bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Las primeras propuestas de ‘Selección de Norma’ para el gallego
Authors: Fernández Mauro 
Published: November 2010

SummaryLinguistic sttudies of Galician began in the last third of the 18th century with Father Martín Sarmiento (1695–1772). Since the tradition of writing in this language had been interrupted towards the end of the 15th century, its later recovery required certain decisions on what the model for ‘good Galician’ would be as well as on the norm for the writing system. In this article, I will explore the various destinies of the available options: (1) the adherence to actual speech; (2) the adherence to an archaic available norm; and (3) the approach to the Portuguese norm, which in its extreme formulation, assumes the adoption of this language as the high variant and the written form of Galician. A close examination of prefaces and introductions to grammars, dictionaries, and other relevant texts shows a clear preference for the first solution. ‘Good Galician’ would thus be the one spoken by the people, in all its diversity, with some exclusions which varied according to the author: In some cases, important towns and urban variants were excluded; in others, the mountainous regions and the areas bordering with Castile; and in certain cases, the ‘people’ only meant ‘the best’ in each town. Options 2 and 3 made a timid appearance towards the end of 19th century even though 3 gained acceptance throughout the 20th century, specially in the last twenty years.
William Dwight Whitney and the Social Dimension of Lexical Diffusion
Authors: Alter Stephen G. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe paper traces how the American linguist William Dwight Whitney (1827–1894) and his intellectual descendants anticipated, and in part influenced, modern-day discussions of ‘lexical diffusion’, the piecemeal spread of phonological changes both through an individual speaker’s word-inventory and speaker-to-speaker through an entire community. Whitney regarded these two processes as inextricably linked; he also stressed comparison between different speech communities in search of locally distinct diffusionary patterns that challenged the Neogrammarian regularity hypothesis. Recent discussions of these and other aspects of lexical diffusion suggest that comparative-local studies, such as Whitney pioneered, remain essential for working out the explanatory nexus between lexical diffusion’s internally-phonological and social contexts.
Time-resolved luminescence of the coupled quantum dot–microcavity system: general theory
Authors: Van Hieu Nguyen , Bich Ha Nguyen 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The general theory of the time-resolved luminescence of the coupled system consisting of a single-mode microcavity and a two-level quantum dot containing one electron placed inside this microcavity is presented. It is based on the study of the time evolution of the density matrix of a larger system consisting of one electron in the two-level quantum dot, single-mode photons in the microcavity and external photons in a spatial region in which the emitted photons are detected. The decoherence of the system is taken into account in the Markov approximation. The explicit analytical form of the time dependence of the intensity of the emitted photon beam is established. It depends not only on the physical parameters of the system but also contains the matrix elements determining the initial condition of the luminescence process.
First Report of Bark Dieback on Blueberry Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea in Korea
Authors: Choi I. Y. 
Published: November 2010

This study was conducted to identify the causal organism of bark dieback disease of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) observed in Korea. Blueberry, a woody plant that is native to North America, belongs to the family Ericaceae and genus Vaccinium. Of the 400 species of blueberry in the world, most are distributed in the tropics of Malaysia and Southeast Asia. Highbush blueberry is abundantly grown in Canada and the United States and has become a popular commercial crop in Korea for products such as jam, wine, and sauce. Bark dieback disease of blueberry was found in Sunchang (<5% incidence), Jeollabuk-do, Korea in July 2009. Typical symptoms of the disease were blight and dieback on the stems with lesions extending along entire branches. Morphological examination revealed that the perithecia were of the globose type with a nipple, 155 to 490 (374.6) μm, and brown on the dead bark. Asci were bitunicate and clavate or cylindrical with dimensions of 63 to 125 × 16 to 20 μm and containing eight ascospores. Ascospores were of the long ovoid type with dimensions of 13.2 to 23.7 (17.98) × 25.4 to 41.1 (33.21) μm. From extracted genomic DNA, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-5.8S ribosomal DNA region was amplified with universal primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′). A BLAST search of GenBank with the ITS sequence revealed that the Sunchang isolate (GenBank Accession No. HQ384217) had 99 to 100% sequence identity with the following Botryosphaeria dothidea accessions: FJ517657, AJ938005, FJ478129, FJ171723, and AJ938004. Phylogenetic analysis with the Sunchang isolate, B. dothidea strains, and related species revealed that the B. dothidea isolate and strains comprised a monophyletic group distinguished from other Botryosphaeria spp. including B. ribis, B. parva, B. protearum, B. lutea, B. australis, B. rhodina, B. obtuse, and B. stevensii (2). On the basis of morphological and molecular results, the isolate was identified as B. dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not. A culture of B. dothidea isolate was grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 10 days. A 5-mm plug was inoculated into stem wounds created with a No. 2 cork borer in 20 2-year-old disease-free blueberry plants grown in a greenhouse. Six plants inoculated with only PDA plugs served as noninoculated controls. The wounds were covered with Parafilm. After 3 months, the Parafilm was removed and black lesions were observed at the fungal inoculation sites, while no lesion was observed on the control plants. To complete Koch's postulates, the fungus was reisolated from the lesions and confirmed to be B. Dothidea (1). There is an urgent need to determine the spread of this disease in Korea, estimate the losses, and develop methods for reducing damage through biological and eco-friendly cultural control methods. References: (1) D. Jurc et al. Plant Pathol. 55:299, 2006. (2) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 96:83, 2004.
First Report of Nigrospora sphaerica Causing Leaf Spots on Chinese Wisteria: A New Host of the Pathogen
Authors: Soylu S. , Dervis S. , Soylu E. M. 
Published: November 2010

Chinese wisteria, Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC., is a woody, twining vine and is commonly cultivated as an ornamental for its foliage and striking, drooping racemes of white, pink, or lavender sweet pea-like flower. Distinct leaf spots were observed in several gardens, retail nurseries, and parks located in Hatay Province since May 2009. The primary infection zones are frequently observed on the leaf margins and apices, brown, up to 2 mm in diameter, and often surrounded by a yellow zone. Foliar symptoms are characterized by grayish, round, semicircular or irregular-shaped, numerous spots (up to 9 mm in diameter) with dark brown borders and the appearance of black, granular structure within the dead leaf tissues. A fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic tissues on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Fungal colonies were initially white, becoming light to dark gray with the onset of sporulation with black, spherical to subspherical single-celled conidia (15 to 18 × 12 to 15 μm), which were borne on a hyaline vesicle at the tip of the conidiophore. These characteristics agree with published descriptions of Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason 1927 (1,3). To fulfill Koch's postulates, a conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml) collected from PDA cultures was used to spray inoculate leaves of potted 3-year-old Chinese wisteria plants. Inoculated plants were kept for 48 h in polyethylene bags and maintained in a controlled environment chamber at 20°C with a 12-h photoperiod. The bags were removed after 3 days. In addition, five 3-year-old plants were sprayed with sterile water to serve as controls. After 14 to 20 days, inoculated leaves showed infection symptoms similar to those observed on naturally infected leaves with N. sphaerica. The pathogen was reisolated from the margins of necrotic tissues, but not from the controls. Although N. sphaerica is frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprophyte on many plant species, this fungal agent is also known as a leaf pathogen on several hosts worldwide (2,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. sphaerica as a leaf pathogen of Chinese wisteria in Turkey or worldwide. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory. Online publication. ARS, USDA. Retrieved 28 October from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 2010. (3) P. M. Kirk. IMI Descr. Fungi Bact. 106:1056, 1991. (4) E. R. Wright et al. Plant Dis. 92:171, 2008.
Novel Neonatal Piglet Models of Surgical Short Bowel Syndrome With Intestinal Failure
Authors: Turner Justine M , Wales Paul W , Nation Patrick N , Wizzard Pamela , Pendlebury Christine , Sergi Consolato , Ball Ron O , Pencharz Paul B 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:Short bowel syndrome occurring after surgery for acquired or congenital intestinal abnormalities causes considerable neonatal morbidity and mortality. Animal models are a valuable research tool for this problem; however, few successful neonatal models have been developed and most do not include distal intestinal resection as seen commonly in human babies. We report novel piglet models addressing these gaps.Subjects and Methods:Neonatal piglets (1–6 days) underwent venous and gastric catheter insertion and 75% intestinal resection. Group 1 (n = 6) had midintestinal resection with jejunoileal anastomosis; group 2 (n = 5) had distal intestinal resection with jejunocolic anastomosis; group 3 (n = 5) were sham controls; and group 4 (n = 5) were sow reared. Postoperatively, groups 1 to 3 piglets commenced parenteral nutrition (PN), and enteral nutrition was introduced and advanced using a standard regimen. Data collection included days on PN, weight gain, fat absorption, small intestine lengthening, and bowel/liver histology.Results:Group 2 piglets had more days on PN (P = 0.008), less weight gain (P = 0.027), and greater malabsorption (P = 0.012). They did not show small intestine lengthening and had more cholestatic liver disease. Group 1 piglets had histological evident intestinal adaptation and 1.5‐fold intestinal lengthening (P = 0.001).Conclusions:These novel piglet models of short bowel syndrome are the first to represent the full clinical spectrum of intestinal failure as observed in human neonates. By considering the impact of different short bowel anatomy on potential for adaptation and growth, these animal models are a significant advance. They permit evaluation of new therapies to promote intestinal adaptation and reduce complications, such as cholestasis.
Hepatitis B Virus Acquisition and Pathogenesis in Childhood: Host Genetic Determinants
Authors: Chatzidaki V , Kouroumalis E , Galanakis E 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe clinical course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection varies from spontaneous recovery to chronic persistent infection leading to severe liver injury. Mounting evidence has recently highlighted the influence of host genotype in the complex interplay between viral and host factors. Studies in adults have suggested the existence of a genetic predisposition to HBV infection secondary to certain defects in the host response. These defects include opsonic deficiency, compromised antigen processing and presentation by human leucocyte antigen variations, attenuated T‐ and B‐cell response, impaired cytokine and chemokine release, and production of receptors for several pertinent factors such as vitamin D and estrogen. By contrast, little is known about the genetic factors involved in the susceptibility to HBV transmission in early childhood. Herein, we review the literature regarding the association between host genetics and susceptibility to primary HBV infection, and we discuss the prospects of investigation in this field. A better understanding of HBV infection immunopathogenesis in the critical period of infancy may allow the development of optimal and innovative prevention and treatment.
Heat and moisture exchangers and breathing system filters: their use in anaesthesia and intensive care.  Part 2 – practical use, including problems, and their use with paediatric patients
Authors: Wilkes A. R. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryHeat and moisture exchangers and breathing system filters are intended to replace the normal warming, humidifying and filtering functions of the upper airways. The first part of this review considered the history, principles of operation and efficiency of these devices. The aim of this part of the review is to summarise recent guidelines on the use of these devices and outline the problems that can occur. In particular, the effect of these devices on gas analysis, dead space, resistance to gas flow and blockage of the breathing system is considered. In children, it is important to consider the addition of dead space and resistance to gas flow. A body weight of 2.5 kg is probably the lower weight limit for use with heat and moisture exchangers, and 3 kg for filters. The resistance to gas flow of a heat‐ and moisture‐exchanging filter added to a Mapleson F breathing system can cause a delay in the induction of anaesthesia.
The diagnostic and molecular characteristics of malignant mesothelioma and ovarian/peritoneal serous carcinoma
Authors: Davidson B. 
Published: November 2010

B. Davidson The diagnostic and molecular characteristics of malignant mesothelioma and ovarian/peritoneal serous carcinoma Malignant mesothelioma and ovarian/peritoneal serous carcinoma are two of the most common tumours affecting the serosal cavities. Unlike other malignant tumours diagnosed at this anatomical site, such as lung and breast carcinoma, malignant mesothelioma and serous carcinoma share a common histogenesis, may be difficult to differentiate morphologically, and co‐express many of the diagnostic markers used by cytopathologists in effusion diagnosis. Selected markers have nevertheless shown sufficient sensitivity and specificity to differentiate serous carcinoma from malignant mesothelioma effectively. Recently, our group applied high throughput technology to the identification of new markers that may aid in differentiating these two cancer types and validated several of these markers in follow‐up studies. This review will present current data regarding the diagnostic and biological aspects of malignant mesothelioma and ovarian/peritoneal serous carcinoma.
Methods to assess the validity of the interRAI Acute Care: a framework to guide clinimetric testing
Authors: Wellens Nathalie I. H. , Milisen Koen , Flamaing Johan , Moons Philip 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe objective was to present an overview of methods to examine the validity of the minimum data set of the interRAI Acute Care (interRAI AC). Because of the multidimensional character of this comprehensive geriatric assessment tool, clinimetric testing of the interRAI AC can be more complex than that of one‐dimensional instruments. Thus to facilitate testing of the interRAI AC, we translated this complexity into a structured methodological framework that outlines procedures to assess various lines of evidence. Our framework combined traditional clinimetric techniques and the standards of psychological testing. For each line of evidence, examples of hypotheses and research questions were summarized. Future clinimetric testing can use these guidelines as a basis to obtain and provide a wide and diverse body of evidence.
A personal approach to person‐centred paediatric care
Authors: Appleyard William J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractRespecting children in their own right as individual ‘persons’ improves their care and their well‐being. Better educational progress by each child is achieved. This in turn improves the economic potential for the nation. Each child has physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual needs. Early attunement between the parent and the child is crucial and an approach that integrates all the elements that affect the child as a person has been found to be effective in promoting positive health outcomes.
Effectiveness of a medical education intervention to treat hypertension in primary care
Authors: Martínez‐Valverde Silvia , Castro‐Ríos Angélica , Pérez‐Cuevas Ricardo , Klunder‐Klunder Miguel , Salinas‐Escudero Guillermo , Reyes‐Morales Hortensia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground and objectives  In Mexico, hypertension is among the top five causes for visits to primary care clinics; its complications are among the main causes of emergency and hospital care. The present study reports the effectiveness of a continuing medical education (CME) intervention to improve appropriate care for hypertension, on blood pressure control of hypertensive patients in primary care clinics.Methods  A secondary data analysis was carried out using data of hypertensive patients treated by family doctors who participated in the CME intervention. The evaluation was designed as a pre‐/post‐intervention study with control group in six primary care clinics. The effect of the CME intervention was analysed using multiple logistic regression modelling in which the dependent variable was uncontrolled blood pressure in the post‐intervention patient measurement.Results  After the CME intervention, the net reduction of uncontrolled blood pressure between stages in the intervention group was 10.3%. The model results were that being treated by a family doctor who participated in the CME intervention reduced by 53% the probability of lack of control of blood pressure; receiving dietary recommendations reduced 57% the probability of uncontrolled blood pressure. Having uncontrolled blood pressure at the baseline stage increased the probability of lack of control in 166%, and per each unit of increase in body mass index the lack of control increased 7%.Conclusions  CME intervention improved the medical decision‐making process to manage hypertension, thus increasing the probability of hypertensive patients to have blood pressure under control.
Concordance of hospital‐based cancer registry data with a clinicians' database for breast cancer
Authors: Zhang Mingji , Higashi Takahiro , Nishimoto Hiroshi , Kinoshita Takayuki , Sobue Tomotaka 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjective  Reliable information is essential to both clinical and policy decision making. We aimed to shed lights on the similarity and differences between a hospital‐based cancer registry with a clinicians' database for breast cancer by comparing the registered data on the same year.Methods  We performed a head‐to‐head comparison of breast cancer cases extracted from the hospital‐based cancer registry and the clinicians' database maintained by the Division of Breast Surgery at the National Cancer Center Hospital in 2004.Results  The hospital‐based cancer registry reported 827 cases of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients in 2004, while the clinicians' database contained 366 surgically treated cases from 2004. Of these, 276 cases overlapped. Presence or absence of treatment modality was discordant in 15% for radiation therapy, 19% for chemotherapy, and 24% for hormone therapy between the two data sets. Furthermore, the recorded disease pathology was discordant in 13% for pathology and 28% for staging, with 22% for T‐stage, 7% for N‐stage, 7% for M‐stage.Conclusions  Although information contained in hospital‐based cancer registry and clinicians' database are generally accurate, some important differences were revealed as a result of varying interpretations of clinical information. Analyses of these data sets must be made with attention to details such as eligible patients, registered treatment, and timing of registration.
Setting up a respiratory trials unit
Authors: RAHMAN Najib M. , DOBSON Melissa , DAVIES Robert J.O. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTClinical trials are an essential in advancing our knowledge and treatment of patients with respiratory disease. Conducting well‐designed clinical studies which accurately and reliably answer important clinical questions is challenging. The expertise required to deliver such studies is increasingly concentrated in clinical trials units. This article will describe some of the challenges associated with clinical studies and the methods and personnel involved in a clinical trials unit.
Impulse oscillometry in preschool children and association with body mass index
Authors: KALHOFF Hermann , BREIDENBACH Renate , SMITH Hans‐Juergen , MAREK Wolfgang 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  The use of the impulse oscillometry system (IOS) allows differentiated lung function testing with a minimum of cooperation at normal tidal breathing. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to assess the association of body mass (overweight and obese) with oscillometric parameters in preschool children.Methods:  A preschool medical check of 518 children (age 6.01 ± 0.25 years) included IOS recordings of airway resistance and lung reactance (MasterScreen IOS, CareFusion, Höchberg, Germany). Measured values of respiratory resistance (R5) and reactance (X5) at 5 Hz were correlated with BMI. In addition, data were compared with recently published reference equations.Results:  In this young age group of 241 boys and 277 girls there was no significant association between oscillometric parameters and BMI. When compared with current IOS reference values of healthy subjects the relationship of R5 (109 ± 25%) and X5 (105.5 ± 35%) suggested mildly elevated peripheral resistance in this unselected group of preschool children.Conclusions:  IOS is ideally suited to obtain measurements of respiratory function in preschool children. At the age of 6 years, standard oscillometric values do not indicate impaired respiratory function associated with increased BMI.
A hypothesis to phenotype COPD exacerbations by aetiology
Authors: MacDONALD Martin , BEASLEY Richard W. , IRVING Louis , BARDIN Philip G. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTCOPD exacerbations have traditionally been defined on the basis of symptoms or health‐care utilization without specific reference to the suspected aetiology. Consequently, the term ‘exacerbation’ has been used to include all patients experiencing an acute deterioration of symptoms associated with COPD. However, exacerbations are known to result from a variety of causes and do not necessarily constitute an equivalent event in the same patient, between different patients or between individual research studies. We therefore hypothesize that phenotyping exacerbations by aetiology may identify exacerbation subgroups, clarify benefits of therapeutic intervention in the subgroups and overall improve clinical care. An acronym is proposed to facilitate phenotyping COPD exacerbations.