bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bimodal size distribution of gold nanoparticles in aqueous solution during pulsed laser irradiation
Authors: Inasawa Susumu , Sugiyama Masakazu , Yamaguchi Yukio 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTSize distribution of gold nanoparticles in aqueous solution during pulsed laser irradiation (Nd:YAG laser, wavelength of 355 nm, pulse width 30 ps) is observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Interestingly, we observed that a single peak distribution of gold nanoparticles sizes (initially centered around 25 nm) is gradually turned into a two-peaks one upon laser radiation. Initial particles reduced their sizes and smaller particles were formed, resulting in the bimodal size distribution. In these bimodal size distributions, two peaks are observed, one is at 6 nm, and another is at 24 nm.
Nanometer Material Processing Using NSOM-delivered Femtosecond Laser Pulses
Authors: Cheng Chen-Hsiung , Li Ming 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTNanometer-scale surface topology modification has been demonstrated using NSOM (near-field scanning optical microscope) delivered femto-second pulses. The ablation laser has a pulse width of 150 femto-second and wavelength of 387-nm. The laser pulses are coupled into the free end of a multimode optical fiber that a nanometer-size NSOM probe was fabricated on the other end with small orifice. The transmitted laser pulses from the probe orifice illuminates and machines the substrate surface when the probe is in near-field range of the substrate surface. The produced feature on Silicon surface is as least 200-nm deep with hole diameter around 200-nm. Near-field coupling of the laser has the potential to achieve ablation of feature size less than diffraction limit. Using NSOM delivery method also allows us to take advantage of nanometer metrology in precision surface ablation or other type of preformed surface modification. The ability of monitoring surface topology of substrate in real time enables us to accomplish the in-situ surface processing. We have demonstrated the technique of drilling 200-nm air holes on a pre-formed 600-nm wide wave guide. This method can be used to fabricate one-dimensional photonic crystal on a waveguide in ambient environment. The experiment design and performance evaluation will be discussed.
Nanoporous Polymer Films from Immiscible Polymer Blends: Pore Size and Composition Dependence
Authors: Liu Tong , Ozisik Rahmi , Siegel Richard W. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTNanoporous polymer films have been prepared using immiscible blends of polyetherimide (PEI) and poly(caprolactone diol) (PCLD). The films were prepared by spin-coating from a common solvent — dichloromethane (DCM). To create the nanoporous films, PCLD was removed by immersing the films in acetone, which dissolves PCLD only. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to study the porous structure. The pore structure of the films was affected by many factors such as composition of the blend, molecular weight, and various processing parameters. The formation of nanometer size pores was mainly due to the fast phase separation process during spin-coating. The pore size and pore size distribution was found to depend on the blend composition.
The Distributional Impact of Climate Policy
Authors: Jorgenson Dale W , Goettle Richard , Ho Mun S , Slesnick Daniel T , Wilcoxen Peter J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a new methodology for evaluating the distributional impacts of climate policy. This methodology builds directly on the framework introduced by Jorgenson, Slesnick, and Wilcoxen (1992), but generalizes it by including leisure time, as well as goods and services, in the measure of household welfare. We provide detailed results for 244 different types of households distinguished by demographic characteristics. In addition, we evaluate the overall impact of a cap-and-trade system, as represented in Energy Modeling Forum 22. While there is a wide range of outcomes for different demographic groups, the impact on economic welfare is regressive and generally negative but relatively small.
Can Repository Scientists and Social Scientists Work Together to Find Solutions to Nuclear Waste Management Problems? A Repository Scientist's Perspective
Authors: Bonano Evaristo , Swift Peter , Appel Gordon , Meacham Paul 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOne of the exigent issues moving towards the development and implementation of acceptable and enduring nuclear waste management solutions is ensuring that the attendant social, economic, and political factors are given due consideration as part of the process of evaluating and eventually selecting a preferred alternative. To date, the relevant literature on the subject of social and political aspects of nuclear waste management has, by and large, presented social scientists' perspectives, and only rarely represented the perspective of the physical scientists that have been involved in addressing the technical aspects of nuclear waste management. We present the perspective of a small subset of repository scientists that individually and collectively have many years of experience in geologic repository programs. We offer our view on how repository scientists and social scientists can work together constructively. As observed by both repository scientists and social scientists, issues related to social and political concerns have been a major contributor to the lack of progress in implementing an acceptable solution to the disposal of nuclear wastes. Therefore, it is critically important that repository scientists and social scientists work together towards finding solutions that can be demonstrated to provide the requisite level of safety and be socially and politically acceptable. Current U.S. circumstances influencing the management of nuclear wastes will likely result in a new or revised national policy. We assume that some kind of geologic disposal of nuclear wastes will be needed independent of what new options may be implemented for the nuclear fuel cycle. Implementation of a new or revised policy will present ample opportunities for repository scientists and social scientists to collaborate towards the common goal of finding technically and socially responsible solutions. This paper presents some suggestions using a fairly narrow set of circumstances as a means for starting the dialog on how to forge a workable relationship between the two groups.
Does Comprehensive Emergency Management Work? A Longitudinal Study in The Commonwealth of The Bahamas
Authors: Hughey Erin P. , Bell Heather M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDisaster risk cannot be wholly eliminated and communities will continue to be affected by hazards. While governments, organizations and individuals work to limit exposure and reduce susceptibility to the negative social, economic, and environmental impacts of disasters, effective emergency response capabilities must also be developed and exercised, in order to reduce losses, better cope with impacts that do occur, and facilitate recovery. In 2002, the nation of The Bahamas established a comprehensive emergency management (CEM) system intended to improve disaster response capabilities. This paper describes the application of Quarantelli's methodology (1997) in evaluating response operations associated with six hurricanes that affected The Bahamas from 1992 to 2005. The research presented here is part of a 9 year longitudinal study begun in 2001 and designed to examine the influence of CEM on emergency response in an island nation. Results indicated that the implementation of a CEM system improved disaster response in several key areas, providing evidence that CEM is an effective strategy for an archipelagic nation.
Effects of mandibular incisor intrusion obtained using a conventional utility arch vs bone anchorage
Authors: Aydoğdu Esen , Özsoy Ömür Polat 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective:To compare the dentofacial effects of mandibular incisor intrusion using mini-implants with those of a conventional incisor intrusion mechanic, the utility arch.Materials and Methods:Twenty-six deep-bite patients were enrolled to one of the two groups. In group 1 the mandibular incisors were intruded using a 0.16 × 0.22–inch stainless-steel segmental wire connected to two mini-implants. In group 2 the mandibular incisor intrusion was performed using a conventional utility arch. Conventional lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken at pretreatment and at the end of intrusion. Thirty landmarks were identified to measure 23 linear and 20 angular measurements. Intragroup comparisons were made using a paired t-test or a Wilcoxon test. Intergroup comparisons were made using a Student's t-test or a Mann-Whitney U-test.Results:The duration of intrusion was 5 months for group 1 and 4 months for group 2. In the implant group, the mean amount of change was 0.4 mm/mo for the incisor tip and 0.3 mm/mo for the center of resistance, and in the utility arch group, the mean amount of change was 0.25 mm/mo for the incisor tip and 0.2 mm/mo for the center of resistance. The mandibular incisors showed an average protrusion of 7° in the implant group and 8° in the utility arch group.Conclusions:Incisor intrusion that was achieved using an implant-supported segmented archwire was no different than the movement achieved with a conventional intrusion utility arch. The only difference between the two methods was in the molar movement.
From Matrix to Operator Inequalities
Authors: Loring Terry A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe generalize Löwner's method for proving that matrix monotone functions are operator monotone. The relation x ≤ y on bounded operators is our model for a definition of C*-relations being residually finite dimensional.Our main result is a meta-theorem about theorems involving relations on bounded operators. If we can show there are residually finite dimensional relations involved and verify a technical condition, then such a theorem will follow from its restriction to matrices.Applications are shown regarding norms of exponentials, the norms of commutators, and “positive” noncommutative ∗-polynomials.
Nonlinear wave modeling and dynamic analysis of internal thermally coupled distillation columns
Authors: Liu Xinggao , Zhou Yexiang , Cong Lin , Zhang Jie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInternal thermally coupled distillation column (ITCDIC) is a frontier in the energy saving distillation research. It is well known for the complex dynamics, which challenge the establishment of an excellent reduced model for further control strategy design greatly. In this article, a physical approach of the ITCDIC process based on nonlinear wave theory is explored, where it is first discovered that traditional wave theory in conventional distillation columns (CDIC) could not be directly applied in ITCDIC, due to: First, the internal thermal coupling results in mole flow rates varying evidently over each stage, which not only makes the wave modeling of the wave phenomenon in ITCDIC more difficult but also makes wave dynamics greatly different between ITCDIC and CDIC; Second, an interesting wave phenomenon of ITCDIC is discovered that waves located in the rectifying section and stripping section travel under opposite tendencies when the steady state is disturbed by the step change of thermal condition q, one sharpens and the other is likely to spread synchronously, it means the movement of wave profiles in ITCDIC could not be simply described by shock wave velocity, which is usually used in wave modeling of CDIC; more seriously, shapes of the self‐sharpening wave profiles in ITCDIC change obviously during the traveling processes, which further reveals that shape influence on wave velocity has to be considered in the wave modeling of ITCDIC. A rigorous wave velocity and a natural wave velocity are derived, respectively, based on which, the detailed analyses of traveling wave characteristics are carried out. A novel wave velocity, based on the profile trial function which has been well developed by Marquardt, is further derived to consider the obvious change of profile shape. And a completed nonlinear wave model of ITCDIC is thereby established by combining the proposed wave velocity with thermal coupling relations and material balance relations. The benzene‐toluene system is illustrated as an example, where component concentration prediction and distinct dynamic characteristics are carried out in detail based on the proposed nonlinear wave models. The research results reveal the accuracy and validity of the proposed nonlinear wave model of ITCDIC. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Cucurbit[7]uril: Surfactant Host–Guest Complexes in Equilibrium with Micellar Aggregates
Authors: Pessêgo Marcia , Basilio Nuno , Moreira Jose A. , García‐Río Luis 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn order to compare the formation of host–guest complexes between β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) or cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and cationic surfactants we studied the hydrolysis of 4‐methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (MBSC). The selected surfactants allowed the length of the hydrocarbon chain to be varied between 6 and 18 carbon atoms. Contrary to the expected behaviour, the values of the binding constants between CB7 and surfactants are independent of the alkyl chain length of the surfactant. In the case of β‐CD, however, a clear dependence of the binding constant on the hydrophobic character of the surfactant was observed. The values obtained with CB7 are significantly higher than those obtained with β‐CD and these differences are explained to be a consequence of electrostatic interactions of the surfactants with the portals of CB7. It was found that a small percentage of uncomplexed CB7 was in equilibrium with the cationic micelles and this percentage increased on increasing the hydrophobic character of the surfactant.
Improved Lp‐estimates for the strain velocities in hardening problems
Authors: Frehse Jens , Löbach Dominique 
Published: April 2011

AbstractProblems of elastic plastic deformation with kinematic or isotropic hardening and von Mises flowrule are considered. It is shown that the velocities of the stresses, strains and hardening parameters satisfy an improved Lp‐property that is σ, ξ, ∇u ∈ L∞(0, T; L2+2δ(Ω)) with some δ > 0. For dimension n = 2 this implies continuity of u in spatial direction, furthermore it can be used as tool to prove boundary differentialbility σ, ξ ∈ L∞(0, T; L1+ε) and σ, ξ ∈ L∞(0, T; 𝒩1/2+δ ′,2), where 1/2 + δ ′ is the order of fractional Nichol'skii differentiability (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lq‐almost solvability in viscoplasticity theory
Authors: Nesenenko Sergiy 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this work we discuss some existence issues for elasto/visco‐plastic models of monotone type with evolution laws for internal variables governed by non‐coercive nonlinearities (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Existence and regularity of the plastic multiplier in static and quasistatic plasticity
Authors: Herzog Roland , Meyer Christian , Wachsmuth Gerd 
Published: April 2011

AbstractExistence of the plastic multiplier with L1 spatial regularity for quasistatic and static plasticity is proved for arbitrary continuous and convex yield functions and linear hardening laws. L2 regularity is shown in the particular cases of kinematic hardening, or combined kinematic and isotropic hardening (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On electroseismic waves in anisotropic, inhomogeneous media
Authors: McGhee Des , Picard Rainer 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe standard linear model for electroseismic waves is investigated in the presence of anisotropic, inhomogeneous, time‐shift invariant media. In the framework of a comprehensive theory for a new class of evolutionary problems wellposedness of associated initial boundary value problems is shown (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thin vibrating plates: long time existence and convergence to the von Kármán plate equations
Authors: Abels H. , Mora M.G. , Müller S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe asymptotic behavior of the solutions of three‐dimensional nonlinear elastodynamics in a thin plate is studied, as the thickness h of the plate tends to zero. We discuss the long time existence and convergence to solutions of the time‐dependent von Kármán and linear plate equation under appropriate scalings of the applied force and of the initial values in terms of h (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasistatic evolution for a phase‐transition model: a Young measure approach
Authors: Fiaschi Alice 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA quasistatic evolution problem for a phase transition model with nonconvex energy density is considered in terms of Young measures. We focus on the particular case of a finite number of phases. The new feature consists in the use of suitable regularity arguments in order to prove an existence result for a generalized notion of evolution (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impact of the smoking ban on the volume of bar sales in Ireland – evidence from time series analysis
Authors: Cornelsen Laura , Normand Charles 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThis paper is the first to estimate the economic impact of a comprehensive smoking ban in all enclosed public places of work, on bars in Ireland. The demand in bars, represented by a monthly index of sales volume, is explained by relative prices in bars, prices of alcohol sold in off‐licences and the aggregate retail sales (ARS) as a proxy for general economic activity and incomes. The smoking ban is included into the model as a step dummy and the modelling is done using ARIMAX strategy. The results show a reduction in the volume of sales in bars by −4.6% (p<0.01) following the ban. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SERS enhancement of gold nanospheres of defined size
Authors: Joseph Virginia , Matschulat Andrea , Polte Jörg , Rolf Simone , Emmerling Franziska , Kneipp Janina 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMonodisperse, citrate‐stabilized gold nanoparticles of sizes ranging from 15 to 40 nm were synthesized and characterized by small angle X‐ray scattering and UV‐vis experiments. Identical surface properties of nanoparticles of different sizes to avoid variation in the chemical surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement, as well as selection of experimental conditions so that no aggregation took place, enabled the investigation of enhancement of individual nanospheres. Enhancement factors (EFs) for SERS were determined using the dye crystal violet (CV). EFs for individual gold nanospheres ranged from 102 to 103, in agreement with theoretical predictions. An increase of the EFs of individual spheres with size can be correlated to changes in the extinction spectra of nanoparticle solutions. This confirms that the increase in enhancement with increasing size results from an increase in electromagnetic enhancement. Beyond this dependence of EFs of isolated gold spheres on their size, EFs were shown to vary with analyte concentration as a result of analyte‐induced aggregation. This has implications for the application of nanoparticle solutions as SERS substrates in quantitative analytical tasks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of confiscated fireworks using Raman spectroscopy assisted with SEM‐EDS and FTIR
Authors: Castro Kepa , de Vallejuelo Silvia Fdez‐Ortiz , Astondoa Izaskun , Goñi Félix M. , Madariaga Juan Manuel 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA forensic analysis of several samples of pyrotechnic artefacts was performed by Raman spectroscopy assisted by scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Among the components, several nitrates, ammonium perchlorate, nitrocellulose, metallic titanium particles and shellac were detected. The combination of Raman spectroscopy and SEM‐EDS showed very useful performance. All components were detected by Raman spectroscopy except for shellac, kaolinite and titanium particles, which were not conclusive enough and had to be determined by FTIR and EDS. In contrast, many compounds were not detected by FTIR. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A probing method for computing the diagonal of a matrix inverse
Authors: Tang Jok M. , Saad Yousef 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThe computation of some entries of a matrix inverse arises in several important applications in practice. This paper presents a probing method for determining the diagonal of the inverse of a sparse matrix in the common situation when its inverse exhibits a decay property, i.e. when many of the entries of the inverse are small. A few simple properties of the inverse suggest a way to determine effective probing vectors based on standard graph theory results. An iterative method is then applied to solve the resulting sequence of linear systems, from which the diagonal of the matrix inverse is extracted. The results of numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the probing method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The progress made in determining the Mycobacterium tuberculosis structural proteome
Authors: Ehebauer Matthias T. , Wilmanns Matthias 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis is a highly infectious pathogen that is still responsible for millions of deaths annually. Effectively treating this disease typically requires a course of antibiotics, most of which were developed decades ago. These drugs are, however, not effective against persistent tubercle bacilli and the emergence of drug‐resistant stains threatens to make many of them obsolete. The identification of new drug targets, allowing the development of new potential drugs, is therefore imperative. Both proteomics and structural biology have important roles to play in this process, the former as a means of identifying promising drug targets and the latter allowing understanding of protein function and protein–drug interactions at atomic resolution. The determination of M. tuberculosis protein structures has been a goal of the scientific community for the last decade, who have aimed to supply a large amount of structural data that can be used in structure‐based approaches for drug discovery and design. Only since the genome sequence of M. tuberculosis has been available has the determination of large numbers of tuberculosis protein structures been possible. Currently, the molecular structures of 8.5% of all the pathogen's protein‐encoding ORFs have been determined. In this review, we look at the progress made in determining the M. tuberculosis structural proteome and the impact this has had on the development of potential new drugs, as well as the discovery of the function of crucial mycobaterial proteins.
Multiarm star poly(glycidol)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) of different arm lengths and their use as modifiers of diglycidylether of bisphenol a thermosets
Authors: Morell Mireia , Lederer Albena , Ramis Xavier , Voit Brigitte , Serra Angels 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWell‐defined multiarm star copolymers, hyperbranched poly(glycidol)‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone), with an average of 100–110 arms per molecule and a molecular weight of arms of 3000 g/mol (PGOH‐b‐PCL30) and 1000 g/mol (PGOH‐b‐PCL10) were synthesized by cationic ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone from a poly(glycidol) core and used to modify diglycidylether of bisphenol A formulations. The curing process, studied by dynamic scanning calorimetry, was only slightly retarded when PGOH‐b‐PCLx were added to the formulation. By rheometry, the effect of this new topology and the arm length on the complex viscosity (η*) and gelation of the reactive mixture was analyzed in detail. The addition of these new reactive modifiers decreases the global shrinkage and increases the conversion at gelation. In addition, the modified thermosets have an improved reworkability. The homogeneity of pure DGEBA and modified thermosets was proved by dynamic thermomechanical analysis and electronic microscopy (FESEM). Addition of star‐like structures led to a more toughened fracture of the thermoset in comparison to pure DGEBA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011