bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boron Adsorption and Release by Soils
Authors: Biggar J. W. , Fireman Milton 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Langmuir adsorption equation was found to describe the adsorption of boron from solution by three soils up to a limited concentration. Agreement for a fourth soil was not as good. Wetting and drying of the soil following the addition of B waters increased the maximum adsorption capacity and bonding energy of the soil for B.Leaching and successive extraction experiments indicated a relationship between the bonding energy of the soils for B and their release characteristics. Boron removal from three soils indicated a desorption type of release, whereas release by a fourth soil appears similar to the formation of a saturated solution of a chemical compound. These findings indicate that the difference in the release patterns may be expected to affect the absorption of B by plants and the removal of B from the soil.
Infiltration Rates in Frozen Soils in Northern Minnesota
Authors: Stoeckeler J. H. , Weitzman Sidney 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInfiltration tests were conducted in northern Minnesota forests and grassland using single‐ring steel cylinders. Concretely frozen silt loam soils showed 0.09 inch of infiltration per hour, while sands of similar frost type showed 0.47 inch. A porous‐concrete frost type was found in loamy sands; in these soils infiltration amounts were 2.19 inches for the porous‐concrete frost, 3.97 inches in partly frozen soils, and 13.22 inches in unfrozen soils. The impermeable concrete type of frost was most prevalent in sod land, while in the forest the more permeable types were present.
Relation of Soil Moisture to Ion Absorption by Corn Plants
Authors: Mederski H. J. , Wilson J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA split‐root technique was devised in which the top portion of the roots of corn plants developed in sand culture while the remaining portion of the root system developed in soil adjusted to seven known moisture contents in the range of wilting point to field capacity. With this system, plants were grown from seed for a 25‐day period without addition of water to the soil and with only a small loss of the original soil water content. Plants were grown at two levels of atmospheric humidity at each level of soil moisture.Dry weight of plant tops and roots developed in the soil increased linearly with increasing soil moisture. Both percent and total P, K, and Mg in the plants increased with increasing level of soil moisture. Level of humidity appears to interact with the effect of soil moisture on ion absorption.
The Effect of Soil Water Movement vs. Phosphate Diffusion On Growth and Phosphorus Content of Corn and Soybeans
Authors: Shapiro Raymond E. , Armiger W. H. , Fried Maurice 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of soil water movement vs. phosphate diffusion on plant growth and composition was studied by soil‐sand dilution and continuous movement of the soil solution by recirculation. Yield, percent P, and P uptake of corn and soybeans remained approximately constant at soil‐sand dilutions up to 1:1.1 by volume, but decreased at greater dilutions in both the recirculated and noncirculated (normal watering) systems. Recirculation increased yield and percent P of corn and soybeans. These increases were attributed partly to the sampling of a larger soil volume for replenishment of the soil solution. The diffusion process alone was unable to renew P at the root surface as fast as the observed uptake rate. Soil water movement probably accounts for a much greater transfer of P to the root surface than diffusion.
Nitric Acid Oxidation of the Organic Matter of a Podzol
Authors: Schnitzer M. , Wright J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe organic matter of the A0 and Bh horizons of a podzol has been oxidized with 1:1 nitric acid. About 60% of the organic matter of both materials was converted to CO2. In the oxidation product of the A0 material, succinic, glutaric, adipic, benzene tetra‐ and penta‐carboxylic and picric acids were identified. The oxidation product of the Bh material contained benzene tetra‐ and penta‐carboxylic and picric acids but no aliphatic carboxylic acids. The acids identified represented about 5% of the original organic matter of both materials. The results suggest that the organic matter of the Bh contained more aromatic structures than that of the A0 horizon. The possible significance of the acids identified with regard to the chemical structure of the organic matter preparations from both horizons is discussed.
The Effect of Low Temperatures on Nitrification of Ammonia in Cecil Sandy Loam
Authors: Anderson O. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnhydrous ammonia (NH3) at the rate of 150 ppm. NH4‐N was applied to samples of Cecil sandy loam in the laboratory in a manner simulating field application. Initial concentration at the center of the absorption zone was 800 ppm. NH4‐N. NH4NO3 at rates 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm. NH4‐N was also applied to the Cecil soil. Nitrification occurring at 37°, 42°, 47° and 52° F. was studied. Nitrification, though negligible, occurred in all samples at 37° F. At 42°, nitrification became noticeably active by the 3‐ to 6‐week period in NH3 samples, and NH4NO3 samples treated with 50 ppm. NH4‐N. Compared to the latter, nitrate accumulation decreased as NH4NO3 concentration increased. This effect was particularly noticeable at 47° and 52° F. where nitrification of NH3 and NH4NO3, up to 100 ppm. NH4‐N, was moderate. At 52° F. nitrification approached completion in the 50 ppm. NH4‐N samples by the 9th week, and in the NH3 samples by the 12th week. Nitrate accumulation during 12 weeks expressed as a percentage of that occurring at 52° F. was 93, 51, and 8% at 47°, 42°, and 37° F., respectively, in NH4NO3 samples treated with 50 ppm. NH4‐N. In samples treated with NH3 it was 72, 35, and 4%, respectively, at the same temperatures.
The Germination of Small Grain and Corn as Influenced by Urea and Other Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Authors: Brage B. L. , Zich W. R. , Fine L. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments comparing the use of urea to other fertilizers were performed. The fertilizer was placed with the seed in all but two experiments.Urea containing 2.5% biuret reduced stands of small grain by 30% when the equivalent of 20 pounds nitrogen per acre was applied with the seed. Ammonium nitrate at 80 pounds nitrogen per acre caused a reduction in stand of 10%. Stands were depressed by 25 and 60% when 40 and 80 pounds nitrogen, respectively, as reagent urea were used per acre.Urea, containing 10% biuret, applied broadcast at 160 pounds nitrogen per acre, caused no damage to germination of either corn or barley.Urea was intermediate between ammonium carbonate (most damaging) and ammonium nitrate in a greenhouse germination trial.When fertilizer was mixed with the soil in the laboratory, considerable ammonia was evolved from the soil atmosphere by aeration when either urea, ammonium hydroxide or ammonium carbonate was used. Only traces of ammonia were removed from soils treated with either ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate or biuret. Ammonia gas formed from urea, and the contaminant biuret in urea, are therefore both instrumental in causing commercial urea to be toxic to germinating seeds.
Some Gilgaied Soils in South Dakota
Authors: White Everett M. , Bonestell Robert G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe addition of material to the lower part of the solum by the swelling of clay down into desiccation voids seems to be the first step in the genesis of South Dakota gilgai. The microridges of wavy gilgai are formed by (a) the cyclic movement of microvalley subsoil material along oblique cleavage planes into the microridge; (b) a slower downslope soil creep of microridges than of microvalleys; and (c) the upward extrusion of material from a compacted microridge subsoil as it is moistened and clays swell. Normal gilgai are formed by extrusion. Gilgaied areas have soils similar to Chestnuts, Solodized‐Solonetz, Solonchaks, or complexes of these soils.
An Experiment in Ordination of Some Soil Profiles
Authors: Hole Francis D. , Hironaka M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract“Ordination” as defined by Goodall is “an arrangement of units in a uni‐ or multidimensional order.” The authors have attempted to apply this method of classification to soil profiles.Data concerning three groups of soil profiles were treated separately in order to show the degrees of similarity and dissimilarity between the profiles. Soils of the Miami family and catena were examined in this manner twice, once on the basis of laboratory data and a second time on the basis of current detailed soil profile descriptions. The two treatments gave some strikingly similar results. The third group of soils consisted of 25 soil profiles considered to be representative of as many great soil groups of the world. A three‐dimensional model showing relationships between these profiles illustrates the possibilities of this kind of analysis.
Cropping‐Management Factor Evaluations for a Universal Soil‐Loss Equation
Authors: Wischmeier Walter H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAbout 8,000 plot‐years of soil‐loss and related data assembled from 21 states were analyzed to evaluate influences of vegetal growth, crop sequence, tillage practices, fertility, and residue management on erosion of soil by rainfall. Specific‐crop data were grouped according to relatively homogeneous intervals such as the respective rough fallow, seedbed, establishment, growing crop, and residue periods. For each such period, measured soil losses under specific combinations of crop sequence and management were compared with corresponding losses from bare fallow. Not only canopy protection, but the residual effects of prior cropping and management as well, differed significantly for the respective crop‐stage periods. Soil losses for each crop‐stage period under various sequences and management levels are presented in tabular form as percentages of losses from fallow under identical rainfall. The table was designed for use with rainfall erosion index maps and monthly distribution curves computed from localized rainfall records as discussed in “A Rainfall Erosion Index for a Universal Soil‐Loss Equation” (Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 23:246–249. 1959). Combined with the erosion index and other factors comprising the soil‐loss equation, the tabulated values will help to provide valuable guides for conservation farm planning adapted to the local rainfall pattern.
Moisture Storage on Fallowed Wheatland in the Great Plains
Authors: Mathews O. R. , Army T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMoisture storage data during the fallow period of annually cropped and alternately cropped‐fallowed wheatland from 25 locations throughout the Great Plains were summarized and statistically analyzed. Data, representing over 450 crop‐fallow periods, showed that on the average 2.02 inches of water was stored during the fallow portion of an annual cropping system. Under an alternate crop‐fallow system, an average of 3.96 inches of precipitation was stored between the harvest of one crop and the seeding of the next.The amount of moisture stored during the fallow period was found to be related to soil moisture content at the beginning of the fallow period, and the amount of precipitation during the fallow period. Moisture storage efficiency (percent of total precipitation stored) was greater in the northern than in the southern Great Plains.
The Hydrolysis of Aluminum Salts in Clay and Soil Systems
Authors: Ragland John L. , Coleman N. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAluminum salts undergo more extensive hydrolysis in acid soil and clay systems than in aqueous solutions of the same pH. The “increased hydrolysis” is accompanied by, and presumably is caused by, the sorption of the hydrolysis product which contains Al. As much as 0.2 mmol. of Al was removed from 10‐3M AlCl3 solution by 1 g. of montmorillonite; kaolinite and a soil clay sorbed comparable amounts of the hydrolysis product.During the “increased hydrolysis” reaction, 3 moles of H+ appeared for each mole of Al which hydrolyzed and was sorbed. When clays containing hydrolysis products were treated with dilute mineral acid, 3 moles of H+ were required for each mole of Al dissolved. Although it appears from the above that the sorbed substance is of composition Al(OH)3, the solubility product of gibbsite was not exceeded in many of the acid systems in which the “increased hydrolysis” occurred. It is suggested that the loss of Al(OH)3 from solution occurred through the deposition of Al(OH)3 units on clay surfaces.
Chemical Nature of the Nitrogen in the Fulvic Fraction of Soil Organic Matter
Authors: Stevenson F. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study of the forms of N in the fulvic fraction of soil organic matter showed that about one‐half of the N occurred in compounds which deaminated readily by acid and base hydrolysis. About one‐fourth of the N existed in amino acids; about one‐tenth in amino sugars.Through a modification of Forsyth's selective adsorption technique, the fulvic extract from a Brunizem soil was fractionated into several components, a number of which were pigmented. All of the components contained amino acids; several contained amino sugars. The N compounds which formed NH3 by hydrolysis occurred primarily in association with pigments. A physicochemical study of the colloids of fulvic extracts showed that the colloids were heterogeneous with respect to both charge and particle size.A consideration of possible mechanisms for the formation of fulvic pigments in soil prompted the author to postulate that the pigments originated through the condensation of carbonyl compounds with amino derivatives, by mechanisms similar to those proposed for browning processes in natural products.
Control of Soil Moisture Regimes in Greenhouse Studies by the Neutron Method
Authors: Twersky Marvin , Hillsman George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA calibration curve for measurement of soil moisture regimes by the neutron method is shown for a greenhouse study. A linear regression analysis was used to determine the equation for the best fitting neutron‐soil moisture data. The equation was established by relating percent of neutron standard and tension in atmospheres. This relationship was determined as log T = c + bY where T is tension in atmospheres and Y is percent of neutron standard.
Studies on the Suspension Effect With a Sodium Electrode
Authors: Bower C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil and clay suspensions containing Na+ exhibited the suspension effect when emf readings were made with a calomel electrode and a glass electrode which is selective for Na+. The suspension effect was identified with the KCl salt bridge of the calomel electrode. Overbeek has proposed an approximate equation for calculating the magnitude of the suspension effect when a saturated KCl salt bridge is employed. The equation is based on the relative contributions of the electric double layer at the surface of the particles and the bulk of the liquid to the total electrical conductance of the suspension. Values for the suspension effect calculated by Overbeek's equation from electrical conductivity measurements agreed closely with those obtained potentiometrically. As predicted by Overbeek's equation, the magnitude of the suspension effect was found to vary in an orderly manner with the electrolyte concentration and the exchangeable‐sodium‐percentage of the suspension. The magnitude of the suspension effect was also found to be a function of the KCl concentration of the salt bridge. An explanation for this finding based on an extension of Overbeek's theory is proposed.
Development of Molybdenum Deficiency Symptoms in Certain Crop Plants
Authors: Peterson Nobel K. , Purvis E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMolybdenum deficiency symptoms in six important crop plants were developed, described, and photographed. Deficiency symptoms were developed in the first generation of broccoli, cauliflower, and tobacco; in the second generation of corn, cotton and soybeans.With large seeded crops it was necessary to develop seed low in molybdenum before severe deficiency symptoms could be produced. In the case of corn and cotton, germination of the molybdenum‐deficient seed was at a slower and lower rate than for seed adequately supplied with the element. First generation cotton plants which received nutrient solution purified of molybdenum developed abnormal bolls.Molybdenum deficiency symptoms were developed in plants grown in a pyrex glass cullet‐wool mixture, pyrex glass sand, quartz sand, and aerated nutrient solution. The macronutrient stock solutions were purified of molybdenum by copper sulfide coprecipitation technique.
Effect of Drying Some Ohio Soils Upon the Soil Test for Potassium
Authors: Jones J. B. , Mederski H. J. , Hoff D. J. , Wilson J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost Ohio soils release K (from a nonexchangeable form to exchangeable) upon air drying from the field‐moist state. The amount released varies from 25 to 100 pounds per acre depending upon soil type. The effect of this release upon the interpretation of soil test recommendations was found to be not significant. Correlations between soil test level and corn yield response to K fertilization were the same or better using air‐dried samples as compared with the field‐moist samples. Further drying at 110°C. for 24 hours slightly increased or decreased the amount of exchangeable K depending upon the soil type. These values were, in some instances, poorly related to the yield response. Of the three procedures, air drying at room temperature prior to extraction gave the best estimate of the available K level.
Tactoid Size and Osmotic Swelling in Calcium Montmorillonite
Authors: Blackmore A. V. , Miller R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious workers in recent years have found that the Gouy‐Chapman theory of the diffuse electrical double layer provides useful predictions of swelling behavior of certain 2:1 clays in dilute solutions. Calcium‐saturated montmorillonite was apparently an exception. It swelled appreciably in dilute CaCl2 solutions, but much less than predicted by theory, and to an extent depending on previous compression history.Earlier swelling studies with calcium montmorillonite were repeated with similar (but not identical) results. In addition, specimens with various histories of compression were examined by X‐ray diffraction methods. Every specimen showed [001] spacings of 18.8Å., regardless of degree of compression or reswelling. Analysis of the 18.8Å. diffraction peaks by literal use of the Scherrer equation indicated that in uncompressed material (prepared by resin exchange from the sodium form) packets, or “tactoids” averaging about 4.5 montmorillonite particles each, produced the diffracted beam. The indicated number of particles increased irreversibly to about 8 as the maximum pressure experienced by a specimen increased to 100 atm. These results suggest that volume changes of compressed specimens were not associated with elastic bending of montmorillonite particles.Literal use of the Scherrer equation permits estimation of average spacing between tactoids from water content data. The slope of curves relating this spacing to pressure were surprisingly close to that predicted by application of double‐layer equations, but large “dead volume” corrections must be applied if this is to be taken as evidence that swelling in calcium montmorillonite is in reasonable agreement with double‐layer theory.It is concluded that the lowest energy state for calcium montmorillonite in dilute CaCl2 is represented by a single “crystal” with 18.8Å. [001] spacing. Where attainment of this ordered state is prevented by imperfect orientation, swelling can occur, and is not incompatible with osmotic repulsion inherent in the diffuse double‐layer model.
Plant Growth, Water Use and Nutritional Response to Rhizosphere Differentials of Oxygen Concentration
Authors: Letey J. , Lunt O. R. , Stolzy L. H. , Szuszkiewicz T. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious oxygen level treatments were applied to snapdragons grown in cylinders by varying the oxygen concentration above the soil surface. Other soil physical properties were held relatively uniform during the experiment. The aerial portions, except for part of the stem, were isolated from the rhizosphere treatments. Eight treatments ranging from < 1% to 21% O2 were applied. In general plant growth increased with higher oxygen levels. The relative content of phosphorus and potassium in shoots increased with increasing oxygen concentration. Sodium content increased with decreasing oxygen and showed a very marked increase at the lowest oxygen levels. Water use decreased with decreasing oxygen.
An Evaluation of Phosphorus Fertilizers Applied Broadcast on Calcareous Soils for Corn
Authors: Webb John R. , Eik Kalju , Pesek John T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive field experiments were conducted in which several slightly water‐soluble P sources were compared with concentrated superphosphate (CSP) for use in broadcast applications for corn. The tests involved rates of 30 and 60 pounds of available P2O5 per acre and were located on calcareous Webster soils which tested low in available P.The sources could be ranked into three groups as measured by their effect upon the concentration of P in corn leaves and upon corn yields. CSP and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate were the most effective sources, with the former being slightly superior. Anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, calcium metaphosphate, and a chemical blend of mono‐and dicalcium phosphate were of intermediate effectiveness, producing yield increases of about 70 to 80% of that given by CSP. Granular calcium metaphosphate was the least effective source, being about 60% as effective as CSP in promoting yield increases.It was concluded that on calcareous soils a highly water soluble source of P, such as CSP, is likely to be more effective in broadcast applications for corn than are most slightly soluble sources. However, other characteristics of the fertilizer may be of equal importance in determining their value. Some evidence was also obtained which indicated that increasing the granule size of the less soluble fertilizers tended to reduce their effectiveness.
The Problem of Stones in Soil‐Moisture Measurement
Authors: Reinhart K. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe presence of stones in soil poses a serious problem in soil‐moisture measurement, especially in forest soils. In gravimetric sampling, moisture‐content estimates can be improved by removing stones from the samples and deducting their weight from the total soil weight and the weight of moisture in the stones from weight of moisture in the sample. Adjustments must also be made in determining soil bulk density when moisture content by volume is desired and in applying soil‐moisture values to soil areas that include stone.