bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gefäßchirurgische Langzeitergebnisse – Vergleich orthotoper und extraanatomischer Rekonstruktionen bei unilateralen Beckenachsenverschlüssen über 10 Jahre
Authors: Barth Udo , Tautenhahn Jörg , Klinsmann Philipp , Meyer Frank , Halloul Zuhir 
Published: June 2024

ZusammenfassungBei der pAVK sind zumeist mehrere Gefäßregionen betroffen, die Beckenachse in 35% der Fälle. Zur Rekanalisation sind interventionell-radiologische/endovaskuläre bzw. Hybrideingriffe etabliert, sodass Bypassverfahren zwar zunehmend in den Hintergrund treten, jedoch nicht an Bedeutung verlieren.Untersuchung unilateraler Beckenarterienverschlüsse (Einschlusskriterium), die entweder durch Implantation eines orthotopen oder extraanatomischen Bypasses (oBP/eaBP) saniert wurden.Über einen definierten Zeitraum wurden im Vergleich der Rekonstruktionsverfahren Offenheitsrate, Komplikationen (Häufigkeit, Art, Schwere) zur Charakterisierung von Morbidität, Letalität und Ausmaß der klinischen Verbesserung nach BP-Implantation im Rahmen einer klinisch-systematischen, unizentrischen Beobachtungsstudie (Design) analysiert. Die Erstellung der Studienmethode erfolgte nicht explizit anhand der STROBE-Kriterien, entsprechen diesen aber im Wesentlichen.Über 10 Jahre wurden 122 pAVK-Patienten (50% im Stadium IIb–Stadium III und IV paritätisch verteilt; Durchschnittsalter: 63 [Streubreite: 44–87] Jahre; mehrheitlich ASA III) eingeschlossen bei ebenso vielen Rekonstruktionen: 71 Patienten erhielten einen eaBP („Cross-over“), 51 Patienten einen iliacofemoralen (orthotopen – oBP) Bypass (kein signifikanter Unterschied hinsichtlich Häufigkeit noch Anzahl der Risikofaktoren pro Patient).Der oBP ist dem eaBP bez. der Analyseparameter Offenheits-, Komplikationsrate sowie Letalität nicht überlegen. Des Weiteren muss die extraanatomische Revaskularisation nicht allein dem Polymorbiden vorbehalten bleiben.
Smart scanning: automatic detection of superficially located lymph nodes using ultrasound – initial results
Authors: Rink Maximilian , Künzel Julian , Stroszczynski Christian , Jung Friedrich , Jung Ernst Michael 
Published: June 2024

AbstractOver the last few years, there has been an increasing focus on integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into existing imaging systems. This also applies to ultrasound. There are already applications for thyroid and breast lesions that enable AI-assisted sonography directly on the device. However, this is not yet the case for lymph nodes.The aim was to test whether already established programs for AI-assisted sonography of breast lesions and thyroid nodules are also suitable for identifying and measuring superficial lymph nodes. For this purpose, the two programs were used as a supplement to routine ultrasound examinations of superficial lymph nodes. The accuracy of detection by AI was then evaluated using a previously defined score. If available, a comparison was made with cross-sectional imaging.The programs that were used are able to adequately detect lymph nodes in the majority of cases (78.6%). Problems were caused in particular by a high proportion of echo-rich fat, blurred differentiation from the surrounding tissues and the occurrence of lymph node conglomerates. The available cross-sectional images did not contradict the classification of the lesion as a lymph node in any case.In the majority of cases, the tested programs are already able to detect and measure superficial lymph nodes. Further improvement can be expected through specific training of the software. Further developments and studies are required to assess risk of malignancy.
Ketyl Radical Enabled Synthesis of Oxetanes
Authors: Schindler Corinna S. , Gatazka Michael R. , Parikh Seren G. , Rykaczewski Katie A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractOxetanes, 4-membered oxygen-containing heterocycles, were identified to have pharmaceutical applications after the discovery of the chemotherapeutic drug taxol (Paclitaxel) and its analogues. Furthermore, oxetanes have been identified as bioisosteres for several common functional groups and are present in a number of natural products. However, oxetanes are one of the least common oxygen-containing heterocycles in active pharmaceutical ingredients on the market, which can be attributed, in part, due to challenges with their synthesis. Previous strategies rely on nucleophilic substitutions or [2+2]-cycloadditions, but are limited by the stepwise buildup of starting material and limitations in scope resulting from requirements for activated substrates. To address these limitations, we envisioned activating simple carbonyls to their corresponding α-oxy iodides to promote ketyl radical formation. These radicals can then undergo atom-transfer radical addition with alkenes followed by one-pot nucleophilic substitution to produce oxetanes. Herein, we present a proof-of-principle of this strategy in which fluoroalkyl carbonyls are successfully converted into the corresponding fluoroalkyl oxetanes.
Quantum motion of oxygen and hydrogen in water: Atomic and total kinetic energy across melting from neutron scattering measurements
Authors: Romanelli Giovanni , Andreani Carla , Bocedi Alessio , Senesi Roberto 
Published: June 2024

We provide a concurrent measurement of the hydrogen and oxygen nuclear kinetic energies in the water molecule across melting at 270 K in the solid phase and 276 K in the liquid phase. Experimental values are obtained by analyzing the neutron Compton profiles of each atomic species in a deep inelastic neutron scattering experiment. The concurrent measurement of the atom kinetic energy of both hydrogen and oxygen allows the estimate of the total kinetic energy per molecule due to the motion of nuclei, specifically 35.3 ± 0.8 and 34.8 ± 0.8 kJ/mol for the solid and liquid phases, respectively. Such a small difference supports results from ab initio simulations and phenomenological models from the literature on the mechanism of competing quantum effects across the phase change. Despite the experimental uncertainties, the results are consistent with the trend from state-of-the-art computer simulations, whereby the atom and molecule kinetic energies in the liquid phase would be slightly lower than in the solid phase. Moreover, the small change of nuclear kinetic energy across melting can be used to simplify the calculation of neutron-related environmental dose in complex locations, such as high altitude or polar neutron radiation research stations where liquid water and ice are both present: for neutron energies between hundreds of meV and tens of keV, the total scattering cross section per molecule in the two phases can be considered the same, with the macroscopic cross section only depending upon the density changes of water near the melting point.
p-block germanenes as a promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Wang Pengju , Xia Weizhi , Liu Nanshu , Pei Wei , Zhou Si , Tu Yusong , Zhao Jijun 
Published: June 2024

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), a pivotal process in hydrogen fuel cells crucial for enhancing fuel cell performance through suitable catalysts, remains a challenging aspect of development. This study explores the catalytic potential of germanene on Al (111), taking advantage of the successful preparation of stable reconstructed germanene layers on Al (111) and the excellent catalytic performance exhibited by germanium-based nanomaterials. Through first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that the O2 molecule can be effectively activated on both freestanding and supported germanene nanosheets, featuring kinetic barriers of 0.40 and 0.04 eV, respectively. The presence of the Al substrate not only significantly enhances the stability of the reconstructed germanene but also preserves its exceptional ORR catalytic performance. These theoretical findings offer crucial insights into the substrate-mediated modulation of germanene stability and catalytic efficiency, paving the way for the design of stable and efficient ORR catalysts for future applications.
Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate in Victoria, Australia; unintended consequences of changing Medicare Benefits Schedule access
Authors: Gordon Patrick , Urquhart Evan , Oad Symrin , Mackenzie Kenneth , Paul Eldho , McCahy Philip 
Published: June 2024

Objective To assess whether prostate biopsy rates have altered with the July 2018 change in Australian Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) rebates supporting multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for diagnosing prostate cancer. Methods Biopsy data (both trans-rectal and trans-perineal) were obtained from the Victorian Agency for Health Information from July 2016 to June 2022. The data were stratified by financial year, age group and hospital type (public vs private). Comparison was made between rates pre and post the mpMRI MBS code change. Results There was an 11.9% increase in the number of biopsies performed per year compared to the pre-MBS change period. There is a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.001–4) in number of biopsies in the 40–49, 50–59 and 60–69-year-old age groups with a significant increasing trend (P < 0.001) in the 70–79 and 80–89-year-old age groups. There was a 32.9% reduction in the mean number of biopsies performed per year in public hospitals, compared with an 18.3% increase in private. Conclusion Contrary to expectations, and proposed funding, there has been an increase in the number of prostate biopsies since MRI became more easily available. This change will put increased pressure on the health budget and the large increase in biopsies in elderly patients was not anticipated when the changes were proposed. A review of the criteria is suggested.
Are separable words words or phrases?
Authors: Xia Quansheng , Wang Ai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Both traditional linguistics and psycholinguistics have extensively explored the issue of the category that
separable words belong to, yet different opinions persist. Building upon previous research, this study selects verb-complement
structures as its focal point. Based on the number of internally insertable elements, these structures are categorized into
verb-complement compounds, verb-complement compact structures, verb-complement loose structures, and verb-complement phrases. The
study compares the processing similarities and differences between the four types of structures with and without inter-component
spacing so that the “disconnected” and “connected” states of the four structures are investigated. Experimental results indicate
that regardless of the insertion of spaces, the reaction times for processing verb-complement compounds, compact structures, and
loose structures are shorter than those for phrases. In the comparison of presence and absence of spaces, compounds and compact
structures exhibit greater consistency, whereas no significant differences are observed between loose structures and phrases. This
suggests that the processing of verb-complement compact structures closely resembles that of words, while the processing of loose
structures embodies characteristics of both compounds and phrases, yet differs from both words and phrases. This study
demonstrates that based on the degree of internal expansion, separable words can be further classified into subcategories,
existing in a transitional state between words and phrases, forming a continuous continuum with compounds and phrases.
Rethinking tokenization
Authors: Yang Jinbiao 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Tokenization significantly influences language models (LMs)’ performance. This paper traces the evolution of tokenizers from word-level to
subword-level, analyzing how they balance tokens and types to enhance model
adaptability while controlling complexity. Despite subword tokenizers like Byte
Pair Encoding (BPE) overcoming many word tokenizer limitations, they encounter
difficulties in handling non-Latin languages and depend heavily on extensive
training data and computational resources to grasp the nuances of multiword
expressions (MWEs). This article argues that tokenizers, more than mere
technical tools, should drawing inspiration from the cognitive science about
human language processing. This study then introduces the “Principle of Least
Effort” from cognitive science, that humans naturally seek to reduce cognitive
effort, and discusses the benefits of this principle for tokenizer development.
Based on this principle, the paper proposes that the Less-is-Better (LiB) model
could be a new approach for LLM tokenizer. The LiB model can autonomously learn
an integrated vocabulary consisting of subwords, words, and MWEs, which
effectively reduces both the numbers of tokens and types. Comparative
evaluations show that the LiB tokenizer outperforms existing word and BPE
tokenizers, presenting an innovative method for tokenizer development, and
hinting at the possibility of future cognitive science-based tokenizers being
more efficient.
Comparison of local realizations of Silver freezing-point temperatures between NMIA and NMIJ AIST
Authors: Ho M-K , Widiatmo J V 
Published: June 2024

Main text
The key comparison CCT-K4.1 was initiated on the request of the National Measurement Institute, Australia (MNIA) to re-link their standards to the Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT) Key Comparison (KC) and facilitate the NMIA CMC submission. National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan (NMIJ) provided the linkage to the CCT-K4 at the temperature of the freezing point of silver. At the time of the CCT-K4 NMIA (formerly CSIRO-NML) had only one silver cell and this was found to be contaminated shortly after completion. Subsequently, more silver cells were fabricated at different times to form an ensemble of five cells before the start of CCT.K4.1.
In the CCT-K4.1 bi-lateral comparison, a silver cell provided by NMIA and used as the artefact and circulated in accordance with the pilot-participant-pilot scheme. It is standard practice for NMIJ to use argon at 6N purity and NMIA argon 5N purity to regulate the pressure in the silver cell. To mitigate this, the effect of different argon purity was assessed in the post-circulation measurements. First the comparison was made under 6N purity atmosphere to preserve the cell ambience after it left NMIJ then the measurement was repeated under 5N argon atmosphere.
The linkage was based on the temperature of NMIJ reference Ag fixed point relative to the key comparison reference value (KCRV) of CCT-K4 at the Ag fixed point via the difference in temperature between the NMIA reference Ag fixed point and NMIJ reference Ag fixed point (links to the KCRV of the CCT-K4). The temperature difference between the standards of NMIA and the KCRV of the CCT-K4 was within the evaluated comparison uncertainties of the CCT-K4.1. This report provides detailed information on the comparison results, linkage mechanism, and the Degree of Equivalence of NMIA relative to the institutes having participated in the CCT-K4.
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCT, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
High-density nanodot structures on silicon solar cell surfaces irradiated by ultraviolet laser pulses below the melting threshold fluence
Authors: Hirai Kenta , Tanaka Tomoyo , Tsutsumi Daisuke , Hashida Masaki , Sakagami Hitoshi , Kusaba Mitsuhiro 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The surface morphology of silicon solar cells irradiated with KrF excimer laser pulses (λ = 248 nm, τ = 20 ns) was investigated below the experimentally observed melting threshold fluence (F
th) of 0.47 J cm−2 (±20%). At laser fluences of 0.23–0.48 J cm−2 (equivalent to 0.49F
th to 1.0F
th), nanodot structures with a height and width of approximately 60–120 nm were periodically formed with an interdot spacing similar to the laser wavelength. The observed nanodot density (29 dots μm2) was higher than that previously obtained at longer wavelengths. Furthermore, crystallinity analysis by micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed a Raman shift of 519.56 cm−1 after irradiation (N= 1500 pulses), compared with 518.27 cm−1 prior to irradiation. A laser fluence of 0.41 J cm−2 ( = 0.87F
th) was found to induce compressive stress on the silicon solar cell surface.
Magnetoelastic coupling for Fe–Ga thin films epitaxially grown on different substrates
Authors: Ding Hao , Ito Keita , Endo Yasushi , Takanashi Koki , Seki Takeshi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This paper reports the systematic study on the structure, magnetic properties and magnetoelastic properties for the Fe100−x
Ga
x
(001) thin films epitaxially grown on the different substrates of GaAs(001) and MgO(001) using the sputtering technique. The alloy composition dependence of effective magnetoelastic coupling coefficient B
eff along the FeGa [110] direction indicated that the largest magnetoelastic coupling was obtained for the Fe–Ga layer with x = 30 grown on the MgO substrate, which was evaluated to be B
eff = − 9.4 × 107 erg cm−3. Considering the results of structural analysis and magnetization measurement, the different crystallite sizes depending on the kind of substrate may give rise to the different magnetoelastic coupling strengths between the Fe–Ga layers on the MgO and the GaAs. The magnetostriction along the Fe–Ga [111] direction λ
111 was also estimated with the assumption of plausible elastic property of Fe–Ga, and showed the values comparable to the reported value of bulk Fe–Ga. This means the large magnetostriction can be obtained even for the Fe–Ga thin films epitaxially grown not only on the GaAs(001) but also on the MgO(001). The findings in this work will give a guideline for designing spintronic applications with a Fe–Ga layer exhibiting a large magnetoelastic coupling.
Vibrational, optical, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO/layered carbon nanocomposite synthesized by ball milling
Authors: Das Sandip , Pramanik Subhamay , Mukherjee Sumit , Rajak Chinmoy , Mukherjee Biswanath , Kuiri Probodh K 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
ZnO/layered carbon nanocomposites with varied sizes of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by mechanical milling of mixture of ZnO NPs and carbon NPs. The NP size of ZnO was controlled with average particle sizes about 19.33, 21.87, 24.21, and 27.89 nm by varying the concentrations of carbon NPs viz 0, 2, 5, and 10 weight percent, respectively, in the mixture. Presence of carbon with ZnO in the form of composite also resulted in the enhanced shift of the band gap of ZnO due to the optical transitions in the impurity states or presence of carbon as compared to the ZnO size change alone. Additionally, the enhancement of absorbance in the visible region with an increase in carbon content was observed. Such an increase in absorbance can enhance the photocatalytic activity of ZnO NPs. Raman bands for ZnO NPs also were found to shift faster in the presence of layered carbon. The quenching of visible photoluminescence emission of ZnO NPs with an increase in concentration of carbon NPs in the composite indicated the phenomenon associated with transfer of electrons from ZnO to layered carbon helping the separation of photo-generated electrons and holes in ZnO and can lead to enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of ZnO NPs. In the photocatalytic studies, it was observed that the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was significantly enhanced by the increase of content of layered carbon in the nanocomposite. The sample containing 10% carbon showed the highest adsorption in dark conditions which was up to 60% of the starting strength and this was further enhanced to 88% in the presence of UV radiation. Enhanced adsorption of MB dye and the effective separation of electron–hole pairs due to charge transfer were believed to be the main causes behind such kind of improvement in the photocatalytic effects.
A novel signal resolution enhance method based on CBAM-ResNet for bearing intelligent fault diagnosis
Authors: Bao Huaiqian , Qin Ranran , Wan Yanbin , Xu Yufeng , Wang Jinrui , Zhang Zongzhen , Han Baokun 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In health condition monitoring of mechanical equipment, the signal is the key source of information. However, signal resolution is often degraded due to factors such as equipment vibration and electromagnetic interference. To address this issue, an Efficient Sub-pixel Convolutional Attention Residual Network (ESPCARN) built on the idea of signal resolution improvement is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the original low-resolution samples are input into a CBAM-ResNet to obtain more feature information of the channels and space within the residual connection and a multi-feature mapping with four channels was generated. Subsequently, the four-channel low-resolution features are aligned periodically through sub-pixel convolution layer, resulting in a set of high-resolution samples and the feature dimension of the data was increased to four times that of the original low-resolution data, thereby realizing the resolution enhancement. Finally, two experiments with different working conditions are established to evaluate the performance of the proposed fault diagnosis method, and the experimental results verified the efficacy of the ESPCARN framework.
Radiation asymmetry in JET disruption mitigation experiments with shattered pellet injection
Authors: Piron L , Jachmich S , Baylor L , Baruzzo M , Lehnen M , Carvalho P , Kong M , Martin P , Piccolo T Lo Presti , Silburn S , Terranova D , Valcarcel D ,   JET Contributors,   Eurofusion Tokamak Exploitation Team
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In ITER, to mitigate the deleterious effects of plasma disruptions, massive quantities of radiating impurities will be injected into the disrupting plasma by shattered pellet injectors (SPI) to pre-emptively radiate away the stored thermal and magnetic energy (Lehnen et al Proc. 27th IAEA Fusion Energy Conf. (FEC 2018) (Gandhinagar, India) EX/P7-12). However, asymmetries in the radiation pattern could result in intense photon flashes during the thermal quench that could locally damage or erode the stainless steel plasma-facing surface of the diagnostic port plugs (Pitts et al 2015 J. Nucl. Mater.
463 748–75). Experiments have been undertaken at JET to assess the potential dependence of the radiated power asymmetry on plasma energy during SPI mitigated disruptions. Calculations of the toroidal asymmetry in the radiated power indicate that the toroidal peaking factor is largest near the SPI position and decreases with the plasma stored energy, which is a promising result in view of radiation heat loads during mitigated disruptions in ITER.