bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing Oxidation of Foods Through Antioxidant Active Packaging Based on Ethyl Vinyl Alcohol and Natural Flavonoids
Authors: López‐de‐Dicastillo Carol , Pezo Davinson , Nerín Cristina , López‐Carballo Gracia , Catalá Ramón , Gavara Rafael , Hernández‐Muñoz Pilar 
Published: January 2012

The development of antioxidant active packaging systems is attracting considerable attention as one of the preferred emerging technologies for reducing the incidence of lipid peroxidation. This work presents the use of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer films containing two natural flavonoids, catechin and quercetin, to reduce the oxidation of food. In a series of experiments, these materials showed their ability to reduce the presence of hydroxyl radicals in the package headspace. Packaging fried peanuts in bags manufactured with these active films resulted in a large reduction in the presence of hexanal, a compound produced during peroxidation of the unsaturated fat in peanuts. The results indicated that the materials actively reduced the presence of radical oxidative species although the antioxidants are not released into the food. On exposing sunflower oil to the films, the peroxide values obtained showed that the films actively protected the oil; because of the higher solubility of quercetin in this food product as well as the higher antioxidant capacity, the samples containing this flavonoid were more efficient.Industrial relevance: Active packaging is receiving considerable attention as an emerging technology that can be used to improve the quality and the stability of food, reducing the direct addition of chemicals and the need for changes in formulation. The results of this study show that it is possible to reduce food oxidation without adding antioxidants to the food. The films obtained can be used to protect any type of food, including dry or fatty products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A quasi‐spheroidal system for modelling global atmospheres: geodetic coordinates
Authors: White A. A. , Inverarity G. W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn global atmospheric models, the geopotentials of apparent gravity are usually represented as spheres following minor but systematic approximations, including neglect of the ellipticity of the Figure of the Earth and of the latitude variation of the magnitude of apparent gravity, g. Improved representation using families of simple spheroids encounters various problems. Confocal oblate spheroids are technically convenient but qualitatively unsuitable as regards the implied latitude variation of g and vice versa for similar oblate spheroids. Representation of geopotentials by the quasi‐spheroidal surfaces of the geodetic coordinate system (used in aircraft navigation and satellite geodesy) is considered here. A single reference spheroid represents the Figure of the Earth, and exterior geopotentials are represented by surfaces of constant perpendicular distance from the reference spheroid. These surfaces are not precise spheroids, and latitude variation of g is not represented. The (orthogonal) coordinates are longitude, geographic latitude and perpendicular height above the reference spheroid. The geodetic system has many desirable features, including ease of transformation to Cartesian coordinates and hence derivation of the metric factors (not required for geodesy or navigation). Transformation from Cartesian coordinates is not analytically straightforward, but is amenable to perturbation or efficient numerical solution. A comparison is made with precisely spheroidal coordinate systems. Copyright © 2011 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A Gaussian‐mixture ensemble transform filter
Authors: Reich Sebastian 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe generalize the popular ensemble Kalman filter to an ensemble transform filter, in which the prior distribution can take the form of a Gaussian mixture or a Gaussian kernel density estimator. The design of the filter is based on a continuous formulation of the Bayesian filter analysis step. We call the new filter algorithm the ensemble Gaussian‐mixture filter (EGMF). The EGMF is implemented for three simple test problems (Brownian dynamics in one dimension, Langevin dynamics in two dimensions and the three‐dimensional Lorenz‐63 model). It is demonstrated that the EGMF is capable of tracking systems with non‐Gaussian uni‐ and multimodal ensemble distributions. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The origins and later developments of molecular orbital theory
Authors: Murrell John N 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHund in 1926 speculated on the assignment of quantum numbers for the electronic states of diatomic molecules, basing his assignments on the correlation between the diatomic states and those of the united atom limit. Mulliken, who had earlier considered the problem of this assignment using old quantum theory, followed Hund in 1927, in the new quantum theory, correlating the states of a diatomic molecule from the united to the separated atoms. In 1932, he introduced the term orbital for the one‐electron states of an atom or molecule. He was the first to seriously explore the orbitals of polyatomic molecules (1932). Burrau in 1927 made the first successful attempt to solve the Schrodinger's equation for H, and Condon (1927) assigned two electrons to Burrau's orbital to obtain an estimate of the binding energy of H2. Lennard‐Jones (LJ) (1929) introduced the linear combination of atomic orbital model, and following the aufbau principle showed that this explained the paramagnetism of O2. Slater (1929) wrote many‐electron wave functions as determinants of spin‐orbitals, and LJ (1949) showed that with this formulation molecular orbitals (MOs) could be transformed into bond‐localized functions; this provided the link to the valence bond approach and the traditional view of the chemical bond. Huckel (1930) was the first to develop a semiempirical MO model for π‐electron hydrocarbons, and this was later extended by others for all‐electron wave functions. Boys (1950) saw the implication of Gaussian functions for calculating the electron repulsion integrals needed for ab initio calculations, and a later approach by Kohn and coworkers (1964 and 1965) produced a density functional MO theory in which electron repulsion is calculated from the whole electron density. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Technological development at the boundaries of the firm: a knowledge‐based examination in drug development
Authors: Macher Jeffrey T. , Boerner Christopher 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper examines how the knowledge‐based view (KBV) can be applied to firm boundary decisions and the performance implications of those decisions. At the center of the paper is a theoretical and empirical examination of how firms most efficiently organize for technological development. We find that distinct organization approaches are advantaged in the speed of technological development depending on the structure of technological development problems and the depth of firms' technological area experience. We make theoretical and empirical contributions to KBV research that examines knowledge development and transfer. Drug development in the pharmaceutical industry serves as our empirical setting. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tunable Aqueous Virtual Micropore
Authors: Park Jae Hyun , Guan Weihua , Reed Mark A. , Krstić Predrag S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA charged microparticle can be trapped in an aqueous environment by forming a narrow virtual pore—a cylindrical space region in which the particle motion in the radial direction is limited by forces emerging from dynamical interactions of the particle charge and dipole moment with an external radiofrequency quadrupole electric field. If the particle satisfies the trap stability criteria, its mean motion is reduced exponentially with time due to the viscosity of the aqueous environment; thereafter the long‐time motion of particle is subject only to random, Brownian fluctuations, whose magnitude, influenced by the electrophoretic and dielectrophoretic effects and added to the particle size, determines the radius of the virtual pore, which is demonstrated by comparison of computer simulations and experiment. The measured size of the virtual nanopore could be utilized to estimate the charge of a trapped micro‐object.
Targetable Gold Nanorods for Epithelial Cancer Therapy Guided by Near‐IR Absorption Imaging
Authors: Choi Jihye , Yang Jaemoon , Bang Doyeon , Park Joseph , Suh Jin‐Suck , Huh Yong‐Min , Haam Seungjoo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWell‐designed nanoparticle‐mediated, image‐guided cancer therapy has attracted interest for increasing the efficacy of cancer treatment. A new class of smart theragnostic nanoprobes employing cetuximab (CET)‐conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated gold nanorods (CET‐PGNRs) is presented; these nanoprobes target epithelial cancer cells using near‐infrared light. The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide bilayer on GNRs is replaced with heterobifunctional PEG (COOH‐PEG‐SH) to serve as a biocompatible stabilizer and to increase specificity. The carboxylated GNRs are further functionalized with CET using 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N‐hydroxysuccinimide (EDC‐NHS) chemistry. To assess the potential of such GNRs, their optical properties, biocompatibility, colloidal stability, in vitro/in vivo binding affinities for cancer cells, absorption imaging, and photothermal therapy effects are investigated. CET‐PGNRs exhibit excellent tumor targeting ability and strong potential for simultaneous absorption imaging and photothermal ablation of epithelial cancer cells.
Charity begins at home
Authors: Kirby Roger 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAt the very beginning of 2012, as we embark on our second full year of publication of Trends in Urology & Men's Health, it seems appropriate to consider the important work of some of the charities that we have featured previously. The endeavours of medical charities in the UK to support research and provide information to patients and the general public sometimes go unnoticed by busy clinicians. As a consequence, in Trends we have consistently tried to draw attention to their work directed towards men's health. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Barrett's oesophagus: raising awareness in heartburn sufferers
Authors: Caygill Christine P.J. , Watson Anthony , Reed Peter I. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBarrett's oesophagus is of particular relevance to men – almost twice as many men as women develop the condition, and of these men, three times as many go on to develop cancer. It is therefore particularly important that men are aware of the risk factors outlined here. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Reducing harm in healthcare through understanding the ‘human factor’
Authors: Reynard John 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThere is accumulating evidence that, in spite of advances in modern medicine, error remains a potent source of death, disability and wasted expenditure. John Reynard believes that a reduction in preventable medical errors can be achieved through improved communication and an understanding of the human factors involved in generating potential mistakes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
The P/Q channel in human disease: untangling the genetics and physiology
Authors: Schorge Stephanie , Rajakulendran Sanjeev 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSeveral neurological disorders are associated with mutations in CACNA1A, the gene which encodes the core subunit of P/Q calcium channels. Although there is overlap between the various phenotypes, particularly with respect to cerebellar involvement, different disorders are increasingly being associated with different aspects of P/Q‐channel function. A preliminary genotype–phenotype relationship indicates that while almost any type of P/Q dysfunction can lead to progressive ataxia, mutations that increase channel function and those that remove arginines from S4 voltage sensors are most associated with migraine. In contrast, episodic ataxia and, to a lesser extent, epilepsy may be caused by mutations that decrease channel function. This dissection of channelopathies associated with P/Q channels is a case study of how rare experiments of nature may inform us about the different functions of widely expressed genes that play multiple roles in neurons. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012,1:311–320. doi: 10.1002/wmts.22For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
The inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor in C. elegans
Authors: Allman Erik , Thyagarajan Baskaran , Nehrke Keith 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a genetic model organism whose cellular physiology is closely related to that of mammals, with many signaling cascades and second messengers mirroring those found in higher organisms. Due to the genetic, anatomical, and behavioral simplicity of worms, integrative physiological techniques are relatively straightforward and represent a powerful approach to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying more complex system functions. Studies of the nematode inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) have led to advances in our understanding of its role in development and behavior. Unlike mammals, which express three InsP3R isoforms, nematodes express only a single InsP3R coded for by the itr‐1 gene. Forward genetic screens have resulted in the generation of conditional loss‐ and gain‐of‐function alleles of itr‐1, and genetic epistasis analyses have provided insight into how the InsP3R integrates various signals to regulate morphogenesis, sensation, and rhythmic behaviors. Novel techniques in the worm model have helped to define cell‐specific regulatory pathways that control InsP3 signaling and have shed light on new roles for the InsP3R itself in systems physiology. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012,1:321–328. doi: 10.1002/wmts.25For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Osteotomy, Arthrodesis, and Arthroplasty for Complex Multiapical Deformity of the Leg
Authors: Lesiak Alex C. , Vosseller J. Turner , Rozbruch S. Robert 
Published: January 2012

Background Assessment of diaphyseal deformity in the tibia consists of delineating anatomic axes or cortical lines with resultant apices of deformity. Single-apex deformities have been well described both in terms of assessment and treatment, whereas double-level deformities with metaphyseal and/or juxtacortical involvement are less straightforward. Multiapical deformities of the lower extremity, though uncommon, are the next level of complexity and provide the surgeon with a difficult correctional mission. Case Description We report two cases of multiapical deformity of the tibia, both of which were secondary to a distant history of tibial fracture with resultant knee and ankle joint degeneration and deformity. Both cases had three levels of deformity that were addressed with tibial osteotomy, ankle fusion, and total knee replacement. Initial presentation, problem lists, surgical treatment, and subsequent results are reviewed. Literature Review Treatment of a post-traumatic three-level deformity has never specifically been addressed in the literature, although the principles of treatment are the same as for less complex deformities. Purposes and Clinical Relevance These two cases present a treatment approach for complex, multiapical deformity of the tibia. The same principles of deformity correction used to treat less complex deformities are applied to these patients with an overarching synthesis that takes all aspects of the three deformities into account. Although these cases are complex and difficult, good results in terms of deformity correction and pain relief can be obtained.
MRI Diagnosis of Patellar Clunk Syndrome following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Heyse Thomas J. , Chong Le Roy , Davis Jack , Haas Steven B. , Figgie Mark P. , Potter Hollis G. 
Published: January 2012

Background Patellar Clunk Syndrome is a painful condition associated with a mechanical catching or clunking during active extension following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The syndrome is caused by growth of interposing soft tissue usually at the superior pole of the patella. This interposed soft tissue cannot be visualized on plain radiographs. Questions The aim was to ascertain if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would prove helpful in confirming the clinical diagnosis of patellar clunk by visualizing the interposed soft tissues adjacent to the patella and that the recognition of this tissue would be highly reproducible. Methods MRI scans of 12 patients with clinical suspicion or related symptoms of a patellar clunk syndrome following primary TKA were retrospectively evaluated. Size of soft tissue masses proximal to the patella were determined in sagittal and axial MRI views. Largest diameters were recorded in two dimensions by two independent observers, and interobserver reliability was determined by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Results Nine patients (75%) showed obvious MRI findings consistent with a patellar clunk lesion with high interobserver reliability (ICC values >0.75). In eight patients, this lead to operative treatment with arthroscopic debridement. Discussion MRI helps confirm the clinical diagnosis of patellar clunk. The data indicate that MRI is effective in defining the soft tissue lesion that is implicated in clinically evident patellar clunk syndrome after TKA.
Phospholipid Peroxidation: Lack of Effect of Fatty Acid Pairing
Authors: Norris Sarah E. , Mitchell Todd W. , Else Paul L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPhospholipids where both fatty acids are polyunsaturated are very rare. Most organisms prefer to couple their polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with either a saturated (SAT) or a monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acid. This study examined if these natural couplings are there to protect PUFA from themselves. Specifically, does the coupling of PUFA to SAT or MUFA reduce the potential for increased rates of peroxidation by shrouding these highly peroxidisable fatty acids with less peroxidisable fatty acids? The influence of head group was examined by using the two most common phospholipids found in vertebrate membranes i.e. phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species. Fatty acid pairings included 16:0/18:2 versus 18:2/18:2 and 16:0/22:6 versus 22:6/22:6. All phospholipids were incorporated into liposomes that were matched for their total PUFA content i.e. 25% PUFA/PUFA or 50% SAT/PUFA with phosphatidylcholine 16:0/16:0 used as the background phospholipid. An iron initiator (Fe2+/H2O2) was used to induce peroxidation and lipid hydroperoxide production was used to measure peroxidation. The results show that coupling of PUFA together on the same molecule does not increase peroxidation rates and therefore does not support the proposed hypothesis. The lower than expected levels of peroxidation measured for some phospholipid species (e.g. PtdEtn 22:6/22:6) is possibly due to the partitioning of these molecular species into the inner leaflet of the bilayer.
Three New Fatty Acid Esters from the Mushroom Boletus pseudocalopus
Authors: Kim Ki Hyun , Choi Sang Un , Lee Kang Ro 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA bioassay‐guided fractionation and chemical investigation of a MeOH extract of the Korean wild mushroom Boletus pseudocalopus resulted in the identification of three new fatty acid esters, named calopusins A–C (1–3), along with two known fatty acid methyl esters (4–5). These new compounds are structurally unique fatty acid esters with a 2,3‐butanediol moiety. Their structures were elucidated through 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic data and GC–MS analysis as well as a modified Mosher's method. The new compounds 1–3 showed significant inhibitory activity against the proliferation of the tested cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range 2.77–12.51 μM.
Potential of Jatropha curcas as a Biofuel, Animal Feed and Health Products
Authors: Nithiyanantham Srinivasan , Siddhuraju Perumal , Francis George 
Published: January 2012

AbstractJatropha curcas is a multipurpose plant with numerous attributes. It can potentially become one of the world's key energy crops. Its seed weighs 0.53–0.86 g and the seed kernel contains 22–27% protein and 57–63% lipid indicating good nutritional value. The seeds can produce crude vegetable oil that can be transformed into high quality biodiesel. Several methods for oil extraction have been developed. In all processes, about 75% of the weight of the seed remains as a press cake containing mainly carbohydrates, protein and residual oil and is a potential source of livestock feed. The highly toxic nature of whole as well as dehulled seed meal due to the presence of high levels of shells, toxic phorbol esters and other antinutrients prevents its use in animal diet. The genetic variation among accessions from different regions of the world and rich diversity among Mexican genotypes in terms of phorbol ester content and distinct molecular profiles indicates the potential for improvement of germplasm of Jatropha through breeding programs. The extracts of Jatropha display potent cytotoxic, antitumor, anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. The possibilities on the exploitation potential of this plant through various applications have been explored.
Traditionally living populations in East Africa have a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 115 nmol/l
Authors: Luxwolda Martine F. , Kuipers Remko S. , Kema Ido P. , Janneke Dijck-Brouwer D. A. , Muskiet Frits A. J. 
Published: January 2012

Cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D by exposure to UVB is the principal source of vitamin D in the human body. Our current clothing habits and reduced time spent outdoors put us at risk of many insufficiency-related diseases that are associated with calcaemic and non-calcaemic functions of vitamin D. Populations with traditional lifestyles having lifelong, year-round exposure to tropical sunlight might provide us with information on optimal vitamin D status from an evolutionary perspective. We measured the sum of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2and D3(25(OH)D) concentrations of thirty-five pastoral Maasai (34 (sd10) years, 43 % male) and twenty-five Hadzabe hunter–gatherers (35 (sd12) years, 84 % male) living in Tanzania. They have skin type VI, have a moderate degree of clothing, spend the major part of the day outdoors, but avoid direct exposure to sunlight when possible. Their 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography–MS/MS. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations of Maasai and Hadzabe were 119 (range 58–167) and 109 (range 71–171) nmol/l, respectively. These concentrations were not related to age, sex or BMI. People with traditional lifestyles, living in the cradle of mankind, have a mean circulating 25(OH)D concentration of 115 nmol/l. Whether this concentration is optimal under the conditions of the current Western lifestyle is uncertain, and should as a possible target be investigated with concomitant appreciation of other important factors in Ca homeostasis that we have changed since the agricultural revolution.