bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Al Gore's our guy”: Linguistically Constructing a Family Political Identity
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Researchers have suggested that family discourse can work toward socializing children into the political beliefs of their parents, thereby “reproducing” political values and behaviors across generations of the same family. This chapter shows that a family's political identity can be a fundamental component of family identity. It considers how members of one family construct a family identity based on their support of Democratic Party presidential candidate Al Gore. The chapter illustrates how family members use language during conversations to create a group, rather than individual, identity and how political socialization is multidirectional in the family context, where all family members play a role in constructing the family identity. It also contributes to research in political socialization, wherein researchers have previously claimed that the family is of great importance in this process but have relied on interviews and surveys.
Gatekeeping in the Family: How Family Members Position One Another as Decision Makers
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter reconciles a seeming contradiction between what some parents say and what they do. It argues that parents may simultaneously serve as gatekeepers in domains such as caregiving and financial management while explicitly expressing egalitarian views for professional and parental role sharing because retaining control of these domains may fulfill family members' co-existing needs for connection and control. Gatekeeping refers to any situation in which an institutional member is empowered to make decisions affecting others. The apparent discrepancy between a couple's ideology and behavior may result from their need to fulfill the coexisting but contradictory needs for connection and control. Using sociolinguistic methods, this chapter contributes to the study of maternal gatekeeping in social psychology, which tends to rely on self-report surveys and statistical correlations. It also contributes to the substantial literature on gatekeeping in sociolinguistics by identifying the linguistic means by which the identity of “gatekeeper” is (co-)constructed.
Sharing Common Ground: The Role of Place Reference in Parent-Child Conversation
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that family values maybe created, shared, and confirmed through talk about place as one father and son discuss who lives in the houses surrounding them. Specifically, it considers the relationship between place and language in interactions in which a father and his four-year-old son talk about their neighborhood surroundings. It focuses on those instances in which awareness of surroundings surfaces as a topic of family talk and explores how place reference contributes to the creation of a family identity. The father orients his son to a new physical condition in his environment (an unknown person working in the neighborhood) and helps him gain a better understanding of the social landscape of the neighborhood by talking about who lives where, with whom, and how these people and places differ from their own family and home. In this case, place serves as a resource for talk, place and talk stand in a mutually constitutive relationship, and family members may use such talk to strengthen interpersonal bonds and confirm matching perceptions and meanings connected to place, including shared family beliefs.
Brain Temperature Regulation During Normal Neural Function and Neuropathology
Authors: Kiyatkin Eugene A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with brain temperature as a physiological parameter, which is determined primarily by neural metabolism, regulated by cerebral blood flow, and affected by various environmental factors and drugs. First, normal fluctuations in brain temperature that are induced by salient environmental stimuli and occur during motivated behavior at stable normothermic conditions are examined. On the basis of thermorecording data obtained in animals, the range of physiological fluctuations in brain temperature, their underlying mechanisms, and relations to body temperatures are described. The temperature dependence of neural activity and the dual “functions” of temperature as a reflection of metabolic brain activity and as a factor that affects this activity are considered. Third, pharmacological brain hyperthermia is discussed, focusing on the effects of psychomotor stimulants, highly popular drugs of abuse that increase brain metabolism, diminish heat dissipation, and may induce pathological brain overheating. The role of brain hyperthermia in leakage of the blood-brain barrier, development of brain edema, acute abnormalities of neural cells, and neurotoxicity, is also examined.
Neurobiology Of Chronic Pain
Authors: Zhuo Min 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Understanding the neurobiology of sensory synapses in the central nervous system provides us with basic knowledge of physiological and pathological pain, and has the potential to reveal possible drug targets for treating chronic pain. Pain-related synapses are found not only in the spinal cord dorsal horn, but also in many cortical areas. More importantly, recent evidence suggests that injury causing chronic pain also triggers long-term plastic changes in sensory synapses, including those in the spinal dorsal horn and frontal cortex. Changes in synaptic plasticity are not just limited in excitatory glutamatergic synapses but are also found in inhibitory synapses. This chapter reviews recent progress in these areas, in particular, integrative physiological investigations of chronic pain. Pain can be divided into two groups: physiological pain and pathological pain. This chapter also discusses peripheral nerves and dorsal root ganglion cells, plastic molecular targets for chronic pain, long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex, synaptic transmission at the spinal cord dorsal horn, and the role of cortical regions in pain perception.
Gene Therapy Toward Clinical Application in the Cardiovascular Field
Authors: Nakagami Hironori , Osako Mariana Kiomy , Morishita Ryuichi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the results of a study which assessed the potential of hepatocyte growth factor as a powerful angiogenic factor for treating peripheral arterial disease. It describes a novel strategy for combating the disease processes whereby the transcriptional process is targeted by transfection of cis-element double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), which served as a decoy. Transfection of decoy attenuates the authentic cis-trans interaction, leading to removal of trans-factors from the endogenous cis-elements and subsequent modulation of gene expression. A decoy was developed for nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) that resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB-dependent gene activation including several kind of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. In animal experiments, the transfection of NP-κB decoy into coronary artery decreased the infarction size in the ischemic-reperfusion rat myocardial infarction model, and also reduced the neointimal formation after balloon injury of rat carotid artery. Taken together with the results from other animal models, ODN decoy strategy has a great potential in gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases.
Cicero and the Law
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
As an advocate, Cicero had intellectual preoccupations which he shared with his being a philosopher. In his theorising on advocacy, Cicero drew on his practical experience in the courts. Conversely, in his handling of law in all its forms before his public audiences, This chapter argues that Cicero's use of law as an advocate is best explained in terms of three factors: first, the nature of public pleading; second, the many uncertainties and obscurities inherent in the multifarious nature of Roman law in the first century BC, which allowed space for genuine dispute; and third, Cicero's contention, expressed most fully in the De Oratore of 55 BC, that knowledge of law per se was less important than eloquence in the winning of cases. Analysis of Cicero's speech on the disputed citizenship of L. Cornelius Balbus in 56 BC shows how his eloquent exploitation of legal obscurity before a patriotic audience worked in practice.
Audience Expectations, Invective, and Proof
Authors: Craig Christopher 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In his defence of his friend Milo, who has been accused of seditious violence for murdering Cicero's enemy Clodius, Cicero argued that, even if Milo had murdered Clodius, he should still be acquitted because the removal of Clodius was in the best interests of the res publica. Cicero's assertion of veracity, in the midst of a torrent of invective asserting that Clodius was murderous, rapacious, sacrilegious, unsparing of his own family, guilty of incest with his sister, hateful to the gods, and a clear and present danger to the continued survival of the Roman state, nicely underscores the problem of audience perceptions of invective in Ciceronian oratory. This chapter examines why Cicero feels the need for this assertion by analysing his speech for Milo as a case study of his use of invective in a judicial speech. It also discusses whether the audience expects exuberant ad hominem attacks not to be true, and if they do not, then what is the relationship of ad hominem attacks to factually probative argument.
Literature and Persuasion in Cicero’s Pro Archia
Authors: Berry D. H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Pro Archia has been described as undoubtedly the least typical forensic speech of Cicero. Cicero's client is not, as so often, a prominent Roman aristocrat accused of violence, bribery, or extortion, but a Syrian poet whose claim to Roman citizenship was disputed. This chapter reviews the historical circumstances of Archias' trial, and then discusses the speech itself and some of the issues it raises, especially that of why the encomium of literature is included, and how it contributes to the defence. The chapter examines the style used by Cicero in Pro Archia and asks what it was about this particular case that led him to adopt such a style. It argues that Pro Archia is an exercise in persuasion.
Epilogue: Cicero and the Modern Advocate
Authors: Laws John 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at connections, similarities, and differences between the courts of Cicero's ancient Rome and the practice of the advocate's profession in modern England. In the field of civil cases, the institutional independence of the advocate's profession in England is perhaps clearest in the context of judicial review litigation, in which executive decisions taken by government ministers or in their name are challenged every day in the court calendar. The art of advocacy is the art of persuasion, with Cicero's spectacular success depending on a mixture of flattery, emotional appeal, and the force of argument. The modern advocate's ethics are by no means only concerned with the virtues of courage and independence and the cab-rank rule. He also has a duty to the court, which in today's jurisdiction is a permanent obligation. Cicero would not have recognised such a duty as it is now conceived.
The ‘Memoirs’: Autobiography in Time of Revolution
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gibbon's autobiographical project, the six drafts of his Memoirs of My Life, was the instrument on which he eventually settled to attempt the rescue of his reputation in the wake of the French Revolution and the damage it had inflicted. This chapter offers a general account of the successive re-writings of the Memoirs, draws attention to how they differ in character depending on whether Gibbon was envisaging posthumous or non-posthumous publication, relates the sequence of composition and the character of the six drafts to the timetable of events in France, and indicates how Gibbon's literary executor, Lord Sheffield, contrived to obscure Gibbon's intentions for this work not only by publishing a conflated version but also more insidiously by giving misleading indications concerning Gibbon's motives in writing this work.
Ambitions and Traditions
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) began to develop a distinctive identity after the 1906 election. Previously the small Labour Representation Committee Group had been overshadowed by the Liberals-Labour, but the PLP's membership of thirty transformed its status. The shift of most Miners' MPs to Labour at the start of 1910 confirmed this pre-eminence. The Trade Union Act of 1913 and the subsequent ballots for the establishment of political funds underlined the commitment of most trade union officials and activists to independent political action. The long-term significance of this near monopoly of labour representation was uncertain, but that the alliance between trade unions and socialists had established an assured parliamentary presence seemed clear by 1914. Already routines and traditions were developing within the PLP and a leadership group was emerging that would dominate both the PLP and the wider party until 1931.
The Political and the Industrial
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Trade union priorities lay at the heart of the Labour Representation Committee's formation in 1900, which was evident in the new organization's structure and in its pragmatic electoral and parliamentary strategy. Prior to 1914, the Parliamentary Labour Party led by Ramsay MacDonald often behaved like a trade union pressure group. Its concerns involved the priorities of specific unionized occupations. The shifting party alignments and strengths from 1918 led to heightened trade union hopes for the Labour Party. Liberal disunity and Labour expansion meant that a Labour Government was becoming increasingly plausible. This prospect inevitably raised the question of the appropriate relationship between the individual unions and the Trades Union Congress — and the Labour Party and a Labour Government. This chapter looks at the internal politics of selected trade unions such as the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, as well as the conflict involving particular individuals who were both prominent Labour politicians and important trade union officials like Jimmy Thomas.
The Special Relationship
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When the Labour Party led by Ramsay MacDonald took office for the second time in June 1929, Walter Citrine, the General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress (TUC), hoped that his organization's relationship with the Government would be more harmonious than with its predecessor in 1924. The unhappiness of trade unions about the 1924 Government stemmed in part from the response of a Labour Government to industrial action by a union affiliated to the Labour Party. During the second Labour Government, labour disputes were initiated typically by employers seeking pay cuts and cost-cutting changes in a context of depression. Against the factors favouring distinctiveness and independence, trade unions in the late 1920s placed much weight on the election of a Labour Government; the corollary was that the Government-TUC relationship should be harmonious and productive. This chapter examines the politics behind the Labour-TUC relationship and how both parties responded to issues such as rising unemployment.
Socialist Think Tank
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Analysis of Independent Labour Party (ILP) politics after the electoral advance of 1922 is easily distorted by knowledge of what followed. In May 1923, Ramsay MacDonald assessed his first few months as leader. He had envisaged the expanded Parliamentary Labour Party as offering the chance to provide an effective and electorally credible opposition. H. N. Brailsford, who had been appointed editor of the New Leader – hitherto the Labour Leader — as part of Clifford Allen's campaign to modernize the ILP, saw the ILP commitment to constructive socialism and ethical propaganda as radically different from any theatrical dramatization of the class struggle. MacDonald envisioned a modernized propaganda paper which would offer information on party activities. This chapter examines Allen's desire to reform the ILP and how it failed, along with the demise of New Leader as a socialist paper.
Progressive Varieties
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Labour Party meeting held in the spring of 1924 featured two new party recruits, Oswald and Cynthia Mosley. The inclusion of a woman was indicative of the degree to which the Labour Party was integrated into the dominant culture, an integration which limited any iconoclasm and involved an effective acquiescence in inequalities. In the election of November 1922, Labour gained three seats in Sheffield, a city where Liberalism was in confused retreat. These parliamentary successes were the prelude to a Labour majority on the city council four years later. In a heavily industrial city, these advances seemed indicative of the party's potential strength amongst specific working-class occupations. Yet none of Sheffield's Labour victors in 1922 came from the trade union movement. For some recruits, the Labour Party of Ramsay MacDonald and Philip Snowden seemed attractive. In the 1920s, this pattern of recruitment seemed to highlight a shift in progressive politics that fitted into a broader vision of Labour's Forward March. This presentation simplified the complex routes by which Liberals crossed into the Labour Party.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Excluding Communists
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The relationship between the Labour Party and the Communist Party remained unresolved through most of the 1920s. Only in 1928, after several debates resulting in ambiguous decisions, did the Labour Party finally exclude all members of the Communist Party from its institutions. Keen ideological divisions could be emphasized by partisans. Clement Attlee did not share in the welcome for the Bolshevik Revolution. Questions of constitutional propriety and political feasibility were crucial both to the protracted debate and to its eventual outcome. In particular, these concerns focused on the relationship between the Labour Party and its trade union affiliates. The controversy was also shaped by the broader industrial and political contexts. The industrial struggles of 1921 and 1926, the conflicting reappraisals fostered by industrial defeats, electoral optimism and anxieties, the brief fact of the 1924 Labour Government — all were significant. Moreover, the shifting industrial and political strategies of the Communist Party, responding to both domestic and international pressures, left their mark especially on debates within the trade unions.
Introduction
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Recent studies detailing Switzerland's role in the German sale of ‘looted’ gold during the war and its seizure of ‘dormant’ bank accounts — left by those who perished in the death camps — has sullied the standing of Swiss neutrality and generated considerable scholarly and popular interest in Switzerland's wartime record. This introductory chapter summarises the state of current scholarship on the subject and the state of the archival holdings available to historians. In doing so, it makes the case for a more holistic approach to the study of Anglo-Swiss relations, one that balances an assessment of Britain's specific diplomatic and military agenda with an understanding of the broader intellectual, cultural and emotional currents that flowed between the two countries.
The Evolution of British Policy
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter summarises the principal findings of the book, and shows how British policy towards Switzerland evolved over the course of the war. London's success in extracting economic and intelligence advantages from Switzerland after the fall of France was used to justify treating Switzerland as a ‘special case’ in the blockade and reigning in those in the Air Ministry and Special Operations Executive, who were intent on overriding Swiss interests in pursuit of Britain's military objectives. The dominance of political interests over British policy continued until the end of the war, being only briefly eclipsed in late 1943. Appreciation of Berne's ‘protecting power’ work on behalf of British prisoners of war, and the desire to secure Swiss support for Britain's post-war objectives, encouraged London to overlook Switzerland's gold purchases from Germany and resist U.S. attempts to impose draconian economic and financial demands on the Swiss government.
British Economic Warfare and Switzerland
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter charts British efforts to limit Swiss–German economic collaboration. It explores how the Ministry of Economic Warfare tried to compel Berne into reducing its exports to Germany through a mixture of blockade quotas, pre-emptive purchasing, and the use of statutory and black list mechanisms, but how these efforts were always limited by an appreciation of the importance of ‘danegeld’ — Swiss manufactured goods — to the British war effort and the priority given to Britain's political relations with the Swiss government. The substantial concessions, granted by Berne following the listing of the Hans Sulzer engineering firm in late 1943, effectively met London's principal desiderata and for the remainder of the war London assumed the role of honest-broker between the Swiss and the Allied governments, and sought to use to position to temper U.S. efforts to impose the Allied ‘Safehaven’ programme on the Swiss authorities in the final months of the war.
Introduction
Authors: COULSON CHARLES L. H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Of all the monuments of medieval European civilization, castles are probably the most familiar, rivalled only by the parish churches and great cathedrals. They may well be the most popular form of amateur history. How they are perceived has coloured ideas of medieval society, aristocratic culture, faith, and strife, permeating them all with images of dungeons, battering-rams, and boiling oil. Fortresses were only occasionally caught up in war, but constantly were central to the ordinary life of all classes: of the nobility and gentry, of widows and heiresses, of prelates and clergy, of peasantry and townspeople alike. The present book explores the social history of castles during the central middle ages. It offers new insights for England and Ireland derived, in no small part, from associating Britain with the provinces of France with which links were so intimate during that central medieval period that runs from the later 11th to the late 14th century.
Peacekeeping at Home and Abroad
Authors: COULSON CHARLES L. H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
However coloured by medieval (chiefly ecclesiastical) polemic, and by constitutionalists of a statist cast of mind misapplying the concepts of the modern nation, fortresses (castles in the original comprehensive usage) were not so much private force embodied in stone (or earthwork and timber, latterly brick) as, rather, the most conspicuous contemporary and still surviving manifestation of the socially diffusive medieval ruling class. This art, along with the ‘religious’ architecture to which it is so closely related as to be indistinguishable, was among the most noble achievements of medieval culture. Since fortifying, like the ‘arms-ban’, operated as a noble perquisite, the restraining hand of the ‘public interest’ must be pursued also in other directions than ‘military activities’. Political as well as social motives were involved. This chapter looks at castles, fortresses, and fortifications as means of peacekeeping and pacification in England and France during the medieval period.