bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pleasure Principle
Authors: Shill Merton A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Sigmund Freud considered the pleasure principle, together with the reality principle, to be a basic regulatory principle of the mind. Influenced by Gustav Fechner, a German physicist considered to be the father of psychophysics, Freud theorized that conscious pleasure and unpleasure (discomfort) were experienced when mental stimulation became too intense. Freud proposed the term
pleasure principle
to denote an inferred mental process that regulates all stimuli impinging on the mind, whether from internal psychological or somatic sources or from external sources of any kind. This principle facilitates psychic processes that reduce or eliminate unpleasant extremes and, in this way, restore mental equilibrium. He later suggested that the mind, in accordance with this principle, develops an unconscious danger signal of anxiety to forewarn itself of impending overstimulation. This signal anxiety then triggers a variety of self‐protective processes in the ego, including physical removal (flight from the anticipated danger) or the various ego defenses, which are the psychic equivalents of physical flight or avoidance (Shill, 2004).
Police Psychology
Authors: Corey Dave , Honig Audrey 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Police psychology aims to assist law enforcement personnel and agencies in carrying out their functions and missions with optimal effectiveness, safety, health, and conformity to laws and ethics. Its nearly 100‐year history dates back to Lewis Terman's testing of San Jose police applicants in 1916, although it was more than 50 years later that its modern era began. Two events in 1968 spurred police psychology's rapid development in America: broad federal funding of hundreds of psychological studies and programs by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and the decision by the Los Angeles Police Department to hire Dr. Martin Reiser as the first full‐time police psychologist in a major law enforcement agency. These events and the activities they spurred contributed to “the steady evolution of an expanding police psychology that has had a major influence on law enforcement” (Scrivner & Kurke, 1995, p. 6).
P
ortugal, Psychology in
Authors: Nobre Pedro J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The roots of psychology in Portugal may be found within the work of some nineteenth‐century professionals, primarily those in the medical sciences (psychiatry, neuropsychiatry) and philosophy. Some of the most prominent pioneers include Miguel Bombarda (1851–1910), Magalhaes de Lemos (1855–1931), Julio de Matos (1856–1922), Elysio de Moura (1877–1910), and Egaz Moniz (1874–1955). Silvio Lima (1904–1993) was the first author to write about the history of psychology in Portugal (Lima, 1950, as cited in Abreu, 2005). Lima, also a historical figure in the field, divided the history of psychology through 1950 into three different periods: the mid‐nineteenth century to 1914, a period characterized by positivism; 1914 to 1941, a period marked by experimental methods; and 1941 to 1950, a period characterized by hermeneutic and humanistic approaches.
Positive Psychology
Authors: Mruk Christopher J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although the concept of positive psychology may be traced back to the late nineteenth century, today the phrase is most often used in two ways. The first is associated with humanistic psychology and arose as a reaction against the reductionistic determinism of traditional psychoanalytic and behavioral psychology. From its beginning, humanistic psychology was concerned with exploring, understanding, and facilitating the development of positive human experience and behavior in an attempt to focus on the whole person.
Postconcussion Syndrome
Authors: Spiegel Eric P. , Vanderploeg Rodney D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA concussion is a physiological disruption of brain function as a result of an external force to the head resulting in a loss or alteration of consciousness. Immediate postinjury objective signs of concussion are a person being dazed, confused, and disoriented, new onset of feeling nauseous or throwing up, or a period of loss of consciousness. Other postconcussion signs may include brief neurological impairments such as not being able to stand, walk, or converse sensibly immediately afterward. Acute subjective symptoms of concussion include feeling lightheaded, “seeing stars,” having blurred vision, headaches, or experiencing ringing in the ears. Postconcussion syndrome (PCS), as the name suggests, is a characteristic complex of subjective symptoms that occurs subsequent to a concussion. In the vast majority of individuals these symptoms resolve within a time period ranging from minutes to 24–72 hours. Although some symptoms may last for days, approximately 90 percent or more of individuals who sustain a concussion are asymptomatic within a couple of weeks.
Postpartum Depression
Authors: Cuijpers Pim 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

For a diagnosis of postpartum depression to be made, the patient must meet the criteria for a major depressive disorder as specified in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM‐IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Furthermore, the onset of the episode of major depression should be within 4 weeks postpartum. That a woman with postpartum depression meets the criteria of a major depression means that she has five or more of the following symptoms (and at least one of these symptoms is 1 or 2): (1) a depressed mood most of the day, (2) a markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities most of the day, (3) significant weight loss or weight gain or a considerable decrease or increase in appetite, (4) insomnia or hypersomnia, (5) psychomotor agitation or retardation, (6) fatigue or loss of energy, (7) feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, (8) concentration problems, and (9) thoughts of death or suicide.
Posttraumatic Growth
Authors: Calhoun Lawrence G. , Tedeschi Richard G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The view that the struggle with major challenges can lead to significant positive changes is present in ancient myths, is a theme in literature, and is reflected in some of the major world religions. Heroes encounter severe hardships and emerge transformed and better persons, and believers who suffer greatly are sanctified through their martyrdom. This theme is captured in the well‐known Latin phrase, attributed to Seneca, the Younger,
per aspera ad astra
—by the harsh road to the stars. Although the idea is ancient, the systematic study of this phenomenon by social and behavioral scientists is recent.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Miller Mark W. , Marx Brian P. , Keane Terence M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder defined by symptoms reflecting disturbances in cognitive, behavioral, and physiological functioning that develop in the wake of exposure to a psychologically traumatic event. According to the
DSM‐IV‐TR
(American Psychiatric Association, 2000), the diagnosis applies to individuals who develop a requisite number of symptoms after experiencing, witnessing, or being confronted with an event that involved perceived or threatened loss of life, serious injury, or loss of physical integrity and that evoked fear, helplessness, or horror (e.g., military combat, sexual or physical assault, serious accidents, and major disasters).
DSM‐IV‐TR
organizes the symptoms of PTSD under three clusters: (1) reexperiencing (e.g., intrusive thoughts, nightmares, flashbacks, and psychophysiological reactivity to reminders of the trauma), (2) avoidance and emotional numbing (e.g., avoiding stimuli associated with the trauma and inability to experience a full range of emotions), and (3) hyperarousal (e.g., hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, and sleep disruption). By definition, these symptoms must persist for more than 1 month after the trauma and produce clinically significant distress and/or impairment.
Prescription Privileges
Authors: Abeles Norman 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In 2004, Louisiana became the second state (after New Mexico) to pass legislation authorizing psychologists to prescribe certain medications for the treatment of mental health disorders (Holloway, 2004). Previously, in 1998, the legislature in the territory of Guam provided the right of psychologists to prescribe under the supervision of psychiatrists. At that time, there were 16 psychologists in Guam. Sammons, Levant, and Page (2003) review the history of the prescriptive authority movement by noting that Senator Daniel K. Inouye (D‐HI) proposed this to the Hawaii Psychological Association in 1984. He believed that this authority would fit nicely into their programmatic theme of transcending traditional boundaries.
Prevention of Mental Disorders
Authors: MuÑOZ Ricardo F. , Mendelson Tamar 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The twentieth century witnessed major advances in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. However, the alarming prevalence of many mental disorders, as well as their devastating consequences for individuals and communities, highlights the need for preventive interventions. Researchers have estimated that existing treatment methods are not sufficient to reduce the burden of depression, anxiety, and substance use by half, even assuming ideal conditions of treatment access, clinician competence, and patient compliance (Andrews & Wilkinson, 2002). Growing recognition of the importance of prevention has spurred research in this area, with considerable progress regarding methods and outcomes of preventive interventions over the past 15 years.
Primary Motor Cortex
Authors: Sanes Jerome N. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The primary motor cortex represents a principal component of sensory motor integration implemented in the brain. Motor cortex has the fundamental function to control voluntary movements, including integration of motor commands with the ongoing somatic sensory state of the body. To accomplish this function, primary motor cortex receives information from sensory, motor‐related, and associative cortical and subcortical brain areas and sends massive output monosynaptically to the spinal cord, especially to alpha‐motor neurons that couple to muscles. From classical perspectives, the primary motor cortex functions as the final cortical output for already processed movement commands, relaying signals from premotor cerebral cortical sites to the spinal cord. Recent evidence, however, indicates more complex and crucial roles for primary motor cortex in processing motor‐related information.
Priming
Authors: Fleischman Debra A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Priming is an implicit (nonconscious) long‐term memory phenomenon that increases the processing efficiency (Schacter & Buckner, 1998) or tuning (Wiggs & Martin, 1998) that occurs as a consequence of a single repetition of an event. Consistent with the notion of increased efficiency or tuning, the neural signature of priming is a decrease in region‐specific activation (i.e., repetition suppression) upon the repeated processing of studied material. This decreased activation contrasts with an increase in activation for explicit (conscious) retrieval for the same material.
Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Kelley Mary E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a data reduction technique formalized by Hotelling (1933) and later characterized statistically by Anderson (1963), although the concept goes back as far as Pearson (1901). PCA, as well as factor analysis, is used in the social sciences mainly to characterize underlying latent variables, or factors, that are represented as weighted combinations of the observed variables. The most common use of PCA in the social sciences is in the form of scale construction (psychometrics), although it can also be used to summarize any set of related variables and has more recently been applied to high‐dimensional data problems in both imaging and genetics.
Problem Solving
Authors: Leighton Jacqueline P. , Babenko Oksana I. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A problem is a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved. For example, if you accidentally lock your car keys inside the car, the problem is how to get home or wherever you need to go without access to the car. Problem solving is the goal‐driven process of changing one state of difficulty into a state that does not include the source of difficulty (Simon, 1999). The state without the source of difficulty is the desirable state. According to Sternberg and colleagues (e.g., Pretz, Naples, & Sternberg, 2003, pp. 4–5) and others (Bransford & Stein, 1993; Hayes, 1989), the problem‐solving process can be described as a cycle of seven steps or events: (1) a problem is recognized or identified in the environment; (2) the problem is defined and represented mentally; (3) within the mental representation generated, a solution strategy is developed to solve the problem; (4) relevant knowledge about the problem is organized; (5) the physical and mental resources needed to solve the problem are distributed; (6) progress toward the goal of solving the problem is monitored; and (7) the solution is evaluated for meeting the goal of solving the problem.
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Authors: Bracke Paul E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) is a fundamental form of stress management that was developed in the early 1920s by Edmund Jackson, an American physician, as a technique to help his patients reduce muscle tension. Jacobson's research demonstrated the connection between excessive muscle tension and a variety of physical and psychological disorders. Specifically, Jacobson's research revealed that muscle tension is always accompanied by a shortening of muscle fibers and that reducing muscle tension reduced central nervous system activity and promoted a relaxed state. That is, because muscle tension is associated with various types of psychological tension (e.g., anxiety), Jacobson hypothesized that anxiety could be reduced by learning to reduce muscle tension.
Projective Identification
Authors: Williams Paul , Seligman Steven 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The term
projective identification
is the best known of Melanie Klein's (1946) concepts. Klein's view was that it refers to an unconscious belief (fantasy) that a part of the self or inner world, usually unwanted, may be disposed of by relocating it into the mental representation of another object. This is usually regarded as a primitive form of the mental mechanism of projection
,
but it is different in that it may involve actual behavior by people toward an object in a way that will allow them to confirm their omnipotent suppositions. This projectively identifying mechanism can be used for a variety of psychological purposes, including denial (disposing of undesirable elements) or controlling in fantasy the object. Or it may be a form of communication, as in the expression of disavowed anger or other unmetabolized affects.
Propensity Scores
Authors: Shadish William R. , Galindo Rodolfo 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A propensity score is the conditional probability of a unit being assigned to a condition, given a set of observed covariates. These scores can be used to equate groups on those covariates by using matching, blocking, weighting, or analysis of covariance. In theory, propensity score adjustments should reduce the bias that often accompanies nonrandom assignment, and the adjusted treatment effects should be closer to the effects that would have occurred had participants been randomly assigned to conditions.
Propaganda
Authors: DiFonzo Nicholas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Propaganda is goal‐oriented communication that employs (to one degree or another) deceptive tactics. The term derives from the Latin word
propagare,
meaning to spread plants to new locations. To spread propaganda originally meant to disseminate information in order to promote a cause, idea, or action (Rogers, 2007). In modern times, propaganda has taken on pejorative connotations: dishonest communication, factoids, rumors, misinformation, dirt, lies, distortions, deceit, manipulation, psychological warfare, and brainwashing (Jowett & O'Donnell, 1986).
Psi Chi
Authors: Wang Alvin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Psi Chi is the National Honor Society in Psychology, founded in 1929 for the purposes of encouraging, stimulating, and maintaining excellence in scholarship and advancing the science of psychology. Membership is open to graduate and undergraduate men and women who are making the study of psychology one of their major interests and who meet the minimum qualifications. Psi Chi is a member of the Association of College Honor Societies and is an affiliate of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Association for Psychological Science (APS). Psi Chi's sister honor society is Psi Beta, the national honor society in psychology for community and junior colleges.
Psychoanalytic Theories
Authors: Fonagy Peter 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPsychoanalytic theory is a continually evolving body of knowledge, but the so‐called genetic or developmental point of view, which regards current functioning as a consequence of developmentally prior phases, has always been central. The notion that mental disorders could be best understood as residues of childhood experiences and primitive modes of mental functioning was key to Freud's thinking (Freud, 1905/1961), and a developmental approach to psychopathology has been the traditional framework of psychoanalysis. Each theory described here focuses on particular aspects of development or specific developmental phases and delineates a model of normal personality development based on clinical experience.
Psychodrama
Authors: Baim Clark 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPsychodrama is a method of group and individual psychotherapy in which people are helped to explore their psychosocial issues by using sensitively guided enactment and a wide range of action‐based techniques. During a psychodrama session, the person in focus recreates significant events, relationships, or internal processes in order to explore their impact, integrate new responses, and gain insight, healing, and growth.
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Authors: Gold Jerry 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The term “Psychodynamic Psychotherapy” is a generic label that is applied to a large group of psychotherapies that are derived theoretically and technically from clinical psychoanalysis. The term usually is understood as being synonymous with the terms “Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy” or “Psychoanalytically Oriented Psychotherapy.” These psychotherapies share certain commonalities with regard to their approaches to understanding psychopathology, their psychological change strategies, and interventions that mark them as descendants of traditional or classical psychoanalysis, but they also differ from classical psychoanalysis and from each other in numerous ways, both theoretically and clinically.
Psycholinguistics
Authors: Meteyard Lotte 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMost would agree that modern psycholinguistics began after Noam Chomsky's review ofVerbal Behaviorby B. F. Skinner (1959), which rejected the book's behaviorist explanation of language development and use. Acquisition could not be explained by simple input–output relations, Chomsky wrote, because the input was not consistent or comprehensive enough (the “poverty of the stimulus” argument). The only way to explain language was to understand and explain the internal, cognitive representations that mediate input and output. Psycholinguistics brings psychologist cognitive scientists and linguists together in the study of the cognitive processes that underpin the acquisition, representation, production, perception, and comprehension of language. This article focuses on behavioral research and identifies comprehensive texts on psycholinguistics in the references. The relevance to psycholinguistics of bilingualism (see Kroll & De Groot, 2005), neuropsychology (see Caplan, 1996), and neuroscience (Hartley, 2001; Gaskell, 2007) are not included in this presentation.
Psychological Assessment
Authors: Weiner Irving B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPsychological assessment consists of a variety of procedures for evaluating characteristics of people. Psychological assessment has sometimes been equated with psychological testing, but the assessment process goes beyond merely giving tests. Psychological assessors integrate information obtained not only from test protocols, but also from interviews, behavioral observations, collateral reports, and historical documents. This article describes these sources of information and the applications of assessment information in clinical, educational, health care, forensic, and industrial/organizational settings.
Psychological Autopsy
Authors: White Thomas W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractApproximately five decades ago, the termpsychological autopsyfirst appeared in the mental health literature. The methodology is most often associated with cases of completed suicide and involves constructing a psychological profile of the deceased during the time immediately prior to death. By conducting interviews with significant individuals, reviewing records, and investigating events that appear to bear directly on the deceased's emotional state, investigators seek to determine the motivation or circumstances that may have contributed to the death. Initially, it was utilized as a clinical tool to assist coroners and medical examiners in determining the cause of death in equivocal cases (Clark & Horton‐Deutsch, 1992), but the technique has evolved over the years to become a recognized research, clinical, and forensic tool. Yet despite this general acceptance, the methodology still has many critics and a number of legitimate shortcomings that severely limit its utility in some settings (Pouliot & De Leo, 2006) while offering promise in others (Aufderheide, 2000).
Psychological Mindedness
Authors: Beitel Mark 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPsychological mindedness (PM) is the ability to process information with reference to a psychological system. Hatcher and Hatcher (1997) explain that different psychological systems may lead to different conceptualizations of PM. Fundamentally, however, PM requires identifying some data as psychological (rather than biological, religious, economic, etc.) and finding psychological meaning in the data. Therefore, the psychologically minded person is capable of making psychological rather than purely biological, religious, economic, or any other nonpsychological attributions for behavior. For example, a psychologically minded person might explain an aggressive outburst by saying, “I did it because I was angry,” rather than “The devil made me do it” or “I have a chemical imbalance.”
Psychological Science
Authors: Boneau C. Alan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Psychological science connotes the application of scientific methods and rationales to the study of psychological issues to produce a utilizable body of knowledge called, appropriately, psychological science. To make the story complete, the brief discussion here characterizes psychological content, explicates relevant scientific method and practice, details some historical developments and insights that made this conflation of psychology and science possible, and mentions in passing the relationship of psychological science to the vast arena of scientific endeavor.