bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Applications of Ultrasound in Assessment of Follicle Development and Growth
Authors: Vlaisavljevic V , Došen M 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Monitoring of individual follicles during the menstrual cycle demonstrates in a noninvasive way the changes in their number and position during the early and the late follicular phase and the luteal phase. The differences in relations between the follicles near the dominant follicle can be demonstrated with the same technique using 3D reconstruction of the ovary.
An increased perifollicular blood flow can be measured in the perifollicular period using color and pulsed Doppler. Automated estimation of blood volume around the ovarian follicles brought a new concept to this area. Results confirm the observation that vascularity around the follicle is intense in the periovulatory period. The blood volume does not differ between follicles containing an oocyte and those with no oocyte in the aspirate, or a nonfertilizable oocyte. From our results we can hypothesize that those follicles containing oocytes able to produce pregnancy have a more uniform perifollicular vascular network .
Recognition of the follicle growth pattern has a prognostic value for the outcome of assisted reproduction methods. Follicular diameter and changes in growth patterns are more important than follicular wall thickness as parameters having an impact on clinical success.
3D-4D Ultrasound in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Axiana Carolina , Zoppi Maria Angelica , Ibba Rosa Maria , Floris Marcella , Manca Fabiola 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThree-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) imaging is a new technique that allows imaging from volume sonographic data rather than conventional planar data. The volume data can be viewed as a three-dimensional object and displayed in multiplanar mode in three orthogonal planes or in various modes of rendering that can be selected singularly or combined to optimize the visualization of soft tissues, bony structures or vessels.The 4D imaging has introduced a temporal dimension to the 3D volumetric scansion, associating movement to representation of volumes.3DUS provides the ability to examine the embryo and the fetus at the first trimester in any arbitrary plane. Various studies have reported a better visualization of the structures in normal fetuses as well as malformed ones, regarding selected cases of facial structures, cranium, abdominal wall and limbs.3DUS technique is also being considered for measurement of nuchal translucency and the evaluation of the nasal bones.Several reports exist on the application of 3D-4D techniques regarding conjoined twins.4DUS allows the evaluation of fetal motorial and behavioral patterns.3D-4D techniques are seen as a powerful complement to conventional ultrasound, but not a substitution to it.
Three-dimensional Ultrasound of the Fetal Brain
Authors: Pintucci Armando , Vincenzo FNU , Addario D , Pinto Vincenzo , Cagno Luca Di 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Three-dimensional ultrasound is the most innovating and attracting modality in the field of ultrasound imaging and represents a superb tool to perform an accurate fetal neuroscan. Once the fetal brain has been scanned, it is then possible to “navigate” in the stored volume choosing among the multiple scanning planes on the three orthogonal spatial axes. Last generation 3D equipments have multiple software facilities which are extremely useful to correctly evaluate the fetal brain such as the multiplanar view, the tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI), the volume contrast imaging in the C plane (VCI-C plane), the volume calculation, the surface rendering, the 3D color and power Doppler. Thanks to these imaging modalities it is possible to evaluate the finest anatomical details of the developing brain and to increase the diagnostic accuracy when an abnormal sonographic finding of the fetal brain is recognized during the routine examination.
3D and Thoraco-abdominal Malformations
Authors: Viora E , Sciarrone A , Bastonero S , Errante G , Stillavato S , Campogrande M 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
There are few 3D well-documented studies about thoraco- abdominal malformations, except for the evaluation of fetal lung volume. Three-dimensional ultrasound provides additional diagnostic information for the evaluation of fetal thorax both for the diagnosis of skeletal anomalies and the biometric measurements of lungs.
3D adds few information about the diagnosis of gastrointestinal malformations, but 3D images are an effective tool to make a careful advice with parents and pediatric surgeons, especially in fetuses with anterior wall defects.
Until now its use must be reserved in a research setting and offered to high-risk patients in order to understand which role 3D may play in the study of thoraco-abdominal malformations as a screening or diagnostic tool.
Diagnostic Ultrasound to Evaluate Fecal Incontinence in Women: Clinical Overview and Current Applications
Authors: Minaglia Steven M 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Ultrasound is now frequently used in the evaluation of women with pelvic floor disorders. It has been applied to such diverse disorders such as voiding dysfunction, urinary and fecal incontinence, and defecatory dysfunction. A well-defined application of ultrasound is in the evaluation of fecal incontinence, where visualization of the anal sphincter complex and puborectalis muscle helps quantify both structure and function. The purpose of this review is to outline the clinical problem of fecal incontinence and to define the role of ultrasound in the evaluation of fecal incontinence in women.

Objectives

Outline the clinical problem of fecal incontinence
Describe the anatomy of the anal sphincter complex
Describe the role ultrasound plays in the evaluation of the fecal incontinent patient
The Role of Ultrasound in Obstetric Hemorrhage
Authors: Burlingame Janet M 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUltrasound assists in the diagnosis and management of obstetric hemorrhage. With improving technology and increasing availability, there has been a decreased morbidity and mortality from obstetric hemorrhage due to ectopic pregnancy, vasa previa and abnormal placentation. There is also theoretic benefit for the use of ultrasound in less common conditions such as uterine varix. The goal of this article is to review the common causes of obstetric hemorrhage; to review the ultrasound findings in these causes; and to discuss the intraoperative use of ultrasound in the treatment of obstetric hemorrhage.ObjectivesReview common causes of obstetric hemorrhageReview the ultrasound findings of these causesDiscuss the role of ultrasound during procedures for obstetric hemorrhage
Ultrasound Frontiers: 3D Doppler, Automatic Fetal Biometry, Handheld Ultrasound
Authors: Zalud Ivica 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Ultrasound frontiers are infinitive and some recent developments are discussed in this review. The author aims to provide the reader with the definition of 3D Doppler and its potential clinical applications. It also describes automatic fetal biometry and discusses clinical potentials of handheld ultrasound. The rapid development of these new sonographic techniques will continue to enlarge the scope of ultrasound applications in obstetrics and gynecology. 3D Doppler is a unique technique that enables assessment of vascular signals within the whole investigated area. Homodynamic changes included in the process of placentation are one of the most exciting topics in the investigation of early human development. The measurement errors produced by automated fetal biometry translate into very small errors regarding gestational age of the fetus. The automation of ultrasound measurements has great potentials in improving productivity and patient throughput, enhancing accuracy and consistency of measurements and reducing the risk of repetitive stress injuries users. Handheld ultrasound exam is reliable in making initial diagnosis required by the limited ultrasound exam in obstetrics and gynecology.

Objectives

Define 3D Doppler and its potential clinical applications
Describe automatic fetal biometry
Discuss clinical potentials of handheld ultrasound
Endoscopic Septoplasty: A Novel Technique- A Case Series of 19 Cases
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Aiyer Ranjan G , Raval Jayman 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Endoscopic septoplasty is a rapidly evolving substitute to the customary “headlight” septoplasty. The primary advantage of the technique is the ability to reduce morbidity and postoperative swelling in isolated septal deviations by limiting the dissection to the area of the deviation. Other advantages include improved visualization, particularly in posterior septal deformities; improved surgical transition between septoplasty and sinus surgery and its use as an effective teaching tool. We present our experience with endoscopic septoplasty in a series of 19 patients.
Recurrent Massive Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Maxilla-A Rare Case
Authors: Bakshi Jaimanti , Verma Roshan K 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
We present a case of recurrent extensive malignant fibrous histiocytoma of maxilla. The case is unusual because of its massive extent at presentation even after primary surgery and full course of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Even such massive tumor can be excised successfully. Primary malignant histiocytoma is rare; and such huge tumor at presentation is also rare and favorable outcome even rarer.
Blue Nevus: A Rare Pigmented Lesion of Sinonasal Tract
Authors: Bhargava S , Grover M , Verma PC 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Blue nevi are uncommon lesions of skin and mucosa. Most of these occur in skin. Only occasionally they are seen to involve mucosa. Sinonasal mucosa is one of the rarest of the sites for these lesions to occur. Only four such cases have been reported in international literature till date. We report here one such case which we came across.
Forehead Flap for Nasal Reconstruction
Authors: Thakur JS , Mohindroo NK , Sharma DR 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Cancers and granulomatous diseases cause wide spread destruction of nose and reconstruction is a challenge to the surgeon. majority of the surgical defects after BCC excision can be reconstructed by full thickness skin grafts, bilobed and rhomboid local flaps but excision of SCC and large BCC lead to large surgical defects which need regional or distant flaps for reconstruction like median forehead flaps.
Etiopathogenesis of Rhinosinusitis in Relation to Ethmoid Anatomy
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Aiyer RG , Pandya VK , Soni GB , Dhameja PJ , Patel Mayank 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIntroduction: Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common ENT disorders in the developed and developing world.The quest and identification of factors predisposing to chronic rhinosinusitis is the key for guiding appropriate management.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of anatomical variations of the ethmoid sinus in patients with rhinosinusitis. This was done to assess and evaluate the significance of the anatomical variations of the ethmoid in the genesis of inflammatory sinus disease.Material and methodsWe reviewed 50 patients with rhinosinusitis, of which 38(76%) had anatomical variations of ethmoid and the extent of mucosal disease.ResultsConcha bullosa was found to be the most common anatomic variation and was seen in 25(50%) patients closely followed by variations in the uncinate process, paradoxically bend middle turbinate. The most commonly affected paranasal sinus was maxillary sinus (84%) followed by anterior ethmoidal sinus, posterior ethmoidal sinus, frontal sinus and sphenoid sinus in descending order.ConclusionAnatomical variations of the ethmoid sinuses are important etiological factors in the genesis of inflammatory sinus disease.
Open Safety Pin in Nose: A Tricky Foreign Body
Authors: Gupta Gaurav , Verma PC , Grover Mohnish , Rawat Digvijay S 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Foreign bodies in nose is a very common presentation encountered by the ENT practitioners. A variety of nasal foreign bodies has been described in literature. We present our experience of managing an open safety pin lodged in the nose of a 2 years old child.
Germinal Centres
Authors: Thielen Caroline , Heinen Ernst 
Published: June 2010

AbstractGerminal centres are transient lymphoid structures appearing inside lymph follicles after an antigenic stimulation. They are closely associated with T‐dependent zones and oriented in the peripheral lymph organs in accordance with the entry of antigens. During this germinal centre reaction, B cells undergo not only clonal amplification but also affinity maturation and class switching of their immunoglobulins. These events, occurring under the control of T cells and in the peculiar environments created by the follicular dendritic cells, lead B cells to mature into B memory cells or into precursors of plasma cells. Most cells generated inside the germinal centres die by apoptosis and are eliminated by the tingible body macrophages. Peculiar genetic, infectious or proliferative pathological conditions can touch the germinal centres.Key Concepts:Germinal centres are polarised structures annexed to T‐dependent zones.Different cell populations exhibiting peculiar phenotypes compose the germinal centres.Chemotactism, proliferation, survival and maturation of B cells are guided by follicular dendritic cells and follicular T cells.Ig affinity maturation requires somatic hypermutations and stringent cell selection.The germinal centre reaction, induced by antigenic stimulation, involves sequential steps and is time‐limited.Particular genetic, proliferative or infectious diseases can alter the germinal cell functions.
Spectroscopic Techniques
Authors: Dyson H Jane 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

A number of spectroscopic methods are available to the biochemical researcher. They give different information on a number of time and wavelength scales, and can be used to determine concentrations and molecular weights, as well as providing information on secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. Spectroscopic methods are utilised to detect rapid changes in the structures of biological macromolecules. Three‐dimensional structures can be calculated using information from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other spectra. Size limitations in NMR spectroscopy have been largely ameliorated through the application of ever‐higher magnetic fields and innovations in pulse sequences. Other recent innovations include applications of fluorescence to single molecules, as well as to the visualisation of particular molecules within cells.

Key Concepts:

Spectroscopic techniques form part of the basic toolset of research in the life sciences.

Spectroscopy utilises the various wavelengths of light in the electromagnetic spectrum to give information on various aspects of the structure, dynamics and function of molecules.
Aggression and Criminal Behaviour
Authors: Israel Salomon , Ebstein Richard P 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

The reasons for criminal and aggressive behaviour in humans are complex and include both biological and nonbiological explanations. Twin studies estimate that up to half of the variance in aggressive behaviour can be attributed to genetic factors. Genes play a role in aggression, and both human and animal studies suggest that common gene variants predispose some people to violent actions and criminality. Several studies have found associations between aggressive behaviour in males and a low‐activity variant of the
monoamine oxidase A
(
maoa
) gene. These associations are often dependent on environmental insults, which dependent on
maoa
genotype may increase susceptibility for aggressive behaviour. These and other findings pose a challenge in determining criminal responsibility as the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of violence becomes better understood.

Key Concepts:

Aggression has an evolutionary basis with both positive and negative aspects.

Criminal behaviour falls under a larger phenotype of antisocial and aggressive behaviour, marked by an inability to conform to social norms.

Twin and adoption studies demonstrate that roughly half of the individual variance in aggressive behaviour is due to genetic factors.

Despite well‐known gender differences in aggressive behaviour, biological evidence in humans tying differences in aggression to sex hormones remains equivocal.

There is a robust literature demonstrating the association between serotonin and aggressive behaviour, highlighted by candidate genes along the serotonergic pathway.

A number of studies have identified interactions between environmental adversity and the low‐activity variants of the MAOA gene as a predictor of aggressive behaviour.
Animal Models of Human Behaviour
Authors: Maxson Stephen C 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAnimal models should be viewed only as generating hypotheses about human behaviour, because there are differences between animal and human behaviour as well as similarities. There are two ways that gene‐based behavioural variants of animals can be used for this. The first way is in identifying and mapping genes with effects on human behaviour. This is considered for genes with effects on alcohol consumption, tolerance and withdrawal in mice. The second way is in developing hypotheses about the biological causes of human behaviour. This is considered for the role of the cyclic amp response element‐binding protein (CREB) gene and protein in learning and memory of a mollusc, fruitflies and mice. CREB is a transcription factor. The success and relevance of these and other gene‐based animal models of human behaviour depends on the occurrence of homologous genes in animals and humans and on the occurrence of similar biological mechanism for the animal and human behaviour.Key Concepts:Animal and humans are both similar and different biologically and behaviourally.Gene‐based animal models of human behaviour may be due to homologous genes acting on homologous behaviours or to homologous genes acting on analogous behaviours.Gene‐based animal models of human behaviour are best considered as hypothesis generators.Animal models generate hypotheses as to which genes may be involved in a human behaviour and how to find those genes from either comparative gene maps or molecular similarity.Animal models generate hypotheses as to the developmental, molecular, cellular or physiological effects of a gene on human behaviour.
Plant–Fungal Interactions in Mycorrhizas
Authors: Bonfante P 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Mycorrhizas are widespread symbiotic associations established between the roots of the majority of land plants, and a heterogeneous group of beneficial fungi belonging to diverse fungal taxa. Their ubiquitous presence argues that they have been favoured during evolution thanks to the benefits gained by both the plant and fungal partners. Advances in
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) technology coupled to high‐throughput sequencing have allowed the genomes of some symbionts to be studied, as well as the molecular basis of cross‐talk between plant and fungus. We are beginning to see the contributions of the partners to the functioning of mycorrhizal associations. Advanced microscopy of the living partner cells has unravelled some processes determining compatibility which are a peculiar feature of mycorrhizal interactions.

Key Concepts:

The term Mycorrhiza comes from two Greek words for ‘fungus’ and ‘root’ and describes root–fungus associations which may be morphologically and functionally diverse.

Molecular approaches have solved questions about the identity of mycorrhizal fungi both free in the soil and root associated in symbiotic structures.

Nutritional interactions among plants and fungi in the rhizosphere may be saprotrophic, pathogenic or symbiotic.

Recent advances in genome sequencing of ectomycorrhizal fungi identify some basic features which are characteristic of mycorrhizal fungi, that is the absence of effectors which may elicit plant defence.

Transcriptome profiles of ectomycorrhizal roots reveal differential regulation of both plant and fungus.

Glomeromycota possess peculiar features (i.e. an obligate biotrophic status and multinucleated hyphae) which at the moment limit a full understanding of their biology.

Many model plants are compatible hosts for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

The transduction signalling pathways which control arbuscular mycorrhizal establishment and legume/rhizobium nodule formation are at least partly the same.

Plant cells undergo complex cellular and molecular reprogramming when they accommodate the AM fungus.

The core of a functioning arbuscular mycorrhiza lies at the interface between the two partners.
Micro
RNA
s in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Neppl Ronald L , Wang Da‐Zhi 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

MicroRNAs are recently discovered group of small noncoding RNAs (
ribonucleic acids
) which have been demonstrated to repress the expression of protein‐coding genes in multiple biological processes. Rapid expansion of studies has begun to reveal roles for miRNAs in a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis as well as in human diseases, such as cancer. miRNAs are expressed in the developing and adult heart, and dysregulated miRNA expression has been correlated with cardiovascular disorders. Genetic studies have identified distinct roles for specific miRNAs during cardiovascular development and cardiomyopathy. In addition, miRNAs have been shown to be necessary for normal development and physiological homeostasis. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of the molecular mechanisms and processes that miRNAs modulate within the multifaceted processes of cardiovascular development and progression of cardiovascular disease.

Key Concepts:

miRNAs are noncoding small RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally.

miRNAs are abundantly expressed in most organisms.

A single miRNA may potentially repress hundreds of target genes.

miRNA expression is altered in cardiovascular diseases.

miRNAs modulate gene expression during normal cardiovascular development and in pathophysiological conditions.

Gain‐ and lost‐of‐function studies indicate that miRNAs are key regulators of cardiovascular system homeostasis in responding to stress.
Graphite Oxide as a Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production from Water
Authors: Yeh Te‐Fu , Syu Jhih‐Ming , Cheng Ching , Chang Ting‐Hsiang , Teng Hsisheng 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA graphite oxide (GO) semiconductor photocatalyst with an apparent bandgap of 2.4–4.3 eV is synthesized by a modified Hummers' procedure. The as‐synthesized GO photocatalyst has an interlayer spacing of 0.42 nm because of its moderate oxidation level. Under irradiation with UV or visible light, this GO photocatalyst steadily catalyzes H2 generation from a 20 vol % aqueous methanol solution and pure water. As the GO sheets extensively disperse in water, a cocatalyst is not required for H2 generation over the GO photocatalyst. During photocatalytic reaction, the GO loses some oxygen functional groups, leading to bandgap reduction and increased conductivity. This structural variation does not affect the stable H2 generation over the GO. The encouraging results presented in this study demonstrate the potential of graphitic materials as a medium for water splitting under solar illumination.