bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative materials study of magnetron ion etched GaAs using Freon‐12, SiCl4 and BCl3
Authors: Cole M. W. , McLane G. F. , Eckart D. W. , Meyyappan M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractEtch characteristics and residual damage incurred via magnetron ion etching of GaAs using three different etch gases, namely, freon‐12, SiCl4 and BCl3, at two different power levels has been studied. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and Schottky diode measurements were employed to determine the suitability of the processed surfaces for device fabrication. Lattice damage was incurred in all processing situations in the form of small dislocation loops. Samples etched in freon‐12 at the highest power density exhibited the roughest surface morphology, while those etched in SiCl4 and BCl3 resulted in planar surfaces. The Schottky barrier diode characteristics, for all etch gases, degraded with increasing power density. The electrical quality of the BCl3‐etched GaAs at the lowest power density was superior to that of the other etch gases at all power levels. The etched profiles of SiCl4 and BCl3 yielded vertical sidewalls, whereas freon‐12 yielded a negative undercut. The BCl3‐etched GaAs surfaces were residue‐free, while those of freon‐12 and SiCl4 exhibited surface or sidewall contamination. Our results have demonstrated that magnetron ion etching with BCl3 yields planar residue‐free surfaces with minimum material surface damage and superior electrical integrity compared with GaAs etched with freon‐12 or SiCl4.
A simple backscattered electrons and specimen current detection device for the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Viturro H. , Peez C. , Bonetto R. D. , Alvarez A. G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA simple, low‐investment device has been developed that allows the collection of backscattered electrons (BSEs) and specimen current (SC) signals for imaging purposes and current measurement. Originally, this system was designed for detection, measurement, and display of specimen current, with a video signal output whose level was modulated by this current. Eventually, a BSE detector was developed, using a graphite disk (about 8 cm in diameter) to collect the BSEs. The disk was mounted on a Philips SEM 5O5, attached and concentrically to the final lens aperture. This configuration gives a large solid angle of collection. The collected charge is further processed by the same electronics used in the aforementioned SC detection system. Electron channeling, topographic contrast with BSE, and material contrast with BSE and SC images can be obtained with reasonably good edge definition.
Applications of SFM in the chemical industry
Authors: Anders M. , Fuchs H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractScanning force microscopy techniques were applied to investigate the surface of magnetic tapes and organic surfaces such as film forming and radiation‐sensitive polymeric materials. The unique potential of the method to derive quantitative data, that is, surface roughness and asymmetry parameters, is demonstrated. Force‐modulation experiments indicate that liquid/gas interfaces can be directly detected.
Applications of scanning probe microscopies in technology and manufacturing
Authors: Persch G. , Born Ch. , Engelmann H. , Koehler K. , Utesch B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWithin the last 10 years the scanning probe microscopies (SPMs) have been applied to a variety of problems with the main emphasis on scientific applications. The SPM techniques have to date also found their technical applications. The simple concept can easily be adapted to a variety of different applications in high technologic manufacturing processes. The scanning tunneling microscope is now considered as a standard measuring equipment, in the meantime there exists a whole family of SPMs with promising applications in not only a pure scientific environment but also in a manufacturing environment. As examples for industrial applications, we report on magnetic force microscopic investigations, on magnetic storage device components, and on a relatively new technique for nanohardness investigations of thin‐films by an atomic force microscope.
Topography and performance of gas‐sensing devices: An AFM study
Authors: Hacker Birgitta , Fleischer Maximilian , Meixner Hans 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe topography of resistive Ga2O3 metal oxide sensing devices was examined and characterized with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The sensing devices do not have to be destroyed for characterization and stay fully functional. Deposition of nobel metal dispersions, for example, palladium (Pd), onto the sensor surface improves its properties by adding catalytic activity. The distribution of the Pd clusters was investigated.
Two classes of defect recombination behaviour in silicon as studied by SEM‐EBIC
Authors: Kittler M. , Seifert W. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractElectron‐beam‐induced current investigations using variation of temperature and beam current are applied to study NiSi2 particles and 60° misfit dislocations. The recombination activity of NiSi2 particles increases with temperature and has a beam‐current dependence influenced by the doping level, with negative slope for low doping. Usually, the misfit dislocations increase their activity upon sample cooling, but in few cases the opposite behaviour was found as well. The results are discussed in terms of two classes of recombination activity controlled by defect charging/deep levels or by shallow centres.
Application of current‐scanning deep level transient spectroscopy to deformed silicon crystals—first results
Authors: Kreis J. , Alexander H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe have developed a scanning deep level transient spectrometer (SDLTS), using the current‐detection principle. With this spectrometer it is possible to detect deep levels in the band gap with a spatial resolution of several μm. From electron‐beam‐induced DLTS spectra of plastically deformed n‐type silicon crystals, one can conclude that under the chosen experimental conditions only minority carrier traps contribute to the SDLTS signal.
Option prices and pricing theory: combining financial mathematics with statistical modeling
Authors: Chen Ling , Lai Tze Leung , Lim Tiong Wee 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAfter an overview of important developments of option pricing theory, this article describes statistical approaches to modeling the difference between the theoretical and actual prices. An empirical study is given to compare various approaches. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 566–576 DOI: 10.1002/wics.186This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Finance
Factorial designs
Authors: Dey Aloke 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn many scientific investigations, interest lies in studying the effects of several input variables simultaneously on an output variable. Factorial experiments are ideally suited for such investigations. The importance of factorial experiments stems from the fact that such experiments allow the estimation of individual effects of the input variables as also their inter‐dependence at the same time, thus providing a basis for drawing inference over a wide range of conditions. Some basic ideas of factorial experiments and issues related to the designing of such experiments are discussed with emphasis on symmetric 2‐ and 3‐level experiments. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 577–581 DOI: 10.1002/wics.191This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Classification Models
On a Realistic Growth Mechanism for Quasicrystals
Authors: Steurer Walter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSimple rules are discussed that can guide under realistic conditions the growth of quasicrystals. We propose a two‐step mechanism where the well‐known overlap rules for the fundamental atomic clusters are complemented by the new layer‐continuation rule. This rule demands that the sets of atomic layers, crisscrossing each atomic cluster according to its eigensymmetry, have to be continued across all other clusters formed during the growth process. On one hand, this combined growth rule is local because each fundamental cluster already defines the overlap rules as well as the basic set of atomic layers. On the other hand, it is global because the framework of atomic layers originating locally from each cluster extends infinitely. The layer‐continuation rule guides the attachment of atoms to the growing quasicrystal and assists the overlap rules, which are at the high temperatures, where crystal growth takes place, only weakly supported by specific atomic arrangements in the shared cluster volumes.
Iona College Community Centered Family Health History Project: Lessons Learned from Student Focus Groups
Authors: Moore Penelope J. , Gratzer William , Lieber Caroline , Edelson Vaughn , O'Leary James , Terry Sharon F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe Community Centered Family Health History project was initiated to create accessible family health history tools produced by and for the community. The project goal was to promote increased community engagement in health education by encouraging conversations among family members that would translate knowledge of family health history into healthy lifestyle choices. As one of seven community partners, Iona College participated in customizing and beta‐testing the Does It Run in the Family? toolkit. Twenty‐nine college students were engaged to recruit three relatives related by blood to provide feedback on the utility of the toolkit. The toolkit consists of two booklets—“A Guide to Family Health History” and “A Guide to Understanding Genetics and Health”—explaining the importance of knowing and talking about health within the family as well as basics about how conditions are passed down through generations. Twenty‐two of the twenty‐nine students participated in focus groups to discuss their reactions to participation in the project. Students in the focus group reported that the study participants—students and their family members—found the toolkit to be user friendly and the experience a valuable one that prompted many to take positive steps toward good health.
Cardanol‐Based Bis(azo) Dyes as a Gasoline 91 Colorant
Authors: Paebumrung Pimpaporn , Petsom Amorn , Thamyongkit Patchanita 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNovel bis(azo) dyes were successfully prepared from the coupling of either natural cardanol or its hydrogenated derivative with a series of diazotized aromatic amines and diamines. These new dyes were fully characterized by NMR, infrared and UV–visible spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The dyes are highly soluble in a variety of common organic solvents and gasoline as a consequence of the cardanol unit. The physical properties of gasoline according to American Society for Testing and Materials standard were unaffected by the presence of the bis(azo) dye derived from 1‐(4aminophenylazo)‐2‐naphthol at a concentration of 6 ppm and the dye showed excellent stability over a 3 month period.
Home and neighbourhood correlates of BMI among children living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods
Authors: Crawford David A. , Ball Kylie , Cleland Verity J. , Campbell Karen J. , Timperio Anna F. , Abbott Gavin , Brug Johannes , Baur Louise A. , Salmon Jo A. 
Published: August 2011

A detailed understanding of the underlying drivers of obesity-risk behaviours is needed to inform prevention initiatives, particularly for individuals of low socioeconomic position who are at increased risk of unhealthy weight gain. However, few studies have concurrently considered factors in the home and local neighbourhood environments, and little research has examined determinants among children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. The present study examined home, social and neighbourhood correlates of BMI (kg/m2) in children living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Cross-sectional data were collected from 491 women with children aged 5–12 years living in forty urban and forty rural socioeconomically disadvantaged areas (suburbs) of Victoria, Australia in 2007 and 2008. Mothers completed questionnaires about the home environment (maternal efficacy, perceived importance/beliefs, rewards, rules and access to equipment), social norms and perceived neighbourhood environment in relation to physical activity, healthy eating and sedentary behaviour. Children's height and weight were measured at school or home. Linear regression analyses controlled for child sex and age. In multivariable analyses, children whose mothers had higher efficacy for them doing physical activity tended to have lower BMIzscores (B = − 0·04, 95 % CI − 0·06, − 0·02), and children who had a television (TV) in their bedroom (B = 0·24, 95 % CI 0·04, 0·44) and whose mothers made greater use of food as a reward for good behaviour (B = 0·05, 95 % CI 0·01, 0·09) tended to have higher BMIzscores. Increasing efficacy among mothers to promote physical activity, limiting use of food as a reward and not placing TV in children's bedrooms may be important targets for future obesity prevention initiatives in disadvantaged communities.
Oral hydroxycitrate supplementation enhances glycogen synthesis in exercised human skeletal muscle
Authors: Cheng I-Shiung , Huang Shih-Wei , Lu Hsang-Chu , Wu Ching-Lin , Chu Ying-Chieh , Lee Shin-Da , Huang Chih-Yang , Kuo Chia-Hua 
Published: August 2011

Glycogen stored in skeletal muscle is the main fuel for endurance exercise. The present study examined the effects of oral hydroxycitrate (HCA) supplementation on post-meal glycogen synthesis in exercised human skeletal muscle. Eight healthy male volunteers (aged 22·0 (se 0·3) years) completed a 60-min cycling exercise at 70–75 % \dot {>V}O_{2\hairsp max} and received HCA or placebo in a crossover design repeated after a 7 d washout period. They consumed 500 mg HCA or placebo with a high-carbohydrate meal (2 g carbohydrate/kg body weight, 80 % carbohydrate, 8 % fat, 12 % protein) for a 3-h post-exercise recovery. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from vastus lateralis immediately and 3 h after the exercise. We found that HCA supplementation significantly lowered post-meal insulin response with similar glucose level compared to placebo. The rate of glycogen synthesis with the HCA meal was approximately onefold higher than that with the placebo meal. In contrast, GLUT4 protein level after HCA supplementation was significantly decreased below the placebo level, whereas expression of fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 mRNA was significantly increased above the placebo level. Furthermore, HCA supplementation significantly increased energy reliance on fat oxidation, estimated by the gaseous exchange method. However, no differences were found in circulating NEFA and glycerol levels with the HCA meal compared with the placebo meal. The present study reports the first evidence that HCA supplementation enhanced glycogen synthesis rate in exercised human skeletal muscle and improved post-meal insulin sensitivity.
La revolución eléctrica en América Latina: una reconstrucción cuantitativa del proceso de electrificación hasta 1930
Authors: Tafunell Xavier 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLatin America participated in the electric revolution which profoundly transformed the most developed Western economies between 1880 and 1930. The qualitative empirical evidence shows that Latin American electrification began with little delay compared to those economies. This article provides new quantitative evidence consisting of annual series about a reliable indicator of the degree of electrification of the Latin American nations. The database built shows that towards 1930 electricity consumption per inhabitant in Latin America was far below that of most advanced economies, and only Latin American leaders in the electrification process had reached power consumption levels similar to the European late comers. Unlike other newly industrializing economies, the region was not able to quickly incorporate new technology to overcome their backwardness.
Emissions scenarios, costs, and implementation considerations of REDD-plus programs
Authors: SATHAYE JAYANT , ANDRASKO KENNETH , CHAN PETER 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTGreenhouse gas emissions from the forestry sector are estimated to be 8.4 GtCO2-eq./year or about 17% of the global emissions. We estimate that the cost for reducing deforestation is low in Africa and several times higher in Latin America and Southeast Asia. These cost estimates are sensitive to the uncertainties of how much unsustainable high-revenue logging occurs, little understood transaction and program implementation costs, and barriers to implementation including governance issues. Due to lack of capacity in the affected countries, achieving reduction or avoidance of carbon emissions will require extensive REDD-plus programs. Preliminary REDD-plus Readiness cost estimates and program descriptions for Indonesia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guyana and Mexico show that roughly one-third of potential REDD-plus mitigation benefits might come from avoided deforestation and the rest from avoided forest degradation and other REDD-plus activities.
Interdefinability of defeasible logic and logic programming under the well-founded semantics
Authors: MAIER FREDERICK 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe provide a method of translating theories of Nute's defeasible logic into logic programs, and a corresponding translation in the opposite direction. Under certain natural restrictions, the conclusions of defeasible theories under the ambiguity propagating defeasible logic ADL correspond to those of the well-founded semantics for normal logic programs, and so it turns out that the two formalisms are closely related. Using the same translation of logic programs into defeasible theories, the semantics for the ambiguity blocking defeasible logic NDL can be seen as indirectly providing an ambiguity blocking semantics for logic programs. We also provide antimonotone operators for both ADL and NDL, each based on the Gelfond–Lifschitz (GL) operator for logic programs. For defeasible theories without defeaters or priorities on rules, the operator for ADL corresponds to the GL operator and so can be seen as partially capturing the consequences according to ADL. Similarly, the operator for NDL captures the consequences according to NDL, though in this case no restrictions on theories apply. Both operators can be used to define stable model semantics for defeasible theories.
Representation sharing for Prolog
Authors: NGUYEN PHUONG-LAN , DEMOEN BART 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRepresentation sharing can reduce the memory footprint of a program by sharing one representation between duplicate terms. The most common implementation of representation sharing in functional programming systems is known as hash-consing. In the context of Prolog, representation sharing has been given little attention. Some current techniques that deal with representation sharing are reviewed. The new contributions are (1) an easy implementation ofinput sharingforfindall/3; and (2) a description of asharermodule that introduces representation sharing at runtime. Their realization is shown in the context of the Warren Abstract Machine (WAM) as implemented by hProlog. Both can be adapted to any WAM-like Prolog implementation. The sharer works independently of the garbage collector, but it can be made to cooperate with the garbage collector. Benchmark results show that the sharer has a cost comparable to the heap garbage collector, that its effectiveness is highly application-dependent, and that its policy must be tuned to the collector.
High-level recombinant protein expression in transgenic plants by using a double-inducible viral vector
Authors: Werner Stefan , Breus Oksana , Symonenko Yuri , Marillonnet Sylvestre , Gleba Yuri 
Published: August 2011

We describe here a unique ethanol-inducible process for expression of recombinant proteins in transgenic plants. The process is based on inducible release of viral RNA replicons from stably integrated DNA proreplicons. A simple treatment with ethanol releases the replicon leading to RNA amplification and high-level protein production. To achieve tight control of replicon activation and spread in the uninduced state, the viral vector has been deconstructed, and its two components, the replicon and the cell-to-cell movement protein, have each been placed separately under the control of an inducible promoter. TransgenicNicotiana benthamianaplants incorporating this double-inducible system demonstrate negligible background expression, high (over 0.5 × 104-fold) induction multiples, and high absolute levels of protein expression upon induction (up to 4.3 mg/g fresh biomass). The process can be easily scaled up, supports expression of practically important recombinant proteins, and thus can be directly used for industrial manufacturing.
Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Post-Acute-Care Facilities in Israel
Authors: Ben-David Debby , Masarwa Samira , Navon-Venezia Shiri , Mishali Hagit , Fridental Ilan , Rubinovitch Bina , Smollan Gill , Carmeli Yehuda , Schwaber Mitchell J. ,   Israel PACF CRKP (Post-Acute-Care Facility Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae) Working Group
Published: August 2011

Objective.To assess the prevalence of and risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) carriage among patients in post-acute-care facilities (PACFs) in Israel.Design, Setting, and Patients.A cross-sectional prevalence survey was conducted in 12 PACFs. Rectal swab samples were obtained from 1,144 patients in 33 wards. Risk factors for CRKP carriage were assessed among the cohort. Next, a nested, matched case-control study was conducted to define individual risk factors for colonization. Finally, the cohort of patients with a history of CRKP carriage was characterized to determine risk factors for continuous carriage.Results.The prevalence of rectal carriage of CRKP among 1,004 patients without a history of CRKP carriage was 12.0%. Independent risk factors for CRKP carriage were prolonged length of stay (odds ratio [OR], 1.001; P < .001), sharing a room with a known carrier (OR, 3.09; P = .02), and increased prevalence of known carriers on the ward (OR, 1.02; P = .013). A policy of screening for carriage on admission was protective (OR, 0.41; P = .03). Risk factors identified in the nested case-control study were antibiotic exposure during the prior 3 months (OR, 1.66; P = .03) and colonization with other resistant pathogens (OR, 1.64; P = .03). Among 140 patients with a history of CRKP carriage, 47% were colonized. Independent risk factors for continued CRKP carriage were antibiotic exposure during the prior 3 months (OR, 3.05; P = .04), receipt of amoxicillin-clavulanate (OR, 4.18; P = .007), and screening within 90 days of the first culture growing CRKP (OR, 2.9; P = .012).Conclusions.We found a large reservoir of CRKP in PACFs. Infection-control polices and antibiotic exposure were associated with patient colonization.