order to achieve a good therapeutic approach.
English scientific writing made easy
Authors: DAMATO BE 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The publication of scientific results may be delayed or abandoned because the authors are unable to write English adequately. The aims of this presentation are to highlight some of the most common grammatical errors and how these might be avoided. Methods Scientific writing is widely regarded as an art, but can equally be considered as a skill, which can be gained by following some simple rules. Results By following simple protocols, it should be possible to write a scientific article in English more easily. Conclusion The aspiring scientific author should invest time learning basic rules so as to publish research results more efficiently.
Communicating numerical results correctly
Authors: KIVELÄ T 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To highlight some pearls and pitfalls in reporting numerical data related to the eye with special reference to the instructions of the EVER Journal, Acta Ophthalmologica. Methods Personal experience of the author as a writer, reviewer and editorial board member is used to highlight common issues specific for reporting statistics. The rules and the reasoning behind them are explained using abundant real life examples. Results Statistics and mathematical analyses applied should be described in the methods section, but the software used need not be referenced unless it is specific for the test used. The following rules regarding reporting are highly recommended: 1. Report proportions if the number of subjects is smaller than 10; percentages in integers if the number of subjects is less than 100; if the number of subjects is larger, one decimal place can be given but is seldom necessary. 2. Report summary statistics of normally distributed variables as mean with standard deviation; other variables as medium with range. 3. Use parametric and nonparametric statistical tests accordingly. 4. Give exact p‐values (e.g. p=0.034); if p‐value is less than 0.001, report p<0.001. 5. Give 95% confidence intervals for main findings. 6. Mention the statistical test used with the p‐value (e.g. p=0.015, paired t‐test) if multiple methods are used. Conclusion Efficient reporting and analysis of data related to the eye is not difficult as long as one is aware of the basic rules. Putting them into action helps to ensure that the conclusions the readers draw from your study are proper.
Internet tools for writing better
Authors: DAMATO BE 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Many sources of information are freely available on the Internet to help authors write English more fluently. Methods This presentation will highlight useful online sources of information for aspiring scientific authors. Results The number of websites on English grammar is growing from year to year. These should be of great value to scientific authors. Conclusion Time invested in visiting websites on grammar and scientific writing should expedite the publication of research.
Eyelid splitting and extirpation of hair follicles for treatment of trichiasis
Authors: ROSNER M 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To review the background for developing the surgical technique of eyelid splitting and extirpation of hair follicles for treatment of acquired trichiasis, to demonstrate the technique, and to highlight its indications, advantages and complications. Methods Personal experience is used to demonstrate the technique, its indications, advantages and complications. This includes the follow‐up data of 12 eyelids of 8 consecutive patients who were treated by splitting the eyelid margin using radiosurgical technique and others where the splitting of the lid margin was performed using CO2 laser or Colorado needle. This was followed by extirpation of the hair follicles of the trichiatic eyelashes using surgical microscope. Results Complete recovery of the trichiatic eyelashes at the site of the treatment occurred in most eyelids. There were no complications during or after healing of the surgical wound during the follow‐up period. Conclusion Eyelid splitting and extirpation of hair follicles provides a simple and relatively rapid modification of the surgical treatment for acquired trichiasis, with good functional results.
Glass beads implantation in the scleral cavity during evisceration
Authors: ROSEN N 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To review the background for developing the surgical modification of glass bead implantation in the scleral cavity during evisceration, to demonstrate the technique, and to highlight its indications, advantages and complications. Methods Personal experience is used to demonstrate the technique, its indications, advantages and complications. This includes the follow‐up data of 17 patients who underwent evisceration with glass bead implantation during 1993‐1996 and our experience from 164 eviscerations performed in our eye institute during the last 14 years. Results All patients achieved good cosmetic results with relatively good motility of the prosthesis. Complications included transient chemosis at the early postoperative period; three patients had local dehiscence of the wound, two patients developed a cyst in the socket and one patient was afflicted with thinning of the conjunctiva over the surgical wound. Conclusion The use of glass beads to fill the scleral cavity during evisceration has the advantage of an excellent fit in accordance with the scleral cavity volume, as well as ease of treatment in case of extrusion. The prosthesis movement is good because of its engagement with the scleral bulges caused by the glass beads.
Cryo‐assisted anterior approach for surgery of retro‐ocular orbital tumours
Authors: ROSEN N , ROSNER M 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The aim of this course is to share our experience with transconjunctival or transcutaneous anterior orbitotomy using surgical microscope and cryoextraction approach for surgery of retroocular orbital tumors. Methods Data regarding the used of this anterior surgical approach to retro‐ocular orbital tumors was collected from our case series of 103 patients who, over 16 years, were operated on for retroocular orbital tumors and from a newer case series of 24 patients who, over the last 5 years were operated on for orbital cavernous hemangioma. Results A cryo‐assisted, minimally invasive, anterior approach was employed in most patients. During more than 20 years lateral orbitotomy was needed only in 3 patients. The operations with anterior approach lasted 57.9 + 15.0 minutes. In none there was need for transformation into lateral orbitotomy and there were no intra‐operative complications. No post operative deterioration of visual acuity was evident. Conclusion In contrast to other reports on treatment of orbital lesions, in our experience, surgery of most solid tumors and of many other cystic or infiltrative lesions can be achieved via an anterior, cryo‐assisted approach, and thus with minimal trauma to the orbit. This approach warrants more favorable consideration as it can yield successful results even in cases with large or deeply located tumors. In most cases it obviates the need for extra‐ocular muscle disinsersion and lateral or transcranial orbitotomies with bone flaps.
Main anterior entities 2: granulomatous
Authors: WILLERMAIN F 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose During uveitis, inflammatory cells and epitheloid cells can aggregates on the corneal endothelium forming keratic precipitates (KPs). Methods On slit lamp examination, KP’s can have different forms and locations. Once they are large with a mutton fat appearance, uveitis will be classified as granulomatous. Results Granulomatous uveitis is a heterogeneous group of disease with anterior, intermediate and panuveitis. Granulomatous uveitis can be due to several infectious and non infectious causes, but masquerade syndromes and idiopathic cases must also been ruled out. Conclusion This course will first describe the main clinical characteristics of those different entities. A standard work‐up procedure will then be proposed.
Infectious posterior uveitis
Authors: MARKOMICHELAKIS N 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSeveral infectious agents (parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses) can invade the eye and lead to ocular inflammation. Infectious causes should always be considered and ruled out in all patients with posterior uveitis. Toxoplasma gondii is by far the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis in all ages, while Toxocara canis infects typically children. Onchocerciasis and other parasitic diseases may also cause posterior uveitis, more commonly in developing countries. Nowadays, old bacterial diseases, tuberculosis and syphilis, emerged as common causes of posterior uveitis. Bartonella henselae and Borrelia burgdorferi are other bacteria that can also cause posterior uveitis. Fungal posterior uveitis usually occurs in immunosuppressed patients or in intravenous drug users. Herpes viruses (HSV, VZV, CMV) are also associated with infectious retinitis, in immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent patients, with quite destructive clinical course. Recently, more viruses (such as West Nile virus, Rift valley fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya) have been recognized as etiologic factors of posterior infectious uveitis. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is of high importance for the successful treatment and visual outcome of infectious uveitis. Techniques and methods, such PCR and detection of specific antibodies in the intraocular fluids (Goldmann‐Witmer coefficient), play a key role towards the detection of the pathogen of posterior infectious uveitis.
Complications of uveitis and their management
Authors: DE SMET M 
Published: November 2010

AbstractVisual recovery in uveitis is hampered all too often by the onset of complications arising from the frequent recurrent episodes of inflammation. These may progress despite good control. The most frequent causes of vision loss related to uveitis are cataracts, cystoid macular edema, and glaucoma. It is important to understand the need for early recognition, appropriate and timely management as well as the treatment alternatives for these entities depending on the severity of the condition.
A new defined and serum‐free technique to obtain stratified oral mucosal epithelium for corneal surface reconstruction
Authors: LAINE J , ILMARINEN T , UUSITALO‐JUUTI K , NUMMINEN J , SUURONEN R , UUSITALO H , SKOTTMAN H 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Corneal epithelial reconstruction by using cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation (COMET) technique is a viable treatment option for severe ocular surface disorders. So far this has been based on utilization of xenogenic/allogenic components such as 3T3 mouse feeder cells, serum or amniotic membrane. In this study, we present a new defined and serum‐free method to obtain oral mucosal epithelium for COMET. Methods Epithelial cells of oral mucosal biopsies were isolated and seeded on collagen IV inserts in a defined progenitor cell targeted (PCT) medium. After 90% confluency the medium was switched to a defined non‐PCT medium, and differentiation was induced by increased calcium concentration and airlifting for 6 days. No serum was added to the cultures. The integrity of the epithelium was measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) before embedding in paraffin. 5 μm sections were studied for histology and immunohistochemical markers for epithelial keratins (K), cell proliferation and cell adhesion. Results The cultivated oral epithelial cells formed a stratified tissue of 4 to 15 cell layers. The cell sheets showed normal keratin expression profiles and were positive for K15 and p63, indicating the presence of putative progenitor cells. The cultivated epithelium also exhibited excellent TEER values, high integrity and ZO1 expression. Conclusion We have developed a novel method to produce tight multi‐layered epithelium with proliferative potential for COMET under defined, serum‐free conditions, potentially suitable for clinical applications.