bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A note on the biadjunction between 2-categories of traced monoidal categories and tortile monoidal categories
Authors: HASEGAWA MASAHITO , KATSUMATA SHIN-YA 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe illustrate a minor error in the biadjointness result for 2-categories of traced monoidal categories and tortile monoidal categories stated by Joyal, Street and Verity. We also show that the biadjointness holds after suitably changing the definition of 2-cells.
Editorial A Glimpse of EU Government
Authors: JWS  , WTE  
Published: May 2009

A glimpse of EU governmentWhen president Sarkozy said, before the European Parliament on 16 December 2008, that the French presidency had allowed the European institutions to function at full capacity and successfully, he corrected a widely held image. The image, proffered in the media and in even better informed circles, was that he, Nicolas Sarkozy, happening into a repetition of crises which plunged him into his element, had personally gone around to solve one crisis after the other. According to Sarkozy himself, that was not the case. It was the European states, the Brussels institutions and the Parliament that had for once taken their responsibility and had acted.
Validation of a Modified Version of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System Risk Index for Health Services Research
Authors: Daneman Nick , Simor Andrew E. , Redelmeier Donald A. 
Published: May 2009

Objective.To validate the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system risk index through administrative data to predict surgical site infections.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.Population-based analysis in Ontario, Canada.Patients.All elderly patients who underwent elective surgery from April 1, 1992, through March 31, 2006 (n = 469,349).Methods.Data on procedural and patient outcomes were gathered from linked population-wide hospital discharge records and physician claims. The 75th percentile of surgical duration was estimated through anesthesiologist billing fees recorded in 15-minute increments; the American Society of Anesthesiology score of at least 3 out of 5 was estimated by diagnostic codes for severe systemic illness; and all surgeries were classified as clean or clean-contaminated because of their elective nature (thus, the maximum score on the modified index was 2).Results.A total of 147,216 surgeries (31%) had a score of 0;246,592 (53%) had a score of 1; and 75,541 (16%) had a score of 2 on the modified index. The 30-day risk of surgical site infection increased with each increment in the modified index (score of 0, 5.4%; score of 1, 8.0%; score of 2, 14.3%; P < .001). The association was evident for surgical site infection diagnosed during the index admission (score of 0, 2.0%; score of 1, 3.7%; score of 2, 8.9%; P < .001), as well as that associated with reoperation or death (score of 0, 0.04%; score of 1, 0.23%; score of 2, 0.73%; P < .001). The modified index predicted increases in surgical site infection risk within each of 11 surgical subgroups. In accord with past research, the modified index had modest discrimination (C statistic, 0.59), and the majority of surgical site infections (72%) occurred within lower risk strata.Conclusions.The modified index predicts surgical site infection in population-based analyses and is associated with incremental increases in risk.
Patient and informal caregivers’ knowledge of heart failure: necessary but insufficient for effective self‐care
Authors: Clark Alexander M. , Freydberg C. Nicole , McAlister Finlay A. , Tsuyuki Ross T. , Armstrong Paul W. , Strain Laurel A. 
Published: May 2009

AimsSelf‐care of heart failure (HF) is a process that is important, complex, and challenging. Little is understood of the contextual factors influencing self‐care. We aimed to examine the individual and contextual factors perceived by patients and their informal caregivers’ to influence their willingness and capacity to undertake effective HF self‐care.Methods and resultsThis was a qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews with 42 patients with HF (NYHA Class II and III, mean age: 76 years, 64% males) and 30 nominated caregivers (63% spouses). All patients experienced severe and intrusive HF symptoms; a large proportion of patients practiced some of the range of recommended self‐care activities. However, links between knowledge of HF and self‐care were weak and long delays in seeking professional care were frequent. Factors consistently reported to influence self‐care were faith in health professionals, beliefs about the local health system, and values linked to work associated with place, history, and culture.ConclusionKnowledge of HF and its management is a necessary though not sufficient determinant of HF self‐care. Individual and contextual factors influence willingness and capacity to undertake effective HF self‐care.
Quantitative trait loci for live animal and carcass composition traits in Jersey and Limousin back‐cross cattle finished on pasture or feedlot
Authors: Morris C. A. , Pitchford W. S. , Cullen N. G. , Esmailizadeh A. K. , Hickey S. M. , Hyndman D. , Dodds K. G. , Afolayan R. A. , Crawford A. M. , Bottema C. D. K. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA quantitative trait locus (QTL) study was carried out in two countries, recording live animal and carcass composition traits. Back‐cross calves (385 heifers and 398 steers) were generated, with Jersey and Limousin breed backgrounds. The New Zealand cattle were reared on pasture to carcass weights averaging 229 kg, whilst the Australian cattle were reared on grass and finished on grain (for at least 180 days) to carcass weights averaging 335 kg. From 11 live animal traits and 31 carcass composition traits respectively, 5 and 22 QTL were detected in combined‐sire analyses, which were significant (P < 0.05) on a genome‐wise basis. Fourteen significant traits for carcass composition QTL were on chromosome 2 and these were traits associated with muscling and fatness. This chromosome carried a variant myostatin allele (F94L), segregating from the Limousin ancestry. Despite very different cattle management systems between the two countries, the two populations had a large number of QTL in common. Of the 18 traits which were common to both countries, and which had significant QTL at the genome‐wise level, eight were significant in both countries.
A whole genome association analysis identifies loci associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection status in US holstein cattle
Authors: Settles M. , Zanella R. , McKay S. D. , Schnabel R. D. , Taylor J. F. , Whitlock R. , Schukken Y. , Van Kessel J. S. , Smith J. M. , Neibergs H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to identify loci associated with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection status in US Holsteins using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay. Two hundred forty‐five cows from dairies in New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont enrolled in longitudinal herd studies between January 1999 and November 2007 were assessed for the presence of Map in both faecal and tissue samples. An animal was considered tissue infected if any sample contained at least one colony forming unit of Map per gram of tissue (CFU/g) and the same definition was employed for faecal samples. Each animal was genotyped with the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip and after quality assurance filtering, 218 animals and 45 683 SNPs remained. We sought to identify loci associated with four different case/control classifications: presence of Map in the tissue, presence of Map in faeces, presence of Map in both tissue and faeces and presence of Map in tissue but not faeces. A case–control genome wide association study was conducted to test the four different classifications of Map infection status (cases) when compared with a Map‐negative control group (control). Regions on chromosomes 1, 5, 7, 8, 16, 21 and 23 were identified with moderate significance (P < 5 × 10−5). Two regions, one on chromosome 3 (near EDN2) and another on chromosome 9 (no positional gene candidates), were identified with a high level of association to the presence of Map in tissue and both tissue and faeces respectively (P < 5 × 10−7, genome‐wide Bonferonni P < 0.05).
Analysis of the oviductal glycoprotein 1 polymorphisms and their effects on components of litter size in rabbits
Authors: Merchán M. , Peiró R. , Argente M. J. , Santacreu M. A. , García M. L. , Blasco A. , Folch J. M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe objective of this work was to study the effect of the oviductal glycoprotein 1 (OVGP1) genotype and mRNA expression on litter size and other fertility measures, as OVGP1 has positive effects on fertilization and early embryo development. We have analysed an F2 cross of two lines of rabbits divergently selected for uterine capacity. The OVGP1 mRNA expression was analysed in both lines, but no differences were observed between them. The promoter region and mRNA were sequenced in the F0 generation, and 17 polymorphic sites were found to co‐segregate in three haplotypes (A, B and C). An association study was performed between several reproductive traits and a triallelic microsatellite identified in the promoter region as well as a non‐synonymous SNP located in exon 11 [g.12944C>G (p.Arg468Gly)]. The alleles g.12944G and g.325(GT)14T(G)5 of the B haplotype have a positive effect on the total number of kits born, number born alive, number of implanted embryos and foetal and prenatal embryo survival.
Pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and darunavir with low‐dose ritonavir in HIV‐1‐infected patients
Authors: Sekar Vanitha , Lefebvre Eric , Mariën Kris , De Pauw Martine , Vangeneugden Tony , Pozniak Anton , Hoetelmans Richard M. W. 
Published: May 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• The protease inhibitor (PI) darunavir with low‐dose ritonavir (DRV/r) and the non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) nevirapine (NVP) are used in combination with other antiretroviral agents and they may be co‐administered for the treatment of HIV‐1 infection.• There is the potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction between NVP and DRV/r, since these drugs use similar metabolic pathways.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This study assesses for the first time the extent of the drug–drug interaction between NVP and DRV/r in the relevant population of HIV‐1‐infected patients.AIMTo investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) and nevirapine (NVP) in 19 HIV‐infected patients.METHODSAn open‐label, randomized, crossover study. Patients received Treatment A [NVP 200 mg b.i.d. plus ≥2 nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)] and Treatment B [A plus DRV/r 300/100 mg b.i.d. (DRV oral solution)] or Treatment B2 [A plus DRV/r 400/100 mg b.i.d. (DRV tablet)] in two 14‐day sessions.RESULTSMean NVP AUC12hincreased by 27% [least square means ratio 1.27 (95% confidence interval 1.02, 1.58)]. Mean DRV and ritonavir exposures were similar to historical data. Co‐administration was well tolerated.CONCLUSIONSDRV/r and NVP have no clinically relevant interaction. No dose adjustments are required.
Effects ofCYP2D6genotypes on age‐related change of flecainide metabolism: involvement of CYP1A2‐mediated metabolism
Authors: Doki Kosuke , Homma Masato , Kuga Keisuke , Aonuma Kazutaka , Kohda Yukinao 
Published: May 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• CYP2D6 is a main enzyme for flecainide metabolism in terms of the conversion of flecainide tom‐O‐dealkylated flecainide (MODF).• Age‐related reduction of flecainide metabolism cannot be explained by CYP2D6 alone, the activity of which is known to be practically unchanged by ageing.• Flecainide metabolites including MODF have been found in plasma obtained from CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, suggesting that other CYPs may be involved in flecainide metabolism.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Age‐related reduction in metabolic clearance of flecainide was remarkable in patients carryingCYP2D6mutant alleles.• Anin vitrostudy using human liver microsomes revealed that CYP1A2 was involved in MODF formation in addition to CYP2D6.• It is suggested that CYP1A2 plays an important role in flecainide metabolism in patients with poor CYP2D6‐mediated metabolism.AIMSThe aim of this study was to clarify the effects ofCYP2D6genotype on age‐related change in flecainide metabolism in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Anin vitrostudy using microsomes was performed to identify other CYPs responsible for age‐related change in flecainide metabolism.METHODSThe study population comprised 111 genotyped patients: CYP2D6‐homozygous extensive metabolizers (hom‐EMs,n= 34), heterozygous EMs (het‐EMs,n= 56), and intermediate and poor metabolizers (IMs/PMs,n= 21). Serum concentrations of flecainide and its metabolites [m‐O‐dealkylated flecainide (MODF) andm‐O‐dealkylated lactam of flecainide] were determined by use of a high‐performance liquid chromatography. Metabolic ratio (MR) was expressed as serum concentrations of flecainide to its metabolites.In vitroformation of MODF was examined in human liver microsomes and cDNA‐expressed CYP isoforms.RESULTSMR was higher in elderly patients (≥70 years) than in middle‐aged patients (<70 years). The increase of MR in elderly patients differed amongCYP2D6genotypes: 1.6‐fold in het‐EMs [4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8, 5.7vs.2.7, 95% CI 2.3, 3.1,P< 0.05], 1.5‐fold in IMs/PMs (6.0, 95% CI 4.5, 7.6vs.4.1, 95% CI 2.9, 5.4,P< 0.05), and no change in hom‐EMs. Thein vitrostudy using microsomes revealed that both CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 were involved in the formation of MODF. MODF formation in CYP2D6 PM microsomes increased as CYP1A2 activity increased.CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that patients with poor CYP2D6‐mediated metabolism (het‐EMs and IMs/PMs) showed age‐related reduction in flecainide metabolism because metabolism was taken over by CYP1A2, whose activity decreases with age.
Differential role of sodium channels SCN1A and SCN2A gene polymorphisms with epilepsy and multiple drug resistance in the north Indian population
Authors: Lakhan Ram , Kumari Ritu , Misra Usha K. , Kalita Jayanti , Pradhan Sunil , Mittal Balraj 
Published: May 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The SCN1A and SCN2A genes encode α subunits of the neuronal voltage‐gated sodium channel, which are targets for various antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate and others.• Recent studies have demonstrated that various genetic variants of these channel genes play important role in the pathogenesis and therapy of epilepsy. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study demonstrates a significant association between the SCN1A c.3184 A→G; AG genotype and epilepsy.• However SCN2A c.56 G→A; allele ‘A’ was significantly associated with multiple drug resistance in epilepsy in north Indian population.AIMSTo evaluate sodium channel genes as candidates for epilepsy susceptibility and their role in therapeutic efficacy, we screened coding single‐nucleotide polymorphism of SCN1A p. Thr 1067 Ala or c.3184 A→G (rs2298771) and SCN2A p.Arg19Lys or c.56 G→A (rs17183814) in north Indian epilepsy patients.METHODSThe genotyping was performed in 160 control subjects and 336 patients with epilepsy, of whom 117 were drug resistant and 219 were drug responsive. Therapeutic drug monitoring for phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and valproate was also performed in 20% of the patients to confirm compliance.RESULTSAG genotype of SCN1A 3184 A→G polymorphism was significantly higher and associated in epilepsy patients [P= 0.005; odds ratio (OR) 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19, 2.61], whereas A variant of SCN2A c.56 G→A was associated with multiple drug resistance in north Indian patients with epilepsy (P= 0.03; OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.03, 2.56).CONCLUSIONSOverall, results indicate a differential role of genetic polymorphisms of sodium channels SCN1A and SCN2A in epilepsy susceptibility and drug response.
No significant effect of ABCB1 haplotypes on the pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and rosuvastatin
Authors: Keskitalo Jenni E. , Kurkinen Kaisa J. , Neuvonen Mikko , Backman Janne T. , Neuvonen Pertti J. , Niemi Mikko 
Published: May 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • ABCB1 genotype affects the pharmacokinetics and cholesterol‐lowering effects of simvastatin and atorvastatin.• The cholesterol‐lowering effect of fluvastatin has been associated with ABCB1 genotype, and pravastatin, lovastatin, lovastatin acid, and rosuvastatin are substrates of ABCB1.• However, it is not known whether ABCB1 genotype affects the pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, or rosuvastatin. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • ABCB1 c.1236C‐c.2677G‐c.3435C and c.1236T‐c.2677T‐c.3435T haplotypes have no significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, or rosuvastatin.AIMSThis study aimed to investigate possible effects of ABCB1 genotype on fluvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics.METHODSIn a fixed‐order crossover study, 10 healthy volunteers with the ABCB1 c.1236C/C‐c.2677G/G‐c.3435C/C (CGC/CGC) genotype and 10 with the c.1236T/T‐c.2677T/T‐c.3435T/T (TTT/TTT) genotype ingested a single 20‐mg dose of fluvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and rosuvastatin. Plasma fluvastatin, pravastatin, and lovastatin concentrations were measured up to 12 h and plasma and urine rosuvastatin concentrations up to 48 and 24 h, respectively.RESULTSThe ABCB1 genotype had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of any of the investigated statins. The geometric mean ratio (95% confidence interval) of the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC0–∞) in participants with the TTT/TTT genotype to that in those with the CGC/CGC genotype was 0.96 (0.77, 1.20; P= 0.737) for fluvastatin, 0.92 (0.53, 1.62; P= 0.772) for pravastatin, 0.83 (0.36, 1.90; P= 0.644) for lovastatin, 1.25 (0.72, 2.17; P= 0.400) for lovastatin acid, and 1.10 (0.73, 1.65; P= 0.626) for rosuvastatin. The AUC0–∞ of lovastatin acid correlated significantly with that of rosuvastatin (r= 0.570, P= 0.009), but none of the other AUC0–∞ pairs showed a significant correlation.CONCLUSIONSThese data suggest that the ABCB1 c.1236C‐c.2677G‐c.3435C and c.1236T‐c.2677T‐c.3435T haplotypes play no significant role in the interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and rosuvastatin.
Randomized placebo‐controlled trial of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) as supportive care after induction chemotherapy in adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: a study of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council Adult Leukaemia Working Party
Authors: Wheatley Keith , Goldstone Anthony H. , Littlewood Tim , Hunter Anne , Burnett Alan K. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe role of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) as supportive therapy following intensive induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in adults was investigated in a randomized trial. G‐CSF (Lenograstim, 263 μg/d) or placebo was administered from day 8 after the end of chemotherapy until neutrophil recovery to 0·5 × 109/l (or for up to 10 d). Eight hundred and three patients were entered. Neutrophil recovery was quicker with G‐CSF (P < 0·0001), but this did not lead to differences in the number, severity or duration of infections. There were no substantial supportive care savings, although G‐CSF patients spent 2 d less in hospital (P = 0·01). Complete remission (CR) rates were similar between arms (73% G‐CSF, 75% placebo, P = 0·5), as were reasons for failure (induction death: P = 0·7; resistant disease: P = 0·5) and, for remitters, 5‐year disease‐free survival (34% vs. 38%, P = 0·3). Overall survival at 5 years was 29% with G‐CSF vs. 36% with placebo (P = 0·10). Both CR rate (P = 0·006) and overall survival (P = 0·006) were worse with G‐CSF in patients aged <40 years, but this may be a chance effect. There is some evidence from this trial of an adverse effect of G‐CSF but these data need to be viewed in the context of the evidence from the other trials.
Prescribing of psychotropic medication to the intellectually disabled by community paediatricians – a survey
Authors: Elliott S. J. , Haider B. B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground  Children with intellectual disability are often managed by community paediatricians and have a high prevalence of mental disorder. We do not know whether community paediatricians feel adequately trained to treat this group although we know that paediatricians contribute significantly to psychotropic prescribing for children.Methods  Psychotropic medication prescribing by community paediatricians to the intellectually disabled in the north‐west and northern regions, community paediatricians' perceived training needs in this area and the availability of specialized psychiatric services were surveyed. Postal questionnaires were sent to all members of the British Association of Community Child Health in the north and north western regions (n= 155), between summer 2004 and autumn 2005.Results  A total of 70.1% (n= 110) of questionnaires were returned of which 66 were completed. The most common reason for non‐completion was that the respondent did not look after the intellectually disabled. A total of 54.5% of respondents did not have access to specialist psychiatry services for children and adolescents with an intellectual disability. Community paediatricians were most likely to prescribe for sleep disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There was a significant relationship between perceived adequacy of training and paediatrics prescribing for ADHD, but there was no such relationship for sleep disorders. The vast majority of community paediatricians did not feel adequately trained to prescribe for challenging behaviour or depression, although a small minority did prescribe.Conclusions  Community paediatricians play a substantial role in prescribing psychotropic medications for this group. A substantial minority of community paediatricians do not feel that they have enough training to prescribe for ADHD and sleep disorders, and perceived competency is more likely to inform prescribing for ADHD than for sleep disorders. This may have implications for training. Although these children pose complex difficulties, access to specialist mental health services for children and adolescents with intellectual disability remains patchy, especially in the north‐west, and further development of these services is needed.