bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Treatments Designed to Modify the Affinity of Wool for Dyes
Authors: Bell V A , Lewis D M , Pailthorpe M T 
Published: July 2010

The dyeing properties of wool have been modified by treating it with a series of reactive hydrophobic, anionic and cationic compounds. The extent of fixation of these reactive compounds to the wool was determined as dry basis weight gains which reached 70–13% wt/wt for many of the compounds examined.The dyeing properties of the modified wools were examined with a series of anionic, cationic and reactive dyes. The hydrophobic mechanism of dyeing appears to predominate over the ionic mechanism, except for the highly ionised dyes examined. The monosulphonated dye C. I. Acid Red 88 was more strongly absorbed by hydrophobic wool (benzoylated or ANEX–treated wool) and had an improved wash fastness rating on the treated wool. C. I. Reactive Red 116 is effectively resisted by the reactive hydrophobic and anionic treatments since these compounds eliminate the nucleophilic sites normally available for reaction with reactive dyes.
Economic Preparation of Woven Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Dickinson Kenneth , Hickman William S 
Published: July 2010

Presented to the Society's Manchester Region on 21 March 1985Developments in the use of hydrogen peroxide allow major cost savings in bleaching cotton fabrics without loss of preparation quality. These developments make maximum use of the desizing and bleaching properties of hydrogen peroxide. Higher than normal alkali concentrations are used and this requires effective stabilisers. The paper considers important factors in developing more economic preparation by cold pad bleaching or pad‐steam processing, requiring only one pass through a steamer.
BFD(l:c)colour‐difference formula Part 1ndashDevelopment of the formula
Authors: Luo M R , Rigg B. 
Published: July 2010

The available experimental data relating to small colour differences between pairs of surface colours have been combined together into sets including perceptibility results and acceptability results. Supplementary experiments have been carried out to enable all the previous visual results to be brought on to a common scale, and to provide extra information when this was considered necessary.A new colour‐difference formula, BFD(l:c), has been developed using the combined experimental results. Various aspects of colour differences have been considered in turn to decide the form of formula required, and the constants in the formula have been optimised using the combined perceptibility and acceptability results. The new formula is similar in structure to the CMC(l:c) formula in most respects. However, it was found that a new term was required to take account of the fact that when chromaticity discrimination ellipses calculated from experimental results are plotted in a b space, they do not all point towards the neutral point. The experimental results were not very consistent with respect to possible tilting of discrimination ellipsoids relative to the xy plane. Overall it seems that any such tilting is quite small and in the direction implicit in the CMC and BFD formulae. Experimental results based on both acceptability and perceptibility judgements form part of the same overall pattern except for the weighting of lightness differences relative to hue and chroma differences.
The Internet: is your bussiness ready for the millennium?
Authors: Westland Stephen , Meyer Georg 
Published: July 2010

We are moving from an energy‐based industrial age to a knowledge‐based information age. In the information revolution, the businesses in the know will be the ones to survive and prosper. The Internet is becoming increasingly powerful as a tool for accessing, displaying and searching for information, and as such it demands serious attention.So what are the basic features of the Internet and what does it have to offer to the coloration industry?
The Relationship Between the Emergent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Quality Measure and Inpatient Myocardial Infarction Mortality
Authors: Khare Rahul K. , Mark Courtney D. , Kang Raymond , Adams James G. , Feinglass Joseph 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:793–800 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractBackground:  In the setting of acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), reperfusion therapy with emergent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) significantly reduces mortality. It is unknown whether a hospital’s performance on the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) quality metric for time from patient arrival to angioplasty is associated with its overall hospital acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality rate.Objectives:  The objective of this study was to evaluate if hospitals with higher performance on the time‐to‐PCI quality measure are more likely to achieve lower mortality for patients admitted for any type of AMI.Methods:  Using merged 2006 data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), the American Hospital Association (AHA) annual survey, and CMS Hospital Compare quality indicator data, we examined 69,101 admissions with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9)‐coded principal diagnosis of AMI in the 116 hospitals that reported more than 24 emergent primary PCI admissions in that year. Hospitals were categorized into quartiles according to percentage of admissions in 2006 that achieved the primary PCI timeliness threshold (time‐to‐PCI quality measure). Using a random effects logistic regression model of inpatient mortality, we examined the significance of the hospital time‐to‐PCI quality measure after adjustment for other hospital and individual patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.Results:  The unadjusted inpatient AMI mortality rate at the 27 top quartile hospitals was 4.3%, compared to 5.1% at the 32 bottom quartile (worst performing) hospitals. The risk‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) of inpatient death was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72 to 0.95), or 17% lower odds of inpatient death, among patients admitted to hospitals in the top quartile for the time‐to‐PCI quality measure compared to the case if the hospitals were in the bottom 25th percentile.Conclusions:  Hospitals with the highest and second highest quartiles of time‐to‐PCI quality measure had a significantly lower overall AMI mortality rate than the lowest quartile hospitals. Despite the fact that a minority of all patients with AMI get an emergent primary PCI, hospitals that perform this more efficiently also had a significantly lower mortality rate for all their patients admitted with AMI. The time‐to‐PCI quality measure in 2006 was a potentially important proxy measure for overall AMI quality of care.
Racial and Sex Differences in Emergency Department Triage Assessment and Test Ordering for Chest Pain, 1997–2006
Authors: López Lenny , Wilper Andrew P. , Cervantes Marina C. , Betancourt Joseph R. , Green Alexander R. 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:801–808 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  This study assessed whether sociodemographic differences exist in triage assignment and whether these differences affect initial diagnostic testing in the emergency department (ED) for patients presenting with chest pain.Methods:
A
nationally representative ED data sample for all adults (≥18 years) was obtained from the National Hospital Ambulatory Health Care Survey of EDs for 1997–2006. Weighted logistic regression was used to examine the associations between race and presenting symptom, triage assignment, and test ordering, adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics.Results:  Over 10 years, an estimated 78 million visits to the ED presented with a complaint of chest pain. Of those presenting with chest pain, African Americans (odds ratio [OR] = 0.70; 99% confidence interval [CI] = 0.53 to 0.92), Hispanics (OR = 0.74; 99% CI = 0.51to 0.99), Medicaid patients (OR = 0.72; 99% CI = 0.54 to 0.94), and uninsured patients (OR = 0.65; 99% CI = 0.51 to 0.84) were less likely to be triaged emergently. African Americans (OR = 0.86; 99% CI = 0.70 to 0.99), Medicaid patients (OR = 0.70; 99% CI = 0.55 to 0.88), and uninsured patients (OR = 0.70; 99% CI = 0.55 to 0.89) were less likely to have an electrocardiogram (ECG) ordered. African Americans (OR = 0.69; 99% CI = 0.49 to 0.97), Medicaid patients (OR = 0.67; 99% CI = 0.47 to 0.95), and uninsured patients (OR = 0.66; 99% CI = 0.44 to 0.96) were less likely to have cardiac enzymes ordered. Similarly, African Americans and Hispanics were less likely to have a cardiac monitor and pulse oximetry ordered, and Medicaid and uninsured patients were less likely to have a cardiac monitor ordered.Conclusions:  Persistent racial, sex, and insurance differences in triage categorization and basic cardiac testing exist. Eliminating triage disparities may affect “downstream” clinical care and help eliminate observed disparities in cardiac outcomes.
Integrating Project ASSERT: A Screening, Intervention, and Referral to Treatment Program for Unhealthy Alcohol and Drug Use Into an Urban Emergency Department
Authors: D’Onofrio Gail , Degutis Linda C. 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:903–911 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective was to evaluate the effects of Project Alcohol and Substance Abuse Services Education and Referral to Treatment (ASSERT), an emergency department (ED)‐based screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment program for unhealthy alcohol and other drug use.Methods:  Health promotion advocates (HPAs) screened ED patients for alcohol and/or drug problems 7 days a week using questions embedded in a general health questionnaire. Patients with unhealthy drinking and/or drug use received a brief negotiation interview (BNI), with the goal of reducing alcohol/drug use and/or accepting a referral to a specialized treatment facility (STF), depending on severity of use. Patients referred to an STF were followed up at 1 month by phone or contact with the STF to determine referral completion and enrollment into the treatment program.Results:  Over a 5‐year period (December 1999 through December 2004), 22,534 adult ED patients were screened. A total of 10,246 (45.5%) reported alcohol consumption in the past 30 days, of whom 5,533 (54%) exceeded the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) guidelines for low‐risk drinking. Use of at least one illicit drug was reported by 3,530 patients (15.7%). Over one‐fourth of screened patients received BNIs (6,266, or 27.8%). Of these, 3,968 (63%) were referred to an STF. Eighty‐three percent of patients were followed at 1 month, and 2,159 (65%) had enrolled in a program. Patients who received a direct admission to an STF were 30 times more likely to enroll than those who were indirectly referred (odds ratio = 30.71; 95% confidence interval = 18.48 to 51.04). After 3 years, funding for Project ASSERT was fully incorporated into the ED budget.Conclusions:  Project ASSERT has been successfully integrated into an urban ED. A direct, facilitated referral for patients with alcohol and other drug problems results in a high rate of enrollment in treatment programs.
Summer microhabitat use by adult and young‐of‐year snail darters (Percina tanasi) in two rivers
Authors: Ashton M. J. , Layzer J. B. 
Published: July 2010

Ashton MJ, Layzer JB. Summer microhabitat use by adult and young‐of‐year snail darters (Percina tanasi) in two rivers. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 609–617. © Published 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.Abstract –  We characterised microhabitat availability and use by adult and young‐of‐year (YOY) snail darters (Percina tanasiEtnier 1976) while snorkelling in the French Broad and Hiwassee rivers, TN, USA. Both age groups of snail darters disproportionately used most microhabitat variables compared to their availability. Snail darters primarily occupied moderately deep, swift water over gravel substrates with little macrophyte coverage and no silt. Univariate comparisons indicated that adult and YOY darters occupied different habitat, but there was no marked differences between principal components analysis plots of multivariate microhabitat use within a river. Although the availability of microhabitat variables differed between the French Broad and Hiwassee rivers, univariate means and multivariate plots illustrated that the habitats used were generally similar by age groups of snail darters between rivers. Because our observations of habitat availability and use were constrained to low flow periods and depths <1 m, the transferability of our results to higher flow periods may be limited. However, the similarity in habitat use between rivers suggests that our results can be applied to low‐normal flow conditions in other streams.
Potassium supplements or potassium‐sparing agents
Authors: Persson Stig 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:During diuretic treatment alterations in myocardial cellular excitability due to potassium‐induced dis‐turbances of the membrane potential may arise without obvious changes of total body K. This may be explained by coexisting disturbances of the acid/ base balance and other ions such as magnesium. two factors which independently influence the transport of potassium across the cell membrane. The consequence may be cardiac arihythmias, particularly in the presence of digitalis. On the other hand hypokalemia, induced by diuretics, may also be accompanied by a significant depletion of total body K. bringing about more general consequences. It must be considered essential to maintain a normal general electrolyte balance during diuretic therapy.Potassium supplements may be used if true depletion of total body K is suspected, e.g. in hypokalemia with acidosis. Its use may, however, otherwise be questioned, as it is only directed towards the potassium situation and neglects the influence of diuretics upon other ions, such as H+and Mg++. The potassium‐sparing agents amiloride and triamterene normalize the general electrolyte situation in the distal tubules and should thus be regarded as drugs of first choice. Spironolactone has identical properties concerning the electrolytes but more serious side effects. It should be preferred when a significant secondary hyperaldosteronism is suspected and/or a more intense diuresis or an accentuated antihypertensive action is desired. The role of captopril in this context has not yet been established.
Medawar Redux – An Overview on the Use of Farm Animal Models to Elucidate Principles of Reproductive Immunology
Authors: Hansen Peter J. 
Published: July 2010

Citation Hansen PJ. Medawar redux – an overview on the use of farm animal models to elucidate principles of reproductive immunology. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010Farm animals have been important models for the development of reproductive immunology. Two of the major concepts underpinning reproductive immunology, the idea of the fetal allograft and progesterone’s role in regulation of uterine immunity, were developed using the bovine as a model. This volume of the American Journal of Reproductive Immunology is composed of review articles that highlight the continued relevance of farm animals as models for research in mammalian biology. It is important that a diverse array of genotypes are used to elucidate biological principles relevant to mammalian biology and human health because the nature of mammalian evolution has resulted in a situation where the genome of the most commonly used animal model, the laboratory mouse, is less similar to the human than other species like the cow. Moreover, the evolution of placental function has been accompanied by formation of new genes during recent evolution so that orthologs do not exist in any but closely related species. Given the infrastructure needs to study farm animal species, optimal utilization of these animals as models for biomedical research will require significant increases in funding to reverse a historical erosion of resources devoted to animal agricultural research.
Mastocytosis – an update
Authors: Amon Ulrich , Hartmann Karin , Horny Hans‐Peter , Nowak Anna 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMastocytosis (MC) encompasses a range of disorders characterized by a clonal, pathological accumulation of mast cells having a somatic activating mutation of the tyrosine kinase receptor Kit (exon 17, codon 816; D816V) in more than 90 % of adult patients. The mutation is much less common in children. Skin and bone marrow are most often affected. Symptoms and clinical course are very heterogeneous due to a variable degree of local or systemic mediator release or organ dysfunction as a result of mast cell infiltrates. Pruritus, wheals, flushing and gastrointestinal symptoms are often reported. The majority of pediatric patients experience spontaneous remission of MC. Adults usually have chronic disease, rarely transforming into an aggressive or lethal type. Indolent systemic MC with involvement of skin and bone is the most common type. In MC the risk for anaphylactic reactions following an insect sting (and other causes of mast cell activation) is increased significantly. Diagnostic hallmarks are biopsies from skin and bone marrow using tryptase antibodies for staining as well as serum tryptase levels. At present a curative treatment for MC is not available. Systemic histamine H1 receptor antagonists are widely used. Aggressive types of MC respond partially to IFN‐α or cladribine. A variety of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors is still under critical evaluation for systemic treatment of MC. After introduction of the WHO classification for MC and the development a German MC guideline, as well as the foundation of national and international competence networks for MC, a significantly improved quality of medical care for MC patients can be expected for the future.
The association between self perceptions of psychological well‐being and overweight in Brazilian children
Authors: Alexius Silvia Letícia , Olinto Maria Teresa Anselmo , Henn Ruth Liane , Pattussi Marcos Pascoal 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOur objective was to estimate the prevalence and test the association between psychological well‐being and overweight in children. We conducted a cross‐sectional study using anthropometrical measures and interviews with 1048 6–10‐year‐old school children from a Brazilian town. Overweight was assessed by the body mass index and included obesity. Psychological data of children and their parents were collected using a face scale. Poisson regression models were used to test the associations and to obtain unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR). The prevalence of overweight was of 15.3% (95% CI: 13.2–17.6) and of only obesity was 3.8% (2.8–5.2). After controlling for age, sex, school type and parental overweight, the prevalence of overweight was 52% and 44% higher in children who reported a psychological dissatisfaction in themselves and in their mothers when compared with those with positive self perception (PR = 1.52 95% CI = 1.02–2.28; P = 0.038) and (PR = 1.44 95% CI = 1.00–2.09; P = 0.049), respectively. The study suggests that actions aiming weight control of children should take into account psychological aspects of children and their families.
Relative Efficiency of Price Discovery on an Established New Market and the Main Board: Evidence from Korea
Authors: Eom Kyong Shik , Seon Junghoon , Chang Kook‐Hyun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe examine the relative efficiency of price discovery between the new market (KOSDAQ) and the main board (KOSPI) in the Korean stock markets that have the same trading mechanism (i.e. electronic limit‐order book), focusing on the comparisons of each market’s efficiency of price discovery in three aspects: speed, degree, and accuracy. We find that, for our entire firm sample, price discovery on KOSDAQ is less efficient than on KOSPI. However, the price discovery of the most liquid group (top 40 stocks) on KOSDAQ turns out to be as efficient as the lowest group (top 160th–200th stocks) among the top 200 liquid stocks on KOSPI. These two quintiles are comparable in terms of their firm characteristics, so it appears that the greater overall efficiency of price discovery on KOSPI is due to the characteristics of its listed firms, rather than any inherent difference between a main board and a new market. We also find evidence that the speed of price discovery is mainly determined by turnover, whereas the accuracy of price discovery is mainly determined by turnover and intraday volatility. All together, our results provide some policy implications for developing or even developed countries eager to establish a viable new market. First, price discovery in a successful or viable new market in an emerging economy behaves as predicted in the market microstructure literature, even though that literature is based primarily on main boards in advanced stock markets. Second, price discovery in the most liquid group in a new market is more accurate, although slower, than in the lowest group among the liquid stocks on a main board; on balance, the main board and new market are comparable. Finally, the accuracy of price discovery is more (less) impacted by turnover (intraday volatility) on the new market than on the main board.
Kinetic model‐based factor analysis of dynamic sequences for 82‐rubidium cardiac positron emission tomography
Authors: Klein R. , Beanlands R. S. , Wassenaar R. W. , Thorn S. L. , Lamoureux M. , DaSilva J. N. , Adler A. , deKemp R. A. 
Published: July 2010

Purpose:Factor analysis has been pursued as a means to decompose dynamic cardiac PET images into different tissue types based on their unique temporal signatures to improve quantification of physiological function. In this work, the authors present a novel kinetic model‐based (MB) method that includes physiological models of factor relationships within the decomposition process. The physiological accuracy of MB decomposed cardiac PET images is evaluated using simulated and experimental data. Precision of myocardial blood flow (MBF) measurement is also evaluated.Methods:A gamma‐variate model was used to describe the transport of in arterial blood from the right to left ventricle, and a one‐compartment model to describe the exchange between blood and myocardium. Simulations of canine and rat heart imaging were performed to evaluate parameter estimation errors. Arterial blood sampling in rats and blood pool imaging in dogs were used to evaluate factor and structure accuracy. Variable infusion duration studies in canine were used to evaluate MB structure and global MBF reproducibility. All results were compared to a previously published minimal structure overlap (MSO) method.Results:Canine heart simulations demonstrated that MB has lower root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) than MSO for both factor (0.2% vs 0.5%, MB vs MSO, respectively) and structure (3.0% vs 4.7%, ) estimations, as with rat heart simulations (factors: 0.2% vs 0.9%, and structures: 3.0% vs 6.7%, ). MB blood factors compared to arterial blood samples in rats had lower RMSE than MSO (1.6% vs 2.2%, ). There was no difference in the RMSE of blood structures compared to a blood pool image in dogs (8.5% vs 8.8%, ). Myocardial structures were more reproducible with MB than with MSO ( vs 6.2%, ), as were blood structures ( vs 5.6%, ). Finally, MBF values tended to be more reproducible with MB compared to MSO ( vs 18%, ). The execution time of MB was, on average, 2.4 times shorter than MSO due to fewer free parameters.Conclusions:Kinetic model‐based factor analysis can be used to provide physiologically accurate decomposition of dynamic PET images, and may improve the precision of MBF quantification.