bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy and GDP growth
Authors: Hannesson Rögnvaldur 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the growth in energy use and the growth of gross national product (GDP) 1950‐2004. How closely are the two related? Does this relationship vary in strength between rich and poor countries, between market economies and centrally planned economies, and between oil exporting and oil importing nations? Does its strength depend on the price of oil?Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses linear regression of the growth rate in energy use on the growth rate in GDP for 171 countries, GDP per capita, and the price of oil, run for all 171 countries and for subsets of rich, medium rich and poor countries, market economies versus centrally planned economies, and oil exporting versus oil importing countries.FindingsThere is a significant positive relationship between growth in energy use and growth in GDP for all countries taken together and for all subsets of countries, although not necessarily proportional. There is some indication that growth in energy use declines with GDP per capita, for any given growth in GDP. There is a significantly negative relationship between the price of oil and the growth in energy use for all countries taken together and for all subsets of countries, except for planned economies and for oil exporting countries.Research limitations/implicationsGiven that most of the world's primary energy comes from fossil fuels, it is going to be very difficult to reconcile reductions in carbon dioxide emissions with continued economic growth, especially in poor and medium rich countries.Originality/valueThere are few if any studies which have considered the relationship between energy use and GDP growth for such a large sample of countries, stretching as far back as to 1950 for the countries for which data are available for such a long period.
The Irish wine market: a market segmentation study
Authors: Geraghty Sarah , Torres Ann M. 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe Irish wine market has experienced unprecedented growth in the last 15 years; drivers of growth include increased affordability and accessibility of wine and improved branding. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the Irish wine market may be meaningfully segmented for successful brand positioning.Design/methodology/approachThis research adopts a lifestyle segmentation approach by linking lifestyle values, product attributes and buying and consumption patterns. The primary research is descriptive in design, employing a self‐administered questionnaire to collect quantitative data on wine consumer behaviour. Efforts made to ensure a highly representative sample included choosing a large sample size, administering the questionnaire in a range of outlets, and gathering information from wine drinkers with wide ranging involvement levels.FindingsThe research identifies three clusters of wine consumers: casual wine buyer, value seeking wine buyer, and wine traditionalist. Together, the clusters provide an insight into consumers' behaviour. The high correlation of statistics from this research with those of The Wine Development Board suggests the data findings are representative of the population.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of adopting a behavioural basis in conducting the segmentation is the highly descriptive nature of the resulting data. Examining behaviours give an insight into how consumers act, but fails to take into account the underlying motivations and rationale for consumer actions. The use of more complex segmentation bases, such as value systems and lifestyles may yield a richer understanding of the Irish wine consumer.Originality/valueThe profiles provide wine marketers with an insight into Irish wine consumer behaviour. The demographic information and the buyer behaviour data provide marketers with points of access to their target market. Brand positioning can be improved by ensuring the brand communicates and emphasises the product attributes, which the targeted segments value the most when choosing wine.
History and management practice and thought: an autobiography
Authors: Chandler Alfred D. 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThis piece is a republished autobiography of Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.Design/methodology/approachChandler reflects on his life and career as a management historian.FindingsChandler reflects on his life and career, in particular how he came to write Strategy and Structure and its impact on him as a historian. He also discusses his life at Harvard Business School, the editing of the Roosevelt letters, and the writing of The Visible Hand.Originality/valueThis is excellent background material for the other papers in the issue, as well as a valuable personal insight into Chandler's own thinking.
From a family‐owned to a family‐controlled business
Authors: Nelly Trevinyo‐Rodríguez Rosa 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a meaningful, integrated, and re‐interpreted framework of Chandler's ideas regarding corporation's growth, offering an understandable conceptualization of how these insights are applicable to explain family firm's transitional stages – even when, in 1977, Chandler was not aware of it.Design/methodology/approachGrounding ideas on Chandler's insights regarding corporate firm's growth, and drawing on Gersick et al. family ownership evolutionary model, this paper develops an integrated framework of family‐controlled corporation's growth which allows family business researchers to reconcile with Chandler's perspectives, recognizing that his ideas contributed a lot to the family business literature.FindingsChandler's ideas regarding family firm's management are based on a narrow definition (and perspective) of family firm ownership. When allowing not only family‐owned firms, but also family‐controlled ones in his capitalism classification, his developmental stages make perfect sense when applied to family enterprises.Originality/valueThis paper intends to reinterpret Chandler's views on family firms, stating that the processes described for corporations are also applicable for family enterprises – when their definition becomes broader (including not only family‐owned, but also family‐controlled firms). The latter, bridges the gap between Chandler's envisioned historical evolution of corporations, and the development, professionalization and survival of family firms.
An ideological shift in Chandler's research assumptions
Authors: Novicevic Milorad M. , Humphreys John , Zhao Duan 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze Alfred Chandler's ideological shift from American exceptionalism to transnational history in research assumptions to identify significant corollaries for the study of management history.Design/methodology/approachUsing the determinism‐indeterminism classifying framework proposed by Tucker, the paper classifies Chandler's works based on the extent to which they reflect Chandler's ideological commitment to exceptionalist versus transnational perspective.FindingsThe paper found that the year of 1980 was the turning point for Chandler's ideological shift from American exceptionalism to a more transnational comparative perspective.Practical implicationsThe paper outlines the relevant implications of our findings for management history, calling for an emulation of Chandler's pursuit of comparative examinations of established concepts and management philosophy within the historical development of contemporary and past transnational firms and managers. It believes this holds great importance to furthering a historical perspective in relative management history, and global management, which, in turn, will further illuminate the history of American business and management as well.Originality/valueThe unique contribution of this paper is that it provides the first historical analysis of the ideological assumptions underpinning Chandler's works.
A standard agreement for vendor managed inventory
Authors: Zammori Francesco , Braglia Marcello , Frosolini Marco 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to define the standard structure of a vendor managed inventory (VMI) agreement, which can be used as a guideline for the early definition of the agreement.Design/methodology/approachStarting from an industrial application of relevance, the information flow and the technical details, which are to be defined before the operation startup, are identified and discussed. These data are used as the key points for the definition of the basic frame of the agreement. A particular emphasis is given to the “Technical Specification” and the “Service Level Agreement” sections.FindingsIt is shown that a VMI agreement should be arranged into parts dealing with the generic and legal sides of the agreement, whereas the technical aspects and the relation‐specific topics should be addressed in the annexes. This increases the flexibility of the agreement in that, as the VMI relationship evolves over time, changes will affect only the annexes leaving the main body of the agreement unaltered.Practical implicationsThe proposed agreement has a flexible structure and can be easily adopted by the personnel involved to correctly define and implement VMI in several industrial fields.Originality/valueBy approaching VMI from a practical point of view, this paper identifies the main issues that must be covered in the agreement to fit the needs of both parties and to assure benefits on both sides.
Variance and beta as perceived risk: questionable science
Authors: Olsen Robert A. 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the origin of variance and beta as risk measures and to identify their shortcomings as perceived risk metrics.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses seminal literature from economics, psychology, and neuroscience that have relevance to financial risk.FindingsThere is empirical evidence that investors are loss‐averse and affectively influenced. Variance and beta as conventionally calculated are flawed because they do not take into account the inherent indeterminacy of the investor's world.Practical implicationsThe paper demonstrates that perceived risk will be systematically mis‐measured and that risk premium/return anomalies will prevail until a more affective and multidimensional risk metric is utilized.Originality/valueThe value of the paper lies in its concise and clear identification of financial risk measurement issues and a suggested direction for remediation.
Developing entrepreneurship programmes for female members of the Irish traveller community
Authors: Cooney Thomas M. 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the distinctive challenges faced by female travellers (Roma, Sinti and Gypsy) in starting their own business.Design/methodology/approachThe paper details a pilot “start your own business” programme that was delivered in Ireland to 12 women from the traveller community.FindingsFour distinct categories of entrepreneurship barriers faced by female travellers were recognised: self‐esteem, traveller identity, welfare trap and family responsibilities.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are based on just one programme and so no general conclusions can be drawn.Practical implicationsThe paper identifies the successes and failures of the programme, plus it highlights the future steps that need to be taken to bring appropriate entrepreneurship support to traveller women who experience triple discrimination – discrimination as women, as travellers and as traveller women.Originality/valueVery little is known about female travellers in terms of entrepreneurship activity and so this is a significant addition to a very small body of knowledge.
Glucocorticoid sensitivity of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease alveolar macrophages
Authors: Armstrong J , Sargent C , Singh D 
Published: June 2009

Summary
It has been reported that alveolar macrophages from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) display glucocorticoid (Gc) resistance. The Gc sensitivity of inflammatory mediators released by COPD macrophages may vary. The objective of this study was to identify Gc-insensitive inflammatory mediators produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar macrophages from COPD patients. LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages from 15 COPD patients, nine smokers (S) and nine healthy non-smokers (HNS) were stimulated with LPS with or without dexamethasone (100 and 1000 nM). Luminex and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure 23 inflammatory mediators. After LPS stimulation there were lower levels of inflammatory mediators in COPD patients and S compared to HNS. There was no difference between groups for the effects of dexamethasone at either concentration (P &gt; 0·05 for all comparisons). Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and growth-related oncogene (GRO)-α displayed the greatest sensitivity to dexamethasone in COPD patients, while IL-8, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were the least sensitive. COPD macrophages have a reduced response to LPS. Gc sensitivity was similar in COPD macrophages compared to controls. We identify some Gc-insensitive cytokines, including GM-CSF, G-CSF and IL-8, that may be involved in the progression of airway inflammation in COPD patients.
Sampling and analytical plus subsampling variance components for five soil indicators observed at regional scale
Authors: Rawlins B. G. , Scheib A. J. , Lark R. M. , Lister T. R. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryWhen comparing soil baseline measurements with resampled values there are four main sources of error. These are: i) location (errors in relocating the sample site), ii) sampling errors (representing the site with a sample of material) iii) subsampling error (selecting material for analysis) and iv) analytical error (error in laboratory measurements). In general we cannot separate the subsampling and analytical sources of error (since we always analyse a different subsample of a specimen), so in this paper we combine these two sources into subsampling plus analytical error. More information is required on the relative magnitudes of location and sampling errors for the design of effective resampling strategies to monitor changes in soil indicators. Recently completed soil surveys of the UK with widely differing soils included a duplicate site and subsampling protocol to quantify ii), and the sum of iii) and iv) above. Sampling variances are estimated from measurements on duplicate samples — two samples collected on a support of side length 20 m separated by a short distance (21 m). Analytical and subsampling variances are estimated from analyses of two subsamples from each duplicate site. After accounting for variation caused by region, parent material class and land use, we undertook a nested analysis of data from 196 duplicate sites across three regions to estimate the relative magnitude of medium‐scale (between sites), sampling and subsampling plus analytical variance components, for five topsoil indicators: total metal concentrations of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn), soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC) content. The variance components for each indicator diminish by about an order of magnitude from medium‐scale, to sampling, to analytical plus subsampling. Each of the three fixed effects (parent material, land use and region) were statistically significant for each of the five indicators. The most effective way to minimise the overall uncertainty of our observations at sample sites is to reduce the sampling variance.
A test of ecological and sexual selection hypotheses for geographical variation in coloration and morphology of golden‐crowned kinglets (Regulus satrapa)
Authors: Chui Celia K. S. , Doucet Stéphanie M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim  To date, studies on geographical variation have extensively investigated Bergmann’s rule, yet Gloger’s rule remains infrequently tested, and climatic predictors of variation in carotenoid coloration have not yet been studied. In addition, hypotheses based on sexual selection, which predict that sexual dimorphism should vary with population density and climatic conditions, have received little attention. Our goals were to characterize geographical variation in the coloration and morphology of golden‐crowned kinglets, Regulus satrapa (Passeriformes, Regulidae), and to investigate possible ecological and sexual selection correlates of this variation.Location  The entire species range of golden‐crowned kinglets, comprising North and Central America.Methods  We collected data from 511 museum specimens, dating from 1847 to 2006, encompassing all five subspecies of golden‐crowned kinglets. We used reflectance spectrometry to quantify crown and mantle coloration, and measured wing‐chord and tarsus length to approximate body size. We obtained geographical and climatic data from online databases, and population density estimates from the literature.Results  There were significant subspecific and gender differences in crown coloration and morphology: male kinglets were generally larger and more colourful. Our data revealed mixed support for Bergmann’s rule: tarsus length decreased with increasing latitude, while patterns of variation in wing‐chord and tarsus length showed conflicting results with temperature. Mantle coloration exhibited an opposite trend to that predicted by Gloger’s rule: upper parts became lighter with increasing relative humidity. Crown coloration was negatively correlated with actual evapotranspiration, suggesting that levels of primary productivity are not directly linked to carotenoid abundance. Sexual dimorphism and dichromatism generally increased with greater population density, lower latitudes and elevations, and warmer temperatures, supporting a previously observed pattern of variation in sexual dimorphism.Main conclusions  Geographical variation in golden‐crowned kinglets yielded mixed support for Bergmann’s rule and contradicted Gloger’s rule, suggesting that other mechanisms may be operating. Allen’s rule is likely to be a stronger factor influencing tarsus length. Differences in the degree of sexual dimorphism and dichromatism in varying climatic conditions suggest that the intensity of sexual selection differs between habitats. Further studies on geographical variation in sexual dimorphism in various taxa may reveal a previously unrecognized ecogeographical rule.
Fragmentation and pre‐existing species turnover determine land‐snail assemblages of tropical rain forest
Authors: Raheem Dinarzarde C. , Naggs Fred , James Chimonides P. D. , Preece Richard C. , Eggleton Paul 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim The main aims of the study were: (1) to investigate the effect of fragment age in relation to other patch‐ and landscape‐scale measures of forest fragmentation, and (2) to assess the relative importance of fragmentation, habitat degradation (i.e. degradation caused by selective logging and past shifting cultivation) and putative pre‐existing species turnover in structuring current land‐snail assemblages.Location South‐western Sri Lanka.Methods The land‐snail fauna was sampled using standardized belt transects. Fifty‐seven transects were sampled in 21 lowland rain forest fragments (c.1–33,000 ha). The spatial arrangement of fragments in the study area was explicitly considered in an effort to take into account the non‐random nature of fragmentation and degradation and the possibility that current species composition may reflect patterns of species turnover that existed prior to fragmentation. The data set of 57 land‐snail species and 28 environmental and spatial variables was analysed using canonical correspondence analysis and partial canonical correspondence analysis.Results Fragment age, mean shape complexity (i.e. a landscape‐scale measure of shape complexity), altitude, and the spatial variablesx(longitude),y(latitude) andy2explained significant variation in land‐snail species composition. None of the three nominal variables quantifying habitat degradation was significantly correlated with variation in species composition. The independent effects of fragment age and mean shape complexity were similar. The combined effect of the spatial variables alone was larger than the independent effects of fragment age, mean shape complexity or altitude, but was of the same order of magnitude. The total variation explained by the spatial variables was comparable to the total non‐spatial variation accounted for by fragment age, mean shape complexity and altitude.Main conclusions Fragment age was found to be one of only two key determinants (the other was shape complexity at the landscape scale) driving fragmentation‐related changes in community composition. The influence of pre‐fragmentation patterns of species turnover on assemblage structure can be stronger than the effects of fragmentation measures, such as age, and may override the effects of forest degradation. Thus, strong patterns of pre‐existing turnover may potentially confound interpretation of the effects of forest fragmentation and degradation.
Diversity, endemism and species turnover of millipedes within the south‐western Australian global biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Moir Melinda L. , Brennan Karl E. C. , Harvey Mark S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim To examine how current and historical environmental gradients affect patterns of millipede (Diplopoda) endemism and species turnover in a global hotspot of floristic diversity, and to identify regions of high endemism and taxonomic distinctness for conservation management.Location South‐western Australia.Methods Museum database records of millipedes (subclasses Pentazonia and Helminthomorpha), supplemented with extensive fieldwork, were used to map species richness, species turnover (β‐diversity), weighted endemism, average taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness in half‐degree grid squares (c.2500 km2). Generalized linear models were used to examine relationships between these parameters with rainfall (present day and historical), topography and human disturbance (clearing for agriculture and urbanization).Results Millipede species richness, particularly within the order Spirostreptida, and millipede endemism were positively associated with large within‐cell differences in elevation (mountainous regions). Large variation in taxonomic distinctness (unevenness in the taxonomic tree) in higher‐rainfall areas was mainly due to speciation within the Spirostreptida genusAtelomastix. Hotspots of millipede endemism and taxonomic distinctness were identified within three categories of importance: primary (Stirling Range East, Cape Le Grand, Cape Arid, Walpole, Porongurups), secondary (Mount Manypeaks, Bremer Bay, Stirling Range West, Duke of Orleans Bay, Ravensthorpe, Albany, Busselton) and tertiary (Nornalup). A species turnover boundary was positively associated with rainfall, broadly located in the transition zone of 300–600 mm year−1.Main conclusions The current lack of knowledge on the endemism of invertebrates hampers their incorporation into conservation planning. With this knowledge we can identify global biodiversity hotspots and, at a smaller scale, significant conservation areas within a region. Here we have shown that weighted endemism and taxonomic distinctness are useful tools in identifying centres of high endemism and speciation for millipedes within the south‐west Australian hotspot. Moreover, it is unlikely that either vertebrates or vascular plants will be useful surrogates for identifying significant areas for invertebrate conservation. While other workers have shown that vascular plants, mammals and frogs have different centres of endemism within south‐west Australia, our results show that centres of endemism for millipedes encompass all of these plus other areas.