bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Phoma multirostrata on Fuchsia × hybrida in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Gilardi G. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: February 2010

Fuchsia × hybrida (Onagraceae) is widely used in gardens and very much appreciated as a potted plant. During the summer of 2008, a severe foliar disease was observed on 1- to 2-year-old plants in several gardens located near Biella (northern Italy). Small necrotic spots were observed on the upper and lower sides of infected leaves. Spots enlarged to form round areas of 2 to 12 mm in diameter and were well defined by a brown-purple margin at temperatures between 15 and 25°C. Severely infected leaves wilted and abscised as disease progressed. The disease occurred on 100% of the plants and at least 30% of the leaf surface was affected. Stems and flowers were not affected by the disease. A fungus was consistently isolated from infected leaves on potato dextrose agar amended with 25 mg/liter of streptomycin. The fungus was grown on leaf extract agar, including 30 g of autoclaved fuchsia leaves per liter, and maintained at 22°C (12-h light, 12-h dark). After 30 days, black pycnidia 150 to 450 μm in diameter developed, releasing abundant hyaline, elliptical, nonseptate conidia measuring 5.6 to 14.3 (10.3) × 1.9 to 5.6 (3.5) μm. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as a Phoma sp. (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of the isolate coded FuHy1 was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 (3) and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 488-bp segment obtained showed an E-value of 0.0 with Phoma multirostrata. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. GU220539. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying leaves of healthy 6-month-old potted Fuchsia × hybrida plants with a spore and mycelial suspension (1 × 106 spores or mycelial fragments per milliliter). Noninoculated plants sprayed with water served as controls. Five plants were used for each treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 5 days after inoculation and kept under greenhouse conditions at 20 to 24°C. Symptoms previously described developed on leaves 12 days after inoculation, whereas control plants remained healthy. The fungus was consistently reisolated from the lesions of the inoculated plants. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of P. multirostrata on fuchsia in Italy as well as worldwide. The importance of the disease is still limited in Italy. References: (1) S. F. Altschud et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) G. H. Boerema and G. J. Bollen. Persoonia 8:111, 1975. (3) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997.
Branch support via resampling: an empirical study
Authors: Freudenstein John V. , Davis Jerrold I. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe success of resampling approaches to branch support depends on the effectiveness of the underlying tree searches. Two primary factors are identified as key: the depth of tree search and the number of trees saved per resampling replicate. Two datasets were explored for a range of search parameters using jackknifing. Greater depth of tree search tends to increase support values because shorter trees conflict less with each other, while increasing numbers of trees saved tends to reduce support values because of conflict that reduces structure in the replicate consensus. Although a relatively small amount of branch swapping will achieve near‐accurate values for a majority of clades, some clades do not yield accurate values until more extensive searches are performed. This means that in order to maximize the accuracy of resampling analyses, one should employ as extensive a search strategy as possible, and save as many trees per replicate as possible. Strict consensus summary of resampling replicates is preferable to frequency‐within‐replicates summary because it is a more conservative approach to the reporting of replicate results. Jackknife analysis is preferable to bootstrap because of its closer relationship to the original data.© The Willi Hennig Society 2010.
Insulin resistance and cancer: Epidemiological evidence
Authors: Tsugane Shoichiro , Inoue Manami 
Published: February 2010

Over the last 60 years, Japanese people have experienced a rapid and drastic change in lifestyle, including diet. Suspicions have been raised that so‐called ‘Westernization’, characterized by a high‐calorie diet and physical inactivity, is associated with increasing trends in the incidence of cancer of the colon, liver, pancreas, prostate, and breast, as well as type 2 diabetes. Epidemiological evidence from our prospective study, the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective (JPHC) study, and systematic literature reviews generally support the idea that factors related to diabetes or insulin resistance are associated with an increased risk of colon (mostly in men), liver, and pancreatic cancers. These cancers are inversely associated with physical activity and coffee consumption, which are known to decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes. The suggested mechanism of these effects is that insulin resistance and the resulting chronic hyperinsulinemia and increase in bioavailable insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) stimulate tumor growth. In contrast, associations with diabetes are less clear for cancer of the colon in women, and breast and prostate, which are known to be related to sex hormones. The effect of insulin resistance or body fat on sex‐hormone production and bioavailability may modify their carcinogenic effect differently from cancers of the colon in men, and liver and pancreas. In conclusion, there is substantial evidence to show that cancers of the colon, liver, and pancreas are associated with insulin resistance, and that these cancers can be prevented by increasing physical activity, and possibly coffee consumption.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1073–1079)
Sensitive immunohistochemical detection of WT1 protein in tumors with anti‐WT1 antibody against WT1 235 peptide
Authors: Ichinohasama Ryo , Oji Yusuke , Yokoyama Hisayuki , Takeuchi Kengo , Fujiwara Tohru , Ishizawa Kenichi , Taniguchi Osamu , Tsuboi Akihiro , Oka Yoshihiro , Sugiyama Haruo 
Published: February 2010

The Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) gene is overexpressed in leukemia and various types of solid tumor, such as lung and colorectal cancer, and plays an oncogenic role in their tumorigenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of WT1‐targeting cancer immunotherapy in clinical settings. As expression of WT1 protein in tumor cells is a prerequisite for WT1‐targeting immunotherapy, immunohistochemical methods to detect WT1 protein with high sensitivity and specificity are required. In the present study, we developed a rabbit polyclonal antibody (WT1‐R) against the 9‐mer WT1 235 peptide, which is used for vaccination. The specificity of WT1‐R was confirmed by immunoprecipitation, western blotting analysis, and competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Immunocytochemistry showed the same reactivity against five cell lines (K562, Daudi, HT‐180, SW480, and PC‐14), whereas levels of WT1 mRNA expression determined by real‐time qPCR (RT‐PCR) analysis were not equivalent. Next, we examined the reactivity of WT1‐R in tissue samples compared with a previously developed anti‐WT1 antibody, 6F‐H2. WT1‐R showed greater sensitivity for detecting WT1 protein expression in samples from four different breast cancer patients than 6F‐H2 antibody. The discrepancy in WT1 expression between these methods suggested that immunohistochemical detection of WT1 peptide may be advantageous for predicting the efficacy of WT1 vaccine compared to RT‐PCR, and the highly sensitive WT1 antibody, WT1‐R, may be useful to detect WT1 protein in tumors.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1089–1092)
Using sensation seeking to target adolescents for substance use interventions
Authors: Sargent James D. , Tanski Susanne , Stoolmiller Mike , Hanewinkel Reiner 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTAims  This study examines the predictive validity of sensation seeking as a predictor of adolescent substance use, in order to optimize targeting for substance use prevention programs.Design  Longitudinal study.Setting  Random‐digit dial telephone survey.Participants  A total of 6522 US adolescents aged 10–14 years at baseline, resurveyed at 8‐month intervals for three subsequent waves.Measurements  Two outcomes were assessed—onset of binge drinking (more than five drinks in a short time) and established smoking (>100 cigarettes life‐time). Sensation seeking level was assessed at baseline. Logistic regression was used to predict onset of substance use at any follow‐up wave as a function of sensation seeking. The receiver operating characteristics curve was used to illustrate how well sensation seeking predicted substance use as a function of different cut‐off points for defining high sensation seeking, and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AROC) was the metric of predictive validity.Findings  Of 5834 participants with one or more follow‐up assessments, 5634 reported no binge drinking and 5802 were not established smokers at baseline, of whom 717 (12.7% of 5634) reported binge drinking and 144 (2.5% of 5802) reported established smoking at one or more follow‐up interviews. Sensation seeking predicted binge drinking moderately well [AROC = 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.69, 0.73)] and was a significantly better predictor of established smoking onset [AROC = 0.80 (0.76, 0.83)]. For binge drinking, predictive validity was significantly lower in blacks; for established smoking it was significantly higher for Hispanics. Implications for two targeting interventions are discussed.Conclusions  Sensation seeking works moderately well at identifying adolescents at risk for onset of binge drinking and established smoking. This study offers a guide for determining the appropriate targeting cut‐off value, based on intervention efficacy, costs and risks.
Social integration in young adulthood and the subsequent onset of substance use and disorders among a community population of urban African Americans
Authors: Green Kerry M. , Doherty Elaine E. , Reisinger Heather S. , Chilcoat Howard D. , Ensminger Margaret 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTAims  This paper examines the association between social integration in young adulthood and the later onset of substance use and disorders through mid‐adulthood.Design  Data come from a community cohort of African Americans followed longitudinally from age 6–42 years with four assessment periods.Setting  The cohort all lived in the Woodlawn neighborhood of Chicago in 1966, an urban disadvantaged setting.Participants  All Woodlawn first graders in 1966 were asked to participate; 13 families declined (n = 1242).Measurement  Substance use was measured via interview at age 42 and includes the onset of alcohol and drug use disorders and the onset of cocaine/heroin use between ages 32 and 42 years. Social integration measures were assessed via interview at age 32 and include social roles (employee, spouse, parent), participation in religious and social organizations and a measure of overall social integration. Control variables were measured in childhood and later in the life course.Findings  Multivariate regression analyses suggest that unemployment, being unmarried, infrequent religious service attendance and lower overall social integration in young adulthood predict later adult‐onset drug use disorders, but not alcohol use disorders once confounders are taken into consideration. Unemployment and lower overall social integration predict onset of cocaine/heroin use later in adulthood.Conclusions  Results show meaningful onset of drug use and substance use disorders during mid‐adulthood and that social integration in young adulthood seems to play a role in later onset of drug use and drug disorders, but not alcohol disorders.
Emerging molecular knowledge on Radopholus similis, an important nematode pest of banana
Authors: HAEGEMAN ANNELIES , ELSEN ANNEMIE , DE WAELE DIRK , GHEYSEN GODELIEVE 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYTaxonomy: Superkingdom Eukaryota; Kingdom Metazoa; Phylum Nematoda; Class Chromadorea; Order Rhabditida; Suborder Tylenchina; Infraorder Tylenchomorpha; Superfamily Tylenchoidea; Family Pratylenchidae; Subfamily Radopholinae; Genus Radopholus.Physical properties: Microscopic unsegmented worm; migratory endoparasite of plants. Strong sexual dimorphism; reproduction both by amphimixis and self‐fertilization.Hosts: Over 250 different plant species, including citrus, black pepper and banana (main host plant).Symptoms: Purple to black lesions and extensive cavities in plant roots, leading to reduced uptake of water and nutrients. In banana, this may result in poor vegetative growth, reduced bunch weight and toppling of plants.Disease control: Nematicides, alternative cropping systems, nematode‐free planting material, some resistant cultivars.Agronomic importance: Major problem in banana plantations in tropical regions worldwide.
The expression, function and regulation of mitochondrial alternative oxidase under biotic stresses
Authors: HANQING FENG , KUN SUN , MINGQUAN LI , HONGYU LI , XIN LI , YAN LI , YIFENG WANG 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYTo survive, plants possess elaborate defence mechanisms to protect themselves against virus or pathogen invasion. Recent studies have suggested that plant mitochondria may play an important role in host defence responses to biotic stresses. In contrast with animal mitochondria, plant mitochondria possess a unique respiratory pathway, the cyanide‐insensitive alternative pathway, which is catalysed by the alternative oxidase (AOX). Much work has revealed that the genes encoding AOX, AOX protein and the alternative respiratory pathway are frequently induced during plant–pathogen (or virus) interaction. This raises the possibility that AOX is involved in host defence responses to biotic stresses. Thus, a key to the understanding of the role of mitochondrial respiration under biotic stresses is to learn the function and regulation of AOX. In this article, we focus on the theoretical and experimental progress made in the current understanding of the function and regulation of AOX under biotic stresses. We also address some speculative aspects to aid further research in this area.
Effect of informational internet web pages on patients’ decision‐making: randomised controlled trial regarding choice of spinal or general anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Groves N. D. , Humphreys H. W. , Williams A. J. , Jones A. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryThis study explored whether patients’ preference for particular types of anaesthesia could be influenced pre‐operatively by giving them the addresses of various relevant websites. Patients at an orthopaedic pre‐assessment education clinic completed a questionnaire, which included a short multiple‐choice general knowledge quiz about anaesthesia, and also questioned them as to their choice of anaesthesia (general or neuraxial). Patients were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. Intervention group members were given the addresses of three relevant anaesthesia and health related websites to access at home. All patients were asked to complete the questionnaires on a second occasion, before surgery. Initially, most patients stated a preference for general anaesthesia. Subsequently, the intervention group altered their preference towards neuraxial anaesthesia compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.0001). The increase in median (IQR [range]) anaesthesia knowledge test score was greater in the intervention group (from 10.0 (9.0–12.0 [5.0–14.0]) to 13.0 (11.0–14.0 [6.0–14.0])) than in the control group (from 10.0 (9.0–11.5 [3.0–13.0]) to 11.0 (9.0–12.0 [4.0–14.0]); p = 0.0068).
Anaesthetics and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a pathological mechanism mimicking Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Fodale V. , Santamaria L. B. , Schifilliti D. , Mandal P. K. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryWith longevity, postoperative cognitive decline in the elderly has emerged as a major health concern for which several factors have been implicated, one of the most recent being the role of anaesthetics. Interactions of anaesthetic agents and different targets have been studied at the molecular, cellular and structural anatomical levels. Recent in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have shown that several anaesthetics act on the oligomerisation of amyloid β peptide. Uncontrolled production, oligomerisation and deposition of amyloid β peptide, with subsequent development of amyloid plaques, are fundamental steps in the generation of Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid β peptide is naturally present in the central nervous system, and is found at higher tissue concentrations in the elderly. We argue that administering certain general anaesthetics to elderly patients may worsen amyloid β peptide oligomerisation and deposition and thus increase the risk of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The aim of this review is to highlight the clinical aspects of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and to find plausible links between possible anaesthetic effects and the molecular pathological mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease. It is hoped that our hypothesis will stimulate further enquiry, especially triggering research into elucidating those anaesthetics that may be more suitable when cognitive dysfunction is a particular concern.
Modification of Tp‐e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia
Authors: Guillon A. , Leyre S. , Remérand F. , Taihlan B. , Perrotin F. , Fusciardi J. , Laffon M. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryThere are no guidelines for the anaesthetic management of caesarean section in women with long QT syndrome; the description of myocardial ventricular repolarisation in healthy women during caesarean delivery could be a first step. The aim of this study was to describe modification of the QT interval, corrected for heart rate, and the interval between the peak and the end of the T‐wave (Tpeak–Tend interval) during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. We studied 40 patients scheduled for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either ephedrine or phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. We injected 5 IU oxytocin after delivery. Corrected QT and Tpeak–Tend intervals were unchanged from pre‐operative values after induction of spinal anaesthesia, but increased significantly after oxytocin injection. The choice of vasopressor did not affect the Tpeak–Tend interval. The risk‐benefit balance of oxytocin bolus during caesarean delivery should be discussed with women with a history of long QT syndrome.
Increased adhesive properties of platelets in sickle cell disease: roles for αIIbβ3‐mediated ligand binding, diminished cAMP signalling and increased phosphodiesterase 3A activity
Authors: Proença‐Ferreira Renata , Franco‐Penteado Carla F. , Traina Fabiola , Saad Sara T. O. , Costa Fernando F. , Conran Nicola 
Published: February 2010

SummaryWhilst high pro‐coagulant activity is reported in sickle cell disease (SCD), the precise role of platelets (PLTs) in SCD inflammatory and vaso‐occlusive processes is unclear. Adhesion of PLTs from healthy controls (CON), SCD individuals (SCD) and SCD patients on hydroxycarbamide (SCDHC) to fibrinogen (FB) was compared using static adhesion assays. PLT adhesion molecules and intraplatelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate (icAMP) were observed by flow cytometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. SCD‐PLTs demonstrated significantly greater adhesion than CON‐PLTs to FB. Participation of the αIIbβ3‐integrin in SCD‐PLT adhesion was implicated by increased αIIbβ3activation and data showing that an αIIbβ3‐function‐inhibiting antibody significantly diminished SCD‐PLT adhesion to FB. Platelet activation was potentated by reductions inicAMP; cAMP levels were decreased in SCD‐PLTs, being comparable to those of thrombin‐stimulated CON‐PLTs. Furthermore, SCD‐PLT adhesion to FB was significantly reduced by cilostazol, an inhibitor of cAMP‐hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A). Both αIIbβ3‐integrin activation andicAMP correlated significantly with fetal haemoglobin in SCD. Accordingly, hydroxycarbamide therapy was associated with lower PLT adhesion and highericAMP. SCD‐PLTs may be capable of adhering to proteins encountered on the inflamed vascular wall and, potentially, participate in vaso‐occlusive processes. Hydroxycarbamide and, speculatively, nitric oxide donor or cyclic‐nucleotide‐targeted therapies may aid in the reversal of PLT adhesive properties in SCD.
Predicting population consequences of ocean climate change for an ecosystem sentinel, the seabird Cassin's auklet
Authors: WOLF SHAYE G. , SNYDER MARK A. , SYDEMAN WILLIAM J. , DOAK DANIEL F. , CROLL DONALD A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractForecasting the ecological effects of climate change on marine species is critical for informing greenhouse gas mitigation targets and developing marine conservation strategies that remain effective and increase species' resilience under changing climate conditions. Highly productive coastal upwelling systems are predicted to experience substantial effects from climate change, making them priorities for ecological forecasting. We used a population modeling approach to examine the consequences of ocean climate change in the California Current upwelling ecosystem on the population growth rate of the planktivorous seabird Cassin's auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), a demographically sensitive indicator of marine climate change. We use future climate projections for sea surface temperature and upwelling intensity from a regional climate model to forecast changes in the population growth rate of the auklet population at the important Farallon Island colony in central California. Our study projected that the auklet population growth rate will experience an absolute decline of 11–45% by the end of the century, placing this population on a trajectory toward extinction. In addition, future changes in upwelling intensity and timing of peak upwelling are likely to vary across auklet foraging regions in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE), producing a mosaic of climate conditions and ecological impacts across the auklet range. Overall, the Farallon Island Cassin's auklet population has been declining during recent decades, and ocean climate change in this century under a mid‐level emissions scenario is projected to accelerate this decline, leading toward population extinction. Because our study species has proven to be a sensitive indicator of oceanographic conditions in the CCE and a powerful predictor of the abundance of other important predators (i.e. salmon), the significant impacts we predicted for the Cassin's auklet provide insights into the consequences that ocean climate change may have for other plankton predators in this system.