bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counter current immunoelectrophoresis, a new technique for the rapid serodiagnosis of porcine cysticercosis
Authors: Pathak K. M. L. , Gaur S. N. S. , Garg S. K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTCounter current Immunoelectrophoresis was used to detect porcine cysticcrcosis and water soluble extracts of scolex and of scolex with cyst wall were used as antigens. Serum samples from 40 pigs infected with Cysticercus cellulosae, five infected withC. tenuicollisand five with hydatid cysts, and 15 healthy pigs were tested. A sharp and thick concave precipitin band was observed at the point of interaction of antigen and antibody within 90min in 39 sera from infected pigs (97–5%). The precipitin reaction was better in barbitone buffer of pH 8–6 with the well distance at 6 mm. No false or cross reaction were found and the test was rapid and sensitive.
The antifilarial activity of a novel group of organic arsenicals upon Brugia pahangi
Authors: Denham D. A. , Oxenham Sheree L. , Midwinter I. , Friedheim E. A. H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMel W is a second generation anionic organic arsenical which is filaricidal but has sporadic and unacceptable lethal side effects. Eight new cationic derivatives have now been synthesized in an attempt to avoid the side effects and have been examined for their effects upon adult Brugia pahangi in Meriones unguiculatus. They were all shown to be potent filaricides and the two best compounds, Mel Ga and Mel Cy, were at least 95% effective in killing adult B. pahangi at 5x3–13 mg/kg when injected subcutaneously.
Chitin synthesis in zygotes ofAscaris suum
Authors: Dubinský P. , Ryboš M. , Turčeková L. , Ossikovski E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInAscaris suumchitin is formed in the zygote immediately after oocyte fertilization, and its synthesis is completed in the eggs from the distal half of the uterus. Incorporation of radiocarbon [C] glucose into chitin of the eggshell was 40-fold higher than incorporation of [C] glucosamine. The same rank order also holds for the incorporation of label from these isotopes into the glycogen of the ovaries. A large part of the radiolabel was incorporated first into oocyte glycogen and only after fertilization was it incorporated into eggshell chitin. Actinomycin D inhibited chitin synthesis in the eggs from the distal half of the uterus and it significantly reduced incorporation of radiocarbon from glucose into chitin.
Detection of circulating immune complexes in the sera of dogs infected withDirofilaria immitis, by Clq-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Matsumura K. , Kazuta Y. , Endo R. , Tanaka K. , Inoue T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe presence of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in the sera of dogs infected withDirofilaria immitiswas detected by using a Clq-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specificity of this assay with different concentrations of heat-aggravated canine IgG (ACG) was observed, i.e., the ELISA readings, expressed as ug equivalents ACG/ml, increased with increasing amounts of ACG. The intra-assay variability was below 10%. The CIC levels of infected and uninfected dogs were 177–0± 104–7 ug/ml and 22–8±45–8 ng/ml (mean±SD), respectively. The highest level was observed in 12 dogs with amicrofilaraemic infection. Age distribution of CIC levels in the 23 infected dogs also showed a significant positive correlation. These findings suggested that the CIC are present in the sera of dogs with dirofilariasis and may relate to canine glomerulonephritis.
Echinostoma revolution (Froelich, 1802) Looss, 1899 and Isthmiophora melis (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, 1909 (Echinostomatinae, Digenea): Scanning electron microscopy of the tegumental surfaces
Authors: Smales Lesley R. , Blankespoor Harvey D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA detailed study of the surface topography of the echinostomes Echinostoma revolution and Isthmiophora melis has been carried out using SEM. The tegument of the body surface has a cobblestone-like appearance with interspersed pits. The presence of possible secretory granules is noted. Observations of the anterior end reveal that the collar spines are retractable. An unusual structure is described from the ventral gap of the spiny collar of E. revolutum. The origins of this structure and the possible functions of the spiny collar are discussed. The shape and distribution of body spines is described. Differences in cirrus morphology for the two species are described. The taxonomic position of, I. melis and the significance of cirrus morphology as a useful taxonomic character are discussed. Four types of presumed sensory or secretory structures occur—ciliated, domed, button and bilobed papillae. Their distribution is described and possible functions discussed.
Stage-specific immunogens ofHymenolepis nanain mice
Authors: Ito Akira 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTreatment with praziquantcl at the beginning of the lumen phase ofHymenolepis nanain mice showed conclusively that: (i) the mouse given eggs ofH. nanaproduces two separate immune responses against reinfection, one directed exclusively against the tissue phase of egg challenge (early response), the other against the lumen phase of cysticcrcoid challenge (late response); (ii) a tissue phase of egg inoculation is not necessary for initiating the late response but is necessary to provoke the early response; and (iii)H. nanaexpresses several stage-specific immunogens through its development in the mouse host.
Studies on Filariasis. II. Brugia pahangi: the Escape of Infective Larvae from the Mosquito
Authors: Lavoipierre M. M. J. , Ho Beng Chuan 
Published: June 2009

1. Aedes togoi infected with B. pahangi were allo'ved to engorge on mice, to probe (but not to feed) on live and on dead mice, and to engorge on blood and on honey from cotton-wool pledgets. The number of worms in the mosquitoes after feeding or probing was compared with the number in unfed controls.2. These experiments suggest that increased l?aemocoelic pressure as a result of the insect's gut filling with blood does not trigger the escape of nematodes from the mouthparts.3. Host factors such as moisture, warmth, and chemical stimuli in the blood do not appear to be of any real significance.4. The bending back of the labium, as the fascicle is driven into the skin, seems to be highly important. Some factor (or factors) associated with the movement of the mouthparts appears to be directly and chiefly responsible for the egress of infective filariae from the mouthparts of the mosquito blood-feeding on its host.
A demonstration of the presence of anti-snail antibodies in individuals infected with Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Jackson T. F. H. G , De Moor P. P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn extract of the snail Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus, the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium, was used as the antigen in haemagglutination tests in a survey of the prevalence of anti-snail antibodies in various population groups. It was found that sera from known bilharzia-infected individuals and randomly selected individuals from bilhanda endemic areas had significantly higher incidences as well as higher titres of antibodies to this snail antigen than non-infected individuals and individuals from non-endemic areas.
Humoral immunity and output of first-stage larvae ofElaphostrongylus rangiferi(Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea) by infected reindeer,Rangifer tarandus tarandus
Authors: Gaudernack G. , Halvoresen O. , Skorping A. , Stokkan K. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe use of an indirect immunofluorescence technique demonstrated that serum from reindeer,Rangifer tarandus tarandus, infected withElaphostrongylus rangiferi(Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea) contained antibodies directed against antigen(s) on the cuticle of the parasites first-stage larvae (LI). Output of LI from the male reindeer was low in the period June to August, but increased to a higher level during the rutting season (September to October). The titre of specific antibody showed an inverse pattern. In the female reindeer, larval output remained high throughout the sampling period from January to July. During this period antibody titre was low. A relationship between stress (rutting season or calving period), immunity and larval output is suggested.
Soluble antigens and antibodies in the sera of mice infected withTrichinella spiralis, detected by a modified double counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique
Authors: Smith H. V. , Kennedy M. W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDouble counterimmunoelectrophoresis, with a novel well format, was used as a sensitive technique for the rapid detection of circulating antigen and antibody in mice infected withTrichinella spiralis. In a primary infection, soluble antigen was initially detected in day 13, followed by a second wave on day 41. Circulating antibody was first apparent on day 34, increasing in intensity and number of precipitation bands until day 102. The first peak of circulating antigen is indicative of non-complexed antigen released from the developing larvae in striated muscle cells, whereas the presence of antigen late in infection is indicative of electrophoresislabile immune complexes. On reinfection (day 35 of primary) circulating antigen was present which could be attributed to products of resident primary infection muscle larvae.
Effects of the host immune response on the longevity, fecundity and position in the intestine ofTrichinella spiralisin mice
Authors: Kennedy M. W. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIn female NIH strain mice, expulsion of a primary infection of the nematodeTrichinella spiralisbegan on day 8 and was virtually complete by day 14 of infection. In secondary and tertiary infections, the number of larvae which established in the intestine was normal, but expulsion began on day 6 and was complete on day 10. In a primary infection the shedding of larvae by female worms began on day 5, reached its peak on days 6–7, began to decrease on day 8 and was minimal by day 10. In secondary and tertiary infections fecundity was depressed. The depression of fecundity occurred slightly in advance of worm loss. During the stable phase of infection,T. spiralisoccurred in the anterior half of the small intestine. During expulsion, living worms were found increasingly in more posterior parts of the gut but their fecundity did not vary with position. After direct inoculation into the posterior ileum, adult and larvalT. spiralisremained in the posterior half of the small intestine. In this position, larvae established in normal numbers, grew and reproduced normally. Therefore, any part of the small intestine was a suitable site forT. spiralisand expulsion is not merely due to a change in the position of the worms.
Recovery ofSchistosoma mansonifrom the skin, lungs and hepatic portal system of naive mice and mice previously exposed toS. mansoni: evidence for two phases of parasite attrition in immune mice
Authors: Smithers S. R. , Gammage K. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryNew or improved techniques for recoveringSchistosoma mansonifrom the skin, lungs and liver have enabled us to trace the attrition of a challenge infection in naive (i.e. previously uninfected) and chronically infected mice. Within each experiment, the numbers of schistosomes recovered from the skin of naive mice on day 2 after challenge or from the skin and lungs on days 3, 4 or 5, did not differ significantly from the numbers recovered from the liver on days 14, 21, 28 or 35. Approximately 65% of cercariae which penetrated the skin failed to be recovered from naive mice by any of the assays and it appeared that these schistosomes had already died in the skin in the first 24 h. No further significant loss of the infection was detected in naive mice. In chronically infected mice a further attrition of the challenge infection was demonstrated in two distinct phases. An ‘early phase’ occurred within the first 3 days of exposure and accounted for the death of 30% of the remaining parasites. A ‘late phase’ occurred between days 6 and 14 and accounted for an additional 43% of deaths. Thus, the two phases of attrition accounted for a loss of approximately 73% of the infection that would have survived in naive mice. The late phase of attrition could be demonstrated before the primary infection had matured, in contrast to the early phase of attrition which was seen only after egg laying had commenced. We believe that the early phase of attrition takes place in the skin and the late phase occurs after the schistosomes have left the lungs, either en route for the liver or as soon as they arrive in that organ. The results suggest that there are two distinct mechanisms of immunity against re-infection withS. mansoniin mice.
Use of excretory and secretory products from adult female worms to immunize rats and mice againstAngiostrongylus cantonensisinfection
Authors: Techasoponmani Ream , Sirisinha S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryTo evaluate their protective potential, excretions and secretions of adult femaleAngiostrongylus cantonensiswere prepared from anin vitroculture fluid and injected together with Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants into rats and mice. Under appropriate conditions, judging from reduced mortality rates and/or prolonged survival periods, these animals were protected against a lethal challenge infection with 3rd-stage larvae. Although both ‘immunized’ and unimmunized mice died following such a lethal infection, the survival period for the ‘immunized’ group was significantly longer than that of unimmunized controls (40·8 compared with 26·7 days). On the other hand, the mortality rate of ‘immunized’ rats was reduced to 25% as compared with 100% in unimmunized controls. There was also evidence of adverse effects on parasite development in these ‘immunized’ rats. The number of young adult worms recovered from the brain 21 days after challenge infection and both the number and size of mature male and female worms in the lungs 60 days after infection were significantly reduced in the ‘immunized’ rats. Moreover, the reproductive activity of female worms was depressed, as evident from the output of 1st-stage larvae in the faeces and the number of eggs released during maintenancein vitro. The quantity of proteins released duringin vitromaintenance of adult worms in a chemically defined serum-free medium was 0·2–0·5 μ/worm/day. The concentrated culture fluid contained at least 7 different antigenic components when analysed with hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to female excretions and secretions (FES) antigen. Polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate showed the presence of 3 major and at least 12 minor protein components with molecular weights varying from 24000 to 115000 daltons. Different lines of evidence presented in this study show immunological cross-reactivity among antigens from different developmental stages.
Homologous and heterologous resistance in Echinostoma revolutum infections in mice
Authors: Sirag S. B. , Christensen N. Ø. , Frandsen F. , Monrad J. , Nansen P. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryHomologous and heterologous resistance in Echinostoma revolutum infections was studied in mice. A high level of homologous resistance was demonstrated in mice harbouring a 13-day-old primary E. revolutum infection with 9–10 and 11–15 worms, corresponding to a 70·0 and 66·7% reduction in the size of the established worm burden as compared with that of the challenge control group. A 14- and 20-day-old primary infection with 3–4 worms induced a level of resistance of 61·7 and 81·8% respectively, while higher worm levels of 9–10 and 11–15 induced almost complete resistance corresponding to a 95·1–100% reduction in the size of the established worm burden. Complete resistance was also demonstrated in mice challenged 8 days after elimination of a 20-day-old primary infection with 11–15 worms by anthelmintic treatment. A primary 43-day-old Schistosoma mansoni infection induced a 73·1% reduction in the size of the established E. revolutum challenge infection while infections of an age of 79 and 99 days conferred complete resistance to heterologous challenge with E. revolutum. Primary pre-patent S. mansoni infections and a patent S. bovis infection of an age of 56 days did not induce any resistance to challenge with E. revolutum. A primary 14- and 21-day-old infection of E. revolutum did not stimulate any significant level of resistance to heterologous challenge with S. mansoni.
The involvement of cytokinins in a host–parasite relationship between the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and a nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)
Authors: Bird A. F. , Loveys B. R. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe influence ofMeloidogyne javanicaon cytokinins in the hostLycopersicon esculentumhas been studied at different stages of the nematode's life-cycle. Marked differences were detected in cytokinin content of root homogenates between infected and control plants, particularly at the 3rd (32 day), 4th (39 day) and 5th (55 day) harvests. Most of the cytokinin detected appeared to be associated with root homogenates in which the nematode was in the rapid post-moult growth stage. The influence of these nematodes on cytokinins in the host's xylem exudate was not nearly so pronounced. The freshly hatched 2nd-stage infective larvae ofM. javanicawere themselves capable of exuding cytokinin-like substances.
The interaction of human eosinophils and neutrophils with non-phagocytosable surfaces: a model for studying cell-mediated immunity in schistosomiasis
Authors: Glauert Audrey M. , Oliver Rhonda C. , Thorne Kareen J. I. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA model has been developed to simulate the surface of an antibody-coated schistosomulum. It consists of a layer of agar, containing antigen (tetanus toxoid) and a chemotactic factor (ECF). Some layers were coated with human anti-tetanus immunoglobulin. The mode of adherence of human eosinophils and neutrophils to these agar layers and the subsequent degranulation of the cells exactly paralleled the interaction of these cell types with antibody-coated schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni. In particular, eosinophils made much more intimate contact than did neutrophils, and lysosomal enzymes were secreted extracellularly by direct fusion of granules with the plasma membrane of the cell. Biochemical evidence was also obtained for the secretion of enzymes during degranulation and the rate of enzyme release was found to be enhanced in the presence of specific antibody. This model, non-phagocytosable surface has the potential to provide basic information on the mode of action of effector cells in cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions against a wide range of parasites by incorporation of different factors into the agar layers.
Echinococcus granulosus equinus: variation in the germinal layer of murine hydatids and evidence of autophagy
Authors: Richards K. Sylvia , Arme C. , Bridges Janine F. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe germinal layer of sterile 9-month-old murine peritoneal cysts of Echinococcus granulosus equinus shows interrelated variation in depth, tissue integrity, metabolic reserves and the number of autophagic lamellar bodies present. These features are similar in large and medium-sized cysts from the same host, whether occurring singly or within cyst masses. Deep germinal layers (> 16 μm) are lipid- and glycogen-rich and possess numerous autophagic vacuoles with 6 nm period lamellar stacks asymmetrically disposed peripherally; shallow layers (< 12 μm), with indications of degeneration, have depleted metabolic reserves and fewer lamellar bodies. These bodies are formed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum encirclement of small glycogen masses followed by further sequestration, and eventually definition of glycogen particles may be lost. Autophagy of mitochondria and cytoplasmic vesicles also occurs. The presence of lysosomal enzymes within the layer suggests autolysosomal compartmentalization of excess substrate and effete material. Mucopolysaccharide bodies, containing material similar to that exocytosed to form the laminated layer matrix, occur and are formed from fusion and autophagy of Golgi-derived vesicles. These bodies may also develop peripheral 6 nm period lamellar stacks, but of limited depth. Mucopolysaccharide bodies are the dominant feature of the germinal layer of very small cyst-mass cysts in which laminated layer production is considered to be arrested. They thus represent a repository for the unreleased mucopolysaccharide material.
Schistosoma mansoni: cellular reactions to challenge infections in the cheek pouch skin of chronically infected Chinese hamsters
Authors: Crabtree Jean E. , Wilson R. A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe cellular reactions to the migration of challenge schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansonithrough the cheek pouch skin in Chinese hamsters immunized 20 weeks previously via the abdomen has been investigated at the ultrastructural level. The composition of the leucocytic infiltrate into the dermis and epidermis changed with time after infection. At 24 and 48 h the infiltrate was composed mainly of neutrophils and mononuclear cells. At 72 h fewer neutrophils but more eosinophils were present. The interaction of the leucocytes with the challenge schistosomula is described. Degranulation of eosinophils at the cell-parasite interface has been observed. Despite the fact that approximately 30% of 48 h schistosomula and 50% of 72 h schistosomula examined had adherent leucocytes only a few of the parasites exhibited signs of damage, consisting of tegumental vacuolation and changes in the electron opacity of the tegumental cytoplasm. There was no strong evidence of increased attrition of challenge schistosomula in the cheek pouch skin relative to the primary infection, although some dead challenge parasites were observed. It is concluded that a substantial proportion of the attrition of challenge infections in the Chinese hamster occurs at a post-dermal location.
Experimental studies of age-prevalence curves forSchistosoma mansoniinfections in populations ofBiomphalaria glabrata
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Crombie Jenny 
Published: June 2009

SummaryWe report the results of experimental studies of the generation of age-prevalence curves forSchistosoma mansoniinfections in laboratory populations ofBiomphalaria glabrata. Within snail populations of varying sizes and age structures, the net force of infection is shown to be linearly dependent on the rate at which miracidia are introduced into the aquatic habitat of the host. For individual snails, the per capita force of infection is shown to be related to snail age and size, and the death rate of shedding snails is demonstrated to be dependent on the period of time during which a snail has been releasing cercariae. Both factors are important determinants of the proportion of infected snails within populations of hosts and may generate convex age-prevalence curves. Comparisons of snail abundance in populations either exposed, or not exposed, to infection suggest thatS. mansonican act to significantly depress the population growth of its intermediate host. Mathematical models are developed, encorporating the age structure of snail populations, to aid in the interpretation of experimental results.