bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the Middle Cerebral Artery: The Temporal Branches
Authors: DELONG W. BRADFORD 
Published: June 2011

Nineteen out of 23 middle cerebral arterial specimens had as the first major branch of the middle cerebral artery a sizable anterior temporal artery; a trunk forming the anterior and middle temporal branches; a trunk forming the anterior, middle, and posterior temporal arteries; or a trunk forming temporal and angular arterial branches.
Patients harboring middle cerebral stenoses or occlusions who have correlating cerebral ischemic symptoms may be considered as candidates for microsurgical cerebral revascularization. However, if such patients undergo intracranial surgery, the superficial temporal artery should probably be joined to a supra-Sylvian arterial branch, rather than to a temporal arterial branch, in order to avoid delivering the new blood supply proximal to the stenotic or occluded segment.
Left Atrial Myxoma as a Neurological Problem: A Case Report and Review
Authors: STEINMETZ EDWARD F. , CALANCHINI PHILIP R. , AGUILAR MARY JANE 
Published: June 2011

A puzzling neurological illness in a patient with a clinically normal heart was explained at autopsy by cerebral embolization from a left atrial myxoma (LAM). Constitutional symptoms associated with LAM were present. Cerebral angiography revealed aneurysms and focal areas of abnormal blushing. Cerebral and cardiac pathology is presented.
The surgical follow-up of seven other cases is reported to determine the "curability" of such tumors.
We believe that echocardiography should be performed in any case of suspected cerebral embolization even though cardiac symptoms and signs may be absent.
Hypertension and Risk of Stroke in an Elderly Population
Authors: SHEKELLE RICHARD B. , OSTFILD ADRIAN M. , KLAWANS HAROLD L. 
Published: June 2011

The contribution of hypertension to risk of all strokes and of nonembolic brain infarction in elderly black and white men and women is examined.
The results of the Chicago Stroke Study show that hypertension is significantly associated with increased risk of nonembolic brain infarction, as well as all stroke, in this population of elderly black and white men and women. It is possible that 25% or more of the total incidence of stroke in persons 65 to 74 years of age may be attributable to hypertension.
Stroke in the Young: A Four-Year Study, 1968 to 1972
Authors: JANAKI S. , BARUAH J. K. , JAYARAM S. R. , SAXENA V. K. , SHARMA S. R. , GULATI M. S. 
Published: June 2011

Twenty-six patients under 20 years of age having cerebrovascular disease were studied from 1968 to 1972. Common risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and heart disease were not present. Angiographical study showed a variety of abnormalities. No consistent defect was present.
There was a high incidence of pyrexia and convulsions in the early stages of stroke and it appears possible that some form of arteritis might have been important in the production of the cerebral infarction.
Leukocyte Telomere Length Is Associated With High-Risk Plaques on Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound and Increased Proinflammatory Activity
Authors: Calvert Patrick A. , Liew Tze-Vun , Gorenne Isabelle , Clarke Murray , Costopoulos Charis , Obaid Daniel R. , O'Sullivan Michael , Shapiro Leonard M. , McNab Duncan C. , Densem Cameron G. , Schofield Peter M. , Braganza Denise , Clarke Sarah C. , Ray Kausik K. , West Nick E.J. , Bennett Martin R. 
Published: June 2011

Objective—
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cellular senescence, is inversely associated with cardiovascular events. However, whether LTL reflects plaque extent or unstable plaques, and the mechanisms underlying any association are unknown.

Methods and Results—

One hundred seventy patients with stable angina or acute coronary syndrome referred for percutaneous coronary intervention underwent 3-vessel virtual histology intravascular ultrasound; 30 372 mm of intravascular ultrasound pullback and 1096 plaques were analyzed. LTL was not associated with plaque volume but was associated with calcified thin-capped fibroatheroma (OR, 1.24; CI, 1.01–1.53;
P
=0.039) and total fibroatheroma numbers (OR, 1.19; CI, 1.02–1.39;
P
=0.027). Monocytes from coronary artery disease patients showed increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. To mimic leukocyte senescence, we disrupted telomeres and binding and expression of the telomeric protein protection of telomeres protein-1, inducing DNA damage. Telomere disruption increased monocyte secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-6, and IL-1β and oxidative burst, similar to that seen in coronary artery disease patients, and lymphocyte secretion of IL-2 and reduced lymphocyte IL-10.

Conclusion—
Shorter LTL is associated with high-risk plaque morphology on virtual histology intravascular ultrasound but not total 3-vessel plaque burden. Monocytes with disrupted telomeres show increased proinflammatory activity, which is also seen in coronary artery disease patients, suggesting that telomere shortening promotes high-risk plaque subtypes by increasing proinflammatory activity.
Simple Multicloud Models for the Diurnal Cycle of Tropical Precipitation. Part II: The Continental Regime
Authors: Frenkel Yevgeniy , Khouider Boualem , Majda Andrew J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The variation of precipitation over land due to the diurnal cycle of solar heating is examined here in the context of a simple multicloud model for tropical convection with bulk atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) dynamics. The model utilizes three cloud types (congestus, deep, and stratiform) that are believed to characterize organized tropical convection based on the first two baroclinic modes of vertical structure in the free troposphere, coupled to the ABL through full bulk boundary layer (FBBL) dynamics, that allow a careful separation between sensible and latent heat surface fluxes. In a land parameter regime, characterized by a strong inversion profile, a large Bowen ratio of 0.4, and active mixing of sensible heat due to cumulus entrainment and downdraft fluxes at the top of the ABL, the model supports a stable 1-day periodic solution that is characterized by a pronounced (7 K day−1) afternoon peak in precipitation consistent with observations of tropical precipitation over continental regions. The current study suggests a division of the diurnal cycle of precipitation over land into a cycle of five phases: 1) an overnight phase of a radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) state between 2000 and 0600 LST; 2) an early morning CAPE buildup accompanied by a sudden rise in precipitation that quickly dries the middle troposphere occurs between 0600 and roughly 1000 LST; 3) a moistening phase between roughly 1000 and 1600 LST; 4) a phase of maximum precipitation between 1600 and 1800 LST that dries the middle troposphere and quickly consumes CAPE; and 5) a rapid remoistening phase that restores the moisture level to sustain the overnight RCE precipitation and connects to phase 1 in the cycle. Sensitivity tests in the model confirm that the late afternoon precipitation maximum over land depends crucially on a strong inversion, the large Bowen ratio, and the active mixing of sensible heat due to cumulus entrainment and downdraft fluxes at the top of the ABL.
The Madden–Julian Oscillation in CCSM4
Authors: Subramanian Aneesh C. , Jochum Markus , Miller Arthur J. , Murtugudde Raghu , Neale Richard B. , Waliser Duane E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This study assesses the ability of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) to represent the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropical atmosphere. The U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) MJO Working Group’s prescribed diagnostic tests are used to evaluate the model’s mean state, variance, and wavenumber–frequency characteristics in a 20-yr simulation of the intraseasonal variability in zonal winds at 850 hPa (U850) and 200 hPa (U200), and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). Unlike its predecessor, CCSM4 reproduces a number of aspects of MJO behavior more realistically.
The CCSM4 produces coherent, broadbanded, and energetic patterns in eastward-propagating intraseasonal zonal winds and OLR in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans that are generally consistent with MJO characteristics. Strong peaks occur in power spectra and coherence spectra with periods between 20 and 100 days and zonal wavenumbers between 1 and 3. Model MJOs, however, tend to be more broadbanded in frequency than in observations. Broad-scale patterns, as revealed in combined EOFs of U850, U200, and OLR, are remarkably consistent with observations and indicate that large-scale convergence–convection coupling occurs in the simulated MJO.
Relations between MJO in the model and its concurrence with other climate states are also explored. MJO activity (defined as the percentage of time the MJO index exceeds 1.5) is enhanced during El Niño events compared to La Niña events, both in the model and observations. MJO activity is increased during periods of anomalously strong negative meridional wind shear in the Asian monsoon region and also during strong negative Indian Ocean zonal mode states, in both the model and observations.
Pre-clinical evaluation of ceramic femoral head resurfacing prostheses using computational models and mechanical testing
Authors: Dickinson A S , Browne M , Wilson K C , Jeffers J R T , Taylor A C 
Published: June 2011

Ceramic-on-ceramic hip resurfacing can potentially offer the bone-conserving advantages of resurfacing while eliminating metal ion release. Thin-walled ceramic resurfacing heads are conceivable following developments in the strength and reliability of ceramic materials, but verification of new designs is required. The present study aimed to develop a mechanical pre-clinical analysis verification process for ceramic resurfacing heads, using the DeltaSurf prosthesis design as a case study. Finite element analysis of a range of in vivo scenarios was used to design a series of physiologically representative mechanical tests, which were conducted to verify the strength of the prosthesis. Tests were designed to simulate ideal and worst-case in vivo loading and support, or to allow comparison with a clinically successful metallic device. In tests simulating ideal loading and support, the prosthesis sustained a minimum load of 39 kN before fracture, and survived 10 000 000 fatigue cycles of 0.534 kN to 5.34 kN. In worst-case tests representing a complete lack of superior femoral head bone support or pure cantilever loading of the prosthesis stem, the design demonstrated strength comparable to that of the equivalent metal device. The developed mechanical verification test programme represents an improvement in the state of the art where international test standards refer largely to total hip replacement prostheses. The case study’s novel prosthesis design performed with considerable safety margins compared with extreme in vivo loads, providing evidence that the proposed ceramic resurfacing heads should have sufficient strength to perform safely in vivo. Similar verification tests should be designed and conducted for novel ceramic prosthesis designs in the future, leading the way to clinical evaluation.
Listening to suffering: What might ‘proper distance’ have to do with radio news?
Authors: Wright Kate 
Published: June 2011

This article investigates whether Roger Silverstone’s notion of ‘proper distance’ provides the conceptual tools which are needed to assess the qualitative nature of radio listeners’ responses to mediated representations of suffering – a vital issue in radio research, given the dependence of most critical theory about journalistic depictions of suffering on ideas of the visual. Specifically, it seeks to address practitioners’ and theorists’ concerns about the impact of framing on audience reactions, by using an audience study to examine whether beginning a series of packages of the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo with a ‘human interest’ interview generated different kinds of responses to those generated when other kinds of framing methods were used. The series, which was broadcast on BBC Radio Four’s Today programme, produced one of the greatest volumes of audience response in the programme’s history. But rather than recommending ‘proper distance’ as the best theoretical tool with which to explore this phenomenon, this article advocates caution: questioning the ‘workability’ of Silverstone’s ideas, their cross-cultural applicability, and their sensitivity to empirical evidence about radio listening.
Outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia with monosomal karyotype who undergo hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Fang Min , Storer Barry , Estey Elihu , Othus Megan , Zhang Lisa , Sandmaier Brenda M. , Appelbaum Frederick R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Monosomal karyotype (MK), defined as ≥ 2 autosomal monosomies or a single monosomy in the presence of other structural abnormalities, was confirmed by several studies to convey an extremely poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a 4-year overall survival after diagnosis of < 4%. A recent investigation by the Southwest Oncology Group found that the only MK+ patients alive and disease free > 6 years from diagnosis received allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). To expand this observation, we retrospectively analyzed 432 patients treated with HCT at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 14% of whom were MK+. The 4-year overall survival of patients after HCT was 25% for MK+ AML and 56% for MK− AML (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.29, P < .0001). Among the MK+ patients, complex karyotype was associated with a significantly worse outcome than patients with noncomplex karyotype (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.70, P = .03). Thus, although the prognosis of MK+ patients remains worse than that for MK− patients in the transplantation setting, HCT appears to improve the overall outcome of MK+ patients, especially patients without a complex karyotype. However, the 28% of MK+ patients > 60 years had only a 6% 4-year survival rate after HCT, stressing the need for new approaches in these patients.
Comparative evaluation of the potential impact of rotavirus versus hpv vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries: A preliminary analysis focused on the relative disease burden
Authors: Kim Sun-Young , Sweet Steven , Chang Joshua , Goldie Sue J 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Immunization policymakers at global and local levels need to establish priorities among new vaccines competing for limited resources. However, comparison of the potential impact of single vaccination programs is challenging, primarily due to the limited number of vaccine analyses as well as their differing analytic approaches and reporting formats. The purpose of this study is to provide early insight into how the comparative impact of different new vaccines could be assessed in resource-poor settings with respect to affordability, cost-effectiveness, and distributional equity.

Methods
We compared the health, economic, and financial consequences of introducing the two vaccines in 72 GAVI-eligible countries using a number of different outcome measures to evaluate affordability, cost-effectiveness, and distributional equity. We use simple static models to standardize the analytic framework and improve comparability between the two new vaccines. These simple models were validated by leveraging previously developed, more complex models for rotavirus and human papillomavirus (HPV).

Results
With 70% coverage of a single-age cohort of infants and pre-adolescent girls, the lives saved with rotavirus (~274,000) and HPV vaccines (~286,000) are similar, although the timing of averted mortality differs; rotavirus-attributable deaths occur in close proximity to infection, while HPV-related cancer deaths occur largely after age 30. Deaths averted per 1000 vaccinated are 5.2 (rotavirus) and 12.6 (HPV). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted were ~7.15 million (rotavirus) and ~1.30 million (HPV), reflecting the greater influence of discounting on the latter, given the lagtime between vaccination and averted cancer. In most countries (68 for rotavirus and 66 for HPV, at the cost of I$25 per vaccinated individual) the incremental cost per DALY averted was lower than each country's GDP per capita. Financial resources required for vaccination with rotavirus are higher than with HPV since both genders are vaccinated.

Conclusions
While lifesaving benefits of rotavirus and HPV vaccines will be realized at different times, the number of lives saved over each target populations' lifetimes will be similar. Model-based analyses that use a standardized analytic approach and generate comparable outputs can enrich the priority-setting dialogue. Although new vaccines may be deemed cost-effective, other factors including affordability and distributional equity need to be considered in different settings. We caution that for priority setting in an individual country, more rigorous comparisons should be performed, using more comprehensive models and considering all relevant vaccines and delivery strategies.
Physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and estimated insulin sensitivity and secretion in pregnant and non-pregnant women
Authors: Gradmark Anna , Pomeroy Jeremy , Renström Frida , Steiginga Susanne , Persson Margareta , Wright Antony , Bluck Les , Domellöf Magnus , Kahn Steven E , Mogren Ingrid , Franks Paul W 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Overweight and obesity during pregnancy raise the risk of gestational diabetes and birth complications. Lifestyle factors like physical activity may decrease these risks through beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis. Here we examined physical activity patterns and their relationships with measures of glucose homeostasis in late pregnancy compared to non-pregnant women.

Methods
Normal weight and overweight women without diabetes (N = 108; aged 25-35 years) were studied; 35 were pregnant (in gestational weeks 28-32) and 73 were non-pregnant.
Insulin sensitivity and β-cell response were estimated from an oral glucose tolerance test. Physical activity was measured during 10-days of free-living using a combined heart rate sensor and accelerometer. Total (TEE), resting (REE), and physical activity (PAEE) energy expenditure were measured using doubly-labeled water and expired gas indirect calorimetry.

Results
Total activity was associated with reduced first-phase insulin response in both pregnant (Regression r2 = 0.11; Spearman r = -0.47; p = 0.007) and non-pregnant women (Regression r2 = 0.11 Spearman; r = -0.36; p = 0.002). Relative to non-pregnant women, pregnant women were estimated to have secreted 67% more insulin and had 10% lower fasting glucose than non-pregnant women. Pregnant women spent 13% more time sedentary, 71% less time in moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity, had 44% lower objectively measured total activity, and 12% lower PAEE than non-pregnant women. Correlations did not differ significantly for any comparison between physical activity subcomponents and measures of insulin sensitivity or secretion.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that physical activity conveys similar benefits on glucose homeostasis in pregnant and non-pregnant women, despite differences in subcomponents of physical activity.
Respondent-driven sampling on the Thailand-Cambodia border. II. Knowledge, perception, practice and treatment-seeking behaviour of migrants in malaria endemic zones
Authors: Wangroongsarb Piyaporn , Satimai Wichai , Khamsiriwatchara Amnat , Thwing Julie , Eliades James M , Kaewkungwal Jaranit , Delacollette Charles 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Population movements along the Thailand-Cambodia border, particularly among highly mobile and hard-to-access migrant groups from Cambodia and Myanmar, are assumed to play a key role in the spread of artemisinin resistance. Data on treatment-seeking behaviours, knowledge and perceptions about malaria, and use of preventive measures is lacking as characteristics of this population prevent them from being represented in routine surveillance and the lack of a sampling frame makes reliable surveys challenging.

Methods
A survey of migrant populations from Cambodia and Myanmar was implemented in five selected rural locations in Thailand along the Thai-Cambodian border using respondent driven sampling (RDS) to determine demographic characteristics of the population, migratory patterns, knowledge about malaria, and health-care -seeking behaviours.

Results
The majority of migrants from Myanmar are long-term residents (98%) with no plans to move back to Myanmar, understand spoken Thai (77%) and can therefore benefit from health messages in Thai, have Thai health insurance (99%) and accessed public health services in Thailand (63%) for their last illness. In comparison, the majority of Cambodian migrants are short-term (72%). Of the short-term Cambodian migrants, 92% work in agriculture, 18% speak Thai, 3.4% have Thai health insurance, and the majority returned to Cambodia for treatment (45%), self-treated (11%), or did not seek treatment for their last illness (27%).

Conclusion
Most highly mobile migrants along the Thai-Cambodia border are not accessing health messages or health treatment in Thailand, increasing their risk of malaria and facilitating the spread of potentially resistant Plasmodium falciparum as they return to Cambodia to seek treatment. Reaching out to highly mobile migrants with health messaging they can understand and malaria diagnosis and treatment services they can access is imperative in the effort to contain the spread of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum.