bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cameroon and the Crisis of Constitutional Identity
Authors: Anyangwe Carlson , Fombad Charles M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides context to the political crisis which is threatening to end the fragile union between the anglophone and francophone communities of Cameroon. In view of their distinct colonial heritage and experience, differences in language and culture, and disparity in population size, the federal arrangement that formed the basis of the union in 1961 seemed the ideal institutional framework for forging a sense of unity in diversity. It was meant to form the foundation for the emergence of a common constitutional identity. The chapter discusses how and why this failed. Indeed, the present constitutional framework does not reflect the country’s history and the hopes, desires, fears, and aspirations of the two communities. The crisis, seen more widely, raises serious questions about the ability of Africans in the twenty-first century to rise above their colonised mindsets and fashion institutions that address the recurrent governance challenges they face.
Taking Power from the People
Authors: Elgebeily Sherif A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The notion of constitutional identity is contested, with little agreement about how it may be defined. This chapter focuses on Egypt, where identities are multiple and have been subject to both external and internal influences, and asks what the indigenous constitutional identity of Egypt is. Despite having had no written constitution prior to 1923, Egypt has long been influenced by Islamic, Ottoman, and later British occupations and, as a result, their laws and codes. In recent years, a process of amendment in 2016 and 2019 has drastically shifted the meaning and content of the Egyptian constitution arguably away from representation of the people and in a more autocratic direction, one reminiscent of the 1923 Constitution and its enshrinement of hereditary monarchy. This chapter considers whether the Egyptian constitution—like a chameleon—has changed to match the environment in which it exists and what fundamental elements it has drawn from Egypt’s history.
Principles
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Key to the transformation of European public law and the emergence of a European democratic society are the principles of Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The chapter presents them as the European constitutional core. To this end, it puts forward a theory of European constitutional principles that lays out their various functions. This includes theorizing identity, which is perhaps the most critical concept in recent debates. The chapter shows how that perspective helps make sense of the recent jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It then traces the transformation of the two most discussed principles over time: rule of law and democracy. The chapter analyses the rule of law with the help of trust theory. It then proceeds to reconstruct it with reference to the doctrines of legality and direct effect as well as the Union’s reform of weak state institutions, as found in Greece or Romania. It then continues by demonstrating that the democratic principle has been transformed, particularly by a European Union (EU)-specific understanding of it that stands between apology and utopia, and one that many still fail to grasp. The chapter concludes by showing the advent of European transformative constitutionalism as European institutions have started to develop instruments to impose EU principles against governments that systemically infringe them.
Scholarship
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Scholars play their own social role: more than simply describing their legal systems from without, they often mould them from within. They shape the concepts and principles, construct and legitimize legal and political institutions, and inspire and criticize the development of the law. Depicting the transformation of European public law, therefore, requires depicting the transformation of its scholarship. The chapter starts by outlining European legal scholarship against the background of Schmitt’s The Situation of European Jurisprudence: the role of European institutions, the spectre of hegemonic structures, and academic identities. It then addresses the thorny question of how to square academic activism with the principle of democracy: legal scholarship, to play a role in a democratic society, must be democratic. On that basis, the chapter reflects upon academic critique (as well as theoretical and doctrinal constructions) and lays out the role of European comparative law. The chapter concludes by exemplifying its understanding of legal scholarship with a doctrine of criminal liability for public officials who have harmed individuals in breach of the values of Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union, that is, who have violated the very core of European democratic society.
This Book’s Quintessence with Marius Ivaškevičius
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 synthesizes the book’s core arguments about the transformation of European public law through the lens of the seminal Solange case law, which summarizes the basic relationship between European law’s constituent legal orders and articulates the foundational significance of delicate compromises. By elucidating the intricate relationships among European legal orders, the chapter underscores the beneficial societal implications of compromises generated by European integration. Building upon the intellectual legacies of Hegel, Schmitt, and Böckenförde, it presents the European constitutional core as a paramount achievement in European public law, thus critiquing the pervasive negativity surrounding the European Union’s challenges.
Three Concepts of Legitimacy
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to show that the concept of political legitimacy is rather more complex than is usually acknowledged. Specifically, it argues that in place of a single concept of legitimacy, three separate and independent concepts divide and accomplish the work standardly, but mistakenly assigned to one concept. The three concepts of legitimacy the chapter distinguishes can be mapped onto three different duties borne by agents who interact with a rightful political authority. The most familiar of these duties is the pro tanto duty citizens may have to obey the law. This duty can be distinguished from the citizenry’s duty not to interfere with—most basically, not to overthrow—the government. However, there are two versions of the duty not to interfere. In addition to the internal version borne by citizens, there is an external version borne by other states. In addition to being distinct, these three concepts of legitimacy are also ‘independent’. That is, the instantiation of one concept cannot be inferred from the instantiation of another. For example, to bring out the independence of the internal and external duties not to interfere with a rightful regime, the chapter appeals to the common intuition that citizens are sometimes permitted to revolt in cases where other states remain under a duty not to interfere. Its central illustration is a regimented version of justified resistance to a colonial power. In such cases, the colonial regime is internally illegitimate, but externally legitimate.
Territorial Jurisdiction
Authors: Taylor Anthony 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Functionalists hold that the territorial rights of states are grounded solely in their successful performance of their morally mandated functions. This chapter defends a distinctive functionalist view of the right of territorial jurisdiction. It develops this view over the course of considering a variety of objections to functionalism that arise from reflection on cases of non-violent and otherwise rights-respecting annexation. Functionalism’s critics argue that it is committed to counterintuitive implications in these cases, as it is unable to explain why the usurper states do not gain rights over the territory they take over. Against these critics, the chapter argues that functionalism can in fact deliver intuitively plausible verdicts regarding: (a) the territorial rights of unsuccessful states; (b) the morality of military occupation; and (c) the appropriate response to past territorial injustices.
Argos
Authors: Hall Jonathan M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
It is impossible to understand the history of the Archaic Greek world without taking Argos, unquestionably one of the most important poleis on the Greek mainland, into account. The textual and material evidence when combined into an archaeohistorical account of Archaic Argos reveals an urban center that developed rather late, particularly in regard to the laying out of a formal agora. By the seventh century, Argos, like Athens, had a magistrate with the title of basileus and an annually appointed group of nine officials. In the sixth century, Argos, again like Athens, underwent a thoroughgoing restructuring of the citizen body and tribal system and began to build a system of democratized governance. On a wider stage, Argos’ military and diplomatic energies were directed primarily toward establishing control over the immediately surrounding region. Careful study of Argos offers important insight into multiple facets of the Archaic Greek world beyond Athens and Sparta.
Ready, Set, Go!
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Remi Salaam 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter’s focus is on things the reader should consider when preparing for a songwriting career. This chapter discusses areas of one’s life that should be examined before starting the songwriting process. Self-awareness will give the songwriter’s vision more clarity and help him or her to discover a unique path based on personality, passions, and skills. In this reading the songwriter will be encouraged, inspired, and empowered with the confidence to move forward with taking the first steps to songwriting. Topics of discussion include conducting a self-inventory of personality and character traits, passions, skills, goals, motivation, inspiration, imagination, and education.
Writing Songs That Connect
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Barias Ivan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter is about writing songs that resonate with the listener. It focuses on two key songwriting elements, a great song title and an awesome story. A hit song is identified in this chapter as one that has every element it takes to become a commercially successful record whether it has a great marketing and promotion team behind it or not. In this chapter the reader will find exercises about creating song titles and a discussion about song concepts, scenarios and story development, and tips on essential elements that will make stories more appealing to the listener. The reader will learn how the use of phrases and keywords helps to support the songs title and cohesiveness of the story.
Let the Music Play
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Lawrence Donald 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, readers explore the foundations of creating dynamic music. Readers discover that the rhythm, chords, and the music arrangement are just as vital to songwriting as lyrics and melody. The author presents an overview in this chapter of four categories of music theory: pitch, rhythm, chords/harmony, and melody. This chapter emphasizes that music theory is not a guide to create but rather a tool that can be used to enhance creativity in writing songs. The author also discusses scales, chord structures, key signatures, rhythms, music genres, and key elements to building music to support the lyrics and melodies.
Writing Unique and Memorable Melodies
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Walden Narada Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter the author explains that the melody is the song’s center of attraction. The reader will learn how melodies are formed and what makes them memorable and instantly recognizable. To create distinctive melodies, songwriters rely on a myriad of strategies. The reader will find various approaches used to construct a melody. This chapter also explores how to use intervals, rhythms, cadences, range, repetition, variation, and elements of surprise to stimulate listeners.
Building a Songwriting Career
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Pessis Andre 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter the author offers a thorough summary of the essentials of building a songwriting career. Looking at pop song icons and industry trends, the author taps into the tools, resources, and entrepreneurial spirit needed to have a successful music career. From protecting one’s song to building one’s brand, the chapter explores the power of song ownership, publishing, song release timeline, and diversified distribution. Whether it’s streamed or used in television, film or radio, this chapter reviews the agencies, licenses, and fees need for one’s music to be heard. In addition, this chapter highlight’s goal setting, collaborations, networking, and resources to support the business venture of launching a music career.
The Case for Advocacy Curricula and Opportunities in Medical Education: Past Examples to Inform Future Instruction
Authors: Schreidah Celine M. , Robinson Lindsey N. , Pham Daniel X. , Balaji Dhikshitha , Tinsley Meagan S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
With recent advances in understanding racial, socioeconomic, and mental health issues in medicine and their relation to policy and legislation, medical professionals are increasingly involved in local and national advocacy efforts. At the frontlines of these initiatives are medical students who, in addition to completing required coursework and clinical training, devote themselves to serving patients through civic participation. The burgeoning evidence concerning health care disparities and inequity, along with greater awareness of racial and socioeconomic discrimination, have made advocacy an essential aspect of many students’ medical training. Every year, thousands of medical students join national medical advocacy organizations, in addition to regional, state, and local groups. Despite the rich history of medical student involvement in advocacy, there remains much speculation and skepticism about the practice as an essential component of the medical profession. From early initiatives pushing for national health insurance after World War II to encouraging antidiscrimination policies and practices, medical students have been collectively working to create change for themselves and their patients. Through efforts such as banning smoking on airplanes, creating safe syringe programs, and protesting against police brutality, many medical students work tirelessly in advocacy despite minimal educational support or guidance about the advocacy process. Given that medical student advocacy continues to grow and has shown measurable successes in the past, the authors believe that these efforts should be rewarded and expanded upon. The authors examine historical examples of medical student advocacy to suggest ways in which advocacy can be integrated into core medical school curricula and activities. They call attention to opportunities to support students’ development of knowledge and skills to facilitate legislative change, expansion of interprofessional collaborations and credit, and curricular updates to promote social and health equity.
A Multi-Institutional Description of Processes and Outcomes of Postbaccalaureate Research Education Programs in the Mid-Atlantic Region
Authors: Wright Cynthia F. , Kasman Laura M. , Robinson Donita L. , Carey Gregory B. , Hall Joshua D. , Lloyd Joyce A. , Shiang Rita , Smith Edward J. , Wilson Katherine L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Outcome data from 6 National Institutes of Health–funded Postbaccalaureate Research Education Programs (PREPs) in the Mid-Atlantic region were combined to give a multi-institutional perspective on their scholars’ characteristics and progress through biomedical research training. The institutions hosting these programs were Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, the Medical University of South Carolina, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The authors summarize the institutional pathways, demographics, undergraduate institutions, and graduate institutions for a total of 384 PREP scholars who completed the programs by June 2021. A total of 228 (59.4%) of these PREP scholars identified as Black or African American, 116 (30.2%) as Hispanic or Latinx, and 269 (70.0%) as female. The authors found that 376 of 384 scholars (97.9%) who started PREP finished their program, 319 of 376 (84.8%) who finished PREP matriculated into PhD or MD/PhD programs, and 284 of 319 (89.0%) who matriculated have obtained their PhD or are successfully making progress toward their PhD.
Association of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Postoperative Outcomes in Immediate Prepectoral Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Choi Jae-Min , Lee Jong-Koo , Pyon Jai-Kyong , Mun Goo-Hyun , Jeon Byung-Joon , Lee Kyeong-Tae 
Published: April 2024

Purpose
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by total mastectomy and immediate reconstruction has become an important strategy in the treatment of breast cancer. Although the safety of subpectoral implant-based breast reconstruction with NACT has been extensively evaluated, the safety in prepectoral reconstruction has not been clearly elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the association of NACT with immediate prepectoral breast reconstruction outcomes.

Methods
A retrospective review of patients who underwent total mastectomy and immediate implant-based prepectoral breast reconstruction between May and December 2021 was conducted. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: those receiving NACT and those not receiving it. Postoperative complication rates were compared between the 2 groups. The independent association between NACT and the complication profiles was evaluated. Propensity score matching was also conducted.

Results
We analyzed 343 cases, including 85 who received NACT treatment and 258 who did not. Compared with the non-NACT group, the NACT group was younger, had a higher body mass index, and a higher rate of adjuvant radiotherapy. There were no differences in the rates of overall complications or type of complication between the 2 groups. In the multivariable logistic analyses, NACT did not show a significant association with the development of adverse outcomes. Similar results were observed in propensity score matching analyses.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that receiving NACT may not have a significant detrimental effect on the postoperative outcomes of immediate prepectoral prosthetic reconstructions. Conducting prepectoral implant-based reconstruction in the setting of NACT might be safe and provide acceptable outcomes.
Nerve Block Guided by Anatomic Landmarks Only Reduces Pain in Botulinum Toxin Type A Treatment for Glabellar and Forehead Wrinkles
Authors: Chen Chen , Zhou Ling , Li Fei , Pei Haina 
Published: April 2024

Background
Botulinum toxin type A is widely used to treat glabellar and forehead wrinkles, but the pain caused by multiple injections often deters patients from receiving long-term treatment. Despite several methods used to alleviate this pain, consistency and effectiveness remain a challenge. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of nerve block guided by anatomic landmarks only in reducing pain associated with botulinum toxin type A injections.

Patients and Methods
Between 2018 and 2022, the study enrolled 90 patients divided into 3 groups: the nerve block group (n = 30), the lidocaine cream group (n = 30), and the control group (n = 30). In the nerve block group, a landmarks-based technique was used to perform the nerve block. The study collected general information and comorbidities, and recorded pain at each point and time spent on preparation and treatment for each patient's forehead and glabellar area on each side. Patient-reported outcomes and complications were followed up at 2, 4, and 12 weeks after the injections.

Results
The nerve block group had significantly lower total pain scores in all regions compared to the lidocaine cream and control groups (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in patient-reported outcomes between the groups at any follow-up point. Additionally, the complication rates related to injection were low and comparable among the 3 groups.

Conclusions
Nerve block guided by anatomic landmarks only is a safe, effective, and consistent approach to reduce pain during botulinum toxin type A treatment for glabellar and forehead lines. This technique may offer advantages over other methods used to alleviate the pain associated with these injections.
Two waves of the pertussis epidemic in England in 2023 and 2024
Authors: Nesteruk Igor 
Published: April 2024

SummaryThe resurgence of pertussis (whooping cough) becomes a serious problem in many countries including the UK. Differentiation of the accumulated monthly numbers of pertussis cases registered in England in 2023 and 2024 revealed two waves of the epidemic before and after October 2023. Identification of parameters of SIR (susceptible-infectious-removed) model allowed calculating the numbers of infectious persons and reproduction rates. The accumulated and daily numbers of cases and the duration of the first wave were predicted. If the influence of second wave will be not very significant, the new cases will stop to appear in the end of August 2025 after reaching the figure of 5.8 thousand. The maximum of average daily numbers of new cases is expected to be around 51 on 9-10 May 2024. Since the effective reproduction number is very close to its critical value 1.0, the probably of new outbreaks is very high. May be the, increase of percentage of vaccinated people could decrease this probability.
Functional selection in SH3-mediated activation of the PI3 kinase
Authors: Aljedani Safia S. , Aldehaiman Abdullah , Sandholu Anandsukeerthi , Alharbi Siba , Mak Victor C.Y. , Wu Haiyan , Lugari Adrien , Jaremko Mariusz , Morelli Xavier , Backer Jonathan W. , Ladbury John E. , Nowakowski Michał , Cheung Lydia W.T. , Arold Stefan T. 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACTThe phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), a heterodimeric enzyme, plays a pivotal role in cellular metabolism and survival. Its deregulation is associated with major human diseases, particularly cancer. The p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K binds to the catalytic p110 subunit via its C-terminal domains, stabilising it in an inhibited state. Certain Src homology 3 (SH3) domains can activate p110 by binding to the proline-rich (PR) 1 motif located at the N-terminus of p85. However, the mechanism by which this N-terminal interaction activates the C-terminally bound p110 remains elusive. Moreover, the intrinsically poor ligand selectivity of SH3 domains raises the question of how they can control PI3K. Combining structural, biophysical, and functional methods, we demonstrate that the answers to both these unknown issues are linked: PI3K-activating SH3 domains engage in additional “tertiary” interactions with the C-terminal domains of p85, thereby relieving their inhibition of p110. SH3 domains lacking these tertiary interactions may still bind to p85 but cannot activate PI3K. Thus, p85 uses a functional selection mechanism that precludes nonspecific activation rather than nonspecific binding. This separation of binding and activation may provide a general mechanism for how biological activities can be controlled by promiscuous protein-protein interaction domains.