bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing future‐context‐aware dynamic applications with structured context prediction
Authors: Zaplata Sonja , Meiners Matthias , Lamersdorf Winfried 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYMiddleware support for advanced pervasive applications includes dealing with heterogeneous systems and dynamic changes of execution environments. If applications are context aware, they are able to detect such changes at runtime and react to them accordingly. Furthermore, they can also proactively adapt to upcoming situations by making accurate assumptions about future contexts. However, the design of reusable middleware support for such future‐context‐aware applications is still challenging as a supporting prediction system has to be generic, but at the same time has to provide potential for high accuracy and efficiency.This paper proposes a concept for the development of future‐context‐aware applications on the basis of the novel approach of structured context prediction. As a framework, this approach allows for integrating domain‐specific knowledge and facilitates application, combination, and implementation of suitable prediction methods. In addition, specific runtime mechanisms for distribution of knowledge and adaptation of prediction tasks are proposed, which enable useful context predictions even for dynamic applications. The overall development process as well as practical experiments with the prototype framework is illustrated by two use case scenarios—demonstrating that both high accuracy and efficiency of future context predictions are achievable and even ad hoc context predictions can be supported this way. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ontological gazetteer and its application for place name disambiguation in text
Authors: Machado Ivre Marjorie R. , de Alencar Rafael Odon , Campos Roberto de Oliveira , Davis Clodoveu A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe volume of spatial information on the Web grows daily, both in the form of online maps and as references to places embedded in documents and pages. Considering the spatial information needs of users, it is often necessary to recognize, within a document’s text, the places to which it refers. This article presents a next-generation gazetteer, a toponymic dictionary which expands from the traditional cataloguing of place names and includes geographic elements such as spatial relationships, concepts and terms related to places. As such, we call it an OntoGazetteer, i.e., a gazetteer which also records semantic connections among places. The ontological gazetteer provides factual and semantic support to solving several common problems in geographic information retrieval. This paper presents the OntoGazetteer and demonstrates its applicability to a place name disambiguation problem. Along with other problem solutions to which the OntoGazetteer can contribute, we present a case study on recognizing and disambiguating place names within news sources.
Construction of graphic symbol sequences by preschool-aged children: Learning, training, and maintenance
Authors: POUPART ANNICK , TRUDEAU NATACHA , SUTTON ANN 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe use of augmentative and alternative communication systems based on graphic symbols requires children to learn to combine symbols to convey utterances. The current study investigated how children without disabilities aged 4 to 6 years (n = 74) performed on a simple sentence (subject–verb and subject–verb–object) transposition task (i.e., spoken model into graphic symbol sequence). Scores were obtained on initial testing, after training, and 1 month later. Error patterns were examined. Four-year-olds obtained significantly lower initial scores and were the only ones showing training effects and lower performance a month later. The distribution of error types was similar across age groups. These results suggest that the age of 4 may represent an important stage in the use of graphic symbol communication.
Anaemia is a predictor of early death or cardiac transplantation in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kammache Issam , Parrinello Giovanni , Marini Davide , Bonnet Damien , Agnoletti Gabriella 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of our study was to establish the prevalence and the prognostic value of haematological abnormalities in children with cardiac failure.Patients and methodsA series of 218 consecutive children with a first diagnosis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were retrospectively examined. Haematological evaluation was performed at first diagnosis. Death or cardiac transplantation was the main outcome measure.ResultsThe median age was 0.6 years, ranging from 1 day to 15.8 years and median follow-up was 2.65 years, ranging from 0 to 17.2 years. After a median interval of 0.2 years, ranging from 0 to 8.7 years, 56 patients died and 25 were transplanted. Event-free survival at 1 and 5 years was 68% (95% confidence interval, 63–75%) and 62% (95% confidence interval, 56–69%). Blood levels of haemoglobin less than 10 grams per decilitre, urea over 8 millimoles per litre, and C-reactive protein over 10 milligrams per litre were found in 24%, 20%, and 24% of patients, respectively. The log-rank test showed that haemoglobin (p = 0.000) and C-reactive protein (p = 0.021) were predictors of death or transplantation. In the multivariate Cox model, haemoglobin (hazard ratio = 0.735; confidence interval = 0.636–0.849; p = 0.000) and urea (hazard ratio = 1.083; confidence interval = 1:002–1:171; p = 0.045) were predictive of poor outcome. Cubic spline functions showed that the positive role of haemoglobin on survival was linear for values less than 12 grams per decilitre and null for values more than 12 grams per decilitre. Adaptive index models for risk stratification and Classification and Regression Tree analysis allowed to identify the cut-off values for haemoglobin (less than 10.2 grams per decilitre) and urea (more than 8.8 millimoles per litre), as well as to derive a predictor model.ConclusionsIn children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, anaemia is the strongest independent prognostic factor of early death or transplantation.
Emergency Cricothyrotomy in Confined Space Airway Emergencies: A Comparison
Authors: Givens Gregory C. , Shelton Stephen L. , Brown Eric A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIntroduction: In confined-space airway emergencies, prehospital personnel may need to perform cricothyrotomy when conventional airway techniques cannot be utilized or have failed. This study is a prospective, cross-over, randomized controlled trial that compares two widely-known techniques using two commercially available kits.Methods: Twenty residents at Palmetto Health Richland Department of Emergency Medicine participated in the study. Their performance was assessed using the time required to placement and correctness of placement for each device. The residents performed the procedures on an Air-Man™ manikin that had been situated in a confined space. The residents also indicated which kit they would prefer in a confined-space, emergency airway situation.Results: All of the devices were placed in the airway. The mean time to placement for the Melker™ and Quicktrach™ kits was 108.5 seconds and 23.9 seconds, respectively. This yielded a mean difference of 84.5 seconds, which provided a t-statistic of 8.88 (p < 0.0001). There was no evidence of a carry-over effect (p = 0.292) or a period effect (p = 0.973). All residents preferred using the Quicktrach™ kit.Conclusions: Use of the Quicktrach™ kit resulted in the fastest time to placement, was placed correctly in the airway, and was preferred by each of the residents. Its small, simple, and sturdy design, with few parts and easy manipulation, allow the Quicktrach™ to be a valuable option in prehospital situations involving confined spaces. The Melker™ kit, with its many parts, and need for greater manipulation, is not as easily utilized or preferred in a confined space scenario.
A dual‐band near‐field focused reflectarray antenna for RFID applications at 0.9 and 2.4 GHz
Authors: Chou Hsi‐Tseng , Hsueh Pai‐Han , Hung Tso‐Ming , Kuo Li‐Ruei , Chou Hsi‐Hsir 
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a dual‐band reflectarray antenna which operates at 0.915 and 2.4 GHz to radiate electromagnetic fields focused in the near‐zone of array aperture. The design uses two stacked feed antennas operated at 0.915 and 2.4 GHz, respectively, so that the currently available RFID systems in the market can be simultaneously used in an independent fashion. Numerical investigations on the radiation characteristics of this reflectarray, as well as an experimental validation, are presented to demonstrate its feasibility.
Results of drug hypersensitivity evaluations in a large group of children and adults
Authors: Rubio M. , Bousquet P.‐J. , Gomes E. , Romano A. , Demoly P. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBackgroundProvenIgEorT‐cell mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) seem less common in children compared with adults. However, this has never been proved by data.ObjectiveTo determine and compare provenDHRprevalence in children and adults.MethodsUsing theDAHD(DrugAllergy andHypersensitivityDatabase) cohort, children with provenDHRs were compared with adults. The internationalEAACI‐ENDArecommendations were followed. Patients were divided into four groups: index reaction and test during childhood (C/C), index reaction at childhood and test at adulthood (C/A), index reactions at childhood and adulthood and test at adulthood (CA/A), index reaction and test at adulthood (A/A).ResultsA total of 3275 patients (67.9% female), comprising a total of 4370 patient‐episodes, were evaluated (74.5% belonged to theA/Agroup). Prevalence of positive tests was 15.2% (95%CI, 14.1–16.2) for all tested classes, 10.6% (8.3–13.0) forC/C, 10.6% (7.5–13.6) forC/A, 22.1% (12.8–31.3) forCA/Aand 16.5% (15.2–17.8) forA/A. The prevalence was lower in groupC/Ccompared with groupsA/A(P < 0.0001) andCA/A(P = 0.003). It was also lower in groupC/Acompared with the two latter groups (respectivelyP = 0.003 andP = 0.005). Significant differences were found for maculopapular exanthemas only, and not for urticaria/angiœdema and anaphylaxis. The difference was mainly observed with β‐lactams and not forNSAIDs.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceSuspicions of DHRs are less likely to be confirmed in children.
An update on vitamin D and human immunity
Authors: Hewison Martin 
Published: October 2011

SummaryIn the last 5 years, there has been a remarkable change in our understanding of the health benefits of vitamin D. The classical actions of vitamin D as a determinant of mineral metabolism and rachitic bone disease have been expanded to include a broader role in skeletal homoeostasis and prevalent bone disorders such as osteoporosis. However, it is the nonskeletal function of vitamin D that has attracted most attention. Although pluripotent responses to vitamin D have been recognized for many years, our new perspective on nonclassical vitamin D function stems from two more recent concepts. The first is that impaired, vitamin D status is common to many populations across the globe. This has prompted studies to explore the health impact of suboptimal circulating levels of vitamin D, with association studies linking vitamin D ‘insufficiency’ to several chronic health problems including autoimmune and cardiovascular disease, hypertension and common cancers. In support of a broader role for vitamin D in human health, studies in vitro and using animal models have highlighted immunomodulatory and anticancer effects of vitamin D that appear to depend on localized activation of vitamin D. The conclusion from these reports is that many nonclassical actions of vitamin D are independent of conventional vitamin D endocrinology and are therefore more sensitive to variations in vitamin D status. The current review summarizes these developments, with specific reference to the newly identified effects of vitamin D on the immune system, but also highlights the challenges in translating these observations to clinical practice.
Effects of human‐mediated pollinator impoverishment on floral traits and mating patterns in a short‐lived herb: an experimental approach
Authors: Brys Rein , Jacquemyn Hans 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Human‐induced impoverishment of pollinator faunas may affect plant–pollinator interactions and limit pollen availability. Under these conditions, chronic outcross pollen limitation is expected to select for floral characters that maintain seed production, including autonomous selfing.2. In this study, the impact of anthropogenic disturbances of the pollinator environment of the short‐lived Centaurium erythraea on mating patterns was investigated. First floral traits and the capacity for autonomous selfing were compared between two contrasting pollinator environments. In addition, transplantation experiments were combined with hand‐pollination and emasculation treatments to assess the extent of pollen limitation and the contribution of autonomous selfing to total seed production in these pollinator environments.3. Under severe pollinator impoverishment, C. erythraea produced fewer and smaller flowers that showed no herkogamy and strongly reduced P/O ratios. The capacity for autonomous selfing was 36·1% higher in these pollinator‐limited environments than in more natural, pollinator‐rich environments, where plants developed more, larger and markedly herkogamous flowers.4. When assigned to the pollinator‐rich environments, plants from pollinator‐limited populations showed significantly higher outcross pollen limitation compared with the original plants. In contrast, plants from pollinator‐rich environments assigned to pollinator‐poor populations did not experience higher pollinator‐mediated seed production and showed lower total seed production than plants originally occurring in these pollinator‐limited environments.5. These results demonstrate that human‐induced pollen limitation selects for selfing as a means of reproductive assurance, whereas in the pollinator‐rich environments, traits that support outcrossing are favoured.
Transcriptome profiles link environmental variation and physiological response of Mytilus californianus between Pacific tides
Authors: Place Sean P. , Menge Bruce A. , Hofmann Gretchen E. 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. The marine intertidal zone is characterized by large variation in temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and the supply of nutrients and food on seasonal and daily time scales. These oceanic fluctuations drive ecological processes such as recruitment, competition and consumer–prey interactions largely via physiological mechanisms. Thus, to understand coastal ecosystem dynamics and responses to climate change, it is crucial to understand these mechanisms.2. Here we utilize transcriptome analysis of the physiological response of the mussel Mytilus californianus at different spatial scales to gain insight into these mechanisms. We used mussels inhabiting different vertical locations within Strawberry Hill on Cape Perpetua, OR and Boiler Bay on Cape Foulweather, OR to study inter‐ and intra‐site variation of gene expression.3. The results highlight two distinct gene expression signatures related to the cycling of metabolic activity and perturbations to cellular homeostasis. Intermediate spatial scales show a strong influence of oceanographical differences in food and stress environments between sites separated by c. 65 km.4. Together, these new insights into environmental control of gene expression may allow understanding of important physiological drivers within and across populations.
Stroke prevention in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: challenges for anticoagulation
Authors: Sinnaeve P. R. , Brueckmann M. , Clemens A. , Oldgren J. , Eikelboom J. , Healey J. S. 
Published: October 2011

Sinnaeve PR, Brueckmann M, Clemens A, Oldgren J, Eikelboom J, Healey JS (University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Global Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany; Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada). Stroke prevention in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: challenges for anticoagulation (Review). J Intern Med 2012; 271: 15–24.Abstract.  Elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), who constitute almost half of all AF patients, are at increased risk of stroke. Anticoagulant therapies, especially vitamin K antagonists (VKA), reduce the risk of stroke in all patients including the elderly but are frequently under‐used in older patients. Failure to initiate VKA in elderly AF patients is related to a number of factors, including the limitations of current therapies and the increased risk for major haemorrhage associated with advanced age and anticoagulation therapy. Of particular concern is the risk of intracranial haemorrhages (ICH), which is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Novel oral anticoagulant agents that are easier to use and might offer similar or better levels of stroke prevention with a similar or reduced risk of bleeding should increase the use of antithrombotic therapy in the management of elderly AF patients. Amongst these new agents, the recently approved direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran provides effective stroke prevention with a significant reduction of ICH, and enables clinicians to tailor the dose according to age and haemorrhagic risk.
Association of human immune response to Aedes aegypti salivary proteins with dengue disease severity
Authors: MACHAIN‐WILLIAMS C. , MAMMEN JR M. P. , ZEIDNER N. S. , BEATY B. J. , PRENNI J. E. , NISALAK A. , BLAIR C. D. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryDengue viruses (DENV; family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) are transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and can cause dengue fever (DF), a relatively benign disease, or more severe dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). Arthropod saliva contains proteins delivered into the bite wound that can modulate the host haemostatic and immune responses to facilitate the intake of a blood meal. The potential effects on DENV infection of previous exposure to Ae. aegypti salivary proteins have not been investigated. We collected Ae. aegypti saliva, concentrated the proteins and fractionated them by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). By the use of immunoblots, we analysed reactivity with the mosquito salivary proteins (MSP) of sera from 96 Thai children diagnosed with secondary DENV infections leading either to DF or DHF, or with no DENV infection, and found that different proportions of each patient group had serum antibodies reactive to specific Ae. aegypti salivary proteins. Our results suggest that prior exposure to MSP might play a role in the outcome of DENV infection in humans.
The effect of intravenous alcohol on the neural correlates of risky decision making in healthy social drinkers
Authors: Gilman Jodi M. , Smith Ashley R. , Ramchandani Vijay A. , Momenan Reza , Hommer Daniel W. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAlcohol is thought to contribute to an increase in risk‐taking behavior, but the neural correlates underlying this effect are not well understood. In this study, participants were given intravenous alcohol or placebo while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and playing a risk‐taking game. The game allowed us to examine the neural response to choosing a safe or risky option, anticipating outcome and receiving feedback. We found that alcohol increased risk‐taking behavior, particularly among participants who experienced more stimulating effects of alcohol. fMRI scans demonstrated that alcohol increased activation in the striatum to risky compared with safe choices and dampened the neural response to notification of both winning and losing throughout the caudate, thalamus and insula. This study suggests that alcohol may increase risk‐taking behavior by both activating brain regions involved in reward when a decision is made, and dampening the response to negative and positive feedback.
Drug specificity in extended access cocaine and heroin self‐administration
Authors: Lenoir Magalie , Guillem Karyn , Koob George F. , Ahmed Serge H. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTIncreased drug availability can precipitate a rapid escalation of drug consumption in both vulnerable humans and laboratory animals. Drug intake escalation is observed across a broad spectrum of drugs of abuse, including stimulants, opiates, ethanol and phencyclidine. Whether and to what extent the processes underlying escalated levels of drug intake vary across different substances is poorly understood. The present study sought to address this question in rats self‐administering both cocaine and heroin—two addictive drugs with both common and different neurobiological effects. In experiment 1, we determined how cocaine intake is initially related to heroin intake in non‐escalated rats with a limited access to both drugs. In experiment 2, two groups of rats were initially allowed to self‐administer either cocaine or heroin for 1 hour per day and then after behavioral stabilization, for 6 hours per day to precipitate drug intake escalation. In each group, dose‐injection functions for cocaine and heroin self‐administration were generated. In experiment 1, regardless of the dose, rats with a high intake of one drug did not necessarily have a high intake of the alternate drug. In experiment 2, escalated levels of heroin or cocaine self‐administration did not generalize to the other drug. This outcome was confirmed in a third drug substitution experiment following different access lengths to cocaine self‐administration (i.e. 1, 4 and 8 hours). The processes underlying spontaneous and escalated drug overconsumption appear thus to vary across different drugs of abuse. More research should be devoted in the future to these differences.
A limited role for ghrelin in heroin self‐administration and food deprivation‐induced reinstatement of heroin seeking in rats
Authors: Maric Tia , Sedki Firas , Ronfard Benedicte , Chafetz Danielle , Shalev Uri 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTFood deprivation (FD) or restriction augments the locomotor activating and reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. It has been proposed that these effects might be mediated by FD‐induced increase in plasma levels of ghrelin, a 28‐amino acid orexigenic peptide demonstrated to functionally interact with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. However, a role for ghrelin has been demonstrated only with psychostimulant drugs and alcohol associated behaviors. We therefore examined the role of ghrelin in ongoing heroin self‐administration and FD‐induced reinstatement of extinguished heroin seeking. As expected, infusions of ghrelin [0.0, 1.5 and 3.0 µg/rat, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)] produced increases in breakpoints on a progressive ratio schedule of heroin reinforcement. In contrast, central administration of a ghrelin receptor antagonist, [D‐Lys‐3]‐GHRP‐6 (0.0, or 20.0 µg/rat, i.c.v.) had no effect on ongoing heroin self‐administration under a fixed‐ratio 1 schedule, or on FD‐induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. These results suggest that signals mediated through ghrelin receptors play a limited role in FD‐induced augmentation of heroin reinforcement and reinstatement of extinguished heroin seeking.