bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total CNIDR degradation during rain fade conditions of a dual polarized satellite link suffering from double adjacent satellite interference
Authors: Kritikos T. D. , Panagopoulos A. D. , Kanellopoulos J. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAtmospheric impairments have a significant influence on the performance of modern satellite communication networks, working at Ku, Ka and potentially Q/V frequency bands. Both differential rain attenuation from an adjacent satellite system, operating at the same frequency range, and cross‐polarization phenomena on dual polarized satellite systems due to rain and ice crystals, induce a further aggravation on the already limited signal‐to‐noise‐plus‐total‐interference ratio (CNIDR), due to the frequency and orbital congestion of today's global communication satellite constellation. In the present paper, a new statistical methodology, towards the modelling of CNIDR under rain fade conditions, is proposed to include interference effects by two adjacent satellites, incorporating the impact of correlated fading channels (spatial rainfall inhomogeneity) of multiple slant paths. The method is based on a convective raincell model and the lognormal assumption for both the point rain‐rate statistics and the slant‐path rain attenuation. The obtained numerical results indicate the significant impact of the second interfering satellite on the aggravation of total interference effects. Some simple mathematical formulas for the prediction of the CNIDR, based on the derived theoretical results, and demonstrating the influence of various link parameters on the total link availability statistics, are also presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of near‐surface deformed layers during hot rolling of AA3104 aluminium alloy
Authors: Liu Y. , Frolish M. F. , Rainforth W. M. , Zhou X. , Thompson G. E. , Scamans G. M. , Hunter J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the present study, controlled reheating and breakdown rolling experiments have been carried out and the thickness, structure and uniformity of the resultant near‐surface deformed layer have been characterised by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. High aspect ratio rolling, coupled with an increased rolling speed and rough and worn roll surfaces results in a high degree of interaction between the work roll and work pieces. This generates a shingled surface appearance with a high population of transverse surface cracks and a relatively thick near‐surface deformed layer. In contrast, relatively low aspect ratio rolling, coupled with a reduced rolling speed and freshly ground work roll surfaces generates a relatively thin near‐surface deformed layer. The thickness of the near‐surface deformed layer varies across the alloy surface and is directly related to the shingles, the surface cracks and the distribution of coarse intermetallics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimisation of the plasma electrolytic oxidation process efficiency on aluminium
Authors: Matykina E. , Arrabal R. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPlasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a surface treatment technology enabling fabrication of adherent thick (50–150 µm) coatings on light metal alloys with significantly enhanced hardness, wear and corrosion resistance compared with other conventional treatments. The technology has the potential to play a significant role in the transport sector for replacement of steel with light‐weight materials of improved durability. A main limitation of PEO lies in its relatively high cost, associated with high energy consumption and low coating efficiency. The present work explores possible routes to improve the process efficiency. It is shown that a combination of conventional pre‐anodising with sequential PEO treatment reduces specific energy consumption up to five times because of an increase of the coating growth rate, up to 10 µm/min, compared with existing PEO processes. A further approach to improved coating efficiency involves PEO in electrolytes with suspended fine or nanoparticles, which results in the formation of thicker coatings in reduced time as a result of the incorporation of the particles from the electrolyte into the coating. Additionally, melting of the coating material during the micro‐arc discharge process leads to formation of stabilised high‐temperature phases, such as tetragonal and cubic zirconia, which provide significantly improved microhardness of the coating material and give a potential for thermal barrier applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical Peeling of Free‐Standing Single‐Walled Carbon‐Nanotube Bundles
Authors: Ke Changhong , Zheng Meng , Zhou Guangwen , Cui Weili , Pugno Nicola , Miles Ronald N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn in situ electron microscopy study is presented of adhesion interactions between single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by mechanically peeling thin free‐standing SWNT bundles using in situ nanomanipulation techniques inside a high‐resolution scanning electron microscope. The in situ measurements clearly reveal the process of delaminating one SWNT bundle from its originally bound SWNT bundle in a controlled‐displacement manner and capture the deformation curvature of the delaminated SWNT bundle during the peeling process. A theoretical model based on nonlinear elastica theory is employed to interpret the measured deformation curvatures of the SWNTs and to quantitatively evaluate the peeling force and the adhesion strength between bundled SWNTs. The estimated adhesion energy per unit length for each pair of neighboring tubes in the peeling interface based on our peeling experiments agrees reasonably well with the theoretical value. This in situ peeling technique provides a potential new method for separating bundled SWNTs without compromising their material properties. The combined peeling experiments and modeling presented in this paper will be very useful to the study of the adhesion interactions between SWNTs and their nonlinear mechanical behaviors in the large‐displacement regime.
Ganzfertigteile bei der Verbundfahrbahnplatte der Bahretalbrücke – Eine Revision nach Ausführung und baubegleitender messtechnischer Überwachung
Authors: Geißler Karsten , Reintjes Karl‐Heinz , Rodemann Jochen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFertigteilbauweisen für die Herstellung der Fahrbahnplatten von Verbundbrücken konnten sich bei kleineren Brücken bereits durchsetzen. Verschiedene Bautypen wurden entwickelt: die VFT‐Bauweise, die Halbfertigteilbauweise, die Ganzfertigteilbauweise. Im Großbrückenbau ist die Anwendung, zumindest in Deutschland, bisher auf einzelne Fälle beschränkt geblieben und eine abgeschlossene Stufe der Entwicklung noch nicht erreicht.Die Ganzfertigteilbauweise, wie sie bei der Bahretalbrücke eingesetzt wurde, stellt eine Möglichkeit dar, die Vorteile der deutlich schnelleren Herstellung der Fahrbahnplatte im Großbrückenverbundbau effektiv zu realisieren. Besonderes Augenmerk ist bei der Bemessung und Konstruktion auf die Rissproblematik zu legen. Die hier aufgetretenen Rissbildungen begründen sich durch die unterschiedlichen Materialeigenschaften und Herstellungszeitpunkte der Fertigteile und der Ortbetonergänzungen. Mit Hilfe des baubegleitenden Messprogramms für die Bahretalbrücke konnten die Rissbildungen sowie insbesondere die Spannungen in den Anschlussbewehrungen der Fertigteile gut nachvollzogen werden. Letztere liegen aufgrund des “Sammelrisseffektes” deutlich über den Spannungen der Ortbetonbewehrung und können nicht einfach am Zustand II‐Querschnitt berechnet werden. Zusammenfassend kann für die Bahretalbrücke eine gute Beurteilung der Bauweise gegeben werden.Prefabricated elements for the floor system of Bahretalbridge.The construction of floor systems of composite bridges, using prefabricated elements in concrete, could already achieve acceptance for smaller bridges. Different types were developed: VFT‐types, semi‐precast construction, precast construction. So far there are only a few cases of prefabricated elements in concrete for bigger bridges in Germany. Using the precast construction presents a possibility to produce floor systems faster and more effective, as done with the Bahretalbridge.Special attention is to be turned to the calculation and construction of the crack formations. The crack formations seen in this particular construction happened because of the different material property and the production time of the prefabricated elements as well as the addition of floor systems. During the construction progress several measurements helped to understand the appearance of the crack formations. The stresses of the reinforcement between prefabricated elements and the in‐situ concrete are much higher due to the effect of accumulated cracks. Summarizing the construction of the Bahretalbridge was done in a decent way and deserves a positive evaluation.
Integrated wind‐induced response analysis and design optimization of tall steel buildings using Micro‐GA
Authors: Li Q. S. , Zou X. K. , Wu J. R. , Wang Q. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYThis paper presents an integrated procedure for wind‐induced response analysis and design optimization for rectangular steel tall buildings based on the random vibration theory and automatic least cost design optimization technique using Micro‐Genetic Algorithm (GA). The developed approach can predict wind‐induced drift and acceleration responses for serviceability design of a tall building; the technique can also provide an optimal resizing design of the building under wind loads to achieve cost‐efficient design. The empirical formulas of wind force spectra obtained from simultaneous measurements of surface pressures on various rectangular tall building models in wind tunnel tests are verified testified using a published example. Upon the known wind force spectra, the equivalent static wind loads for every storey, such as along‐wind, across‐wind and torsional loads, are then determined and applied for structural analysis including estimation of wind‐induced responses. An improved form of GAs, a Micro‐GA, is adopted to minimize the structural cost/weight of steel buildings subject to top acceleration and lateral drifts constraints with respect to the discrete design variables of steel section sizes. The application and effectiveness of the developed integrated wind‐induced response analysis and design optimization procedure is illustrated through a 30‐storey rectangular steel building example. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Connected capitalism: How business can tackle twenty‐first‐century challenges
Authors: Isdell Neville 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe economic crisis that shook the world at the end of the first decade of the twenty‐first century is still reverberating and still being felt by businesses and countries in every corner of the globe. The future of capitalism is at stake and, as business leaders, we cannot stand by silently and let others decide the agenda for the role of business in the new century. This article sounds a warning and issues a challenge to global business leaders to speak up about their companies' contributions to the discussion surrounding the new shape of capitalism, to redesign their businesses to take into account the fast‐paced changing economic environment, and to connect their businesses to the communities in which they operate on the regulatory front, the values front, and the sustainability front. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the temporal response of active load control devices
Authors: Chow Raymond , van Dam C. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFlow around airfoils with deploying microtabs and microflaps (or dynamic Gurney flap) have been numerically simulated by solving the unsteady turbulent compressible 2‐D Navier‐Stokes equations with the OVERFLOW 2 solver. Microtabs and microflaps on the order of 1%c were installed in the trailing edge region of the symmetric NACA 0012 airfoil using a Chimera or overset grid topology. The devices were deployed on the order of one characteristic time unit, and the unsteady aerodynamic responses of both devices were compared. The two devices appear to affect the flow similarly by creating a low pressure region aft of the device and changing the Kutta condition. While initial transients varied, the post‐deployment aerodynamic response showed a very similar temporal evolution towards a mean asymptotic solution. Both devices reached 90% of mean steady‐state lift values by approximately nine characteristic time units from the onset of deployment. Drag and pitching moments evolved significantly faster. The temporal development of these devices is not governed by near‐body effects, and instead is an advection driven process. Microflap deployment times of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 characteristic time units were also examined. The corresponding mean aerodynamic coefficients for the three deployment times were comparable by one characteristic time unit after deployment. Validation studies with experimental results comparing shedding frequencies and Strouhal numbers for static, deployed microtabs and microflaps were also performed to ensure accurate temporal resolution and convergence of the numerical simulations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breast Cancer in Young Women in a Limited‐Resource Environment
Authors: Basro Sarinah , Apffelstaedt Justus P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundDespite the higher incidence of breast cancer in young women in developing countries, there is a paucity of data on their management. We present the clinicopathological features and outcome of treatment of women 35 years or younger with breast cancer in a resource‐restricted environment.MethodsA total of 141 patients who were diagnosed with primary breast cancer at 35 years or younger from January 2000 to June 2008 were retrieved from the cancer registry of a breast clinic at a tertiary hospital and a private breast health center in South Africa. Clinicopathological features, treatment, and survival were analyzed.ResultsTwo patients presented with TNM stage 0 (1.4%), 14 with stage I (9.9%), 47 with stage II (33.35%), 47 with stage III (33.3%), and 31 with stage IV (21.9%). Tumor grade was 3 in 47%, grade 2 in 37%, and grade 1 in 16% of patients. One hundred and four patients with stage 0–III disease underwent treatment with curative intent, 83 had a mastectomy, and 12 had breast‐conserving surgery. Ninety patients (86.5%) had chemotherapy, 68 (65.4%) had radiotherapy, and 50 (48.1%) had hormonal therapy. Of 93 patients who completed primary therapy, 4 developed contralateral cancers, 3 had locoregional recurrence, 8 developed synchronous locoregional and distant recurrence, and 19 relapsed with distant metastasis only. The 2‐year disease‐free and overall survival for stage 0–III disease was 48 and 56%, respectively.ConclusionsYoung women with breast cancer in a resource‐limited environment have similar adverse clinicopathological features to those in developed countries. Their disease is more advanced at presentation with poorer outcome. Increased awareness, better systemic therapy, and more comprehensive genetic studies are essential to improve the dismal outcome.
Investigation on efficiency of non-collinear serial laser beam combination based on Brillouin amplification
Authors: Wang Y.L. , Lu Z.W. , Wang S.Y. , Zheng Z.X. , He W.M. , Lin D.Y. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA non-collinear laser beam combination based on Brillouin amplification is proposed. The influence of non-collinear Brillouin amplification on the combination efficiency is analyzed and discussed theoretically. It is shown that an efficiency of 80% can be achieved with the angle between the Stokes and the pump limited to a range of 10°. The theoretical prediction is tested in experiment of non-collinear amplification of one Stokes and one pump. A two-beam combination scheme is designed and a high combination efficiency of 80% is also obtained in this experiment. According to these results, a 20-beam combination scheme is designed to achieve 13.2-J output energy. A very simple construction for a multiple beams combination is designed.
Growth of a ring ripple on a Gaussian electromagnetic beam in a plasma with relativistic - ponderomotive nonlinearity
Authors: Sodha M.S. , Misra S. , Mishra S.K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a theoretical model for the propagation/growth of a ring ripple, on a Gaussian electromagnetic beam, propagating in plasma with dominant relativistic-ponderomotive nonlinearity. A paraxial like approach has been invoked to understand the nature of propagation of the ring ripple like instability; in this approach, all the relevant parameters correspond to a narrow range around the irradiance maximum of the ring ripple. The dielectric function is determined by the composite (Gaussian and ripple) electric field profile of the beam. Thus, a unique dielectric function for the beam propagation and a radial field sensitive diffraction term, appropriate to the vicinity of the maximum of the irradiance distribution of the ring ripple has been taken into account. The effect of different parameters on the critical curves has been highlighted and the variation of the beam width parameter with the distance of propagation has been obtained for the three typical cases viz of steady divergence, oscillatory divergence and self-focusing of the ripple.
Nickel-based super-alloy Inconel 600 morphological modifications by high repetition rate femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser
Authors: Stasic J. , Gakovic B. , Krmpot A. , Pavlovic V. , Trtica M. , Jelenkovic B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe interaction of Ti:sapphire laser, operating at high repetition rate of 75 MHz, with nickel-based super-alloy Inconel 600 was studied. The laser was emitting at 800 nm and ultrashort pulse duration was 160 fs. Nickel-based super-alloy surface modification was studied in a low laser energy/fluence regime of maximum 20 nJ–15 mJ/cm2, for short (10 s) and long irradiation times (range of minutes). Surface damage threshold of this material was estimated to be 1.46 nJ, i.e., 0.001 J/cm2 in air. The radiation absorbed from Ti:sapphire laser beam under these conditions generates at the surface a series of effects, such as direct material vaporization, plasma creation, formation of nano-structures and their larger aggregates, damage accumulation, etc. Laser induced surface morphological changes observed on Inconel 600 were: (1) intensive removal of surface material with crater like features; (2) material deposition at near and farther periphery and creation of nano-aggregates/nano-structures; (3) sporadic micro-cracking of the inner and outer damage area. Generally, features created on nickel-based super-alloy surface by high repetition rate femtosecond pulses are characterized by low inner/outer damage diameter of less than 11 µm/30 µm and relatively large depth on the order of 150 µm, in both low (10 s) and high (minutes) irradiation time regimes.
Recent research advances in Reinforcement Learning in Spoken Dialogue Systems
Authors: Frampton Matthew , Lemon Oliver 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper will summarize and analyze the work of the different research groups who have recently made significant contributions in using Reinforcement Learning techniques to learn dialogue strategies for Spoken Dialogue Systems (SDSs). This use of stochastic planning and learning has become an important research area in the past 10 years, since it promises automatic data-driven optimization of the behavior of SDSs that were previously hand-coded by expert developers. We survey the most important developments in the field, compare and contrast the different approaches, and describe current open problems.
Water on the Moon Confirmed
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: December 2009

When NASA's Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) and a companion rocket purposely slammed into a crater at the Moon's south pole on 9 October, some observers on Earth lamented as anticlimactic the raised plumes of material that were partially blocked by a crater ridge and were difficult to see with backyard telescopes. However, it turns out that the projectiles struck it big.“Indeed, yes, we found water. We didn't find just a little bit; we found a significant amount,” said Anthony Colaprete, LCROSS principal investigator with the NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. At a 13 November news briefing, Colaprete lifted a 2‐gallon plastic bucket and said preliminary results indicate that instruments detected about a dozen buckets' worth of water in parts of the two plumes, the first generated by the spent Centaur upper stage of the Atlas V launch vehicle at 1131 UTC and the second generated by LCROSS about 4 minutes later. NASA described the two plumes as a high‐angle plume of vapor and fine dust and a lower‐angle ejecta curtain of heavier material. LCROSS and the Centaur upper stage hit the permanently shadowed Cabeus crater.
AGU's Upcoming Election
Authors: Grove Timothy L. 
Published: December 2009

The 2010–2012 election, which runs from 4 January 2010 to 3 February 2010, marks the first time members will be asked to elect the AGU Board of Directors, which includes the Union officers, as well as section officers of the new AGU Council. The addition of a Board of Directors is new in AGU governance. In light of this, it may be helpful for you to know a bit more about the responsibilities of the Board and the Council and the kind of characteristics we are seeking in the member volunteers who will represent you in these bodies.The elected members of the Board of Directors are the president, president‐elect, general secretary (who also serves as treasurer), international secretary, and six members elected by the Union's membership. Up to two members may be nominated by the Union president and approved by the Board. The immediate past president, vice chair of the Council, the Development Board chair, and the executive director are ex officio, meaning they are members of the board by virtue of the positions they hold.
Have Large Dams Altered Extreme Precipitation Patterns?
Authors: Hossain Faisal , Jeyachandran Indumathi , Pielke Roger 
Published: December 2009

Dams and their impounded waters are among the most common civil infrastructures, with a long heritage of modern design and operations experience. In particular, large dams, defined by the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) as having a height greater than 15 meters from the foundation and holding a reservoir volume of more than 3 million cubic meters, have the potential to vastly transform local climate, landscapes, regional economics, and urbanization patterns.In the United States alone, about 75,000 dams are capable of storing a volume of water equaling almost 1 year's mean runoff of the nation [Graf, 1999]. The World Commission on Dams (WCD) reports that at least 45,000 large dams have been built worldwide since the 1930s. These sheer numbers raise the question of the extent to which large dams and their impounded waters alter patterns that would have been pervasive had the dams not been built.