bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission of triple‐class, drug‐resistant HIV‐1 in Australia
Authors: Tong W. W. Y. , McAllister J. , White P. A. , Kelleher A. D. , Carr A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe report the first two cases of transmitted triple‐class, drug‐resistant HIV‐1 in Australia. Baseline testing of a newly diagnosed man showed four reverse transcriptase resistance mutations (affecting two drug classes) and six protease resistance mutations. A source patient was identified, and a likely second case newly infected 1 year later, suggesting sequential transmission. This raises therapeutic implications for the individual patients, as well as public health concerns.
Effects of long‐term exercise class on prevention of falls in community‐dwelling elderly: Kahoku longitudinal aging study
Authors: Fujisawa Michiko , Ishine Masayuki , Okumiya Kiyohito , Nishinaga Masanori , Doi Yoshinori , Ozawa Toshio , Matsubayashi Kozo 
Published: September 2010

Background:  We intended to compare the effect on preventing falls between the subjects participating and not participating in exercise classes over 8 years of follow up in all the community‐dwelling elderly in Kahoku Town, Kochi Prefecture, Japan.Methods:  We compared falling state both in 1993 and 2001 between 119 participants (male : female ratio, 51:68; mean age, 72.5 years) in exercise class during the 8‐year period from 1993–2001, and 878 non‐participants (M : F ratio, 243:635; mean age, 73.4 years). We assessed the long‐term effects of participating in exercise classes on preventing falls via multivariate, longitudinal analysis.Results:  Only participation in both the 1993–1995 period and 1996–2001 one was a significantly independent contributing factor for prevention of falls even after the adjustment for age, sex, activities of daily living, depression scale and presence/absence of oral drugs (odds ratio, 0.20; P = 0.007). Although it failed to reach significance in this study, recent and continuing exercise was supposed to be effective for prevention of falls.Conclusion:  Unlike a short program, long‐continuing exercise is effective in preventing falls of community‐dwelling elderly for a long time after the adjustment of age, activities of daily living, depression and other confounding variables.
Different changes of bone mineral density and nutritional status after hospitalization between vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in elderly female patients
Authors: Suzuki Atsuko , Fukuo Keisuke , Yasuda Osamu , Taniguchi Kazuhisa , Kitano Shoichi , Ogihara Toshio 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Bone fractures strongly influence morbidity and mortality in elderly patients with dementia. The goal of this study was to examine whether difference in the type of dementia affects changes of bone mineral density (BMD) during hospitalization with rehabilitation programs.Methods:  Ninety‐four Japanese elderly female patients were enrolled. BMD, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, and levels of serum albumin, calcium‐related factors and urinary calcium excretion were measured.Results:  Multivariable analyses indicated that serum albumin levels and MMSE scores were positively correlated with changes in BMD after 2 years hospitalization. Significant reduction of BMD levels after hospitalization were observed in patients with severe dementia (MMSE scores, <10) or with severe malnutrition (serum albumin, <2.0). We next classified our subjects into three groups according to the 4th edn of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual criteria: non‐dementia (ND), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Although there were no significant differences in age and physical activities among the groups; the levels of BMD were maintained in AD as well as ND but not in VaD. Notably, calcium excretion levels were significantly decreased after hospitalization in AD as well as ND but not in VaD. Serum 25(OH)D levels were also restored in AD but not in VaD. In addition, the nutritional status significantly improved in AD but not in VaD.Conclusion:  The levels of BMD were maintained and the nutritional status was improved in AD but not in VaD for 2 years hospitalization with rehabilitation programs. These results suggest that different programs including nutritional support may be necessary for maintaining BMD levels in VaD as compared with AD during hospitalization.
Implications of different DCCT‐aligned HbA1c methods on GMS clinical indicators
Authors: Twomey P. J. , Rayman G. , Pledger D. R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  In 2003, a new General Medical Services (GMS) contract was agreed between UK general practitioners and the Department of Health. The three diabetes codes DM5–DM7 require glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) testing and comprise 30 points in total, with 27 points being related to target glycaemic control. We compared two routinely used Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)‐aligned HbA1c methods to determine if different HbA1c methods could lead to postcode treatment to target across the UK.Methods  A total of 164 specimens were randomly selected from diabetic patients attending the Diabetes Centre at the Ipswich Hospital. Samples were analysed on both a DCA 2000®+ Analyser and a Variant II analyser.Results  Despite a mean difference of only 6.5% between the two methods, 32 (19.5%) and 63 (38.4%) patient samples had an HbA1c ≤ 7.4% with the Variant II analyser and DCA 2000®+ Analyser, respectively. Thus, the two methods differed according to the DM6 GMS target by 31 patients, or 18.9% of the total number of patients in this study. The difference between the two methods was statistically significant with P < 10−09 (McNemar's test).Conclusions  DCCT‐alignment has improved the transferability of HbA1c values; however, it is not perfect. It is important that the limitations of current DCCT‐aligned HbA1c methods are understood by health‐care professionals and policy makers, as these may have important financial and clinical implications.
Prevalence and associations of psychological distress in young adults with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hislop A. L. , Fegan P. G. , Schlaeppi M. J. , Duck M. , Yeap B. B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAims  To determine the prevalence of psychological distress in young adults with Type 1 diabetes and to explore associated factors.Methods  Ninety‐two participants with Type 1 diabetes (46 male, 46 female) attending a young adult clinic completed two psychological self‐report assessments; the Centre for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale (CES‐D) and Adult Self‐Report Scale (ASR). The mean age was 21.6 ± 2.8 years (sd) and mean duration of diabetes was 9.3 ± 5.4 years. A questionnaire identified the method of insulin delivery, the frequency of blood glucose monitoring and hypoglycaemia requiring third‐party assistance. HbA1c was measured.Results  Of the participants, 35.2% reported depressive symptoms (CES‐D ≥ 16), 23.1% indicating severe depressive symptoms (CES‐D ≥ 24), and 32.2, 40.4 and 35.5% of participants reported significant distress (ASR ≥ 60) on the ASR total problem scales, ASR internalizing and ASR externalizing scores, respectively. Mean HbA1c levels were higher in participants with depressive symptoms compared with those with normal scores (CES‐D ≥ 16, HbA1c= 9.4% vs. CES‐D < 16, HbA1c= 8.4%, P = 0.01). Factors associated with psychological distress included use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) (P = 0.02) and increased frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes (P = 0.03). CSII users had higher CES‐D (21.3 vs. 11.9, P = 0.001) and ASR‐Total (59.7 vs. 53.0, P = 0.02) scores than non‐CSII users.Conclusions  Approximately one‐third of young adults with Type 1 diabetes experience psychological distress, which is associated with poorer glycaemic control. Psychological distress was related to frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes and method of insulin administration, with significantly greater distress being observed in those using CSII. These findings support inclusion of a psychologist in the diabetes team.
The association of genetic variants in Krüppel‐like factor 11 and Type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population
Authors: Tanahashi T. , Shinohara K. , Keshavarz P. , Yamaguchi Y. , Miyawaki K. , Kunika K. , Moritani M. , Nakamura N. , Yoshikawa T. , Shiota H. , Inoue H. , Itakura M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAims  Krüppel‐like factor 11 (KLF11) is a transcriptional factor of the zinc finger domain family that regulates the expression of insulin. In North European populations, its common functional variant Q62R (rs35927125) is a strong genetic factor for Type 2 diabetes (P = 0.00033, odds ratio for G allele = 1.29, 95% CI 1.12–1.49). We examined the contribution of KLF11 variants to the susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population.Methods  By re‐sequencing Japanese individuals (n = 24, partly 96), we screened all four exons, exon/intron boundaries and flanking regions of KLF11. Verified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 731 initial samples (369 control and 362 case subjects). Subsequently, we tested for association in 1087 samples (524 control and 563 case subjects), which were collected in different districts of Japan from the initial samples.Results  We identified eight variants, including a novel A/C variant on intron 3, but no mis‐sense mutations. In an association study, we failed to find any significant result of SNPs (minor allele frequency 8.2–46.2%) after correcting for multiple testing. Similarly, no haplotypes were associated with Type 2 diabetes. It is notable that the G allele in rs35927125 was completely absent in 1818 Japanese individuals.Conclusions  Genetic variants in KLF11 are unlikely to have a major effect of Type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population, although they were significantly associated in North European populations. These observations might help to determine the role of KLF11 variants in Type 2 diabetes in different populations.
Diabetic retinopathy is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Targher G. , Bertolini L. , Zenari L. , Lippi G. , Pichiri I. , Zoppini G. , Muggeo M. , Arcaro G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAims  We investigated the association of diabetic retinopathy with the risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in a large cohort of Type 2 diabetic adults.Methods  Our study cohort comprised 2103 Type 2 diabetic outpatients who were free of diagnosed CVD at baseline. Retinal findings were classified based on fundoscopy (by a single ophthalmologist) to categories of no retinopathy, non‐proliferative retinopathy and proliferative/laser‐treated retinopathy. Outcomes measures were incident CVD events (i.e. non‐fatal myocardial infarction, non‐fatal ischaemic stroke, coronary revascularization procedures or cardiovascular death).Results  During approximately 7 years of follow‐up, 406 participants subsequently developed incident CVD events, whereas 1697 participants remained free of diagnosed CVD. After adjustment for age, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, lipids, glycated haemoglobin, diabetes duration and medications use, patients with non‐proliferative or proliferative/laser‐treated retinopathy had a greater risk (P < 0.001 for all) of incident CVD events than those without retinopathy [hazard ratio 1.61 (95% confidence interval 1.2–2.6) and 3.75 (2.0–7.4) for men, and 1.67 (1.3–2.8) and 3.81 (2.2–7.3) for women, respectively]. After additional adjustment for hypertension and advanced nephropathy (defined as overt proteinuria and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2), the risk of incident CVD remained markedly increased in those with proliferative/laser‐treated retinopathy [hazard ratio 2.08 (1.02–3.7) for men and 2.41 (1.05–3.9) for women], but not in those with non‐proliferative retinopathy.Conclusions  Diabetic retinopathy (especially in its more advanced stages) is associated with an increased CVD incidence independent of other known cardiovascular risk factors.
Unrecognized glucose intolerance is not associated with depression. Screening for Impaired Glucose Tolerance study 3 (SIGT 3)
Authors: Rhee M. K. , Musselman D. , Ziemer D. C. , Vaccarino V. , Kolm P. , Weintraub W. S. , Caudle J. M. , Varughese R. M. , Irving J. M. , Phillips L. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAims  To understand the metabolic and temporal links in the relationship between diabetes and depression, we determined the association between depressive symptoms and unrecognized glucose intolerance.Methods  In a cross‐sectional study, 1047 subjects without known diabetes were screened for diabetes or pre‐diabetes using the oral glucose tolerance test and for depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ).Results  Mean age was 48 years, body mass index 30 kg/m2; 63% were female, 54% black, 11% previously treated for depression and 10% currently treated; 5% had diabetes and 34% pre‐diabetes. Median PHQ score was 2 (interquartile range 0–5). Depressive symptoms did not increase with worsening glucose tolerance, after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, family history, exercise, education and depression treatment.Conclusions  There is no association between depressive symptoms and unrecognized glucose intolerance. However, it remains possible that diagnosed diabetes, with its attendant health concerns, management issues, and/or biological changes, may be a risk for subsequent development of depression. Thus, patients with newly diagnosed diabetes should be counselled appropriately and monitored for the development of depression.
Estimating collateral mortality from towed fishing gear
Authors: Broadhurst Matt K. , Suuronen Petri , Hulme Alex 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMore than 50% of the world's total marine catch (approximately 81 million tonnes) is harvested using towed fishing gears (i.e. Danish seines, dredges and otter and beam trawls). As for all methods, the total fishing mortality of these gears comprises the reported (landed) and unreported catch and other unaccounted, collateral deaths due to (i) avoiding, (ii) escaping, (iii) dropping out of the gear during fishing, (iv) discarding from the vessel, (v) ghost fishing of lost gear, (vi) habitat destruction or subsequent (vii) predation and (viii) infection from any of the above. The inherent poor selectivity of many towed gears, combined with their broad spatial deployment, means that there is considerable potential for cumulative effects of (i)–(viii) listed above on total fishing mortality, and subsequent wide‐scale negative impacts on stocks of important species. In this paper, we develop a strategy for minimizing this unwanted exploitation by reviewing all the primary literature studies that have estimated collateral, unaccounted fishing mortalities and identifying the key causal factors. We located more than 80 relevant published studies (between 1890 and early 2006) that quantified the mortalities of more than 120 species of escaping (26 papers) or discarded (62 papers) bivalves, cephalopods, crustaceans, echinoderms, elasmobranches, reptiles, teleosts and miscellaneous organisms. Seven of these studies also included the estimates of mortalities caused by dropping out of gears, predation and infection [(iii), (vii) and (viii) listed above]. Owing to several key biological (physiology, size and catch volume and composition), environmental (temperature, hypoxia, sea state and availability of light) and technical (gear design, tow duration and speed) factors, catch‐and‐escape or catch‐and‐discarding mechanisms were identified to evoke cumulative negative effects on the health of most organisms. We propose that because the mortalities of discards typically are much greater than escapees, the primary focus of efforts to mitigate unaccounted fishing mortalities should concentrate on the rapid, passive, size and species selection of non‐target organisms from the anterior sections of towed gears during fishing. Once maximum selection has been achieved and demonstrated to cause few mortalities, efforts should be made to modify other operational and/or post‐capture handling procedures that address the key causal factors listed above.
Omnidirectional multibeam sonar monitoring: applications in fisheries science
Authors: Brehmer Patrice , Lafont Thierry , Georgakarakos Stratis , Josse Erwan , Gerlotto François , Collet Christophe 
Published: September 2010

AbstractData exploitation, acquired by medium‐frequency omnidirectional multibeam sonar, enables original studies in fisheries research but is seldom used despite the fact that such equipment is found on most fishing vessels and a number of research vessels. This is the only system for real‐time monitoring of fish schools within a horizontal omnidirectional plane about a vessel or a buoy. Between 1996 and 2001, we used two standard omnidirectional sonars and developed new methodologies for exploiting their specific acoustic data according to two main sampling schemes: ‘prospecting’, including fishing and searching operations, and ‘drifting’, as with an instrumental buoy system or aboard a stationary vessel. We present a complete method for continuous data acquisition from aboard a research vessel or commercial boat, with automated data extraction by picture analysis and a data processing method. Two cases of data analysis are considered: the first on a school‐by‐school basis, the ‘single school’ mode; the second taking into account all fish schools detected within the sonar sampling volume, the ‘cluster’ mode. Elementary sonar information is divided into five categories that comprise 24 survey and sonar parameters and 55 school, cluster and fisher behaviour descriptors. We review the applications of these categories and discuss perspectives for their use in fisheries science. If the sonar system enables the evaluation of the effects of vessel avoidance on fish school biomass assessment, no accurate abundance estimate can be provided by a simple sonar echo‐integration process. Omnidirectional sonar data can be used to analyse collectively the fish schools’ swimming speed, kinematics in terms of diffusion and migration, aggregative dynamics as school splitting and merging indexes, spatial characteristics of clusters such as school density, 2D structure and fisher behaviour. The prospect of integrating such data into a fish school database, including multifrequency echo‐sounder and lateral multibeam (3D) sonar data combined with a species recognition method, will enable a complete view of fish school behaviour and consequently the adoption of accurate fisheries management methods.
Seasoned equity offerings and the short‐ and long‐run performance of initial public offerings in the UK
Authors: Levis Mario 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn contrast to the US practice, rights issues is the predominant method of raising additional equity capital in the London market. the UK evidence for the period 1980‐1991 provides no support to the hypothesis that IPO firms deliberately underprice to signal their quality and facilitate subsequent seasoned equity offerings. the level of initial returns is related neither to the size of the issue nor to the price response at the announcement of a rights issue. the results demonstrate, however, that firms with higher first day returns are quicker in returning to the market for additional equity capital. There is also strong evidence to suggest that the announcement of a seasoned equity offering follows a period of significant rises in the stock prices of reissuing firms. Such gains are, however, dissipated quickly in the 18 months after the announcement of the seasoned equity offering. the level of underperformance is particularly pronounced for firms that raised relatively small subsequent amounts of capital in relation to funds raised at the initial offering. Thus, the paper documents a pattern of post‐issue behaviour which is fundamentally similar for both unseasoned and seasoned equity offerings.
Why Have Debt Ratios Increased for Firms in Emerging Markets?
Authors: Mitton Todd 
Published: September 2010

Abstract I study trends in capital structure between 1980 and 2004 in a sample of over 11,000 firms from 34 emerging markets. The average firm's market‐value debt ratio rose by 15 percentage points over this quarter century. I study how this rise in leverage was influenced by firm‐level factors and by the availability of debt financing at the country level. The central finding is that the increase in debt ratios can largely be attributed to changes in the characteristics of emerging market firms over this period. For the average firm, the most prominent determinants of capital structure – size, profitability, asset tangibility, and growth opportunities – all shifted in the direction implying a higher optimal level of debt. At the country level, increased financial development within the country is associated with lower debt ratios, but increased financial openness to foreign markets is associated with higher debt ratios.
When Worlds Collide: Enforcing United Nations Security Council Asset Freezes in the EU Legal Order
Authors: Godinho Jorge 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAsset freezes are since 2000 being applied by the United Nations (UN) Security Council (SC) to non‐state actors. This came about as a ‘mutation’ of the sanctions program initiated by Resolutions 1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002): currently the targets are only supected terrorists or terrorism financiers.This ‘mutation’ has created perplexities and problems, namely for the EU, which enforces UN SC Resolutions by a combination of first and second pillar methods. The main problem concerns issues of fundamental rights, currently being litigated.The debate on the compatibility of the current practice of UN SC asset freezing within EU law takes place amidst a fundamental lack of clarity as to the exact purposes and operational objectives of such freezes. It is argued that this practice amounts to an ad hoc (para‐)criminal procedure measure, enacted by political bodies rather than courts, and without judicial oversight.The current UN SC practice of asset freezing against non‐state actors breaches the right to judicial review, as well as the presumption of innocence. If this practice it is to continue at all, methods that make it fully compatible with the rule of law must be adopted. Especially, their renewal ad aeternum should not be possible.
Initiatives for developing and comparing genotype interpretation systems: external validation of existing rule‐based interpretation systems for abacavir against virological response†
Authors: Cozzi‐Lepri A ,   on behalf of the Standardization and Clinical Relevance of HIV Drug Resistance Testing Project for the Forum for Collaborative HIV Research
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesTo investigate the concordance between any of the results of nine HIV‐1 drug‐resistance interpretation systems (ISs) and their ability to predict week 8 and week 24 virological responses to abacavir‐containing combination therapy.Patients and MethodsA total of 1306 HIV‐infected patients with a viral load >500 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL and a baseline genotypic resistance test were included in the study. Predicted abacavir susceptibilities according to each rule‐based IS were compared. Linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the prognostic value of each IS for week 8 and week 24 responses, respectively.ResultsA median of three (interquartile range 1–5) abacavir mutations were detected at baseline. Comparing the IS predictions for abacavir susceptibility, 9% to 45% of patients were predicted to have resistant (R) virus, 9% to 53% virus with intermediate (I) resistance, and 23% to 74% susceptible (S) virus. Overall, the median week 8 viral load reduction was 1.61 log10 copies/mL (95% confidence interval 1.52–1.71) and 50% of patients experienced virological failure at 24 weeks. Most ISs showed better virological responses with S and I viruses than with R viruses.ConclusionsDespite some degree of variability in predicted abacavir susceptibility among ISs, most ISs are useful to predict virological response.