bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modified Look‐Locker T1 evaluation using Bloch simulations: Human and phantom validation
Authors: Gai Neville D. , Stehning Christian , Nacif Marcelo , Bluemke David A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractModified Look‐Locker imaging is frequently used for T1 mapping of the myocardium. However, the specific effect of various MRI parameters (e.g., encoding scheme, modifications of flip angle, heart rate, T2, and inversion times) on the accuracy of T1 measurement has not been studied through Bloch simulations. In this work, modified Look‐Locker imaging was characterized through a numerical solution for Bloch equations. MRI sequence parameters that may affect T1 accuracy were systematically varied in the simulation. For validation, phantoms were constructed with various T2 and T1 times and compared with Bloch equation simulations. Human volunteers were also evaluated with various pulse sequences parameters to assess the validity of the numerical simulations. There was close agreement between simulated T1 times and T1 times measured in phantoms and volunteers. Lower T2 times (i.e., <30 ms) resulted in errors greater than 5% for T1 determination. Increasing maximum inversion time value improved T1 accuracy particularly for precontrast myocardial T1. Balanced steady‐state free precession k space centric encoding improved accuracy for short T1 times (post gadolinium), but linear encoding provided improved accuracy for precontrast T1 values. Lower flip angles are preferred if the signal‐to‐noise ratio is sufficiently high. Bloch simulations for modified Look‐Locker imaging provide an accurate method to comprehensively quantify the effect of pulse sequence parameters on T1 accuracy. As an alternative to otherwise lengthy phantom studies or human studies, such simulations may be useful to optimize the modified Look‐Locker imaging sequence and compare differences in T1‐derived measurements from different scanners or institutions. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pilot study of vascular health in survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Mulrooney Daniel A. , Ness Kirsten K. , Solovey Anna , Hebbel Robert P. , Neaton James D. , Peterson Bruce A. , Lee Chung K.K. , Kelly Aaron S. , Neglia Joseph P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundVascular‐related toxicities have been reported among survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), but their genesis is not well understood.ProcedureFasting blood samples from 25 previously irradiated HL survivors were analyzed for biomarkers that can reveal underlying inflammation and/or endothelial cell activation: high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), triglycerides, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein ß, lipoprotein (a), fibrinogen, circulating endothelial cells (CECs), and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) expression. Values were compared to subjects in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. CECs and VCAM‐1 were compared to healthy controls.ResultsSurvivors (76% male), median age 17.6 years (5–33) at diagnosis, 33.0 years (19–55) at follow‐up, included stages IA (n = 6), IIA (n = 10), IIB (n = 2), IIIA (n = 4), and IVA (n = 3) patients. Twenty‐four received at least chest radiation therapy (RT) (median dose 3,150 cGy; range: 175‐4,650 cGy), one received neck only; 14 (56%) had a history of anthracycline exposure (median dose: 124 mg/m2 range: 63–200 mg/m2). Compared to CARDIA subjects, mean hsCRP (3.0 mg/L ± 2.0 vs. 1.6 ± 1.9), total cholesterol (194.1 mg/dl ± 33.2 vs. 179.4 ± 32.9), lipoprotein (a) (34.2 mg/dl ± 17.5 vs. 13.8 ± 17.5), and fibrinogen (342.0 mg/dl ± 49.1 vs. 252.6 ± 48.4) were significantly elevated. CECs (2.3 cells/ml ± 1.5 vs. 0.34 ± 1.4) were significantly elevated compared to controls. No difference in VCAM‐1 expression (51.1% ± 36.8 vs. 42.3 ± 35.6) was detected.ConclusionHL survivors exposed to RT have evidence of vascular inflammation, dyslipidemia, and injury suggestive of early atherogenesis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:285–289. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of short‐chain branching on melt fracture behavior of metallocene and conventional poly(ethylene/α‐olefin) copolymers
Authors: Garofalo E. , Incarnato L. , Di Maio L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA phenomenon that can represent a great problem in melt processing is extrudate distortion. This effect can range in intensity from a loss of gloss to gross distortion and is the factor that limits the production rate in certain processes such as the blown film extrusion of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE). The aim of this work was to investigate the effects that molecular weight distribution and short‐chain branch length have on the observed melt fracture phenomena for poly(ethylene/α‐olefin) resins with similar weight comonomer content and molecular weight. The flow stability analysis conducted in this study has shown that, even increasing of few carbon atoms the short‐chain branch length of the resins, the surface melt fracture phenomena are reduced and/or eliminated. Moreover, the comparison between the metallocene (mLLDPE) and conventional LLDPE samples, with the same comonomer (hexene), showed that the metallocene‐catalyzed resin exhibits early onset and more severe melt fracture, due to its narrower molecular weight distribution. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 52:1968–1977, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Bemessung und Konstruktion von Zuggliedern nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐11
Authors: Kathage Karsten , Misiek Thomas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDer Beitrag behandelt die Bemessungs‐ und Konstruktionsregeln des Eurocode 3 Teil 1‐11 für Zugglieder aus Stahl. Der Beitrag umfasst Regelungen für Zugstäbe und Zugstabsysteme sowie Regelungen für offene und vollverschlossene Spiralseile, Rundlitzenseile, Paralleldrahtlitzen, Paralleldrahtbündel und Litzenbündelseile einschließlich der zugehörigen Endverankerungen, Klemmen und Umlenksättel. Diese Regelungen werden vorgestellt und erläutert. Soweit hilfreich und möglich erfolgt ein Vergleich mit den Regelungen von DIN 18800‐1.Design of tension components according to DIN EN 1993‐1‐11. The paper deals with the design rules of Eurocode 3 part 1‐11 for tension components. The paper covers rules for tension rods and tension rod systems as well as rules for wire ropes, bundles of parallel wires or strands including the corresponding end connectors, clamps and saddles. These rules are introduced and explained. If helpful and possible, a comparison with the rules of DIN 18800‐1 is made.
Auswahl der Stahlsorte auf Basis der DIN EN 1993‐1‐10
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Kühn Bertram 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIm Rahmen der Eurocode 3‐Familie stellt die DIN EN 1993‐1‐10 den Teil dar, der für eine ausreichende Stahlsortenauswahl zur Vermeidung von Spröd‐ und Terrassenbruch anzuwenden ist. Die Regelungen der DIN EN 1993‐1‐10 sind nahezu identisch mit den bekannten nationalen Regelungen der DASt‐Richtlinien 009 und 014, so dass sich für den Anwender nur geringfügige Änderungen ergeben. Die Stahlsortenwahl zur Vermeidung von Sprödbruch basiert auf einem bruchmechanischen Konzept, in dem die Bruchzähigkeit des Materials im eingebauten Zustand über eine Korrelation zu den in den Produktnormen angegebenen Kerbschlagzähigkeitsanforderungen in Verbindung gebracht wird. Die Norm ermöglicht drei Verfahren zur Nachweisführung, wobei im Regelfall der einfache Nachweis der Wahl der Stahlgüte durch den Vergleich der vorhandenen mit der maximal zulässigen Blechdicke mit Hilfe einer in der Norm enthaltenen Tabelle zum Tragen kommt. Der Nachweis einer ausreichenden Bruchzähigkeit in Dickenrichtung zur Vermeidung von Terrassenbruch kann prinzipiell über zwei Wege erfolgen: den traditionellen Weg nach DASt‐Richtlinie 014 mit einer Bestimmung der erforderlichen Z‐Güte vor Bestellung des Materials oder der Möglichkeit der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung der gefertigten Stahlbauteile im Hinblick auf Vorliegen von Terrassenbrüchen.Choice of the steel grade according to DIN EN 1993‐1‐10. As part of the Eurocode 3‐family, DIN EN 1993‐1‐10 is responsible for sufficient selection of steel grades to avoid brittle fracture and lamellar tearing. The regulations of DIN EN 1993‐1‐10 are almost identical to the well known rules of the national DASt guidelines 009 and 014, so that there are only minor changes for the user. The choice of the steel grade to avoid brittle fracture is based on a fracture mechanics approach, in which the fracture toughness of the material considers a correlation to the notched impact strength requirements specified in the product standards. DIN EN 1993‐1‐10 allows three methods of verification, where normally the simple proof of the choice of permissible plate thickness using a standardized table comes into play. The proof of adequate fracture toughness in the through‐thickness direction to avoid lamellar tearing can be done basically in two ways: the traditional way to DASt guideline 014 on the definition of a required Z‐grade prior to ordering of the material or the possibility of testing the already fabricated steel components whether lamellar tearing has occurred.
Verbesserte Bemessungsregeln für Stäbe mit Klasse 3‐Querschnitt
Authors: Lechner Andreas , Kettler Markus , Greiner Richard , Unterweger Harald 
Published: March 2012

AbstractStäbe mit Klasse 3‐Querschnitt sind nach den Regeln des Eurocode 3 Teil 1‐1 elastisch zu bemessen, woraus sich ein sprunghafter Übergang zur plastischen Bemessung von Klasse 2‐Querschnitten ergibt. Der Beitrag legt als Ergebnis von Forschungsprojekten verbesserte Bemessungsregeln für Stäbe mit I‐, H‐ und Rechteckhohlprofilen vor, welche eine plastische oder teilplastische Ausnutzung von Klasse 3‐Querschnitten erlauben und sich vom Format her leicht in das Eurocode‐Konzept eingliedern lassen. Damit können sowohl die Querschnitts‐ als auch die Stabilitätsnachweise für Stäbe unter Druck und Biegung in günstigerer und konsistenterer Weise geführt werden. Zugleich werden Anwendungshilfen in Form von tabellarischen Querschnittswerten sowie einer Bemessungssoftware für Querschnitts‐ und Stabnachweise vorgestellt.Improved design rules for beam‐columns with class 3 cross‐section. Members with class 3 cross‐section – called semi‐compact sections – are to be designed by elastic rules in accordance with Eurocode 3 Part 1‐1. This leads to a sudden loss of capacity at the transition from the plastic design of class 2 sections to the class 3 sections. As a result of two European research projects, the present paper provides improved design rules for members with I‐ and H‐sections as well as with rectangular hollow sections, which allow the utilisation of plastic or partly plastic capacity of class 3‐sections and which can be easily incorporated into the Eurocode 3. As a result, the cross‐section and the stability design checks for beam‐columns can be performed not only in a more economic, but also in a more consistent way. Moreover, design guidelines with tabulated cross‐section parameters and a design software for cross‐section and member design are introduced.
Up from the Ape: the Spitzer Hall of Human Origins at the American Museum of Natural History
Authors: Harcourt-Smith William E. H. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The American Museum of Natural History in New York has a rich history of explaining evolution through its displays and educational programs. For much of this history, there has been a permanent hall dedicated to human evolution and its related disciplines. Different versions of these halls have informed tens of millions of visitors, and today’s offering is one of the world’s newest, opened in 2007 and named the Anne and Bernard Spitzer Hall of Human Origins. The hall’s design is radical in that it starts by giving molecular genetics and the fossil record equal billing and thus provides the visitor with two independent but highly complementary lines of evidence for our own evolution. Other parts of the hall are innovative in that they stress taxonomic diversity in the fossil record as much as the more traditional chronological “story” of human evolution that is usually found in museum exhibits. The hall is also unique in that it incorporates a fully operational teaching laboratory within its architectural footprint, which provides educators with the chance to seamlessly integrate hands-on lab sessions and the surrounding exhibits as teaching aids.
D-Confidence: an active learning strategy to reduce label disclosure complexity in the presence of imbalanced class distributions
Authors: Escudeiro Nuno Filipe , Jorge Alípio Mário 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In some classification tasks, such as those related to the automatic building and maintenance of text corpora, it is expensive to obtain labeled instances to train a classifier. In such circumstances it is common to have massive corpora where a few instances are labeled (typically a minority) while others are not. Semi-supervised learning techniques try to leverage the intrinsic information in unlabeled instances to improve classification models. However, these techniques assume that the labeled instances cover all the classes to learn which might not be the case. Moreover, when in the presence of an imbalanced class distribution, getting labeled instances from minority classes might be very costly, requiring extensive labeling, if queries are randomly selected. Active learning allows asking an oracle to label new instances, which are selected by criteria, aiming to reduce the labeling effort. D-Confidence is an active learning approach that is effective when in presence of imbalanced training sets. In this paper we evaluate the performance of d-Confidence in comparison to its baseline criteria over tabular and text datasets. We provide empirical evidence that d-Confidence reduces label disclosure complexity—which we have defined as the number of queries required to identify instances from all classes to learn—when in the presence of imbalanced data.
Effect of sexual dimorphism on muscle strength in cachexia
Authors: Norman Kristina , Stobäus Nicole , Reiß Judith , Schulzke Jörg , Valentini Luzia , Pirlich Matthias 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundReduced muscle strength is a cardinal feature in cachexia. We investigated whether weight loss is associated differently with muscle strength in men and women in a large cohort of hospitalized patients.MethodsOne thousand five hundred hospitalized patients (whereof 718 men, mean age 57.6 ± 16.0 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 24.6 ± 4.8 kg/m²) were included in the study. Non‐edematous involuntary weight loss was determined with Subjective Global Assessment; isometric maximal muscle strength was evaluated by hand grip strength. Mid‐upper arm circumference and triceps skinfold were used to calculate arm muscle area. Interrelationship between sex and weight loss was evaluated by regression analysis performed with the general linear model (GLM) allowing adjustment for continuous and categorical variables and corrected for age, arm muscle area (AMA), BMI, and diagnosis category (benign/malignant disease) as potentially confounding covariates.ResultsBoth men and women exhibited a significant stepwise decrease of hand grip strength with increasing weight loss. Age, sex, moderate and severe weight loss, BMI, and AMA were significant predictors of hand grip strength. The GLM moreover revealed a significant sex × weight loss effect, since grip strength was similarly decreased in moderate weight loss in men and women when compared to control patients without weight loss (8.5% in men and 10.5% in women, not significant (n.s.)), but the further reduction of grip strength in severe weight loss was significantly different between men and women (10.6% vs. 4.1%, P = 0.033).ConclusionsOur findings indicate sex‐specific differences in muscle strength response to weight loss.
ON STABLE QUADRATIC POLYNOMIALS
Authors: AHMADI OMRAN , LUCA FLORIAN , OSTAFE ALINA , SHPARLINSKI IGOR E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe recall that a polynomial f(X) ∈ K[X] over a field K is called stable if all its iterates are irreducible over K. We show that almost all monic quadratic polynomials f(X) ∈ ℤ[X] are stable over ℚ. We also show that the presence of squares in so-called critical orbits of a quadratic polynomial f(X) ∈ ℤ[X] can be detected by a finite algorithm; this property is closely related to the stability of f(X). We also prove there are no stable quadratic polynomials over finite fields of characteristic 2 but they exist over some infinite fields of characteristic 2.
Absence of anthraquinone pigments is paraphyletic and a phylogenetically unreliable character in theTeloschistaceae
Authors: VONDRÁK Jan , ŠOUN Jaroslav , VONDRÁKOVແ Olga , FRYDAY Alan M. , KHODOSOVTSEV Alexander , DAVYDOV Evgeny A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIt has been suggested that the absence of anthraquinones is not a synapomorphic character, but appears independently in unrelated lineages ofTeloschistaceae. We analyzed ITS nrDNA regions in species of the genusCaloplacaand present evidence for five such examples: theCaloplaca cerinagroup,C. obscurella, theC. servitianagroup, theC. xericagroup and theC. variabilisgroup (Pyrenodesmia). In some cases, loss of anthraquinones is observed only in individuals within ordinarily pigmented populations, but sometimes the loss covers whole lineages containing one or more species. Both situations are observed in theC. servitianagroup. Loss of anthraquinones is always followed by the synthesis of ‘alternative’ pigments (oftenSedifolia-grey). In the specimens with anthraquinone-containing apothecia studied, these pigments are not visible in apothecial sections after dissolving anthraquinones in K. Fully unpigmented apothecia have not been observed.TheCaloplaca xericagroup is a newly established, infraspecific grouping of species related to, and similar to,C. xerica. TheCaloplaca servitianagroup is also newly established and represents an isolated lineage covering two rather different, but related species.Caloplaca neotauricais described here as a new species with apothecia of two colour variants; orange-red (with anthraquinones) and grey (withSedifolia-grey).The genusHuearepresents another taxon lacking anthraquinones withinTeloschistaceae. The generaApatoplacaandCephalophysis, which lack anthraquinones, are tentatively placed inTeloschistaceae, but their phylogenetic identity has not been recognized.Hueideais reported to have no anthraquinones, but its secondary metabolites should be studied further and its possible placement inTeloschistaceaeassessed.We suggest thatCaloplaca abbreviatavar.lecideoidesandC. celatarepresent variants ofC. stillicidiorumlacking anthraquinones.
Semi-cryptic marine species ofHydropunctaria(Verrucariaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from north-west Europe
Authors: ORANGE Alan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTwo new semi-cryptic species from the marine littoral zone of NW Europe,Hydropunctaria oceanicaandH. orae, are described. Both differ fromH. maurain their ITS and mtSSU sequences and in their thinner thalli andH. oraealso differs in its green rather than brown cortical pigment.Hydropunctaria aractinacomb. nov. is reinstated as an accepted species, but is difficult to distinguish fromH. oraeby morphology alone. Lectotypes and epitypes are proposed forH. aractinaandH. maura.
Two new species in the lichen genus Phlyctis (Phlyctidaceae) from India
Authors: JOSHI Santosh , UPRETI Dalip K. , NAYAKA Sanjeeva 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn account is given of the lichen genus Phlyctis in India. Phlyctis monosperma, with single spored asci and psoromic acid, and P. subhimalayensis, lacking secondary metabolites, are described here as new to science. A worldwide key to the genus is provided.
Three new species of Chapsa (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae) from tropical Asia
Authors: WEERAKOON Gothamie , RIVAS PLATA Eimy , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten , LÜCKING Robert 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThree new species of Chapsa in the family Graphidaceae are described from tropical Asia. Chapsa mastersonii Rivas Plata, Lumbsch & Lücking from the Philippines is characterized by large apothecia with thickly white-pruinose discs, large, muriform, non-amyloid ascospores, and the stictic acid chemosyndrome. Chapsa wijeyaratniana Weerakon, Lumbsch & Lücking from Sri Lanka has apothecia similar to the preceding species but forms an ecorticate thallus with maculiform to capitate soralia, has small, submuriform ascospores, and lacks secondary substances. Chapsa wolseleyana Weerakon, Lumbsch & Lücking forms apothecia with red to pinkish or purplish red discs and large, muriform ascospores becoming pale brown.
Anzia mahaeliyensis and Anzia flavotenuis, two new lichen species from Sri Lanka
Authors: JAYALAL Udeni , WOLSELEY Pat , GUEIDAN Cécile , APTROOT André , WIJESUNDARA Siril , KARUNARATNE Veranja 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTwo new species of Anzia are described from Sri Lanka: A. mahaeliyensis characterized by a white, single-layered medulla and pale tipped isidia, and A. flavotenuis by a two-layered medulla with the upper layer yellow and the lower part white, a central chondroid axis and isidia with brown-black tips. Morphological and chemical characters used to distinguish species of Anzia are discussed and DNA sequences (ITS) are provided for the two new species. Characteristic features and worldwide distribution of the genus are also outlined.
Framing and Claiming: Contemporary Globalization and “Going Out” in China's Rhetoric towards Latin America
Authors: Strauss Julia C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractChina's increasing, and increasingly visible, engagement in Latin America has led to a variety of analyses, many based on either international relations notions of realism or international political economy precepts of trade. Rather than seeing China's rhetoric on its relations with Latin America as fluff that conceals a harder reality, this article takes rhetoric seriously as a device of “framing and claiming”: a way in which political elites in China interpret the fast-changing developing world and China's place in it. The article explores how political elites have understood the sources of China's own domestic development and then projected those notions on to other parts of the developing world, through earlier “fractal” logics of development whereby each state repeats one model of development in its own way and a currently dominant “division of labour” logic that posits one integrated model of development whereby complementarity and comparative advantage hold sway. The article concludes with a comparison of China's relations with Peru and Brazil, suggesting that China's bilateral relations with Brazil indicate a newer, emerging rhetoric of global partnership based on equality.
The Establishment of Bolshevik Power in the Crimea and the Construction of a Multinational Soviet State: Organisation, Justification, Uncertainties
Authors: DUFAUD GRÉGORY 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe autonomous Soviet republic of the Crimea was established in October 1921 as part of the Russian Federative Republic. A few months later came the announcement that the new republic was to be ‘tatarised’, in accordance with a policy which was already being implemented in other territories but which was not systematised, in the form of ‘indigenisation’, until 1923. This article examines how the Bolsheviks imposed their authority in the Crimea. It analyses the dealings and negotiations among the principal actors in both Moscow and the Crimea, and traces the establishment of rules and agreements. It also examines the uncertainties and anxieties that troubled the Crimean Communist Party when the enthusiasm of some Crimean communists for indigenisation rapidly led to suspicions of nationalism. This article, written from the periphery, throws light on the construction of a multinational Soviet state by focusing on the actors and their actions.