bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral content of calcium and magnesium in the serum and longitudinal periodontal progression in Japanese elderly smokers
Authors: Yoshihara Akihiro , Iwasaki Masanori , Miyazaki Hideo 
Published: August 2011

Yoshihara A, Iwasaki M, Miyazaki H: Mineral content of calcium and magnesium in the serum and longitudinal periodontal progression in Japanese elderly smokers. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38: 992–997. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2011.01769.x.Abstract
Objective: Evidence from physiological and clinical studies regarding the mechanism by which calcium and magnesium are associated with periodontal disease, adjusted for smoking habits, is lacking. This longitudinal study evaluated the association of serum calcium levels and the calcium/magnesium (Ca/Mg) ratio with periodontal disease progression among smokers and non‐smokers.
Material and Methods: A total of 309 subjects aged 73 years were included. Follow‐up surveys were carried out every year for 6 years. After dividing subjects into smokers and non‐smokers, multiple logistic regression analysis for men was performed to evaluate the relationship between the serum Ca/Mg ratio and periodontal disease progression. We used the 25th percentile of periodontal disease events for 6 years as the dependent variable and seven other variables, including quartiles for serum Ca/Mg ratios, as independent variables.
Results: There was a clear dose–response relationship of Ca/Mg ratio quartiles for periodontal disease events among smokers. Significant differences in odds ratios in the first and second quartiles were seen compared with the fourth quartile (reference): 6.28 (p=0.014) and 5.96 (p=0.022), respectively. However, there was no significant dose–response relationship among non‐smokers.
Conclusion: A low serum Ca/Mg ratio was significantly associated with periodontal disease progression in Japanese elderly smokers.
Syntaxonomical survey of boreal oligotrophic pine forests in northern Europe and Western Siberia
Authors: Ermakov Nikolai , Morozova Olga 
Published: August 2011

AbstractQuestion: What is the syntaxonomical diversity of boreal oligotrophic pine forests in Western Eurasia?Location: Boreal zone of Northern Europe and Western Siberia.Methods: Classification of forest vegetation plots using Ward's clustering and the Braun‐Blanquet approach.Results: North European and West Siberian boreal oligotrophic pine forests can be assigned to the Vaccinio‐Piceetea Br.‐Bl. in Br.‐Bl. et al. 1939; Pinetalia sylvestris Oberdorfer 1957; Cladonio stellaris‐Pinion sylvestris Kielland‐Lund ex Ermakov et Morozova 2011, seven associations (Cladonio arbusculae‐Pinetum sylvestris (Kielland‐Lund 1967) Ermakov & Ìîrozova 2011; Flavocetrario nivalis‐Pinetum sylvestris Morozova et al. 2008; Pinetum sibiricae‐sylvestris Makhatkov et Ermakov 2010; Hedysaro alpini‐Laricetum sibiricae Saburov 1972; Linnaeo borealis‐Pinetum sylvestris (Kielland‐Lund 1967) Ermakov & Ìîrozova 2011; Barbilophozio‐Pinetum sylvestris Br.‐Bl. et Sissingh in Br.‐Bl. et al. 1939; Bazzanio‐Pinetum sylvestris Kielland‐Lund 1967; Calamagrostio lapponicae‐Pinetum sylvestris Br.‐Bl. et Sissingh in Br.‐Bl. et al. 1939) and six subassociations. Syntaxonomical and geographical boundaries between the alliances Cladonio stellaris‐Pinion sylvestris and Dicrano‐Pinion (Libbert 1933) Matuszkiewicz 1962 were defined.Conclusion: We propose the concept of alliance Cladonio stellaris‐Pinion sylvestris, which includes all associations of oligotrophic pine forests within the boreal zone of Europe and Western Siberia. Analysis of a data set from Northern Europe and North‐western Siberia demonstrates a common set of ecological, floristic and phytocoenotic features of all types of oligotrophic pine forests. This supports Oberdorfer's concept of a single Eurasian order Pinetalia sylvestris.
Effects of Spray Drying on Antioxidant Capacity and Anthocyanidin Content of Blueberry By‐Products
Authors: Lim Kar , Ma Mitzi , Dolan Kirk D. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  The effect of spray drying on degradation of nutraceutical components in cull blueberry extract was investigated. Samples collected before and after spray drying were tested for antioxidant capacity using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACFL) and total phenolics; and for individual anthocyanidins. In Study 1, four different levels of maltodextrin (blueberry solids to maltodextrin ratios of 5: 95, 10: 90, 30: 70, and 50: 50) were spray dried a pilot‐scale spray dryer. There was significantly higher retention of nutraceutical components with increased levels of maltodextrin indicating a protective effect of maltodextrin on the nutraceutical components during spray drying. In Study 2, the air inlet temperature of the spray dryer was kept constant for all runs at 150 °C, with 2 different outlet temperatures of 80 and 90 °C. The degradation of nutraceutical components was not significantly different at the 2 selected outlet temperatures. ORACFL reduction for blueberry samples after spray drying was 66.3% to 69.6%. After spray drying, total phenolics reduction for blueberry was 8.2% to 17.5%. Individual anthocyanidin reduction for blueberry was 50% to 70%. The experimental spray dried powders compared favorably to commercial blueberry powders. Results of the study show that use of blueberry by‐products is feasible to make a value‐added powder.Practical Application:  Results can be used by producers to estimate final nutraceutical content of spray‐dried blueberry by‐products.
The carbon implications of large‐scale afforestation of agriculturally marginal land with short‐rotation willow in Saskatchewan
Authors: Amichev Beyhan Y. , Kurz Werner A. , Smyth Carolyn , Van Rees Ken C. J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAfforestation with short‐rotation coppice (SRC) willow plantations for the purpose of producing bioenergy feedstock was contemplated as one potential climate change mitigation option. The objectives of this study were to assess the magnitude of this mitigation potential by addressing: (i) the land area potentially available for SRC systems in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada; (ii) the potential biomass yields of SRC plantations; and (iii) the carbon implications from such a large‐scale afforestation program. Digital soils and land‐use data were used to identify, map, and group into clusters of similar polygons 2.12 million hectares (Mha) of agriculturally marginal land that was potentially suitable for willow in the Boreal Plains and Prairies ecozones in Saskatchewan. The Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth (3PG) model was calibrated with data from SRC experiments in Saskatchewan, to quantify potential willow biomass yields, and the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM‐CFS3), was used to simulate stand and landscape‐level C fluxes and stocks. Short‐rotation willow plantations managed in 3 year rotations for seven consecutive harvests (21 years) after coppicing at Year 1 produced about 12 Mg ha−1 yr−1 biomass. The more significant contribution to the C cycle was the cumulative harvest. After 44 years, the potential average cumulative harvested biomass C in the Prairies was 244 Mg C ha−1 (5.5 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) about 20% higher than the average for the Boreal Plains, 203 Mg C ha−1 (4.6 Mg C ha−1 yr−1). This analysis did not consider afforestation costs, rate of establishment of willow plantations, and other constraints, such as drought and disease effects on biomass yield. The results must therefore be interpreted as a biophysical mitigation potential with the technical and economic potential being both lower than our estimates. Nevertheless, short‐rotation bioenergy plantations offer one potential mitigation option to reduce the rate of CO2 accumulation in the earth's atmosphere and further research is needed to operationalise such a mitigation effort.
Fluctuations in HbA1c are associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bouchi Ryotaro , Babazono Tetsuya , Mugishima Michino , Yoshida Naoshi , Nyumura Izumi , Toya Kiwako , Hayashi Toshihide , Hanai Ko , Tanaka Nobue , Ishii Akiko , Iwamoto Yasuhiko 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAims/Introduction:  To reveal whether visit‐to‐visit variability in HbA1c is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and Methods:  The study was conducted on 689 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes [295 women, 394 men; mean (±standard deviations (SD)) age 65 ± 11 years]. Variability in HbA1c was evaluated as the intrapersonal SD of serial measurements of HbA1c during the follow‐up period for at least 12 months. Patients were divided into quartiles according to the SD of HbA1c, and the primary endpoint was defined as incident CVD. Cox’s proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results:  During a median follow‐up period of 3.3 years (range 1.0–6.3 years), 26 ± 14 measurements of HbA1c were obtained per patient and 61 episodes of incident CVD were recorded. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of CVD in patients across the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of SD in HbA1c was 4.9, 8.7, 17.1, and 26.2%, respectively (P < 0.001, log‐rank test). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the incidence of CVD was significantly higher in patients in the fourth quartile of SD in HbA1c compared with those in the first quartile (HR 3.38; 95% CI 1.07–10.63; P = 0.039), independent of mean HbA1c and other traditional cardiovascular risk factors.Conclusions:  Variability of HbA1c may be a potent predictor of incident CVD in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2011.00155.x, 2011)
3D modeling of effects of increased oxygenation and activity concentration in tumors treated with radionuclides and antiangiogenic drugs
Authors: Lagerlöf Jakob H. , Kindblom Jon , Bernhardt Peter 
Published: August 2011

Purpose:Formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) in response to hypoxia is a fundamental event in the process of tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. However, abnormalities in tumor neovasculature often induce increased interstitial pressure (IP) and further reduce oxygenation (pO2) of tumor cells. In radiotherapy, well‐oxygenated tumors favor treatment. Antiangiogenic drugs may lower IP in the tumor, improving perfusion, pO2 and drug uptake, by reducing the number of malfunctioning vessels in the tissue. This study aims to create a model for quantifying the effects of altered pO2‐distribution due to antiangiogenic treatment in combination with radionuclide therapy.Methods:Based on experimental data, describing the effects of antiangiogenic agents on oxygenation of GlioblastomaMultiforme (GBM), a single cell based 3D model, including 1010 tumor cells, was developed, showing how radionuclide therapy response improves as tumor oxygenation approaches normal tissue levels. The nuclides studied were 90Y, 131I, 177Lu, and 211At. The absorbed dose levels required for a tumor control probability (TCP) of 0.990 are compared for three different log‐normal pO2‐distributions: μ1 = 2.483, σ1 = 0.711; μ2 = 2.946, σ2 = 0.689; μ3 = 3.689, and σ3 = 0.330. The normal tissue absorbed doses will, in turn, depend on this. These distributions were chosen to represent the expected oxygen levels in an untreated hypoxic tumor, a hypoxic tumor treated with an anti‐VEGF agent, and in normal, fully‐oxygenated tissue, respectively. The former two are fitted to experimental data. The geometric oxygen distributions are simulated using two different patterns: one Monte Carlo based and one radially increasing, while keeping the log‐normal volumetric distributions intact. Oxygen and activity are distributed, according to the same pattern.Results:As tumor pO2 approaches normal tissue levels, the therapeutic effect is improved so that the normal tissue absorbed doses can be decreased by more than 95%, while retaining TCP, in the most favorable scenario and by up to about 80% with oxygen levels previously achieved in vivo, when the least favourable oxygenation case is used as starting point. The major difference occurs in poorly oxygenated cells. This is also where the pO2‐dependence of the oxygen enhancement ratio is maximal.Conclusions:Improved tumor oxygenation together with increased radionuclide uptake show great potential for optimising treatment strategies, leaving room for successive treatments, or lowering absorbed dose to normal tissues, due to increased tumor response. Further studies of the concomitant use of antiangiogenic drugs and radionuclide therapy therefore appear merited.
DISCRETE DECOMPOSABLE BRANCHING LAWS AND PROPER MOMENTUM MAPS
Authors: NASRIN SALMA 
Published: August 2011

Suppose an irreducible unitary representation π of a Lie group G is obtained as a geometric quantization of a coadjoint orbit [Formula: see text] in the Kirillov–Kostant–Duflo orbit philosophy. Let H be a closed subgroup of G, and we compare the following two conditions. (1) The restriction π|H is discretely decomposable in the sense of Kobayashi. (2) The momentum map [Formula: see text] is proper. In this article, we prove that (1) is equivalent to (2) when π is any holomorphic discrete series representation of scalar type of a semisimple Lie group G and (G, H) is any symmetric pair.
The Role of the Sun in the Pantheon’s Design and Meaning
Authors: Magli Giulio , Hannah Robert 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDespite being one of the most recognizable buildings from ancient Rome, the Pantheon is poorly understood. While its architecture has been well studied, its function remains uncertain. This paper argues that both the design and the meaning of the Pantheon are in fact dependent upon an understanding of the role of the sun in the building, and of the apotheosized emperor in Roman thought. Supporting evidence is drawn not only from the instruments of time in the form of the roofed spherical sundial, but also from other Imperial monuments, notably Nero’s Domus Aurea and Augustus’s complex of structures on the Campus Martius — his Ara Pacis, the ‘Horologium Augusti,’ and his Mausoleum. Hadrian’s Mausoleum and potentially part of his Villa at Tivoli are drawn into this argument as correlatives. Ultimately, it is proposed that sun and time were linked architecturally into cosmological signposts for those Romans who could read such things.
The Power of ICSID Tribunals to Dismiss Proceedings Summarily: An Analysis of Rule 41(5) of the ICSID Arbitration Rules
Authors: Puig Sergio , Brown Chester 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRule 41(5) of the ICSID Arbitration Rules essentially provides that an ICSID tribunal may dismiss a proceeding summarily if the respondent files an objection within 30 days of the constitution of the tribunal that the claim is “manifestly without legal merit”. In the five years since the introduction of the Rule in April 2006, four ICSID tribunals have considered the provision, with two decisions being handed down in December 2010. In this article, the authors describe the cases decided by these tribunals, and examine the way in which they have interpreted and applied Rule 41(5). The authors’ analysis highlights the large measure of consistency in the way that ICSID tribunals are handling objections under this provision, and sets out a useful and timely guide to counsel and arbitrators on the use of this procedure.
The Preliminary Ruling Procedures at International Regional Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Virzo Roberto 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMany regional integration systems, inspired by the preliminary ruling procedure under the current article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, incorporate models for cooperation between national courts and international courts and tribunals that vary significantly from one to the other. This work seeks above all to classify those models and to pose the question of which model, irrespective of how much it is actually used in practice, appears ‐ at least potentially ‐ to afford the best means of attaining the goal of regional integration that each of the systems analysed pursues to varying degrees.
Procedural Developments at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Authors: Wilson Tamfuh Y.N. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe author seeks to expose the fact that the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath has many lessons for African leaders, especially that modern international criminal law is committed to punishing perpetrators of heinous crimes. The procedural processes at the Arusha International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have also operated a successful jurisprudence that has immensely contributed to the development of modern international law. This article looks at the historical context of the genocide, the jurisprudence and case law of the ICTR, the novel concepts that have contributed to the growth of international law, and the significance of rebuilding a post-genocide Rwanda.
The Scientific Study of Religious and Secular Spiritualities
Authors: Jespers Frans 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSpirituality is a contested concept in sciences of religion, but is inescapable because of its manifold and fundamental use. The main problems in the study of the many new spiritualities are their diversity, popularity, partly secular character, opposition to religion, lack of clear concepts, and an elicitation of grand explanations. After reviewing recent West European answers to these problems, and with the help of a small case study of Dutch Reiki, I propose an approach which respects the diversity, chiefly by way of fieldwork and qualitative research, and seeks to develop clear (provisional) concepts, although remaining cautious about grand explanations.
Claiming Luther as a Religious Resource: Civil Religion in Conflict?
Authors: Nielsen Marie Vejrup 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe article examines references to a specific religious heritage (Lutheran Christianity) within the debate sections of two national Danish newspapers. The aim of the analysis is to provide empirical data as a background for a discussion of conflicts concerning the connection between religious heritage and contemporary society. The themes of the public debate surveyed are identified as related to changes in the religious and cultural landscape in Denmark, such as the presence of Muslim immigrants. Three main discourse packages are identified in relation to the connection between religious heritage and contemporary culture: (1) strong connection; (2) no connection/disconnection; (3) negotiated connection. The conclusions of this analysis provide the foundation for a discussion of civil religion in zones of conflict over religious and cultural identity in a contemporary northern European context.
Capture of Intermodal Visual/Tactile Apparent Motion by Moving and Static Sound
Authors: Chen Lihan , Zhou Xiaolin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractApparent motion can occur within a particular modality or between modalities, in which a visual or tactile stimulus at one location is perceived as moving towards the location of the subsequent tactile or visual stimulus. Intramodal apparent motion has been shown to be affected or 'captured' by information from another, task-irrelevant modality, as in spatial or temporal ventriloquism. Here we investigate whether and how intermodal apparent motion is affected by motion direction cues or temporal interval information from a third modality. We demonstrated that both moving and asynchronous static sounds can capture intermodal (visual–tactile and tactile–visual) apparent motion; moreover, while the auditory direction cues have less impact upon the perception of intramodal visual apparent motion than upon the perception of intramodal tactile or intermodal visual/tactile apparent motion, the auditory temporal information has equivalent impacts upon both intramodal and intermodal apparent motion. These findings suggest intermodal apparent motion is susceptible to the influence of dynamic or static auditory information in similar ways as intramodal visual or tactile apparent motion.
Long Time-Scale Teleconnection Patterns in the Northern Atlantic and Pacific
Authors: Boer George J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLong time-scale teleconnection patterns, with common features in both the northern Atlantic and Pacific regions, are identified. The teleconnection patterns arise in an investigation of the internally generated variability in a multimodel ensemble of coupled climate model control simulations. The large amount of data involved offers statistical robustness and the benefits of combining results across models. Maxima of decadal potential predictability identify regions where long time-scale variability is an appreciable fraction of the total variability and serve as index regions for the teleconnection analysis. Annual, 5-yr, and decadal mean temperatures over these Atlantic and Pacific index regions are correlated with corresponding temperatures and precipitation rates over the globe. The resulting teleconnection patterns are reasonably similar despite the different long time-scale variability mechanisms thought to exist in the two ocean basins. Although lacking statistical robustness, some aspects of the temperature teleconnection patterns are obtained based on the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST) dataset. The similarity of the teleconnection patterns in the two northern ocean regions suggests that common variability mechanisms may be involved.
Secondary Instabilities in Breaking Inertia–Gravity Waves
Authors: Fruman Mark D. , Achatz Ulrich 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The three-dimensionalization of turbulence in the breaking of nearly vertically propagating inertia–gravity waves is investigated numerically using singular vector analysis applied to the Boussinesq equations linearized about three two-dimensional time-dependent basic states obtained from nonlinear simulations of breaking waves: a statically unstable wave perturbed by its leading transverse normal mode, the same wave perturbed by its leading parallel normal mode, and a statically stable wave perturbed by a leading transverse singular vector. The secondary instabilities grow through interaction with the buoyancy gradient and velocity shear in the basic state. Which growth mechanism predominates depends on the time-dependent structure of the basic state and the wavelength of the secondary perturbation. The singular vectors are compared to integrations of the linear model using random initial conditions, and the leading few singular vectors are found to be representative of the structures that emerge in the randomly initialized integrations. A main result is that the length scales of the leading secondary instabilities are an order of magnitude smaller than the wavelength of the initial wave, suggesting that the essential dynamics of the breaking might be captured by tractable nonlinear three-dimensional simulations in a relatively small triply periodic domain.