bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The acute toxicity of selected metals to the freshwater mussel, Anodonta imbecilis
Authors: Keller Anne E. , Zam Stephen G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The mussel fauna of many North American waters is declining, probably due to a combination of factors. The factors may include channelization and impoundment of rivers where the mussels once thrived, as well as the influx of pesticides and metal pollution from surrounding watersheds. Much is known about the effects of metal pollution on zooplankton and aquatic insects, but little is known about the response of freshwater mussels. With more and more species of mussels being listed as threatened or endangered, it is important that we begin to determine their range of sensitivity to pollutants so we can better protect them. Mussels have been labeled insensitive to metals because they can survive while containing high body burdens. However, almost no direct measurement of metal toxicity has been reported for unionid mussels. What little we do know has come from tests with adult mussels. In response to the need for such information, a series of laboratory toxicity tests were performed to assess the sensitivity of Anodonta imbecilis to six metals, a metal-containing effluent and four metal mixtures. Acute toxicity tests were performed on juvenile mussels reared in the laboratory. Overall, mussels were found to be as sensitive to metals as zooplankton and more sensitive than commonly tested fish and aquatic insects.
PC BEEPOP, an ecotoxicological simulation model for honey bee populations
Authors: Bromenshenk Jerry J. , Doskocil Jiri , Olbu Gerald J. , Degrandi-Hoffman Gloria , Roth Stephan A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
PC BEEPOP is a computer model that simulates honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony population dynamics. The model consists of a feedback system of interdependent elements, including colony condition (e.g., initial size, reproductive potential of the queen and forager longevity), environmental variability (e.g., weather) and contaminant exposures. It includes a mortality module (BEEKILL) and a chemical-toxicity data base and probit analysis program (BEETOX). PC BEEPOP is a modified version of an cxisting colony dynamics model, BEEPOP, and can be used as a tool for environmental risk assessments. Results of sensitivity analysis and simulations of various climatic and toxic scenarios are discussed and compared to observed changes in the size and composition of honey bee colony populations.
A toxicological screen to determine in vitro survival and competition of environmentally applied pseudomonads with mouse fecal microbiota
Authors: Nelson Gail M. , Claxton L.D. , Creason J.P. , George S.E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Engineered bacterial strains have been developed for several environmental uses, including bioremediation and application as biopesticides. Previous in vivo work in this laboratory examined the colonization and competition potential of Pseudomonas spp., isolated from a commercial product for PCB degradation with the intestinal flora of CD-1 mice. In the present study, the same pseudomonads and two additional Escherichia coli strains were evaluated by an in vitro tier testing approach developed to screen environmentally relevant microorganisms for their ability to colonize the mammalian intestinal tract and compete with the normal intestinal tract flora. In the initial tier, the competitor strains were tested for their ability to survive in anaerobic pure culture. Next, they were cultured anaerobically in the presence of mouse fecal microbiota. Finally, serial transfers were performed to monitor the survival and competition potential of each strain with the fecal microbiota. All of the tested strains survived for 48 h in pure culture, and all survived for 24 h in culture with the mouse fecal microbiota. Escherichia coli strains survived serial transfer through five cultures, although in declining numbers. Environmental Pseudomonas spp. survived transfer through three cultures but were not detected after four transfers. No effects of the competitor strains on the fecal microbiota were found. This in vitro system eventually will be used with human fecal microbiota. The potential consequences of human exposure to environmentally released microorganisms can then be extrapolated by comparison of human in vitro results with rodent in vitro and in vivo results in a parallelogram approach.
Studies of benzidine-based dyes in sediment-water systems
Authors: Weber Eric J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The sorption and degradation of several benzidine-based dyes were studied in sedimentwater systems. Studies in resaturated sediment demonstrated that sorption was strongly dependent on pH and the nature and concentration of the inorganic salt in solution. Degradation of the dyes in anaerobic pond sediment followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with half-lives ranging from 2 to 16 d. Product studies indicated that the amount of recovered benzidine accounted for only 2 to 5% of lost Direct Red 28. Studies in pH-amended pond sediment demonstrated that degradation is inhibited when the dyes are strongly sorbed to the sediment.
Toxicity of CU, NI and Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) on the naturally occurring bacteria in the Rhône river plume
Authors: Martínez J. , Vives-Rego J. , Soto Y. , Bianchi M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The toxicity of Cu++, Ni++, and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate to the bacterioplankton in the Rhóne River plume (Mediterranean Sea) was assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. This method proved useful to evaluate the toxic effect of three common pollutants to the natural bacterial population in a system with permanent mixtures of fresh and sea water. An important variability in the toxicity has been detected irrespective of bacterial density or activity. The variations in toxicity were associated with the changes of salinity, particulate matter, and nutrients in the river plume.
Microbial responses to large concentrations of herbicides in soil
Authors: Dzantor E. Kudjo , Felsot A.S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
To determine the effects of herbicide spills on microbial activity, soil was treated with excessive amounts (10,000 mg/kg) of formulated alachlor alone or as a mixture with formulated atrazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin. Soil was also treated with the same combinations of herbicides at a rate of 10 mg/kg, which is typical of normal farming practices. Simulated spills initially inhibited bacteria, but after 7 d, bacterial numbers had recovered to levels similar to those in untreated controls. Fungal populations were drastically reduced after 1 d and became undetectable after 7 and 21 d of incubation in the mixed herbicide and alachlor-only treatments, respectively. Dehydrogenase activities were severely depressed after 1 d in both high-level herbicide treatments and did not recover after 125 d. Esterase activities were depressed in soils receiving the mixture of herbicides but were generally unaffected in the alachlor-only treatment. Normally applied concentrations did not have any pronounced effect on bacterial and fungal populations or on the activities of soil dehydrogenase and esterase.
At 10 mg/kg, all the herbicides degraded by 80 to 90% within one year; there was no difference between degradation of alachlor applied alone or as a herbicide mixture. With high concentrations of herbicides, degradation was negligible after one year of incubation.
Evaluation of baltic herring and icelandic cod liver oil for embryo toxicity, using the japanese medaka (oryzias latipes) embryo larval assay
Authors: Cooper Keith R. , Liu Hong , Bergqvist Per-Anders , Rappe Christoffer 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
These studies were carried out to determine if oils obtained from wild fish populations were contaminated with polychlorinated-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and, if they were contaminated, would they result in embryo toxicity as measured by the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryo larval bioassay (ELA). Three fish oils [Baltic herring oil (HO 1); Baltic herring oil spiked with 44 parts per trillion (pptr) of 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD, 120 pptr OCDD and 130 pptr 2,3,7,8-TCDF (HO 2*); and a commercially available cod liver oil (CL)] and a corn oil sample were tested for embryo toxicity in a static renewal protocol. The ELA assay was selected due to its sensitivity to biological effects following dioxin and dibenzofuran exposure. Two of the fish oils (HO 1 and HO 2*) were from Baltic herring collected from the Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden, and the third was a commercially available Icelandic cod liver oil. The Baltic herring oil contained higher levels of both PCDDs and PCDFs than the cod liver oil: 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 5X; 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 5X; 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, 6X; 2,3,7,8-TCDF, 3X; 1,2,3,7,8,-PeCDF, 3X; 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 4X; 1,2,3,4,7,8/1,2,3,4,7,9-HxCDF, 3X; 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF, 4X; and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, 2X. The HO 1 sample resulted in 30 to 90% death, whereas the HO 2* sample caused 100% death. The major lesions were hemorrhage, cardiac effects and tissue necrosis. The time to lesion occurrence and the types of lesions were similar to those observed in studies using pure 2,3,7,8-TCDD. The rearing solution control, corn oil control and cod liver oil samples caused no mortality or lesions. The lethality and lesions caused by these oils in the ELA system were similar to those reported in Salmo Salter with the M74-syndrome from Sweden. The use of contaminated fish oils, therefore, may be one cause of poor viability in hatchery salmon reared in Sweden, and care should be taken when using naturally occurring fish or fish oils in nondefined feeds.
Use of field lysimeters for comparison of mobility and persistence of granular and ec formulations of the soil insecticide isazofos
Authors: Bowman Bruce T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Mobility and persistence of two formulations of the insecticide isazofos (emulsifiable concentrate (EC), granular) were compared by using 75-cm × 15-cm field lysimeters, packed with Plain-field sand, and two moisture regimes (natural rainfall, supplementary watering). Atrazine was applied to all lysimeters as an internal reference. Effluent was monitored for isazofos, its metabolite CGA17193, atrazine and desethylatrazine. Selected cores were sectioned and analyzed for each chemical at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 21. None of the applied chemicals or their metabolites leached from soil cores receiving only rainfall throughout the 21-week study. The mobility ranking under supplementary watering in Plainfield sand cores was CGA17193 ≫ desethylatrazine &gt; atrazine &gt; isazofos EC &gt; isazofos granular. The first-order half-life of isazofos was 2.0 and 2.7 weeks, respectively, in EC and granular formulations. Evaporative losses accounted for 44 to 67% and 72 to 100% of incident precipitation on the supplementary watering and rainfall lysimeters, respectively.
Evaluation of the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX) as a model system for mixture toxicity hazard assessment
Authors: Dawson Douglas A. , Wilke Teresa S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The joint toxic action for several binary mixtures was determined with FETAX (frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus) to evaluate the malformation and lethality end points for potential value in mixture toxicity studies. Nine combinations of developmental toxicants were selected for testing at malformation-inducing concentrations, based on presently accepted modes of teratogenesis of each chemical and on the primary types of malformations each had elicited in earlier tests. Two combinations were selected for embryolethal end point testing. Three mixture ratios (3 1, 1 1, 1 3) were tested for each combination, with each combination being tested on three or four separate occasions Individual tests of each chemical were simultaneously conducted for each combination to serve as positive controls (i.e., 1 0 and 0 1 solutions). Toxic unit analysis was used to determine the type of joint action for each combination. Concentration addition was observed for three combinations in which both chemicals were thought to have the same mode of teratogenesis. The other six combinations, with the chemicals having different modes of action, showed a response additive joint action Response addition was also seen for both combinations tested at the embryolethal end point, with an exception for one mixture ratio that was antagonistic. The results indicate FETAX should be useful for mixture toxicity hazard assessment, especially when the malformation end point is considered.
Pathways analysis method for estimating water and sediment criteria at hazardous waste sites
Authors: Fordham Carolyn L. , Reagan Douglas P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A model was developed to estimate surface water and sediment criteria for the protection of animal populations and ecosystems at a hazardous waste site where the major contaminants of concern to wildlife populations included persistent, bioaccumulative chemicals. The model evaluates potential exposure pathways for a site and estimates acceptable concentrations in abiotic media for each exposure pathway. To estimate criteria based on food web exposure, the model utilizes a site-specific food web and addresses bioaccumulation in multiple food chains that terminate in a high-trophic-level species. The input data for the food web were obtained from on-site sampling as well as from literature sources. The pathways analysis model can be applied to other hazardous waste sites by selecting appropriate species and chemical specific input parameters to include in the model. Estimated criteria can be compared to on-site analytical data to evaluate risk to wildlife populations.
Recovery of foraging behavior of atlantic salmon exposed to a simulated commercial application of fenitrothion
Authors: Morgan M. J. , Kiceniuk J. W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Fenitrothion is an organophosphate insecticide, used to control forest pests, that has often been sprayed in areas containing streams inhabited by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). This study simulated the exposure of Atlantic salmon during operational spraying of fenitrothion to determine if there would be effects on foraging behavior and the length of time required for recovery from any effect. The foraging sequence of the Atlantic salmon exhibited only minor effects of exposure, and the number of ingested prey was not affected. However, the reaction distance of the salmon to prey decreased significantly for those exposed to fenitrothion. The decline in reaction distance was still evident six weeks after exposure.
Application of multispectral techniques to the precise identification of aldehydes in the environment
Authors: Richardson Susan D. , Thruston Alfred D. , Collette Timothy W. , Mcguire John M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
By using gas chromatography coupled with low- and high-resolution electron-impact mass spectrometry, low- and high-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, eight straight-chain aldehydes were identified in a water sample taken from the overflow pipe of a municipal sewer line that contained a combination of industrial and domestic sewage. This combination of infrared and mass spectral techniques yielded precise identifications of n-hexanal, n-heptanal, 2-heptenal, n-octanal, 2-octenal, n-nonanal, 2-decenal, and 2-undecenal. These findings were significant because few straight-chain aldehydes have been identified in the environment, and all those previously found were saturated.
Role of respiration in the accumulation of organic xenobiotics by the amphipod Diporeia sp.
Authors: Landrum Peter F. , Stubblefild Christina R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Accumulation of hydrophobic organic xenobiotics is thought to occur by passive diffusion across the respiratory membrane of aquatic organisms. This route has been confirmed with fish. However, aquatic invertebrates tend to remove organic xenobiotics from water much more efficiently than oxygen, based on the relative uptake clearances. Uptake clearance is the rate coefficient that describes the volume of water stripped of analyte per g of organism per h. For the amphipod Diporeia sp., formerly classified as Pontoporeia hoyi, ratios of the contaminant uptake clearances to oxygen clearance were essentially constant at 3.9 ± 0.4 (X + SE) for benzo[α]pyrene (BaP), 3.8 ± 0.3 for hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP), and 4.2 ± 0.6 for phenanthrene (Phe). Therefore, based on the membrane transport efficiencies of nonpolar xenobiotics (60–80%) and oxygen (approximately 63%) in fish, and the uptake clearance for organic xenobiotics by Diporeia sp., either xenobiotics are accumulated through routes other than across the respiratory membrane or the accumulation efficiency of oxygen from water is much lower in amphipods than it is in fish. The variability in the uptake clearance for both BaP and HCBP was best described by regressions with the surface area-to-volume ratio, whereas the uptake clearance for the more hydrophilic Phe was best described by a total surface area relationship.
Effects of biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent on cold water stream productivity in experimental stream channels
Authors: Hall Timothy J. , Haley Richard K. , Lafleur Lawrence E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Large-scale outdoor experimental streams were used in a series of effluent addition studies to determine the compatibility of biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent with satisfactory production of salmonid fishes. Results are reported for 9- to 10-month studies at effluent concentrations representing from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/L of effluent 5 d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) addition (1.3–5.1% v/v), as well as for an extended 3.5-year study at 0.5 BOD5 addition (1.5% v/v). The series of studies indicated a pattern of greater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cumulative production and average weight in streams receiving effluent and better survival in the control streams. The final long-term study also indicated that successful maturation, spawning, hatching, larval development, and juvenile growth could take place during conditions of continuous effluent exposure. Measurements of the supporting food web suggest that effluent can increase periphyton production at low concentrations through nutrient additions but that higher effluent concentrations may reduce periphyton production due to the effect of color on underwater light transmittance. Macroinvertebrate populations increased in the streams receiving effluent.
Behavior assessment of a volatile chemical in the Rhine river
Authors: Brüggemann R. , Trapp S. , Matthies M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The concentrations of 1,2-dichloroethane due to a spill into the Rhine River are calculated with a one-dimensional dispersion-advection model. Particular attention was given to the hydrologic variety along the river by a careful selection and estimation of the governing parameters. The calculated results are in good agreement with observed concentrations for three sites of measurement at the middle Rhine. At two neighboring sites in the lower Rhine there is a striking discrepancy. Using Monte-Carlo simulations, it can be shown that uncertainties of the input parameters cannot explain the overestimated concentrations. Possibly, the elimination is increased by shallow water zones in the lower Rhine.
Trend analysis and mass-discharge estimation of atrazine in southwestern Ontario Great Lakes tributaries: 1981–1989
Authors: Bodo Byron A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Aqueous concentration time series of the herbicide atrazine and its phytotoxic metabolite desethylatrazine obtained from 1981 to September 1990 in the Thames, Grand, and Saugeen rivers draining agricultural southwestern Ontario were analyzed to ascertain temporal trend, seasonal variation, and mass-discharge patterns Substantial year-to-year changes were evident. Data suggest that the greatest applications of the decade might have occurred in 1984; however, in 1985 significant decreases in levels were observed at all three sites, apparently due to an abrupt shift away from corn cultivation. Mass-discharge estimates generally parallel the concentration trends but also reflect hydrometeorologic trends. In 1984 for the Thames basin, extremely high concentrations together with high flows combined to export about 13 tonnes (t) atrazine plus metabolite, the largest single annual loss to surface-water systems observed over the decade. Driven by the annual spring-summer application cycle, aqueous concentrations surge in late May to reach annual peaks in late June and early July Despite the declining levels of recent years, Thames River data suggest that the probability of exceeding the Canadian water quality guideline of 2 μg/L for protection of aquatic life, primarily algae and vascular plants, may yet approach 65%. The greatest risks to susceptible species are likely associated with large summer storm runoff in areas of high soil to surface water transfer potential. Herbicide usage in general continues in large quantities, and continued surveillance appears warranted. Further research is required to ascertain the ultimate fate of these compounds in end receiving waters such as the Great Lakes
Genotoxic effects of complex marine sediment extracts on V79 chinese hamster lung fibroblasts
Authors: Mueller Cornelia , Anderson Stephanie , Pesch Gerald 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A mammalian in vitro system was used to evaluate the genotoxic potential of two complex environmental samples. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were measured in Chinese hamster V79 lung fibroblast cells, following exposure to whole extracts of sediments collected from a highly contaminated harbor — Black Rock Harbor, Connecticut (BRH) — and from a reference site — central Long Island Sound (CLIS). Characterization of BRH sediment by analysis of prepared chemical extracts revealed high concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, anthraquinones, carbazoles, and several inorganic substances that are genotoxic and capable of inducing SCEs. The CLIS sediment, although cleaner than BRH sediment, does contain low levels of similar contaminants. For instance, BRH sediment contains 3.16 μg/g of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (BP), whereas CLIS sediment contains only 0.807 μg/g BP. Sediments were extracted with organic solvents and redissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for culture exposure. Following exposure, extract-treated cells were evaluated for increased frequencies of SCEs. All assays were performed with and without exogenous S9 activation. Positive responses were observed only in the presence of exogenous S9 metabolism. Results indicated a concentration-dependent increase in SCEs in cells exposed to whole BRH sediment extracts and a smaller but significant increase in SCEs in cells exposed to whole CLIS sediment extracts. Four times as much CLIS material (0.13 g extracted sediment [dry wt.]/ml of exposure media) was needed to induce a significant doubling in SCEs, compared to BRH material, in which only 0.03 g extracted sediment (dry wt.)/ml of exposure media was needed. These findings imply that this short-term in vitro bioassay can be used to evaluate the genotoxic potential of complex environmental samples such as contaminated marine sediments.