bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover, Hip Bone Loss, and Fracture in Older Men: The MrOS Study
Authors: Bauer Douglas C , Garnero Patrick , Harrison Stephanie L , Cauley Jane A , Eastell Richard , Ensrud Kris E , Orwoll Eric 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
We used data from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study to test the hypothesis that men with higher levels of bone turnover would have accelerated bone loss and an elevated risk of fracture. MrOS enrolled 5995 subjects &gt;65 yr; hip BMD was measured at baseline and after a mean follow-up of 4.6 yr. Nonspine fractures were documented during a mean follow-up of 5.0 yr. Using fasting serum collected at baseline and stored at −190°C, bone turnover measurements (type I collagen N-propeptide [PINP]; β C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen [βCTX]; and TRACP5b) were obtained on 384 men with nonspine fracture (including 72 hip fractures) and 947 men selected at random. Among randomly selected men, total hip bone loss was 0.5%/yr among those in the highest quartile of PINP (&gt;44.3 ng/ml) and 0.3%/yr among those in the lower three quartiles (p = 0.01). Fracture risk was elevated among men in the highest quartile of PINP (hip fracture relative hazard = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.23, 3.68; nonspine relative hazard = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.05) or βCTX (hip fracture relative hazard = 1.76, 95 CI: 1.04, 2.98; nonspine relative hazard = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.69) but not TRACP5b. Further adjustment for baseline hip BMD eliminated all associations between bone turnover and fracture. We conclude that higher levels of bone turnover are associated with greater hip bone loss in older men, but increased turnover is not independently associated with the risk of hip or nonspine fracture.
Differences in Macro- and Microarchitecture of the Appendicular Skeleton in Young Chinese and White Women
Authors: Wang Xiao-Fang , Wang Qingju , Ghasem-Zadeh Ali , Evans Alison , McLeod Catherine , Iuliano-Burns Sandra , Seeman Ego 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
To identify the racial differences in macro- and microstructure of the distal radius and tibia that may account for the lower fracture rates in Asians than whites, we studied 61 healthy premenopausal Chinese and 111 white women 18–45 yr of age using high-resolution pQCT (HR-pQCT). The Chinese were shorter and leaner. Distal radius total cross-sectional area (CSA) was 14.3% smaller in Chinese because of an 18.0% smaller trabecular area (p &lt; 0.001). Cortical thickness was 8.8% greater in the Chinese, but cortical area was no different. Total volumetric BMD (vBMD) was 10.3% higher in the Chinese because of the 8.8% higher cortical thickness and 2.8% greater cortical density (all p &lt; 0.01). Trabecular vBMD and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) did not differ by race because trabeculae were 7.0% fewer but 10.8% thicker in Chinese than whites (both p &lt; 0.01). Similar results were found at the distal tibia. Lower fracture risk in Chinese women may be partly caused by thicker cortices and trabeculae in a smaller bone-more bone within the bone than in whites.
The Metrological Basis and Operation of Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine NMM-1Metrologische Grundlagen und Wirkungsweise der Nanopositionier- und Messmaschine NMM-1
Authors: Jäger Gerd , Manske Eberhard , Hausotte Tino , Büchner H.-J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
After an explanation of the set-up of a nanomeasuring machine NMM-1, its high performance is described with a metrological analysis. This analysis shows some of today´s limits of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring engineering. Single, double and triple beam plane mirror interferometers are applied in the nanomeasuring machine in order to measure and control the six degrees of freedom of the 3D nanopositioning stage. The various applications of the nanomeasuring machine are based on the installation of optical and tactile nanoprobes above the 3D nanopositioning stage. The set-up, function and measurement results of some zero-point nanoprobes in combination with the nanomeasuring machine are explained.
Developments in Homodyne InterferometryFortschritte in der Homodyn-Interferometrie
Authors: Schott Walter , Dontsov Denys , Pöschel Wolfgang 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The trend in many fields of enabling technologies, such as microelectronics, communications, microsystems, and micromechanics, toward imposing increasingly stringent demands upon precision continues. Those types of technologies allow creating micromechanical components having dimensions of a few micrometers that have to be accurately measured, positioned relative to one another, and assembled. In that conjunction, laser-interferometric metrology provides unique opportunities that combine measurements over large ranges at extraordinarily fine resolutions with traceability of measurement results to international length standards. Laser-interferometric metrological systems may be used for measuring displacements ranging from subnanometers to several meters, without need for reconfiguring the optical or electronic systems involved or their component devices.
Navigation in a Large Measurement Volume by Using AFM Technology as a Sensor System in the NPMMNavigation in einem großen Messvolumen in der Nanopositionier- und Mess-Maschine (NPMM) mittels AFM-Technologie
Authors: Machleidt Torsten , Sparrer Erik , Dorozhovets Nataliya , Manske Eberhard , Franke Karl-Heinz , Kapusi Daniel 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This article discusses methods to measure samples up to 25×25 mm2 using the NPMM [1] as an atomic force microscope (AFM) [2]. An entire scan at full resolution (10 nm) and 10 μm/s scan speed would take about 200 years. Therefore, overview scans with the AFM can be done to reduce the scan time, but these scans can induce aliasing artifacts due to sub-sampling. This paper gives a solution to that problem. The AFM camera is used for approximate orientation in the scan field. From an automatic optical area scan stitching software creates an overview image of about 2.6 GPixel with 0.5 μm resolution. The GEOtiff standard [3] is introduced to enable orientation in such big images. This format includes positioning information in the image and is used to solve the nano-orientation problem. This article further presents routines to create an overview image and a segmentation routine to detect structure domains. Since a combination of an AFM and optical scanning leads to higher positioning performance, both measurements are merged.
OD approach to polytypism: examples, problems, indications
Authors: Merlino Stefano 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The relationships between polytypism and OD structures are discussed, with presentation of some examples in different classes of compounds: polymorphism and polytypism in 9,10 phenantrenequinone; OD structures in latiumite and tuscanite family; polytypism in kaolinite family.
The basic elements of OD theory are given, both for structures consisting of OD layers all of the same kind and for structures consisting of two or more distinct kinds of OD layers, and the advantages of an OD approach to polytypism, together with its limitations, are presented and discussed.
Layer charge and heavy metals structures in hydrated 2 : 1 silicates: state of the art and new advances on cadmium
Authors: Malferrari Daniele , Brigatti Maria Franca , Elmi Chiara , Laurora Angela , Valdrè Giovanni 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This study will discuss how layer charge can affect chemical speciation and topology of heavy metals adsorbed to 2 : 1 layer silicates, by providing: i) an overview of literature data; ii) experimental data on Cd complexes adsorbed by 2 : 1 layer silicates with different layer charge (montmorillonite and vermiculite); iii) a comparison between our results and literature data. This study will also be supported by several different experimental techniques such as chemical and thermal analyses, X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
Based on our data Cd atoms were found to complex water molecules in both clay minerals and to show four-fold coordination in montmorillonite (Cd–O distances of 2.24 Å) and six-fold coordination in vermiculite (Cd–O distances of 2.16 and 2.28 Å). Furthermore our models clearly suggest that Cd mainly bonds to interlayer water, without neglecting the more limited, but still significant, Cd multinuclear surface complexes at the octahedral broken edges. Both clay minerals show H2O/Cd ratio, as evidenced by thermal analyses, drastically higher than expected from X-ray adsorption spectroscopy data, thus implying that most of the water molecules are only loosely coordinated to interlayer cations.
Ab initio modeling of layered materials with the CRYSTAL code: an overview
Authors: Civalleri Bartolomeo , Ugliengo Piero , Zicovich-Wilson Claudio M. , Dovesi Roberto 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Ab initio simulations play an increasingly relevant role in the study of layered materials. Here we give an overview of the capabilities of modeling tools as applied to the characterization of simple layered hydroxides (e.g. alkali metal and aluminum hydroxides) and clays (e.g. kaolinite and lizardite). In particular, applications of the CRYSTAL code, in the study of such systems, are discussed.
Recent progress in the synthesis and application of organically modified hydrotalcites
Authors: Costantino Umberto , Nocchetti Morena , Sisani Michele , Vivani Riccardo 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This review is focused on the preparation and potential applications of hydrotalcite like compounds organically modified by ion-exchange procedure and the data reviewed have been supplemented with unpublished results. It is divided in two Parts. Part I deals with intercalation of biologically active species such as amino-acids, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs, UV-absorbers to produce nano-hybrids with versatile application as biomolecule reservoir and in the pharmaceutical and personal care fields. Part II deals with the intercalation of several anions with either hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties in order to make the inorganic sheets compatible with different polymers. Moreover, if the guest is an active molecular anion such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antibiotic or anti-inflammatory, the polymer can acquire the peculiar properties of the guest opening novel interesting application fields.
Temperature dependant X-ray diffraction study of PrSr3Co1.5Fe1.5O10–d
; n = 3 Ruddlesden-Popper phase
Authors: Jantsky Laurent , Norby Poul , Rosseinsky Matthew J. , Fjellvåg Helmer 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The thermal evolution of the crystal structure of PrSr3Co1.5Fe1.5O10–d
, a member of the n = 3 family of Ruddlesden-Popper compounds, has been studied by means of variable temperature synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction combined with room temperature neutron diffraction studies. This structure takes the ideal tetragonal I4/mmm (n°139) space group. The possibility of symmetry lowering to the Pbca (n°61) space group by slight tilting and rotation of the oxygen atoms around the octahedral B site is discussed. The non linear thermal expansion of the compound in air is caused by a chemical expansion accompanying the loss of oxygen that comes in addition to normal thermal expansion. A mechanism describing the creation of oxygen vacancies is proposed.
Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen therapies on circulating cytokines and chemokines in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy
Authors: Yasui Toshiyuki , Saijo Ayako , Uemura Hirokazu , Matsuzaki Toshiya , Tsuchiya Naoko , Yuzurihara Mitsutoshi , Kase Yoshio , Irahara Minoru 
Published: May 2009

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to determine the different effects of oral estrogen therapy (ET) and transdermal ET on changes in circulating levels of cytokines and chemokines in relationship to changes in markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy.MethodsFifty-five postmenopausal women with hysterectomy were randomly assigned in open, parallel-group fashion to an oral ET group and a transdermal ET group. Serum levels of cytokines and chemokines were simultaneously measured using a multiplexed human cytokine assay. Serum concentrations of high-sensitive C-reactive protein, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin were measured as vascular inflammation markers.ResultsBoth oral ET and transdermal ET significantly decreased serum interleukin (IL)-7 concentrations at 12 months (P=0.020 and P=0.015 respectively). Transdermal ET decreased serum concentrations of IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β (P=0.05, P=0.019, and P=0.029), but oral ET increased IL-8 level (P=0.025). There were significant differences in percentage changes in IL-8 and MIP-1β between the oral and transdermal ET groups. Oral ET significantly decreased E-selectin level after 12 months.ConclusionTransdermal ET reduces circulating levels of IL-8, MCP-1, and MIP-1β, while both oral ET and transdermal ET reduce circulating level of IL-7.
Coexistence of normotensive primary aldosteronism in two patients with Gitelman's syndrome and novel thiazide-sensitive Na–Cl cotransporter mutations
Authors: Miao Zhimin , Gao Yufang , Bindels René J M , Yu Wendong , Lang Yanhua , Chen Nan , Ren Hong , Sun Fang , Li Yushan , Wang Xianghua , Shao Leping 
Published: May 2009

BackgroundPrimary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common form of secondary hypertension, while Gitelman's syndrome (GS) is the most common inherited renal tubular disease. However, coexistence of these two diseases has never been previously reported.Aim and subjectsThe aim of our study was to describe the association of GS and PA in two unrelated patients and compare their clinical presentation with a group of patients with GS.MethodsTen subjects suspected to have only GS were assigned to the control group. Saline infusion test was used to confirm the diagnosis of PA. GS was confirmed by sequencing of the causal genes (SLC12A3 and CLCNKB) and functional analyses in Xenopus laevis oocytes.ResultsConfirmatory tests, gene analysis, and functional studies demonstrated the coexistence of GS and PA in both patients. In total, nine novel SLC12A3 gene variants, including seven missense mutations, one splice mutation, and one frameshift deletion, were found in 12 subjects. Four mutations (p.T60M, p.T304M, p.T465P, and p.N611T) harbored by the two patients with both PA and GS were revealed to be loss-of-function variants. Although both patients were normotensive, neither of them had normal nocturnal dip.ConclusionsTwo rare diseases GS and PA may occasionally coexist in one subject. In these patients, salt depletion and volume constriction might explain the absence of hypertension normally seen in PA patients. However, the protective mechanism against hypertension via down-regulation of renal sodium handling was probably not sufficient in those patients, since their normal circadian rhythm of blood pressure was disrupted.
Field Experience With LACT Units Equipped With P.D. Meters
Authors: Hockaday D.E. , Simpson W.J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Lease automatic custody transfer (LACT) can be accomplished by the use of positive displacement meters and standard open-type prover systems to the satisfaction of producer, pipeline and regulatory bodies. Over 2,500,000 bbl of oil have been sold by this method.
Meter factor vs cumulative meter registration graphs should be used to check meter performance, wear rate and proper proving interval.
A check meter in series with the sales meter is recommended as an aid to elimination of major errors in the measurement.
Large errors can occur on some oils if group temperature compensators and ASTM, Table 7, are used when ruling oil at high temperature.
Samplers are reliable as far as BS and W determination is concerned but may not adequately represent the true API gravity if the sample is stored for extended periods of time.
In one field operation, P D meter LACT has enabled the operator to gain an additional $100 per day by improving oil characteristics.

Introduction
During the last few years, the oil production departments of various oil companies have devised and built a number of installations to sell oil to pipeline companies by various metering devices. The advantages of the devices or LACT units, as they have been termed, have been pointed out by previous observers.
The strong trend toward unitization of several leases into operating entities as well as rapidly increasing steel and labor costs have contributed to the rapid acceptance of the LACT method.
While the producing companies pioneered the development of most LACT units, the various pipeline companies have given valuable assistance. At the present stage of development, LACT unit designs are beginning to crystalize and a number of manufacturers are now marketing complete systems. During the research and development phase, the economic advantages of LACT were not always evident to the producer or the pipeline; however, currently it is apparent that both parties are benefiting. For example, my company is now operating five LACT units which are handling 10,000 BOPD or over 30 per cent of our daily crude runs. Approximately fifty tank batteries have been salvaged out.
Geologic Aspects of Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Badgley Peter C. , Pentilla William C. , Trimble James K. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Previous geological publication on this subject has been mainly concerned with a description of the subsurface geology and productivity of known fractured reservoir oil fields. Following a review of theoretical and laboratory ideas on fracturing, the current paper discusses methods of discovering new fractured reservoir fields, mainly by intense surface geological study. The discussion concentrates on fracture patterns, intensities, persistence, timing and origin, in relationship to petroleum generation, migration and accumulation. The relationship of local fracture patterns to regional tectonic setting is discussed for numerous areas.

Introduction
Many geologists and engineers agree that fractured reservoirs represent a major unexploited source of new oil. This is because fractures systems are prevalent in every petroleum basin. However it was not until the past decade that reservoir fracturing received much attention through the discussions of Levorsen et al., Hubbert and Willis, and Speer. These authors were concerned mainly with the recognition and description of existing fractured reservoir oilfields. Speer pointed out the need for classification and study of such fields and attempted to classify them in terms of structural versus stratigraphic control and in terms of mode of origin. Be concluded that classification was very difficult as most fields have both structural and stratigraphic controls. The present authors agree that classification based upon structural versus stratigraphic control is indeed difficult as both factors are usually important. A classification based upon time of origin appears to be feasible and useful in terms of new exploration for fractured reservoirs, but this new approach is based upon intensive surface geological study in addition to the subsurface study which has characterized most earlier studies. This matter will be discussed more fully later.
On the Fingering of Slow Immiscible, Viscous Liquid-Liquid Displacements
Authors: Sheldon J.W. 
Published: May 2009

Introduction
We assume that an Interface between two immiscible, viscous fluids of unequal mobility flowing between glass plates is fingering in the manner observed experimentally by Chuoke, van blurs and van der Poel. Chuoke, et al, analyzed this fingering effect by means of small-amplitude perturbation theory. The small-amplitude perturbation theory enables one to determine the rate of growth of small-amplitude sinusoidal fingers of any wave length. The wavelength, , with maximum rate of growth can be determined and is conjectured to be the most probable wave length to be observed in an actual physical system with fingers of large amplitude. Reasonable agreement between this conjecture and experimental observations is obtained by Chuoke, et al.
The small-amplitude perturbation theory essentially exhausts itself at this stage. It cannot be used to predict the rate of growth or the shapes of large-amplitude fingers.
In the present paper, we develop a different approximate theory for the growth of fingers. The approximations involved are similar to those used in first-order shallow-water theory for water waves. This approach enables us to determine the transient behavior of large amplitude fingers. Unfortunately, the approximations which we must make for mathematical expediency are not valid approximations everywhere along the fingering surface, and so the results we obtain are not quantitative. (The same is true in shallow-water theory when this theory is applied to the breaks of waves on a beach. However, this does not prevent people from applying the theory anyway because it is so difficult to get results by other, more accurate methods.)It is of interest that the finger shapes that we determine here do have some of the features observable in the experiments of Chuoke, et al.
A New Gas Lift System
Authors: Vincent R. Price , Wilder L.B. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A system for intermittent or continuous gas lift which uses rubber balls as pistons to prevent wasteful gas slippage is described. Two parallel strings of tubing are used. The rubber balls are forced down one string and the production is lifted up the other. The rubberballs are separated from the oil and gas at the surface and reinjected with the lift gas by a special mechanism at the surface. Field tests indicate that the pump offers an economical solution for pumping wells where low production, foamy crude, high gas-oil ratio, deep production, or corrosion is a problem. One unique nature of the pump is that adjustments and repairs can be made at the surface by one or two men without the use of heavy equipment.

Introduction
Finding a method to economically produce low fluid level, low production wells is becoming a more urgent problem each year. High lifting costs for wells of this type produced by generally used methods results from these causes: frequent pulling jobs due to rod failures, tubing wear, pump replacement; paraffin troubles; corrosion; low efficiency in handling gassy or foamy crudes; and improperly adjusted equipment. Hydraulic subsurface pumping units and intermittent gas lift alleviate some of these problems, but they are not universally useable because of limitations peculiar to each. In an effort to find a lift system solving as many of the problems of pumping as possible, the Stanolind Research Department made an investigation of several possible methods of lift. One method developed has been called the "ball pump", and will be described here.
The increasing availability of natural gas in oil fields, either from gas wells, or from gas compression plants used for secondary recovery projects, existing rotative gas lift systems, gasoline plants, or transmission facilities, indicated that new development should be directed toward using gas as the lifting medium. By eliminating all reciprocating parts in the hole, gas lift removes the cause of many troubles of conventional pumping. However, existing intermittent gas lift systems have certain weaknesses which need improvement. For instance, though recent development of wire-line removable gas lift valves have lessened the need for pulling tubing for repairs or adjustments, low gas lift efficiency is still a problem. The efficiency is affected by the depth of the lift, the kind of fluid lifted, and the spread between the opening and closing pressures of the working gas lift valve. Paraffin control is also a serious problem.