bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Virion-Associated Open Reading Frame 49 of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Promotes Viral Replication both
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
as a Derepressor of RTA
Authors: Noh Cheol-Woo , Cho Hye-Jeong , Kang Hye-Ri , Jin Hyun Yong , Lee Shaoying , Deng Hongyu , Wu Ting-Ting , Arumugaswami Vaithilingaraja , Sun Ren , Song Moon Jung 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Replication and transcription activator (RTA), an immediate-early gene, is a key molecular switch to evoke lytic replication of gammaherpesviruses. Open reading frame 49 (ORF49) is conserved among gammaherpesviruses and shown to cooperate with RTA in regulating virus lytic replication. Here we show a molecular mechanism and
in vivo
functions of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68 or γHV-68) ORF49. MHV-68 ORF49 was transcribed and translated as a late gene. The ORF49 protein was associated with a virion, interacting with the ORF64 large tegument protein and the ORF25 capsid protein. Moreover, ORF49 directly bound to RTA and its negative cellular regulator, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and disrupted the interactions of RTA and PARP-1. Productive replication of an ORF49-deficient mutant virus (49S) was attenuated
in vivo
as well as
in vitro
. Likewise, latent infection was also impaired in the spleen of 49S-infected mice. Taken together, our results suggest that the virion-associated ORF49 protein may promote virus replication both
in vitro
and
in vivo
by providing an optimal environment in the early phase of virus infection as a derepressor of RTA.
Apoptosis Induced by Mammalian Reovirus Is Beta Interferon (IFN) Independent and Enhanced by IFN Regulatory Factor 3- and NF-κB-Dependent Expression of Noxa
Authors: Knowlton Jonathan J. , Dermody Terence S. , Holm Geoffrey H. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

A variety of signal transduction pathways are activated in response to viral infection, which dampen viral replication and transmission. These mechanisms involve both the induction of type I interferons (IFNs), which evoke an antiviral state, and the triggering of apoptosis. Mammalian orthoreoviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses that elicit apoptosis
in vitro
and
in vivo
. The transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) are required for the expression of IFN-β and the efficient induction of apoptosis in reovirus-infected cells. However, it is not known whether IFN-β induction is required for apoptosis, nor have the genes induced by IRF-3 and NF-κB that are responsible for apoptosis been identified. To determine whether IFN-β is required for reovirus-induced apoptosis, we used type I IFN receptor-deficient cells, IFN-specific antibodies, and recombinant IFN-β. We found that IFN synthesis and signaling are dispensable for the apoptosis of reovirus-infected cells. These results indicate that the apoptotic response following reovirus infection is mediated directly by genes responsive to IRF-3 and NF-κB. Noxa is a proapoptotic BH3-domain-only protein of the Bcl-2 family that requires IRF-3 and NF-κB for efficient expression. We found that Noxa is strongly induced at late times (36 to 48 h) following reovirus infection in a manner dependent on IRF-3 and NF-κB. The level of apoptosis induced by reovirus is significantly diminished in cells lacking Noxa, indicating a key prodeath function for this molecule during reovirus infection. These results suggest that prolonged innate immune response signaling induces apoptosis by eliciting Noxa expression in reovirus-infected cells.
Dynamics of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Infection in Pigtail Macaques
Authors: Klatt Nichole R. , Canary Lauren A. , Vanderford Thomas H. , Vinton Carol L. , Engram Jessica C. , Dunham Richard M. , Cronise Heather E. , Swerczek Joanna M. , Lafont Bernard A. P. , Picker Louis J. , Silvestri Guido , Brenchley Jason M. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Pigtail macaques (PTM) are an excellent model for HIV research; however, the dynamics of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVmac239 infection in PTM have not been fully evaluated. We studied nine PTM prior to infection, during acute and chronic SIVmac239 infections, until progression to AIDS. We found PTM manifest clinical AIDS more rapidly than rhesus macaques (RM), as AIDS-defining events occurred at an average of 42.17 weeks after infection in PTM compared to 69.56 weeks in RM (
P
= 0.0018). However, increased SIV progression was not associated with increased viremia, as both peak and set-point plasma viremias were similar between PTM and RM (
P
= 0.7953 and
P
= 0.1006, respectively). Moreover, this increased disease progression was not associated with rapid CD4
+
T cell depletion, as CD4
+
T cell decline resembled other SIV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) models. Since immune activation is the best predictor of disease progression during HIV infection, we analyzed immune activation by turnover of T cells by BrdU decay and Ki67 expression. We found increased levels of turnover prior to SIV infection of PTM compared to that observed with RM, which may contribute to their increased disease progression rate. These data evaluate the kinetics of SIVmac239-induced disease progression and highlight PTM as a model for HIV infection and the importance of immune activation in SIV disease progression.
An Overview of the Vaccinia Virus Infectome: a Survey of the Proteins of the Poxvirus-Infected Cell
Authors: Chou Wayne , Ngo Tuan , Gershon Paul D. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
We have quantitatively profiled the proteins of vaccinia virus-infected HEK293T cells early and late during vaccinia virus infection. Proteins corresponding to 4,326 accessions were identified, the products of 3,798 genes. One hundred thirty-six of the proteins were vaccinia virus-encoded (∼64% of the known vaccinia virus proteome). The remaining accessions were from the host cell. A total of 3,403 of the 4,326 accessions could be confidently quantitated at the precursor peptide level. Although vaccinia virus gene products spanned the entire abundance dynamic range of the cellular proteome, nearly all of the proteome dynamics observed as a result of infection were manifest in the virus gene products with very little plasticity in the host cell proteome. The vaccinia virus gene products could be grouped into four kinetic classes (i.e., four combinations of pre- and postreplicative expression). These protein kinetic classes reflected, almost entirely, the corresponding gene classes within the recently characterized vaccinia virus transcriptome map. The few cellular gene products that showed notable changes in abundance upon vaccinia virus infection were concentrated largely in just a few functional groups. After all of the quantitated cellular gene products were assigned to Gene Ontology (GO)-specific groups, quantitation values for a number of these GO-specific groups were significantly skewed toward over- or underabundance with respect to the global distribution of quantitation values. Quantitative analysis of host cell functions reflected several known facets of virus infection, along with some novel observations.
Daily consultant gastroenterologist ward rounds: reduced length of stay and improved inpatient mortality
Authors: Singh Salil , Lipscomb George , Padmakumar Kadukkavil , Ramamoorthy Radha , Ryan Shirley , Bates Vivien , Crompton Sandra , Dermody Emma , Moriarty Kieran 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundFor gastroenterology, The Royal College of Physicians reiterates the common practice of two to three consultant ward rounds per week. The Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust operated a 26-bed gastroenterology ward, covered by two consultants at any one time. A traditional system of two ward rounds per consultant per week operated, but as is commonplace, discharges peaked on ward round days.ObjectiveTo determine whether daily consultant ward rounds would improve patient care, shorten length of stay and reduce inpatient mortality.MethodsA new way of working was implemented in December 2009 with a single consultant taking responsibility for all ward inpatients. Freed from all other direct clinical care commitments for their 2 weeks of ward cover, they conducted ward rounds each morning. A multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting followed immediately. The afternoon was allocated to gastroenterology referrals and reviewing patients on the medical admissions unit.ResultsThe changes had an immediate and dramatic effect on average length of stay, which was reduced from 11.5 to 8.9 days. The number of patients treated over 12 months increased by 37% from 739 to 1010. Moreover, the number of deaths decreased from 88 to 62, a reduction in percentage mortality from 11.2% to 6%. However, these major quality outcomes involved a reduction in consultant-delivered outpatient and endoscopy activity.ConclusionThis new method of working has both advantages and disadvantages. However, it has had a major impact on inpatient care and provides a compelling case for consultant gastroenterology expansion in the UK.
Biases in three-dimensional vorticity analysis using porphyroclast system: limits and application to natural examples
Authors: Iacopini D. , Frassi C. , Carosi R. , Montomoli C. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

A description of the systematic errors associated with the measurement of the vorticity number from poryhroclasts in natural systems is presented and discussed. We show that strong biases and systematic errors could derive both from some erroneous physical (i.e. no slip across clast/matrix boundary, homogeneity within the matrix) as well as geometrical assumptions (i.e. the radius ratio and angular measurements carried out in two dimensions on outcrop surfaces and thin section). By comparing natural datasets of porphyroclast shape preferred orientation (SPO) with different theoretical curves plots, we suggest that at least one of the Jeffery physical assumptions can be tested when applying vorticity techniques. The comparison of different possible sources of systematic errors indicates that, for medium-to-low vorticity numbers (
W
m
<0.8), vorticity data are strongly biased and that a minimum systematic error of 0.2 should be taken into account. Finally, we use data from natural shear zones from the Southern Variscan Belt in Sardinia to test and discuss the starting assumptions of the Jeffery model.
Dissolution precipitation creep versus crystalline plasticity in high-pressure metamorphic serpentinites
Authors: Wassmann Sara , Stöckhert Bernhard , Trepmann Claudia A. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Serpentinite is widely assumed to constitute weak material in subduction zones and to play an essential role for the development of a subduction channel. Information on deformation mechanisms and appropriate rheological models to describe these large-scale flow processes can only be obtained from natural serpentinites exhumed from ancient subduction zones. We examine the microstructural record of HP-metamorphic (
P c.
2±0.5 GPa,
T c.
550±50 °C) serpentinites exposed in the Zermatt–Saas zone, Western Alps, using optical and scanning electron microscopy with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The schistose and compositionally layered rocks show pervasive small-scale folding. There is no evidence for any significant deformation by dislocation creep. Instead, the microfabrics including strain shadows and crenulation cleavage indicate that high strain is accumulated by dissolution precipitation creep. In terms of rheology, this suggests Newtonian behaviour and a low viscosity for the long-term flow of serpentinites in deeper levels of subduction zones. This does not preclude dislocation creep and a power law rheology at higher stress levels, as realized at local sites of stress concentration and transient episodes of post-seismic creep.
Adoption versus use diffusion of iDTV in flanders - personalized television content as a tool to cross the chasm?
Authors: Schuurman Dimitri , De Marez Lieven , Berte Katrien 
Published: November 2011

Digital television was introduced to the Belgian market in 2005, which is fairly late compared to other European countries. By 2010, in Flanders the 50% penetration threshold of digital television households was surpassed. Considering previous research into the adoption of digital television in Belgium, it can be stated that the “majority segments” have embraced iDTV. However, research suggests that this has not necessarily induced a change in their viewing habits and that interactive applications such as video on demand, time-shifted viewing, voting, email, etc., have remained “underused.” Therefore, the user adoption rate of 50% for iDTV does not automatically imply a 50% use diffusion rate of interactive services.Within the iDTV industry, an important challenge will be to convince the remaining 50% of analog viewers to make the switch to digital television. A review of the literature on the adoption and diffusion processes of technologies shows that these later adopters (laggards and late majority) base their decision on the behavior of peers who have already acquired the technology. As they are the least innovative market segment, they will require some compelling arguments to adopt iDTV. These selling arguments could be related to the added value of interactive services which are currently not being used to their full potential by iDTV subscribers. One of the ideas that is currently explored is personalized television content, recommended to television viewers based on their viewing behavior.This article discusses three important research questions based on quantitative empirical data. Firstly, what is the current state-of-the-art in Flanders regarding the adoption and use diffusion of digital television in Flanders? Secondly, what is the interest in a personalization and recommendation tool for iDTV in Flanders? Thirdly, how would an introduction of this tool affect the adoption and use diffusion of iDTV in Flanders? Based on the results presented in this article, it seems that the implementation of a personalization and recommendation tool might stimulate the adoption as well as the use diffusion of digital TV in Flanders.
Quantifying Statistical Interdependence, Part III: N > 2 Point Processes
Authors: Dauwels Justin , Weber Theophane , Vialatte François , Musha Toshimitsu , Cichocki Andrzej 
Published: November 2011

Stochastic event synchrony (SES) is a recently proposed family of similarity measures. First, “events” are extracted from the given signals; next, one tries to align events across the different time series. The better the alignment, the more similar the N time series are considered to be. The similarity measures quantify the reliability of the events (the fraction of “nonaligned” events) and the timing precision. So far, SES has been developed for pairs of one-dimensional (Part I) and multidimensional (Part II) point processes. In this letter (Part III), SES is extended from pairs of signals to N > 2 signals. The alignment and SES parameters are again determined through statistical inference, more specifically, by alternating two steps: (1) estimating the SES parameters from a given alignment and (2), with the resulting estimates, refining the alignment. The SES parameters are computed by maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation (step 1), in analogy to the pairwise case. The alignment (step 2) is solved by linear integer programming. In order to test the robustness and reliability of the proposed N-variate SES method, it is first applied to synthetic data. We show that N-variate SES results in more reliable estimates than bivariate SES. Next N-variate SES is applied to two problems in neuroscience: to quantify the firing reliability of Morris-Lecar neurons and to detect anomalies in EEG synchrony of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Those problems were also considered in Parts I and II, respectively. In both cases, the N-variate SES approach yields a more detailed analysis.
A Statistical Forecast Model of Weather-Related Damage to a Major Electric Utility
Authors: Cerruti Brian J. , Decker Steven G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA generalized linear model (GLM) has been developed to relate meteorological conditions to damages incurred by the outdoor electrical equipment of Public Service Electric and Gas, the largest public utility in New Jersey. Utilizing a perfect-prognosis approach, the model consists of equations derived from a backward-eliminated multiple-linear-regression analysis of observed electrical equipment damage as the predictand and corresponding surface observations from a variety of sources including local storm reports as the predictors. Weather modes, defined objectively by surface observations, provided stratification of the data and served to increase correlations between the predictand and predictors. The resulting regression equations produced coefficients of determination up to 0.855, with the lowest values for the heat and cold modes, and the highest values for the thunderstorm and mix modes. The appropriate GLM equations were applied to an independent dataset for model validation, and the GLM shows skill [i.e., Heidke skill score (HSS) values greater than 0] at predicting various thresholds of total accumulated equipment damage. The GLM shows higher HSS values relative to a climatological approach and a baseline regression model. Two case studies analyzed to critique model performance yielded insight into GLM shortcomings, with lightning information and wind duration being found to be important missing predictors under certain circumstances.
Changes in Activity Among Older Volunteers
Authors: Morrow-Howell Nancy , Hong Song-Iee , McCrary Stacey , Blinne Wayne 
Published: November 2011

Purpose: To explore changes in daily activities associated with high-intensity volunteering, this study assessed activities in a sample of 180 new Experience Corps (EC) volunteers serving low reading students in urban schools. Methods: Level of activity in 15 areas (visiting friends, reading, watching TV, etc.) was obtained at the beginning of this high-commitment volunteer experience and after 9 months of service. Latent class analyses were used to identify activity patterns, and regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with changes in activities. Results: At pre-test, 37% were classified in the low-activity group and were more likely to be first time volunteers, older, non-White, and have less education. At post-test, only 17% were classified as low activity. An increase in activity was more likely to occur for those who were low activity before joining the volunteer program. Implications: These findings demonstrate that increase in activity does occur for less active older adults who join a volunteer program.
Stratified scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering applications: Electrospun PDLLA nanofibre coated Bioglass®-derived foams
Authors: Yunos DM , Ahmad Z , Salih V , Boccaccini AR 
Published: November 2011

This work focuses on designing bilayered constructs by combining electrospun poly-DL-Lactide (PDLLA) fibers and Bioglass®-derived scaffolds for development of osteochondral tissue replacement materials. Electrospinning was carried out using a solution of 5 wt/v% PDLLA in dimethyl carbonate. The PDLLA layer thickness increased from 2 to 150 µm with varying electrospinning time. Bioactivity studies in simulated body fluid showed that HA mineralization decreased as the thickness of the PDLLA layer increased. A preliminary in vitro study using chondrocyte cells (ATDC5) showed that cells attached, proliferated and migrated into the fibrous network, confirming the potential applicability of the bilayered scaffolds in osteochondral defect regeneration.
The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Debiais-Thibaud Mélanie , Oulion Silvan , Bourrat Franck , Laurenti Patrick , Casane Didier , Borday-Birraux Véronique 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundTeeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin. We, and other colleagues, had previously shown that teeth in any location were serially homologous because: i) pharyngeal and oral teeth develop through a common developmental module; and ii) the expression patterns of theDlxgenes during odontogenesis were highly divergent between species but almost identical between oral and pharyngeal dentitions within the same species. Here we examineDlxgene expression in oral teeth and dermal denticles in order to test the hypothesis of serial homology between these odontodes.ResultsWe present a detailed comparison of the first developing teeth and dermal denticles (caudal primary scales) of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) and show that both odontodes develop through identical stages that correspond to the common stages of oral and pharyngeal odontogenesis. We identified sixDlxparalogs in the dogfish and found that three showed strong transcription in teeth and dermal denticles (Dlx3,Dlx4andDlx5) whereas a weak expression was detected forDlx1in dermal denticles and teeth, and forDlx2in dermal denticles. Very few differences inDlxexpression patterns could be detected between tooth and dermal denticle development, except for the absence ofDlx2expression in teeth.ConclusionsTaken together, our histological and expression data strongly suggest that teeth and dermal denticles develop from the same developmental module and under the control of the same set ofDlxgenes. Teeth and dermal denticles should therefore be considered as serial homologs developing through the initiation of a common gene regulatory network (GRN) at several body locations. This mechanism of heterotopy supports the 'inside and out' model that has been recently proposed for odontode evolution.