bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prinzip und Urteilskraft in der Medizinethik
Authors: Salloch Sabine , Schildmann Jan , Vollmann Jochen 
Published: May 2012

Zusammenfassung
Diverging positions can be identified in applied ethics with regard to the justification, nature and application of ethical principles. In this article we will discuss the preconditions for establishing a relation between general principles and the particular situation which is to be evaluated in ethical judgment. The functioning of principles in applied ethics will be discussed on the exemplary basis of medical ethics. In a first step, current meta-ethical discussions on moral particularism will be analysed to see what aspects they may contribute to the side of the principle or the general in ethical judgment. In a next step, the side of the particular or situational will be illuminated against the background of current discussions in the context of the “empirical turn” in medical ethics. Based on these considerations, the importance of the power of judgment in medical ethics will be stressed and a model of productive and reflective judgment will be sketched.
Die Expressivität von Musik und ihre ethische Prägnanz
Authors: Bertinetto Alessandro 
Published: May 2012

Zusammenfassung
Peter Rinderle: Die Expressivität von Musik. Mentis Verlag, Paderborn 2010, 208 S.
Peter Rinderle: Musik, Emotionen, Ethik. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg 2011, 200 S.
Didaktik des E-Learning
Authors: Hambach Sybille 
Published: May 2012

Summary
This paper addresses teaching and learning with digital media from an educational point of view. First we introduce E-Learning as an interdisciplinary subject which benefits from a variety of different disciplines. We than shortly discuss the contribution of didactics to the knowledge corpus and methodical canon of E-Learning. Nine basic didactic questions are used to describe specific aspects of education with digital media. The paper closes by deriving three main challenges, which are relevant for the further development of E-Learning.
Infant Outcomes After Maternal Antiretroviral Exposure in Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Nielsen-Saines Karin , Komarow Lauren , Cu-Uvin Susan , Jourdain Gonzague , Klingman Karin L. , Shapiro David E. , Mofenson Lynne , Moran Laura , Campbell Thomas B. , Hitti Jane , Fiscus Susan , Currier Judith ,   for the ACTG 5190/PACTG 1054 Study Team
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
The impact of maternal antiretrovirals (ARVs) during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum on infant outcomes is unclear.

METHODS:
Infants born to HIV-infected mothers in ARV studies were followed for 18 months.

RESULTS:
Between June 2006 and December 2008, 236 infants enrolled from Africa (n = 36), India (n = 47), Thailand (n = 152), and Brazil (n = 1). Exposure to ARVs in pregnancy included ≥3 ARVs (10%), zidovudine/intrapartum ARV (81%), and intrapartum ARV (9%). There were 4 infant infections (1 in utero, 3 late postpartum) and 4 deaths with 1.8% mortality (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1%–3.5%) and 96.4% HIV-1–free survival (95% CI, 94.0%–98.9%). Birth weight was ≥2.5 kg in 86%. In the first 6 months, Indian infants (nonbreastfed) had lowest median weights and lengths and smallest increases in growth. After 6 months, African infants had the lowest median weight and weight-for-age z scores. Infants exposed to highest maternal viral load had the lowest height and height-for-age z scores. Serious adverse events occurred in 38% of infants, did not differ by country, and correlated with less maternal ARV exposure. Clinical diagnoses were seen in 84% of Thai, 31% of African, and 9% of Indian infants. Congenital defects/inborn errors of metabolism were seen in 18 (7.6%) infants, of which 17 were Thai (11%: 95% CI, 6.7%–17.0%); none had first trimester ARV exposure.

CONCLUSIONS:
Infant follow-up in large international cohorts is feasible and provides important safety and HIV transmission data following maternal ARV exposure. Increased surveillance increases identification of congenital/inborn errors.
Low Rates of Influenza Immunization in Young Children Under Ontario’s Universal Influenza Immunization Program
Authors: Campitelli Michael A. , Inoue Miho , Calzavara Andrew J. , Kwong Jeffrey C. , Guttmann Astrid 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVES:To determine physician-administered influenza vaccine coverage for children aged 6 to 23 months in a jurisdiction with a universal influenza immunization program during 2002–2009 and to describe predictors of vaccination.METHODS:By using hospital records, we identified all infants born alive in Ontario hospitals from April 2002 through March 2008. Immunization status was ascertained by linkage to physician billing data. Children were categorized as fully, partially, or not immunized depending on the number and timing of vaccines administered. Generalized linear mixed models determined the association between immunization status and infant, physician, and maternal characteristics.RESULTS:Influenza immunization was low for the first influenza season of the study period (1% fully immunized during the 2002–2003 season), increased for the following 3 seasons (7% to 9%), but then declined (4% to 6% fully immunized during the 2006–2007 to 2008–2009 seasons). Children with chronic conditions or low birth weight were more likely to be immunized. Maternal influenza immunization (adjusted odds ratio 4.31; 95% confidence interval 4.21–4.40), having a pediatrician as the primary care practitioner (adjusted odds ratio 1.85; 95% confidence interval 1.68–2.04), high visit rates, and better continuity of care were all significantly associated with full immunization, whereas measures of social disadvantage were associated with nonimmunization. Low birth weight infants discharged from neonatal care in the winter were more likely to be immunized.CONCLUSIONS:Influenza vaccine coverage among children aged 6 to 23 months in Ontario is low, despite a universal vaccination program and high primary care visit rates. Interventions to improve coverage should target both physicians and families.
Les défis de la politique chinoise de Barack Obama
Authors: Courmont Barthélemy 
Published: May 2012

Résumé La politique chinoise de Barack Obama s’articule autour d’un compromis entre des éléments du hard power et du soft power . Cette posture est qualifiée de « diplomatie intelligente », traduction de smart policy ou smart power . Cependant, face à la montée en puissance de la Chine et ses développements, tant dans le domaine économique que politique, quelle est la réelle marge de manœuvre de Washington dans sa relation avec Pékin, et quelles sont les implications de la smart policy ? Si la politique chinoise est une priorité pour l’Administration Obama, les défis auxquels Washington fait face sont particulièrement nombreux, conséquences d’un échec dans la redéfinition de la relation Chine-États-Unis largement attribué à l’Administration Bush.
Effect of PEEK Polymer on Tunnel Widening After Hamstring ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Uzumcugil Onat , Yalcinkaya Merter , Ozturkmen Yusuf , Dikmen Goksel , Caniklioglu Mustafa 
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the AperFix device (Cayenne Medical, Inc, Scottsdale, Arizona), composed of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer, on tunnel widening after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction as compared with 2 other fixation devices: the TransFix (Arthrex, Inc, Naples, Florida) and the EndoButton (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Mansfield, Massachusetts). Sixty-seven patients with isolated total ACL ruptures who underwent arthroscopically assisted reconstruction using hamstring autografts at the authors’ institution were included in the study. Patients were assigned into 1 of 3 groups in a nonrandomized fashion: AperFix (n=18), TransFix (n=29), and EndoButton (n=20). Mean follow-up was 30 months. Tunnel widening measurements were performed on anteroposterior and lateral digital plain radiographs taken in postoperative week 1 and at final follow-up. Laxity testing, Lysholm scoring, and arthrometric evaluation were performed.
All 3 graft fixation devices resulted in significant tunnel widening in both tibial and femoral tunnels at final follow-up when compared with the immediate postoperative period. Tunnel widening between groups was not significantly different in terms of coronal and sagittal femoral tunnel diameters. Tibial tunnel diameter increase in the sagittal plane in the EndoButton group was significantly smaller than that in the TransFix and AperFix groups. No correlation was found between the amount of tunnel enlargement and clinical outcomes of ACL surgery. This study’s findings suggest that tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction is influenced by the type of graft fixation on the tibial side irrespective of clinical outcome, and PEEK polymer does not have an effect on tunnel widening after hamstring ACL reconstruction.
Functional Outcomes in High-function-demand Patients After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Lozano Calderón Santiago A. , Shen Jianhua , Doumato Diana F. , Zelicof Steven 
Published: May 2012

Total knee arthroplasty is a safe last-resort treatment for osteoarthritis that has excellent results in low-function-demand elderly patients. Current implants offer the same results in high-function-demand patients. However, supportive data do not exist.
One-year Krackow Activity Scores (KAS) of 552 patients from 2 prospective studies were used to retrospectively determine low- and high-function-demand populations. Low function demand was defined as a KAS between 1 and 9 points, and high function demand was defined as a KAS between 10 and 18 points. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 1 and 2 years postoperatively per the Knee Society Score-function domain, KAS, SF-36, range of motion, and pain. Comparability between groups was tested for demographics and comorbidities.
Both groups showed significant improvement in function, range of motion, and pain 2 years postoperatively. High-function-demand patients had comparable improvement in function compared with low-function-demand patients. Excellent function can be achieved in high-function-demand patients.
Minocycline-induced Black Bone Disease Encountered During Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Reed Dale N. , Gregg Frederick O. , Corpe R. Scott 
Published: May 2012

Finding discolored bone intraoperatively can be confusing and concerning to orthopedic surgeons. Multiple causes of pigmented bone exist, including ochronosis, metabolic bone diseases, metal deposits, sequestrum, metastatic disease, and minocycline use. Bone quality is an important consideration in intraoperative decision making with respect to components and fixation options in total joint arthroplasty. Abnormal bone encountered in routine arthroplasty can raise concerns over the integrity and healing potential of the bone when the etiology is uncertain.
Minocycline is a drug routinely used for the treatment of acne, rosacea, and rheumatoid arthritis. Pigmentation is a commonly recognized adverse reaction associated with most of the drugs in the tetracycline family, affecting the skin, nails, teeth, oral mucosa, bones in the oral cavity, ocular structures, cartilage, thyroid, and other visceral structures.
This article describes a case of pigmented bone secondary to minocycline use in a 55-year-old woman undergoing total knee arthroplasty. This entity has rarely been documented in the orthopedic literature; however, orthopedic surgeons should be aware of this side effect secondary to the widespread use of minocycline. Questions concerning the effect of minocycline on bone metabolism and structural integrity have yet to be fully answered, but an understanding and recognition of the entity will help guide surgeons with intraoperative decision making.
Misdiagnosis of an Atypical Cyclops Lesion 4 Years After Single-bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Zhang Chunli , Xu Hu , Wang Yingchun , Zhang Qiang 
Published: May 2012

Development of a cyclops lesion is a well described complication after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. It commonly results in gradual extension loss during the early postoperative course, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the soft tissue nodule attached to the ACL graft is needed. Cyclops lesions are easy to diagnose based on the symptoms and MRI findings. Previous study showed that 78.6% of cyclops lesions had extension loss within 6 weeks postoperatively, and the diagnosis of 92.8% cases of cyclops lesions was established within 6 months.
This article describes a case of misdiagnosis of a cyclops lesion 4 years after ACL reconstruction as a meniscal lesion combined with a meniscal cyst. The patient was asymptomatic for 4 years and then presented with a locked left knee and pain at the inferior pole of the patella during an attempt to gently extend the knee. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lateral meniscal cyst. The knee locking was released suddenly 2 days preoperatively. The authors had attributed the missed diagnosis to an atypical history and symptoms and an associated meniscal cyst.
The purpose of this article is to help prevent misdiagnosis of atypical cyclops lesions. Cyclops lesions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with gradual or sudden loss of extension after ACL reconstruction, regardless of how much time has passed postoperatively.
The Psychosocial Effects of Strabismus Before and After Surgical Correction in Chinese Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Xu Jinling , Yu Xinping , Huang Ying , Chen Jie , Yu Huanyun , Wang Yuwen , Zhang Fang 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:
To evaluate the psychosocial problems associated with strabismus and the effects of corrective surgery in Chinese adolescents and adults with strabismus.

Methods:
Psychosocial function was assessed by using a self-response questionnaire administered before and after corrective surgery. The self-response questionnaire was constructed based on previous studies and clinical experience of the authors.

Results:
Many of the 56 included patients had some psychosocial problems. Improvement in self-confidence, self-esteem, and relationships with friends was reported after surgery.

Conclusion:
Chinese adolescents and adults with strabismus have low self-confidence and self-esteem, and experience difficulties in interacting in social situations. Corrective surgery improves psychosocial function.
Refractive and Topographic Stability of Intacs in Eyes With Progressive Keratoconus: Five-year Follow-up
Authors: Bedi Raman , Touboul David , Pinsard Loic , Colin Joseph 
Published: May 2012

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the long-term rate of progression of keratoconus in eyes implanted with Intacs (Addition Technology Inc) at 5-year follow-up.

METHODS:
Data of 105 eyes from 85 patients who had undergone consecutive Intacs implantation between January 2001 and December 2005 were studied retrospectively for progression of keratoconus. Progression of keratoconus was defined as an increase in steep keratometry (K) of ⩾1.00 diopter (D) over 4 years between 1- and 5-year follow-up. All eyes were categorized into three subgroups: eyes with documented preoperative progression (change in steep K ⩾1.00 D over 12 months preoperatively), eyes with documented absence of preoperative progression, and eyes with no record of preoperative progression.

RESULTS:

Ninety-two eyes were available for analysis. Overall, 91.3% (84/92) of eyes demonstrated no progression between 1- and 5-year follow-up. In the sub-group analysis, 92.9% (52/56) of eyes with documented preoperative progression demonstrated no progression. Additionally, no statistically significant differences were noted in mean steep, flat, and average keratometry; manifest refraction spherical equivalent; and uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (
P
>.05) between 1- and 5-year follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS:
Results of our study demonstrate the long-term stability of refractive and topographic outcomes following Intacs implantation in eyes with keratoconus. The finding that 92.9% of eyes with progressive keratoconus did not progress postoperatively indicates that Intacs implantation may be a potential therapeutic option to halt progressive keratoconus.
Clinical Results of the Neusidl Corneal Inserter
®
, a New Donor Inserter for Descemet’s Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty, for Small Asian Eyes
Authors: Kobayashi Akira , Yokogawa Hideaki , Sugiyama Kazuhisa 
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To present the clinical outcomes of the Neusidl Corneal Inserter (NCI) (Fischer Surgical, Imperial, MO), a new donor inserter for Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Six eyes of 6 Japanese patients (mean age = 74.0 years) with endothelial dysfunction were enrolled in this prospective, non-comparative study. All patients had a small cornea of 9.0 mm or less in diameter. A donor was inserted into the eye using NCI. Intraoperative and postoperative complications, postoperative donor endothelial cell densities (ECD), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were evaluated.

RESULTS:

Donor loading onto NCI was successful in all cases. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were noted. All cases reached more than 20/63 BCVA within 12 months. Mean ECD was 2,441 cells/mm
2
(mean loss = 22.1%) at 6 months and 2,159 cells/mm
2
(mean loss = 31.0%) at 12 months.

CONCLUSION:
Graft insertion with NCI is safe in DSAEK with low endothelial cell loss.
Cutting Edge: LPS-Induced Emergency Myelopoiesis Depends on TLR4-Expressing Nonhematopoietic Cells
Authors: Boettcher Steffen , Ziegler Patrick , Schmid Michael A. , Takizawa Hitoshi , van Rooijen Nico , Kopf Manfred , Heikenwalder Mathias , Manz Markus G. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Systemic bacterial infection is rapidly recognized as an emergency state leading to neutrophil release into the circulation and increased myeloid cell production within the bone marrow. However, the mechanisms of sensing infection and subsequent translation into emergency myelopoiesis have not been defined. In this study, we demonstrate in vivo in mice that, surprisingly, selective TLR4 expression within the hematopoietic compartment fails to induce LPS-driven emergency myelopoiesis. In contrast, TLR4-expressing nonhematopoietic cells are indispensable for LPS-induced, G-CSF–mediated myelopoietic responses. Furthermore, LPS-induced emergency myelopoiesis is independent of intact IL-1RI signaling and, thus, does not require inflammasome activation. Collectively, our findings reveal a key and nonredundant role for nonhematopoietic compartment pathogen sensing that is subsequently translated into cytokine release for enhanced, demand-adapted myeloid cell production.
15 kDa Granulysin Causes Differentiation of Monocytes to Dendritic Cells but Lacks Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Clayberger Carol , Finn Michael W. , Wang Tianhong , Saini Reena , Wilson Christine , Barr Valarie A. , Sabatino Marianna , Castiello Luciano , Stroncek David , Krensky Alan M. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Granulysin is expressed as two isoforms by human cytotoxic cells: a single mRNA gives rise to 15 kDa granulysin, a portion of which is cleaved to a 9 kDa protein. Studies with recombinant 9 kDa granulysin have demonstrated its cytolytic and proinflammatory properties, but much less is known about the biologic function of the 15 kDa isoform. In this study, we show that the subcellular localization and functions of 9 and 15 kDa granulysin are largely distinct. Nine kilodalton granulysin is confined to cytolytic granules that are directionally released following target cell recognition. In contrast, 15 kDa granulysin is located in distinct granules that lack perforin and granzyme B and that are released by activated cytolytic cells. Although recombinant 9 kDa granulysin is cytolytic against a variety of tumors and microbes, recombinant 15 kDa granulysin is not. The 15 kDa isoform is a potent inducer of monocytic differentiation to dendritic cells, but the 9 kDa isoform is not. In vivo, mice expressing granulysin show markedly improved antitumor responses, with increased numbers of activated dendritic cells and cytokine-producing T cells. Thus, the distinct functions of granulysin isoforms have major implications for diagnosis and potential new therapies for human disease.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Cascade Michael/Michael/Henry Reaction Sequence: Control of All Stereocenters in One Cyclohexane Skeleton
Authors: Mao Zhifeng , Jia Yaomei , Xu Zhaoqing , Wang Rui 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective relay cascade Michael/Michael/Henry reaction catalyzed by combination of readily available diphenylprolinol silyl ether and the quinine thiourea in a one‐pot fashion has been developed. Up to 70% yield and up to >99% enantioselectivity of the single major isomer were obtained from the cascade reactions.
Copper‐Catalyzed Highly Selective Semihydrogenation of Non‐Polar Carbon‐Carbon Multiple Bonds using a Silane and an Alcohol
Authors: Semba Kazuhiko , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Xu Tinghua , Terao Jun , Tsuji Yasushi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA copper catalyst bearing a suitable Xantphos derivative or NHC ligand was found to be highly efficient for the selective semihydrogenation of non‐polar unsaturated compounds using a mixture of a silane and an alcohol as reducing agent. The catalytic system was useful for the selective semihydrogenation of internal alkynes to (Z)‐alkenes with suppression of overreduction to the corresponding alkanes. Furthermore, semihydrogenations of terminal alkyne, 1,2‐diene, 1,3‐diene, 1,3‐enyne and 1,3‐diyne systems were also achieved selectively.
Model‐independent constraints on r‐3 extra‐interactions from orbital motions
Authors: Iorio L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractConstraints on long‐range power‐law modifications Upert ∝ r‐3 of the usual Newtonian gravitational potential UN ∝ r‐1 are inferred from orbital motions of well known artificial and natural bodies. They can be interpreted in terms of a characteristic length ℓ which may be identified with, e.g., the anti‐de Sitter (AdS) radius of curvature ℓ in the Randall‐Sundrum (RS) braneworld model, although this not a mandatory choice. Our bounds, complementary to those from tabletop laboratory experiments, do not rely upon more or less speculative and untested theoretical assumptions, contrary to other long‐range RS tests proposed in astrophysical scenarios in which many of the phenomena adopted may depend on the system's composition, formation and dynamical history as well. Independently of the interpretation of ℓ, the perihelion precession of Mercury and its radiotechnical ranging from the Earth yield ℓ \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \lesssim $\end{document} 10–50 km. Tighter bounds come from the perigee precession of the Moon, from which it can be inferred ℓ \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \lesssim $\end{document} 500–700 m. The best constraints (ℓ \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \lesssim $\end{document} 5 m) come from the Satellite‐to‐Satellite Tracking (SST) range of the GRACE A/B spacecrafts orbiting the Earth: proposed follow‐on of such a mission, implying a sub‐nm s‐1 range‐rate accuracy, may constrain ℓ at ∼ 10 cm level. Weaker constraints come from the double pulsar system (ℓ \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \lesssim $\end{document} 80–100 km) and from the main sequence star S2 orbiting the compact object in Sgr A* (ℓ \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \lesssim $\end{document} 6.2–8.8 AU). Such bounds on the length ℓ, which must not necessarily be identified with the AdS radius of curvature of the RS model, naturally translate into constraints on an, e.g., universal coupling parameter 𝒦 of the extra r‐3 interaction. GRACE yields 𝒦 ≤ 1 × 1016 m5 s‐2.