bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note on
Poikilopleuron Bucklandi
of Eudes Deslongchamps (père), identifying it with
Megalosaurus Bucklandi
.
Authors: Hulke J. W. 
Published: October 2009

One difficulty, and not the least, which besets the student beginning to study fossil reptiles is the great embarrassment occasioned by the not unfrequent description of the same reptile under different names, involving the worse than merely useless multiplication of genera and species. Wherever, then, the identification of a newer with an older genus can be established, entailing, as it should, the abandonment of the newer generic name, it is to be looked on as a positive gain. I now submit to the criticism of the Geological Society the evidence which appears to me to identify beyond reasonable doubt
Poikilopleuron Bucklandi
of Eudes Deslongchamps, père, with an older acquaintance,
Megalosaurus Bucklandi
.

The literature of
Poikilopleuron
is, fortunately, not extensive. The following list comprises all the principal papers relating to the genus which I have found, arranged according to priority of publication:—

I.

“Mémoire sur le
Poikilopleuron Bucklandi
, grand Saurien fossile, intermédiaire entre les Crocodiles et les Lézards, découvert dans les carrières de la Maladrerie, prés de Caen, au mois de juillet 1835.” Par M. Eudes Deslongchamps. Mém. de la Soc. Linn. de Normandie, vol. vi. p. 36, pis. ii.-viii. (1838).

II.
“Report on British Fossil Reptiles.” By R. Owen. Brit. Assoc. Report, 1841, pp. 84–88.

III.

“Contributions to the Anatomy and Taxonomy of the
Dinosauria
.” By T. H. Huxley. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1869, xxvi. pp. 28–34.

IV.

Poikilopleuron valens
. Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories. Part i. pp. 279 and 338, pl. xv. figs. 16–18. By Dr. J. Leidy. 1873.

V.
Poikilopleuron pusillus. Supplement vii. to the Monograph on Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations, in Pal. Soc. vol. 1876, p. l, pl. i. By R. Owen.
On the Occurrence of Pebbles with Upper Ludlow Fossils in the Lower Carboniferous Conglomerates of North Wales
Authors: Strahan Aubrey , Walker Alfred O. 
Published: October 2009

Nearly forty years ago Mr. Bowman drew attention to “a small patch of Silurians west of Abergele,” in which he described the following subdivisions in descending order:—

f.

A conglomerate of pebbles of greenish micaceous sandstone in a light loamy earth resting on a similar sandstone.

c.

Thick red marl with numerous pebbles of red sandstone, micaceous, with many bivalves.

d.

A hard compact conglomerate of green sandstone and quartzose rock.

c.

Compact red limestone.

b.

Fine blue loamy clay.

a.

Clay-slate.

He makes the observation that the red-sandstone pebbles in bed
e
resemble Ludlow rock, and names four Ludlow species as occurring in them.

Our attention was directed to these beds by numerous excavations made in them at the time of the recent activity in the iron trade. The only good exposure is in Ffernant Dingle, a deep ravine running from the Pen-y-Cefn lane southward past Cefn-y-Fran, about one mile south of Llysfaen.
The southern or lower end of this dingle is occupied by Wenlock shale, a pale blue slaty clay, with occasional sandy beds. The beds are much jointed, and sometimes cleaved so as to weather into pencil-like fragments. At the south end of the dingle they are nearly horizontal, but dip gently to the north higher up, near Cefn-y-Fran.
At this point the Wenlock shale is unconformably overlain by hard, mottled, red and green brecciated limestone, containing beds of green sandstone pebbles in a sandy matrix. The limestone and the conglomerates dip to the N.N.E. at 28°.
On the Pre-Cambrian (Dimetian, Arvonian, and Pebidian) Rocks in Caernarvonshire and Anglesey
Authors: Hicks Henry 
Published: October 2009

Conclusions
Collectively, these additions to the Pro-Cambrian areas hitherto known are large and important, and many of them were not in the slightest degree suspected until we commenced our researches amongst them a few years since. Of others, especially some of the rocks in Anglesey, Professors Sedgwick and Phillips many years ago expressed the opinion that they were older than the Cambrian rocks. These views, however, did not receive much support from geologists, but were for the time crushed by the combined weight of authority vested in the Geological Survey as represented by its chiefs, who all declared that these must be altered Cambrian and Silurian rocks only. Consequently they were so marked on the geological maps, and still remain so.
On Community of Structure in Rocks of Dissimilar Origin
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

Speculations upon the origin of rocks have always been fraught with more or less grave difficulties; and although much has from time to time been written upon the subject, those writings are in very many instances open to the objection that they are merely speculations, and that the data from which they have been educed are often by no means of a comprehensive nature. Within the last few years the microscope has afforded a large amount of information respecting peculiarities which were previously unknown in the structure of rocks—
microscopic
peculiarities it is true, but still amply sufficient to demonstrate that the cubic inch and the cubic mile of rock are often identical in mineral constitution, and built up in the same manner.

Given a patent community of origin, and often a coexisting community in the mineral constitution of rocks, we then see little or no reason to doubt the truth of many of the deductions which have been made; and the geological literature of twenty years ago then appears to be often quite as satisfactory as that of to-day.
It is, however, very common to find that the origin of certain rocks is by no means so evident, and the darkness which veils their past history, and the conditions under which they were formed, is not always to be dissipated even by the most patient and unbiassed research.
On the Occurrence of
Branchipus
(or
Chirocephalus
) in a Fossil State, associated with
Eosphæroma
and with numerous Insect-remains, in the Eocene Freshwater (Bembridge) Limestone of Gurnet Bay, Isle of Wight
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: October 2009

There is hardly a spot in the British Islands so well known to geologists at large as the Isle of Wight.
Exhibiting, as it does, so many fine and varied natural sections in its cliffs, from the Wealden up to the Quaternary, it has attracted the attention of observers from the days of Sir H. Englefield, Bart. (1816), and since that date of Captain L. L. Boscawen Ibbetson (1849), of Dr. Mantell, Prof. Prestwich, Prof. Edward Forbes, Mr. H. W. Bristow, and quite recently of Dr. C. Barrois, of Lille, who has added considerably to the geological literature of the island.
The sections and map of the Isle of Wight published by the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and accompanying Mr. Bristow's valuable memoir, leave apparently little to be desired; but much has yet to be done in order to complete our knowledge of the vast series of fossil remains which are constantly being discovered, especially the large collections gelded by the fluvio-marine series.
A Contributions to the History of Mineral Veins
Authors: Phillips J. Arthur 
Published: October 2009

Certain districts in California are remarkable for their hot springs; and in some of the counties included between the 38th and 40th parallels, and consequently north of the city of San Francisco, sources of this description are of such frequent occurrence that, when viewed from elevated ground, almost every valley is seen to he more or less occupied by wreaths of steam rising from a flow of highly heated waters.
The vents giving issue to these heated waters usually evolve carbonic acid, which is frequently accompanied by various sulphurous gases; such waters are generally alkaline, containing carbonate and sulphate of sodium, as well as, occasionally, alkaline borates. They generally give rise to abundant local incrustations of either silica or calcite, usually more or less mixed with free sulphur. These deposits of sinter often extend, in nearly horizontal layers, to a considerable distance from the orifices from which the waters issue.
When water is ejected from such vents in the form of steam and spray only, while gases are abundantly given off and large amounts of sulphur deposited, the aperture becomes a solfatara.
On Perlitic and Spherulitic Structures in the Lavas of the Glyder Fawr, North Wales
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

(Communicated by permission of the Director-General of the Geological Survey.)
Among the specimens belonging to the rock-collection in Jermyn Street of the various rocks which constitute the Glyders on the north side of the Pass of Llanberis, and which have been mapped by the Geological Survey as felstones and felspathic traps, and described by Professor Ramsay as lava-flows, I have discovered one which presents unquestionable perlitic structure. (The specimen is marked 376, wall-case 41 in the published catalogue.) The rock is associated with Bala-beds, and ia overlain by shales containing fossils similar to those which occur in the Bala Limestone.
It presents the appearance of a felstone to the naked eye, and by polarized light, under the microscope, it shows the microcrystalline structure which felstones so commonly exhibit. It is now practically a felstone; once it was a vitreous lava. Portions of the specimen show a coarsely vesicular structure; and the vesicles are, for the most part, filled by crystalline aggregates of quartz.
The above observations perfectly confirm the early conclusions formed by the Survey, which express as much truth as it was possible to arrive at in the absence of microscopic investigation.
The only additional information now procured is that the lava in question was once vitreous, and that it still shows the perlitic structure as clearly as the perlites of Saxony, which are of Tertiary age. The accompanying figure will sufficiently demonstrate this fact. Some of the other felstones of the Glyders show spherulitic structure; and in some
A Contribution to South-American Geology
Authors: Attwood George 
Published: October 2009

The paper which I have the honour to present to the Society, entitled “A Contribution to South-American Geology,” refers to a tract of country about 150 miles in length, commencing from a small port called Puerto de Tablas on the Orinoco river in the State of Guayana, Venezuela, and taking a south-easterly direction into the interior as far as the Caratal Gold district, as shown on the Map (Pl. XXXIII.).
Mr. Carlos Seigert, a German surveyor who has spent many years in the country, has lent me his notes in relation to the line of country I have surveyed and described; and his observations confirm the map I have compiled. The elevations marked on the section have been computed by the aneroid and mercurial barometers, and they were carefully checked by the boiling-point test made with Casella's hypsometers, as shown in the following Table (p. 583).
After landing at Puerto de Tablas and climbing up the sandbank, large exposures of weathered rock-masses are seen. I t is only after a careful examination that the rock is found to be crystalline and of igneous origin. Parallel lines of alteration are so distinct and so regular on the outer surfaces that, until the weathered portions have been broken off and the unaltered rock exposed, it is not possible that a definite conclusion can be arrived at. The rock presents a highly crystalline appearance, and consists chiefly of felspar, with some quartz and a dark green mineralI t contains 64·83 per cent. silica,
On the Diorites of the Warwickshire Coal-field
Authors: Allport S. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
a paper communicated to the Geological Society, and published in the 30th volume of the ‘Quarterly Journal,’ I briefly described the microscopical structure and composition of the various masses of igneous rocks which occur in the Carboniferous strata of the Midland Counties, with the exception of those found in the Warwickshire Coal-field. I now propose to complete the series with a short account of the only hornblendic rocks to be found among them.

Although they form but a small group they are of considerable interest, as some of them present remarkable varieties of structure, and others a mineral constitution which distinguishes them from any British rocks hitherto examined.
The geology of the Warwickshire Coal-field has been described in the Memoir of the Survey published in explanation of sheet lxiii. S.W. ; and a reference to that map will show that the rocks now to be described are restricted to the district between Atherstone and the village of Marston Jabet, about two miles south of Nuneaton, and also that the several bands and larger masses occur only in the lower unproductive beds of the Coal-measures and in the underlying Millstone Grit. Although the sheets usually run very regularly between the beds of shale they are clearly intrusive, as they sometimes pass from lower to higher beds, and have invariably altered the shales in contact with their upper and under surfaces. The junction of the eruptive and sedimentary rocks may be seen in several clear sections. In a quarry in Purley
The Precambrian Rocks of Shropshire.—Part I.
Authors: Callaway C. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
a paper communicated to this Society on March 21st, 1877, entitled “On a new Area of Upper Cambrian Rocks in South Shropshire”*, I intimated that certain volcanic rocks associated with the shale in question, which had been usually regarded as eruptive greenstones, were for the most part composed of bedded material; but details were deferred

Mr. S. Allport, in a paper “On certain Ancient Devitrified Pitchstones and Perlites from the Lower Silurian District of Shropshire”†, read before this Society in May 1877‡, announces the same conclusion from entirely independent observations, devoting his attention, however, chiefly to the chemical and microscopic side of the question, and arriving at the very important conclusion that these (so-called) Lower Silurian pitchstones and perlites are identical in character with the most modern volcanic rocks.
In June 1878, I read to this Society a paper on “The Quartzires of Shropshire”§, in which I gave several sections across the Wrekin volcanic chain, and assumed that the bedded rocks of which it is mainly composed were of Precambrian age.
Messrs. Hill and Bonney, in their second paper “On the Precarboniferous rocks of Charnwood Forest” ∥, infer the same conclusionfrom my determination of the (at least) Upper Cambrian age of the quartzites which flank the Wrekin axis.
It is proposed in the present paper to describe the lithological and stratigraphical character of these rocks, and to state in full the evidence for their Precambrian age. In a subsequent communication an attempt will be made to trace the physical
On the Silurian Rocks of the Valley of the Clwyd
Authors: Hughes T. M'Kenny 
Published: October 2009

In the following paper I offer a preliminary sketch of the Silurian rocks of the southern and western part of the Valley of the Clwyd, and an attempt to correlate the details with the sequence established elsewhere.
In the northern part of the district flaggy shales with subordinate more sandy beds occur; and though fossils are abundant at various horizons, I could not detect any group so marked that I could easily trace it across the country in the limited time at my deposal, while the endless rolls and folds made it difficult to determine, even within short distances, which were higher and which lower beds. A full list of the fossils of Llansannan from “beds above the Denbigh grits” is given by Salter, Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. iii.; but I think it will be found that there are two horizons, both well up in the Denbigh beds, at which Grits occur, and that the Llansannan fossiliferous beds occur between them.

At Pontyrddol, a tittle over three miles W.S.W. of St. Asaph, I procured the following fossils in a black and grey flaggy sandy shale:—Petraia sp., Encrinite stems,
Atrypa reticularis, Chonetes lata, Leptvena minima
?,
Orthis elegantula, Orthis
, sp. (vat. of
elegantula
),
Rhynchonella navicula, Spirifera elevata, Strophomena depressa, Pterinea retroflexa

On Moel Fodia, about three miles to the south, the beds are very fossiliferous; I obtained the following from various small openings near the top of the hill :—
West of Denbigh similar beds can be followed rolling into the
On the so-called Midford Sands
Authors: Buckman J. 
Published: October 2009

At the village of Midford, some three miles to the south of Bath, is a fine section of the upper beds of the Inferior Oolite rock, consisting of a cap of oolitic freestones of some 20 feet in thickness, resting upon a mass of sand, of which 25 feet are exposed at the station, and which presents all the features of the sand at Bradford Abbas and Bridport Harbour, as the sands are loose, vary in colour, and present occasional bands of hard compact stone.
From these sands being so well shown at this place, Prof. Phillips was induced to name them, after the village, the “Midford Sands;” and he thus writes upon the section:—
“If we wish to draw a hard limit of mineral deposits, it should probably be between the sand and its calcareous cover (which is often absent); but if we desire to study organic sequence, we shall unite the sands and their shelly cap into a transition group”*.

Now as this “shelly cap” is the one so highly charged with
Cephalopoda
we further quote the following :—

“The ‘Cephalopoda-bed,’ as Dr. Wright proposes to call the cap limestone of this sandy series, exists where the shells to which it owes its name were specially abundant, or by some natural circumstances were brought together. It is not known in the valleys of the Cherwell or Evenlode, and very partially in any of the branches of the Windrush, Coln, or Churn; but on the western front of the
Note (3rd) on (
Eucamerotus
, Hulke)
Ornithopsis
, H. G. Seeley, =
Bothriospondylus magnus
, Owen, =
Chondrosteosaurus magnus
, Owen
Authors: Hulke J. W. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
following paper contains a description of an unusually perfect dorsal vertebral centrum of
Ornithopsis
, additional information respecting the cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrm, and a comparison of its prmsacral vertebrm with those of several recently discovered Colorado Dinosaurs, bringing out several concordances but also such differences as prove the generic distinctness of
Ornithopsis
.

Our knowledge of the skeleton of this remarkable Wealden Dinosaur is still so incomplete that I deem myself fortunate in being able to submit to the notice of the Society an unusually well-preserved vertebral centrum, which I obtained from the sea-cliff, near Chilton, Isle of Wight, in 1875 ; the description of which and the remarks that follow may be regarded as a continuation of two former notes on the vertebrae of this Saurian*.
This new centrum (No. 178, Coll. H†) (fig. 1), like that with which
I identified my neural arch (No. 67, Coll. H) in the summer of 1870 (the Mantellian fossil, No. 28632, Brit. Mus. Catal., Wealden, S.E. England), is characteristically opisthoccelous, the posterior cup being deeply hollow, and the anterior convexity correspondingly prominent. The contour of the articular ends is oval, the longer diameter vertical, the upper end of the oval cut off. In its present state the vertical diameter of the posterior surface is about 3·5 inches, the horizontal diameter about 2·9 inches ; but these measures must be regarded only as approximative, because the edge of the cup is worn, and the whole form is slightly distorted by pressure. I
On the Ancient River-deposit of the Amazon
Authors: Brown C. Barrington 
Published: October 2009

It is my intention to endeavour to describe in this paper the mode of occurrence, deposition, and general characters of a vast deposit of ancient alluvial matter which forms a great portion of the valley of the Amazon, and to deduce therefrom some facts regarding the deposition of detrital matters by this great river.
In ascending the Amazon, one cannot fail to be struck by the appearance of lines of cliffs at long intervals apart⁁ first on one hand, and then upon the other⁁which, rendered conspicuous by their bright colouring, form a pleasing contrast to the monotonous line of low greyish.clay river-sides which elsewhere meets the eye. In fact, they on the one hand, and a great plain of recent alluvium on the other, when the river is flowing on one side or the other of its present valley, are the chief features in the physical geography of the Amazon and its tributaries.
The accompanying diagrammatic section (fig. 1) will explain the relative position of the two.
Exceptions to the above-described conditions are only seen on the Lower Amazon at Almeyrin and Montealegré (where views of some picturesque scenery are obtained, produced by sandstone mountains of doubtful Triassic age), and at Santarem, on the Tapajos river, on the Trombettas river, at Parintins, Juruty, and Faro (where there are table-lands rising, in some instances, to a height of 460 feet above the general level, which are composed of beds of friable sandstone and clay, of grey, white, and reddish colours). The
The Erratics of the Cambridge Greenland—Their Nature Provenance and Mode of Transport
Authors: Hawkes Leonard 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The 163 erratics from the Cambridge Greenland in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, comprise about 40 types of sedimentary, igneous, and
metamorphic rocks. Two boulders may be matched with the paisanite of Mynydd Mawr, North Wales, others with the Uriconian rocks of the
Midlands and Welsh Borders, whilst the majority, two of which are of types unknown in the British Isles, cannot be localized. The boulders
were floated to the Cambridge region, probably in the roots of trees, during the long period of the formation of the Greensand deposit.
They prove the existence of land in North Wales and other areas in Cambridge Greensand times.
I. Introduction
The Cambridge Greensand, a glauconitic marl 1-2 and one-half feet thick, rests on the Gault, and in places with obvious disconformity
(Jukes-Brown 1875 ; Reed 1897, p. 96). Between 1854 and 1909 it was worked for phosphate nodules at many localities from Sharpenhoe
(Bedfordshire) to Soham (Cambridgeshire) (Strahan 1916), a distance of over 50 miles. Sedgwick writes in 1858 : “Many hundred men are
employed in turning out this (so-called) coprolite bed, and many steam engines are working to wash out the phosphate nodules” (Clark
and Hughes 1890). “Immense tracts of land in the neighbourhood of Cambridge were turned over” (Jenyns 1867), the nodule bed being only a
few feet from the surface, and Sedgwick (1846) states : “The Greensand though partly incoherent and of such inconsiderable thickness, yet
appears to have protected the upper surface of the gait from denudation,