bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems experienced by community pharmacists delivering opioid substitution treatment in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia
Authors: Winstock Adam R. , Lea Toby , Sheridan Janie 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To explore service provision and the range of problems that New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (VIC) community pharmacists providing opioid substitution treatment (OST) have experienced with clients and prescribers.Design  Cross‐sectional postal survey.Setting  All community pharmacies providing OST in NSW (n = 593) and VIC (n = 393), Australia.Participants  Completed questionnaires were received from 669 pharmacists (68% response rate).Measurements  The questionnaire addressed pharmacy characteristics, recent problems experienced with clients including refusal to dose, provision of credit for dispensing fees, termination of treatment, responses of pharmacists to problems experienced with clients, as well as problems experienced with OST prescribers.Findings  In the preceding month, 41% of pharmacists had refused to dose a client for any reason, due most commonly to expired prescriptions (29%), or ≥3 missed doses (23%). Terminating a client's treatment in the past month was reported among 14% of respondents, due most commonly to inappropriate behaviour and missed doses. Treatment termination was reported by a significantly higher proportion of pharmacists in VIC (P < 0.001). Treatment termination in last month was predicted having more clients (P < 0.001), the provision of buprenorphine treatment (P = 0.008), having a separate dosing area (P = 0.021), and being a female pharmacist (P = 0.013). Past month refusal to dose was predicted by the pharmacy being in VIC (P < 0.001) and having more clients (P < 0.001). Problems experienced most commonly in the past month with prescribers were difficulty contacting prescriber (21%) and provision of takeaway doses to clients considered unstable by the pharmacist (19%) (higher in VIC: both P < 0.001).Conclusions  This study highlights the range of problems experienced by community pharmacists in the delivery of OST and the consequences for people in treatment. Particular attention should be focused upon considering number of clients per pharmacy and improving professional communication between pharmacists and prescribers.
The dimensionality of alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption in a cross‐national perspective
Authors: Borges Guilherme , Ye Yu , Bond Jason , Cherpitel Cheryl J. , Cremonte Mariana , Moskalewicz Jacek , Swiatkiewicz Grazyna , Rubio‐Stipec Maritza 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To replicate the finding that there is a single dimension trait in alcohol use disorders and to test whether the usual 5+ drinks for men and 4+ drinks for women and other measures of alcohol consumption help to improve alcohol use disorder criteria in a series of diverse patients from emergency departments (EDs) in four countries.Design  Cross‐sectional surveys of patients aged 18 years and older that reflected consecutive arrival at the ED. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview Core was used to obtain a diagnosis of DSM‐IV alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse; quantity and frequency of drinking and drunkenness as well as usual number of drinks consumed during the last year.Setting  Participants were 5195 injured and non‐injured patients attending seven EDs in four countries: Argentina, Mexico, Poland and the United States (between 1995–2001).Findings  Using exploratory factor analyses alcohol use disorders can be described as a single, unidimensional continuum without any clear‐cut distinction between the criteria for dependence and abuse in all sites. Results from item response theory analyses showed that the current DSM‐IV criteria tap people in the middle–upper end of the alcohol use disorder continuum. Alcohol consumption (amount and frequency of use) can be used in all EDs with the current DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria to help tap the middle–lower part of this continuum. Even though some specific diagnostic criteria and some alcohol consumption variables showed differential item function across sites, test response curves were invariant for ED sites and their inclusion would not impact the final (total) performance of the diagnostic system.Conclusions  DSM‐IV abuse and dependence form a unidimensional continuum in ED patients regardless of country of survey. Alcohol consumption variables, if added, would help to tap patients with more moderate severity. The DSM diagnostic system for alcohol use disorders showed invariance and performed extremely well in these samples.
Reduced nicotine content cigarettes: effects on toxicant exposure, dependence and cessation
Authors: Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Kotlyar Michael , Hertsgaard Louise A. , Zhang Yan , Carmella Steven G. , Jensen Joni A. , Allen Sharon S. , Shields Peter G. , Murphy Sharon E. , Stepanov Irina , Hecht Stephen S. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the effects of reduced nicotine cigarettes on smoking behavior, toxicant exposure, dependence and abstinence.Design  Randomized, parallel arm, semi‐blinded study.Setting  University of Minnesota Tobacco Use Research Center.Interventions  Six weeks of: (i) 0.05 mg nicotine yield cigarettes; (ii) 0.3 mg nicotine yield cigarettes; or (iii) 4 mg nicotine lozenge; 6 weeks of follow‐up.Measurements  Compensatory smoking behavior, biomarkers of exposure, tobacco dependence, tobacco withdrawal and abstinence rate.Findings  Unlike the 0.3 mg cigarettes, 0.05 mg cigarettes were not associated with compensatory smoking behaviors. Furthermore, the 0.05 mg cigarettes and nicotine lozenge were associated with reduced carcinogen exposure, nicotine dependence and product withdrawal scores. The 0.05 mg cigarette was associated with greater relief of withdrawal from usual brand cigarettes than the nicotine lozenge. The 0.05 mg cigarette led to a significantly higher rate of cessation than the 0.3 mg cigarette and a similar rate as nicotine lozenge.Conclusion  The 0.05 mg nicotine yield cigarettes may be a tobacco product that can facilitate cessation; however, future research is clearly needed to support these preliminary findings.
High‐throughput sequencing of Hop stunt viroid‐derived small RNAs from cucumber leaves and phloem
Authors: MARTINEZ GERMAN , DONAIRE LIVIA , LLAVE CESAR , PALLAS VICENTE , GOMEZ GUSTAVO 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYSmall RNA (sRNA)‐guided processes, referred to as RNA silencing, regulate endogenous and exogenous gene expression. In plants and some animals, these processes are noncell autonomous and can operate beyond the site of initiation. Viroids, the smallest self‐replicating plant pathogens known, are inducers, targets and evaders of this regulatory mechanism and, consequently, the presence of viroid‐derived sRNAs (vd‐sRNAs) is usually associated with viroid infection. However, the pathways involved in the biogenesis of vd‐sRNAs are largely unknown. Here, we analyse, by high‐throughput pyrosequencing, the profiling of the Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) vd‐sRNAs recovered from the leaves and phloem of infected cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants. HSVd vd‐sRNAs are mostly 21 and 22 nucleotides in length and derived equally from plus and minus HSVd RNA strands. The widespread distribution of vd‐sRNAs across the genome reveals that the totality of the HSVd RNA genome contributes to the formation of vd‐sRNAs. Our sequence data suggest that viroid‐derived double‐stranded RNA functions as one of the main precursors of vd‐sRNAs. Remarkably, phloem vd‐sRNAs accumulated preferentially as 22‐nucleotide species with a consensus sequence over‐represented. This bias in size and sequence in the HSVd vd‐sRNA population recovered from phloem exudate suggests the existence of a selective trafficking of vd‐sRNAs to the phloem tissue of infected cucumber plants.
Systematic review: the costs of ulcerative colitis in Western countries
Authors: COHEN R. D. , YU A. P. , WU E. Q. , XIE J. , MULANI P. M. , CHAO J. 
Published: January 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 693–707SummaryBackground  Early onset and complications such as hospitalization and surgery contribute to the economic burden of ulcerative colitis.Aim  To review systematically the literature on costs of ulcerative colitis in Western countries.Methods  Studies estimating costs of ulcerative colitis in Western countries were identified using Medline, EMBASE and ISI Web of Science and were rated based on relevance and reliability of estimates. All costs were adjusted to 2008 currency values. A parallel review focused on the impact of disease severity on costs, hospitalizations and surgeries.Results  Estimated annual per‐patient direct medical costs of ulcerative colitis ranged from $6217 to $11 477 in the United States and from €8949 to €10 395 in Europe. Hospitalizations accounted for 41–55% of direct medical costs. Indirect costs accounted for approximately one‐third of total costs in the United States and 54–68% in Europe. Total economic burden of ulcerative colitis was estimated at $8.1–14.9 billion annually in the United States and at €12.5–29.1 billion in Europe; total direct costs were $3.4–8.6 billion in the United States and €5.4–12.6 billion in Europe. Direct costs, hospitalizations and surgeries increased with worsening disease severity.Conclusions  Ulcerative colitis is a costly disease. Hospitalizations contribute significantly to direct medical costs, and indirect costs are considerable, having previously been substantially underestimated.
Blasts in transient leukaemia in neonates with Down syndrome differentiate into basophil/mast‐cell and megakaryocyte lineages in vitro in association with down‐regulation of truncated form of GATA1
Authors: Miyauchi Jun , Ito Yushi , Tsukamoto Keiko , Takahashi Hirotaka , Ishikura Kenji , Sugita Kiyoko , Miyashita Toshiyuki 
Published: January 2010

SummaryMutations of GATA1, leading to aberrant expression of a truncated form of GATA1 (called GATA1s), are present in transient leukaemia (TL) in neonates with Down syndrome. Using these molecular markers of TL, we investigated the growth and differentiation potential of TL blasts in the presence of hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs). Interleukin‐3, stem cell factor and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor potently stimulated the growth of TL blast progenitors and induced differentiation towards basophil/mast cell lineages, whereas thrombopoietin induced differentiation towards megakaryocytes. GATA1s was expressed in TL blasts in all five patients examined but was down‐regulated during differentiation induced by these HGFs, while full‐length GATA1 was not expressed throughout the culture. GATA1 mutations were detected in TL blasts in four patients, including one patient with two distinct mutations. The cells of this patient exhibited identical and only mutated sequences both before and after culture with HGFs, confirming the leukemic cell origin of these differentiated cells. Erythroid differentiation of TL blasts was not evident with any HGFs. These data indicate that TL blasts have the potential to grow and differentiate towards particular hematopoietic lineages in the presence of specific HGFs and that the down‐regulation of GATA1s might be involved in blast cell differentiation.
Molecular characterisation of a recurrent, semi‐cryptic RUNX1 translocation t(7;21) in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Foster Nicola , Paulsson Kajsa , Sales Mark , Cunningham Joan , Groves Michael , O’Connor Nigel , Begum Suriya , Stubbs Tracy , McMullan Dominic J. , Griffiths Michael , Pratt Norman , Tauro Sudhir 
Published: January 2010

SummaryA proportion of cytogenetic abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) may escape detection by high‐resolution genomic technologies, but can be identified by conventional cytogenetic and molecular analysis. Here, we report the detection of a reciprocal translocation t(7;21)(p22;q22) in the marrow of two adults with MDS and AML, using conventional cytogenetic analysis and fluorescence‐in situ‐hybridization (FISH). Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and sequence analysis identified a fusion between RUNX1 and the gene encoding ubiquitin specific peptidase‐42 (USP42), with splice‐variants and variable break‐points within RUNX1. Combined cytomorphology and FISH studies in MDS marrow revealed abnormal RUNX1 signals within megakaryocytes, suggesting that the acquisition of t(7;21)(p22;q22) does not confer complete differentiation arrest and may represent an early genetic event in leukaemogenesis. Single nucleotide polymorphism‐arrays failed to detect additional sub‐microscopic genomic changes predisposing to or associated with t(7;21). Molecular analysis of 100 MDS and AML marrow specimens by RT‐PCR did not reveal new cases with the RUNX1‐USP42 fusion. Thus, our studies have identified t(7;21)(p22;q22) as a rare but recurrent abnormality in MDS/AML, with the existence of alternative spliced forms of the RUNX1‐USP42 transcript in different patients. Further studies are required to identify the potential contribution of these splice‐variants to disease heterogeneity.
Benefits of transcultural fostering
Authors: Brown Jason D. , Sintzel Jennifer , George Natalie , St. Arnault David 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTLicensed Canadian foster parents residing in a central province where Aboriginal children have been overrepresented in child protection caseloads and Aboriginal adults under‐represented as caregivers were asked about their experiences fostering children from a different culture than their own during telephone interviews. In response to the question ‘What are the benefits of fostering children who have different values, beliefs and traditions than you?’, 48 unique responses were received. These responses were independently grouped together by foster parents and the groupings analysed using multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. Six concepts emerged. They included learning about a different world view, reflecting on one's own beliefs, an opportunity to share and change, confidence to foster across cultures, humility, and seeing children teach and learn from each other. Similarities and differences between the results and existing research were identified and research implications were described.
Impact of dietary regimen on the duration of cow's milk allergy: a random allocation study
Authors: Terracciano L. , Bouygue G. R. , Sarratud T. , Veglia F. , Martelli A. , Fiocchi A. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryBackground
The impact of diet on cow's milk allergy (CMA) duration and whether exposure to residual amounts of cow's milk protein influences the onset of tolerance are unknown.Objective
To prospectively assess the dietary factors influencing disease duration in a randomized cohort.Methods
We randomly switched the formula of symptomatic patients from the Milan Cow's Milk Allergy Cohort to one of three treatment groups according to the quarterly rotation of rice hydrolysate formula, extensively hydrolysed cow's milk formula and soy‐based formula. In this intention‐to‐treat, randomized analysis, a hazard ratio (HR) estimation model was used to analyse dietary impact on disease duration.Results
Seventy‐two children aged a mean of 14.1±8.6 months at diagnosis were followed up for a median of 26 months. Fifty‐one reached tolerance at a mean of 34.1±15.2 months. The mean duration of disease was 40.2±4.8 months with milk hydrolysate, 24.3±3.6 months with rice and 24.3±2.6 months with soy. Dietary choice independently predicted shorter duration of disease [adjusted HRs 3.09 (P=0.007) for rice, 2.54 (P=0.02) for soy, both against milk hydrolysate]. In 50 children not co‐sensitized to soy, diet choice impacted the duration of disease more strongly [adjusted HRs 8.02 (P=0.006) for rice, 6.53 (P=0.015) for soy, both against milk hydrolysate].Discussion
Patients not exposed to cow's milk protein residue achieve cow's milk tolerance earlier than patients who follow an extensively hydrolysed cow's milk diet. This may be due to residual antigenicity in hydrolysed milks. As the effect of dietary intervention is stronger in patients not sensitized to soy, we infer that when atopic disease has progressed to multiple sensitizations, the elimination of allergenic exposure may not be sufficient to reduce the duration of CMA. Cite this as: L. Terracciano, G. R. Bouygue, T. Sarratud, F. Veglia, A. Martelli and A. Fiocchi, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 637–642.
T cell responses to major peanut allergens in children with and without peanut allergy
Authors: Flinterman A. E. , Pasmans S. G. M. A. , Den Hartog Jager C. F. , Hoekstra M. O. , Bruijnzeel‐Koomen C. A. F. M. , Knol E. F. , Van Hoffen E. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryBackground
T cell responses involved in peanut allergy are poorly understood.Objective
To investigate T cell responses towards major peanut allergens in peanut‐allergic (PA) subjects compared with peanut‐sensitized (PS) non‐allergic children and non‐atopic (NA) controls.Methods
Eighteen PA children, seven non‐allergic PS children and 11 NA adults were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with a crude peanut extract (CPE). Short‐term T cell lines were generated and subsequently stimulated with CPE and purified Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6. The proliferation and production of IL‐13, IFN‐γ, IL‐10 and TNF‐α were analysed.Results
Proliferation to CPE and major allergens was enhanced in PA subjects. The primary response to CPE was comparable with PS subjects, with increased production of IL‐13 and IFN‐γ compared with NA. Production of IL‐10 was not observed. In short‐term T cell lines, the response to CPE was stronger in PA than in PS and NA subjects. Only PA children had a detectable response to major peanut allergens, characterized by IL‐13 production. The response was the highest after Ara h 3 stimulation, and the lowest after Ara h 2 stimulation. No significant correlation was observed between peanut‐specific IgE levels and T cell responses to CPE.Conclusion
T cell responses to CPE in PA and PS children were characterized by Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Only PA children showed enhanced Th2 responses to Ara h 1, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6. Cite this as: A. E. Flinterman, S. G. M. A. Pasmans, C. F. den Hartog Jager, M. O. Hoekstra, C. A. F. M. Bruijnzeel‐Koomen, E. F. Knol and E. van Hoffen, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 590–597.
The role and potential use of oral transforming growth factor‐β in the prevention of infant allergy
Authors: Nakao A. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThe increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in infants and children as well as adults has become an important issue in public health in industrial countries. However, few preventive measures are available to reduce the risk of allergic diseases in infants; e.g. the avoidance of smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lactation. Therefore, there is an enthusiasm to identify certain factors in foods, nutrients, and environment responsible for the primary prevention of allergic diseases during infancy. In the last decade, TGF‐β in maternal milk has been implicated in the prevention of allergic diseases in infants and young children. This review summarizes the relevant epidemiological reports and highlights the recent animal studies to support the preventive role of orally administered TGF‐β, such as TGF‐β in human milk, in the development of allergic diseases in infants. We also provide suggestions for the potential use of dietary (oral) TGF‐β for the primary prevention of allergic diseases. Further studies to address the scientific validity and mechanistic insight to this Mother Nature‐inspired concept are clearly required and will be important to develop new approaches to prevent allergic diseases. Cite this as: A. Nakao, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 725–730.
Resident and migratory tactics in freshwater European eels are size‐dependent
Authors: IMBERT HÉLÈNE , LABONNE JACQUES , RIGAUD CHRISTIAN , LAMBERT PATRICK 
Published: January 2010

Summary1. When entering freshwater, young European eels either become resident or disperse to settle upstream. While this process shapes the whole population structure, little is known about how the ‘decision’ is made. Here, we investigated the possible role of body size.2. A 1‐year capture–recapture programme was carried out on 1505 European eels (length‐range 62–633 mm) at two freshwater sites on the Saucats River, France. Eels were separated into two groups based on body length and this determined the tagging method; 1350 smaller eels (<240 mm) were tagged with visible implant elastomer tags, and 155 larger eels (>239 mm) were tagged individually with a passive integrated transponder.3. Migration was detected only in eels <240 mm and decreased with increasing body length within this group. The probability of migration was higher in the summer, suggesting an environmental window for upriver dispersal. During this period, the mean probability of migration was estimated at 0.79 for 62‐mm‐long eels, 0.5 for 121 mm‐long eels and 0.05 for 223 mm‐long eels.4. This is the first study to demonstrate, using capture–recapture models, the existence of differing eel behavioural tactics (residence and migration) based on body size. Such models are useful tools for analysing site fidelity and dispersal. If we assume that a migration probability >0.05 means that such eels contribute substantially to upriver colonisation, this corresponds to eels <220 mm in the Saucats River, although the threshold body size may be highly dependent on the river system.
Fish spawning in a large temperate floodplain: the role of flooding and temperature
Authors: GÓRSKI K. , WINTER H. V. , DE LEEUW J. J. , MININ A. E. , NAGELKERKE L. A. J. 
Published: January 2010

Summary1. Floodplains are a key habitat for foraging, spawning and as a nursery for many riverine fish species. The lower Volga floodplains (Russian Federation) are still relatively undisturbed, while in Europe and North America, about 90% of floodplains have effectively been lost.2. We examined relationships between the extent and timing of the spring flood, lateral spawning movements of fish species and timing and duration of spawning in the floodplain by sampling during spring 2006 and 2007.3. Only the spawning of rheophilic species, that released their eggs in the floodplain, coincided with the flood. In contrast, the timing of spawning by eurytopic and limnophilic species was unrelated to flooding.4. For most fish species, we found no indication that the majority of spawners in the floodplain originated from the main river channel, with the exception of sabrefish Pelecus cultratus.5. We postulate that in the vast Volga‐Akhtuba floodplain, fish spawning stocks mainly originate from permanent floodplain waterbodies, whereas hydrological conditions are dominated by the river. Both the river and waterbodies on the floodplain may serve as sources for recolonisation after local extinction because of extreme environmental conditions, such as freezing or desiccation.