bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF PREFERENCE MAPPING TECHNIQUES FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF STRAWBERRY YOGURT
Authors: LOVELY CAROLINE , MEULLENET JEAN‐FRANÇOIS 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT Many product optimization methods, known in general terms as preference mapping, have been described in the literature. However, a direct comparison of some of the different approaches (e.g., internal versus external mapping) has not been undertaken. This was attempted here by formulating strawberry yogurt prototypes according to an experimental design including three factors, investigating four approaches of optimization, comparing the sensory profiles of the ideal solutions and formulating the ideal solutions for validation with consumers. Results of this study show that the optimization methods did not yield identical ideal solutions but tended to agree on the ideal level for two of the three sensory dimensions investigated. These results warrant further investigation and comparison of the preference mapping methods available today. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe research conducted in this study may be useful to consumer scientists and product developers as it provides a direct comparison of preference mapping methodology performance for the optimization of product formulations. Although the work is not intended to establish superiority of one method over another, it provides a template for others who may wish to compare these methodologies.
SENSORY DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS, SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY AND EXPECTATION STUDIES ON BISCUITS WITH REDUCED ADDED SALT AND INCREASED FIBER
Authors: VÁZQUEZ MARISA BEATRIZ , CURIA ANA , HOUGH GUILLERMO 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to formulate biscuits with 50% more fiber and 50% less added salt than classic formulations, to describe their sensory characteristics, to measure expectation/sensory acceptability, and to investigate if sensory acceptability for these biscuits was related to the interest in consuming food products with less salt and/or more fiber content. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to develop four formulations: conventional fiber/conventional salt; conventional fiber/reduced salt; increased fiber/conventional salt; and increased fiber/reduced salt. Differences in the sensory profiles measured by a trained panel were of low magnitude, except for presence and taste of bran. Adolescent and adult consumers evaluated acceptability in three stages: blind with three‐digit codes; expectation of the label only; and biscuit + label. The low salt formulations received the lowest scores in the expectation stage, but in the blind and biscuit + label stages acceptability of all formulations was similar. The variables that explained overall acceptance were: measurement stage; formulation salt level; interest in reducing consumption of high salt foods; and interest in consuming bakery products with fiber.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIncreasing fiber content of biscuits by 40 to 50% helps achieve recommendations to increase fiber intake in daily diets. Also, as biscuits currently on the Argentine and other world markets present two extreme varieties – with or without added salt – formulating a biscuit with 50% less added salt facilitate sodium reduction. In our research we have found that these goals can be achieved without seriously affecting sensory acceptability. We propose the articulation of the necessary strategies with the food industry to market biscuits with less added salt and more fiber for the general population; and the use of these healthier biscuits by institutional food services.
EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL STRAINS ON SENSORY QUALITY OF PU‐ERH TEA IN AN IMPROVED PILE‐FERMENTATION PROCESS
Authors: CHEN CHIN‐SHUH , CHAN HUI‐CHUN , CHANG YAW‐NAN , LIU BING‐LAN , CHEN YUH‐SHUEN 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory quality differences between microbe‐inoculated and noninoculated tea infusions. Fifteen strains isolate from samples of the 15‐year Ta‐Huang‐In and 25‐year Ta‐Hon‐In of Pu‐erh tea were inoculated into the tea leaves and then an improved pile‐fermentation process under 60–70% relative humidity at 37C for 42 days was commenced. The results showed that there were significant effects on tea infusion mustiness, floral aroma, caramelness, sweetness, grassiness, fullness and sweet aftertaste. The sensory evaluation of odor, flavor and aftertaste of tea infusions inoculated with strains R8, R9, R15, Y11 and Y21 achieved higher scores than that of the blank. Thus, these strains governed the better performance in the overall acceptability of tea infusion. This was also demonstrated in the principal component analysis score plot. Furthermore, the tea infusion color of inoculated samples was similar to the commercial Pu‐erh tea product. By this indicated way of using isolated microbe with shortened fermentation time (6 weeks), the sensory quality of tea infusions may be the same as that of old commercial Pu‐erh tea. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this report, we studied the effects of isolated microbes on the sensory quality (i.e., mustiness, floral aroma, caramelness, sweetness, grassiness, fullness and sweet aftertaste) differences between microbe inoculated and non‐inoculated tea infusions for Pu‐erh tea in an improved pile‐fermentation process. By using the results from this study, the tea infusion color of inoculating sample was also similar to the commercial Pu‐erh tea product. By this indicated way of using isolated microbe with shortened the fermentation time (6 weeks), the sensory quality of tea infusion may be the same as that of old commercial Pu‐erh tea. What is crucial in this study is isolation of useful strains that governed a remarkable action in improving tea‐leaf quality in a pile‐fermentation process. The results of the research developed herein could effectively reduce fermentation time and could be suitably applied to the field of tea technology for large‐scale commercial purposes.
GIS Design: A Review of Current Issues in Interoperability
Authors: Manso Miguel‐Ángel , Wachowicz Monica 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe evolution of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has witnessed an important step towards achieving interoperability through the communication, exchange, cooperation and sharing of resources between systems. The main developments in interoperability include the use of standards for transfer and exchange of geographical information, the integration of different data types up to the development of comprehensive interoperability models. This article aims to review the main advances in interoperability of GIS and provide a basis to identify the future research issues in this field. It first considers the various points of view from which interoperability can be defined and then examines the concept of interoperability itself. An overview is provided on how interoperability can be modelled by discussing the main aspects that directly have an effect on how interoperability levels have been created according to different contexts and purposes of use. It also points out the significant advances in terms of measures that can determine the ability of a GIS to interoperate with other systems, predict the resources needed for successful interoperation, and discover techniques useful to achieving interoperability. We conclude with some suggestions where the research will go next.
Towards evolution‐proof malaria control with insecticides
Authors: Koella Jacob C. , Lynch Penelope A. , Thomas Matthew B. , Read Andrew F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAs many strategies to control malaria use insecticides against adult mosquitoes, control is undermined by the continual evolution of resistant mosquitoes. Here we suggest that using alternative insecticides, or conventional insecticides in alternative ways might enable effective control, but delay considerably or prevent the evolution of resistance. Our reasoning relies on an epidemiological and an evolutionary principle: (i) the epidemiology of malaria is strongly influenced by the life‐span of mosquitoes, as most infected mosquitoes die before the malaria parasite has completed its development; and (ii) evolutionary pressure is strongest in young individuals, for selection on individuals that have completed most of their reproduction has little evolutionary effect. It follows from these principles, first, that insecticides that kill mosquitoes several days after exposure can delay considerably the evolution of resistance and, second, that the evolution of resistance against larvicides can actually benefit control, if it is associated with shorter life‐span or reduced biting in adults. If a late‐acting insecticide and a larvicide are combined, the evolution of resistance against larvicides can in some circumstances prevent the evolution of resistance against the more effective, late‐acting insecticide, leading to sustainable, effective control. We discuss several potential options to create such insecticides, focussing on biopesticides.
Imaging of the haemorrhagic complications of the haemophilias
Authors: Constantine S , Buckley J , Heysen J 
Published: April 2009

SummaryHaemorrhage is the main manifestation of the haemophilias. Although acute haemorrhages can be life threatening, especially if involving the central nervous system, repeated haemorrhages involving the musculoskeletal system lead to two conditions unique to patients with haemophilias. This pictorial essay reviews the typical imaging appearances of haemorrhages and consequences in those with haemophilias, with particular emphasis on haemophilic arthropathy and pseudotumours.
Evaluation of pulmonary nodules and lung cancer with one‐inch crystal gamma coincidence positron emission tomography/CT versus dedicated positron emission tomography/CT
Authors: Moodie K , Cherk MH , Lau E , Turlakow A , Skinner S , Hicks RJ , Kelly MJ , Kalff V 
Published: April 2009

SummaryDedicated positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scanners using BGO and related detectors (d‐PET) have become standard imaging instruments in many malignancies. Hybrid gamma camera systems using NaI detectors in coincidence mode (g‐PET) have been compared to d‐PET but reported usefulness has been variable when gamma cameras with half‐inch to three‐fourth‐inch thick crystals have been used without CT. Our aim was to compare g‐PET with a 1‐in.‐thick crystal and inbuilt CT for lesion localization and attenuation correction (g‐PET/CT) and d‐PET/CT in patients presenting with potential and confirmed lung malignancies. One hour after 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), patients underwent BGO d‐PET/CT from jaw to proximal thigh. This was followed by one to two bed position g‐PET/CT 194 ± 27 min after FDG. Each study pair was independently analysed with concurrent CT. d‐PET/CT was interpreted by a radiologist experienced in both PET and CT, and g‐PET/CT by consensus reading of an experienced PET physician and an experienced CT radiologist. A TNM score was assigned and studies were then unblinded and compared. Fifty‐seven patients underwent 58 scan pairs over 2 years. Eighty‐nine per cent concordance was shown between g‐PET/CT and d‐PET/CT for the assessment of intrapulmonary lesions, with 100% concordance for intrapulmonary lesions >10 mm (36 of 36). Eighty‐eight per cent (51 of 58) concordance was shown between g‐PET/CT and d‐PET/CT for TNM staging. Coincidence imaging using an optimized dual‐head 1‐in.‐thick crystal gamma camera with inbuilt CT compares reasonably well with dedicated PET/CT for evaluation of indeterminate pulmonary lesions and staging of pulmonary malignancies and may be of some value when d‐PET/CT is not readily available.
Comparison of intra‐arterial digital subtraction angiography using carbon dioxide by ‘home made’ delivery system and conventional iodinated contrast media in the evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusive disease of the lower limbs
Authors: Madhusudhan KS , Sharma S , Srivastava DN , Thulkar S , Mehta SN , Prasad G , Seenu V , Agarwal S 
Published: April 2009

SummaryTo prospectively compare the feasibility, safety and diagnostic role of carbon dioxide (CO2) digital subtraction angiography (DSA) using a ‘home made’ delivery system with iodinated contrast medium (ICM) DSA in the evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases (PAOD) of lower limbs. Twenty‐one patients (27 limbs; all men; mean age, 47.6 years) who presented with PAOD of lower limbs underwent DSA using both intra‐arterial CO2 and ICM. Conventional ICM DSA was performed first and used as gold standard. Carbon dioxide was then injected by hand using a locally improvised home made plastic bag delivery system. Patient tolerance was assessed subjectively. Arteries from aortic bifurcation to the ankle were independently evaluated by two radiologists and graded for stenosis using a five‐point scale. For each patient, the quality of CO2 DSA images were compared with the corresponding images of ICM DSA and an overall grade of ‘good’, ‘acceptable’ or ‘poor’ was assigned. Cohen’s kappa coefficient was used to determine inter‐observer agreement. Carbon dioxide opacified 86.2% (188/195) of major arteries and depicted stenosis adequately in 84.5% (191/226) of arterial segments. A good or acceptable image quality of CO2 DSA was obtained in over 95% of patients. Infrapopliteal arteries were inadequately visualized. Mild pain was seen in six (28.6%) patients with both contrast agents; one patient developed severe pain during CO2 DSA. Inter‐observer agreement was good (k > 0.75) at 70% of the segments. Administration of CO2 into lower limb arteries is well tolerated. Carbon dioxide DSA using the locally improvised home made delivery system is a feasible and safe alternative to ICM DSA in the evaluation of PAOD. It provides adequate imaging of arteries of lower extremities except infrapopliteal segments.
Investigation of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding with 16‐ and 64‐slice multidetector CT†
Authors: Lee S , Welman CJ , Ramsay D 
Published: April 2009

SummaryWe evaluated the usefulness of 16‐ and 64‐slice multidetector CT (MDCT) in the detection of a bleeding site in acute lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) haemorrhage by conducting a retrospective study of cases of presumed acute lower GIT haemorrhage imaged with CT in two teaching hospitals in an 11‐month period. The patients underwent contrast enhanced CT using either a 16 or 64 MDCT. No oral contrast was used. One hundred milliliters of non‐ionic intravenous contrast agent was injected at 4.5 mL/s, followed by a 60 mL saline flush at 4 mL/s through a dual head injector. Images were acquired in arterial phase with or without non‐contrast and portal phase imaging with 16 × 1.5 mm or 64 × 0.625 mm collimation. Active bleeding was diagnosed by the presence of iodinated contrast extravasation into the bowel lumen on arterial phase images with attenuation greater than and distinct from the normal mucosal enhancement or focal pooling of increased attenuation contrast material within a bowel segment on portal‐venous images. Further management and final diagnosis was recorded. Fourteen patients and 15 studies were reviewed. CT detected and localized a presumed bleeding site or potential causative pathology in 12 (80%) of the patients. Seven of these were supported by other investigations or surgery, while five were not demonstrated by other modalities. Eight patients had mesenteric angiography, of which only four corroborated the site of bleeding. CT did not detect the bleeding site in three patients, of which two required further investigation and definitive treatment. We propose that MDCT serves a useful role as the initial rapid investigation to triage patients presenting with lower GIT bleeding for further investigation and management.
Screening for breast cancer with MRI: recent experience from the Australian Capital Territory
Authors: Price J , Chen SW 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe American Cancer Society now recommends annual MRI screening for women at 20–25% or greater lifetime risk of breast cancer. The role of MRI screening in other risk subgroups is unproved because of insufficient data. Our study comprised 209 breast MRI scans carried out in 171 asymptomatic patients (age range 22–67 years, mean 46 years), referred between January 2005 and June 2008. Targeted ultrasound was carried out in 32 episodes (15%) and biopsies were taken in 23 patients (13%). In four patients, MR‐guided procedures were required to establish a diagnosis, two using hook‐wire localization and two by means of vacuum‐assisted biopsy. Seven cancers were detected by MRI in the 171 patients, with a yield of 4.1%. Only one of the seven cancers was also shown by x‐ray mammography. Four patients had invasive ductal cancer (all axillary node negative) and three had high‐grade ductal carcinoma in situ or pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ. The three women with in situ disease were all potentially high risk, based on the National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre (NBOCC) criteria. Three women with invasive breast cancer were at only average risk based on NBOCC criteria, but two of these had extremely dense breasts. A fourth patient, found to have multifocal invasive cancer, had a personal history of contralateral breast cancer, but no relevant family history. Our findings suggest that breast MRI could be used to screen a larger Australian population at increased risk of developing breast cancer.
Use of radiotherapy to treat life‐threatening Kasabach–Merritt syndrome
Authors: Leong E , Bydder S 
Published: April 2009

SummaryKasabach–Merritt syndrome involves thrombocytopenia, which is usually severe, in association with haemangiomata. We describe two newborn infants who developed life‐threatening Kasabach–Merritt syndrome but who were successfully treated. Both had failed to respond adequately to corticosteroids and α‐interferon. They subsequently received emergency radiotherapy. Both patients had an improvement in their platelet counts. The first infant’s haemangioma gradually faded during the first 3 years of life, whereas the second infant’s haemangioma had resolved 2 months after radiotherapy. No significant late effects of the radiotherapy have been noted at the 8 and 5 years follow up respectively. Radiotherapy remains an important treatment method in Kasabach–Merritt syndrome when patients fail to respond to other treatments.
Dosimetric comparison of intensity modulated radiotherapy techniques and standard wedged tangents for whole breast radiotherapy*
Authors: Fong Andrew , Bromley Regina , Beat Mardi , Vien Din , Dineley Jude , Morgan Graeme 
Published: April 2009

SummaryPrior to introducing intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for whole breast radiotherapy (WBRT) into our department we undertook a comparison of the dose parameters of several IMRT techniques and standard wedged tangents (SWT). Our aim was to improve the dose distribution to the breast and to decrease the dose to organs at risk (OAR): heart, lung and contralateral breast (Contra Br). Treatment plans for 20 women (10 right‐sided and 10 left‐sided) previously treated with SWT for WBRT were used to compare (a) SWT; (b) electronic compensators IMRT (E‐IMRT); (c) tangential beam IMRT (T‐IMRT); (d) coplanar multi‐field IMRT (CP‐IMRT); and (e) non‐coplanar multi‐field IMRT (NCP‐IMRT). Plans for the breast were compared for (i) dose homogeneity (DH); (ii) conformity index (CI); (iii) mean dose; (iv) maximum dose; (v) minimum dose; and dose to OAR were calculated (vi) heart; (vii) lung and (viii) Contra Br. Compared with SWT, all plans except CP‐IMRT gave improvement in at least two of the seven parameters evaluated. T‐IMRT and NCP‐IMRT resulted in significant improvement in all parameters except DH and both gave significant reduction in doses to OAR. As on initial evaluation NCP‐IMRT is likely to be too time consuming to introduce on a large scale, T‐IMRT is the preferred technique for WBRT for use in our department.
Inter‐observer variability of clinical target volume delineation for bladder cancer using CT and cone beam CT
Authors: Foroudi F , Haworth A , Pangehel A , Wong J , Roxby P , Duchesne G , Williams S , Tai KH 
Published: April 2009

SummaryTo compare the image quality of cone beam CT (CBCT) with that of planning CT (pCT) scan, and quantify inter‐observer differences in therapeutic indices based on these scans prior to the introduction of an adaptive radiation therapy protocol for bladder cancer. Four consecutive patients were selected with muscle invasive bladder cancer receiving radical dose radiation therapy. Four radiation oncologists specializing in genitourinary malignancies contoured the clinical target volume (CTV) and rectum on both a pCT and a randomly chosen CBCT of the same patient. A conformity index (CI) for CTV and the rectum was determined for both pCT and CBCT. The maximal lateral, anterior, posterior, cranial and caudal extensions of the CTV for both CT and CBCT were determined for each observer. Variation in volumes of both the CTV and rectum for both pCT and were also compared using Varian Eclipse planning software (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Using pCT the mean CI for the CTV was 0.79; using CBCT the mean CI for the CTV was 0.75. For the rectum, the mean CI for using CT was 0.80 and for CBCT was 0.74. Greatest variation on CBCT CTV contours was seen in the supero‐inferior direction with variation up to 2.1 cm between different radiation oncologists. With the variation in CI for pCT and CBCT of the CTV and rectum (0.04 and 0.06 respectively), CBCT is not significantly inferior to the pCT in terms of inter‐observer contouring variability.
Implementation of daily image‐guided radiation therapy using an in‐room CT scanner for prostate cancer isocentre localization
Authors: Knight K , Touma N , Zhu L , Duchesne GM , Cox J 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe Tattersall’s Cancer Centre has been performing image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT) using an in‐room CT on rails since 2003 to verify accurate patient setup position (relative to bony anatomy) immediately prior to treatment delivery for prostate cancer patients. While the concept of online correction for bony anatomy is well established, the use of an in‐room CT scanner also enables the collection and offline analysis of soft tissue volumetric data. Although initially IGRT was implemented under a research protocol, in‐room CT verification has continued to be used to measure and correct for patient setup variations for all patients undergoing intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatments. The present paper outlines the protocol that was used to implement IGRT using an in‐room CT scanner at the Tattersall’s Cancer Centre. Online corrections that minimize patient setup uncertainties allow confidence in delivering dose escalation as well as decreasing the margins required around the target volume. With improvements in auto‐contouring tools, IGRT will also have the ability to measure and correct for variations in target and critical structure positioning online, rather than the current offline methods utilized.
Recurrent malignant pilomatrixoma invading the cranial cavity: Improved local control with adjuvant radiation
Authors: Aherne NJ , Fitzpatrick DA , Gibbons D , Collins CD , Armstrong JG 
Published: April 2009

SummaryWe report the case of a 41‐year‐old mentally retarded male with recurrent pilomatrix carcinoma of the occipital region which invaded the occipital bone, left cerebellum and left temporal lobe. At his initial presentation the patient had a craniotomy and subtotal excision of the lesion with positive margins. He received no adjuvant therapy. After an early intracranial recurrence he had subtotal debulking and was referred for external beam radiotherapy. At 27 months follow‐up after adjuvant external beam radiotherapy the intracranial component has not progressed and the patient remains clinically well.