bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupling Reactions and Separation in Tunable Fluids: Phase Transfer‐Catalysis and Acid‐catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Pollet Pamela , Hallett Jason P. , Eckert Charles A. , Liotta Charles L. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Phase Transfer Catalysis

Background

Phase Transfer Catalysis Quaternary Ammonium Salt‐catalyzed Reactions

PTC
Separation and Recycling Using
CO

2

Near‐critical Water

Definition

Properties

Friedel–Crafts Chemistry in
NCW

Alkylcarbonic Acids

Probing Alkylcarbonic Acids – Alkylcarbonic Acids with Diazodiphenylmethane (
DDM
)

Reactions Using Alkylcarbonic Acids

Ketal Formation

Formation of Diazonium Salts

Conclusion
Green Oxidation in Water
Authors: Sheldon Roger A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractGreen catalytic oxidations in water are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the use of the green, readily available oxidants, molecular oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide, although other oxidants receive a cursory mention. Two different strategies for the oxidation of sparingly soluble substrates in an aqueous biphasic medium are delineated. The first involves the use of a phase‐transfer agent to transfer the catalyst and/or the oxidant to the organic phase where the oxidation takes place. Many reactions with water‐soluble oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite, are performed in this way. The second strategy employs a water‐soluble catalyst and the oxidation takes place in the water phase. The product is separated as the organic phase and the catalyst, contained in the water phase, is readily recovered and recycled. Many oxidations with molecular oxygen are performed in this mode. These principles are illustrated using epoxidation and dihydroxylation of olefins with hydrogen peroxide, oxidations of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones and sulfoxidations as examples. With regard to catalysts, there is a definite trend towards the use of the inexpensive, environmentally attractive first‐row transition elements, iron, copper, and manganese and organocatalysts, such as the stableN‐oxy radicals. In addition, the use of noble metal nanoclusters, on a support or immobilized in polymer matrices, as catalysts for green oxidations in water is receiving increasing attention. The current trend towards the exploitation of renewable resources, such as carbohydrate feedstocks, will also generate a need for green oxidations in water.
Coupling Reactions in Water
Authors: Leseurre Lucie , Genêt Jean‐Pierre , Michelet Véronique 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis chapter summarizes recent developments in the field of coupling reactions in organoaqueous media with a focus on representative and historical examples. The first part is dedicated to Grignard‐type reactions including 1,2‐additions to carbonyl derivatives and pinacol couplings. The second part places the stress on selected reactivity of alkenes and alkynes, such as the hydroformylation reaction, Mizoroki–Heck coupling and some cyclization reactions. The final part focuses on more classic coupling reactions, including Tsuji–Trost, Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira, Stille, Hartwig–Buchwald and Hiyama reactions. Special attention is devoted to recyclable organometallic systems, asymmetric catalysis, and the synthetic applications of such reactions
Water as a Green Solvent for Pharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Dunn Peter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the use of water as a green solvent in the manufacture of synthetic drug molecules. The review is separated into four categories:enzymatic processes;processes in which the product is isolated by pH adjustment to the isoelectric point;carbon–carbon bond‐forming cross‐coupling reactions in water; andpharmaceutical processes using mixed aqueous solvents.The manufacturing processes of several major pharmaceuticals are discussed, including Crestor, Lipitor, Lyrica, Tamiflu, and Viagra.
Agenesis of the corpus callosum and congenital lymphedema: A novel recognizable syndrome?
Authors: O'Driscoll Mary C. , Jenny Kim , Saitta Sulagna , Dobyns William B. , Gripp Karen W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe present double first cousins, a girl and a boy, with the uncommon association of agenesis of the corpus callosum and congenital lymphedema. Other features shared by both include oligohydramnios, similar facial dysmorphism, sacral dimple, developmental delay, and sociable personality. While some of these findings overlap with FG syndrome and Hennekam syndrome, the findings in our patients are sufficiently different to exclude these diagnoses. We propose that this is a new syndrome with presumed autosomal recessive inheritance. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amish microcephaly: Long‐term survival and biochemical characterization
Authors: Siu Victoria Mok , Ratko Suzanne , Prasad Asuri N. , Prasad Chitra , Rupar C. Anthony 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAmish microcephaly (MCPHA, OMIM #607196) is a metabolic disorder that has been previously characterized by severe infantile lethal congenital microcephaly and alpha‐ketoglutaric aciduria. All reported patients have been from the Pennsylvania Amish community and homozygous for a p.Gly177Ala mutation in SLC25A19. We present a further male patient with MCPHA born to distantly consanguineous parents in Ontario, Canada with Amish ancestors. Microcephaly was evident at 21 weeks gestation on ultrasound. At birth, the facial appearance and brain MRI scan were characteristic of MCPHA, with the additional features of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum and a closed spinal dysraphic state. Urine levels of alpha‐ketoglutaric acid were normal at birth and during metabolic crisis, but were markedly elevated during a time of metabolic stability. A severe lactic acidosis was present during metabolic crises and responded to treatment with a high fat diet. At age 7 years, the child is healthy but has severe microcephaly and profound developmental delay. SLC25A19 has been described as a mitochondria inner membrane transporter for both deoxynucleotides and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). The biochemical phenotype of MCPHA may be attributable to decreased activity of the three mitochondrial enzymes that require TPP as a cofactor: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched chain amino acid dehydrogenase. We confirm that alpha‐ketoglutaric aciduria is not a constant finding in MCPHA and suggest that a persistent lactic acidemia may be more common. The diagnosis should be considered in patients with severe congenital microcephaly, especially in association with lissencephaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, or a spinal dysraphic state. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constitutional ring chromosome 11 mosaicism in a Wilms tumor patient: Cytogenetic, molecular and clinico‐pathological studies
Authors: Carella Massimo , Spreafico Filippo , Palumbo Orazio , Storlazzi Clelia Tiziana , Tabano Silvia , Miozzo Monica , Miglionico Lucia , Calvano Savino , Sindici Giulia , Gamba Beatrice , Impera Luciana , Collini Paola , Zelante Leopoldo , Radice Paolo , Perotti Daniela 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe report on a boy with three cell lines: 46,XY, r(11)(p15.5,q25)[90]/45,XY,‐11 [8]/47,XY, r(11)(p15.5,q25)x2[2], with minor anomalies and mental retardation who developed asynchronous bilateral Wilms tumors (WTs). Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) performed on peripheral blood leukocytes of the patient led to the identification of a constitutional duplication of 4.8 Mb at 11p15.5–11p15.4. This duplication was found to involve the chromosome of paternal origin, and occurred in tandem on the ring chromosome 11. Despite the constitutive duplication of the paternal 11p15 chromosome region, the patient showed no sign of Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome. However, the molecular characterization of the two neoplasias was consistent with their independent origin and showed that they arose from the two distinct cellular clones with the ring chromosome, indicating that this anomaly is likely to have caused the patient's susceptibility to WT development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A de novo 4q34 interstitial deletion of at least 9.3 Mb with no discernible phenotypic effect
Authors: Bateman Mark S. , Mehta Sarju G. , Willatt Lionel , Selkirk Elizabeth , Bedwell Clare , Zwolinski Simon , Sparnon Leeanne , Simonic Ingrid , Abbott Kristin , Barber John CK 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCytogenetically visible imbalances without phenotypic effect are still rare despite the extent of large‐scale copy number variation in the normal population revealed by array CGH. Here we report on a phenotypically normal 30‐year‐old female with a de novo, cytogenetically visible, interstitial deletion of band 4q34. She was referred following three successive miscarriages, one of which was an intra‐uterine death with subendocardial fibroelastosis and dilated cardiomyopathy. There was no other notable medical or family history, she was of normal intelligence and had no dysmorphic features. FISH and Array CGH with a customized 1 Mb BAC array showed that the deletion is a minimum of 9.3 and a maximum of 10.7 Mb in size, between ∼173 Mb in 4q34.1 and ∼182 Mb in 4q34.3. The deletion contains only 23 known coding genes giving a low average gene density of ∼2 genes/Mb. This case further illustrates that (1) sizeable imbalances can be associated with apparent phenotypic normality, (2) gene density is a better guide to possible phenotypic consequences than aberration size, and (3) it is not always safe to assume that de novo imbalances will be causal. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Steinfeld syndrome: Further delineation
Authors: Stevens Cathy A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSteinfeld syndrome, which was first reported in 1982, is characterized by holoprosencephaly, phocomelia, clefting, congenital heart defects, and other anomalies. There have been two additional reports since then. This report describes a fetus with clinical features consistent with Steinfeld syndrome and it is the first patient with this condition to have extensive genetic evaluation. This appears to be an autosomal dominant syndrome with widely variable expression. The clinical features of this syndrome are reviewed. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A patient with Pendred syndrome whose goiter progressed with normal serum thyrotropin and iodine organification
Authors: Asakura Yumi , Narumi Satoshi , Muroya Koji , Fujita Kazutoshi , Aida Noriko , Hasagawa Tomonobu , Adachi Masanori 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBiallelic mutations of SLC26A4 (encoding pendrin) cause Pendred syndrome (PS), an autosomal recessive genetic disorder with deafness and goiter. The mechanism underlying the development of the goiter is unknown. Here, we report clinical and molecular findings of a patient with PS. This 27‐year‐old woman was born to nonconsanguineous healthy parents. She was seen at our hospital due to hearing loss at age 3 years, and subsequently developed goiter at age 10 years. From age 15 years, her thyroid gland showed progressive enlargement accompanied by elevation of serum thyroglobulin reaching 10‐fold the normal amount. Thyroidal iodine uptake was also increased during goiter progression (123I uptake at 24 hr: 20.2% at age 17 years; 69.4% at age 24 years; reference, 8–40), while serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels and iodine organification (examined by the perchrolate or thiocyanate discharge test) remained normal. We sequenced SLC26A4 using standard PCR‐based technique, and found one novel (p.T537P) and one recurrent (p.H723R) mutations in a compound heterozygous state. Expression experiments using COS‐7 cells showed that the two mutants were entrapped in the endoplasmic reticulum and were poorly localized at the plasma membrane. In summary, a molecularly confirmed PS patient showed goiter progression accompanied by elevated serum thyroglobulin and increased thyroidal iodine uptake, but normal serum TSH levels and normal iodine organification. This implies that some pendrin mutations may involve direct stimulation of thyroid cell proliferation with no TSH hyperstimulation and no iodine organification defect. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sirenomelia and VACTERL association in the offspring of a woman with diabetes
Authors: Castori Marco , Silvestri Evelina , Cappellacci Sandra , Binni Francesco , Sforzolini Giovanna Scassellati , Grammatico Paola 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSirenomelia and VACTERL association are defects of blastogenesis of unknown cause. Although they appear clinically distinct, some epidemiological and experimental studies suggest a common pathogenetic mechanism. We report on the reproductive history of a 28‐year‐old obese, diabetic mother who had three pregnancies. The first resulted in the birth of a sirenomelic child, the second in a miscarriage, while the third was terminated for fetal malformations, diagnosed post‐mortem as VACTERL association. This observation supports the relationship between sirenomelia and VACTERL, which probably represent the two ends of the same phenotypic spectrum. Their occurrence in the same sibship also indicates a possible common cause. The coexistence with maternal diabetes seems more than a chance occurrence and the constellation of malformations observed in the present family may be explained as the pleiotropic effect of the same teratogenic agent interacting with genetic predisposition to diabetes and/or obesity. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mixed gonadal dysgenesis in a child with isodicentric y chromosome: Does the relative proportion of the 45,X line really matter?
Authors: Shinawi Marwan , Cain Mark P. , VanderBrink Brian A. , Grignon David J. , Mensing Drew , Cooper M. Lance , Bader Patricia , Cheung Sau Wai 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIsodicentric Y chromosomes [idic(Y)] cause several sex‐linked phenotypes ranging from typical Turner syndrome, to phenotypic males, and to those with ambiguous genitalia. The idic(Y) are unstable during mitosis and therefore result in mosaicism with an additional cell line. The associated phenotypic heterogeneity was attributed to variable location of the breakpoints and to the proportion of idic(Y)‐containing cells in gonads and other tissues. We report on a phenotypic and cytogenetic characterization of an apparently male patient with ambiguous genitalia and mixed gonadal dysgenesis who was found to be mosaic 45,X/46,X,idic(Y). Unexpectedly, the histologically male gonad showed a predominant proportion of 45,X cells suggesting that additional factors, other than the proportion of the 45,X cell line and the location of the breakpoint, may play a role in gonadal determination and differentiation. Our observation suggests that the timing of the mitotic loss of idic(Y) during gonadal ontogenesis and the proportion of SRY positive pre‐Sertoli cells in the gonad are probably more relevant than the postnatal proportion of the different mosaic clones. We discuss the dynamic nature of mitotic instability of isodicentric Y chromosomes and the fundamental role of Sertoli cells in gonadal differentiation and their contribution to the phenotypic variability. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metopic craniosynostosis due to mutations inGLI3: A novel association
Authors: McDonald‐McGinn Donna M. , Feret Holly , Nah Hyun‐Duck , Bartlett Scott P. , Whitaker Linton A. , Zackai Elaine H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe report on the novel association of trigonocephaly and polysyndactyly in two unrelated patients due to mutations within the last third (exon 14) and first third (exon 6) of theGLI3gene, respectively.GLI3acts as a downstream mediator of the Sonic hedgehog signal‐transduction pathway which is essential for early development; and plays a role in cell growth, specialization, and patterning of structures such as the brain and limbs.GLI3mutations have been identified in patients with Pallister–Hall, Grieg cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS), postaxial polydactyly type A1, preaxial polydactyly type IV, and in one patient with acrocallosal syndrome (ACLS). Furthermore, deletions including theGLI3gene have been reported in patients with features of GCPS and ACLS. To date, trigonocephaly has not been associated with abnormalities ofGLI3and craniosynostosis is not a feature of GCPS. However, Hootnick and Holmes reported on a father with polysyndactyly and son with trigonocephaly, polysyndactyly, and agenesis of the corpus callosum, considered GCPS thereafter. Guzzetta et al. subsequently described a patient with trigonocephaly, polysyndactyly, and agenesis of the corpus callosum postulating a diagnosis of GCPS, later considered ACLS. In retrospect, these two patients, evaluated prior to mutational analysis, and our patients, with confirmed mutations, likely fall within theGLI3morphopathy spectrum and may provide a bridge to better understanding those patients with overlapping features of GCPS and ACLS. Based on this observation, we suggestGLI3studies in patients presenting with this constellation of findings, specifically metopic craniosynostosis with polysyndactyly, in order to provide appropriate medical management and genetic counseling. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Highly efficient and selective transport of Hg2+ ions through a bulk liquid membrane containing Cyanex 301 as carrier
Authors: Madaeni S. S. , Islami N. , Rofouei M. K. , Ghader M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMercury is present in various forms in many industrial wastewaters, and in some natural water sources. In this work, a novel bulk liquid membrane (BLM) system containing bis(2,4,4‐trimethyl(pentyl)dithiophosphinic acid (Cyanex 301) as carrier was evaluated for mercury transport and recovery of the ions from acidic nitrate solutions. Cyanex 301 acts as an efficient and selective carrier for the uphill transport of Hg(II) through a chloroform bulk liquid membrane. The selectivity and efficiency of Hg(II) transport from aqueous solutions containing different mixtures of cations were investigated. The fundamental parameters influencing the transport of mercury ion such as concentration of nitric acid in the feed solution, carrier concentrations in the membrane, type of organic solvent, nature and composition of the receiving phase, stirring speed and transport time were determined. Most of the Hg(II) ions (89%) penetrated through the bulk liquid membrane after 120 min using 0.04 M Cyanex 301 in the membrane phase and 5 M HNO3 in the receiving phase. However, the maximum transport (93%) occurred after 140 min at a stirring speed of 200 rpm in the feed and stripping solutions. The present study demonstrates the effectiveness of the bulk liquid membrane system for separating Hg(II) ions in amalgam solutions by combining extraction and stripping operations in a single process. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wall properties and slip effects on the magnetohydrodynamic peristaltic motion of a viscous fluid with heat transfer and porous space
Authors: Hayat T. , Javed Maryiam 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPeristaltic flows are important for understanding the transport of fluids, especially blood flow, in physiological systems and in biomedical instruments. Several studies have considered the peristaltic flows of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids with one or more simplifying assumptions, and for peristaltic flows in biomechanics applications such as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pumps and blood flow. This paper presents a theoretical study of the effects of slip conditions and wall properties on the MHD peristaltic flow of a viscous fluid filling the porous space in a channel. The heat transfer analysis is also presented. The analytical solutions of the stream function, velocity and temperature distributions are constructed in closed form under long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. The effects of various influential key parameters and groups are reported and discussed. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of two high cell density methanogenic bioreactors
Authors: Ahammad Sk. Z. , Gomes J. , Sreekrishnan T. R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMethanogenesis is usually the rate‐limiting step in the anaerobic digestion process. The slow growth rates of methanogens make the overall treatment processes slow. Use of anaerobic high cell density reactors is a promising option for increasing the overall rate of conversion. Anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBRs) work on the principle of high cell density. Although better mixing is achieved in AFBR, entrainment of bio‐granules and higher pumping cost are some of the major drawbacks of the reactor. A hybrid anaerobic reactor (HAR) incorporates the positive aspects of the AFBR while eliminating most of its shortcomings. The performance of a HAR was studied and compared with the performance of an AFBR for the treatment of the same simulated waste water. The AFBR had equal amount of activated charcoal/pumice stone as the carrier material. After 240 days of operation, 38.1%, 32.3% and 29.6% acetate conversions were obtained in the HAR, AFBR with activated charcoal and AFBR with pumice stone, respectively. The gas was found to have 59.2%, 45.7% and 50.2% methane content in the case of HAR, AFBR with pumice stone and AFBR with activated charcoal, respectively. HAR showed consistently better performance when compared with either of the AFBR. Surface charge difference between methanogens and support material also showed that the methanogens preferred activated charcoal over pumice stone. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies showed that the self‐immobilized bio‐granules from the HAR were more compact (and stable). Granules from the AFBR did not have a dense bio‐film like the ones from the HAR. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and transport parameters during nanofiltration of degreasing effluent from a tannery
Authors: Prabhavathy C. , De S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDegreasing effluent from a tannery is treated using a single‐step membrane separation (nanofiltration) process in continuous cross‐flow mode. The flow regimes encompass the laminar and turbulent zones, including laminar flows with turbulent promoters. Experimental results are reported in the range of transmembrane pressure drop from 828 to 1242 kPa for all three flow regimes. More than 50% flux enhancement is observed by using turbulent promoters compared to purely laminar flow. The performance criteria of the filtration are evaluated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS), pH and conductivity of the permeate. The proposed scheme successfully reduces COD to well below the permissible limits (250 mg/l). A combination of osmotic pressure and solution‐diffusion model is used for nanofiltration. Three relevant transport coefficients, namely, the effective osmotic coefficient, solute diffusivity and solute permeability through the membrane are estimated by minimising the sum of errors between the experimental and calculated permeate flux and permeate concentrations. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.