bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matrix Stimulation of Thick Carbonate Formation: High Rate Acid and CT Acid Treatments—A Case History
Authors: Rachmawati Fitria Dewi , Andika Rizky , Simanjuntak Timur M. , Aimar Amritzar , Wijaya Rio , Abubakar Prihatiningdiah 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Most of oil and gas wells in Indonesia are developed in Sumatra and Java. Central Sulawesi is one area in Indonesia that previously didn't really have high activity in oil and gas because of its location that drives the logistics to become an issue. Central Sulawesi now is showing more activities on oil and gas exploration and production with the presence of Tiaka field that produced about 2,981 BOPD (Dec-07). This paper covers several stimulation works performed in Tiaka field, Central Sulawesi. The produced oil is being temporaryly stored in an FSO facility and then transported to refinery in Indonesia or exported.
Tiaka wells are drilled at some angles into Tomori formation, a thick carbonate formation which ranges from 70′ – 131′ in thickness containing 28 API oil. Porosity varies from 10% – 15%. Four wells (Tiaka #5, 6, 7, 8) were completed with cemented casing and perforated across the target zone. Two wells (Tiaka #9, 10) were completed with uncemented pre-perforated liner across the target zone. Length of perforation for stimulation work ranges from 170′ – 840′.
Combinations of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid were used and the composition was held constant for all acid stimulated Tiaka wells. However several acid volume loadings (in gal per ft of interval treated) were tried to optimize the treatment. Several acid placement methods were tried: high rate acid treatment with gelled acid and acid through CT.
All stimulated wells showed significant production increase compared to their production rates prior to stimulation. Discussion is made on which methods gives the best production result for the existing wells and the preferred method of stimulation for the future Tiaka development wells.
This paper details the application of acid stimulation works in 5 Tiaka wells, post treatment well performance, best practices, and lessons learned.
A New Approach to Dealing With High Pressure Cemented Annulus in Re-Entry Wells
Authors: Al Ashhab Jamal , Khan Naeem , Boyd Doug 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Sustainable Annulus Pressure (SAP) is a major safety and cost issue for Zakum Development Company (ZADCO) directly impacting it's ongoing development program and strategy. As part of its field development plan, ZADCO is in the process of horizontalizing many of its older deviated and vertical wells. During the well re-entry process, significant numbers of high outer annulus pressure cases are encountered. Attempts to remedy the situation using remedial cement squeezes are rarely successful, leaving a more complicated well, slowing drilling activity and occasionally resulting in abandonment of the well. A robust diagnostic and monitoring program lead to the conclusion, many high annulus pressure instances were due to thermal effects on fluids trapped in cement channels behind casing1.
Multiphase Well Rate Measurements Applied to Reservoir Analysis
Authors: Tosic S. , Medhizadeh P. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The new technology of multiphase measurement has been widely adopted by the oil industry. The meters that utilize this technology are either permanently installed or periodic usage such as well testing during the flow back, well appraisal, trials, etc. The consistent, reliable and accurate flow measurement plays an important role in reservoir and production engineering. However, the industry trends show that many practitioners do not fully utilize the potential of continuous on-line measurements for reservoir and production engineering assessments. This paper will show how online multiphase measurement data can be applied to reservoir and production analyses and how additional useful results can be obtained. Field examples from the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) will be presented to support the process.
To begin with, the paper reviews the role of pressure transient analysis (PTA) and flux rate for assessing the health of the reservoir. PTA gives useful information about the health of the well (skin) and the reservoir properties. It is an established analysis methodology that requires two important inputs, bottom-hole pressure and flow rate. If the flow rates are not accurate, then the results from PTA would be erroneous. Also, the calculation of down-hole flow velocity would be incorrect. These uncertainties could result in wells to be produced below or above optimal levels. Either case would lead to production loss or well damage and the need for remedial work-over. Unfortunately, the maximum safe-rate term is not easy to predict. With high producing wells, minor measurement error can create significant errors in related calculations for reservoir or well parameters. For instance, if the well flow velocity in the formation exceeds the critical velocity for fines movement, the formation fines would start moving. Once they are moving, the additional near-wellbore region damage would be created or the screen may get eroded.
Production data analysis (PDA) such as Rate Normalized Pressure (RNP) analysis in conjunction with continuous flow rate measurements, provided by online multiphase meter, can be used to obtain additional reservoir parameters. In the applications discussed in this paper, the flow rates from the multiphase meters were extensively used for reservoir and well surveillance, flow assurance and the well production allocation.
Strategic Approach in Tackling Performance
Authors: Carroll T. , Beaumont R. N. , Gill J. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Operators face continued challenges in maintaining and operating their plants cost effectively while attempting to drive improvements in reliability and performance. In pursuit of this goal, many operators have recognised the benefits of effectively managing their rotating equipment using centralised management systems, such as DCS, Historians and CMMS where data can be stored, modelled using predictive analytics, and remotely accessed and interrogated. However, the effectiveness of these systems is wholly dependant on the quality of the information in the system. Industry wide programmes, such as refinery of the future and digital oil field of the future, have driven, and continues to drive, the modelling and predictive analytics capability of many systems being implemented. However, the quality of rotating equipment data upon which this modelling is based is still, in many cases, poor.
This paper presents a system that is aligned with these operator goals and integrates with current business systems to improve reliability of rotating equipment. The primary goal is improvement of maintenance activities, through continual review and optimisation of the modelling and measurement. Finally measurement and prevention of failures on rotating equipment can be achieved through the use of innovative wireless technologies developed specifically for machinery monitoring in industrial and hazardous areas. These devices determine machinery condition and allow the implementation of preventative maintenance regimes and thorough root cause analysis (RCA) to be undertaken; this would deliver a steady improvement in performance.
4C Seismic Data Analysis for Reservoir Monitoring in Shallow-water Environment
Authors: Sun Yuefeng , Berteussen Karl 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In this report, we present results of seismic modeling and data analysis from a study of a 2D 4C OBC data set acquired in the shallow-water environment typical of the Arabian Gulf.
Although surface and interface waves are stronger than in deep-water environment, adequate data processing combined with modelling reveals both high quality reflected P and converted S waves. A combination of shallow water depth and hard bottom rather results in a favorable effective waveform similar to the original source signal. More importantly, we discover that this combination enables inline geophone records to be interpreted as PS-S reflections due to P-S energy conversion at the water/rock interface, stronger than other converted modes. Seismic changes due to water flooding or CO2 injection can be detectable on hydrophone records.
Our preliminary analysis indicates that 4C seismic data acquired in shallow-water environment could be helpful for carbonate reservoir production monitoring. In contrast to deep water environment where water column reverberations can present severe problems for seismic imaging and reservoir characterization, the source, the air/water and the water/rock interfaces in shallow-water environment rather act as an effective source that has a similar waveform and short duration as the original source signal. For near-offset data where the energy of converted PS-S reflections are strong, inline geophone data at shallow depths correlate well with synthetic S-wave modeling results using log data.
Understanding the Corrosion Inhibitor Partitioning in Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Achour Mohsen , Johlman Carolyn , Blumer David 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The use of corrosion inhibition has been a common practice in industry to protect oil and gas pipelines made of carbon steel and exposed to wet hydrocarbons containing CO2 and H2S. It is however important to emphasize that the inhibitor efficiency is highly dependent on its capability to be present in the water phase and reach the pipe wall. Therefore, for a given corrosion inhibitor injection rate, there is a need to quantify the amounts of the active components present in the water and the oil phases as well as any loss to the solid surfaces, particularly to scale and corrosion products or sand if present.
This paper focuses on the use of an in-house developed laboratory method to quantify the partitioning of the corrosion inhibitor between the oil, water and solid phases and evaluate its performance as such. The partitioning of the inhibitor is evaluated using a modified standard LPR (Linear Polarization Resistance) corrosion test, followed by an analysis of the corrosion inhibitor residuals in the various phases using an LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy) analytical method (Blumer and Johlman, 2008). The major active components of the inhibitor are traced using such analysis. The paper presents an illustration of the testing method and the obtained results.
Impact of ERD Wells with HP/HT Downhole Conditions on Drill String Integrity
Authors: Franchi J. , Gamisans W. , Drilling VAM , Baryshnikov A. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Continuous developments in oil and gas drilling operations have resulted in a significant increase in the application of extended reach wells sometimes combined with HP/HT down-hole conditions.
HP/HT conditions are generally taken into account as key inputs for directional drilling equipment and casing and tubing strings selection. Indeed, high downhole pressures and temperatures limit the selection of materials for these equipments and also drive their design properties.
Concerning tubulars, casing and tubing strings designed for HP/HT wells incorporate heavier body walls, high grades and special premium connections to withstand pressure levels associated with high to extreme tension or compression.
Recent drilling operations in the North Sea have shown that drill string tubulars can also be impacted by the combination of high levels of torque & drag associated with ERD and high temperatures. Not anticipating the effect of such combinations in the well planning and drill string selection phases can result into severe operational issues.
This paper describes the lessons learned during recent extended reach drilling operations with HP/HT downhole conditions and presents the key factors to be considered for appropriate drill string specification and field running in such cases.
Company Growth through Challenges and Innovations for Well Construction
Authors: Kikuchi Shuichi , Fada'q Abdulla S. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Our current company's perspectives focus on increasing in production and injection potential, HSE excellence, cost effective field development, enhancement of learning organization and the effective use of new technology.
At present, the early delivery of quality well, minimizing production/injection losses due to offshore rig and barge activities, and HSE enhancement, as well as introducing new technologies to add values to our field development become major challenges for our well construction team composed of ZADCO (Zakum Development Company) and ADMA-OPCO (Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company).
Analyzing the issues, identifying the required changes, creating implementation strategies, setting targets with full commitments, and continuous monitoring the progress of the challenges are essential to mobilize them ahead and make them last.
This paper describes our challenges and technical innovations required for our company growth as well as highlighting following initiatives, which have been taken by the team -: The change of business process for well construction to enhance learning organization.Application of WCPMS (Well Construction Performance Management System) consisting of three performance measures, i.e., Drilling Efficiency KPI (Key Performance Indicator), Well Quality KPI and Well Cost KPI.Effective use of a barge to reduce the work load for offshore rigs.The identification of root causes for the main NPT (Non Productive Time) and the preparations of the counter procedures and the introductions of new technologies for well construction performance breakthrough.Updating the SIMOPS (Simultaneous Drilling and Production Operation) procedure through required risk assessments to minimize production and injection losses.The establishment of procedure for zero oil flaring and high quality water for discharge to minimize the emission of a green house gas (CO2) and maintain marine ecosystem.Successful implementations of MLC (Multi-Lateral Completion) technologies to create the technical basis of MRC (Multi-Reservoir Contract) with full access functions.
The CTour Process, An Pption to Comply with Zero Harmful Discharge Legislation in Norwegian Waters - Experience of CTour Installation on Ekofisk After Start up 4th Quarter 2007
Authors: Voldum Kåre , Garpestad Eimund , Anderssen Nils Olav , Henriksen Inge Brun 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In 1998 the Norwegian Government issued a White Paper (1) requiring the oil industry in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea to develop a strategy of reaching "zero discharges" of produced water within 2005. Operationally, zero discharge has since been defined as "zero harmful discharge" (2). In order to quantify the "harmfulness" of these components, a management tool, the EIF (Environmental Impact Factor), has been developed (3,4,5).
ConocoPhillips originally projected to achieve a combined 95 % reduction in EIF at Ekofisk by introducing Produced Water Re-injection (PWRI). However, after a pilot PWRI test was performed, the conclusion was that re-injection was not cost efficient and most importantly, it became apparent that it introduced a risk of reservoir souring, and could also cause substantial loss of oil produced.
It was then decided to evaluate best available produced water cleaning technologies (7,8,9). Based on previous test data, the results showed that Solvent Extraction (CTour) was the most promising technology for removal of dispersed oil and dissolved aromatic components. Pilot tests of CTour were conducted in 2004-05, and the results showed an 80% EIF reduction, reaching residual oil of &lt;2 mg/l and Naphtalenes and PAH reduction by 80-95%. The CTour Process was successfully scaled up to 300 000 BWPD full field installation, and was started up and commissioned 4'Th quarter 2007. The results from performance testing indicate that the efficiency from the original pilot tests had been successfully reproduced, yielding residual OiW of 1-2 ppm and Naphtalenes and PAH reduction by 86-92%.
It is further concluded that the process yield residual discharge reduction in accordance to the guaranty parameters originally issued upon signing of the licence agreement.
The CTour Process is generally based on using available condensate from suction scrubbers as solvent, but at Ekofisk, NGL is used as extraction fluid.
Optimization of Drilling Operational Parameters and UBD Feasibility Study in a Mature UAE Field Wells
Authors: Jarwan Abdullah Humaid Al , Menhali Adnan Mohammed Ahmed Al , Kindi Khalid Abdul Menem Saif Al , Kuru Ergun , Akgun Ferda 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Mechanical efficiency concept derived from the specific energy theory was used for a comprehensive drilling performance analysis. Data from 17 wells drilled in a mature UAE field were evaluated.
A wellbore stability analysis of the wells was also conducted by using linear elastic theory of rock deformation. Potential application of the UBD techniques in has been evaluated, based on the results of the wellbore stability analysis.
Results have shown that: The mechanical efficiency concept is applicable for the evaluation and improvement of the drilling performance of the wells drilled in the field under consideration.Based on the drilling Mechanical Efficiency concept, the optimum operational parameters such as weight on bit, rotations per minute, bit type, and bit hydraulic horsepower could be identified.The operational window between formation pore pressure and minimum drilling fluid pressure to avoid borehole collapse was found to be too narrow both in vertical and horizontal wells.Results of the wellbore stability analysis indicate that there will be a risk of borehole collapse if UBD techniques are used.
Therefore, it is recommended to carry out more in depth analysis of in-situ stresses before making any decision on the use of UBD techniques for drilling vertical and horizontal wells in this mature UAE field.
HR Evolution - Dynamics of Paradigm
Authors: AL-HAJJI Sultan 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Challenges on full cycle of employment
■ Attract ■ Recruit ■ Retain
From Oil & Gas Industries to
■ Intra Oil & Gas Industries ■ Multinational to National Oil Companies ■ To other industries ■ Entrepreneurship ■ Financial Institutions ■ Hospitality Industry
Evaluation of Wellbore Clean Up Fluids by Comparing Laboratory Test Results with Field Production Data
Authors: Al-Kitany N. , Ghosh B. , Eldin Y. Fakhr , Al-Bemani A. S. , Al-Hadhrami H. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Wellbore clean up has become an integral part of well completion operation aiming to maximize well productivity from a near skinless wellbore. The awareness has become more widespread with more and more horizontal and sand packed openhole wells being completed with so-called non damaging Drill-In-Fluids (DIF). Although drill-in-fluids control fluid loss and saturation related damage to a great extent, they tend to leave a sticky filter cake containing polymers and Calcium Carbonate particulates which can severely restrict well flow. Acids, oxidizers, chelating agents and enzymes have been often used as wellbore clean up fluids with mixed success. This article demonstrates laboratory and field evidences on superior efficiency of some recently developed bio-enzymes and explains the reason of their not so satisfactory treatment result in some wells.
Simulated Reservoir Condition Core Flow (RCCF) and return permeability measurement was the basis of laboratory evaluation and comparison of various clean up formulations, including inorganic/organic acids, oxidizing agents, various enzymes and combination treatments. Mud filter cake was developed by simulating drilling and reservoir parameters. Cleaning treatments were mimicked as per realistic field operation. Photographic evidences were produced on clean up efficiency and final conclusion was drawn based on return permeability.
Well treatment methodologies are discussed and production data from over twenty wells/legs were produced, analyzed and compared. An effort is made to analyze unsatisfactory treatment outcome in some of the enzyme treated wells and to establish the best practice approach for wellbore clean up operations.
Uncertainty Signal Analysis for a 4D-Seismic in a Middle East Carbonate
Authors: Vega S. , Berteussent K. A. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
To fully evaluate the results and achievement of a time-lapse seismic, we need to determine the uncertainties of the seismic signature changes. In this paper, we study the uncertainty of a time-lapse seismic in a carbonate reservoir in the Middle East. We combine statistics and analytical methods to study the uncertainties in compressional velocity, acoustic impedance and seismic amplitude. We find, in general, that the uncertainty increases with thickness. The uncertainty at the facies is considered intermediate as it honors the geology but it carries variations in fluid content along. In addition, Gassmann predictions seem to under-estimate fluid changes. We propose an approximated equation to evaluate uncertainties in seismic amplitude. Finally, we calculate that the signal-to-noise ratio should be higher than 6 (15.56 dB), for detecting physical time-lapse seismic changes in this data.
Challenges of Seismic Processing of Transition-Zone Data: Comparison of Three State-of-the-Art Approaches
Authors: Hadidi M. T. , Nehaid H. A. , Abousetta A. , Yahia A. , Soroka W. L. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A program of 2D seismic lines was acquired in a transition zone in Abu Dhabi in early 2007. The objective was to firm up exploration concepts in the cretaceous, including subtle reefal buildups. Three data issues were of concern, namely, matching the different seismic sources and receivers, static corrections, and noise attenuation for improved signal-to-noise ratio. Because transition-zone acquisition entails dealing with a variety of environments, it was necessary to use two types of sources, namely air gun arrays and dynamite, and three types of receivers - marsh geophones, hydrophones, and dual sensor units. Matching of the resulting six source-receiver combinations was a key challenge. The dynamic and complex nature of transition zones, situated between land and marine environments, causes noise levels to be particularly high. Mitigation of seismic noise was the second processing challenge. Finally, the low-relief structures that were the targets in this area placed stringent demands on the static solutions. Coming up with an accurate static solution was the third processing challenge.
This project provided a unique case study in transition-zone processing, because the data was sent for processing by three contractors. This was done to verify that optimum processing has been performed on the data to meet the interpretation objectives. This afforded a rare and unique opportunity to compare three state-of the-art approaches to transition-zone seismic processing.
This paper presents comparisons of the final migrated images obtained using the three processing approaches. It also refers to further analysis carried out using well-to-seismic ties and acoustic impedance sections produced by post-stack inversion. We will conclude with the key lessons gained from this experience, which we hope will find application to other projects dealing with this particularly challenging problem.