bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of danazol on pituitary function and on the ovarian follicular hormone secretion in premenopausal women
Authors: Rannevik Gunnar , Thorell Jan I. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The purpose of this investigation was to study the influence of danazol on the basal levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), on their response to gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), as well as the effect of different doses on the serum levels of prolactin, estradiol and progesterone.Three groups of regularly menstruating women were treated with danazol, 600, 400 and 200 mg a day, respectively. Serum samples were obtained—and in the 600 mg group a GnRH‐test was performed—before, and after one, 3 and 6 months of continuous medication. LH, FSH, prolactin, estradiol and progesterone were measured by radio‐immu‐noassay.Compared with pretreatment levels in the early follicular phase, basal serum levels of gonadotropins were unchanged during treatment with danazol 600 mg. However, compared with pretreatment levels later on in the menstrual cycle, a slight but significant decrease in LH and increase in FSH were observed. The pituitary responsiveness to GnRH was significantly higher during danazol treatment, than found during the early follicular phase. Serum prolactin levels decreased significantly during treatment with 600 and 400 mg a day, but not with 200 mg a day. The mean estradiol levels on danazol 600 mg a day varied between 15359 (SE) and 161±17 pmol/l, corresponding to the levels in the early follicular phase (100–250 pmol/l). In the lower dose groups, the mean estradiol levels were significantly higher, varying between 265±30 and 321±57 pmol/l in the 400 mg group, and between 279±39 and 405±125 pmol/l in the 200 mg group. There were no significant differences within each dose group between the mean concentrations following one, 3 and 6 months of medication. The serum concentrations of progesterone with danazol 600 mg a day were invariably low (< 5 nmol/l), but with the lower dosages some of the samples showed increased progesterone levels.Danazol does not appear to exert an overall suppressive effect on production and release of gonadotropins, but follicular development appears to be inhibited consistently with danazol 600 mg a day. With the lower dosages, follicular maturation and ovulation may occur occasionally. The slight decrease in serum prolactin levels with 600 and 400 mg a day may be due to the decreased estradiol levels or to a direct effect on the pituitary.
Treatment of recurrent cyclical mastodynia in patients with fibrocystic breast disease
Authors: Döberl Anton , Tobiassen Tobias , Rasmussen Thorkild 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Thirty premenopausal women with recurrent, pronounced cyclical mastodynia associated with mammographically confirmed fibrocystic disease were studied. All patients had long‐standing symptoms, had undergone one previous course of treatment with danazol, and were recruited during long‐term follow‐up after original treatment, when cyclical mastodynia had again reached similar severity as before the original treatment (mean interval between treatments 9.5±3.9 (SD) months). Fifteen patients each were randomly allocated to double‐blind treatment with either danazol or placebo. During the first month, 2 capsules a day (each containing danazol 100 mg or placebo) were given, thereafter one capsule a day up to 6 months.Danazol caused a marked and sustained decrease in mastodynia, according to the clinician's assessment and according to each patient's self‐rating on a visual analogue scale. The response to danazol was fairly uniform and statistically significant (p < 0.005 or less), whereas the response to placebo was inconsistent and not statistically significant (p>0.10). Danazol proved significantly more effective than placebo (p<0.05 or less). Changes in palpatory and/or mammographic findings were also found more consistently after danazol treatment than after placebo.During treatment, there was a modest weight increase, which was statistically significant in the danazol group (p <0.01) but not in the placebo group. A greater frequency in menstrual irregularities was observed in the danazol group than in the placebo group, but not to an extent that would have caused ‘unblinding’ of the study. Other side effects were virtually the same in both groups with regard to type of complaint, total number of complaints (16 on danazol, 18 on placebo) and proportions of patients reporting one or more complaints (10/15 on danazol, 9/15 on placebo).Thus, unlike placebo, danazol largely abolished the cyclicity and periodicity of breast symptomatology and produced, in most cases, a sustained suppression of mastodynia, which was associated with a decrease in palpable structure and mammographic densityhpread of glandular tissue. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of danazol even at these low doses, compared with placebo.However, a comparison of the response to danazol in this study and the response in the same patients during the original treatment course suggests that the dose of 100 mg a day is not as effective as 200 or 400 mg a day in severe cases.
Risk Grouping of 113 Patients with Hypertensive Disorders During Pregnancy, with Respect to Serum Urate, Proteinuria and Time of Onset of Hypertension
Authors: Liedholm H. , Montan S. , Åberg A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In order to describe the outcome of a one‐year material of hypertensive pregnancies, a retrospective analysis was made of the patients with respect to time of onset of hypertension, absence/presence of significant proteinuria, and maxium recorded serum urate values less or greater than 350 μmol/l. The material comprised 113 hypertensive patients, 3.7% of 3036 deliveries in 1980. Of these only 87 could be classified as intended. Twenty‐two patients lacked information on serum urate values, and the remaining 4 did not fulfil the inclusion criteria.As the type of antihypertensive treatment was almost exclusively restricted to β1‐selective betablockers, alone or in combination with hydralazine, the type of treatment given was analysed with respect to the classification system applied.From this retrospective study it is evident that most hypertensive patients tend to be older than the average pregnant woman and that they also tend to represent problems arising during recurrent pregnancies. Patients with additive risk factors such as proteinuria and high serum urate values tend to need more vigorous antihypertensive treatment and in that sense seem to be more difficult to treat. In our material, patients with an early rise in high blood pressure and high serum urate values accounted for the entire perinatal mortality of the hypertensive pregnancies. The values of serum urate monitoring and the future detection and monitoring of hypertensive pregnant patients is discussed.
Hypertension in Pregnancy and the Infant
Authors: Svenningsen N. W. , Liedholm H. , Åberg A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A one‐year population comprising 119 infants of 113 mothers with hypertension in pregnancy has been studied regarding fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The overall incidence of hypertension in pregnancy was 3.7%, but was higher in preterm deliveries (from 16.6% in gestational weeks 25‐29 to 8.6% in gestational weeks 34‐36). Fetal loss with intra‐uterine death was related to hypertension in pregnancy in 23%.Auxological parameters in 16 SGA infants of hypertensive parturients showed growth recovery in all infants as regards head circumference and in all but 2 as regards body weight and body length.A controlled follow‐up study was performed in 104 infants of hypertensive mothers and 104 control infants of similar gestational age and birthweight but without pregnancy complications. There was a significantly higher rate of cesarean section, of low Apgar score at 1 minute, and SGA infants and neonatal morbidity requiring admittance to the neonatal intensive care unit. At 2 years of age the rate of neurodevelopmental handicaps was similar in the study population and in control infants. Stillborn infants all belonged to the group of mothers with hypertension starting before the 21st gestational week and with an increased serum urate level. Three of 4 infants with a handicap at 2 years also belonged to this group of mothers. With modern peri‐and neontal intensive care and appropriate fetal assessment, delivery after 26‐28 weeks of gestation seems to be associated with a slightly increased neonatal morbidity but no increase in long‐term handicaps at 2 years of age.
EFFECT OF THE NATURALLY OCCURRING PROSTAGLANDINS E2 AND F2α ON THE HUMAN MYOMETRIUM IN VIVO DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Rydnert Jan , Joelsson Ingemar 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Hysterometry has been used to evaluate the effect on the human myometrium in vivo during early pregnancy of the naturally occurring prostaglandins E2 and F2α. The hystermetric technique is based upon the fact that mechanical distension of smooth muscle induces contraction. According to the analysis of the contractile responses, the effects of the agents have been determined quantitatively.The drug effects have been characterized by changes in myometrial response between registrations under basic conditions and during the infusion of the active agent, respectively. It was found that when these drugs were given in the doses usually employed in clinical practice, the effect on contractility of the PGF2α compound was more pronounced than that of the PGE2. However, when describing the results on a microgram basis, the PGE2 was confirmed to be more potent than the PGF2α by a factor of up to 7–8.
PIROXICAM IN PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA
Authors: Saltveit Torbjern 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Ninety‐two patients with primary dysmenorrhea were included in a double‐blind randomized crossover trial to study the efficacy of piroxicam on menstrual pain and associated symptoms, with placebo as control.Ninety patients completed the 4‐month study period. Piroxicam afforded a highly significant relief from menstrual pain and reduced the need for the supplementary analgesic paracetamol. Piroxicam also had a significant effect on associated symptoms. The drug was well tolerated, with only a few side, effects of a mild nature reported and with no difference between the piroxicam and placebo groups in this respect.
Conization by Carbon Dioxide Laser or Cold Knife in the Treatment of Cervical Intra‐Epithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Bostofte E. , Berget A. , Larsen J. Falck , Pedersen P. Hjortkjær , Rank F. 
Published: December 2009

In a randomized trial concerning 123 women with CIN, 59 were treated with laser conization under colposcope without further hemostatic remedy and 64 with cold knife conization guided by Schiller's iodine dyeing supported by side sutures, vaginal packing and postoperative oral administration of tranexam acid. Follow‐up with colposcopy and cytology was done 3 and 12 weeks post‐conization and then every 6 months. The average follow‐up period was 36 months (28–48). Peroperative bleeding was rather less pronounced in the laser group. Postoperatively, however, bleeding requiring treatment was significantly less common in the laser group (5%) than in the cold knife group (17%).The recurrence rate of CIN was 7% in the laser group and 10% in the knife group. Stenosis of the cervical canal developed in 7% of the patients in the laser group and in 3.5% in the knife group. After 12 weeks the squamocolumnar junction was visible in its full extent in 66% of the laser treated patients compared with 38% of the cold knife treated patients. It is concluded that laser conization is a safe procedure even without hemostatic procedures other than the coagulation abilities of the laser beam itself, as used in this work.
Effects of Cholic Acid Infusion in Fetal Lambs
Authors: Campos G. A. , Guerra F. A. , Israel E. J. 
Published: December 2009

The effects of prolonged intravenous infusions of cholic acid into fetal lambs are described in this study. The ewes (n = 10, 11 fetuses) were operated on at 114 days of gestation (term = 150 days) by placing plastic catheters in maternal and fetal vessels and in the amniotic cavity. Gestational ages were confirmed after delivery by radiographic examination of the ossification centers of the fetal legs. Infusions of cholic acid (1.6 μmoles/min−1) started 8 to 10 days after surgery in 5 fetuses (including one twin). The remaining 6 fetuses (also including one twin) were infused with 5% dextrose in water.Total plasma bile acids at the beginning of the experiment were similar in both groups (23.8±6.6 vs. 24.3±5.7 μM). No significant changes in fetal heart rate, blood pressure, blood gases or pH were detected during the infusion.Meconium‐stained amniotic fluid was observed during the third day of infusion in all the fetuses infused with cholic acid and in one control fetus. Fetuses infused with cholic acid were delivered alive 19–26 days before term. The concentration of plasma bile acids in the experimental group at delivery was 829±305 μM, i.e. significantly higher than that of the control group (24.4±5.7 μM). Control fetuses (except one twin) were delivered at term.We concluded that cholic acid, even at the high dose infused, is neither lethal nor severely harmful for the fetus. Meconium passage of the fetuses infused with cholic acid, in our experiment, appeared to be related to the stimulatory effect of cholic acid on fetal colonic motility rather than to fetal hypoxia. The cause of premature labor in the ewes with fetuses infused with cholic acid is not evident from the results of the present experiments.
Testosterone, Shbg and Albumin in Patients with Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Mählck C.‐G. , Grankvist K. , Bäckström T. , Kjellgren O. 
Published: December 2009

Plasma testosterone, unbound testosterone, Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) and albumin were studied in women with “non‐endocrine” ovarian carcinoma prior to and during chemotherapy. Fifty‐one postmenopausal or oophorectomized women with cancer of the ovary were studied. the histologic types were IC, IIC, IIIC, V and FIGO stages I–IV. Tumor volumes were evaluated once a month using bimanual recto‐vaginal palpation under anesthesia.Blood samples were drawn for testosterone radio‐immunoassay, SHBG and albumin analysis on four occasions at monthly intervals.Plasma levels were compared with a control group of postmenopausal women, a control group of fertile women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, and finally a control group of postmenopausal women with non‐gynecologic disseminated malignant disease.Testosterone concentrations were found to be higher in women with carcinoma of the ovary than in postmenopausal controls and showed a relationship to tumor volume. Histologic type and FIGO stage were found to be less closely related to plasma testosterone concentration. No significant change was found in the unbound testosterone fraction. SHBG concentrations were elevated in the Large‐tumor group. Albumin concentrations were decreased in the Large‐tumor group, advanced tumor stage group and in the control group with non‐gynecologic disseminated malignant disease.
The Selectivity of a New Progestin
Authors: Phillips A. 
Published: December 2009

Norgestimate is a new progestin developed for use with ethinyl estradiol as a combination oral contraceptive. It binds to rabbit uterine progestational receptors and in the oral form stimulates a progestational endometrial effect in rabbits. Norgestimate also exerts a direct effect on target organs, stimulating the endometrium in rabbits when injected directly into the uterine horn and inhibiting luteinizing hormone release from rat pituitary cells in culture. Like other progestins, norgestimate inhibits ovulation in several species and estrogen‐induced vaginal cornification in ovariectomized rats, but it is not estrogenic. Unlike other progestins, including levonorgestrel and gestodene, norgestimate is relatively free of androgenic activity. Norgestimate's affinity for the androgen receptor is very poor (0.003 × dihydrotestosterone [DHT]), even poorer than that of progesterone (0.005 × DHT). In sharp contrast are the marked affinities of levonorgestrel (0.220 × DHT) and gestodene (0.154 × DHT) for that receptor. The selectivity of norgestimate at receptor level is demonstrated clearly by its highly favorable androgen‐to‐progestin binding ratio.Norgestimate is similar to progesterone in not significantly stimulating ventral prostate growth in immature rats, whereas levonorgestrel, gestodene, and desogestrel are significantly androgenic in this model.Further evidence of norgestimate's minimal androgenicity is its lack of affinity for human sex hormone binding globulin in vitro. In conclusion, these preclinical studies, consistent with clinical studies, demonstrate the progestational efficacy and selectivity of norgestimate.
Efficacy and Clinical Profile of a New Oral Contraceptive Containing Norgestimate: U.S. Clinical Trials
Authors: Corson Stephen L. 
Published: December 2009

The search for a highly selective progestin that exerts a potent and targeted progestational response with minimal or absent androgenic effect has paralleled investigation into the possible impact of these agents on cardiovascular disease in women.Such a progestin, norgestimate (NGM), in a dose of 250 μg, has been combined with ethinyl estradiol (EE) 35 μg in a new oral contraceptive (OC), Ortho‐Cyclen or Cilest. Results of two long‐term, multicentric clinical trials demonstrate that this formulation is comparable in efficacy to the norgestrel‐containing OC Lo/Ovral. There were no statistically significant differences in pregnancy rate, and both OCs were well‐tolerated in a large and diverse study population.In several areas, however, the inherently lower androgenicity of the norgestimate OC produced clinical changes compared with the norgestrel formulation. These changes were primarily evident in the more natural menstrual patterns with the norgestimate OC, its less severe impact on the endometrium, and, most important, its positive impact on lipoprotein metabolism. NGM/EE consistently produced statistically significant increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and concomitant improvement in the ratio of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to HDL. By cycle 24, this highly predictive parameter of atherosclerotic risk had decreased 7.7% in the NGM/EE group. Conversely, the norgestrel‐containing formulation resulted in statistically significant decreases in HDL and increases in the LDL/HDL ratio: by cycle 24, these patients showed an 18.5% increase in the LDL/HDL ratio. All between regimen comparisons of mean changes in the LDL/HDL ratio were statistically significant, from baseline through cycles 3, 6, 12 and 24.
Supportive European Data on a New Oral Contraceptive Containing Norgestimate
Authors: Becker Harald 
Published: December 2009

Several European studies have been conducted to confirm the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a new oral contraceptive (OC) combining 250 μg norgestimate with 35 μg ethinyl estradiol (Ortho‐Cyclen or Cilest). In a 12‐month multicenter German study of 147 women, treatment with this formulation resulted in no pregnancies, a low incidence of side effects, and excellent cycle control. The drug had no effect on estrogen‐mediated fibrin formation nor on the activity of coagulation inhibiting or promoting factors. Similarly, the documented low androgenicity of the highly selective progestational agent norgestimate results in a more positive metabolic profile. Glucose, insulin, and hemoglobin A1c concentrations measured before and after glucose loading were not adversely affected by treatment with the norgestimate‐containing OC, and all changes were reversible on its discontinuation. In addition, lipid metabolism was positively influenced by the drug. Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, was reduced while the cardioprotective lipid fraction, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, was increased.Clinical trials to determine the OC's effects on coagulation, endocrine function, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are reviewed. Also discussed are several studies demonstrating the formulation's unique endometrial effects, which may possibly be related to its low androgenic activity and consequent low incidence of breakthrough bleeding and amenorrhea.
Risk of simultaneous phenotypic expression of hip and elbow dysplasia in dogs
Authors: Cachon T. , Remy D. , Carozzo C. , Viguier E. , Maitre P. , Arnault F. , Fau D. , Genevois J.P. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryIn order to look for phenotypic correlation between hip (HD) and elbow (ED) dysplasia, we used radiographic scoring obtained from 1,411 dogs of different breeds, which were evaluated for authoritative grading of both conditions. In this population, we found that the risk ratio for an animal to be simultaneously affected by HD and ED is 1.67. For a dog with ED, the risk ratio to be affected by HD increases as the ED grade increases. Similarly, for a dog affected by HD, the risk ratio to be affected by ED increases as the HD grade increases. In a dog affected by HD or ED, the clinician should look for the second condition in the same animal. Due to the low, yet positive correlation, selection against one trait will not affect the other trait sufficiently. Therefore selection has to be conducted at reduction of HD as well as reduction of ED.
Long-term follow-up after arthroscopic tenotomy for partial rupture of the biceps brachii tendon
Authors: Vermote K. A. G. , van Bree H. , Van Ryssen B. , Bergenhuyzen A. L. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Objective: To report the long-term clinical outcomes and radiographic results in dogs diagnosed with partial bicipital rupture and treated by arthroscopic tenotomy.
Materials and Methods: The medical records of dogs that had undergone arthroscopic tenotomy were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria for this study were: performance of an arthroscopic tenotomy between August 1999 and July 2007, availability of arthroscopic records data for review, and ability to obtain follow-up data for more than one year after arthroscopic tenotomy. In all cases, owners were interviewed during follow-up appointments or via telephone to determine perceived outcome after surgery.
Results: Forty-seven arthroscopic tenotomies were performed on 40 dogs without any major surgical complications. Long-term follow-up examinations, ranging from 12 months to 48 months (mean 26 months) after the tenotomy, were obtained for 24 dogs (25 shoulders).Clinical outcome was assessed as excellent in 22 shoulders, with each dog showing a full return of limb function. A total of 10 dogs (11 joints) were evaluated radiographically; six joints revealed no progression of pathology, and five joints showed a limited progression of pathology.
Conclusion: Arthroscopic tenotomy in the treatment of bicipital partial rupture yields favourable long-term clinical results and a high degree of owner satisfaction. The feasibility of this technique and the long-term clinical and radiographic outcome from our study indicate that this technique can be considered a reliable and safe treatment for partial bicipital rupture.