bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co‐occurring mental illness and substance use disorder among Australian prisoners
Authors: BUTLER TONY , INDIG DEVON , ALLNUTT STEPHEN , MAMOON HASSAN 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Estimate the prevalence of co‐occurring substance use disorder and mental illness in a sample of Australian prisoners, and describe patterns of co‐occurring substance use disorder and mental illness. Design and Methods. The sample comprised 1478 individuals (1208 men, 270 women) from two surveys of prisoners' mental health: the 2001 New South Wales Inmate Health Survey, and a consecutive sample of prison receptions. Individuals were drawn from all of the state's 29 prisons. Mental health and substance use disorders were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results. The overall prevalence of any mental disorder was 42.7% and the prevalence of any substance use disorder was 55.3%. With the exception of alcohol use disorder, women had higher rates than men of mental illness and substance use disorders. The prevalence of a co‐occurring mental illness and substance use disorder in the past 12 months was 29% (46% among women vs. 25% among men). The association between cannabis use disorder and psychosis was significant for men only [odds ratio (OR) = 2.4]. Among women there was a significant association between affective disorder and co‐occurring alcohol use disorder (OR = 2.4), and stimulant use disorder (OR = 2.4). Discussion and Conclusion. The results highlight the high prevalence of co‐occurring substance use and mental illness among prisoners. These results indicate that mental health services in prisons need to be adequately resourced to address co‐occurring mental health and substance use problems, and these services need to be appropriately structured to effectively screen, manage and treat this group.[Butler T, Indig D, Allnutt S, Mamoon H. Co‐occurring mental illness and substance use disorder among Australian prisoners. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Relationship of fruit and vegetable intake with adiposity: a systematic review
Authors: Ledoux T. A. , Hingle M. D. , Baranowski T. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryFruit and vegetable (FV) intake has been proposed to protect against obesity. The purpose of this paper was to assess the FV consumption to adiposity relationship. Twenty‐three publications were included. Inclusion criteria: longitudinal or experimental designs; FV intake tested in relation to adiposity; child, adolescent or adult participants; published in English‐language peer‐reviewed journals. Exclusion criteria: dietary pattern and cross‐sectional designs; participants with health concerns. Experimental studies found increased FV consumption (in conjunction with other behaviours) contributed to reduced adiposity among overweight or obese adults, but no association was shown among children. Longitudinal studies among overweight adults found greater F and/or V consumption was associated with slower weight gain, but only half of child longitudinal studies found a significant inverse association. Limitations in methods prevented a thorough examination of the role of increased FV intake alone or mechanisms of effect. An inverse relationship between FV intake and adiposity among overweight adults appears weak; this relationship among children is unclear. Research needs to clarify the nature of, and mechanisms for, the effects of FV consumption on adiposity. Whether increases in FV intake in isolation from lower caloric intake or increased physical activity will result in declines or slower growth in adiposity remains unclear.
The effect of learning style on preference for web‐based courses and learning outcomes
Authors: Zacharis Nick Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs the number of courses offered online increases rapidly, it is important for teachers and institutions to identify specific learner characteristics of successful online students. This paper reports on a study that compared an online group of freshmen computer science majors with an equivalent on‐campus group to find if their individual learning styles play a role in the selection of course delivery mode (online or face to face) and in their academic achievement. No significant statistical differences were detected in learning styles and learning performance between the two groups. Implications for teaching practice and design of learning activities that resulted from this study are discussed.
Integrated Spatio‐temporal Data Mining for Forest Fire Prediction
Authors: Cheng Tao , Wang Jiaqiu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForests play a critical role in sustaining the human environment. Most forest fires not only destroy the natural environment and ecological balance, but also seriously threaten the security of life and property. The early discovery and forecasting of forest fires are both urgent and necessary for forest fire control. This article explores the possible applications of Spatio‐temporal Data Mining for forest fire prevention. The research pays special attention to the spatio‐temporal forecasting of forest fire areas based upon historic observations. An integrated spatio‐temporal forecasting framework – ISTFF – is proposed: it uses a dynamic recurrent neural network for spatial forecasting. The principle and algorithm of ISTFF are presented, and are then illustrated by a case study of forest fire area prediction in Canada. Comparative analysis of ISTFF with other methods shows its high accuracy in short‐term prediction. The effect of spatial correlations on the prediction accuracy of spatial forecasting is also explored.
Raiders of the lost archetype: eo in the strong verbs of classes IV and V
Authors: Laing Margaret , Lass Roger 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe standard handbooks for Old English, based on West Saxon, show ‐e‐ vocalism in the infinitive and present plural of the strong verbs of classes IV and V: e.g. beran/beraþbear, sprecan/sprecaþspeak. This is surprising, since e with a back vowel in the following syllable ‘should’ undergo back umlaut, resulting in beoran, beoraþ, etc. ‘Correct’ ‐eo‐ vocalism in the relevant parts of the present system of class IV and V strong verbs is in fact attested in West Mercian Old English (e.g. Vespasian Psalter). Such spellings also appear in some early Middle English Southwest Midland spelling systems, including ‘AB language’. In this paper we examine the forms recorded for the relevant categories of class IV and V strong verbs in the LAEME corpus of tagged texts to evaluate the possible survival of an ‘archetypal’ tradition of eo vs e use.
Pay me Right: Reference Values and Executive Compensation
Authors: Gregorič Aleksandra , Polanec Sašo , Slapničar Sergeja 
Published: July 2010

Abstract This paper examines the importance of reference values for executive compensation contracts. We rely on a quasi‐experimental setting (the adoption of pay guidelines), and a well‐defined measure of individual‐specific reference values to provide evidence on how a change in CEO reference compensation leads to subsequent changes of actual pay. We find that executive compensation adjusts gradually towards the new reference values, and that the speed of the adjustment depends on the corporate governance characteristics: the firm ownership structure, the role of the State and of the employees in the firm decision making. These results provide empirical support for theoretical models of bargaining that take into account reference values.
Etiology of late cerebrovascular events after carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Fluri F. , Hatz F. , Voss B. , Lyrer P. A. , Engelter S. T. 
Published: July 2010

Background:  Progressive carotid artery disease has been shown to cause cerebrovascular events years after a patient’s carotid thromboendarterectomy (CEA). Yet, some late cerebrovascular events in CEA patients are attributable to other etiologies.Objective:  We sought to determine frequency and characteristics of late cerebrovascular events in post‐CEA patients attributable to etiologies other than progressive carotid disease.Methods:  In a post hoc analysis of data from a CEA‐registry with long‐term follow‐up, all patients with transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke occurring >1 month post‐CEA were identified. The etiologies of these events were dichotomized into the groups large‐artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and that non‐large‐artery atherosclerosis (non‐LAA), i.e. all other etiologies (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Trial‐criteria). Frequency and characteristics of both groups were compared.Results:  Sixty of 361 post‐CEA patients (16.6%; 95%CI 12.9–20.9%) had late cerebrovascular events after 7 years (median). Thirty patients had ischaemic strokes and 30 had TIAs. These events were attributable to LAA in 48% (29/60) and to non‐LAA in 52% (31/60). In the LAA group, contralateral carotid stenosis (62%; 18/29) was more frequent than recurrent ipsilateral stenosis (38%; 11/29). Amongst non‐LAA patients, cardioembolism (29%; 9/31) and small‐artery‐occlusion (23%; 7/31) were the most frequent causes. LAA and non‐LAA patients did not differ in age, time since CEA, risk factor profile, type of event, and baseline medication.Conclusion:  In post‐CEA‐patients, half of the late cerebrovascular events were attributable to etiologies other than LAA. Clinical features did not distinguish LAA‐events from non‐LAA events. Thus, stroke prevention in post‐CEA patients should not be confined to screening for progressive carotid disease but includes efforts to optimize the management of risk factor and cardiac diseases.
Effective prevention of stress‐induced sweating and axillary malodour formation in teenagers
Authors: Martin A. , Hellhammer J. , Hero T. , Max H. , Schult J. , Terstegen L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisEmotional sweating and malodour production represent a relevant challenge to today’s antiperspirant (AP) and deodorant products as stress in everyday life increases continuously. The aim of this study was to investigate stress‐induced sweating in teenagers who are known to experience various stressful situations, e.g. exams at school or job interviews. To induce emotional sweating in 20 female and 20 male adolescents (16–18 years of age), we applied the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), considered today to be the most reliable and standardized stress protocol. In this study, we demonstrate that the TSST induces high amounts of sweat and strong axillary malodour in the tested age group. Notably, male teenagers showed significantly higher stress‐induced odour scores than female subjects, although no gender differences were detected concerning other physiological stress markers. Testing of a novel deodorant/AP product developed to specifically address the needs of adolescent consumers revealed excellent deodorant and AP efficacy under the challenging conditions of the TSST.
Substantial skin disorders in psychiatric illness coincide with diabetes and addiction
Authors: Mookhoek EJ , van de Kerkhof PCM , Hovens JEJM , Brouwers JRBJ , Loonen AJM 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  Dermatological diseases in psychiatric patients are common; however, epidemiological data on this subject are scarce and to our knowledge integral studies of dermatological disease in psychiatric inpatients are not available yet.Aim  The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of dermatological problems in psychiatric inpatients.Method  This study evaluates the consultations for new dermatological problems by inpatients of a general psychiatric hospital of over 700 beds during a 6‐month period.Results  A total of 255 patients consulted their physician because of a new dermatological problem. Diagnoses (n = 360) included skin infections (32%), accidents (7%), decubitus ulcers (7%), complications of medical treatment (3%), auto mutilation (1%) and neoplasms of the skin (1%). Patients with skin infections were likely to have diabetes [odds ratio (OR) = 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.56–8.40]. Patients with decubitus ulcers were likely to have an addiction problem (OR = 6.4; 95% CI: 1.46–28.00). Dermatitis was associated with affective disorder (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.12–5.43) but not with psychosis (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.23–0.90). Only a poor correlation existed between the length of hospital stay and skin problems.Conclusions  Dermatological problems are common in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk for skin infections. There are significant relationships between the psychiatric and the dermatological diagnoses. The length of the admission to a psychiatric hospital does not seem to play a major role in skin diseases.
Joint Identification of Multiple Genetic Variants via Elastic‐Net Variable Selection in a Genome‐Wide Association Analysis
Authors: Cho Seoae , Kim Kyunga , Kim Young Jin , Lee Jong‐Keuk , Cho Yoon Shin , Lee Jong‐Young , Han Bok‐Ghee , Kim Heebal , Ott Jurg , Park Taesung 
Published: July 2010

SummaryUnraveling the genetic background of common complex traits is a major goal in modern genetics. In recent years, genome‐wide association (GWA) studies have been conducted with large‐scale data sets of genetic variants. Most of those studies have relied on single‐marker approaches that identify single genetic factors individually and can be limited in considering fully the joint effects of multiple genetic factors on complex traits. Joint identification of multiple genetic factors would be more powerful and would provide better prediction on complex traits since it utilizes combined information across variants. Here we propose a multi‐stage approach for GWA analysis: (1) prescreening, (2) joint identification of putative SNPs based on elastic‐net variable selection, and (3) empirical replication using bootstrap samples. Our approach enables an efficient joint search for genetic associations in GWA analysis. The suggested empirical replication method can be beneficial in GWA studies because one can avoid a costly, independent replication study while eliminating false‐positive associations and focusing on a smaller number of replicable variants. We applied the proposed approach to a GWA analysis, and jointly identified 129 genetic variants having an association with adult height in a Korean population.
Architectural and morphological assessment of rat abdominal wall muscles: comparison for use as a human model
Authors: Brown Stephen H. M. , Banuelos Karina , Ward Samuel R. , Lieber Richard L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe abdominal wall is a composite of muscles that are important for the mechanical stability of the spine and pelvis. Tremendous clinical attention is given to these muscles, yet little is known about how they function in isolation or how they interact with one another. Given the morphological, vascular, and innervation complexities associated with these muscles and their proximity to the internal organs, an appropriate animal model is important for understanding their physiological and mechanical significance during function. To determine the extent to which the rat abdominal wall resembles that of human, 10 adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were killed and formalin‐fixed for architectural and morphological analyses of the four abdominal wall muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis). Physiological cross‐sectional areas and optimal fascicle lengths demonstrated a pattern that was similar to human abdominal wall muscles. In addition, sarcomere lengths measured in the neutral spine posture were similar to human in their relation to optimal sarcomere length. These data indicate that the force‐generating and length change capabilities of these muscles, relative to one another, are similar in rat and human. Finally, the fiber lines of action of each abdominal muscle were similar to human over most of the abdominal wall. The main exception was in the lower abdominal region (inferior to the pelvic crest), where the external oblique becomes aponeurotic in human but continues as muscle fibers into its pelvic insertion in the rat. We conclude that, based on the morphology and architecture of the abdominal wall muscles, the adult male Sprague‐Dawley rat is a good candidate for a model representation of human, particularly in the middle and upper abdominal wall regions.
PROBLEM SOLVING AND MENTAL DEFECT
Authors: O'CONNOR N. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe traditional view is that the low‐grade mental defective is relatively ineducable. It is suggested that part of this ineducability may be traced to conditions of deprivation which are not conducive to the learning of fundamental processes upon which other learning may take place. Experimental work with defectives has shown that while initial performance on tasks is related to intelligence‐test performance, the final performance after training is not. The conclusion drawn from other experiments is that defectives are lacking in the controlling function of language, but even here there are grounds for supposing that a measure of verbal efficiency can be achieved.
HYPERTONIA AND PHYSICAL THERAPY*
Authors: CROSLAND J. H. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYPhysical therapy can modify hypertonia per se.It can to a variable extent modify the effect that the hypertonic muscle has on limb function.A clear distinction should be drawn between the paresis of hypertonic muscle and the weakness of normal muscle, and the increased weakness of hypotonic muscle when stretched for long periods. Where there is increased tone, stretching helps. Where there is decreased tone, stretching is harmful.Physical therapy can increase the power of hypertonic muscle once the hypertonus has been modified.
The Emotional Aspects of Prematurity
Authors: OPPE Thomas 
Published: July 2010

The emotional aspects of prematurity have received less attention than the physical consequences of premature birth and its complications. It is, however, possible that many of the difficulties encountered by prematurely‐born children when growing‐up may be related to early disturbances in the mother‐baby relationship and it is the purpose of this article to examine more closely some of the factors concerned.SUMMARYThe emotional aspects of prematurity have been discussed with emphasis on the dislocation of the early mother‐and‐baby relationship. The significance of this on the future development of the child is discussed and suggestions are made concerning the management of prematurity in order to avoid some of the adverse effects.RÉSUMÉLes aspects affectifs de la prématuritéDiscussion des aspects affectifs de la prématurité, et notamment de l'interruption des premières relations mère‐enfant. Quelles en seront les consequences sur le développement ultérieur del'car;enfant? Plusieurs propositions sont faites concernant les soins à donner au prématuré afind'éviter certaines répercussions défavorables.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie affektiven Aspekte der FrühgeburtDie affektiven Aspekte der Frühgeburt werden besprochen, insbesondere die Unter‐brechung der ersten Verbindung zwischen Mutter und Kind. Die Bedeutung dieser Tatsache für die spätere Entwicklung des Kindes wird erörtert und mehrere Massnahmen für die Behandlung der Frühgeborenen, um gewisse ungünstige Folgen zu vermeiden, werden vorgeschrieben.
Disabilities of the Foot in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: STAMM T. T. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn spastic paraplegia there are three main indications for surgery: (1) To simplify the mechanics so that the limited powers of voluntary control may be more effective. (2) To correct unbalanced muscle actions. (3) To correct deformity.Overaction of the calf muscles, producing an equinus deformity, is almost always present in spastic paralysis and is the most frequent indication for surgical interference. Open elongation of the tendo Achilles is the safest procedure. This is often combined with triple arthrodesis to stabilise the foot and at the same time correct any valgus or varus deformity.RÉSUMÉAtteintes du pied dans Vinfirmité motrice cérébrateDans la paraplégie spastique, il y a trois indications opératoires principales: (1) Pour simplifier la mécanique de telle facon que le pouvoir limité de contrôle volontaire soit plus efficace. (2) Pour corriger les actions musculaires déséquilibrées. (3) Pour corriger les déformations.Une hyperactivityé des muscles du mollet entrainant une déformation en équin est presque toujours présente dans la paralysie spastique et c'est Findication la plus fréquente a une intervention chirurgicale. l'élongation ouverte du tendon d'Achille est la technique la plus sûre. On l'associe souvent à une arthrodèse triple pour stabiliser le pied et en même temps corriger toute déformation, qu'elle soit en valgus ou en varus.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGStoerungen des Fusses bei ZerebrallaehmungIn der spastischen Paraplegie gibt es drei operatorische Hauptindikationen: (1) Um die Mechanik so zu vereinfachen, dass die beschränkte Macht der willkür‐lichen Kontrolle wirksamer werde. (2) Um die unausgeglichene Muskeltätigkeit zu verbessern. (3) Um die Deformationen zu verbessern.Hyperaktivität der Wadenmuskeln, die einen Spitzfuss erzeugt, findet sich fast immer in der spastischen Paralysie und stellt die haüfigste Indikation für einen chirurgischen Eingriff dar. Offene Verlängerung der Achillessehne ist das sicherste Verfahren. Man verbindet sie oft mit einer dreifachen Arthrodese, um den Fuss festzustellen und gleichzeitig alle Valgus‐oder Varusdeformationen zu verbessern.
Lower Extremity Bracing In Cerebral Palsy*
Authors: FULDNER RUSSELL V. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYEstablished methods of treating cerebral palsy are re‐examined in the light of recently introduced techniques based on neurophysiological approaches. These aim to control involuntary movements and encourage voluntary activities through the utilisation of reflex mechanisms in the central nervous system. Inhibition, facilitation, integration of synergic movements and balance attainment are among the principles employed. The same principles can be constructively applied to bracing as a therapeutic technique. Properly made, a lower extremity brace is a highly effective adjunct in the treatment of cerebral palsy.RÉSUMÉ l'appareillage d'un membre inférieur dans l'infirmité motrice cérébrate.Les méthodes de traitement de l'infirmité motrice cérébrale sont reprises à la lumière des techniques récentes procédant d'approches neurophysiologiques. Ces techniques, par les mécanismes de reflexe du système nerveux central, tendent à contrôler les mouvements involontaires et à stimuler les activités volontaires. L'inhibition, l'aisance, l'intégration de mouvements synergiques et l'acquisition de l'équilibre sont, notamment, utilisées. Ces mêmes principes peuvent être utilement appliqués à l'appareillage en tant que technique thérapeutique. Correctement exécuté, l'appareillage d'un membre inférieur est un auxilliaire de grande efficacité dans le traitement de l'infirmité motrice cérébrale.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Korrektierapparate der unteren Extremitäten bei Zerebrallähmung Die Behandlungsmethoden der Zerebrallähmung werden vom Gesichtspunkt der neuen, auf physiologische Basis gestützten Techniken aus, untersucht. Diese Techniken erzielen die Beherrschung der unwilligen Tätigkeit durch die Reflexmechanismen des Zentralnerven‐systems. Hauptsächlich werden Inhibition, Erleichterung und Integrierung der synergischen Bewegungen und Erwerbung des Gleichgewichts verwendet. Dieselben Prinzipien können erfolgreich für die Apparate als Behandlungstechnik angewendet werden. Ein geeigneter Apparat ist eine höchst wirksame Hilfe für die Behandlung der Zerebrallähmung.