bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective Multicenter Study of Children With Bronchiolitis Requiring Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Mansbach Jonathan M. , Piedra Pedro A. , Stevenson Michelle D. , Sullivan Ashley F. , Forgey Tate F. , Clark Sunday , Espinola Janice A. , Camargo Carlos A. 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To identify factors associated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and/or intubation for children with bronchiolitis.

METHODS:
We performed a 16-center, prospective cohort study of hospitalized children aged &lt;2 years with bronchiolitis. For 3 consecutive years from November 1 until March 31, beginning in 2007, researchers collected clinical data and a nasopharyngeal aspirate from study participants. We oversampled children from the ICU. Samples of nasopharyngeal aspirate were tested by polymerase chain reaction for 18 pathogens.

RESULTS:
There were 161 children who required CPAP and/or intubation. The median age of the overall cohort was 4 months; 59% were male; 61% white, 24% black, and 36% Hispanic. In the multivariable model predicting CPAP/intubation, the significant factors were: age &lt;2 months (odds ratio [OR] 4.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7–11.5), maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1–1.9), birth weight &lt;5 pounds (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0–2.6), breathing difficulty began &lt;1 day before admission (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2–2.1), presence of apnea (OR 4.8; 95% CI 2.5–8.5), inadequate oral intake (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.3–4.3), severe retractions (OR 11.1; 95% CI 2.4–33.0), and room air oxygen saturation &lt;85% (OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.0–4.8). The optimism-corrected c-statistic for the final model was 0.80.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this multicenter study of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, we identified several demographic, historical, and clinical factors that predicted the use of CPAP and/or intubation, including children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. We also identified a novel subgroup of children who required mechanical respiratory support &lt;1 day after respiratory symptoms began.
Separation of sources and 3D inversion of gravity and magnetic data for the Thuringian Basin, Germany
Authors: Prutkin Ilya , Jentzsch Gerhard , Jahr Thomas 
Published: August 2012

Separation of sources and 3D inversion of gravity and magnetic data for the Thuringian Basin, Germany
We propose a novel methodology for separation of potential field sources and its 3D inversion. New approaches are developed to separate sources: i) in depth using a succession of upward and downward continuation; ii) in the lateral direction by means of approximation with the field of 3D line segments; iii) according to density and magnetization contrast based on pseudo-gravity calculation. Our original inversion algorithms allow the recovery of unknown 3D geometry both for a restricted body of arbitrary shape and for a contact surface. For the first time, we apply our algorithms to joint inversion of gravity and magnetic data for a large area (the Thuringian Basin in central Germany). We separate in depth sources of both gravitational and magnetic anomalies for the whole territory of Thuringia and compare corresponding components. A 3D model of the main sources is presented based on approximation with 3D line segments and their further transforming into a restricted body or a contact surface with the same field.
Studies of crustal deformation due to hydrological loading on GPS height estimates
Authors: Rajner Marcin , Liwosz Tomasz 
Published: August 2012

Studies of crustal deformation due to hydrological loading on GPS height estimates
The paper deals with large-scale crustal deformation due to hydrological surface loads and its influence on seasonal variation of GPS estimated heights. The research was concentrated on the area of Poland. The deformation caused by continental water storage has been computed on the basis of WaterGAP Hydrological Model data by applying convolution of water masses with appropriate Green's function. Obtained site displacements were compared with height changes estimated from GPS observations using the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method. Long time series of the solutions for 4 stations were used for evaluation of surface loading phenomena. Good agreement both in amplitude and phase was found, however some discrepancies remain which are assigned to single point positioning technique deficiencies. Annual repeatability of water cycle and demanding procedure for computing site displacements for each site, allowed to develop a simple model for Poland which could be applied to remove (or highly reduce) seasonal hydrological signal from time series of GPS solutions.
The Relationship Between Geodiversity and Habitat Richness in Šumava National Park and Křivoklátsko PLA (Czech Republic): A Quantitative Analysis Approach
Authors: Jačková Kateřina , Romportl Dušan 
Published: August 2012

The Relationship Between Geodiversity and Habitat Richness in Šumava National Park and Křivoklátsko PLA (Czech Republic): A Quantitative Analysis ApproachThis paper focuses on the development of a quantitative method for evaluating the relationship between abiotic heterogeneity and habitat richness at the landscape level. The study took place in the Křivoklátsko protected landscape area and Šumava national park (Czech Republic). Our initial hypothesis was that habitat richness should be high in areas with high abiotic heterogeneity, and vice versa. GIS vector layers of habitat were used for the formulation of habitat richness. A geological layer, a digital terrain model and hydrographic layers were used to determine abiotic heterogeneity. The study areas were overlain by a grid square and habitat richness and abiotic heterogeneity were assessed in each study cell. The data obtained were used in a statistical model (multiple spatial linear regression, with maximum credibility). The results of the statistical model indicated a significant influence of abiotic heterogeneity on habitat richness.
Developmental Dynamics of Localities Severely Affected by Anthropogenic Activities on the Example of Doly Bílina
Authors: Drobilová Linda 
Published: August 2012

Developmental Dynamics of Localities Severely Affected by Anthropogenic Activities on the Example of Doly BílinaThe paper focuses on the area of Doly Bílina in the Most district, on the landscape that has been severely affected by extraction of mineral resources for a long time and represents in terms of natural conditions one of the most damaged regions where no possibility of a return to original condition comes into consideration. By using appropriate remedial and recultivation measures, however, we can create a sort of "alternative" natural environment, which should be able to fulfil a greater part of all wood-producing and beneficial forest functions after a certain time, as did the original landscape system.
Rhetorical Insurgents: Biopolitics and the Insurrectionary Rhetoric of McLuhan's Cool Media
Authors: Murray Stuart J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract: This essay examines the subversive political potential of censored cartoons by the Guantánamo prisoner, Sami al-Hajj. In McLuhan's terms, these cartoons constitute cool media, which I read as a rhetorical response to biopolitical (Foucault) forms of governmental power. I conclude by reflecting on the ethical demands of such media.
A new criterion for the alarm point for compound muscle action potentials
Authors: Ito Zenya , Imagama Shiro , Sakai Yoshihito , Katayama Yoshito , Wakao Norimitsu , Ando Kei , Hirano Kenichi , Tauchi Ryoji , Muramoto Akio , Zahlawy Hany El , Matsuyama Yukihiro , Ishiguro Naoki 
Published: August 2012

Object
The purpose of this study was to review the present criteria for the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) alert and for safe spinal surgery.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective study of 295 patients in whom spinal cord monitoring had been performed during spinal surgery. The waveforms observed during spinal surgery were divided into the following 4 grades: Grade 0, normal; Grade 1, amplitude decrease of 50% or more and latency delay of 10% or more; Grade 2, multiphase pattern; and Grade 3, loss of amplitude. Waveform grading, its relationship with postoperative motor deficit, and CMAP sensitivity and specificity were analyzed. Whenever any wave abnormality occurred, the surgeon was notified and the surgical procedures were temporarily suspended. If no improvements were seen, the surgery was terminated.

Results
Compound muscle action potential wave changes occurred in 38.6% of cases. With Grade 1 or 2 changes, no paresis was detected. Postoperative motor deficits were seen in 8 patients, all with Grade 3 waveform changes. Among the 287 patients without postoperative motor deficits, CMAP changes were not seen in 181, with a specificity of 63%. The false-positive rate was 37% (106 of 287). However, when a Grade 2 change was set as the alarm point, sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 79.4%. The false-positive rate was 20% (59 of 295).

Conclusions
Neither the Grade 1 nor the Grade 2 groups included patients who demonstrated a motor deficit. All pareses occurred in cases showing a Grade 3 change. Therefore, the authors propose a Grade 2 change (multiphasic waveform) as a new alarm point. With the application of this criterion, the false-positive rate can be reduced to 20%.
Similar Predictions of Etravirine Sensitivity Regardless of Genotypic Testing Method Used: Comparison of Available Scoring Systems
Authors: Vingerhoets Johan , Nijs Steven , Tambuyzer Lotke , Hoogstoel Annemie , Anderson David , Picchio Gaston 
Published: August 2012

Background The aims of this study were to compare various genotypic scoring systems commonly used to predict virological outcome to etravirine, and examine their concordance with etravirine phenotypic susceptibility. Methods Six etravirine genotypic scoring systems were assessed: Tibotec 2010 (based on 20 mutations; TBT 20), Monogram, Stanford HIVdb, ANRS, Rega (based on 37, 30, 27 and 49 mutations, respectively) and virco®TYPE HIV-1 (predicted fold change based on genotype). Samples from treatment-experienced patients who participated in the DUET trials and with both genotypic and phenotypic data ( n=403) were assessed using each scoring system. Results were retrospectively correlated with virological response in DUET. κ coefficients were calculated to estimate the degree of correlation between the different scoring systems. Results Correlation between the five scoring systems and the TBT 20 system was approximately 90%. Virological response by etravirine susceptibility was comparable regardless of which scoring system was utilized, with 70-74% of DUET patients determined as susceptible to etravirine by the different scoring systems achieving plasma viral load <50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml. In samples classed as phenotypically susceptible to etravirine (fold change in 50% effective concentration ≤3), correlations with genotypic score were consistently high across scoring systems (≥70%). Conclusions In general, the etravirine genotypic scoring systems produced similar results, and genotype-phenotype concordance was high. As such, phenotypic interpretations, and in their absence all genotypic scoring systems investigated, may be used to reliably predict the activity of etravirine.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Sequential Pegylated Interferon-α and Telbivudine or Vice Versa for 48 Weeks in Hepatitis B E Antigen-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Piccolo Paola , Lenci Ilaria , di Paolo Daniele , Demelia Luigi , Sorbello Orazio , Nosotti Lorenzo , Angelico Mario 
Published: August 2012

Background Short-term treatment for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B remains unsatisfactory. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two sequential regimens of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)-α and telbivudine (LdT). Methods Adult patients with biopsy-proven HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B, elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum HBV DNA≥2,000 IU/ml were randomized 1:1 at baseline to receive PEG-IFN 180 μg/week for 24 weeks followed by LdT 600 mg/day for 24 weeks (PEG-IFN first), or vice versa (LdT first), plus 24-week follow-up; individuals with HCV, HDV or HIV coinfections and lamivudine resistance were excluded. Primary end points were serum HBV DNA<2,000 IU/ml and normal ALT at week 72. Results A total of 30 patients (86% male, median age 48 years) were enrolled: mean ±sdbaseline serum HBV DNA was 5.56 ±1.4 log IU/ml and ALT was 2.9 ±2.5x upper limit of normal. At end of follow-up (week 72), HBV DNA<2,000 IU/ml was achieved in 13.3% of participants in the PEG-IFN first group versus 46.7% of those in the LdT first group ( P=0.046). Mean ±sdALT levels were significantly lower in the LdT first group (1.3 ±0.9 versus 3.2 ±2.7x upper limit of normal; P=0.03). PEG-IFN dose was reduced in 2 (7%) patients and 1 (7%) patient dropped out due to myalgia. Conclusions Sequential treatment with 24 weeks PEG-IFN followed or preceded by 24 weeks of LdT is safe. Virological response rate at week 72 was significantly higher in patients treated with LdT followed by PEG-IFN than vice versa. A sequential antiviral regimen of LdT followed by PEG-IFN, if confirmed in larger series, could improve response rates compared with standard PEG-IFN monotherapy.
Stabilization of HIF-2α Induces sVEGFR-1 Production from Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Decreases Tumor Growth in a Murine Melanoma Model
Authors: Roda Julie M. , Wang Yijie , Sumner Laura A. , Phillips Gary S. , Marsh Clay B. , Eubank Timothy D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMacrophage secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in response to hypoxia contributes to tumor growth and angiogenesis. In addition to VEGF, hypoxic macrophages stimulated with GM-CSF secrete high levels of a soluble form of the VEGF receptor (sVEGFR-1), which neutralizes VEGF and inhibits its biological activity. Using mice with a monocyte/macrophage-selective deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α or HIF-2α, we recently demonstrated that the antitumor response to GM-CSF was dependent on HIF-2α–driven sVEGFR-1 production by tumor-associated macrophages, whereas HIF-1α specifically regulated VEGF production. We therefore hypothesized that chemical stabilization of HIF-2α using an inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 (an upstream inhibitor of HIF-2α activation) would increase sVEGFR-1 production from GM-CSF–stimulated macrophages. Treatment of macrophages with the prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 inhibitor AKB-6899 stabilized HIF-2α and increased sVEGFR-1 production from GM-CSF–treated macrophages, with no effect on HIF-1α accumulation or VEGF production. Treatment of B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice with GM-CSF and AKB-6899 significantly reduced tumor growth compared with either drug alone. Increased levels of sVEGFR-1 mRNA, but not VEGF mRNA, were detected within the tumors of GM-CSF– and AKB-6899–treated mice, correlating with decreased tumor vascularity. Finally, the antitumor and antiangiogenic effects of AKB-6899 were abrogated when mice were simultaneously treated with a sVEGFR-1 neutralizing Ab. These results demonstrate that AKB-6899 decreases tumor growth and angiogenesis in response to GM-CSF by increasing sVEGFR-1 production from tumor-associated macrophages. Specific activation of HIF-2α can therefore decrease tumor growth and angiogenesis.
IL-10 Acts As a Developmental Switch Guiding Monocyte Differentiation to Macrophages during a Murine Peritoneal Infection
Authors: Nguyen Huu-Hung , Tran Bich-Thu , Muller Werner , Jack Robert S. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The peritoneal wash of BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice contains two populations of macrophages that differ in their level of expression of MHC class II (MHC II). Although both populations efficiently phagocytose bacteria in vivo, only the MHC IIlo population is effective at phagocytosing apoptotic cells in vivo and only the MHC IIhi population is effective at presenting Ag to T cells in vitro. Soon after induction of a peritoneal infection both of these macrophage populations are lost from the peritoneal wash fraction. Blood monocytes then enter the inflamed peritoneum and develop into new peritoneal macrophages. Whether these monocytes develop into MHC IIlo or into MHC IIhi macrophages is crucially dependent on the cytokine IL-10, which is transiently elevated in the peritoneal wash during the early phase of infection. Monocytes from CD45.1 animals transferred early in infection when the IL-10 concentration is high into congenic CD45.2 recipients develop into the MHC IIlo macrophage population. Monocytes transferred later, when the IL-10 concentration has fallen, develop into the MHC IIhi population. In infected IL-10–deficient animals monocytes fail to develop into the MHC IIlo population but can be induced to do so by exogenous application of IL-10. Finally, high numbers of wild-type monocytes injected into IL-10R1–deficient animals develop into MHC IIlo macrophages and were able by a bystander effect to induce the differentiation of the endogenous monocytes to the same fate.
The Chemokine Receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 Couple to Distinct G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases To Mediate and Regulate Leukocyte Functions
Authors: Raghuwanshi Sandeep K. , Su Yingjun , Singh Vandana , Haynes Katherine , Richmond Ann , Richardson Ricardo M. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The chemokine receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, couple to Gαi to induce leukocyte recruitment and activation at sites of inflammation. Upon activation by CXCL8, these receptors become phosphorylated, desensitized, and internalized. In this study, we investigated the role of different G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in CXCR1- and CXCR2-mediated cellular functions. To that end, short hairpin RNA was used to inhibit GRK2, 3, 5, and 6 in RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing CXCR1 or CXCR2, and CXCL8-mediated receptor activation and regulation were assessed. Inhibition of GRK2 and GRK6 increased CXCR1 and CXCR2 resistance to phosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization, respectively, and enhanced CXCL8-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis and exocytosis in vitro. GRK2 depletion diminished CXCR1-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation but had no effect on CXCR2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. GRK6 depletion had no significant effect on CXCR1 function. However, peritoneal neutrophils from mice deficient in GRK6 (GRK6−/−) displayed an increase in CXCR2-mediated G protein activation but in vitro exhibited a decrease in chemotaxis, receptor desensitization, and internalization relative to wild-type (GRK6+/+) cells. In contrast, neutrophil recruitment in vivo in GRK6−/− mice was increased in response to delivery of CXCL1 through the air pouch model. In a wound-closure assay, GRK6−/− mice showed enhanced myeloperoxidase activity, suggesting enhanced neutrophil recruitment, and faster wound closure compared with GRK6+/+ animals. Taken together, the results indicate that CXCR1 and CXCR2 couple to distinct GRK isoforms to mediate and regulate inflammatory responses. CXCR1 predominantly couples to GRK2, whereas CXCR2 interacts with GRK6 to negatively regulate receptor sensitization and trafficking, thus affecting cell signaling and angiogenesis.
Effect of Various Nutritional Supplements on Hyaluronic Acid Production
Authors: Aroskar V J , Kamat S D , Kamat D V 
Published: August 2012

Effect of various nutritional supplementations on production of hyaluronic acid (HA) using Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus ATCC 39920 was evaluated at shake flask. Among the different carbon sources used, maltodextin showed HA of 0.9 g/L followed by 0.7 g/L for dextrose. L-arginine HCl at 2.0 g/L increased the yield of HA from 0.7 g/L to 0.85 g/L. L-arginine and L-glutamine showed the yield of HA of 0.7 g/L and 1.0 g/L, respectively at 2.0 g/L concentration. L-glutamine (2.0 g/L) and uridine (0.75 g/L) showed HA yield of 0.8 and 1.045 g/L, respectively. Addition of sodium glucuronate at 0.25 g/L concentration at 8 h, the yield of HA was increased from 0.7 g/L to 0.85 g/L. Pantothenic acid at concentration of 8.33 mg/L supplemented to the P10 medium, yield of 0.87 g/L of HA was obtained. Active dry yeast at 5.0 g/L increased yield of HA from 0.7 g/L to 0.85 g/L. Tween 80 at higher concentration reduced HA production. The addition of MgSO4.7H2O at 1.0 g/L improved the production of HA. Other metal ions like manganese, ferrous, copper, and zinc have no significant effect on HA production. Thus, it has been found that various nutritional supplements have effect on production of HA using S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus ATCC 39920
Corneal Biomechanical Properties in Children with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kara Necip , Yildirim Yusuf , Univar Tolga , Kontbay Tugba 
Published: August 2012

Purpose. To compare the biomechanical properties of corneas in eyes of children with diabetes mellitus and in eyes of children without diabetes mellitus. Methods. In this prospective, comparative, and cross-sectional study, 46 patients with diabetes mellitus (study group) and 50 healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled. The corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were measured in children with and without diabetes using the Ocular Response Analyzer. Differences in the corneal biomechanical properties were determined using an independent-samples t test. Correlations between ocular and diabetic parameters were also evaluated. Results. Mean CH was 12.3±1.3 (SD) mmHg and 12.5±1.5 mmHg and the mean CRF was 12.4±1.7 mmHg and 11.9±1.5 mmHg in the diabetic and control groups, respectively (p>0.05). Corneal hysteresis and CRF were not correlated with fasting glucose level, HbA1c, age, or duration of diabetes. Conclusions. The findings indicate that diabetes mellitus does not affect corneal biomechanical parameters such as CH and CRF in children. In addition, CH and CRF are not affected by fasting glucose level, HbA1c, age, or duration of diabetes.
Hip Flexion Deformity Improves without Psoas-Lengthening after Surgical Correction of Fixed Knee Flexion Deformity in Spastic Diplegia
Authors: Rutz Erich , Gaston Mark S. , Tirosh Oren , Brunner Reinald 
Published: August 2012

Background It is unclear if psoas lengthening surgery is required in the treatment of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) with hip flexion deformity and previous studies show equivocal results with regard to functional outcome. Methods This study retrospectively assessed 12 patients with a diagnosis of spastic diplegia who underwent single event multilevel surgery in order to correct deformities in the sagittal plane distal to the hip. Both clinical and instrument gait analysis results were recorded preoperatively, at one year (short term) and at five years (mid term) postoperatively. Results Clinically measured hip and knee movement improved at both short and mid term follow up. Correlations of clinically measured maximum hip and knee extension were significant at all three time points. Angles at terminal stance/toe off for hip and knee from kinematic data also showed significant correlations at all three time points. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the hip flexion deformities encountered in these patients will improve spontaneously when the distal fixed knee flexion deformity is surgically corrected. Therefore correction at the knee allows the ground reaction force to assume a more normal position resulting in correction at the hip over time. This then removes the need for surgery at the hip level. This fact is especially important when applied to psoas lengthening as this procedure can cause significant reduction in propulsion power.