bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD44 deficiency improves healing tendon mechanics and increases matrix and cytokine expression in a mouse patellar tendon injury model
Authors: Ansorge Heather L. , Beredjiklian Pedro K. , Soslowsky Louis J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCD44 plays an important role in inflammation and healing. Previous studies investigated its role in inflammatory diseases and skin wounds; however, the role of CD44 in tendon healing is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of CD44 in the healing of the patellar tendon in a knockout mouse model. We hypothesized that in comparison to wild‐type counterparts, CD44 knockout mice would have decreased material parameters, increased organization, decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and increased expression of matrix components during healing. These hypotheses were tested through an in vivo surgical model and mechanical, organizational, and gene expression analyses. Material strength and tissue organization were significantly improved in the CD44 knockout mouse. This could be attributed to increased expression of cytokines and matrix components that are also elevated in regenerative healing. Our study showed that the absence of CD44 in a mouse patellar tendon injury creates an environment that is conducive to regenerative healing through altered gene expression, resulting in superior material properties and reduced cross‐sectional area. Therefore, limiting the role of CD44 may improve healing parameters in adult tendon injury. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1386–1391, 2009
Material properties are related to stress fracture callus and porosity of cortical bone tissue at affected and unaffected sites
Authors: Entwistle Rachel C. , Sammons Sara C. , Bigley Robert F. , Hazelwood Scott J. , Fyhrie David P. , Gibeling Jeffery C. , Stover Susan M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractStress fractures are overuse injuries of bone that affect elite athletes and military recruits. One response of cortical bone to stress fracture is to lay down periosteal callus. The objectives of this study were to determine if material properties are different among bones with different stages of stress fracture callus, at both a callus site and at a distal site. Cortical specimens were mechanically tested to determine their stress–strain response. Material property differences were examined using nonparametric and regression analyses. At the callus site, material properties were low during the earliest stages of callus, higher with increasing callus maturity, but dropped at the late stage of callus. At the distal site, the material properties were low during early stages of callus and approached, or returned to, those of bones without callus during the late stages of callus. The effects of stress fracture and bone callus are not limited to the focal site of stress fracture. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1272–1279, 2009
The effect of rapamycin on bone growth in rabbits
Authors: Phornphutkul Chanika , Lee Mark , Voigt Cliff , Wu Ke‐Ying , Ehrlich Michael G. , Gruppuso Philip A. , Chen Qian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractmTOR is a nutrient‐sensing protein kinase that regulates numerous cellular processes. Our prior studies using the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, indicate an important role for mTOR in chondrogenesis. We extended our observations to a physiological, in vivo model of bone growth, direct infusion of rapamycin into the proximal tibial growth plates of rabbits. Rapamycin or DMSO vehicle was infused directly into growth plates by an osmotic minipump for 8 weeks. Tibial growth was followed radiographically. At the end of the experiment, growth plates were recovered for histological analysis. Six animals were studied. No untoward effects of rapamycin infusion were found. Bone growth of limbs exposed to rapamycin was slower than control limbs, particularly during the period of most rapid growth. Histological analysis revealed that growth plate height in the rapamycin‐infused limbs was reduced. Both the hypertrophic and proliferative zones were significantly smaller in the rapamycin‐infused limbs. Direct infusion of rapamycin into proximal tibial growth plates decreased the size of the growth plate and inhibited overall long bone growth. Rapamycin appears to affect both the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the tibial growth plate. Our results indicate that nutrients may exert a direct effect on long bone growth via mTOR‐mediated modulation of chondrogenesis at the growth plate. and suggest that the possible inhibitory effects of rapamycin on skeletal growth warrant further attention before its use in children. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
In defence of the meltwater (megaflood) hypothesis for the formation of subglacial bedform fields
Authors: Shaw John 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCharacteristics of large‐scale fluting and hummocky terrain on the Canadian Prairies test glacial and meltwater hypotheses for landform genesis. These tests defend the meltwater model. Neither sedimentary nor glaciotectonic processes can fully explain such erosional landforms. Province‐scale flow paths, which mark palaeo‐ice streams and subglacial flood routes, contain large‐scale fluting with flanking hummock terrain. Antecedent relief causes these paths to differ from other flood landscapes such as the Scablands. Proponents of the glacial hypothesis use an invalid analogy between Icelandic and Prairie landsystems. They suggest that groove‐ploughing formed large‐scale fluting, and that ice pushing created hummocky terrain. However, landform location, form, and extent, surface lags, truncated architecture, and landform associations favour the meltwater hypothesis. A simple thought experiment and clear understanding of the principle of least number of assumptions answer the criticisms that meltwater forms cannot cross‐cut and that the meltwater hypothesis disregards proper hypothesis testing. An example of cross‐cutting erosional marks supports this theory. No narrow tract of smoothed terrain with fluting terminates at the glacially thrust Neutral Hills, negating an important point in the glacial hypothesis. While neither the glacial hypothesis nor postglacial winnowing explain boulder and cobble lags with percussion marks, meltwater processes explain them well. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstruction of the East China Sea palaeoenvironment at 16 ka by comparison of fossil and modern Faviidae corals from the Ryukyus, southwestern Japan
Authors: Mishima Mari , Kawahata Hodaka , Suzuki Atsushi , Inoue Mayuri , Okai Takashi , Omura Akio 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe conducted paired measurements of the Sr/Ca ratio and oxygen and carbon stable isotopes of a fossil Faviidae coral specimen (MYK90), age 16 ka, collected from near Miyako Island, the Ryukyus, southwestern Japan. Our study aimed to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment in the East China Sea at 16 ka by comparing the fossil sample with modern Faviidae corals. Our data with annual or longer time resolution may be very suitable for palaeoceanographic reconstruction, although no general calibration method for Faviidae corals has been reported. Our calibration showed that the annual mean sea surface temperature was approximately 5°C lower and sea surface salinity (SSS) at the study site was locally higher at 16 ka than at present. Even though the mouths of the Yellow and Changjiang rivers were east of their present locations because sea level was much lower, our results suggest that the influence of the terrestrial water discharge may not have extended to Miyako Island. Weak summer monsoon activity during the last glacial, which decreased summer precipitation over the Asian continent, and an enhanced winter monsoon, which may have led to more evaporation, likely contributed to the inferred high SSS at the study site. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐dependent Raman spectra of Ba2BiSbO6 ceramics
Authors: Castro Manoel Carvalho , Carvalho Edson Firmino Viana , Paraguassu Waldeci , Ayala Alejandro Pedro , Snyder Frank C. , Lufaso Michael W. , Paschoal Carlos William de Araujo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this work, we have performed Raman scattering measurements in Ba2BiSbO6 ceramics in the temperature range from 10 to 573 K. The Raman spectra were examined using group theory to analyze the decomposition of the reducible representation of the vibrational modes and with a virtual octahedral model. At room temperature, five modes were observed. At low temperatures, the spectra subtly showed the rhombohedral–monoclinic phase transition, which was identified by changes in the Raman intensity of the bending and symmetrical stretching SbO6 octahedral modes. The cubic–rhombohedral phase transition was not clearly evident in the high‐temperature Raman data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lineshape analysis of stimulated Raman spectra of the near‐nozzle region of free jet expansions
Authors: Ramos Ángel , Santos Julio , Abad Laura , Bermejo Dionisio , Herrero Víctor J. , Tanarro Isabel 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn anomalous lineshape of stimulated Raman spectra obtained from the region very close to the nozzle of supersonic pulsed expansions of nitrogen is presented. High‐resolution Raman spectra of the Q branch of the fundamental vibration mode of N2 have been recorded from two different nitrogen expansions at T0 = 295 K and P0 = 1.5–3.5 bar, the lasers crossing the jet axis in the range z/D = 0.25–1.25, where D is the effective nozzle diameter. The combination of Doppler shifts and strong gradients of density and temperature in the near‐nozzle region yield an inhomogeneous broadening and a double peak structure of the recorded Raman line profiles. The comparison of the experimental results with the simulation of the Raman spectrum from this region provides valuable information about the near‐nozzle flow field. The lineshape described here is different from another reported previously in the literature, which is based on a depletion of the density of free molecules on the axis due to condensation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of Cu doping in Zn1−xCoxO diluted magnetic semiconductor
Authors: Hoang Luc Huy , Hien Nguyen Thi Minh , Hai Nguyen Hoang , Hai Pham Van , Khoi Nguyen The , Yang In‐Sang 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe room‐temperature ferromagnetism and the Raman spectroscopy of the Cu‐doped Zn1−xCoxO powders prepared by the sol–gel method are reported. The x‐ray diffraction (XRD) data confirmed that the wurtzite structure of ZnO is maintained for ZnO doped with Co below 10 at%. The magnetization–field curves measured at room temperature demonstrated that all Co‐doped ZnO powders were paramagnetic. Ferromagnetic ordering is observed for the samples doped with Cu in Zn0.98Co0.02O and strongly depends on the concentration of Cu. The relative strength of the second‐order LO peak to the first‐order one in the Raman spectra, which is related to the carrier concentration, of the Cu‐doped Zn0.98Co0.02O powder is strongly correlated with the saturation magnetic moment of the system. This seems to be in favor of the Ruderman‐Kittel‐Kasuya‐Yosida (RKKY) or double exchange mechanism of the ferromagnetism in this system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a rational drug design: Raman micro‐spectroscopy analysis of prostate cancer cells treated with an aqueous extract of Nerium Oleander
Authors: Saha A. , Yakovlev V. V. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRaman spectroscopy is an efficient optical technique used to identify and grade cancer on the basis of the molecular composition of the cell. In this work Raman spectroscopy is used to study the chemical alteration occurring inside a prostate cancer cell as a result of a treatment with a low‐concentration aqueous extract of Nerium Oleander. The results show that Nerium Oleander affects the protein and lipid concentration of cancer cells. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural characteristics and corrosion property of non‐chromate surface treatments on AZ91D magnesium alloy
Authors: Chen B. , Li Q. , Gao H. , Fan J. M. , Tan X. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractChromate conversion coatings can be successfully used for corrosion protection of magnesium alloys. However, the environmental laws have imposed severe restrictions on chromate use in many countries. In this study, a novel protective environmental‐functionally gradient coating was formed on AZ91D magnesium alloy by non‐chromate surface treatments, which consisted of pre‐etching followed by cerium‐based chemical conversion before applying the sol–gel CeO2 film. It was determined by the analysis of X‐ray diffraction that the gradient coating was mainly composed of CeO2. The calculation, based on the Scherrer formula, further revealed the formation of nanocrystalline structure in the coating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that the coating was homogeneous and compact, no obvious cracked structure occurred. According to the immersion tests, potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests, the corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy was found to be greatly improved by means of this novel environmental‐functionally gradient coating.
Maleimide Functionalized Poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL‐PEG‐MAL): Synthesis, Nanoparticle Formation, and Thiol Conjugation
Authors: Ji Shengxiang , Zhu Zhengxi , Hoye Thomas R. , Macosko Christopher W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCarboxylic acid terminated poly(ε‐caprolactone)s (PCL‐COOHs) with narrow polydispersity were synthesized and coupled with poly(ethylene glycol) (HO–PEG–OH) to afford PCL‐PEG–OH copolymers. The hydroxyl groups in the PCL‐PEG–OHs were then converted to maleimide groups to afford maleimide terminated PCL‐PEG‐MALs that contained 70–90% maleimide functionality. Nanoparticles with maleimide functionality on their surfaces were prepared by impingement mixing. Particle sizes and size distributions were determined by dynamic light scattering. Conjugation of reduced glutathione with model maleimides and two MAL‐functional nanoparticles was also demonstrated. The amount of accessible maleimide on the particle surface was measured using Ellman's reagent to range between ≈51–67%.magnified image
Synthesis and Characterization of Block Copolymers of Polyoxyethylene and Polylactide with Different Architectures
Authors: Mai Shao‐min , Abbot Annie , Norton David , McKean Robert , Ryan Anthony J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDiblock and triblock copolymers were prepared from polyethylene glycol (PEG, $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 2 000), L‐lactide and D,L‐lactide. A novel method was developed to prepare high‐molecular‐weight multiblock copolymers by transesterification of a PEG/succinic acid polyester with poly(L‐lactide). Molecular weights were monitored by GPC and overall composition was checked by 1H NMR. Crystallinity, bulk microstructure, and the glass transition were investigated by DSC and simultaneous SAXS/WAXS/DSC, and surface properties by measurement of advancing contact angle. It is found that the crystallization of the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block is very much affected by the position of the PEO block in the copolymer and by the length and the state of the polylactide block. Both DSC and WAXS showed that the crystallization of PEG2000 block was very much suppressed when covalently bonding to polylactide (PLA) blocks. These methods also confirmed good miscibility between amorphous PLA and PEG blocks. The preparation of fiber by electrospinning demonstrates the target application of the multiblock copolymers in tissue engineering.magnified image
Microstructure and Molecular Interaction in Glycerol Plasticized Chitosan/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Blending Films
Authors: Liang Songmiao , Huang Qingrong , Liu Linshu , Yam Kit L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractExploring some basic interactions in blending systems is of great significance for designing a blend with controlled structure and properties. This work attempts to analyze microstructure and molecular interaction in glycerol plasticized chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends by atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy. Our results show that the blending films are aggregated by spherical chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blending nanoparticles. The size and aggregation behavior of these particles are closely related to glycerol content. The presence of glycerol gives rise to a continuous closing in Tg of poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan components, suggesting an improved miscibility of the blend. Strong hydrogen bonding interaction in the blend is observed and further distinguished by peak resolution. Moreover, more interesting evidence on the effect of glycerol in the blends is provided by monitoring the structure evolution of the blend at different blending steps using atomic force microscopy. The formation of strong hydrogen bonding network among glycerol molecules and polymer matrix was considered as the main driving force to result in the changes in the microstructure and miscibility of the blend.magnified image
Distribution conventionality in the movie sector: an econometric analysis of cinema supply
Authors: Collins Alan , Scorcu Antonello E. , Zanola Roberto 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper empirically analyzes the impact of several factors on a ‘conventionality index (CI)’ in the specific context of the cinema exhibition sector. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a standard CI has been constructed for this purpose. Econometric analysis of the determinants of variation in this index provides decision‐makers with an empirical focus for analyzing distributional aspects of the movie exhibition market, with particular emphasis on product differentiation. Specifically, (i) do cinemas based in a city area have a different or ‘specialized’ focus in contrast to cinemas in small towns? or (ii) do multiplexes have a different or more specialized focus in comparison with cinemas? To this end, cross‐sectional econometric models are estimated to help analyze these effects in three Italian regions for a sample of cinemas covering the 2006 season. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in the state of West Bengal, India: A 20‐year study report
Authors: Chakraborti Dipankar , Das Bhaskar , Rahman Mohammad Mahmudur , Chowdhury Uttam Kumar , Biswas Bhajan , Goswami A. B. , Nayak Bishwajit , Pal Arup , Sengupta Mrinal Kumar , Ahamed Sad , Hossain Amir , Basu Goutam , Roychowdhury Tarit , Das Dipankar 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSince 1988 we have analyzed 140 150 water samples from tube wells in all 19 districts of West Bengal for arsenic; 48.1% had arsenic above 10 μg/L (WHO guideline value), 23.8% above 50 μg/L (Indian Standard) and 3.3% above 300 μg/L (concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions). Based on arsenic concentrations we have classified West Bengal into three zones: highly affected (9 districts mainly in eastern side of Bhagirathi River), mildly affected (5 districts in northern part) and unaffected (5 districts in western part). The estimated number of tube wells in 8 of the highly affected districts is 1.3 million, and estimated population drinking arsenic contaminated water above 10 and 50 μg/L were 9.5 and 4.2 million, respectively. In West Bengal alone, 26 million people are potentially at risk from drinking arsenic‐contaminated water (above 10 μg/L). Studying information for water from different depths from 107 253 tube wells, we noted that arsenic concentration decreased with increasing depth. Measured arsenic concentration in two tube wells in Kolkata for 325 and 51 days during 2002–2005, showed 15% oscillatory movement without any long‐term trend. Regional variability is dependent on sub‐surface geology. In the arsenic‐affected flood plain of the river Ganga, the crisis is not having too little water to satisfy our needs, it is the crisis of managing the water.
Arsenic speciation in cattail (Typha latifolia) using chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Lu Xiufen , Nguyen Nena , Gabos Stephan , Le X. Chris 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTypha latifolia, commonly known as cattail, is widely used as traditional food and medicinal ingredients by indigenous people. There have been concerns over the high levels of total arsenic in cattail plants, but the chemical species of arsenic in cattail have not been characterized. We describe here the determination of arsenic species in the various compartments of cattail. Average concentrations of total arsenic from 9 to 19 cattail plants were 1120 μg/kg (range 68–2600 μg/kg) in the fine (hairy) roots, 575 μg/kg (range 16–1400) in the skin of tuber, 26 μg/kg (range 2–82) in the core of the tuber, 6 μg/kg (range 5–12) in the stem, and 420 μg/kg (range 4–1970) in the whole tuber. Speciation analysis using strong anion exchange, ion pairing, and strong cation exchange chromatography separation with MS detection revealed the presence of inorganic arsenite, arsenate, dimethylarsinic acid, and monomethylarsonic acid. The two inorganic arsenic species accounted for >80% of the total arsenic. Further analyses of arsenic and iron concentrations showed a strong correlation between arsenic and iron in the fine roots and skin. These results suggest that arsenic and iron are colocalized (codeposited) in the skin of the cattail plants, consistent with the previous findings. The level of exposure to arsenic from the use of cattail as food and medicine can be substantially reduced by removing the skin of cattail.
Impact of arsenic on nucleotide excision repair: XPC function, protein level, and gene expression
Authors: Nollen Maike , Ebert Franziska , Moser Jill , Mullenders Leon H. F. , Hartwig Andrea , Schwerdtle Tanja 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe ubiquitous occurrence of the human carcinogen arsenic results in multiple exposure possibilities to humans. The human diet, especially drinking water, is the primary source of inorganic arsenic intake in the general population. The ingested arsenic is metabolized to methylated derivatives; some of these metabolites are today considered to be more toxic than the inorganic species. Various modes of action have been proposed to contribute to arsenic carcinogenicity; inhibition of nucleotide excision repair (NER), removing DNA helix distorting DNA adducts induced by environmental mutagens, is likely to be of primary importance. Here, we report that arsenite and its metabolite monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) strongly decreased expression and protein level of Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC), which is believed to be the principle initiator of global genome NER. This led to diminished association of XPC to sites of local UVC damage, resulting in decreased recruitment of further NER proteins. Additionally Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E protein (XPE) expression was reduced, which encodes for another important NER protein and similarly to XPC is regulated by the activity of the transcription factor p53. In summary, our data demonstrate that in human skin fibroblasts arsenite and even more pronounced MMA(III) interact with XPC expression, resulting in decreased XPC protein level and diminished assembly of the NER machinery.