bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary students' responses to perceptions of the relationship between science and religion: Stances identified from an interview study
Authors: Taber Keith S. , Billingsley Berry , Riga Fran , Newdick Helen 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIt has been argued that learning science may be complicated, and even compromised, when students hold worldviews that may seem at odds with what is presented in science lessons. In particular, in some parts of the world, there has been considerable concern that students from particular religious backgrounds may reject some science teaching if perceived as inconsistent with their faith commitments. In this paper, we report the findings from an interview study that investigated how 12 13–14‐year‐olds from four diverse English schools perceived the relationship between science and religion. In particular, we consider how these students responded to any perceived contradiction and conflict between science and religion. We found a spectrum of stances among this small sample of secondary students. The more extreme positions represented a choice for either science or religion when conflict was perceived. However, other stances were found that sought a synthesis, accommodated inconsistent frameworks, or considered science and religion as noninteracting domains. These alternative stances present a similar range of possibilities to the possible outcomes that have been discussed when students' informal ideas in science are inconsistent with formal science teaching. The implications for further research and for curriculum development and teaching are considered. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95:1000–1025, 2011
Wrapping Graphene Sheets Around Organic Wires for Making Memory Devices
Authors: Wang Shuai , Manga Kiran Kumar , Zhao Meng , Bao Qiaoliang , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHybrids of organic semiconductors and graphene can generate a whole new class of materials with enhanced properties. A simple solution‐phase route to synthesize a hybrid material made of organic nanowires and graphene oxide (GO) sheets is demonstrated by sonicating tetracene molecules and GO together in diluted fuming nitric acid. The self‐assembled tetracene‐derived organic wires become encapsulated by GO sheets during the reaction to produce an interconnected, one‐dimensional/two‐dimensional lamellar film. Memory devices fabricated using the hybrid film as the sandwiched layer between aluminum electrodes exhibit excellent electrical bistability. The charge retention properties are attributed to charge transfer and a charge‐trapping/detrapping mechanism operational at the interfaces and isolated matrices of the GO–tetracene hybrid.
Quantifying the Nanomachinery of the Nanoparticle–Biomolecule Interface
Authors: de Puig Helena , Federici Stefania , Baxamusa Salmaan H. , Bergese Paolo , Hamad‐Schifferli Kimberly 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA study is presented of the nanomechanical phenomena experienced by nanoparticle‐conjugated biomolecules. A thermodynamic framework is developed to describe the binding of thrombin‐binding aptamer (TBA) to thrombin when the TBA is conjugated to nanorods. Binding results in nanorod aggregation (viz. directed self‐assembly), which is detectable by absorption spectroscopy. The analysis introduces the energy of aggregation, separating it into TBA–thrombin recognition and surface‐work contributions. Consequently, it is demonstrated that self‐assembly is driven by the interplay of surface work and thrombin‐TBA recognition. It is shown that the work at the surface is about −10 kJ mol−1 and results from the accumulation of in‐plane molecular forces of pN magnitude and with a lifetime of <1 s, which arises from TBA nanoscale rearrangements fuelled by thrombin‐directed nanorod aggregation. The obtained surface work can map aggregation regimes as a function of different nanoparticle surface conditions. Also, the thermodynamic treatment can be used to obtain quantitative information on surface effects impacting biomolecules on nanoparticle surfaces.
Considerations in Using the Discrete Phase Model (DPM)
Authors: Chattopadhyay Kinnor , Isac Mihaiela , Guthrie Roderick I. L 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMany metallurgical processes involve multiphase flows and liquid metal processing is not an exception. During the secondary refining, and casting of steel, there are many interactions between the liquid phase, and the dispersed phases (spherical gas bubbles, inclusions, liquid slag droplets etc.). To mathematically model these operations, the Discrete Phase Method (DPM) is now being used by significant number of researchers. However, in certain publications, the equations presented are ambiguous but have nonetheless been referenced by many researchers. The present technical note highlights a mistake in the interpretation of the discrete phase equation in a technical paper by Hulstrung et al. 1 and also points out the mis‐leading equation in the ANSYS‐FLUENT 12.0 theory guide 2.
Manufacturing of Austenitic Stainless Steel‐Zirconia Composites by Infiltration
Authors: Weider M. , Eigenfeld K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWithin the framework of the CRC 799 “TRIP‐Matrix‐Composites” at the TU Bergakademie Freiberg new composite materials consisting of TRIP steel and zirconium dioxide ceramics are designed in a powder route and a casting route. To manufacture faultless samples basic investigations of the feeding and infiltration behaviour within macro porous ceramics such as filters were needed. The effects of bottom pouring and top pouring were investigated as well as the effects of different preheating temperatures, contents of phosphorous in the steel and flow trough rates. Bottom pouring corrupts the feeding mainly of filters with high ppi (pores per inch). Top pouring improves the feeding, but generates inhomogeneous infiltration qualities, which can affected and enhanced by a increasing preheating temperature, an addition of phosphorous or a defined melt flow trough the filters.
Ceramic Processing for TRIP‐Steel/Mg‐PSZ Composite Materials for Mechanical Applications
Authors: Weigelt C. , Aneziris C. G. , Yanina A. , Guk S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractComposite materials are up‐to‐date products in a growing range of applications and markets. Due to the advantageous combination of two or more materials new generations of materials can be generated. Closely linked to expanding variations of material combinations are increasing numbers of manufacturing techniques. The combination of ductile metals with hard and brittle ceramics offers a range of applications in the field of crash‐absorber and structural products with high mechanical load. This paper deals with the challenges of powder metallurgical processing of TRIP‐steel/Mg‐PSZ composite materials. The presented results are a contribution to improvements in plastic processing especially for lightweight honeycomb structures.
Re‐conceptualization of scientific literacy in South Korea for the 21st century
Authors: Choi Kyunghee , Lee Hyunju , Shin Namsoo , Kim Sung‐Won , Krajcik Joseph 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAs the context of human life expands from personal to global, a new vision of scientific literacy is needed. Based on a synthesis of the literature and the findings of an online survey of South Korean and US secondary science teachers, we developed a framework for scientific literacy for South Korea that includes five dimensions: content knowledge, habits of mind, character and values, science as a human endeavor, and metacognition, and self‐direction. The framework was validated by international science educators. Although the names of these dimensions sound familiar, the framework puts a new perspective on scientific literacy by expanding and refining each dimension, stressing integrated understanding of big idea and the importance of character and values, adding metacognition, and emphasizing global citizenship. Twenty‐first century citizens need integrated understanding of the big ideas of science and habits of mind such as systematic thinking and communications. They also need to realize that science is a human endeavor that changes, as new evidence is uncovered. However, these aspects of scientific literacy provide only a partial picture. Scientific literacy should also emphasize character and values that can lead learners to make appropriate choices and decisions to ensure a sustainable planet and provide all people with basic human rights. Individuals will also need to develop metacognitive skills in order interpret new complex scientific information and know when they need additional information. Although this framework was developed primarily for South Korea, a new vision of scientific literacy that is applicable for K‐12 has the potential to spur the development of new standards, curriculum materials, instructional practices, professional development and assessments, and dialog across nations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 670–697, 2011
The role of Web 2.0 technologies in self‐regulated learning
Authors: Kitsantas Anastasia , Dabbagh Nada 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis chapter describes how Web 2.0 technologies, especially social software, can be used to support student self‐regulated learning in higher education contexts. Selected examples that demonstrate how instructors can integrate social software into course design to facilitate student self‐regulation are provided.
Awareness and Preferences Regarding BRCA1/2 Genetic Counseling and Testing Among Latinas and Non‐Latina White Women at Increased Risk for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Gammon Amanda Dawn , Rothwell Erin , Simmons Rebecca , Lowery Jan T. , Ballinger Lori , Hill Deirdre A. , Boucher Kenneth M. , Kinney Anita Yeomans 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis study was an investigation of awareness, cognitions, and psychosocial and educational needs related to genetic counseling and testing among Latinas and non‐Latina whites at increased risk for having a BRCA1/2 mutation. Sixty‐three Latina and eighty‐four non‐Latina white women completed telephone surveys employing a mixture of quantitative and qualitative questions assessing awareness, benefits, risks, barriers, and genetic counseling communication preferences regarding BRCA1/2 testing. Among participants who had not previously had genetic counseling/testing, 56.9% of Latinas (29/51) and 34.8% of non‐Latina white participants (24/69) were unaware of the availability of BRCA1/2 testing. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, Latina ethnicity was the only statistically significant independent factor associated with lack of awareness (OR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.19–0.35). No appreciable differences were noted between ethnic groups regarding perceived benefits of BRCA1/2 testing or desired genetic counseling topics. These findings underscore the importance of increasing awareness of cancer genetic counseling and genetic testing among both Latina and non‐Latina white populations.
How High is Hispanic/Mexican Fertility in the United States? Immigration and Tempo Considerations
Authors: Parrado Emilio A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In this article, I demonstrate that the apparently much higher fertility of Hispanic/Mexican women in the United States is almost exclusively the product of period estimates obtained for immigrant women and that period measures of immigrant fertility suffer from three serious sources of bias that together significantly overstate fertility levels: difficulties in estimating the size of immigrant groups; the tendency for migration to occur at a particular stage in life; and, most importantly, the tendency for women to have a birth soon after migration. When these sources of bias are taken into consideration, the fertility of native Hispanic/Mexican women is very close to replacement level. In addition, the completed fertility of immigrant women in the United States is dramatically lower than the level obtained from period calculations. Findings are consistent with classical theories of immigrant assimilation but are a striking departure from the patterns found in previous studies and published statistics. The main implication is that without a significant change in immigration levels, current projections based on the premise of high Hispanic fertility are likely to considerably exaggerate Hispanic population growth, its impact on the ethno-racial profile of the country, and its potential to counteract population aging.
Divorced Fathers’ Proximity and Children’s Long-Run Outcomes: Evidence From Norwegian Registry Data
Authors: Kalil Ariel , Mogstad Magne , Rege Mari , Votruba Mark 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This study examines the link between divorced nonresident fathers’ proximity and children’s long-run outcomes, using high-quality data from Norwegian population registers. We follow (from birth to young adulthood) each of 15,992 children born into married households in Norway in the years 1975–1979 whose parents divorced during his or her childhood. We observe the proximity of the child to his or her father in each year following the divorce and link proximity to educational and economic outcomes for the child in young adulthood, controlling for a wide range of observable characteristics of the parents and the child. Our results show that closer proximity to the father following a divorce has, on average, a modest negative association with offspring’s outcomes in young adulthood. The negative associations are stronger among children of highly educated fathers. Complementary Norwegian survey data show that highly educated fathers report more post-divorce conflict with their ex-wives as well as more contact with their children (measured in terms of the number of nights that the child spends at the father’s house). Consequently, the father’s relocation to a more distant location following the divorce may shelter the child from disruptions in the structure of the child’s life as they split time between households and/or from post-divorce interparental conflict.
On the K-theory of boundaryC*-algebras of Ã2groups
Authors: King Oliver , Robertson Guyan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLet Γ be an Ã2subgroup of PGL3(), whereis a local field with residue field of orderq. The module of coinvariantsC(,ℤ)Γis shown to be finite, whereis the projective plane over. If the group Γ is of Tits type and ifq≢ 1 (mod 3) then the exact value of the order of the class [1]K0in the K-theory of the (full) crossed productC*-algebraC(Ω) ⋊ Γ is determined, where Ω is the Furstenberg boundary of PGL3(). For groups of Tits type, this verifies a conjecture of G. Robertson and T. Steger.
Effect of fast dietary proteins on muscle protein synthesis rate and muscle strength in ad libitum-fed and energy-restricted old rats
Authors: Walrand Stéphane , Zangarelli Aude , Guillet Christelle , Salles Jérôme , Soulier Karine , Giraudet Christophe , Patrac Véronique , Boirie Yves 
Published: June 2011

Sarcopenia is defined as age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Energy restriction (ER) delays fibre loss by limiting the accumulated deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species on muscle. However, insufficient protein intake during ER might affect muscle mass and function. We hypothesised that ingestion of fast-digested proteins such as whey protein (WP) improves muscle protein synthesis and muscle strength in aged ER rats. The effect of WP or casein (CAS, slow protein) on muscle mass, protein synthesis and strength was evaluated in 21-month-old rats fed for 5 months either ad libitum (AL) or a 40 % protein and energy-restricted (PER) or 40 % AL-isonitrogenous ER diet. The nitrogen balance was reduced in PER-CAS rats only ( − 48 % v. AL-CAS). WP stimulated muscle protein synthesis rates compared with CAS in all groups (+21,+37 and +34 % in AL, PER and ER conditions, respectively). Muscle strength was higher in ER rats than in AL rats (+23 and +12 % for WP or CAS, respectively). Muscle performance tended to be greater in ER rats fed WP than in ER-CAS rats (P < 0·09). In conclusion, we observed that long-term ER combined with maintained protein intake had a beneficial impact on muscle protein synthesis rate and function during ageing.
Effect of reduced heifer nutrition duringin uteroand post-weaning development on glucose and acetate kinetics
Authors: Waterman Richard C. , Roberts Andrew J. , Geary Thomas W. , Grings Elaine E. , Alexander Leeson J. , MacNeil Michael D. 
Published: June 2011

Energetic efficiency was evaluated in composite bred heifers born from dams receiving 1·8 or 1·2 kg/d winter supplementation for approximately 80 d before parturition. Heifers were then developed post-weaning and randomly assigned to heifer development treatments of either control (100 %;ad libitum;n8/year) or restricted (80 %; fed 80 % of supplementation fed to controls adjusted to a common body weight:n8/year) in a 2-year study. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) and acetate irreversible loss test (AILT) were administered to heifers at the termination of a 140 d development period when the heifers were approximately 403 d of age and consumed a silage-based diet, and again at 940 d of age when pregnant with their second calf and grazing dormant forage. No differences were measured (P>0·08) for dam winter nutrition or heifer development treatment for baseline serum metabolites or measures in either the GTT or the AILT. However, changes in baseline serum concentrations (P>0·05) were different between metabolic challenges, which occurred at different stages of development. No difference in acetate disappearance (P = 0·18) and half-life (P = 0·66) was measured between the two metabolic challenges. A trend for glucose half-life to be shorter in heifers born from dams receivingin uterowinter treatments that supplied 1·2 kg/d of winter supplementation was observed (P = 0·083). Heifers developed with lower total DM intake during a 140 d development period had similar glucose and acetate incorporation rates asad libitum-fed heifers when evaluated at two different production stages.
Grassland use in mountain bovine systems according to a hierarchy of geographical determinants
Authors: GARCIA-LAUNAY F. , SIBRA C. , MOLÉNAT H. , AGABRIEL C. , BRUNSCHWIG G. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYKnowledge of the spatio-temporal management of forage production and grazing in grass-based livestock systems is needed to simulate their functioning and then to propose new cutting and grazing practices that will achieve both environmental and economic benefits. The objectives of the present work were to characterize the types of grassland use in mountain bovine systems and relate them to field geographical characteristics to produce a conceptual model of grassland use. This model can be incorporated into a whole beef and/or dairy farm simulator of the impact of practice changes on environmental and productive performances. For this purpose, a survey of 72 farms was conducted in the traditional Salers system in the Massif Central (France). Information was gathered on geographical characteristics and cutting and/or grazing practices on three general groups of fields: cut only, cut and grazed, and grazed only fields. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses constructed 15 field use classes that account for the complexity of forage production and grazing management. Geographical determinants of grassland use follow a certain hierarchy: slope and carrying capacity influence the occurrence of cutting, and field area determines the possibility of allocating a cut field to grazing animals and of allocating a field to milked cows. The distance to the cowshed is involved in the allocation to milked or suckler cows and also influences the order of the cutting and grazing sequence. For the same combination of geographical characteristics, two types of grassland use may be observed, highlighting the flexibility of mountain systems. A conceptual model of grassland use is proposed as the basis for field use allocation in a whole farm model. Further investigation will consider the influence of field pattern characteristics on these relationships.
Variation of digestibility and intake by sheep of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) hays cut at sunrise or sunset
Authors: ANDUEZA D. , DELGADO I. , MUÑOZ F. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out in 2006 in the Ebro Valley of Spain to test the differences in chemical composition, ruminal degradation, in vivo digestibility and intake between lucerne hays cut at sunrise (AM) or at sunset (PM). Measurements were carried out at 0·50 flowering during spring, summer and autumn growth cycles. PM hays showed higher contents of soluble carbohydrates, starch and total non-structural carbohydrates than AM hays. No significant differences between times of cutting were found for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre or acid detergent lignin. Effective degradability of dry matter (DM) was higher in autumn PM hay (0·57±0·008) than AM hay (0·47±0·008). No differences between times of cutting were found for hays cut in spring or summer. Effective degradability of nitrogen was significantly higher in summer and autumn PM hays than in AM hays. However, degradability did not differ significantly between times of cutting for the hays cut in spring. Differences in organic matter digestibility averaged 0·02±0·008 in spring and 0·05±0·008 in autumn, but no differences were found between cutting times for lucerne hays in summer. For DM intake, differences between PM and AM hays were significant in spring (57±2·0 v. 46±2·0 g/kg BW0·75, respectively) and summer (60±2·0 v. 52±2·0 g/kg BW0·75, respectively), but not significant in autumn (55±2·0 v. 51±2·0 g/kg BW0·75, respectively). Finally, digestible organic matter intake in sheep was higher for PM (34±1·3, 36±1·3 and 32±1·3 g/kg BW0·75) than for AM hays (27±1·3, 30±1·3 and 27±1·3 g/kg BW0·75) in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. In conclusion, cutting lucerne at sunset could be a simple management strategy for improving the feed value of hays.
Livelihood activities in a Namibian wildlife conservancy: a case study of variation within a CBNRM programme
Authors: Kanapaux William , Child Brian 
Published: June 2011

AbstractApproaches to community-based natural resource management tend to vary among programmes based on the needs and characteristics of the communities in which the programmes operate. Variation also exists within individual programmes, creating the potential for conflict if management does not recognize that these differences can indicate competing interests and needs. In this study we examine livelihood activities at the household level in a wildlife conservancy along the Kwando River in the Caprivi region of Namibia. We ask how people in the conservancy make their livelihoods and what differences exist between the conservancy’s riverside and inland populations. The study finds that the inland population, c. 20 km from the river on slightly heavier soils, engages in fewer livelihood activities and has greater food security than does the riverside population. We further establish that differences between the two populations are significant enough to indicate two distinct combinations of livelihood activities with different environmental interactions. These findings suggest that any management action taken by the conservancy will affect household livelihoods differently based on location and that these differences must be considered if the conservancy is to make a successful transition from a subsistence-based agricultural system to a wildlife-based economy.