bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Devonian transpressional tectonics in Spitsbergen, Svalbard, and implications for basement uplift of the Sørkapp–Hornsund High
Authors: Bergh S.G. , Maher H.D. , Braathen A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:
The Late Devonian Svalbardian event relates to the final activity in the Caledonian Orogen, and affected Devonian strata in Spitsbergen by major folding, oblique thrusting and basement uplift. In southern Spitsbergen, the Devonian deformation and the complementary, presumed Mid-Carboniferous Adriabukta event deformation caused uplift of the Sørkapp–Hornsund basement high or horst. This high is fault-bounded by Devonian sandstones and a questionably aged Early or Mid-Carboniferous mudstone unit (Adriabukta Formation). The Adriabukta Formation at Hornsund occurs in the core of a major syncline, with underlying Devonian strata in the west limb, all truncated in the footwall by a steep, east-side-up oblique-reverse fault. Mid- to Late Carboniferous rifting reversed the motion and produced rift-fill deposits, and these strata overlie the deformed Devonian rocks and the Adriabukta Formation with an angular unconformity. A similar basin architecture and major syncline bounded by a reverse fault with lateral movement characterize the Svalbardian deformation in the Mimerdalen–Pyramiden area at Billefjorden farther north. Similarity also exists between a Late Devonian unit (Plantekløfta Formation) at Mimerdalen and the Adriabukta Formation at Hornsund, and we question the previous interpretation of the Adriabukta Formation as Carboniferous. Rather, we suggest that the Adriabukta and Svalbardian deformation events may have been part of the same event.
The age of the Mesoproterozoic Stoer Group sedimentary and impact deposits, NW Scotland
Authors: Parnell John , Mark Darren , Fallick Anthony E. , Boyce Adrian , Thackrey Scott 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:

The Mesoproterozoic Stoer Group of the ‘Torridonian' has been dated at 1177 ± 5 Ma (2σ), based on
40
Ar/
39
Ar dating of authigenic K-feldspars precipitated in degassing structures within the Stac Fada Member, interpreted previously as an impact ejecta deposit. Fluid inclusion analysis of the K-feldspar shows that it precipitated from hot fluids, and so must immediately post-date emplacement of the ejecta blanket. The oxygen isotopic composition of K-feldspar is remarkably constant at 9.7 ± 0.2‰ (V-SMOW) and is consistent with derivation from evaporated lake water. The new age supports previous determinations of 1199 ± 70 Ma from Pb–Pb dating of limestone and 1180 Ma from palaeomagnetic data, but provides much higher precision.

Supplementary material:

The raw
40
Ar/
39
Ar data, J-parameters, correction factors, air calibrations and blank data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18453
.
Provenance of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks from the Sulaiman fold and thrust belt, Pakistan: implications for the palaeogeography of the Indus drainage system
Authors: Roddaz Martin , Said Aymen , Guillot Stéphane , Antoine Pierre-Olivier , Montel Jean-Marc , Martin François , Darrozes José 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:

The provenance of middle Eocene to early Miocene sedimentary rocks cropping out in the Sulaiman fold and thrust belt has been determined examining the mineralogy, bulk-rock major and trace elements, and Nd–Sr isotopes. The older (50–30 Ma) deposits are characterized by a mixed orogenic provenance with a major contribution from the Karakorum and the Tethyan belt (
c
. 80%). As the 50–30 Ma deposits have a provenance distinct from that of coeval Subathu, Khojak and Ghazij shallow marine formations of India and Pakistan, we propose that they were deposited as a distinct delta system that once fed the Palaeo-Indus fan. We document a major change in provenance that occurred before the early–late Oligocene transition at
c
. 30 Ma. This change in provenance is marked by the appearance of chlorite and monazite and a shift toward more radiogenic Nd–Sr isotopic compositions. We interpret this change as the result of the exhumation and erosion of the proto-Higher Himalaya. The 30–15 Ma sampled rocks are characterized by a major contribution from the Tethyan belt and the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (70–90%) and a subordinate contribution (10–30%) from the Karakorum, Ophiolitic Suture and Trans-Himalaya. As the εNd(0) values of our 30–15 Ma samples are similar to those of the Palaeo-Indus fan deposits, we suggest that the 30–15 Ma sedimentary rocks of the Sulaiman fold and thrust belt were the fluvial onshore record of the Indus fan. Other coeval deposits of India and Pakistan recorded similar increasing exhumation of the Higher Himalaya range, so that we postulate that these sedimentary rocks all derived from the Palaeo-Indus drainage basin. This would suggest that the modern Indus drainage basin is no younger than 30 Ma.
Pennsylvanian ‘fossil forests' in growth position (T
0
assemblages): origin, taphonomic bias and palaeoecological insights
Authors: DiMichele William A. , Falcon-Lang Howard J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:

Fossil forests, buried in growth position in a geological instant (T
0
assemblages) are far more abundant in Pennsylvanian successions than in any other part of the geological record. In this review paper, we evaluate the fundamental controls on the origin of these phenomena, investigate the taphonomic biases that influence their composition, and summarize their palaeoecological significance. Following earlier workers, we highlight that high rates of burial and accommodation are essential for the formation and preservation of T
0
assemblages. Contexts especially favourable for their origin include ashfalls proximal to volcanic centres, coastal plains drowned by relative sea-level rise, and fluvial environments such as channel bars, crevasse splays, and distributary lobes. Long-term preservation requires high rates of subsidence. Consequently, the vast majority of Palaeozoic T
0
assemblages are confined to wetland settings at, or close to, sea level, whereas drylands are poorly represented and uplands rarely sampled, if ever. However, this is not the only major bias in the fossil record; taphonomic processes selectively preserve plants dependent on their anatomy and stature, and on groundwater chemistry. Thus, although T
0
assemblages offer unrivalled insights into the nature of ancient forests (whole-plant reconstructions, tree density, canopy height, productivity, plant hydraulics, cohort dynamics, spatial heterogeneity, ecological gradients, tree–sediment interactions, and animal–plant interactions, to name but a few), it is naive to believe they provide ‘photographic snapshots' of palaeoecosystems. None the less, careful taphonomic analysis of T
0
assemblages offers the potential for a nuanced understanding of these evocative phenomena, and much remains to be learned from these important palaeoecological resources.
The possible role of extensional faults in localizing magmatic activity: a crustal model for the Campanian Volcanic Zone (eastern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)
Authors: Milia A. , Torrente M.M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:

Three crustal geological sections of the Campanian Volcanic Zone (Italy) were reconstructed by integrating basin architecture and deep well stratigraphies. In addition, mapping of the fault system and of large-volume ignimbrites was carried out. A linked fault system has been identified, which was responsible for asymmetric subsidence contemporaneous with the eruption of ignimbrites. Late Quaternary extension is characterized by a WNW–ESE stretching axis, NNE–SSW normal faults and reactivation of inherited structures. Structural, stratigraphic and palaeogeographical analyses reveal evidence for up to 750 m of subsidence, which has occurred at a mean rate of up to 4.9 mm a
−1
over the past 154 ka. These rates suggest that extensional tectonics was responsible for the regional subsidence. A 6 km deep seismic reflector was associated with a magmatic reservoir underlying Campi Flegrei. By matching the structural and stratigraphic architecture with published geophysical and geochemical data a crustal tectonomagmatic model was constructed that displays high-angle faults that root into a low-angle detachment, which in turn roots into a deep sill-like magma reservoir. This model suggests the possible role of extensional faults in localizing magmatic activity, as faults controlled magma rise from deep to shallow reservoirs and to the surface during ignimbrite eruptions.

Supplementary material:

Seismic reflection profiles and interpretations are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18451
.
Deformation partitioning during transpressional emplacement of a ‘mantle extrusion wedge': the Ronda peridotites, western Betic Cordillera, Spain
Authors: Mazzoli S. , Algarra A. Martín 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:
Composite tectonic emplacement of the world's largest outcropping body of subcontinental mantle rocks, the Ronda peridotites, occurred during Early Miocene continental subduction and as a result of oblique plate convergence. Partitioning of transpressional deformation between coeval orogen-parallel wrenching and orogen-perpendicular, pure thrusting components is recorded by shear zone kinematics and dynamothermal metamorphism in the footwall to the ultramafic rocks. Left-lateral shear, characterizing the deeper, high-pressure (eclogitic) portions of the continental subduction system, propagated through the mantle into the overlying continental crust of the overriding plate, whereas top-to-the-foreland frontal thrusting dominated at the leading edge of the hot peridotite body. Top-to-the-hinterland shear along the upper contact of the peridotites is consistent with the kinematics expected for an extrusion wedge consisting of subcontinental mantle rocks. On the other hand, coeval strike-parallel extension and thinning of the crustal rocks overlying the peridotites confirms that, similarly to other Alpine–Mediterranean examples, partitioned transpression resulted in the development of a complex deformation pattern, with kinematically linked shear zones aiding exhumation. The proposed model provides a new, coherent scenario for syn-convergence peridotite emplacement and exhumation in the western Betic Cordillera.
Quantifying creep behaviour of clay-bearing rocks below the critical stress state for rapid failure: Mam Tor landslide, Derbyshire, England
Authors: Rutter E.H. , Green S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:

The Mam Tor landslide (Derbyshire, England) slips downhill at up to 0.5 m a
−1
, and offers an excellent opportunity to study time-dependent creep in mudstones under
in situ
conditions. Annual surveys show that creep rates increase following heavy rainfall, but to establish detailed correlation between creep and pore water pressure required spatially and temporally higher resolution monitoring. We acquired 3 years of such data, at 3 h intervals, from wire creep meters, borehole piezometers and rainfall monitoring, showing that creep is strongly focused into the winter months and correlates well with pore water pressure. Summer grass and fern growth strongly influence rainfall infiltration, recycling much of the rainfall back to the atmosphere, explaining the seasonal variability of creep. The dependence of creep rate on pore pressure can be recast as a rheological model relating shear strain rate to shear stress using the friction angle for the creeping mudstone to link effective normal stress to shear stress. The creep is very non-linear, following a power law with a stress exponent of 48. This flow law may apply also to shear failure in poorly consolidated mudrocks under high pore pressure conditions; for example, within some landslides, subglacial sediments, tectonic fault zones, tectonic mélanges and accretionary complexes.
Fast Sigmoidal Networks via Spiking Neurons
Authors: Maass Wolfgang 
Published: February 2011

We show that networks of relatively realistic mathematical models for biological neurons in principle can simulate arbitrary feedforward sigmoidal neural nets in a way that has previously not been considered. This new approach is based on temporal coding by single spikes (respectively by the timing of synchronous firing in pools of neurons) rather than on the traditional interpretation of analog variables in terms of firing rates. The resulting new simulation is substantially faster and hence more consistent with experimental results about the maximal speed of information processing in cortical neural systems. As a consequence we can show that networks of noisy spiking neurons are “universal approximators” in the sense that they can approximate with regard to temporal coding any given continuous function of several variables. This result holds for a fairly large class of schemes for coding analog variables by firing times of spiking neurons. This new proposal for the possible organization of computations in networks of spiking neurons systems has some interesting consequences for the type of learning rules that would be needed to explain the self-organization of such networks. Finally, the fast and noise-robust implementation of sigmoidal neural nets by temporal coding points to possible new ways of implementing feedforward and recurrent sigmoidal neural nets with pulse stream VLSI.
Association of Diurnal Patterns in Salivary Cortisol with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: Findings from the Whitehall II Study
Authors: Kumari Meena , Shipley Martin , Stafford Mai , Kivimaki Mika 
Published: February 2011

Context:
Evidence for the association of cortisol with mortality or disease events is mixed, possibly due to a failure to consider diurnal cortisol patterns.

Objective:
Our objective was to examine the association of diurnal cortisol patterns throughout the day with cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in a community-dwelling population.

Design:
This was a prospective cohort study among 4047 civil servants, the Whitehall II study, United Kingdom. We measured diurnal cortisol patterns in 2002–2004 from six saliva samples obtained over the course of a normal weekday: at waking, +30 min, +2.5 h, +8 h, +12 h, and bedtime. Participants were subsequently followed for all-cause and cause-specific mortality until January 2010.

Participants:
Participants included 4047 men and women aged 61 yr on average at baseline.

Outcomes:
We assessed all-cause, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular death.

Results:
There were 139 deaths, 32 of which were deaths due to cardiovascular disease, during a mean follow-up period of 6.1 yr. Flatter slopes in cortisol decline across the day were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for 1 sd reduction in slope steepness 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–1.55). This excess mortality risk was mainly driven by an increased risk of cardiovascular deaths (hazard ratio = 1.87; 95% confidence interval = 1.32–2.64). The association with cardiovascular deaths was independent of a wide range of covariates measured at the time of cortisol assessment. There was no association between morning cortisol, the cortisol awakening response, and mortality outcomes.

Conclusions:
These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the relationship between a flatter slope in cortisol levels across the day and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in a nonclinical population.
The Genetics of Bone Loss: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Mitchell Braxton D. , Yerges-Armstrong Laura M. 
Published: February 2011

Context:
A strong genetic influence on bone mineral density has been long established, and modern genotyping technologies have generated a flurry of new discoveries about the genetic determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) measured at a single time point. However, much less is known about the genetics of age-related bone loss. Identifying bone loss-related genes may provide new routes for therapeutic intervention and osteoporosis prevention.

Evidence Acquisition:
A review of published peer-reviewed literature on the genetics of bone loss was performed. Relevant studies were summarized, most of which were drawn from the period 1990–2010.

Evidence Synthesis:
Although bone loss is a challenging phenotype, available evidence supports a substantial genetic contribution. Some of the genes identified from recent genome-wide association studies of cross-sectional BMD are attractive candidate genes for bone loss, most notably genes in the nuclear factor κB and estrogen endocrine pathways. New insights into the biology of skeletal development and regulation of bone turnover have inspired new hypotheses about genetic regulation of bone loss and may provide new directions for identifying genes associated with bone loss.

Conclusions:
Although recent genome-wide association and candidate gene studies have begun to identify genes that influence BMD, efforts to identify susceptibility genes specific for bone loss have proceeded more slowly. Nevertheless, clues are beginning to emerge on where to look, and as population studies accumulate, there is hope that important bone loss susceptibility genes will soon be identified.
DOG1 Antibody Is a Highly Sensitive and Specific Marker for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in Cytology Cell Blocks
Authors: Hwang Dick G. , Qian Xiaohua , Hornick Jason L. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Initial diagnosis of submucosal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is often made from material obtained by endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). Although 95% of GISTs are positive for KIT by immunohistochemical analysis on surgical specimens, we have observed several cases of GIST that were negative for KIT on the cell block but subsequently positive on the surgical resection. DOG1 has been found to be a specific and sensitive marker for GISTs on surgical material. We compared KIT and DOG1 staining in 52 GIST cell blocks and in 44 cell blocks of other intra-abdominal spindle cell neoplasms. We found that DOG1 was the more sensitive marker, with positivity in all 52 GIST cell blocks. KIT was positive in 46 (88%) of the GIST cases, with sensitivity dependent on the FNA method. Both markers were highly specific: KIT was negative in all 44 non-GIST cases, whereas DOG1 showed weak positivity in only 1 leiomyosarcoma.
Expression of Galectin-3, nm-23, and Cyclooxygenase-2 Could Potentially Discriminate Between Benign and Malignant Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Saffar Hiva , Sanii Sanaz , Heshmat Ramin , Haghpanah Vahid , Larijani Bagher , Rajabiani Afsaneh , Azimi Sima , Tavangar Seyed Mohammad 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Currently, the only reliable indicator of malignancy in pheochromocytoma is the presence of distant metastasis or extensive local invasion; predicting behavior of pheochromocytoma remains challenging. We aimed to correlate the behavior of pheochromocytoma with its expression of nm-23, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and galectin-3 (genes used to predict the course of some neoplastic diseases), evaluated immunohistochemically in 55 paraffin blocks of formalin-fixed pheochromocytoma specimens with confirmed behavior.
In 3 (7%) of 44 benign and 7 (64%) of 11 malignant pheochromocytomas, there was negative nm-23 expression (P = .000). COX-2 immunoreactivity was positive in 10 (23%) of benign and 9 (82%) of malignant tumors (P = .000). Galectin-3 was expressed in 5 (11%) of benign and 9 (82%) of malignant pheochromocytomas (P = .000).
Negative nm-23, along with positive COX-2 or galectin-3, predicted malignancy with 100% specificity. Dual negativity for galectin-3 and COX-2, along with nm-23 positivity, indicated benign behavior with 100% sensitivity.
In early pheochromocytoma, evaluation of nm-23, galectin-3, and COX-2 expression could predict the outcome. Larger studies seem necessary to confirm the potential practical value of our findings.
Magnetostratigraphy and paleoenvironments in shallow-water carbonates: the Oligocene-Miocene sediments of the northern margin of the Liguro-Provençal basin (West Marseille, southeastern France)
Authors: Demory François , Conesa Gilles , Oudet Julien , Mansouri Habib , Münch Philippe , Borgomano Jean , Thouveny Nicolas , Lamarche Juliette , Gisquet Franck , Marié Lionel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe present study proposes to estimate the influence of climate, eustatism and local tectonics on the sedimentation of a basin margin at the syn-rift to post-rift transition. For that, paleomagnetic measurements were performed on a marine marly-calcareous sedimentary succession ranging from Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene and located on the northern margin of the Liguro-Provençal basin. The magnetostratigraphic record is correlated to the reference geomagnetic polarity scale [ATNTS04, Lourens et al. 2004] with the help of biostratigraphy based on calcareous nannofossils and planctonic foraminifers [Oudet et al., 2010]. The resulting age model shows that the 100 m-thick sedimentary succession covers a time span of 5 m.y. from the Late Chattian to the Early Burdigalian. Despite several exposure surfaces and a change in the sedimentation rate, no significant hiatus of sedimentation is documented. In addition, we also estimate the paleoenvironmental evolution through the sedimentary succession. Comparing the dated paleoenvironmental reconstruction with global δ18O and sea level curves [Miller et al., 2005], we show that the Carry-le-Rouet succession is an excellent paleoclimatic archive. Indeed, coral reefs developed at the glacial-interglacial stage transition marking the end of the Oligocene. In addition, the most diversified coral reefs occurred during the warmest period of the Aquitanian. During rifting, bathymetric variations recorded in the studied succession are related to local synsedimentary tectonics whereas, during oceanic crust accretion, global sea level changes influence the sedimentation. This result allows to characterise and to accurately date the break-up unconformity at 20.35 Ma.
Les négociations sur la production sous licence des avions Fouga Magister et Noratlas : un exemple concret des débuts de la coopération franco-allemande en matière d'armement dans les années 1950
Authors: Seiller Florian 
Published: February 2011

La contribution porte sur les négociations entre la France et l’Allemagne de l’Ouest sur la production sous licence de l’avion de transport de taille moyenne Noratlas et de l’avion d’entraînement léger Fouga Magister (1954/55-1959). Elle prend en compte les facteurs politiques, militaires, économiques qui déterminèrent le cadre des premiers projets de coopération en matière d’armement franco-allemands et elle éclaire les intérêts stratégiques ainsi que les marges de manœuvres des deux pays. Les protagonistes français avaient des intérêts à long terme : éviter la création d’une industrie aéronautique et militaire allemande autonome, éviter un risque potentiel au plan de la sécurité ainsi que l’apparition d’un concurrent futur sur le marché mondial. On souhaitait de plus utiliser à pleine capacité le potentiel industriel national, proﬁter des ressources allemandes et créer une entente sous leadership français contre la supériorité des entreprises aéronautiques anglo-américaines. À cette ﬁn, Paris a fait des concessions considérables aux Allemands au cours des négociations. Ces projets amorcèrent une période de coopération non seulement pour l’industrie aéronautique mais aussi pour la coopération en matière de la défense entre les deux États. Néanmoins, la France n’est pas parvenue à réaliser ses objectifs stratégiques du fait de la volonté de la RFA d’entretenir des relations équilibrées tenant compte du rôle de puissance protectrice des États-Unis mais aussi de différences d’approche relatives aux dimensions économiques de ces projets .