bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological responses of rat olfactory tubercle neurons to biologically relevant odours
Authors: Rampin Olivier , Bellier Camille , Maurin Yves 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBiologically relevant odours were used to stimulate olfactory tubercle neurons in anaesthetized male rats. Among 120 recorded neurons, 118 showed spontaneous activity (mean firing rate, 15.0 ± 1.4 spikes/s). Ninety‐eight neurons were exposed to at least one of the four following odour sources: an empty vial, or a vial containing food pellets (familiar odour), a sample of oestrous rat faeces (conspecific sexual odour), or a sample of male fox faeces (predator odour). The proportion of neurons responding with a change in activity was significantly linked to the odour applied. Repetition of the stimulation with the same odour elicited the same activity change. Between 50 and 70% of neuronal activity changes were not accompanied by respiration changes. Fifty‐six neurons were exposed successively to all four odours, and 38 of them showed an activity change in response to at least one. The response of a neuron to an odour was not affected by its response to the previous one, and no neuron responded in the same manner to all odours. Conversely, no odour elicited a unique response in this population of neurons. However, the proportions of excited, inhibited and insensitive neurons depended significantly on the odour applied, suggesting that the recruitment of olfactory tubercle neurons is directly dependent on the biological significance of the odour.
The past, present and future of augmentation cystoplasty
Authors: Biers Suzanne M. , Venn Suzie N. , Greenwell Tamsin J. 
Published: November 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?There is a wealth of evidence on the development, indications, outcomes and complications of augmentation cystoplasty (AC). Over the last decade, new evidence has been emerging to influence our clinical practice and application of this technique. AC is indicated as part of the treatment pathway for both neurogenic and idiopathic detrusor overactivity, usually where other interventions have failed or are inappropriate. The most commonly used technique remains augmentation with a detubularised patch of ileum (ileocystoplasty). Controversy persists over the role of routine surveillance following ileocystoplasty for the detection of subsequent bladder carcinoma; however the indication for surveillance after gastrocystoplasty is clearer due to a rising incidence of malignancy in this group. Despite a reduction in the overall numbers of AC operations being performed, it clearly still has a role to play, which we re‐examine with contemporary studies from the last decade.
Good long‐term efficacy of pallidal stimulation in cervical dystonia: a prospective, observer‐blinded study
Authors: Skogseid I. M. , Ramm‐Pettersen J. , Volkmann J. , Kerty E. , Dietrichs E. , Røste G. K. 
Published: November 2011

Background and purpose:  Deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus (GPi‐DBS) is established as an effective treatment of primary generalised dystonia in controlled studies. In cervical dystonia (CD), only one previous study has reported observer‐blinded outcome assessment of long‐term GPi‐DBS, with 1‐year follow‐up.Methods:  In this prospective, single‐centre study, eight patients with CD (7 women:1 man, 4 focal:4 segmental) treated with bilateral GPi‐DBS for median (range) 30 (12–48) months, were evaluated by the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS; Severity, Disability and Pain scores), the Short‐Form Health Survey‐36 (SF‐36), and the Becks Depression Index in an open design. In addition, a blinded rater assessed the TWSTRS Severity score from videos obtained preoperatively and at the last follow‐up.Results:  In the blinded evaluation, median (range) TWSTRS Severity score improved from 25 (19–30) to 8 (4–23) (P = 0.028), thus a 70% (23–82) score reduction. In the open evaluation, median Severity score improvement at the last follow‐up was 73%, representing a significant further improvement from 50% at 6 months. The Disability and Pain scores improved by median 91% and 92%, respectively, and the SF‐36 subdomain scores improved significantly. A reversible right hemiparesis and aphasia occured in one patient 4 days postoperatively, because of reversible oedema around the left electrode. No other serious adverse effects and no permanent morbidity were observed.Conclusions:  This single‐blinded study shows good long‐term efficacy of GPi‐DBS in CD patients and supports using this treatment in those who have insufficient response to medical treatment.
Resveratrol mitigates lipopolysaccharide‐ and Aβ‐mediated microglial inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/NF‐κB/STAT signaling cascade
Authors: Capiralla Hemachander , Vingtdeux Valérie , Zhao Haitian , Sankowski Roman , Al‐Abed Yousef , Davies Peter , Marambaud Philippe 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 461–472.AbstractActivation of microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, around the amyloid plaques is a key hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent evidence in mouse models indicates that microglia are required for the neurodegenerative process of AD. Amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides, the core components of the amyloid plaques, can trigger microglial activation by interacting with several Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), including TLR4. In this study, we show that resveratrol, a natural polyphenol associated with anti‐inflammatory effects and currently in clinical trials for AD, prevented the activation of murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and microglial BV‐2 cells treated with the TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Resveratrol preferentially inhibited nuclear factor κ‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) activation upon LPS stimulation by interfering with IKK and IκB phosphorylation, an effect that potently reduced the transcriptional stimulation of several NF‐κB target genes, including tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6. Consequently, downstream phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 and STAT3 upon LPS stimulation was also inhibited by resveratrol. We found that resveratrol acted upstream in the activation cascade by interfering with TLR4 oligomerization upon receptor stimulation. Resveratrol treatment also prevented the pro‐inflammatory effect of fibrillar Aβ on macrophages by potently inhibiting the effect of Aβ on IκB phosphorylation, activation of STAT1 and STAT3, and on tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 secretion. Importantly, orally administered resveratrol in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid deposition lowered microglial activation associated with cortical amyloid plaque formation. Together this work provides strong evidence that resveratrol has in vitro and in vivo anti‐inflammatory effects against Aβ‐triggered microglial activation. Further studies in cell culture systems showed that resveratrol acted via a mechanism involving the TLR4/NF‐κB/STAT signaling cascade.
Astroglial NF‐κB mediates oxidative stress by regulation of NADPH oxidase in a model of retinal ischemia reperfusion injury
Authors: Barakat David J. , Dvoriantchikova Galina , Ivanov Dmitry , Shestopalov Valery I. 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 586–597.AbstractAstrocytes undergo rapid activation after injury, which is mediated in part by the transcription factor nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB). Consequently, activated astrocytes have been shown to induce the NF‐κB regulated phagocyte NADPH oxidase (PHOX), resulting in elevated production of reactive oxygen species. We investigated the regulatory mechanisms of PHOX‐induced oxidative stress in astrocytes and its non‐cell‐autonomous effects on retinal ganglion cell loss following retinal ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. To study PHOX activity and neurotoxicity mediated by glial NF‐κB, we employed GFAP‐IκBα‐dn transgenic mice, where the NF‐κB canonical pathway is suppressed specifically in astrocytes. Our analysis showed that NF‐κB activation in astrocytes correlated with an increased expression of PHOX and reactive oxygen species production in primary cells and whole retinas subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation or IR injury. Selective blockade of NF‐κB in astrocytes or application of NADPH oxidase inhibitors suppressed retinal ganglion cell loss in co‐cultures with astroglia challenged by oxygen–glucose deprivation. Furthermore, genetic suppression of astroglial NF‐κB reduced oxidative stress in ganglion layer neurons in vivo in retinal IR. Collectively, our results suggest that astroglial NF‐κB‐regulated PHOX activity is a crucial toxicity pathway in the pathogenesis of retinal IR injury.
Hsp70.1 and related lysosomal factors for necrotic neuronal death
Authors: Yamashima Tetsumori 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 477–494.AbstractNecrosis has long been considered accidental and uncontrolled, but during the last decade, it became clear that necrosis is also a well‐orchestrated form of cell demise, being as well programmed as apoptosis. To explain the mechanism of neuronal necrosis after ischemia/reperfusion, the ‘calpain–cathepsin hypothesis’ formulated in 1998 postulates that the post‐ischemic μ‐calpain activation compromises integrity of the lysosomal membrane, thereby leading to cathepsin spillage. Another cause of the lysosomal rupture occurring during reperfusion is reactive oxygen species (ROS) that generate 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE) by oxidation of membrane fatty acids such as linoleic and arachidonic acids. HNE is an endogenous neurotoxin, because HNE‐induced carbonylation of the substrate protein shows loss of its function. However, the molecular mechanisms of lysosomal membrane breakdown are still poorly understood; especially, the biochemical cascade how μ‐calpain and ROS work together to disrupt lysosomal membrane has remained unclarified. Three independent proteomic analyses of cerebral ischemia, glaucoma, or mild cognitive impairment in primates have altogether suggested that the common substrate of calpain and/or ROS is heat‐shock protein 70.1 (Hsp70.1; simply Hsp70, also called Hsp72 or HSPA1), a major protein of the human Hsp70 family. Hsp70.1 serves cytoprotective roles as a guardian of the lysosomal membrane integrity by assisting sphingomyelin degradation or maintaining proper protein folding and recycling as a chaperone. However, calpain‐mediated cleavage of Hsp70.1, especially after its carbonylation because of the oxidative stresses, can induce lysosomal rupture. Furthermore, Hsp70.1 dysfunction activates nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) signaling that can also promote neurodegeneration. By focusing on Hsp70.1 and related lysosomal factors, this review describes rationale of lysosomal destabilization and rupture for executing programmed neuronal necrosis.
Where are the survivors? Tracking relictual populations of endangered frogs in Costa Rica
Authors: García‐Rodríguez Adrián , Chaves Gerardo , Benavides‐Varela Catalina , Puschendorf Robert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim  We used abiotic environmental variables and historical locality records to infer distributions of endangered anuran species of Costa Rica to promote efficient strategies for future amphibian surveys.Location  Costa Rica.Methods  We used a Maximum Entropy Algorithm (Maxent) to predict potential distribution maps for 17 species of endangered anurans and create a consensus map of species richness. We compared the environmental conditions from localities where relictual amphibian populations were recently rediscovered with the conditions across their historical range to evaluate the possibility that these relictual populations might occur in specific climatic conditions that could explain their persistence. We used a multicriteria analysis considering the following factors: the intersection zones between the consensus map, conservation areas, potential Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) distribution, collecting effort and areas within the precipitation range at which reappearances had occurred to locate sites for future surveys.Results  The resulting predictions suggest that suitable areas for the highest number of species occur between 1300 and 2500 m.a.s.l and are concentrated along the Pacific slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca and Cordillera Volcánica Central. Around 45% of the high potential richness area is under protection. Relictual populations of declined species seem to persist mainly in highly humid localities (2500–3500 mm of mean annual precipitation). Around 240 km2 has an ideal environment for the rediscovery of relictual populations. The multicriteria analysis showed that around 0.5% of the Costa Rican territory should be surveyed exhaustively for frogs.Main conclusions  Many of the potential refugia we identified here have not been surveyed since 2000, the areas identified by the best model predictions correspond well with the localities of the relictual populations recently reported. We suggest future surveys of missing amphibian species should focus on these areas. The discovery of populations of endangered species can be used to propose conservation areas.
Teeth before jaws? Comparative analysis of the structure and development of the external and internal scales in the extinct jawless vertebrateLoganellia scotica
Authors: Rücklin Martin , Giles Sam , Janvier Philippe , Donoghue Philip C. J. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYTraditional hypotheses posit that teeth evolved from dermal scales, through the expansion of odontogenetically competent ectoderm into the mouth of jawless vertebrates. The discovery of tooth‐like scales inside thelodonts, an extinct group of jawless vertebrates, led to the alternative hypothesis that teeth evolved from endodermal derivatives and that there exists a fundamental developmental and phylogenetic distinction between oral/pharyngeal and external odontodes. We set out a test of this latter hypothesis, examining the development of scales of the thelodontLoganellia scoticausing synchrotron radiation X‐ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM). We reveal that the internal scales are organized into fused patches and rows, a key distinction from the discrete dermal scales. The pattern of growth of oral scale patches is polarized, but not along a particular vector, whereas pharyngeal scale rows grew along a vector. Our test of the phylogenetic distribution of oral and pharyngeal scales and teeth in vertebrates indicates that odontodes are first expressed in an external position. Internal scales, where present, are always located near to external orifices; the sequential development of pharyngeal scales inLoganelliais peculiar among thelodonts and other stem gnathostomes. It represents a convergence on, rather than the establishment of, the developmental pattern underpinning tooth replacement in jawed vertebrates. The available evidence suggests that internal odontodes evolved through the expansion of odontogenic competence from external to internal epithelia.
Do what the Neighbours do
Authors: LeSage James , Pace R. Kelley , Campanella Richard , Lam Nina , Liu Xingjian 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
If you are trying to reopen a business after a disaster like Hurricane Katrina, how is your decision affected by whether or not your neighbours are reopening as well? James LeSage, R. Kelley Pace, Richard Campanella, Nina Lam and Xingjian Liu take cycle rides through a recovering New Orleans.
Assessing Long-Term Risk with Short-Term Data
Authors: Wainer Howard , Hubert Lawrence 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Keep on taking the tablets – but for how long? New drugs can be tested for only a short time, but Vioxx and Avandia proved dangerous over the long term, and patients may take such drugs for years. So how can we establish the safety of long-term use? Howard Wainer finds that makers of light bulbs and door hinges can guide us.
Dexmedetomidine protects against oxygen–glucose deprivation-induced injury through the I2 imidazoline receptor-PI3K/AKT pathway in rat C6 glioma cells
Authors: Zhang Fengjiang , Ding Tingting , Yu Lina , Zhong Yinbo , Dai Haibin , Yan Min 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To explore the protection and the mechanism of dexmedetomidine on the oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) insults in rat C6 glioma cells.

Methods
Cells were subjected to OGD then assessed by viability studies. After dexmedetomidine treatment, p-AKT, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and RTP801 expression were measured.

Key findings
Three hours of OGD decreased cell viability to 48.8%, which was reversed to 67.4% by 1 µm dexmedetomidine. Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide double stains showed that the protection of dexmedetomidine was mainly by an anti-apoptosis effect, which was also strengthened by decreasing caspase-3 expression. Dexmedetomidine protection was mainly blocked by the I2 imidazoline receptor antagonist idazoxan and BU 224, but not by the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine and RX 821002, or the I1 imidazoline receptor antagonist efaroxan. On the other hand, dexmedetomidine enhanced AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore, the protection of dexmedetomidine was blocked by the PI3K/AKT inhibitor wortmannin. The proteins of HIF-1α, VEGF and RTP801 were significantly increased by dexmedetomidine treatment.

Conclusions
Dexmedetomidine activated the I2 imidazoline receptor-PI3K/AKT pathway, and up-regulated HIF-1α, VEGF and RTP801 expression to protect against OGD-induced injury in rat C6 cells.
Social emotional functioning and cognitive styles in eating disorders
Authors: Harrison Amy , Tchanturia Kate , Naumann Ulrike , Treasure Janet 
Published: November 2011

Objectives. Contemporary models of eating disorders (EDs) argue that both cognitive style (weak coherence and poor set shifting) and social emotional difficulties are involved in the maintenance of EDs. This study aimed to explore the factor structure of cognitive and social emotional functioning and to investigate whether a particular cognitive or social emotional profile was associated with a more severe and chronic form of illness.Design. A cross‐sectional design was used to investigate cognitive and social emotional functioning in people with EDs compared to healthy controls (HCs) and those recovered from an ED.Methods. Two hundred twenty‐five participants were assessed (100 with an ED, 35 recovered from an ED, and 90 HCs) using a battery of set shifting, coherence, and social emotional measures.Results. There were no significant correlations between the cognitive or social emotional variables. A principal components analysis (PCA) identified three components: a fragmented perseverative cognitive style, for which the ED group scored highly, a global flexible cognitive style, for which HCs scored highly, and a social emotional difficulties profile, for which those with EDs scored highly. Individuals in recovery from an ED did not differ from the acute group, suggesting this cognitive and social emotional profile may be a trait associated with EDs. ED participants scoring highest for the fragmented perseverative cognitive style and social emotional difficulties had a more severe and chronic form of illness.Conclusions. The findings provide empirical support for Schmidt and Treasure's (2006) maintenance model of EDs and suggest both cognition and emotional functioning should be considered in treatment.
Novel Microsphere-Based Method for Detection and Typing of 46 Mucosal Human Papillomavirus Types
Authors: Zubach Vanessa , Smart Gerry , Ratnam Samuel , Severini Alberto 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
We have developed a novel microsphere-based genotyping method for 46 mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) types. HPV DNA was amplified by PCR using general primers and typed by hybridization to HPV type-specific probes coupled to sortable microspheres based on the Luminex xMAP technology. Hybridization to each probe was specific for each HPV type without cross-hybridization and sensitive enough to allow typing of HPV contained in clinical specimens. The method was validated with direct sequencing and the Roche Linear Array genotyping method.
Tobacco consumption and secondhand smoke exposure in vehicles: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Curto Ariadna , Martínez-Sánchez Jose M , Fernández Esteve 
Published: November 2011

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in private cars, commercial vehicles and taxis in the city of Barcelona in Spain.Design setting and participantsWe carried out an observational cross-sectional study in 2011. We selected a systematic sample of 2442 private cars, commercial vehicles and taxis on 40 public roads regulated by traffic lights in all 10 districts of Barcelona. We calculated the prevalence rates and 95% CIs of smoking and SHS exposure in cars, and the corresponding ORs adjusting for the potential confounding variables.ResultsThe prevalence of tobacco consumption was 5.5% (95% CI 4.6% to 6.4%) and was greater for commercial vehicles (9.8%; 95% CI 7.1% to 12.5%). The prevalence of SHS exposure was 5.2% (95% CI 3.8% to 6.6%) and 2.2% (95% CI 0.5% to 3.9%) of passengers under 14 years of age were exposed to SHS in vehicles.ConclusionsThis study highlights the need to promote public health measures aimed at reducing tobacco consumption in vehicles, especially in the presence of children, as well as enforcement of the current Spanish law against smoking in commercial vehicles and taxis.
Breaking bad news sensitively: what is important to patients in their last year of life?
Authors: Hanratty Barbara , Lowson Elizabeth , Holmes Louise , Grande Gunn , Jacoby Ann , Payne Sheila , Seymour Jane , Whitehead Margaret 
Published: November 2011

AimTo understand patients' perspectives on how a diagnosis of a life-limiting illness was first communicated to them.Study designIn-depth qualitative interviews with 50 people ranging in age from 30 to 93 years, diagnosed with cancer (31), heart failure (13), stroke (three) or neurological conditions (three) and thought by the responsible health professional to be in the last year of life. Participants from two areas of Northern England were recruited through specialist nurses or hospital consultants and interviewed in their current place of residence. Transcribed data were analysed using Framework.ResultsPatients were most likely to recall the pace and clarity with which bad news was conveyed. A direct approach was most common, without much prior warning for the patients. Direct information was usually received well when the patient knew the health professional and when it had been suggested that the patient should be accompanied to the appointment. Some professionals did work to set the scene for the eventual news, with a gradual build-up of information, and narrowing down of options. This approach was perceived as appropriate and sensitive. People with heart failure had engaged in much less discussion about their condition, and most did not recall a specific conversation with their doctor about their prognosis.ConclusionsBad news is not always broken in a sensitive way, despite considerable efforts to address this issue. Relatively minor changes to practice could improve the patient experience: greater preparation, provision of sufficient time in consultations and cautious disclosure for new patients.