bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B1 and B0 inhomogeneity mitigation in the human brain at 7 T with selective pulses by using average Hamiltonian theory
Authors: Boulant N. , Cloos M. A. , Amadon A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA novel method based on average Hamiltonian theory to design selective pulses is reported. With this tool, it is first shown how to shape the radiofrequency and gradient pulses to generate a desired rotation matrix, which is independent of the position through the slice of interest. After theoretical examination of the concept, it is applied to the strongly modulating pulses' recipe developed by the same authors and initially designed to be nonselective, to mitigate the amplitude of (excitation) radiofrequency field and amplitude of static (polarizing) field inhomogeneity problems at high field. Two in vivo human brain imaging experiments at 7 T are reported to prove the validity of the technique. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Office‐based Management of Obesity
Authors: Fujioka Ken , Bakhru Nitasha 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAppropriate recognition and management of obesity is imperative given the fact that one‐third of Americans are clinically obese. Up to 25% of patients with a body mass index ≥ 30 are not appropriately identified by primary care physicians as being obese. An even smaller portion of recognized patients is offered any form of weight‐loss treatment. This may be the result of approximately 40% of physicians possessing negative attitudes toward such patients given the challenges in managing this population. In the near future, physicians will be empowered with further knowledge regarding metabolic and neurologic adaptations that make weight loss so difficult. Along with this new information will come novel treatment options. It is predicted that many of the barriers preventing appropriate management of obesity will diminish as further knowledge and treatment options become available. Mt Sinai J Med 77:466–471,2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Therapeutic Options for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Lukacova‐Zib Ivana , Gopalakrishnan Geetha 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome has created an impetus to prevent complications such as diabetes. There are no defined treatments for metabolic syndrome apart from addressing each of its components such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. To evaluate diabetes‐prevention strategies, we performed a Medline search and identified evidence suggesting that lifestyle intervention and certain medications can prevent diabetes. In addition, there are several agents on the horizon that seem promising. The mechanism responsible for diabetes prevention relates to improved insulin resistance as a result of weight loss or other processes. Lifestyle interventions and medications such as metformin are effective and safe in long‐term prevention studies. However, the safety and efficacy of newer agents need clarification. Mt Sinai J Med 77:524–532, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Surgical Therapy for Diabesity
Authors: Arroyo Kervin , Kini Subhash U. , Harvey John E. , Herron Daniel M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus affects more than 170 million people worldwide. Because this disease is strongly linked to obesity, the term “diabesity” has been coined to describe the confluence of the 2 disease processes. Bariatric surgery has been performed for many years to achieve sustained weight loss in the morbidly obese population. As a secondary effect, a remarkable improvement in glycemic control is commonly achieved postoperatively. This has led to substantial interest in the use of bariatric procedures to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Surgical procedures in common use include the adjustable gastric band, the Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, and the sleeve gastrectomy. Additionally, several investigational procedures including the ileal interposition and duodenal‐jejunal bypass have been proposed as primary interventions for type 2 diabetes mellitus. These operations achieve their metabolic effects through a combination of volume restriction, intestinal bypass, and hormonal changes. As more data become available on the positive effect of bariatric procedures on type 2 diabetes mellitus, the use of such operations may grow. Bariatric surgery may ultimately become a major tool in the long‐term treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This manuscript presents an extensive review of the literature supporting these concepts. Mt Sinai J Med 77:418–430, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Dietary Approaches to Obesity
Authors: Dubnov‐Raz Gal , Berry Elliot M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe treatment of obesity demands a negative energy balance, which obviously necessitates reducing the quantity of food intake. Yet the optimal diet composition quality for weight loss is far from known. The major controversy seems to be between choosing low‐fat or low‐carbohydrate diets, with additional debates on the importance of the glycemic index and the amounts of dairy products and calcium. It is evident from many large, randomized trials that the “best diet” that can suit everyone has yet to be identified. The different options for low‐calorie diets should be prescribed on an individual basis, in order to best fit each patient's personal preferences. All hypocaloric regimens are suitable, as long as they work, for any given subject. The problem, of course, is long‐term maintenance and adherence to an altered lifestyle. Mt Sinai J Med 77:488–498, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Metabolic Management following Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Strohmayer Erika , Via Michael A. , Yanagisawa Robert 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBariatric surgery is an effective treatment option for obesity. Commonly utilized procedures are either restrictive, malabsorptive, or both. Substantial weight loss can be achieved. Postoperatively, patients experience nutritional, metabolic, and hormonal changes that have important clinical implications. The postoperative diet should be advanced carefully, according to protocol. Micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamin C, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies are common, especially following malabsorptive procedures. Bone metabolism is greatly affected, in part due to vitamin D deficiency, decreased calcium absorption, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Diabetes improves acutely in malabsorptive procedures and in sequence with weight loss in restrictive procedures. Polycystic ovarian syndrome improves in nearly all women with this condition who undergo bariatric surgery. Testosterone levels in men also improve after surgery. Consideration of these nutritional, metabolic, and hormonal changes allows for optimal medical management following bariatric surgery. Mt Sinai J Med 77:431–445, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Usefulness of Anti‐Infective Lock Solutions for Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Kim Esther Y. , Saunders Patricia , Yousefzadeh Nina 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCentral venous catheters are commonly used for the administration of medications in both the inpatient and outpatient settings, but their use carries the risk of developing catheter‐related bloodstream infections, increasing morbidity and mortality. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America include use of antibiotic lock solutions as a therapeutic option for intraluminal infections when the device is difficult to remove, but these lock solutions are not indicated routinely for the prophylaxis of catheter‐related bloodstream infections. Because catheter removal is not always possible in patients who require chronic catheterization or who have multiple catheters, antibiotic lock therapy can be utilized with the goal of sparing removal of the catheter while sterilizing the lumen. The use of an antibiotic lock solution is an appealing option for localized infections because it is easy to use, is associated with a low cost, and is usually without systemic side effects if the catheter remains closed. Patients with long‐term or short‐term catheters with no signs of exit‐site or tunnel infection for whom salvage is the goal may benefit from this technique when treated with systemic antibiotics. Consider antibiotic lock therapy only in uncomplicated infections, typically nontunneled catheter or port infections with coagulase‐negative staphylococci or gram‐negative bacilli. Generally, a short‐term regimen of 7 to 14 days is recommended. Several studies have supported antimicrobial lock therapy with vancomycin, gentamicin, cefazolin, or ethanol. Antibiotic locks have the potential to positively impact mortality and cost savings. A protocol at the Mount Sinai Medical Center is in development. Mt Sinai J Med 77:549–558, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Mechanisms of Yogic Practices in Health, Aging, and Disease
Authors: Kuntsevich Viktoriya , Bushell William C. , Theise Neil D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMechanisms underlying the modulating effects of yogic cognitive‐behavioral practices (eg, meditation, yoga asanas, pranayama breathing, caloric restriction) on human physiology can be classified into 4 transduction pathways: humoral factors, nervous system activity, cell trafficking, and bioelectromagnetism. Here we give examples of these transduction pathways and how, through them, yogic practices might optimize health, delay aging, and ameliorate chronic illness and stress from disability. We also recognize that most studies of these mechanisms remain embedded in a reductionist paradigm, investigating small numbers of elements of only 1 or 2 pathways. Moreover, often, subjects are not long‐term practitioners, but recently trained. The models generated from such data are, in turn, often limited, top‐down, without the explanatory power to describe beneficial effects of long‐term practice or to provide foundations for comparing one practice to another. More flexible and useful models require a systems‐biology approach to gathering and analysis of data. Such a paradigm is needed to fully appreciate the deeper mechanisms underlying the ability of yogic practice to optimize health, delay aging, and speed efficient recovery from injury or disease. In this regard, 3 different, not necessarily competing, hypotheses are presented to guide design of future investigations, namely, that yogic practices may: (1) promote restoration of physiologic setpoints to normal after derangements secondary to disease or injury, (2) promote homeostatic negative feedback loops over nonhomeostatic positive feedback loops in molecular and cellular interactions, and (3) quench abnormal “noise” in cellular and molecular signaling networks arising from environmental or internal stresses. Mt Sinai J Med 77: © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Sonographic transvaginal bladder wall thickness: Does the measurement discriminate between urodynamic diagnoses?
Authors: Kuhn Annette , Genoud Sophie , Robinson Dudley , Herrmann Gudrun , Günthert Andreas , Brandner Sonja , Raio Luigi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIntroductionMeasurement of bladder wall thickness (BWT) using transvaginal ultrasound has previously been shown to discriminate between women with confirmed detrusor overactivity and those with urodynamic stress incontinence. Aim of the current study was to determine if vaginally measured BWT correlates with urodynamic diagnoses in a female population.Patients and MethodsBetween December 2008 and February 2010, adult female consecutive patients undergoing urogynaecologic investigation for lower urinary symptoms were approached to participate in this study. Ethical consent for the current study was obtained. Patients underwent multichannel urodynamics and transvaginal ultrasound measuring the bladder in three location with an emptied bladder.Results123 patients were included in the study with a median age of 69 years (range 40–93), median parity of 2 (range 0–3) and a median body mass index of 29.5 kg/m2 (range 23–38). Urodynamic stress incontinence was diagnosed in 59 patients, DO in 40 and obstruction in 24 cases.Bladder wall thickness was significantly higher in DO patients and in obstruction than in urodynamic stress incontinence.Detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate (pdet/Qmax) correlated significantly with BWT.ConclusionBladder wall thickness shows a significantly positive correlation to pdet/Qmax and to urodynamic diagnoses of stress incontinence, DO and obstruction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:325–328, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The molecular background of aggressive B cell lymphomas as a basis for targeted therapy
Authors: de Jong Daphne , Balagué Ponz Olga 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn contrast to classifications for the majority of solid tumours, non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas have been defined on the basis of their genetic alterations for many years, providing a biologically highly relevant classification. However, for aggressive B cell lymphomas, which unfortunately is the most prevalent group of lymphomas in adults, the stratification is less optimal. Gene expression profiling, analyses of chromosomal alterations and functional assays have been instrumental in dissecting these tumours to support the distinction of essentially different diseases, such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma, and now start to identify the dominant driving oncogenetic pathways that may serve as rational therapeutic targets in this essentially heterogeneous group. In this review, the molecular background and the consequences of the molecular alterations in the context of the consequences for treatment in aggressive B cell lymphoma are discussed. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The molecular pathology of breast cancer progression
Authors: Bombonati Alessandro , Sgroi Dennis C 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe current model of human breast cancer progression proposes a linear multi‐step process which initiates as flat epithelial atypia (FEA), progresses to atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), evolves into DCIS and culminates in the potentially lethal stage of invasive ductal carcinoma. For several decades a major challenge to human breast cancer research has been the identification of the molecular alterations associated with the different stages of breast cancer progression. Until recently, progress in attaining this goal has been hampered by technical limitations associated with applying advanced molecular technologies to the microscopic preinvasive stages of breast tumorigenesis. Recent advances in comprehensive, high‐throughput genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic technologies in combination with advanced microdissection and ex vivo isolation techniques have provided for a more complete understanding of the complex molecular genetic and molecular biological inter‐relationships of the different stages of human breast cancer evolution. Here we review the molecular biological data suggesting that breast cancer develops and evolves along two distinct molecular genetic pathways. We also briefly review gene expression and epigenetic data that support the view of the tumour microenvironment as an important co‐conspirator rather than a passive bystander during human breast tumorigenesis. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic alterations and targeted therapies in prostate cancer
Authors: Flavin Richard , Zadra Giorgia , Loda Massimo 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCancer cells synthesize de novo large amounts of fatty acids and cholesterol, irrespective of the circulating lipid levels and benefit from this increased lipid synthesis in terms of growth advantage, self‐survival and drug resistance. Key lipogenic alterations that commonly occur in prostate cancer include over‐expression of the enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) and deregulation of the 5‐AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). FASN is a key metabolic enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of palmitate from the condensation of malonyl‐CoA and acetyl‐CoA de novo and plays a central role in energy homeostasis, by converting excess carbon intake into fatty acids for storage. AMPK functions as a central metabolic switch that governs glucose and lipid metabolism. Recent interest has focused on the potential of targeting metabolic pathways that may be altered during prostate tumorigenesis and progression. Several small molecule inhibitors of FASN have now been described or in development for therapeutic use; in addition, drugs that directly or indirectly induce AMPK activation have potential benefit in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Objective assessment of lymphatic and blood vascular invasion in lymph node‐negative breast carcinoma: findings from a large case series with long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Mohammed Rabab AA , Martin Stewart G , Mahmmod Ali M , Macmillan R. Douglas , Green Andrew R , Paish Emma C , Ellis Ian O 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn a previous study on a small series of breast cancers, we developed objective methods for the assessment of vascular invasion (VI), using immunohistochemical staining. We found that VI was predominantly lymphovascular invasion (LVI), with minimal contribution of blood vascular invasion (BVI). The aims of the current study were: (a) to assess the frequency, extent and prognostic role of LVI and BVI in a large, well‐characterized series of LN‐negative breast cancers; and (b) to assess the ability of VI to stratify early breast cancer into different prognostic groups. Paraffin‐embedded sections from 1005 lymph‐node (LN)‐negative primary invasive breast cancers were stained for CD34, CD31 and podoplanin/D240 to detect BVI and LVI. VI lesions were assessed and the results were correlated with clinicopathological criteria and survival. VI was detected in 218 (22%); 211/218 (97%) were LVI, while BVI was detected in 7/218 (3%). The frequency of LVIs/section ranged from 1 to 79, with no significant difference between the frequency of LVI and outcome. The presence of LVI was significantly associated with adverse disease‐free interval (DFI) and poor overall survival (OS) in both univariate and multivariate analyses. The results from the study indicated that VI in early stage breast cancer is predominantly LVI and that its objective assessment is a powerful independent prognostic factor. Efforts to detect early metastatic activity, such as diligent pathological examination of sentinel LN biopsies would be complimented by the objective evaluation of VI status of the primary tumour. VI status should be included routinely in breast cancer staging systems. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BCL2L10 protein regulates apoptosis/proliferation through differential pathways in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Xu Jing Da , Cao Xi Xi , Long Zi Wen , Liu Xiu Ping , Furuya Tomoko , Xu Jia Wen , Liu Xiao Li , De Xu Zu , Sasaki Kohsuke , Li Qing Quan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe reason for and consequences of BCL2L10 down‐regulation in gastric carcinoma are poorly understood. Our aim was to investigate the function of the protein BCL2L10 in gastric carcinoma. We investigated BCL2L10 expression using quantitative real‐time PCR and immunoblotting. The methylation status of the BCL2L10 gene promoter was examined by bisulphite sequencing in fresh gastric normal and carcinoma tissues. We studied apoptosis and proliferation regulation in gastric cancer cell lines using flow cytometry, fluorescence staining, murine xenografting and immunoblotting. Pathway inhibitors were applied to confirm the major pathways involved in apoptosis or proliferation regulation. We observed significant correlations between lower BCL2L10 expression and CpG island hypermethylation of the BCL2L10 gene promoter in gastric carcinoma, apoptosis induced by over‐expressed BCL2L10 through mitochondrial pathways, and proliferation accelerated by BCL2L10 siRNA via the PI3K–Akt signalling pathway in gastric cancer cell lines. The pro‐apoptotic effect of BCL2L10 and growth promotion by BCL2L10 siRNA in gastric cancer cells suggest that it may be a tumour suppressor. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A radiotherapy planning study of RapidArc, intensity modulated radiotherapy, three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy, and parallel opposed beams in the treatment of pediatric retroperitoneal tumors
Authors: Shaffer Richard , Vollans Emily , Vellani Rosie , Welsh Margaret , Moiseenko Vitali , Goddard Karen 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundThis planning study compared RapidArc, fixed‐field IMRT (cIMRT), 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D‐CRT), and a parallel‐opposed pair (POP) for children with retroperitoneal tumors.ProcedurePlans were generated in eight patients to treat the PTV (dose range 19.8–45 Gy) while limiting kidney and liver doses. In selected patients, vertebral body (VB) dose heterogeneity was minimized. Cumulative DVH parameters, monitor units (MU), and treatment times were compared for the four techniques using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test.ResultsRapidArc and cIMRT covered target volumes more conformally than 3D‐CRT and POP (P = 0.012). There was no difference in the ability to meet kidney dose constraints. A significantly lower volume of the liver received 12 Gy with cIMRT or RapidArc compared with 3D‐CRT (P = 0.028). Where VB was included in PTV, VB dose homogeneity was generally within 94–104% of the prescription dose. Time to deliver a single fraction with RapidArc, POP, 3D‐CRT, and cIMRT was 1.25 ± 0.01, 1.38 ± 0.10, 2.6 ± 0.45, and 4.02 ± 1.12 min, respectively (P = 0.012). Monitor units for a single fraction with POP, 3D‐CRT, RapidArc, and cIMRT were 203 ± 26, 235 ± 32, 325 ± 71, and 665 ± 215, respectively (P < 0.05).ConclusionsPOP resulted in favorable MU, treatment time and dosimetry but had poor conformality. 3D‐CRT was more conformal but had higher MU and treatment time. RapidArc and cIMRT were generally no better dosimetrically than conformal techniques. RapidArc was dosimetrically very similar to cIMRT, but resulted in a major reduction in time and MU used to deliver the radiation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;56:16–23. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.