bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy and perinatal outcome in women with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Pillar Nir , Levy Amalia , Holcberg Gershon , Sheiner Eyal 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate pregnancy outcome for patients with treated hyperthyroidism.MethodsA population‐based study was performed comparing all singleton pregnancies of women with and women without hyperthyroidism at the Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er‐Sheva, Israel, between January 1988 and January 2007. Stratified analysis, using a multiple logistic regression model, was performed to control for confounders.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 185 636 singleton deliveries in the medical center. Of these, 189 (0.1%) were from women with hyperthyroidism. Using multivariate analysis with backward elimination, the following risk factors were significantly associated with hyperthyroidism: placental abruption; cesarean delivery; and advanced maternal age. No significant differences regarding perinatal outcome were noted between the groups. Women with hyperthyroidism had significantly higher rates of cesarean delivery than did women without hyperthyroidism (20.1% vs 13.1%; P < 0.004), even after controlling for confounders.ConclusionsTreated hyperthyroidism was not associated with adverse perinatal outcome. However, hyperthyroidism was found to be an independent risk factor for cesarean delivery.
How Does Decentralisation Affect the Welfare State? Territorial Politics and the Welfare State in the UK and US
Authors: GREER SCOTT L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe relationship between political decentralisation and the welfare state is much studied, and large-scale studies have repeatedly found that decentralised states have less generous welfare states. How do we fit that with other studies that emphasise the potential of decentralisation to raise welfare standards? This article argues that decentralisation, as a variable, is too broad and it is more efficient to focus on the structure of veto players in the central state, intergovernmental relations and intergovernmental finance. Those are the actual mechanisms that connect decentralisation to the welfare states, and they can all vary independently of decentralisation. It uses recent changes in the United States and United Kingdom as examples. The fragmentation and average weakness of the US welfare state is mostly due to a federal government riddled with internal veto points that permits considerable interstate variation and low overall average provision, while tight central control on finances in the UK means that most variation is in the organisation, rather than levels, of social services.
OA and IP: open access, digital copyright and marketplace competition
Authors: HARPER Georgia 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTFor over 200 years copyright law has enabled, and scholars and their publishers have depended on, a state‐granted monopoly, creating ‘artificial scarcity’ to give publishers a period during which they can charge higher prices than the market would otherwise dictate and thus recover their costs, plus (usually) a profit. But today we have instant access to digital works, and easy, worldwide distribution for almost no cost to the reader beyond those of computers, Internet access, and electricity. The monopolistic mechanism of ‘artificial scarcity’ now turns one of the most critical advantages of the digital world into something to be fought tooth and nail. The solution is not stronger and longer copyrights. It more likely will emerge from experimentation to find business models that can fund the creation of works, still a costly undertaking, without sacrificing the digital benefit of almost free distribution to everyone who might desire to access them.
How and when should interactome-derived clusters be used to predict functional modules and protein function?
Authors: Song Jimin , Singh Mona 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Clustering of protein–protein interaction networks is one of the most common approaches for predicting functional modules, protein complexes and protein functions. But, how well does clustering perform at these tasks?
Results: We develop a general framework to assess how well computationally derived clusters in physical interactomes overlap functional modules derived via the Gene Ontology (GO). Using this framework, we evaluate six diverse network clustering algorithms using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and show that (i) the performances of these algorithms can differ substantially when run on the same network and (ii) their relative performances change depending upon the topological characteristics of the network under consideration. For the specific task of function prediction in S.cerevisiae, we demonstrate that, surprisingly, a simple non-clustering guilt-by-association approach outperforms widely used clustering-based approaches that annotate a protein with the overrepresented biological process and cellular component terms in its cluster; this is true over the range of clustering algorithms considered. Further analysis parameterizes performance based on the number of annotated proteins, and suggests when clustering approaches should be used for interactome functional analyses. Overall our results suggest a re-examination of when and how clustering approaches should be applied to physical interactomes, and establishes guidelines by which novel clustering approaches for biological networks should be justified and evaluated with respect to functional analysis.
Contact: msingh@cs.princeton.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Milesian Measures: Time, Space, and Matter
Authors: White Stephen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Any attempt to trace the origin of Greek philosophy faces two complementary problems. One is the fact that evidence for the early philosophers is woefully meager. The other problem raises a question of what is to be counted as philosophy. Yet neither problem is insuperable. This article proposes to reorient the search for origins in two ways, corresponding to these two problems. First, rather than trying to reconstruct vanished work directly, this article focuses on a crucial stage in its ancient reception, in particular, the efforts by Aristotle and his colleagues in the latter half of the fourth century to collect, analyze, and assess the evidence then available for earlier attempts to understand the natural world. The other shift in focus this article makes is from philosophy to science; or rather, it focuses on evidence for the interplay between observation, measurement, and explanation in the work of three sixth-century Milesians.
Empedocles: Physical and Mythical Divinity
Authors: Primavesi Oliver 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article considers how the new finds have affected one's view of Empedocles, and suggests how interpretation of that material might help solve (or dissolve) some longstanding problems about the structure and content of Empedocles' writings. A basic account of the teachings of Empedocles would distinguish between two main components. On the one hand, there is a “Presocratic” physics, including a theory of principles, a cosmology, and a biology. On the other hand, there is a mythical law, clearly inspired by Orphic or Pythagorean legends, which imposes on guilty gods (called daimones) a punishment consisting in their transmigration through a series of mortal beings. The purpose of this article is to show that Empedocles has the habit of referring to divine entities of his physical system both in a physical and in a mythological way and that his uses of the word daimon form part of this twofold language.
The Sophists
Authors: Gagarin Michael , Woodruff Paul 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article shows that important questions remain to be answered about the topics the sophists studied and taught, and their views, both positive and negative, about truth, religion, and convention. The sophists are united more by common methods and attitudes than by common interests. All sophists, for example, challenged traditional thinking, often in ways that went far beyond questioning the existence of the gods, or the truth of traditional myths, or customary moral rules, all of which had been questioned before. Gorgias, for example argued that nothing exists; Protagoras found fault with Homer's Greek; and Antiphon presented arguments for the innocence of someone who seems obviously guilty. In challenging traditional views, the sophists liked to use deliberately provocative, sometimes paradoxical arguments that seem aimed at capturing the audience's attention rather than enlightening them.
Reason, Cause, and Explanation in Presocratic Philosophy
Authors: Hankinson R. J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In the Archaic Geek world of epic poetry, the causes of things are shrouded in divine mystery; the gods intervene in human affairs, and bring about events, in a cruel and capricious fashion, according to their whims; Apollo visits the devastating plague of Iliad 1 on the Greek host to avenge Agamemnon's ill-treatment of one of his priests; Poseidon shakes the earth and angers the sea, bringing to destruction those who have incurred his ire, as does Zeus himself with his thunderbolts. The gods take on human shape and intervene in battle with devastating effect. In tragedy, the houses of Atreus and of Laius are brought low when men offend against the gods. This article focuses on the explorations of the fundamental concepts of reasons and causation, and the problems of explanation, and argues that it is indeed reasonable to see in Presocratic thought the foundations of Western scientific explanation.
The Humanizing of Knowledge in Presocratic Thought
Authors: Lesher J. H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explores Presocratic epistemology, arguing that divine revelation is replaced as a warrant for knowledge with naturalistic accounts of how and what we humans can know; thus replacing earlier Greek pessimism about knowledge with a more optimistic outlook that allows for human discovery of the truth. A review of the relevant fragments and testimonia shows that Xenophanes, Alcmaeon, Heraclitus, and Parmenides—even Pythagoras and Empedocles—all moved some distance away from the older “god-oriented” view of knowledge toward a more secular and optimistic outlook. But to get some sense of the dynamics at work in this transition this article begins, as virtually every account of early Greek thought must begin, with Homer and Hesiod.
Presocratic Theology
Authors: Robinson T. M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
If in the context of early and classical Greek thought, the term “theology” is taken to mean “of God/gods/the gods and his/their putative relationship, causal and directive, to the world and its operations, and to ourselves within that world,” or something of that order, the first ascription of such a notion to a Presocratic philosopher is to be found in Aristotle's comment that “Thales thought that all things are full of gods”. The Presocratic period ends with no neat causal sequence. If one train of thinking was moving in the direction of a divinely guided, teleologically explicable universe, another was moving in exactly the opposite direction. For the atomists Democritus and Leucippus, the ever-changing universe is an infinity of space in which, across eternity, chance agglomerations of ever-moving atoms produce and will forever go on producing those contents of the universe that we call realities, from gazelles to galaxies.
Aristotle's Account of the Origins of Philosophy
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article sheds light on Aristotle's own understanding of philosophy. It tries to give an account of how Aristotle seeks to determine and to explain the origin of philosophy and to account for its early development. It focuses on his account of the history of philosophy from its beginnings down to his own time in Metaphysics 1.3–10, in particular 1.3–6. It derives a good deal of knowledge about early Greek philosophy directly from Aristotle. A great deal of the information provided by later ancient sources itself is derived from Aristotle and his students, like Theophrastus or Eudemus. The evidential value of this information is rather high. It also is clear that Aristotle had his own particular perspective on the history of early Greek philosophy, and that his students largely shared his general view of the early history of Greek philosophy.
New Religious Movements
Authors: Cowan Douglas E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
New religious movements (NRMs), which are often popularly and pejoratively labeled “cults,” frequently become the sites for a multitude of conflicting emotions; they are cultural lightning rods as much for anger, shame, and guilt as for joy, excitement, and a sense of release and relief. Throughout NRM narratives, however, whether primary sources or secondary, whether affirmative accounts of one's affiliation and conversion or post-affiliation critiques of the group in question, two principal affective aspects emerge: emotional fulfillment and emotional abuse. As a heuristic framework to consider these more specific aspects of emotion in NRMs, this article uses the trajectory of participation suggested by David Bromley's affiliation-disaffiliation model. In particular, it examines the roles played by emotion and affect in the recruitment processes of different groups, focusing on affective enticement, affective coercion, and affective bonding. It also explores the link between affect and religious practices, the confirmation of religious beliefs, disaffiliation, and post-affiliation.
Sexuality and the Erotic
Authors: Kripal Jeffrey J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe biological, psychological, cultural, and ethical complexities of what we today call sexuality, gender, sexual orientation, and sexual trauma have been the focus of intense research for well over a century now. It would be difficult to overestimate the importance of this corporate knowledge for how we have come to see “religion,” and it is worth noting that both the modern categories of religion and sexuality as signs marking fields of rational discourse and critical study were born more or less together within the same time period (the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) and within the same cultural institution (the Western university). This article examines the abstract categories of sexuality, gender, sexual orientation, the erotic, desire, and sexual trauma. It concludes with two individual fields of sexual-religious emotion and, in this case, two historical female bodies, one (apparently) heterosexual, the other homosexual or bisexual: Mother Ann Lee, the charismatic founder of the American Shaker community, and the contemporary Hollywood actress, Anne Heche.
Melancholy
Authors: Rubin Julius 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMax Weber's concept of religious ethos proves important to the study of religion and emotion. Through the concept of religious ethos, Weber developed a structural phenomenology of religious experience, emotion, personality, and life-order. In the spirit of Max Weber, this article investigates a variety of religious ethics and their affinity with melancholy. These ethics include inner-worldly asceticism (Protestant evangelical pietism), other-worldly asceticism (Christian monasticism), and inner-worldly mysticism (apophaticism and quietism among Christian mystics, in Hasidism, and in Sufism). The discussion proceeds using Weber's concept of the ideal type, where each religious ethos is articulated with clarity and precision, in a logically consistent form that accentuates or exaggerates certain aspects of religious experience and expression. In this manner, ideal types create “logical utopias” that are not intended realistically to describe or to depict, photographically, the lived religion of peoples in concrete settings.
Augustine
Authors: Wetzel James 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe dazzling display of emotional intelligence that gives the Confessions, Augustine's most famous work, its resonance for students of the inner life is evident, albeit in more muted hues, in nearly everything that he wrote: sermons, letters, scriptural commentaries, polemical and apologetic works, and theological meditations. This essay examines Augustine's theology of the emotions. First, it takes a closer look at Stoicism in City of God and Augustine's eventual rejection of its theory and practice of emotion. Augustine's rejection of Stoicism is importantly symptomatic of a shift in his notion of will, from a facility for consent to a focus of internal conflict and incoherence. This essay also discusses the connection between sin and self-undoing by entering into Augustine's fascination with a first or original will to sin. The primary resources used are his psychological analysis in City of God of the Adam and Eve of Genesis and his parallel analysis of himself in Confessions, where he describes a fall of his own.
Medieval Mysticism
Authors: Largier Niklaus 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn overview of the significance of emotions in mysticism during the medieval period would not be complete without an account of two other paradigms of affective arousal, namely, the suffering of Christ and the sacrifice of martyrdom. A mysticism of the passion of Christ, and of martyrdom as an imitation of the passion of Christ, emerged already in the early times of the church. In many ways, monastic asceticism follows this pattern, emphasizing acts of self-mortification, of spiritual martyrdom, and of mystical death, often invoking a psychomachy that includes the investment of the passions as well. The metamorphosis of the passions is based on practices that include the reading of the scriptures and mystical contemplation, but also liturgy and prayer. The practice of memory through reading, liturgy, and prayer that is at the center of the Christian life is for the most part also a practice of emotional stimulation. This article examines medieval mysticism, memory and prayer, spiritual sensation and emotion, negative theology and affective mysticism, and the link between the passion of Christ and the history of emotions.
Jonathan Edwards
Authors: McClymond Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractJonathan Edwards (1703–1758)—pastor, philosopher, theologian, and Calvinist saint—was a man of deep piety and a meticulous observer of others' spiritual experiences. He devoted much of his life to the analysis and interpretation of religious emotions, which he called “affections.” Today, most scholars regard Edwards as the greatest theologian in American history, and his writings have had vast influence in both church and academy. Edwards might be dubbed the patron saint of religious revival and revivalism. Like his Puritan predecessors, Edwards saw a dichotomy between true, God-given, and grace-filled religion on the one hand and false, counterfeit, hypocritical, and non-gracious religion on the other. This article examines Edwards's views on religious emotions such as understanding, inclination, affection, passion, and love. It also discusses his treatment of the “new sense,” also referred to as the “spiritual sense,” or “sense of the heart.” Moreover, Edwards's philosophy regarding enthusiasm, visions, and the ambiguous status of imagination is discussed. The article concludes by considering Edwards's legacy concerning religion and emotion.
Emile Durkheim
Authors: Pickering W. S. F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Emile Durkheim founded his sociology enterprise on the equation that in order to understand social phenomena, the social must be explained in terms of the social. This becomes practically explicit in his study of suicide, where the tendency to suicide among particular groups is “explained” by other social facts, by reference to those who are unmarried, widowed, of a particular religious persuasion, and so on. The discomfiture in according a significant place to psychology within sociology is derived from Durkheim's acclaimed standpoint of being first and foremost a Cartesian. Durkheim held that all knowledge of experience is mentally mediated and is derived through the notion of representation. Peppered throughout much of Durkheim's study of religion are the terms “force” and “power.” This article examines the area of religion where, in Durkheim's thought, references to the emotional are assuredly to be found. It also discusses his views on delirium, religious experience, and effervescence.
Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: Its Structure and Its Mechanism
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article starts when Charles Darwin published his great evolutionary work, “On the Origin of Species” which deals with artificial selection, i.e. the combination of traits and natural selection in which certain traits are attributed to improved survival ability. The ideal behind the book was the concept of laws being bound up deductively into a system. Population genetics does not deal directly with physical objects and their features. Rather, it casts everything in terms of the presumed underlying genes. It brings out the semantic aspects of the theory. Various methods are used for adaptation such as the comparative method. Darwin said that group selection might be an important factor in the evolution of morality. There is a theory of “punctuated equilibrium” which supposes that rapid evolution takes place in groups when they are first isolated from the parent body. Darwinian theory adds to our new understanding and at the same time draws strength from this understanding.
Evo‐Devo
Authors: Robert Jason Scott 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article deals with evolutionary developmental biology. Evolutionary developmental biology raises both traditional philosophy of science issues such as concerns about causation, reductionism, and the nature of explanation, and some more heterodox issues such as concerns about the structure of intra and interdisciplinary collaboration. This puts developmental biology in an evolutionary context that sees evolutionary changes in developmental mechanisms and evolutionary biology in a developmental context. Evo-Devo is here cited by various examples. It solves various problems by bringing evolutionary data in solving developmental problems and bringing developmental and evolutionary data to bear on problems within the domain of evolutionary developmental biology. It explores the dynamics of development and explains how it influences evolutionary change. The article thus explores extra genomic developmental resources in an environmental context for the future.
Philosophical Issues Arising from Genomics
Authors: Ernst Zachary 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses a few issues that are raised by genomics research. An important example which can be cited is the Human Genome Project. A current approach of genomic research is outlined which is divided into two categories: sequencing and annotation. This involves both the traditional and subsystem approach that accentuates the important differences between the actual practice of genomics and the portrayal that it has received from critics. Genomic research holds on to the concept of the gene and concludes that some functional sequences of DNA are acted upon by evolutionary mechanisms which constructs phylogenetic relationships among different species. The increased use of powerful computers in the special science provides a more expansive concept of scientific explanation. This reinvents the way in which research is carried out in many different fields. Genomics is the best example of a scientific research project that has been transformed by computer science.