bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abū ‘Ubaid's Kitāb al-Nāsikh wa'l-mansūkh
Authors: Rippin A. 
Published: January 2010

In my review of John Burton's edition of the work on abrogation (naskh) in the Qur'ān and the sunna by Abu ‘Ubaid (d. 224/839) in BSOAS, LII, 2, 1989, 346–7, I mentioned the existence of a fragment of this text found in the Türk ve Islâm Eserleri Müzesi, Istanbul; neither Burton nor Fuat Sezgin in his facsimile edition of the Topkapi Ahmet III manuscript of the text (Frankfurt am Main, 1985), mention this fragment or clarify its status.The fragment appears to have been discovered and identified by Janine Sourdel-Thomine and Dominique Sourdel; it is mentioned in their article, ‘Nouveaux documents sur l'histoire religieuse et sociale de Damas au moyen age’, Revue des études islamiques, 32, 1964, 16. Sezgin cites this article and the existence of the fragment of the text in GAS, vm, 85, item V.
A grammatical sketch of Khamtanga—II
Authors: Appleyard D. L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe simplest, irreducible part of the verb is the root, which carries the lexical information, and to which are suffixed markers of person, tense, mood, etc. Most verb roots end in a consonant, the commonest shapes being CVC- and CVCC-, but also VC- and VCC-: qal- ‘see’, wäš- ‘hear’, arq- ‘know’, abz- ‘finish’, mars'- ‘choose’, ward- ‘play’, aq- ‘be’, is'- ‘curse’, and so on. Dissyllabic roots are extremely rare in the material and almost all appear to be loans from Ethiopian Semitic: wływär- ‘throw’, färaq- ‘be wide’, mikwir- ‘try’, addin- ‘hunt’, tinfis- ‘breathe’; dissyllabic Agaw roots are is'aq- ‘send’, iqa- (also shortened to qa-)‘wash’. In addition there is a comparatively small number of roots with the shape CV-: xwa/t- ‘eat’, fi- ‘go out’, gwi- ‘get up, rise’, bi- ‘lack’, yi- ‘say’, and so on.
Hebrew Verse: apostrophe and epanalepsis
Authors: Wansbrough John 
Published: January 2010

In the recently published volume of his collected papers Professor S. E. Loewenstamm includes two studies (here amplified) dealing with a feature of Semitic prosody described by him as ‘expanded colon’.His thesis is disarmingly straightforward: non-contiguous and, in some cases, contiguous repetition exhibits under certain conditions the deliberate expansion of a primary poetic structure, called ‘basic formula’ (p. 287), ‘simple basic formula’ (p. 289), ‘basic formulation’ (p. 291), ‘basic colon’ (p. 293). Production of an ‘expanded colon’, in contrast to mere ‘repetitive parallelism’ (p. 283 n. 8), requires (1) a ‘repetitive formula’, (2) an ‘intervening formula’, and (3) a ‘complementary formula’ (pp. 284–5, 293–4). Component (1) must at first utterance be grammatically incomplete; component (2) may consist of a vocative and/or grammatical subject; component (3) must render the ‘repetitive formula’ at second utterance grammatically complete. Thus, CTA 2:IV:8–9in which the first tow segements (‘ Now your enemy, O Baal/Now your enemy you shall smite’) constitute the ‘expanded colon’, the third (‘Now you shall subdue your oppressor’) being merely parallel.
The Sasanian caravanserai of Dayr-i gachīn, south of Ray, Iran
Authors: Shokoohy Mehrdad 
Published: January 2010

Numerous Arab geographers and Persian literary texts refer with a variety of detail to an important desert caravanserai known as Dayr-i gachīn (Ar. Dayr al-jiss), situated to the south of Ray. The word dayr, meaning in Arabic ‘monastery’, or perhaps ‘hospice’, seems a natural term for a caravanserai. That the term could also mean a domed building and a fire temple is suggested by both the Burhān-i qāti' and the Farhang-i Ānandrāj. The Burhān-i qāti', under ‘Khwarnaq’, states:Khwarnaq is the arabized word for Khuwarna, and this was a most excellent building which was built for Bahrām-i Gūr by Nu'mān b. Mundhir … and the other palace, which had three domes, one inside the other, and was built as a temple and a place of worship, they called Si-dayr since in Pahlavi they call a dome ‘dayr’.
A letter attributed to Cyril of Jerusalem on the rebuilding of the Temple
Authors: Brock S. P. 
Published: January 2010

Before he set off on his fatal Persian expedition Julian appears to have issued certain instructions about the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. Whether the initiative for this came from the Jewish community, or was from the emperor himself, is unclear, the sources being as divided on this point as they are on the exact nature of the events that brought the work to a halt. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, the one pagan account that survives,‘… magnitudine operum gestiens propagare, ambitiosum quondam apud Hierosolymam templum, quod post multa et interneciva certamina, obsidiente Vespasiano, posteaque Tito, aegre est expugnatum, instaurare sumptibus cogitabat immodicis, negotiumque maturandum Alypio dederat Antiochensi, qui olim Britannias curaverat pro praefectis. cum itaque rei idem fortiter instaret Alypius, iuvaretque provinciae rector, metuendi globi flammarum prope fundamenta crebris assultibus erumpentes, fecere locum exustis aliquotiens operantibus inaccessum, hocque modo elemento destinatius repellente, cessavit inceptum’.
Law as a Social Force in Islamic Culture and History
Authors: Anderson J.N.D. 
Published: January 2010

For centuries the law has held a paramount place in the civilization and structure of the Muslim world, at least in the Islamic ideal. The prestige it has enjoyed may, indeed, be regarded as without parallel in history, for this civilization was uniquely based on religion, and the religion of Islam has always accorded a pre-eminent place to law.Nor is the reason for this pre-eminence far to seek. In the religion of Islam everything rests on divine revelation, without which man remains in a state of almost unrelieved ignorance. But, in the orthodox view, God has not revealed Himself and His nature, but rather His law.
Raja Ram Roy's Visit to England
Authors: Ballhatchet K.A. 
Published: January 2010

RajaRamRoy, the adopted son of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, went to England with his father. He remained there for several years after his father's death at Bristol in 1833.In August 1835 Hobhouse, the President of the Board of Control, recorded that he had received an application on behalf of Raja Ram, ‘requesting that the opportunity may be afforded him previously to his return to his native country of acquiring an insight into the mode in which the public business is transacted in England’. The request appealed to Hobhouse, with his Whig and liberal sympathies, and at his recommendation Raja Ram was appointed an extra clerk in the offices of the Board of Control at a salary of £100 a year.
Notes on Some Early Seljuqid Viziers
Authors: Bowen Harold 
Published: January 2010

Of the medieval Muslim historians writing in Arabic and Persian several supply us with lists of the viziers employed by Ṭughrul Beg, the first sultan of the Āl Seljuq.The list supplied by Ibn al-Athir (died A.D. 1234) shows the following four persons as having acted in turn for him as vizier:(1) Abū'l-Qāsim ‘All ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Juwaynī.
(2) The Ra'īs al-Ru'asā Abū ‘Abd Allah al-Husayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Mīkā'īl.
(3) The Niຓāam al-Mulk Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad al-Dihistānī.
(4) The ‘Amīd al-Mulk al-Kundurī.
‘Principles of Whistling’-Hsiao Chih–Anonymous
Authors: Edwards E.D. 
Published: January 2010

Music has its origin in Nature, a fact which is recognized by the Chinese. Music may be conscious (men) or unconscious (animals, storm, etc.). Vocal imitation preceded instrumental, which may have originated in the limitations of the human vocal chords.Speech is communication between man and man, between mind and mind; music is communication between man and Nature, the gods, the spirits. Ancient music was no more than the sounds of Nature combined into some sort of system. As we see in this work, vocal imitation of the sounds of Nature came before instrumental music. Learners of whistling were numerous when Shun ‘developed music and invented the lute’.
Constitutional and Legislative Development in the Indian Republic
Authors: Gledhill A. 
Published: January 2010

Cowell in his Tagore Law Lectures in 1872 said:
‘Constitutional history in this country has nothing to do with steady spontaneous growth of national activities. It is a record of experiment made by foreign rulers to govern alien races in a strange land, to adapt European institutions to Oriental habits of life, and to make definite laws supreme among peoples who had always associated government with arbitrary and uncontrolled authority.’Rankin in 1946 wrote:
‘The influence of the common law in India is due not so much to a “reception” … as to a process of codification … not merely with a view to putting into form a system which was already in force, but to lay down a rule of decision where there seemed to be none, or where different rules were competing for the same ground.’
On the form and function of pre-pronominal markers in Chadic
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: January 2010

There are several problems intimately connected with pronominal affixes in Chadic. These problems may be connected with each other and an explanation of one may possibly shed some light on other problems. The following problems will be discussed in the present paper:(a) In several languages there exist pre-pronominal markers whose function is poorly understood. I will illustrate this problem in the example of Hausa, because it is the most familiar Chadic language and also because it is fairly typical for the situation under consideration.
Various Eras and Calendars used in the Countries of Islam
Authors: Taqizadeh S. H. 
Published: January 2010

In the first part of this article we have discussed seven different -*- eras or (to be strictly correct) different kinds of time-reckoning with or without a common era. We are now going to deal with the fourteen remaining sections of our list. But before proceeding to the discussion of the next number, I want to insert here a small note relating to No. 3, i.e. the Kharājī era in Egypt, as a complement to what has already been said in the preceding number of this Bulletin (BSOS., pp. 914–15).Professor A. S. Tritton called my attention to a few Kharājī dates occurring in an Arabic manuscript in the British Museum (Or. 1338). On examining these dates, which belong to the fifth and early sixth centuries A.H., I find some interesting points which supplement our knowledge about that era as used in that country in the time of the Fāṭimid caliphs. This anonymous book is a history of the Monophysite patriarchs of Alexandria, from St. Mark to Matthew the 87th patriarch who died 31st December, 1408, and it must have been composed by an unknown author soon after the latter date.Some of the Kh. dates in this book are given with their corresponding dates of the Diocletian era (era of the Martyrs). These are as follows:—Moreover, the date of the death of the Fāṭimid Caliph al-Musta‘lī, which happened in the month of Ṣafar, A.H. 495 (Hilālī) = December, A.D. 1101, is given as 491 Kh. (fol. 284b).
The Average Man in Early Islam
Authors: Tritton A. S. 
Published: January 2010

Literature is full of the saints of Islam, like the man who was so oppressed by the seriousness of life that he always looked as if he were coming from the funeral of a near relative, and another who fainted when he saw a bedouin smearing his camel with hot tar, because it reminded him of hell. It is a mistake to think that all Muslims lived up to this standard.Even the pious ‘Umar lost his temper at a formula consecrated by religion. In reply to a question a man said, “God knows best”; the caliph told him to say either “I know” or “I do not know”.Tales told of society in Medina show that amusements tolerated there fell far short of the standard of decency demanded by religion.There was a class of men who told edifying stories to instruct the faithful. One of them said that those, who fasted for three successive months, would have in heaven houses one thousand parasangs long, broad and high, with doors ten parasangs square. “A poor house for January,” ejaculated one of the audience. Another of these preachers said, “The name of the wolf that ate Joseph was so and so.” It was objected that no wolf ate Joseph so he corrected himself, “The name of the wolf that did not eat Joseph was so and so.”.
A Moroccan Amīr's Commercial Treaty with Venice of the year 913/1508
Authors: Wansbrough John 
Published: January 2010

IN 1508 the Mediterranean port of Bādis, located on the coast of the Rīf on approximately the same meridian as Malaga, shared with Salé and Azemmour on the Atlantic the distinction of being the only Moroccan ports not occupied by either the Spanish or Portuguese. Subject to the Wattasids at Fās, at about the beginning of the sixteenth century Bādis had been granted by the reigning Wattāsidto a cousin, who for some years ruled almost independently there. Because of its geographical situation the port was of considerable interest to the Republic of Venice, two of whose merchant fleets had occasion to call there in the course of their voyages along the coasts of the Mediterranean.Venetian interest in Bādis is illustrated by two Arabic documents: a treaty and its covering letter addressed by the Amīr of Bādis to the Doge of Venice, written in the year 1508 and concerning the establishment of commercial relations. The originals of these two documents are preserved in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia (ASV) where also, in the Libri Commemoriali, transcripts of their contemporary Italian translations are to be found. These translations are reproduced here together with the Arabic texts.
Adverbes sanskrits en -sāt et base radicale *sā-
Authors: Renou L. 
Published: January 2010

Pānini enseigne des adverbes constitués par un élément -sāt qui s'attache à un thème nominal, et dormant avec les verbes “auxiliaires” - et bhū- (as-) des locutions périphrastiques analogues aux locutions dites “cvi” en et .Plus précisément la formation exprime d'apres V, 4, 52, en concurrence avec les “cvi”, que le changement est à entendre comme total (kārtsnye): ex. de la Kāś. agnisād bhavati s´astram “l'arme devient (entièrement) du feu”, udakasād bhavati lavanam “le sel devient (entièrement) de l'eau”. Kārtsnye s'oppose à ekadeśena “partiellement.”
Dravidian Studies III
Authors: Burrow T. 
Published: January 2010

Original Dravidian k-is palatalized to c- in Tamil Malayalam and Telugu when follwed by the front vowelsi, ī, e, ē. This change takes place in the following words:-Ta. citar to scatter, also citaṟ, Ma. citaruka, Te, cedaru; Ka. kedaru, kedaṟu, Tu. kedaruni; Ka. also cadaṟu, cedaṟu, Tu. also cadaruni.
A propos de l'auteur de la récension Bradley de la Grande Chronique d'Ayuthia
Authors: Burnay Par J. 
Published: January 2010

IL est de règie de diviser les chroniques siamoises en deux classes: 1˚ les chroniques courtes, sommaires, (, skt sanhhepa), et 2˚ les chroniques longues, développées, (, skt vistdra).Cette classification, purement formelle en son principe, coïncide pourtant avec la classification génétique de ces textes, du moins en gros. Les chroniques longues semblent dérivées d'une recension de la fin du XVIII e siècle; au contraire, les rapports des chroniques courtes entre elles et avec la recension longue sont fort loin d'être clairs.
Some Sanskrit Inscriptions of Arakan
Authors: Johnston E. H. 
Published: January 2010

Professor E. H. Johnston's sudden death in October, 1942, was a grievous blow to Oriental research. Sir Richard Burn, called in by the authorities of Balliol College to go through his papers, found amongst them a rough manuscript article and other material on the Sanskrit inscriptions of Arakan, together with correspondence on the subject with Mr. G. H. Luce and other scholars who had supplied him with rubbings and photographs. As will be seen from the following letter to Mr. Luce, dated the 15th August, 1942, Professor Johnston was contemplating the preparation of this work for publication:“I have not yet heard what is your opinion about publishing some of the Arakanese results now. Life is short and uncertain these days, and it will hardly be possible to get anything out in Epigraphia Birmanica for years to come. What I should like to do is to publish Ānandacandra's inscription, omittiṇg all I have said in the draft about the palæography and just mentioning the others, with a brief account of the coins and of the historical conclusions. For one thing it might attract the attention of linguists and lead to some ideas about the vernacular names; e.g. what language is Seviṅreṅ, assuming my reading to be correct? The fuller consideration of details could then be reserved till Epigraphia Birmanica is ready to come about.
The dialect of Shahrud (Khalkhāl)
Authors: Yarshater E. 
Published: January 2010

The object of this paper is to give preliminary information about Shāhrudi, one of the Iranian dialects spoken in Khalkhāl, the south-eastern province of Āzarbāijān lying between the Caspian province of Tālesh to the east, Ardabil to the north, Zanjān to the south, and Miyāna(j) to the west.Our information about the Iranian dialects of Āzarbāijān, where a form of Turkish is the common language, has until recently been very defective. The scanty material available was summed up by Professor W. B. Henning in a recent article. Since then, however, several studies of the current dialects of Āzarbāijān have been published.
Geoģraphical Factors in Persian Art
Authors: Minorsky V. 
Published: January 2010

The connection of Ait with Geography is obvious, but in the case of Persia the problem is somewhat different from that presented by other countries.For example, the most immediate influence of the natural environment on the landscape painters is hardly of any importance in Persia, where the miniaturists present their heroes in purely imaginary surroundings, now of radiant sunny spaces, now of fantastic rocks reminding one of coral reefs.
Some Early Dramas in Bengali
Authors: Dasgupta Jayanta Kumar 
Published: January 2010

Rāmnārāyan's Kulīn Kulsarbasva (1854) is often regarded as the first Bengali drama, but there are many other Bengali plays of one sort or another anterior to it in date.Although Herasim Lebedeff, a Russian adventurer, staged two Bengali plays in Calcutta towards the end of the eighteenth century, these have not come down to us. It is doubtful if Lebedeff's plays, which were translations of English dramatic works, were ever published. No clue to the subsequent fate of these plays is found in the autobiographical introduction to Lebedeff's Grammar of Pure and Mixed East Indian Languages, printed in London in 1801
A Sabaean Boundary Formula
Authors: Beeston A. F. L. 
Published: January 2010

In the of the Fuad I University, vol. 9, part 1, May, 1947, pp. 25–27, Dr. K. Y. Nami has published an interesting boundary inscription now in the possession of that University. In his treatment of the inscription, however, he has overlooked the fact that a parallel text is to be found in the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, iv, 949. This is unfortunate, since a correlation of the two texts is most helpful in understanding the formula contained in them.The following are the two texts, with the renderings proposed by Nami for his inscription and by Rhodokanakis for the Corpus text.
The Teachers of Shihāb al-Dīn ‘Umar al-Suhrawardi
Authors: Arberry A. J. 
Published: January 2010

We are informed by Ibn al-‘Imād that Shihāb al-Dīn ‘Umar b. ‘Abd Allāh al-Suhrawardī (d. 632/1234), the celebrated Ṣūfi and founder of the Suhrawardīya Order, “heard Traditions from a number (of scholars)”, and that he wrote “a Mashyakha in an attractive section (fijuz’inlaṭtīf)”. This Mashyakha was known to Ḥājjī Khalīfa,4 but no copy is noted by Brockelmann. Now it is always interesting to have the names of the teachers of famous men, more especially when such information rests on the authority of the celebrities themselves, and it is therefore a fortunate chance that a manuscript of Shihab al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī’s essay in autobiography has actually survived. What is more, this unique copy is in the autograph of an eminent scholar; the colophon is signed Muhammad b. Shukr al-Shāfi‘ī, and is dated 738/1337. To complete the good story, the recension mounts to the author himself, and the learned copyist has transcribed from his archetype a note of samā’ with al-Suhrawardī dated 620/1223 at Baghdad.The author gives the names of fifteen of his teachers, together with the texts of a small number of Traditions heard by him from each; each Tradition is furnished with a full isnād; and in some instances the dates of the teacher's birth and death are provided. The list begins with Shihāb al-Dīn's uncle, Diyā’ al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Qāhir b. ‘Abd Allāh al-Suhrawardī, himself a well-known Ṣūfī scholar (d. 562/1168, see Brockelmann I 436, Suppl. I 780); significantly enough no mention is made of ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (d. 561/1167) who is commonly reported to have initiated al-Suhrawardī into Ṣūfism.
The Phonology of the Sinhalese Inscriptions
Authors: Wijeratne P. B. F. 
Published: January 2010

1. Sk. k-.Initial k- remains:karanu, karite, karavaya, karavā, kaṭu, koṭu, koṭ, ko(ṭa)vaya, kaḷa-, Kaḷahu, kaḷavun, kaḷamanā, karana-, karaṇa-, karavika, kereyani, kärū, karu (error for kärū), kärävū, kärvū, kärvū, karä, kära, kärä, kaṭäyutu; Kuḍakaṇa-; karanaka; kahāvaṇa; kāru-; Kama(la)-; Kasaba-, Kasub-; kavuḍu; kapa-; Kiliňg-; kusalayan; kämi-; kämiyanaṭ, kämiyan; (kukuḷ)-; käbäli; Kit-; kit; kushi; kavari-; kasun-; kam-; kālayehi; kulen; kuluṇ-; koṭhā, koṭā; keṭū; kī; kiyā; kapanu.
The Active Participle in an Arabic Dialect of Cyrenaica
Authors: Mitchell T. F. 
Published: January 2010

(a) Material for the present article was obtained before and during a recent period of study-leave in Cyrenaica. My particular informant, who also accompanied me during the tour, was Mr. Idris ‘Abdallah, from Gyrene, a member of the Ḥāsa tribe. The dialect illustrated may be termed the Bedouin dialect of the Jebel.Examples are given throughout in Arabic script and follow the method used by my informant for writing his dialect. Thus presented, they are immediately intelligible to a literate Cyrenaican, who is accustomed to written colloquialisms, for example in letters, petitions, agreements, and vernacular (usually Bedouin) poems appearing in the local Press. The phonetic transcription is intended to suggest a pronunciation for the examples.
The Main Features of Cambodian Pronunciation
Authors: Henderson Eugénie J. A. 
Published: January 2010

The pronunciation here described is that of Mr. Keng Vannsak, a young Cambodian born at Kompong Chhnang.The words quoted in illustration of the text are shown both in Cambodian script and in a simplified phonetic transcription based on that of the International Phonetic Association. Where it has been considered useful, a more detailed transcription in general phonetic terms has been given in square brackets. All examples have been checked with a second Cambodian, Mr. Keo Mongkry, and where his usage differs from that of Mr. Keng, this has been noted.
The “Idea” Approach to Swahili
Authors: Ashton E. O. 
Published: January 2010

he originating cause of this article lies in an attempt to overcome the difficulties encountered by students when learning Swahili, especially of those, who, having spent a few years in East Africa, are yet unable to attain a fair standard of proficiency.The difficulties met with by one student, and the mistakes he falls into, appear to be common to many. ‘This suggests that all view Swahili from the same standpoint, and this in turn leads one to think that the study of Swahili needs to be represented from an entirely new angle. This article, therefore, is an attempt to present that new view-point, in subject matter representative and suggestive rather than exhaustive.