bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular Microarchitecture of Murine Colitis‐Associated Lymphoid Angiogenesis
Authors: Turhan Aslihan , Lin Miao , Lee Grace S. , Miele Lino F. , Tsuda Akira , Konerding Moritz A. , Mentzer Steven J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn permissive tissues, such as the gut and synovium, chronic inflammation can result in the ectopic development of anatomic structures that resemble lymph nodes. These inflammation‐induced structures, termed lymphoid neogenesis or tertiary lymphoid organs, may reflect differential stromal responsiveness to the process of lymphoid neogenesis. To investigate the structural reorganization of the microcirculation involved in colonic lymphoid neogenesis, we studied a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced colitis. Standard 2‐dimensional histology demonstrated both submucosal and intramucosal lymphoid structures in DSS‐induced colitis. A spatial frequency analysis of serial histologic sections suggested that most intramucosal lymphoid aggregates developed de novo. Intravital microscopy of intravascular tracers confirmed that the developing intramucosal aggregates were supplied by capillaries arising from the quasi‐polygonal mucosal plexus. Confocal optical sections and whole mount morphometry demonstrated capillary networks (185 ± 46 μm diameter) involving six to ten capillaries with a luminal diameter of 6.8 ± 1.1 μm. Microdissection and angiogenesis PCR array analysis demonstrated enhanced expression of multiple angiogenic genes including CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL5, Il‐1b, MMP9, and TNF within the mucosal plexus. Intravital microscopy of tracer particle flow velocities demonstrated a marked decrease in flow velocity from 808 ± 901 μm/sec within the feeding mucosal plexus to 491 ± 155 μm/sec within the capillary structures. We conclude that the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue requires significant structural remodeling of the stromal microcirculation. A feature of permissive tissues may be the capacity for lymphoid angiogenesis. Anat Rec, 292:621–632, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ba0.7Sr0.3Ru1−xMnxO3 Hexagonal Perovskites
Authors: Yin Congling , Li Guobao , Lin Jianhua , Attfield J. P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTuning perovskites! A dramatic structural control of magnetic properties is reported in Ba0.7Sr0.3Ru1−xMnxO3 hexagonal perovskites. These are spin‐glasses with freezing temperatures proportional to x in the 6H polytype up to x≈0.5, but show high temperature antiferromagnetism in 4H phases at high x.magnified imageThe structures and properties of Ba0.7Sr0.3Ru1−xMnxO3 perovskites have been investigated in samples prepared at 1300 °C in air. Two polytypes are found, a 6H phase for 0.2≤x≤0.4 and a 4H type for 0.6≤x≤1. The cell parameters and volume vary linearly in both solid solution ranges. Spin‐freezing transitions up to 60 K are observed for the 6H samples, but the 4H materials show high temperature Néel transitions at 210 to 280 K.
Amide‐Based Glutathione Peroxidase Mimics: Effect of Secondary and Tertiary Amide Substituents on Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Bhabak Krishna P. , Mugesh Govindasamy 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSec or terts:A series ofsec‐ andtert‐amide substituted diselenides have been synthesised as synthetic mimics of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), characterized, and studied for their antioxidant activities using H2O2, Cum‐OOH, andtBuOOH as substrates and PhSH as thiol co‐substrate. The substitution at the free NH group of the amide moiety in the sec‐amide based diselenides is shown to enhance the GPx activity.magnified imageA series of secondary and tertiary amide‐substituted diselenides were synthesized and studied for their GPx‐like antioxidant activities using H2O2, Cum‐OOH, andtBuOOH as substrates and PhSH as thiol co‐substrate. The effect of substitution at the free NH group of the amide moiety in thesec‐amide‐based diselenides on GPx activity was analyzed by detailed experimental and theoretical methods. It is observed that substitution at the free NH group significantly enhances the GPx‐like activities of thesec‐amide‐based diselenides, mainly by reducing the Se⋅⋅⋅O nonbonded interactions. The reduction in strength of the Se⋅⋅⋅O interaction upon introduction ofN,N‐dialkyl substituents not only prevents the undesired thiol exchange reactions, but also reduces the stability of selenenyl sulfide intermediates. This leads to a facile disproportionation of the selenenyl sulfide to the corresponding diselenide, which enhances the catalytic activity. The mechanistic investigations indicate that the reactivity of diselenides havingsec‐ ortert‐amide moieties with PhSH is extremely slow; indicating that the first step of the catalytic cycle involves the reaction between the diselenides and peroxide to produce the corresponding selenenic and seleninic acids.
Nanographene and Nanodiamond; New Members in the Nanocarbon Family
Authors: Enoki Toshiaki , Takai Kazuyuki , Osipov Vladimir , Baidakova Marina , Vul' Alexander 
Published: April 2009

AbstractJoin the family: Nanographene and nanodiamond are new members of nanocarbons, which consist of nano‐sized hexagonal and tetrahedral networks, respectively. In contrast to other members of the nanocarbon family, such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, the edge or surface in nanographene or nonodiamond plays an essential role in determining their electronic structure.magnified imageNanographene and nanodiamond are new members of nanocarbons, which consist of nano‐sized hexagonal and tetrahedral networks, respectively. The presence of edges and surfaces distinguishes nanographene and nanodiamond, respectively, from other nanocarbons owing to their structure dependent electronic features. Nanographene has an unconventional nonbonding π‐state (edge state) localized around its edge that is dependent on the edge geometry. The edge states, having localized spins, impart a nanographene‐based molecular magnetic character. The structure and electronic/magnetic properties of nanodiamond vary depending on how the surface carbon atoms are terminated. Nanodiamond, with a naked surface, is subjected to structural reconstruction at the expense of σ‐dangling bonds. The hydrogenation of the surface is expected to give an electron reservoir function. The incompletely hydrogenated surface is magnetic with surface‐induced spins.
Do not adjust coefficients in Shapley value regression
Authors: Grömping Ulrike , Landau Sabine 
Published: April 2009

AbstractShapley value regression consists of assessing relative importance and accordingly adjusting regression coefficients. It is argued that adjustment of coefficients is unnecessary and even misleading for practically relevant situations. Examples are given, and an alternative procedure is proposed for situations for which the coefficients are requested to have a certain sign. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the current Brazilian sugarcane industry and directing developments for maximum fossil fuel mitigation for the international petrochemical market
Authors: Brehmer Ben , Sanders Johan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe EU proposes that 5.75% of the transportation fuels market consist of biofuels by 2010 and the USA proposes that all gasoline be blended with 10% bioethanol by 2012. While these targets have not yet been reached, an aura of critique is emerging, arguing that biofuel mandates are not sustainable. One of the major ensuing topics surrounding biofuel sustainability is the food versus fuel debate in reference to first‐generation (or food‐based) technology. This article will reveal that for the specific case of sugarcane in Brazil, first‐generation bioethanol is more sustainable than expansion to include second‐generation (non‐food‐based) technology. Two life cycle assessments are conducted. First, a cradle‐to‐factory gate analysis with focus on fossil fuel reduction potential. Fertile land is consumed and occupied by all biomass crops; the biomass option with the highest mitigation potential per land can be considered the most sustainable and least intrusive to food production. Ethanol, on average, can mitigate 104GJ/ha/a, which is equivalent to 17 barrels of oil annually. This can increase to 353GJ/ha/a for the foreseeable best practice situations, higher than the second‐generation option. A first‐step chemical biorefinery producing ethylene achieves 509GJ/ha/a. Second, the BASF‐developed eco‐efficiency model, which links both environmental impacts and economic profitability in one, easy‐to‐interpret graph, is used as validation. Overall it is calculated that a best practice first‐generation ethanol and its later dehydration to ethylene are the most eco‐efficient options. The biobased economy deserves highly specific assessments. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The development of biocommodities and the role of North West European ports in biomass chains
Authors: Sanders Johan P. M. , Annevelink Bert , van der Hoeven Diederik 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBiomass‐derived commodities will compete with commodities derived from fossil fuels in 20 years' time. This perspective will explore the economic conditions that will govern the development of, and the trade in these biocommodities. Markets for biocommodities will open up new revenues for both the agricultural and the chemical sector. We shall explore the importance of the biorefinery concept for the establishment of these new markets.Biorefinery is the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy. Trade in biobased substances will be greatly enhance if standard ‘commodities’ are defined and produced in several places in the world.Now we turn to the second question of this perspective: where will biocommodities be produced and where will they be used? The choice of where to process the biomass will depend on the type of biomass, transport distances, bulk density, decay rate, ease of handling, the type of process(ses), the presence of markets, the cost of labor, and logistical conditions.Ports, both on the exporting side and on the importing side, will have a major influence on the formation of biomass chains. In export ports, crude or partially pre‐treated biomass will be collected and processed/ transformed into a biocommodity. Existing industries, such as feed production, can be combined with the production of biocommodities, The role of port areas and chemical industries in several biomass chains are shown. The combination of a major port and major application markets for biomass, such as feed industry, chemical industry, biofuels industry and power generation, will allow for the formation of a biomass hub.The formation of a biomass hub will be a step‐by‐step process in which services and exchange markets are added to existing logistical and industrial structures. The port of Rotterdam has an excellent starting point to become a hub in international biomass trade and processing. In the near future, 5–15 years from now, international biomass trade will become standardized and biocommodities will be defined, partly on the basis of technologies still in development. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Biofuels and indirect land use change effects: the debate continues
Authors: Mathews John A. , Tan Hao 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWhile debate on biofuels and bioenergy generally has sparked controversy over claimed greenhouse gas emissions benefits available with a switch to biomass, these claims have generally not taken into account indirect land use changes. Carbon emissions from land that is newly planted with biocrops, after land use changes such as deforestation, are certainly real – but efforts to measure them have been presented subject to severe qualifi cations. No such qualifications accompanied the paper by Searchinger et al. published in Science in February 2008, where the claim was made that a spike of ethanol consumption in the USA up to the year 2016 would divert corn grown in the USA and lead to new plantings of grain crops around the world to make up the shortfall, resulting in land use changes covering 10.8 million hectares and leading to the release of 3.8 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions in terms of CO2 equivalent. These emissions, the paper argued, would more than offset any savings in emissions by growing biofuels in the first place; in fact they would create a ‘carbon debt’ that would take 160 years to repay. Such criticism would be devastating, if it were valid. The aim of this perspective is to probe the assumptions and models used in the Searchinger et al. paper, to evaluate their validity and plausibility, and contrast them with other approaches taken or available to be taken. It is argued that indirect land use change effects are too diffuse and subject to too many arbitrary assumptions to be useful for rule‐making, and that the use of direct and controllable measures, such as building statements of origin of biofuels into the contracts that regulate the sale of such commodities, would secure better results. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Indirect land use emissions in the life cycle of biofuels: regulations vs science
Authors: Liska Adam J , Perrin Richard K 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRecent legislative mandates have been enacted at state and federal levels with the purpose of reducing life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation fuels. This legislation encourages the substitution of fossil fuels with ‘low‐carbon’ fuels. The burden is put on regulatory agencies to determine the GHG‐intensity of various fuels, and those agencies naturally look to science for guidance. Even though much progress has been made in determining the direct life cycle emissions from the production of biofuels, the science underpinning the estimation of potentially signifi cant emissions from indirect land use change (ILUC) is in its infancy. As legislation requires inclusion of ILUC emissions in the biofuel life cycle, regulators are in a quandary over accurate implementation. In this article, we review these circumstances and offer some suggestions for how to proceed with the science of indirect effects and regulation in the face of uncertain science. Besides investigating indirect deforestation and grassland conversion alone, a more comprehensive assessment of the total GHG emissions implications of substituting biofuels for petroleum needs to be completed before indirect effects can be accurately determined. This review fi nds that indirect emissions from livestock and military security are particularly important, and deserve further research. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Examining understanding, acceptance, and support for the biorefinery concept among EU policy‐makers
Authors: Peck Philip , Bennett Simon J , Bissett‐Amess Rachelle , Lenhart Jennifer , Mozaffarian Hamid 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper outlines how an understanding of the processes of building cognitive and sociopolitical legitimacy is relevant to the formation of a biorefining sector. First we describe a number of theoretical insights into challenges faced by emerging industries and how these can relate to the formation of a biorefining sector. Second, we present the conduct and results of an initial exploration of understanding, acceptance, and support for the biorefinery concept among a sample of actors in the EU policy community. General conclusions of this study are then provided in these two areas. Addressing theory versus evidence from the fi eld, it is found that many phenomena predicted by theory indeed appear in the empirical results and seem immediately relevant to the formative biorefining industry. Analysis of the perceptions of members of the policy community toward biorefinery‐related environmental, social, policy, reputational and policy issues reveals that there are a number of areas where prompt action from the political and scientifi c communities could yield signifi cant benefi ts. We conclude that theories enfolding the concepts of cognitive and sociopolitical legitimacy are relevant to discussions of biofuels, bioproducts and biorefining. Importantly, proponents of the biorefinery concept can draw upon a broad body of knowledge generated in both related and non‐related industries, to support their work reducing barriers to the emergence of commercial biorefineries. A key area in this regard will be improved communication of biorefinery contributions to sustainable development. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Erratum: Decision anomalies, experimenter assumptions, and participants' comprehension: Revaluating the uncertainty effect
Authors: Keren Gideon , Willemsen Martijn C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe above article (DOI: 10.1002/bdm.628) was published online on 14 November 2008 inWiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). An error was subsequently identified:Page 3, line 22: “certainty effect,” should read “uncertainty effect,”.
Effects of pulsed electromagnetic stimulation on patients undergoing hip revision prostheses: A randomized prospective double‐blind study
Authors: Dallari Dante , Fini Milena , Giavaresi Gianluca , Del Piccolo Nicolandrea , Stagni Cesare , Amendola Luca , Rani Nicola , Gnudi Saverio , Giardino Roberto 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this prospective, randomized, double‐blind study, the effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) was investigated in 30 subjects undergoing hip revision using the Wagner SL stem. The subjects were treated for 6 h/day up to 90 days after revision. Study end points were assessed clinically by the functional scale of Merle D'Aubigné and instrumentally by Dual‐Energy X‐ray Absorptiometry (DXA) at the Gruen zones. Subject improvement according to Merle D'Aubigné scale was higher (P < 0.05) in subjects undergoing active stimulation compared to placebo. In analyzing the DXA findings, we subtracted for each area the postoperative bone mineral density (BMD) values from those measured at 90 days and we considered all results above 3.5% as responders. There were no significant differences in the average BMD values at each Gruen zone between the two groups both postoperatively and at 90 days investigation. In Gruen zones 5 and 6, corresponding to the medial cortex, we observed six responders (40%) in both areas in the control group, while in the stimulated group we observed 14 (93%) and 10 (66%) responders, respectively (both P < 0.05). This study showed that PEMF treatment aids clinical recovery and bone stock restoration. Bioelectromagnetics 30:423–430, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue‐specific intervention possible?
Authors: Copland John A. , Sheffield‐Moore Melinda , Koldzic‐Zivanovic Nina , Gentry Sean , Lamprou George , Tzortzatou‐Stathopoulou Fotini , Zoumpourlis Vassilis , Urban Randall J. , Vlahopoulos Spiros A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSex steroids, through their receptors, have potent effects on the signal pathways involved in osteogenic or myogenic differentiation. However, a considerable segment of those signal pathways has a prominent role in epithelial neoplastic transformation. The capability to intervene locally has focused on specific ligands for the receptors. Nevertheless, many signals are mapped to interactions of steroid receptor motifs with heterologous regulatory proteins. Some of those proteins interact with the glucocorticoid receptor and other factors essential to cell fate. Interactions of steroid receptor domain motifs with heterologous proteins affect specific target pathways; consequently, manipulation of specified protein modules complexed with steroid receptors may be a next major step for enhancing molecular targeted therapeutics. In the future, intervention at specific sections of receptor primary sequence may prove therapeutically more efficient in targeting pathways of choice than ligand selectivity can be.
Use of treatment analysis following ambiguous functional analysis results
Authors: Carter Stacy L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe present study used a treatment analysis following ambiguous functional analysis results to evaluate potential treatments to reduce the SIB of a 32‐year‐old male with profound mental retardation. In addition, effective treatments were determined for increasing compliance with increasingly more complex self‐care tasks. The results indicated that a positive reinforcement procedure with extinction was useful toward reducing SIB and increasing compliance during three increasingly more complex tasks. The usefulness of treatment analysis procedures following ambiguous functional analysis results are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bite size and texture assessments to prescribe treatment for severe food selectivity in autism
Authors: Sharp William G. , Jaquess David L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSeparate evaluations of bite size (amount of food on the spoon) and food texture were used to prescribe treatment changes in a feeding protocol for a 3‐year‐old male with autism and severe food selectivity. Each evaluation revealed distinct behavioral topographies, with an increase in disruptive behaviors associated with increased bite sizes and decreased swallowing and higher rates of gagging associated with higher textures. The results of each evaluation were used to successfully guide increases in volume and texture during therapeutic meals. Results highlight the importance of considering both aversion to food as well as oral motor skills when designing treatment for children with food selectivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer aided self‐monitoring to increase academic production and reduce self‐injurious behavior in a child with autism
Authors: Soares Denise A. , Vannest Kimberly J. , Harrison Judith 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSelf‐monitoring to increase the on‐task behavior of students with learning disabilities has been the focus of numerous studies in the literature. This study examined the effectiveness of computer aided self‐monitoring of academic task completion to reduce self‐injurious behavior in a 13‐year‐old male student with autism. Using an ABAB design, data were collected over 22 sessions in a resource‐reading classroom. Visual and statistical analyses indicated that when self‐monitoring of activity completion was implemented, rates of completion increased and maladaptive behaviors such as self‐injurious behavior and tantruming decreased. Discussion follows for implications for self‐monitoring with students with autism. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of the overjustification effect across multiple contingency arrangements
Authors: Bright Candice N. , Penrod Becky 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe overjustification effect suggests that external rewards may decrease intrinsically reinforced behaviors; however, this conclusion is often drawn from pre‐ and post‐assessment data. The majority of studies published in this area do not take repeated measures of behavior. In addition, previous research has not distinguished between the use of rewards and reinforcers by demonstrating a reinforcement effect; hence, it is possible that the occurrence of the overjustification effect varies depending on the nature of the stimuli that are used. This study extended previous research by evaluating whether the overjustification effect was relevant to the use of non‐reinforcing stimuli, reinforcers, or both. The effects of verbal praise were also evaluated in relation to the overjustification effect. Results indicated that behavior did not decrease below baseline levels following the contingent delivery of non‐reinforcing stimuli, reinforcers, or verbal praise. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.