bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEDETERA ALDRICHII(DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE) IN THE BLACK HILLS: II. BIOLOGY AND DENSITIES OF THE IMMATURE STAGES
Authors: Schmid J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMedetera aldrichiiWheeler larvae enter galleries ofDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins through the beetle entrance holes. Observed larval densities of the fly were greatest in the May–June period following beetle attack. Densities were consistently greatest in the portion of the tree 5–10 ft aboveground; averaging around 3–4/sq. ft. The fly larvae probably cause a major share of the beetle mortality between August and the following May. The fly larvae pupate near beetle-created openings that lead from the galleries to the exterior.
MULTIPLE PARASITISM OF ARMORED COCCIDS (HOMOPTERA) BY HOST-REGULATIVE APHELINIDS (HYMENOPTERA); ECTOPARASITES VERSUS ENDOPARASITES
Authors: Flanders S. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWhen a host-regulative ectoparasite and a host-regulative endoparasite compete for the same host population (multiple parasitism) the former largely replaces the latter when the host’s density is high, the ectoparasite then being relatively numerous and the endoparasite scarce. However, after the ectoparasite has reduced the host population to a low density the converse is true, the endoparasite being more numerous. This difference is an effect of the endoparasite being able to operate at lower host densities; an essential adaptation if it is to survive competition with a host-regulative ectoparasitic population. The above conclusions are based (1) on the statistical analyses of numerous population samples of ectoparasitic and endoparasitic species of the family Aphelinidae (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) imported into California while inhabiting host coccids (Diaspididae: Homoptera); (2) on field observations by the writer and the reports of others on the numerical status of such hosts and their specific parasites in gardens and orchards in various countries, those in which the species are indigenous as well as in those where they are exotic; (3) on the principles of multiple parasitism as elucidated by Harry S. Smith; and (4) on multiple parasitism by an ectoparasite and a host-specific endoparasite being characterized by the ectoparasite always destroying the endoparasite when both are attacking the same host individual and the endoparasite replacing the ectoparasite when populations of both are subsisting on a low density host population.
THE POTENTIATION BY CURARE OF THE ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE ON THE HOUSE CRICKET HEART (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: McFarlane J. E. , Fong Katy Ting-Ya 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCurarized house cricket hearts in semi-isolated preparation are from 10 to 100× more sensitive to the accelerating action of acetylcholine than control hearts. This potentiating effect of curare is similar to that of eserine, and probably acts through inhibition of cholinesterase.
A REMARKABLE FOSSIL HOMOPTERAN FROM CANADIAN CRETACEOUS AMBER REPRESENTING A NEW FAMILY
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA nymph of an homopteran preserved in Cretaceous amber from Cedar Lake, Man., is described. It presents features of two recent families, Cercopidae and Cicadellidae, and so is recognized as a new family of intermediate position. Jascopidae new family contains only Jascopus notabilis n. gen., n. sp.
REVIEW OF THESOLIDAGO-INHABITING APHIDS IN CANADA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe following 14 aphids are known to feed on species ofSolidagoin Canada:Cachryphora serotinae(Oestlund),Dactynotus caligatusRichards,Dactynotus canadensisnew species,Dactynotus erigeronensis(Thomas),Dactynotus gravicornis(Patch),Dactynotus lanceolatus(Patch),Dactynotus macgillivrayaeOlive,Dactynotus nigrotibiusOlive,Dactynotus nigotuberculatusOlive,Dactynotus pielouinew species,Dactynotus pseudochrysanthemiOlive,Dactynotus tissotiBoudreaux,Dactynotus solirostratusnew species, andMacrosiphum goldamaryae(Knowlton). A key and a list of associated host plants are given.
THE APPLE APHID APHIS POMI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON APPLE UNDER SUMMER CONDITIONS IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT CABINET
Authors: Specht H. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe apple aphid was reared on 1-year-old trees in a controlled environment cabinet with simulated mid-June through October 1968 daylengths and temperatures. Maximum rates of increase (ca. 2.7-fold per week) were observed during the first 5 weeks of the experiment and maximum populations were obtained in 7 weeks at the time the trees stopped growth when the diel photoperiod was 14.8 hr, and light/dark temperature was 20.5°/15.5 °C. The ratio of nymphs to adults increased from 5:1 to 10:1 from week 2 to week 8, followed by a rapid decline. At week 12 there were more adults than nymphs and the nymph:adult ratio remained 1:3 through the remainder of the experiment. Alate aphids appeared 2 weeks following infestation, increased very rapidly, ca. 6-fold per week, and maximum abundance was noted at the end of 6 weeks. Their numbers declined nearly as rapidly at ca. 0.35-fold per week and they were not seen after week 11. As the numbers of alate aphids decreased, apterous adults increased to week 12, remained constant to week 15, and slowly decreased in an environment of shorter daylengths and lower temperatures. The rate of apterous adult aphid increase was similar to the rate of accumulated degree days during the first 8 weeks and again in the 10- to 15-week period.Aphids were concentrated on the tree tops during the first 6 weeks of the experiment. A gradual migration followed and the aphids became dispersed over the trees with minor concentrations near the centers of the trees.
PREDATION BY INSECTS AND SPIDERS INHABITING COLONIAL WEBS OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe number of predators inhabiting nests of Hyphantria cunea Drury was recorded annually for 13 years in four areas in New Brunswick and two areas on the coast of Nova Scotia. The most common groups were the pentatomids and spiders, which sometimes reproduced within the nests, but the mean number per nest was low in relation to the number of H. cunea larvae in the colonies. The rate of predation on fifth-instar larvae was low. Small or timid predators appeared to prey largely on moribund larvae or small saprophagans during the principal defoliating instars of H. cunea.No relationship could be detected between the number of larvae reaching the fifth instar and the number of predators in the colony; nor could any functional or numerical response of the predators to either the initial number of larvae per colony or the population density of colonies be found. It is concluded that the influence of the nest-inhabiting predators is small and relatively stable, and may be treated as a constant in the development of models to explain the population dynamics of H. cunea.H. cunea is a pest in parts of Europe and Asia, where it has been accidentally introduced from North America. The introduction to other continents of the North American predator, Podisus maculiventiis (Say), is discussed briefly.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FOOD CONSUMPTION, ASSIMILATION, AND GROWTH IN LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON TWO HOST PLANTS
Authors: Latheef M. A. , Harcourt D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) reared on tomato fed longer, consumed more foliage, and had a lower survival rate than when reared on potato, its principal host. On both plants, a direct linear relationship was obtained between food consumption and larval growth. Potato was the more efficient of the two plants in terms of food conversion to body matter. This was reflected by increased weight gain of the larvae and greater pupal size.Adults from larvae reared on tomato were smaller and less fecund than those from larvae reared on potato. Half of them rejected tomato as food. However, egg-laying increased when they were transferred to potato after 50 days. The present investigation indicates that L. decemlineata can survive and attain maturity on tomato in the absence of its principal host plant. However, when potato is once again available, it is able to increase growth, accelerate development, and achieve a greater reproductive potential.
BEHAVIOR OF THE PARASITOIDPLEOLOPHUS BASIZONUS(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN HOST AND PARASITOID DENSITY
Authors: Price Peter W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA synthesis of observations on density-dependent interactions in parasitoid populations is attempted, working from the particular aspects of discrimination against parasitized hosts and detailed observations on parasitoid behavior, to more general aspects of parasitoid ecology, dispersal, distribution, and response to host populations. Females ofPleolophus basizonus(Gravenhorst) are able to discriminate against parasitized hosts ofNeodiprion swaineiMiddleton between narrow limits (mean densities of 0.4 to 1.4 eggs per cocoon) set by the probability of a female finding an unparasitized host. They show mutual interference in egg laying at high parasitoid:host ratios, and a density-dependent escape reaction to adult parasitoid density. These behaviors all result from the recognition of repellent trail odors left by searching females. Response of individual females to high parasitoid densities may therefore lead to dispersal, the occupation by the population of more, but not so favorable habitats, and an apparent density-independent response to host populations.
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING FOR EGG CLUSTERS OF THE SWAINE JACK PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION SWAINEI (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Tostowaryk W. , McLeod J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA sequential sampling method for egg clusters of the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton, is described.
THE POTENTIAL NORTHERN DISPERSAL OF THE GYPSY MOTH, PORTHETRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Wallace D. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOverwintering eggs of Porthetria dispar increase their capacity to supercool during exposure to non-lethal conditioning temperatures. Measurements of supercooling points of eggs collected in Quebec and Massachusetts indicate that the gradual movement of the insect north and west from the initial point of introduction into North America has not been accompanied by natural selection for a more cold-hardy population. The protection afforded eggs by cold-hardening is, however, greatly enhanced by the placement of egg masses, typically at or near ground level, where they are subject to maximum insulation by snow cover.Examination of climatic regimes within the current area of distribution of the gypsy moth in Eurasia indicates that temperature may not be a key factor limiting its northward spread. In central Canada, in the presence of abundant snow cover, the insect may spread as far north as suitable food plants exist. This would favour extension of the range of the gypsy moth throughout the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Forest Region and much of the Boreal Forest Region of Ontario and Quebec south of James Bay.
CODLING MOTH POPULATIONS UNDER NATURAL, INTEGRATED, AND CHEMICAL CONTROL ON APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: MacLellan C. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCodling moth populations on natural apple fruit trees scattered throughout Nova Scotia are compared with those in commercial orchards. In natural fruit, failure of crop, crop size, degree of isolation, amount of crowding by native trees, and natural enemies determine the level of codling moth numbers. Young commercial orchards require artificial control measures within a few years of first bearing fruit to prevent severe crop losses. In older commercial orchards natural controls require an occasional assist by chemical treatment to contain the codling moth below economically tolerable levels. Such treatment is applied to interfere as little as possible with known natural controls.
COMBINED EFFECTS OF EGG AGE AND RADIATION DOSAGE ON EGG HATCH OF TENEBRIO MOLITOR (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Brower John H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTenebrio molitor L. eggs in 15 age groups ranging from 0.5 to 7.5 days were irradiated with 10 dosages of gamma radiation ranging from 0.5 to 160 krad. The study showed that age had a pronounced effect on radiation-induced egg mortality. There was a 250-fold increase in resistance as eggs matured from 0.5 to 7.5 days as measured by the dosage required to produce an LD50.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME FOREST INSECTS TO MIXTURES OF COMMERCIAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES, AND SENSITIVITY OF THE PATHOGEN TO THE INSECTICIDES
Authors: Morris Oswald N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExperiments were designed to determine the effects of low doses of some insecticides on the viability and physiological characteristics of commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) as a prelude to studies on the susceptibility of lepidopterous forest defoliators to mixtures of bacteria and insecticides.The results show that the insecticides tested had no effect on viability or physiological integrity of the bacteria.Bacteria–insecticide combination effects varied from strongly antagonistic to strongly supplemental depending on insecticide or Thuricide® formulations and concentrations and on the relative susceptibility of the test species to either agent applied separately. Pyrethrum at 10−3 was highly potentiating to BT at 10−1 against third instar Halisidota argentata. Among Hyphantria cunea, a supplemental effect always resulted from combining Thuricide® at 10−2 with low concentrations of malathion, phosphamidon, or pyrethrum.There was generally a drastic reduction in feeding activity among BT-treated insects and a further reduction among BT-chemical-insecticide-treated ones compared with controls.
EVALUATION OF CEREAL CULTIVARS FOR FEEDING VALUE WITH THE CONFUSED FLOUR BEETLE, TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Metcalfe D. R. , Loschiavo S. R. , McGinnis A. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBased on rate of larval development, the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (Duval), consistently differentiated among selected cereal cultivars provided as food. Although variations occurred in ranking order from test to test, some cultivars always permitted faster larval development than others. There was good correlation between results from tests with the beetles and from those with chicks fed the same rations. Addition of minerals and micronutrients to the cereals changed the nutritional value for the beetles but the extent of change was not uniform among the cultivars.
EFFECTS OF CARBOFURAN ON ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS AND CROP YIELD IN HAYFIELDS
Authors: Dondale C. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCarbofuran was applied to three hayfields at a rate of 0.56 kg/ha in early June. This caused significant reductions of Thysanoptera, phytophagous Coleoptera larvae (including the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyl.)), and Cicadellidae. It caused similar reductions in Araneida and parasitoids. The differences between treated and untreated plots were no longer significant by September. Carbofuran did not significantly affect the yield of air-dried hay or of crude protein.
SCOLYTIDS (COLEOPTERA) ON SNOWFIELDS ABOVE TIMBERLINE IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON
Authors: Furniss Malcolm M. , Furniss Robert L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractScolytids were collected from snowfields above timberline in Oregon and Washington. The most productive location was Collier Glacier on Middle Sister Mountain, Ore., where 334 specimens representing 20 species were collected on 4 August 1968. Collections from seven mountains comprised 476 specimens, 12 genera, and 26 species. Hylastes nigrinus (Mann.) made up 63% of the specimens collected. The collections demonstrated that bark beetles had been dispersed vertically and horizontally thousands of feet from the nearest possible source. Phloeosinus chamberlini Blkm. was found 15 miles from the closest known host tree. Behavioral and meteorological factors involved in the dispersal of scolytids to snowfields are known only circumstantially. Certain species are thought to fly skyward initially. Some individuals presumably are carried aloft by warm updrafts and their fallout occurs when the air becomes too cool for flight.
AN UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES OF ASCA FROM NORTH AMERICA (ACARINA: ASCIDAE)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe female and male of Asca acornis n. sp. are described and illustrated. This species occurs in arboreal habitats in the southern United States. The absence of the most salient diagnostic character of the genus Asca on adults of this species is discussed.
CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) ON SWEET CORN AND PEPPERS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: McClanahan R. J. , Founk J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParathion was the most effective ovicide for European corn borer eggs. Six other materials gave at least 50% mortality at 100 p.p.m., but 17 had little or no activity. Corn borer larvae were more susceptible to insecticides, and probit-mortality data was determined for 17 materials.In 1970 and 1971 heavy populations of borer were controlled on sweet corn and peppers by twice-weekly sprays of carbaryl, Lannate, and Phosvel. Furadan applied weekly provided good control, and several of the experimental compounds were effective.
PREDATION BY WASPS, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS ON HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPredation by birds and social wasps (Vespula spp.) on larval colonies of Hyphantria cunea Drury was studied in both natural and artificial populations, and predation by mammals on overwintering pupae in the ground was studied in artificial populations. The species of predators are listed and some important differences in their habits of attack are described. Per cent predation by birds is directly related to the population density of H. cunea over a range of densities, but inversely related after density exceeds this range. When habitat and weather favor rapid population growth, H. cunea "escapes" from the population range in which predation exerts a regulatory influence.
POSTEMBRYONIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF F1 AND F2 TOBACCO BUDWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM PARTIALLY STERILE MALES
Authors: Proshold F. I. , Bartell J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), with inherited sterility caused by irradiation of the male parent were smaller than progeny from normal parents and developed more slowly throughout the larval and pupal periods. In the second generation the population segregated into two groups, those with normal and those with delayed development. Also, when the P1 male received 15.0 krad, 8% of the F1 larvae had more than the normal five instars. Moreover, when those F1 progeny that had only five larval instars were outcrossed to normal moths, this tendency for supernumerary molts increased nearly 3-fold. The slower development of progeny of treated moths would have to be considered in field tests made to evaluate the effect of inherited sterility on the tobacco budworm. However, with continuous release of irradiated males, the delayed development or smaller size of the progeny should not lessen the possibility that this method could successfully suppress field populations.
FERTILITY AND SURVIVAL OF ACHAEARANEA TEPIDARIORUM (ARANEIDA: THERIDIIDAE) ON A DIET OF CHEMOSTERILIZED MOSQUITOES
Authors: Bracken G. K. , Dondale C. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFertility of Achaearanea tepidariorum (C. L. Koch) that were fed mosquitoes chemosterilized by pupal exposure to thiotepa was significantly reduced. Mortality was excessive for spiders fed mosquitoes treated topically with thiotepa. Maximal weekly dosages, estimated by residue analysis, were 12 and 21 ng/male and female respectively for spiders fed mosquitoes treated as pupae and over 3 times greater for spiders fed mosquitoes treated topically as adults. The susceptibility of this predator to small chronic dosages of chemosterilant suggests that mass releases of chemosterilized insects are potentially hazardous to food chain components.
LIFE TABLES AND INTRINSIC RATES OF INCREASE OF APTEROUS BLACK BEAN APHIDS AND PEA APHIDS, ON BROAD BEAN (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Frazer B. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLife tables were prepared from daily fecundity and survival data on 69 apterous black bean aphids, Aphis fabae Scopoli, and 47 apterous pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Both were on broad beans in 20° ± 0.5 °C, 70–80% R.H., and 16 hr light per day. The intrinsic rates of natural increase (rm) computed from the life tables were 0.359 ♀/♀ day for the bean aphid and 0.404 ♀/♀ day for the pea aphid. Mortality was not important in determining the rates of increase because very few aphids died during their reproductive periods. Only 5 of 116 reproducing aphids died, all from inability to extrude nymphs which had died before bursting their embryonic membranes. These nymphs became covered with a discharge from the mother which cemented them in place and prevented the birth of succeeding nymphs. The resulting engorged females died in 3–4 days.An analysis of and comparison with life tables of two other aphid species in addition to those produced here showed that the differences in rm were due almost entirely to differences in fecundity. Two fecundity patterns, correlated with aphid phylogeny, were recognized.
THE APHID-ATTACKING GENERA OF APHELINIDAE (HYMENOPTERA), INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS
Authors: Mackauer Manfred 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe species of the chalcidoid genera Aphelinus Dalman, Mesidia Foerster, Mesidiopsis Nowicki, and Protaphelinus, new genus, are solitary endophagous parasites of aphids. Their classification is discussed. And a key to the genera is given based on adult characters.Special emphasis in the revision is on the known Canadian representatives and species that are likely to be found in Canada. The first part of the revision deals with genus Protaphelinus. The type-species, P. nikolskajae (Jasnosh), is described in detail and illustrated. New information on distribution and host ranges is provided.
BIOLOGY OF THE BLUEBERRY THRIPS FRANKLINIELLA VACCINII AND CATINATHRIPS KAINOS IN MAINE (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE)
Authors: Langille Ranald H. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCatinathrips kainos O’Neill and Frankliniella vaccinii Morgan overwinter as adults in the soil and first appear on lowbush blueberry plants in mid- to late May. C. kainos was the predominant species on the plants in the spring in six Maine locations. The peak of nymphal abundance occurred in mid-July. It is believed that C. kainos migrates into the soil to complete development while F. vaccinii becomes an adult on the blueberry plant before migrating into the soil. F. vaccinii adults were found to be much more numerous on the plants in late July and August than C. kainos. Although only a few C. kainos males and no F. vaccinii males were noted in the spring, a 3:4 ratio of male to female F. vaccinii adults was present on the plants in August and about the same adult ratio of C. kainos was discovered in the soil in mid-August. The depth at which C. kainos winters in the soil appeared to be centered at 2.5–3.5 in.