bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress and Variability After Four Cycles of Recurrent Selection in Peanut1
Authors: Halward T. , Wynne J. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Recurrent selection procedures are becoming more popular as a means of population improvement in self-pollinated crops. Four cycles of recurrent selection for yield in a broad-based peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) population have been completed. The objectives of this study were to determine (a) progress made after four cycles of recurrent selection for fruit yield and (b) if sufficient variability remained in the population to permit further improvements in yield from additional cycles of selection. The 40 highest yielding lines from 100 random-paired matings, were intercrossed to produce each successive cycle, resulting in a selection intensity of 40%. Bulked seed of the parental lines from each cycle were evaluated for yield to determine progress made after four cycles of selection. The observed variation in yield among entries was mainly due to differences among cycle means. Differences among cycle means were also detected for pod length, but not for any of the other fruit traits measured. The response to selection for yield was linear with a significant (p = 0.01) and positive regression coefficient (b = 190.7 kg ha-1). Selection based on fruit yield did not significantly change the means for any of the fruit traits measured. Significant estimates of genetic variability among entries within the cycle 4 population for yield and all fruit traits measured suggest that continued progress from additional cycles of selection should be expected in this population. Greater progress from selection may have resulted had a higher selection intensity been applied. However, estimates of genetic variability would be expected to decrease with each cycle of selection as the selection intensity increases and as the genetic base of the original population narrows. In the use of a broad-based population and a relatively low selection intensity, we chose to accept a lower rate of progress/cycle for yield in order to maintain a greater level of genetic variability within the recurrent selection population.
Inheritance of Resistance to Sclerotinia minor in Selected Spanish Peanut Crosses1
Authors: Wildman L. G. , Smith O. D. , Simpson C. E. , Taber R. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
TxAG-5, a sclerotinia resistant Spanish germplasm line released jointly by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, USDA, and the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, was crossed in reciprocal to two Spanish lines, Tx851856 and Sn73–30. Parent, F1, F2, BC1F1, and F3 populations were evaluated under high natural inoculum for resistance to Sclerotinia minor using a disease rating scale of 1 (no disease) to 5 (severely diseased), and the number of days from first appearance of the fungus until plant death was recorded. F2:3 families were compared for disease the following year for genotypic assessment of the F2 parents. F1 generation plants of the Sn73–30 cross were susceptible, but F1 plants from Tx851856 were intermediate. Some TxAG-5 succumbed to the disease. F2 distributions were continuous. F2 genotypic frequency distributions based on F3 and BC1F3 families were near continuous. Broadsense heritability estimates for disease ratings for TxAG5/Tx851856 and TxAG-5/Sn73–30 were 14 and 23%, respectively. Narrowsense heritabilities based on parent offspring regression of F3 families on F2 plants were 11% for Tx851856/TxAG-5 and 1% for Sn73–30/TxAG-5. Selection for resistance among the F2 plants to increase the frequency of resistant F3 families would have been ineffective.
Feeding-Site Preference of Fall Armyworm, Corn Earworm, and Granulate Cutworm (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) on Florunner Peanut1
Authors: Deitz S. S. , Chapin J. W. , Adler P. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The feeding-site preferences of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and granulate cutworm (GCW), Agrotis subterranea (F.) were studied on excised laterals and entire plants of Florunner peanut. Six larval size classes, based on head-capsule widths, were distinguished for FAW and GCW, and five for CEW. FAW and CEW larvae had very similar feeding behaviors. Both species fed primarily on the terminal three leaves of peanut laterals, but this preference for young foliage declined with larval age. All FAW and CEW size classes fed on blooms, with greatest incidence (21% of feeding observations) occurring in the second through fourth size classes. Axillary-bud feeding by FAW and CEW was greatest (23 and 17% of feeding observation, respectively) in the third size class. The last two larval size classes of FAW and CEW spent 20% of feeding time on R2 pegs. GCW fed primarily on blooms through the first four size classes. Foliage feeding by GCW remained ≤10% of feeding observations until the fifth size class. GCW did not feed on axillary buds in whole plant studies. Peg feeding by GCW peaked in the fourth and fifth size classes (36% of feeding observations). On whole plants, each FAW consumed 4.8 ± 1.2 tetrafoliate leaves, severed 6.3 ± 1.6 pegs, and damaged an additional 3.6 ± 1.7 pegs. Each CEW consumed 4.7 ± 0.8 leaves, severed 7.1 ± 1.6 pegs, and damaged 2.4 ± 1.4 pegs. Each GCW consumed 3.9 ± 0.5 leaves, severed 8.5 ± 2.0 pegs, and damaged 3.5 ± 1.3 pegs.
Lipid Oxidation of Edible Peanut Pastes during Storage with Variation of Environmental and Processing Factors1,2
Authors: Agbo Onah Francis , Anderson John C. , Singh Bharat 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Storage studies were performed for a period of 127 days to evaluate factors of processing and storage environments affecting rancidity development of peanut paste. Factors of milling (stone slab or plate-type attrition mill), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (none or with 100 ppm EDTA additions), oxygen (vacuum or atmospheric packaging), light (dark or fluorescent illumination) and temperature (4C or 45C) were incorporated into a 2(5–1) fractional-factorial design. Rancidity developments were monitored using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) number and peroxide values. Initially dominant, the positive effect of oxygen on peroxidation was subsequently outpaced by the effect of temperature. Throughout the study, the effect of temperature on peroxidation levels was consistently positive and statistically significant. Significant positive interactions of the two effects continued from the second week to the end of the first month and a late appearance of negative interactions between light and temperature were noted. Elevated levels of TBARS were shown after 8 weeks without consistent association to the particular design factors.
Pollen Germination of Rhizoma Peanut cv. Florigraze1
Authors: Niles W. L. , Quesenberry K. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Assessing pollen germination is fundamental to investigating infertility in plants. A potential cause of poor seed production in Florigraze (Arachis glabrata Benth.), rhizomatous peanut, was investigated by incubating pollen on in vitro germination media. The optimum sucrose and boron concentrations for pollen germination was delineated in a series of factorial experiments. Pollen germinability was assessed four times during the growing season. Flowers were collected at 2 h intervals spanning 30 h of development from bud to wilted flower. The optimum sucrose concentration was 100 g kg-1 but there were no differences in germination for B concentrations between 50 and 1,000 mg kg-1. Up to 78% pollen germination was obtained in a solution consisting of 100 g kg-1 sucrose, 100 mg kg-1 H3BO3, 250 mg kg-1 Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, 200 mg kg-1 MgSO4·7H2O and 100 mg kg-1 KNO3 in deionized water. Repeatable estimates of germinability were obtained in incubations of less than 30 min at 35 C. Florigraze pollen collected from developing buds as early as 2200 h the night before anthesis germinated in vitro. Peak germination extended from 2400 h to 1200 h the morning of anthesis. Under cool, dry conditions, the pollen collected 2 d after anthesis remained germinable. These results suggested poor pollen germinability was not the basis of low seed production in rhizomatous peanut. Pollen with high in vitro germination can dependably be collected from Florigraze flowers throughout the growing season during the first 6 h following anthesis, usually between sunrise to noon.
Response Of Eight Genetically Diverse Peanut Genotypes To Chlorimuron1,2
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Holbrook C. Corley , Mullinix Benjamin G. , Cardina John 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field studies were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to compare the sensitivity of eight genetically diverse peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes to early applications of chlorimuron. A split-plot experimental design was used to allow comparison between treated and nontreated peanut for each genotype. Chlorimuron (0.009 kg ai ha-1) was applied 30 and 37 days after emergence in 1988 and 1989, respectively, to Florunner, Tifrun, Tifton 8, GA-207–3–4, New Mexico Valencia A, New Mexico Valencia C, Tamnut 74, and Pronto peanut. Chlorimuron reduced the percentage of total sound mature kernels when averaged across all genotypes, but was not specific to genotype. Chlorimuron reduced the weight of 100 kernels of Tifrun, Tifton 8, and New Mexico Valencia C in both years. The unit values of GA-207–3–4 and New Mexico Valencia C were significantly reduced both years by early applications of chlorimuron. Yields of Tifrun, Tifton 8, and GA-207–3–4 were reduced both years. Gross returns, which reflect effects on grade, unit value, and yield, were reduced by early applications of chlorimuron for Tifton 8 and GA-207–3–4 in both years. Based on these results, Tifrun, Tifton 8, GA-207–3–4, and New Mexico Valencia C are more inherently sensitive to chlorimuron than the other genotypes.
Sample Size Effects on Measuring Grade and Dollar Value of Farmers' Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Dowell F. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Multiple samples of two sizes from 40 trailers of farmers' stock peanuts were inspected to determine sample size effects on measuring grade factors and dollar value. Grade factors and dollar value were measured using the current sample size (IX) and in a sample double the current size (2X). The 2X sample variances for determining sound mature kernels, sound splits, other kernels, damaged kernels, foreign material, loose shelled kernels, and load value were significantly lower than the IX sample variances in only 8 or less of the 40 trailers. Average dollar values indicate measurement errors caused by equipment and human errors when cleaning samples, determining kernel size, and determining damaged kernels may be increasing as sample size increases. At least 24% of the total error can be attributed to equipment and human error. The grade factors with the smallest percentage of total error attributable to equipment and human error will benefit most by increasing sample size. Thus, dollar value, sound mature kernel, foreign material and damaged kernel measurements will benefit most by increasing sample size; whereas, loose shelled kernels, sound split and other kernel measurements will benefit most by improving equipment and procedures.
In Vitro Culture of Arachis hypogaea Peg Tips1
Authors: Rau Tallury P. S. , Stalker H. T. , Pattee H. E. , Reece P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Arachis hypogaea L. cv. NC 4 was used as a model plant system in an effort to develop an in vitro embryo rescue protocol which could have application to interspecific hybrid embryos, which often abort at very early growth stages. Embryo growth and development was studied in 1- to 4-day-old peg tips containing proembryos equivalent to a stage where many interspecific hybrid embryos abort. Three independent experiments were conducted to 1) determine the most favorable basal media, 2) evaluate the effects of auxins and cytokinins on growth, and 3) determine a favorable combination of auxins and cytokinins for in vitro peanut embryo growth. The results indicated that MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium with 3% sucrose was the most favorable basal medium among seven media and two sucrose concentrations analyzed. IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) at 1.5 mg L-1 in combination with a range of KN (kinetin) levels from 0.5 to 1.25 mg L-1 were the growth regulator combinations of choice. Proembryo growth reached the multicellular globular stage, but differentiation into heart-shaped embryos did not occur.
In Vitro Regeneration of Valencia-type Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) from Cultured Petiolules, Epicotyl Sections and Other Seedling Explants1
Authors: Cheng Ming , Hsi David C. H. , Phillips Gregory C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This study evaluated plant development via direct organogenesis from in vitro-cultured young seedling tissues of cultivated peanut, especially the valencia-type peanut. Complete plants were regenerated from in vitro-cultured petiolule-with-blade-attached explants, leaflet segments, and epicotyl andpetiole sections. Multiple shoots arose on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) (5–25 mg/L) plus 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.5–3 mg/L). After 30 d culture on 25 mg/L BA + 1 mg/L NAA, 1.6 buds or shoots/explant were regenerated from the petiolule-with-blade-attached explants. Comparable numbers of shoots were obtained from epicotyl sections of the first node region of the seedling after 60 d culture using 10 mg/L BA + 1 mg/L NAA. Leaflet segments and petiole sections were less responsive for shoot formation. Excised shoots developed roots in vitro upon transfer for 15 d to MS medium supplemented with NAA at 1 mg/L. Plantlets were transferred to soil and grown in a greenhouse to maturity. A wide range of cultivated peanut genotypes was evaluated for organogenic responsiveness, using the petiolule-with-blade-attached explant source. Only valencia-type cultivars, or a hybrid derivative with a Valencia background, were responsive with this regeneration system.
Effects of Rapeseed Meal Soil Amendments on Microsclerotia of Cylindrocladium crotalariae in Naturally-Infested Soil1
Authors: Adamsen F. J. , Porter D. M. , Auld D. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanut, caused by Cylindrocladium crotalariae, is most often controlled through the use of metham sodium (Vapam), a commercial soil fumigant. Several plant species, including rape, produce glucosinolates which decompose to form isothiocyanates which are closely related to methyl isothiocyanate the active ingredient of metham sodium. Such plants may be useful in CBR control strategies. This research was conducted to determine the fungicidal effect of the glucosinolate in rapeseed meal on microsclerotia of C. crotalariae. Rapeseed meal containing 13 mmol of glucosinolate kg-1 was added to a soil column 50 mm in diameter and 325 mm long. Meal was either placed at the 150 mm depth or mixed with the top 150 mm of soil. An untreated control and metham sodium at a rate equivalent to 190 L ha-1 injected 150 mm deep were included. Metham sodium was much more effective in reducing microsclerotial populations of C. crotalariae than rapeseed meal. However, the amount of glucosinolate in the metham sodium treatment was three times as great as that found in the rapeseed meal. Rapeseed meal treatments usually significantly reduced the number of soilborne microsclerotia when comparisons were made with untreated soil.
Survey of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Virginia and North Carolina Peanut Fields1
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Brandenburg R. L. , Day E. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Sixty peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields were surveyed for wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in the Virginia-North Carolina peanut area in 1989 and 1990. A series of baited container soil traps was placed in each field once in early June and again in early August for a total of 605 trap-weeks (trap per field per week = 1 trap-week)). Trap capture was similarly low in both states and in both years with a total of 59 wireworm specimens collected: an average of one wireworm per field per year. Species composition was similarly diverse with Conoderus vespertinus F. comprising 58 percent, C. lividus De Geer 20 percent, Glyphonx sp. 8 percent, Melanotus communis Gyllenhal 7 percent, C. sp. 5 percent, and C. bellus Say 2 percent. Even though wireworm captures were low, moderate to high levels of pod damage were observed. The large number of southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) adults detected on nearby pheromone baited sticky traps indicated that most pod damage was not by wireworm but by southern corn rootworm. Implications are that although several wireworm species can be found in association with peanut, they appear to play only a minor role in peanut pod damage in the survey area.
Leaf Nitrogen Content, Photosynthesis and Radiation Use Efficiency in Peanut1
Authors: Sinclair T. R. , Bennett J. M. , Boote K. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
It has been hypothesized that a close correlation exists between specific leaf nitrogen content (SLN, g N m-2 leaf area) and leaf carbon exchange rate (CER), and crop radiation use efficiency (RUE). This association has not been investigated previously in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) so the objective of this research was to obtain such data under greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse study differing nitrogen fertilizer treatments for a non-nodulated cultivar resulted in leaves with a wide range of SLN and CER. A strong, positive association between SLN and CER was found. In the field little variation in either SLN or CER was observed through much of the growing season in four commercial cultivars. Consistent with the observation of stability in SLN and CER, RUE based on total, intercepted solar radiation was found to be constant at 1.00 g MJ-1 through the growing season. However, the observed RUE was 29% greater than a theoretical RUE calculated assuming a uniform distribution of SLN in the canopy. One possibility is that RUE of peanuts may be enhanced by a nonuniform SLN distribution within its leaf canopy. In any event, the results of both the greenhouse and field tests showed that peanut CO2 assimilation is closely linked to leaf SLN.
Weighing Platforms for Automated Peanut Curing1
Authors: Vellidis G. , Allgood M. E. , Perry C. D. , Allison J. M. , Kvien C. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
An instrumented weighing platform was developed for in-process moisture determination of curing peanuts and a field study was conducted to evaluate its performance. The design and evaluation of the weighing platform are described in detail. Statistical analysis of the difference between the final moisture content predicted by the platform and the actual kernel moisture content of cured peanuts indicated that the weighing platform accurately predicted final kernel moisture content. The weighing platform system can easily be incorporated into existing curing facilities. It has the potential to reduce the number of samples required by conventional curing techniques and, by maintaining better moisture content control reduce the incidence of overcuring or undercuring.
Activity of Fosthiazate against Meloidogyne arenaria, Frankliniella spp., and Sclerotium rolfsii in peanut1
Authors: Minton N. A. , Brenneman T. B. , Bondari K. , Harrison G. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The efficacy of fosthiazate, a new organophosphorus compound, against the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood), thrips (Frankliniella spp.), and southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was studied for 2 years at Tifton, Georgia. Different rates and methods of applying granular and emulsifiable concentrate formulations of fosthiazate were compared with rates and methods of applying granular fenamiphos and aldicarb which were included as standard treatments. When compared with untreated controls, all treatments of all compounds increased peanut yield and reduced nematode galls on peanut roots, pods, and pegs and thrips damage to foliage significantly in both years. The treatments, however, varied in their effects on southern stem rot. Peanut yields from plots treated with equal rates of the granular and emulsifiable concentrate formulations of fosthiazate were similar. Yields of plots treated with fosthiazate at different rates compared favorably with those treated with comparable rates of fenamiphos and aldicarb. Fosthiazate increased peanut yield as much as 214% in 1990 and 64% in 1991, but yields varied with rates applied.
A Rapid Non-Destructive Technique for Fatty Acid Determination in Individual Peanut Seed1
Authors: Zeile W. L. , Knauft D. A. , Kelly C. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Modification of fatty acid composition can improve the keeping quality of peanut oil and may expand markets for peanut usage. Modification may involve hybridization to recombine existing genes, or the creation of new variability through mutagenesis or transformation with genes from other organisms. Identification of the fatty acid composition of individual seed could improve the chances of obtaining peanut genotypes with desired fatty acid composition. Published techniques for fatty acid analysis of individual peanut seed require the use of approximately half the cotyledonary seed tissue and utilize a process of solvent extraction and esterification. We have used a procedure that requires a small fraction of seed tissue and analyzes fatty acids through direct transmethylation.
Comparisons were made between procedures using seven genotypes representing a wide range of fatty acid composition variability. Quantities of fatty acids with C&lt;20 were not statistically different between tests. While some differences were observed in longer-chained fatty acids (C≥20), the relative values among genotypes were similar. This procedure maintains greater integrity of the seed for planting purposes, requires less time and cost for fatty acid analysis, and can improve efficiency of individual seed analysis.
Peanut Quality Improvement Through Controlled Curing1
Authors: Baker K. D. , Cundiff J. S. , Wright F. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut curing must proceed fast enough to avoid mold problems and harvest delays, and yet proceed slow enough to avoid milling quality loss. A new dryer heat control method, termed drying rate control (DRC), was developed to better meet the above criteria. DRC was tested and compared with humidistat control (HC) and conventional control (CC) using a bulk simulation model and laboratory curing tests. Airflow rates of 5, 10, and 15 m3/min/m3 were used. Simulation studies incorporated five years of actual weather data from Suffolk, Va. Laboratory curing tests were done on nine lots of peanuts over two years. Average curing times were the same for CC and DRC, but averaged 17% longer with HC. Estimated fuel costs were nearly the same for CC and DRC, but were 14% less for HC. Mold risk, percent splits in the grade sample, and volatile organic matter concentrations were nearly the same for all heater control methods. Percent skin slippage in ELKs, measured with a subjective test, averaged approximately 30% less with DRC and HC as compared to CC. In summary, HC resulted in better peanut quality than CC with lower fuel cost, but increased curing time. DRC resulted in better peanut quality than CC with similar curing time and similar fuel cost.