bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological normalization of circulation after acute brain death
Authors: STEEN S. , SJÖBERG T. , LIAO Q. , BOZOVIC G. , WOHLFART B. 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundCirculatory instability is a serious problem after brain death in organ donors. The hypotension is often counteracted with infusion of large amounts of crystalloid solutions, which may impair lung function leading to rejection of the lungs as donor organs. The aim was to show that the circulation can be normalized pharmacologically for 24 h in pigs after total removal of the brain and brainstem by decapitation (between C2 and C3).MethodsTwenty‐four 40‐kg pigs (n = 8 × 3) were included: non‐decapitated, decapitated, and decapitated with pharmacological treatment. All animals got the same basal fluid supply and ventilation. The pharmacological treatment consisted of the neuronal monoamine reuptake blocker cocaine and low doses of noradrenaline and adrenaline. Desmopressin, triiodothyroxine, thyroxine and cortisol were also given.ResultsAfter decapitation, a catecholamine storm occurred, with an increase of noradrenaline and adrenaline by a factor of 79 and 298, respectively. Thirty minutes later, the pigs were hypotensive. The median time to the aortic pressure that was less than 40 mmHg was 9:09 h (range 5:50 to 22:01). After 6 h, the concentration of thyroid hormones and cortisol was significantly reduced. With pharmacological treatment of decapitated animals, the aortic pressure, renal blood flow, creatinine, urine production, liver function and blood gases did not differ significantly from the non‐decapitated control animals.ConclusionPharmacological substitution of pituitary gland function, blockade of peripheral catecholamine neuronal reuptake and low doses of catecholamines normalize circulation in decapitated pigs throughout a 24‐h observation period, whereas untreated decapitated pigs all develop severe circulatory collapse within 12 h.
Expression patterns of histone deacetylases in experimental stroke and potential targets for neuroprotection
Authors: Chen Yan‐Ting , Zang Xue‐Feng , Pan Jie , Zhu Xiao‐Lei , Chen Fei , Chen Zhi‐Bin , Xu Yun 
Published: June 2012

Summary

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors exert neuroprotection in both cellular and animal models of ischaemic stroke. However, which HDAC isoform (or isoforms) mediates this beneficial effect has not yet been determined.

In the present study, gene levels of the HDAC isoforms were determined in the mouse cortex using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), whereas changes in the expression of individual zinc‐dependent HDAC family members were evaluated by western blotting, 3, 12, 24 and 48 h after cerebral ischaemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in male Kunming mice.

The HDAC isoforms HDAC1–11 were all expressed in the mouse cortex and differentially affected by cerebral ischaemia. Notably, there was a substantial increase in HDAC3, HDAC6 and HDAC11 expression during the early phases of experimental stroke, indicating their contribution to stroke pathogenesis. Furthermore, induction of HDAC3 and HDAC6 in cortical neurons by ischaemic stroke was confirmed in vivo and in vitro using double‐labelled immunostaining and RT‐PCR, respectively. Therefore, small hairpin (sh) RNAs were used to selectively knock down HDAC3 or HDAC6. This knockdown appreciably promoted the survival of cortical neurons subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation.

The findings of the present study demonstrate the expression patterns of HDAC isoforms during experimental ischaemic stroke. Furthermore, HDAC3 and HDAC6 were identified as potential mediators in the neurotoxicity of ischaemic stroke, suggesting that specific therapeutic approaches may be considered according to HDAC subtype.
Evaluation of Dang Van stress in Hertzian rolling contact
Authors: SANDSTRÖM J. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe equivalent Dang Van stress under Hertzian contacts is evaluated over the subsurface space using four computational approaches. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the different models is assessed. It is found that an approach consisting in finding the minimum circumscribed hypersphere to the deviatoric stress path in time gives a good trade‐off between accuracy and efficiency. It is also shown that a very computationally cheap approximation employing half the peak Tresca shear stress results in good agreements in the entire subsurface space for conditions relevant under wheel–rail contacts.
Anesthesia for children with pericardial effusion: a case series
Authors: Rawlinson Ellen , Bagshaw Oliver 
Published: June 2012

SummaryObjectives and aims:  To review the anesthetic management of children requiring surgical intervention for pericardial effusion, determine the nature and frequency of complications and define risk factors that predict perioperative risk.Background:  Anesthesia in the presence of a pericardial effusion may be associated with significant hemodynamic compromise particularly during induction. However, the literature specifically concerning children is limited to a single‐case report.Methods:  A retrospective case review of children undergoing general anesthesia for surgical treatment for pericardial effusion between 1999 and 2008 at a single institution.Results:  Sixty‐five children underwent 79 general anesthetics for surgical treatment for pericardial effusion. Median age was 4 years (2 weeks–16 years), and median weight 15 kg (range, 2.5–96 kg). Fifty‐five children (84%) developed effusions following cardiac surgery. The commonest induction agent was ketamine (25/65, 38%), and the majority of children (52/65, 80%) were intubated and ventilated for the procedure. Seven children (11%) suffered from eight major complications, and 14 children (22%) suffered from a minor complication. Major complications were more common in children with preoperative tachypnoea (P = 0.01) and cardiac tamponade on preoperative echocardiogram (ECHO) (P = 0.001). Preoperative hypoxia had a sensitivity of 92% and a positive likelihood ratio of 5.2 (95% CI 1.5–17.5) for predicting all complications.Conclusions:  Anesthesia for pericardial effusion in children was associated with an adverse physiological event in one‐third of children. Major complications may be predicted by preoperative tachypnoea and cardiac tamponade on preoperative ECHO, and all complications may be predicted by preoperative hypoxia. The anesthetic technique included a variety of induction agents, and we cannot recommend a particular approach.
History of Federal–State Fiscal Relations in Australia: A Review of the Methodologies Used
Authors: Williams Ross 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGovernments of the Australian states and territories differ in their fiscal capacity. For the last 80 years, the Commonwealth Grants Commission (CGC) has provided advice on interstate fiscal transfers. The CGC initially provided advice only on the needs of ‘claimant states’, with the Commonwealth government directly playing an important role in mitigating horizontal (and vertical) fiscal imbalances. Since 1981, however, nearly all general revenue grants from the Commonwealth to the states have been based on recommendations of the CGC. The article is thematically based and examines the range of methodologies that have been used to allocate federal funds to the states since federation and examines their effectiveness.
Forecasting Housing Approvals in Australia: Do Forecasters Herd?
Authors: Pierdzioch Christian , Rülke Jan‐Christoph , Stadtmann Georg 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPrice trends in housing markets may reflect herding of market participants. A natural question is whether such herding, to the extent that it occurred, reflects herding in forecasts of professional forecasters. Using more than 6,000 forecasts of housing approvals for Australia, we did not find evidence of forecaster herding. On the contrary, forecasters anti‐herd and, thereby, tend to intentionally scatter their forecasts around the consensus forecast. The extent of anti‐herding seems to vary over time. We also found that more pronounced anti‐herding leads to less accurate forecasts.
Supply Elasticity Estimates for the Sydney Housing Market
Authors: Gitelman Emily , Otto Glenn 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article presents estimates of the supply elasticity for residential property in metropolitan Sydney over the period 1991–2006. Our results suggest that supply is inelastic—less than unity—for all types of housing, although the supply elasticity is relatively larger for strata properties (apartments and flats) than for non‐strata properties (separate and semi‐detached houses, terraces and townhouses). We also find evidence of a significant fall in supply elasticity between 1991–1996 and 2001–2006. When the median time taken by a local council to decide on a development application is included in the supply curve, it is found to have a negative effect on the supply of residential property. However, split‐sample estimates indicate this effect is largely confined to the 1991–1996 period.
Unobserved Heterogeneity, Job Training and the Employer Size–Wage Effect in Australia
Authors: Cai Lixin , Jeffrey Waddoups C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study attempts to clarify the nature of the employer size–wage effect in Australia by determining the extent to which it can be explained by observed and unobserved quality differences of workers. Our empirical results show that, for men, quality‐adjusted employer size–wage effects are quite small and are mostly driven by lower wages for workers in the smallest firms (fewer than 20 workers). For women, size–wage effects disappear when unobserved quality differences are accounted for. We also find that accounting for differences in the incidence of job training has no effect on the structure of wage differences by employer size.
That Pesky Problem of Persistent Gender Bias
Authors: Cobb‐Clark Deborah A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article provides a brief overview of the way that economists think about and measure gender pay gaps and labour market discrimination. Recent Australian evidence is then presented which highlights the relationship between the gender pay gap and both statistical and self‐assessed discrimination measures. Finally, the policy implications of these relationships are considered. In particular, it is argued that public policy needs to be targeted towards addressing the issue of gender bias more broadly, rather than focusing narrowly on the issue of gender pay gaps alone. This includes addressing the issue of sexual harassment.
How Women Are Faring in the Australian Labour Market
Authors: Sloan Judith 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe Economic and Social Outlook Conference that was held in 2011 carried a separate session on the role of women in the Australian labour market for the first time. Women now make up some 45 per cent of the workforce—in the late 1970s, the proportion stood at one‐third. While women play an increasingly more important role in the labour market, the gap between male and female earnings has shown stubborn persistence, at around 15 per cent. Various explanations include productivity‐related characteristics and the changing age profile of the female workforce. For low‐paid workers, these explanations are convincing; for high‐paid workers, both in the public and private sector, the pay gap remains unexplained.
Bad Leaders/Misleaders
Authors: GINI AL , GREEN RONALD M. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAlthough we need the good witness of others to form our best selves, an argument can be made that we need to study the dark side of the equation as well. The understanding and analysis of bad leaders/misleaders is an important component of leadership studies. However, we argue that bad leaders should never be defined as leaders. Leadership aims at the good of its communities, while misleaders do not. Ethics, therefore, is not only essential to the practice of leadership but to the very meaning of the term.
LIVING IN RESIDENTIAL SATISFACTION? INSIGHTS FROM LARGE‐SCALE HOUSING ESTATES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
Authors: HERFERT GÜNTER , NEUGEBAUER CAROLA SILVIA , SMIGIEL CHRISTIAN 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTCan Central and Eastern European large housing estates generally be branded as places of decline and social decay? Current results from an ongoing research project on sociospatial differentiation of different neighbourhoods in CEE‐urban regions reveal a high level of residential satisfaction and a low level of potential mobility. Based on theoretical considerations about residential satisfaction the paper compares five large housing estates: Leipzig‐Grünau, Budapest‐Havanna, Vilnius‐Karoliniskes, Sofia‐Mladost and St. Petersburg‐Lenin Prospect. After analysing local housing markets as well as socio‐demographic development of the selected case studies from an interregional perspective, sociospatial processes are highlighted from an intra‐urban perspective. The paper goes on to explore different types of residential satisfaction and potential residential mobility. A main emphasis is put on the interpretation of these types against the backdrop of different housing conditions. In conclusion, the authors try to answer the question, whether residential satisfaction is a stable or fragile phenomenon in large housing estates in Central and Eastern Europe.
Of Weighty Reasons and Indiscriminate Blankets: The Retention of DNA for Forensic Purposes
Authors: McCARTNEY Carole 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article explores the fallout from the decision in S & Marper v. UK (2008), where the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), in ruling that the UK's DNA retention regime breached human rights, was ‘struck by the blanket and indiscriminate nature’ of the power to retain DNA and stated that the UK government required ‘weighty reasons’ to justify the retention of DNA in cases of unconvicted individuals. Since the ruling, successive UK governments have drafted new retention regimes but serious doubts remain as to whether the issue of DNA retention has been satisfactorily resolved.
Is Pay a Matter of Values?
Authors: Adams Renée Birgit , Giannetti Mariassunta 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPublic outrage over executive compensation reached an all‐time high during the financial crisis. Around the world, many argued that CEOs and boards were immoral in setting their pay and pressured governments to impose restrictions on executive pay. Using a unique sample of data on human values for CEOs, we show that CEOs and directors have different values than general members of the population. CEOs and directors place more emphasis on power and achievement values than members of the population, and they emphasize self‐direction values more. However, values appear to have little explanatory power for pay, in contrast to economic variables. While some CEOs may be unethical in setting their pay, our results suggest that pay is not a matter of values on average.
How to Sell a (Bankrupt) Company
Authors: Cornelli Francesca , Felli Leonardo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper suggests a way to sell a company that maximizes the proceeds from the sale. The key to this proposal is the option left to the seller to retain a fraction of the shares of the company. Indeed, by retaining the minority stake, the seller can transfer the control of the company while reducing to a minimum the rents that the sale of the company leaves in the hands of the buyer. We then focus on two main applications of this idea: bankruptcy procedures and carve‐outs.
Induction and exacerbation of psoriasis with Interferon‐alpha therapy for hepatitis C: A review and analysis of 36 cases
Authors: Afshar M. , Martinez A.D. , Gallo R.L. , Hata T.R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground  Interferon‐alpha (IFN‐α) therapy is used to treat hepatitis C infection. The exacerbation and occurrence of psoriasis in hepatitis C patients treated with IFN‐α is increasingly recognized, but the distinct associated features, aetiology and management have not been reviewed.Objective  To review all published cases of hepatitis C patients who developed psoriasis while receiving IFN‐α therapy.Methods  The review was conducted by searching the PubMed database using the keywords ‘hepatitis C’ AND ‘psoriasis.’ In addition, references to additional publications not indexed for PubMed were followed to obtain a complete record of published data.Results  We identified 32 publications describing 36 subjects who developed a psoriatic eruption while receiving IFN‐α therapy for hepatitis C. Topical therapies were a commonly employed treatment modality, but led to resolution in only 30% of cases in which they were employed solely. Cessation of IFN‐α therapy led to resolution in 93% of cases. Hundred per cent of those who developed psoriasis while on IFN‐α therapy responded to systemic therapy and were able to continue the drug.Conclusion  Further studies and analysis of IFN‐α‐induced lesions are necessary to clarify the role of IFN‐α and the hepatitis C virus in the development of psoriatic lesions.
Analysis of serum chemokine levels in patients with HIV‐associated eosinophilic folliculitis
Authors: Yokobayashi H. , Sugaya M. , Miyagaki T. , Kai H. , Suga H. , Yamada D. , Minatani Y. , Watanabe K. , Kikuchi Y. , Tamaki T. , Sato S. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground  Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection exhibit various skin diseases. HIV‐associated eosinophilic folliculitis (EF) and pruritic papular eruption (PPE) are frequently seen.Objective  To understand the mechanisms underlying HIV‐associated EF and PPE.Methods  In order to know frequencies of EF and PPE among patients with HIV infection, we first collected HIV+ patients who visited dermatology clinic in National Center for Global Health and Medicine during February 2007. We next collected 25 serum samples from HIV+ patients with skin diseases from May 2008 to May 2010. Eight of 25 patients had EF (EF group), four had PPE (PPE group) and others had non‐itchy skin problems such as condyloma acuminatum (no itch group).Results  We first confirmed high frequencies of EF (10.7%) and PPE (5.3%) among 75 HIV+ patients who visited our clinic during one month. We then measured serum levels of CCL11, CCL17, CCL26 and CCL27. Serum CCL17 levels in EF were significantly higher than those of PPE and no itch group. Serum CCL26 and CCL27 levels in EF were higher than those of no itch group. The number of CD4+ cells in EF was significantly lower than that in no itch group.Conclusion  High serum levels of CCL17, CCL26 and CCL27, and low CD4+ cell counts may account for the development of HIV‐associated EF.
The regeneration games: purity and security in the Olympic city1
Authors: Fussey Pete , Coaffee Jon , Armstrong Gary , Hobbs Dick 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the wider social impacts of hosting the London 2012 Olympic Games and its ‘legacy’ ambitions in East London, emphasizing securitization as an inbuilt feature of the urban regeneration project. Drawing on extensive original empirical research, the paper analyses the modalities of Olympic safety and security practices within the Olympic Park itself and their wider impact, while also connecting this research to theorization and debates in urban sociology and criminology. In this complex setting, a raft of formal and informal, often subtle, regulatory mechanisms have emerged, especially as visions of social ordering focused on ‘cleansing’ and ‘purifying’ have ‘leaked out’ from the hyper‐securitized ‘sterilized’ environment of the Olympic Park and become embedded within the Olympic neighbourhood. In such complex circumstances, applying Douglas' (1966) work on purity and danger to the spatial realm provides a key conceptual framework to understand the form and impact of such processes. The imposition of order can be seen to not only perform ‘cleansing’ functions, but also articulate multiple symbolic, expressive and instrumental roles.
‘Our struggles are bigger than the World Cup’: civic activism, state‐society relations and the socio‐political legacies of the 2010 FIFA World Cup1
Authors: Cornelissen Scarlett 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSouth Africa's hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup saw a large number of public demonstrations, strikes and other forms of civic campaigning. World Cup activism was both preceded and followed by extensive and intensifying public unrest and industrial action that in the period before the tournament, threatened to derail the event. This paper assesses the motivations, forms and implications of the activism during South Africa's staging of the FIFA finals and interprets them against the larger context of shifting state‐society relations in the country. There are two purposes to the analysis. First, to explore the underlying internal social forces that gave shape to the protests at the time, and the possible influence of the exogenous politics of mega‐event social mobilization. Second, the implications and outcomes of these dynamics for longer term socio‐political processes in the country are considered. The activism displayed many of the features of the politics of contestation of sport mega‐events today. Importantly, however, the activism stemmed from a particular systemic dynamic and reflected changing relations in the post‐apartheid political community. Therefore, while the World Cup was used as a strategic opportunity by many advocacy groups, it was one that rather fleetingly and ambivalently presented an additional platform to such groups in an otherwise on‐going set of political battles. Rather than a strong case study of sport's transformative capacity, the civic campaigning during South Africa's World Cup demonstrates the way a sport mega‐event can be used as a strategic entry point by civil society groups in their engagement with the state, although this can occur with greater or lesser success.
Fans, homophobia and masculinities in association football: evidence of a more inclusive environment
Authors: Cashmore Ellis , Cleland Jamie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article draws on 3,500 responses from fans and professionals involved in association football (soccer) to an anonymous online survey posted from June 2010 to October 2010 regarding their views towards gay footballers. The overall findings are that, contrary to assumptions of homophobia, there is evidence of rapidly decreasing homophobia within the culture of football fandom. The results advance inclusive masculinity theory with 93 per cent of fans of all ages stating that there is no place for homophobia within football. Fans blame agents and clubs for the lack of openness and challenge football's governing organizations to oppose the culture of secrecy surrounding gay players and to provide a more inclusive environment to support players who want to come out.
Party Responsiveness on European Union Integration in Transition Democracies of Central and Eastern Europe*
Authors: SPANIHELOVA LUCIE , ZICHA BRANDON C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSome argue that the direct representative relationship between voters and party elites is difficult to establish in transition democracies. In part, the difficulty stems from the fact that parties may have a hard time discerning the preferences of their respective voter coalitions. In the case of EU integration, parties may have additional incentives to disregard the interests of the public in the hope of securing benefits associated with their country's membership of the EU. In this article we investigate the extent of party responsiveness on EU integration issues in early transition years in central and eastern European countries. We find that while mainstream parties do consistently show more support for EU integration, we find no evidence that parties, in fact, track their voters. The lack of responsiveness cannot, however, be explained by the general instability of public and party positions, nor can this absence of a relationship be satisfactorily captured by low salience of the EU in the transition years.