bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expeditious Route Towards (±)‐Desethyleburnamonine, a Precursor of (±)‐Vindeburnol
Authors: Jung‐Deyon Laurence , Giethlen Bruno , Mann André 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn expeditious route to (±)‐desethyleburnamonine (1), a direct precursor of vindeburnol, is reported. Microwave irradiation of an indolo‐tetrahydropyridine ethyl ester 2 in CH3CN in the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) gave the pentacyclic (±)‐desethyleburnamonine in a one‐pot process. Experimental evidence support an allylamine–enamine isomerization, followed by a rare Pictet–Spengler condensation in basic media. From commercially available 3‐(2‐bromo‐ethyl)indole and ethyl pyridin‐3‐yl acetate, (±)‐desethyleburnamonine was obtained in 52 % yield over three steps.
Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of Ketones to Nitroolefins with a Pyrrolidine‐Based Phthalimide as an Enamine‐Type Organocatalyst
Authors: Ban Shu‐rong , Xie Hong‐yu , Zhu Xi‐xia , Li Qing‐shan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new type of pyrrolidine‐based phthalimide and otheranalogous imide catalysts 5a–c were found to be efficient organocatalysts for the asymmetric Michael reaction of ketones to nitroalkenes. After fine optimization of solvents, temperature, and the additive, good to excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities (up to 99 % ee, up to >99:1 dr) can be achieved.
Stetter Reactions of Unsaturated 1‐Acyl‐1H‐pyrroles
Authors: Phippen Christopher B. W. , Goldys Anna M. , McErlean Christopher S. P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstractα,β‐Unsaturated 1‐acyl‐1H‐pyrroles are employed as enabling units for the construction of 1,4‐dicarbonyl systems using the organocatalytic Stetter reaction. The enhanced electrophilicity of the 1‐acyl‐1H‐pyrrole unit allows for the catalytic construction of fused and non‐fused pyranones from aliphatic aldehydes, is compatible with aromatic aldehydes, and also facilitates an intermolecular variant of the reaction involving both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes.
5,15‐A2B2‐ and 5,15‐A2BC‐Type Porphyrins with Donor and Acceptor Groups for Use in Nonlinear Optics and Photodynamic Therapy (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 29/2011)
Authors: Senge Mathias O. , Fazekas Marijana , Pintea Monica , Zawadzka Monika , Blau Werner J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe cover picture shows the meso functionalization of 5,10‐ and 5,15‐A2‐porphyrins by using a conveyor belt, whereby the porphyrin is functionalized with various substituents (different coloured boxes) and various linkers. When these functionalized porphyrins come together through palladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions they form porphyrin arrays of different shapes, depending on the substitution pattern of the monomeric porphyrin. These arrays are connected through conjugated linkers, and their formation is depicted by an arcade game, “porphyrin arrays”, in the background. These arrays exhibit interesting UV absorption and NLO properties, shown as the “score”. Details are discussed in the articles by M. O. Senge et al. on p. 5797 ff. and p. ????ff.
Evaluation of a methacrylate‐bonded cyclodextrins as a monolithic chiral stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography (CEC)‐UV and CEC coupled to mass spectrometry
Authors: Gu Congying , Shamsi Shahab A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGlycidyl methacrylate‐bonded β‐cyclodextrin (GMA‐β‐CD) is synthesized as a new chiral monomer by direct chemical bonding with GMA using a fast and simple alternative procedure. Next, rigid and homogenous monolithic columns were prepared by polymerization of GMA‐β‐CD monomer with ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA), in the presence of commonly used porogens and a charged achiral monomer to form a versatile chiral monolith. This is the first report in which a preparation procedure for a methacrylate‐bonded CD is introduced for chiral separations in CEC. The degree of substitution of GMA‐β‐CD monomer and mobile‐phase parameters were optimized to achieve the highest enantioselectivity and plate number. To evaluate the GMA‐β‐CD monolithic column, different classes of chiral compounds were screened. Under the optimized β‐CD monolith phase and the optimum mobile‐phase conditions, 30 neutral and basic chiral compounds and two acidic compounds could be separated. The high chemical and mechanical stability, homogenous microflow and no loss of material at the interface allows for the first time the feasibility of applying this polymer‐based monolithic column for CEC coupled to ESI‐MS. Compared with CEC‐UV, CEC‐ESI‐MS showed higher sensitivity and lower resolution. However, resolution greater than 1.0 can still be obtained for majority of the select tested compound in CEC‐ESI‐MS with at least three out of seven compound providing Rs≥1.5. The results reinforce the potential of GMA‐β‐CD monolithic columns for chiral separations with high sensitivity in CEC‐ESI‐MS. Finally, using hexobarbital as the model chiral analyte, the monolithic column demonstrated excellent stability and reproducibility of retention time and enantioselectivity.
Simulation of natural convection melting in a cavity with fin using lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Jourabian Mahmoud , Farhadi Mousa , Sedighi Kurosh , Darzi AhmadAli Rabienataj , Vazifeshenas Yousef 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYIn this study, a numerical investigation of melting phenomenon with natural convection in a cavity with fin has been performed using enthalpy‐based lattice Boltzmann method. The lattice D2Q9 model was applied to determine the density and velocity fields, and the D2Q5 model for the temperature field. The effect of vertical position and length of the fin on the melting rate was studied. The simulations were carried out for Stefan number of 10, Rayleigh number of 105and relative thermal conductivity (kfin∕kfluid) ranging from 5 to 30. The obtained results show that the rate of melting increases when the relative thermal conductivity and the length of the fin become greater. We also found that the variation of vertical position of the fin from bottom to middle has an insignificant effect on melting while it causes the increase of full melting time when the fin is mounted on the top of the cavity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalised Estimators for Seasonal Forecasting by Combining Grouping with Shrinkage Approaches
Authors: Zhang Kui , Chen Huijing , Boylan John , Scarf Philip 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, generalised estimators are proposed to estimate seasonal indices for certain forms of additive and mixed seasonality. The estimators combine one of two group seasonal indices methods—Dalhart's group method and Withycombe's group method—with a shrinkage method in different ways. Optimal shrinkage parameters are derived to maximise the performance of the estimators. Then, the generalised estimators, with the optimal shrinkage parameters, are evaluated based on forecasting accuracy. Moreover, the effects of three factors are examined, namely, the length of data history, variance of random components and the number of series. Finally, a simulation experiment is conducted to support the evaluation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining Economic Forecasts by Using a Maximum Entropy Econometric Approach
Authors: Moreno Blanca , López Ana Jesús 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the use of a maximum entropy econometric approach to combine forecasts when the small amount of information available does not allow the use of regression procedures since a dimensionality problem arises. This approach has its roots in information theory and builds on the entropy information measures and the classical maximum entropy principle, which was developed to recover information from underdetermined models. More specifically, we use the maximum entropy econometric approach for the measure of Shannon and we also propose its extension to the quadratic uncertainty measure. The experimental results over a pool of forecasts referring to Spanish inflation show some improvements when compared with equally weighted combined forecasting. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose increases intracellular free Ca2+ in tanycytes via ATP released through connexin 43 hemichannels
Authors: Orellana Juan A. , Sáez Pablo J. , Cortés‐campos Christian , Elizondo Roberto J. , Shoji Kenji F. , Contreras‐Duarte Susana , Figueroa Vania , Velarde Victoria , Jiang Jean X. , Nualart Francisco , Sáez Juan C. , García María A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe ventromedial hypothalamus is involved in regulating feeding and satiety behavior, and its neurons interact with specialized ependymal‐glial cells, termed tanycytes. The latter express glucose‐sensing proteins, including glucose transporter 2, glucokinase, and ATP‐sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, suggesting their involvement in hypothalamic glucosensing. Here, the transduction mechanism involved in the glucose‐induced rise of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured β‐tanycytes was examined. Fura‐2AM time‐lapse fluorescence images revealed that glucose increases the intracellular Ca2+ signal in a concentration‐dependent manner. Glucose transportation, primarily via glucose transporters, and metabolism via anaerobic glycolysis increased connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannel activity, evaluated by ethidium uptake and whole cell patch clamp recordings, through a KATP channel‐dependent pathway. Consequently, ATP export to the extracellular milieu was enhanced, resulting in activation of purinergic P2Y1 receptors followed by inositol trisphosphate receptor activation and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. The present study identifies the mechanism by which glucose increases [Ca2+]i in tanycytes. It also establishes that Cx43 hemichannels can be rapidly activated under physiological conditions by the sequential activation of glucosensing proteins in normal tanycytes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MULTIVARIATE METHODS FOR MONITORING STRUCTURAL CHANGE
Authors: Groen Jan J. J. , Kapetanios George , Price Simon 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYDetection of structural change is a critical empirical activity, but continuous ‘monitoring’ for changes in real time raises well‐known econometric issues that have been explored in a single series context. If multiple series co‐break then it is possible that simultaneous examination of a set of series helps identify changes with higher probability or more rapidly than when series are examined on a case‐by‐case basis. Some asymptotic theory is developed for maximum and average CUSUM detection tests. Monte Carlo experiments suggest that these both provide an improvement in detection relative to a univariate detector over a wide range of experimental parameters, given a sufficiently large number of co‐breaking series. This is robust to a cross‐sectional correlation in the errors (a factor structure) and heterogeneity in the break dates. We apply the test to a panel of UK price indices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of human osteoclast development by dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP)
Authors: Chiu Ya-Hui , Mensah Kofi A , Schwarz Edward M , Ju Yawen , Takahata Masahiko , Feng Changyong , McMahon Loralee A , Hicks David G , Panepento Ben , Keng Peter C , Ritchlin Christopher T 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Osteoclasts (OC) are bone-resorbing, multinucleated cells that are generated via fusion of OC precursors (OCP). The frequency of OCP is elevated in patients with erosive inflammatory arthritis and metabolic bone diseases. Although many cytokines and cell surface receptors are known to participate in osteoclastogenesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of this cellular transformation are poorly understood. Herein, we focused our studies on the text-decoration:underlineendritic text-decoration:underlineell-text-decoration:underlinepecific text-decoration:underlinertext-decoration:underlinenstext-decoration:underlineembrane text-decoration:underlinerotein (DC-STAMP), a seven-pass transmembrane receptor-like protein known to be essential for cell-to-cell fusion during osteoclastogenesis. We identified an text-decoration:underlinemmunoreceptor text-decoration:underlineyrosine-based text-decoration:underlinenhibitory text-decoration:underlineotif (ITIM) in the cytoplasmic tail of DC-STAMP, and developed an anti-DC-STAMP monoclonal antibody 1A2 that detected DC-STAMP expression on human tumor giant cells, blocked OC formation in vitro, and distinguished four patterns of human PBMC with a positive correlation to OC potential. In freshly isolated monocytes, DC-STAMPhigh cells produced a higher number of OC in culture than DC-STAMPlow cells and the surface expression of DC-STAMP gradually declined during osteoclastogenesis. Importantly, we showed that DC-STAMP is phosphorylated on its tyrosine residues and physically interacts with SHP-1 and CD16, an SH2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase and an ITAM-associated protein, respectively. Taken together, these data show that DC-STAMP is a potential OCP biomarker in inflammatory arthritis. Moreover, in addition to its effect on cell fusion, DC-STAMP dynamically regulates cell signaling during osteoclastogenesis. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
The dolphin cochlear nucleus: Topography, histology and functional implications
Authors: Malkemper E.P. , Oelschläger, H.H.A. , Huggenberger S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDespite the outstanding auditory capabilities of dolphins, there is only limited information available on the cytology of the auditory brain stem nuclei in these animals. Here, we investigated the cochlear nuclei (CN) of five brains of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and La Plata dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei) using cell and fiber stain microslide series representing the three main anatomical planes. In general, the CN in dolphins comprise the same set of subnuclei as in other mammals. However, the volume ratio of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) in relation to the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of dolphins represents a minimum among the mammals examined so far. Because, for example, in cats the DCN is necessary for reflexive orientation of the head and pinnae towards a sound source, the massive restrictions in head movability in dolphins and the absence of outer ears may be correlated with the reduction of the DCN. Moreover, the same set of main neuron types were found in the dolphin CN as in other mammals, including octopus and multipolar cells. Because the latter two types of neurons are thought to be involved in the recognition of complex sounds, including speech, we suggest that, in dolphins, they may be involved in the processing of their communication signals. Comparison of the toothed whale species studied here revealed that large spherical cells were present in the La Plata dolphin but absent in the common dolphin. These neurons are known to be engaged in the processing of low‐frequency sounds in terrestrial mammals. Accordingly, in the common dolphin, the absence of large spherical cells seems to be correlated with a shift of its auditory spectrum into the high‐frequency range above 20 kHz. The existence of large spherical cells in the VCN of the La Plata dolphin, however, is enigmatic asthis species uses frequencies around 130 kHz. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of avian eggshell structure
Authors: Österström Ola , Lilja Clas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractData are presented suggesting that birds have evolved eggs with shells containing different structures (numbers of mammillae per unit of inner eggshell surface area, i.e., mammillary densities) to cope up with different calcium requirements imposed by different growth rates and modes of development. Precocial bird species grow slowly, but have high mammillary density, while altricial bird species grow rapidly, but have low mammillary density. These results suggest an adaptation associated with growth rate and mode of development and show, moreover, that the mammillary layer is indicative of the breeding biology of the bird. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High resolution magnetic susceptibility mapping of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lotfipour Ashley K. , Wharton Samuel , Schwarz Stefan T. , Gontu V. , Schäfer Andreas , Peters Andrew M. , Bowtell Richard W. , Auer Dorothee P. , Gowland Penny A. , Bajaj Nin P.S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurpose:To determine if tissue magnetic susceptibility is a more direct marker of tissue iron content than other MR markers of iron. This study presents the first quantitative, in vivo measurements of the susceptibility of the substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson's disease.Materials and Methods:Nine patients and 11 controls were studied at 7 Tesla. Susceptibility maps were created by inverting the filtered phase maps associated with T2* weighted images.Results:On average, patients showed an increase in susceptibility of the pars compacta compared with controls, which correlates with the predicted increase in brain iron in Parkinson's disease. A rostral–caudal gradient in susceptibility was also observed in controls and patients.Conclusion:Susceptibility mapping may provide a new tool for studying the development of Parkinson's disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:48‐55. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative characterization of bone marrow edema pattern in rheumatoid arthritis using 3 tesla MRI
Authors: Li Xiaojuan , Yu Andrew , Virayavanich Warapat , Noworolski Susan M. , Link Thomas M. , Imboden John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurpose:To develop imaging techniques that provide quantitative characterization of bone marrow edema pattern (BME) in wrist joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including volume, signal intensity changes, and perfusion properties.Materials and Methods:Fourteen RA patients and three controls were scanned using 3 Tesla MR. BME was semi‐automatically segmented in water images obtained from iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation (IDEAL) sequences. BME perfusion parameters (enhancement and slope) were evaluated using three‐dimensional (3D) dynamic enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI). Experimental reproducibility, inter‐ and intra‐observer reproducibility of BME quantification were evaluated using root mean square coefficients of variation (RMS‐CV) and intraclass correlation (ICC).Results:The RMS‐CV for BME volume quantification with repeated scans were 6.9%. The inter‐observer ICC was 0.993 and RMS CV was 5.2%. The intra‐observer ICC was 0.998 and RMS CV was 2.3%. Both maximum enhancement and slope during DCE‐MRI were significantly higher in BME than in normal bone marrow (P < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between BME quantification and clinical evaluations.Conclusion:A highly reproducible semi‐automatic method for quantifying BME lesion burden in RA was developed, which may enhance our capability of predicting disease progression and monitoring treatment response. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:211‐217. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age‐related regional brain T2‐relaxation changes in healthy adults
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Delshad Sean , Woo Mary A. , Macey Paul M. , Harper Ronald M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurpose:To determine normal T2‐relaxation values from different brain areas in healthy adults, assess age‐related T2‐relaxation changes in those sites, and evaluate potential gender‐related T2‐relaxation value differences.Materials and Methods:We performed proton‐density and T2‐weighted imaging in 60 healthy adults (male: 38, age range = 31–64 years, mean age ± SD = 46.1 ± 9.3 years; female: 22, age range = 37–66 years, mean age ± SD = 49.5 ± 8.3 years), using a 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner. T2‐relaxation values were calculated voxel‐by‐voxel from proton‐density and T2‐weighted images, and whole‐brain T2‐relaxation maps were constructed and normalized to a common space. A set of regions‐of‐interest were outlined within the basal ganglia, limbic, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, thalamic, hypothalamic, cerebellar, and pontine regions using mean background images derived from normalized and averaged T2‐weighted images of all individuals, and regional T2‐relaxation values were determined from these regions‐of‐interest and normalized T2‐relaxation maps. Pearson's correlations were calculated between T2‐relaxation values and age, and male–female differences evaluated with independent‐samples t‐tests.Results:T2‐relaxation values typically increased with age in multiple brain sites; only a few regions showed declines, including the putamen and ventral pons. Sex‐related differences in T2‐relaxation values appeared in basal ganglia, frontal, temporal, occipital, and cerebellar regions; males showed higher values over females in these sites.Conclusion:Establishment of normative adult T2‐relaxation values over different brain areas, with age and sex as co‐factors, offers baseline values against which disease‐related tissue changes can be assessed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;300‐308. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the extent and genera of cloud cover on solar radiation intensity
Authors: Matuszko Dorota 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper aims to describe the influence of cloud cover, its extent and cloud genus, on solar radiation intensity measured at the Earth's surface. Solar radiation intensity values at varying degrees of cloudiness, based on observations and measurements performed between 2003 and 2007 in Krakow (Poland), are analysed in this paper. Analyses show that cloud cover impacts solar radiation intensity in two ways: usually weakening it, but intensifying in certain weather conditions. The greatest solar radiation intensity can be detected not when the sky is cloudless, but when it is partly cloudy (3/8‐6/8), with convective clouds present. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Stochastic state‐space temperature regulation of biochar production. Part II: Application to manure processing via pyrolysis
Authors: Cantrell Keri B , Martin Jerry H 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:State‐of‐the‐art control systems that can guarantee the pyrolytic exposure temperature are needed in the production of designer biochars. These designer biochars will have tailored characteristics that can offer improvement of specific soil properties such as water‐holding capacity and cation exchange capacity.RESULTS:A novel stochastic state‐space temperature regulator was developed for the batch production of biochar that accurately matched the pyrolytic exposure temperature to a defined temperature input schedule. This system was evaluated by processing triplicate swine manure biochars at two temperatures, 350 and 700 °C. The results revealed a low coefficient of variation (CV) in their composition and near‐similar13C nuclear magnetic resonance structure as well as thermal degradation patterns. When pyrolysing at 350 °C, the stochastic state‐space regulator generated a biochar with lower CV in ultimate (i.e. CHNS) compositional analysis than the original feedstock.CONCLUSION:This state‐space controller had the ability to pyrolyse a feedstock and generate a consistent biochar with similar structural properties and consistent compositional characteristics. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.