bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chick rearing: V. The influence of diet on epidemic bacillary white diarrhoea (pullorum disease)
Authors: Mann T. Barton 
Published: March 2009

Evidence is presented, based on feeding tests, that at Hanns Hall Farm it has been impossible to control bacillary white diarrhoea of chicks (pullorum disease) by blood testing when foods of c. 20% protein content have been fed as the sole diet of chicks.Evidence is presented, based on feeding tests, that at Hanns Hall Farm epidemic bacillary white diarrhoea (pullorum disease) has occurred in brother chicks when fed foods of c. 20% protein content and that epidemic bacillary white, diarrhoea has not occurred in sister chicks which have been fed crushed oats for the first 72 hr. and thereafter have been fed a diet of c. 14% protein intake.Evidence is presented, based on feeding tests, that at Hanns Hall Farm epidemic bacillary white diarrhoea (pullorum disease) not only did not occur in sister chicks in which B. pullorum had been demonstrated to be present in one of their number, but also epidemic bacillary white diarrhoea failed to develop despite the lack of hygienic precautions when these chicks had been placed in an uncleansed brooder from which the survivors of a severe epidemic of this disease had just been removed, and when they were brooded adjacent to chicks which suffered severe mortality from the disease, thereby undergoing all the chances of infection by wide dissemination of B. pullorum within a small area.
The effect of rate of gain during the growing and finishing periods on the feed efficiency and carcass composition of the pig: II. Contrasting patterns of growth produced by different rates of gain from 20 to 55 kg and 55 to 87 kg live weight
Authors: Walker N. , Holme D. W. , Forbes T. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPigs were grown at controlled rates of live-weight gain from 20 to 55 kg and from 55 to 87 kg live weight, at which weight they were slaughtered. Six growth-rate treatments were compared and were referred to as High-High (HH), High-Moderate (HM), High-Low (HL), Moderate-High (MH), Moderate-Moderate (MM) and Low-High (LH). The right-hand side of each carcass was divided into the four primary jointsand each joint was physically dissected into bone, skin, subcutaneous fat and lean meat. The boneless tissue of each joint was analyzed for moisture, ether extractable fat and nitrogen.It was found that an increase in the rate of live-weight gain in the first growth period, tended toimprove the efficiency with which feed was converted into live weight. In the second growth period the efficiency of feed conversion was dependent on the rate of gain both in that period and in the preceding period. Restricted growth in the first period improved the efficiency of feed conversion both in the second period and over the entire experimental period compared with rapid early growth. The implications of compensatory growth are discussed.There was no treatment effect on carcass length, but hindleg length and ham circumference measurements showed that the proportion of gammon in the side was lower in the HH pigs compared with the other five treatments. This was confirmed by the weight of the gammon joint expressed as a percentage of the trimmed side. There was also a decrease in the proportion of shoulder and an increase in the proportion of middle in the HH pigs. Differences between the other five treatments were small. The changes in conformation were due largely to the effect on fat distribution throughout the side particularly in the gammon and back regions.The HH treatment resulted in a significant increase in the percentage fat in the side compared witheach of the other five treatments. Within these five treatments there was no significant difference in the percentage fat in the side. This suggests that equal importance may be attached to the rate of live-weight gain in both the growing (20–55 kg) and finishing (55–87 kg) periods in determining the fatnessof the bacon weight carcass.The treatments had little effect on the chemical composition of the fat-free boneless meat.The results are discussed in relation to current growth theory.
Pathways for the elimination of biuret in sheep
Authors: Schröder H. H. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe rumen was found to be the main site of metabolism of biuret in sheep adapted to this compound. Some of the biuret which passed into the lower gut could be broken down there but this could account for the breakdown of less than 1 g/day when 15 g was fed. Biuret injected into the jugular vein or entering the bloodstream from the rumen or intestine was excreted unchanged in the urine. Sheep excreted 9–21% of biuret fed in a solid form and 37–39% when it was dosed as an aqueous solution. Sheep not adapted to biuret failed to retain any introduced into the rumen, duodenum or jugular vein.
The effect of subsoiling and different levels of manuring on yields of cereals, lucerne and sugar beet
Authors: Hull R. , Webb D. J. 
Published: March 2009

The effect of subsoiling an old arable clay-loam soil at Broom's Barn Experimental Station, Suffolk, was tested with a sequence of wheat, barley and sugar-beet crops, a lucerne ley and a sugar-beet test crop in the fourth year.Subsoiling increased the yield of each crop each year, averages over 3 years were: wheat, 0·6 cwt/acre of grain; barley 0·4 cwt/acre; lucerne 0·6 cwt/acre of dry matter. Average increases of sugar beet over 4 years were 0·7 tons/acre of roots or 2·1 cwt/acre of sugar; the increase was greatest (2·9 cwt/acre of sugar) in the first year.
The influence of genetic and environmental factors on the germination of sugar beet seed
Authors: Battle J. P. , Whittington W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwenty-four sugar-beet plants were cut into quarters, planted and allowed to produce fruit under varying fertilizer and irrigation treatments. Studies on the germination rates of these clusters showed that there were marked genetic differences between the clones. Wetting the seeds continually by overhead irrigation, to simulate heavy rainfalls markedly decreased the rate of germination, apparently by delaying the onset of maturity. Immature clusters from early harvests of plants which were not irrigated also showed a decreased germination capacity. The fertilizer treatments in this experiment were less important as a source of variation than the clonal and irrigation components. The results may be related to the presence of germination inhibitors in the clusters but there may be important changes in the embryos of the seeds themselves.
The Visual Description of Carcasses
Authors: Williams D. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA traditional type score card for ten carcass characteristics was tested against an experimental reorganization of this card on a simplified 7 point scaling system. Results
showed that both experienced judges and novices were more consistently discriminating when using the revised system. This was most evident when the concept of an optimum was eliminated from the judgements. It was also evident when complex judgements which do not involve an optimum were simplified. The scale of marks and the diversity in maximum marks for different characteristics appeared to have less influence upon consistency and discrimination. However, it is probable that, with traditional cards, the maximum marks are often too high and that the diversity in total possible marks adds a further difficulty for judges.
Fertilizer nitrogen and growth regulators for field beans (Vicia faba L.):I. The effects of seed bed applications of large dressings of fertilizer nitrogen and the residual effects on following winter wheat
Authors: McEwen J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYApplying large dressings of fertilizer nitrogen to the seed bed lessened nodulation of spring field beans by as much as 50%.The largest mean responses to broadcast nitrogen ranged from 1·9 cwt grain/acre in 1967 (3 cwt N/acre) to 3·1 cwt grain in 1966 (3 cwt N/acre).About one-sixth of the nitrogen applied to beans was used by a following winter wheat at Rothamsted, one-twelfth at Woburn.The results suggest that there is no prospect for the economic use of fertilizer nitrogen in the seed bed for spring beans.
Dietary effects on beef composition: II. Quantity and distribution of fat
Authors: Johnson H. R. , Garrigus R. R. , Howard R. D. , Firth N. L. , Harrington R. B. , Judge M. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYStudies were conducted on the quantity and distribution of fat in 104 half-sib Angus steers which had received various combinations of hay, corn silage, and corn concentrate. Groups were slaughtered at live weights of 216, 284, 340, 409, and 454 kg. The weights of mesenteric, cod, pelvic, kidney and total excess carcass fat were determined. Four linear measurements of subcutaneous fat, three cross-sectional area measurements of intermuscular fat, and the intramuscular fat in seven muscles were observed. The results showed that the feeding regimes had marked influences on the quantity and location of fat, particularly during the early feeding period (216–340 kg live wt.). Feeding hay during this period generally resulted in less fat deposition than feeding corn silage, but the suppression of intramuscular fat deposition was not evident until the animals were subsequently fed higher energy rations to heavier weights (409 and 454 kg). The results indicated that it may be possible to design dietary regimens that suppress waste fat but allow intramuscular fat to be deposited.The results described above imply that one might influence the deposition of intramuscular fat by proper design of the diet in the early feeding period. Although this possibility exists, it is noted that quantities of chemically extractable fat are not identical with quantities of marbling fat and hence changes in the former may not alter the visible quality of the meat.
Genetic analysis of root growth in wheat
Authors: Monyo J. H. , Whittington W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe growth characteristics of root systems were studied in the wheat varieties Chinese Spring' Hope and the chromosome substitution lines of Hope into Chinese Spring. The growth patterns varied considerably between the lines and this was due to the fact that the plants formed different numbers of tillers and grew for different periods of time. A correlation existed between the development of the shoot and root systems although some lines differed widely in their shoot root ratios. Differences between the lines in the early stages of growth were small and they reacted uniformly to different levels of phosphorus supply. The relation between shoot and root growth was also shown by the fact that the conclusions from genetical analyses were very similar. These showed that the method of control was largely additive in nature. It was concluded that variations in shoot and root characteristics were markedly influenced by single genes affecting the duration of the vegetative growth period as well as by polygenic systems.
The relation of seed vigour to field establishment of garden pea cultivars
Authors: Perry D. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEmergence trials of five different seed lots each of cv. Lincoln and Kelvedon Wonder at six centres provided 27 different sowing treatments. Although mean emergence between treatments varied, the rank order of the lots remained almost constant. The results of seedling evaluation and conductivity vigour tests correlated well with field emergence, with neither test superior to the other. Grades of vigour were established and related to the performance of the seed lots in the field trials.
The effect of different levels of sodium hydroxide spray treatment of wheat straw on consumption and digestibility by cattle
Authors: Singh Mahendra , Jackson M. G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA sodium hydroxide spray treatment of wheat straw was evaluated in experiments on twenty male calves. Sodium hydroxide solutions of 0, 3·3, 6·7 and 10% concentration were sprayed on ground wheat straw (Exp. 1) and chaffed wheat straw (Exp. 2) at the rate of 1000 litres per tonne. The straws were not washed. The treated straw was then fortified with groundnut cake, molasses and a mineral supplement. In Exp. 1 rations were prepared in bulk and dried and in Exp. 2 the rations were prepared daily and fed wet. A 1 kg green forage supplement was fed daily to all animals. The dry-matter intake (g/kg body weight0·75), and organic matter digestibility coefficients (%) for the four levels of alkali treatment were 86, 95, 78, 66 and 53, 63, 63 and 62 respectively in Exp. 1 and for Exp. 2 they were 95, 121, 105, 89 and 55, 70, 71 and 71. The intake of digestible organic matter thus increased by 25 and 63% in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus retentions were not adversely affected up to 3·3% alkali treatment in Exp. 2. The effectiveness of this spray treatment in terms of increased nutritive value is compared with that of the older Beckmann method of alkali treatment. Treatment costs are also compared.
Some observations on swayback disease of lambs
Authors: Shearer G. D. , McDougall E. I. 
Published: March 2009

A brief account is given of the work done in these laboratories on swayback and a comparison is made with a similar disease occurring in Australia. The Australian disease is due to an uncomplicated Cu deficiency of soil and herbage, but it is shown that swayback in this country is due to neither a Cu deficiency of soil nor herbage but nevertheless the affected animals suffer from a Cu deficiency and respond to Cu medication.It is shown that ewes with a low blood Cu in Derbyshire on being transferred to Cambridge rapidly attained a normal blood Cu.Analyses of grass from widely separated swayback-affected areas showed that in no case was the Cu content low.A short discussion is given of the possibility of lead being implicated in the causation of the disease, but it is concluded that lead plays only a secondary role.In the discussion it is pointed out that there is much fluorspar in the affected area of Derbyshire.
The seasonal incidence of calving and of sexual activity in Zebu cattle in Nyasaland
Authors: Wilson S. G. 
Published: March 2009

A continuous cattle census scheme was started in the Central Province of Nyasaland in 1943, and data thus accumulated on the calving rate of native cattle form the basis of this paper.The system of animal management prevailing in the area is described, and meteorological data collected at Lilongwe over 3 years are also given.
Flavour differences in meat from lambs grazed on tropical legumes
Authors: Park R. J. , Minson D. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDorset Horn × Merino and Corriedale wether lambs grazed one of four tropical legume species or the grass Panicum maximum for up to 4 months in the immediate pre-slaughter period. A laboratory taste panel compared the flavour of the meat from legume-fed lambs with that from corresponding grass-fed lambs.Lamb meat from animals grazed for up to 15 weeks on Siratro (Phaseolus atropurpureus) was not significantly different from the control meat in any flavour property, while showing a slight but insignificantly greater degree of acceptability of flavour.The meat from lambs grazed for up to 6 weeks on Silverleaf desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum) showed no significant difference from the control meat in flavour properties except for a slightly greater intensity (P < 0·05) of an uncharacterized aroma.The meat from lambs grazed on Dolichos axillaris for up to 4 months occasionally exhibited a characteristic and sometimes objectionable odour and flavour. However, this characteristic flavour had no significant influence on the acceptability of the meat.The meat from lambs grazed on Glycine wightii for up to 6 weeks exhibited a characteristic and objectionable odour and flavour (P < 0·001). After 4 months of grazing the intensity of this flavour was considerably reduced. A low intensity of this flavour was also found in a group grazed for 4 weeks in the previous year, indicating a variability in the tainting properties of this legume.
Evaluation of protein quality of poultry feedingstuffs. 2. Fish meal
Authors: Zombade S. S. , Lodhi G. N. , Ichhponani J. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe present study was made to evaluate the protein quality of 11 samples of fish meal (FM) covering a wide range of nutrient content to find a suitable laboratory method for predicting nutritive quality. The nutrient content of the samples ranged from 34 to 62% in crude protein, 28 to 48% in true protein and 0·99 to 2·87% in available lysine. The true protein content of FM was further partitioned into myogen, myosin and stroma proteins. The stroma protein accounted for 61% of total crude protein suggesting that a large portion of FM comprised scales, viscera, cartilage, bones and other inedible parts of fish (head, tail, etc.). Neither true protein nor its different fractions was found suitable to detect differences in protein quality of FM although there was an inverse relationship between stroma protein and nitrogen solubility.Available lysine content and relative nutritive value (RNV) were found accurate and reliable laboratory tests for assessing the protein quality of FM. The linear equations to predict gross protein value (GPV) from available lysine content and RNV areGPV = 11·2×% available lysine+34·5;GPV = 0·55×RNV+51.The correlation coefficients between biologically assayed and predicted GPV from available lysine and RNV were 0·71 and 0·62, respectively. The findings suggest that the screening of FM samples for their nutrient content is essential before compounding diets for different categories of chickens.
Behaviour in the soil of orthophosphate from pig slurry compared with that of KH2PO4
Authors: Bhat K. K. S. , O'Callaghan J. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAn assessment was made of the relative merits in the short term of KH2PO4and pig slurry as sources of orthophosphate. This involved a comparison of these two sources of P with regard to (1) adsorption of P by the soil from solution, (2) maintenance of the solid-phase P in labile form and (3) rate of release of the solid-phase P into solution.The adsorption isotherms made with two soils revealed that the amount of orthophosphate adsorbed from pig slurry was much higher than that from KH2PO4 at all levels of application. Conversely, in order to raise the orthophosphate concentration in the soil solution to a given level, much larger applications of orthophosphate would be required as pig slurry than that in the form of KH2PO4. Therefore, the risk of direct orthophosphate-P pollution of ground water from pig slurry is likely to be even less than that from soluble P fertilizers.Determinations of exchangeable-P in treated soils after different times from treatment showed that a larger fraction of the solid-phase P derived from slurry orthophosphate remains in an exchangeable form than that from KH2PO4.The rate of desorption of solid-phase P into solution measured using an anion exchange resin was higher in the KH2PO4-treated soil than that in the slurry-treated soil at different times from addition of equal amounts of orthophosphate-P.
The effects of underfeeding during pregnancy and lactation on structure and chemistry of bovine liver and muscle
Authors: Reid I. M. , Roberts C. J. , Baird G. D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAn experiment was carried out to study the effects of underfeeding during late pregnancy and early lactation on the structure and chemistry of liver and muscle of dairy cows. Two groups of cattle were fed at 60 and 40% of estimated requirements for maintenance and pregnancy or lactation for 13 weeks before and 13 weeks after calving, and one group was fed at maintenance level only for the same period. A control group was fed at 100% of estimated requirements for the same period. All groups were subsequently fed at the control level for a further 24 weeks.Underfeeding resulted in significant changes in muscle and liver of dairy cows. In particular, there was a decrease in liver cell volume in the underfed groups and a persistence of post-parturient fat in the moderately underfed cows. Muscle fibre diameter was reduced and there was a loss of fast twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres in the underfed cows.
Some factors affecting voluntary food intake in buffaloes. 2. Effect of feeding mixed diets
Authors: Taparia A. L. , Sharma V. V. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySeven non-pregnant Murrah buffalo heifers aged 20–34 months and weighing 170–260 kg were used in a 7 × 4 incomplete latin square design to study the effect of feeding mixed diets on voluntary intake over a period of 84 days. Voluntary intake and rate of passage were determined during the last 10 days and digestibility of feed nutrients during the last 6 days of each 21-day experimental period.Maize stover, dry grass and wheat straw were fed ad libitum mixed with either a fixed quantity of berseem hay (MH, GH and WH rations, respectively) or concentrates (MC, GC and WC rations, respectively) to total co. 0·80% of body weight (BW). Berseem hay fed free choice mixed with limited (0·70% BW) concentrates (HC ration) comprised another treatment. The mean daily total dry-matter intake (DMI g/kgW0·75) and total digestible nutrient intake (given in parenthesis) by animals were 62·2 (1·94), 72·2 (2·20), 74·3 (2·30), 75·2 (2·94), 79·5 (2·59), 85·9 (2·78) and 88·5 (2·98), respectively on MH, GH, WH, HC, MC, WC and GC rations. The digestible crude protein intake on the HC ration was higher than on the remaining six rations. Feeding a fixed quantity of either berseem hay or concentrates resulted in lower consumption of basal roughages suggesting that the physical capacity of the gut limited intake.Dry-matter digestibility (%) and mean retention time (h), given in parenthesis, were 57·6 (69·4), 56·3 (64·6), 56·7 (67·5), 72·2 (79·9), 59·2 (620), 59·4 (620) and 58·9 (66·0), respectively on MH, GH, WH, HC, MC, GC and WC rations. The digestibilities of D.M. and proximate principles, except crude fibre (CF), of the HC ration were higher than those of the remaining six mixed diets. Concentrate feeding tended to hasten the movement of digesta of the roughage portion of the mixed diet through the digestive tract. The longest mean retention and rumen retention times were associated with the highest digestibilities. The wheat straw-berseem hay mixed diet was as good as dry grass or maize stover-berseem hay mixed diets with regard to its nutrient intake and weight gain by the heifers.
Profile distribution of iron sesquioxide contents in selected Nigerian soils
Authors: Udo E. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTotal, dithionite-extractable (‘free’) and oxalate-extractable (amorphous) Fe as Fe2O3 forms were determined in eight Nigerian soil profiles selected to include four major parent materials and different drainage conditions.Total Fe ranged from 1·98 to 15·01 % Fe2O3, the average contents being 4·40, 8·62, 12·59 and 13·49 Fe2O3 for soils derived from the coastal plain sands, basement complex rocks, shale and basalt, respectively. ‘Free’ Fe ranged from 0·08 to 12·28% Fe2O3, the basaltic soils having the highest content, and those on shale the least. Generally the poorly drained soils had low contents, the free Fe oxide constituting about 61 % of total Fe in well-drained soils, and only about 9% in poorly drained soils.The oxalate-extractable or non-crystalline Fe oxide ranged from 0·04 to 1·21% Fe2O3. The proportion of amorphous iron oxide, indicated by the ‘active’ ratio ‘oxalate-Fe/DCB-Fe’, was higher in poorly drained than in well-drained soils.The clay/DBC-Fe ratio remained constant in the well-drained soils but increased with depth in the poorly drained profiles, indicating a co-migration of free Fe oxide and clay in the former but not in the latter soils.In general, the relative distribution of the different Fe forms appeared influenced by both the parent materials and the drainage of the soils.