bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The stratigraphy, structure and sedimentation of the Old Red Sandstone of the Comeragh Mountains and adjacent areas, County Waterford, Ireland
Authors: Capewell Joseph Gerald 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The Old Red Sandstone of the Comeragh Mountains, probably all of the upper division of the British succession, is subdivided as follows : 1, Coumshingaun Conglomerate Group ; 2, Comeragh Conglomerate-Sandstone Group; 3, Nier Sandstone Group; 4, Kiltorcan Sandstone Group. These groups are described. The Old Red Sandstone rests unconformably on Lower Palaeozoic rocks composed mainly of slates and felsites, but in one area the underlying rocks comprise conglomerates, formerly mapped as Old Red Sandstone. These are provisionally designated “Croughaun Beds” and their stratigraphical position discussed. Lower Carboniferous rocks follow in apparent conformity. The Old Red Sandstone here is unfossiliferous apart from poorly preserved plant fragments.
The area described forms part of a gently folded broad-crested anticline with steep limbs to north and south and a strong wastward plunge. Several minor folds, as well as important faulting, mainly N.-S., are present. Jointing, especially of the massive conglomerates, is well developed, but cleavage of the finer beds is not pronounced
The detailed petrography of the sedimentary rocks is described; the heavy mineral content is poor. The lowest rocks were laid down as coarse piedmont fans, the detritus coming probably from a highland area to the east largely of Lower Palaeozoic volcanic and minor intrusive rocks. The finer sandstones appear to have been playa-lake deposits near the eastern end of a rapidly subsiding trough of sedimentation. Highly felspathic and micaceous clastic constituents are not infrequent and these again were probably derived from the east or south-east, from a more distant region of granite or Pre-Cambrian basement, or both. The Kiltorcan Group is probably humid-lacustrine, with uniform conditions over a wide area, finally invaded by the Lower Carboniferous sea.
Problems of alkali rock genesis
Authors: Tilley Cecil Edgar 
Published: October 2009

Summary
In a review of the genetic problems of the alkali rocks attention is devoted to recent experimental hydrothermal equilibrium studies on alkali-alumina-silicate systems and their bearing on the interpretation of the differentiation and consolidation history of felspathoidal rocks, to the role of carbonate syntexis in alkali rock genesis and to the concept of dependence of magma chemistry on tectony. The status of nephelinization as a process of regional metasomatism generating alkali rocks is considered in the light of recent studies of alkali provinces.
The Lower Carboniferous rocks of the Carrick-on-Shannon syncline
Authors: Caldwell William Glen Elliot 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Carboniferous limestone of Viséan age occupies much of the district around Carrick-on-Shannon in north-central Ireland.
The limestone succession, nearly 3000 feet thick, is composed of alternating groups of thin-bedded limestones-with-shales and massive, crinoidal limestones. Lenticular sheet reefs, composed largely of unbedded calcite-mudstone, are interbedded with the uppermost massive limestones. The limestones are ascribed zonal positions ranging from Upper Caninian to Lower Dibunophyllidan.
The calcareous rocks are underlain by conglomerates and sandstones, 500 feet thick, which rest unconformably on sediments of Old Red Sandstone age, and overlain by a thick series of goniatitic black shales of Bollandian and Namurian age.
Compared with the Lower Carboniferous rocks lying north of the Ox Mountains, the Carrick succession is less thick and is of markedly different facies. This is attributed principally to influence of the contemporary barrier of the Ox anticline and possibly of the Curlew anticline.
The Carrick syncline is a composite downwarp consisting of a system of pitching folds arranged in echelon and traversed by a number of faults including important wrench-faults. The structures have a caledonoid trend derived from the sub-Carboniferous foundation.
The nature of the Clay Pebble-beds and associated rocks of South-West Ecuador
Authors: Marchant Stephen , Black C. D. G. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Previous literature on the Clay Pebble-bed of Ancon is reviewed and earlier theories of its origin by thrusting, sliding under gravity and sub-aerial mudflows are discussed in detail. Evidence is produced to show that the rock must be a sedimentary deposit and that none of the previous theories can be accepted. It is re-interpreted as having been deposited by submarine sliding. Sedimentary structures from the overlying Socorro Beds are also discussed and it is concluded that these are turbidity current deposits. Brief mention is made of similar rocks in north-western Peru and in Trinidad.
Enteral Nutrition in Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Morello Michela , Marcon Maria L. , Laviano Alessandro , Giometto Marta , Baruffi Carla , Zulian Elisa , Cenerelli Paolo , Faronato Pierpaolo , Tessarin Michele , Conte Amos , Paccagnella Agostino 
Published: October 2009

Background.Despite controversy and increasing use of enteral nutrition (EN) among elderly people, descriptive population‐based data are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological data of nursing home residents (NHRs) who received EN in a northeast area of Italy.Methods.All NHRs referred to our Nutrition Service for EN between 2001 and 2005 were enrolled. Data collected at EN initiation included age, gender, underlying disease, Karnofsky index, type of enteral access device, presence of pressure ulcers, weight, body mass index, and daily enteral intake. The outcomes considered were patient survival and duration of therapy.Results.The 482 NHRs (130 males; 352 females) received EN. The mean incidence (cases/million population/year) and prevalence (cases/million population) were 223.4 and 279.4, respectively. An average of 6.6% of all NHRs were tube fed. EN was prescribed for the following conditions: 27.7% cerebrovascular accident, 54.6% neurodegenerative disease, 2.7% head and neck cancer, 1.2% abdominal cancer, 1.3% head trauma, 4.8% congenital disease, 7.7% other. Almost all patients had a Karnofsky index ≤50; 42.3% of patients had pressure ulcers. The median duration of EN was 296 days and the median overall survival was 411 days.Conclusions.NHRs receiving EN were mainly afflicted with neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases, functional impairments, and a high incidence of pressure sores. The mortality rate was low compared with others reported in literature. The low EN use among NHRs in our study may suggest a limited use in advanced dementia and at end‐stage of life.
Plastid genomes of two brown algae, Ectocarpus siliculosus and Fucus vesiculosus: further insights on the evolution of red-algal derived plastids
Authors: Le Corguillé Gildas , Pearson Gareth , Valente Marta , Viegas Carla , Gschloessl Bernhard , Corre Erwan , Bailly Xavier , Peters Akira F , Jubin Claire , Vacherie Benoit , Cock J Mark , Leblanc Catherine 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
Heterokont algae, together with cryptophytes, haptophytes and some alveolates, possess red-algal derived plastids. The chromalveolate hypothesis proposes that the red-algal derived plastids of all four groups have a monophyletic origin resulting from a single secondary endosymbiotic event. However, due to incongruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenies, this controversial hypothesis remains under debate. Large-scale genomic analyses have shown to be a powerful tool for phylogenetic reconstruction but insufficient sequence data have been available for red-algal derived plastid genomes.

Results
The chloroplast genomes of two brown algae, Ectocarpus siliculosus and Fucus vesiculosus, have been fully sequenced. These species represent two distinct orders of the Phaeophyceae, which is a major group within the heterokont lineage. The sizes of the circular plastid genomes are 139,954 and 124,986 base pairs, respectively, the size difference being due principally to the presence of longer inverted repeat and intergenic regions in E. siliculosus. Gene contents of the two plastids are similar with 139-148 protein-coding genes, 28-31 tRNA genes, and 3 ribosomal RNA genes. The two genomes also exhibit very similar rearrangements compared to other sequenced plastid genomes. The tRNA-Leu gene of E. siliculosus lacks an intron, in contrast to the F. vesiculosus and other heterokont plastid homologues, suggesting its recent loss in the Ectocarpales. Most of the brown algal plastid genes are shared with other red-algal derived plastid genomes, but a few are absent from raphidophyte or diatom plastid genomes. One of these regions is most similar to an apicomplexan nuclear sequence. The phylogenetic relationship between heterokonts, cryptophytes and haptophytes (collectively referred to as chromists) plastids was investigated using several datasets of concatenated proteins from two cyanobacterial genomes and 18 plastid genomes, including most of the available red algal and chromist plastid genomes.

Conclusion
The phylogenetic studies using concatenated plastid proteins still do not resolve the question of the monophyly of all chromist plastids. However, these results support both the monophyly of heterokont plastids and that of cryptophyte and haptophyte plastids, in agreement with nuclear phylogenies.
Large scale single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in unsequenced genomes using second generation high throughput sequencing technology: applied to turkey
Authors: Kerstens Hindrik HD , Crooijmans Richard PMA , Veenendaal Albertine , Dibbits Bert W , Chin-A-Woeng Thomas FC , den Dunnen Johan T , Groenen Martien AM 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe development of second generation sequencing methods has enabled large scale DNA variation studies at moderate cost. For the high throughput discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in species lacking a sequenced reference genome, we set-up an analysis pipeline based on a short read de novo sequence assembler and a program designed to identify variation within short reads. To illustrate the potential of this technique, we present the results obtained with a randomly sheared, enzymatically generated, 2-3 kbp genome fraction of six pooledMeleagris gallopavo(turkey) individuals.ResultsA total of 100 million 36 bp reads were generated, representing approximately 5-6% (~62 Mbp) of the turkey genome, with an estimated sequence depth of 58. Reads consisting of bases called with less than 1% error probability were selected and assembled into contigs. Subsequently, high throughput discovery of nucleotide variation was performed using sequences with more than 90% reliability by using the assembled contigs that were 50 bp or longer as the reference sequence. We identified more than 7,500 SNPs with a high probability of representing true nucleotide variation in turkeys. Increasing the reference genome by adding publicly available turkey BAC-end sequences increased the number of SNPs to over 11,000. A comparison with the sequenced chicken genome indicated that the assembled turkey contigs were distributed uniformly across the turkey genome. Genotyping of a representative sample of 340 SNPs resulted in a SNP conversion rate of 95%. The correlation of the minor allele count (MAC) and observed minor allele frequency (MAF) for the validated SNPs was 0.69.ConclusionWe provide an efficient and cost-effective approach for the identification of thousands of high quality SNPs in species currently lacking a sequenced genome and applied this to turkey. The methodology addresses a random fraction of the genome, resulting in an even distribution of SNPs across the targeted genome.
Barriers to the care of HIV-infected children in rural Zambia: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: van Dijk Janneke H , Sutcliffe Catherine G , Munsanje Bornface , Hamangaba Francis , Thuma Philip E , Moss William J 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
Successful antiretroviral treatment programs in rural sub-Saharan Africa may face different challenges than programs in urban areas. The objective of this study was to identify patient characteristics, barriers to care, and treatment responses of HIV-infected children seeking care in rural Zambia.

Methods
Cross-sectional analysis of HIV-infected children seeking care at Macha Hospital in rural southern Zambia. Information was collected from caretakers and medical records.

Results
192 HIV-infected children were enrolled from September 2007 through September 2008, 28% of whom were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) at enrollment. The median age was 3.3 years for children not receiving ART (IQR 1.8, 6.7) and 4.5 years for children receiving ART (IQR 2.7, 8.6). 91% travelled more than one hour to the clinic and 26% travelled more than 5 hours. Most participants (73%) reported difficulties accessing the clinic, including insufficient money (60%), lack of transportation (54%) and roads in poor condition (32%). The 54 children who were receiving ART at study enrollment had been on ART a median of 8.6 months (IQR: 2.7, 19.5). The median percentage of CD4+ T cells was 12.4 (IQR: 9.2, 18.6) at the start of ART, and increased to 28.6 (IQR: 23.5, 36.1) at the initial study visit. However, the proportion of children who were underweight decreased only slightly, from 70% at initiation of ART to 61% at the initial study visit.

Conclusion
HIV-infected children in rural southern Zambia have long travel times to access care and may have poorer weight gain on ART than children in urban areas. Despite these barriers, these children had a substantial rise in CD4+ T cell counts in the first year of ART although longer follow-up may indicate these gains are not sustained.
A Role of Template Surface Charge in the Preparation of Porous and Hollow Particles Using Spray-drying
Authors: Hagura Nobuhiro , Nandiyanto Asep Bayu Dani , Iskandar Ferry , Okuyama Kikuo 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In this paper, the effect of template charge and morphology of particles was studied. Silica nanoparticles (as a model of an inorganic nanoparticle) and differently charged polystyrene (as a model of organic template) were used and self-assembled using a spray-drying method. As a result, particles with porous or hollow structure could be produced when negative or positive zeta-potential template were employed, respectively.
Simple and Environmentally Compatible One-pot Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles from Bulk: Separation of Au, Ag, and Cu in Water
Authors: Nishida Naoto , Ichikawa Shoko , Toshima Naoki 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Simple and environmentally compatible one-pot synthesis of Au nanoparticles, starting from dissolving bulk Au into mixed aqueous solution of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), potassium iodide, and iodine and ending by isolating Au nanoparticles produced by reducing the dissolved Au ions with sodium citrate, was developed to provide a novel method to separate Au from mixtures of Au, Ag, and Cu.
Negative Line Tension for an Ionic Liquid on a Hydrophobic Fluoroalkylsilane Coating
Authors: Furuta Tsutomu , Sakai Munetoshi , Isobe Toshihiro , Nakajima Akira 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Contact angles were measured for sub-nanoliter-scale droplets of an ionic liquid on an extremely smooth and homogeneous hydrophobic fluoroalkylsilane coating. Subsequently, line tension values were calculated using a new model considering the direction of hydrostatic pressure. The sign of the line tension obtained from this system was negative. Surface hydrophobicity plays an important role in determining the line tension sign.
Emotion suppression affects cardiovascular responses to initial and subsequent laboratory stressors
Authors: Quartana Phillip J. , Burns John W. 
Published: October 2009

Objective.The study of anger suppression and risk for cardiovascular disease has relied predominately on inspection of correlations between trait anger‐in and cardiovascular risk factors and disease. This approach tells us little about whether inhibitory processes have anything to do with outcomes, and cannot speak to whether suppression of angerper seaffects cardiovascular parameters. Drawing on the broader emotion regulation literature, we examined the effects of experimentally induced anger and general negative emotion in the context of expressive and experiential suppression on cardiovascular responses to initial and subsequent laboratory stressors.Design.Of all participants, 201 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions formed by crossing emotion (anxiety, anger) and suppression (experiential, expressive, control) conditions.Methods.Participants completed a mental arithmetic task with anxiety or anger induction under their respective suppression manipulation instructions, and subsequently were exposed to a cold pressor task. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate values were obtained for each experimental epoch.Results.More robust SBP responses to the initial stressor were evidenced for those in the expressive versus the control condition. In response to the subsequent stressor, those in the experiential suppression condition showed the most pronounced SBP responses, suggesting pronounceddelayedeffects of this type of suppression. Effects of suppression on SBP reactivity were indistinguishable across anxiety and anger conditions.Conclusion.Effortful suppression of negative emotion has immediate and delayed consequences for stress‐induced cardiovascular reactivity. Theoretical and clinical significance of these findings are discussed.
Propensity Scores: Method for Matching on Multiple Variables in Down Syndrome Research
Authors: Blackford Jennifer Urbano 
Published: October 2009

AbstractConfounding variables can affect the results from studies of children with Down syndrome and their families. Traditional methods for addressing confounders are often limited, providing control for only a few confounding variables. This study introduces propensity score matching to control for multiple confounding variables. Using Tennessee birth data as an example, newborns with Down syndrome were compared with a group of typically developing infants on birthweight. Three approaches to matching on confounders—nonmatched, covariate matched, and propensity matched—were compared using 8 potential confounders. Fewer than half of the newborns with Down syndrome were matched using covariate matching, and the matched group was differed from the unmatched newborns. Using propensity scores, 100% of newborns with Down syndrome could be matched to a group of comparison newborns, a decreased effect size was found on newborn birthweight, and group differences were not statistically significant.
Parent- Versus Child-Reported Functional Health Status After the Fontan Procedure
Authors: Lambert Linda M. , Minich L. LuAnn , Newburger Jane W. , Lu Minmin , Pemberton Victoria L. , McGrath Ellen A. , Atz Andrew M. , Xu Mingfen , Radojewski Elizabeth , Servedio Darlene , McCrindle Brian W. ,   for the Pediatric Heart Network Investigators
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare perceptions of functional health status between children who had undergone a Fontan procedure and their parents.
METHODS: Fontan procedure survivors 10 to 18 years of age were included in the study if the child completed the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) and the parent completed the parent form to assess the child's functional health status. Comparisons were made between raw domain scores for the parent- and child-completed CHQs.
RESULTS: Between March 2003 and April 2004, 1078 Fontan survivors were screened. Of the 546 eligible and consented patients, 354 were 10–18 years of age and 328 parent/child pairs completed the CHQs. Parents reported significantly lower scores (worse functioning) for their children than the children reported for themselves in the domains of physical functioning (P &lt; .01), impact on school or activities from emotional and behavioral problems (P &lt; .01), impact on school or activities from physical health issues (P &lt; .01), general behavior (P &lt; .01), mental health (P &lt; .01), self-esteem (P &lt; .01), and general health perceptions (P &lt; .01). No significant differences were noted for the domains of bodily pain, family cohesiveness, or family activities. For the physical functioning domain, factors contributing to lower scores for parent versus child reports included pulmonary artery anomalies and fenestration at the time of the Fontan operation. Lower parent-reported scores also were associated with more noncardiac health problems in the child.
CONCLUSIONS: Parents' perceptions of the functional health status of their children after the Fontan procedure were worse than the children's perceptions.
Secondhand and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure
Authors: Best Dana ,   Committee on Environmental Health,   Committee on Native American Child Health,   Committee on Adolescence
Published: October 2009

This Technical Report was retired November 2017.
Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure of children and their families causes significant morbidity and mortality. In their personal and professional roles, pediatricians have many opportunities to advocate for elimination of SHS exposure of children, to counsel tobacco users to quit, and to counsel children never to start. This report discusses the harms of tobacco use and SHS exposure, the extent and costs of tobacco use and SHS exposure, and the evidence that supports counseling and other clinical interventions in the cycle of tobacco use. Recommendations for future research, policy, and clinical practice change are discussed. To improve understanding and provide support for these activities, the harms of SHS exposure are discussed, effective ways to eliminate or reduce SHS exposure are presented, and policies that support a smoke-free environment are outlined.
Organosoluble Silicon and Germanium Nanoclusters
Authors: Watanabe Akira , Miyashita Tokuji 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe organosilicon nanoclusters (OSI) and organogermanium nanocluster (OGE) which have a few nanometer sized silicon or germanium cluster and organic groups bonded to the nanocluster surfaces show solubility in common organic solvents and good film processability by solution coating method. Using the coating films as precursors, inorganic silicon and germanium films were prepared by heat treatment in vacuo and laser annealing. The structural changes of the Si and Ge skeletons of the OSI and OGE by heat treatment and laser annealing were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The laser-annealed films showed Raman bands assigned to the polycrystalline structure. The micropatterning of polycrystalline Ge by laser direct writing method was demonstrated. The organosoluble OGE is expected to be applicable as a germanium ink which gives polycrystalline Ge film.
Loma Linda Guide: A Stereolithographically Designed Surgical Template: Technique Paper
Authors: Kleinman Alejandro , Leyva Francisco , Lozada Jaime , Patel Rishi D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA new flapless technique based on a template fabricated from a stereolithographic maxillary model is presented in this article. The proposed concept can be used to accurately control the tridimensional position of the dental implant. The laboratory procedures involving the fabrication of the surgical template are described.