bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the use of contour maps in the analysis of spread of communicable disease
Authors: Splaine Michael , Lintott Alan P. , Angulo Juan J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe co-ordinates of the dwellings where cases of variola minor (alastrim) occurred during a small epidemic were used in a worked example of contour mapping of disease spread. The contoured variable was the date of onset, relative to an arbitrary base date, of the case introducing the disease into each of twenty-two households. Three contour maps prepared with slightly different computer programmes or dates exhibited similar concentric loops whose centres were close to the first infected household. The average rate of spread of the disease was estimated by regression of the number of days to onset of the first case in the household on the average distance from an arbitrary origin to the relevant contour line. The calculated average rate of spread was 1.22 metres per day. An additional map was contoured using the cumulative number of cases as the contoured variable, relative to the onset of the example epidemic.
Introduction of a cross-infection rate in children's wards and its application to respiratory virus infections
Authors: Weightman Doris , Downham M. A. P. S. , Gardner P. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStatistical methods are described in detail for the calculating and comparing of cross-infection rates. In addition the use of these rates has been extended to study the influence of age and of different virus types on susceptibility to cross-infection in children's wards.
Epidemiology of human brucellosis in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Sabbaghian H. , Nadim A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStudies on brucellosis were carried out to elucidate the epidemiology of the disease in Isfahan province, where Brucella melitensis is highly prevalent in animals and man. A positive milk ring test of 32% and 23% was found in unvaccinated goats and sheep respectively. Card and tube agglutination tests showed an infection rate of about 12% in sheep and goats and 42% in cattle. B. melitensis was isolated from 8% of 677 samples of fresh cheese examined.Of 1526 clinically suspected human cases, 476 showed laboratory evidence of brucellosis. Of these patients, 291 cases were from urban and 185 cases from rural areas. Cases from urban and rural areas were seen principally in the younger age groups. The median age of infection was 19·7 in urban and 15·7 in rural patients respectively. The infection was encountered mainly from April to August. This correlates with animal parturition and the greatest amount of sheep and goat milk production, which is introduced to the local market as fresh cheese. Raw dairy product consumption is the most probable way of Brucella transmission in urban patients. In rural areas, both dairy product consumption and contact with animals are sources of infection.
Enterotoxin production by strains ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from foods and human beings
Authors: Wieneke Antonnette A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEnterotoxin production by strains ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from routine samples of foods and from human beings was investigated. Twenty-one to 26% of 112 strains isolated from raw meat, sausages and poultry and 32–36% of 183 strains isolated from cooked foods, e.g. meat, chicken and frozen seafoods, produced enterotoxins A, B, C, D or E.Staph. aureusisolated from raw meat and chicken less frequently produced enterotoxins A, B, C or E and more frequently enterotoxin D, than those from cooked meat and seafoods. Of the 113 strains isolated from cheese and raw milk 6–11% produced enterotoxin and most of these produced enterotoxin D. Only a few strains isolated from foods produced enterotoxin E. Results of enterotoxin tests onStaph. aureusfrom human beings resembled those on strains from cooked foods.
Respiratory and humoral immune response to aerosol and intramuscular pertussis vaccine
Authors: Thomas Gerald 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAnimal experiments have shown that respiratory administration of pertussis antigen induces a protective immune response. In this study pertussis antibody in human respiratory secretions was measured and the response to aerosol and intramuscular pertussis immunization investigated. Substantial increases in this antibody occurred after aerosol immunization but no changes were found in serum antibody. The reverse was observed after intramuscular immunization. Severe side effects are frequently seen after intramuscular pertussis vaccine in adults but not with aerosol immunization. The latter method may be of value for paediatric medical and nursing personnel exposed to the risk of pertussis infection.
In vivotransfer of R factors betweenEscherichia colistrains inoculated into the rumen of sheep
Authors: Smith M. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSubstantial transfer of R factors occurredin vivo, under certain conditions, in the rumen of adult sheep in the absence of any antibiotic treatment. A starvation period of 24–48 hr. was required to produce the conditions necessary, when even quite low inocula (ca. 103cells) of donor and recipientE. colicould grow within the rumen and reach a population density sufficient for transfer to take place. The results indicate that under the same conditions R factors may be transferred between organisms in the lower intestinal tract also. Without the starvation period, the inoculation of even massive numbers (1010cells) of the same organisms resulted in almost no detectable transfer.Some of the experimental animals on which a starvation period was imposed became carriers of either the inoculated recipientE. coli, or of R factor bearing coliforms, and these formed 1–10% of the total coliform population of the faeces for at least 6 weeks.
Numerical analysis of the characteristics ofCorynebacterium diphtheriaestrains isolated in Victoria from 1962 to 1971
Authors: Gibson L. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA study of the incidence of diphtheria in the State of Victoria, Australia, was carried out. Numerical analysis of the characteristics of 264 strains ofCorynebacterium diphtheriaeisolated between 1962 and 1971 placed them into 18 varieties plus six strains which were unique in their combination of reactions to the characteristics examined. During the 10-year period, some varieties appeared inter mittently and were recognized by certain defining characteristics but exhibited a gradual change in their antigenic structure. In contrast, when the outbreaks were examined over shorter periods of time, a number of varieties and single strains were found which differed greatly from each other yet possessed the same major serotype antigen. These findings are discussed in terms of a 'one-parent' concept in which the varieties and single strains represent phases of a common ancestor.By inspection and analysis of the characteristics of the strains, certain associations were apparent. For instance, a correlation was found between the antigenic structure of the organism and the colonial appearance on tellurite blood agar. Similarly, correlation was observed between bacteriophage type, diphthericin type and biochemical activity in that a strain which was highly active in one of the properties was also very active in the other two.
Studies on the 1967–68 foot and mouth disease epidemic: incubation period and herd serial interval
Authors: Hugh-Jones M. E. , Tinline R. R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe incubation period during this epidemic was studied using both a spectral analysis-cum-filtering method and analysis of case histories. Using spectral analysis, the modal herd serial interval was estimated to be 8–10 days based on the record of the daily number of outbreaks and an adjusted cattle series. The case histories tended to confirm these estimates but indicated that the serial interval varied considerably between species. The filtering method revealed that the herd serial interval apparently changed during the epidemic. For the first 4 weeks the interval was 8 days, while in the latter stages it was about 2 weeks.
Age-specific incidence of neutralization antibodies of Herpes simplex virus
Authors: Terzin Alexander L. , Mašic` Milan G. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySera of 1255 individuals from Novi Sad, varying in age from <1 month to 69 years, have been tested for neutralization antibodies to Herpes simplex virus type 1.The eight newborns tested and 97% of the 507 adults were positive, with titres ranging from 1/4 to 1/256. The titres in newborns were significantly lower than the titres in adults.After birth the maternal antibodies declined rapidly and 94% of infants at the age of >6 months and <2 years were negative.After the first year infants in Novi Sad start to acquire herpes-neutralizing antibodies actively, reaching a 50% incidence of positives between the 2nd and 3rd year of age.Age-specific incidence rates of herpes positives found in Novi Sad have been compared with those reported from Edinburgh, Freiburg i. Br. and Louisiana. Possible influences of several circumstances upon the incidence rate of positives detected by the neutralization test are discussed.
Pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease: clearance of the virus from the circulation of cattle and goats during experimental viraemia
Authors: Sutmoller P. , McVicar J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryViraemia is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, but the mechanisms of entry and removal of virus from the vascular system particularly in natural hosts are poorly understood. The results of this study showed that the clearance of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) from the circulation of cattle and goats followed the general rules for the clearance of inert particulate materials and other viruses from the circulation. High doses of infused FMDV were cleared less efficiently than low doses, probably as a result of a depletion of the reticulo-endothelial system by the higher doses. FMDV was cleared from the circulation of cattle at a considerably slower rate than from the circulation of goats, but in both species significant individual variation in clearance was observed. These results could explain individual as well as species variations relative to the onset and duration of viraemia.
Counts on viableBacteroides fragilis:a modification of the microdroplet technique
Authors: Kelly M. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA modification of Sharpe's microdroplet counting technique is presented which permits viable counting ofBacteroides fragilis. Lysed horse blood was added to 0·1 ml soy digest agar droplets and 2% was found to be the optimal concentration which combined adequate intradroplet colony size with acceptable visibility on the counting screen of the Colworth Droplette machine.
A study of the surface and somatic antigens ofBacteroides fragilis
Authors: Elhag K. M. , Tabaqchali Soad 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAntisera against live cultures of 20 strains ofBacteroides fragilisproduced in rabbits agglutinated homologous whole-cell as well as O-antigen suspensions with several cross-reactions. Pure specific antisera were produced by absorbing cross-reacting antigens. O-antisera reacted against O-antigens but failed to do so against most whole-cell suspensions, suggesting the presence of surface structures which might have blocked the reactions. The titres of the whole-cell antisera were not significantly higher than those of O-antisera, but the reactions were more definite and easier to read.This system may prove useful in serological studies ofB. fragilis.
Differential inhibitory effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on vaccinia and monkeypox viruses
Authors: Yoshii T. , Kono R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryReplication of vaccinia and monkeypox viruses was impeded in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) in RL-33 cells derived from rabbit lung tissue. The different degree of inhibition was found among strains of those viruses, in which it was evident that five strains (CV-1, Lister, IHD, Dairen-I and Ikeda) of vaccinia viruses resulted in more reduced yields of infectious virus than four strains (Sen-19, Orang Utan, Copenhagen and Sierra Leone) of monkeypox viruses. There was also strain variation in BUdR sensitivity within vaccinia viruses but not in the case of monkeypox viruses.
Myxomatosis in the Mallee region of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Shepherd Rosamond C. H. , Edmonds J. W. , Nolan I. F. , Gocs A. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySharp reductions in the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)) population in the Mallee are associated with annual myxomatosis epizootics. The extent to which the population reductionsare the direct result of the epizootics varies with time of epizootic occurrence. All grazing animals in the Mallee are under nutritional stress each summer and autumn. When the epizootic occurs during the early summer heavy losses occur in a previously healthy population. Similar losses which occur in the late summer and autumn are the result of a nutritional stress – epizootic complex. The end result in each case is a population reduction of about 80%.This reduction occurs in a population which is the most resistant to myxomatosis known in Victoria and in association with epizooties caused by field strains of myxoma virus of moderate virulence only.The earlier summer epizootics are of considerable economic importance because they sharply reduce the pressure on the limited food available for other grazing animals.
Stool viruses in babies in Glasgow: 2. Investigation of normal newborns in hospital
Authors: Madeley C. R. , Cosgrove B. P. , Bell E. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe stools of 37 newborn babies born in hospital were examined for the presence of virus. An extract of every stool passed by each baby was examined in the electron microscope and inoculated into cell cultures. The babies were delivered in four separate maternity units (A–D). All the babies from units A and C (9 babies) were found to be excreting rotavirus though none showed any evidence of diarrhoea. Two of the babies also excreted astrovirus. Subsequently unit A was closed for cleaning and, on reopening with more restrictions on visitors, a further 19 babies were examined. No virus was found in any of their stools, nor was virus observed in the stools of babies from units B and D, where visiting was also more restricted. Visiting restrictions in these units excluded older siblings of the babies. No virus was cultured from any stools in this study.
Contaminated roof-collected rainwater as a possible cause of an outbreak of salmonellosis
Authors: Koplan J. P. , Deen R. Doug , Swanston W. H. , Tota B. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryRoof-collected rainwater is a common water source in subtropical regions and has not been associated with human illness. In Trinidad, the West Indies, a church group, attending a rural camp, developed gastrointestinal illness, caused by Salmonella arechevalata. This rare serotype was isolated from stool specimens of campers, foods eaten at the camp, and a water tap, which was supplied by a storage tank of roof-collected rainwater. The surface of the roof, used as water catchment, was covered with bird faeces. It is postulated that rainwater, falling on the roof, washed off animal excrement which contained S. arechevalata and led to the outbreak of salmonellosis through camper ingestion of contaminated food and water.
The safety of the Trexler isolator as judged by some physical and biological criteria: a report of experimental work at two centres
Authors: Hutchinson J. G. P. , Gray J. , Flewett T. H. , Emond R. T. D. , Evans Brandon , Trexler P. C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryWe have assessed the effectiveness of flexible-film negative-pressure isolators by physical and biological means. We have found that they afford a high degree of containment and therefore also of safety to hospital staff. We offer some recommendations on the operation of these isolators to ensure the optimum degree of protection.
The derivation of a minimum immune titre of rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody. A Public Health Laboratory Service collaborative survey
Authors: Patricia Bradstreet C. M. , Kirkwood B. , Pattison J. R. , Tobin J. O'H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryTen laboratories collaborated in a study of minimum immune titre (MIT) of rubella haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody with one laboratory acting as a reference laboratory to provide a uniform basis for comparison of the HI results. The international unitage equivalent to the MIT used by the ten laboratories was found to vary from 24 to 98 units. Testing of the sera by immunofluorescence and by HI after flotation centrifugation indicated that residual non-specific inhibitors may interfere with HI antibody testing to an extent equivalent to 12–15 units. An acceptable MIT would therefore be equivalent to 24–48 units of rubella HI antibody. The single radial haemolysis (SRH) results on the sera indicate that this is a sensitive and specific test for rubella antibody.
Myxomatosis: changes in the epidemiology of myxomatosis coincident with the establishment of the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Mallee Region of Victoria
Authors: Shepherd Rosamond C. H. , Edmonds J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryOutbreaks of myxomatosis during the winter or spring have coincided with the establishment of the European rabbit flea in the Mallee region. The severity of these outbreaks has varied from causing complete suppression of the normal spring increase in rabbit numbers to being completely ineffective in a year in which late spring rains allowed rabbit breeding to extend into the early summer.In 1973 and 1974 effective spring myxomatosis caused heavy mortality in kittens before they emerged from the warrens. The age of the population increased as the result of few young rabbits coming into the population and of the lessened stress on old rabbits in a low summer-autumn population. This effect was reversed in the late-breeding year, 1976, when flea numbers were apparently too low to maintain a spring outbreak and rabbit numbers increased rapidly.
e-Antigen: a link between immune response and infectivity in hepatitis B?
Authors: Turner G. C. , Green Helen T. , Blundell Vivian D. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryIn a study of the distribution of e-antigen and anti-e in subjects whose blood was positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), patients with acute hepatitis B who were tested during the incubation period were all e-antigen-positive but after the onset of illness e-antigen was detected in only 11%. Persistence, and in some instances reappearance of e-antigen in those who became long-term carriers of HBsAg was associated with high titres of HBsAg. There was a high incidence of e-antigen in those conditions in which cell-mediated immunity may be depressed, including Down's syndrome and chronic renal failure.The majority of HBsAg carriers identified as sources of infection were e-antigen-positive. A positive reaction for e-antigen is evidently associated with a defective immune response to hepatitis B virus infection which permits continued replication of virus in liver cells accompanied by high titres of HBsAg, numerous Dane particles and detectable DNA polymerase in the blood with consequently a greater likelihood of transmitting infection.Although it cannot be assumed that anti-e positive carriers of HBsAg are not infective, it may be necessary, in the assessment of passive or active immunization for the control of hepatitis B, to take into account the e-antigen/antibody status of possible sources of infection.
Excretion of foot-and-mouth disease virus in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid and milk of cattle after intranasal infection
Authors: de Leeuw P. W. , van Bekkum J. G. , Tiessink J. W. A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe virus growth in the pharyngeal area and the virus excretion in milk of susceptible and vaccinated dairy cows after intranasal instillation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus type O1 were examined. Ten vaccinated cows were purchased through a market. Of these, nine had delivered their first calf. The cows were inoculated 2–9 months after having received the last dose of vaccine. All vaccinated cows resisted the intranasal challenge. The virus multiplied in the pharyngeal area but, compared with two susceptible controls, to a limited extent. No clear relation was found between virus growth and the titre of circulating neutralizing antibody at the time of challenge.Virus was first detected in milk samples of the susceptible cows when generalized FMD lesions had developed on day four; the excretion lasted for 3–4 days.Up to 19 days after inoculation untreated milk of the vaccinated cows was examined for the presence of infectious FMD virus. Samples were inoculated onto cell cultures, fed to susceptible pigs and calves and injected intramuscularly and/or intradermolingually into susceptible steers. No infectious FMD virus could be detected, either in cell cultures or in susceptible animals. The animals did not develop neutralizing antibody against FMD virus and were subsequently shown to be fully susceptible to challenge. The results are discussed with particular reference to current problems regarding the export of milk products from countries where vaccination against FMD is practised to countries free of the disease.
Epidermal tissue as a primary site of replication of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in small experimental hosts
Authors: Skinner H. H. , Knight E. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWhen fresh urine from LCM tolerantly infected mice was applied to small areas of excoriated skin of guinea-pigs undiluted or diluted 10−1, a high LCM infectivity developed in the local dermal tissue within 3 days and quickly spread to the lymphatic system. The skin at this site of infection became erythematous 10–12 days after infection and a few days later a rash was often seen in the hairless skin around the mammary teats. A viraemia was first detected at about 8 days after infection and persisted for at least 8 days, during which time a high infectivity titre in skin not only at the infection site but also distal to it suggested that there was a generalized active infection of the dermis. Infectivity in the tongue was simultaneously high and probably associated with erosions of the tongue tip seen a day or two later than the teat rash.In similar experiments in hamsters and rabbits, indications were again that lightly injured dermis was a primary site of virus replication. These observations should lead to the dermal route receiving greater attention as a potential route of infection of man when exposed to infectious excretions of reservoir hosts of arena-viruses.
Nosocomial klebsiellas: I. Colonization of hospitalized patients
Authors: Haverkorn Michael L. , Michel M. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe colonization of patients byKlebsiellaand several other gram-negative bacteria was studied in a hospital urological ward over a period of six months. Before and during the survey there was no evidence of an outbreak of nosocomial infection and multi-drug resistant strains ofKlebsiellawere not isolated.Klebsiellawere biotyped by nine biochemical tests, which led to the detection of 66 biotypes spread uniformly throughout the survey period. This method of biotyping proved a useful epidemiological tool. The colonization rate of throats, hands, and faeces of patients increased after admission to the ward, especially when antibiotics were used. The effect of systemic antibiotics was greater than that of urinary antibiotics especially on throat and faeces carrier rates. Carrier rates forKlebsiellaincreased also after catheterization and operation – relationships which could well be multifactorial.During the first two weeks after admission the proportion of antibiotic resistant strains ofKlebsiellain carriers increased. The proportion of resistant strains amongst isolations from clinical infections was always greater than among strains isolated routinely from sites of carriage.