bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Beltline Welding Seam of the Greifswald WWER-440 Unit 1 Reactor Pressure Vessel
Authors: Viehrig Hans-Werner , Schuhknecht Jan , Rindelhardt Udo , Weiss Frank-Peter 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The investigation of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) materials from decommissioned nuclear power plants (NPP) offers the unique opportunity to scrutinize the irradiation behavior under real conditions. The paper describes the investigation of trepans taken from the decommissioned WWER-440 RPVs of the Greifswald NPP. The key part of the testing is aimed at the determination of the reference temperature T0 following the ASTM Test Standard E1921 to determine the fracture toughness of the RPV steel in different thickness locations. In a first step, the trepan taken from the RPV Greifswald Unit 1 containing the multilayer welding seam located in the beltline region was investigated. This welding seam represents the irradiated, recovery annealed, and reirradiated condition. It is shown that the Master Curve approach as adopted in ASTM E1921 is applicable to the investigated original WWER-440 weld metal. The evaluated T0 varies through the thickness of the welding seam. After an initial increase of T0 from 10°C at the inner surface to 49°C at 22 mm distance from it, T0 decreases to −32°C at a distance of 70 mm, finally increasing again to 61°C near the outer RPV wall. The lowest T0 value was measured in the root region of the welding seam representing a uniform fine grain ferritic structure. The highest T0 of the weld seam was not measured at the inner wall surface. This is important for the assessment of ductile-to-brittle temperatures measured on subsize Charpy specimens made of weld metal compact samples removed from the inner RPV wall. Our findings imply that these samples do not represent the most conservative condition. Nevertheless, the Charpy transition temperature, TT41J, estimated with results of subsize specimens after the recovery annealing, was confirmed by the testing of standard Charpy V-notch specimens.
Heat Release Testing of Consumer Products
Authors: Hirschler Marcelo M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Many consumer products exhibit very poor fire performance (based on general principles of fire hazard), particularly when fire safety requirements for such products do not exist. They include television sets, upholstered furniture, mattresses, personal automobiles, garbage cans, and playground structures for children. This work indicates that the best way to ensure a consumer product exhibits fire performance associated with appropriately low fire hazard is to conduct full-scale heat release tests where all the interactions between the various components can be brought out. The most critical property to be measured is the heat release in those tests. However, full-scale heat release tests are unlikely to be regulatory in nature for most products. In that case, small heat release tests, such as the cone calorimeter, can be used to provide the proper predictability. The aircraft industry has long been using data from another small-scale heat release test (the Ohio State University calorimeter) for regulation, with great success. In this article, several series of full scale heat release tests will be presented. Such tests were conducted on: (a) mattresses (both residential and institutional), (b) residential upholstered furniture, (c) wall coverings, (d) typical plastic garbage cans, (e) Christmas trees, and (e) a children’s playground structure. In the article there will also be a discussion of some small-scale heat release tests. All the full-scale heat release fire tests on mattresses, upholstered furniture, wall coverings, and playground structure were conducted indoors, usually in standard rooms (such as the ASTM room), and heat release (by oxygen consumption calorimetry) as well as smoke release was measured, while also making various other measurements and visual observations. The garbage can test was conducted in the same standard room, but only heat release was measured. The small-scale tests were conducted using standard fire test equipment such as the cone calorimeter. Tests conducted by NIST on mattresses, a passenger minivan and a garbage can were conducted indoors under a hood. The other full scale tests on passenger road vehicles were conducted outdoors. The results indicate that regulations permit the use of some consumer products in present use even though they are unsafe and that improved fire safety alternatives exist. Recommendations are presented. Reference is also made to predictive work.
Acute hyperinsulinemia decreases plasma osteoprotegerin with diminished effect in type 2 diabetes and obesity
Authors: Jørgensen Gitte Maria , Vind Birgitte , Nybo Mads , Rasmussen Lars Melholt , Højlund Kurt 
Published: April 2009

ObjectiveOsteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble tumour necrosis factor-receptor-like molecule present in connective tissues, especially bone and vasculature. It is known to accumulate in the arterial wall in diabetes. As its synthesis in vascular cells is decreased by insulin, we wanted to elucidate the acute effects of insulin on plasma OPG concentrations in individuals with type 2 diabetes and obese individuals compared with lean controls.DesignThe study population consisted of ten type 2 diabetic, ten obese subjects, and ten lean subjects with no family history of diabetes.MethodsAll subjects underwent a 4-h euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp. Plasma OPG, insulin, lactate, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), and glucose disposal rate were measured before and at the end of the clamp.ResultsBaseline OPG concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. Insulin infusion decreased plasma OPG concentrations in all groups (P<0.01); however, the fall in OPG was 50% less in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals (P=0.007). Baseline OPG correlated with fasting insulin, baseline lactate, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the diabetic group, and with baseline FFA in the lean group. The relative change of OPG in response to insulin correlated inversely with HbA1c and baseline FFA in the lean group.ConclusionsAcute hyperinsulinemia decreases plasma OPG, but with diminished effect in individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Increased levels of OPG in arteries and plasma in diabetes together with the capability of plasma OPG as a cardiovascular risk predictor may be related to the described effects of insulin.
Implementation of a Respiratory Therapist-Driven Protocol for Neonatal Ventilation: Impact on the Premature Population
Authors: Hermeto Fernanda , Bottino Marcela Nosralla , Vaillancourt Kelly , Sant'Anna Guilherme Mendes 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of the implementation of a ventilation protocol driven by registered respiratory therapists on respiratory outcomes of premature infants with birth weight ≤1250 g.
METHODS. A ventilation protocol driven by a registered respiratory therapist was developed by a multidisciplinary group and implemented in our unit in July 2004. A retrospective review of 301 inborn infants with birth weight ≤1250 g who were mechanically ventilated was performed. Ninety-three infants were ventilated before the ventilation protocol (before), 109 in the first year (after 1) and 99 during the second year (after 2) after the ventilation protocol implementation. Data were collected with a predefined form.
RESULTS. The baseline characteristics of the population were similar among the 3 groups, except for a significant smaller number of male infants in the first year after the protocol implementation. The significant differences among the 3 periods were as follows: (1) time of first extubation attempt; (2) duration of mechanical ventilation; and (3) rate of extubation failure (40%, 26%, and 20%). There was no difference in the rate of air leaks, patent ductus arteriosus ligation, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or death. There was a significant decrease in the combined rates of intraventricular hemorrhage grades III to IV and/or periventricular leukomalacia (31%, 18%, and 4%) after the protocol implementation.
CONCLUSIONS. In this study, we were able to demonstrate for the first time a significant improvement on the weaning time and duration of mechanical ventilation with the implementation of a ventilation protocol driven by a registered respiratory therapist in the premature population. Based on our experience, other institutions can customize ventilation protocols to their local practice. However, a prospective, randomized, controlled study should be planned to evaluate long-term outcomes such as BPD and neurodevelopment.
Effects Through 24 Months of an HIV/AIDS Prevention Intervention Program Based on Protection Motivation Theory Among Preadolescents in the Bahamas
Authors: Gong Jie , Stanton Bonita , Lunn Sonja , Deveaux Lynette , Li Xiaoming , Marshall Sharon , Brathwaite Nanika V. , Cottrell Leslie , Harris Carole , Chen Xinguang 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to report the intervention effects of Focus on Youth in the Caribbean (youth HIV intervention), an HIV prevention intervention based on protection motivation theory, through 24 months of follow-up on sexual risk and protection knowledge, perceptions, intentions, and behavior among Bahamian sixth-grade youth.METHODS. We randomly assigned 1360 sixth-grade youth (and their parents) attending 15 government elementary schools in the Bahamas to 1 of 3 conditions: (1) youth HIV intervention plus a parental monitoring/communication/HIV education intervention; (2) youth HIV intervention plus a parental goal-setting intervention; or (3) an environmental protection intervention plus the parental goal-setting intervention. Baseline and 4 follow-up surveys at 6-month intervals were conducted. Intervention effects were assessed using the mixed model for continuous outcome variables and the generalized linear mixed model for dichotomous outcome variables.RESULTS. Through 24 months of follow-up, youth HIV intervention, in combination with the parent interventions, significantly increased youths’ HIV/AIDS knowledge, perceptions of their ability to use condoms, perception of the effectiveness of condoms and abstinence, and condom use intention and significantly lowered perceived costs to remaining abstinent. There was a trend for higher condom use among youth in the Focus on Youth in the Caribbean groups at each follow-up interval.CONCLUSIONS. Focus on Youth in the Caribbean, in combination with 1 of 2 parent interventions administered to preadolescents and their parents in the Bahamas, resulted in and sustained protective changes on HIV/AIDS knowledge, sexual perceptions, and condom use intention. Although rates of sexual experience remained low, the consistent trend at all of the follow-up periods for higher condom use among youth who received youth intervention reached marginal significance at 24 months. Additional follow-up is necessary to determine whether the apparent protective effect is statistically significant as more youth initiate sex and whether it endures over time.
Li‐Driven Copper Extrusion/Re‐injection in Various Cu‐based Oxides and Sulfides
Authors: Rozier Patrick , Morcrette Mathieu , Szajwaj Olivier , Bodenez Vincent , Dolle Mickael , Surcin Christine , Dupont Loic , Tarascon Jean Marie 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe present paper is in part a continuation of our recent work dealing with the fully reversible Li‐driven Cu extrusion/injection of Cu in Cu2.33V4O11. The peculiar electrochemical property of such a compound was mainly ascribed to both structural considerations (presence of anchoring oxygen, giving flexibility to the [V4O11] layers) and electronic considerations, such as the existence of a delicate balance between the two Cu+/Cu2+ and V4+/V5+ redox centers. To support such suggestions, numerous compounds were revisited for their electrochemical–structural interplay. Network dimensionality, lattice flexibility, and cationic mobility parameters were addressed by exploring in depth the richness of the Cu–V–O system, while the importance of the donor/acceptor energy levels was checked via the choice of compounds having the right energy match between the two redox centers. As an extensive trial‐and‐error approach was not realistic, we relied on simple considerations based on the ionization energy of the various d‐metals to narrow down metal pairs having redox levels occurring within the same range of energies. Bearing this in mind, it was logical to consider compounds still containing Cu ions but with Nb instead of V or compounds having V and Ag instead of Cu. Regardless of our effort, it turned out that the number of potential candidates worth considering for practical applications is still very limited, in spite of the elegance of this new Li reactivity mechanism.
Red Snapper Larval Transport in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Perry Harriet M. , Lyczkowski‐Shultz Joanne , Hanisko David 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study examines the advection of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus larvae in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The potential for repopulating the eastern Gulf stock through larval transport from the more populous western stock is addressed. Transport pathways across topographic features that inhibit alongshelf flow (e.g., the Mississippi River delta, DeSoto Canyon, and the Apalachicola peninsula) and interregional larval transport are considered. An advective field of currents is developed from a large database of drifter and moored currents, augmented by an operational model to fill gaps. The starting points for larval transport are the locations and day of the year of larval captures from the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program ichthyoplankton surveys. Because the field of currents is derived from near‐surface observations and the depth distribution of larvae is uncertain, findings are expressed in terms of maximal transport pathways. Transport pathways were principally vectored toward the west during September, October, and May under the influence of relatively strong climatological westward wind stress. Eastward pathways occurred in June, July, and August under the influence of weaker shoreward wind stress. Westward transport pathways past the Mississippi delta were found near the delta, whereas eastward transport pathways were found in deeper waters beyond the continental shelf break, away from typical juvenile settlement habitat. Water movement from east to west across the Apalachicola peninsula occurred in the fall, suggesting the potential for genetic exchange from the eastern to the western Gulf. Eastward water movement across the Apalachicola peninsula occurred in July, but only along the outer shelf.
Environmental footprint of pharmaceuticals: The significance of factors beyond direct excretion to sewers
Authors: Daughton Christian G. , Ruhoy Ilene S. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The combined excretion of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) via urine and feces is considered the primary route by which APIs from human pharmaceuticals enter the environment. Disposal of unwanted, leftover medications by flushing into sewers has been considered a secondary route—one that does not contribute substantially to overall environmental loadings. The present study presents the first comprehensive examination of secondary routes of API release to the environment and for direct but unintentional human exposure. These include bathing, washing, and laundering, all of which release APIs remaining on the skin from the use of high-content dermal applications or from excretion to the skin via sweating, and disposal of unused and partially used high-content devices. Also discussed are the health hazards associated with: partially used devices, medication disposal practices of consumers, and interpersonal dermal transfer of API residues. Understanding these secondary routes is important from the perspective of pollution prevention, because actions can be designed more easily for reducing the environmental impact of APIs compared with the route of direct excretion (via urine and feces), for reducing the incidence of unintentional and purposeful poisonings of humans and pets, and for improving the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care. Overall, unintentional exposure to APIs for humans via these routes is possibly more important than exposure to trace residues recycled from the environment in drinking water or foods.
Hydrodynamic performance of coaxial contra-rotating propeller (CCRP) for large ships
Authors: Ghassemi Hassan 
Published: April 2009

Hydrodynamic performance of coaxial contra-rotating propeller (CCRP) for large ships
This paper describes a coaxial contra-rotating propeller (CCRP) system to calculate the hydrodynamic characteristics and then obtain the optimum operational condition to install on two different large bulk carrier and VLCC. The method is based on boundary element method (BEM) to obtain the hydrodynamic performance of any complicated configuration such as CRP system, and then the optimum propeller data is obtained by the systematical method at the design condition. We prepared a software package code, namely SPD (Ship Propeller Design), which has model mesh generation, solver and numerical output results. The comparison of the propulsive performance was made between the propeller alone and CRP arrangement. Major finding include good agreement between predictions using the numerical code and experimental data for both ships.
Identification of shaft line alignment with insufficient data availability
Authors: Murawski Lech 
Published: April 2009

Identification of shaft line alignment with insufficient data availability
The paper presents a method of identification parameters of shaft line alignment in case of the lack of producers' data. Proper shaft line alignment is often a problem for repair shipyards, for aged ships without sufficient documentation. Author proposed combined experimental-analytical method for identified some existing parameters and checking (and eventually correcting) power transmission system's foundation. Specialised software has been developed for shaft line alignment calculations with influence coefficients. An example analysis has been performed for cargo ships with medium-speed main engine and second one with slow-speed propulsion system. Multivariant computations supported by measurements of the ships' shaft line have been carried out.
Ring thruster — a preliminary optimisation study
Authors: Matuszewski Leszek 
Published: April 2009

Ring thruster — a preliminary optimisation study
The ring thruster is a new type of propeller, for which there is no experimental data to verify analytical design calculations. A significant feature of the ring thruster is the absence of a shaft. Propeller blades are mounted to the ring rotating inside the housing, which has the shape of a nozzle. For this reason the ring thruster is closest, with respect to both the construction and principle of operation, to the Kort nozzle propeller. The absence of a shaft and no gap between the blades and the nozzle make it impossible to fully relay on results obtained from Kort nozzle propeller examination. What is more, the already existing computer codes developed for designing Kort nozzle propellers cannot be directly used for designing ring thrusters either. That is why for this purpose a new code determining hydrodynamic characteristics based on the theory of the vortex lifting surface will be used. When using the above method, some differences between calculated and experimentally recorded results are expected to be observed. To a significant extent, the level of the torque taken by the thruster will be affected by drag of the rotating ring to which the blades are fixed. Examining a propeller equipped with a rotating ring has revealed that the expected torque increment may reach as much as a few per cent, at the comparable level of axial force (thrust). At the present stage of ring propeller investigations there is no data available on how to shape the ring propeller blades. Possible comparison calculations, done using the existing computer code, will allow, the most, the shape of the blades to be determined for preliminary tests in the cavitation tunnel and on a self-propelled model. And only the results obtained in these tests will provide opportunities for verification of preliminary design calculations. It should be stressed, however, that developing design procedures for this type of propellers will require additional optimisation calculations, with further experimental verification. And this should be the subject of separate investigations.
<i>In vitro</i> efficacy of some indigenous plants on the inhibition of development of eggs of <i>Ascaridia galli</i> (Digenia: Nematoda)
Authors: Islam KR , Farjana T , Begum N , Mondal MMH 
Published: April 2009

In vitro efficacy of five indigenous plants namely Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Papaya (Carica papaya), Korolla (Momordica charantia) and Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) were studied against the development of Ascaridia galli eggs from July 2007 to May 2008. Fresh juice, extracts and dust of leaves were tested. Fresh juice of leaves were trialed at 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations; aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts were used at 1%, 2% and 4% concentrations and dusts of leaves were applied at 10% and 20% concentration. Among the trials, 4% of methanol extracts of papaya showed the highest efficacy (92.86%) followed by 4% ethanol extract of papaya (92%). Among the selected plants and in all three concentrations of fresh juice of leave, Bishkatali (88.46% at 20% conc.) was the highest effective plant against the development of A. galli eggs. Papaya showed the highest efficacy (71.42%) in 1% aqueous solution, but bishkatali was found as the best (73.33% and 83.33% respectively) in 2% and 4% concentration of ethanol extract of the five selected plants. In vitro screening of 5 plants with ethanol extract revealed that papaya was the highest efficacious plant (92% at 4% conc.) against development of A. galli eggs. Among the plants, in all concentrations of methanol extract of leaves, papaya was observed as best plant (92.86%, 88% and 78.95% at 4%, 2% and 1% of conc. respectively) followed by bishkatali (80% and 75% at 4% and 2% of conc. respectively) and neem (78.57% and 73.08% at 4% and 2% conc. respectively). In two concentrations of dust of leaves, bishkatali was observed as the effective plant (75% at 20% and 73.33% at 10% conc.) among the five plants. The present study suggests that dust of bishkatali leaves can be used with litter for inhibition of development of A. galli eggs and fresh juice and extract of bishkatali, neem and papaya may be impregnated in litter and used after sun dry. Key words: In vitro efficacy, indigenous plants, development, Ascaridia galli eggs doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2329 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 159-167 Â Â