bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macropolitics
Authors: Darby Derrick , Martinez Eduardo J 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the distinctive challenges and opportunities present at the macropolitical scale for discharging the responsibility to make collective self-authorship (CSA) processes accountable to group heterogeneity. It describes the challenge of scaling up, whereby uptake of these civic responsibilities tends to be more difficult at larger scales. It describes three strategies for scaling up that are in use in contemporary politics and how these strategies can be complementary, rather than at odds with one another. It also describes how organizations can be structured so as to facilitate or hinder the uptake of civic responsibilities and the importance of considering the effects of background conditions on the uptake of responsibilities.
Out of Many, One
Authors: van den Brink Martijn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows that the aim of legislative interpretation should be to respect the intentions of the legislature. The notion of legislative intent has been dismissed as unsound, first because the legislature, involving many individuals, would not be able to form coherent intentions and, second, because it would be impossible to know these individual intentions and thus to know legislative intent. This chapter overcomes both objections. It first shows that even an institution as complex as the European Union legislature can aggregate its members’ intentions into coherent legislative intentions. It explains how groups can structure their decision-making to avoid taking inconsistent decisions and that the legislature is structured to create coherent intentional attitudes. Second, it explains that while the intentions of individual legislators are relevant to the formation of legislative intent, they are irrelevant to the identification of legislative intent, which can be ascertained without knowing individual intentions.
Identifying Intent
Authors: van den Brink Martijn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how legal officials should interpret legislation if they want to understand and respect its intended meaning and consequences. It refutes both the instrumental interpretation of legislation—the idea that legislation must be interpreted with the aim of achieving desirable results—and purposive legislative interpretation. The chapter argues that while there is more agreement on the meaning of European Union (EU) law than is often thought, legislation must necessarily be read literally. Literal interpretation may not allow the identification of the intention in a legislative act. Instead, the object of interpretation should be the legislative intent in a provision. Legislative intent can be discerned by placing the meaning of the legislative text in the context in which the EU legislature expressed itself. This context includes other provisions of EU law and the objectives and state of evolution of legislation.
Conclusion
Authors: van den Brink Martijn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarises the main arguments and findings presented in the book. It then poses the question whether there might be a dignity to international legislation just as there is, according to some, a dignity to domestic legislation and, as this book has shown, a dignity to EU legislation. This chapter does not answer this question but gives some pointers on how to answer it. Following the book’s suggestion that the legitimacy of international courts is context-dependent, this chapter highlights three context-specific dimensions that need to be considered in the evaluation of international courts: institutional context, domain context, and societal context.
Kantian Dignity and its Difficulties
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This book is a systematic and historical study of the nature and reception of Kant’s distinctive conception of dignity. The first chapter discusses contemporary interpretations and defends Kant’s concept of dignity as rooted in a basic capacity of reason for morality, and as an unconditional, all-or-nothing, and inviolable feature of all human beings, one that deserves universal respect. The next four chapters build on this systematic account by explaining how Kant’s notion of dignity was further clarified, or seriously misunderstood or neglected, in five significant contexts: the Baltics (Herder and Prussia's relation to the east), Berlin (the rise of Fascism), Philadelphia (the Declaration of Independence), London (Richard Price and reactions to the American and French Revolutions), and Washington (twentieth-century threats to democracy, in relation to Thomas Mann's career). These chapters stress the surprising fact that Kant ignored the enlightened institutions of the United States. They argue that, in addition to expressing specific racist and anti-Semitic prejudices, Kant held to a general old-world elitist prejudice, in conflict with his own principles. The book concludes with a discussion of Thomas Mann as an especially relevant and influential thinker. At first, Mann advocated a chauvinist misunderstanding of Kantian dignity, but later he promoted a cosmopolitan understanding of dignity that included—unlike Kant—an appreciation of the enlightened aspects of the American tradition. Ironically, when Mann arrived at his later view under the influence of Walt Whitman, this helped him to better appreciate the Kantian features of Early Romantic writings in his own tradition.
The Distinctiveness of Kantian Dignity
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter defends a “mainline interpretation” of Kant’s basic concept of dignity as an unconditional, all-or-nothing, and inviolable feature of all human beings, one that deserves universal respect. This contrasts with earlier notions of dignity that make it a matter of contingent rank or a certain degree of achievement that can be gained or lost by individuals. Kant’s concept is explained as rooted in a universal human capacity of reason for morality, and specifically duty in a pure sense that is ultimately aimed at the highest good, and with a meaning that is compatible with a form of moral realism. Understandings of dignity in terms of achievement or mere rationality are criticized as inappropriate and not representative of Kant’s own view. The contemporary interpretations of Paul Formosa, Richard Dean, and others are evaluated in this context.
Dignity as Unconditioned: Race, Religion, and Fascism
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter evaluates serious accusations against Kant and his philosophy as being tied to racism, religious prejudice, and even the horrors of Fascism. The criticisms of Kant by Charles W. Mills, Michael Lackey, and Paul W. Franks are distinguished and assessed. A distinction is made between Lackey’s more radical critique of Kant and Christianity in general as playing a major role in the rise of Fascism, and the critique by Franks, which focuses on specific aspects of the anti-Judaic tradition in German philosophy. Lackey is commended for his detailed documentation of the little-known but significant influence on Fascism of Houston Stewart Chamberlain’s nationalist and racist interpretation of Kant. It is argued, however, that Chamberlain and the Fascists horribly distorted both Christianity and Kant’s real views on duty and dignity. Franks’s criticism of anti-Semitism in Kant and others, however, is argued to be well-founded.
Dignity and Democracy: Missed Connections with the United States
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that, surprisingly, there is no evidence that Kant endorsed the Declaration of Independence or the widely known ideas of figures such as Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. At the same time that Kant was ignoring the Americans, philosophers such as Richard Price and Jeremy Bentham were vigorously debating and influencing American developments. At that time Kant also did not show an interest in the problems caused by the effects of aggressive German expansion in the Baltic area where Kant himself lived. In his double lack of interest in the progressive side of American politics and the repressive side of Germany’s expansion, Kant’s entrenched elitist attitude resembled, in some ways, the later position of Fascism. Kant’s odd attitude in this case was not a matter of racism, however, and it was inconsistent with his doctrine of universal human dignity and his critique of colonialism.
Thomas Mann’s Path, Part II: Intellectual Foundations in German Philosophy
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter treats Thomas Mann as a serious philosophical figure who had an outstanding grasp of the complex development of post-Kantian thought. Mann held Kant and the Early Romantics in the highest regard, but in his early career he was especially fascinated by the trio of Schopenhauer, Wagner, and Nietzsche. An important influence on Mann’s late work was Kierkegaard’s critique of Hegel’s excessive rationalism as well as his appreciation of the importance of aesthetics, combined with an incisive critique of an overly aesthetic orientation. Mann had an excellent understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of all of these post-Kantian figures, but only in his later career did he see that it is best to go beyond the whole sequence from Hegel to Nietzsche by returning to Kant’s notion of dignity, and pure and democratic morality, supplemented by the creative insights that he always admired in the Early Romantics.
Thomas Mann’s Path, Part III: Back to the Early Romantics and Kantian Dignity
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter documents in detail two phases in Thomas Mann’s thinking about dignity and duty. In its first phase, Mann’s thinking was expressed in chauvinist terms that claimed that Germany’s autocratic Reich and World War I position had a basis in Kant’s philosophy. In 1922, however, political chaos led Mann to defend the new German republic. His defense invoked a genuinely Kantian notion of dignity and duty while appealing to the writings of Novalis as well as Walt Whitman and the example of the United States. This appeal has perplexed scholars, but the chapter argues that Mann’s position is an appropriate expression of his enlightened philosophical trajectory. In conclusion, the chapter notes that, despite Mann’s significant work in behalf of democracy and the fight against Fascism, there remained ambiguities in Mann’s attitude, and his excessive admiration for Nietzsche’s style of writing illustrates a serious general weakness in post-Kantian culture.
For Whose Sake and Benefit? A Critical Analysis of Leading International Treaty Proposals to Protect Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E , Tselepy Jessica 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Despite the considerable expansion of international law into virtually all areas of modern life, to date there is no international treaty in force to protect the interests of nonhuman animals. The lack of regulation and coordination at the international level comes at a considerable cost for animals, first and foremost, but also for humans, as the recent pandemic and ongoing climate crisis emphatically demonstrate. Proposals to fill this gap have proliferated in recent years, notably with the UN Convention on Animal Health and Protection (UNCAHP) and the Convention on Animal Protection for Public Health, Animal Welfare, and the Environment (CAP). This Article is the first of its kind to provide a critical legal analysis of the two draft treaties in order to assess their likely impacts on nonhuman animals, but also on human groups affected by their consequences. It first analyzes the draft treaties’ preambular language and broader setting to determine whether the treaties are embedded in arguments about human health, environmental protection, or mitigation of climate change, or whether animals are identified as direct beneficiaries of the treaty, and what the promises and dangers of each of these approaches are. The Article then looks to the treaties’ operative clauses, uncovering two problematic dynamics of the bedrock principle of “unnecessary suffering”: First, the maintenance of anthropocentric interest prioritization; and, second, its likely promotion of “Western” ways of using animals and the concomitant framing of “non-Western” practices as “culturally backward” and “uncivilized.” The Article concludes by offering guidance on how a progressive treaty could succeed at advancing human and nonhuman animals’ interests in tandem.
Evaluating the Sysmex DI-60 Integrated Slide Processing System’s impact on hematology differential turnaround times and patient care: Real-world implementation experience in a large Veterans Affairs hospital
Authors: Lundgren Cory R 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This quality improvement study conducted at the Kansas City VA Medical Center in Kansas City, Missouri, investigated the Sysmex DI-60 Integrated Slide Processing System’s ability to improve hematology turnaround times when integrated into daily practices. It further addressed potential patient care factors associated with changes in turnaround times.

Methods
Three months of manual and Sysmex DI-60 patient data were examined between May 2022 and February 2023. White blood cell (WBC) ranges, turnaround times, working hours, and study months were analyzed using 2-tailed unpaired t testing and percentage change. The number of specimens in these categories was further analyzed using 2-tailed, 2-sample proportion testing.

Results
This quality improvement study indicated that the Sysmex DI-60 system produced a statistically significant reduction in turnaround times overall and for various ranges of WBCs plus work shifts. The most statistically significant improvement in turnaround times occurred for WBC concentrations less than 2.0 × 103/µL and concentrations within the reference range. In addition, the off shifts experienced a notable improvement in turnaround times.

Conclusions
The Sysmex DI-60 system substantially decreases turnaround times for differentials, thus potentially benefiting patient care by providing prompt results. It is possible that reducing turnaround times could expedite emergency department admissions and discharges as well as enhance care for the oncology department’s patients. It could also lead to more timely results for patients with false-positive flags by the Sysmex analyzer, which may also help with clinician decision-making.
Evidence-Based Holistic Approach to Supporting International Students’ English Language Proficiency Needs and Wellbeing: The Impact of Personalized Autonomous Learning
Authors: Kim Mira , Black Sharyn , Clifton Jemma 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate more efficient ways to support international students at the authors’ university, where a significant proportion of students speak English as an Additional Language (EAL). Recognizing limited success in holistic language development, the study assessed the impacts of a self-directed learning English course called Personalized English Language Enhancement (PELE) built from a Personalized Autonomous model of learning. Building on prior research that demonstrated the pedagogical efficacy of PELE (Kim 2023), the current study compared results from EAL students who did and did not take the course and analysed the relationships between students’ English self-efficacy and well-being. Results showed PELE benefitted students in various areas, often significantly more than non-PELE students. Improvements extended beyond language proficiency to social and self-directed learning skills and overall well-being. This study emphasizes a shift from treating language proficiency as a singular challenge to equipping students with multifaceted tools for enriched English learning, autonomy, and resilience.
Discovering genomic islands in unannotated bacterial genomes using sequence embedding
Authors: Banerjee Priyanka , Eulenstein Oliver , Friedberg Iddo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Genomic islands (GEIs) are clusters of genes in bacterial genomes that are typically acquired by horizontal gene transfer. GEIs play a crucial role in the evolution of bacteria by rapidly introducing genetic diversity and thus helping them adapt to changing environments. Specifically of interest to human health, many GEIs contain pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance genes. Detecting GEIs is, therefore, an important problem in biomedical and environmental research. There have been many previous studies for computationally identifying GEIs. Still, most of these studies rely on detecting anomalies in the unannotated nucleotide sequences or on a fixed set of known features on annotated nucleotide sequences.

Results
Here, we present TreasureIsland, which uses a new unsupervised representation of DNA sequences to predict GEIs. We developed a high-precision boundary detection method featuring an incremental fine-tuning of GEI borders, and we evaluated the accuracy of this framework using a new comprehensive reference dataset, Benbow. We show that TreasureIsland’s accuracy rivals other GEI predictors, enabling efficient and faster identification of GEIs in unannotated bacterial genomes.

Availability and implementation
TreasureIsland is available under an MIT license at: https://github.com/FriedbergLab/GenomicIslandPrediction.
A deep learning method to predict bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins
Authors: Zheng Dandan , Zhou Siyu , Chen Lihong , Pang Guansong , Yang Jian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Motivation
ADP-ribosylation is a critical modification involved in regulating diverse cellular processes, including chromatin structure regulation, RNA transcription, and cell death. Bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins (bARTTs) serve as potent virulence factors that orchestrate the manipulation of host cell functions to facilitate bacterial pathogenesis. Despite their pivotal role, the bioinformatic identification of novel bARTTs poses a formidable challenge due to limited verified data and the inherent sequence diversity among bARTT members.

Results
We proposed a deep learning-based model, ARTNet, specifically engineered to predict bARTTs from bacterial genomes. Initially, we introduced an effective data augmentation method to address the issue of data scarcity in training ARTNet. Subsequently, we employed a data optimization strategy by utilizing ART-related domain subsequences instead of the primary full sequences, thereby significantly enhancing the performance of ARTNet. ARTNet achieved a Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.9351 and an F1-score (macro) of 0.9666 on repeated independent test datasets, outperforming three other deep learning models and six traditional machine learning models in terms of time efficiency and accuracy. Furthermore, we empirically demonstrated the ability of ARTNet to predict novel bARTTs across domain superfamilies without sequence similarity. We anticipate that ARTNet will greatly facilitate the screening and identification of novel bARTTs from bacterial genomes.

Availability and implementation
ARTNet is publicly accessible at http://www.mgc.ac.cn/ARTNet/. The source code of ARTNet is freely available at https://github.com/zhengdd0422/ARTNet/.
Quantitative evaluation using carotid ultrasonography-based high-frame-rate vector flow imaging in patients with low carotid stenosis
Authors: Chen Jing , Zhang Luni , Gu Shiyao , Jia Caixia , Wu Rong 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objective
To explore the role of quantitative evaluation using carotid ultrasonography (US)-based high-frame-rate vector flow (V Flow) imaging in patients with low carotid stenosis.

Methods
This single-centre cross-sectional study consecutively recruited volunteers without carotid plaque and patients with low carotid stenosis from August 2022 to May 2023. Patients were divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups according to their head CT or MRI results within 8 weeks. All V Flow imaging examinations were performed using a Mindray Resona R9 US system. The wall shear stress (WSS) values, oscillatory shear index (OSI) values, and turbulence (Tur) indexes in the normal common carotid artery (CCA), normal carotid bifurcation (CB), and on the upstream and downstream surface of carotid plaque were measured. Pearson Chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used for counting data according to their type. For measurement data, independent sample t test and non-parametric rank sum test were used.

Results
The results proved that patients have higher WSS values and Tur indexes of CB than volunteers, and higher WSS values were detected on the surface of the plaques in symptomatic patients. What’s more, the downstream side of the plaque was more vulnerable to plaque rupture than the upstream side due to more dynamic blood flow.

Conclusion
Therefore, carotid US-based high-frame-rate V Flow imaging provides reliable mechanical biomarkers for assessing the haemodynamic change in patients with low stenosis. Our study may provide a new imaging tool for monitoring the progression of atherosclerosis and aiding the management of early atherosclerotic patients.

Advances in knowledge
Our study firstly investigated the difference of V Flow parameters on the surface of carotid plaques between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with low carotid stenosis, which is expected to provide haemodynamic information and the mechanical basis for plaque rupture.
Do we empathize humanoid robots and humans in the same way? Behavioral and multimodal brain imaging investigations
Authors: Wu Taoyu , Zheng Huang , Zheng Guo , Huo Tengbin , Han Shihui 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Humanoid robots have been designed to look more and more like humans to meet social demands. How do people empathize humanoid robots who look the same as but are essentially different from humans? We addressed this issue by examining subjective feelings, electrophysiological activities, and functional magnetic resonance imaging signals during perception of pain and neutral expressions of faces that were recognized as patients or humanoid robots. We found that healthy adults reported deceased feelings of understanding and sharing of humanoid robots’ compared to patients’ pain. Moreover, humanoid robot (vs. patient) identities reduced long-latency electrophysiological responses and blood oxygenation level–dependent signals in the left temporoparietal junction in response to pain (vs. neutral) expressions. Furthermore, we showed evidence that humanoid robot identities inhibited a causal input from the right ventral lateral prefrontal cortex to the left temporoparietal junction, contrasting the opposite effect produced by patient identities. These results suggest a neural model of modulations of empathy by humanoid robot identity through interactions between the cognitive and affective empathy networks, which provides a neurocognitive basis for understanding human–robot interactions.
How do we treat severely prolapsed true ectopia cordis?
Authors: Masaki Naoki , Tatewaki Hideki , Sanada Takehiko , Sai Sadahiro 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Ectopia cordis is an extremely rare condition where the heart displaces outside the thoracic cavity. Treating this, especially when accompanied by congenital heart diseases and severe protrusion, is challenging. Here, we present a case of successful treatment involving intracardiac repair and delayed sternal closure using local skin flaps.