bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Observing System Experiment for Tropical Cyclone Targeting Techniques Using the Global Forecast System
Authors: Aberson Sim D. , Majumdar Sharanya J. , Reynolds Carolyn A. , Etherton Brian J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In 1997, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Hurricane Center and the Hurricane Research Division began operational synoptic surveillance missions with the Gulfstream IV-SP jet aircraft to improve the numerical guidance for hurricanes that threaten the continental United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Hawaii. The dropwindsonde observations from these missions were processed and formatted aboard the aircraft and sent to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the Global Telecommunications System to be ingested into the Global Forecasting System, which serves as initial and boundary conditions for regional numerical models that also forecast tropical cyclone track and intensity. As a result of limited aircraft resources, optimal observing strategies for these missions are investigated. An Observing System Experiment in which different configurations of the dropwindsonde data based on three targeting techniques (ensemble variance, ensemble transform Kalman filter, and total energy singular vectors) are assimilated into the model system was conducted. All three techniques show some promise in obtaining maximal forecast improvements while limiting flight time and expendables. The data taken within and around the regions specified by the total energy singular vectors provide the largest forecast improvements, though the sample size is too small to make any operational recommendations. Case studies show that the impact of dropwindsonde data obtained either outside of fully sampled, or within nonfully sampled target regions is generally, though not always, small; this suggests that the techniques are able to discern in which regions extra observations will impact the particular forecast.
Monoterpenoid extract of sage (Salvia lavandulaefolia) with cholinesterase inhibiting properties improves cognitive performance and mood in healthy adults
Authors: Kennedy David O , Dodd Fiona L , Robertson Bernadette C , Okello Edward J , Reay Jonathon L , Scholey Andrew B , Haskell Crystal F 
Published: October 2010

Extracts of sage ( Salvia officinalis/lavandulaefolia) with terpenoid constituents have previously been shown to inhibit cholinesterase and improve cognitive function. The current study combined an in vitro investigation of the cholinesterase inhibitory properties and phytochemical constituents of a S. lavandulaefolia essential oil, with a double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced crossover study assessing the effects of a single dose on cognitive performance and mood. In this latter investigation 36 healthy participants received capsules containing either 50 µL of the essential oil or placebo on separate occasions, 7 days apart. Cognitive function was assessed using a selection of computerized memory and attention tasks and the Cognitive Demand Battery before the treatment and 1-h and 4-h post-dose. The essential oil was a potent inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and consisted almost exclusively of monoterpenoids. Oral consumption lead to improved performance of secondary memory and attention tasks, most notably at the 1-h post-dose testing session, and reduced mental fatigue and increased alertness which were more pronounced 4-h post-dose. These results extend previous observations of improved cognitive performance and mood following AChE inhibitory sage extracts and suggest that the ability of well-tolerated terpenoid-containing extracts to beneficially modulate cholinergic function and cognitive performance deserves further attention.
Triptan persistency among newly initiated users in a pharmacy claims database
Authors: Katić Božena J , Rajagopalan Srini , Ho Tony W , Chen Ya-Ting , Hu X Henry 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveOur study was conducted to describe prescription refill patterns among patients newly treated with triptans.BackgroundAlthough triptans are efficacious in treating migraine headache, the persistency of triptan use among newly initiated users has not been well described.MethodsFrom a US pharmacy claims database, we identified patients receiving new triptan monotherapy prescriptions from 2001 to 2005. Prescription refill information was gathered for two years for each patient. Persistency was defined as sustained refills of the index triptan prescription, regardless of duration between refills.ResultsOf 40,892 patients receiving a new triptan prescription, 53.8% (N=22031) did not persistently refill their index triptan. Of these, 25.5% discontinued prescription migraine therapy, 7.4% switched to a different triptan, and 67.1% switched to a non-triptan migraine medication at the time of their first refill. Only 46.2% of patients received at least one persistent refill.ConclusionsMigraine patients were more likely to discontinue their triptan after their index prescription than at any other time in their prescription refill history. The majority of patients did not persistently refill triptans, but filled prescriptions for non-specific migraine therapies such as opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Reasons for triptan discontinuation warrant further investigation.
Cerebrospinal fluid phospholipase C activity increases in migraine
Authors: Fonteh Alfred N , Chung Rainbow , Sharma Tara L , Fisher R Danielle , Pogoda Janice M , Cowan Robert , Harrington Michael G 
Published: October 2010

Background Adrenaline, serotonin, cannabinoid and estrogen receptors are involved in migraine pathophysiology. The signaling of these receptors change phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activity, but there have been no reported PC-PLC studies in migraine. Methods We identified PC-PLC activity in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and quantified it in samples from ictal and interictal migraineurs without aura and healthy controls. Results Pre-incubation with a specific PC-PLC inhibitor, D609, inhibited enzyme activity (p <.0001) and confirms its presence in CSF. PC-PLC activity was higher in the CSF from ictal migraineurs compared to controls (mean relative fluorescence unit [RFU]/μg/min [standard deviation, SD] 13.1 [3.07] vs. 9.3 [1.97]; p = .002) and, in a paired analysis, in migraineurs during ictal compared to interictal states (11.7 [1.6] vs. 7.9 [1.5]; p = .02). CSF PC-PLC activity in the ictal state correlated negatively with migraine frequency (r= −0.82). Plasma PC-PLC activity was 250-300 times less than in CSF and did not increase in migraine, implicating the brain as the source of the CSF enzyme changes. Conclusion This is the first report of PC-PLC activity in CSF and of its alteration in migraine. We propose that these PC-PLC changes in CSF reflect the overall receptor fluctuations in migraine.
Homicides in Southern Denmark During 25 Years
Authors: Leth Peter Mygind 
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this investigation was to provide an analysis of the 166 homicidal deaths that occurred in Southern Denmark during 25 years.The inspiration came from increased press coverage of certain homicides that I as a forensic pathologist felt did not mirror the real situation. Extensive press coverage of a few serious cases has left the public with the impression that the number of homicides was escalating, and this has been cause for public concern, and has prompted various harsh legislative steps. A lot of public interest has been focused on knife homicides, on honor killings among Muslims, on gang homicides and on homicides committed by psychotic individuals. The political response to public opinion has to some degree been focused on increased punishment for violence. With this in mind, the aim of the investigation was to answer the following research questions: : Research Question 1: What was the homicide rate in the study area, and has it changed during the 25-year study period? Research Question 2: How were the homicides distributed according to motive? Research Question 3: How often was the homicide motivated by a psychosis? Research Question 4: Has the ratio between intra- and extra-family homicides changed? Research Question 5: How often were weapons used? Research Question 6: Is it possible to identify some important social factors characterizing homicide victims? Research Question 7: Has the homicide pattern described changed over time? Research Question 8: What are the implications of this study for homicide prevention strategies?
Adhesion molecules are promising candidates to establish surrogate markers for natalizumab treatment
Authors: Wipfler P , Oppermann K , Pilz G , Afazel S , Haschke-Becher E , Harrer A , Huemer M , Kunz A , Golaszewski S , Staffen W , Ladurner G , Kraus J 
Published: October 2010

Background: Natalizumab is the first monoclonal antibody therapy approved for multiple sclerosis (MS). Its therapeutic mechanism is the blockade of the α4-integrin subunit of the adhesion molecule (AM) very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4), which leads to an inhibition of immune cell extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS). Methods: We investigated changes in the expression levels of unblocked α4-integrin and further AM (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, -2, -3 (cICAM-1, -2, -3), leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) determined by flow cytometry from 25 patients with MS before the first natalizumab infusion and before the fourth infusion. In 15 MS patients AM expression was evaluated every 3 months over 1 year. Results:We found a significant decrease ( p < 0.0001) of unblocked α4-integrin cell surface expression on all investigated PBMC subsets (T cells −61.7%, B cells −69.1%, monocytes/macrophages −46.4%) in the blood of MS patients after 3 months of natalizumab treatment. Moreover, a continuous decrease ( p < 0.05) of unblocked α4-integrin expression levels was seen after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. As a secondary effect, expression levels of the other investigated AM were differentially affected. Conclusions:Results show a sustained decrease of unblocked α4-integrin expression not only in all patients but also in all investigated PBMC subsets. This probably results in a continuously decreasing transmigration of PBMC into the CNS and may explain the improved clinical efficacy in the second treatment year and also the increasing risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy during long-term natalizumab therapy. We conclude that AM expression profiles are promising candidates for the development of a biomarker system to determine both natalizumab treatment response and patients at risk for opportunistic CNS infections.
Sensing and Identifying the Improvised Explosive Device Suicide Bombers: People Carrying Wires on their Body
Authors: Fox William P , Vesecky John , Laws Kenneth 
Published: October 2010

We examined the use of radar to detect humans wearing detonation wires as part of a suicide vest in suicide bombings in an effort to stop the bombing. Dogaru et al. (Computer models of the human body signature for sensing through the wall radar applications. Tech. Rpt. ARL-TR-4290, Army Research Laboratory, 2007) used numerical electromagnetic simulations to show ways to use radar backscatter to detect humans carrying weapons behind walls. We developed Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) simulations for the radar cross-section of wire configurations appropriate to the human body and compared them to the radar cross-section simulations for the human body done by Dogaru et al. We also used GunnPlexer Doppler radar at 12.5 GHz to collect laboratory experimental data from standoff distances of 2—8 meters from the following: human subjects, human subjects wearing a wire loop, and human subjects wearing a simulated vest with wire loops. We performed numerous experiments with both horizontal and vertical polarization (HH and VV), analyzing the data after each experimental run. We developed metrics from examining our experimental data of the radar cross-sections that could be used in building models to more accurately find subjects wearing wires. We wanted a metric to provide us with better statistical detection rates. We found several metrics that improved our ability to detect persons wearing wires. We discovered our best metric was the VV/HH ratio of radar cross-section. From our empirical modeling, we found that the ratio for people wearing wires was statistically different from people without wires at a level of significance of α = 0.05. Using this metric, we built a Monte Carlo simulation model that generated a crowd of people and randomly picked those with wires on their person. We used our metric and a threshold value, which we determined experimentally, to distinguish the persons with wires from those without wires. We found from our simulation that our metric provided a success rate of detecting persons wearing wires of approximately 83.4%, based on running 36,000 trial runs in Excel. The rate of false alarms, where the metric in the simulation model picked a subject who was not wearing wires as a suspect wearing wires, was reduced to 28%. Using the work of Dogaru et al. and our NEC simulations of wire harnesses in the 0.85—1 GHz range, we found that the radar cross-section ratio (body with wires/body without wires) varied from 11 dB for 1—1.15 GHz VV polarization to —5.5 dB for 0.85—1 GHz HH polarization. This frequency range was the best in the range 0.5—9 GHz. From our research we showed that we can be successful in finding viable metrics for detecting wires on people using radar observations. This preliminary research and the exciting results it produced encourages one to think that suicide bombers can be found prior to their detonation of their bombs and at ranges that are relatively safe.
Population genetics of foxtail millet and its wild ancestor
Authors: Wang Chunfang , Chen Jinfeng , Zhi Hui , Yang Lu , Li Wei , Wang Yongfang , Li Haiquan , Zhao Baohua , Chen Mingsheng , Diao Xianmin 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.), one of the most ancient domesticated crops, is becoming a model system for studying biofuel crops and comparative genomics in the grasses. However, knowledge on the level of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium (LD) is very limited in this crop and its wild ancestor, green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.). Such information would help us to understand the domestication process of cultivated species and will allow further research in these species, including association mapping and identification of agricultural significant genes involved in domestication.

Results
In this study, we surveyed DNA sequence for nine loci across 50 accessions of cultivated foxtail millet and 34 of its wild progenitor. We found a low level of genetic diversity in wild green foxtail (θ = 0.0059), θ means Watterson's estimator of θ. Despite of a 55% loss of its wild diversity, foxtail millet still harbored a considerable level of diversity (θ = 0.0027) when compared to rice and sorghum (θ = 0.0024 and 0.0034, respectively). The level of LD in the domesticated foxtail millet extends to 1 kb, while it decayed rapidly to a negligible level within 150 bp in wild green foxtail. Using coalescent simulation, we estimated the bottleneck severity at k = 0.6095 when ρ/θ = 1. These results indicated that the domestication bottleneck of foxtail millet was more severe than that of maize but slightly less pronounced than that of rice.

Conclusions
The results in this study establish a general framework for the domestication history of foxtail millet. The low level of genetic diversity and the increased level of LD in foxtail millet are mainly caused by a population bottleneck, although gene flow from foxtail millet to green foxtail is another factor that may have shaped the pattern of genetic diversity of these two related gene pools. The knowledge provided in this study will benefit future population based studies in foxtail millet.
Dynamic transcriptomic profiles of zebrafish gills in response to zinc supplementation
Authors: Zheng Dongling , Kille Peter , Feeney Graham P , Cunningham Phil , Handy Richard D , Hogstrand Christer 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Dietary zinc supplementation may help to promote growth, boost the immune system, protect against diabetes, and aid recovery from diarrhoea. We exploited the zebrafish (Danio rerio) gill as a unique vertebrate ion transporting epithelium model to study the time-dependent regulatory networks of gene-expression leading to homeostatic control during zinc supplementation. This organ forms a conduit for zinc uptake whilst exhibiting conservation of zinc trafficking components.

Results
Fish were maintained with either zinc supplemented water (4.0 μM) and diet (2023 mg zinc kg-1) or water and diet containing Zn2+ at 0.25 μM and 233 mg zinc kg-1, respectively. Gill tissues were harvested at five time points (8 hours to 14 days) and transcriptome changes analysed in quintuplicate using a 16 K microarray with results anchored to gill Zn2+ influx and whole body nutrient composition (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, elements). The number of regulated genes increased up to day 7 but declined as the fish acclimated. In total 525 genes were regulated (having a fold-change more than 1.8 fold change and an adjusted P-value less than 0.1 which is controlling a 10% False discovery rate, FDR) by zinc supplementation, but little overlap was observed between genes regulated at successive time-points. Many genes displayed cyclic expression, typical for homeostatic control mechanisms. Annotation enrichment analysis revealed strong overrepresentation of "transcription factors", with specific association evident with "steroid hormone receptors". A suite of genes linked to "development" were also statistically overrepresented. More specifically, early regulation of genes was linked to a few key transcription factors (e.g. Mtf1, Jun, Stat1, Ppara, Gata3) and was followed by hedgehog and bone morphogenic protein signalling.

Conclusions
The results suggest that zinc supplementation reactivated developmental pathways in the gill and stimulated stem cell differentiation, a response likely reflecting gill remodelling in response to its altered environment. This provides insight to the role of zinc during cell differentiation and illustrates the critical nature of maintaining zinc status. The study also highlights the importance of temporal transcriptomics analysis in order resolve the discrete elements of biological processes, such as zinc acclimation.
A second generation genetic linkage map of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Castaño-Sánchez Cecilia , Fuji Kanako , Ozaki Akiyuki , Hasegawa Osamu , Sakamoto Takashi , Morishima Kagayaki , Nakayama Ichiro , Fujiwara Atsushi , Masaoka Tetsuji , Okamoto Hiroyuki , Hayashida Kengo , Tagami Michihira , Kawai Jun , Hayashizaki Yoshihide , Okamoto Nobuaki 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Background
Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of the most economically important marine species in Northeast Asia. Information on genetic markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) can be used in breeding programs to identify and select individuals carrying desired traits. Commercial production of Japanese flounder could be increased by developing disease-resistant fish and improving commercially important traits. Previous maps have been constructed with AFLP markers and a limited number of microsatellite markers. In this study, improved genetic linkage maps are presented. In contrast with previous studies, these maps were built mainly with a large number of codominant markers so they can potentially be used to analyze different families and populations.

Results
Sex-specific genetic linkage maps were constructed for the Japanese flounder including a total of 1,375 markers [1,268 microsatellites, 105 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two genes]; 1,167 markers are linked to the male map and 1,067 markers are linked to the female map. The lengths of the male and female maps are 1,147.7 cM and 833.8 cM, respectively. Based on estimations of map lengths, the female and male maps covered 79 and 82% of the genome, respectively. Recombination ratio in the new maps revealed F:M of 1:0.7. All linkage groups in the maps presented large differences in the location of sex-specific recombination hot-spots.

Conclusions
The improved genetic linkage maps are very useful for QTL analyses and marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding programs for economically important traits in Japanese flounder. In addition, SNP flanking sequences were blasted against Tetraodon nigroviridis (puffer fish) and Danio rerio (zebrafish), and synteny analysis has been carried out. The ability to detect synteny among species or genera based on homology analysis of SNP flanking sequences may provide opportunities to complement initial QTL experiments with candidate gene approaches from homologous chromosomal locations identified in related model organisms.
Expansion and subfunctionalisation of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylases in the grapevine lineage
Authors: Falginella Luigi , Castellarin Simone D , Testolin Raffaele , Gambetta Gregory A , Morgante Michele , Di Gaspero Gabriele 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundFlavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylases (F3'5'Hs) and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylases (F3'Hs) competitively control the synthesis of delphinidin and cyanidin, the precursors of blue and red anthocyanins. In most plants,F3'5'Hgenes are present in low-copy number, but in grapevine they are highly redundant.ResultsThe first increase inF3'5'Hcopy number occurred in the progenitor of the eudicot clade at the time of the γ triplication. Further proliferation ofF3'5'Hs has occurred in one of the paleologous loci after the separation of Vitaceae from other eurosids, giving rise to 15 paralogues within 650 kb. Twelve reside in 9 tandem blocks of ~35-55 kb that share 91-99% identity. The second paleologousF3'5'Hhas been maintained as an orphan gene in grapevines, and lacks orthologues in other plants. DuplicateF3'5'Hs have spatially and temporally partitioned expression profiles in grapevine. The orphanF3'5'Hcopy is highly expressed in vegetative organs. More recent duplicateF3'5'Hs are predominately expressed in berry skins. They differ only slightly in the coding region, but are distinguished in the structure of the promoter. Differences incis-regulatory sequences of promoter regions are paralleled by temporal specialisation of gene transcription during fruit ripening. Variation in anthocyanin profiles consistently reflects changes in theF3'5'HmRNA pool across different cultivars. MoreF3'5'Hcopies are expressed at high levels in grapevine varieties with 93-94% of 3'5'-OH anthocyanins. In grapevines depleted in 3'5'-OH anthocyanins (15-45%), fewerF3'5'Hcopies are transcribed, and at lower levels. Conversely, only two copies of the gene encoding the competing F3'H enzyme are present in the grape genome; one copy is expressed in both vegetative and reproductive organs at comparable levels among cultivars, while the other is transcriptionally silent.ConclusionsThese results suggest that expansion and subfunctionalisation ofF3'5'Hs have increased the complexity and diversification of the fruit colour phenotype among red grape varieties.