bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using MSG-SEVIRI Cloud Physical Properties and Weather Radar Observations for the Detection of Cb/TCu Clouds
Authors: Henken Cintia Carbajal , Schmeits Maurice J. , Deneke Hartwig , Roebeling Rob A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new automated daytime cumulonimbus/towering cumulus (Cb/TCu) cloud detection method for the months of May–September is presented that combines information on cloud physical properties retrieved from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites and weather radar reflectivity factors. First, a pixel-based convective cloud mask (CCM) is constructed on the basis of cloud physical properties [cloud-top temperature, cloud optical thickness (COT), effective radius, and cloud phase] derived from SEVIRI. Second, a logistic regression model is applied to determine the probability of Cb/TCu clouds for the collection of pixels that pass the CCM. In this model, MSG-SEVIRI cloud physical properties and weather radar reflectivity factors are used as potential predictor sources. The predictand is derived from aviation routine weather reports (METAR) made by human observers at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol for 2004–07. Results show that the CCM filters out >70% of the “no” events (no Cb/TCu cloud) and that >93% of the “yes” events (Cb/TCu cloud) are retained. Most skillful predictors are derived from radar reflectivity factors and the COT of high resolution. The derived probabilities from the combined MSG and radar method clearly show skill over sample climatology. Probability thresholds are used to convert derived probabilities into derived group memberships (i.e., yes/no Cb/TCu clouds). When comparing verification scores between the combined MSG and radar method and either the radar-only method or the MSG-only method, the combined MSG and radar method shows slightly better performance. When comparing the combined MSG and radar method with the current Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) radar-based Cb/TCu cloud detection method, the two methods show comparable probability of detection, but the former shows a false-alarm ratio that is about 8% lower. Moreover, a big advantage of the newly developed method is that it provides probabilities, in contrast to the current KNMI method.
Estimating the Ice Crystal Enhancement Factor in the Tropics
Authors: Zeng Xiping , Tao Wei-Kuo , Matsui Toshihisa , Xie Shaocheng , Lang Stephen , Zhang Minghua , O’C Starr David , Li Xiaowen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe ice crystal enhancement (IE) factor, defined as the ratio of the ice crystal to ice nuclei (IN) number concentrations for any particular cloud condition, is needed to quantify the contribution of changes in IN to global warming. However, the ensemble characteristics of IE are still unclear. In this paper, a representation of the IE factor is incorporated into a three-ice-category microphysical scheme for use in long-term cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations. Model results are compared with remote sensing observations, which suggest that, absent a physically based consideration of how IE comes about, the IE factor in tropical clouds is about 103 times larger than that in midlatitudinal ones. This significant difference in IE between the tropics and middle latitudes is consistent with the observation of stronger entrainment and detrainment in the tropics. In addition, the difference also suggests that cloud microphysical parameterizations depend on spatial resolution (or subgrid turbulence parameterizations within CRMs).
Vertical Structure of Hurricane Eyewalls as Seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar
Authors: Hence Deanna A. , Houze Robert A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractStatistical analysis of the vertical structure of radar echoes in the eyewalls of tropical cyclones, shown by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR), shows that the eyewall contains high reflectivities and high echo tops, with deeper and more intense but highly intermittent echo perturbations superimposed on the basic structure. The overall echo strength, height of echo top, and presence of intense echo perturbations all increase with vortex strength. Intense echo perturbations decrease in frequency with low sea surface temperatures. When the PR data are normalized by the amount of radar echo in each sample and examined quadrant by quadrant relative to the direction of the environmental shear, the nature of convective processes in different parts of the eyewall becomes apparent. The normalized statistics of the echo intensity, brightband structure, and maximum echo-top height show that processes generating convective precipitation are generally favored in the downshear-right region of the eyewall, while the nonnormalized statistics indicate that the vertical wind shear determines the placement of precipitation particles downwind of the generation zone such that the precipitation maximum occurs about one quadrant downwind of the convective generation zone. When the track speed exceeds the magnitude of the shear vector, this pattern modifies such that the asymmetry rotates one quadrant to the right. The statistics, moreover, indicate that vertical wind shear is the factor determining the placement of precipitation particles around the storm, while other factors determine the location, intensity, and means of their generation.
Statistical Analysis of Aerosol Effects on Simulated Mixed-Phase Clouds and Precipitation in the Alps
Authors: Zubler Elias M. , Lohmann Ulrike , Lüthi Daniel , Schär Christoph , Muhlbauer Andreas 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Increasing the aerosol number in warm-phase clouds is thought to decrease the rain formation rate, whereas the physical processes taking place in mixed-phase clouds are more uncertain. Increasing number concentrations of soluble aerosols may reduce the riming efficiency and therefore also decrease precipitation. On the other hand, the glaciation of a cloud by heterogeneous freezing of cloud droplets may enhance the formation of graupel and snow. Using a numerical weather prediction model with coupled aerosol microphysics, it is found, in a statistical framework with 270 clean and polluted 2D simulations of mixed-phase precipitation over an Alpine transect, that the presence of the ice phase determines the magnitude and the sign of the effect of an increasing aerosol number concentration on orographic precipitation. Immersion/condensation freezing is the only ice-nucleating process considered here. It is shown that this indirect aerosol effect is much less pronounced in cold simulations compared to a warmer subset and that cloud glaciation tends to compensate the loss of rain in polluted situations. Comparing the clean and polluted cases, a reduction of rain by 52%, on average (std dev = 25%), over the transect in the polluted cases is found. For frozen precipitation a much broader range of differences is found (mean = +4%, std dev = 60%). Furthermore, this study shows that in comparison with the clean cases more precipitation spills over to the leeward side of the major ridge in the polluted cases (median = +14.6%).
Dynamics and Structure of Forecast Error Covariance in the Core of a Developing Hurricane
Authors: Poterjoy Jonathan , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
An ensemble of cloud-resolving forecasts from the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) was used to study error covariance for Hurricane Katrina (2005) during a 64-h period in which the storm progressed from a tropical storm to a category-4 hurricane. Spatial error covariance between hypothetical measurements and model state variables was found to be highly anisotropic, variable dependent, and ultimately determined by the underlying storm dynamics, which change dramatically over time. Early in the forecast, when Katrina passed over the southern tip of the Florida Peninsula as a highly asymmetric tropical storm, error covariance structures in the Eulerian coordinates were dominated primarily by position uncertainty, with a secondary dependence on land–air interaction, storm structure, and intensity. The ensemble error dependence on position uncertainty becomes markedly greater with increasing lead time, as diverging storm tracks cause large gradients of wind, temperature, and pressure to be concentrated farther from the mean vortex center.
Ensemble variance for model state variables on storm-relative coordinates becomes increasingly symmetric about the vortex center at greater hurricane intensity. Likewise, spatial and cross-spatial correlations share a similar axisymmetric transition about the origin, while maintaining a large degree of local anisotropy with respect to the location chosen for the correlation point. Our results demonstrate the necessity of using flow-dependent error covariance for initializing a tropical cyclone with dynamically consistent inner-core structure, and provide motivation for future sensitivity experiments pertaining to model resolution and ensemble size.
Limited-Area Ensemble-Based Data Assimilation
Authors: Meng Zhiyong , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Ensemble-based data assimilation is a state estimation technique that uses short-term ensemble forecasts to estimate flow-dependent background error covariance and is best known by varying forms of ensemble Kalman filters (EnKFs). The EnKF has recently emerged as one of the primary alternatives to the variational data assimilation methods widely used in both global and limited-area numerical weather prediction models. In addition to comparing the EnKF with variational methods, this article reviews recent advances and challenges in the development and applications of the EnKF, including its hybrid with variational methods, in limited-area models that resolve weather systems from convective to meso- and regional scales.
Luther’s Behemot: The Politics of Grace between Paul and Badiou
Authors: Olfert Ryan J 
Published: March 2011

The discourse of universal grace is employed as revolutionary theo-politics by many of the readers of Paul’s letters. Alain Badiou is one such reader of Paul, who finds in Paul the possibility of a new radical egalitarianism based on the constitution of a subject committed to the truth of a grace-like event. This paper examines the compatibility of Badiou’s politics and his reading of Paul in his book St. Paul: The Foundation of Universalism through a comparison with another politically radical reading of Paul, that of the German theologian and reformer Martin Luther. Like Badiou, Luther is a prime example of the way in which theology, philosophy, and politics are intimately connected. But more than that, Luther occupied a position from which he was able to, and did, affect the social and political implementation of his ideas. Thus, he provides a means of analyzing the results of the coordination of power and a Pauline universalism of grace. This paper concludes not only that Badiou’s attempt at a materialistic appropriation of Pauline grace is incommensurable with his political vision but that it has, to borrow Slavoj Žižek’s phrase, a hidden perverse core. Le discours de la grâce universelle est utilisé en tant que theo-politique révolutionnaire par plusieurs des lecteurs des lettres de Paul. Alain Badiou est un tel lecteur de Paul, qui trouve en Paul la possibilité d’un nouvel égalitarisme radical basé sur la constitution d’un sujet investi dans la vérité d’un événement de grâce. Ce document examine la compatibilité des politiques de Badiou et sa lecture de Paul dans son livre St. Paul: The Foundation of Universalism au moyen d’une comparaison à une autre lecture politiquement radicale de Paul, celui du théologien et réformateur allemand Martin Luther. Comme Badiou, Luther est un exemple typique de la manière dont la théologie, la philosophie, et la politique sont reliées intimement. Mais plus que ça, Luther a occupé une position dans laquelle il pouvait affecter et a affecté l’exécution sociale et politique de ses idées. Ainsi, il fournit des moyens d’analyser les résultats de la coordination de la puissance et d’un universalisme Pauline de grâce. Cet essai conclut que la version de grâce matérialiste avancée par Badiou est non seulement incommensurable avec sa vision politique mais qu’elle a-pour emprunter l’expression de Slavoj Žižek-un Ž noyau pervers caché.
Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses: A Forty-Year Retrospective
Authors: Desjardins Michel 
Published: March 2011

This article looks back on the first 40 years of Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses. It reviews its original mandate, and some of the people and institutions that were responsible for its success. Cet article revient sur les 40 premières années de la revue Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses. Il explore son mandat original, ainsi que certaines des personnes et institutions qui ont été responsables de sa réussite.
From rules to encounters: Ethical decision-making as a hermeneutic process
Authors: Clark Chris 
Published: March 2011

• Summary: This article addresses what theories, methods and procedures practitioners ought to adopt in order to resolve ethical problems in service practice. Several approaches are identified from the literature but none are entirely credible in themselves or sufficient for reliably founded ethical decision-making. The article argues that addressing ethical issues should rather be understood as a hermeneutic process. Gadamer’s historically informed hermeneutics is appropriated to lend insight into this process. • Findings: Approaches to ethical decision-making identified from the literature include: a) approaches based on induction from published ethical codes; b) decision-making algorithms; c) recourse to formal tribunals; d) implicitly following routine agency practices. The place of ‘reflection’ in decision-making is also considered. Taking inspiration from writers in medical ethics, it is proposed that resolving ethically problematic situations should be considered as a hermeneutic process demanding a repeated and progressive quest to reconcile the detailed particularities of the case with complex, competing and evolving moral imperatives. The hermeneutic process proceeds both in relation to the case and in relation to the constantly developing standards and expectations of the professional community and the wider society, and so may be understood as a form of double hermeneutic. • Applications: Practitioners facing ethically difficult situations should envisage the issue as an incompatibility of frames of meaning, and apply a hermeneutic analysis in pursuit of a ‘merging of horizons’ to address conflicts of ethical views.
The norm of solidarity: Experiencing negative aspects of community life after a school shooting tragedy
Authors: Nurmi Johanna , Räsänen Pekka , Oksanen Atte 
Published: March 2011

•  Summary: Recent rampage shootings at schools have provoked intense academic discussion. While there have been two recent school shootings in Finland, there is not much empirical research focusing on these incidents. What is particularly lacking is research on community reaction to this type of mass violence. In this article, we take a look at the negative aspects of solidarity after a shooting incident in a small Finnish community of Jokela. We explore community experience on shootings through two types of empirical measures. The research material consists of a mail survey of the local residents and focused interviews of professional experts. •  Findings: Our results suggest that there was a rise in social solidarity after the shooting tragedy. However, the increased level of solidarity was also followed by a variety of negative phenomena such as strengthened group divisions between youth and adults, social stigmatization, and feelings of collective guilt. These experiences are familiar in the cultural trauma processes. •  Applications: In general, the article points out that mass violence has long-term impact on people’s social engagement and interaction patterns. Similar processes can be argued to be particularly significant when studying relatively small communities.
Understanding the diverse health needs of Chinese people in Britain and developing cultural sensitive services
Authors: Chau Ruby CM , Yu Sam WK , Tran Cam TL 
Published: March 2011

• Summary: This article aims to examine the diverse health needs of Chinese people in Britain and explore how the understanding of this diversity contributes to the development of culturally sensitive services. Two arguments are highlighted. First, it is undoubtedly insensitive to impose mainstream health services on ethnic minority groups, such as Chinese people in Britain, as it neglects to accommodate the heritage that they want to uphold. Second, it may be equally insensitive to take for granted the fact that all members of ethnic minority groups prefer to organize their health according to their heritage. • Findings: A better understanding of the diverse preferences for health services of ethnic minority groups in general and Chinese people’s in particular would help health professionals to organize and deliver their services in a more culturally sensitive manner. The article has three main parts. The first part examines the importance of cultural sensitivity practices in health services. The second part explores the diverse health needs of Chinese people in Britain. The last part introduces two analytical tools, namely the culturagram and Titterton’s paradigm for welfare. • Applications: By applying these tools to four cases, the discussion shows how they contribute to the understanding of the diverse health needs of Chinese people and the development of culturally sensitive services.
Is Goniometry Suitable for Measuring Ankle Range of Motion in Female Ballet Dancers? An Initial Comparison With Radiographic Measurement
Authors: Russell Jeffrey A. , Shave Ruth M. , Kruse David W. , Nevill Alan M. , Koutedakis Yiannis , Wyon Matthew A. 
Published: March 2011

Female ballet dancers require extreme ankle motion to attain the demi-plié (weight-bearing full dorsiflexion [DF]) and en pointe (weight-bearing full plantar flexion [PF]) positions of ballet. However, techniques for assessing this amount of motion have not yet received sufficient scientific scrutiny. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine possible differences between weight-bearing goniometric and radiographic ankle range of motion measurements in female ballet dancers. Ankle range of motion in 8 experienced female ballet dancers was assessed by goniometry and 2 radiographic measurement methods. The latter were performed on 3 mediolateral x-rays, in demi-plié, neutral, and en pointe positions; one of them used the same landmarks as goniometry. DF values were not significantly different among the methods, but PF values were (P < .05). Not only was PF of the talocrural joint significantly less than the other 2 measurements (P < .001), PF from the goniometric method applied to the x-rays was significantly less than PF obtained from clinical goniometry (P < .05). These data provide insight into the extreme ankle and foot motion, particularly PF, required in female ballet dancers and suggest that goniometry may not be ideal for assessing ankle range of motion in these individuals. Therefore, further research is needed to standardize how DF and PF are measured in ballet dancers. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic, Level I
A Randomized Controlled Behavioral Trial of a New Adult Asthma Self-management Program
Authors: Tousman Stuart A. , Zeitz Howard , Bond Donna , Stewart Deidira , Rackow Regina , Greer Rebecca , Hatfield Sharon , Layman Karen , Ganjwala Puja 
Published: March 2011

Aims: The purpose of the present research was to design and implement an adult asthma self-management program using a randomized control design. Methods: A total of 24 participants served in the control group while 21 participants served in the intervention group. Those in the intervention group participated in 7 weekly meetings which consisted of interactive discussions, problem-solving, social support and a behavior modification procedure. The behavior modification procedure consisted of homework assignments in which participants were asked to self-monitor and record asthma specific behaviors (including peak expiratory flow, avoidance/removal of asthma triggers, and controller medication adherence) and general lifestyle behaviors (including drinking water, practicing relaxation, washing hands and exercising). Results: A series of two factor mixed design analysis of variance computations indicated statistically significant interactions. When compared to participants in the control condition, those individuals who participated in the intervention had significant improvements in asthma self-efficacy, asthma quality of life, and patient activation. Significant interactions also indicated that those in the intervention groups had increases in the frequencies of the following self-reported behaviors: 1) reducing asthma triggers; 2), reading about asthma; 3) peak flow monitoring; 4) exercising, and; 5) hand washing. Follow-up data 2 months after the intervention indicated maintenance for many of the psychological, cognitive and behavioral changes. Conclusions: These results confirm that our adult asthma selfmanagement program can lead to improvements in short term outcomes.
Enforced expression of miR-125b affects myelopoiesis by targeting multiple signaling pathways
Authors: Surdziel Ewa , Cabanski Maciej , Dallmann Iris , Lyszkiewicz Marcin , Krueger Andreas , Ganser Arnold , Scherr Michaela , Eder Matthias 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by sequence-specific targeting of multiple mRNAs. Although lineage-, maturation-, and disease-specific miRNA expression has been described, miRNA-dependent phenotypes and miRNA-regulated signaling in hematopoietic cells are largely unknown. Combining functional genomics, biochemical analysis, and unbiased and hypothesis-driven miRNA target prediction, we show that lentivirally over-expressed miR-125b blocks G-CSF–induced granulocytic differentiation and enables G-CSF–dependent proliferation of murine 32D cells. In primary lineage-negative cells, miR-125b over-expression enhances colony-formation in vitro and promotes myelopoiesis in mouse bone marrow chimeras. We identified Stat3 and confirmed Bak1 as miR-125b target genes with approximately 30% and 50% reduction in protein expression, respectively. However, gene-specific RNAi reveals that this reduction, alone and in combination, is not sufficient to block G-CSF–dependent differentiation. STAT3 protein expression, DNA-binding, and transcriptional activity but not induction of tyrosine-phosphorylation and nuclear translocation are reduced upon enforced miR-125b expression, indicating miR-125b–mediated reduction of one or more STAT3 cofactors. Indeed, we identified c-Jun and Jund as potential miR-125b targets and demonstrated reduced protein expression in 32D/miR-125b cells. Interestingly, gene-specific silencing of JUND but not c-JUN partially mimics the miR-125b over-expression phenotype. These data demonstrate coordinated regulation of several signaling pathways by miR-125b linked to distinct phenotypes in myeloid cells.