bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smith's Uniform “Toil and Trouble”: A “Vain Subtlety?”
Authors: Hueckel Glenn 
Published: June 2009

The subject of this essay is best introduced by two statements written many years apart. One is by J. S. Mill:[Adam Smith] speaks as if labour were intrinsically the most proper measure of value, on the ground that one day's ordinary muscular exertion of one man, may be looked upon as always, to him, the same amount of effort or sacrifice. But this proposition, whether in itself admissible or not, discards the idea of exchange value altogether, substituting a totally different idea, more analogous to value in use. If a day's labour will purchase in America twice as much of ordinary consumable articles as in England, it seems a vain subtlety to insist on saying that labour is of the same value in both countries, and that it is the value of the other things which is different. Labour, in this case, may be correctly said to be twice as valuable, both in the market and to the labourer himself, in America as in England (Mill, 1909, p. 567).
Berkeley's Querist and its Influence
Authors: Rashid Salim 
Published: June 2009

George Berkeley is unusual among economists for his practical dedication. While a great many pamphleteers write about acting for the “public good” it is rare to find someone involved in such acts on an everyday basis.Our spinning-school is in a thriving way. The children begin to find a pleasure in being paid in hard money; which I understand they will not give to their parents, but keep to buy clothes for themselves. Indeed I found it difficult and tedious to bring them to this; but I believe it will now do. I am building a workhouse for sturdy vagrants, and design to raise about two acres of hemp for employing them. Can you put me in a way of getting hempseed; or does your Society distribute any? It is hoped your flax-seed will come in time (Fraser 1871, p. 248).
VAMPIRIC SEDUCTION AND VICISSITUDES OF MASCULINE IDENTITY IN BRAM STOKER'SDRACULA
Authors: Kuzmanovic Dejan 
Published: June 2009

Most critics who discuss vampirismin Bram Stoker'sDracula(1897) as a type of seduction focus on the symbolic corruption of English womanhood as the central theme in the novel and emphasize the significance of “the seduction of Lucy and Mina, to which the experience of Harker at Castle Dracula,” according to Phyllis Roth, “provides a preface.” Roth believes that Harker's role as “a hero, one whose narrative encloses the others and with whom, therefore, one might readily identify . . . is a defense against the central identification of the novel with Dracula and his attacks on the women” (61–62). Other critics have observed that, in addition to preserving the symbolic purity of Englishwomen, Stoker's novel is also about the symbolic education of Englishmen, through which members of different professions and classes that carry the bourgeois order learn to work together and, pooling their various backgrounds and knowledge and combining tradition with progress in order to save the women, confirm the strength of their own manhood, and destroy the symbolic threat of the vampire. Both groups of critics, however, tend to overlook the unique position that the young solicitor Jonathan Harker occupies in the narrative: he is the only character who is both an object of the vampire's seduction and an agent of his destruction. While some critics pay due attention to Harker's sensational seduction by Dracula and the three vampiric women in the first part of the novel, they either simplify the meaning of that seduction or underestimate Harker's continuing significance in the rest of the novel because he gradually blends into the group of several valiant vampire hunters. At the same time, his membership in that group has been too easily taken for granted by most critics. What has remained insufficiently explored is the significance of the twofold nature of Harker's experiences: he yields to Dracula's seduction and then recuperates from its consequences by participating in vampire hunting. It is through Harker's experiences throughout the narrative that the paradox of the novel's simultaneously conservative and subversive tendencies becomes most conspicuous.
“AWFUL UNKNOWN QUANTITIES”: ADDRESSING THE READERS INHARD TIMES
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: June 2009

Charles Dickens was lionized in the early1850s for his political powers as a novelist, journalist, and reformer. A December 1850 review ofDavid CopperfieldinFraser's Magazineaffirmed that the so-called “Boz”has done more, we verily believe, for the promotion of peace and goodwill between man and man, class and class, nation and nation, than all the congresses under the sun . . . . Boz, and men like Boz, are the true humanizers, and therefore the true pacificators, of the world. They sweep away the prejusdices of class and caste, and disclose the common ground of humanity which lies beneath factitious social and national systems.Such tributes to his political powers must have been gratifying to a writer who had begun his career as a parliamentary reporter. They proclaimed the power of the writer in an age of print, bearing out Thomas Carlyle's sense that “Printing . . . is equivalent to Democracy . . . . Whoever can speak, speaking now to the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law-making.”Fraser'selaborated on this idea by linking Dickens's uncanny ability to “introduce” characters to one another to his ability to “introduce” such characters to readers of different ranks. “Men like Boz,” the reviewer explained, “introduce the peasantry to the peerage” and “the grinder at the mill to the millionaire who owns the grist” (700).
Bacteria in amber coal and clay in relation to lithopanspermia
Authors: Wainwright Milton , Laswd Amar , Alshammari Fawaz 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA study was undertaken to determine if amber, coal and clay samples contain bacteria, in relation to the possibility that rocks ejected from Earth might contain microorganisms capable of colonizing other planets. A technique for isolating bacteria from rocks was developed which excluded the possibility that any of the rock isolates resulted from contamination. Two species ofBacilluswere found in the amber sample, and a species of the same genus was found in coal; bacilli were also commonly found in clay. It is concluded that species of the spore-forming genusBacilluscould therefore be ejected from Earth in these geological substrates and possibly be transferred elsewhere.
Skeletal muscle metabolic recovery following submaximal exercise in chronic heart failure is limited more by O2 delivery than O2 utilization
Authors: Kemps Hareld M.C. , Prompers Jeanine J. , Wessels Bart , De Vries Wouter R. , Zonderland Maria L. , Thijssen Eric J.M. , Nicolay Klaas , Schep Goof , Doevendans Pieter A.F.M. 
Published: June 2009

CHF (chronic heart failure) is associated with a prolonged recovery of skeletal muscle energy stores following submaximal exercise, limiting the ability to perform repetitive daily activities. However, the pathophysiological background of this impairment is not well established. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether muscle metabolic recovery following submaximal exercise in patients with CHF is limited by O2 delivery or O2 utilization. A total of 13 stable CHF patients (New York Heart Association classes II–III) and eight healthy subjects, matched for age and BMI (body mass index), were included. All subjects performed repetitive submaximal dynamic single leg extensions in the supine position. Post-exercise PCr (phosphocreatine) resynthesis was assessed by 31P-MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy). NIRS (near-IR spectroscopy) was applied simultaneously, using the rate of decrease in HHb (deoxygenated haemoglobin) as an index of post-exercise muscle re-oxygenation. As expected, PCr recovery was slower in CHF patients than in control subjects (time constant, 47±10 compared with 35±12 s respectively; P=0.04). HHb recovery kinetics were also prolonged in CHF patients (mean response time, 74±41 compared with 44±17 s respectively; P=0.04). In the patient group, HHb recovery kinetics were slower than PCr recovery kinetics (P=0.02), whereas no difference existed in the control group (P=0.32). In conclusion, prolonged metabolic recovery in CHF patients is associated with an even slower muscle tissue re-oxygenation, indicating a lower O2 delivery relative to metabolic demands. Therefore we postulate that the impaired ability to perform repetitive daily activities in these patients depends more on a reduced muscle blood flow than on limitations in O2 utilization.
Reordering contigs of draft genomes using the Mauve Aligner
Authors: Rissman Anna I. , Mau Bob , Biehl Bryan S. , Darling Aaron E. , Glasner Jeremy D. , Perna Nicole T. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Summary: Mauve Contig Mover provides a new method for proposing the relative order of contigs that make up a draft genome based on comparison to a complete or draft reference genome. A novel application of the Mauve aligner and viewer provides an automated reordering algorithm coupled with a powerful drill-down display allowing detailed exploration of results.
Availability: The software is available for download at http://gel.ahabs.wisc.edu/mauve.
Contact: rissman@wisc.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online and http://gel.ahabs.wisc.edu
Quantitative trait loci for litter size and prenatal loss in a White Duroc × Chinese Erhualian resource population
Authors: Li K. , Ren J. , Xing Y. , Zhang Z. , Ma J. , Guo Y. , Huang L. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryTo detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for litter size related traits, the total number of born piglets (TNB), the number of born alive piglets (NBA), the number of stillborn piglets (NSB) and the number of mummies (NM) at the first parity were recorded in 299 F2 sows in a White Duroc × Chinese Erhualian intercross resource population. A whole genome scan was performed with 183 microsatellites distributed across 19 porcine chromosomes in the resource population, and the QTL analysis was performed with a least‐squares method. A 5% genome‐wide significant QTL was detected at 88 cM on pig chromosome (SSC) 15 for NBA, which also showed suggestive effect on TNB. In addition, four suggestive QTL were detected on SSC 6, 7, 8 and 15 for TNB, NBA or NSB. Two of the five QTL detected showed accordance with previous reports. No QTL was found for NM.
Platelet‐derived growth factor and transforming growth factor‐β modulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and migratory function of human airway smooth muscle cells
Authors: Ito I. , Fixman E. D. , Asai K. , Yoshida M. , Gounni A. S. , Martin J. G. , Hamid Q. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBackground
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Their expression in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells could be involved in collagen turnover and migration of these cells and thus may contribute to airway remodelling.Objective
To examine the effect of pro‐fibrotic growth factors TGF‐β and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) on the expression of MMPs/TIMPs in cultured human ASM cells and to examine the role of MMP in the migration of ASM cells.Methods
ASM cells were stimulated with TGF‐β and/or PDGF. Expression and activity of MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 were evaluated by quantitative RT‐PCR, Western blot and zymography. Modified Boyden‐chamber migration assay was performed to investigate the effect of secreted MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 on ASM‐cell migration.Results
PDGF strongly up‐regulated the expression of MMP‐1 at mRNA and protein levels. PDGF, when combined with TGF‐β, caused synergistic up‐regulation of MMP‐3. TIMP‐1 was additively up‐regulated by TGF‐β and PDGF. These growth factors had no effect on the expression of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2. U0126, an extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway inhibitor, inhibited the up‐regulation of MMP‐1 by PDGF. The synergistic/additive up‐regulation of MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 was inhibited by U0126 and SB431542, a Smad pathway inhibitor. Supernatant from ASM cells in which MMP‐3 production was knocked down by RNA interference showed a decreased migratory effect on ASM cells, whereas supernatant from cells with suppressed TIMP‐1 expression resulted in increased migration.Conclusion
Our results suggest that PDGF with/without TGF‐β could facilitate migration of ASM cells by modification of MMP–TIMP balance through the ERK pathway.
Vascular hyporesponsiveness to angiotensin II in rats with CCl4‐induced liver cirrhosis
Authors: Hennenberg M. , Trebicka J. , Kohistani A. Z. , Heller J. , Sauerbruch T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground Portal hypertension is triggered by vasodilation due to impaired contraction of extrahepatic vessels. Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor‐induced vasocontraction is mediated by G proteins and may be desensitized by recruitment of β‐arrestin‐2 to the receptor. In this study, we analysed the interaction of AT1receptors with β‐arrestin‐2 in the context of vascular hypocontractility in rats with CCl4‐induced cirrhosis.Methods Micronodular liver cirrhosis in rats (n = 15) was induced by regular CCl4exposure. Age‐matched rats (n = 15) served as controls. Contractility of aortic rings was measured by myography. Protein expressions and phosphorylations were assessed by Western blot analysis, and AT1receptor interaction with β‐arrestin‐2 by co‐immunoprecipitation.Results Aortic rings from CCl4rats were hypocontractile to angiotensin II independent of nitric oxide synthases (Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester 200 μM). Expression of the AT1receptor, Gαq/11and the contraction‐mediating effector Rho kinase was similar in aortas from both groups. Expression and AT1receptor binding of β‐arrestin‐2 were up‐regulated in aortas from CCl4rats. Stimulation of isolated aortas with exogenous angiotensin II caused recruitment of β‐arrestin‐2 in aortas from noncirrhotic rats, but no further interaction of AT1receptors with β‐arrestin‐2 was found in aortas from CCl4rats. While angiotensin II stimulation resulted in Rho kinase activation in aortas from noncirrhotic rats but not in aortas from CCl4rats, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activation in response to angiotensin II was observed in aortas from both groups.Conclusions Vascular hyporesponsiveness to angiotensin II in CCl4rats is due to enhanced interaction of the AT1receptor with β‐arrestin‐2 and consecutively changed receptor function.
Radial growth response of four dominant boreal tree species to climate along a latitudinal gradient in the eastern Canadian boreal forest
Authors: HUANG JIANGUO , TARDIF JACQUES C. , BERGERON YVES , DENNELER BERNHARD , BERNINGER FRANK , GIRARDIN MARTIN P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo address the central question of how climate change influences tree growth within the context of global warming, we used dendroclimatological analysis to understand the reactions of four major boreal tree species –Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Picea mariana, and Pinus banksiana– to climatic variations along a broad latitudinal gradient from 46 to 54°N in the eastern Canadian boreal forest. Tree‐ring chronologies from 34 forested stands distributed at a 1° interval were built, transformed into principal components (PCs), and analyzed through bootstrapped correlation analysis over the period 1950–2003 to identify climate factors limiting the radial growth and the detailed radial growth–climate association along the gradient. All species taken together, previous summer temperature (negative influences), and current January and March–April temperatures (positive influences) showed the most consistent relationships with radial growth across the gradient. Combined with the identified species/site‐specific climate factors, our study suggested that moisture conditions during the year before radial growth played a dominant role in positively regulating P. tremuloides growth, whereas January temperature and growing season moisture conditions positively impacted growth of B. papyrifera. Both P. mariana and P. banksiana were positively affected by the current‐year winter and spring or whole growing season temperatures over the entire range of our corridor. Owing to the impacts of different climate factors on growth, these boreal species showed inconsistent responsiveness to recent warming at the transition zone, where B. papyrifera, P. mariana, and P. banksiana would be the most responsive species, whereas P. tremuloides might be the least. Under continued warming, B. papyrifera stands located north of 49°N, P. tremuloides at northern latitudes, and P. mariana and P. banksiana stands located north of 47°N might benefit from warming winter and spring temperatures to enhance their radial growth in the coming decades, whereas other southern stands might be decreasing in radial growth.
Assimilation exceeds respiration sensitivity to drought: A FLUXNET synthesis
Authors: SCHWALM CHRISTOPHER R. , WILLIAMS CHRISTOPHER A. , SCHAEFER KEVIN , ARNETH ALMUT , BONAL DAMIEN , BUCHMANN NINA , CHEN JIQUAN , LAW BEVERLY E. , LINDROTH ANDERS , LUYSSAERT SEBASTIAAN , REICHSTEIN MARKUS , RICHARDSON ANDREW D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe intensification of the hydrological cycle, with an observed and modeled increase in drought incidence and severity, underscores the need to quantify drought effects on carbon cycling and the terrestrial sink. FLUXNET, a global network of eddy covariance towers, provides dense data streams of meteorological data, and through flux partitioning and gap filling algorithms, estimates of net ecosystem productivity (FNEP), gross ecosystem productivity (P), and ecosystem respiration (R). We analyzed the functional relationship of these three carbon fluxes relative to evaporative fraction (EF), an index of drought and site water status, using monthly data records from 238 micrometeorological tower sites distributed globally across 11 biomes. The analysis was based on relative anomalies of both EF and carbon fluxes and focused on drought episodes by biome and climatic season. Globally P was ≈50% more sensitive to a drought event than R. Network‐wide drought‐induced decreases in carbon flux averaged −16.6 and −9.3 g C m−2 month−1 for P and R, i.e., drought events induced a net decline in the terrestrial sink. However, in evergreen forests and wetlands drought was coincident with an increase in P or R during parts of the growing season. The most robust relationships between carbon flux and EF occurred during climatic spring for FNEP and in climatic summer for P and R. Upscaling flux sensitivities to a global map showed that spatial patterns for all three carbon fluxes were linked to the distribution of croplands. Agricultural areas exhibited the highest sensitivity whereas the tropical region had minimal sensitivity to drought. Combining gridded flux sensitivities with their uncertainties and the spatial grid of FLUXNET revealed that a more robust quantification of carbon flux response to drought requires additional towers in all biomes of Africa and Asia as well as in the cropland, shrubland, savannah, and wetland biomes globally.
A framework for assessing the biodiversity and fishery aspects of marine reserves
Authors: Levin Phillip S. , Kaplan Isaac , Grober‐Dunsmore Rikki , Chittaro Paul M. , Oyamada Seichi , Andrews Kate , Mangel Marc 
Published: June 2009

Summary 1.  Resource management agencies are often charged with managing natural resources for economic and social goals, while also protecting and conserving biodiversity and ecosystem function. However, this may not always be possible. Ecosystem‐based management is frequently suggested as a way to achieve multiple objectives in resource management and requires that trade‐offs among conflicting objectives be identified and an effective means to utilize these trade‐offs developed. 2.  We examine the relationship between area and species richness in a diverse assemblage of fishes along the US West Coast and then use parameters from this relationship as input for a model that considers trade‐offs between fisheries yield and the number of species protected by different management strategies. 3.
The species–area relationship (S = cAz) for fishes along the US Pacific coast is well described by the relationship S = 16·18A0·226. 4.  There are nearly linear trade‐offs between diversity and yield when fishing effort is low. However, the trade‐offs become nonlinear as fishing effort increases and imposing MPAs increases both the conservation and fisheries value of the system when the system is overfished. 5.
Synthesis and applications. Solving conflicts between fisheries and conservation requires attention as to how conservation benefits accrue as fishing effort is reduced. However, scientists often lack quantitative information about the trade‐offs inherent in human activities such as fisheries. The approach we develop here can begin to help frame the questions to be posed and evaluate the likely consequences of different management options.
Trade‐offs between specificity and regional generality in habitat association models: a case study of two species of African vulture
Authors: Bamford Andrew J. , Monadjem Ara , Anderson Mark D. , Anthony Angus , Borello Wendy D. , Bridgeford Marilyn , Bridgeford Peter , Hancock Pete , Howells Bill , Wakelin James , Hardy Ian C.W. 
Published: June 2009

Summary 1.  The habitat requirements of various species have been evaluated by statistical models. However, recent studies have shown that models are often not transferable between regions, limiting their applicability and ability to inform management decisions. One possible cause is that models tend to reflect dominant landscape features, which vary between regions. Transferability, and thus applicability, may be increased by developing models from multiple regions. 2.
We addressed this via a case study of two vulture species (white‐backed and lappet‐faced vultures, Gyps africanus and Aegypius tracheliotos) from six biogeographically different regions across southern Africa. Logistic models, developed using an information‐theoretic approach, were used to predict nest occurrence based on explanatory variables derived from a Geographic Information System (GIS), the usual method for species with large ranges. Variables reflected key requirements at different spatial scales: food availability, human disturbance and nesting trees. We developed models using data from single and multiple regions, and tested the cross‐regional transferability. We also collected field data to asses the adequacy of the GIS variables. 3.  There was a significant negative correlation between specificity and regional generality, multi‐region models tending to be more consistently transferable than single‐region models but having a weaker fit within the regions where they were developed. Multi‐region models of nesting habitat were more structurally similar to each other than single‐region models. GIS variables adequately represented the landscape but with differing adequacy between regions. There were no observed fitness benefits to the observed site selection. 4.
Synthesis and applications. Models of species distribution are not transferable between regions, and use of models to inform management decisions in regions other than that used for model development should be undertaken with caution. Models are often built using GIS predictors only broadly related to the landscape properties of interest and the adequacy of such proxies can vary between regions, leading to models that emphasize dominant landscape features. Models developed from multiple regions partially overcome this problem by identifying predictors that apply across many regions and are more transferable. However, this increased generality trades off against reduced specificity. Models should be constructed with consideration to their intended use.