bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and luminescent properties of TbAlO3: Mn single‐crystalline films
Authors: Zorenko Yu. , Gorbenko V. , Vozniak T. , Batentschuk M. , Osvet A. , Winnacker A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe paper is dedicated to the investigation of growth processes by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) and the luminescent properties of single‐crystalline films (SCFs) of TbAlO3 terbium‐aluminum perovskite (TbAP) perovskite doped with manganese ions. We found that the Mn2+ and Mn3+ or even Mn5+ states can occur in TbAP:Mn SCF depending on the concentration of manganese ions in the 0.01–1.1 at.% range. The Mn2+ ions in TbAP host possess orange luminescence in the band peaked at 572 nm with a lifetime of 1.24 ms at 300 K that is caused by the 4T1 →6 A1 radiative transitions. The cascade energy‐transfer processes can be realized in TbAP:Mn SCF: (i) from 5d–4f states of Tb3+ cations to Mn2+ ions; (ii) from Mn2+ ions to 4f states of Tb3+ cations. The latest process strongly decreases the efficiency of Mn2+ luminescence in TbAlO3 perovskite with respect to the Tb3Al5O12 garnet host.
Phase structure and electrical properties of 0.8Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.2PbTiO3 relaxor ferroelectric ceramics prepared by the reaction‐sintering method
Authors: Ding Chenlu , Fang Bijun , Du Qingbo , Zhou Limin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPhase pure perovskite 0.8Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.2PbTiO3 (0.8PMN–0.2PT) ferroelectric (FE) ceramics were prepared by the reaction‐sintering method at a sintering temperature range of 1200–1250 °C. The sintered ceramics exhibit large relative density, where the 0.8PMN–0.2PT ceramics sintered at 1250 °C possess the largest value of relative density, reaching 99.56% of the theoretical density. All the sintered 0.8PMN–0.2PT ceramics exhibit broad, diffused, and frequency‐dependent dielectric response peaks at around 80 °C and saturated and symmetric P–E hysteresis loops. The 0.8PMN–0.2PT ceramics exhibit excellent electrical properties, where the value of dielectric constant maximum εm is 35 750 at 1 kHz, the remanent polarization Pr is 33.01 µC/cm2, the coercive field Ec is 2.79 kV/cm, and the piezoelectric constant d33 is 259 pC/N.
New MBE growth method for high quality InN and related alloys using in situ monitoring technology
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Nanishi Yasushi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new radio‐frequency plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy (RF‐MBE) method, named droplet elimination by radical beam irradiation (DERI), is utilized for the growth of InN. This method is composed of two series of growth processes: (1) InN growth under an In‐rich condition and (2) consecutive nitrogen radical beam irradiation. This method is simple, enabling the reproducible growth of a high‐quality thick InN film with a flat surface. This method is also effective for monitoring a nitrogen radical beam that is responsible for InN growth. This new growth method is also applied to InGaN growth. The results indicate a preferable Ga capturing process on an InGaN growing surface, particularly when the samples are grown under a metal‐rich condition.
Whispering gallery mode in periodic InGaN‐based hexagonal nanoring arrays grown by rf‐MBE using Ti‐mask selective‐area growth
Authors: Kouno Tetsuya , Kishino Katsumi , Kikuchi Akihiko 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe fabricated periodic InGaN‐based hexagonal nanoring arrays by rf‐molecular beam epitaxy (rf‐MBE) with Ti‐mask selective‐area growth (SAG). Multiple photoluminescence peaks from InGaN‐based hexagonal nanorings were observed in room temperature photoluminescence (RT‐PL) measurements with a 325 nm He–Cd laser. We employed a simple plane wave model and a two‐dimensional finite difference time domain (2D‐FDTD) method in the numerical analysis to investigate these multiple peaks. Experimental data was in good coincidence with calculated data, evincing that whispering gallery modes (WGMs) supported in the InGaN‐based hexagonal nanorings were responsible for the multipeaks.
MOVPE growth and characterization of indium nitride on C‐, A‐, M‐, and R‐plane sapphire
Authors: Moret Matthieu , Ruffenach Sandra , Briot Olivier , Gil Bernard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe have investigated the heteroepitaxial growth of indium nitride on sapphire substrates having different orientations. Growths were performed on C‐, A‐, M‐, and R‐plane‐oriented sapphire in order to analyze the substrate orientation effect on the structural, optical, and electronic properties of InN. The orientation relationship between InN and sapphire was deduced by θ/2θ High‐resolution X‐ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements. These experiments show the ability to grow InN along nonpolar (1120) orientation and the semipolar (1122) orientation, depending of the orientations of the sapphire substrate. The crystalline quality was assessed by XRD symmetric and asymmetric rocking curve measurements. We observed no drastic disparity between our samples, all exhibiting a reasonable crystalline quality. Atomic force microscopy imaging on these layers revealed different surface morphologies with a roughness varying between 30 and 60 nm. Electrical properties of the InN samples were investigated by room temperature Hall effect measurements and a line shape fitting of the photoluminescence was performed in order to get optically the values of the residual carrier density in the nitride layers.
A modelling case‐study of soil moisture–atmosphere coupling
Authors: Gaertner M. A. , Domínguez M. , Garvert M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA sensitivity analysis of a moist convection case‐study of the 2005 West African monsoon has been performed with the limited‐area model PROMES. In the control simulation, soil moisture was initialized based on European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) soil moisture. A relatively wet patch appears over an area that was affected later by the passage of a squall line. The control simulation is able to reproduce a squall line that crosses over this wet surface, which makes it possible to analyse the sensitivity of the modelled convective system to a soil moisture increase up to saturation in the cited patch. The wetter land surface in the sensitivity run generates a cooler and moister area in the near‐surface atmospheric fields compared to the control run, and the surface wind differences between both runs show a divergent pattern. The humidity and temperature differences follow the diurnal cycle of the monsoon flow, as the cool and moist atmospheric perturbation remains over the wet patch during the afternoon, and moves towards the northeast during the night. There is a clear interaction between the soil moisture perturbation and an approximating African Easterly Wave. This interaction generates larger differences between the two runs on the second simulation day than on the first. The precipitation is reduced over the wet patch in the sensitivity run, but over a larger area a precipitation increase is obtained, reflecting a complex soil moisture‐precipitation feedback. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The effect of iron phosphate, alumina and silica coatings on the morphology of carbonyl iron particles
Authors: Bruncková H. , Kabátová M. , Dudrová E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCarbonyl iron powders were coated with iron phosphate using phosphating method and boehmite (γ‐AlOOH) or silicon hydroxide (Si(OH)4) nanoparticles derived from the hydrolysis of tri‐sec‐butoxide (Al(OC4H9)3) or tetramethylsilane (Si(OCH3)4) using sol–gel method. The coated powders were dried and calcined at 400 °C for 3 h in air. Cross‐section morphology of coated carbonyl iron powders were investigated by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. Coated Fe micro‐particles were spherical in shape with ‘shell/core’ structures. The shells consisted of an amorphous layer with varying thickness (100–800 nm) and the core represented a carbonyl iron.Gelatinous morphology of dried FePO4 coating composed from nanoparticles of iron oxyhydroxides and hydrated iron phosphate with a shell thickness of ∼100 nm around iron particles was observed. In coatings based on alumina or silica xerogels with a thickness of ∼100–150 nm or ∼200–500 nm, the coatings were composed of iron oxyhydroxides and γ‐AlOOH or Si(OH)4. The resulting XRD diffractograms revealed the hematite (α‐Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) that were formed in phosphated and sol–gel coated iron powders. The X‐ray diffraction patterns did not verify the presence of phosphates, alumina or silica and indicate the amorphous or nanocrystalline structure of FePO4, γ‐Al2O3 and SiO2. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Über Bau und Umbau des größten Werftportalkrans der Welt – Schweißtechnische Abenteuer bei der Weiterverwendung eines technologieintensiven Investitionsguts
Authors: Roos Horst J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDer weltgrößte Kran, ein über 30 Jahre alter Werftportal‐Kran aus Malmö, Schweden, wurde verkauft, im Jahr 2002 dort zerlegt, demontiert und per Schiff in die größte Werft der Welt nach Ulsan in Süd‐Korea gebracht. Der Beitrag berichtet über den Aufbau in der Werft Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI), wo der Kran neu zusammenschweißt wurde und nun nach dreijähriger Planungszeit und einjähriger Bauzeit für eine neuartige Slip‐Anlage für Schiffe in einem Offshore Yard mit geänderter Aufgabenstellung in Betrieb genommen wurde.Erection and conversion of the largest Goliath Crane of the world – Welding technique for the re‐use of a technologic producer good.A 30 year‐old Goliath Crane for ship‐building was sold to Werft Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI), along with two slewing cranes, by a Swedish company. It was knocked down and dismantled at Malmö, Sweden and transported by ship to Ulsan, South Korea, in order to be re‐erected and re‐used for a newly developed “Ground‐Shipbuilding‐System” in the place of real estate of an offshore yard.
Simplified dynamic analysis of eccentric buildings with a setback. 1: the effect of mass irregularity
Authors: Georgoussis George K. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYThe dynamic response of eccentric buildings with a setback is investigated and a simple method is proposed for assessing vibration frequencies and modal base shears and torques. With the proposed methodology the aforementioned basic dynamic quantities are determined by analysing first the symmetrical counterpart structure and then an equivalent one‐storey eccentric system. The type of buildings examined represents the class of tall structures with a significant reduction in the size of floor plans above a certain level, but without any modification on the structural system, which is considered to be uniform over the height of the building, but eccentric to the mass axis. It is shown that the vertical mass irregularity thus produced increases substantially the contribution of the higher modes of vibration to the total response of such structures and this contribution increases with the height of the tower structure above the setback level. A number of common buildings with a mixed‐bent‐type structural system are analysed by the proposed method and the results are compared with more accurate results obtained by three‐dimensional dynamic analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sampling strategies for whole genome association studies in aquaculture and outcrossing plant species
Authors: HAYES B. J. , MACLEOD I. M. , BARANSKI M. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryA number of farmed species are characterized by breeding populations of large full-sib families, including aquaculture species and outcrossing plant species. Whole genome association studies in such species must account for stratification arising from the full-sib family structure to avoid high rates of false discovery. Here, we demonstrate the value of selective genotyping strategies which balance the contribution of families across high and low phenotypes to greatly reduce rates of false discovery with a minimal effect on power.
Low velocity ion slowing down in a strongly magnetized plasma target
Authors: Deutsch C. , Popoff R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIon projectile stopping at velocity smaller than target electron thermal velocity in a strong magnetic field is investigated within a novel diffusion formulation, based on Green-Kubo integrands evaluated in magnetized one component plasma models, respectively, framed on target ions and electron. Analytic expressions are reported for slowing down orthogonal and parallel to an arbitrary large magnetic field, which are free from the usual uncertainties plaguing the standard perturbative derivations.
Laser second harmonic generation in a rippled density plasma in the presence of azimuthal magnetic field
Authors: Verma U. , Sharma A.K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe strong azimuthal magnetic fields, observed in many laser plasma experiments, are shown to be a potential source of second harmonic generation. The laser imparts oscillatory velocity to electrons and exerts a longitudinal pondromotive force on them. This force in conjunction with the azimuthal magnetic field and density ripple produces a second harmonic current with significant transverse component. The latter produces resonant second harmonic radiation.
Tree growth and age in an ancient Hawaiian wet forest: vegetation dynamics at two spatial scales
Authors: Hart Patrick J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract:In this study I document the growth rate and age of trees in an old-growth montane Hawaiian wet forest and use these results to evaluate the cyclic succession model for forest dynamics. I used two methods to estimate the age of trees – the crown-class model and radiocarbon dating. Over 6000 trees belonging to eight species were tagged and measured over 7 y on Hawaii Island. Growth rates for the dominant tree (Metrosideros polymorpha) were relatively low (mean = 1.3 mm y−1) and varied with tree size and crown class. 14C-based age estimates for 27 M. polymorpha trees loosely corroborated estimates based on the crown-class method. The oldest tree dated by 14C had a median age of 647 y BP, placing it among the oldest documented angiosperm trees in the northern hemisphere. 14C dating revealed that the upper canopy may be comprised of three distinct age groups of M. polymorpha trees of similar size, with the median age of each group separated by 200–250 y. The high density of large, very old trees in multiple groups is unusual for a tropical forest and indicates that forest development may occur through gap-phase regeneration at a fine scale and stand-level mortality at a coarser scale.
Seedling establishment of epiphytic orchids in forests and coffee plantations in Central Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Scheffknecht Susanne , Winkler Manuela , Hülber Karl , Rosas Martín Mata , Hietz Peter 
Published: December 2009

Abstract:The distribution of epiphytes differs between branches within tree crowns as well as within habitats. Where the original forests have been lost, shade coffee plantations can be important refuges for epiphytes, but are not suitable for all species. To understand what affects habitat quality, we transplanted 1440 seedlings each of two orchids, one, Lycaste aromatica, restricted to forests, the other, Jacquiniella teretifolia, common on trees in coffee plantations and in forests. Seedling mortality and growth were compared between three forests, three young and three old coffee plantations to test for differences between habitats and to analyse which habitat features affect growth and mortality. In J. teretifolia there was no clear pattern of habitat effect on mortality (c. 0.08 mo−1), but the production of new shoots was higher in coffee plantations than in forests. In L. aromatica, growth rates as well as seedling mortality increased over time. During the last census growth rates in forests (1.8 mm mo−1) were significantly higher than in old (0.9 mm mo−1) and young (1.2 mm mo−1) coffee plantations, and seedling mortality was about four times higher in old (0.10 mo−1) and young (0.11 mo−1) coffee plantations than in forests (0.025 mo−1), which may explain the natural absence of L. aromatica from coffee plantations. Mortality in L. aromatica at individual sites was negatively correlated with bryophyte cover on branches (Pearson r = –0.75) and positively with lichen cover (r = 0.70) and canopy openness (r = 0.75). Branch cover with non-vascular epiphytes, whether directly responsible by improving the water supply to epiphytes or indicative of differences in microclimate, may be a useful indicator of suitable habitats for vascular epiphytes.
Diversity and body size of dung beetles attracted to different dung types along a tropical land-use gradient in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Shahabuddin  , Hidayat Purnama , Manuwoto Sjafrida , Noerdjito Woro A. , Tscharntke Teja , Schulze Christian H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract:Dung beetles are a functionally important component of most terrestrial ecosystems, but communities change with habitat disturbance and deforestation. In this study, we tested if dung beetle ensembles on dung of introduced cattle and of the endemic anoa, a small buffalo, are affected differentially by habitat disturbance. Therefore, we exposed 10 pitfall traps, five baited with anoa and five baited with cattle dung, per site in six habitat types ranging from natural and selectively logged rain forest to three types of agroforestry system (characterized by different management intensity) and open areas (n = 4 replicate sites per habitat type) at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. We found 28 species, 43% of which were endemic to Sulawesi. Species richness, abundance and biomass declined from natural forest towards open area. Large-bodied species appeared to be more sensitive to habitat disturbance and the ratio of large to small-sized dung beetles declined with land-use intensity. Although selectively logged forest and cocoa agroforestry systems had lower species richness compared with natural forest, they appeared to maintain a high portion of species originally inhabiting forest sites. The similarity of dung beetle ensembles recorded at forest and agroforestry sites reflects the high similarity of some habitat variables (e.g. vegetation structure and microclimate) between both habitat types compared with open areas. Species richness and abundances as well as species composition, which was characterized by decreases in mean body size, changed with land-use intensity, indicating that dung type is less important than habitat type for determining ensemble structure of these Indonesian dung beetles.
In Quest of Babylonian Tannaitic Traditions: The Case ofTanna D'Bei Shmuel
Authors: Cohen Barak Shlomo 
Published: December 2009

The question of the existence of Babylonian rabbinic traditions dating from the mishnaic period (pre-220 CE) has not been thoroughly and methodically addressed in the scholarly literature. Historians have pointed out that several rabbis were active in Babylonia during the mishnaic period; some researchers have even suggested that in this early period, organized rabbinic intellectual activity already existed in cities such as Nisibis, Nehardea, and Husal. However, a systematic examination of halakhot whose provenance was Babylonia in the mishnaic period has yet to be undertaken. Most prior attempts to uncover Babylonian rabbinic activity from this period have focused on a few traditions ascribed to Tannaim who had a known connection to Babylonia, such as R. Judah b. Bathyra, R. Nathan, and R. Hiyya (the “Babylonians,” as they are sometimes called in rabbinic literature). In light of the absence of a systematic study of Babylonian pre-talmudic rabbinic traditions, Gafni came to the following conclusion, one that this paper will support with solid evidence:Even if there was a composed Babylonian halakhic tradition that originated before the end of the mishnaic period, it seems that the Palestinian tradition was accepted as the main tradition of the Babylonian sages already at the beginning of the amoraic period. Moreover, when this tradition penetrated into the Babylonian centers of learning, it seems to have completely pushed aside other traditions, causing them to become almost untraceable…. This subject still awaits thorough treatment by talmudic researchers, and at this stage we can discuss only the amount of rabbinic intellectual activity that existed in Babylonia before the talmudic period began…. Reason dictates that after the destruction of the Temple and the Bar-Kochba revolt, as sages began to arrive in Babylonia, the basic foundations of the rabbinic activity were established.
A Ricardian analysis of Mexican farms
Authors: MENDELSOHN ROBERT , ARELLANO-GONZALEZ JESUS , CHRISTENSEN PETER 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper measures the impact of climate on Mexican agriculture using a Ricardian analysis. The analysis relies on economic data from 621 individual farms that were collected in 2002. Data on climate, elevation, soils, and distance to nearest city were matched with each farm. The analysis reveals that farmland values in Mexico are sensitive to climate. On average, warmer temperatures reduce land value by 4,000 to 6,000 pesos per degree Celsius. Examining three climate scenarios for 2100, the models predict average losses of between −42% to −54% of land value in Mexico. As a percent of income, rainfed farms will suffer slightly larger damages than irrigated farms but comparisons between small and large farms are mixed.
Healthy food availability in small urban food stores: a comparison of four US cities
Authors: Laska Melissa Nelson , Borradaile Kelley E , Tester June , Foster Gary D , Gittelsohn Joel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveGiven that small food stores may be important retail food sources in low-income urban communities, our objective was to examine cross-city comparative data documenting healthy food availability within such facilities, particularly those located in low-income areas and nearby schools.DesignFood stores in Baltimore, Maryland; Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota; Oakland, California; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania were selected for assessment based on proximity to low-income schools. Stores were defined as: (i) single-aisle (n 45); (ii) small (2–5 aisles; n 52); and (iii) large (≥6 aisles; n 8). Staff conducted in-store audits to assess the presence/absence of twenty-eight healthy items, organized within five categories: (i) fresh fruits/vegetables, (ii) processed fruits/vegetables, (iii) healthy beverages/low-fat dairy, (iv) healthy snacks and (v) other healthy staple foods.ResultsThe availability of healthy food items was low, particularly in single-aisle and small stores, and there was significant cross-site variability in the availability of healthy snacks (P < 0·0001) and other healthy staple foods (P < 0·0001). No cross-site differences existed for fruits/vegetables or healthy beverages/low-fat dairy availability. Healthy food availability scores increased significantly with store size for nearly all food/beverage categories (P < 0·01).ConclusionsOverall, healthy food availability in these venues was limited. Region-specific factors may be important to consider in understanding factors influencing healthy food availability in small urban markets. Data suggest that efforts to promote healthy diets in low-income communities may be compromised by a lack of available healthy foods. Interventions targeting small stores need to be developed and tailored for use in urban areas across the USA.