bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystallography and Structure–Property Relationships in 2,2′,2″,2′′′,4,4′,4″,4′′′,6,6′,6″,6′′′‐Dodecanitro‐1,1′ : 3′1″ : 3″,1′′′‐ Quaterphenyl (DODECA)
Authors: Zeman Svatopluk , Roháč Michal , Friedl Zdeněk , Růžička Aleš , Lyčka Antonín 
Published: February 2010

AbstractX‐ray crystallographic study of 2,2′,2″,2′′′,4,4′,4″,4′′′,6,6′,6″,6′′′‐dodecanitro‐1,1′ : 3′1″ : 3″,1′′′‐quaterphenyl (DODECA) has been carried out. Nonbonding interatomic distances of oxygen atoms inside of all the nitro groups are shorter than those corresponding to the intermolecular contact radii for oxygen. By means of the DFT B3LYP/6‐31(d, p) method a difference of 136 kJ mol−1 between the X‐ray and DFT structures of DODECA was found. The bearer of the highest initiation reactivity in its molecule in solid phase should be the nitro group at 4′′′‐position, in contrast to those at 2′‐ or 2″‐positions in its isolated molecule. The most reactive nitro group in the DODECA molecule can be well specified by the relationship between net charges on nitro groups and charges on their nitrogen atoms, both of them for the X‐ray structure. The 15N chemical shift, corresponding to this nitro group for the initiation by impact and shock, correlates very well with these shifts of the reaction centers of the other six “genuine” polynitro arenes.
Strain‐reducing chemical bonding self‐organizations in nanocrystalline composites and non‐crystalline glasses and thin films
Authors: Lucovsky Gerald 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis article identifies a length scale for spinodal decomposition of Hf and Zr silicate alloys. This has provided important insights into chemical bonding self‐organizations in non‐crystalline alloys as well, in particular for the intermediate phase regime of chalcogenide alloys. Additional insights into nanolength scales for chemical bonding self‐organizations; also extending into the medium range order (MRO) regime in network glasses are identified through comparisons between the first sharp diffraction peaks in oxide and chalcogenide compounds and alloys. These length scales are based on the extraction of real space correlation and coherence lengths, R and L, respectively. These comparisons have identified bond‐ionicity related differences in the short range order which play a significant role in promoting differences in MRO between oxides and chalcogenides, including bulk glasses as well as thin films.
Crystal nucleation in electron‐beam evaporated amorphous silicon on ZnO:Al‐ and SiN‐coated glass for thin film solar cells
Authors: Sontheimer Tobias , Becker Christiane , Gall Stefan , Rech Bernd 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe crystallization of high‐rate electron beam evaporated amorphous silicon on ZnO:Al‐coated glass and SiN‐coated glass was investigated by applying ex‐situ optical microscopy and isothermal annealing. The nucleation process in solar cell structures consisting of n+‐Si(PECVD)/p‐Si/p+‐Si layers was analyzed and subsequently compared to the phase transition in p‐Si and n+‐Si(PECVD)/p‐Si on SiN and ZnO:Al‐coated glass. With a high steady‐state nucleation rate and a low activation energy (EIss = 2.7 eV), the nucleation process of Si on ZnO:Al has shown to differ significantly from nucleation on SiN (EIss = 4.5 eV) in the investigated temperature regime of 560 °C to 600 °C. The experiments revealed that the n+‐Si(PECVD) layer did not serve as a nucleation layer and did not influence the nucleation of p‐Si on SiN. On ZnO:Al, however, the nucleation rate of n+‐Si(PECVD)/p‐Si was found to be smaller than the nucleation rate of a single p‐Si layer. While the p+‐Si promotes the nucleation on SiN, it did not affect the nucleation process of Si on ZnO:Al. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optoelectronic properties of a‐Si1–xCx:H films grown in hydrogen diluted silane‐methane plasma
Authors: Vygranenko Yuri , Fernandes Miguel , Louro Paula , Vieira Manuela , Sazonov Andrei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis work reports on the optoelectronic properties and device application of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a‐Si1–xCx:H) films grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). The films with an optical bandgap ranging from about 1.8 to 2.0 eV were deposited in hydrogen diluted silane‐methane plasma by varying the radio frequency power. Several n–i–p structures with an intrinsic a‐Si1–xCx:H layer of different optical gaps were also fabricated. The optimized devices exhibited a diode ideality factor of 1.4‐1.8, and a leakage current of 190‐470 pA/cm2 at –5 V. The density of deep defect states in a‐Si1–xCx:H was estimated from the transient dark current measurements and correlated with the optical bandgap and carbon content. Urbach energies for the valence band tail were also determined by analyzing the spectral response within sub‐bandgap energy range. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ni‐Si oxide as an inducing crystallization source for making poly‐Si
Authors: Meng Zhiguo , Liu Zhaojun , Zhao Shuyun , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi Sing , Li Juan , Wu Chunya , Xiong Shaozhen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNickel silicon oxide mixture was sputtered on a‐Si with Ni‐Si alloy target with Ni:Si weight ratio of 1:9 and used as a new inducing source for metal induced lateral crystallization (MILC). The characteristics of the resulted poly‐Si materials induced by Ni‐Si oxide with different thickness were nearly the same. This means the metal induced crystallization with this new inducing source has wide processing tolerance to make MILC poly‐Si. Besides, it reduced the residual Ni content in the resulted poly‐Si film. The transfer characteristic curve of poly‐Si TFT and a TFT‐OLED display demo made with this kind of new inducing source were also presented in this paper. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical characterization of a‐C:H as a dielectric material in metal/insulator/metal structures
Authors: Zúñiga‐I. C. , Kosarev A. , Torres‐J. A. , Rosales‐Q. P. , Calleja‐A. W. , Hidalga‐W. F.J. De la , Malik O. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe fabrication and electrical characterization of Metal‐Insulator‐Metal (MIM) structures, using a‐C:H films as the insulating material, are presented in this work. These PECVD carbon films show a very low dielectric constant and a very high resistivity. The current conduction mechanisms were analyzed before and after the post deposition annealing in pure argon ambient at 400°C. For as‐deposited films, the experimental J ‐U curves showed that under low biasing regime (|U | < 8 V) the space charge limited current conduction is the main transport mechanism, whereas under higher biasing regime (|U | > 8 V)) the current transport is dominated by the Schottky mechanism. For annealed structures, under low and high biasing the ohmic and Schottky mechanisms were identified as the main processes for the electrical transport. Finally, we found that both parameters, the dielectric constant and resistivity, decrease slightly after the thermal annealing. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radiation Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells: The 4 R's of Radiobiology Revisited
Authors: Pajonk Frank , Vlashi Erina , McBride William H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere is compelling evidence that many solid cancers are organized hierarchically and contain a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). It seems reasonable to suggest that a cancer cure can be achieved only if this population is eliminated. Unfortunately, there is growing evidence that CSCs are inherently resistant to radiation, and perhaps other cancer therapies. In general, success or failure of standard clinical radiation treatment is determined by the 4 R's of radiobiology: repair of DNA damage, redistribution of cells in the cell cycle, repopulation, and reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor areas. We relate recent findings on CSCs to these four phenomena and discuss possible consequences.
Near infrared imaging with nanoparticles
Authors: Altınoğlu Erhan İ. , Adair James H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNear infrared imaging has presented itself as a powerful diagnostic technique with potential to serve as a minimally invasive, nonionizing method for sensitive, deep tissue diagnostic imaging. This potential is further realized with the use of nanoparticle (NP)‐based near infrared (NIR) contrast agents that are not prone to the rapid photobleaching and instability of their organic counterparts. This review discusses applications that have successfully demonstrated the utility of nanoparticles for NIR imaging, including NIR‐emitting semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), resonant gold nanoshells, and dye‐encapsulating nanoparticles. NIR QDs demonstrate superior optical performance with exceptional fluorescence brightness stability. However, the heavy metal composition and high propensity for toxicity hinder future application in clinical environments. NIR resonant gold nanoshells also exhibit brilliant signal intensities and likewise have none of the photo‐ or chemical‐instabilities characteristic of organic contrast agents. However, concerns regarding ineffectual clearance and long‐term accumulation in nontarget organs are a major issue for this technology. Finally, NIR dye‐encapsulating nanoparticles synthesized from calcium phosphate (CP) also demonstrate improved optical performances by shielding the component dye from undesirable environmental influences, thereby enhancing quantum yields, emission brightness, and fluorescent lifetime. Calcium phosphate nanoparticle (CPNP) contrast agents are neither toxic, nor have issues with long‐term sequestering, as they are readily dissolved in low pH environments and ultimately absorbed into the system. Though perhaps not as optically superior as QDs or nanoshells, these are a completely nontoxic, bioresorbable option for NP‐based NIR imaging that still effectively improves the optical performance of conventional organic agents. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 461–477This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Toward failure analyses in systems biology
Authors: Bhattacharya Sanjoy K. , Gomes James , Cebulla Colleen M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractParallels between designed and biological systems with respect to formal failure analyses have been presented. Failure analysis in designed systems depends on an identified, limited set of parameters or operation variables with high predictive value. In contrast, the biological systems pose problems in identification of operation variables and the identified variables may not be accurate predictors of failure. The difficulty in parameter identification is because of large numbers of components and the inability to envelope variables at each compartment or contour level. Contour level maps for biological systems are currently non‐existent, and most failure models are based on very limited, unilateral operation variables (a mutant gene). Operation variable identification within each contour level will enhance failure analyses of complex biological systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods
{[Eu(ox)(H2O)4]·[CuBr(2‐pzc)2]·4H2O}: Hydrogen Bonding Directed Assembly to Supramolecular Network
Authors: Mou Ji‐Xia , Wang Jun , Fan Jun , Zhang Wei‐Guang 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new 3d–4f heterometallic coordination framework, {[Eu(ox)(H2O)4]·[CuBr(2‐pzc)2]·4H2O} (1) [ox = oxalate; 2‐pzc = pyrazine‐2‐carboxylate] was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis, as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 represents one 3D supramolecular heterometallic coordination framework that is assembled from rare lanthanide‐ox anionic chains and CuBr(2‐pzc)2 cationic units through hydrogen bonds.
An overview of a cohort of South African patients with mitochondrial disorders
Authors: Smuts Izelle , Louw Roan , du Toit Hanli , Klopper Brenda , Mienie Lodewyk J. , van der Westhuizen Francois H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMitochondrial disorders are frequently encountered inherited diseases characterized by unexplained multisystem involvement with a chronic, intermittent, or progressive nature. The objective of this paper is to describe the profile of patients with mitochondrial disorders in South Africa. Patients with possible mitochondrial disorders were accessed over 10 years. Analyses for respiratory chain and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes were performed on muscle. A diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder was accepted only if an enzyme activity was deficient. Sixty‐three patients were diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder, including 40 African, 20 Caucasian, one mixed ancestry, and two Indian patients. The most important findings were the difference between African patients and other ethnicities: respiratory chain enzyme complexes CI+III or CII+III deficiencies were found in 52.5% of African patients, being of statistical significance (p value = 0.0061). They also presented predominantly with myopathy (p value = 0.0018); the male:female ratio was 1:1.2. Twenty‐five (62.5%) African patients presented with varying degrees of a myopathy accompanied by a myopathic face, high palate, and scoliosis. Fourteen of these 25 also had ptosis and/or progressive external ophthalmoplegia. No patients of other ethnicities presented with this specific myopathic phenotype. Caucasian patients (16/20) presented predominantly with central nervous system involvement. Of the South African pediatric neurology patients, Africans are more likely to present with myopathy and CII+III deficiency, and Caucasian patients are more likely to present with encephalopathy or encephalomyopathy.
Wellington's First Command: The Political and Military Campaign Against Dhoondiah Vagh, February–September 1800
Authors: DAVIES HUW J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWellington's first independent command has been seen as a short, but intense, ‘baptism of fire’ in which the young Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Wellesley commanded a small force against the insurgent, or ‘freebooter’, Dhoondiah Vagh. New evidence presented here, however, demonstrates that the three-month military campaign was preceded by several months of political negotiation and intelligence gathering designed to isolate Dhoondiah and starve him of sanctuary, support and sustenance. As a result, the campaign was much more complex than previously thought, and demonstrates important lessons about British imperial expansion in the region at the beginning of the nineteenth century, on the nature of British authority in India, and on the opening stages of the military career of the future Duke of Wellington.
Lawrence Morton (1904 – 1987)
Authors: Heyworth Peter 
Published: February 2010

Lawrence Morton's name is shamefully abstent from the new American Grove, but in a sense he was more remarkable for what he was than for what he did.His achievements were none the less not inconsiderable. As readers of TEMPO will know, his infrequent writings had characteristic directness and style. His ‘Evening on Roof’ concerts brought new perspectives to Los Angles, as well as world premiéres of workes by Stravinsky and Boulez. At Ojai he created one of the most distinguished small festivals in America.
Symphony
Authors: Davies Peter Maxwell 
Published: February 2010

When I started my Symphony in 1973, I had no idea that that was what it would grow into. The Philharmonia Orchestra had commissioned an orchestral work for 1974, and I wrote a moderately long single movement, provisionally called Black Pentecost. The title was taken from the end of a George Mackay Brown poem (which I had set for soprano and guitar, a short time before) concerning the ruined and deserted crofts in an Orkney valley—The poor and the good fires are all quenched.Now, cold angel, keep the valleyFrom the bedlam and cinders of a Black Pentecost.
What the Conductor Owes to the Composer
Authors: Mavrodin Alice 
Published: February 2010

The preceding article ended with a question. The title of this one contains an implicit reply—which is moreover a strictly foreseeable one. Indeed, an artist who has attained the fulness of his creative powers should be able to change his means of expression without altering its internal structure.On leaving the stage, Markevitch the composer bequeathed all his experience to the conductor. Certainly, the conductor still had much to learn, and he was applying himself passionately to the task when, at the end of the war, the Allies in occupied Florence entrusted him with the conductorship of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. But the essentials he had known long since, because—as has been seen—his thought was essentially orchestral. This is why Markevitch, in deciding to become an interpreter, did not take up the familiar piano, but preferred orchestral conducting, of which he had scarcely more than an elementary idea and which he now had to manage in his own way, guided only by his pigheadedness, his tenacity, and … his experience as a composer.
Maxwell Davies's Second Taverner Fantasia
Authors: Pruslin Stephen 
Published: February 2010

The relationship between the musical thinking of Gustav Mahler and Peter Maxwell Davies becomes ever more apparent, and in the ‘Second Fantasia on John Taverner's In Nomine’ it takes on crucial importance.The connection manifests itself immediately in the two composers' attitudes towards ‘surface’. A musical image is an abstraction of psychic content and must be given corporeal identity before it is communicable. Musical composition is the crystallization of the image into specific note-configurations of pitch, rhythm, timbre, register, etc. which taken together comprise the surface of a work. The act of listening then reverses the process by going from the surface back to the image. Composition is translation and listening is retranslation.
The Apollonian Clockwork: Extracts from a book by Elmer Schönberger and Louis Andriessen
Authors: Schönberger Elmer , Andriessen Louis 
Published: February 2010

What is most conspicuous about this book is what it isn't.It isn't a biography. Even the question as to when the main character was born isn't answered. It certainly isn't a survey of ‘life and works’. There are enough of those books.It isn't even a surveyable book, even though it is about a composer whose music is easily ‘surveyed’. Survey and summary are simplification, which in themselves aren't bad so long as it's apparent that that is the case. But because there have been so many surveys of Stravinsky already written, it appears as if something like a survey is possible. And that is just not true. The facts alone are too numerous for one to be able to write, with a good conscience, a surveyable book. A thorough investigation of the historic and musical relationship between Stravinsky and Schoenberg would supply enough material for a heavy volume.
Reflections and Recollections
Authors: Strauss Richard 
Published: February 2010

TEN GOLDEN RULESWritten in the scrapbook of a young conductor (Ca. 1925)1. Remember that you do not make music for your own amusement, but for the pleasure of your audience.2. Do not perspire when conducting; only the public ought to get warm.3. Conduct Salome and Elektra as if they were by Mendelssohn; fairy-music.4. Never look at the brass encouragingly; except with a quick glance for an important lead-in.5. On the contrary, never let the horns and woodwind out of your sight; if you hear them at all they are already too loud.6. If you think the brass is not strong enough, tone them down two points further.7. It is not enough yourself to hear every word of the singer—which you know by heart anyway; the public also must be able to follow it without effort. If they don't understand what is happening they fall asleep.8. Always accompany the singer so as to enable him to sing without exertion.9. If you think you have reached the utmost Prestissimo, take the tempo as fast again.10. If you remember all this sympathetically, your rich talents and great knowledge will always be the unimpaired delight of your audience.
‘Conversations with Igor Stravinsky’
Authors: Keller Hans 
Published: February 2010

A critic and friend, rare combination, has suggested that there are, in principle, two ways of dealing with Stravinsky's latest book. One is to fall flat on one's face and exclaim, ‘A great man's book, a great book!’ The other was to review it simply as a book on music.To my mind, either course of action is fallacious. The awed approach is a nineteenth-century fallacy, the rationalistic approach a twentieth-century fallacy. At the same time, the romantic, irrationalistic approach is the more objective, the more rational. The truth, quod licet Jovi, non licet bovi, became a truism long before the birth of the romantic genius-hero, and to treat the book of a genius like that of any old ass (as virtually all my colleagues did in the case of Schoenberg's Style and Idea) is to start with a wrong fact and remove oneself from the level of artistic reality for the duration of one's review.
The Brussels Philharmonic Society: An Historical Account
Authors: Cuvelier Marcel 
Published: February 2010

In presenting this picture of the numerous activities of the Brussels Philharmonic Society, it is fitting to begin by placing the Society in its proper frame: the Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels.It was during the 1914–18 war that the Belgian Government at Havre, bent on putting an end to the long-standing dearth of concert halls and art galleries in the capital, approved as part of its rehabilitation scheme the construction in Brussels (a town of nearly a million inhabitants, in a small country of eight million) of a building designed for all kinds of artistic activity. The Palais des Beaux-Arts is to be found in the very centre of the town, that is, in the administrative and artistic quarter. Begun in 1922, this masterwork of Baron Horta was not completed until 1929. The scheme of the Palais comprises a very large collection of halls of different aspect, fitted out for concerts, exhibitions, plays, films, lectures, dancing, and fashion parades.
Singers on Safari
Authors: Cross Joan 
Published: February 2010

Who wanted to go to Bulawayo? Not I, for one. And if that sounds at once churlish and unenterprising I protest that the sound of the place—Bulawayo—did not conjure up a picture of a musical Mecca at the end of what would be a very long pilgrimage.Where was it exactly? Taking out the atlas and turning to a page marked “Africa”, it was to be found above the Transvaal, alongside Mozambique, in Southern Rhodesia and rather small print. Thousands of miles away from London, England. And who was invited to go to Bulawayo? The Opera Company from the Royal Opera House. The Rhodesian Government, celebrating the centenary of Cecil Rhodes's birth with a large exhibition, had built a theatre there, and they requested the pleasure of a visit not only from the Opera, but they also invited the Hallé Orchestra, the Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet, and a Company of actors which included Sir John Gielgud. The Ballet and the Halle orchestra were the earliest visitors at the Exhibition, and stories of extreme cold, of discomfort caused by altitude, of the tiresome length of the journey, all began to filter back to England. Who wanted to go to Bulawayo?
John Ireland at 75—An Appreciation
Authors: Holland A. K. 
Published: February 2010

Forty years ago a phenomenon known as the Young British Composer was beginning to impress its image on the world, largely owing to the advocacy of the late Edwin Evans. Those of us who were young English critics at the time were naturally excited at the prospect of entering upon what promised to be a creative period in the country's music, unparalleled since, the 17th century.The term was a somewhat vague one, for there was already in existence a generation of composers born round about the 70's and 80's of the last century who were just beginning to make their influence felt, and nobody had decided at what stage a musician ceased to be a Young British Composer.