bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses of four segregates within Cladonia arbuscula s.l.This paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.
Authors: Piercey-Normore Michele D. , Ahti Teuvo , Goward Trevor 
Published: April 2010

Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flotow sensu lato is a widespread species complex traditionally divided among several subspecies on the basis of thallus morphology and secondary chemistry. Here we examine the evolutionary relationships of four of these segregates, C. arbuscula subsp. beringiana Ahti, C. arbuscula subsp. squarrosa (Wallr.) Burgaz, C. mitis Sandst., and an unnamed subspecies (referred to as C. arbuscula subsp. squarrosa PD– strain) in an attempt to link them to specific genotypes. The internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) and the β-tubulin genes were sequenced for phylogenetic and haplotype analyses. In addition, the ITS2 RNA region was folded and changes were applied to the evolutionary hypothesis. We conclude that morphological differentiation within C. arbuscula s.l. is largely independent of variation in ITS rDNA and β-tubulin sequences, notwithstanding the distinct albeit incomplete clade formed by C. mitis. Compensatory base changes in the ITS2 RNA secondary structure could not support reproductive isolation. It is recommended that C. mitis be recognized at the subspecific rank as C. arbuscula subsp. mitis , and that subsp. squarrosa be included in subsp. beringiana . The apparent lack of correlation in C. arbuscula between genetic variability in the mycobiont and observed morphological variation in the thallus is intriguing, and requires explanation.
Distribution patterns of disjunct and endemic vascular plants in the interior wetbelt of northwest North AmericaThis paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.
Authors: Björk Curtis R. 
Published: April 2010

A region of contrastively wetter and milder climate occurs in inland northwest North America, separated from similar climates of the Pacific coast by 200–400 km. Researchers have long noted that numerous vascular plants divide their ranges between the interior wetbelt and coastal regions, although many such disjunctions have hitherto gone undocumented. Here I summarize all vascular plants shared between coastal and interior wetbelt regions, disjunct by at least 200 km. These disjunct taxa are assigned to north-coast and south-coast lists according to whether the coastal portions of the ranges occur primarily north or south of the southern limits of maximum continental glaciation. A list of interior wetbelt endemic taxa is also presented, focusing on those that occur at forested elevations. Presence/absence for coastal disjunct and endemic taxa were assigned to grid of 1° × 1° latitude–longitude cells. Using this grid, concentrations of disjunct and endemic taxa were detected, and total values per cell were tested in linear regression for a relationship to mean annual precipitation. In total, 116 coastal disjunct taxa were detected, 31 of them north-coastal and 85 south-coastal. Interior wetbelt endemic and subendemic taxa total 95, and of these, 46 were found primarily at forested elevations. North-coast taxa were found over a wide latitudinal range both north and south of the glacial limits, and their distribution had a weak positive relationship with annual precipitation. South-coast and endemic taxa were found mostly south of the glacial limits, and their distribution did not correlate to annual precipitation. The greatest concentrations of south coastal disjunct and endemic taxa occurred in the Clearwater region of north-central Idaho; a region noted by previous researchers to be a likely ice-age refugium for wet-climate dependent plants and animals. Inferences are made from these patterns, both for biogeographical understanding of the roles played by the interior wetbelt and some regions connecting to the coast, as well as for preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem continuity.
STRIPE PATTERNS IN A MODEL FOR BLOCK COPOLYMERS
Authors: PELETIER MARK A. , VENERONI MARCO 
Published: April 2010

We consider a pattern-forming system in two space dimensions defined by an energy [Formula: see text]. The functional [Formula: see text] models strong phase separation in AB diblock copolymer melts, and patterns are represented by {0, 1}-valued functions; the values 0 and 1 correspond to the A and B phases. The parameter ε is the ratio between the intrinsic, material length-scale and the scale of the domain Ω. We show that in the limit ε → 0 any sequence uε of patterns with uniformly bounded energy [Formula: see text] becomes stripe-like: the pattern becomes locally one-dimensional and resembles a periodic stripe pattern of periodicity O(ε). In the limit the stripes become uniform in width and increasingly straight. Our results are formulated as a convergence theorem, which states that the functional [Formula: see text] Gamma-converges to a limit functional [Formula: see text]. This limit functional is defined on fields of rank-one projections, which represent the local direction of the stripe pattern. The functional [Formula: see text] is only finite if the projection field solves a version of the Eikonal equation, and in that case it is the L2-norm of the divergence of the projection field, or equivalently the L2-norm of the curvature of the field. At the level of patterns the converging objects are the jump measures |∇uε| combined with the projection fields corresponding to the tangents to the jump set. The central inequality from Peletier and Röger, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal.193 (2009) 475–537, provides the initial estimate and leads to weak measure-function pair convergence. We obtain strong convergence by exploiting the non-intersection property of the jump set.
Phonetic Duration, Phonological Quantity and Prosodic Structure in Inari Saami
Authors: Bye Patrik , Sagulin Elin , Toivonen Ida 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Inari Saami, an endangered Finno-Ugric language of Northern Finland, is reported to have a three-way surface contrast in consonant length (short, halflong and long). We studied disyllabic words (C)V1CxV2(C) using data from 5 native speakers under two conditions, with short and long preceding vowel, V1, and found support for the claim that Inari Saami has a ternary contrast in consonant length. The three-way length contrast is more robust following a short V1. The duration of V2 correlates negatively with the length of the medial consonant. However, there is one major departure from this pattern. When both V1 and the medial consonant are long, V2 is also longer. This finding supports the idea that disyllables of this class differ from the others in their prosodic structure in having two metrical feet rather than one. This interpretation tallies with independent evidence from synchronic morphophonology and the historical development of the prosodic system of Inari Saami.
Vowel Discrimination by English, French and Turkish Speakers: Evidence for an Exemplar-Based Approach to Speech Perception
Authors: Ettlinger Marc , Johnson Keith 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Recent studies of speech perception have shown that speakers retain significant amounts of the phonetic detail of heard speech providing strong evidence for an exemplar-based model of the representation of speech sounds. This does not preclude the existence of a feature-based model as well; indeed many theories of speech perception advocate a feature- or contrast-based model for the discrimination of speech sounds. In this study, we provide evidence that an exemplar-based model of speech perception makes more accurate predictions for the performance of English, French and Turkish speakers in a vowel discrimination task. Participants were asked to discriminate the four high front vowels of German, which differ by both the rounding and tense/lax contrasts. Crucially, English has only the tense/lax contrast, while Turkish and French have only rounding. The results show that having one of the vowels in one’s language facilitates discrimination more than having the featural contrast supporting an exemplar-based model. Furthermore, different discrimination tasks were used showing that the effects of native language on vowel discrimination are mediated by task and by psychoacoustic similarity.
Using Continuous Ground-Based Radar and Lidar Measurements for Evaluating the Representation of Clouds in Four Operational Models
Authors: Bouniol Dominique , Protat Alain , Delanoë Julien , Pelon Jacques , Piriou Jean-Marcel , Bouyssel François , Tompkins Adrian M. , Wilson Damian R. , Morille Yohann , Haeffelin Martial , O’Connor Ewan J. , Hogan Robin J. , Illingworth Anthony J. , Donovan David P. , Baltink Henk-Klein 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The ability of four operational weather forecast models [ECMWF, Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle model (ARPEGE), Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO), and Met Office] to generate a cloud at the right location and time (the cloud frequency of occurrence) is assessed in the present paper using a two-year time series of observations collected by profiling ground-based active remote sensors (cloud radar and lidar) located at three different sites in western Europe (Cabauw, Netherlands; Chilbolton, United Kingdom; and Palaiseau, France). Particular attention is given to potential biases that may arise from instrumentation differences (especially sensitivity) from one site to another and intermittent sampling. In a second step the statistical properties of the cloud variables involved in most advanced cloud schemes of numerical weather forecast models (ice water content and cloud fraction) are characterized and compared with their counterparts in the models. The two years of observations are first considered as a whole in order to evaluate the accuracy of the statistical representation of the cloud variables in each model. It is shown that all models tend to produce too many high-level clouds, with too-high cloud fraction and ice water content. The midlevel and low-level cloud occurrence is also generally overestimated, with too-low cloud fraction but a correct ice water content. The dataset is then divided into seasons to evaluate the potential of the models to generate different cloud situations in response to different large-scale forcings. Strong variations in cloud occurrence are found in the observations from one season to the same season the following year as well as in the seasonal cycle. Overall, the model biases observed using the whole dataset are still found at seasonal scale, but the models generally manage to well reproduce the observed seasonal variations in cloud occurrence. Overall, models do not generate the same cloud fraction distributions and these distributions do not agree with the observations. Another general conclusion is that the use of continuous ground-based radar and lidar observations is definitely a powerful tool for evaluating model cloud schemes and for a responsive assessment of the benefit achieved by changing or tuning a model cloud parameterization.
On Sedimentation and Advection in Multimoment Bulk Microphysics
Authors: Mansell Edward R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn two-moment bulk microphysics schemes, the practice of using different weighted fall velocities for the various moments is known to lead to artificial growth in reflectivity values for fast-falling particles, particularly at the downward leading edge of a precipitation column. Two simple correction schemes that prevent these artifacts while still allowing some effects of size sorting are presented. The corrections are obtained by comparing particle number concentrations that result from two or three different sedimentation calculations. The corrections do not conserve particle number concentrations but do prevent spurious reflectivity growth automatically without the need to place ad hoc limits on mean particle size.Multimoment bulk microphysics schemes often have used inconsistent variables in terms of the appropriate advection equation (e.g., mass mixing ratio and particle number concentration). A brief review of consistent advection and turbulent mixing for such variables is presented to provide clarification.
Milankovitch Forcing and Meridional Moisture Flux in the Atmosphere: Insight from a Zonally Averaged Ocean–Atmosphere Model
Authors: Antico Andrés , Marchal Olivier , Mysak Lawrence A. , Vimeux Françoise 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A 1-Myr-long time-dependent solution of a zonally averaged ocean–atmosphere model subject to Milankovitch forcing is examined to gain insight into long-term changes in the planetary-scale meridional moisture flux in the atmosphere. The model components are a one-dimensional (latitudinal) atmospheric energy balance model with an active hydrological cycle and an ocean circulation model representing four basins (Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans). This study finds that the inclusion of an active hydrological cycle does not significantly modify the responses of annual-mean air and ocean temperatures to Milankovitch forcing found in previous integrations with a fixed hydrological cycle. Likewise, the meridional overturning circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean is not significantly affected by hydrological changes. Rather, it mainly responds to precessionally driven variations of ocean temperature in subsurface layers (between 70- and 500-m depth) of this basin. On the other hand, annual and zonal means of evaporation rate and meridional flux of moisture in the atmosphere respond notably to obliquity-driven changes in the meridional gradient of annual-mean insolation. Thus, when obliquity is decreased (increased), the meridional moisture flux in the atmosphere is intensified (weakened). This hydrological response is consistent with deuterium excess records from polar ice cores, which are characterized by dominant obliquity cycles.
Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the Relationship between El Niño and the Northeast Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Yoon Jinhee , Yeh Sang-Wook 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The influence of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on the relationship between El Niño and the northeast Asian summer monsoon (NEASM) is examined using observational datasets for the period of 1979–2007. When El Niño occurs during the boreal winter (December–February), the amount of rainfall over northeast Asia is usually above normal during the following summer (June–August). This relationship between El Niño and the NEASM is intensified when El Niño and the PDO are in phase during the previous winter. However, when El Niño and the PDO are out of phase, the relationship is weakened. The authors argue that the PDO can constructively or destructively interfere with the summer rainfall response over northeast Asia to El Niño.
They follow the hypothesis that the summer rainfall over northeast Asia could be separated into two components, that is, the tropics-related component and the extratropics-related component. Then they argue that the PDO could modulate the relationship between El Niño and the NEASM through changes in the extratropics-related rainfall, which is associated with the atmospheric circulation, such as the Eurasian pattern. The conditional composites show that when El Niño and the PDO are in phase, the Eurasian-like pattern acts to enhance the extratropics-related rainfall over northeast Asia, resulting in the strengthening of the NEASM. In contrast, the Eurasian-like pattern acts to reduce the extratropics-related rainfall when El Niño and the PDO are out of phase, resulting in the weakening of the NEASM.
The Effects of the Internal Flow Structure on SPM Entrapment in the Rotterdam Waterway
Authors: de Nijs Michel A. J. , Winterwerp Johan C. , Pietrzak Julie D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field measurements are presented, which are the first to quantify the processes influencing the entrapment of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at the limit of saltwater intrusion in the Rotterdam Waterway. The estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) is shown to be maintained by the trapping of fluvial SPM at the head of the salt wedge. The trapping process is associated with the raining out of fluvial SPM from the upper, fresher part of the water column, into the layer below the pycnocline. The dominant mechanisms responsible are baroclinic shear flows and the abrupt change in turbulent mixing characteristics due to damping of turbulence at the pycnocline. This view contrasts with the assumption of landward transport of marine SPM by asymmetries in bed stress. The SPM transport capacity of the tidal flow is not fully utilized in the ETM, and the ETM is independent of a bed-based supply of mud. This is explained by regular exchange of part of the ETM with harbor basins, which act as efficient sinks, and that the Rotterdam Waterway is not a complete fluvial SPM trap. The supply of SPM by the freshwater discharge ensures that the ETM is maintained over time. Hence, the ETM is an advective phenomenon. Relative motion between SPM and saltwater occurs because of lags introduced by resuspension. Moreover, SPM that lags behind the salt wedge after high water slack (HWS) is eventually recollected at the head. Hence, SPM follows complex transport pathways and the mechanisms involved in trapping and transport of SPM are inherently three-dimensional.
Three-Dimensional Structure and Temporal Evolution of Submesoscale Thermohaline Intrusions in the North Pacific Subtropical Frontal Zone
Authors: Shcherbina A. Y. , Gregg M. C. , Alford M. H. , Harcourt R. R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFour instances of persistent intrusive deformation of the North Pacific Subtropical Front were tagged individually by a Lagrangian float and tracked for several days. Each feature was mapped in three dimensions using repeat towed observations referenced to the float. Isohaline surface deformations in the frontal zone included sheetlike folds elongated in the alongfront direction and narrow tongues extending across the front. All deformations appeared as protrusions of relatively cold, and fresh, water across the front. No corresponding features of the opposite sign or isolated lenslike structures were observed. The sheets were O(10 m) thick, protruded about 10 km into the warm saline side of the front, and were coherent for 10–30 km along the front. Having about the same thickness and cross-frontal extent as the sheets, tongues extended less than 5 km along the front. All of the intrusions persisted as long as they were followed, several days to one week. Their structures evolved on both inertial (23 h) and subinertial (∼10 days) time scales in response to differential lateral advection. The water mass surrounding the intrusions participated in gradual anticyclonic rotation as a part of a mesoscale meander of the subtropical front. The intrusions may be interpreted as a manifestation of three-dimensional submesoscale turbulence of the frontal zone, driven by the mesoscale. Absence of large features of the opposite sign may be indicative of the asymmetry of the underlying dynamics.
Wind Speed Dependence of Single-Site Wave-Height Retrievals from High-Frequency Radars
Authors: Haus Brian K. , Shay Lynn K. , Work Paul A. , Voulgaris George , Ramos Rafael J. , Martinez-Pedraja Jorge 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Wave-height observations derived from single-site high-frequency (HF) radar backscattered Doppler spectra are generally recognized to be less accurate than overlapping radar techniques but can provide significantly larger sampling regions. The larger available wave-sampling region may have important implications for observing system design. Comparison of HF radar–derived wave heights with acoustic Doppler profiler and buoy data revealed that the scale separation between the Bragg scattering waves and the peak energy-containing waves may contribute to errors in the single-site estimates in light-to-moderate winds. A wave-height correction factor was developed that explicitly considers this scale separation and eliminates the trend of increasing errors with increasing wind speed.
Cowries and coins
Authors: Deyell John S. 
Published: April 2010

This article examines the establishment, operation and evolution of the dual–denomination monetary system of the Bengal Sultanate, 1205–1576. The Sultans ruled a populous country blessed with a consistent surplus production of agricultural commodities and textiles which they redistributed through their system of state revenue and expenditure. Also, traders drew on this surplus for the Indian Ocean trade. Both levels of the economy were served by the monetary system. A heavy, high purity silver coin met the needs of government and trade, while cowry shells met the needs of low-value transactions for most of the population. A private financial industry brokered the exchange of the two denominations. Over time the relative importance of cowries and silver tankas shifted, with the metallic currency predominant by the sixteenth century. This reflected the expansion of the Sultanate, the growing maturity of its state system and the improved availability of bullion. Bengal’s money appears to have been almost exclusively domestic in circulation and impact. However, neither silver nor cowry shells were available locally, and had to be imported. The high capacity of Bengal to absorb cowries and silver into its money supply must have been a significant driver of overland and maritime trading patterns.
Re-thinking Western Art Music: a perspective shift for music educators
Authors: Drummond John 
Published: April 2010

While many resources are now available to teach world music in our classrooms, less attention has been given to helping teachers exhibit the quality defined by Patricia Shehan Campbell as ‘an open reception to the breadth of music’s multiple manifestations’. For many music educators, Western Art Music is ‘their music’, which they often unconsciously privilege in their work. Further, the widespread adoption of western education systems has led to ‘music’ in formal education being defined in western terms. Barbara Lundquist suggests that we need to develop new ethnomusicological perspectives on the music we teach. Applying this approach to Western Art Music leads to the conclusion that it can usefully be described as North-west Asian Court Music. This shift in perspective allows the music to be viewed and taught in the conservatorium and in the classroom in a different way, with no loss of status to those involved in it or to the music itself. In this way, neo-colonial attitudes can be avoided while music educators can better meet the needs of students in the modern world.
PLD1-dependent PKCγ activation downstream to Src is essential for the development of pathologic retinal neovascularization
Authors: Zhang Qiuhua , Wang Dong , Kundumani-Sridharan Venkatesh , Gadiparthi Laxmisilpa , Johnson Dianna A. , Tigyi Gabor J. , Rao Gadiparthi N. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appears to be an important mediator of pathologic retinal angiogenesis. In understanding the mechanisms of pathologic retinal neovascularization, we found that VEGF activates PLD1 in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells, and this event is dependent on Src. In addition, VEGF activates protein kinase C-γ (PKCγ) via Src-dependent PLD1 stimulation. Inhibition of Src, PLD1, or PKCγ via pharmacologic, dominant negative mutant, or siRNA approaches significantly attenuated VEGF-induced human retinal microvascular endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and tube formation. Hypoxia also induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ signaling in retina, leading to retinal neovascularization. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of VEGF inhibited hypoxia-induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ activation and neovascularization. Blockade of Src-PLD1-PKCγ signaling via the siRNA approach also suppressed hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization. Thus, these observations demonstrate, for the first time, that Src-dependent PLD1-PKCγ activation plays an important role in pathologic retinal angiogenesis.