Incidence and treatment of group A streptococcal infections during covid-19 pandemic and 2022 outbreak: retrospective cohort study in England using OpenSAFELY-TPP
Authors: Cunningham Christine , Fisher Louis , Wood Christopher , Speed Victoria , Brown Andrew D , Curtis Helen , Higgins Rose , Croker Richard , Butler-Cole Ben FC , Evans David , Inglesby Peter , Dillingham Iain , Bacon Sebastian CJ , Beech Elizabeth , Hand Kieran , Davy Simon , Ward Tom , Hickman George , Bridges Lucy , O'Dwyer Thomas , Maude Steven , Smith Rebecca M , Mehrkar Amir , Hart Liam C , Bates Chris , Cockburn Jonathan , Parry John , Hester Frank , Harper Sam , Goldacre Ben , MacKenna Brian 
Published: May 2024

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the covid-19 pandemic on the number of patients with group A streptococcal infections and related antibiotic prescriptions.DesignRetrospective cohort study in England using OpenSAFELY-TPP.SettingPrimary care practices in England that used TPP SystmOne software, 1 January 2018 to 31 March 2023, with the approval of NHS England.ParticipantsPatients registered at a TPP practice at the start of each month of the study period. Patients with missing data for sex or age were excluded, resulting in a population of 23 816 470 in January 2018, increasing to 25 541 940 by March 2023.Main outcome measuresMonthly counts and crude rates of patients with group A streptococcal infections (sore throat or tonsillitis, scarlet fever, and invasive group A streptococcal infections), and recommended firstline, alternative, and reserved antibiotic prescriptions linked with a group A streptococcal infection before (pre-April 2020), during, and after (post-April 2021) covid-19 restrictions. Maximum and minimum count and rate for each infectious season (time from September to August), as well as the rate ratio of the 2022-23 season compared with the last comparably high season (2017-18).ResultsThe number of patients with group A streptococcal infections, and antibiotic prescriptions linked to an indication of group A streptococcal infection, peaked in December 2022, higher than the peak in 2017-18. The rate ratios for monthly sore throat or tonsillitis (possible group A streptococcal throat infection), scarlet fever, and invasive group A streptococcal infection in 2022-23 relative to 2017-18 were 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38 to 1.40), 2.68 (2.59 to 2.77), and 4.37 (2.94 to 6.48), respectively. The rate ratio for prescriptions of first line, alternative, and reserved antibiotics to patients with group A streptococcal infections in 2022-23 relative to 2017-18 were 1.37 (95% CI 1.35 to 1.38), 2.30 (2.26 to 2.34), and 2.42 (2.24 to 2.61), respectively. For individual antibiotic prescriptions in 2022-23, azithromycin showed the greatest relative increase versus 2017-18, with a rate ratio of 7.37 (6.22 to 8.74). This finding followed a marked decrease in the recording of patients with group A streptococcal infections and associated prescriptions during the period of covid-19 restrictions where the maximum count and rates were lower than any minimum rates before the covid-19 pandemic.ConclusionsRecording of rates of scarlet fever, sore throat or tonsillitis, and invasive group A streptococcal infections, and associated antibiotic prescribing, peaked in December 2022. Primary care data can supplement existing infectious disease surveillance through linkages with relevant prescribing data and detailed analysis of clinical and demographic subgroups.