bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocean Rossby waves as a triggering mechanism for primary Madden–Julian events
Authors: Webber Benjamin G. M. , Matthews Adrian J. , Heywood Karen J. , Stevens David P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is sporadic, with episodes of cyclical activity interspersed with inactive periods. However, it remains unclear what may trigger a Madden–Julian (MJ) event which is not immediately preceded by any MJO activity: a ‘primary’ MJ event. A combination of case‐studies and composite analysis is used to examine the extent to which the triggering of primary MJ events might occur in response to ocean dynamics. The case‐studies show that such events can be triggered by the arrival of a downwelling oceanic equatorial Rossby wave, which is shown to be associated with a deepening of the mixed layer and positive sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies of the order of 0.5–1 °C. These SST anomalies are not attributable to forcing by surface fluxes which are weak for the case‐studies analysed. Furthermore, composite analysis suggests that such forcing is consistently important for triggering primary events. The relationship is much weaker for successive events, due to the many other triggering mechanisms which operate during periods of cyclical MJO activity. This oceanic feedback mechanism is a viable explanation for the sporadic and broadband nature of the MJO. Additionally, it provides hope for forecasting MJ events during periods of inactivity, when MJO forecasts generally exhibit low skill. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
On the feasibility of a fast forward model for Doppler interferometry in the infrared
Authors: Turner D. S. , Rochon Y. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA fast forward radiative transfer model to compute the emitted limb radiances for use in recovering line‐of‐sight Doppler winds from thermal line emission has been developed and evaluated. This study was formulated around the Stratospheric Wind Interferometer for Transport Studies (SWIFT) instrument—a limb imaging, field widened, phase‐stepping Michelson interferometer. The fast forward model is required to simulate a four‐point interferogram from which line‐of‐sight winds may be computed. The model, RT‐SWIFT (Radiative Transfer for SWIFT), is part of an effort to develop the capability of providing simultaneous measurements of horizontal wind velocity vectors and ozone concentration in the stratosphere for improving our understanding of global stratospheric dynamics and for studies in ozone transport.Based in part on RT‐MIPAS (Radiative Transfer for the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding), RT‐SWIFT uses a linear regression algorithm to parametrize the effective layer optical depths and can simulate the effect of variable ozone, nitrous oxide, water vapour and atmospheric winds. Trace gases are included as fixed climatological profiles.The model development involved the selection of two suitable databases consisting of appropriate atmospheric absorber and wind profiles, and the accurate line‐by‐line modelling of their transmittances; one for generating regression coefficients and one consisting of simulated measurements for independent evaluation. The development also required selecting suitable predictors for the absorbers, winds and viewing geometry.One‐dimensional inversion results using RT‐SWIFT with simulated measurements indicate that the model leads to wind and ozone error levels of about 3 to 5 m s−1 and 3 to 15% respectively for altitudes above ∼24 km. While further investment in model development and optimization is warranted, this demonstration study indicates that a sufficiently accurate fast forward model for near real‐time assimilation, and inversion, of horizontal Doppler wind measurements from thermal line emission is feasible. © 2011 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A regulated localization scheme for ensemble‐based Kalman filters
Authors: Nerger Lars , Janjić Tijana , Schröter Jens , Hiller Wolfgang 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLocalization is an essential element of ensemble‐based Kalman filters in large‐scale systems. Two localization methods are commonly used: covariance localization and domain localization. The former applies a localizing weight to the forecast covariance matrix, while the latter splits the assimilation into local regions in which independent assimilation updates are performed. The domain localization is usually combined with observation localization, which is a weighting of the observation‐error covariance matrix, resulting in a similar localization effect to that of covariance localized filters. It is shown that the use of the same localization function in covariance localization and observation localization results in distinct effective localization length‐scales in the Kalman gain. In order to improve the performance of observation localization, a regulated localization scheme is introduced. Twin experiments with the Lorenz‐96 model demonstrate that the regulated localization can lead to a significant reduction of estimation errors as well as increased stability of the assimilation process. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Freeze‐drying of articular cartilage: Investigation of rat femoral heads by SEM
Authors: Draenert D. R. Y. , Draenert K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe results of comparative investigations of freeze‐drying of joint cartilage which had not been separated from the underlying bone are reported.Fixation and ethanol and amyl acetate substitution procedures cause marked loss of ground substance and thus create surface structures which are not present to the same degree in cartilage which is simply freeze‐dried. Indeed, it is questionable whether these structures are present in vivo. They were most highly developed in critical‐point‐dried cartilage.The main difficulty with freeze‐drying is the prevention of damage caused by ice crystals. A tissue temperature of −130°C should always be aimed for and, because of the rapid growth of ice crystals, the temperature should never be allowed to rise above −90°C. These conditions can be fulfilled if the specimen is in good thermal contact with the cold stage and if the cooling device is equipped with a condenser which is cooled with liquid nitrogen.The better the tissue was processed, the smoother was the resulting cartilage surface and the greater was the degree to which the chondrocytes fitted the walls of their lacunae.At tissue temperatures above −90°C, the first change which became apparent was destruction of the cell membranes. This was followed by almost complete elution of the ground substance from between the fibers and, finally, the cell nuclei were also destroyed. This damage caused by ice crystals exposed fibrous structures on the surface of the cartilage, and the appearance of these structures was superior to that produced by enzymatic methods of preparation. The disruption caused by freezing uncovered intracellular structures.
Minimum depth electron probe x‐ray microanalysis as a means for determining the sulphur content of the human hair surface
Authors: Swift J. A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBy using incident electron energies as low as 3 keV it has been shown both theoretically and practically that the maximum depth for the excitation of sulphur Kα x‐rays from a sulphur‐containing proteinaceous solid can be restricted to 110 nm. This approach has been used to determine the concentration of sulphur in the immediate surface of human hair, and more particularly associated with the A‐layer subcomponent of the hair cuticle. The value obtained was 11.8 weight % (± 0.92, n = 10).
Rasterelektronenmikroskopie: (2. Überarb. u. erw. Aufl.): Eine Einführung für Mediziner und Biologen
Authors: Schwarz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractScanning Electron Microscopy (2nd revised and enlarged ed.) An Introduction for Physicians and Biologists Ohnsorge, J., Holm, R., translated by Yeo, J. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1978 (164 pages, 143 figures, DM 64,‐) ISBN 3135023028
Ion etching in metallography
Authors: Pohl M. , Burchard W.‐G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIon etching has proved to be a highly suitable method of preparation for the investigation of special problems in materials. The advantages of ion etching lie especially in the ability to sputter various elements and compounds with differing rates of removal. Reactive sputtering has proved highly suitable for the selective removal of individual structure components. Cathode sputtering is well adapted for the purification of specimens, particularly those with pores and cracks.
Scanning electron microscope localization of zinc granules in the oyster ostrea angasi by backscattered electron imaging
Authors: Jablonski W. , Lytton D. G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA method for rapid localization of the zinc granules in oyster tissue using SEM has been developed. The results are discussed in terms of electron backscattering coefficients η for tissue, carbon support and embedding medium. Also, the application of the presented method for marine environment pollution detection and monitoring is recommended.
Dynamic hydration studies in an SEM
Authors: Neal R. J. , Mills A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA Cambridge Mark II Stereoscan SEM equipped with TV scan capabilities has been modified to study both static and dynamic interactions of water with water sensitive materials. The design and operation of this instrument to permit it to be used at 10°C temperature and 6.5 mbar specimen chamber pressure are included.A study of the continuous interaction of water with a natural sponge is included to demonstrate the usefulness of the dynamic capability of this technology. A time‐lapse study of this hydration process shows how a sponge absorbs water. Micrographs of water freezing are also included. This instrument, which has a resolution of about 150 nm, can also be used for static studies of hydrated materials. We anticipate that this technology will be used to study many other dynamic and static liquid‐solid and liquid‐liquid interactions such as emulsions, detergency processes, crystallization, solubilization, and perhaps even living biological specimens.
Design and construction of an atmospheric or environmental SEM (part 3)
Authors: Danilatos G. D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe continuation of the advances in designing and constructing an atmospheric or environmental SEM (ASEM and ESEM, respectively) is reported. A pair of scintillator backscattered electron detectors have been designed and made so that signal processing to enhance topography and Z‐contrast can be performed. Optimum shapes and positioning of the detectors have been determined. The light transmittance in the light pipe has been mapped and measured to be 51%. Satisfactory signal‐to‐noise ratio images of a carbon specimen have been obtained with 5 kV, 2 pA and 50s scan time at 0.1 mbar. With a higher intensity beam, clear images of wool fibres have been achieved at 1 bar pressure. The ASEM and ESEM have been shown to operate both under conditions of a gaseous environment and with detection modes used in other microscopes. Changes and phenomena occurring as the relative humidity varies between 0 and 100% have been recorded.
High‐angle annular dark‐field STEM imaging of immunogold labels
Authors: Otten M. T. , Stenzel D. J. , Cousens D. R. , Humbel B. M. , Leunissen J.L. M. , Stierhof Y.‐D. , Busing W.M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHigh‐angle annular dark‐field (HAADF) STEM imaging is a sensitive and efficient technique for detecting immunogold labels. Larger (5–15 nm) gold labels can be distinguished clearly from the heavy metal stain on tissue sections, but for smaller (<5 nm) labels the distinction is less clear. It is not possible to differentiate between ultra‐small (<1–3 nm) labels and stain, but the HAADF image shows sufficient contrast so specimens can remain unstained. On a TEM/STEM equipped with a LaB6 filament the smallest labels that are detectable are 1–2 nm. Efficient detection of ultra‐small labels requires a field emission microscope.
Serious FORTRAN
Authors: Larmouth J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper is based on a set of lectures given at Cambridge, directed to those who intend to write FORTRAN programs which have more than a transient life. This first part deals with the implications of conforming to the ANSI standard when writing FORTRAN. The second part, which will appear in the next issue, deals with the problem of producing optimal programs, debugging techniques and a number of miscellaneous topics.
The people's time sharing system
Authors: Tanenbaum Andrew S. , Benson William H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA set of programs running under a multiprogramming batch operating system on the CDC 6600 which provide remote users with a time sharing service is described. The basis for the system is the ability of a user program to create job control statements during execution, thereby tricking the operating system into treating it as an ordinary batch job. The text editor and the interactive debugging facilities are described. The performance of the system, known as the People's Time Sharing System (PTSS), and user reaction to it are also described.
MUSYS: Software for an electronic music studio
Authors: Grogono Peter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMUSYS is a system of programs used to create electronic music at the computer studio of Electronic Music Studios, London. This paper describes the programming language employed by composers, and the implementation of its compiler and of other programs in the system. It is shown that by the use of a macrogenerator, an efficient and useful system can be built from simple software on a small computer.
Mehrdimensional energieoptimierte Gebäudehüllen in Stahlleichtbauweise für den Industrie‐ und Gewerbebau
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Kuhnhenne Markus , Brieden Matthias , Rexroth Susanne , Deininger Florian , Hachul Helmut , Bach Janine , Rößling Heike , Ummenhofer Thomas , Misiek Thomas , Krüger Helmut 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBislang standen vorwiegend Geschoss‐ und Wohnbauten im Fokus der Nachhaltigkeitsbetrachtung im Hochbau. Der Industrie‐ und Gewerbebau als wichtiger Bereich des Stahlbausektors indes ist damit noch unberücksichtigt. Um jedoch das Prinzip der Nachhaltigkeit auch auf den Industrie‐ und Gewerbebau zu übertragen, ist die Erforschung der Ressourcen‐ und Energieverbräuche von Gebäuden in Stahlleichtbauweise wichtig. In diesem Kontext ist es Ziel des Forschungsprojekts P 880, die Verbesserungspotentiale bestehender Fassadenelemente zu untersuchen und neue Entwicklungskorridore auf diesem Gebiet zu erschließen. Der vorliegende Beitrag soll für die besonderen Herausforderungen, aber auch Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten von Gebäudehüllen in Stahlleichtbauweise sensibilisieren. Es werden die angestrebten Ziele benannt, mögliche Lösungsansätze umrissen und die daraus resultierenden Forschungsarbeiten aufgezeigt, die in dem kürzlich begonnen Projekt P 880 bearbeitet werden.Multidimensional energy‐optimized building envelopes in steel lightweight construction for industrial and commercial buildings. So far, mainly multi‐storey and residential buildings were in the focus of sustainability analysis in structural engineering. The industrial and commercial construction as an important area of the steel sector is still ignored. However, in order to apply the principle of sustainability in the industrial and commercial construction, the exploration of resources and energy consumption of buildings in lightweight steel construction is important. In this context, the aim of the research project P 880 is to investigate the potential for improvement of existing facade elements and to open up new development corridors in this area. The following article aims to raise awareness of the specific challenges but also opportunities for development of building envelopes in steel lightweight construction. The targeted objectives are named, possible solutions are outlined and the hence resulting researches are identified, which are processed in the recently started project P 880.
Bauen im Bestand – Potenziale und Chancen der Stahl‐/Stahlleichtbauweise
Authors: Floerke Paul , Weiß Sonja , Ungermann Dieter , Schütz Alena , Gralla Mike , Brandt Tim , Ummenhofer Thomas , Zinke Tim , Herrmann Christoph , Dettmer Tina , Tichelmann Karsten , Ziegler Bastian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDie nachhaltige Nutzung der Kernstädte und ihrer vorhandenen Gebäudestrukturen wird derzeit vorangetrieben und politisch unterstützt. Studien belegen, dass die Schwerpunkte des Bauens der nächsten Jahrzehnte im Bestand liegen. Mit dem prognostizierten, wachsenden Markt des Bauens im Bestand – der Verdichtung, Modernisierung und Sanierung von bestehenden Gebäuden – ergeben sich große Chancen für den Stahl‐/Stahlleichtbau.Die großen Vorteile des Stahls können jedoch nur ausgenutzt werden, wenn Architekten und Ingenieuren umfassende Planungshilfen und Bewertungskriterien zur Verfügung gestellt werden, die den interdisziplinären Bauaufgaben im Bestand unter ganzheitlicher Berücksichtigung von stadtplanerischen und architektonischen sowie bauphysikalischen Aspekten, statisch‐konstruktiven Anforderungen, Aspekten des Baubetriebs und der Immobilienbewertung sowie einer Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung (Life‐Cycle‐Design) gerecht werden. Dieses Ziel soll mit diesem interdisziplinären Forschungsvorhaben unterstützt werden, wozu der vorliegende Beitrag einen ersten Einblick gibt.Zur Weiterentwicklung notwendiger, von einem Industrie‐ und Wissenschaftskreis als substanziell eingestufter Innovationen in der Stahlanwendung wurde das Forschungscluster NASTA ins Leben gerufen. In diesen Kontext gehört auch das aktuelle Forschungsprojekt [1].Existing buildings – Potentials of lightweight design of steel structures. The sustainable utilization of urban areas and existing buildings is currently becoming extremely important. Studies prove that aspects such as the refurbishment and restoration of existing buildings will be the challenge of future. Urban concentration, modernization and redevelopment will lead to a growing market and will initiate manifold fields of application for steel and lightweight steel structures. The enormous advantages of steel can only be utilized if a wide fundamental knowledge basis, planning tools, and criteria for a sustainability assessment are provided for architects and engineers. These planning instruments must meet interdisciplinary and holistic requirements as well as city planning and architectural demands.Aspects of building physics, structural solutions, building process concerns, real estate assessment and sustainability assessment within the life cycle shall be addressed in this interdisciplinary research project. The project presented in this paper is part of a research cluster and a first insight in the objectives and methodology used will be provided here. Supervised by an industrial and scientific committee, the NASTA research cluster was established to support essential innovations and to improve steel applications [1].
Management of nocturia
Authors: Khan Faisal Rauf , Younis Ayman , Alosta Ahmed , Khan Shahid A.A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe main causes of nocturia, or voiding at night, are reduced bladder capacity and nocturnal polyuria. The authors discuss lifestyle changes that may help address this bothersome symptom, and outline the available treatment choices. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Functional analysis of variant lysosomal acid glycosidases of Anderson‐Fabry and Pompe disease in a human embryonic kidney epithelial cell line (HEK 293 T)
Authors: Ebrahim Hatim Y. , Baker Robert J. , Mehta Atul B. , Hughes Derralynn A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe functional significance of missense mutations in genes encoding acid glycosidases of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) is not always clear. Here we describe a method of investigating functional properties of variant enzymes in vitro using a human embryonic kidney epithelial cell line. Site‐directed mutagenesis was performed on the parental plasmids containing cDNA encoding for alpha‐galactosidase A (α‐Gal A) and acid maltase (α‐Glu) to prepare plasmids encoding relevant point mutations. Mutant plasmids were transfected into HEK 293 T cells, and transient over‐expression of variant enzymes was measured after 3 days. We have illustrated the method by examining enzymatic activities of four unknown α‐Gal A and one α‐Glu variants identified in our patients with Anderson‐Fabry disease and Pompe diseases respectively. Comparison with control variants known to be either pathogenic or non‐pathogenic together with over‐expression of wild‐type enzyme allowed determination of the pathogenicity of the mutation. One leader sequence novel variant of α‐Gal A (p.A15T) was shown not to significantly reduce enzyme activity, whereas three other novel α‐Gal A variants (p.D93Y, p.L372P and p.T410I) were shown to be pathogenic as they resulted in significant reduction of enzyme activity. A novel α‐Glu variant (p.L72R) was shown to be pathogenic as this significantly reduced enzyme activity. Certain acid glycosidase variants that have been described in association with late‐onset LSDs and which are known to have variable residual plasma and leukocyte enzyme activity in patients appear to show intermediate to low enzyme activity (p.N215S and p.Q279E α‐Gal A respectively) in the over‐expression system.
Comparative Study of Effect of Surfactant‐Polymer Interactions on Properties of Alkyl Polyglucosides and Alpha Olefin Sulphonate
Authors: Momin Shamin A. , Yeole Pradnya 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe properties of Alpha Olefin Sulphonate (AOS) and Alkyl polyglucosides (APG) were studied in the presence and absence of nonionic polymers such as polyethylene glycol, poly vinyl pyrrolidone and methyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl cellulose. Properties like surface tension, foaming, viscosity and emulsification were studied at a constant concentration of polymer (0.1%) and varying concentrations of surfactant. It was found that at low surfactant concentrations there is an association between surfactant and polymer at the liquid/air surface in the case of an anionic surfactant and a nonionic polymer, which is not seen in the case of nonionic surfactants and nonionic polymers. A nonionic polymer reduces the surface tension of AOS by forming a surfactant‐polymer complex which in turn increases the foamability, emulsifying property and viscosity of solution. APG does not show any effect on its surface tension in the presence of nonionic polymers but its foamability and emulsifying properties are improved. Reduction in surface tension is not the only reason behind increased foamability in the presence of the polymer. Higher molecular weight polymers give a rich, creamy foam because of increased viscosity in the surfactant solution as compared to lower molecular weight polymers.
ON THE DEGREE DISTANCE OF SOME COMPOSITE GRAPHS
Authors: HUA HONGBO 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLet G be a connected simple graph. The degree distance of G is defined as D′(G)=∑ u∈V (G)dG(u)DG(u), where DG(u) is the sum of distances between the vertex u and all other vertices in G and dG(u) denotes the degree of vertex u in G. In contrast to many established results on extremal properties of degree distance, few results in the literature deal with the degree distance of composite graphs. Towards closing this gap, we study the degree distance of some composite graphs here. We present explicit formulas for D′ (G) of three composite graphs, namely, double graphs, extended double covers and edge copied graphs.