bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Co‐exposure to Noise and Mixture of Organic Solvents on Blood Pressure
Authors: Chang Ta‐Yuan , Wang Ven‐Shing , Hwang Bing‐Fang , Yen Hsin‐Yu , Lai Jim‐Shoung , Liu Chiu‐Shong , Lin Shou‐Yu 
Published: August 2009

Effects of Co‐exposure to Noise and Mixture of Organic Solvents on Blood Pressure: Ta‐Yuan Chang, et al. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, ROCObjectivesIndependent exposure to noise or organic solvents is reported to be associated with cardiovascular effects, but the effect of joint exposure is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate effects of noise, a mixture of organic solvents (N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and toluene) and their interaction on hypertension.MethodsWe recruited 59 volunteers working in a synthetic leather manufacturing company during 2005–2006. Both personal noise exposure and airborne co‐exposure to DMF and toluene at work were measured and used to calculate the mixed hazard index (HI). Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to estimate between‐group differences of hypertension by controlling for potential confounders.ResultsWe found that 18 co‐exposure workers (82.22 ± 2.70 dBA and a mixed HI of 0.53 ± 0.20) had the highest prevalence of hypertension (55.6%) compared to 15 solvent‐exposure workers (a mixed HI of 0.32 ± 0.18; 46.7%), 9 noise‐exposure workers (84.13 ± 2.30 dBA; 44.4%) and 17 low‐exposure workers (11.8%). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of hypertension compared to low‐exposure workers increased from 7.9 times (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.9–66.3; p=0.06) in solvent‐exposure workers and 9.1 times (OR=9.1, 95% CI=1.0–81.1; p<0.05) in noise‐exposure workers to 13.5 times (95% CI=1.5–117.8; p<0.05) in co‐exposure workers.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that co‐exposure to noise, DMF and toluene is associated with hypertension in synthetic leather workers. Simultaneous exposure to noise and a mixture of organic solvents may have a sub‐additive effect on the risk of hypertension.
Occupational Risk due to Violence in a Psychiatric Ward
Authors: Salerno Silvana , Dimitri Laura , Talamanca Irene Figà 
Published: August 2009

Occupational Risk due to Violence in a Psychiatric Ward: Silvana Salerno, et al. Division of Biomedicine, ENEA, ItalyObjectivesThis study aimed to elucidate causes of aggression from clinical records of a psychiatric ward of a major urban public hospital where aggression towards Health Care Workers [HCWs] was the second leading cause of hospital work‐related injuries after needlesticks.MethodsPsychiatric patients' clinical records for the period 2002–2005 were examined and coded. Data were analysed with the case‐control approach to identify the determinants of the aggressive behavior towards HCWs, after adjustment for age, gender, nationality and diagnosis of the patients.ResultsWe examined 2.196 records and identified 321 individuals who had become violent at least once towards nurses, pshysicians or other patients or relatives during their hospitalization. The victims of the aggressive behavior were mainly nurses. A history of involuntary admission was strongly associated with aggression [OR 4.5, 95% CI 3.4–5.9]. Diagnosis, gender and nationality of the patients were not predictive of aggressive behavior towards HCWs.ConclusionsInvoluntary admission to a psychiatric ward might be a cause of violent behavior towards health care workers, mainly nurses.
Body Mass Index and Serum γ‐glutamyltransferase Level as Risk Factors for Injuries Related to Professional Horse Racing: A Prospective Study
Authors: Tobari Hiroko , Yamagishi Kazumasa , Noda Hiroyuki , Tanigawa Takeshi , Iso Hiroyasu 
Published: August 2009

Body Mass Index and Serum γ‐glutamyltransferase Level as Risk Factors for Injuries Related to Professional Horse Racing: A Prospective Study: Hiroko Tobari, et al. Department of Public Health Medicine, Doctoral Programs in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of TsukubaObjectivesPrevention of horse‐related injuries is considered difficult because horse behavior is unpredictable. Therefore, risk factors for injuries related to professional horse racing need to be investigated. We conducted a study to determine whether body mass index (BMI) and γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels are associated with professional horse racing‐related injuries.MethodsA baseline healthy survey of 546 male grooms and exercise riders aged 40–70 yr working at Miho Training Center, the largest racing‐horse training facility in Japan, was performed in May 2003. A total of 93 occupational injuries occurred from June 1, 2003 to December 31, 2005. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine associations between the risk of injury and BMI and GGT.ResultsGrooms and exercise riders with BMI <20 kg/m2 or with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 compared to BMI=20.0–22.9 kg/m2 had 2.5 to 3.5‐fold higher age‐adjusted risks of injuries. The multivariate hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) after adjustment for age, GGT, smoking habit, and history of injuries were 3.5 (1.5 to 8.4) and 2.4 (1.2 to 4.8) for grooms, 3.1 (1.2 to 8.2) and 1.9 (0.4 to 10.1) for exercise riders, respectively. The age‐adjusted hazard ratio of injuries for persons with GGT ≥100 IU/l was 2.0 to 2.5‐fold higher than for those with GGT <60 IU/l. The multivariate hazard ratios were 1.9 (1.0 to 3.6) for grooms and 2.5 (1.0 to 6.2) for exercise riders.ConclusionsLow and high BMI and high GGT were associated with professional horse racing‐related injuries.
Time‐dependent Changes of Blood Parameters and Fluoride Kinetics in Rats after Acute Exposure to Subtoxic Hydrofluoric Acid
Authors: Imanishi Masafumi , Dote Tomotaro , Tsuji Hiroshi , Tanida Eri , Yamadori Emi , Kono Koichi 
Published: August 2009

Time‐dependent Changes of Blood Parameters and Fluoride Kinetics in Rats after Acute Exposure to Subtoxic Hydrofluoric Acid: Masafumi Imanishi, et al. Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical CollegeObjectivesIn our previous study, we reported that even a sublethal dose of hydrofluoric acid (HFA) could cause acute toxic effects 60 min after intravenous injection. This study was designed to investigate the time‐ and dose‐dependent changes associated with these disorders. The serum fluoride (F) kinetics are also considered in the discussion of the relationship between the concentrations of serum F and the disorders.MethodsRats were injected with HFA (1.6 or 9.6 mg/kg body weight) for the dose‐response relationship study. For each dose, the rats were assigned to one of seven groups. Blood samples of the 0‐min group were obtained from the carotid artery prior to injection as a control. The other six groups were labeled according to sampling times (5, 10, 30, 60, 120 and 300‐min) in the time‐dependent study.ResultsThe 1.6 mg/kg dose decreased the ionized calcium (Ca2+) level significantly after 30 min, and it also decreased the total calcium (Ca) level after 300 min. The 9.6 mg/kg dose rapidly worsened renal dysfunction after 60 min. It increased the serum potassium level after 60 and 120 min and it decreased Ca and Ca2+levels until 300 min. Although there was respiratory compensation, the base excess and HCO3–level and had not completely recovered by 300 min.ConclusionsEven low exposure to HFA caused renal dysfunction, and electrolyte abnormalities and metabolic acidosis lasted for several hours in rats. Therefore, persons involved in HFA accidental exposure should be closely monitored over time, even if the exposure is less than the sublethal dose.
Compositional Space Parameterization: Theory and Application for Immiscible Displacements
Authors: Voskov D. V. , Tchelepi H. A. 
Published: August 2009

Summary
Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations in compositional flow simulators are used to find the partitioning of components among fluid phases, and they can be a time consuming kernel in a compositional flow simulation. We describe a tie-line-based compositional space parameterization (CSP) approach for dealing with immiscible gas-injection processes with large numbers of components. The multicomponent multiphase equilibrium problem is recast in terms of this parameterized compositional space, in which the solution path can be represented in a concise manner. This tie-line-based parameterization approach is used to speed up the phase behavior calculations of standard compositional simulation. Two schemes are employed. In the first method, the parameterization of the phase behavior is computed in a preprocessing step, and the results are stored in a table. During the course of a simulation, the flash calculation procedure is replaced by the solution of a multidimensional optimization problem in terms of the parameterized space. For processes where significant changes in pressure and temperature take place, this optimization procedure is combined with linear interpolation in tie-line space. In the second method, compositional space adaptive tabulation (CSAT) is used to accelerate the equation of state (EOS) computations associated with standard compositional reservoir simulation. The CSAT strategy takes advantage of the fact that, in gas injection processes, the solution path involves a limited number of tie-lines. The adaptively collected tie-lines are used to avoid redundant phase-stability checks in the course of a flow simulation. Specifically, we check if a given composition belongs to one of the tie-lines (or its extension) already in the table. If not, a new tie-line is computed and added to the table. The CSAT technique was implemented in a general-purpose research simulator (GPRS), which is designed for compositional flow simulation on unstructured grids. Using a variety of challenging models, we show that, for immiscible compositional processes, CSAT leads to significant speed up (at least a several-fold improvement) of the EOS calculations compared with standard techniques.
Efficient and Accurate Quantification of Uncertainty for Multiphase Flow With the Probabilistic Collocation Method
Authors: Li Heng , Zhang Dongxiao 
Published: August 2009

Summary
In this study, we explore an efficient and accurate method for uncertainty analysis of petroleum reservoir simulations. The essence of the approach is the combination of Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion and probabilistic collocation method. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is the most common and straightforward approach for uncertainty quantification. It generates a large number of realizations of the underlying reservoir. Solving the multiple realizations leads to a large computational effort, especially for large-scale problems. We present an accurate and efficient alternative. In this approach, the underlying random fields, such as permeability and porosity are represented by the KL expansion and the resulting random fields (e.g., fluid saturations and pressures) or variables (e.g., hydrocarbon production) are expressed by the polynomial chaos expansions. The probabilistic collocation method (PCM) is used to determine the coefficients of the polynomial chaos expansions by solving for the fluid saturation and pressure fields via the original partial differential equations for selected sets of collocation points. This approach is nonintrusive because it results in independent deterministic differential equations, which, similar to the MC method, can be implemented with existing codes or simulators. However, the required number of simulations in the PCM is much less than that in the MC method. The approach is demonstrated with black-oil problems in heterogeneous reservoirs with the commercial Eclipse simulator. The accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility of this approach are compared against MC simulations. This study reveals that, while its computational efforts are greatly reduced compared to the MC method, the PCM is able to estimate accurately the statistical moments and probability density functions of the fluid saturations (and pressures) and the hydrocarbon production.
Prediction of Proppant Transport From Rheological Data
Authors: Harris Phillip C. , Walters Harold G. , Bryant Jason 
Published: August 2009

Summary
To ensure that a fracturing treatment will be successful, fracturing gels are formulated and viscosity parameters are measured. Steady-shear viscosity cannot measure the elastic component of viscoelas-tic fluids. Dynamic-oscillatory shear can provide measurements of elastic properties, but such measurements are made in the absence of any particles. A third technique, a slurry viscometer (SV), can incorporate particles and measure proppant-transport characteristics of the fluid. This paper compares all three measurement techniques for verification of transport prediction.
Steady-shear viscosities of gelled fracturing fluids were measured using couette viscometers. Viscoelastic characteristics of the same fluids were measured with a dynamic-oscillatory viscometer to determine G′ and G″ moduli and crossover frequency. Proppant particles were added to these same fluids, and properties were measured with the SV to determine elastic transport and viscous transport times.
Comparison of the three data sets shows that the elastic modulus, G′, and crossover frequency have a high correlation with elastic transport times measured with the SV. Steady-shear viscosities greater than 10 sec−1 do not correlate directly with transport times.
For years, dynamic-oscillatory measurements have been thought to predict particle-transport phenomena, but any correlations generated could be incomplete because particles are excluded from the measurements. The SV does include particles in the fracturing gel and can be used to verify trends of proppant transport indicated by G′ and the crossover frequency.
Muscle Contraction, but Not Insulin, Increases Microvascular Blood Volume in the Presence of Free Fatty Acid–Induced Insulin Resistance
Authors: Inyard April C. , Chong Daniel G. , Klibanov Alexander L. , Barrett Eugene J. 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
Insulin and contraction each increase muscle microvascular blood volume (MBV) and glucose uptake. Inhibiting nitric oxide synthase blocks insulin's but not contraction's effects. We examined whether contraction could augment the MBV increase seen with physiologic hyperinsulinemia and whether free fatty acid (FFA)-induced insulin resistance differentially affects contraction- versus insulin-mediated increases in MBV.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Rats were fasted overnight. Plasma FFAs were increased by intralipid/heparin infusion (3 h), insulin was increased with a euglycemic clamp (3 mU · min−1 · kg−1), and hindlimb muscle contraction was electrically stimulated. Muscle MBV was measured using contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Insulin transport into muscle was measured using 125I-insulin. BQ-123 (0.4 mg/h) was used to block the endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor A.

RESULTS
Superimposing contraction on physiologic hyperinsulinemia increased MBV within 10 min by 37 and 67% for 0.1 or 1 Hz, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). FFA elevation alone did not affect MBV, whereas 0.1 Hz stimulation doubled MBV (P &lt; 0.05) and increased muscle insulin uptake (P &lt; 0.05) despite high FFA. Physiologic hyperinsulinemia during FFA elevation paradoxically decreased MBV (P &lt; 0.05). This MBV decrease was reversed by either 0.1 Hz contraction or ET-1 receptor A antagonism, and the combination raised MBV above basal.

CONCLUSIONS
Contraction recruits microvasculature beyond that seen with physiologic hyperinsulinemia by a distinct mechanism that is not blocked by FFA-induced vascular insulin resistance. The paradoxical MBV decline seen with insulin plus FFA may result from differential inhibition of insulin-stimulated nitric oxide–dependent vasodilation relative to ET-1 vasoconstriction. Our results implicate ET-1 as a potential mediator of FFA-induced vascular insulin resistance.
Paradoxical Coupling of Triglyceride Synthesis and Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle Overexpressing DGAT1
Authors: Liu Li , Shi Xiaojing , Choi Cheol Soo , Shulman Gerald I. , Klaus Katherine , Nair K. Sreekumaran , Schwartz Gary J. , Zhang Yiying , Goldberg Ira J. , Yu Yi-Hao 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
Transgenic expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) in skeletal muscle leads to protection against fat-induced insulin resistance despite accumulation of intramuscular triglyceride, a phenomenon similar to what is known as the “athlete paradox.” The primary objective of this study is to determine how DGAT1 affects muscle fatty acid oxidation in relation to whole-body energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We first quantified insulin sensitivity and the relative tissue contributions to the improved whole-body insulin sensitivity in muscle creatine kisase (MCK)-DGAT1 transgenic mice by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Metabolic consequences of DGAT1 overexpression in skeletal muscles were determined by quantifying triglyceride synthesis/storage (anabolic) and fatty acid oxidation (catabolic), in conjunction with gene expression levels of representative marker genes in fatty acid metabolism. Whole-body energy metabolism including food consumption, body weights, oxygen consumption, locomotor activity, and respiration exchange ratios were determined at steady states.

RESULTS
MCK-DGAT1 mice were protected against muscle lipoptoxicity, although they remain susceptible to hepatic lipotoxicity. While augmenting triglyceride synthesis, DGAT1 overexpression also led to increased muscle mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation efficiency, as compared with wild-type muscles. On a high-fat diet, MCK-DGAT1 mice displayed higher basal metabolic rates and 5–10% lower body weights compared with wild-type littermates, whereas food consumption was not different.

CONCLUSIONS
DGAT1 overexpression in skeletal muscle led to parallel increases in triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. Seemingly paradoxical, this phenomenon is characteristic of insulin-sensitive myofibers and suggests that DGAT1 plays an active role in metabolic “remodeling” of skeletal muscle coupled with insulin sensitization.
11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Regulates Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Morgan Stuart A. , Sherlock Mark , Gathercole Laura L. , Lavery Gareth G. , Lenaghan Carol , Bujalska Iwona J. , Laber David , Yu Alice , Convey Gemma , Mayers Rachel , Hegyi Krisztina , Sethi Jaswinder K. , Stewart Paul M. , Smith David M. , Tomlinson Jeremy W. 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
Glucocorticoid excess is characterized by increased adiposity, skeletal myopathy, and insulin resistance, but the precise molecular mechanisms are unknown. Within skeletal muscle, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) converts cortisone (11-dehydrocorticosterone in rodents) to active cortisol (corticosterone in rodents). We aimed to determine the mechanisms underpinning glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and indentify how 11β-HSD1 inhibitors improve insulin sensitivity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Rodent and human cell cultures, whole-tissue explants, and animal models were used to determine the impact of glucocorticoids and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition upon insulin signaling and action.

RESULTS
Dexamethasone decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, decreased IRS1 mRNA and protein expression, and increased inactivating pSer307 insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1. 11β-HSD1 activity and expression were observed in human and rodent myotubes and muscle explants. Activity was predominantly oxo-reductase, generating active glucocorticoid. A1 (selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor) abolished enzyme activity and blocked the increase in pSer307 IRS1 and reduction in total IRS1 protein after treatment with 11DHC but not corticosterone. In C57Bl6/J mice, the selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, A2, decreased fasting blood glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity. In KK mice treated with A2, skeletal muscle pSer307 IRS1 decreased and pThr308 Akt/PKB increased. In addition, A2 decreased both lipogenic and lipolytic gene expression.

CONCLUSIONS
Prereceptor facilitation of glucocorticoid action via 11β-HSD1 increases pSer307 IRS1 and may be crucial in mediating insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition decreases pSer307 IRS1, increases pThr308 Akt/PKB, and decreases lipogenic and lipolytic gene expression that may represent an important mechanism underpinning their insulin-sensitizing action.
Caveolin-1 and Altered Neuregulin Signaling Contribute to the Pathophysiological Progression of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: McGuire James F. , Rouen Shefali , Siegfreid Eric , Wright Douglas E. , Dobrowsky Rick T. 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
Evaluate if Erb B2 activation and the loss of caveolin-1 (Cav1) contribute to the pathophysiological progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cav1 knockout and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin, and changes in motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), mechanical and thermal hypoalgesia, Erb B2 phosphorylation (pErb B2), and epidermal nerve fiber density were assessed. The contribution of Erb B2 to DPN was assessed using the Erb B2 inhibitors PKI 166 and erlotinib and a conditional bitransgenic mouse that expressed a constitutively active form of Erb B2 in myelinated Schwann cells (SCs).

RESULTS
Diabetic mice exhibited decreased MNCV and mechanical and thermal sensitivity, but the extent of these deficits was more severe in diabetic Cav1 knockout mice. Diabetes increased pErb B2 levels in both genotypes, but the absence of Cav1 correlated with a greater increase in pErb B2. Erb B2 activation contributed to the mechanical hypoalgesia and MNCV deficits in both diabetic genotypes because treatment with erlotinib or PKI 166 improved these indexes of DPN. Similarly, induction of a constitutively active Erb B2 in myelinated SCs was sufficient to decrease MNCV and induce a mechanical hypoalgesia in the absence of diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased Erb B2 activity contributes to specific indexes of DPN, and Cav1 may be an endogenous regulator of Erb B2 signaling. Altered Erb B2 signaling is a novel mechanism that contributes to SC dysfunction in diabetes, and inhibiting Erb B2 may ameliorate deficits of tactile sensitivity in DPN.
Prevalence and Management of Diabetes in Korean Adults
Authors: Choi Yong Jun , Kim Hyeon Chang , Kim Hee Man , Park Seok Won , Kim Jongoh , Kim Dae Jung 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
This research investigated recent changes in the prevalence and management status of diabetes among Korean adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), a nationwide survey examining the general health and nutrition status of the Korean people, was conducted in 1998, 2001, and 2005. Using the first (1998; n = 5,645), second (2001; n = 4,154), and third (2005; n = 4,628) KNHANES datasets, in the present study, we estimated the prevalence of diabetes among Korean adults (aged ≥30 years), the proportions of known cases of diabetes, and the proportions of well-controlled cases of diabetes, as defined by either the American Diabetes Association (A1C &lt;7%) or the International Diabetes Federation guidelines (A1C &lt;6.5%).

RESULTS
In 2005, the prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be 9.1% (∼2.58 million people: 10.2% of men and 7.9% of women), including 6.2% with known diabetes and 2.9% with newly diagnosed diabetes. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 17.4% (∼4.94 million people). The proportion of known cases of diabetes drastically increased from 23.2% in 1998 to 41.2% in 2001 and 68.0% in 2005 (P &lt; 0.0001). Among known diabetic patients in 2005, 43.5 and 22.9% had A1C levels &lt;7.0 and &lt;6.5%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
The overall prevalence of diabetes in Korea has not changed significantly between 1998 and 2005. Physician diagnosis and treatment rates of diabetes have significantly improved during this period, but glycemic control was still poorer than that in other developed countries.