bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Escaping the patent trolls: The impact of non‐practicing entity litigation on firm innovation strategies
Authors: Huang Kenneth G. , Li Mei‐Xuan , Shen Carl Hsin‐Han , Wang Yanzhi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractResearch SummaryNon‐practicing entities (NPEs) are firms that accumulate and acquire patents but do not further develop or implement the patented inventions (known as patent trolling). NPEs seek to receive royalties or profits through out‐of‐court settlements in patent infringement cases. We examine how firms targeted by NPEs in NPE‐initiated litigations (i.e., target firms) shift their innovation strategies and trajectories in response to heightened litigation risks. We theorize and show that after the initial lawsuit, target firms draw more upon their in‐house technologies to reduce the legal ground for further lawsuits. Furthermore, nontarget firms in related technology areas shift their innovation activities away from those of target firms under high NPE litigation risks. These effects are more pronounced with higher innovation costs and under more competitive product markets.Managerial SummaryNon‐practicing entities (NPEs) are known as patent trolls that accumulate and acquire patents but do not further develop or implement these patented inventions. These patent trolls aim to obtain royalties or profits through out‐of‐court settlements in patent infringement cases. We investigate how firms targeted by patent trolls in litigations (i.e., target firms) change their innovation strategies and trajectories to deal with increased NPE litigation risks. After the initial lawsuit, we find that these target firms use their in‐house technologies more to reduce the legal ground for future lawsuits. Moreover, nontarget firms in related technology areas move their innovation activities away from those of target firms under high litigation risks. These effects are stronger when innovation costs are higher and under more competitive product markets.
Variables influencing stream-type juvenile Chinook Salmon density within floodplain habitat in the Skagit River basin, Washington
Authors: O'Neal Jennifer S. , Riordan Colin , Jay Julia , Lowery Erin Douglas , LeMoine Mike , Dickerson-Lange Susan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objective
Despite decades of restoration work, Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Pacific Northwest remain under the protection of the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Chinook Salmon in the Skagit River basin play a vital role in the abundance and recovery of the Puget Sound Chinook Salmon Evolutionarily Significant Unit, which is currently listed as threatened under the ESA. The stream-type juvenile (STJ) life history pattern of Chinook Salmon in the Skagit River has higher ocean survival to the adult stage (i.e., productivity) than that of parr or fry out-migrants, and improvement in STJ Chinook Salmon habitat could increase abundance and diversity in the Skagit River basin. Our objective was to provide recommended ranges of variables shown to influence habitat selection in floodplains by STJ Chinook Salmon.

Methods
Using field observations from 70 sites within the Skagit River basin, we developed generalized linear mixed-effects models across three seasons in floodplain habitats to correlate variable ranges with densities of STJ Chinook Salmon.

Result
Model accuracy varied by season (summer: R2 = 0.24; winter: R2 = 0.56; spring: R2 = 0.54), and significant parameters included velocity, substrate, depth range, and distance to the closest connection with the main stem. Additional significant factors included wood cover, maximum water temperature, velocity range, and interaction of the ranges of velocity and depth. Recommended ranges for habitat variables associated with the highest densities of STJ Chinook Salmon include depths of 40–68 cm, velocities of 0.06–0.33 m/s, substrate sizes of 3–36 mm, and distances of 33–119 m to the main-stem connection. Water temperatures associated with high juvenile densities varied by season (winter: 4–6°C; summer: 9–14°C).

Conclusion
Our recommended ranges for habitat variables can be used to refine designs for river restoration projects intended to improve habitat for juvenile Chinook Salmon and other salmonids in the Pacific Northwest.
Isolated non‐immune‐mediated second‐degree atrioventricular block in the fetus: natural history and predictive factors for spontaneous recovery
Authors: Shao S. , Liao H. , Zhou S. , Li Y. , Yu H. , Dai X. , Zhu Q. , Hua Y. , Wang C. , Zhou K. 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo determine the clinical course of fetal isolated non‐immune‐mediated second‐degree atrioventricular block (AVB) and the factors associated with spontaneous recovery in these cases.MethodsFetuses with isolated non‐immune‐mediated second‐degree AVB were recruited prospectively between 2014 and 2022. These fetuses were divided into two groups: those which recovered spontaneously and those which did not. Maternal and fetal characteristics and intrauterine and postnatal outcomes were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe study cohort included 20 fetuses with isolated non‐immune‐mediated second‐degree AVB, diagnosed at a median gestational age of 22.0 (range, 17.0–35.0) weeks. In 12 fetuses, 1:1 atrioventricular conduction was restored spontaneously in utero and there was no recurrence during the postnatal follow‐up period. In the remaining eight fetuses, second‐degree AVB was maintained and, in six of these, the pregnancy was terminated on parental request. Of the two liveborn children who had persistent second‐degree AVB prenatally, one had progressed to complete AVB at the latest follow‐up, at the age of 34 months, but was asymptomatic, without heart enlargement or dysfunction. The other child progressed to complete AVB after delivery and was diagnosed with type‐2 long QT syndrome. This infant died aged 2 months. Fetuses in the group that recovered spontaneously had earlier gestational age at diagnosis (median, 20.0 (range, 17.0–26.0) vs 24.5 (range, 18.0–35.0) weeks; P = 0.004) and higher atrial rate at diagnosis (median, 147 (range, 130–160) vs 138 (range, 125–149) bpm; P = 0.006) in comparison with the group that did not recover spontaneously. The best cut‐off values for prediction of failure to recover spontaneously were 22.5 weeks' gestational age at diagnosis and 144 bpm atrial rate at diagnosis, with sensitivities of 87.5% and 75.0%, respectively, and specificities of 92.0% and 87.5%, respectively.ConclusionsThe outcome of 60% of fetuses with isolated non‐immune‐mediated second‐degree AVB was favorable. Earlier gestational age and higher atrial rate at diagnosis were associated with spontaneous reversion to normal sinus rhythm. Prenatal genetic testing should be performed in cases with persistent AVB, to exclude heritable disorders including long QT syndrome. These findings provide important information for clinical management and prenatal counseling in these cases. © 2024 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Management and outcome of fetal abdominal cyst in first trimester: systematic review of the literature
Authors: Passananti E. , Bevilacqua E. , di Marco G. , Felici F. , Trapani M. , Ciavarro V. , di Ilio C. , Lanzone A. , Familiari A. 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe detection of a fetal abdominal cyst at the first‐trimester ultrasound scan is a rare event, for which the natural history and prognosis are often unknown and unpredictable, owing to various underlying etiologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of fetal abdominal cysts detected in the first trimester to better understand their possible clinical significance and improve their clinical management.MethodsWe present a case report of a fetal abdominal cyst detected in the first trimester, with subsequent diagnosis of congenital multiple arthrogryposis. We also performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the incidence and outcome of similar cases, which was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023491729). PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched from inception to December 2023 to identify case reports and case series documenting an ultrasound diagnosis of a single fetal abdominal cyst in the first trimester.ResultsOur case presented at 12 + 6 weeks' gestation with an isolated fetal abdominal cyst, which underwent spontaneous resolution in the second trimester, when multiple congenital arthrogryposis was observed. Data on a total of 60 cases of fetal abdominal cyst detected in the first trimester were extracted from the literature. Of these, 35% were associated with concurrent or late‐onset structural anomalies, as in our case, and 65% were isolated. In pregnancies with an isolated fetal abdominal cyst, 54% had a live birth with a normal outcome.ConclusionsA fetal abdominal cyst in the first trimester is usually an isolated finding with a moderate‐to‐good prognosis, but it could also be an early sign of other associated abnormalities, including arthrogryposis. Increased ultrasound surveillance and additional genetic testing to rule out possible associated anomalies are necessary to assess the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome and provide appropriate parental counseling. © 2024 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Role of maternal hyperoxygenation in predicting need for postnatal balloon atrial septostomy in fetal d‐transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Szwast A. , Penney C. , Sharma P. , Rychik J. 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACTObjectivePredicting whether postnatal balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) will be necessary for fetuses with dextro‐transposition of the great arteries (d‐TGA) remains challenging. We sought to determine whether fetal echocardiographic measurements obtained during maternal hyperoxygenation (MH) can improve our ability to predict the need for postnatal BAS.MethodsThis was a retrospective, single‐institution review of d‐TGA fetuses whose mothers had undergone MH at 33–38 weeks' gestation at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, between 1 January 2017 and 30 March 2020. All fetal d‐TGA cases had either an intact ventricular septum or small ventricular septal defect measuring < 3 mm. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) size, measured by two‐dimensional imaging (2D) and by color Doppler, and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) shunting (antegrade vs bidirectional) were assessed in room air (RA) and during MH. BAS status and timing were recorded.ResultsOf 41 fetal d‐TGA cases in the cohort, 23 underwent postnatal BAS, while 18 did not, and 14 subjects underwent emergent BAS within 3 h of delivery. On univariate analysis, PFO size measured both in RA and during MH and antegrade shunting in the PDA during MH predicted BAS. During MH, median PFO size by 2D was significantly smaller in fetuses which underwent emergent BAS compared to fetuses which did not undergo BAS (2.5 (interquartile range (IQR), 2.0–3.0) mm vs 4.1 (IQR, 3.4–5.0) mm; P < 0.001). On cut‐point analysis, PFO size by 2D during MH of ≤ 3.2 mm predicted the need for emergent BAS with a sensitivity of 93% (95% CI, 66–100%) and a specificity of 78% (95% CI, 58–91%).ConclusionsIn fetuses with d‐TGA, measurement of PFO size and direction of PDA shunting during MH improves our ability to predict the need for postnatal BAS, although additional study is needed. We propose incorporating third‐trimester MH when planning delivery of a d‐TGA fetus. © 2024 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Wastewater treatment using moving bed biofilm reactor technology: a case study of ceramic industry
Authors: Pethe Atharv , Debnath Mousumi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBiological approaches and coagulation are frequently used to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) for treatment of ceramic effluent water. The technology known as the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) can accomplish this goal. Further, the process of emulsification‐aided innovative MBBR using biosurfactants can be proposed for ceramic effluent treatment. In a step‐by‐step upgrading scheme, biosurfactants and a consortia of halophilic and halotolerant microbial culture was utilized for the treatment of the effluent water. Over the course of 21 days, a progressive decrease in COD of up to 95.79% was achieved. Over the next 48 h period, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was reduced by 98.3%, while total suspended solids (TSS) decreased by 79.41%. With the use of this innovative MBBR technology, biofilm formation accelerated, lowering the COD, BOD, and TSS levels. This allows treated water to be used for further research on recycling it back into the ceramics sector and repurposing it for agricultural purposes.Practitioner Points
Implementation of modified MBBR technology for the treatment of effluent water.
Biosurfactants could reduce in the organic and inorganic loads.
Increase in MLSS values with COD removal observed.
The plant operations without the use of chemical coagulants was effective with biosurfactants.
Biofilm formation on carriers was scraped and the presence of surfactin and rhamnolipid was confirmed.
Entanglement islands read perfect-tensor entanglement
Authors: Lin Yi-Yu , Zhang Jun , Jin Jie-Chen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we make use of holographic Boundary Conformal Field Theory (BCFT) to simulate the black hole information problem in the semi-classical picture. We investigate the correlation between a portion of Hawking radiation and entanglement islands by the area of an entanglement wedge cross-section. Building on the understanding of the relationship between entanglement wedge cross-sections and perfect tensor entanglement as discussed in reference [18], we make an intriguing observation: in the semi-classical picture, the positioning of an entanglement island automatically yields a pattern of perfect tensor entanglement. Furthermore, the contribution of this perfect tensor entanglement, combined with the bipartite entanglement contribution, precisely determines the area of the entanglement wedge cross-section.
One-loop corrections to the double-real emission contribution to the zero-jettiness soft function at N3LO in QCD
Authors: Baranowski Daniel , Delto Maximilian , Melnikov Kirill , Pikelner Andrey , Wang Chen-Yu 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We present an analytic calculation of the one-loop correction to the double-real emission contribution to the zero-jettiness soft function at N3LO in QCD, accounting for both gluon-gluon and quark-antiquark soft final-state partons. We explain all the relevant steps of the computation including the reduction of phase-space integrals to master integrals in the presence of Heaviside functions, and the methods we employed to compute them.
Symmetry fractionalized (irrationalized) fusion rules and two domain-wall Verlinde formulae
Authors: Zhao Yu , Wang Hongyu , Hu Yuting , Wan Yidun 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We investigate the composite systems consisting of topological orders separated by gapped domain walls. We derive a pair of domain-wall Verlinde formulae, that elucidate the connection between the braiding of interdomain excitations labeled by pairs of anyons in different domains and quasiparticles in the gapped domain wall with their respective fusion rules. Through explicit non-Abelian examples, we showcase the calculation of such braiding and fusion, revealing that the fusion rules for interdomain excitations are generally fractional or irrational. By investigating the correspondence between composite systems and anyon condensation, we unveil the reason for designating these fusion rules as symmetry fractionalized (irrationalized) fusion rules. Our findings hold promise for applications across various fields, such as topological quantum computation, topological field theory, conformal field theory, and parton physics.
A new method for calculating the soft anomalous dimension matrix for massive particle scattering
Authors: Henn Johannes , Milloy Calum , Yan Kai 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The general structure of infrared divergences in the scattering of massive particles is captured by the soft anomalous dimension matrix. The latter can be computed from a correlation function of multiple Wilson lines. The state-of-the-art two-loop result has a tantalizingly simple structure that is not manifest in the calculations. We argue that the complexity in intermediate steps of the known calculations comes from spurious, regulator-dependent terms. Based on this insight we propose a different infrared regulator that is associated to only one of the Wilson lines. We demonstrate that this streamlines obtaining the two-loop result: computing the required Feynman integrals via the differential equations method, only multiple polylogarithmic functions appear (to all orders in the dimensional regulator), as opposed to elliptic polylogarithms. We show that the new method is promising for higher-loop applications by computing a three-loop diagram of genuine complexity, and provide the answer in terms of multiple polylogarithms. The relatively simple symbol alphabet we obtain may be of interest for bootstrap approaches.
Krylov complexity as an order parameter for deconfinement phase transitions at large N
Authors: Anegawa Takanori , Iizuka Norihiro , Nishida Mitsuhiro 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Krylov complexity has been proposed as a diagnostic of chaos in non-integrable lattice and quantum mechanical systems, and if the system is chaotic, Krylov complexity grows exponentially with time. However, when Krylov complexity is applied to quantum field theories, even in free theory, it grows exponentially with time. This exponential growth in free theory is simply due to continuous momentum in non-compact space and has nothing to do with the mass spectrum of theories. Thus by compactifying space sufficiently, exponential growth of Krylov complexity due to continuous momentum can be avoided. In this paper, we propose that the Krylov complexity of operators such as $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
= Tr[FμνFμν] can be an order parameter of confinement/deconfinement transitions in large N quantum field theories on such a compactified space. We explicitly give a prescription of the compactification at finite temperature to distinguish the continuity of spectrum due to momentum and mass spectrum. We then calculate the Krylov complexity of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4, 0 SU(N) Yang-Mills theories in the large N limit by using holographic analysis of the spectrum and show that the behavior of Krylov complexity reflects the confinement/deconfinement phase transitions through the continuity of mass spectrum.
Holographic Weyl anomalies for 4d defects in 6d SCFTs
Authors: Capuozzo Pietro , Estes John , Robinson Brandon , Suzzoni Benjamin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this note, we study 1/4- and 1/2-BPS co-dimension two superconformal defects in the 6d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (2, 0) AN−1 SCFT at large N using their holographic descriptions as solutions of 11d supergravity. In this regime, we are able to compute the defect contribution to the sphere entanglement entropy and the change in the stress-energy tensor one-point function due to the presence of the defect using holography. From these quantities, we are then able to unambiguously compute the values for two of the twenty-nine total Weyl anomaly coefficients that characterize 4d conformal defects in six and higher dimensions. We are able to demonstrate the consistency of the supergravity description of the defect theories with the average null energy condition on the field theory side. For each class of defects that we consider, we also show that the A-type Weyl anomaly coefficient is non-negative. Lastly, we uncover and resolve a discrepancy between the on-shell action of the 7d 1/4-BPS domain wall solutions and that of their 11d uplift.
On the string landscape without hypermultiplets
Authors: Baykara Zihni Kaan , Hamada Yuta , Tarazi Houri-Christina , Vafa Cumrun 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this work we study interesting corners of the quantum gravity landscape with 8 supercharges pushing the boundaries of our current understanding. Calabi-Yau threefolds compactifications of F/M/type II theories to 6, 5 and 4 dimensions are the most prominent examples of this class, and these always lead to a universal hypermultiplet coming from the volume/string coupling constant. We find new examples of asymmetric orbifold constructions which have no hypermultiplets in 4 or 5 dimensions and no neutral hypers in 6d. We argue that these theories can also be obtained by going to strong coupling/small volume regions of geometric constructions where a new Coulomb branch opens up and moving in this direction freezes the volume/string coupling constant. Interestingly we find that the Kodaira condition encountered in geometric limits of F-theory compactifications to 6 dimensions is violated in these corners of the landscape due to strong quantum corrections. We also construct a theory in 3 dimensions which if it were to arise by toroidal compactifications from 5d, it would have to come from pure $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supergravity with no massless scalar fields.
Generalizing the concept of bounded variation
Authors: Goswami Angshuman R. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLet $$[a,b]\subseteq \mathbb {R}$$

[
a
,
b
]
⊆
R

be a non-empty and non singleton closed interval and $$P=\{a=x_0<\cdots <x_n=b\}$$

P
=
{
a
=

x
0

<
⋯
<

x
n

=
b
}

is a partition of it. Then $$f:I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$

f
:
I
→
R

is said to be a function of r-bounded variation, if the expression $$\sum \nolimits ^{n}_{i=1}|f(x_i)-f(x_{i-1})|^{r}$$

∑

i
=
1

n

|
f

(

x
i

)

-
f

(

x

i
-
1

)

|

r

is bounded for all possible partitions like P. One of the main results of the paper deals with the generalization of the classical Jordan decomposition theorem. We establish that for $$r\in ]0,1]$$

r
∈
]
0
,
1
]

, a function of r-bounded variation can be written as the difference of two monotone functions. While for $$r>1$$

r
>
1

, under minimal assumptions such a function can be treated as an approximately monotone function which can be closely approximated by a nondecreasing majorant. We also prove that for $$0<r_1<r_2$$

0
<

r
1

<

r
2

, the function class of $$r_1$$

r
1

-bounded variation is contained in the class of functions satisfying $$r_2$$

r
2

-bounded variations. We go through approximately monotone functions and present a possible decomposition for $$f:I(\subseteq \mathbb {R}_+)\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$

f
:
I
(
⊆

R
+

)
→
R

satisfying the functional inequality $$f(x)\le f(x)+(y-x)^{p}\quad (x,y\in I \text{ with } x<y \text{ and } p\in ]0,1[ ).$$

f

(
x
)

≤
f

(
x
)

+

(
y
-
x
)

p

(
x
,
y
∈
I

with

x
<
y

and

p
∈
]

0
,
1

[
)

.

A generalized structural study has also been done in that specific section. On the other hand, for $$\ell [a,b]\ge d$$

ℓ
[
a
,
b
]
≥
d

, a function satisfying the following monotonic condition under the given assumption will be termed as d-periodically increasing $$f(x)\le f(y)\quad \text{ for } \text{ all }\quad x,y\in I\quad \text{ with }\quad y-x\ge d.$$

f
(
x
)
≤
f
(
y
)

for

all

x
,
y
∈
I

with

y
-
x
≥
d
.

We establish that in a compact interval any function satisfying d-bounded variation can be decomposed as the difference of a monotone and a d-periodically increasing function. The core details related to past results, motivation, structure of each and every section are thoroughly discussed below.