bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precipitation and Micellar Properties of Novel Mixed Anionic Extended Surfactants and a Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Panswad Donyaporn , Sabatini David A. , Khaodhiar Sutha 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSurfactant‐modified mineral surfaces can provide both a hydrophobic coating for adsorbing organic contaminants and, in the case of ionic surfactants, a charged exterior for adsorbing oppositely charged species. This research evaluates the precipitation phase boundaries and synergistic behavior of the mixtures of carboxylate‐based anionic extended surfactants with a pyridinium‐based cationic surfactant. One cationic surfactant (cetylpyridinium chloride) and four anionic extended surfactants were studied. The anionic surfactants studied were ethoxy carboxylate extended surfactants with average carbon chain lengths of either 16 and 17 or 16 and 18 with 4 mol of a propylene oxide group and a different number of moles of an ethylene oxide group (2 and 5 mol). Precipitation phase boundaries of mixed anionic extended surfactants and cationic surfactant were evaluated to ensure that the surface tension studies are in regions without precipitate. Surface tension measurements were conducted to evaluate the critical micelle concentration of individual and mixed surfactant systems. Precipitation phase boundaries of these novel mixed surfactant systems showed greatly reduced precipitation areas as compared to a conventional mixed surfactant system which is attributed to the presence of the ethylene oxide and propylene oxide groups and resulting steric hindrances to precipitation. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the CMC of mixed surfactant systems were much lower than that of individual surfactant systems. Synergism was evaluated in the four systems studied by the β parameter which found that all systems studied exhibited synergism. From these results, these novel mixed surfactant systems can greatly increase formulation space (reduce the precipitation region) while maintaining synergism, although slightly reduced from conventional anionic‐cationic mixtures reported previously.
Characterization of Lipid Components in Two Microalgae for Biofuel Application
Authors: Wang Guang , Wang Tong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA full characterization of lipid components is critical for selecting the most suitable microalgae and for downstream processing for biofuel production. This study demonstrates extraction, quantification, and diversity of lipid components from two microalgae of different types. For total lipid quantification, three extraction methods were compared and the method of pre‐drying, dry ice‐assisted grinding, and sequential solvent extraction gave the highest total lipid recovery. For lipid class composition determination, the photosynthetic Nannochloropsis contained 37.0% polar lipids, 41.1% triacylglycerols, and 12.5% unsaponifiable matter, whereas, the heterotrophic Schizochytrium had much less polar lipids and unsaponifiable matter. Further separation and quantification showed that Nannochloropsis contained more glycolipids (37.1% of total polar lipids) than that in Schizochytrium (14.3%), while Schizochytrium contained much more phospholipids (85.7%) than that in Nannochloropsis (44.7%). The major components in unsaponifiable matter of Nannochloropsis were hydrocarbon and cholesterol (55.8 and 37.7% of the total GC quantifiable matter), which only accounted for 29.3% of total unsaponifiable matter. For Schizochytrium, 15.4% squalene, 28.9% cholesterol, and 43.2% stigmasta‐4,7,22‐trien‐3‐ol were found in its GC quantifiable matter, and the total quantified hydrocarbon and sterols accounted for 50.5% of unsaponifiable matter. The lipid compositions of the two types of microalgae are very different, therefore, processing performance, such as lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel may be different. Similar lipid characterization for other biofuel types of microalgae needs to be made to ensure optimal biofuel processing and fuel quality.
ON SUM OF PRODUCTS AND THE ERDŐS DISTANCE PROBLEM OVER FINITE FIELDS
Authors: VINH LE ANH 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFor a prime powerq, let 𝔽qbe the finite field ofqelements. We show that 𝔽*q⊆d𝒜2for almost every subset 𝒜⊂𝔽qof cardinality ∣𝒜∣≫q1/d. Furthermore, ifq=pis a prime, and 𝒜⊆𝔽pof cardinality ∣𝒜∣≫p1/2(logp)1/d, thend𝒜2contains both large and small residues. We also obtain some results of this type for the Erdős distance problem over finite fields.
ORDER EMBEDDING OF A MATRIX ORDERED SPACE
Authors: KARN ANIL K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe characterize certain properties in a matrix ordered space in order to embed it in a C*-algebra. Let such spaces be called C*-ordered operator spaces. We show that for every self-adjoint operator space there exists a matrix order (on it) to make it a C*-ordered operator space. However, the operator space dual of a (nontrivial) C*-ordered operator space cannot be embedded in any C*-algebra.
Bioavailability of phenols from a phenol-enriched olive oil
Authors: Suárez Manuel , Valls Rosa M. , Romero Maria-Paz , Macià Alba , Fernández Sara , Giralt Montse , Solà Rosa , Motilva Maria-José 
Published: June 2011

Phenolic compounds are one of the main reasons behind the healthy properties of virgin olive oil (VOO). However, their daily intake from VOO is low compared with that obtained from other phenolic sources. Therefore, the intake of VOO enriched with its own phenolic compounds could be of interest to increase the daily dose of these beneficial compounds. To evaluate the effectiveness of enrichment on their bioavailability, the concentration of phenolic compounds and their metabolites in human plasma (0, 60, 120, 240 and 300 min) from thirteen healthy volunteers (seven men and six women, aged 25 and 69 years) was determined after the ingestion of a single dose (30 ml) of either enriched virgin olive oil (EVOO) (961·17 mg/kg oil) or control VOO (288·89 mg/kg oil) in a cross-over study. Compared with VOO, EVOO increased plasma concentration of the phenol metabolites, particularly hydroxytyrosol sulphate and vanillin sulphate (P < 0·05). After the consumption of VOO, the maximum concentration of these peaks was reached at 60 min, while EVOO shifted this maximum to 120 min. Despite these differences, the wide variability of results indicates that the absorption and metabolism of olive oil phenols are highly dependent on the individual.
Structure modification of a milk protein-based model food affects postprandial intestinal peptide release and fullness in healthy young men
Authors: Juvonen Kristiina R. , Karhunen Leila J. , Vuori Elisa , Lille Martina E. , Karhu Toni , Jurado-Acosta Alicia , Laaksonen David E. , Mykkänen Hannu M. , Niskanen Leo K. , Poutanen Kaisa S. , Herzig Karl-Heinz 
Published: June 2011

Physico-chemical and textural properties of foods in addition to their chemical composition modify postprandial metabolism and signals from the gastrointestinal tract. Enzymatic cross-linking of protein is a tool to modify food texture and structure without changing nutritional composition. We investigated the effects of structure modification of a milk protein-based model food and the type of milk protein used on postprandial hormonal, metabolic and appetitive responses. Healthy males (n 8) consumed an isoenergetic and isovolumic test product containing either whey protein (Wh, low-viscous liquid), casein (Cas, high-viscous liquid) or Cas protein cross-linked with transglutaminase (Cas-TG, rigid gel) in a randomised order. Blood samples were drawn for plasma glucose, insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY analysis for 4 h. Appetite was assessed at concomitant time points. Cas and Wh were more potent in lowering postprandial glucose than Cas-TG during the first hour. Insulin concentrations peaked at 30 min, but the peaks were more pronounced for Cas and Wh than for Cas-TG. The increase in CCK was similar for Cas and Wh in the first 15 min, whereas for Cas-TG, the CCK release was significantly lower, but more sustained. The feeling of fullness was stronger after the consumption of Cas-TG than after the consumption of Cas and Wh. The present results suggest that food structure is more effective in modulating the postprandial responses than the type of dairy protein used. Modification of protein-based food structure could thus offer a possible tool for lowering postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations and enhancing postprandial fullness.
Effects of dietary protein content and 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid ordl-methionine supplementation on performance and oxidative status of broiler chickens
Authors: Swennen Quirine , Geraert Pierre-André , Mercier Yves , Everaert Nadia , Stinckens Anneleen , Willemsen Hilke , Li Yue , Decuypere Eddy , Buyse Johan 
Published: June 2011

Besides its typical role as an amino acid in protein synthesis, methionine is an important intermediate in methylation reactions. In addition, it can also be converted to cysteine and hence plays a role in the defence against oxidative stress. The present study was conducted to investigate further the role ofdl-methionine (DLM) and its hydroxy analogue,dl-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (DL-HMTBA), on zootechnical performance and oxidative status of broiler chickens. Male broiler chickens were reared on two diets differing in crude protein (CP) content (low-protein, 18·3 %v.high-protein, 23·2 % CP) and were supplemented either with 0·25 % DLM or 0·25 % DL-HMTBA. Reducing the dietary protein content resulted in an impaired body weight gain (P < 0·0001). However, supplementation of DL-HMTBA to the low-protein diet partially alleviated these negative effects (P = 0·0003). This latter phenomenon could be explained by the fact that chickens fed DL-HMTBA-supplemented diets displayed a better antioxidant status as reflected in lower lipid peroxidation probably as a consequence of their higher hepatic concentrations of total and reduced glutathione compared with their DLM counterparts. On the other hand, within the high protein levels, uric acid might be an important antioxidant to explain the lower lipid peroxidation of high-protein DL-HMTBA-supplemented chickens. Hepatic methionine sulfoxide reductase-A gene expression was not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. In conclusion, the present study indicates that there are interactions between dietary protein content and supplementation of methionine analogues with respect to broiler performance and antioxidant status, also suggesting a causal link between these traits.
Large, solitary angiokeratoma in the posterior third and base of the tongue: case report
Authors: Dutta M , Ghatak S , Biswas G , Sinha R 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective:We present an extremely rare case of isolated angiokeratoma of the tongue.Method:Case report and review of related literature.Results:An 18-year-old, male adolescent presented with a fleshy, intermittently bleeding mass in the posterior third and base of the tongue. The lesion was initially suspected to be a lingual thyroid or haemangioma, but histopathological features were consistent with angiokeratoma. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the lesion extended up to the vallecula and involved the lamina propria and superficial tongue musculature. No similar lesions were found elsewhere in the body. No metabolic derangements were identified in the patient or his family. The 2.6 × 1.5 × 0.5 cm mass was excised under general anaesthesia.Conclusion:We present the 1st case of isolated lingual angiokeratoma in a male, the 4th such case overally, the largest ever documented. The lesion was situated in the posterior third and base of the tongue, a position not previously described.
Linked indicator sets for addressing biodiversity loss
Authors: Sparks Tim H. , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Balmford Andrew , Bennun Leon , Stanwell-Smith Damon , Walpole Matt , Bates Nicholas R. , Bomhard Bastian , Buchanan Graeme M. , Chenery Anna M. , Collen Ben , Csirke Jorge , Diaz Robert J. , Dulvy Nicholas K. , Fitzgerald Claire , Kapos Valerie , Mayaux Philippe , Tierney Megan , Waycott Michelle , Wood Louisa , Green Rhys E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe target adopted by world leaders of significantly reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 was not met but this stimulated a new suite of biodiversity targets for 2020 adopted by the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in October 2010. Indicators will be essential for monitoring progress towards these targets and the CBD will be defining a suite of relevant indicators, building on those developed for the 2010 target. Here we argue that explicitly linked sets of indicators offer a more useful framework than do individual indicators because the former are easier to understand, communicate and interpret to guide policy. A Response-Pressure-State-Benefit framework for structuring and linking indicators facilitates an understanding of the relationships between policy actions, anthropogenic threats, the status of biodiversity and the benefits that people derive from it. Such an approach is appropriate at global, regional, national and local scales but for many systems it is easier to demonstrate causal linkages and use them to aid decision making at national and local scales. We outline examples of linked indicator sets for humid tropical forests and marine fisheries as illustrations of the concept and conclude that much work remains to be done in developing both the indicators and the causal links between them.
Perceptual processing advantages for trauma-related visual cues in post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Kleim B. , Ehring T. , Ehlers A. 
Published: June 2011

BackgroundIntrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) comprises distressing sensory impressions from the trauma that seem to occur ‘out of the blue’. A key question is how intrusions are triggered. One possibility is that PTSD is characterized by a processing advantage for stimuli that resemble those that accompanied the trauma, which would lead to increased detection of such cues in the environment.MethodWe used a blurred picture identification task in a cross-sectional (n=99) and a prospective study (n=221) of trauma survivors.ResultsParticipants with acute stress disorder (ASD) or PTSD, but not trauma survivors without these disorders, identified trauma-related pictures, but not general threat pictures, better than neutral pictures. There were no group differences in the rate of trauma-related answers to other picture categories. The relative processing advantage for trauma-related pictures correlated with re-experiencing and dissociation, and predicted PTSD at follow-up.ConclusionsA perceptual processing bias for trauma-related stimuli may contribute to the involuntary triggering of intrusive trauma memories in PTSD.
Spatial patterns of illegal resource extraction in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: MACKENZIE CATRINA A. , CHAPMAN COLIN A. , SENGUPTA RAJA 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYConservation policy typically excludes people from national parks and manages encroachment by law enforcement. However, local people continue to extract resources from protected areas by boundary encroachment and poaching. This paper quantifies the patterns of illegal resource extraction from Kibale National Park in Uganda, the demand for Park resources by communities bordering the Park, and examines whether designated resource access agreements reduce illegal extraction. Sections of the Park boundary were examined and human entry trails, wood extraction, livestock grazing, and animal poaching signs were quantified. Levels of illegal extraction were compared with the demand for and admitted illegal access to resources inside the Park, collected in a survey of households located near the Park. Extraction was also compared between villages with and without negotiated resources access agreements. The most wanted and extracted resource from the Park was wood for fuel and construction. Implementation of resource access agreements with local community associations was found to be an effective means of reducing illegal extraction, but only if the association members profited from the agreement.
Trend of hospital utilization for encephalitis
Authors: BARBADORO P. , MARIGLIANO A. , RICCIARDI A. , D'ERRICO M. M. , PROSPERO E. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYEncephalitis generally results in a serious illness requiring hospitalization. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of hospitalization for encephalitis in Italy, taking into account the geographical distribution, aetiology, seasonality and evolution of hospitalization rates over recent years. The mean hospitalization rate was 5·88/100 000. For most of these hospitalizations (n=13 119, 55·6%), no specific cause of encephalitis was reported. The most common aetiological category was ‘viral’, which accounted for 40·1% (n=4205) of such hospitalizations (rate 1·05/100 000). Within this category, herpes virus was the leading causative agent (n=1579, 0·39/100 000). This report highlights a significant increase of ‘viral encephalitis not otherwise specified’ (ICD-9 code 049·9)vs. a reduction of all other causes. A seasonal pattern was noted in people aged ⩾65 years in this group. Specific surveillance of encephalitis without known origin should be reinforced in order to identify the potential role of emerging pathogens and to design preventive interventions.
Prevalence and growth kinetics of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) in bovine offal products in Japan
Authors: ASAKURA H. , SAITO E. , MOMOSE Y. , EKAWA T. , SAWADA M. , YAMAMOTO A. , HASEGAWA A. , IWAHORI J. , TSUTSUI T. , OSAKA K. , MATSUSHITA T. , KAKINUMA M. , MOTOYAMA K. , HAYAMA Y. , KITAMOTO H. , IGIMI S. , KASUGA F. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYRecent epidemiological data suggest a link between the consumption of bovine offal products and Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) infection in Japan. This study thus examined the prevalence of STEC in various types of these foods. PCR screened 229 bovine offal products for the presence of Shiga toxin (stx) gene. Thirty-eight (16·6%) samples werestxpositive, of which eight were positive forrfbEO157and three were positive forwzyO26. Four O157 and one O26 STEC isolates were finally obtained from small-intestine and omasum products. Notably, homogenates of bovine intestinal products significantly reduced the extent of growth of O157 in the enrichment process compared to homogenates of beef carcass. As co-incubation of O157 with background microbiota complex from bovine intestinal products in buffered peptone water, in the absence of meat samples, tended to reduce the extent of growth of O157, we reasoned that certain microbiota present in offal products played a role. In support of this, inoculation of genericE. colifrom bovine intestinal products into the homogenates significantly reduced the extent of growth of O157 in the homogenates of bovine intestinal and loin-beef products, and this effect was markedly increased when these homogenates were heat-treated prior to inoculation. Together, this report provides first evidence of the prevalence of STEC in a variety of bovine offal products in Japan. The prevalence data herein may be useful for risk assessment of those products as a potential source of human STEC infection beyond the epidemiological background. The growth characteristic of STEC O157 in offal products also indicates the importance of being aware when to test these food products.
Collecting close-contact social mixing data with contact diaries: reporting errors and biases
Authors: SMIESZEK T. , BURRI E. U. , SCHERZINGER R. , SCHOLZ R. W. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThe analysis of contact networks plays a major role to understanding the dynamics of disease spread. Empirical contact data is often collected using contact diaries. Such studies rely on self-reported perceptions of contacts, and arrangements for validation are usually not made. Our study was based on a complete network study design that allowed for the analysis of reporting accuracy in contact diary studies. We collected contact data of the employees of three research groups over a period of 1 work week. We found that more than one third of all reported contacts were only reported by one out of the two involved contact partners. Non-reporting is most frequent in cases of short, non-intense contact. We estimated that the probability of forgetting a contact of ⩽5 min duration is greater than 50%. Furthermore, the number of forgotten contacts appears to be proportional to the total number of contacts.
Paediatric intensive care admissions for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in France: results of a retrospective survey and evaluation of the validity of a medical information system programme
Authors: SOILLY A.-L. , FERDYNUS C. , DESPLANCHES O. , GRIMALDI M. , GOUYON J. B. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients with bronchiolitis admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and to evaluate a national registry of hospitalizations (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information; PMSI) as a potential source of epidemiological data. Of the 49 French PICUs invited to take part in a retrospective survey of children aged <2 years who were hospitalized during the 2005–2006 epidemic season, 24 agreed to participate. Overall, 467 children were enrolled: 75% were aged <2 months, 76% had positive respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) tests, 34·9% required non-invasive ventilation, 36·6% were mechanically ventilated, and six infants died. The main neonatal characteristics were: prematurity (31·9%), respiratory disease (16·5%), congenital heart disease (6·4%), receiving mechanical ventilation (11·6%), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia at day 28 (3·8%). For bronchiolitis episode, the kappa coefficient between the survey and PMSI data was good only for mechanical ventilation (0·63) and the death rate (0·86).
Acute changes in temperature or oxygen availability induce ROS fluctuations inDaphnia magnalinked with fluctuations of reduced and oxidized glutathione, catalase activity and gene (haemoglobin) expression
Authors: Becker Dörthe , Brinkmann Benjamin F. , Zeis Bettina , Paul Rüdiger J. 
Published: June 2011

Background information. ROS (reactive oxygen species) as well as components of the antioxidant redox systems may act as signals. To link acute environmental change with gene expression, changes in ROS and GSH/GSSG (reduced/oxidized glutathione) level were measured upon acute changes in temperature or oxygen availability in the aquatic key speciesDaphnia magnatogether with HIF‐1 (hypoxia‐inducible factor 1)‐mediated Hb (haemoglobin) expression.Results. Acute exposures to 30°C or hypoxia, which induced tissue hypoxia (and possibly elevated mitochondrial ROS production), caused resembling fluctuations of ROS and GSH levels, with frequency and number of peaks increasing and their delay decreasing with the magnitude of environmental change (size of tissue hypoxia). Acute hyperoxia induced an initial decrease in ROS level. Evidence is also provided for the promoting effects of ROS on catalase activity. A signalling function of the ROS fluctuations upon acute changes in temperature was found in the case of Hb, the expression of which is known to respond to temperature changes, by detecting corresponding time courses of both transcription and protein formation.Conclusion. ROS‐dependent signalling was affected by changes in temperature or oxygen availability. Feedback interactions between ROS and the glutathione redox system, possibly driven by elevated mitochondrial ROS production, likely contributed to the appearance of the ROS and GSH fluctuations upon acute environmental change. Fluctuating ROS levels, which reflect for the magnitude of environmental change, could be a way to transfer information on ROS production to subsequent processes (gene expression) while avoiding too‐high and damaging ROS levels.