bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ape behavior in two alternating environments: comparing exhibit and short‐term holding areas
Authors: Ross S.R. , Wagner K.E. , Schapiro S.J. , Hau J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn many facilities, primates are voluntarily transferred between different enclosures on a daily basis to facilitate animal husbandry and exhibit maintenance. This procedure is particularly relevant in the management of great apes living in zoos, where the requirements of functional management must be balanced with the desire to maintain enriching and naturalistic exhibit enclosures that benefit ape residents and attract the visiting public. In these settings, examinations of ape behavior and welfare typically focus exclusively on activity in the primary exhibit area. However, physical, social and sensory experiences unique to each area may shape different patterns of behavior. In the current study, zoo‐living chimpanzees and gorillas were moved each day from exhibit areas to off‐exhibit holding areas for a short duration as a part of regular management procedures. Behavioral data indicated species‐specific reactions to the holding area, including increased aggression and self‐directed behavior by chimpanzees and increased activity and prosocial behavior among gorilla subjects. Both species showed more feeding‐foraging behavior while in the exhibit enclosure. Results suggest that holding areas may not meet all behavior needs of captive great apes and demonstrate the importance of including all components of the captive enclosure in comprehensive analyses of great ape behavior and welfare. Am. J. Primatol. 72:951–959, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mated pairs of owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae) exhibit sex differences in response to unfamiliar male and female conspecifics
Authors: Wolovich Christy K. , Evans Sian , Green Steven M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn socially monogamous species, mate‐guarding could be a reproductive strategy that benefits both males and females, especially when males contribute to parental care. By actively guarding mates, males may reduce their chances of being cuckolded, whereas females that mate‐guard may reduce the likelihood that their mates will desert them or acquire additional mates, and hence limit or reduce paternal care of offspring. Owl monkeys (Aotus spp.) are socially monogamous with biparental care of young and, hence, potential beneficiaries of mate‐guarding. We presented mated pairs of captive owl monkeys (A. nancymaae) with unfamiliar male and female conspecifics, to determine if either member of the pair exhibits intraspecific aggression toward an intruder or stays close to its mate, behaviors indicative of mate‐guarding. Male mates were more responsible for the maintenance of close proximity between mates than females. Male mates also exhibited elevated levels of behavior that signify arousal when presented with a male conspecific. These responses by mated male owl monkeys are consistent with patterns that may help prevent cuckoldry. Am. J. Primatol. 72:942–950, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A three‐year prospective longitudinal cohort study of medical students' attitudes toward anatomy teaching and their career aspirations
Authors: Bhangu Aneel , Boutefnouchet Tarek , Yong Xu , Abrahams Peter , Joplin Ruth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractToday's medical students are faced with numerous learning needs. Continuously developing curricula have reduced time for basic science subjects such as anatomy. This study aimed to determine the students' views on the relevance of anatomy teaching, anatomical knowledge, and the effect these have on their career choices. A Likert scale questionnaire was distributed to second year medical students [response rate 91% (n = 292/320)]. The same questionnaire was subsequently distributed to the cohort three years later when they were final year students [response rate 37% (n = 146/392)]. Students in both the cohorts of study agreed strongly that clinically correlated anatomical teaching was relevant to clinical practice (92% and 86% of second and final year respondents, respectively) and helped them during their clinical placements (73% and 92%, respectively). Only 28% of the second year and 31% of the final year students agreed that their anatomy teaching prepared them to interpret clinical images (P = 0.269). Only 14% of the final year students felt confident in their knowledge of anatomy. Of the final year students, 30% felt that they had enough opportunity to scrub in the operating room. Nearly half of those students who would consider surgery as a career (19%) think that they will eventually become surgeons (11%). This data suggests that modern anatomy curriculum should focus on clinical correlations and clinical image interpretation. Students would value more opportunities to participate in surgeries. Vertical integration of anatomy teaching throughout the full medical course may be useful. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
An Evaluation of Index Medicus and MEDLARS in the Field of Ophthalmology
Authors: Virgo Julie A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn evaluation of the performance of Index Medicus and MEDLARS in the field of ophthalmology is presented, using data generated by a separate study. MEDLARS performance figures gave a screened precision ratio of 54% and a recall ratio of 42%. Over the same set of questions Index Medicus had a screened precision ratio of 53 % and a recall ratio of 46%. Results for Index Medicus alone over a larger set of questions gave a 73 % screened precision ratio and a 47% recall ratio. A random sample of MEDLARS and Index Medicus precision and recall failures showed that most of the Index Medicus recall failures resulted from manual searcher omissions. The major causes of MEDLARS precision failures were inadequate indexing terminology to express concepts and attempts at providing too exhaustive a search.
Education in Information Science
Authors: Belzer Jack 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation science encompasses many notions, ideas, concepts, principles, and techniques. It relates symbols, words, and language to the world about us. It permits us to hypothesize about the structure of the universe, forecast about future events, and extend knowledge. Information is dynamic, and its rate of growth demands of us that scientific methods and technology be applied to deal with this problem or it will be virtually impossible to meet the demands it imposes on our society. To meet this challenge, trained professional personnel are needed. The universities have the responsibility of preparing such manpower. The career opportunities exist for information scientists, information systems analysts and designers, and professional staff in information transfer, and the demands for experts are increasing. The important question is, are our programs and our curricula in the universities accomplishing this mission? The probability is that many of these programs could be improved substantially. It is our responsibility to examine these programs and analyze this data, which should indicate to us the degree to which our mission is being accomplished. We should be able to provide guidelines that would be useful to individual institutions in reviewing their own programs.
Promising Developments in Computer‐Assisted Instruction
Authors: Jerman Max 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe work in computer‐assisted instruction conducted at Stanford is reviewed in the context of developmental stages through which the CAI programs have passed, and the next step in the evolution of these programs is discussed.Areas that might be well suited to computer‐assisted instruction also are mentioned, and systems now moving in these directions are described.Our experiences in teacher training and coordinating computer‐assisted instruction with classroom instruction are reviewed.
Overlap Among the Journal Articles Selected for Coverage by BIOSIS, CAS, and Ei
Authors: Wood James L. , Flanagan Carolyn , Kennedy H. Edward 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOf 14, 592 primary journals being collectively monitored by the BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS), the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), and Engineering Index, Inc. (Ei) on 1 May 1970, only 4081 were being monitored by two or more of the services.The extent to which all three or any two of these services select the same journal article for coverage was determined by examining each service's selection records for the July 1969–June 1970 issues of these 4081 overlap journals. The maximum possible journal article overlap among BIOSIS, CAS and Ei was found to be 822 articles and between BIOSIS and Ei, 1428 articles. The journal article overlap between BIOSIS and CAS was found to be 48, 856 articles and between CAS and Ei, 21, 583 articles.
Development of an Integrated Energy Vocabulary and the Possibilities for On‐line Subject Switching
Authors: Niehoff R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the development of an integrated vocabulary of energy terminology and it explores the potential for a fully developed energy vocabulary conversion guide. Eleven vocabularies were analyzed and integrated: AIP, CA, API, GA, INIS, TEST, GEOR, El, PA, DDC, and NASA.The following major concepts were considered within the scope: energy sources (fuels); derived products; exploration, production and processing; energy conversion; energy transportation, transmission and distribution; energy consumption, utilization, and conservation; power generation; energy storage; energy policy and legislation; environmental impacts; transportation modes (land, air, sea); propulsion systems; consuming sectors and economics; and international supply and consumption.The methodology consisted of 1) establishing term selection criteria, 2) analyzing individual system vocabularies for energy‐related terms, 3) processing energy subsets and 4) reviewing the integrated product and generating a final vocabulary.Three broad problem areas were identified during the study: 1) energy definition, 2) analyst viewpoint variances, 3) thesaurus format/convention variances. The conceptualization, identification, and selection of energy terms was especially difficult in several subject disciplines, including such areas as engineering materials, mathematics, electronics, explosives, psychology and other social sciences. Five types of synonym construction were encountered.It was concluded that vocabulary conversion, which permits subject switching, offers some degree of inter‐system compatibility. Conversion is the ability to retrieve all documents on a given subject from all available (and appropriate) data bases with a single query. When coupled with development of a standard system protocol, full information‐resource utilization will be possible.A prototype conversion guide (synonym table) was constructed for further study. One of the significant findings was that, without any additional intellectual efforts, conversion can be increased from 28 percent (exact match only) to 46 percent using exact match plus singular‐plural equivalencies, plus synonym expansion.
Knowledge Space: A Conceptual Basis for the Organization of Knowledge
Authors: Meincke Peter P. M. , Atherton Pauline 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe propose a new conceptual basis for visualizing the organization of information, or knowledge, which differentiates between the concept “vectors” for a field of knowledge represented in a multidimensional space, and the state “vectors” for a person based on his understanding of these concepts, and the representational “vectors” for information items which might be in a retrieval system which covers a sub space of knowledge. This accommodates the notion of search volume in which the user of a retrieval system can expand or reduce the subspace he searches for relevant information items which have representational vectors with components on basic concept vectors similar to his state vector. The benefits of such a new conceptual framework are explored in this article.
Comparison of Printed Bibliographic Descriptions Distributed by BIOSIS, CAS, and Ei
Authors: Larson Julian R. , Bernhard Gail A. , Padin Mary Ellen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrinted bibliographic descriptions of journal articles cited by BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts (SIOSIS), Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), and Engineering Index (Ei) were compared to identify similarities and differences in form, format and data content.Collectively, the three services use 15 different bibliographic data elements, five to provide a description of the journal issue and ten to describe the article. All three services used eight of the 15 data elements. Of the remaining seven data elements, four were used by two of the three services and three were used by only one of the services.The differences in the content of the three services' printed bibliographic descriptions do not adversely affect the user's ability to identify the cited publications.
Collection Overlap as a Function of Library Size: A Comparison of American and Canadian Public Libraries
Authors: Davis Charles H. , Shaw Debora 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRandom samples of monographic materials from American and Canadian public libraries were matched with the collections of similar libraries of different sizes. Materials with a publication date earlier than 1970 were excluded in order to reduce the sample size, to minimize the effects of comparing older and newer libraries, and to increase the relevance of the findings for resource sharing through contemporary on‐line computer‐based networks. A strong positive correlation appears to exist between percentage find rate and target library size, with regression analysis suggesting linearity over a wide range of collection sizes.
A Reliability Theoretic Construct for Assessing Information Flow in Networks
Authors: Sullo Pasquale , Wallace William A. , Triscari Thomas , Chazen Cathy A. , Davis James F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA reliability theoretic construct is proposed for conceptualizing the process of information flow. It focuses on information produced to satisfy specified purposes or to achieve preconceived objectives. Furthermore, the model incorporates explicitly the concept of an information producer contemplating a choice of action in an uncertain environment. The resulting models are therefore prescriptive in nature. The usefulness of this construct is illustrated by a case analysis of the effectiveness of natural resource data products in land‐use decision making. Measures of system reliability of the information flow network are determined and sensitivity analyses performed. Numerical examples are presented and discussed. The prescriptive nature of this approach permits use of its results to indicate how a data producer can increase the effectiveness of documents by identifying the information flow network, assessing the reliability of each component in the network, finding measures of system reliability, and performing sensitivity analyses to identify the critical components of the system. The result is a closer congruence between the objectives of the data producer and the requirements of users.
Two Models for Predicting Subject Circulation: A Contribution to the Allocation Problem
Authors: Mcgrath William E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is shown that different sets of variables can account for nearly equal amounts of variance when predicting book circulation by subject. Proportion of variance (R2) for two basic models containing various combinations of 21 variables were tested. The first, called the shelf list model, treated the number of library books, whose subjects match those of academic departments, as a control variable. As such, it accounted for 6Wo of the variance, thus entering the equation first. With this model, four separate significant sets emerged, each accounting for approximately thb same amount of variance (10%). They were (1) number of faculty, hardhoft, masters enrollments; (2) masters enrollments, upper‐level majors, hardhoft; (3) credit hours X total enrollments, hardhoft; (41 tipper‐level majors, total majors, enrollments lower. In the second, shelf list was constrained by defining the dependent variable as the proportion of shelf list circulated. With this model, three separate significant sets emerged. These were (5) masters enrollments and hardhoft (20% variance); (6) hard‐soft and Ph.D. program (16%); (7) upper‐level majors, and credit hours × total majors (15%). In each of the tests, no other variables were significant. Of the 21 variables, 10 did not appear in any of the 7 sets. Any of the seven sets could be used in an allocation formula. The deciding criterion for choosing a set may depend on the convenience of collecting data for each of the variables in the set.
Relevance
Authors: Bookstein Abraham 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe concept of relevance is fundamental to information retrieval, yet the literature shows a diversity of meaning for this term. It is suggested that for this term to be of use in discussions of information retrieval systems, the term should be tied as directly as possible to the goals and operations of these systems, and one such definition is suggested. Other uses are examined in this light. Two models of information retrieval systems—one created by Maron and Kuhns, the other by Swets—in which the notion of relevance is central, are examined; the use of the concept in each is analyzed and the systems are related to each other.
National Network of Information in Poland
Authors: Nitecki Joseph Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article attempts to reconstruct, from the material available to the author, the concept of the national system of scientific, technical, and organizational information in Poland. A new approach to the system was formally introduced in 1974 and is now a subject of extensive debate among Polish librarians and information specialists. The network might be of interest to some Western readers for its unique scope, and for its professional and political implications.
A Test of Buck's Prime Number Coding Scheme
Authors: Cleveland Ana Divino , Cleveland Donald B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experiment was carried out to study the effect of coding, as an independent variable, on the information retrieval process. A simple prime number coding scheme was utilized in conjunction with Goffman's indirect method file structuring and searching technique. The results demonstrated that a code, in itself, can affect retrieval. It introduces a noticeable variable into the process. Generally, coding has been considered a minor element, but clearly much more needs to be learned about how codes interact with the other functions in the retrieval system.
On the Value of Information
Authors: Ozog Stanley 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBased on the definition of information acquisition as the reduction in uncertainty, the concept of ignorance is defined as the state of uncertainty. Two basic types of ignorance are then defined as substitutes for information: guessing and belief. Two types of frequency distribution are presented as the most general dichotomy that can be applied to all possible types of frequency distribution and from them two limits are deduced between which all types of frequency distribution can be placed. Using games of chance—roulette and horse racing—as representatives of two basic types of frequency distribution, the comparison is presented of different results that can be theoretically obtained by the informed, the guessing, and the belief approaches. The value of information is a function of the type of frequency distribution of data that form its contents. The limits established for the types of frequency distribution are also boundary conditions for information value from nil to some finite number that depends also on the number of alternatives involved in case of a discrete set, and on range size, accuracy of measurement, and its precision in case of continuous parameters.
Characteristics of a Literature as Predictors of Relatedness Between Cited and Citing Works
Authors: Bonzi Susan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA preliminary investigation was conducted to explore which characteristics of citing and cited works may aid in determining relatedness between documents. Thirteen variables were tested on 31 library/information science articles containing nearly 500 citations. Analysis indicates that source of cited work, source of citing work, number of times a work is cited in text, and type of citing article show promise of predicting relatedness between citing and cited works.
The Use of Discriminant Analysis to Select Content‐Bearing Words
Authors: Dillon Martin , Federhart Peggy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article presents a method for identifying good indexing terms from frequently occurring stems. The method uses discriminant analysis to distinguish terms that refer to topics from general terms that do not refer to topics. The steps in the method are the selection of discriminating variables, the calibration of predefined groups and the derivation of discriminant functions from them, and the classification of a second, unknown set of terms and its evaluation. The method is tested by applying it to the Harris Survey Question database, which covers 121 different surveys and includes the text of over 12, 000 Individual questions. The evaluation demonstrates the success of the method.
Marketing Research in the Scientific and Technical Information Services Industry: Development and Future Directions
Authors: Thomas Robert J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe general availability of government‐sponsored studies on scientific and technical information (STI) provides an opportunity to trace the development of “marketing research” in a specific industry. A review of this research tradition revealed two major orientations; a series of “user”‐oriented studies, followed by “systems”‐oriented studies. It is suggested that traditional STI user studies may have produced “myopic” research results, and systems studies may have produced “macropic” research results for STI policy decisions. An emerging “managerial” orientation is identified which espouses the definition of a more meaningful unit of analysis as the focus of future research efforts.
Matched Case‐Control Studies in Citation Analysis
Authors: Peritz Bluma C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe need to control for the effect of confounding variables is central to empirical research in many disciplines. In small‐scale studies it is often useful to do this at the designing stage (rather than in the analysis) by means of “case”‐“control” matching. It is suggested that this applies to citation studies as well. As an illustration the citation counts of papers by Israeli economists are compared with those of matched controls by American authors. This illustration highlights methodological and technical issues. It also serves to point out how small‐scale studies can generate interesting hypotheses.