bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics Across the Occupational Therapy Curriculum
Authors: DeMars Patricia A. , Fleming John D. , Benham Patricia A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The authors describe the development of specific teaching modules, methods, and techniques with which to raise student consciousness and generate awareness of ethical issues in occupational therapy practice as well as to develop the ethical decision-making process through the use of three ethical decision-making and thinking models. This focus on ethics has been integrated into the entire 2-year occupational therapy curriculum at a liberal arts college as part of the college’s larger institutional mission and objectives. The results obtained from informal faculty and student contacts and students’ feedback after completion of clinical fieldwork demonstrate increased student sensitivity and ability to identify and discern ethical issues as well as increased awareness of the many professional complexities involved in the determination of decisive proactive responses.
A Belly Gutter Splint for Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Flexion Contracture
Authors: Wu Shin-Han 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Various splints are available for the correction of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint flexion contracture in patients with hand injuries. This article discusses the mechanics of several splints. The belly gutter splint, an alternative design that can be used for this contracture, is introduced.
Occupational Therapy: The Role of Ideology in the Development of a Profession for Women
Authors: Litterst Terry Anne E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper uses contemporary accounts, newspaper articles, and professional literature to describe the origin and development of the profession of occupational therapy. Ideas about the organization of work, women ’s characteristics, and the historical context of World War I are included. Occupational therapy is discussed from the perspective of values that contributed to the successful establishment and maintenance of a recognized structure in the work force for women performing occupational therapy services.
The Henry B. Favill School of Occupations and Eleanor Clarke Slagle
Authors: Loomis Barbara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
During the World War I era, Eleanor Clarke Slagle directed Special Courses in Curative Occupations and Recreation at the Henry B. Favill School of Occupations, in cooperation with the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, in Chicago, Illinois. This paper describes this pioneer course in occupational therapy education. The influence of the settlement house setting, course descriptions from the school’s bulletin, and Slagle’s philosophy with related experiences drawn from her correspondence and curriculum vitae are presented. The program of study was short lived (1915 to 1920). There are indications that although this program was highly regarded under Slagle’s leadership, it was not continued after her resignation and departure from Chicago in 1920.
The Origin and Evolution of Activity Analysis
Authors: Creighton Cynthia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Practitioners of occupational therapy in the early 1900s selected therapeutic activities with an intuitive understanding of their characteristics and operations. The term activity analysis and the methodology for breaking down and examining tasks scientifically, however, were borrowed from industry during World War I. Methods originally used in time and motion study of jobs were applied to vocational retraining and therapeutic crafts; later, they were applied to a broader range of activities. The most systematic early use of activity analysis was in occupational therapy for physical dysfunction, particularly in military hospitals. Development of the concept was gradual until the 1970s, when the delineation of theoretical frames of reference for practice led to important changes. Today, activity analysis is viewed as a multifaceted process that involves both generic and specific components.
A Historical Review of Occupational Therapy’s Role in Preventive Health and Wellness
Authors: Reitz S. Maggie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The public is becoming increasingly cognizant of the importance of proactive health behavior and is seeking assistance from health care professionals in their pursuit of wellness. As occupational therapy strives to meet this growing consumer demand, a historical review of the profession’s involvement in proactive health activities can enhance its response. Since its inception, occupational therapy has recognized the importance of both preventive action and the promotion of wellness. In this paper, the significant historical events in this area are discussed to stimulate future research and clinical application in health promotion.
Maintaining Autonomy: The Struggle Between Occupational Therapy and Physical Medicine
Authors: Colman Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In 1948, several physiatrists, representing the emerging medical specialty of physical medicine, held a meeting at which they aggressively attempted to wrest control of occupational therapy’s educational programs and national registry from the jurisdiction of the American Occupational Therapy Association. This paper offers one view of the events that led up to that meeting and the consequences of that struggle for occupational therapy autonomy. It focuses on several critical incidents in the struggle, the salient issues debated, and the strategies used by both physical medicine and occupational therapy to influence the outcome. The consequences of the confrontation as they affected occupational therapy education and practice are discussed.
Deficits of Reaching in Subjects With Left Hemiparesis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Trombly Catherine A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Therapy to restore functional movement of stroke patients is based on assumptions about the deficits that occur in motor control as a result of stroke. Success has been limited, perhaps as a result of insufficient information concerning the characteristics of movement after stroke. In this pilot study, the Waterloo Spatial Motion Analysis Recording Technique (WATSMART™), an optoelectric motion analysis system, was used with surface electromyography to measure voluntary reaching in the impaired and unimpaired arms of 5 subjects with left hemiparesis. The ability to reach in a smooth coordinated way was significantly poorer in the impaired arms than in the unimpaired arms, for which scores were essentially normal. The patients were less able to activate the muscles of the impaired arm and, as a result, used a greater percentage of the maximum activity they could generate to complete the unresisted reaching task. The electromyographic differences between arms, however, did not reach significance.
The results corroborate previous findings and show that movement deficits of particular patients can be diagnosed precisely with kinematic analysis and electromyography. If greater precision in diagnosis were available clinically, more effective therapy might be developed.
Clinical Reasoning Process for Service Provision in the Public School
Authors: Hall Laura , Robertson Wendy , Turner Mary Ann 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper outlines the clinical reasoning process used to guide decisions on the provision of occupational therapy services in the Wake County Public School System in North Carolina. The process is based on a theoretical framework derived from occupational therapy theory and public law. Benefits of using the clinical reasoning process include (a) increased consistency of decision making among therapists; (b) increased appropriateness of decisions regarding whether a student needs educationally based occupational therapy services, what type of occupational therapy service would meet the student’s need, and how often this service should be provided; and (c) improved ability of therapist to articulate to all those involved with a student the reasoning behind decisions to provide educationally based occupational therapy services. The schematic diagrams that depict this process provide a useful tool for therapists with varied work experiences entering school-based practice.
Continuing Education Requirements to Maintain Occupational Therapy Licensure
Authors: Garrahy Robin , Thibodaux Louise , Hickman Charlene , Caldwell Deidra 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Different states use a variety of regulatory mechanisms to monitor the quality of practice in occupational therapy. The requirement for mandatory continuing education has been adopted by fewer than half of American states, but there is reason to predict that this trend will increase. This study investigates the patterns linking licensure to continuing education and recommends actions to ensure uniformity and accountability.
Gender Differences in Dementia Management Plans of Spousal Caregivers: Implications for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Corcoran Mary A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists treating older people with Alzheimer disease know that they must also consider the others who are affected by the disease, the informal caregivers. Intervention is most effective when it enables both the impaired person and the primary caregiver to manage the secondary symptoms of dementia. Unfortunately, little is understood about how caregivers approach and carry out their tasks and about why male and female caregivers respond differently to their caregiving role in terms of depression, burden, stress, and substance abuse.
This paper discusses the effects of gender on dementia management plans of spousal caregivers. Husbands and wives have different approaches to caregiving; each approach has consequences. Male caregivers adopt a task-oriented approach to their duties and carry out their activities in a linear fashion; female caregivers use a parent–child approach and nest activities inside one another in a constant stream of work. Two cases are presented to illustrate gender differences in dementia management plans. Implications for occupational therapy include suggestions for supporting men and women in their caregiving role, modulating the negative consequences of caregiving, and conducting research to demonstrate the efficacy of an occupational therapy approach.
Interwoven Threads: Occupational Therapy, Feminism, and Holistic Health
Authors: Miller Rosalie J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapy is a predominantly female profession; 93% to 95% of occupational therapists are women. The implications and ramifications of this reality have seldom been directly addressed. In this article, beliefs about balance, activity, environment, and autonomy are explored from the perspectives of occupational therapy, feminism, holistic health, and medicine. The assertion that occupational therapy has more in common philosophically with feminism and holistic health than it does with medicine is supported. This awareness provides a new framework for examining current issues of concern to the profession, such as support for purposeful activity, existence outside the mainstream of power holders, and problems and powers inherent in being seen as a women’s profession. Recommendations are made that occupational therapists commit more money and energy to encourage, facilitate, and support female leadership; develop innovative strategies for keeping members who take time out to raise families informed; support more holistic and feminist reorganization of work settings; instill awareness of these issues in our students; and address our strengths as a women’s profession. All occupational therapists must also confront their own anti-woman prejudice.
Occupational Therapy Intervention With the Alcoholic’s Family
Authors: Moyers Penelope A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this paper, the role of occupational therapy in the treatment of the family affected by alcoholism is explored. Literature is reviewed to analyze occupational therapists’ current approaches for interacting with the family. A family-treatment approach, based on systems theory, is organized into three hierarchical treatment levels that accommodate the family’s maladaptive roles. Family treatment methods thought most likely to produce the desired results are delineated according to treatment level. Treatment Level 1 focuses on reduction of maladaptive role behaviors of the family that enable the person’s drinking. At Treatment Level 2, family members are taught coping skills that weaken their reliance on maladaptive roles. Emotional development is stimulated at Treatment Level 3 through confrontation of continued use of maladaptive roles.
Assistive Technology Device Use in Patients With Rheumatic Disease: A Literature Review
Authors: Rogers Joan C. , Holm Margo B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists often prescribe assistive technology devices (ATDs) to assist persons with disabilities in performing daily living tasks. Estimates suggest that although most ATDs are used, a substantial proportion are never used or are discarded shortly after they are obtained. A review of the literature on ATDs was carried out to identify factors that contribute to ATD use and disuse. The review focused on persons with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, because such persons are frequent users of ATDs. Although the literature review highlighted person-, environment-, and ATD-related factors as relevant to ATD use, it also underscored the dearth of scientific study of the prescriptions, provision, and use of ATDs. A model is proposed to guide empirical research aimed at identifying non–device users from the outset of treatment so that interventions to improve ATD use may be initiated or alternative interventions implemented. The variables comprising the model pertain to the patient, the patient’s living environment, the therapist prescribing the device, and the device itself.
Hand Splinting in Quadriplegia: Current Practice
Authors: Krajnik Sheila R. , Bridle Mary J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A mailed survey was conducted to collect information about the application of hand splints to patients with spinal cord injuries resulting in quadriplegia at levels C-5, C-6, C-7, and C-8. Survey respondents were occupational therapists in spinal cord injury centers nationwide. Frequency and descriptive statistics were collected concerning both static and dynamic splints, the clinical reasoning behind splint selection, and methods used for the evaluation of hand function. The results of the survey indicate that hand splinting is an accepted intervention for the target population. A variety of static splint designs were used, depending on level of injury, muscle strength, and the patient’s acceptance. The dynamic splint designs were used most frequently with patients whose lesions were at C-6 and C-7. The reasons for not splinting were primarily related to the patient’s compliance and acceptance. Observation of patients’ performance of functional tasks was the preferred method of evaluation of hand function, as there are no appropriate standardized tests available for this population.
The Meaning of Activity: Day Care for Persons With Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Hasselkus Betty Risteen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to gain understanding of the meaning of the daily routines and activities at a day-care center for persons with Alzheimer disease, as experienced by the staff. With the use of the qualitative research techniques of participant observation and ethnographic interviewing, data were collected for 4 weeks at a small adult day-care center for persons with mid- to late-stage Alzheimer disease or related disorders. Analysis of the data revealed that the foremost guiding principle for all activities during the day was prevention, that is, to prevent participant behavior that would be harmful to self or to others. Secondary to this overarching guideline, other characteristics of a “good day” versus a “rough day” were also identified. The findings are discussed as they relate to activity program planning and to sources of staff satisfaction in the care of persons with Alzheimer disease.
Infant Neuromotor Assessments: A Review and Preview of Selected Instruments
Authors: Einarsson-Backes Lynn M. , Stewart Katherine B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The advancement of medical technology has produced an increased number of surviving neonates. Occupational therapists and physical therapists working in neonatal intensive care units and follow-up clinics are faced with the challenge of providing early assessment and treatment for this relatively new population of infants. The purpose of this article is to review selected infant motor evaluation instruments used by therapists and to preview those currently being developed. An overview of the historical background of infant neuromotor testing is provided, followed by a review of the Infant Neurological International Battery (Ellison, Horn, & Browning, 1985) and the Neonatal Neurobehavioral Examination (Morgan, Koch, Lee, & Aldag, 1988). Two infant motor tests currently being developed, the Chandler Movement Assessment of Infants Screening Test and the Miller Infant and Toddler Test (both of which, at the time of this writing, are unpublished) are described. Updated information on the psychometric properties and the clinical usefulness of these new infant neuromotor tests can assist therapists in selecting reliable and valid measures in their clinical practice.
A Comparison of the Individualized Education Plan and the Individualized Family Service Plan
Authors: Decker Bonnie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The individualized education plan (IEP) and the individualized family service plan (IFSP) are mandated for children with special needs. Occupational therapists participate in the development of both the IEP and the IFSP. This paper summarizes the similarities and the differences in the mandated components. The components addressed are (a) information about the child’s status, (b) information about the family, (c) outcomes for the child and family, (d) intervention services, (e) other services, (f) dates and duration of services, (g) selection of a case manager, and (h) transition plans.
The Use of Computers in Occupational Therapy for Visual-Scanning Training
Authors: Ross Freda L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examined the effect of computer-assisted remediation, with the use of specific visual-scanning software, in the retraining of a functional scanning deficit. Three subjects who displayed significant deficits in visual scanning were selected. A single-subject study was conducted, involving an ABA multiple baseline across-subjects design. Introduction of computer-based intervention with visual-scanning software occurred after 2 to 3 weeks of the gathering of baseline data. Removal of this intervention followed six to nine sessions of 15 to 30 min each over 3 weeks, and data were collected over a 2-week return-to-baseline phase. The dependent variables – speed, accuracy, and the number of re-referencing glances – were measured on functional performance of a grocery-shelf scanning task. Analysis with the two standard deviation band method did not reveal a significant change in performance on the functional task between the three phases. Visual and graphic analyses confirmed that computer intervention did not significantly affect performance on the functional task. The clinical significance of the results suggest that software-assisted remediation may not be an appropriate modality for achievement of a functional occupational therapy outcome.
Locus of Control in Nondisabled Versus Congenitally Physically Disabled Adolescents
Authors: Janelle Sylvie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Locus of control in 13 nondisabled and 8 congenitally physically disabled adolescents was examined with the use of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973a). All subjects with disabilities had IQs within normal limits, used wheelchairs, and could communicate verbally. The two groups were matched in IQ, age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. It was hypothesized that the locus of control scores for the disabled group would evidence significantly more externality than the scores for the nondisabled group. A Mann Whitney U test was done to analyze the data gathered, and the results were found to be statistically nonsignificant (U = 58.50, p = .635). Adjunct analyses were conducted to explore the percentage of internal and external answers between the two groups. Race was the only variable correlating significantly with locus of control scores (r = .54, p = .05). The study’s results suggest that disability is not a significant predictor of externality in adolescents. Persons with an internal locus of control are more assertive and better able to cope with their environment; occupational therapists can offer many therapeutic strategies to persons with an external locus of control for improved function and quality of life.
History of Federal Legislation for Persons With Disabilities
Authors: Reed Kathlyn L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper discusses federal legislation relating to persons with disabilities and it divides into 13 areas. Several areas of legislation, such as education and basic education, have a long history beginning with World War I. Laws related to other areas, such as federal support for developing technology, have been adopted only within the past 5 years. The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) (Public Law 101–336), which guarantees civil rights to Americans with disabilities, has five titles, and each is summarized. Although the ADA provides for Americans with disabilities to be included in American society, it has some major limitations, including the lack of an affirmative action requirement and of provisions for the education and training of persons with disabilities so that they can qualify for employment. Several of the federal laws related to persons with disabilities have affected the field of occupational therapy either favorably or adversely. The conclusion is drawn that occupational therapists need to be alert to pending legislation to promote the role of occupational therapy in serving persons with disabilities.
The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 and Employees With Mental Impairments: Personal Efficacy and the Environment
Authors: Crist Patricia A. H. , Stoffel Virginia C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) (Public Law 101–336) provides persons with mental health problems basic rights resulting in full access to community resources, especially the rights and privileges associated with the work role. This paper discusses the law, personal self-efficacy, and four environmental aspects as they relate to the employment of persons with mental impairments: (a) employer and co-worker attitudes, (b) essential job functions, (c) reasonable accommodations, and (d) community access. Areas of intervention for occupational therapists in mental health include attitude and advocacy training, assisting employers in providing reasonable accommodations, and preparing persons with mental impairments to be successful employees. Examples in occupational therapy are reviewed to illustrate the implementation of the ADA with persons with mental health problems.