bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'unification économique de l'Allemagne en 1990
Authors: Zielinski Bernd 
Published: April 2011

Résumé L’article analyse les controverses en matière de politique économique qui, au cours de l’année 1990, concernait la transformation de l’économie socialiste de la RDA en une économie de marché et son intégration dans l’espace économique de l’Allemagne unifiée. Il aborde notamment les modalités de l’union économique, monétaire et sociale du 1 er juillet 1990 qui a préparé l’unification politique du 3 octobre. Parmi les enjeux cruciaux figuraient la politique de privatisation de l’économie de la RDA par la Treuhandanstalt et les formes de financement des coûts de l’unification. Le positionnement des principales forces politiques ouest et est-allemandes par rapport à ces enjeux est aussi bien évoqué que celui des experts économiques ou des institutions comme la Bundesbank. Dans l’ensemble, la stratégie de transformation a pris la forme d’une « thérapie de choc » pour l’Allemagne de l’Est, marquée par un optimisme exagéré dans les forces d’autorégulation du marché et des résultats mitigés.
Gavecelt Consensus Statement on the Correct use of Totally Implantable Venous Access Devices for Diagnostic Radiology Procedures
Authors: Bonciarelli Giorgio , Batacchi Stefano , Biffi Roberto , Buononato Massimo , Damascelli Bruno , Ghibaudo Flavio , Orsi Franco , Pittiruti Mauro , Scoppettuolo Giancarlo , Verzè Alessia , Borasi Guido , De Cicco Marcello , Dosio Roberto , Gazzo Paolo , Maso Renzo , Roman Alessandro , Ticha Vladimira , Venier Giacomo , Blackburn Paul , Goossens Godelieve A. , Santolucito Jamie Bowen , Stas Marguerite , Van Boxtel Ton , Vesely Thomas M. , de Lutio Enrico 
Published: April 2011

The use of totally implantable venous access devices in radiology may be associated with complications such as occlusion of the system (because of the high density of some contrast), infection (if the port is not handled in aseptic conditions, using proper barrier protections), and mechanical complications due to the high-pressure administration of contrast by automatic injectors (so-called power injector), including extravasation of contrast media into the soft tissues, subintimal venous or myocardial injection, or serious damage to the device itself (breakage of the external connections, dislocation of the non-coring needle, or breakage of the catheter). The last problem – i.e., the damage of the device from a power injection – is not an unjustified fear, but a reality. A warning by the US Food and Drug Administration of July 2004 reports around 250 complications of this kind, referring to both port and central venous catheters and peripherally inserted central catheter systems, which occurred over a period of several years; in all cases, the damage occurred during the injection of contrast material by means of power injectors for computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging procedures. Though the risk associated with the use of ports in radiodiagnostics is thus clear, it has been suggested that administration of the contrast material via the port may have some advantage in terms of image quality, increased comfort for the patient, and maybe more accurate reproducibility of the patient's own follow-up exams. This contention needs to be supported by evidence. Also, since many cancer patients who need frequent computed tomography studies already have totally implantable systems, it would seem reasonable to try to define how and when such systems may safely be used. The purpose of this consensus statement is to define recommendations based on the best available evidence, for the safe use of implantable ports in radiodiagnostics.
Oscillatory Thermopower Waves Based on Bi2Te3 Films
Authors: Walia Sumeet , Weber Rodney , Latham Kay , Petersen Phred , Abrahamson Joel T. , Strano Michael S. , Kalantar‐zadeh Kourosh 
Published: April 2011

AbstractExothermic chemical reactions that are coupled to Bi2Te3 porous layers, which are deposited onto terracotta or alumina (Al2O3) substrates, are used to produce self‐propagating thermal waves that are guided along the surface. Nitrocellulose is used as the highly reactive chemical. Bi2Te3 is employed because of its large Seebeck coefficient and high electrical conductivity. For the Al2O3 based structures, the thermal conduction of the substrate results in strong oscillations of the output signals. Such thermopower waves produce a power as large as 10 mW and voltages as high as 150 mV. The power per mass ratio of the developed system is quite remarkable, namely, on the order of 1 kW kg−1. Depending on the thermal conductivity of the substrate used, the wave front average propagation velocity is either slow (ca. 0.009 m s−1 for terracotta) or much faster (on the order of 0.4 m s−1 for Al2O3). We have used a mathematical model based on two coupled heat transport equations, in conjunction with the chemical reaction equation, to predict the behavior of the system, which describes the average propagation velocity and the time between oscillation peaks.
Growth of Topological Insulator Bi2Se3 Thin Films on SrTiO3 with Large Tunability in Chemical Potential
Authors: Zhang Guanhua , Qin Huajun , Chen Jun , He Xiaoyue , Lu Li , Li Yongqing , Wu Kehui 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe growth of high quality, gate‐tunable topological insulator Bi2Se3 thin films on SrTiO3 substrates by molecular beam epitaxy is reported in this paper. The optimized substrate preparation procedures are critical for obtaining undoped Bi2Se3 thin films with sufficiently low carrier densities while maintaining the strong dielectric strength of the substrates. The large tunability in chemical potential is manifested in the greatly enhanced longitudinal resistivity and the reversal of the sign of the Hall resistivity at negative back‐gate voltages. These thin films provide a convenient basis for fabrication of hybrid devices consisting of gate‐tunable topological insulators and other materials such as a superconductor and a ferromagnet.
Critical Property in Relaxor‐PbTiO3 Single Crystals – Shear Piezoelectric Response
Authors: Li Fei , Zhang Shujun , Xu Zhuo , Wei Xiaoyong , Shrout Thomas R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe shear piezoelectric behavior in relaxor‐PbTiO3 (PT) single crystals is investigated with regard to the crystal phase. High levels of shear piezoelectric activity, d15 or d24 >2000 pC N−1, are observed for single‐domain rhombohedral (R), orthorhombic (O), and tetragonal (T) relaxor‐PT crystals. The high piezoelectric response is attributed to a flattening of the Gibbs free energy at compositions close to the morphotropic phase boundaries, where polarization rotation is easily accomplished by applying a perpendicular electric field. The shear piezoelectric behavior of perovskite ferroelectric crystals is discussed with respect to ferroelectric‐ferroelectric phase transitions and the dc bias field using a phenomenological approach. The relationship between the single‐domain shear piezoelectric response and piezoelectric activities in domain‐engineered configurations is also given in this paper. From an application viewpoint, the temperature and ac‐field drive stability for shear piezoelectric responses are investigated. A temperature‐independent shear piezoelectric response (d24, in the range of ‐50 °C to the O‐T phase‐transition temperature) is thermodynamically expected and experimentally confirmed in orthorhombic relaxor‐PT crystals; a relatively high ac‐field drive stability (5 kV cm−1) is obtained in manganese‐modified relaxor‐PT crystals. For all thickness shear vibration modes, the mechanical quality factor Qs are less than 50, corresponding to the facilitated polarization rotation.
Carbon Nanoparticles on Carbon Fabric for Flexible and High‐Performance Field Emitters
Authors: Yuan Longyan , Tao Yuting , Chen Jian , Dai Junjie , Song Ting , Ruan Mingyue , Ma Zongwei , Gong Li , Liu Kang , Zhang Xianghui , Hu Xuejiao , Zhou Jun , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCarbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are grown on flexible carbon fabric via a simple and low‐cost flame synthesis process. The entire struture of the carbon fabric substrate retains its high flexibility after the growth of CNPs and can even be rolled‐up and twisted to a large degree without affecting the electric characteristics. No appreciable changes in the conductance can be observed under different bending curvatures after hundreds of bending cycles. The thermal conductivity of the carbon fabric with CNPs is about 2.34 W m−1 K−1, about one order of magnitude higher than that of most polymer substrates. The field emitter fabricated using the structure has a low threshold electric field of around 2.8 V μm−1, and a high field emission current density of 108 mA cm−2, which is about two to four orders of magnitude higher than that of most polymer substrate‐based flexible CNT field emitters. These results indicate that CNPs on carbon fabric have potential applications in flexible electronics devices and displays.
Nanoscale Assembly in Biological Systems: From Neuronal Cytoskeletal Proteins to Curvature Stabilizing Lipids
Authors: Safinya Cyrus R. , Raviv Uri , Needleman Daniel J. , Zidovska Alexandra , Choi Myung Chul , Ojeda‐Lopez Miguel A. , Ewert Kai K. , Li Youli , Miller Herbert P. , Quispe Joel , Carragher Bridget , Potter Clinton S. , Kim Mahn Won , Feinstein Stuart C. , Wilson Leslie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe review will describe experiments inspired by the rich variety of bundles and networks of interacting microtubules (MT), neurofilaments, and filamentous‐actin in neurons where the nature of the interactions, structures, and structure‐function correlations remain poorly understood. We describe how three‐dimensional (3D) MT bundles and 2D MT bundles may assemble, in cell free systems in the presence of counter‐ions, revealing structures not predicted by polyelectrolyte theories. Interestingly, experiments reveal that the neuronal protein tau, an abundant MT‐associated‐protein in axons, modulates the MT diameter providing insight for the control of geometric parameters in bio‐ nanotechnology. In another set of experiments we describe lipid‐protein‐nanotubes, and lipid nano‐ tubes and rods, resulting from membrane shape evolution processes involving protein templates and curvature stabilizing lipids. Similar membrane shape changes, occurring in cells for the purpose of specific functions, are induced by interactions between membranes and proteins. The biological materials systems described have applications in bio‐nanotechnology.
Study of effect of temperature gradient on solid dissolution process under action of transverse rotating magnetic field
Authors: Rakoczy Rafał 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe study of effect of the transverse rotating magnetic field on the dissolution process of rock‐salt sample is the main purpose of this work. Moreover, the experimental study of the influence of the temperature gradient between the surface of sample and the solvent temperature on this process is presented in this article. The results of investigations are worked out by means of the novel type dimensionless equations including standard and magnetic numbers. The obtained results are compared with the data given in the previous literature. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Microwave combination heating: Coupled electromagnetics‐ multiphase porous media modeling and MRI experimentation
Authors: Rakesh Vineet , Datta Ashim K. , Walton Jeffrey H. , McCarthy Kathryn L. , McCarthy Michael J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe work includes development of a multiphase porous media model and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments to study microwave combination heating. Combination of electromagnetic, convective and radiant heating was considered. The material being heated was modeled as a hygroscopic porous medium with different phases: solid matrix, water and gas, and included pressure driven flow, binary diffusion and phase change. The three‐dimensional transport model was fully coupled with electromagnetics to include the effect of variable properties. MRI was used to obtain spatial temperature and moisture distributions to validate the model. The model demonstrated that high and low moisture materials behave differently under different combinations of heating and general guidelines for combining heating modes were obtained. Low moisture materials can be heated effectively using higher microwave power which is not possible in high moisture material. Cycling of microwave was found to be useful in distribution of excessive volumetric heat generated by microwaves. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
An efficient FeCl3‐promoted O‐alkyl cleavage of esters to carboxylic acids
Authors: Lian Xiaoyan , Fu Shaomin , Ma Tongmei , Li Shunbin , Zeng Wei 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA reliable and practical procedure for FeCl3‐promoted ester cleavage has been developed. Lewis acids including TiCl4, ZnO and FeCl3 etc. were investigated as promoters for O‐alkyl cleavage of carboxylic acid ester. Under optimal reaction conditions, FeCl3 (1.5 equiv.) was found to possess the highest activity and efficiently enhanced dealkylation of aryl esters, alkyl esters and aromatic heterocyclic esters to give their corresponding carboxylic acids in 54–98% yield, the method provides a complementary access to dealkylation of ester under neutral condition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of silicalite–polyamide composite membranes for desalination
Authors: Li Dan , He Li , Dong Dehua , Forsyth Maria , Wang Huanting 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTSilicalite–polyamide composite membranes were synthesized via interfacial polymerization on a commercial polysulfone substrate, for the purpose of studying the effect of the addition of silicalite nanocrystals on the desalination property of polyamide membrane. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that both plain polyamide membrane and silicalite–polyamide composite membranes exhibited rough surface morphology which is similar to the commercial polyamide membranes. The existence of silicalite nanocrystals in the silicalite–polyamide composite membrane was confirmed by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The effect of loading of silicalite nanocrystals on the desalination property of membranes was examined. By increasing the loading of silicalite nanocrystals, the water flux of silicalite–polyamide composite membranes increased, whereas the salt selectivity decreased significantly. Plain polyamide membrane had salt rejection of 98.1% and a flux of 5.07 × 10−7 m3/m2·s, whereas the silicalite–polyamide composite membrane, prepared from trimesoyl chloride (TMC)–hexane with 0.5% (w/v) silicalite, had a water flux of 2.74 × 10−6 m3/m2·s and NaCl rejection of 50% at a feed pressure of 34.48 bar by using 2000 ppm salt solution as the feed. The transport mechanisms of the silicalite–polyamide composite membranes were discussed. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient electroluminescence copolymer based on vinyl‐linked donor–acceptor system
Authors: Qi Zheng‐Jian , Wei Bin , Sun Yue‐Ming , Hong Man‐Xin , Tang Lan‐Lan , Yin Shou‐Gen 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUsing copolymerization functionalization, poly[3,4‐dioctyloxythiophene‐alt‐2,5‐bis(4‐vinylphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole] (P3,4DOOTV‐OXD) combining electrochemical properties of poly(3,4‐dioctyloxythiophene) (P3,4DOOT, donor) and 1,3,4‐oxadiazole (OXD, acceptor) was synthesized through Heck reaction and evaluated with 1H‐NMR, FTIR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV–vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and electroluminescence (EL) spectra. This D/A alternating copolymer, with regiosymmetrical 3,4‐dioctyloxythiophene, has good solubility in common organic solvents. The optical properties investigations showed that the band‐gap energy of P3,4DOOTV‐OXD is 10% higher than that of P3,4DOOT (2.27 eV) at 2.52 eV in solid film. However, the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield is as high as 57.4%, > two times more than that of homopolymer P3,4DOOT in CHCl3 solution, and displays bright green‐yellow luminescence (518 nm) in solution and yellow (542 nm) in solid film. Cyclic voltammogram indicated that the copolymer has bipolar properties, and the band gap energy (Eg) calculated based on the cyclic voltammogram is consistent with that deduced from the absorption spectra at 2.40 eV. By using indium‐tin oxide (ITO) as the anode, poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) as the hole‐injection layer, P3,4DOOTV‐OXD as the emitter and aluminum (Al) as the cathode, double‐layer device with the structure of [ITO/PEDOT: PSS (50 nm)/polymer/Al (130 nm)] shows typical diode characters and exhibit bright yellow electroluminescence (562–552 nm) under the forward bias. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Antimicrobial activity of some new 4‐arylazo‐3‐methylthiophene disperse dyes on polyester fabrics
Authors: Gafer Hatem E. , Abdel‐Latif Ehab 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA series of novel 4‐arylazo‐3‐methylthiophenes was synthesized by the heterocyclization of 2‐arylhydrazono‐2‐acetyl thioacetanilide derivatives with a variety of α‐halogenated reagents, such as chloroacetone, phenacyl bromide, ethyl chloroacetate, and chloroacetonitrile. The structures of the synthesized thiophene derivatives were confirmed by ultraviolet–visible, IR, and 1H‐NMR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The synthesized dyes were applied to polyester fabrics as disperse dyes, and their fastness properties were evaluated. The dyed polyester fabrics displayed antibacterial efficacy against Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Rheological aspects of microbial hyaluronic acid
Authors: Pires Aline M. B. , Santana Maria H. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe rheological properties of the hyaluronic acid (HA) produced by the cultivation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus ATCC 39920 in synthetic medium at constant pH of 7.0 were determined. Relevant characteristics of the biopolymer as its pureness related to proteins (0.44 mg of protein per gram of HA) and its average molar weight (4.0 × 106 Da) were also determined. Experimental data in steady shear (flow curves) have been correlated with the Cross model, which described the apparent viscosity shear rate data well mainly at concentrations higher than 50 mg mL−1.The concentration dependence of specific viscosity showed two linear regimes that intercept at critical overlap concentration (c*) equal to 4 mg mL−1. The storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli increasing along the HA concentration and estimates out of the studied range indicate that a crossover frequency decreased with the increasing concentration of HA. The high concentration dependence of G′ as well as the deviations of the Cox‐Merz rule for most of the HA concentrations indicate the hyperentangled properties for the HA chains, which could be visualized through atomic force microscopy images even at low concentrations as 0.01 mg mL−1. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Melt processing of poly(L‐lactic acid) in the presence of organomodified anionic or cationic clays
Authors: Katiyar Vimal , Gerds Nathalie , Koch Christian Bender , Risbo Jens , Hansen Hans Christian B. , Plackett David 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPoly(L‐lactic acid) (PLA) films are in use for various types of food packaging; however, a wider range of applications would be possible if the barrier properties of these films could be improved. To make such improvements, combinations of PLA with two nanofillers, laurate‐intercalated Mg‐Al layered double hydroxide (LDH‐C12) and a cationic organomodified montmorillonite (MMT) clay (Cloisite® 30B), were investigated. The dispersion of these fillers in PLA by melt processing was explored using two methods, either by mixing the nanofillers with PLA granulate immediately before extrusion or by preparation and subsequent dilution of PLA‐nanofiller masterbatches. After melt processing of these materials, PLA molecular weight, thermal stability, film transparency, morphology, and permeability characteristics were determined. Direct addition of LDH‐C12 drastically reduced the PLA molecular weight. Although this reduction in molecular weight was still very significant, it was less when a PLA/LDH‐C12 masterbatch was processed. In contrast, there was no significant reduction in PLA molecular weight when processing with Cloisite® 30B. However, film transparency was compromised when either LDH or MMT nanofillers were used. Evidence from DSC analyses showed a significant increase in heat of fusion when LDH‐C12 was dispersed in PLA compared with Cloisite® 30B, likely indicating a difference in nucleating properties. Complementary optical purity analyses suggested that racemization as a result of processing could influence the PLA crystallinity as determined by DSC in certain cases. A reduction in thermal stability when incorporating LDH‐C12 could be a direct result of PLA molecular weight reduction. XRD and TEM analyses showed that both Cloisite® 30B‐ and LDH‐C12‐based PLA composites yielded exfoliated and intercalated morphologies, but nanofiller agglomeration was also seen when LDH‐C12 was used. PLA/Cloisite® 30B nanocomposite films exhibited significant enhancement in oxygen and water vapor barrier properties, but no such improvement was found in PLA/LDH‐C12 nanocomposite films. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Poly(lactic acid)/layered silicate nanocomposite films: Morphology, mechanical properties, and effects of γ‐radiation
Authors: Dadbin Susan , Naimian Faranak , Akhavan Azam 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPoly(Lactic acid) (PLA)‐layered silicate nanocomposite films were prepared by solvent casting method. The films were irradiated with Co60 radiation facility at dose of 30 kGy. The effect of γ irradiation on mechanical properties of the neat PLA and nanocomposites was evaluated by data obtained from tensile testing measurements. The tensile strength of the irradiated PLA films increased with addition of 1 wt % triallyl cyanurate indicating crosslink formation. Significant ductile behavior was observed in the PLA nanocomposites containing 4 pph of nanoclay. Incorporation of nanoclay particles in the PLA matrix stimulated crystal growth as it was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology of the nanocomposites characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction revealed an exfoliated morphology in the PLA nanocomposite films containing 4 pph of nanoclay. Only very small changes were observed in the chemical structure of the irradiated samples as it was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011