bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha agonist fenofibrate decreases airway reactivity to methacholine and increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in mouse lung
Authors: Becker Julien , Delayre‐Orthez Carine , Frossard Nelly , Pons Françoise 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the present study, we have investigated the effect of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist fenofibrate on airway reactivity and the role of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/NO pathway in this effect. Airway reactivity to methacholine was assessed in C57BL/6 mice treated or not with fenofibrate by whole‐body plethysmography. In some experiments, animals were administered with the NOS inhibitor L‐NAME, one hour before airway reactivity measurement. Expression and phosphorylation of eNOS were evaluated in lung homogenates from fenofibrate and control animals using Western blotting. Fenofibrate dose and time dependently decreased airway reactivity to methacholine in mice. A statistically significant (P < 0.05) reduction was observed after a treatment of 10 days with a dose of 3 or 15 mg/day fenofibrate. Mice treated with fenofibrate and administered with l‐NAME exhibited similar reactivity to methacholine than vehicle‐treated mice administered with the NOS inhibitor, suggesting that NO mediates fenofibrate‐induced decrease in airway reactivity. eNOS levels remained unchanged in the lung from mice treated with fenofibrate, but phosphorylation of the enzyme at Ser‐1177 was increased by 118% (P < 0.05). Taken together, our data demonstrate that fenofibrate downregulates airway reactivity to methacholine in the mouse and suggest that this effect could involve an increase in NO generation through an enhanced eNOS phosphorylation.
Investigating the role of endogenous opioids and KATP channels in glycerol‐induced acute renal failure
Authors: Sauriyal Dharmraj Singh , Jaggi Amteshwar Singh , Singh Nirmal , Muthuraman Arunachalam 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate the possible role of endogenous opioids and KATP channels in glycerol‐induced acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. The rats were subjected to rhabdomyolytic ARF by single intramuscular injection of hypertonic glycerol (50% v/v; 8 mL/kg), and the animals were sacrificed after 24 h of glycerol injection. The plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance, and histopathological studies were performed to assess the degree of renal injury. Naltrexone (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg s.c.), glibenclamide (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg i.p.), and minoxidil (25 and 50 mg/kg) were employed to explore the role of endogenous opioids and KATP channels in rhabdomyolysis‐induced ARF. Pretreatment with naltrexone and glibenclamide attenuated hypertonic glycerol‐induced renal dysfunction in a dose‐dependent manner, suggesting the role of endogenous opioids and KATP channels in the pathogenesis of myoglobuniric renal failure. However, the simultaneous pretreatment with naltrexone (10 mg/kg s.c.) and glibenclamide (10 mg/kg i.p.) did not enhance the reno‐protective effects of individual drugs, suggesting that release of endogenous opioids and opening of KATP channels constitute a single pathway in acute renal injury triggered by hypertonic glycerol‐induced rhabdomyolysis. Furthermore, administration of minoxidil abolished the attenuating effects of naltrexone in glycerol‐induced renal failure, suggesting that opening of KATP channels is downstream to opioid receptor activation. It is concluded that hypertonic glycerol‐induced rhabdomyolysis may involve release of endogenous opioids that in turn modulate KATP channels to contribute in the pathogenesis of ARF.
THAT'S AMORE: brand names in the Italian food market
Authors: Zilg Antje 
Published: March 2011

Brand name analysis is a very promising field in linguistics. This examination of the formal structure and the meaning of Italian brand names is based on a corpus comprising 950 units referring to the food industry. The utmost aim of this analysis is to draw up a typology that can serve as a model for the creation of further brand names. The inductive approach focuses on graphic, phonetic, morphologic, semantic, and lexical aspects. The investigation will reveal that far‐reaching results can be achieved when aspects of Applied Linguistics are dealt with in an interdisciplinary framework.Für die linguistische Forschung gelten Markennamen als wesentliche Bereicherung. Die Untersuchung der Bildung und Bedeutung italienischer Markennamen basiert auf einem Korpus, das aus 950 Namen des Lebensmittelmarktes besteht. Das Ziel der Analyse besteht in der Erstellung einer Typologie, die Bildungsmodelle für die Kreation zukünftiger Namen enthält. Im Vordergrund der Untersuchung, die einem induktiven Ansatz folgt, stehen graphische, lautliche, morphologische, semantische und lexikalische Aspekte. Es wird deutlich, das weiterführende Ergebnisse erzielt werden können, wenn Aspekte der Angewandten Linguistik in einem interdisziplinären Rahmen behandelt werden.
Metalinguistic explanations and self‐reports as triangulation data for interpreting second language sociolinguistic performance
Authors: van Compernolle Rémi A. , Williams Lawrence 
Published: March 2011

The study reported here explores the use of learners' metalinguistic explanations and self‐reports of variable language production as triangulation data for interpreting second language (L2) sociolinguistic performance, focusing on the variable retention versus omission of the negative morpheme ne. Our central argument is that performance data alone are not sufficient for evaluating how L2 learners perceive social and stylistic variation in the language they are studying. To this end, an analysis of data from a variety of sources is presented. The results illustrate how multiple data sources can provide a multidimensional view of sociolinguistic performance that is not necessarily revealed when performance data alone are considered as a single source of analysis.Nous explorons l'utilisation d'explications métalinguistiques et d'auto‐rapports de production langagière variable d'apprenants en tant que données de triangulation pour l'interprétation de la performance sociolinguistique en langue seconde, tout en nous concentrant sur la rétention et l'omission du morphème de négation ne. Nous proposons que les données de performance ne sont pas suffisantes pour évaluer la compréhension de la variation sociale et stylistique de la part des étudiants dans la langue qu'ils apprennent. À cette fin, une analyse de données provenant de diverses sources est présentée. Les résultats montrent comment plusieurs sources de données peuvent fournir une perspective multidimensionnelle de la performance sociolinguistique, une perspective qui n'aurait pas été révélée si nous n'avions considéré que les données de performance.
Gifting, service, and performance: three eras in minority‐language media policy and practice
Authors: Pietikäinen Sari , Kelly‐Holmes Helen 
Published: March 2011

Adapting Tom Ricento's (2006) three‐era framework in language policy to the case of the Sámi in Finland and Irish in the Republic of Ireland, we identify three key eras in the development of minority‐language media: the gifting era, the service era, and the performance era. Each era has its own particular logic and normativities in relation to the value and functions allocated to minority‐language media, the key actors involved in these media, and concepts of languages and speakers. Although we observe a chronology in the evolution of these eras, previous eras do not simply disappear with this evolution. We argue instead that they are embedded in any single moment of media engagement in relation to minority languages and with implications for speakers.Soveltaen Tom Ricenton (2006) kolmen aikakauden viitekehystä, tarkastelemme tässä artikkelissa vähemmistökielisen median kehittymisen kolmea keskeistä aikakautta: lahjan aikakautta, palvelun aikakautta ja performanssin aikakautta. Tapaustutkimuksemme liittyvät saamenkieliseen mediaan Suomessa ja iirinkieliseen mediaan Irlannissa. Tuomme artikkelissamme esille, kuinka jokaisella aikakaudella on oma logiikkansa ja normatiivisuutensa, jotka organisoivat vähemmistökieliin liittyviä arvostuksia ja toiminnallisuutta, keskeisiä mediatoimijoita sekä käsityksiä kielistä ja niiden puhujista. Vaikka näiden aikakausien kehittymisessä voidaan huomata tiettyä kronologisuutta, aikaisemmat aikakaudet eivät yksinkertaisesti häviä tässä kehitysprosessissa. Jokainen aikakausi on mukana puhuttaessa median suhteesta vähemmistökieliin ja tällä puolestaan on vaikutuksia kielten puhujiin.
Accents of English as a lingua franca: a study of Finnish textbooks
Authors: Kopperoinen Anne 
Published: March 2011

English as a lingua franca entails the ability to understand non‐native accents, and learners of English would therefore benefit from being exposed to accent variation during their schooling. The present study looks into two English textbook series used in Finnish upper secondary schools to see if they expose students to non‐native accents of English. The analysis is mainly quantitative (the amount of non‐native speech has been calculated) but also qualitative (the contexts where non‐native accents occur are briefly looked into). The results show that the majority of the audio material consists of native accents, while only 1 per cent in the first (Culture Café) and 3 per cent in the second textbook series (In Touch) are non‐native accents.Kansainvälisen englannin (English as a lingua franca) tutkijat painottavat kykyä ymmärtää vierasperäisiä aksentteja, joten englannin kielen opiskelijoiden olisi hyödyllistä kuulla eri maiden aksentteja englannin tunneilla. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää sisältävätkö kaksi lukion englannin oppikirjasarjaa vierasperäisiä aksentteja. Analyysi on pääosin kvantitatiivinen (vierasperäisten aksenttien määrä on laskettu), mutta myös kvalitatiivinen (vierasperäisten aksenttien konteksteja esitellään lyhyesti). Tutkimus osoitti, että suurin osa nauhoitetusta materiaalista on natiivien puhumaa englantia; ensimmäinen kirjasarja (Culture Café) sisältää vain 3 prosenttia ja toinen (In Touch) 1 prosentin vierasperäisiä aksentteja.
Public Investment and Fiscal Performance in the New EU Member States*
Authors: Hanousek Jan , Kočenda Evžen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we analyse the dynamics of public investment and public finance in the new members of the European Union, and also how they were affected by changes in economic freedom and corruption. We find that improvements in economic freedom tend to be associated with increases in public investment, while reductions in corruption produce effects going in both directions. Similarly, we show that increases in public investment are often linked with decreases as well as increases in corruption. In terms of the public finances, we detect mostly improvements in debt when there is less economic regulation, while results for the deficit are less conclusive. On the other hand, improvements in the corruption environment are mostly associated with decreases in the deficit as well as debt. As a general rule that follows from our results, steps aimed at reducing corruption and the degree of economic regulation should lead towards improvements in the fiscal position of most of the new EU countries.
Shadow Wages for the EU Regions*
Authors: Del Bo Chiara , Fiorio Carlo , Florio Massimo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAccording to cost–benefit analysis theory, the shadow wage rate (SWR) is the social opportunity cost of labour. After reviewing earlier theoretical and empirical literature, we define the SWR under four labour market conditions: fairly socially efficient (FSE), quasi‐Keynesian unemployment (QKU), urban labour dualism (ULD) and rural labour dualism (RLD). We offer, for the first time, a short‐cut empirical estimation of the shadow wages for the European Union (EU) at the regional (NUTS2) level. Our estimated values are in the form of conversion factors, i.e. coefficients that translate actual observed real wages into shadow wages, as required by the evaluation of public investment projects under the Structural Funds of the EU. Our results are obtained with an empirical strategy that is easy to implement with aggregate regional data, differently from traditional micro‐data‐based approaches to the estimation of the SWR, which are costly, project specific and often difficult to apply because of lack of information.
Cost–Benefit Indicators and Transport Programming*
Authors: Quinet Emile 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe methodology of investment appraisal through cost–benefit analysis has received a lot of attention in the economics literature. However, the major part of the work has focused on the evaluation of yearly benefits and their components. Most guidelines list some indicators, such as the internal rate of return, the net present value per euro spent or the first‐year benefit–cost ratio, but with no clear indication of how and in which cases they should be used. Building on the transport case, this paper aims to fill this gap. It recalls the teachings of economic analysis for project prioritisation, based on the principle of maximising the net present value. Through simulations, it examines how the various indicators perform, considering two situations, with and without budget constraints. It turns out that the various indicators perform roughly the same as long as the projects under comparison have similar benefit patterns over time, and using them does not induce losses that are too large, though the order of implementation is rather different from the optimal one. However, the indicators lead to huge under‐optimisations when the projects have different patterns. The conclusion is that rigorous programme optimisation should be preferred to the use of indicators, and would encourage a wider use of cost–benefit analysis, which is presently too often limited to checking projects one by one.
Abdominal Migraine: An Under‐Diagnosed Cause of Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children
Authors: Carson Laura , Lewis Donald , Tsou Marc , McGuire Erin , Surran Brooke , Miller Crystal , Vu Thuy‐Anh 
Published: March 2011

(Headache 2011;51:707‐712)Objective.— Our objective was to demonstrate that, despite recognition by both the gastroenterology and headache communities, abdominal migraine (AM) is an under‐diagnosed cause of chronic, recurrent, abdominal pain in childhood in the USA.Background.— Chronic, recurrent abdominal pain occurs in 9‐15% of all children and adolescents. After exclusion of anatomic, infectious, inflammatory, or other metabolic causes, “functional abdominal pain” is the most common diagnosis of chronic, idiopathic, abdominal pain in childhood. Functional abdominal pain is typically categorized into one, or a combination of, the following 4 groups: functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, AM, or functional abdominal pain syndrome.International Classification of Headache Disorders—(ICHD‐2) defines AM as an idiopathic disorder characterized by attacks of midline, moderate to severe abdominal pain lasting 1‐72 hours with vasomotor symptoms, nausea and vomiting, and included AM among the “periodic syndromes of childhood that are precursors for migraine.” Rome III Gastroenterology criteria (2006) separately established diagnostic criteria and confirmed AM as a well‐defined cause of recurrent abdominal pain.Methods.— Following institutional review board approval, a retrospective chart review was conducted on patients referred to an academic pediatric gastroenterology practice with the clinical complaint of recurrent abdominal pain. ICHD‐2 criteria were applied to identify the subset of children fulfilling criteria for AM. Demographics, diagnostic evaluation, treatment regimen and outcomes were collected.Results.— From an initial cohort of 600 children (ages 1‐21 years; 59% females) with recurrent abdominal pain, 142 (24%) were excluded on the basis of their ultimate diagnosis. Of the 458 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 1824 total patient office visits were reviewed. Three hundred eighty‐eight (84.6%) did not meet criteria for AM, 20 (4.4%) met ICHD‐2 formal criteria for AM and another 50 (11%) had documentation lacking at least 1 criterion, but were otherwise consistent with AM (probable AM). During the observation period, no children seen in this gastroenterology practice had received a diagnosis of AM.Conclusion.— Among children with chronic, idiopathic, recurrent abdominal pain, AM represents about 4‐15%. Given the spectrum of treatment modalities now available for pediatric migraine, increased awareness of cardinal features of AM by pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologists may result in improved diagnostic accuracy and early institution of both acute and preventative migraine‐specific treatments.
Warfarin for Refractory Chronic Cluster Headache: A Randomized Pilot Study
Authors: Hakim Sameh M. 
Published: March 2011

(Headache2011;51:713‐725)Objective.—To investigate the effect of low‐intensity anticoagulation with warfarin on chronic cluster headache refractory to pharmacological management.Background.—Isolated case reports on induction of remission in patients with intractable chronic cluster headache upon institution of oral anticoagulant therapy do exist. Nonetheless, evidence from randomized controlled trials on the role of oral anticoagulants in cluster headache is lacking.Methods.—Thirty‐four patients with refractory chronic cluster headache were randomized to receive warfarin or placebo for 12 weeks. Warfarin was administered to achieve an international normalized ratio between 1.5 and 1.9. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients were crossed over from 1 treatment to the other. Status of cluster headache was assessed during both treatment periods. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of remission lasting ≥4 weeks.Results.—Seventeen (50%) patients underwent remission for ≥4 weeks during the warfarin period vs 4 (11.8%) patients during the placebo period (P = .004). This was associated with absolute risk reduction of 0.38 (95% CI = 0.18‐0.58), and number needed to treat of 2.6 (95% CI = 1.7‐5.5). The Kaplan–Meier curves for occurrence of remission had a hazard ratio of 5.26 (95% CI = 2.13‐13.03,P = .0003). Frequency, duration, and intensity of cluster attacks were all significantly lower during treatment with warfarin (P < .01).Conclusion.—In patients with refractory chronic cluster headache, low‐intensity anticoagulation with warfarin was associated with significantly higher incidence of remission and less impact of headache on patients' lives compared with placebo.
No Association Between Bipolar Disorder Risk Polymorphisms in ANK3 and CACNA1C and Common Migraine
Authors: Wöber‐Bingöl Çiçek , Tropeano Maria , Karwautz Andreas , Wagner Gudrun , Campos‐de‐Sousa Sara , Zesch Heidi E. , Kienbacher Christian , Natriashvili Sofia , Kanbur Incifer , Ray Munni , Wöber Christian , Collier David A. 
Published: March 2011

(Headache 2011;51:713‐725)Background.— Migraine and bipolar disorder are characterized by a high level of co‐morbidity, and a common familial–genetic basis has recently been hypothesized for the 2 disorders. Genome‐wide association studies have reported strong evidence of association between the polymorphisms rs10994336[T] in the ANK3 gene and rs1006737[A] in the CACNA1C gene and risk of bipolar disorder.Objective.— The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis of a genetic linkage between migraine and bipolar disorder by investigating the familial transmission of the 2 bipolar disorder risk polymorphisms, in a sample of family trios with probands with childhood migraine, and unrelated controls.Methods.— Our sample comprised 192 family trios, each with a proband with childhood migraine (137 migraine without aura, 44 migraine with aura) and 228 unrelated controls. The markers rs10994336 and rs1006737 were genotyped using a TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism Genotyping Assay. The transmission disequilibrium test analysis for the family trios and the case–control analysis were performed using the program UNPHASED.Results.— The allelic and genotypic transmission disequilibrium test analysis did not show any evidence of transmission distortion of the 2 markers in both migraine overall (rs10994336: OR = 1.61, P = .11; rs1006737: OR = 1.12, P = .49) and in the migraine without aura and migraine with aura subgroups. Likewise, the case–control analysis of alleles and genotypes frequencies did not show any evidence of association.Conclusion.— In the present study, we did not find evidence for association between the bipolar disorder risk polymorphisms rs10994336 in the ANK3 gene and rs1006737 in the CACNA1C gene in migraine. However, as these are variants that have a small effect on the risk of bipolar disorder (OR < 1.5), we cannot exclude a similar small effect on migraine susceptibility with the present sample size.
Surgical Repair of a Complete Endocardial Cushion Defect in a Dog
Authors: Yamano Shigeki , Uechi Masami , Tanaka Katsuyuki , Hori Yasutomo , Ebisawa Takashi , Harada Kayoko , Mizukoshi Takahiro 
Published: March 2011

Objective:To describe surgical repair of a complete endocardial cushion defect (ECD) in a dog.Study Design:Clinical report.Animal:A 5‐month‐old, 9.2 kg male Shetland sheepdog.Methods:Echocardiographic examination revealed an ostium primum atrial septal defect (ASD), an inlet ventricular septal defect (VSD), mitral regurgitation (MR) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR), and a complete ECD was diagnosed. Surgical correction was performed using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) via right atriotomy. A polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) patch was secured along the margin of the inlet VSD using simple continuous suture, then the cleft in the septal mitral leaflet was sutured. Similarly, the cleft in the septal tricuspid leaflets was sutured. To complete inlet VSD closure, the VSD patch was secured to these sutured leaflets by simple continuous suture. Another PTFE patch was used to close the ostium primum ASD.Result:After surgery, MR, TR, and interventricular shunting were decreased. The dog was alive 6 years and 5 months after the surgery with no evidence of an interventricular shunt, TR, or other clinical signs.Conclusions:Complete ECD in a dog was corrected using a 2‐patch technique under CPB.
Lingual Arch Bar Application for Treatment of Rostral Mandibular Body Fractures in Cats
Authors: Çetinkaya Mehmet Alper , Yardimci Cenk , Kaya Umit 
Published: March 2011

Objective: To describe a lingual arch bar technique for fixation of rostral mandibular body fractures and report outcome in 16 cats.Study Design: Original study.Animals: Cats (n=16) with rostral mandibular body fracture (10 bilateral, 6 unilateral) just caudal to the canine teeth.Methods: Orthodontic wire (Dentaurum®; 0.9 mm) was used as a lingual arch bar by contouring it to the shape of the lingual side of the alveolar margin, and secured by circum‐mandibular wires passed interproximal to teeth. Stability of fixation, occlusion, tolerance to the lingual arch bar, degree of secondary gingivitis/periodontitis, and ability to eat were evaluated clinically, and fracture union was assessed radiographically.Results: The lingual arch bar was well tolerated. Eleven cats without a feeding tube were able to eat within 24 hours. Time to fracture union and appliance removal ranged from 28 to 64 days (mean, 42.5 days). Malocclusion of the rostral part of the fracture occurred in 5 cats; however only 1 required correction.Conclusions: Intraoral stabilization of rostral mandibular fractures using a lingual arch bar is a simple and effective method for the treatment of rostral mandibular fractures just caudal to the canine teeth.