bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antecedents of Severe and Nonsevere Medication Errors
Authors: Chang Yun‐Kyung , Mark Barbara A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract Purpose: To investigate if differences in antecedents of severe and nonsevere medication errors exist. Design: A longitudinal study of 6 months of data from 279 nursing units in 146 randomly selected hospitals in the United States (US). Methods: Antecedents of severe and nonsevere medication errors included work environment factors (work dynamics and RN hours), team factors (communication with physicians and nurses' expertise), person factors (nurses' education and experience), patient factors (age, health status, and previous hospitalization), and medication‐related support services. Generalized estimating equations with a negative binomial distribution were used with nursing units as the unit of analysis. Findings: None of the antecedents allowed predicting both types of medication errors. Nurses' expertise had a negative and medication‐related support services had a positive association with nonsevere medication errors. Nurses' educational level had a significant nonlinear relationship with severe medication errors only: As the percentage of unit BSN‐prepared nurses increased, severe medication errors decreased until the percentage of BSN‐prepared nurses reached 54%. In contrast, RN experience had a statistically significant relationship with nonsevere medication errors only and nursing units with more experienced nurses reported more nonsevere medication errors. Conclusions: Severe and nonsevere medication errors might have different antecedents. Clinical Relevance: Error prevention and management strategies should be targeted to specific types of medication errors for best results.
Validity of Instruments for Measuring Autonomy and Control Over Nursing Practice
Authors: Weston Marla J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract Purpose: To review the psychometric properties and evaluate the estimates of validity of commonly used instruments to measure autonomy and control over nursing practice. Design: Literature review and evaluation of psychometric properties. Methods: Nursing research reports published in English in peer‐reviewed journals between 1990 and 2007 were examined. Psychometric properties and the actual instrument were reviewed to determine validity for measuring autonomy and control over nursing practice. Findings and Conclusions: Instruments used to measure autonomy and control over nursing practice are frequently imprecise or inaccurate for measuring the concept of interest. Valid instruments are available to allow measurement of the concepts of clinical autonomy, work autonomy, and control over nursing practice. Clear definitions and valid measures are helpful when communicating and synthesizing nursing knowledge concerning these concepts. Clinical Relevance: Evaluating the validity of instruments for measuring clinical autonomy, work autonomy, and control over nursing practice can be helpful when organizing and synthesizing the literature related to these concepts, so that strategies to improve professional practice environments becomes more clear.
In defence of writing: a social semiotic perspective on digital media, literacy and learning
Authors: Skaar Håvard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFrom a learning perspective, social semiotics researchers tend to focus on the liberation latent in the multimedia options available through the new media. It is true that digital media democratise the possibilities open to the general public of a more varied and comprehensive text production than ever before, both in and outside school. Participating in this text production naturally implies a richer potential for learning. But digital technology also allows us to opt out of, and thus avoid, semiotic work. With this as the starting point, the present article sets out to highlight the pedagogical benefits associated with the written mode, precisely in an age when the digital media are making multimodal forms of expression increasingly available to us all.
Using inclusion, high demands and high expectations to resist the deficit syndrome: a study of eight Grade three classes overachieving in reading
Authors: Damber Ulla 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to explore how teachers and classroom factors contribute to students' successful literacy learning. Eight Grade three classes, achieving at higher levels than expected with regard to socio‐economic background and language factors, were identified in a multicultural Stockholm district and statistically described. In‐depth interviews were performed to add the teachers' voices in order to get fuller descriptions of classroom life about literature‐based work and the creation of an inclusive classroom climate. The teachers' narratives illustrate how resistance to the deficit syndrome and avoidance of colour blindness were enacted in the classrooms and contributed to create positive conditions for literacy learning. The results indicated inclusion, high demands and high expectations as key concepts depicting these classrooms. The findings are discussed in relation to Vygotsky's theories, Bernstein's code theory, and critical language theory.
Floods in Tabasco, Mexico: a diagnosis and proposal for courses of action
Authors: Aparicio J. , Martínez‐Austria P.F. , Güitrón A. , Ramírez A.I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFrom 28 to 30 October 2007, exceptional rainfall fell in the Grijalva River Basin, in Chiapas and Tabasco, Mexico, producing huge runoff and flooding in about 70% of the Tabasco flatlands. More than 1 million people were affected, mostly in the city of Villahermosa. In southeastern Mexico, flooding damages have increased in the last decades, due to population growth and human settlements developing in areas prone to flooding. A preliminary analysis is made of the causes of the disaster and of the possible courses of action that could be taken to prevent similar situations in the future. The hydrometeorological occurrence of the phenomenon is reviewed, and the operation and management of dams and other flood control system components, including forecast and alert procedures, are assessed. Recommendations are made on integrated flood management, joint operational policies of infrastructure, a territorial ordinance plan, forecast needs, social participation, training, and information dissemination among the population and stakeholders.
A panel of microsatellite loci from two species of octopus, Pareledone turqueti (Joubin, 1905) and Pareledone charcoti (Joubin, 1905)
Authors: STRUGNELL JAN M. , ALLCOCK A. LOUISE , WATTS PHILLIP C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEighteen dinucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated from two octopus species, Pareledone turqueti and Pareledone charcoti, which are endemic to the Southern Ocean. Genetic diversity was assessed in samples of P. charcoti and P. turqueti from Elephant Island and Shag Rocks respectively. All except one locus (which has proved to be polymorphic in other species) were variable in the focal species and amplified between six and 30 and between four and 28 alleles for P. charcoti and P. turqueti respectively; mean expected heterozygosities varied between 0.38 and 0.95 (P. charcoti) and between 0.34 and 0.97 (P. turqueti), with significant (P < 0.05) departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at seven loci; three of these loci provided significant (P < 0.05) evidence for null alleles. Two pairs of loci isolated from P. turqueti demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) linkage disequilibrium. We are presently using these genetic markers to quantify spatial genetic structure in the genus Pareledone.
Characterization of Mauritius parakeet (Psittacula eques) microsatellite loci and their cross‐utility in other parrots (Psittacidae, Aves)
Authors: RAISIN CLAIRE , DAWSON DEBORAH A. , GREENWOOD ANDREW G. , JONES CARL G. , GROOMBRIDGE JIM J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe characterized 21 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endangered Mauritius parakeet (Psittacula eques). Loci were isolated from a Mauritius parakeet genomic library that had been enriched separately for eight different repeat motifs. Loci were characterized in up to 43 putatively unrelated Mauritius parakeets from a single population inhabiting the Black River Gorges National Park, Mauritius. Each locus displayed between three and nine alleles, with the observed heterozygosity ranging between 0.39 and 0.96. All loci were tested in 10 other parrot species. Despite testing few individuals, between seven and 21 loci were polymorphic in each of seven species tested.
Prevention of Death in Bacterium-Infected Mice by a Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide, L5, through Activation of Host Immunity
Authors: Okuyama-Nishida Yukiko , Akiyama Nobuko , Sugimori Giichi , Nomura Kazuhide , Ogawa Kenji , Homma Koichi J. , Sekimizu Kazuhisa , Tsujimoto Masafumi , Natori Shunji 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn our previous study, we found that the antibacterial peptide KLKLLLLLKLK-NH2(L5) and itsd-enantiomer (DL5) activate neutrophils to produce superoxide anions (O2−) and prevent death due to infection by methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, suggesting that these peptides may elicit in vivo antimicrobial activities through host inflammatory responses mediated by neutrophils. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms behind in vivo antimicrobial prophylaxis by the use of L5 for the treatment of bacterial infection introduced via intra-abdominal implantation. We found that the intraperitoneal treatment with L5 before bacterial infection markedly reduced rates of death due to infection. Treatments with L5 were highly effective in preventing death due to intraperitoneal inoculation of not onlyS. aureusSmith but alsoEnterococcus faecalisSR1004 andEscherichia coliEC14. The intra-abdominal administration of L5 induced accumulation of neutrophils, increased levels of reactive oxygen species, and augmented antibacterial activity in the abdominal cavity. In addition, administration of L5 upregulated the expression of theMig/CXCL9chemokine gene in thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. Our results suggested that the prevention of death by treatment of infected mice with L5 might occur primarily through the activation of a host immune response.
Therapeutic Evaluation of Polyamine Analogue Drug Candidates against
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
in a SCID Mouse Model
Authors: Feng Xiaochuan , Reddy Venudhar K. , Mayanja-Kizza Harriet , Weiss Louis M. , Marton Laurence J. , Tzipori Saul 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Enterocytozoon bieneusi
is the most common cause of chronic diarrhea in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection or AIDS, and there is no effective therapy. The inhibitory activities of polyamine analogues (PG-11157, PG-11158, and PG-11302) against
E. bieneusi
infection were evaluated in SCID mice preconditioned with anti-gamma interferon monoclonal antibody intraperitoneally (i.p.). Mice were challenged orally with 10
4
E. bieneusi
spores, and groups of mice were treated orally or i.p. 14 days later for 7 days. The inhibitory activities of the drugs against infection were determined by enumerating the
E. bieneusi
spores in feces three times a week by an immunofluorescence assay. Immunohistochemistry staining confirmed the infection within enterocytes. Oral administration of the analogues PG-11157 (at 150 or 75 mg/kg of body weight/day) and PG-11302 (at 250 mg/kg/day) had significant inhibitory activity (96.2 to 99.6%) that was slightly better than that of fumagillin (1 mg/kg/day; 93.7%). The inhibitory activity with i.p. injection was significant only with PG-11302 at 20 mg/kg/day. While the treatments considerably reduced the levels of spore excretion, neither polyamine analogues nor fumagillin was able to completely eliminate
E. bieneusi
, as excretion reappeared within 7 days after the end of treatment. Drug toxicity was apparent during treatment, but it disappeared at the end of treatment. These results warrant further examination of the analogues PG-11157 and PG-11302.
Regulation of
mprF
in Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains
Authors: Yang Soo-Jin , Xiong Yan Q. , Dunman Paul M. , Schrenzel Jacques , François Patrice , Peschel Andreas , Bayer Arnold S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

We used a well-characterized isogenic set of clinical bloodstream
Staphylococcus aureus
strains to study (i) regulation of
mprF
-mediated phosphatidylglycerol lysinylation in the contexts of in vitro daptomycin (DAP) nonsuceptibility and (ii) the role of
mprF
mutation in endovascular virulence. We observed a correlation between increased expression of a mutant
mprF
gene and reduced in vitro DAP susceptibility. There were no detectable fitness differences between strains in experimental infective endocarditis.
In Vitro Activity of Terbinafine Combined with Caspofungin and Azoles against
Pythium insidiosum
Authors: Cavalheiro Ayrton S. , Maboni Grazieli , de Azevedo Maria I. , Argenta Juliana S. , Pereira Daniela I. B. , Spader Tatiana B. , Alves Sydney H. , Santurio Janio M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

In this text we evaluated the in vitro antifungal activities of terbinafine combined with caspofungin, miconazole, ketoconazole, and fluconazole against 17
Pythium insidiosum
strains by using the microdilution checkerboard method. Synergistic interactions were observed with terbinafine combined with caspofungin (41.2% of the strains), fluconazole (41.2%), ketoconazole (29.4%), and miconazole (11.8%). No antagonistic effects were observed. The combination of terbinafine plus caspofungin or terbinafine plus fluconazole may have significant therapeutic potential for treatment of pythiosis.
The Octadecyloxyethyl Ester of (
S
)-9-[3-Hydroxy-2-(Phosphonomethoxy) Propyl]Adenine Is a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Genotype 1A, 1B, and 2A Replicons
Authors: Wyles David L. , Kaihara Kelly A. , Korba Brent E. , Schooley Robert T. , Beadle James R. , Hostetler Karl Y. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

The octadecyloxyethyl (ODE) and hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP) esters of (
S
)-9-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (HPMPA) are potent inhibitors of orthopoxvirus, herpesvirus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and hepatitis B virus replication in vitro. HDP and ODE esters of (
S
)-HPMPA and (
R
)-HPMPA were evaluated for their activity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon assays using luciferase (1B and 2A replicons) or RNA (1B) quantification. The ODE ester of (
S
)-HPMPA [ODE-(
S
)-HPMPA] was the most active compound, with 50% effective concentrations (EC
50
s) in the 0.69 to 1.31 μM range. HDP and ODE esters of (
R
)-HPMPA were severalfold less active, while (
S
)-HPMPA and (
R
)-HPMPA were inactive. In genotype 1A and 1B replicons analyzed by HCV RNA analysis, ODE-(
S
)-HPMPA was the most active compound, with EC
50
s of 1.8 and 2.1 μM, respectively.
Antiviral Activity of MK-4965, a Novel Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
Authors: Lai Ming-Tain , Munshi Vandna , Touch Sinoeun , Tynebor Robert M. , Tucker Thomas J. , McKenna Philip M. , Williams Theresa M. , DiStefano Daniel J. , Hazuda Daria J. , Miller Michael D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTNonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are the mainstays of therapy for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections. However, the effectiveness of NNRTIs can be hampered by the development of resistance mutations which confer cross-resistance to drugs in the same class. Extensive efforts have been made to identify new NNRTIs that can suppress the replication of the prevalent NNRTI-resistant viruses. MK-4965 is a novel NNRTI that possesses both diaryl ether and indazole moieties. The compound displays potency at subnanomolar concentrations against wild-type (WT), K103N, and Y181C reverse transcriptase (RT) in biochemical assays. MK-4965 is also highly potent against the WT virus and two most prevalent NNRTI-resistant viruses (viruses that harbor the K103N or the Y181C mutation), against which it had 95% effective concentrations (EC95s) of <30 nM in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum. The antiviral EC95of MK-4965 was reduced approximately four- to sixfold when it was tested in 50% human serum. Moreover, MK-4965 was evaluated with a panel of 15 viruses with NNRTI resistance-associated mutations and showed a superior mutant profile to that of efavirenz but not to that of etravirine. MK-4965 was similarly effective against various HIV-1 subtypes and viruses containing nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or protease inhibitor resistance-conferring mutations. A two-drug combination study showed that the antiviral activity of MK-4965 was nonantagonistic with each of the 18 FDA-licensed drugs tested vice versa in the present study. Taken together, these in vitro data show that MK-4965 possesses the desired properties for further development as a new NNRTI for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
NovelS-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Barker Robert H. , Liu Hanlan , Hirth Bradford , Celatka Cassandra A. , Fitzpatrick Richard , Xiang Yibin , Willert Erin K. , Phillips Margaret A. , Kaiser Marcel , Bacchi Cyrus J. , Rodriguez Aixa , Yarlett Nigel , Klinger Jeffrey D. , Sybertz Edmund 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTTrypanosomiasis remains a significant disease across the sub-Saharan African continent, with 50,000 to 70,000 individuals infected. The utility of current therapies is limited by issues of toxicity and the need to administer compounds intravenously. We have begun a program to pursue lead optimization around MDL 73811, an irreversible inhibitor ofS-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC). This compound is potent but in previous studies cleared rapidly from the blood of rats (T. L. Byers, T. L. Bush, P. P. McCann, and A. J. Bitonti, Biochem. J. 274:527-533). One of the analogs synthesized (Genz-644131) was shown to be highly active againstTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiensein vitro (50% inhibitory concentration, 400 pg/ml). Enzyme kinetic studies showed Genz-644131 to be approximately fivefold more potent than MDL 73811 against theT. brucei bruceiAdoMetDC-prozyme complex. This compound was stable in vitro in rat and human liver microsomal and hepatocyte assays, was stable in rat whole-blood assays, did not significantly inhibit human cytochrome P450 enzymes, had no measurable efflux in CaCo-2 cells, and was only 41% bound by serum proteins. Pharmacokinetic studies of mice following intraperitoneal dosing showed that the half-life of Genz-644131 was threefold greater than that of MDL 73811 (7.4 h versus 2.5 h). Furthermore, brain penetration of Genz-644131 was 4.3-fold higher than that of MDL 73811. Finally, in vivo efficacy studies ofT. b. bruceistrain STIB 795-infected mice showed that Genz-644131 significantly extended survival (from 6.75 days for controls to >30 days for treated animals) and cured animals infected withT. b. bruceistrain LAB 110 EATRO. Taken together, the data strengthen validation of AdoMetDC as an important parasite target, and these studies have shown that analogs of MDL 73811 can be synthesized with improved potency and brain penetration.
Yersinia pestisCan Reside in Autophagosomes and Avoid Xenophagy in Murine Macrophages by Preventing Vacuole Acidification
Authors: Pujol Céline , Klein Kathryn A. , Romanov Galina A. , Palmer Lance E. , Cirota Carol , Zhao Zijiang , Bliska James B. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTYersinia pestissurvives and replicates in phagosomes of murine macrophages. Previous studies demonstrated thatY. pestis-containing vacuoles (YCVs) acquire markers of late endosomes or lysosomes in naïve macrophages and that this bacterium can survive in macrophages activated with the cytokine gamma interferon. An autophagic process known as xenophagy, which destroys pathogens in acidic autophagolysosomes, can occur in naïve macrophages and is upregulated in activated macrophages. Studies were undertaken here to investigate the mechanism ofY. pestissurvival in phagosomes of naïve and activated macrophages and to determine if the pathogen avoids or co-opts autophagy. Colocalization of the YCV with markers of autophagosomes or acidic lysosomes and the pH of the YCV were determined by microscopic imaging of infected macrophages. Some YCVs contained double membranes characteristic of autophagosomes, as determined by electron microscopy. Fluorescence microscopy showed that ∼40% of YCVs colocalized with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3, a marker of autophagic membranes, and that YCVs failed to acidify below pH 7 in naïve macrophages. Replication ofY. pestisin naïve macrophages caused accumulation of LC3-II, as determined by immunoblotting. While activation of infected macrophages increased LC3-II accumulation, it decreased the percentage of GFP-LC3-positive YCVs (∼30%). A viable count assay showed thatY. pestissurvived equally well in macrophages proficient for autophagy and macrophages rendered deficient for this process by Cre-mediated deletion ofATG5, revealing that this pathogen does not require autophagy for intracellular replication. We conclude that although YCVs can acquire an autophagic membrane and accumulate LC3-II, the pathogen avoids xenophagy by preventing vacuole acidification.
Genetically Modified L3,7 and L2 Lipooligosaccharides from
Neisseria meningitidis
Serogroup B Confer a Broad Cross-Bactericidal Response
Authors: Weynants V. , Denoël P. , Devos N. , Janssens D. , Feron C. , Goraj K. , Momin P. , Monnom D. , Tans C. , Vandercammen A. , Wauters F. , Poolman Jan T. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Currently available
Neisseria meningitidis
serogroup B (MenB) vaccines are based on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are obtained from wild-type strains. They are purified with the aim of decreasing the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) content and hence reduce the reactogenicity of the vaccine even though LOS is a potential protective antigen. In <2-year-old children, these MenB vaccines confer protection only against strains expressing homologous PorA, a major and variable outer membrane protein. Our objective was to develop a safe LOS-based vaccine against MenB. To this end, we used modified
porA
knockout strains expressing genetically detoxified (
msbB
gene-deleted) L2 and L3,7 LOSs, allowing the production of LOS-enriched OMVs. The vaccine-induced antibodies were found to be bactericidal against nearly all invasive strains, irrespective of capsular serogroup. In addition, we have also demonstrated that LOS lacking the terminal galactose (with a
lgtB
mutation; truncated L3 LOS), but not LOS produced without the
galE
gene, induced a bactericidal antibody response in mice similar to that seen for LOS containing the full lacto-
N
-neotetraose (L3,7 LOS). In conclusion, a bivalent detoxified LOS OMV-based vaccine demonstrated the potential to afford a broad cross-protection against meningococcal disease.