bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Book reviews
Authors: Savage John R. K. 
Published: July 2009

This report aims to provide a comprehensive data base and dose assessment for exposure to radiation of the population of the USA. Every possible significant source has been considered and evaluated in making estimates and drawing up tables. These sources have been included within one of six categories which form the major sections of the report. Sandwiched between an Introduction and a Summary and Conclusions, the sections are as follows:
“Public Radiation Exposure from Natural Background”; dealing with naturally occurring radionuclides in the environment, external cosmic radiations and natural isotopes in the body.
Technetium-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate scanning of acute injuries to the lateral ligaments of the ankle
Authors: Maurice Hugh , Watt lain 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Technetium-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate scans were performed on 29 consecutive patients with acute ankle ligament injuries. Scanning reliably differentiated a severe from a minor injury. Severe injuries gave a diffuse uptake on the scan and the minor injuries a more localized increase in uptake.
Polyorchidism diagnosed by ultrasound
Authors: Cadigan P. 
Published: July 2009

Polyorchidism is a rare condition of uncertain embryological origin. It is most often diagnosed as an incidental finding in young males undergoing repair of an inguinal hernia (Sujka et al, 1987).
We report a case presenting as an intermittently painful scrotal swelling which was diagnosed preoperatively by ultrasound. Although the ultrasound findings in polyorchidism have been described preoperatively twice before (Rifkin et al, 1983; Goldberg et al, 1987), to our knowledge this is the first such report from Britain.
A 21-year-old man presented with a history of intermittent pain in the left testicle for 1 year. Examination revealed what was thought to be a swelling below the left testis and the patient was referred for ultrasound examination.
Radiological evaluation of temporal bone disease: high-resolution computed tomography versus conventional X-ray diagnosis
Authors: Fritz P. , Rieden K. , Lenarz T. , Haels J. , Winkel K. zum 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Sixty-two patients with different temporal bone lesions were prospectively examined by high-resolution computed tomography (CT) and conventional plain radiography, including pluridirectional tomography. High-resolution CT enabled aclear diagnosis in 80% of cases, conventional radiology in 63%; 1.6-times more bone information was recorded by high-resolution CT which is clearly superior for imaging cholesteatomas, metatastases and inflammatory processes and for evaluating osseous destruction. With regard to pathological soft tissue or effusions filling the tympanic cavities, conventional radiology shows poor sensitivity (0.61). High-resolution CT is the most sensitive method for the imaging and classification of temporal bone fractures,including labyrinthine damage and ossicular chain injuries. Only in cases of atypical fractures with an unfavourable relationship to the CT planes, can carefully directed tomography be more effective. In most cases high-resolution CT replaces conventional radiology and should be the method of choice for comprehensive radiological examination of the temporal bone.
Patient doses from computed tomography in Manitoba from 1977 to 1987
Authors: Huda Walter , Sandison George A. , Lee Ting Y. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The number of patients undergoing computed tomographic (CT) examinations in the province of Manitoba is reported for the period 1977–1987. The annual patient throughput has increased from 4.2 per 103 population in 1978 to 18.2 per 103 population in 1987. Over the same period, the per capita population dose from CT has increased from 4.2 to 81.0 μSv. This substantial rise has occurred because of an increase in patient throughput, higher radiation doses associated with modern CT scanners and an increasing proportion of (higher dose) body CT studies. The mean patient dose on a second generation (EMI 5005) scanner was about 1.4 mSv, whereas the corresponding doses on third generation scanners operating in Manitoba were 3.9 mSv (GE 9800) and 5.6 mSv (Siemens DRH).
Possibility of retrospective dosimetry for persons accidentally exposed to ionizing radiation using electron spin resonance of sugar and mother-of-pearl
Authors: Nakajima Toshiyuki 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An electron spin resonance (ESR) dosemeter was used to measure ESR absorption spectra of sugar and shell buttons made of mother-of-pearl, for the purpose of evaluating the external dose to exposed inhibitants in the vicinity of a radiation accident. The ESR absorption intensity of sugar was proportional to dose in the range from about 30 mGy to 6×l04 Gy. The lifetime of the free radical created in both sugar and shell buttons by radiation was stable for at least 6 months after irradiation. If sugar and shell goods left in or around houses since the occurrence of the Chernobyl reactor and the Brazilian accidents were obtained, it would be possible to estimate from them the integrated external dose to exposed people.
Autopsy assessment of the Gunther vena caval filter
Authors: Mahendran M. , Gwilt D. J. , Finch O. P. Fitzgerald , Jalloh S. 
Published: July 2009

The Gunther vena caval filter has been in clinical use forsome years. Accounts of findings at post-mortemexamination in animals are available (Gunther et al,1985), but there are no detailed human autopsy reports.
We describe the findings at post-mortem examinationof a patient who had a filter inserted 2 months prior toher death.
A 63-year-old lady had a history of recurrent deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, despite long-term anticoagulation therapy. She also had severe osteoarthritis of her hips, worse on the left, and needed a total hip replacement.
Book reviews
Authors: Bradshaw John R. 
Published: July 2009

This book is based on the author's personal experience of more than 5000 documented cases studied with a 0.6 T superconducting MRI system in Amsterdam.
A very brief summary of the basic physical principles of MRI is followed by a useful description of various technical considerations such as pulse sequences; some anatomical structures displayed by them; tissue differentiation; artefacts; flow phenomena and surface coils. A short section on MRI studies of special regions such as the pituitary follows. The 14 subsequent chapters cover all the major disease processes and include affections of the brain, orbit, larynx, neck and temporomandibular joints. Spinal disorders and the use of contrast agents are also covered.
Radiobiological assessment of permanent implants using tumour repopulation factors in the linear-quadratic model
Authors: Dale R. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
By combining existing linear-quadratic equations relating to decaying-source therapy with an assumed tumour repopulation factor, it has been possible to devise a method for the radiobiological assessment of permanent implants. For calculation purposes there is a time after which an implant can no longer be considered effective in sterilizing tumour cells. This “effective” treatment time for a permanent implant can be approximately defined in terms of the radionuclide decay constant, the potential doubling time, the initial dose-rate and the value of α in the tumour α/β ratio. The analytical technique has been applied to a specific intercomparison of commonly encountered implants using 125I and l98Au, and suggests that, even in the most favourable cases, the former radionuclide offers few radiobiological advantages. Although not specifically discussed here, the method can also be applied to the assessment of various forms of biologically targeted radiotherapy.
Outpatient myelography: an acceptable and cost-effective technique
Authors: Choudhri A. H. , Rowlands P. C. , Barber C. J. , Johnson J. , Stevens J. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Sixty-five patients with stable low back pain had their lumbar myelography performed as outpatients, staying in the department for 1 h after the examination. The incidence of post-myelogram headache was similar to that reported for inpatients. No serious after-effects occurred in the study group. The vast majority of patients preferred to be at home following the study. It is concluded that outpatient myelography is safe, less expensive and preferred by the patients.
A large trial of intravenous Conray 325 and Niopam 300 to assess immediate and delayed reactions
Authors: McCullough Mark , Davies Peter , Richardson Ros 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The trial was designed as an investigation into the incidence of both immediate and delayed reactions to the intravenous administration of Conray 325 (sodium iothalamate) (844 patients) and Niopam 300 (iopamidol) (855 patients) for urographic examination. Information was obtained from questionnaires returned by patients about a week after their examination, with a response rate of 81%. Significant differences were found in the incidences of both types of reactions to the two media with respect to nausea and vomiting, arm pain, and taste in the mouth, which was commoner in patients receiving Conray 325, whereas the incidence of delayed skin rashes and parotid swelling was commoner with Niopam 300. The occurrence of a flu-like illness, so-called “iodism”, was found to be equal for the two contrast media.
Giant central disc prolapse: a pitfall in computed tomographic diagnosis
Authors: Buirski G. 
Published: July 2009

The diagnosis of lumbar disc prolapse by computed tomography (CT) is now well established and is often the initial investigation in patients with sciatica (Buirski, 1987). Myelography, however, is still necessary when the CT findings do not correlate with the clinical features or when an intrathecal abnormality is suspected. Occasionally, giant extruded disc fragments may lie within the central spinal canal either above or below the adjacent disc level. If the central canal is totally occupied by the disc then the characteristic CT appearances of an extradural mass may not be readily apparent. The case reported below illustrates this problem and a useful radiological sign on CT is discussed.
A 26-year-old woman initially presented in April 1987 with back pain associated with walking. This was treated conservatively with anti-inflammatory drugs and physiotherapy with good symptomatic relief. In October she noted paraesthesiae in both feet and shortly after developed pain down the right thigh.
Demonstration of vertebral body end plate veins by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Saywell W. R. , Crock H. V. , England J. P. S. , Steiner R. E. 
Published: July 2009

The venous drainage of the vertebral end plate capillary bed is via a plexus of post-capillary venules in the subchondral region, which drains into a horizontal subarticular collecting vein. This vein then joins the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus. There are also anastomotic connections through vertical tributaries to the basi-vertebral system of veins (Crock et al, 1973; Crock, 1983) (Fig. 1).
The end plate venous plexus may be important in the pathogenesis of symptoms in the syndrome of internal disc disruption, in which catabolites and disc proteins leak out of the disc into the systemic circulation via the end plate veins, producing local and systemic features of hypersensitivity reactions (Gurdjian et al, 1961; Nachemson, 1969; Crock, 1970). The plexus is also important in maintaining the integrity of the normal intervertebral disc, as diffusion of nutrients takes place across the end plates (Urban et al, 1976; Bernick & Caillet, 1982).
Although demonstrated in dogs and post-mortem specimens, the end plate veins have not previously been demonstrated by in vivo imaging.
Incorporating the time factor into the linear-quadratic model
Authors: van de Geijn J. 
Published: July 2009

In recent years the linear-quadratic (LQ) model (Kellerer et al, 1971; Chadwick & Leenhouts, 1973) has become the model of choice for the description of single-dose radiation damage in in vitro as well as in vivo biological systems. This model has been used to describe both tumour and normal-tissue responses to fractionated radiotherapy and continuous lowdose-rate irradiation. A useful overview can be found for instance in Thames and Hendry (1987), which also contains further references. In particular, work by Douglas and Fowler (1976), Thames et al (1982) and Barendsen (1982), and more recently by Dale (1986a, b; Dale et al, 1988) has been of great influence.
A potential shortcoming of the LQ model as it is presently used is the inability to address the issue of proliferation during treatment of both tumour cells and early reacting normal tissues. In a recent paper (van de Geijn, 1988), a new model was introduced that also describes damage to both tumours and early reacting (ER) normal tissues to fractionated radiotherapy, in terms of either the two-component or the linear-quadratic model, but with the added advantage of incorporating the effects of proliferation and time.
Book reviews
Authors: Pilling D. W. 
Published: July 2009

This is the report of a WHO study group, consisting of some of the most eminent paediatric radiologists from around the world. Their brief was to try to establish how diagnostic imaging should be used in paediatrics, taking into account the widely differing resources available across the world.
Inevitably such a document cannot be too controversial, and whilst the reviewer would not accept all the statements made nor all the recommendations, most of the criticisms would be minor.
The localization of myocardial ischaemia with technetium-99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile and single photon emission computed tomography
Authors: West D. J. , Najm Y. C. , Mistry R. , Clarke S. E. , Fogelman I. , Maisey M. N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Thirty-two patients with suspected coronary artery disease were studied by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging with oblique reconstructions of the myocardium following the intravenous administration of technetium-99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile at peak exercise. All patients also underwent three-vessel coronary angiography. The SPECT technique produced very detailed images allowing easy delineation of localized myocardial defects. Segmental myocardial uptake defects were compared with diseased vessels as shown at angiography. A good correlation was shown between right coronary artery (RCA) disease and mid and proximal inferior segments and between left circumflex (LCx) artery disease and mid and proximal lateral segments, allowing accurate localization of a defect to one of these two vessels' territories. Sensitivity and specificity of detection of disease of the RCA and LCx artery were high. Defects associated with a lesion of the left anterior descending vessel were more variable.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the infant heart at 1.5 T
Authors: Smith M. A. , Baker E. J. , Ayton V. T. , Parsons J. M. , Ladusans E. J. , Maisey M. N. 
Published: July 2009

Magnetic resonance (MR) has been found to be of value in many fields of medicine but has yet to find an established place in the study of diseases of the heart. Published studies of the heart have demonstrated its ability to identify areas of acute myocardial infarction (Been et al, 1985b) and old infarcts (Higgins et al, 1984b), to recognize hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (Been et al, 1985a), pericardial effusions (Stark et al, 1984) and constrictive pericarditis (Soulen et al, 1985). It is, in addition, possible to measure ventricular volumes (Longmore et al, 1985) and images containing blood-flow-related data can be acquired (Ridgway & Smith, 1986; Underwood et al, 1987).
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been suggested to have a particularly valuable role in the study of the anatomy of the congenitally malformed heart (Higgins et al, 1984a) and imaging studies of a limited number of cases have been published (Jacobstein et al, 1985a,b; Boxer et al, 1986; Didier & Higgins, 1986; Didier et al, 1986; Fletcher & Jacobstein, 1986; von Shulthess et al, 1986). However, in these studies from a small number of research centres there is very little experience in the use of MRI in infants. Since 90% of patients with congenital heart disease present in the first year of life (Hoffman & Christianson, 1978), if MRI is to play a role in the investigation of congenital cardiovascular abnormalities it is essential to be able to image infants within the first year.
51Cr-EDTA/99Tcm-MDP ratio: a simple non-invasive method for assessing renal osteodystrophy
Authors: Nisbet A. P. , Shaw P. , Taube D. , Edwards S. , Maisey M. N. , Mashiter G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have used 99Tcm-MDP to develop a measure of overall skeletal activity for use in renal disease. The method utilizes the relative clearances of 99Tcm-MDP and 51Cr-EDTA from the blood after simultaneous injection. This is expressed as a ratio and the upper limit in normals is 1.4. This ratio has been evaluated in 42 patients with chronic renal failure and compared with appearances of left-hand radiographs. The ratio was elevated in these patients and the level corresponded to the degree of severity of the subperiosteal resorption. Similarly, there was a close correlation between the ratio values and the serum alkaline phosphatase measurements and parathyroid hormone values. Thirty-three patients had sequential studies performed at intervals of up to 2 years. Twenty-one patients showed no change on clinical, biochemical or bone scan evaluation. Of these, only one patient showed a change in ratio value of greater than 20%. Twelve patients showed evidence of change based either on clinical, biochemical or bone scan alteration and all 12 patients showed changes in ratio values greater than 20%. The 5lCr-EDTA/99Tcm-MDP ratio appears to offer not only a single plasma sample method for the detection and evaluation of renal bone disease, but our results also suggest that it may be valuable in the follow-up of these patients.
Endoscopic correction of vesico-ureteric reflux by subureteric Teflon injection: follow-up ultrasound and voiding cystography
Authors: Blake N. S. , O'Connell E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The technique of subureteric Teflon injection for the correction of vesico-ureteric reflux was first described by Puri and O'Donnell in 1984. The Teflon granuloma that occurs after the injection anchors the submucosal ureter, thereby preventing reflux. This paper reviews the ultrasound and cystographic findings in 88 patients with 115 refluxing ureters followed-up for periods ranging from 3 months to 3 years. Reflux disappeared in 91 ureters (79.1%) and the degree of reflux improved in 22 ureters (19.1%).In this follow-up study, the size of the granuloma on ultrasound was assessed in relation to the number of injections, the total volume of Polytef paste used and the outcome of the procedure. A well circumscribed granuloma was seen at the orifices of 92 ureters. There was no ureteric granuloma evident in 23 ureters and Teflon plaques were found at the trigone in six patients. Complications were rare. One large granuloma caused severe obstruction requiring re-implantation. The size of the granuloma appears to depend on individual tissue reaction rather than on the other factors. The presence or the size of the granuloma bears no direct relationship to the success of the procedure.
The diagnosis of tumours involving the parapharyngeal space by computed tomography
Authors: Whyte A. M. , Hourihan M. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTumours arising within or adjacent to the parapharyngeal space are usually large at presentation and present difficulties in the choice of surgical approach. The findings on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of 30 patients with mass lesions in this region are presented. Contrast-enhanced CT can provide reliable information regarding the size and extent of a mass, its site of origin and likely histological type, as well as its relationship to surrounding neurovascular structures.
X-ray protection considerations for mammography screening centres
Authors: Walker A. , Hounsell A. R. 
Published: July 2009

The inception of the National Breast Screening Programme, following publication of the report Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), 1986) of a working group under the Chairmanship of Sir Patrick Forrest, led to the construction of a significant number of new mammography rooms including mobile units, with many more being proposed for the next few years. As a result, Radiation Protection Advisers (RPAs) are now being required to give advice on room construction for these units.
The Guidance Notes For Health Authorities On Mammographic Equipment Requirements For Breast Cancer Screening published by the DHSS (1987), whilst giving clear guidelines to facilitate standardization on most technical aspects of mammography screening/ assessment centres, do not give any outline of the protection requirements, merely stating in paragraph 3.7.3. that “Radiation protection and operational features must meet the requirements of the local Radiation Protection Adviser.” Such Radiation Protection Advisers will need access to both attenuation data and scatter measurements on which to base their recommendations. This paper presents measurements at mammographic energies of both the attenuation properties of a range of materials that could be used in barrier construction, and phantom scatter measurements. In addition, the application of these results to the situation that will be found in the new screening centre and measurements performed to confirm the conclusions are presented.
The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy
Authors: Fowler John F. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical gains have been reported from the use of nonstandard fractionation schedules planned with a radiobiological basis. Hyperfractionation provides the leading example, as described below, with accelerated fractionation being developed more recently. Although examples of almost every kind of fractionated schedule can be found in the literature over the past 90 years, it is only within the last decade that the biological factors concerning overall time and delayed proliferation after irradiation, and the effect of dose per fraction, have been understood. Both these factors operate differently on late- and early-reacting tissues, because cell proliferation in late-reacting tissues is slow or absent, but early reacting tissues and tumours depend upon cells that proliferate rapidly. This basic knowledge is still diffusing through the radiotherapy community and I hope this review will help the diffusion process. The biological factors concerning fractionation seem to apply to the majority of tissues and tumours, so that new schedules can be planned that are effective in practice.
Attempts to deal with hypoxic cells in tumours or to use high-linear-energy-transfer (LET) radiation have been less generally successful, probably because in those strategies we need to identify subpopulations that are smaller. Tumours that are resistant to conventional radiotherapy because they contain hypoxic cells and do not reoxygenate cannot be identifed yet.