bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Geometry
Authors: Mahdiyar H. , Jamiolahmady M. , Sohrabi M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
An optimized design for hydraulic fracturing is of great importance especially with the growing demand for this method as a means of production enhancement from tight gas reservoirs. The first optimum fracture design (OFD) approach, which maximizes well productivity for a given fracture volume, was introduced by Prats in 1960 for single-phase Darcy flow systems. This method, which was later modified and presented in the form of Unified Fractured Design (UFD) charts by other investigators, is widely used in the petroleum industry, even for gas condensate systems. Recently some methodologies have been proposed to modify UFD considering the two-phase region around the fracture as a damage zone with reduced permeability. These methods are generally oversimplified as they neglect the phase change and variation of relative permeability with interfacial tension (IFT) and velocity for these low IFT systems. They also require data that are not readily available, in particular the pressure profile (the two-phase boundary) around the wellbore.
We introduce an explicit formulation and a more general methodology for OFD that includes the important gas condensate flow parameters in both matrix and fracture. The optimum fracture dimensions are obtained by maximizing the effective wellbore radius, using the recently developed correlation by Mahdiyar et al. (2009). This formulation accounts for the mechanical and flow skins based on quite readily available information at wellbore conditions.
In this paper, the integrity of the introduced formulation has been verified for many different prevailing conditions, whilst highlighting the errors of using conventional approaches with some important practical guidelines. In this exercise, the maximum productivity calculated using the proposed formulation is compared with results of the literature or our in-house simulator. This program, using a fine grid approach, simulates gas condensate flow around a hydraulically fractured well for various fracture length-width ratios and identifies the optimum fracture dimensions, for a given fracture volume, providing maximum mass flow rate.
The International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) Management Guideline
Authors: Mously K. A. , Cowie M. I. , Campbell J. A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
It has been established that Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) may accumulate in the oil/gas production process. This can create a radiation hazard for workers, the general public and the environment if adequate controls are not established.
Regulations and guidelines on radiation protection in general, and NORM in particular, have been issued by various National and International entities, however, these are not specific to the oil and gas industry, and do not provide clear and concise guidlines to enable NORM to be managed effectively.
The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) established a task force, headed by Saudi Aramco, to develop NORM Management Guidelines. This task was completed after research, review and thorough consideration of most available NORM regulations, and the industry's current best practices in NORM management. The OGP guidelines offer a simple and logical method of managing NORM impacted operations that are flexible enough to be implemented across the industry.
This paper outlines major aspects of OGP NORM management guidelines and elaborates on key issues related to the management of NORM in the oil and gas industry, in particular on NORM monitoring, control of NORM contaminated equipment, managing NORM waste handling and disposal, and worker protection, awareness and training.
The Design, Fabrication and Operation of a Mobile Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) Decontamination Facility
Authors: Cowie Michael , Mously Khalid 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The contamination of oil and gas processing equipment with Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) bearing scales can present a radiological hazard in addition to restricted operability. NORM contaminated equipment cannot be released for sale or re-use as it has enhanced levels of radioactivity, which can lead to exposure of workers, the general public and the environment, if not managed appropriately1.
Part of a successful NORM management strategy is the ability to decontaminate equipment which has become contaminated with NORM. The removal of relatively insoluble NORM scale, which has become adhered to equipment surfaces, requires aggressive agitation of the surface to remove it. The control of NORM contamination removed from contaminated equipment and the protection of workers during the decontamination process are achieved primarily by engineering controls, however, these must be supported by administrative procedures and personal protective equipment (PPE).
This paper details the design, fabrication and operation of a mobile NORM decontamination facility and lessons learned in a demonstration trial where it was successfully used to remove NORM contamination.
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery: An Investigation of Bacteria Ability to Live and Alter Crude Oil Physical Characteristics in High Pressure Condition
Authors: Halim Amalia Yunita , Fauzi Umar Dani , Siregar Septoratno , Soewono Edy , Gunawan Agus Yodi , Astuti Dea Indriani , Juli Nuryati 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Indonesia has officially declared its withdrawal from OPEC membership in September 2008 because of failing to meet its oil production quota as what is determined. For that reason, effective and environmentally friendly methods need to be applied in Indonesian reservoirs; one of them is Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR). This method involves the knowledge of biotechnology and petroleum engineering and is aimed to improve oil recovery in old and marginal wells. This paper presents laboratory investigation of bacteria ability to live and alter crude oil physical characteristics in high-pressure condition of 250 psi and 500 psi, provided with a mathematical model for further analysis. The experiment was conducted in a special apparatus called conditioning cells, which is made of stainless steel. Data obtained from the investigation are then used to make a mathematical model and simulation for analysis and prediction. After 3-days of treatment by bacteria in high pressure condition, oil viscosity decreases by 11,27 % in 250 psi and 11,88 % in 500 psi; further investigation after 7-days showed that oil viscosity decreases by 22,48% in 250 psi and 20,70% in 500 psi. The IFT after 3-days of treatment by bacteria in high pressure condition decreases by 18,84% in 250 psi and 6,09 % in 500 psi; further investigation after 7-days showed that IFT decreases by 27,54 % in 250 psi and 9,33 % in 500 psi. The mathematical model shows that the maximum production of bacteria increases with the increase of the initial input of bacteria, and the higher the pressure is, the faster the bacteria growth is. It can be concluded that the bacteria are able to live in high pressure (piezophile bacteria) and give positive impact to the crude oil by decreasing its viscosity and reducing the IFT hence improve oil mobility. It is predicted that by applying this method Indonesia crude oil production can be improved or at least the production decrease can be slowed down.
Applying LEAN Principles to Achieve Breakthrough Performance Gains from Existing Assets
Authors: van Zandvoord Walrick E.J.J. , Skilbrei Oddbjorn , Sim-Siong Wong , Wong Jeremy , Nones Nelson 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
One of the small assets in Shell Malaysia E&P has adopted a methodology earlier implemented by Aera in California, USA, hereafter referred to as "LEAN". The concept is to increase organization efficiency by applying Toyota manufacturing principles. This is achieved through continuous improvement of processes, while minimizing waste.
Before implementation, an assessment of the pilot asset revealed fragmented efforts and in-efficient collaboration between different disciplines supporting Well & Reservoir Management. In general cycle times between identification of problems and closing them out were long and below corporate standards.
The pilot project yielded almost immediate benefits. WRM cycle times were reduced by an average of 60% through co-location of key disciplines and work standardization. This enabled the existing well production to significantly exceed targeted production and a clear reduction in overall field decline has been observed. The key conclusion is that LEAN practice, originally directed towards manufacturing operations, is a highly effective way to overcome performance issues in existing assets, and can be replicated globally across diverse operating environments.
This paper will reveal new information from field operations, and demonstrates two technical contributions: detecting events from ongoing field surveillance activities such as well tests and real time meter monitoring, and dispatching a continuous flow of modeling, planning and remediation tasks to keep pace with events.
Safety activities for preventing human error
Authors: Hatakeyama Takashi , Saito Masaki , Ikeda Shoichi 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In the industry of Japan, in order to prevent human error, the following three techniques are practiced widely.
YUBI SASHI KOSYO (Point and Call) This action prevents human error by lengthening an arm, by pointing firmly for an object and by calling in the voice which clarified. KIKEN YOCHI (Danger Prediction) Training This training aims at pointing out the risk of the work for a short time, and establishing the measure before work. HIYARI HATTO (Near Miss) report This report releases dangerous experience under work or drive, and aims to alert to other men.
Also in oil and gas industry of Japan, since these methods are generally practiced, it introduces.
Moreover, since the HIYARI HATTO map which utilized the HIYARI HATTO report is created and used uniquely in our company, it is introduced also.
The worker is able to show the dangerous factor and risk under work for every place and every work on a photograph, and to perform a forecast of danger before work by HIYARI HATTO map. The disaster in the recent years of our company is decreasing dramatically by using these techniques.
Marine Spatial Planning in Europe: Drawing the Lines on Access to Resources
Authors: Holthus P. F. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The European Commission (EC) has adopted a roadmap on marine spatial planning (MSP) to guide the sustainable growth of EU maritime sectors as a new approach to addressing the increase in competing uses of the sea. The growth of marine commercial activities such as offshore oil and gas development, maritime transport, port development, aquaculture, and tourism, combined with emerging uses such as offshore renewable energy, is increasing the pressure on already limited European marine space. The development of a common approach to MSP is an outgrowth of the European Union (EU) Integrated Maritime Policy, which aims to coordinate all EU policies with a maritime dimension in order to safeguard environmental sustainability. The EC considers a planned use of sea areas as the only way to provide a predictable framework for economic investments in offshore areas, creating the framework for balancing the vested interests of different maritime activities and the need to protect the marine environment. The EC MSP program presents both challenges and opportunities for the oil and gas industry. It is critical that the oil and gas industry develop an understanding of marine spatial management issues, stakeholders and process and engage proactively and constructively in EC marine zoning developments. MSP in Europe, and elsewhere, has serious implication for future access to petroleum resources. The oil and gas industry can realize important business benefits by building relationships with other ocean industries as part of broader private sector leadership and collaboration in responding to EC MSP. Development of a coordinated ocean business community approach to MSP will contribute to the ability and capacity of the oil and gas industry to actively engage in ocean zoning efforts in other regions.
Effect of Common Impurities on the Phase Behaviour of Carbon Dioxide Rich Systems: Minimizing the Risk of Hydrate Formation and Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Chapoy Antonin , Burgass Rod , Tohidi Bahman , Austell J. Michael , Eickhoff Charles 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
CO2 produced by carbon capture processes is generally not pure and can contain impurities such as N2, H2, CO, H2S and water. The presence of these impurities could lead to challenging flow assurance issues. The presence of water may result in ice and/or gas hydrate formation and cause blockage. Reducing the water content is commonly required to reduce the potential for corrosion but for an offshore pipeline system it is also used as a means of preventing gas hydrate problems; however, there is little information on the dehydration requirements. Furthermore, the gaseous CO2 rich stream is generally compressed to be transported as liquid or dense-phase in order to avoid two-phase flow and increase the density of the system. The presence of the above impurities will also change the system's bubble point pressure, hence affecting the compression requirement.
The aim of this communication is to evaluate the risk of hydrate formation in a rich carbon dioxide stream and to study the phase behaviour of CO2 in the presence of common impurities. An experimental methodology was developed for measuring water content in CO2 rich phase in equilibrium with hydrates. The water content in equilibrium with hydrates at simulated pipeline conditions (e.g., 4 °C up to 190 bar) as well as after simulated choke conditions (e.g., at -2 °C and around 50 bar) were measured for pure CO2 and a mixture of 2 mole% H2 and 98 mole% CO2. Bubble point measurements were also carried out for this binary mixture for temperatures ranging from -20 °C to 25 °C.
A thermodynamic approach was employed to model the phase equilibria. The experimental data available in the literature on gas solubility in water in binary systems were used in tuning the BIPs. The thermodynamic model was used to predict the phase behaviour and the hydrate dissociation conditions of various CO2 rich streams in the presence of free water and various levels of dehydration (250 ppm and 500 ppm). The results are in good agreement with the available experimental data. The developed experimental methodology and thermodynamic model could provide the necessary data in determining the required dehydration level for CO2 rich systems, as well as minimum pipeline pressure required to avoid two phase flow, hydrates, and water condensation.
Developing KPIs That Drive Process Safety Improvement
Authors: Brown Megan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A case study is provided describing Lloyd's Register's development of a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Process Safety Management (PSM) for an oil and gas client.
The development process is described in this paper along with discussion of how the KPIs were developed and designed to support the client in gaining a clearer picture of their current Process Safety performance and to drive the improvement of that performance.
This paper includes discussion of the number of KPIs that are introduced, the sequencing of introduction of KPIs, the associated implementation requirements, the reporting of the metrics to management at all levels in the organisation, and the value provided by both the measurement and reporting of the KPIs.
Assessment of Suppliers in Low Cost Countries: How to Proceed, What to Expect
Authors: Charron Michel , Gérard Philippe 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Introduction
The assessment of suppliers became recently a critical step in the supply chain organizations. Indeed the process is not new but the importance of assessing candidates tremendously increased due to several factors: Local content requirements, variety of local technical regulations, Language and cultural issues, relative weight of the Asian continent in the global worldwide production capacity all need be taken into account simultaneously in an assessment campaign.
The conclusions indicated in this document result from the work done on more than 150 sites, 30% of which in the republic of Russia 60% in China, 10 % in other countries such as India, Turkey USA and Europe. As far as Russia is concerned reference is made to Total Russia willingness to perform in depth assessments of local resources in view of the Kharyaga Phase 3 development project.
Supplier assessment, how to proceed: main steps
* A first aspect of this Quality assurance tool is that the assessment is performed for a given plant / factory or site. Not of a Company or Brand, this results from the need to evaluate the design, purchase, fabrication, test etc.. facilities. Some examples of assessment led to the conclusion that two neighbouring buildings were fully acceptable for one of them totally unacceptable for the other.
Utilizing Simultaneous Capture of T1 and T2 NMR Data to Solve Reservoir Evaluation Issues
Authors: Marchel Ronald J. , Smith Charles H. , Ramakrishna Sandeep 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Deep basin drilling along the Wichita Mountain front in the Anadarko basin of western Oklahoma poses one of the most difficult log interpretation issues. Advances in the acquisition and processing of 3D seismic have enabled the drilling and production of targets that previously could not be imaged. Although the increased abilities to identify and target the desired objective horizon in the well have enhanced prospect economics, the petrophysical evaluation of prospective zones has never been straightforward.
Well-to-well correlations are difficult because of rapid facies changes in the Pennsylvanian Granite Wash, along with complex folding and faulting in deeper horizons along the Wichita Mountain Front. Nearby wells are often not connected because of the rapid facies changes and the intense faulting and folding. High density/neutron porosities do not relate directly to permeability, nor does high resistivity relate directly to hydrocarbon production.
Advances in the analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) T2 data have enabled producibility (permeability) information to be extracted from this data. The measurements of NMR T1 data have provided an excellent approximation of fluid typing. We worked together in order to arrive at a useful solution that would provide these data sets in a continuous logging pass.
An algorithm was developed that greatly enhances the economics of drilling and completion by simultaneously measuring these data (T1 and T2) in a usable form and enabling the correct evaluation of these reservoirs.
KickRisk—A Well Specific Approach to the Quantification of Well Control Risks
Authors: Arild Ø. , Ford E. P. , Løberg T. , Baringbing J. W. T. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The drilling of wells for which there is a small pressure margin is often challenging with respect to well control issues. A kick, which occurs if the wellbore pressure drops below the pore pressure, is one of the major risks being dealt with in the planning phase of the well. A kick can occur due to several factors, such as human errors, equipment failures or a wrong pore pressure prognosis. Since the ultimate consequence of a kick may be a blowout, it is essential to be able to assess and reduce the probability of a kick occurring.
In order to be able to quantitatively assess well control risks, a tool and methodology called KickRisk has been developed for supporting technical and operational decisions in the well planning phase. The methodology is based on a probabilistic framework which takes into account a variety of factors that may cause a kick, and the calculations are executed by means of Monte Carlo simulation. The methodology allows the analyst to: ○Quantify the probability of kick and fracturing○Systematize all information relevant to the occurrence of a kick○Pinpoint critical factors○Evaluate alternative solutions on e.g. well design and operational procedures○Quantify the effect of risk reducing measures
This paper will present the overall probabilistic approach and the composition of the KickRisk model. Further, it will be shown how the KickRisk methodology can be incorporated into a risk management workflow. The practical application of the methodology will be explained through a case study.
The Effective Contractor Management in International Oil Cooperation
Authors: Hou Xiru , Zhang Qing , Qu Xiangyu , Ma Zhongming 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Contractors are increasingly selected to provide technology or services, and many oilfield companies require contractor to undertake the activities in a special way before starting to work. They raise any issue that may become a Health, Safety, Environment (HSE) concern. When selecting the contractors they should be required to have the prequalification, training, experience and competence, and environmental knowledge, so that they can work in a safe and healthy manner and comply with appropriate standards.
The keys to successful contractor management are mutual understanding of the contract and a good business relationship, and the contractor should demonstrate a complete understanding of the performance standards. However, how effectively the contractor is achieving the contractual objectives, therefore, periodic communication and coordination with the contractor should be established to ensure contractor adherence to standards and compliance with project processes and schedules, and relative environmental regulations and act.
The purpose of this article is to provide for the effective management of occupational health and safety issues during the selection and engagement of a contractor by Company and to outline the process and procedure for control and supervision during contractor activities on site or on behalf of the company in accordance with the requirements of the HSE Management Systems. Some risk assessment and post contract assessment will be summarized and strengthened in this article.
Case Study of Down-hole Tool Development to Deploy Sand Screens in ERD Wells, Extending the Boundaries, Saving Opex, Reducing Risk and Improving Operational Efficiency
Authors: Gillespie Doug , Bradford Keith , Elliott Rod 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Sand control screens are a commonly deployed method in the Oil & Gas industry to aid production in well bores, typically where the formation is such that "standard" completion methods would fail quickly through sand incursion. Sand control screens are used to enhance wellbore stability and optimise productivity when run in unconsolidated formations.
A common challenge occurs when formation sand is mixed through reservoir fluids, when run in unconsolidated sandstones. This mixture of sand and fluid can lead to problems such as plugging, damage to monitoring tools and erosion of equipment exposed to these abrasive fluids. Sand control screens act as a filter, to allow reservoir fluid ingress to the completion string keeping the sand content out. The very nature of the screens means they are quite delicate and easily susceptible to damage.
In recent years, Extended Reach Deployment or ‘ERD’ wells have become more common, ever longer and more challenging in order to get completions to TD. Furthermore, this problem becomes exaggerated when running delicate completion strings with sand control screens. More so when you consider it is not desirable to have the completion aggressively pushed or rotated.
This paper outlines the common problems identified with Sand control Screen Deployment. Furthermore it will look at how a new deployment tool overcame these issues within set operational restrictions, with reference to documented field results.