bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the genetic architecture of a bone carcass weightQTLonBTA6
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Gil B. , Wiener P. , Williams J. L. , Haley C. S. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryA previous analysis of anF2/BackcrossCharolais × Holstein cross population identified the presence of a highly significantQTLon chromosome 6 (BTA6) affecting the proportion of bone in the carcass. Two closely linkedQTLaffected birth weight (BW) and body length at birth (BBL). In this report, the marker density around theQTLonBTA6 was increased, adding four additional microsatellite markers across the chromosome and 46SNPs within the targetQTLconfidence interval. Of theSNPs, 26 were in positional candidate genes and the remaining 20 provided an even distribution of markers in the targetQTLregion. As a bone‐related trait, the sum of the bone weight for all the left fore‐ and hindquarter joints of the carcass was analysed. We also studied the BW and BBL. Analyses of the data substantially reduced theQTLconfidence interval. No strong evidence was found that theQTLfor the three traits studied are different, and we conclude that the results are consistent with a single pleiotropicQTLinfluencing the three traits, with the largest effects on the proportion of bone in the carcass. The analyses also suggest that none of theSNPs tested is the sole causative variant of theQTLeffects. Specifically, theSNPin theNCAPGgene previously reported as a causal mutation for foetal growth and carcass traits in other cattle populations was excluded as the causal mutation for theQTLreported here. Polymorphisms located in other previously identified candidate genes includingSPP1,ABCG2,IBSP,MEPEandPPARGC1Awere also excluded. The results suggest thatSNP51_BTA‐119876is the polymorphism in strongest linkage disequilibrium with the causal mutation(s). Further research is required to identify the causal variant(s) associated with this bone‐relatedQTL.
Genome‐wide association analysis for quantitative trait loci influencing Warner–Bratzler shear force in five taurine cattle breeds
Authors: McClure M. C. , Ramey H. R. , Rolf M. M. , McKay S. D. , Decker J. E. , Chapple R. H. , Kim J. W. , Taxis T. M. , Weaber R. L. , Schnabel R. D. , Taylor J. F. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryWe performed a genome‐wide association study for Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF), a measure of meat tenderness, by genotyping 3360 animals from five breeds with 54 790 BovineSNP50 and 96 putative single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within μ‐calpain [HUGO nomenclature calpain 1, (mu/I) large subunit; CAPN1] and calpastatin (CAST). Within‐ and across‐breed analyses estimated SNP allele substitution effects (ASEs) by genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) and variance components by restricted maximum likelihood under an animal model incorporating a genomic relationship matrix. GBLUP estimates of ASEs from the across‐breed analysis were moderately correlated (0.31–0.66) with those from the individual within‐breed analyses, indicating that prediction equations for molecular estimates of breeding value developed from across‐breed analyses should be effective for genomic selection within breeds. We identified 79 genomic regions associated with WBSF in at least three breeds, but only eight were detected in all five breeds, suggesting that the within‐breed analyses were underpowered, that different quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlie variation between breeds or that the BovineSNP50 SNP density is insufficient to detect common QTL among breeds. In the across‐breed analysis, CAPN1 was followed by CAST as the most strongly associated WBSF QTL genome‐wide, and associations with both were detected in all five breeds. We show that none of the four commercialized CAST and CAPN1 SNP diagnostics are causal for associations with WBSF, and we putatively fine‐map the CAPN1 causal mutation to a 4581‐bp region. We estimate that variation in CAST and CAPN1 explains 1.02 and 1.85% of the phenotypic variation in WBSF respectively.
Contributions of FASN and SCD gene polymorphisms on fatty acid composition in muscle from Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Yokota S. , Sugita H. , Ardiyanti A. , Shoji N. , Nakajima H. , Hosono M. , Otomo Y. , Suda Y. , Katoh K. , Suzuki K. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryThe fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (delta‐9‐desaturase) (SCD) genes affect fatty acid composition. This study evaluated the contributions of polymorphisms of these genes on fatty acid composition in muscle in two different populations: 1189 and 1058 Japanese Black cattle from the Miyagi and the Yamagata populations respectively. We sampled intramuscular fat from the longissimus thoracis muscle in the Miyagi population and from the trapezius muscle in the Yamagata population. The collective contributions of FASN and SCD polymorphisms to total additive genetic variance for oleic acid were 13.46% in the Miyagi population and 16.29% in the Yamagata population and to phenotypic variance were 5.45% and 6.54% respectively. Although the individual effects of FASN and SCD polymorphisms on fatty acid composition were small, overall gene substitution may effectively improve fatty acid composition. In addition, we found that gene polymorphism contributions of fatty acids varied by population even in the same breed.
‘Doing things together’: male caregivers' experiences of giving care to patients in forensic psychiatric care
Authors: KUMPULA E. , EKSTRAND P. 
Published: February 2012

Accessible summary
The view that male caregivers have of the provision of care is based on social and cultural ideas of masculinity. Experiences of giving care are based on relationships with each other and on their view of what can lead to recreating health.
Activities constitute a natural part of giving care in forensic psychiatric care. The objective of the activities means that patients and personnel share activities. These activities are to contribute to deepening and reinforcing care‐based relationships and creating opportunities for recreating health.
Activities can be coupled to the provision of care on a ward and associated with the inner environment, routines and tasks such as cooking, cleaning, washing and shopping. One interpretation is that these activities can be understood as social and cultural acts that distinguish the provision of care by men from tasks that can be experienced with connotations from traditional female‐gendered tasks.
AbstractStudies into work carried out by male caregivers in a care environment in which male patients and male caregivers constitute a majority are lacking. The purpose of this study was to illuminate the experiences of male caregivers in providing care for patients in forensic psychiatric care. The study has a qualitative design and data were constituted by interviews with six male caregivers at a clinic of forensic psychiatry in a town in central Sweden. The method of analysis chosen was latent content analysis. The results consist of four themes: Activities as a component of care, Social training as the basis of care, Feelings of powerlessness and Seeing the complete person. The experience that comes out most distinctly in the descriptions given by caregivers involves performing activities together with the patients. The activities had different significances and these contribute to creating a more secure care relationship, in which the boundaries between personnel and patients become less clear. Physical activities contribute to recreating the patient's health. Social training appears as a component of the care in which the significance of rules and routines in the operations was integrated. Feelings of powerlessness arise when the caregivers do not experience that the care given on the ward contributes to recreating health for the patients. Seeing the complete person behind the crime constitutes the themes that can be said to summarize the meaning of the work carried out by male caregivers.
Importance of stress receptor‐mediated mechanisms in the amygdala on visceral pain perception in an intrinsically anxious rat
Authors: Johnson A. C. , Tran L. , Schulkin J. , Meerveld B. Greenwood‐Van 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground  Stress worsens abdominal pain experienced by patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a chronic disorder of unknown origin with comorbid anxiety. Previously, we have demonstrated colonic hypersensitivity in Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKYs), a high‐anxiety strain, which models abdominal pain in IBS. In low‐anxiety rats, we have demonstrated that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) regulates colonic hypersensitivity and anxiety induced by selective activation of either glucocorticoid receptors (GR) or mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), which is also mediated by the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) Type‐1 receptor. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the CeA through GR, MR, and/or CRF‐1R regulates colonic hypersensitivity in WKYs.Methods  One series of WKYs had micropellets of a GR antagonist, an MR antagonist or cholesterol (control) stereotaxically implanted onto the CeA. Another series were infused in the CeA with CRF‐1R antagonist, or vehicle. Colonic sensitivity was measured as a visceromotor response (VMR) to graded colorectal distension (CRD).Key Results  The exaggerated VMR to graded CRD in WKYs was unaffected by GR or MR antagonism in the CeA. In contrast, direct CeA infusion of CRF‐1R antagonist significantly inhibited the VMR to CRD at noxious distension pressures.Conclusions & Inferences  Stress hormones in the CeA regulate colonic hypersensitivity in the rat through strain‐dependent parallel pathways. The colonic hypersensitivity in WKYs is mediated by a CRF‐1R mechanism in the CeA, independent of GR and MR. These complementary pathways suggest multiple etiologies whereby stress hormones in the CeA may regulate abdominal pain in IBS patients.
Successful treatment with pulse cyclophosphamide of a steroid‐refractory hepatitic variant of liver acute graft‐vs.‐host disease in a child
Authors: Kawahara Yuta , Morimoto Akira , Masuzawa Aki , Ikeda Takae , Hayase Tomomi , Kashii Yoshifumi , Nozaki Yasuyuki , Kanai Nobuyuki , Momoi Mariko Y. 
Published: February 2012

Kawahara Y, Morimoto A, Masuzawa A, Ikeda T, Hayase T, Kashii Y, Nozaki Y, Kanai N, Momoi MY. Successful treatment with pulse cyclophosphamide of a steroid‐refractory hepatitic variant of liver acute graft‐vs.‐host disease in a child.  Pediatr Transplantation 2012: 00: 000–000. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  A 13‐yr‐old boy with recurrent acute myeloid leukemia underwent HSCT using cells from an unrelated donor who matched all HLA antigens except one. Forty‐two days later, the patient developed a steroid‐refractory hepatitic variant of liver GVHD with peak ALT and T.Bil values of 1406 mU/mL and 10.4 mg/dL, respectively. He was successfully treated with pulse Cy (1000 mg/dose × one day) without a change in chimerism being observed or acquiring an infection. All immunosuppressant therapies could be discontinued 12 months after HSCT. Two yr after HSCT, the patient remains in CR without chronic GVHD. This single case report suggests that pulse Cy may be a promising therapy for steroid‐refractory GVHD, especially hepatitic GVHD, but needs to be further tested in clinical trials.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to brown spot in flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Authors: Tong Zhijun , Jiao Tianlei , Wang Fengqing , Li Meiyun , Leng Xiaodong , Gao Yulong , Li Yongping , Xiao Bingguang , Wu Weiren 
Published: February 2012

With 2 figures and 1 tableAbstractBrown spot (BS) caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the most destructive foliar diseases affecting tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production and quality in China. Breeding of BS‐resistant cultivars is difficult because the resistance has proved to be quantitatively inherited. To facilitate marker‐assisted selection, we carried out a study of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for BS resistance. We developed an F2 population consisting of 213 individuals from a cross between a BS‐susceptible cultivar ‘Changbohuang’ (CBH) and a BS‐resistant cultivar ‘Jinyehuang’ (JYH) and constructed a genetic map consisting of 196 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers based on this population. Using disease index (DI) as the indicator of BS resistance, we detected three QTLs located between SSR markers TM20534 and TM10737, TM10589 and TM10216, and TM10443 and PT60669, respectively. The resistant alleles of the three QTLs were all from the resistant parent JYH. The three QTLs together could explain ∼86% of the DI difference between the two parents in total, with ∼61% explained by their additive effects. Therefore, the three QTLs will be useful for BS‐resistance breeding.
Genetic differentiation and diversity of Acacia koa populations in the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: ADAMSKI DANIEL J. , DUDLEY NICKLOS S. , MORDEN CLIFFORD W. , BORTHAKUR DULAL 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAcacia koa A. Gray (koa) is a leguminous tree endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and can be divided into morphologically distinguishable groups of A. koaia Hillebrand, A. koa and populations that are intermediate between these extremes. The objectives of this investigation were to distinguish among divergent groups of koa at molecular levels, and to determine genetic diversity within and among the groups. Phylogenetic analyses using the ITS/5.8S rDNA and trnK intron sequences did not separate the representative koa types into distinct clusters. An unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis, based on allele profiles of 12 microsatellite loci for 215 individual koa samples, separated the population into three distinct clusters consistent with their morphology, A. koaia, A. koa and intermediate forms. There was an average of 8.8 alleles per polymorphic locus (AP) among all koa and koaia individuals. The intermediate populations had the highest genetic diversity (H′ = 1.599), AP (7.9) and total number of unique alleles (21), whereas A. koaia and A. koa showed similar levels of genetic diversity (H′ = 0.965 and 0.943, respectively). No correlation was observed between geographic distance and genetic distance as determined by a Mantel test (r = 0.027, P = 0.91). The data presented here support previous recommendations that morphological variation within koa should be recognized at the subspecific level rather than as distinct species.
“The Meaning of ‘Meaning is Normative’ ”
Authors: Fennell John 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper defends the thesis that meaning is intrinsically normative. Recent anti‐normativist objectors have distinguished two versions of the thesis – correctness and prescriptivity – and have attacked both. In the first two sections, I defend the thesis against each of these attacks; in the third section, I address two further, closely related, anti‐normativist arguments against the normativity thesis and, in the process, clarify its sense by distinguishing a universalist and a contextualist reading of it. I argue that the anti‐normativist position is successful only against the universalist reading but point out that normativists do not require this reading of the thesis; the contextualist one is both possible and desirable for them. Furthermore, I argue that anti‐normativists require the contextualist reading of the normativity thesis to make their case, as well as to avoid meaning relativism. In the final two sections of the paper, I explain how a contextualist understanding of the normativity thesis is compatible with Quine's elimination of analyticity, thus undermining a key underlying reason for anti‐normativism, and I respond to the objection that a contextualist reading of the normativity thesis is either self‐contradictory or else trivial.
A Sort of Prologue: Philosophical Investigations §§1–7
Authors: Lugg Andrew 
Published: February 2012

Abstract§§1–7 of the Investigations should be taken at face value and not read against the grain. Wittgenstein is best understood as saying what he means and meaning what he says, and it is a mistake to suppose the examples of the shopkeeper and builders in §§1–2 cannot be read straightforwardly. The seven sections function as a prologue alerting the reader to the type of problem he intends to tackle and the type of approach he intends to pursue.
Compelling Fictions: Spinoza and George Eliot on Imagination and Belief
Authors: Gatens Moira 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSpinoza took it to be an important psychological fact that belief cannot be compelled. At the same time, he was well aware of the compelling power that religious and political fictions can have on the formation of our beliefs. I argue that Spinoza allows that there are ‘good’ and ‘bad’ fictions. His complex account of the imagination and fiction, and their disabling or enabling roles in gaining knowledge of Nature, is a site of disagreement among commentators. The novels of George Eliot (who translated Spinoza's works) represent a significant development for those who aim to resolve such disagreement in favour of the epistemic value of the imagination and fiction. Although Eliot agreed with Spinoza that belief cannot be compelled, she nevertheless affirmed the potential of certain kinds of fiction to be not only compelling but also edifying. The parallel reading of Eliot and Spinoza offered here raises the question of whether his philosophy can accommodate a theory of art in which the artist is seen to be capable of attaining and imparting dependable knowledge.
Identity, Individuation and Substance
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe paper takes off from the problem of finding a proper content for the relation of identity as it holds or fails to hold among ordinary things or substances. The necessary conditions of identity are familiar, the sufficient conditions less so. The search is for conditions at once better usable than the Leibnizian Identity of Indiscernibles (independently suspect) and strong enough to underwrite all the formal properties of the relation.It is contended that the key to this problem rests at the level of metaphysics and epistemology alike with a sortalist position. Sortalism is the position which insists that, if the question is whether a and b are the same, it has to be asked what are they? Any sufficiently specific answer to that question will bring with it a principle of activity or functioning and a mode of behaviour characteristic of some particular kind of thing by reference to which questions of persistence or non‐persistence through change can be adjudicated.These contentions are illustrated by reference to familiar examples such as the human zygote, the Ship of Theseus and Shoemaker's Brown‐Brownson. The first example is hostage for a mass of unproblematical cases. The problems presented by the second and third sort of examples arise chiefly (it is claimed) from an incompleteness in our conceptions of the relevant sort—the what the thing in question is. That incompleteness need not prevent us from knowing perfectly well which thing we are referring to. In the concluding section, sortalism is defended against various accusations of anthropocentrism.The paper touches on the interpretation of Heraclitus, Leibniz's theory of clear indistinct ideas, the difficulties of David Lewis's ‘perdurantist’ or stroboscopic view of persistence, four‐dimensionalism, and the relation of personal identity both to experiential memory and to the particular bodily physiognomy of a subject. At some points—as in connection with the so‐called Only a and b rule—the paper corrects, supplements or extends certain theses or formulations proposed in the author's Sameness and Substance Renewed (2001).
Effects of Repetitive Activation and Changes in External Ionic Environment on Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cell Afterhyperpolarizations
Authors: Tancredi Virginia , Dichter Marc A. 
Published: February 2012

Summary Afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons known to be generated predominantly by a Ca‐dependent K conductance were examined to see if they could be inverted by changes in extracellular potassium of the magnitude observed during interictal or ictal discharges and for their lability during repetitive activation under normal ionic conditions or in the presence of elevated extracellular potassium and decreased extracellular calcium. Under all circumstances tested, the AHP remained hyperpolarizing and was associated with a conductance increase. Thus, the very labile hyperpolarizing event that follows a depolarizing shift in hippocampal pyramidal neurons in various epileptic foci (which disappears early during the transition between interictal and ictal activity) probably is not due to the same mechanism as that which underlies the AHP.RÉSUMÉLes post‐hyperpolarisations des neurones pyramidaux hippocampiques CA1 sont générées de façon prédominante par une conductance au K Ca‐dépendante; l'auteur a recherché s'il était possible de les inverser en modifiant le potassium extra‐cellulaire dans un ordre de grandeur correspondant à celui qui est constaté pendant les décharges intercritiques ou critiques; l'auteur a également étudié leur labilité au cours d'activations répétitives dans un environnement ionique normal, ou en présence d'une élévation du potassium extra‐cellulaire et d'une diminution du calcium extra‐cellulaire. Dans toutes les conditions expérimentales, les posthyperpolarisations sont restées hyperpolarisantes et ont toujours été accompagnées d'une augmentation de conductance. Il apparaît ainsi peu probable que l'hyperpolarisation très labile qui suit la dépolarisation des neurones pyramidaux hippocampiques au niveau de divers foyers épileptiques (cette hyperpolarisation labile disparaît rapidement pendant la transition entre activité inter‐critique et critique) soit due au même mécanisme que les post‐hyperpolarisations.RESUMENPara ver si las post‐hiperpolarizaciones en las neuronas piramidales del sector CA1 del hipocampo que parecen ser generadas predominantemente por la conductancia del potasio, Ca dependiente, se observó si podrían ser invertidas mediante cambios extracelulares del potasio de una magnitud como la que se observa durante las descargas interictales o ictales. También se examinó su labilidad durante la activación repetitiva bajo condiciones iónicas normales o en presencia de potasio extracelular elevado y calcio extracelular reducido. Bajo todas las circunstancias examinadas la AHP permaneció hiperpolarizante y se asoció a un incremento de la conductancia. Asi pues, es improbable que el muy labil acontecimiento hiperpolarizante que sigue al cambio polarizante en las neuronas piramidales del hipocampo en varios focos epilépticos (que desaparece precozmente durante la transición entre la actividad interjctal y la ictal), sea debido a los mismos mecanismos en los que subyace el AHP.