bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymic Correlates of Development, Secretory Function and Regression of Follicles and Corpora Lutea in the Bovine Ovary. PART II: Formation, Development and Involution of Corpora Lutea
Authors: Lobel B. L. , Levy E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Activities of various hydrolases and dehydrogenases were studied during the formation, development and involution of cyclic corpora lutea and in the corpora lutea of early pregnancy. At 24 hours postovulation the luteal cells, whether of granulosal or thecal origin, contained demonstrable levels of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the NADP and NADPH2 diaphorases. During the period of proliferation and cellular growth, enzymic activities in the luteal cells were moderate at first, and then increased. In the mature corpus luteum, activities of the dehydrogenases occurred in all luteal cells but were most intense in the large polymorphic luteal cells. Activities of hydrolytic enzymes, low in the immediate postovulatory period, increased with the development of the vascular system. Enzymic characteristics of corpora lutea of gestation were similar to those of cyclic corpora, except for phosphorylase activity which was observed in luteal cells in gestational corpora, but confined to the vascular walls in cyclic corpora. No increase in activities of 17β- and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (above those seen in pre-ovulatory follicles) were observed after incubation of sections of either mature cyclic or gestational corpora. Involution of cyclic corpora lutea began with degenerative changes in the blood vessels: pyknosis of the endothelial cell nuclei and a sudden decline in activities of hydrolytic enzymes in the vascular walls. Subsequently, the luteal cells showed a sharp decrease in activities of the dehydrogenases as well as other signs of regressive change. The cytochemical findings are discussed in relation to biochemical observations on steroid synthesis by the bovine corpus luteum.
AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION REACTIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Schuurs A. H. W. M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Various techniques for sensitising erythrocytes and latex particles with gonadotrophins, particularly with HCG, are described.
The haemagglutination inhibition reactions are generally interpreted by means of »erythrocyte settling patterns«. By a new method of evaluating these patterns a relatively precise quantitative determination is possible. Latex agglutination inhibition reactions on slides are particularly suitable as rapid qualitative tests.
In cases where the maximum attainable sensitivity of the agglutination inhibition tests is insufficient, e. g. for determining LH concentrations in urine, the hormone in the test fluid has to be concentrated or extracted. An alternative method is a modified haemagglutination inhibition test for large volumes which is applicable to unconcentrated urine.
Due to non-specific inhibitions the above-mentioned tests cannot be applied to unprocessed serum.
Agglutination inhibition tests with HCG are already well advanced, pregnancy diagnosis being their main application. Now that highly purified HCG is available, a satisfactory specificity for these tests can be attained.
If the immune system for HCG is used for estimating LH, it has to meet additional specificity requirements. Furthermore, the measure of cross-reaction and the choice of standard merit special attention.
Finally, a literature survey is given of test systems in which LH and FSH were used as antigens.
ASSESSMENT OF RADIOIODINATED HORMONE PREPARATIONS
Authors: Hunter W. M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The preparation of radioiodinated human LH and human FSH with specific activities of 50—150 μc/μg for use in specific radioimmunoassay systems is described. Methods for minimising iodination damage, for removing severely damaged fractions after iodination and for assessing the immunological reactivity of the final products are detailed. The obligation upon immunoassayists to demonstrate that their labelled preparations do indeed represent the hormones under consideration is discussed and criteria which may contribute evidence on this question are put forward.
PRINCIPLES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAY METHODS (PRECISION, ACCURACY, SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY)
Authors: Midgley A. Rees , Niswender Gordon D. , Rebar Robert W. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
This paper represents an attempt to formulate working definitions and principles by which the reliability of a given radioimmunoassay can be evaluated and compared with other radioimmunoassays. Statistical methods for the analysis of radioimmunoassay data are presented. The feasibility of utilizing the logit transformation has been tested empirically, and the advantages which accrue from analyzing data in this fashion are considered. The statistical transformations take into account the heteroscedasticity of the error inherent in a radioimmunoassay and the non-homogeneity extant in the confidence intervals about the estimates of the values of individual samples. By defining sensitivity as the smallest quantity of unlabeled hormone which can be measured with statistical certainty, and precision as the error in the determination of a hormone concentration at each particular point along the standard inhibition curve, it becomes possible to compare established assays in a meaningful fashion. Minimal criteria for establishing specificity, here regarded as freedom from interference by unwanted substances, are presented. Problems in the evaluation of relative and absolute accuracy are also discussed.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING (FSH) AND LUTEINIZING (LH) HORMONES BY CHROMATOELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Saxena Brij B. , Leyendecker Gerhard , Chen Weiyu , Gandy Hortense M. , Peterson Ralph E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Procedure for the radioimmunoassay of FSH and LH using chromatoelectrophoresis for the separation of antibody-bound and free labeled hormone is described. Diurnal variation in FSH and LH levels of normal men and women in follicular and luteal phases of the cycle is reported. The diurnal variation was not abolished in three women taking contraceptive medication and in two women in postmenopause. The diurnal variation of FSH and LH in plasma is compared with that of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone. It is suggested that diurnal variation of FSH and LH may be independent of a normally functioning pituitary-gonadal axis; however, steroidal feed-back may have a regulatory effect on the magnitude of the diurnal variation. The plasma levels of FSH and LH in normal subjects during normal menstrual cycles as well as in patients with endocrinopathies obtained in our laboratory by radioimmunoassay are compared with those obtained by both radioimmunoassay and bioassay by other investigators.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY EMPLOYING POLYMERIZED ANTISERA
Authors: Donini S. , Donini P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Antisera made insoluble by polymerization were used for the radioimmunoassay of FSH and LH, as this was shown to be a useful method of separating bound and free labelled hormone.
Highly purified HCG and FSH, prepared in this laboratory, from urinary source were labelled with 125I. Antisera were raised by injecting urinary materials. The specificity of antisera was studied and some cross-reactivity was found between anti-urinary FSH and LH, but not with HCG. The sensitivity of LH and FSH radioimmunoassay was 1 mIU/ml and 3 mIU/ml, respectively.
Some determinations in dialyzed urine from various sources have also been performed and the preliminary results obtained are compared to those previously reported by others.
This paper discusses the radioimmunoassay of FSH and LH using a new solid-phase method, i. e. the use of polymerized antiserum, as previously described (Donini et al. 1968).
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE RADIOIMMUNOLOGIC QUANTITATION OF GONADOTROPHINS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORGANIC SOLVENT DIOXANE
Authors: Thomas K. , Nash D. , Ferin J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A brief survey of the literature reveals that, for the radioimmunoassay of hormones, separation of free from antibody-bound hormone has been accomplished by increasing salt concentration (salting-out), precipitation with organic solvents (primarily ethanol) or combinations of both. The application of these techniques has been most successful with hormones in a relatively low protein milieu such as urine or buffers (standard curve analysis) but are somewhat limited for use on high protein mixtures such as plasma or serum.
A detailed account of a technique involving precipitation of hormoneantibody complexes with the organic solvent dioxane is given. This technique has been most successfully applied to the quantitation of luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma as well as in urine.
A discussion of the problems encountered due to the specificity of the antibody and purity of tracer antigens (hormones), in the radioimmunoassay procedure for luteinizing hormone, is included.
A COMPARISON OF BIOLOGIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC POTENCY ESTIMATES OF HUMAN LUTEINIZING (LH) AND FOLLICLE STIMULATING (FSH) HORMONES
Authors: Ryan Robert J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Published comparisons of biologic and immunologic potency estimates of human pituitary and urinary FSH and LH have been examined. In general, when pituitary fractions were assayed against pituitary standards and urinary fractions against urinary standards, there was good agreement between the two assay systems for both LH and FSH. However, when pituitary fractions were assayed against urinary standards, and vice versa, disparity occurred. This disparity was greater for LH than for FSH and was of such a nature as to suggest that the urinary hormone lost immunologic potency to a greater degree than biologic potency. A hypothesis, based on the formation of hybrid molecules, is presented to explain this immunologic deficiency of urinary LH. Evidence is also given to indicate that a dissociated, biologically inactive but immunologically recognizable form of LH, as well as the biologically active associated species of LH, is excreted in urine.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN IMMUNOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF HCG IN BODY FLUIDS
Authors: Wilde C. E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Biological estimates of HCG do not always agree with those obtained by immunoassay. Possible reasons for this discrepancy including factors influencing specificity in both immunological and biological systems are enumerated. Evidence for the occurrence of antigens with similar immunological properties but varying biological potency is presented and the nature of the antigens particularly with relation to their sialic acid content and their effect on HCG assay is discussed.
Antigens of varying biological potency are present in biological standards and the nature of the standard as well as the characteristics of the antiserum will affect the results obtained in immunoassay.
A variety of bioassays are employed for the assay of HCG and these do not always give identical results and may not measure the same activities. The biological activity of HCG is therefore not easy to define and hormonal polymorphism and polymerisation and the synergistic and inhibitory effect of physiological fluids may modify biological activity.
It is suggested that HCG activity and the biological and immunological systems used for its quantitation should be better defined before agreement within methods and between methods can be improved. Meanwhile the deficiencies of both biological assay and immunological assay should be borne in mind and the technique chosen should be related to the purpose for which the estimates are required.
LABORATORY TESTS OF THYROID FUNCTION IN HYPERTHYROIDISM I.
Authors: Lamberg B.-A. , Heinonen O. P. , Viherkoski M. , Aro A. , Liewendahl K. , Kvist G. , Laitinen O. , Knekt P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
For the elaboration of a computer programme for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases the pattern of the results of laboratory tests was studied after dividing 125 hyperthyroid patients into different clinical entities and further also according to the severity of the hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Comparison of variables was made between different clinical entities and, within these, between different grades of severity. All these groups were compared with the controls. Furthermore, the correlation between the results of laboratory tests was studied. The patients were divided into the following groups: toxic diffuse goitre (TDG; 50 cases), toxic multinodular goitre (TNG; 52 cases) and toxic adenoma (TA; 23 cases), and according to clinical severity of hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, into the following grades: »borderline» (I; 16 cases), mild (II; 35 cases) and moderate to severe (III; 74 cases). The laboratory tests studied were: protein-bound iodine in the serum (PBI), uptake of triiodothyronine by Sephadex (T3U), »free thyroxine index» (T3I), free proportionate and absolute thyroxine (PFT4, AFT4), serum cholesterol, serum and urinary hydroxyproline (HOP), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in red blood cells (G-6-PD), 2.5 h and 24 h thyroid uptake of radioiodine, 24 and 48 h urinary excretion, protein-bound radioactive iodine in the blood (PBRI) and the 24 h conversion ratio (CR). There was a statistically significant difference between TDG and TNG with regard to the thyroid uptake of radioiodine and the free thyroxine, the mean values being lower in the latter group of patients. The TA group differed significantly from the combined TDG-TNG group, the mean values deviating towards the normal range. The TA group did not differ from the controls with regard to PFT4, cholesterol and E0–24. This group evidently represented a separate population.
In the TDG and TNG groups the laboratory data correlated well with the clinical assessment of severity. In most cases the differences were statistically significant. Grade I, however, differed from the controls only with respect to the variables of the hormone concentration in the blood.
The variables of the measurement of hormone concentration in the blood had a strong linear correlation (r = 0.6—0.9) to each other and to the 2.5 h uptake. A significant correlation (r = 0.5—0.6) was also found between the variables mentioned and the urinary HOP and G-6-PD. The correlation between HOP and G-6-PD was of the same order.
The fact that the pattern of PFT4—AFT4 and T3U—T3I differed may indicate variations in the ratios between triiodothyronine and thyroxine in different clinical entities of hyperthyroidism.
LABORATORY TESTS OF THYROID FUNCTION IN HYPERTHYROIDISM II.
Authors: Lamberg B.-A. , Heinonen O. P. , Liewendahl K. , Kvist G. , Viherkoski M. , Aro A. , Laitinen O. , Knekt P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The distributions of 13 variables based on 10 laboratory tests measuring thyroid function were studied in euthyroid controls and in patients with toxic diffuse or toxic multinodular goitre. Density functions were fitted to the empirical data and the goodness of fit was evaluated by the use of the χ2-test. In a few instances there was a significant difference but the material available was in some respects too small to allow a very accurate estimation. The normal limits for each variable was defined by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. It appears that in some instances these limits are too rigorous from the practical point of view. It is emphasized that the crossing point of the functions for euthyroid controls and hyperthyroid patients may be a better limit to use. In a preliminary analysis of the diagnostic efficiency the variables of total or free hormone concentration in the blood proved clearily superior to all other variables.
ZUR BEDEUTUNG DES HYPOPHYSÄREN LUTEINISIERUNGSHORMONS FÜR SCHWANGERSCHAFT, GEBURT UND LACTATION BEI DER RATTE
Authors: Loewit K. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The role of luteinizing hormone (LH) for the maintenance of pregnancy, parturition and lactation was investigated by immunological and histochemical methods in the rat. Neutralisation of endogenous rat-LH with Rabbit-Anti-Bovine-LH-Serum (selective hypophysectomy) from days 7-12 of pregnancy resulted in reabsorption of the foetuses and the reappearance of strong 20α-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (20α-OHSD) activity in the corpora lutea (CL) of pregnancy, which normally show no such activity at that time. This effect could be prevented in part by concurrent pregnenolone administration and fully by progesterone, but was not influenced by oestrogen or prolactin. It is concluded that in early pregnancy LH is the main luteotrophic hormone in the rat even though prolactin might act synergistically with it. Antiserum treatment after the 12th day of gestation had no influence on the state or duration of pregnancy or on parturition. LH-injections during the first half of pregnancy had no luteolytic effects i. e. they did not activate 20α-OHSD activity. After day 16 they advanced the reappearance of the enzyme, but delayed parturition or resulted in stillbirths. Neither LH nor antiserum seemed to alter lactation. Since progesterone prevented both the termination of pregnancy and the recurrence of 20α-OHSD activity, it should have some regulatory properties on the enzyme. It is discussed whether the gonadotrophin-dependent progesterone level could regulate the 20α-OHSD activity rather than result from it.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CORTICOSTEROID-BINDING GLOBULIN (CBG, TRANSCORTIN)
Authors: Westphal Ulrich 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) rises in the blood of the developing mammal from small concentrations in the young to adult levels which are similar in man and woman, but twice as high in the female rat as in the male. The affinity of the CBG complexes with corticosteroids is maximal at approximately pH 8; it decreases with increasing temperature. Study of the relative binding strength for different steroids clearly indicated a species specificity of the CBG molecules. This was confirmed by the isolation of CBG from serum of man, rat and rabbit, accomplished by a variety of chromatographic procedures. The pure glycoproteins, homogeneous by physicochemical criteria, proved to be distinct molecules on the basis of amino acid and carbohydrate composition and other properties. They possess one principal steroid binding site. Thermodynamic data indicate a very tight fit of the interacting components in the complexes. Removal of about 90% of corticosterone from its complex with rat CBG by gel filtration at 23° results in polymerization of the glycoprotein molecule to dimeric, tetrameric and octameric forms. Recombination of the polymeric mixture with 1 mole corticosterone per 53 000 g CBG re-forms the monomer. Possible biological significance of this reversible polymerization of a carrier protein under the regulatory control of the binding steroid hormone has to be explored.
FURTHER ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF PROGESTERONE ASSAYS BY COMPETITIVE PROTEIN BINDING
Authors: Souza M. L. A. de , Williamson H. O. , Moody L. O. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Experimental variables influencing the determination of plasma progesterone by competitive protein binding analysis have been further assessed. The precision of the method has been improved by additional mechanisation. Method interfering factors introduced by the extraction and purification procedure have been evaluated quantitatively. Another type of interfering material is present in plasma extracts from which all progesterone has been removed. The displacement effect of this material is additive to that derived from solvent and chromagram residues.
Unless the various types of interfering material are taken into proper consideration, competitive protein binding methods for steroids may yield erroneous results.
TESTOSTERONE ASSAYS BY COMPETITIVE PROTEIN BINDING
Authors: Vermeulen Alex , Verdonck L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A review of competitive protein binding methods for the determination of testosterone in plasma is given.
The different steps discussed are: Choice of the binding protein, dilution of the protein solution, separation of the free from the bound fraction, purification of the extract and factors determining the blank.
The method used in the author's laboratory is critically discussed. The recovery is 98% ± 4% at 1 ng. The coefficient of variation is 3% at 660 ng/100 ml, 13% at 35 ng/100 ml, and 40% at 20 ng/100 ml. The sensitivity is about 10 ng/100 ml.
ASSAY OF ALDOSTERONE BY COMPETITIVE PROTEIN BINDING
Authors: Robinson Ralph G. , Fanestil Darrell D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
We have applied a competitive protein binding technique to the assay of aldosterone, utilizing the aldosterone binding protein (ABP) in kidney as the specific receptor molecule. Intracellular ABP was obtained from the homogenization of adrenalectomized rat kidneys in 0.25 M sucrose. The 10 000 × g supernatant contained the greatest binding affinity for aldosterone and was used without further modification. 1,2-3H-aldosterone was used as the tracer. After maximum binding, which occurred after 5 hours of incubation at 0–4°C, the aldosterone-ABP complex was stable for several hours and could be separated from unbound aldosterone by gel filtration using a 1 × 15 cm Biogel P-10® column. However, since the aldosterone-ABP complex was relatively easily dissociated by warm temperatures, all procedures had to be conducted at 4°C. Competitive inhibition of aldosterone binding to ABP occurred with 9-alpha fluorocortisol, cortisol, and progesterone. No inhibition of binding was found with oestradiol. Using this in vitro binding system, 1.05 × 10−12 and 2.10 × 10–12 mol aldosterone were assayed with coefficients of variation of 13.4% and 13.3%, respectively. Because cortisol effectively competes with aldosterone for ABP, application of this technique to biological fluids must be preceded by separation of aldosterone from cortisol. However, when this separation was achieved with one-step descending paper chromatography, our blank value was high and variable. This is apparently because some material which eluted from the paper interfered with the association of aldosterone and ABP. Therefore, this sensitive assay for aldosterone cannot be applied to biological specimens until the problem of the non-specific blank is circumvented.