bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-20 Is Regulated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Up-Regulated after Experimental Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Chen Wei-Yu , Chang Ming-Shi 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
IL-20, an IL-10 family member, is involved in various inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. We investigated whether hypoxia in vitro and an in vivo model of ischemic stroke would up-regulate IL-20 expression. In vitro, IL-20 expression increased in hypoxic HaCaT, HEK293 cells, chondrocytes, monocytes, and glioblastoma cells. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α inhibited CoCl2-induced IL-20 expression. We identified two putative hypoxia response elements in the human il20 gene promoter. Promoter activity assays showed that CoCl2 mimicked hypoxia-activated luciferase reporter gene expression. In vivo, experimental ischemic stroke up-regulated IL-20 in the sera and brain tissue of rats. IL-20 stained positively in glia-like cells in peri-infarcted lesions, but not in contralateral tissue. Administration of IL-20 mAb ameliorated ischemia-induced brain infarction of rats after experimental ischemic stroke. In vitro, RT-PCR analysis showed that glioblastoma cells, GBM8901, expressed IL-20 and its receptor subunits IL-20R1, IL-20R2, and IL-22R1. IL-20 induced cell proliferation in GBM8901 cells by activating the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK1/2 pathways. IL-20 also induced production of IL-1β, IL-8, and MCP-1 in GBM8901 cells. We conclude that IL-20 was responsive to hypoxia in vitro and in the ischemic stroke model and that up-regulation of IL-20 in the ischemic brain may contribute to brain injury.
Superacidity of Boron Acids H2(B12X12) (X=Cl, Br)
Authors: Avelar Amy , Tham Fook S. , Reed Christopher A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractStark sauer: Die wasserfreien diprotischen Borsäuren H2(B12X12) (X=Cl, Br; siehe Bild: B orange, X grün) sind die ersten diprotischen Supersäuren und möglicherweise die stärksten bislang isolierten Säuren überhaupt. Beide Protonen protonieren Benzol unter Bildung bei Raumtemperatur beständiger Benzeniumsalze. Die Säuren verdanken ihre Existenz der Stabilität des ikosaedrischen B12‐Clusters, dessen doppelt negative Ladung durch eine Hülle von Halogensubstituenten wirksam abgeschirmt ist.magnified image
Nitrogen and Hydrogen Adsorption by an Organic Microporous Crystal
Authors: Msayib Kadhum J. , Book David , Budd Peter M. , Chaukura Nhamo , Harris Kenneth D. M. , Helliwell Madeleine , Tedds Steven , Walton Allan , Warren John E. , Xu Mingcan , McKeown Neil B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAufnahmefähig: Die außergewöhliche Kristallstruktur von 3,3′,4,4′‐Tetra(trimethylsilylethinyl)biphenyl wurde untersucht. Durch Entfernen eingeschlossener Solvensmoleküle entsteht ein organischer Kristall mit einer weitmaschigen mikroporösen Struktur, die derjenigen von Zeolith A verblüffend ähnlich ist (siehe Bild). Experimente zur reversiblen Adsorption von Stickstoff oder Wasserstoff bei 77 K bestätigten, dass die Mikroporen permanent bestehen bleiben.magnified image
A Stable Six‐Coordinate Intermediate in Ammonia–Dinitrogen Exchange at Schrock's Molybdenum Catalyst
Authors: Schenk Stephan , Kirchner Barbara , Reiher Markus 
Published: April 2009

AbstractJuggling N2 and NH3: Exchange of ammonia by dinitrogen at Schrock's five‐coordinate dinitrogen‐fixating molybdenum catalyst is likely to involve stable six‐coordinate intermediates (see figure).magnified imageIn this work, we investigate the mechanism of the ammonia–dinitrogen exchange reaction, which is the decisive step to close the catalytic cycle of Schrock's dinitrogen reduction sequence under ambient conditions. We identify several viable pathways for the approach of dinitrogen to the five‐coordinate molybdenum center of the ammonia complex by means of first‐principles molecular‐dynamics simulations. These exploratory simulations are then complemented by rigorous quantum‐chemical structure optimizations. Our calculations have been performed for the full Schrock catalyst without simplifying the large chelate ligand, and are hence not affected by model assumptions. We show that the reaction obeys an addition–elimination mechanism via a stable six‐coordinate intermediate. This intermediate has been fully characterized by stationary quantum‐chemical methods. The predicted infrared spectrum of this species features an NN stretching vibration, which is well separated in frequency from all other NN stretching vibrations of N2‐binding complexes involved in the Schrock cycle. Depending on the life time of this intermediate in the reaction liquor, the production of this intermediate might even be monitored by the absorption of the NN stretching vibration.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of an Unprecedented Supramolecular Complex [Co(µ2‐ClO4)2(H2O)2]·2MA
Authors: XU Jing , BAI Zhengshuai , SUN Weiyin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new supramolecular framework [Co(µ2‐ClO4)2(H2O)2]·2MA (1) [MA=melamine (C3H6N6)] has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Interestingly, there are inorganic and organic building blocks with two different supramolecular synthons: (a) 2D (4,4) network constructed by infinite inorganic 1D chains through interchain hydrogen bonding interactions; (b) 1D zigzag organic chains formed by hydrogen bonds, which further stack up through π‐π interactions between the two adjacent MA molecules. The entire structure of 1 is a 3D supramolecular framework resulting from the presence of abundant hydrogen bonds between infinite [Co(µ2‐ClO4)2(H2O)2]n chains and zigzag MA chains in different sheets. 1 gives a nice example of supramolecular framework based on non‐covalent interactions including hydrogen bonding and π‐π interactions.
Toxicity Effect of Pb(II) on Two Different Kinds of Microbes Measured by Microcalorimetry
Authors: GAI Nan , YAO Jun , TIAN Lin , CHEN Huilun , ZHOU Yong , WANG Fei , CHEN Yanjiao , CHEN Haiyan , CHEN Ke , TREBSE Polonca , ZARAY Gyula 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this work, microcalorimetric technique was used to analyze Pb(II) toxic action on the metabolic activities of Candida humicola and Bacillus subtilis. The experimental results revealed that Pb(II) had a stimulating effect on C. humicola and B. subtilis growth at a relatively low concentration (10.0 g·mL−1); while, C. humicola and B. subtilis were inhibited completely when the concentrations were up to 320.0 and 160.0 g·mL−1, respectively, and the relationships between growth rate constant (k) and doses of Pb(II) were approximately linear for the two microbes at certain concerntrations. At the same time, their cell dry weight and turbidity (OD600) during growth were also obtained. Their thermogenic curves of the growth coincided well with their turbidity curves, elucidating that the microcalorimetric method agreed with the routine microbiology methods. All of these corroborate the validity and sensitivity of the microcalorimetric technique to investigate the toxic effect of Pb(II) on soil microorganisms.
Predictors of entering 24‐h care for people with Alzheimer's disease: results from the LASER‐AD study
Authors: Habermann Stephanie , Cooper Claudia , Katona Cornelius , Livingston Gill 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectivesMany studies have investigated predictors of people with dementia entering 24‐h care but this is the first to consider a comprehensive range of carer and care recipient (CR) characteristics derived from a systematic review, in a longitudinal cohort study followed up for several years.MethodsWe interviewed 224 people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their carers, recruited to be representative in terms of their severity, sex and living situation as part of the LASER‐AD study; and determined whether they entered 24‐h care in the subsequent 4.5 years. We tested a comprehensive range of characteristics derived from a systematic review, and used Cox proportional hazard regression to determine whether they independently predicted entering 24‐h care.ResultsThe main independent predictors of shorter time to enter 24‐h care were the patient being: more cognitively or functionally impaired (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.06–1.12) and (HR = 1.04 95% CI = 1.03–1.05), having a paid versus a family carer (HR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.39–3.57), the carer being less educated (HR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.12–1.83) and spending less hours caring (HR = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.00–1.01).ConclusionAs having a family carer who spent more time caring (taking into account illness severity) delayed entry to 24‐h care, future research should investigate how to enable carers to provide this. Other interventions to improve patients' impairment may not only have benefits for patients' health but also allow them to remain longer at home. This financial benefit could more than offset the treatment cost. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RB1CC1 activates the promoter and expression of RB1 in human cancer
Authors: Ikebuchi Kaichiro , Chano Tokuhiro , Ochi Yasuko , Tameno Hitosuke , Shimada Taketoshi , Hisa Yasuo , Okabe Hidetoshi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRB1‐inducible coiled‐coil 1 (RB1CC1, also known as FIP200) is a tumor suppressor implicated in the regulation of RB1 (retinoblastoma 1) expression. However, the molecular mechanism of RB1 regulation by RB1CC1 has not been elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that nuclear RB1CC1 binds to the RB1 promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays with anti‐RB1CC1 antibody. Luciferase assays with RB1 promoter reporter plasmids revealed that RB1CC1 activated the RB1 promoter through the 201 bp upstream GC‐rich region (from the initiation ATG). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and Western blot analysis supported RB1CC1 binding to the GC‐rich region of the RB1 promoter. In addition, the C‐terminus of RB1CC1 was required for nuclear localization and subsequent RB1 promoter activation. Furthermore, the expression levels of RB1CC1 and RB1 significantly correlated with in vivo breast cancer tissues as determined by immunohistochemical analysis. These data indicate that nuclear RB1CC1 directly activates the RB1 promoter to enhance RB1 expression in cancer cells. Evaluation of RB1CC1 in various types of human cancer tissues is expected to provide useful information for clinical practice and future therapeutic strategies. © 2009 UICC
Preparation of resorbable collagen‐based beads for direct use in tissue engineering and cell therapy applications
Authors: Glattauer Veronica , White Jacinta F. , Tsai Wei‐Bor , Tsai Chen‐Chi , Tebb Tracy A. , Danon Stephen J. , Werkmeister Jerome A. , Ramshaw John A. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFor tissue engineering and cell therapy applications, expansion of cells such as chondrocytes on beads in spinner culture can provide advantages compared with monolayer culture. The use of resorbable beads that can be included as an integral part of the construct provides the advantage of minimizing the extent of cell handling and eliminating a final trypsin treatment to detach cells from the bead. In this study, we have made various types of beads based on native collagen and denatured collagen (gelatin). The beads have been stabilized by different extents of glutaraldehyde cross‐linking, and characterized by a combination of chemical analysis, thermal stability, and microscopy. In vitro examination in the presence and absence of chondrocytes showed that stability increased with the extent of crosslinking and could also be influenced by the manner of fabrication. On the basis of the in vitro stability studies, gelatin beads of a defined stability were shown to resorb over time in subcutaneous implants in nude mice compared with more stable demineralized bone particle (DMB) carriers. These data indicate that for direct use in tissue engineering or cell therapy applications, where resorbable beads can be used for cell expansion and then direct delivery of cells, it is possible to design suitable carrier beads with a range of stabilities that match the implant requirements. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Chondrogenesis, joint formation, and articular cartilage regeneration
Authors: Onyekwelu Ikemefuna , Goldring Mary B. , Hidaka Chisa 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe repair of joint surface defects remains a clinical challenge, as articular cartilage has a limited healing response. Despite this, articular cartilage does have the capacity to grow and remodel extensively during pre‐ and post‐natal development. As such, the elucidation of developmental mechanisms, particularly those in post‐natal animals, may shed valuable light on processes that could be harnessed to develop novel approaches for articular cartilage tissue engineering and/or regeneration to treat injuries or degeneration in adult joints. Much has been learned through mouse genetics regarding the embryonic development of joints. This knowledge, as well as the less extensive available information regarding post‐natal joint development is reviewed here and discussed in relation to their possible relevance to future directions in cartilage tissue repair and regeneration. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 383–392, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass spectra of thiazolidines
Authors: Vestling Martha M. , Ogren R. Lee 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe electron impact mass spectra of twelve thiazolidines have been measured and the fragmentation patterns examined. The three most intense fragmentations common to all the thiazolidines examined are: (a) the cleavage of the substituent at C‐2, (b) 1,4‐ring cleavage, and (c) 2,5‐ring cleavage. The 1,4‐ and 2,5‐cleavages occur with and without rearrangement of a proton.
Reactions of salicylamides with thionyl chloride
Authors: Morris L. R. , Collins L. R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA series of compounds having the 1,2,3‐benzoxathiazin‐4 (3H) one 2‐oxide structure have been synthesized by the interaction of thionyl chloride with the appropriate salicylamide. Some properties of these compounds as well as some by‐products are described.
Nucleophilic displacement of aromatic fluorine. Part IV. Quinolinoquinolines and benzochromenoquinolines
Authors: Walser A. , Flynn T. , Fryer R. Ian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe title compounds were obtained by facile intramolecular nucleophilic displacement of aromatic fluorine from 4‐(2‐fluorophenyl)quinolines bearing substituents such as a carboxamide, carboxaldehyde, carboxaldoxime or a hydroxymethyl group in the 3‐position.
Etude théorique et expérimentale des spectres électroniques d'absorption de cyclohepta[b ou c] thiophénones‐6 et des hydroxy‐5 cyclohepta[b ou c] thiophenones‐6
Authors: Perben Rosine , Marey Thèrése , Arrinu Jean 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLes spectres électroniques d'absorption de cyclohepta (b ou c) thiophénones‐6 et des hydroxy‐5 cyclohepta(b ou c)thiophénones ‐ 6 sont étudiés par la méthode C.N.D.O./S de Jaffé étendue à la troisième période longue. Les résultats des calculs sont en accord satisfaisants avee les données expérimentales. Une nouvelle interprétation du spectre de la tropone est proposée.
1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition reaction of phenanthridinium N‐imines and N‐benzoylimine with acetylenic compounds
Authors: Tamura Yasumitsu , Miki Yasuyoshi , Nishikawa Yoshinori , Ikeda Masazumi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractN‐Aminophenanthridinium salt reacted with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in the presence of potassium carbonate to give a 3,3a‐dihydropyrazolo[1,5‐f]phenanthridine but with mono‐substituted acetylenes (ethyl propiolate and benzoylacetylene) it produced aromatized pyrazolo‐[1,5‐f]phenanthridines (XII and XIII). The reaction of the N‐benzoylimine with di‐substituted acetylenes (dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and methyl phenylpropiolate) and mono‐substituted acetylenes (ethyl propiolate and benzoylacetylene) yielded 1,3a‐dihydropyrazolo[1,5‐f]phenanthridines and the aromatized products (XII and XIII), respectively.
Photoaddition of benzophenone to azaindole, synthesis of the oxetane of 7‐azaindole
Authors: Nakano Tatsuhiko , Santana Magaly 
Published: April 2009

Abstract7‐Azaindole did not react with benzophenone on irradiation. However, irradiation of benzophenone in the presence of 1‐acetyl‐7‐azaindole produced an oxetane by cycloaddition of the ketone to the 7‐azaindole 2,3‐double bond. The nmr and the mass spectra of the oxetane have also been studied in some detail.
The Alkylation of 6‐Bromo‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐3‐cinnolinecarboxylic Acid
Authors: Brundage R. Pauline , Lesher George Y. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlkylation of the title compound gave 3a, b + c and 2a, b + c in ca. equivalent yields. Intermediate 4a was isolated and its facile decarboxylation to 2a was studied.
Early acoustic discrimination experience ameliorates auditory processing deficits in male rats with cortical developmental disruption
Authors: Threlkeld Steven W. , Hill Courtney A. , Rosen Glenn D. , Fitch R. Holly 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAuditory temporal processing deficits have been suggested to play a causal role in language learning impairments, and evidence of cortical developmental anomalies (microgyria (MG), ectopia) has been reported for language‐impaired populations. Rodent models have linked these features, by showing deficits in auditory temporal discrimination for rats with neuronal migration anomalies (MG, ectopia). Since evidence from human studies suggests that training with both speech and non‐speech acoustic stimuli may improve language performance in developmentally language‐disabled populations, we were interested in whether/how maturation and early experience might influence auditory processing deficits seen in male rats with induced focal cortical MG.Results showed that for both simple (Normal single tone), as well as increasingly complex auditory discrimination tasks (silent gap in white noise and FM sweep), prior experience significantly improved acoustic discrimination performance—in fact, beyond improvements seen with maturation only. Further, we replicated evidence that young adult rats with MG were significantly impaired at discriminating FM sweeps compared to shams. However, these MG effects were no longer seen when experienced subjects were retested in adulthood (even though deficits in short duration FM sweep detection were seen for adult MG rats with no early experience). Thus while some improvements in auditory processing were seen with normal maturation, the effects of early experience were even more profound, in fact resulting in amelioration of MG effects seen at earlier ages.These findings support the clinical view that early training intervention with appropriate acoustic stimuli could similarly ameliorate long‐term processing impairments seen in some language‐impaired children.
Time and Truth: The Presentism-Eternalism Debate
Authors: Stoneham Tom 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThere are many questions we can ask about time, but perhaps the most fundamental is whether there are metaphysically interesting differences between past, present and future events. An eternalist believes in a block universe: past, present and future events are all on an equal footing. A gradualist believes in a growing block: he agrees with the eternalist about the past and the present but not about the future. A presentist believes that what is present has a special status. My first claim is that the familiar ways of articulating these views result in there being no substantive disagreement at all between the three parties. I then show that if we accept the controversial truthmaking principle, we can articulate a substantive disagreement. Finally, I apply this way of formulating the debate to related questions such as the open future and determinism, showing that these do not always line up in quite the way one would expect.
TASTE FOR VARIETY AND OPTIMUM PRODUCT DIVERSITY IN AN OPEN ECONOMY
Authors: Coto‐Martínez Javier , García‐Alonso María D. C. , Levine Paul 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTWe extend the Benassy‘taste for variety’ model to an open economy setting. With the Benassy effect, the market equilibrium is inefficient, openness reduces the varieties provided in the unconstrained optimum and there are potential gains from international coordination.
SUSTAINABILITY IN A MULTIPRODUCT AND MULTIPLE AGENT CONTESTABLE MARKET
Authors: Iehlé Vincent 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTWe prove that a natural monopoly can set subsidy free pricing and sustainable pricing schedules in a general economic environment. The setting is a multiproduct and multiple agent contestable market where demands are elastic and where rivals can enter the submarkets composed by a set of the products line and a set of agents. Our results suggest that the existence results of the extant literature admit analogues even in an environment where rivals have enlarged possibilities to enter the market and where demands react to prices. The approach makes use of cooperative games to deduce the main results under conditions of fair sharing cost, a threshold in consumption and regularity of the profit function.
ACCURACY, PRECISION AND RESPONSE TIME OF CONSUMER FORK, REMOTE, DIGITAL PROBE AND DISPOSABLE INDICATOR THERMOMETERS FOR COOKED GROUND BEEF PATTIES AND CHICKEN BREASTS*
Authors: LIU M.N. , VINYARD B. , CALLAHAN J.A. , SOLOMON M.B. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT Nine different commercially available instant‐read consumer thermometers (forks, remotes, digital probe and disposable color change indicators) were tested for accuracy and precision compared with a calibrated thermocouple in 80 and 90% lean ground beef patties and boneless and bone‐in chicken breasts cooked on gas grills, electric griddles and baked in consumer ovens. All models registered less than 42% of the products as cooked at the recommended insertion time except for one indicator model which registered greater than 50% of the products as cooked in five meat product/cooking method combinations. Average thermometer readings deviated from the thermocouple by as much as 64F. Increasing insertion time increased percentage of product registering as cooked and decreased the temperature difference. Measurement repeatability (precision) was high within and between individual thermometers of the same model. These results indicate that consumers using these thermometers would cook meat products to higher temperatures than necessary to destroy harmful microorganisms. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConsumers are urged to use thermometers when cooking meat products. Consumer fork, remote, digital probe and disposable indicator thermometers are aggressively marketed for their convenience to the consumer. There is relatively little scientific information regarding the accuracy and response time for these types of thermometers. The results of this study conclude that these thermometers register temperatures much lower than the thermocouple temperatures. As a result, consumers will cook meat products to a higher end point temperature, which provides extra food safety but in some cases may cause detrimental quality changes.