bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of encapsulation on the toxicity of insecticides to the Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the predatorTyphlodromus pyri(Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Pogoda M.K. , Pree D.J. , Marshall D.B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe assessed the effects of microencapsulation on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin to larvae of the Oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta(Busck), in the laboratory and the field. We also compared the toxicity of microencapsulated and traditional formulations to pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant populations of the predaceous miteTyphlodromus pyriScheuten in the laboratory. In laboratory bioassays with neonate larvae ofG.molesta, the microencapsulated formulations of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were less toxic than the wettable-powder and emulsifiable-concentrate formulations. The emulsifiable-concentrate and microencapsulated formulations of lambda-cyhalothrin were equally toxic. In the field, all trees in insecticide-treated plots contained less damage by first generationG.molestalarvae than unsprayed controls. In the second generation, the microencapsulated formulations of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were generally less effective than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation of cypermethrin. The microencapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin was as effective as the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation. The microencapsulated formulation of cypermethrin was less toxic than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to both pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant populations ofT.pyri. Both populations were highly resistant to chlorpyrifos and unaffected by either formulation. The microencapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin affected the two populations ofT.pyridifferently; the microencapsulated formulation was approximately fivefold more toxic than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to the pyrethroid-susceptible population, but sixfold less toxic than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to the pyrethroid-resistant population. Much of the selectivity reported for the microencapsulated formulations of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos appeared related to a general reduction in toxicity to both target insects and beneficial mites. The microencapsulated lambda-cyhalothrin was as toxic as the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to the target insect but was less toxic than the emulsifiable concentrate to pyrethroid-resistant predator mites. This limited increased selectivity may be useful where resistant populations of predators occur.
Spatial heterogeneity of low-density populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae) associated with grazing and vegetation treatments
Authors: Fielding Dennis J. , Brusven M.A. , Shafii Bahman , Price William J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine whether the spatial distribution of Melanoplus sanguinipes F., the most abundant species of grasshopper on rangeland in southern Idaho, varied annually in response to changing patterns of grazing and to investigate how vegetation affects the spatial distribution of low-density populations of M. sanguinipes at scales relevant to most rangeland-management activities. A lattice of 72 sites was established across nine pastures, covering approximately 5000 ha. At each site, densities of M. sanguinipes, percent canopy coverage by plant species, and percent forage utilization by livestock were estimated twice per year, in June when M. sanguinipes was in the nymphal stage and in August during the adult stage, for 4 years, 1991–1994. Spatial analyses of variance were used to evaluate the influence of grazing and vegetation type on densities of M. sanguinipes. In August of each year, densities of M. sanguinipes were lower on heavily grazed sites than on lightly grazed sites, except in 1993, when the opposite trend was observed. Above-normal precipitation in 1993 resulted in abundant growth of annual forbs and regrowth of grazed plants. The distribution of nymphs in June of 1993 and 1994 reflected the grazing patterns of the previous summer. Densities of M. sanguinipes were lower on crested wheatgrass habitats than on annual grasslands for every sampling period from June 1991 to June 1993, after which no differences were observed. We interpret the results to suggest that grazing effects on low-density populations of M. sanguinipes were contingent on weather conditions; under dry conditions, grazed habitats were less favorable to M. sanguinipes but, during relatively cool wet summers, grazing created conditions that were more favorable to M. sanguinipes.
Feeding by Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) reduces seed set in lodgepole pine (Pinaceae)
Authors: Strong Ward B. , Bates Sarah L. , Stoehr Michael U. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLow seed set is a serious problem in seed orchards of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann) in the southern interior of British Columbia. We tested the hypothesis that Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann is responsible for the low seed set. Cones enclosed in insect exclusion bags as part of a pollination experiment produced significantly more filled seeds per cone than cones that were not bagged. In a separate bagging experiment, cones that were enclosed with a L. occidentalis female and her progeny produced only about one filled seed per cone, compared with about 28 seeds in bagged control cones. Changes in microclimate associated with the use of bags did not appear to be responsible for the observed increase in seed set in bagged cones. Leptoglossus occidentalis was also excluded from trees using the insecticide fenvalerate. Cones on fenvalerate-treated trees produced > 11 filled seeds per cone, whereas water-treated (control) cones produced < 1.7 filled seeds. These data suggest that L. occidentalis should be considered a serious pest in lodgepole pine seed orchards.
New species of the genus Phtheiropoios (Phthiraptera: Gyropidae), parasitic on Ctenomys (Rodentia: Octodontidae)
Authors: Castro Dolores del Carmen , Cicchino Armando 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe species Phtheiropoios centralissp.nov. is described and illustrated from specimens collected on an undescribed species of Ctenomys from Rio Quinto, central Córdoba Province, Argentina. Diagnostic features for the new species include proportion of the male forficula, male external genitalia, and counts of setae and body measurements in both sexes. Its morphological affinities with other species and a key to males of all species of the genus Phtheiropoios known to parasitize rodents of the genus Ctenomys are included.
Bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) activity and loss in commercial tomato greenhouses
Authors: Morandin L.A. , Laverty T.M. , Kevan P.G. , Khosla S. , Shipp L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractActivity of bumble bees,Bombus impatiensCresson, was examined in commercial tomato,Lycopersicon esculentumMill. (Solanaceae), greenhouses in relation to greenhouse covering type, solar radiation, greenhouse temperature and humidity. Bumble bee activity was measured by photodiode monitors inserted into the entrance of the colonies. Colony sizes were monitored as an indicator of bee loss through gutter ventilation systems in relation to covering. Activity monitors were found to be a good predictor of actual bumble bee entrances and exits (r2= 0.85). Bumble bee activity was 94.0% greater under the ultravioltet (UV)-transmitting covering than under ones that transmitted less UV light. No relationship was found between bee activity and the amount of solar radiation or internal greenhouse humidity. Bee activity was weakly positively correlated with internal greenhouse temperature (r2= 0.18). Bee activity was not different during three periods of the day: morning, midday, and evening. The mean ± SE colony size under the UV-transmitting covering was 86.0 ± 2 bees per colony after 10 days within the greenhouses, compared with 36.4 ± 5.8 bees per colony under the other three types of covering. Our results suggest that bee activity is greatest and bee loss through gutter ventilation systems lowest in greenhouses made with coverings that transmit high levels of UV light.
New species of Aphthona (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) and key to Iberian species of Aphthona hammarstroemi group
Authors: Baselga Andrés , Novoa Francisco 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAphthona sandraesp.nov. is described from specimens collected on Euphorbia polygalifolia Boiss. et Reuter (Euphorbiaceae) in Galicia, Spain. Its relationship with Aphthona ovata Foudras and the Aphthona hammarstroemi Jacobson group of species is established. A key to the species of this group occurring in the Iberian peninsula is provided. Aphthona herbigrada (Curtis) and Aphthona espagnoli Kral, previously not belonging to any group, are here considered belonging to the A. hammarstroemi group.
Analysis of some historically unfamiliar Canadian mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
Authors: Jacobus Luke M. , McCafferty W.P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwelve historically unfamiliar Ephemeroptera species described from Canada over 65 years ago were studied. Diagnostic characters are given that validateAcerpenna akataleptos(McDunnough) (Baetidae), whereas certain larval specimens of the genusAcerpennaWaltz and McCafferty cannot yet be associated with any species.Cinygmula confusa(McDunnough, 1924),syn.nov., (Heptageniidae) is shown to be a junior synonym ofCinygmula par(Eaton, 1885), andSerratella serratoides(McDunnough, 1931),syn.nov., (Ephemerellidae) is shown to be a junior synonym ofSerratella molita(McDunnough, 1930). New distribution records are given forIronodes flavipennisTraver (Heptageniidae),Cinygmula gartrelliMcDunnough,Heptagenia adaequataMcDunnough (Heptageniidae), andSiphlonurus autumnalisMcDunnough (Siphlonuridae), including the first substantiated records for the latter three from the United States. A first larval description ofS.autumnalisis provided.Ephemerella fraterculaMcDunnough (Ephemerellidae) is apparently rare, but its previously doubtful North Carolina record is confirmed. All larvae previously reported asNeoephemera bicolorMcDunnough (Neoephemeridae) cannot be placed to any nominal species.Parameletus croesus(McDunnough) (Siphlonuridae),Plauditus rubrolateralis(McDunnough) (Baetidae), andRhithrogena gaspeensisMcDunnough (Heptageniidae) are distinctive species but are known from few records.
Detecting the titer in forest soils of spores of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales)
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M. , Andreadis Theodore G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBioassays and direct counts were used to assess the abundance of resting spores of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu and Soper in forest soils. Resting spores in soil collected in October, January, and March and held under refrigeration germinated as readily as spores collected in April, but those collected in April germinated faster. Bioassays of resting spores in soils from different sites in Connecticut were directly related to results obtained from physically counting spores in the soil, and weakly correlated with a previously developed forest-based bioassay. The number of resting spores in a site was inversely related to the number of years since the site had last been defoliated by the gypsy moth, resulting in an implied maximum viability of resting spores of about 10 years. This maximum longevity was similar to a direct measure of long-term resting-spore viability. The study implies that resting-spore load in the soil may be an important determinant of the ability of the pathogen to control the gypsy moth.
Sampling range and range of attraction ofDendroctonus pseudotsugaepheromone-baited traps
Authors: Dodds Kevin J. , Ross Darrell W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo mark–recapture experiments and a trap interference experiment were conducted to determine the sampling range and range of attraction, respectively, ofDendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) pheromone-baited traps in northern Idaho. To determine the sampling range, either live beetles or logs containing brood were marked with one of four colors of fluorescent powder. Colored beetles or logs were placed along transects oriented away from a central pheromone-baited trap at distances of 50, 100, 200, and 300 m. A release distance of 400 m was added to one mark–recapture experiment during the 2nd year. To determine the range of attraction, a trap interference study was conducted. For this experiment, groups of three traps were oriented in equilateral triangles with distances of 50, 100, 200, and 300 m between the three traps. Distances between traps were changed daily to allow for adequate replication. Mark–recapture studies indicated that mostD.pseudotsugaewere recaptured from distances less than or equal to 200 m from the pheromone-baited trap. On average, 95% of beetles recaptured were males. Results of the trap interference experiment provided no insight into the range of attraction ofD.pseudotsugaepheromones. Natural resource managers should attempt to place pheromone-baited suppression traps within 200 m of targetD.pseudotsugaepopulations. Also, to minimize undesirable beetle-caused tree mortality, traps should be placed as far as possible from live trees that managers wish to protect.
Orientation response of Pacific coast wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) to food baits in laboratory and effectiveness of baits in field
Authors: Horton David R. , Landolt Peter J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAssays were done in the laboratory and field to monitor the response of Pacific coast wireworm,Limonius canusLeConte, to food baits. A glass-plate assay was used in laboratory trials to study movement of wireworm larvae through soil in response to several food baits, including germinating seeds of grains, rolled oats [Avenu sauvaL. (Poaceae)], carrot [Daucus carotaL. (Umbelliferae)], and potato [Solanum tuberosumL. (Solanaceae)]. Studies were also done with these baits to determine effectiveness under field conditions. In both laboratory and field trials, germinating seed of wheat [Triticum aestivumL. (Poaceae)] and barley [Hordeum vulgareL. (Poaceae)] ranked higher in response by larvae than the remaining food baits. In the glass-plate assays, 65–70% of wireworms contacted the wheat or barley seed baits within a 2-h assay period. Corn [Zea maysL. (Poaceae)] seed and sliced carrot were also effective, with 60% of larvae contacting the baits. Rice [Oryza sativaL. (Poaceae)], rye [Secale cerealeL. (Poaceae)], and potato were contacted by 30–45% of larvae. In the majority of assays, contact with the bait occurred within 30 min of the start of the assay. Trail lengths varied substantially among larvae (0–70 cm). The field studies showed that all food baits captured more wireworms than unbaited traps. A second assay conducted in the laboratory showed that moistened rolled oats were contacted with a higher probability if oats were aged 72 h following wetting (51% of larvae contacted the bait) than oats used immediately following wetting (28% of larvae). Field trials using baits composed of different volumes of rolled oats showed little evidence of a dose response in capture rates ofL.canus, although all baits captured more wireworms than unbaited traps. These studies showed thatL.canusis attracted to food baits in both laboratory and field trials, and that baits may prove useful to monitor populations of this pest in the field.
Release of Osmia excavata and Osmia jacoti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) for apple pollination
Authors: Wei Shu-Ge , Wang Ren , Smirle Michael J. , Xu Huan-Li 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo species of bees native to China, Osmia excavata Alfken and Osmia jacoti Cockerell, were released in 1991–1993 to observe life-history characteristics and assess pollination efficiency. Osmia excavata successfully established in both coastal (Shandong Province) and interior (Hebei Province) habitats, whereas O. jacoti was only able to establish in the coastal habitat. Sex ratios (female:male) ranged from 1:1.05 for O. jacoti to 1:2.46 for O. excavata. Apple, Malus domestica Borkh (Rosaceae), pollination was enhanced following the release of either species in orchards in Shandong. Fruit diameter increased following the release of either Osmia species in 'Red Delicious' blocks compared with control blocks where no pollination treatment was applied. The number of seeds per fruit was also increased relative to controls, and the percentage of asymmetrical fruit decreased. Release of O. excavata produced the best results for this cultivar. For 'Ralls Janet', the number of seeds per fruit increased following the release of either species and the percentage of asymmetrical apples decreased. Effects on fruit diameter were confounded by poor cultural practices (i.e., lack of adequate fruit thinning) in these 'Ralls Janet' blocks. Fruit set increased relative to controls following release of either Osmia species for both apple cultivars. Release of O. excavata also produced higher fruit set relative to blocks that received hand pollination treatment; release of O. jacoti was better than hand pollination only for 'Red Delicious'. Observations on the behaviour of individuals showed that O. excavata averaged 49.6 foraging trips per day and set an estimated 3108 fruit on 'Ralls Janet'; O. jacoti made fewer foraging trips (average of 31.2) per day and set 1831 fruit. Both species were more efficient pollinators than Apis mellifera. Osmia excavata would appear to be a better candidate for commercial apple pollination than O. jacoti under conditions similar to those in this study.
Temporal and geographical distribution patterns of cabbage seedpod weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in canola
Authors: Dosdall L.M. , Weiss R.M. , Olfert O. , Cárcamo H.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), was discovered infesting canola [Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae)] in southern Alberta in 1995, and by 1999 its populations had reached outbreak densities. The weevil has dispersed rapidly through cropland in the southern prairies, prompting this study to assess its potential for establishment in Canada's primary region of canola production in the Moist Mixed Grassland and Aspen Parkland ecoregions. In this study, both short- (24 h) and long-term (4 years) distribution patterns of cabbage seedpod weevil were examined, and these data were combined with previously published ecological findings and meteorological data in CLIMEX™ software to predict regions of western Canada where economically important infestations are likely to occur. Adult temporal distributions over 24 h on canola in bud and flower remained restricted primarily to the inflorescence rather than on stems and leaves regardless of time of day. Surveys conducted in commercial canola fields from 1997 to 2000 recorded rapid dispersal of the species to the north and east from the region of southern Alberta where it was initially found. Dispersal occurred at a rate of approximately 55 km/year, and in 2000 C. obstrictus populations were found in Saskatchewan for the first time. The CLIMEX™ model predicts that the distribution of C. obstrictus will eventually encompass the entire region of canola production in western Canada.
Two new termitophiles of the tribe Termitohospitini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Maruyama Munetoshi , Iwata Ryûtarô 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe termitophilous tribe Termitohospitini was discovered in Japan. Sinophilus yukoaesp.nov. and Japanophilus hojoigen.nov., sp.nov. are described from specimens collected in Nansei-shotô. The genus Sinophilus is redefined. These species are the first-discovered inquilines of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki in Japan. This suggests that C. formosanus is native to Japan rather than an introduced species, as previously believed.
Incidence of the pitch canker pathogen and associated insects in intact and chipped Monterey pine branches
Authors: McNee William R. , Wood David L. , Storer Andrew J. , Gordon Thomas R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn a 2-year study of Monterey pine,Pinus radiataD. Don (Pinaceae), infected with pitch canker, caused byFusarium circinatumNirenberg and O'Donnell, less than 2% of symptomatic branches with green foliage were colonized by twig beetles in the genusPityophthorusEichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), whereas approximately 50% of branches with yellow and red foliage were colonized. MorePityophthorusspp. emerged from yellow branches (mean ± SE = 12.1 ± 1.7 per 30 cm) than from red branches (6.9 ± 0.9) at an inland study site (Oakland) but, at a coastal site (Pebble Beach), the means were not significantly different (4.3 ± 0.6 and 3.8 ± 0.7). The mean phoresy rate of all emerging insects was higher at Pebble Beach (17.7 ± 0.6%) than at Oakland (5.3 ± 0.2%). At both sites, there was considerable temporal variation in the proportion of branches colonized by twig beetles, mean numbers of emerging twig beetles, and phoresy rates of emerging insects. Chipping branches reduced the emergence ofPityophthorusspp. and associates by approximately 95%, compared with emergence from intact branches. The pathogen was isolated from 1-year-old branches and chips in up to 68% of samples, but was only recovered from 3-year-old branches in 1 of 46 sampled. It is recommended that recent branch cuttings and chips originating from symptomatic trees not be transported to areas that are believed to be free of the disease.
Effects of pitch canker pathogen on gallery excavation and oviposition byIps paraconfusus(Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Storer Andrew J. , Wood David L. , Gordon Thomas R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIps paraconfususLanier is a vector of the pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatumNirenberg and O’Donnell, in California. Multiple infections of Monterey pine,Pinus radiataD. Don. (Pinaceae), branches and main stems appear to predispose trees to infestation byI.paraconfusus. The effect of cankers produced in response toF.circinatumon oviposition and gallery construction was investigated. Introduction of beetles into artificially induced or naturally occurring cankers was less likely to result in oviposition and resulted in shorter galleries than introductions into logs without cankers. Of all adults that produced eggs, the mean number of eggs per adult was no different in logs with cankers than in canker-free logs; however, the distance across the grain from the introduction point to the first egg was greater for adults introduced into cankers than for adults introduced away from cankers. These results indicate that the pitch canker pathogen has a negative effect onI.paraconfusus, as cankers produced in response to the pathogen are unsuitable for exploitation by the insect.