bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection for resistance, reversion towards susceptibility and synergism of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Sial Ashfaq A , Brunner Jay F 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), is an economic pest of pome fruits throughout North America. Repeated applications of broad‐spectrum insecticides have resulted in the development of resistance, cross‐resistance and multiple resistance in this pest. Studies were conducted to determine the possibility of resistance evolution, stability of resistance and the effect of metabolic synergists on toxicity of new reduced‐risk insecticides chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in C. rosaceana.RESULTS: Larvae of C. rosaceana were selected for resistance to chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in the laboratory. Significant levels of resistance to each insecticide were observed after 12 generations of selection. In the absence of selection pressure, susceptibility of a subset of larvae from both chlorantraniliprole‐ and spinetoram‐selected populations reverted to preselection levels after five and six generations respectively, indicating that resistance to both chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram was unstable in C. rosaceana. In synergist bioassays performed after 12 generations of selection, S,S,S‐tributylphosphoro trithioate (DEF) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergized the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram respectively, suggesting the involvement of esterases in chlorantraniliprole resistance and the involvement of mixed‐function oxidases in spinetoram resistance.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram could be incorporated into C. rosaceana resistance management programs by using rotational strategies. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
A global blended tropopause based on ERA data. Part II: Trends and tropical broadening
Authors: Wilcox L. J. , Hoskins B. J. , Shine K. P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new tropopause definition involving a flow‐dependent blending of the traditional thermal tropopause with one based on potential vorticity has been developed and applied to the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalyses (ERA), ERA‐40 and ERA‐Interim. Global and regional trends in tropopause characteristics for annual and solsticial seasonal means are presented here, with emphasis on significant results for the newer ERA‐Interim data for 1989–2007. The global‐mean tropopause is rising at a rate of 47 m per decade, with pressure falling at 1.0 hPa per decade and temperature falling at 0.18 K per decade. The Antarctic tropopause shows decreasing heights, warming and increasing westerly winds. The Arctic tropopause also shows a warming, but with decreasing westerly winds. In the Tropics the trends are small, but at the latitudes of the subtropical jets they are almost double the global values. It is found that these changes are mainly concentrated in the eastern hemisphere. Previous and new metrics for the rate of broadening of the Tropics, based on both height and wind, give trends in the range 0.9–2.2° per decade. For ERA‐40 the global height and pressure trends for the period 1979–2001 are similar: 39 m per decade and −0.8 hPa per decade. These values are smaller than those found from the thermal tropopause definition with this dataset, as was used in most previous studies. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
‘I Was Just Screeching!’: Comparing Child and Parent Derived Measures of Distress
Authors: Peterson Carole , Noel Melanie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTwo studies explored relationships between children's (2–13 years old) descriptions of how much they had cried and two other ways of assessing children's distress during injuries and subsequent hospital treatment, one parent‐generated and the other child‐generated. In the first study, 201 2‐ to 13‐year‐old children's descriptions of crying were compared with parental ratings of child distress, and in the second, these two measures plus a Faces Pain Scale were compared for 71 2‐ to 6‐year‐olds. Children's self‐descriptions of crying were highly similar to parental ratings at all ages, but the Faces Pain Scale had less similarity to other measures, especially for younger preschoolers. Findings suggest that children's self‐descriptions of emotional reactions may be a useful tool for assessing children's distress for real‐world events with no adult witnesses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work Hours and Work–Family Conflict: The Double‐edged Sword of Involvement in Work and Family
Authors: Matthews Russell A. , Swody Cathleen A. , Barnes‐Farrell Janet L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this study, we examine the role of work hours in a model that incorporates involvement in both work and family with experiences of work–family conflict and subjective well‐being. Self‐report data were collected from 383 full‐time employees and analysed using structural equation modelling techniques. Results demonstrate that role salience was positively related to behavioural involvement with work and with family. In turn, behavioural family involvement was negatively related to work hours and family‐to‐work conflict, while behavioural work involvement was positively related to work hours. Behavioural family involvement was also positively related to life satisfaction. Finally, both family‐to‐work conflict and end‐of‐workday strain were negatively related to life satisfaction. Our results provide insight into unexpected problems that might arise when employees place overly high importance on work and work long hours. This study serves as a foundation for researchers to examine the interplay of time spent with work and family with other aspects of the work–family interface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attribution of climate variations and trends to human influences and natural variability
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPast attribution studies of climate change have assumed a null hypothesis of no role of human activities. The challenge, then, is to prove that there is an anthropogenic component. I argue that because global warming is “unequivocal” and ‘very likely’ caused by human activities, the reverse should now be the case. The task, then, could be to prove there is no anthropogenic component to a particular observed change in climate, although a more useful task is to determine what it is. In Bayesian statistics, this change might be thought of as adding a ‘prior’. The benefit of doubt and uncertainties about observations and models are then switched. Moreover, the science community is much too conservative on this issue and too many authors make what are called ‘Type II errors’ whereby they erroneously accept the null hypothesis. Global warming is contributing to a changing incidence of extreme weather because the environment in which all storms form has changed from human activities. WIREs Clim Change 2011, 2:925–930. doi: 10.1002/wcc.142This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Detection and Attribution
Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
In defense of the traditional null hypothesis: remarks on the Trenberth and Curry WIREs opinion articles
Authors: Allen Myles 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn response to their respective opinion articles, I argue that Kevin Trenberth's proposal to reverse the burden of proof in attribution studies is misguided, but Judith Curry's counter proposal to abandon hypothesis tests as useless is worse still. Some observed weather events will have been made more likely by human influence on climate, some less likely, and it is a legitimate and very important field of scientific enquiry to work out which are which. The appropriate null hypothesis to use in such studies is that human influence has not increased the probability of occurrence of a particular weather event unless the evidence suggests otherwise. WIREs Clim Change 2011, 2:931–934. doi: 10.1002/wcc.145This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Detection and Attribution
Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Multi‐pulse orbits and chaotic dynamics in an imperfect circular plate
Authors: Huangfu Y. , Chen F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe global bifurcations in mode of an imperfect circular plate are investigated with the case of the 1:1 internal resonance and 1:3 primary resonance. After determining the equations of motion in a suitable form, the energy phase method proposed by Haller and Wiggins is employed to show the existence of the Silnikov‐type multi‐pulse orbits homoclinic to certain invariant sets for the two cases of Hamiltonian and dissipative perturbation. Furthermore, some complex chaos behaviors are revealed for this class of systems.
Clinicopathologic Features and Risk Factors for Extrahepatic Recurrences of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Curative Resection
Authors: Ochiai Toshiya , Ikoma Hisashi , Okamoto Kazuma , Kokuba Yukihito , Sonoyama Teruhisa , Otsuji Eigo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to clarify the clinicopathologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with extrahepatic metastasis after the removal of primary HCC, and the risk factors of extrahepatic recurrence.MethodsClinicopathologic data were available for 264 HCC patients who underwent an R0 resection for HCC. Twenty‐six patients who developed extrahepatic recurrence during the follow‐up period (EXT group) were compared with patients who remained free from recurrence for at least 5 years after resection (n = 46) (No R group) or had only intrahepatic recurrences (n = 193) (INT group). We also estimated the risk factors of extrahepatic recurrence and survival in these 26 patients.ResultsThere were significant differences in primary tumor size, patient’s age, findings in the noncancerous portion, macroscopic type, ductal invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, hepatic involvement and curability of primary tumor, treatment for recurrent tumor, and prognosis between the EXT group and the other groups. Extrahepatic recurrence was significantly associated with six factors by univariate analyses: age, indocyanine green (ICG) 15‐min retention rate, tumor size, hepatic involvement of primary tumor, type of hepatectomy, and TNM stage, of which tumor size was an independent risk factor. Resection of recurrent tumor was the only independent favorable factor for survival of patients with extrahepatic recurrence.ConclusionsHCC patients with extrahepatic recurrence had advanced primary tumors and poor prognosis. HCC patients with primary tumors larger than 60 mm were predicted to develop extrahepatic recurrence. Resection of recurrent tumor can improve the prognosis of HCC patients with extrahepatic recurrence.
Utility of Renal Mass Biopsy in a UK Tertiary Referral Centre
Authors: Walton Thomas J. , Amery Carolyn , Moore David , Mayer Nicholas J. , Rajesh Arumugam , Kockelbergh Roger C. 
Published: November 2011

Objective: To determine the value of percutaneous biopsy in a UK cohort of patients with renal mass lesions, with particular reference to its utility for the prediction of histological cell-type, Fuhrman nuclear grade and necrosis. Patients and methods: From May 1999 to September 2009, 71 patients underwent renal mass biopsy (RMB), most for indeterminate renal masses or in those with a mass lesion and extrarenal malignancy. Approximately one-third were for small renal masses (≤4cm). Biopsy results were correlated with final surgical specimen pathology or with the outcome of surveillance in those not receiving surgery. Results: Of 71 biopsies, there were 65 (91.5%) considered diagnostic biopsies, of which 59 (90.8%) were malignant and 6 (9.2%) were benign. 30 patients with biopsy-proven malignancy underwent extirpative surgery, with a diagnostic accuracy for biopsy of 100%. Accuracy of RMB for histological sub-type, Fuhrman nuclear grade and tumour necrosis was 80.0%, 52.3% and 80.0%, respectively. Bleeding complications were seen in 2 (2.8%) patients, and there were no cases of needle track seeding. Conclusion: RMB is a safe and accurate method for determining underlying malignancy, with an acceptable non-diagnostic rate. Although concordance for histological tumour sub-type and necrosis was reasonable, values for nuclear grade were less reliable.
Coupled azimuthal modes propagating in current-carrying plasma waveguides
Authors: GIRKA V. , GIRKA I. , PAVLENKO I. , GIRKA O. , GIRKA A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe paper is devoted to the theory of electromagnetic surface waves propagating along the azimuthal direction in cylindrical metal waveguides, which are filled with current-carrying plasmas. The problem is solved by the method of successive approximation. Adequacy of this method application is proved here. To study the coupling of ordinary (O-) and extraordinary (X-) azimuthal modes, the linear theory of the eigenazimuthal X- and O-modes is applied as zero approximation. Plasma particles are described in the framework of magneto-hydrodynamics, electromagnetic fields of the coupled azimuthal modes are determined from Maxwell equations. Spatial distribution of electromagnetic field of these coupled modes and their damping caused for different reasons are studied. Possibility to observe experimentally the phenomena, which accompany propagation of these coupled modes, is estimated numerically. Branches of their possible utilization are discussed as well.
Observations of the Earth's magnetic field made in Edinburgh from 1670 to the present day
Authors: Barraclough D. R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMagnetic observations made at the same site give valuable information about the time changes (the secular variation) of the geomagnetic field. This paper gives details of all known measurements of the geomagnetic field in and around Edinburgh since the earliest observation of magnetic declination (the difference between true and magnetic north) by George Sinclair in 1670. Early observations of the strength of the field were only relative measurements. Approximate conversion factors are derived to enable these data to be expressed in modern absolute units (nanoteslas). Observed values of declination, inclination and the horizontal intensity of the geomagnetic field are plotted and compared with values computed from mathematical models of the field covering the interval 1690 to 1990, inclusive. The earlier observations were not corrected for the effects of the rapidly varying magnetic fields caused by electric currents in the upper atmosphere. The consequences of this are estimated.
Late Pleistocene environments in lower Strathspey, Scotland
Authors: Hall Adrian M. , Whittington Graeme , Duller Geoffrey A. T. , Jarvis Jack 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSedimentary sequences in lower Strathspey provide a record of Late Pleistocene interglacial and glacial environments. After deposition of till and glacifiuvial sediments, probably in Oxygen Isotope Stage 6, a soil developed at Teindland and Redburn which contains downward translocated pollen. This indicates that the earliest vegetation was woodland with grassland openings, Pinus-Alnus at Teindland and Alnus-Corylus at Red Burn. Podzolisation of the soil ended with an influx of sands derived from erosion of the surrounding slopes, at Teindland perhaps a response to extensive burning during a grassland phase. The combined pollen and sedimentary evidence suggests events at the close of an interglacial. Luminescence dates of 79 ± 6 and 67 ± 5 ka for the sands over the soil suggest that the soil developed in Oxygen Isotope Stage 5e. Overlying the soil and sands at Teindland are glacigenic debris flows, perhaps reflecting glaciation during Oxygen Isotope Stage 4. Three, undated, younger till units, with interbedded gravels, also occur in the surrounding area and provide evidence of the complex glacial history of lower Strathspey since Oxygen Isotope Stage 5.
A new Early Cambrian onychophoran-like animal, Paucipodia gen. nov., from the Chengjiang fauna, China
Authors: Jun-yuan Chen , Gui-qing Zhou , Ramsköld Lars 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn onychophoran-like fossil animal, Paucipodia inermis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang lagerstatte in Yunnan, China. The animal was soft-bodied, and possessed six pairs of unjointed legs, each having two claws distally. The body was finely annulated, lacked trunk plates, and apparently terminated posteriorly with the last leg pair, without preserved evidence of a posterior trunk extension. Paucipodia widens the morphological range hitherto known in Cambrian lobopodians, notably regarding leg number and presence or absence of plates. Its morphology also provides support for the recently suggested anteroposterior orientation of Hallucigenia and Microdictyon.
Function of the ice streams in the Scandinavian ice sheet: analyses of glacial geological data from southwestern Finland
Authors: Punkari Mikko 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMapping of striae trends, macro-scale erosion forms, drumlins, morainic ridges, eskers, till fabric and boulder fans has facilitated reconstruction of glacial dynamics in terms of ice streams, marginal ice lobes and interlobate zones. Data were recorded in a computerised geographical information system (GIS).Data on oriented glaciogenic elements are compared with the evolving patterns of glacial flow. The oldest flow occurred at a distance of several hundred kilometres inside the ice margin, while the later flows were dependent on the dynamics of the ice streams and fan-shaped ice lobes. A model is developed for the zonation of subglacial processes such as erosion, deposition and till deformation beneath the ice sheet. Most of the glacial forms, as well as lower till, were generated in a zone of basal melting and fast ice flow which existed some hundred kilometres from the receding margin and was associated with the formation of ice streams. These results are consistent with recent reconstructions of basal hydrology using mathematical models.Ice streams were important for deglaciation dynamics. In the course of deglaciation, decreased shear stress on the water-saturated substratum resulted in ice-bed uncoupling which lowered the profile and accelerated flow in the ice streams. This did not happen in interstream areas as reflected by the glacial geomorphology typical of inactive ice.
The geochemical stratigraphy, field relations and temporal variation of the Mull–Morvern Tertiary lava succession, NW Scotland
Authors: Kerr Andrew Craig 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe early Tertiary Mull-Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland, represents the thickest continuous section (1000 m from sea level to the top of Ben More) of Tertiary lavas exposed in the UK. This succession has been sampled and geochemically analysed, on a flow-by-flow basis, throughout the lava succession. Field observations during the course of this sampling suggest that the early lava flows (the Staffa Magma sub-Type) ponded in palaeovalleys along with interlava sediments. In the main part of the Mull lava succession (the Mull Plateau Group) the lava flows are on average ∼ 5 m thick. Most previous Hebridean workers have assumed that the red horizons commonly found between these later lava flows, represent weathered flow tops. However, this study has shown that in some places these red ‘boles’ appear to be a combination of both volcanic ash and weathered basalt.Chemically distinctive units of flows have been found throughout the succession. The two most abundant magma sub-types of the Mull Plateau Group, primitive (>9wt% MgO) basalts with Ba/Nb» 15 and more evolved (<9wt% MgO) basalts-hawaiites with Ba/Nb<15, form packets of flow units which can be up to 200 m thick. These chemically distinctive flow units have been correlated across the lava succession. However, the correlation of individual lava flows has proved difficult. The Mull Plateau Group lavas generally become more evolved and less contaminated with continental crust towards the top of the succession, culminating in the trachytes of the Pale Group on Ben More. Basaltic lavas above the Pale Group have markedly different trace element ratios, and seem to represent shallower, more extensive asthenospheric melting than the Mull Plateau Group.
Lithostratigraphy of the Ordovician rocks in the Southern Uplands: Crawford Group, Moffat Shale Group, Leadhills Supergroup
Authors: Floyd J. D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA formal lithostratigraphy is erected for all the Ordovician rocks in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. At the base of the succession, the Crawford Group (Arenig–Llanvirn) encompasses the chert and lava sequences usually associated with the tract-bounding faults, and includes the only proven Arenig rocks in the Southern Uplands. The overlying Moffat Shale Group (Caradoc–Llandovery) is now restricted to the black and grey graptolitic shales which succeed the grey and red chert successions. The Leadhills Supergroup (Caradoc–Ashgill) forms the overwhelming bulk of the sedimentary succession and includes the thick Ordovician turbidite successions of the Northern Belt. Existing stratigraphical terminology is reviewed, revised or extended as appropriate to maintain maximum continuity with current usage. Type sections for each unit are either proposed, where newly defined or revised, or cited in the case of existing definitions.
The tuning fork graptoloid, Didymograptus murchisoni (Beck, 1839)
Authors: Rickards R. B. , Khashogji M. S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe development of D. (Didymograptus) murchisoni (Beck), the type species of the genus, is shown to be unequivocally of anus type, with thl1 dicalyal and a low metasicular origin of thl1. An evolutionary line from the early, Arenig, bifidus group is supported; and clear distinctions are drawn between the subgenera D. (Didymograptus), D. (Didymograptellus) and D. (Jenkinsograptus), the first of these being redefined. The range of variation of biocharacters of D. murchisoni is analysed using exquisitely preserved undeformed material from Saudi Arabia, and comparisons are made with the undeformed type material, and with undeformed (nodule) collections from Abereiddy Bay, Pembrokeshire. The astogenetically late developments of D. murchisoni are described.
A new vascular plant from the Lower Devonian Windyfield chert, Rhynie, NE Scotland
Authors: Powell Clare L. , Edwards Dianne , Trewin Nigel H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTwo plants are described from fragmentary remains preserved in the Windyfield chert, situated c. 600 m from the classic Rhynie chert locality. Both are sometimes coated by a microbial film. The larger, fertile axes are placed in the new genus and species Ventarura lyonii. They possess a distinctive, sclerenchymatous middle cortex and terete xylem, and marginally dehiscent, lateral sporangia. The new taxon is similar to the Rhynie zosterophyll Trichopherophyton teuchansii, but is placed in a new genus on sporangial differences. Associated smaller axes with unicellular epidermal outgrowths lack the middle cortex of the larger axes and often have medullated protosteles. They are interpreted as subterranean rhizomes and probably belong to the new fertile taxon, but organic continuity between the two has not been demonstrated.