bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impaired astrocytic extracellular matrix distribution under congenital hypothyroidism affects neuronal development in vitro
Authors: Mendes‐de‐Aguiar Cláudia Beatriz Nedel , Alchini Ricardo , Zucco Juliana Klein , Costa‐Silva Bruno , Decker Helena , Alvarez‐Silva Marcio , Tasca Carla Inês , Trentin Andréa Gonçalves 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAstrocytes clearly play a role in neuronal development. An indirect mechanism of thyroid hormone (T3) in the regulation of neuronal development mediated by astrocytes has been proposed. T3 alters the production and organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans, producing a high‐quality substrate for neuronal differentiation. The present study investigated the effect of hypothyroidism on the astrocyte production of fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LN) as well as their involvement in neuronal growth and neuritogenesis. Our results demonstrated that the amount of both FN and LN were significantly reduced in cultures of hypothyroid astrocytes from rat cerebellum compared with normal cells. This effect was accompanied by reduced numbers of neurons and neuritogenesis. Similarly, the proportions of neurons and neurons with neurites were reduced in cultures on ECM prepared from hypothyroid astrocytes in comparison with normal cells. The proportion of both normal and hypothyroid neurons is strongly reduced in astrocyte ECM compared with cocultures on astrocyte monolayers, suggesting that extracellular factors other than ECM proteins are involved in this process. Moreover, treatment of hypothyroid astrocytic cultures with T3 restored the area of both FN and LN immunostaining to normal levels and partially reestablished neuronal survival and neuritogenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrated that hypothyroidism involves impairment of the astrocytic microenvironment and affects the production of ECM proteins. Thus, hypothyroidism is implicated in impaired neuronal development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global to city scale urban anthropogenic heat flux: model and variability
Authors: Allen L. , Lindberg F. , Grimmond C. S. B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe large scale urban consumption of energy (LUCY) model simulates all components of anthropogenic heat flux (QF) from the global to individual city scale at 2.5 × 2.5 arc‐minute resolution. This includes a database of different working patterns and public holidays, vehicle use and energy consumption in each country. The databases can be edited to include specific diurnal and seasonal vehicle and energy consumption patterns, local holidays and flows of people within a city. If better information about individual cities is available within this (open‐source) database, then the accuracy of this model can only improve, to provide the community data from global‐scale climate modelling or the individual city scale in the future. The results show that QF varied widely through the year, through the day, between countries and urban areas. An assessment of the heat emissions estimated revealed that they are reasonably close to those produced by a global model and a number of small‐scale city models, so results from LUCY can be used with a degree of confidence. From LUCY, the global mean urban QF has a diurnal range of 0.7–3.6 W m−2, and is greater on weekdays than weekends. The heat release from building is the largest contributor (89–96%), to heat emissions globally. Differences between months are greatest in the middle of the day (up to 1 W m−2 at 1 pm). December to February, the coldest months in the Northern Hemisphere, have the highest heat emissions. July and August are at the higher end. The least QF is emitted in May. The highest individual grid cell heat fluxes in urban areas were located in New York (577), Paris (261.5), Tokyo (178), San Francisco (173.6), Vancouver (119) and London (106.7). Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
QuickSCAT observations of extreme wind events over the Mediterranean and Black Seas during 2000–2008
Authors: Chronis Themis , Papadopoulos V. , Nikolopoulos E. I. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA total of 9 years (2000–2008) of QuickSCAT hi‐resolution (12.5 × 12.5 km) surface wind observations are employed to identify seasonal means and extreme (gale‐force) events over the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The Gulf of Lyon and the Aegean Sea are the regions with the highest sustained wind magnitudes throughout the year. Conversely, the lowest winds are found over the Tyrrhenian, the northern Adriatic and the eastern Black Seas. During winter, the Gulf of Lyon and the Aegean portray mean wind magnitudes ranging from 7 to 11 m/s. During summer, the Aegean Sea portrays the highest wind magnitudes over the entire study area. The lowest wind magnitudes during summer are encountered over the Tyrrhenian, northern Adriatic, eastern Black and eastern Mediterranean Seas (3–6 m/s). From the entire (2000–2008) observations, each QuickSCAT observation exceeding 20 m/s is considered an extreme event. For all the registered extreme events during 2000–2008, we calculate (1) 2‐D maps of seasonal frequency occurrence and (2) the histograms of wind directions for ten sub‐regions encompassed in the study area (Gulf of Lyon, Balearic Sea, Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, North African coast, Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean and Black Seas). Results pertaining to the frequency occurrence show coincidence between high (low) seasonal mean and extreme event frequency occurrence for the areas such as the Gulf of Lyon and the Aegean Sea (Tyrrhenian/southeastern Black Seas). In addition, it is shown that for several cases (Gulf of Lyon, Aegean Sea) the dominant wind direction of extreme events substantially differentiates from the seasonal mean wind directions. Finally we investigate the linearity of extreme event occurrence in terms of mean wind speed climatology over the sub‐regions encompassing the study area. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Enhancing the utility of daily GCM rainfall for crop yield prediction
Authors: Ines Amor V. M. , Hansen James W. , Robertson Andrew W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGlobal climate models (GCMs) are promising for crop yield predictions because of their ability to simulate seasonal climate in advance of the growing season. However, their utility is limited by unrealistic time structure of daily rainfall and biases in rainfall frequency and intensity distributions. Crop growth is very sensitive to daily variations of rainfall; thus any mismatch in daily rainfall statistics could impact crop yield simulations. Here, we present an improved methodology to correct GCM rainfall biases and time structure mismatches for maize yield prediction in Katumani, Kenya. This includes GCM bias correction (BC), to correct over‐ or under‐predictions of rainfall frequency and intensity, and nesting corrected GCM information with a stochastic weather generator, to generate daily rainfall realizations conditioned on a given monthly target. Bias‐corrected daily GCM rainfall and generated rainfall realizations were used to evaluate crop response. Results showed that corrections of GCM rainfall frequency and intensity could improve crop yield prediction but yields remain under‐predicted. This is strongly attributed to the time structure mismatch in daily GCM rainfall leading to excessively long dry spells. To address this, we tested several ways of improving daily structure of GCM rainfall. First, we tested calibrating thresholds in BC but were found not very effective for improving dry spell lengths. Second, we tested BC‐stochastic disaggregation (BC‐DisAg) and appeared to simulate more realistic dry spell lengths using bias‐corrected GCM rainfall information (e.g., frequency, totals) as monthly targets. Using rainfall frequency alone to condition the weather generator removed biases in dry spell lengths, improved predicted yields, but under‐predicted yield variability. Combining rainfall frequency and totals, however, not only produced more realistic yield variability but also corrected under‐prediction of yields. We envisaged that the presented method would enhance the utility of daily GCM rainfall in crop yield prediction. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by a novel mesoporous‐coated stainless steel wire microextraction combined with HPLC
Authors: Wang Xue‐Mei , Du Xin‐Zhen , Rao Hong‐Hong , Lu Xiao‐Quan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA novel mesoporous‐coated stainless steel wire microextraction coupled with the HPLC procedure for quantification of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water has been developed, based on the sorption of target analytes on a selectively adsorptive fiber and subsequent desorption of analytes directly into HPLC. Phenyl‐functionalized mesoporous materials (Ph‐SBA‐15) were synthesized and coated on the surfaces of a stainless steel wire. Due to the high porosity and large surface area of the Ph‐SBA‐15, high extraction efficiency is expected. The influence of various parameters on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons extraction efficiency were thoroughly studied and optimized (such as the extraction temperature, the extraction time, the desorption time, the stirring rate and the ionic strength of samples). The results showed that each compound for the analysis of real water samples was tested under optimal conditions with the linearity ranging from 1.02×10−3 to 200 μg/ L and the detection limits were found from 0.32 to 2.44 ng/ L, respectively. The RSD of the new method was smaller than 4.10%.
A guide to guidelines for the treatment of PTSD and related conditions
Authors: Forbes David , Creamer Mark , Bisson Jonathan I. , Cohen Judith A. , Crow Bruce E. , Foa Edna B. , Friedman Mathew J. , Keane Terence M. , Kudler Harold S. , Ursano Robert J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn recent years, several practice guidelines have appeared to inform clinical work in the assessment and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Although there is a high level of consensus across these documents, there are also areas of apparent difference that may lead to confusion among those to whom the guidelines are targeted—providers, consumers, and purchasers of mental health services for people affected by trauma. The authors have been responsible for developing guidelines across three continents (North America, Europe, and Australia). The aim of this article is to examine the various guidelines and to compare and contrast their methodologies and recommendations to aid clinicians in making decisions about their use.
The increasing workload in head and neck surgery: An epidemiologic analysis
Authors: Bhattacharyya Neil 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Determine if there might be an increase in the workload for head and neck surgery based on an aging population.Study Design:Cross‐sectional analysis of a national database.Methods:The frequency of head and neck surgical procedures (HNSPs) performed in 2006 in the inpatient and outpatient settings in the United States were assessed using the National Hospital Discharge Summary and the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery, respectively. From US Census Bureau statistics, age‐specific HNSP rates were determined and projected to the 2020 population based on census bureau predicted changes in population demographics. The surgical workload burden was assessed in 2006 and projected to 2020 based on the predicted changes in procedure rates and resource‐based relative value scale.Results:An estimated 366,050 HNSPs (142,397 inpatient vs. 223,653 outpatient) were performed in 2006 requiring a total of 2.49 million physician work relative value units (RVUs). With the expected changes in population demographics in 2020, an estimated 422,183 HNSPs will be performed (163,781 inpatient vs. 258,402 outpatient) requiring 2.88 million work RVUs in head and neck surgery. Both the HNSP rate and projected RVUs increase approximate 15.3%.Conclusions:Based on national health statistics and US census data we can anticipate a substantial increase in the workload for head and neck surgeons. Efforts should be directed at assessing manpower requirements in head and neck surgery based on the impact of an aging US population. Laryngoscope, 2011
Ultradrawing properties of ultrahigh‐ molecular‐weight polyethylene/carbon nanotube fibers prepared at various formation temperatures
Authors: Yeh Jen‐Taut , Lai Yu‐Ching , Liu Hai , Shu Yao‐Chi , Huang Chi‐Yuan , Huang Kuo‐Shien , Chen Kan‐Nan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe influence of formation temperature on the ultradrawing properties of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene/carbon nanotube (UHMWPE/CNT) fiber specimens is investigated. Gel solutions of UHMWPE/CNT with various CNT contents were gel‐spun at the optimum concentration and temperature but were cooled at varying formation temperatures in order to improve the ultradrawing and tensile properties of the UHMWPE/CNT composite fibers. The achievable draw ratio (Dra) values of UHMWPE/CNT as‐prepared fibers reach a maximum when they are prepared with the optimum CNT content and formation temperature. The Dra value of UHMWPE/CNT as‐prepared fibers produced using the optimum CNT content and formation temperature is about 33% higher than that of UHMWPE as‐prepared fibers produced using the optimum concentration and formation temperature. The percentage crystallinity (Wc) and melting temperature (Tm) of UHMWPE/CNT as‐prepared fiber specimens increase significantly as the formation temperature increases. In contrast, Wc increases but Tm decreases significantly as the CNT content increases. Dynamic mechanical analysis of UHMWPE and UHMWPE/CNT fiber specimens exhibits particularly high α‐transition and low β‐transition, wherein the peak temperatures of α‐transition and β‐transition increase dramatically as the formation temperature increases and/or CNT content decreases. In order to understand these interesting drawing, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of the UHMWPE and UHMWPE/CNT as‐prepared fiber specimens, birefringence, morphological and tensile studies of as‐prepared and drawn fibers were carried out. Possible mechanisms accounting for these interesting properties are proposed. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Medicine‐taking behaviour in schizophrenia – part 1
Authors: Feetam Celia L , Roberts Hannah 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this, the first of two articles, Celia Feetam and Hannah Roberts focus on factors contributing to poor medicine‐taking behaviour in schizophrenia and the consequences of this. The second article will consider treatment variables that may influence such behaviour and the interventions that have been proposed to improve medicine‐taking behaviour in those diagnosed with schizophrenia. These articles follow on from two articles published in Progress in 2009 on Medicine‐taking behaviour in depression.1,2. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Physical examinations of mental health service users
Authors: Vanezis Andrew Peter , Manns Dudley 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Royal College of Psychiatrists recommends that every psychiatric inpatient should have a thorough physical examination within 24 hours of admission. Here, the authors present their cross‐sectional audit to assess the timing and quality of physical examinations within an inner London inpatient mental health unit. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Agomelatine: more than just another antidepressant
Authors: Titmarsh Steve , Hale Anthony 
Published: September 2010

AbstractProfessor Anthony Hale, Consultant Psychiatrist and Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Kent, reviewed some recent trial data for agomelatine at a Servier Laboratories‐sponsored satellite meeting at the Latest Advances in Psychiatry Symposium IX held in London in March 2010. Professor Hale explained how his views about the drug and its place in therapy have changed as a result of the new data. Steve Titmarsh reports. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Synthesis and properties of di‐ and trinitrobenzyl substituted pyridine derivates
Authors: Frej Adrian , Goeschen Catrin , Näther Christian , Lüning Ulrich , Herges Rainer 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new method to obtain di‐ and trinitrobenzyl substituted pyridines is presented in this paper. By systematic variation of reaction parameters, the reaction conditions were optimized. The novel synthesis circumvents the commonly used nitration of benzyl pyridines, and thus avoids the nitration of the heterocycle which is a common side reaction. Furthermore, the starting materials for the synthesis of a variety of photochromic nitrobenzyl pyridines are easily accessible. The half‐lives of the phototautomers of several new di‐ and trinitrobenzyl‐substituted pyridines were determined. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deformation induced evolution of mobility in PMMA
Authors: Lee Eun‐Woong , Medvedev Grigori A. , Caruthers James M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe stress relaxation response in the glassy state just below Tg was measured for poly(methylmethacrylate) following application of constant strain rate uniaxial tensile deformation at various locations on the stress–strain curve, including the yield and post‐yield region. The macroscopic mobility was determined from analysis of the relaxation response. Up to a factor of 3 decrease in relaxation time was observed with the fastest relaxation occurring in the post‐yield softening region. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
How silanization of silica particles affects the adsorption of PDMS chains on its surface
Authors: Akoum Rami Al , Vaulot Cyril , Schwartz Dominique , Hirn Marie‐Paule , Haidar Bassel 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA series of six fumed silica types, with different surface areas in the 50–400 m2/g range, were modified by grafting with trimethylchlorosilane. The grafting reaction was controlled by elemental analyses, surface hydroxyl titration, and combustion techniques. The silica surface energy was determined as a function of silanization degree by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). Adsorption of a series of poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers with molecular weights ranging between 4 and 420 kg/mol on silica was followed using flow microcalorimeter (FMC). IGC results show that free adsorption energies of two series of alkanes and siloxanes as well as the dispersive component of the surface energy were found to decrease monotonously with surface silanization and so does the polymer molar heat of adsorption. FMC results indicate, however, that the conformation of the macromolecules on silica depends on the silica surface area but remains unaffected by the surface treatments. A given polymer chain was found to remain adsorbed on the surface preserving its same conformation until its molar heat of adsorption falls bellow a critical value. These findings offer a better monitoring of surface–polymer interactions as it defined a comprehensive relationship between the degree of modifications of the filler surface and polymer adsorption conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Structure determination of a protein assembly by amino acid selective cross‐saturation
Authors: Kanamori Eiji , Igarashi Shunsuke , Osawa Masanori , Fukunishi Yoshifumi , Shimada Ichio , Nakamura Haruki 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAmino acid selective cross‐saturation (ASCS) method not only provides information about the interface of a protein assembly by the spin relaxation experiment, but also identifies the amino acid residues in the acceptor protein, which are located close to the selectively labeled amino acid residues in the donor protein. Here, a new method was developed to build a precise structural model of a protein assembly, which satisfies the experimental ASCS values, using simulated annealing computation. This method was applied to the ubiquitin–yeast ubiquitin hydrolase 1 (Ub‐YUH1) complex to build a precise complex structure compatible with that determined by X‐ray crystallography. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reverse biased electroluminescence spectroscopy of crystalline silicon solar cells with high spatial resolution
Authors: Schneemann Matthias , Helbig Anke , Kirchartz Thomas , Carius Reinhard , Rau Uwe 
Published: September 2010

AbstractElectroluminescence spectra of different types of crystalline silicon solar cells obtained under reverse bias are analysed on a macroscopic as well as on a microscopic scale. The calibrated spectra of all samples exhibit a dominant peak at the band‐gap energy Eg ≈ 1.1 eV. Although the fraction of visible light may vary over one order of magnitude, the shapes of the calibrated spectra are qualitatively similar. Single emission sites have been investigated with respect to the externally applied voltage V and their onset voltage VO by a microscope attached to a spectrometer. While the fraction of visible light within the spectra of individual sites increases with higher absolute onset voltage VO of the respective site, the actual applied voltage V has no influence on the shape of the spectra. Furthermore, we find that the emission intensity of all investigated single sites increases linearly with the applied voltage V. A nonlinear increase of local emission intensities as reported in the literature results from consecutive appearance of distinct breakdown sites in close distance to each other. Such series of breakdown events are not resolved without using microscopic measurements and therefore mistaken as the illumination intensity of a single site.
Optical spectroscopy of bilayer graphene
Authors: Geng Baisong , Horng Jason , Zhang Yuanbo , Tang Tsung‐Ta , Park Cheol‐Hwan , Girit Caglar , Hao Zhao , Martin Michael , Zettl Alex , Crommie Michael , Louie Steven , Wang Feng 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInfrared spectroscopy reveals unusual tunable electronic structure and optical behaviour in electrically gated bilayer graphene. In a dual‐gate bilayer graphene device, we were able to control the carrier doping and a semiconductor bandgap independently by using different combinations of the top and bottom gate voltages. The field‐induced bandgap can be probed directly through the emerging interband transitions in infrared absorption spectra. A tunable bandgap up to 250 meV has been observed in our dual‐gate bilayer graphene devices. This unique tunable bandgap can lead to many new physical phenomena. One example is an unusual phonon–exciton Fano resonance when the electronic bandgap is tuned to match the phonon vibration energy. Here (continuous) electron–hole transitions and (discrete) phonon vibrations form a coupled system described by the Fano resonance, and the infrared absorption spectra exhibit characteristic quantum interference between the phonon and exciton transitions. Remarkably, this coupled phonon–exciton Fano resonance can be continuously tuned through electrical gating in bilayer graphene, and its behaviour is described quantitatively by theory.