bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymorphism of the ERα and CYP1B1 genes in endometrial cancer in a Polish subpopulation
Authors: Sliwinski Tomasz , Sitarek Przemyslaw , Stetkiewicz Tomasz , Sobczuk Anna , Blasiak Janusz 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  Metabolic activation of estrogens may play a role in endometrial carcinogenesis; and polymorphism of the genes (whose product is involved in this process) may be associated with the modulation of the risk of endometrial cancer. CYP1B1 plays a major role in the metabolism of estrogens, which must firstly bind their receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) or ER beta. In the present study we investigated the association of two polymorphisms of the CYP1B1 gene (Arg48Gly [142C > G] and Leu432Val [4326C > G]) and a polymorphism of the ERα gene (975C > G) as well as a combination between them with endometrial cancer occurrence.Methods:  Genotypes were determined in DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 100 endometrial cancer patients and 100 age‐ and ethnically‐matched cancer‐free controls by restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (RFLP‐PCR).Results:  We found an association between endometrial cancer occurrence and the Arg48Arg (142C > C)‐CYP1B1 variant (odds ratio [OR] 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17–3.79) and the 975C > G ‐ERα gene polymorphism (OR 3.84; 95%CI 2.08–7.10). Gene–gene interaction between the Arg48Arg (142C > C) and Leu432Val (4326C > G) variants and between Arg48Gly (142C > G) ‐CYP1B1 and 975C > G ‐ERα as well as Gly48Gly (142G > G)‐CYP1B1 and 975C > G‐ERα increased the risk of endometrial cancer (OR 2.70; 95%CI 1.12–6.49; OR 2.52; 95%CI 1.04–6.11 and OR 3.62; 95%CI 1.27–10.30, respectively). Additionally interaction between the 975C > G‐ERα and Leu432Leu (4326C > C)‐CYP1B1 or Leu432Val (4326C > G)‐CYP1B1 variants also increased the risk (OR 4.68; 95%CI 1.81–12.07 and OR 6.00; 95%CI 2.19–16.47, respectively).Conclusions:  The CYP1B1 and ERα genes may play a role in endometrial cancer and the Arg48Gly (142C > G) ‐CYP1B1 and 975C > G‐ERα polymorphisms may be considered as independent, early diagnostic markers in this disease.
Difference of fetal heart rate accelerations based on 10 and 15 beats per minute
Authors: Park Young‐Sun , Koh Seung‐Kwon , Hoh Jeong‐Kyu , Park Moon‐Il 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  To evaluate the correlation of 10 b.p.m.‐10 s and 15 b.p.m.‐15 s fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations in gestations before or after 32 weeks using computerized analysis.Methods:  A combination of amplitude and duration of FHR accelerations, 10 b.p.m.‐10 s (Acc10‐10) and 15 b.p.m.‐15 s (Acc15‐15), was analyzed according to gestational weeks between January 1999 and December 2005 in 2358 normal pregnant women who received a non‐stress test at 30–42 gestational weeks. A linear regression model between Acc10‐10 and Acc15‐15 was estimated, and the duration difference between 10 b.p.m. and 15 b.p.m. was converted into seconds.Results:  Before 32 weeks of gestation, the mean number of FHR accelerations based on 15 b.p.m. was below 2.00 (mean ± standard error, 1.58 ± 0.19). The correlation between Acc10‐10 and Acc15‐15 was Acc15‐15 + 2.8 = Acc10‐10 (r2 = 0.94, P = 0.0013). The mean duration difference between 10 b.p.m. and 15 b.p.m. was 36.8 s (range, 4–227 s).Conclusions:  Our study verified the difference of Acc10‐10 and Acc15‐15 using computerized analysis as the base of visual interpretation of the definition of FHR acceleration. Acc15‐15 did not occur often enough to be relevant to the definition of FHR acceleration before 32 weeks' gestation. The difference between the mean number of FHR accelerations based on 10 b.p.m. and 15 b.p.m. within a 20‐min window was 2.8.
Force requirements of observed object lifting are encoded by the observer’s motor system: a TMS study
Authors: Alaerts Kaat , Senot Patrice , Swinnen Stephan P. , Craighero Laila , Wenderoth Nicole , Fadiga Luciano 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSeveral transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have reported facilitation of the primary motor cortex (M1) during the mere observation of actions. This facilitation was shown to be highly congruent, in terms of somatotopy, with the observed action, even at the level of single muscles. With the present study, we investigated whether this muscle‐specific facilitation of the observer’s motor system reflects the degree of muscular force that is exerted in an observed action. Two separate TMS experiments are reported in which corticospinal excitability was measured in the hand area of M1 while subjects observed the lifting of objects of different weights. The type of action ‘grasping‐and‐lifting‐the‐object’ was always identical, but the grip force varied according to the object’s weight. In accordance to previous findings, excitability of M1 was shown to modulate in a muscle‐specific way, such that only the cortical representation areas in M1 that control the specific muscles used in the observed lifting action became increasingly facilitated. Moreover, muscle‐specific M1 facilitation was shown to modulate to the force requirements of the observed actions, such that M1 excitability was considerably higher when observing heavy object lifting compared with light object lifting. Overall, these results indicate that different levels of observed grip force are mirrored onto the observer’s motor system in a highly muscle‐specific manner. The measured force‐dependent modulations of corticospinal excitability in M1 are hypothesized to be functionally relevant for scaling the observed grip force in the observer’s own motor system. In turn, this mechanism may contribute, at least partly, to the observer’s ability to infer the weight of the lifted object.
Anesthetic considerations for the pediatric oncology patient – part 1: a review of antitumor therapy
Authors: LATHAM GREGORY J. , GREENBERG ROBERT S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe anesthesiologist who cares for children with cancer or for survivors of childhood cancer should possess a basic understanding of cancer treatment. While this is an ever‐changing field, a basic knowledge of chemotherapeutic drugs, radiation therapy, and the toxicities of each is necessary to prepare a safe anesthetic plan. Such an understanding also assists the anesthesiologist as the perioperative specialist for these children in consultation with the surgeon and oncologist. This article, which is the first of a three‐part review series, will review current principles of cancer therapy and the general mechanisms of toxicity to the child. Although this article is not intended to comprehensively review the fundamentals of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the consequences of anticancer therapy that impact perioperative care and decision making are presented for the anesthesiologist.
Efficacy of two oral premedicants: midazolam or a low‐dose combination of midazolam–ketamine for reducing stress during intravenous cannulation in children undergoing CT imaging
Authors: JAIN KAJAL , GHAI BABITA , SAXENA AKSHAY K. , SAINI DEEPAK , KHANDELWAL NIRANJAN 
Published: March 2010

SummaryBackground:  Pain, anxiety and fear of needles make intravenous cannulation extremely difficult in children. We assessed the efficacy and safety of oral midazolam and a low‐dose combination of midazolam and ketamine to reduce the stress and anxiety during intravenous cannulation in children undergoing computed tomography (CT) imaging when compared to placebo.Methods:  Ninety‐two ASA I or II children (1–5 years) scheduled for CT imaging under sedation were studied. Children were randomized to one of the three groups. Group M received 0.5 mg·kg−1 midazolam in 5 ml of honey, group MK received 0.25 mg·kg−1 midazolam mixed with 1 mg·kg−1 ketamine in 5‐ml honey and group P received 5‐ml honey alone, orally. In 20–30 min after premedication, venipuncture was attempted at the site of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream. Sedation scores and venipuncture scores were recorded. Primary outcome of the study was incidence of children crying at venipuncture (venipuncture score of 4).Results:  Significantly more children cried during venipuncture in placebo group compared to the other two groups (19/32 (59%) in group P vs 1 each in groups M and MK, (P < 0.001) (RR 2.37, 95% CI 1.55‐3.63). In 20–30 min after premedication, group P had more children in sedation score 1 or 2 (crying or anxious) compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05). At this time, group MK showed more children in calm and awake compared to group M (P = 0.02). At venipuncture, group P had more children in venipuncture score 3 or 4 (crying or withdrawing) compared to group M or MK (P < 0.05), while groups M and MK were comparable.Conclusion:  A low‐dose combination of oral midazolam and ketamine or oral midazolam alone effectively reduces the stress during intravenous cannulation in children undergoing CT imaging without any adverse effects. However, the combination provides more children in calm and quiet state when compared to midazolam alone at venipuncture.
Moral instability: the upsides for nursing practice
Authors: McCarthy Joan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article briefly outlines some of the key problems with the way in which the moral realm has traditionally been understood and analysed. I propose two alternative views of what is morally interesting and applicable to nursing practice and I indicate that instability has its upsides. I begin with a moral tale – a ‘Good Samaritan’ story – which raises fairly usual questions about the nature of morality but also the more philosophically fundamental question about the relationship between subjectivity and moral agency. I then consider this relationship from the perspectives of two twentieth century philosophers: Emmanuel Levinas and Michel Foucault. Levinas' basic point is that the experience of ethical subjectivity is made possible through others: the demand to respond to the existence of others is the basic social structure that precedes individual freedom. If Levinas posits intersubjectivity as a fundamental or primitive feature of the moral realm, Foucault poses an even more basic question: how have moral subjects and relations of obligation been constituted? The aim of ethical inquiry, for Foucault, is to describe the network of discourses, institutions, relations, and practices through which certain kinds of subjects are constituted and constitute themselves, e.g. as a kind of person who can act morally. Finally, I consider some recent research in philosophy of nursing which illustrates how Levinasian and/or Foucauldian perspectives can deepen understanding of nurses' moral practices, specifically, the work of Norwegian public health nurses, Canadian pediatric nurses, and Irish midwives. I suggest that in spite of the instability of morality in general and the particular ethical challenges that face nurses, there are grounds for hope and possible strategies for living in unstable times.
Citizen minds, citizen bodies: the citizenship experience and the government of mentally ill persons
Authors: Perron Amelie , Rudge Trudy , Holmes Dave 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe concept of citizenship is becoming more and more prominent in specific fields, such as psychiatry/mental health, where it is constituted as a solution to the issues of exclusion, discrimination, and poverty often endured by the mentally ill. We argue that such discourse of citizenship represents a break in the history of psychiatry and constitutes a powerful strategy to counter the effects of equally powerful psychiatric labelling. However, we call into question the emancipatory promise of a citizenship agenda. Foucault's concept of governmentality is helpful in understanding the production of the citizen subject, its location within the ‘art of government’, as well as the ethical and political implications of citizenship in the context of mental health.
Sensemaking in Crisis and Change: Inspiration and Insights From Weick (1988)
Authors: Maitlis Sally , Sonenshein Scott 
Published: March 2010

abstractWhen Karl Weick's seminal article, ‘Enacted Sensemaking in Crisis Situations’, was published in 1988, it caused the field to think very differently about how crises unfold in organizations, and how emergent crises might be more quickly curtailed. More than 20 years later, we offer insights inspired by the central ideas in that article. Beginning with an exploration of key sensemaking studies in the crisis and change literatures, we reflect on lessons learned about sensemaking in turbulent conditions since Weick (1988), and argue for two core themes that underlie sensemaking in such contexts: shared meanings and emotion. We examine when and how shared meanings and emotion are more and less likely to enable more helpful, or adaptive, sensemaking, and conclude with some suggestions for future research in the sensemaking field.
The price of protein: combining evolutionary and economic analysis to understand excessive energy consumption
Authors: Brooks R. C. , Simpson S. J. , Raubenheimer D. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryExcessive weight gain appears, thermodynamically at least, straightforward: growing energy intake and/or falling energy expenditure create an energetic surplus, resulting in fat accumulation. The situation is, however, far more complex, with genetic, physiological, social, psychological and economic factors all implicated. Thus the causes of excessive weight gain remain difficult to disentangle. We combine two recent developments from different areas of nutrition research: the study of food prices in relation to energy content and the hypothesis that an evolved propensity to regulate protein intake more strongly than non‐protein calories exerts powerful leverage on overall energy intake. We partition the energy content of a range of common supermarket foods, and show that increasing overall energy content only modestly raises the cost of foods, largely as a result of macronutrients having very different costs. Higher food prices are associated with higher protein content and lower carbohydrate content, whereas fat content was not significantly associated with food price. We show that the differential costs of energy from protein and carbohydrates may bias consumers towards diets high in carbohydrate energy, leading them to consume excessive energy to meet their dietary protein needs. We review evidence from physiology, evolution and economics that support our suggestion.
EFNS guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment: revised 2009
Authors: Cruccu G. , Sommer C. , Anand P. , Attal N. , Baron R. , Garcia‐Larrea L. , Haanpaa M. , Jensen T. S. , Serra J. , Treede R. ‐D. 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  We have revised the previous EFNS guidelines on neuropathic pain (NP) assessment, which aimed to provide recommendations for the diagnostic process, screening tools and questionnaires, quantitative sensory testing (QST), microneurography, pain‐related reflexes and evoked potentials, functional neuroimaging and skin biopsy.Methods:  We have checked and rated the literature published in the period 2004–2009, according to the EFNS method of classification for diagnostic procedures.Results:  Most of the previous recommendations were reinforced by the new studies. The main revisions relate to: (i) the new definition of NP and a diagnostic grading system; (ii) several new validated clinical screening tools that identify NP components, and questionnaires which assess the different types of NP; (iii) recent high‐quality studies on laser‐evoked potentials (LEPs) and skin biopsy.Conclusions:  History and bedside examination are still fundamental to a correct diagnosis, whilst screening tools and questionnaires are useful in indicating probable NP; QST is also useful for indicating the latter, and to assess provoked pains and treatment response. Amongst laboratory tests, LEPs are the best tool for assessing Aδ pathway dysfunction, and skin biopsy for assessing neuropathies with distal loss of unmyelinated nerve fibres.
Assessing the Fiscal Costs and Benefits of A8 Migration to the UK*
Authors: Dustmann Christian , Frattini Tommaso , Halls Caroline 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper assesses the fiscal consequences of migration to the UK from the Central and Eastern European countries that joined the European Union in May 2004 (A8 countries). We show that A8 immigrants who arrived after EU enlargement in 2004 and who have at least one year of residence, and are therefore legally eligible to claim benefits, are 59 per cent less likely than natives to receive state benefits or tax credits and 57 per cent less likely to live in social housing. Furthermore, even if A8 immigrants had the same demographic characteristics as natives, they would still be 13 per cent less likely to receive benefits and 29 per cent less likely to live in social housing. We go on to compare the net fiscal contribution of A8 immigrants with that of individuals born in the UK, and find that in each fiscal year since enlargement in 2004, irrespective of the way that the net fiscal contribution is defined, A8 immigrants made a positive contribution to the public finances despite the fact that the UK has been running a budget deficit over the last few years. This is because they have a higher labour force participation rate, pay proportionately more in indirect taxes and make much less use of benefits and public services.
Interest Income Tax Evasion, the EU Savings Directive and Capital Market Effects*
Authors: Klautke Tina , Weichenrieder Alfons J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe EU Savings Directive has been celebrated as a major political breakthrough in coordinating taxation in Europe. Against this background, the present paper evaluates the real‐world effects of this directive. The directive has left a loophole by providing grandfathering (exemption from withholding tax) for some securities. In this paper, we compare the pre‐tax returns of exempt bonds and comparable taxable bonds. If working around the Savings Directive is difficult for income tax evaders in Europe, then investors should be willing to pay a premium for bonds that are exempt from the withholding rate. Conversely, if such a premium is absent, then this suggests that the supply of existing loopholes (exempt bonds included) is large enough to allow tax evaders to continue evasion at no additional cost. The findings of our study are in line with this latter interpretation.
Impairment of endothelial SKCa channels and of downstream hyperpolarizing pathways in mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Weston AH , Porter EL , Harno E , Edwards G 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  Previous studies have shown that endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization of myocytes is reduced in resistance arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The aim of the present study was to determine whether this reflects down‐regulation of endothelial K+ channels or their associated pathways.Experimental approach:  Changes in vascular K+ channel responses and expression were determined by a combination of membrane potential recordings and Western blotting.Key results:  Endothelium‐dependent myocyte hyperpolarizations induced by acetylcholine, 6,7‐dichloro‐1H‐indole‐2,3‐dione 3‐oxime (NS309) (opens small‐ and intermediate‐conductance calcium‐sensitive K+ channels, SKCa and IKCa, respectively) or cyclohexyl‐[2‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐yl]‐amine (SKCa opener) were reduced in mesenteric arteries from SHRs. After blocking SKCa channels with apamin, hyperpolarizations to acetylcholine and NS309 in SHR arteries were similar to those of controls. Hyperpolarization to 5 mM KCl was reduced in SHR arteries due to loss of the Ba2+‐sensitive, inward‐rectifier channel (KIR) component; the contribution of ouabain‐sensitive, Na+/K+‐ATPases was unaffected. Protein expression of both SKCa and KIR channels was reduced in SHR arteries; the caveolin‐1 monomer/dimer ratio was increased.Conclusions and implications:  In SHRs, the distinct pathway that generates endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization in vascular myocyte by activation of IKCa channels and Na+/K+‐ATPases remains intact. The second pathway, initiated by endothelial SKCa channel activation and amplified by KIR opening on both endothelial cells and myocytes is compromised in SHRs due to down‐regulation of both SKCa and KIR and to changes in caveolin‐1 oligomers. These impairments in the SKCa–KIR pathway shed new light on vascular control mechanisms and on the underlying vascular changes in hypertension.This article is commented on by Garland, pp. 833–835 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00692.x
Phytolith evidence for rice cultivation and spread in Mid‐Late Neolithic archaeological sites in central North China
Authors: ZHANG JIANPING , LU HOUYUAN , WU NAIQIN , LI FENGJIANG , YANG XIAOYAN , WANG WEILIN , MA MINGZHI , ZHANG XIAOHU 
Published: March 2010

Zhang, J., Lu, H., Wu, N., Li, F., Yang, X., Wang, W., Ma, M. & Zhang, X. 2010: Phytolith evidence for rice cultivation and spread in Mid‐Late Neolithic archaeological sites in central North China. Boreas, Vol. 39, pp. 592–602. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00145.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.The history of rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation in North China is ambiguous owing to a lack of evidence from rice remains with precise ages in archaeological sites. In this paper, we present rice phytolith evidence from six archaeological sites in the Guanzhong Basin, central North China, dating from c. 5500 to 2100 cal. a BP (calibrated/calendar ages) based on 19 AMS‐dates. The phytoliths found in the three archaeological sites located on the second river terrace (Quanhu, Yangguanzhai and Anban) include three types of phytoliths from rice, namely bulliform, parallel‐bilobe and double‐peaked. These findings suggest that the earliest cultivated rice in central North China occurred not later than c. 5690 cal. a BP. After c. 5500 cal. a BP, the farming pattern in the Guanzhong Basin was characterized by dominant dry crops (e.g. millets) and locally cultivated rice. A likely spread route of rice from the lower reaches of the Huanghe (Yellow) River towards the Guanzhong Basin in central North China is speculated to have happened at c. 5690 cal. a BP. The findings of this study help us to understand the farming pattern in the area and how rice spread across the semi‐arid regions of East Asia.