bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heritability of Three Soft Wheat Quality Characters in the F2 and F3 Generations1
Authors: Briggle L. W. , Yamazaki W. T. , Hanson W. D. 
Published: July 2010

Use of early generation testing procedures for quality has a direct effect on the efficiency of any wheat breeding program. Soft wheat breeders now have access to three micro tests (tests involving small samples of grain) which can be used as early in varietal development as the F2 or F3.Heritabilities and expected genetic advance for the quality characters measured by micro AWRC, micro pearling index, and micro flour yield, are high based on data from F2 and F3 progenies of one cross, ‘Blackhawk’ X ‘Kharkof’. Results, though limited, indicate that a wheat breeder may expect to make significant gains through early generation selection for any one of the three quality characteristics measured by the micro tests. Growing breeding lines at one location, at least under conditions expected in an average season, is sufficient for evaluation based on these three micro tests.
Pollen Production and Pollen Shedding of Hard Red Spring (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) and Durum (T. durum Desf.) Wheats1
Authors: Joppa L. R. , McNeal F. H. , Berg M. A. 
Published: July 2010

We have investigated the relative pollen‐shedding abilities of 11 hard red spring and 3 durum wheat varieties and the relationships between pollen‐shedding and other varietal characteristics.The varieties differed in amount of pollen shed, number of pollen grains/anther, percent anthers extruded, tillers/plot, fertile florets/plot, fertile florets/tiller, yield, and kernel weight. Anther extrusion varied from 72% for ‘Thatcher’ spring wheat to 22% for ‘Lakota’ durum wheat. Number of pollen grains/anther varied from 3,867 for ‘Rescue’ to 2,687 for ‘Fortuna’ spring wheat.The amount of pollen shed was positively correlated with percent anthers extruded and tillers/plot but negatively correlated with fertile florets/tiller. Path coefficient analysis indicated that percent anther extrusion had the largest direct effect on pollen shedding. Pollen shedding ability of a variety was predicted on the basis of percent anther extrusion, pollen grains/anther and fertile florets/plot.
Effects of Frost and Freezing on Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Sorghum Plants1
Authors: Wattenbarger D. W. , Gray Elmer , Rice J. S. , Reynolds John H. 
Published: July 2010

The effects of frost and freezing on hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN‐p) of plants of ‘Greenleaf’ and ‘Piper’ sudangrass and ‘Suhi‐1’, a sorghum ✕ sudangrass hybrid, were studied.The HCN‐p of plants of all plant heights and cultivars decreased during the autumn until frost occurred. Significant increases in HCN‐p were measured after most frosts. These increases were most evident from 1 to 6 days after frost. The response of HCN‐p to frost was greater in shorter than in taller plants. Plants of Suhi‐1 had a greater increase in HCN‐p than plants of Greenleaf or Piper. Freezes (−5 C or lower) resulted in death of the plants and caused a decrease in HCN‐p which continued until little or none was detected. This decrease in HCN‐p was observed for plants of all heights and cultivars.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Protein Quality and Quantity and Certain Other Characteristics of 19 Strains of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench1
Authors: Campbell A. R. , Pickett R. C. 
Published: July 2010

Eighteen inbred lines from the world sorghum collection and RS610 were tested with three levels of nitrogen fertilization. The same 18 inbred lines were grown under high fertility conditions. Significant differences among lines existed for height, lodging, maturity, weight of 100 seeds, grain weight per panicle, protein, lysine in protein, and protein ✕ lysine within each test. Nitrogen fertilization affected the protein production significantly, but variation among lines was much greater. Genotypic range for protein production was 11.7 to 16.3%. Lysine as percent of protein was not affected significantly by nitrogen fertilization, but genotypes ranged from 1.64 to 2.52%.A comparison of a very high fertility treatment with three nitrogen fertilization levels showed that there were significant differences among fertility levels and among genotypes for grain weight per panicle, protein, lysine in protein, and protein ✕ lysine. Protein was 0.6% higher for high fertility while lysine was 0.47% lower, grain weight per panicle was 10.7 g lower, and protein ✕ lysine was 5.68 units lower for this location. There was a significant interaction between genotype and location for lysine, protein ✕ lysine, and grain weight per panicle, but not for protein production.
Analysis of A Diallel Set of Early Flint Varieties of Maize1
Authors: Troyer A. Forrest , Hallauer Arnel R. 
Published: July 2010

We evaluated a diallel set of 10 early flint varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) for yield and seven other traits at two planting rates (85.8 and 128.7 M plants per ha) and dates (May 3 and June 14). Dates and rates showed differences; however, except for erect plants, the interactions of entries with the two planting rates and dates were not significant. The analyses showed that the initial evaluation of the varieties and their crosses could have been made in one cultural environment for this group of varieties.Highest average yields were obtained on the early planting date (May 3) at the high rate (128.7 M/ha). Average yields for both dates and rates were 2,536 and 4,167 kg/ha for the 10 varieties and 45 variety crosses, respectively. Saskatchewan was the highest yielding variety (3,119 kg/ha). ‘Syzldecka’ ✕ ‘Motto’ was the highest yielding variety cross (5,309 kg/ha). The crosses that included Motto as one of the parents had the highest average yields (4,312 kg/ha).Average heterosis was 43% relative to the high parent and 72% relative to the midparent. Only two of the crosses (‘Alberta’ #x2715; ‘Rutherford’ and ‘Morden’ ✕ ‘Pervenets’) were lower yielding than one of the parents. Average variety heterosis (mean of parents vs. mean of crosses) was 71%. The amount of heterosis observed in the variety crosses indicates that the parent varieties were genetically diverse.
Leaf Pubescence in Common Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and Resistance to the Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.)1
Authors: Ringlund Kåre , Everson Everett H. 
Published: July 2010

Plant materials were derived from crosses between glabrous and pubescent wheat varieties. A technique for evaluating pubescence density on photomicrographs of cleared leaf samples was developed. Individual plants from parental and segregating populations were evaluated for leaf pubescencea nd tested for resistance by a larval feeding test. Correlation coefficients between larval weight and pubescence density were highly significant with highpubescence, density associated with resistance.The original data for both larval weight and pubescence density were transformed to square roots to make variances independent of the means. The square root transformation also made the frequency distributions for segregating populations more normal.Analyses of the pubescence data of F1, F2, and BC progenies from crosses between glabrous and pubescent varieties show this character to be quantitatively inherited. The gene action estimated on the square root scale is mainly additive. Partition of variance shows only additivity, but analysis of population means reveals a partial dominance for pubescence density. Heritability in the F2 was approximatdy 50%.
Peroxidase Activity in Seeds of Soybean Varieties1
Authors: Buttery B. R. , Buzzell R. I. 
Published: July 2010

Varieties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were separated into two main groups on the basis of high or low peroxidase activity in the seed coat. Differences in peroxidase activity were detected following electrophoresis of extracts on polyacrylamide gel and by quantitative determinations. Seed‐coat extracts from the high level group exhibited more than 78 tunes the peroxidase activity of seed‐coat extracts of the low level group. A survey of peroxidase activity of soybean varieties was carried out by using a specially developed spot test. Pedigree relationships among the varieties indicated that high and low activity is highly heritable and that it is not a case of ‘extra‐nuclear’ maternal inheritance.Disc electrophoresis using suitable amounts of seedcoat extracts resulted in a major band of isoperoxidase which was common to both groups. Two minor bands of isoperoxidase were also identified in all high‐level varieties and in two of the five low‐level varieties tested. Between the two groups, isoperoxidases appeared to be qualitatively identical but quantitatively different.
Combining Abilities and Relative Dominance among Maize Inbreds for Resistance to Earworm Injury1
Authors: Widstrom Neil W. , Hamm John J. 
Published: July 2010

General combining ability effects for corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), resistance were highly significant and accounted for approximately two‐thirds of the genetic variability measured in two sets of diallel crosses among sweet corn, Zea mays (L.)> inbreds. Specific combining ability estimates were generally low, though significant in one case. Highly significant genotype‐environment mean squares were attributed to the interaction of general combining ability with location and years. The relative importance of location effects was essentially equivalent to those for years.Trends among constant parent regression coefficients were essentially absent, suggesting a low level of dominance for resistance to earworm injury. Dominance estimates for individual inbreds and average estimates as obtained from variance component ratios for diallel sets were also in the partial dominance range. Estimates of heritability for selection of half‐sib families were .340 and .398 for the nine‐line and 12‐line sets, respectively. Although heritabilities of this size should make reasonable selection gains possible, culling F1's with large noncomplementing specific combining ability effects from selected half‐sib families of high general combining ability would further enhance potential selection gains.
Stability of Attractiveness of Alfalfa Clones to Honeybees under Varying Locations, Seasons, and Years1
Authors: Kauffeld Norbert M. , Sorensen Edgar L. , Painter Reginald H. 
Published: July 2010

The honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) attractiveness of five highly‐preferred and five relatively nonpreferred clones of alfalfa (Medicago spp.) as selected during 2 years in two locations, remained consistent for 2 additional years (summer and fall, with and without a cage), one additional location, and with differing total numbers of bees present. The 10 clones were associated with a total of 6,825, 45, and 25 different clones at locations 1, 2, and 3, respectively, but this did not greatly alter their rank in respect to each other. Only eight of 110 attractiveness ranks disagreed with the grouping, highly preferred and least preferred. The coefficient of concordance of 15 clonal rank values was +O.702 (P < .01).Honeybee attractiveness of 45 clones studied varied differentially with locations and years. Attractiveness of certain clones remained high and that of others low. Conversely, other clones were characterized by conspicuous attractiveness alterations over seasons, years, and locations.The preference of honey bees for alfalfa clones in a cage paralleled that in the field (r = +0.946, P < .001).
Sources of Tolerance to Soil‐Borne Oat Mosaic Virus from the World Oat Collection1
Authors: Graham Doyce , Byrd W. P. , Kingsland G. C. 
Published: July 2010

The World Oat (Avena spp.) Collection (4,533 entries) was evaluated in replicated experiments in 1963‐64 for tolerance to soil‐borne oat mosaic virus, Marmor terrestre var. typicum and M. terrestre var. oculatum McK. In 1964‐65, 601 entries were repeated that scored less than 4 on a 0 to 10 rating (0 = no visual symptoms and 10 = completely susceptible or dead plants). Of these 601 entries, the 37 that scored less than or equal to 2.5 are listed.From this evaluation several excellent divergent sources of tolerance to soil‐borne oat mosaic virus were noted.
Carbon Dioxide Uptake in Nitrogen‐Deficient Plants1
Authors: Ryle G. J. A. , Hesketh J. D. 
Published: July 2010

Carbon dioxide uptake at the leaf surface in air and in oxygen‐free air was examined in maize (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants exposed to an increasing deficiency of nitrogen. Carbon assimilation in these conditions was then related to the stomatal and apparent mesophyll resistances to CO2 transfer.Lack of nitrogen decreased carbon assimilation in all three species. Assimilation was enhanced in oxygen‐free air in cotton and beans, but little affected in maize. The inhibition of assimilation in nitrogen‐deficient plants was accompanied by an apparent increase in mesophyll resistance to CO2 transfer, but some increase in stomatal resistance was also measured. Enhancement of carbon assimilation in oxygen‐free air was negatively associated with the apparent mesophyll resistance to CO2 transfer. Such apparent resistances in the mesophyll may be associated with differences in dark reactions, with a light or photosynthetically‐induced respiratory pathway, as well as with CO2 diffusion.
Carbohydrate Accumulation of Coastal Bermudagrass and Kentucky Bluegrass in Relation to Temperature Regimes1
Authors: McKell C. M. , Youngner V. B. , Nudge F. J. , Chatterton N. J. 
Published: July 2010

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., ‘Coastal,’ and Poa pratensis L., ‘Newport,’ were grown in four different temperature regimes to study the effect of temperature upon the accumulation of carbohydrate.Plants were harvested at two‐week periods for 8 weeks and the stem bases were analyzed for alcohol soluble sugars, fructosan, and starch.The highest concentration of carbohydrate occurred at the coolest temperature for both Kentucky bluegrass and Coastal bermudagrass. Carbohydrate accumulation generally increased as a function of time. Alcohol soluble sugar levels were approximately equal for both species at each temperature regime with the exception of a high amount in bluegrass grown at the coolest temperature.
Differential Seed Production of Northern Alsike and Red Clovers at Southern Latitude1
Authors: Dovrat A. , Waldman Miriam 
Published: July 2010

Almost all plants of the original and increase lots of ‘Iso’ and ‘Tammisto’ alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) contributed to the seed harvests at Rehovot, Israel (approx. 32°N). Seed yields per plant and total seed production of increase lots were similar to the original in spite of a considerable increase in the varietal population of plants contributing to the early seed harvests. Very little relationship was found between early flowering and high seed yield in these two varieties of alsike clover.About half of the plants of ‘Tepa’ and ‘Alaskland’ red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) derived from the original seed lot produced seed. Varietal populations of first and second generation increase lots of Alaskland had a higher percentage of early‐flowering plants than the original seed ]tot. Varietal populations of second generation increase lots of Tepa also had a higher percentage of early flowering plants, but the first generation increase seed lots were similar to the original seed of Tepa. Total seed production of second generation increase lots of Alaskland was higher than of first generation lots. Early flowering and the contribution of seed from early‐flowering plants to the total seed yield showed some relationship in Alaskland but not in Tepa.
Choice of Population Size and Use of Variation Between Replicate Populations in Plant Breeding Selection Programs
Authors: Baker L. H. , Curnow R. N. 
Published: July 2010

Some factors which influence the choice of population size in selection aimed at improving composite populations of maize as sources of inbred lines are considered. The consequences of different effective population sizes on progress from selection within a population with a specific genetic model are examined, using a new mathematical approach described by Curnow and Baker (1968) [but see correction and Curnow and Baker (1969) and later errata notice]. The results obtained suggest that reasonably rapid progress from selection can be expected with small effective population sizes. Substantial added progress may be obtained if selection can be practiced within each of a number of replicate lines developed out of the same original population, followed by selection of the best replicate lines.The results obtained also suggest that the selected lines should be tested in all possible combinations to identify outstanding lines which can then serve as sources of new inbred lines or as foundation material for new crosses in which selection can then be practiced.The effect of departures from the assumed genetic model are discussed. However, the work reported reflects results expected with a specific genetic model. The most important finding is that conditions can exist where recommendations on population size, at present basic in the planning of a selection program, should be reconsidered.
Evaluation of Synthetic Varieties of Upland Cotton Developed Under Two Levels of Natural Outcrossing1
Authors: Kohel R. J. , Richmond T. R. 
Published: July 2010

For the development of synthetic varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), we chose four parental strains expected to exhibit high heterotic responses for yield. The synthetic varieties were developed over a three‐yearperiod in an area of high natural crossing, and in an area of low natural crossing. In each area, combinations of self‐ and open‐pollination were imposed to vary the level of heterozygosity in the resulting synthetic varietiesThe synthetic variety produced by open‐pollination in the area of high natural crossing contained a calculated 42% heterozyosity, and it yielded equal to the bulk of F1 hybrids among the parent strains. The synthetic variety produced by open‐pollination in the area of low natural crossing contained a calculated 12% heterozygosity, and it exhibited no significant heterosisThe largest expressions of heterosis were for yield and to a lesser extent for boll size. Heterotic performance was correlated with the calculated heterozygosity of the synthetic varieties. The performance of the remaining characters appeared to be controlled by additive gene action.
Correlated Truncation Selection for Yield in Soybeans1
Authors: Byth D. E. , Weber C. R. , Caldwell B. E. 
Published: July 2010

Random genetically heterogeneous, F2‐derived maternal lines and genetically homogeneous, F5‐derived daughter lines of two soybean crosses were evaluated for nine characters in three environments in the F0‐F7 generations.Heritability was relatively consistent across environments for all traits except seed yield. For yield, heritability was greatest under favorable growth conditions and least when moisture stress was alleviated by irrigation. Variability over environments in correlations of all traits with yield was related largely to the degree of moisture stress in each environment. Crosses revealed similar magnitudes of correlation with yield for all traits except chemical composition. This was related to the chemical composition of parents used in these crosses. Correlations of early lodging with yield in genetically homogeneous lines were generally greater than for genetically heterogeneous lines. This was related to the relative uniformity of the plant canopy in these populations.Because of the inconsistency in character associations, predictions of yield advance from selection in any environment were inaccurate estimates of actual advance evaluated over environments. Selection of yield invariably resulted in maximum actual yield advance. Chemical composition was generally the best yield predictor for heterogeneous lines, while early lodging was the most effective trait for correlated yield selection in genetically homogeneous lines.
Spring Growth of Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and Climax Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) Under Different Harvesting Systems1
Authors: Horrocks R. D. , Washko J. B. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryDuring the spring of 1965 and again in 1966 measurements were recorded at 2‐ to 4‐day intervals on the growth rate of reed canarygrass and ‘Climax’ timothy as influenced by the residual effect of the previous year's treatments. The 1965 results of these treatments were: reed canarygrass — significantly lower rate of growth when clipped at the 4‐cm vs 9‐cm height; Climax timothy — no significant difference. The growth measurements recorded in the spring of 1966 reflected the residual influence on spring growth of clipping height as it interacted with plant maturity at the first harvest. Comparing the 4‐ and 9‐cm clipping heights over the maturity stages showed the following: reed canarygrass — slower growh rate at 4‐ than at 9‐cm heights if the first harvest was removed when the growing point was 5, 10 or 20 cm above the soil (Systems 1,2, and 3), but no difference if 30 cm above the soil or heads had emerged (Systems 4 and 5); Climax timothy — slower growth rate at the 9‐cm height it the first harvest was removed under Systems 2 or 3, but not under the other systems. Considering only the residual effect of the stage of maturity at which the first harvest was removed, harvesting under System 2 was detrimental to growth of reed canarygrass. No significant effect of management system on growth rate was noted for Climax timothy.
Instability for Crown Rust Reaction and Kernel Color in F6 ‐F10 Lines of a Derived‐Tetraploid ✕ Avena sativa Hybrid1
Authors: Forsberg R. A. , Nishiyama I. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMajor genes governing dark kernel color and resistance to the crown rust fungus (Puccinia coronata Cda. f. sp. avenae Fraser & Led.) were linked in four F6 lines from the oat cross derived‐tetraploid C.I.7232 (2n‐28) ✕ Avena sativa L. var. ‘Clarion’ (2n=42). Most dark‐resistant (D‐R) plants were not true breeding; abnormal and irregular segregation ratios of D‐R and light‐susceptible (L‐S) plants occurred in F6‐F10 lines from D‐R parents. L‐S plants were highly self‐fertile and bred true. Cytological investigations revealed aneuploid plants (2n=43) in which the D‐R genes were carried on an extra chromosome and euploid plants (2n=42) in which the genes were in a closely paired bivalent. Differential gamete frequencies, certation, or nonviability of homozygous‐resistant genotypes due to abnormal dosage effects could account for the distorted ratios obtained and for the absence of stable, resistant lines.
Relationships of Seed Weight, Seedling Vigor and Mitochondrial Metabolism in Barley1
Authors: McDaniel Robert G. 
Published: July 2010

Because of the effects of seed size on seedling vigor in small grains, it was of importance to distinguish seed size effects accurately within barley genotypes from heterotic seedling vigor of barley (Hordeum vulgate L.) hybrids. Measurements of seedling vigor of germinating seedlings of several six,rowed, spring barley cultivars were made concomitantly with a study of seedling heterosis in barley hybrids.Seedling fresh weight, seedling mitochondrial protein and mitochondrial biochemical activity were positively correlated with seed weight. The increased quantity of mitochondrial protein of seedlings produced from heavy seeds is indicative of a higher respiratory rate and greater amount of energy (ATP) production. Thus, these seedlings have a greater growth potential than seedlings produced from lighter seeds of the same pure line. These experiments provided an accurate means of measuring the relative contributions of seed weight, genotype, and heterosis to seedling vigor in barley.