bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the generation of swirling jets: high-Reynolds-number rotating flow in a pipe with a final contraction
Authors: Leclaire Benjamin , Jacquin Laurent 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe investigate the generation conditions of a high-Reynolds-number swirling jet experiment, based on a rotating honeycomb device and using a final contraction. Using hot-wire measurements, we first show that for high swirl levels, the flow at the jet exhaust may exhibit fully developed turbulence in the whole plane. By analysing the fluctuation levels obtained for several values of the contraction ratio, ranging from 4 to 18.4, we prove that this turbulence does not result from upstream-propagating disturbances initiated in the jet, but originates in the pipe flow upstream of the exit plane. Using stereo particle image velocimetry, we then measure the flow in the constant-cross-section pipe located between the rotating honeycomb outlet and the contraction. This investigation is supplemented with simplified numerical simulations of the mean flow. The pipe flow dynamics is found to result from the interplay of a rich variety of complex phenomena, which are independent of the contraction ratio in the range considered here. In the near-wall region, centrifugal instability occurs in the form of intermittent azimuthal vortices, starting from moderate swirl levels and persisting for all higher levels. As the flow exiting from the honeycomb has a swirl level high enough to reach the subcritical regime, a complex mean flow organization is observed, dominated by the presence of large-amplitude axisymmetric Kelvin wave trains. Gradients in the resulting flow lead to the appearance of generalized centrifugal instabilities in an annular region in the rotational core, starting in the early subcritical regime. As the swirl level is further increased, large-scale, high-amplitude axisymmetric and simple spiral perturbations add to the global dynamics, leading to an overall very high fluctuation level. Consideration of the turbulent spectra in the jet exit planes suggests that the simple spiral coherent structure could be the resonant response of the flow to the periodic excitation by the rotating honeycomb. Overall, the study illustrates why a swirling jet experiment should exclude the use of a final contraction in order to guarantee smooth flow conditions in the exit at high swirl.
Channel turbulence with spanwise rotation studied using helical wave decomposition
Authors: Yang Yan-Tao , Wu Jie-Zhi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTurbulent channel flow with spanwise rotation is studied by direct numerical simulation (DNS) and the so-called helical wave decomposition (HWD). For a wall-bounded channel domain, HWD decomposes the flow fields into helical modes with different scales and opposite polarities, which allows us to investigate the energy distribution and nonlinear transfer among various scales. Our numerical results reveal that for slow rotation, the fluctuating energy concentrates into large-scale modes. The flow visualizations show that the fine vortices at the unstable side of the channel form long columns, which are basically along the streamwise direction and may be related to the roll cells reported in previous studies. As the rotation rate increases, the concentration of the fluctuating energy shifts towards smaller scales. For strong rotation, an inverse energy cascade occurs due to the nonlinear interaction of the fluctuating modes. A possible mechanism for this inverse cascade is then proposed and attributed to the Coriolis effect. That is, under strong rotation the fluctuating Coriolis force tends to be parallel to the fluctuating vorticity in the region where the streamwise mean velocity has linear profile. Thus the force can induce strong axial stretching/shrinking of the vortices and change the scales of the vortical structures significantly.
Translocation and hand-rearing techniques for establishing a colony of threatened albatross
Authors: DEGUCHI TOMOHIRO , JACOBS JUDY , HARADA TOMOKO , PERRIMAN LYNDON , WATANABE YUKI , SATO FUMIO , NAKAMURA NOBORU , OZAKI KIYOAKI , BALOGH GREG 
Published: December 2011

SummaryMany breeding colonies of Procellariiformes have been threatened with extinction. Chick translocation has been shown to be an effective method for establishing new “safer” colonies of burrow-nesting species, but techniques for surface-nesting species have not been fully developed. The entire breeding population of the threatened Short-tailed AlbatrossPhoebastoria albatrusis restricted to two sites, Torishima Island and the Senkaku Islands, and neither site is secure due to volcanic activity or political instability. The Short-tailed Albatross Recovery Team has recommended facilitating the recovery of this species by establishing at least one additional colony through the translocation and hand-rearing of chicks at a safe historical breeding site. To evaluate the feasibility of this approach, we hand-reared 10 post-guard phase chicks of two related species in 2006–2007: Laysan AlbatrossP. immutabilistranslocated from Midway Atoll to Kaua’i Island, Hawai’i and Black-footed AlbatrossP. nigripestranslocated from a nearby islet in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands to Mukojima Island, Japan. In these pilot studies, 40% of Laysan Albatross chicks and 90% of Black-footed Albatross chicks fledged successfully. Following this groundwork, 40 post-guard phase Short-tailed Albatross chicks were translocated from Torishima Island to Mukojima Island in February 2008–2010 and hand-reared to fledging. Their fledging success has been 100% in all three years. Fledging body sizes were similar or greater in hand-reared chicks at the release site than parent-reared chicks on Torishima Island. There were significant differences in levels of some blood chemistry parameters between pre-fledging hand-reared and parent-reared chicks. The techniques developed in our studies have broad-reaching implications for the future conservation of threatened populations of other surface-nesting seabirds.
Frequent consumption of vegetables predicts lower risk of depression in older Taiwanese – results of a prospective population-based study
Authors: Tsai Alan C , Chang Tsui-Lan , Chi Shu-Hwang 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe study evaluated the association between consumption frequencies of the major food categories and the risk of new depression four years later in older Taiwanese.DesignA prospective cohort study with multistage random sampling. Logistic regression analysis evaluated the significance of the longitudinal associations of intake frequencies of the major food categories with future (4 years later) risk of new depression, controlled for possible confounding factors with or without adjustment for cognitive status.SettingPopulation-based free-living elderly.SubjectsMen and women (n 1609) ≥65 years of age.ResultsIn a regression model that controlled for demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle and disease/health-related variables but not cognitive status, both fruits (OR = 0·66, 95 % CI 0·45, 0·98, P = 0·038) and vegetables (OR = 0·38, 95 % CI 0·17, 0·86, P = 0·021) were protective against depressive symptoms 4 years later. However, when the same regression model was also adjusted for cognitive status, only vegetables (OR = 0·40, 95 % CI 0·17, 0·95, P = 0·039) were protective against depressive symptoms. Higher consumption of eggs was close to being significant in both regression models (P = 0·087 and 0·069, respectively). Other food categories including meat/poultry, fish, seafood, dairy, legumes, grains and tea showed no significant associations.ConclusionsResults suggest that although confounding factors cannot be totally ruled out, more frequent consumption of vegetables seems to be protective against depressive symptoms in the elderly. Further studies are needed to elucidate the causal role and the mechanism of the association.
Local lunar gravity field analysis over the South Pole‐Aitken basin from SELENE farside tracking data
Authors: Goossens Sander , Ishihara Yoshiaki , Matsumoto Koji , Sasaki Sho 
Published: December 2011

We present a method with which we determined the local lunar gravity field model over the South Pole‐Aitken (SPA) basin on the farside of the Moon by estimating adjustments to a global lunar gravity field model using SELENE tracking data. Our adjustments are expressed in localized functions concentrated over the SPA region in a spherical cap with a radius of 45° centered at (191.1°E, 53.2°S), and the resolution is equivalent to a 150th degree and order spherical harmonics expansion. The new solution over SPA was used in several applications of geophysical analysis. It shows an increased correlation with high‐resolution lunar topography in the frequency band l = 40–70, and admittance values are slightly different and more leveled when compared to other, global gravity field models using the same data. The adjustments expressed in free‐air anomalies and differences in Bouguer anomalies between the local solution and the a priori global solution correlate with topographic surface features. The Moho structure beneath the SPA basin is slightly modified in our solution, most notably at the southern rim of the Apollo basin and around the Zeeman crater.
Bullying, School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists, and English Language Learners: Seriousness, Intervention, and Strategy Selection
Authors: Blood Gordon W. , Robins Laura A. , Blood Ingrid M. , Boyle Michael P. , Finke Erinn H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBullying in schools is a worldwide problem. School personnel, including speech-language pathologists (SLPs), play a critical role in the prevention of, and intervention in, bullying incidences. In this study, the authors examined SLPs' perceptions of bullying and endorsement of potential strategies for dealing with bullying as it relates to English language learners (ELLs). A survey was developed and mailed to 1,000 school-based SLPs. Eight vignettes describing unobserved and observed episodes of physical, verbal, relational, and cyber bullying were included. Survey data from 390 SLPs were analyzed. SLPs perceive physical, verbal, and cyber bullying as serious problems and report the likelihood of some type of intervention. In contrast, relational bullying (e.g., social exclusion, rejection) was rated less serious and likely to require less intervention. The majority of SLPs recommended ELLs should “try to blend in better,” “not be bothered by the bully,” “be more aggressive,” or “ignore the bully” when dealing with relational bullying. This study extends the literature on perceptions of school personnel, specifically SLPs, and their role in preventing student victimization. Many SLPs are likely to assist clients in dealing with physical, verbal, and cyber bullying, but may need further education regarding the seriousness of, and need for intervention in, relational bullying.
Acceleration and distribution of laser-ablated carbon ions near the target surface
Authors: Hoffman J , Moscicki T , Szymanski Z 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The plasma plume induced during laser ablation of graphite is studied both experimentally and theoretically. The hydrodynamic model applied shows that the high velocities of the plume observed in the experiment result from the large pressure gradient built up during laser–plume interaction. This means that at a low laser intensity of ∼109 W cm−2 the acceleration mechanism is rather gasdynamical than electrostatic. The calculated temporal profiles of plasma temperature and electron density in the early phase of expansion are in reasonable agreement with experimental profiles obtained from emission spectroscopy. The effect of evolution of the plasma temperature on time-of-flight signals is presented. It has been shown that the appearance of ions with higher charge prior to ions with lower charge often ascribed to the effect of the induced electric field can be explained by the evolution of the plume temperature.
Improved diagnostic accuracy for neuroendocrine neoplasms using two chromogranin A assays
Authors: Ramachandran Radha , Bech Paul , Murphy Kevin G. , Dhillo Waljit S. , Meeran Karim M. , Chapman Richard S. , Caplin Martyn , Ghatei Mohammed A. , Bloom Stephen R. , Martin Niamh M. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryContext  Chromogranin A (Cg A) is the best available diagnostic marker for neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). However, clinical interpretation of Cg A results may be limited by considerable heterogeneity between commonly available Cg A assays. Variation in diagnostic accuracy of these assays largely reflects differences in antibody specificities. We compared the diagnostic utility of four Cg A assays [Imperial Supra‐regional Assay Service radioimmunoassay (SAS) and three commercial assays, Cisbio, DAKO and Eurodiagnostica].Method  Plasma Cg A was measured using these four assays in 125 patients with NENs, 41 patients with cancers other than NENs and 108 healthy controls.Result  There was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between any of the four assays alone and no single assay positively identified all patients with NEN. However, concordance between assays was variable. Cisbio and SAS assays were least concordant. We, therefore, hypothesized that using a combination of the least concordant Cg A assays will improve NEN diagnosis by detecting a larger number of Cg A epitopes and hence patients with NEN. Consistent with our hypothesis, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the combination of Cisbio and SAS assays was more useful than any other combinations or any assay alone in predicting a NEN diagnosis.Conclusion  Although individually, all four Cg A assays are similarly useful for the measurement of Cg A in the diagnosis of a NEN, in patients with a suspected NEN, negative results by one assay should prompt analysis by a second assay. The combination of Cisbio and SAS assays may have greatest diagnostic utility.
Explaining fire‐driven landscape transformation during the Initial Burning Period of New Zealand's prehistory
Authors: Perry George L. W. , Wilmshurst Janet M. , McGlone Matt S. , McWethy Dave B. , Whitlock Cathy 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAt the time of Māori settlement, ca. 750 years ago, New Zealand's ecosystems experienced catastrophic change, including the introduction of fire to ignition‐limited ecosystems and the resulting widespread loss of forest. While high‐resolution sediment‐charcoal analyses suggest this forest loss was rapid, Māori populations were small and transient during the Initial Burning Period and there is evidence for widespread fire activity in places where there is little archaeological evidence of human presence. These observations beg the question ‘how did small populations manage to transform large areas so rapidly?’ Using a simulation model, we demonstrate how the relationship between time since fire and flammability in New Zealand's forests drives positive feedbacks that allow for rapid and extensive deforestation. Under ignition scenarios mirroring prehuman conditions, the model did not produce significant deforestation – thus, it is extremely unlikely that deforestation could have occurred without human‐initiated burning. Scenarios where ignition was spatio‐temporally random also failed to result in deforestation. Rapid and widespread forest loss occurred in scenarios incorporating spatio‐temporally savvy selection of ignition locations. Targeting ignitions in flammable vegetation was more important than targeting ignitions in years with favourable climatic conditions. However, targeting in space and time concurrently, such that flammable vegetation was ignited during favourable climatic years was the most efficient strategy of those simulated. Following the Initial Burning Period decadal ignitions would have been sufficient to maintain a deforested shrubland/grassland landscape. New Zealand's Initial Burning Period is one of many that occurred across eastern Polynesia following human settlement, and these events have left long‐term legacy effects that remain evident in contemporary landscapes. Improving understanding of how humans shaped environments in New Zealand in the past has implications for eastern Polynesia as a whole.
Pitfalls in the evaluation of melanocytic lesions
Authors: Brenn Thomas 
Published: December 2011

Brenn T  (2012) Histopathology 60, 690–705Pitfalls in the evaluation of melanocytic lesionsThe pathology of melanocytic tumours remains one of the most challenging and controversial fields in diagnostic histopathology, and it is one of the leading causes for litigation against pathologists. This is due largely to the wide morphological spectrum and often only subtle differentiating features with potential for both under‐ as well as overdiagnosis of melanoma. Particular pitfalls include the diagnosis of rare and unusual melanoma variants and melanoma resembling naevi. Furthermore, a subset of benign naevi may show concerning features associated more typically with a diagnosis of melanoma. These features include irregular junctional components with pagetoid spread, melanocyte atypia, lack of dermal maturation, dermal mitotic activity, intense melanin pigmentation, a desmoplastic stromal response and dermal regression. This paper focuses on a selected group of benign melanocytic lesions that are notoriously difficult to diagnose, and includes halo naevi, recurrent naevi, mitotically active naevi, desmoplastic naevi, clonal and deep penetrating naevi as well as cellular and plaque type blue naevi. The clinical and histological presentation is discussed with emphasis on clues to the correct diagnosis and distinguishing features from melanoma. Awareness of these entities and their distinguishing clinical and morphological characteristics is essential, as they present major diagnostic pitfalls.
A mixed method evaluation of a group‐based educational programme for CPAP use in patients with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Broström Anders , Fridlund Bengt , Ulander Martin , Sunnergren Ola , Svanborg Eva , Nilsen Per 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has a low long‐term adherence. Educational interventions are few and sparsely described regarding content, pedagogical approach and participants' perceptions. The aim was to describe adherence to CPAP treatment, knowledge about OSA/CPAP, as well as OSA patients' perceptions of participating in a group‐based programme using problem‐based learning (PBL) for CPAP initiation.Educational programme  The PBL programme incorporated elements from theories and models concerning motivation and habits. Tutorial groups consisting of four to eight patients met at six sessions during 6 months.Methods  A sequential explanatory mixed method design was used on 25 strategically selected patients. Quantitative data regarding, clinical variables, OSA severity, CPAP use, and knowledge were collected at baseline, after 2 weeks and 6 months. Qualitative data regarding patients' perceptions of participation were collected after 6 months by semi‐structured interviews using a phenomenographic approach.Results  72% of the patients were adherent to CPAP treatment after 2 weeks and 6 months. All patients improved their baseline knowledge about OSA and CPAP after 2 weeks and sustained it after 6 months. Anxiety and fear, as well as difficulties and needs were motivational factors for participation. Patients described the difficulties of behavioural change, an awareness that improvements do not occur immediately, a realization of the importance of both technical and emotional support and the need for a healthier lifestyle.Conclusion and practice implications  A group‐based programme using PBL seems to facilitate adaptive and developmental learning and result in acceptable CPAP adherence levels.
A modified thrombin clotting time test as a quality control marker for heparin contamination in obstetric intraoperative cell salvage
Authors: Sullivan I. J. , Hicks M. K. , Faulds J. N. , Carson P. J. , Noble R. S. 
Published: December 2011

Objective: To assess if a modified thrombin clotting time test could be used as a simple quality control (QC) method to screen for unfractionated heparin in the product obtained from obstetric intraoperative cell salvage cases before re‐infusion.Background: A national QC scheme has recently been piloted to monitor the quality of autologous blood being returned to the patient. Laboratory tests include full blood count and microalbumin. Unfractionated heparin testing should be performed to ensure that there is no gross contamination of heparin in the final product; however, presently, there is no quick cheap test available suitable for heparin detection.Materials and Methods: Samples were collected into plain non‐anticoagulated tubes and centrifuged at 2500 ×g for 5 min. Supernatant was mixed with commercially available coagulated normal plasma and a thrombin clotting time test performed.Results: Calibration runs demonstrated that our system was sensitive up to 0·14 IU mL−1 heparin, linear between 0·08 and 0·14 IU mL−1.Conclusion: We have shown that the thrombin clotting time test can be modified and used as a cheap and reliable marker for heparin contamination. We have successfully incorporated this modified test into our hospital's obstetric QC scheme.
The Importance of Attributional Complexity for Transformational Leadership Studies
Authors: Sun Peter Y. T. , Anderson Marc H. 
Published: December 2011

abstractAttributional complexity refers to the capability of discriminating and integrating dimensions related to social judgment in order to understand social behaviour. While previous leadership research has examined the role of leader attributions, it has neglected the role of attributional complexity. We theorize and find support for a relationship between higher attributional complexity and transformational leadership behaviours, based on a sample of 100 leaders and their direct reports. Leaders who were more complex in their social judgments, attributing complex external and internal causes to others' behaviours and actions, were seen as more transformational by their direct reports. Our findings suggest that attributional complexity is a construct that warrants consideration in future research on both transformational leadership and leadership attributions.
Older people's cardiac responses as indicators of stress in familiar and unfamiliar environments
Authors: Lewis M. J. , Phillips J. E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractLittle is known about older people's physiological and emotional responses to environmental triggers. We examined this by estimating cardiac stress from heart rate variability (HRV). Thirty‐eight participants were monitored while observing environmental scenarios at familiar and unfamiliar locations. Image scenarios included pedestrian and driving scenes in a random order. HRV indices including heart rate (HR), QT variability index (QTVI) and Total HRV Power (TP) were quantified. Familiar locations were associated with higher HR (p < .0005) and lower TP (p = .005) than unfamiliar locations, suggesting they were more stressful. HRV responses to pedestrian and driving scenarios indicated that stress was not influenced by either the type of image scenario or the order of image presentation. There were no gender‐related differences in cardiac responses. HRV is a useful surrogate of cardiac stress when assessing older people's responses to their environments.