bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation and extension of a simple questionnaire to assess physical activity in pre-school children
Authors: Bayer Otmar , Jarczok Marc , Fischer Joachim , von Kries Rüdiger , De Bock Freia 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo (i) validate a recently proposed questionnaire tool for the simple assessment of physical activity (PA) in pre-school children by comparison with accelerometry and heart-rate recordings; and (ii) extend the tool by adding more questions to improve validity and to refine the classification from two to three categories (PA low, medium, high).SettingBaseline data of an intervention evaluation study.SubjectsPre-school children.DesignChildren were categorized as either physically active or non-active, based on their parents’ answers to the five-item questionnaire. Activity and heart rate were recorded for 6 d (Actiheart device; CamNtech, Cambridge, UK). Nightly sleeping periods were removed and mean accelerometry counts (MACT), time spent in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and time spent in sedentary behaviour (SB) were computed. In a second step, additional questions that improved validity were added, resulting in an extended seven-item questionnaire.ResultsFor 748 (90·4 %) of the participating children aged 2·3–6·7 years, the questionnaires were filled out sufficiently for classification. Children classified as physically active showed 9·6 % higher MACT (P< 0·0003), spent more time in MVPA and insignificantly less time in SB. Using the extended questionnaire, children with PA classified as medium (reference: low) showed 11·0 % more MACT, spent 11·8 % more time in MVPA and 4·8 % less time in SB. Children with PA classified as high showed 16·9 % more MACT, spent 20·2 % more time in MVPA and 7·2 % less time in SB.ConclusionsWith validated PA questionnaires for pre-school children lacking, the proposed questionnaire might be a reasonable option to include for PA assessment in epidemiological studies where more elaborate measurements are unavailable.
Optimal BMI cut-off values for predicting diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia in a multi-ethnic population
Authors: Cheong Kee Chee , Yusoff Ahmad F , Ghazali Sumarni M , Lim Kuang H , Selvarajah Sharmini , Haniff Jamaiyah , Khor Geok L , Shahar Suzana , Rahman Jamalludin Abd , Zainuddin Ahmad A , Mustafa Amal N 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the optimal cut-offs of BMI for Malaysian adults.DesignPopulation-based, cross-sectional study. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the cut-off values of BMI with optimum sensitivity and specificity for the detection of three cardiovascular risk factors: diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia. Gender-specific logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between BMI and these cardiovascular risk factors.SettingAll fourteen states in Malaysia.SubjectsMalaysian adults aged ≥18 years (n32 703) who participated in the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey in 2006.ResultsThe optimal BMI cut-off value for predicting the presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia or at least one of these cardiovascular risk factors varied from 23·3 to 24·1 kg/m2for men and from 24·0 to 25·4 kg/m2for women. In men and women, the odds ratio for having diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia or at least one cardiovascular risk factor increased significantly as BMI cut-off point increased.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that BMI cut-offs of 23·0 kg/m2in men and 24·0 kg/m2in women are appropriate for classification of overweight. We suggest that these cut-offs can be used by health professionals to identify individuals for cardiovascular risk screening and weight management programmes.
Rocky exoplanet characterization and atmospheres
Authors: Kaltenegger L. , Miguel Y. , Rugheimer S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA decade of exoplanet search has led to surprising discoveries, from giant planets close to their star, to planets orbiting two stars, all the way to the first extremely hot, rocky worlds with potentially permanent lava on their surfaces due to the star's proximity. Observation techniques have reached the sensitivity to explore the chemical composition of the atmospheres as well as physical structure of some detected gas planets and detect planets of less than 10 Earth masses (MEarth), the so-called super-Earths, among them some that may potentially be habitable. Three confirmed non-transiting planets, and several transiting Kepler planetary candidates, orbit in the habitable zone (HZ) of their host star. The detection and characterization of rocky and potentially Earth-like planets is approaching rapidly with future ground and space missions that can explore the planetary environments by analysing their atmosphere remotely. This paper discusses how to characterize a rocky exoplanet remotely.
ITRF2008 plate motion model
Authors: Altamimi Z. , Métivier L. , Collilieux X. 
Published: May 2012

The ITRF2008 velocity field is demonstrated to be of higher quality and more precise than past ITRF solutions. We estimated an absolute tectonic plate motion model made up of 14 major plates, using velocities of 206 sites of high geodetic quality (far from plate boundaries, deformation zones and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) regions), derived from and consistent with ITRF2008. The precision of the estimated model is evaluated to be at the level of 0.3 mm/a WRMS. No GIA corrections were applied to site velocities prior to estimating plate rotation poles, as our selected sites are outside the Fennoscandia regions where the GIA models we tested are performing reasonably well, and far from GIA areas where the models would degrade the fit (Antarctica and North America). Our selected velocity field has small origin rate bias components following the three axis (X, Y, Z), respectively 0.41 ± 0.54, 0.22 ± 0.64 and 0.41 ± 0.60 (95 per cent confidence limits). Comparing our model to NNR‐NUVEL‐1A and the newly available NNR‐MORVEL56, we found better agreement with NNR‐MORVEL56 than with NNR‐NUVEL‐1A for all plates, except for Australia where we observe an average residual rotation rate of 4 mm/a. Using our selection of sites, we found large global X‐rotation rates between the two models (0.016°/Ma) and between our model and NNR‐MORVEL56 of 0.023°/Ma, equivalent to 2.5 mm/a at the Earth surface.
Onkologie. ETC-Regime: Hilfe für Hochrisikopatientinnen mit Mammakarzinom
Authors: Möbus Volker 
Published: May 2012

Uneingeschränkt zu Recht wird die Berücksichtigung der biologischen Eigenschaften des Tumors für die Festlegung der adjuvanten Therapie gefordert, die im Idealfall zielgerichtet sein sollte und eine Übertherapie vermeidet. Unabhängig von dieser berechtigten Forderung gilt aber auch im Jahre 2012 unverändert die Aussage, dass die Anzahl der tumorös befallenen Lymphknoten den härtesten Prognosefaktor darstellt. Bei 1–3 tumorös befallenen Lymphknoten ist die Indikation zu einer Chemotherapie nicht zwingend obligat. Sie wird in Abhängigkeit vom Genprofil bzw. dem immunhistologischen Profil des Tumors (z. B. Luminal A vs. Luminal B, basal-like, normal breast like, HER2-positiv) gestellt. Dagegen besteht Konsens, dass Patientinnen mit 4 und mehr tumorös befallenen Lymphknoten eine moderne adjuvante Chemotherapie benötigen. Neben den anerkannten Anthrazyklin-/Taxan-haltigen Schemata der 3. Generation müssen in dieser Hochrisikokonstellation vor dem Hintergrund der Datenlage dosisdichte Regime bevorzugt eingesetzt werden.
Nucleotide-dependent conformations of FtsZ dimers and force generation observed through molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Hsin Jen , Gopinathan Ajay , Huang Kerwyn C. 
Published: May 2012

The bacterial cytoskeletal protein FtsZ is a GTPase that is thought to provide mechanical constriction force via an unidentified mechanism. Purified FtsZ polymerizes into filaments with varying structures in vitro: while GTP-bound FtsZ assembles into straight or gently curved filaments, GDP-bound FtsZ forms highly curved filaments, prompting the hypothesis that a difference in the inherent curvature of FtsZ filaments provides mechanical force. However, no nucleotide-dependent structural transition of FtsZ monomers has been observed to support this force generation model. Here, we present a series of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations probing the effects of nucleotide binding on the structure of an FtsZ dimer. We found that the FtsZ-dimer structure is dependent on nucleotide-binding state. While a GTP-bound FtsZ dimer retained a firm monomer-monomer contact, a GDP-bound FtsZ dimer lost some of the monomer-monomer association, leading to a “hinge-opening” event that resulted in a more bent dimer, while leaving each monomer structure largely unaffected. We constructed models of FtsZ filaments and found that a GDP-FtsZ filament is much more curved than a GTP-FtsZ filament, with the degree of curvature matching prior experimental data. FtsZ dynamics were used to estimate the amount of force an FtsZ filament could exert when hydrolysis occurs (20–30 pN per monomer). This magnitude of force is sufficient to direct inward cell-wall growth during division, and to produce the observed degree of membrane pinching in liposomes. Taken together, our data provide molecular-scale insight on the origin of FtsZ-based constriction force, and the mechanism underlying prokaryotic cell division.
Influence of exercise intensity and duration on perceived exertion in adolescent Taekwondo athletes
Authors: Haddad Monoem , Chaouachi Anis , Wong Del P. , Castagna Carlo , Hue Olivie , Impellizzeri Franco M. , Chamari Karim 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the influence of exercise intensity and session duration on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in adolescent Taekwondo (TKD) athletes. Twelve male youth competitive TKD athletes, aged between 13 and 18 years took part in this study. Training data (368 individual sessions) were collected during the 12 weeks of the pre‐competitive TKD season. Daily training load was calculated using the heart rate and the session‐RPE. Exercise intensity was also classified in five zones [i.e. 50–60%, 61–70%, 71–80%, 81–90% and 91–100% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)] and the time spent in each zone was expressed as percentage of total session time. The analysis of variance showed a significant main effect for zone (p<0.001) with most of the time (69%) spent at intensities between 61 and 90% of HRmax, and only 10% spent above 91% (mean differences compared to the other zones ranging from –6.6% versus zone 1 to –14.8% versus zone 3; p<0.0001). The individual correlation between session‐RPE and HR‐based methods were moderate to large. The stepwise multiple regression showed that RPE was influenced mainly by the time spent in the high intensity zone that explained 22.1% of the variance in RPE. Session duration accounted for only an additional 3.2%. The results suggest the time spent at high‐intensity (i.e. between 91 and 100% HRmax) and only marginally the session duration influences the RPE referred to the whole training session. This seems to confirm that the determination of the TL multiplying the RPE and session duration is acceptable.
Structure control of sputtered zinc oxide films by utilizing zinc oxide seed layers tailored by ion beam assisted sputtering
Authors: Köhl Dominik , Natarajan Gomathi , Wuttig Matthias 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Reactively sputtered zinc oxide thin films typically exhibit a c-oriented (0 0 0 1) texture of low crystalline order when deposited on unheated substrates. The structural order can be significantly improved upon heating the substrates during deposition. Here it will be demonstrated that by utilizing c-textured seed layers, which are grown by an ion beam assisted sputtering (IBAS) process, films can be deposited at room temperature with significantly improved c-texture. These films are significantly less sensitive to detrimental oxygen ion bombardment. By tailoring the IBAS process, even seed layers with dominant a-texture can be produced. Subsequently thick ZnO films can be grown on appropriate seed layers which are pre-dominantly a-textured.
Global Equity Markets
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the extraordinary growth in international stocks. Issuers tap international stock markets to increase the pool of available funds, lower costs of raising capital, expand their investor base, and/or avoid domestic regulatory complications. Investors move to international markets to improve portfolio performance and to lower risks. Both groups' interests have been furthered by the erosion of regulatory barriers, including exchange controls, limits on ownership, limits on participation in domestic markets, and obstructive listing and trading practices. Capital market integration is leading to a single world equity market. Investment houses stand prepared to make markets twenty-four hours a day in selected stocks. The infrastructure for such activity is being consolidated, sharpened, and challenged by new opportunities and competitive pressures.
Institutional Asset Management
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses six important points about the asset-management industry: The industry is likely to grow substantially in the years ahead. Despite the prospects for rapid growth, the structure of the asset-management industry is likely to reflect a high degree of contestability. The rapid evolution of the institutional asset-management industry will have a major effect on financial markets. Cross-border asset allocation will grow disproportionately as a product of institutional investors’ search for efficient portfolios through international diversification. The development of deeper and broader global capital markets will fundamentally change the market for corporate control into a much more fluid one focused on financial performance and shareholder value. Developments in institutional asset management will pose strategic challenges for the management of banks and other traditional financial institutions.
Strategic Drivers of Structural Change in Global Banking
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter assesses the factors that appear to be driving the structural reconfiguration of the financial services sector and its competitive consequences. Strategic options that are open to financial firms in responding to–and anticipating—structural change are then examined, as well as the factors that seem to drive competitive performance with respect to market share and profitability. Few industries have encountered as much “strategic turbulence” in recent years as the financial services sector. In response to far-reaching regulatory and technological change, together with important shifts in client behavior and globalization of specific financial intermediation functions, the organizational structure of the financial services industry has been profoundly displaced, and a great deal of uncertainty about the nature of any future equilibrium in the industry’s contours remains.
Managing Competitive Global Banking Firms
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of the financial services industry in order to determine future opportunities and challenges. In the past, because of deregulation, technological advances, and globalization, many different types of financial services firms, following different business strategies, have converged into the capital markets arena. This has greatly increased competition, to the benefit of market users, but it has also greatly increased the risks associated with being a major wholesale banking firm. The coming years will represent great challenges to most of the world's large financial service organizations, as they continue to compete for market share in a tougher regulatory environment and to recover their higher market valuations. These firms will have to rethink their basic business strategies and attempt to reposition themselves to maximize their comparative advantages, but also need to be able to control the formidable risks inherent in the strategies selected.
The Phonology of Japanese
Authors: Labrune Laurence 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis book offers a comprehensive overview of the phonology of Japanese, based on Japanese and Western materials and the author’s original research. It provides a rich source of materials and critical discussion of some current problems, reviewing previously published analyses and proposing solutions. Focussing on modern standard (Tôkyô) Japanese, with occasional excurses into major dialectical variations and historical backgrounds, the book offers both a critical synthesis of Japanese phonology and new analyses on some of its central features. Starting with the vowel inventory, the phonology of high vowel devoicing, insertion and elision, prosodic lengthening and shortening, and the status of diphthongs, it moves to the consonant system and the phonology of voicing, and to the so-called moraic segments. The chapter dedicated to the prosodic units provides a detailed and original analysis of the relation between the mora and syllable, one of the key issue of Japanese phonology, not to forget the foot and the prosodic word. It argues that the mora and the foot are sufficient for the comprehension and analysis of the phonology of Japanese. The final and longest chapter is devoted to accent, through descriptions and analyses of simplex and compound noun accentuation, default accentuation, the underlying accent of Sino-Japanese morphemes and that of numeral compounds to name just a few. It also addresses the question of the typological status of the Japanese accent in relation to tone.
History and Typology
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This book is concerned with EU administrative law, which includes analysis of the main forms of administration through which policy is delivered, as well as the principles of judicial review. It is fitting therefore to begin with an understanding of the history and typology of EU administration. This chapter starts by considering the evolution of EU administration. The focus then shifts to typology, and the features that distinguish different types of EU administration. The analysis takes as its ‘staging posts’ the original Rome Treaty and later Treaty amendments, and considers the evolution of EU administration in each of these periods.
Courts
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on EU courts. The way in which the principles of review have developed has been affected by the jurisdictional divide between the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and General Court (GC), and between these courts and national courts. It is argued that a necessary condition for an effective regime of judicial control is the existence of a rational judicial architecture, embracing the ECJ, GC, and national courts. The chapter is organized as follows. It begins with an analysis of the central structural and jurisdictional features of the present system, followed by consideration of the case-load problems of the EU courts, and the techniques available to limit the cases that are heard. The focus then shifts to the aims that should underlie reform of the Union's judicial architecture. The bulk of the chapter is concerned with the relationship between the ECJ and the GC, and that between the EU courts and the national courts. The discussion draws on two important papers concerning the EU's judicial architecture. One was produced by the then current members of the ECJ and CFI; the other was written by a Working Party composed largely of former judges of the ECJ at the behest of the Commission. The papers generated significant discussion and comment, which are referred to in the course of the ensuing analysis.
Process
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with process rights, and should be read in conjunction with the previous chapter on access. The sources of process rights are eclectic. Treaty articles, EU legislation, the Union courts, the European Ombudsman, and the Commission have all contributed towards the enumeration of such process rights, drawing inspiration from national legal systems. The discussion takes a broad view of process and addresses the topic from three perspectives. The initial perspective is concerned with discrete process rights and the way that they have been developed by the EU courts and by Union legislation. The second perspective is concerned with process rights and sector-specific legislation. The final perspective considers the way in which the meaning accorded to process rights has broader implications for the objectives of judicial review.
Law, Fact, and Discretion
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on some central precepts of substantive review. The discussion begins with the meaning accorded to the concepts of law, fact, and discretion in EU law. This is followed by examination of the test for review for questions of law. The focus then shifts to review of fact and discretion. The test for review and the meaning accorded to it in the early case law is explicated. This is followed by an examination of the more recent jurisprudence, and it is shown that the EU courts have used the tests for review more intensively than hitherto, although there may be some modification of this in some recent case law. The final two sections of the chapter contain broader reflections on the standard of review emerging from the case law in relation to fact and discretion, respectively.
Equality
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with equality and the way in which it has been shaped by Union legislation and the Courts' jurisprudence. The principle of equality and the prohibition of discrimination are found within a number of Treaty articles, but the European Court of Justice held that these were merely specific enunciations of the general principle of equality as one of the fundamental principles of EU law, which must be observed by any court.
Legal Certainty and Legitimate Expectations
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The connected concepts of legal certainty and legitimate expectations are to be found in many legal systems, although their precise legal content may vary. These concepts are used in a number of different ways and it is important to distinguish them in order to avoid confusion. This chapter begins with the basic precept of legal certainty and the constraints placed on EU norms that have an actual retroactive effect. This is followed by differentiation of other types of case where legal certainty and legitimate expectations are utilized and the rationale for affording legal protection. The remainder of the chapter analyses the law and policy applicable in these different areas, including revocation of lawful and unlawful decisions, individual representations, representations and changes of policy, departure from existing policy, and unlawful representations.
Proportionality I: EU
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Proportionality is an important principle of EU administrative law. It can be used to challenge EU action, and Member State action. Different considerations tend to apply in these two spheres, and this chapter focuses on proportionality and Union action. The discussion begins with analysis of the meaning of proportionality as elaborated by the Union courts. It then focuses on the way in which proportionality has been applied and the intensity of review. Three broad types of case can be distinguished: cases involving discretionary policy choices, whether social, political, or economic in nature; cases concerned with infringement of a right recognized by EU law; and cases involving a disproportionate penalty or financial burden.