bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assertibility Conditions, Implicature, and the Question of Semantic Holism
Authors: Atlas Jay David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRobert Graves and Alan Hodge, in their work called The Reader over Your Shoulder: A Handbook for Writers of English Prose, state that one of the illustrated Principles of Clear Statement involves how doubt should not exist regarding issues of how long and how much. As such, Graves and Hodge were able to give their opinions about the use of almost and not quite. The use of these two words not only entails the importance of some logical ordering, but also points out that there are certain degrees of success that can be comparable and are utilized on understanding the notion of approximation. This chapter examines the use of conjunctions in the context of contradiction, and includes a discussion about “post-Gricean pragmatics.”
Motivation
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter tackles motivation and its crucial role in the development and improvement of musical skills. The manifestations of motivation are treated as behaviors, and its sources are identified and classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic. The chapter also presents the results of research on the topic. First, it is found that music is intrinsically motivating and that the support of parents and mentors are vital in generating and sustaining this motivation. The next point revealed is that a musician's social standing among his peers, coupled with his own self-perceptions of ability and success, help to strengthen his commitment to the art. Lastly, motivation in music is linked to the musician's own reaction towards challenges. Musicians who aim for mastery in their field have been found to exert all necessary efforts in achieving this end result, which allows them to enjoy otherwise repetitive and tedious practice activities.
Expression and Interpretation
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter applies science to unravel the seemingly indefinable elements of nuance, expression, and interpretation in music. Nuance is first defined as a subset of expression and is the manipulation of sound parameters to create music that sounds alive rather than flat and mechanical. Scientific research reveals that the majority of expressive behavior is governed by simple rules that convey both structural and emotional information. The unique power of musical expression is then found to be rooted in instinctive brain mechanisms and is able to engage experiences of anticipation and surprise among listeners. Interpretations—though capable of being reliably reproduced through learning and preparation—are also subject to improvement and improvisation and are dependent on the musician's own unique history and personality. The last section presents the impact of technology—through computers and powerful software like the MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface—in analyzing musical performance.
The Performer
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter augments the musical skills identified in the previous chapters—which are individual and personal—and provides insights into how a musician can become a more accomplished performer, especially in a group setting. It presents several often overlooked points in being a performer. First, the performer's physical appearance and behavior on stage has an impact on how the audience perceives and hears the musical performance. Second, a musician's gestures and body language during the performance can be effective communication tools that cue the audience to the performer's emotional intent. Third, the success of an ensemble performance depends on the group dynamics and the collaborative problem-solving abilities of the individual members. Fourth, group performance involves a special set of musical skills which have to be learned. The last point reiterates that a musician's enjoyment and fulfillment is closely tied to his ability to manage the inherent stresses involved.
The Listener
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe third musical role, the listener, is discussed in this chapter. The opening section describes the physiological aspect of listening and reveals it to be a complicated process that transforms acoustical stimuli into images or notions that can be experienced. This musical experience is then shown to be influenced by various factors which exhibit the inherent malleability of a person's internal representation of music. Composers and musicians enable listeners to experience music emotionally through the use of musical structures that are recognized and understood by them. Another section discusses the skills of judging and critiquing music, which are shown to be difficult to acquire and easily disrupted. Throughout the chapter, several musical phenomena, including hearing color, having a tune “stuck in the head,” and the recall of biographically important songs, are explained though the sciences of physiology and psychology.
The User
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis, the last chapter, discusses the fourth musical role, that of the user. Two related approaches to music and musical experiences are then discussed. The traditional “work-focused” approach considers a musical composition as independent of performance and context. On the other hand, the “person-based” approach asserts that music cannot be divorced from its social and human context. Another section discusses the idea of cultural needs being the driver of musical development and provides examples throughout history. Several uses and functions of music are then identified and discussed, which can be divided into social, cultural, and individualistic. The succeeding sections contrast classical music settings with other less traditional modes through the distinct roles of the performer and the traditional listener, the “ideal” setting and accessories, and the technical perfection and adherence to the composer's intent. The last part of the chapter presents the implications of cultural change and movement for the classical performer.
Ecological Intelligence
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHuman color vision is adapted to the spectral properties of natural sunlight. More generally, the perceptual system has been shaped by the environment in which human ancestors evolved, the environment often referred to as the “environment of evolutionary adaptiveness”, or EEA. This chapter proposes that human reasoning processes, like those of color constancy, are designed for information that comes in a format that was present in the EEA. It focuses on a class of inductive reasoning processes technically known as Bayesian inference, specifically a simple version thereof in which an organism infers from one or a few indicators which of two events is true.
The Modularity of Social Intelligence
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The social intelligence hypothesis is both stimulating and vague. It is stimulating because it reminds one that whenever psychologists study intelligence and learning in humans or animals, it is almost invariably about inanimate objects: symbols, sticks, and bananas. It is vague because the nature of the intelligence it invokes is largely unclear, and as a consequence, the mechanisms of social intelligence have not yet been specified. The modular version of the social intelligence hypothesis proposed here assumes that social intelligences come in the plural, as do nonsocial intelligences. The notion of modularity is the thesis that social intelligence is modular is motivated by two reasons: the shortsightedness of natural selection and the combinatorial explosion of intelligent systems. Natural selection works without a big plan but results in specific adaptations accumulated over generations.
Surrogates for Theories
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe most important thing is to define candidate hypotheses before starting the business of hypothesis testing. Null hypothesis testing encourages theoretical laziness. To use it, one does not need to specify one's research hypothesis or a substantive alternative except “chance”. This scant requirement allows surrogates for theories to grow like weeds. This chapter addresses two questions: What are the surrogates for theory in psychology? And what institutional forces perpetuate reliance on these surrogates? The examples used are drawn from the best work in the areas discussed: the psychology of reasoning, judgment, and decision making.
A Random Order Placement Model of Price Formation in the Continuous Double Auction
Authors: Farmer J. Doyne , Gillemot László , Iori Giulia , Krishnamurthy Supriya , Smith D. Eric , Daniels Marcus G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of a model of a double auction trading mechanism in which “zero intelligence” agents interact in order to see what sorts of price and trading patterns emerge; interestingly, patterns appear to be empirically sensible. A microscopic dynamical statistical model is used for the continuous double auction under the assumption of IDD random order flow. The analysis is based on simulation, dimensional analysis, and theoretical tools based on mean-field approximations. The model makes testable predictions for all the basic properties of markets, including price volatility, the depth of stored supply and demand, the bid-ask spread, the price impact function, and the time and probability of filling orders. In most cases, the order size, which can be cast as a nondimensional granularity parameter, is a more significant determinant of market behavior than tick size.
Reappropriating H. Richard Niebuhr's
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines H. Richard Niebuhr's Christ and Culture in the context of how Jesus Christ could relate to society and culture. It suggests that Niebuhr's book can help the reader to see that different aspects of the same culture can prompt different stances by different Christians. It also recommends a kind of hybrid types IV and V of Niebuhr's odd type IV, which is the “Christ in paradox with culture”.
C. S. Lewis
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines author and theologian C. S. Lewis' thoughts on the relation between Jesus Christ and society. It discusses insights from Lewis' preaching and highlights key aspects of his practice or life choices. It analyzes Lewis' encoding of so many of his values in his imaginative fiction and explores his parables to confirm the main lessons that can be learned from his works. It also discusses a picture of social harmony in his The Chronicles of Narnia.
Reinhold Niebuhr
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines American theologian Reinhold Niebuhr on Christian realism. Analyses of Niebuhr's works suggest that he offered almost no reflection on how the church as an institution could best involved itself in public life. Niebuhr's lack of attention to the church was at least partly a function of his liberalism in that “his God did not act in history”. God's action in the Biblical narratives and even the career of Jesus Christ was not clear in Niebuhr's writing in regard to what can be called its historical faculty.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the thoughts and views of German theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer on the role of Jesus Christ and the Church in society. Bonhoeffer maintained that he and his fellow Christians must not only focus on resolving the current crisis and alleviating their current distress but they must also build for the future on behalf of those who would succeed them. Though he retained the emphasis upon discipleship from his earlier writings, he has also moved beyond the model discipleship as simple obedience to Christ's commandments he advocates particularly in Discipleship.
Piety, Penitence, and Praise: The Dresden Textual Repertoire
Authors: Frandsen Mary E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The previous discussion of Johann Georg's strongly suspected leanings toward Rome leads quite naturally into an examination of the texts of the musical repertoire presented in the court chapel under his watch, for the musical settings of the sacred concertos and motets that he established as part of his liturgies offered the greatest potential for the introduction of Catholic dogma into the Lutheran Gottesdienst. Most of the extra-liturgical compositions of Johann Georg's Catholic Kapellmeisters involved free (nonscriptural, nonliturgical) Latin texts that displayed striking differences from the texts of the Spruchmotetten and scripture-based sacred concertos composed by Schütz and other Lutheran composers of his generation. Instead, these texts were now very similar in style and content to those regularly performed during Masses in Italy. Yet the introduction of these texts did not result in a musical repertoire that stood in contravention of Lutheran doctrine. On the contrary: the vast majority of the texts set by these Catholics posed no challenges to that doctrine, and, perhaps more important, were fully consonant with the body of devotional literature developed by and for Lutherans from the middle of the previous century. Thus, regardless of their origins, many of the ideas expressed in these texts can be located securely within seventeenth-century Lutheran thought.
Johann Georg’s Vision for Worship
Authors: Frandsen Mary E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Virtually upon taking his seat at the Saxon helm, Johann Georg II initiated a program of musico-liturgical reform that would take six years to bring to full fruition, and which would culminate in his Kirchen-Ordnung (“church order”), the codification of both the schedule of feasts and liturgical forms that would remain in use in the chapel until his death in 1680. His program of reform, which was doubtless undertaken in consultation with court preacher Jacob Weller, advanced in three basic stages: the establishment of the number and nature of services to be celebrated on feast days throughout the liturgical year; the musical enhancement of the various liturgies; and finally, the promulgation of his Kirchen-Ordnung and its realization in the chapel liturgies.
Two Problems about Human Agency
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes agential authority from subjective normative authority, argues that a theory of strong forms of human agency needs to provide a coordinated treatment of both, and explains how an appeal to higher-order self-governing policies aims to do this. A basic role of self-governing policies is to support the cross-temporal organization of the deliberation and action of temporally persisting agents like us. A recognition of such policies, and of their role in the temporally extended structure of agency, is a key to a plausible account of kinds of agency and deliberation central to our lives. This chapter explores how one can be led to these ideas by reflection on two interrelated problems in the philosophy of action, and on recent work on these problems by Harry G. Frankfurt and Christine Korsgaard. The first problem concerns deliberation while the second deals with the metaphysics of agency.
Nozick on Free Will
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The idea of a reflexive self-governing policy that can be underdetermined by value judgment, and that plays a role in Lockean identity, is similar in important respects to Robert Nozick's idea of a “self-subsuming decision that bestows weights to reasons.” Nozick develops this idea in his work, Philosophical Explanations, in which he explores some of the deepest issues in philosophy. Nozick examines fundamental questions about, among other things, personal identity, knowledge, free will, value, and the meaning of life. This chapter comments on Nozick's discussion of free will and incompatibilism. The Appendix argues that there remains a serious issue, within Nozick's discussion, about how to explain agential authority and about the precise philosophical work that can be done by appeal to the very idea of a decision.
A Desire of One's Own
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In his 1971 article, “Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person,” Harry G. Frankfurt pointed to a deep problem in the philosophy of action and sketched an attractive proposal for a solution. The problem arises when we take seriously the idea that you can sometimes have and be moved by desires that you in some sense disown. As Frankfurt put it, though you do what you want you do not act of your own free will. What we have learned from Frankfurt is that our response to this problem has significant implications for our overall view of human agency and autonomy. This chapter addresses a Platonic challenge to a Frankfurt-type hierarchical theory of desire ownership and identification. It aims to block this challenge by emphasizing important ways in which identification may be underdetermined by value judgment.
Autonomy and Hierarchy
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores multiple philosophical pressures in the direction of conative hierarchy as an element in autonomous agency. A central idea is that there is, in autonomy, a certain transparency of relevant psychological functioning of self-governing policies to their content. So the self-management function of self-governing policies leads to a hierarchical content of those policies. This might seem in tension with the idea that it is the role of self-governing policies in Lockean cross-temporal organization—not a content that is explicitly about one's identity—that is central to their agential authority. But this tension is only apparent. Even in a case of autonomy in which its own role in Lockean identity is internalized in the content of the self-governing policy, it is not this content but this role that grounds the agential authority of that policy (though this content may contribute to this role). And an attitude whose content was a self-conception, but which did not play this role, would not have agential authority.
Three Forms of Agential Commitment: Reply to Cullity and Gerrans
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Human agents are purposive agents who are also capable of stronger forms of agency, including forms of self-governance. Recent work in Harry G. Frankfurt-influenced philosophy of action on ownership, identification, internality, authority, and endorsement are, at least in large part, efforts to develop a sufficiently rich theoretical apparatus for this task. At the bottom is the idea that strong forms of agency that are of interest can be modeled within, as Garret Cullity and Phillip Gerrans put it, a “non-homuncular causal account of agency.” Self-governance is constituted by forms of psychological functioning that appropriately involve identification and the like. This chapter examines the self-knowledge conditions on self-governance and argues that a theory of autonomy needs to appeal both to psychological functioning in cross-temporal organization and to a kind of reflexivity of self-governing policy. This reflexivity is in part a response to concerns about circularity, and in part a response to pressures within self-governance in favor of a strong form of agential endorsement of governing policies.
Three Theories of Self-Governance
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter revisits the important exchange between Harry G. Frankfurt and Gary Watson concerning the psychological structures involved in significant forms of free agency. It also aims to deepen the account of how to be a wholehearted, pluralist, self-governing agent by drawing on Joshua Cohen's interpretation of the Rawlsian “idea of reasonable pluralism.” It also develops further the central—and broadly Frankfurtian—claim that agential authority is a matter of the non-Platonic psychological role in the Lockean organization of our temporally extended agency. This is true even for those evaluative attitudes that both have agential authority and track the good: their agential authority derives from their non-Platonic psychological role. And the normal hierarchical structure of self-governing policies helps them play these Lockean organizing roles. This chapter treats the initial debate about desire, hierarchy, and value judgment as part of the debate about the psychological structures and forms of functioning that are central to human self-governance. Finally, it proposes an intention-based theory.
Shared Valuing and Frameworks for Practical Reasoning
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Intentions, plans, and policies provide background frameworks that structure deliberation and practical reasoning. These background frameworks have a characteristic stability over time. They shape practical reasoning, sometimes by shaping what options are to be considered, sometimes by shaping what is to count as a consideration of significance in favor of or contrary to options considered. In providing such frameworks, our intentions, plans, and policies help constitute and support important forms of cross-temporal coordination and organization both within the life of an individual agent and socially, across different lives. This chapter extends the account of valuing to the case of shared valuing. It does this, in part, by drawing on the approach to shared agency that includes ideas of interlocking intentions as well as intentions in favor of meshing subplans. Shared valuing involves interlocking policies of treating, in ways that mesh, certain considerations as justifying in relevant shared deliberation and practical reasoning. This chapter also discusses individual intentions and plans concerning individual action.
Stella
Authors: Barnett Louise 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA scholar who has dedicated his professional career to studying Swift starts an essay on “Stella's Books” with the following statement: “About Esther Johnson, better known to the world by the name of Stella, we know next to nothing. After 250 years, we are still in the dark about her parentage, her childhood, and her removal to Ireland, as well as about the nature of her relationship with Jonathan Swift.” What little is known of the woman who was Swift's particular friend in Ireland for some 27 years comes primarily from Swift himself. Of the people who knew Stella personally, the only other writer to set down his opinions—briefly, and almost 30 years after her death—was Patrick Delany.
Maternity
Authors: Barnett Louise 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMothers, both collectively and individually, are obviously not present in Swift's poems, prose fictions, and correspondence. Even the Letter to a Young Lady, on Her Marriage is entirely about the young lady's responsibility as a companion to her husband and makes no mention of children. We see women in many appearances in Swift's writing, from the flayed woman of A Tale of a Tub to the rotting whores of The Progress of Beauty and A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed. There are also poems commending the childless women Swift called Stella and Vanessa. And Gulliver's Travels shows Gulliver suggesting to his Houyhnhnm master the castration of Yahoos as a way of humanely ending that inferior species by preventing reproduction.