bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Climate Models Underestimate the Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Cover?
Authors: Winton Michael 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere sea ice cover to global temperature change is examined in a group of climate models and in the satellite-era observations. The models are found to have well-defined, distinguishable sensitivities in climate change experiments. The satellite-era observations show a larger sensitivity—a larger decline per degree of warming—than any of the models. To evaluate the role of natural variability in this discrepancy, the sensitivity probability density function is constructed based upon the observed trends and natural variability of multidecadal ice cover and global temperature trends in a long control run of the GFDL Climate Model, version 2.1 (CM2.1). This comparison shows that the model sensitivities range from about 1 to more than 2 pseudostandard deviations of the variability smaller than observations indicate. The impact of natural Atlantic multidecadal temperature trends (as simulated by the GFDL model) on the sensitivity distribution is examined and found to be minimal.
Reproducibility and Reliability of the Snyder Classification of Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesions Among Shoulder Surgeons
Authors: Jia Xiaofeng , Yokota Atsushi , McCarty Eric C. , Nicholson Gregory P. , Weber Stephen C. , McMahon Patrick J. , Dunn Warren Reid , McFarland Edward G. 
Published: February 2011

Background: Previous studies of the reliability of classifications for superior labral anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions suggest that intraobserver/interobserver reliability is poor. Purpose: The goals were to (1) evaluate intraobserver/interobserver reliability of the Snyder classification of labrum tears among experienced surgeons, (2) determine the effect of simplifying that classification into normal versus abnormal labrums, (3) determine the reliability of subdividing type II SLAP lesions, and (4) evaluate the effect of videotape quality on diagnostic confidence. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: At 2 separate times, 5 experienced shoulder surgeons (all >10 years of practice) evaluated 90 videotapes of shoulder arthroscopy performed for SLAP lesions to identify lesion type, to grade video quality, and to determine degree of confidence in diagnosis. The results were compared for intraobserver reliability (κ analysis) and interobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients) and effect of video quality on diagnostic confidence. Significance was set at P < .05. Results: When the choices were normal labrum or the 4 types of SLAP lesions, the intraobserver agreements (mean κ, 0.670) and interobserver agreements (mean correlation, 0.804) were substantial. When the labrums were divided into normal (normal and type I) and abnormal (types II-IV), the intraobserver agreements (mean κ, 0.792) and interobserver agreements (mean correlation, 0.648) were substantial. When the 3 type II SLAP lesion subvariants were evaluated, the intraobserver agreement (mean κ, 0.598) was moderate, and the interobserver agreement (mean correlation, 0.804) was substantial. The confidence of the diagnosis was highly correlated with the perceived video quality (average Pearson correlation, 0.718; P < .01). Repeated measures analysis showed a significant relationship between confidence and quality (parameter estimate, 0.732; standard error, 0.021; P < .01) adjusting for rater and review. Conclusion: For experienced shoulder surgeons, the Snyder classification is a reliable system for identifying SLAP lesions.
Jahnsite—whiteite solid solutions and associated minerals in the phosphate pegmatite at Hagendorf-Süd, Bavaria, Germany
Authors: Grey I. E. , Mumme W. G. , Neville S. M. , Wilson N. C. , Birch W. D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSecondary phosphate assemblages from the Hagendorf Süd granitic pegmatite, containing the new Mn-Al phosphate mineral, nordgauite, have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. Nordgauite nodules enclose crystals of the jahnsite—whiteite group of minerals, showing pronounced compositional zoning, spanning the full range of Fe/Al ratios between jahnsite and whiteite. The whiteite-rich members are F-bearing, whereas the jahnsite-rich members contain no F. Associated minerals include sphalerite, apatite, parascholzite, zwieselite-triplite solid solutions and a kingsmountite-related mineral. The average compositions of whiteite and jahnsite from different zoned regions correspond to jahnsite-(CaMnMn), whiteite-(CaMnMn) and the previously undescribed whiteite-(CaMnFe) end-members. Mo-Kα CCD intensity data were collected on a twinned crystal of the (CaMnMn)-dominant whiteite and refined in P2/a to wRobs = 0.064 for 1015 observed reflections.
The crystal structure of munakataite, Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4, from Otto Mountain, San Bernardino County, California, USA
Authors: Kampf A. R. , Mills S. J. , Housley R. M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMunakataite, Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4, has been found in association with a variety of rare secondary Te minerals at Otto Mountain, San Bernardino County, California, USA. It is very rare and occurs as subparallel bundles of blue needles up to 1 mm long. Electron microprobe analyses provided the empirical formula Pb1.96Cu1.60[(Se0.894+S0.11)∑1O3](SO4)[(OH)3.34(H2O)0.66]∑4- Munakataite is mono-clinic, space group P21/m, with cell parameters a = 9.8023(26), b = 5.6751(14), c = 9.2811(25) Å, β = 102.443(6), V = 504.2(2) Å3 and Z = 2. The crystal structure, solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.0308 for 544 Fo > 4σF reflections, consists of Jahn-Teller-distorted Cu2+O6 square bipyramids. which form chains along b by sharing trans edges across their square planes. The chains are decorated by SO4 tetrahedra and Se4+O3 pyramids, which bond to apical corners of adjacent bipyramids. The chains are linked to one another via bonds to two different PbO9 polyhedra, only one of which exhibits one-sided coordination typical of Pb2+ with a stereochemically active 6s2 lone-electron-pair. Munakataite is isostructural with schmiederite and the structure is closely related to that of linarite.
Tonic Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptor Currents Control Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Excitability in the Mouse
Authors: Bhattarai Janardhan P. , Park Seon Ah , Park Jin Bong , Lee So Yeong , Herbison Allan E. , Ryu Pan Dong , Han Seong Kyu 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
It is well established that the GABAA receptor plays an important role in regulating the electrical excitability of GnRH neurons. Two different modes of GABAA receptor signaling exist: one mediated by synaptic receptors generating fast (phasic) postsynaptic currents and the other mediated by extrasynaptic receptors generating a persistent (tonic) current. Using GABAA receptor antagonists picrotoxin, bicuculline methiodide, and gabazine, which differentiate between phasic and tonic signaling, we found that ∼50% of GnRH neurons exhibit an approximately 15-pA tonic GABAA receptor current in the acute brain slice preparation. The blockade of either neuronal (NO711) or glial (SNAP-5114) GABA transporter activity within the brain slice revealed the presence of tonic GABA signaling in ∼90% of GnRH neurons. The GABAA receptor δ subunit is only found in extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. Using single-cell RT-PCR, GABAA receptor δ subunit mRNA was identified in GnRH neurons and the δ subunit–specific agonist 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [5,4-c] pyridin-3-ol was found to activate inward currents in GnRH neurons. Perforated-patch clamp studies showed that 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [5,4-c] pyridin-3-ol exerted the same depolarizing or hyperpolarizing effects as GABA on juvenile and adult GnRH neurons and that tonic GABAA receptor signaling regulates resting membrane potential. Together, these studies reveal the presence of a tonic GABAA receptor current in GnRH neurons that controls their excitability. The level of tonic current is dependent, in part, on neuronal and glial GABA transporter activity and mediated by extrasynaptic δ subunit–containing GABAA receptors.
Improved Dispersion Stability of Surface-fluorinated TiO2 Particles
Authors: Kim Jae-Ho , Sato Hiroaki , Kubo Toshimasa , Yonezawa Susumu , Takashima Masayuki 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Fluorinated TiO2 (F-TiO2) particles with good dispersion stability were synthesized at a temperature lower than 100 °C using fluorine gas. The average particle sizes and ζ potentials of F-TiO2 particles were around seven times smaller and 1.4 times larger, respectively, than those (2200 nm and −19.35 mV) of untreated TiO2 particles in water. However, the existence of TiOF2 prepared at a temperature higher than 100 °C might negatively affect the dispersion stability of TiO2. To prepare the fluorinated TiO2 without TiOF2, it is essential for optimizing the beneficial effects of surface fluorination against the dispersion stability of TiO2.
Clays Developed Under Sequoia gigantia and Prairie Soils: 150 Years of Soil-Plant Interaction in the Parks of French Châteaux
Authors: Barré Pierre , Velde Bruce 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe effect of plant species on soil-clay mineralogy has not been studied widely. In the present study, the clay mineralogy of top soils under Sequoia gigantia and grass regimes, maintained side by side for up to 150 y in the parks of several French châteaux, were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods and chemical analyses of the clay fractions. The seven paired samples that were studied originated from soils developed on calcareous, granitic, and loess substrates. The XRD data indicated the presence of a trioctahedral chlorite with a trioctahedral hydroxy-Mg sheet in sequoia soils observed in four of seven of the sites whereas it was absent from the adjacent prairie-soil samples. Parent materials influenced the formation of magnesian chlorite as it was observed in all soils developed on granite and in none of the soils developed on limestone. The exchangeability of the interlayer hydroxy-Mg sheet replaced by K+ from newly formed chlorite in a 14 y old sequoia-influenced soil suggests that the mineral was initially a hydroxy-interlayered mineral. Increased stability was observed in the older (100 and 150 y) soil chlorites, indicating a progression of polymerization of the Mg hydroxy-interlayered material. The small amount of chlorite in the whole clay assemblage impeded the observation of changes in Mg content by direct chemical measurements of the clay fractions but the systematically greater amount of exchanged Mg2+ ion measured under sequoia compared with adjacent prairie supports the formation of Mg magnesian chlorite.The results presented indicate, on the one hand, the importance of plant regimes in controlling the soil chemistry and hence the clay mineralogy of surface soil horizons (magnesian chlorites were observed only under sequoia), and, on the other hand, that parent material modulates this plant influence (chlorite formation was observed on granite-derived soils).
Regulation of Brown Fat Adipogenesis by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B
Authors: Matsuo Kosuke , Bettaieb Ahmed , Nagata Naoto , Matsuo Izumi , Keilhack Heike , Haj Fawaz G. 
Published: January 2011

Background
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a physiological regulator of insulin signaling and energy balance, but its role in brown fat adipogenesis requires additional investigation.

Methodology/Principal Findings
To precisely determine the role of PTP1B in adipogenesis, we established preadipocyte cell lines from wild type and PTP1B knockout (KO) mice. In addition, we reconstituted KO cells with wild type, substrate-trapping (D/A) and sumoylation-resistant (K/R) PTP1B mutants, then characterized differentiation and signaling in these cells. KO, D/A- and WT-reconstituted cells fully differentiated into mature adipocytes with KO and D/A cells exhibiting a trend for enhanced differentiation. In contrast, K/R cells exhibited marked attenuation in differentiation and lipid accumulation compared with WT cells. Expression of adipogenic markers PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBPδ, and PGC1α mirrored the differentiation pattern. In addition, the differentiation deficit in K/R cells could be reversed completely by the PPARγ activator troglitazone. PTP1B deficiency enhanced insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) tyrosyl phosphorylation, while K/R cells exhibited attenuated insulin-induced IR and IRS1 phosphorylation and glucose uptake compared with WT cells. In addition, substrate-trapping studies revealed that IRS1 is a substrate for PTP1B in brown adipocytes. Moreover, KO, D/A and K/R cells exhibited elevated AMPK and ACC phosphorylation compared with WT cells.

Conclusions
These data indicate that PTP1B is a modulator of brown fat adipogenesis and suggest that adipocyte differentiation requires regulated expression of PTP1B.
Growth patterns in free-ranging bank voles, Myodes glareolus (Schreber 1780) from a mountainous area in central Italy
Authors: Amori Giovanni , Luiselli Luca 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Growth patterns are nearly unknown in free-ranging rodents. Here, we analyse growth patterns (in body length) in relation to sex, year and population density in a population of bank voles, Myodes glareolus, studied by the capture-mark-recapture method at a mountainous site in central Italy during a 12-year period. In our study, (i) male and female bank voles had very similar growth rates and growth trajectories as described by von Bertalanffy growth functions; (ii) growth rates strongly varied interannually; and (iii) growth rates were independent on population densities, i.e., there was no density-dependence mechanism following individual growth rates in bank voles. The general implications of these patterns are discussed.
Optical-Fiber Sensors
Authors: Fernando G. F. , Webb D. J. , Ferdinand Pierre 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe primary aim of this issue of MRS Bulletin is to present an overview of the deployment of optical-fiber sensors in a selected range of applications. The topics covered include a general introduction to optical fibers; a review of the sensing mechanisms that are available to monitor strain, temperature, pressure, chemical species, damage, and acoustic emission; and the use of optical-fiber sensors in medical applications. This introductory article presents a brief discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of optical-fiber sensors.
The Application of Gain Theory to Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
Authors: Chow Weng W. , Schneider Hans Christian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe development of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) relies on an understanding of gain-medium physics, more so than in edge-emitting lasers. An important tool in the investigation of semiconductor gain behavior is a theory that provides a systematic account of the interaction between the laser field and the electron–hole plasma, the influence of the band structure, and the many-body effects due to Coulomb interactions among carriers. This article describes a semiclassical approach that is based on the semiconductor Bloch equations, with carrier correlation effects described at the level of quantum kinetic theory. To illustrate its application, we discuss research activities involving the development of gain media for long-wavelength VCSELs.
Scattering Studies of “Real” Materials
Authors: Moss Simon C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe following article is based on the presentation given by Simon C. Moss (University of Houston), recipient of the 2001 MRS Von Hippel Award, the Materials Research Society's highest honor, at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting on November 28 in Boston. Moss was cited for “consistently timely and essential contributions to identifying and understanding the atomic-level structure of almost every new type of material discovered in the last 30 years.” The main unifying thread in his work is the use of diffuse scattering of x-rays and neutrons from disordered and defective solids to study their structure as well as the effects that defects have on phase transitions, whose intrinsic disorder makes them both “real” and challenging.
Diffusional Creep: Stresses and Strain Rates in Thin Films and Multilayers
Authors: Josell D. , Weihs T. P. , Gao H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this article, we discuss creep deformation as it relates to thin films and multilayer foils. We begin by reviewing experimental techniques for studying creep deformation in thin-film geometries, listing the pros and cons of each; then we discuss the use of deformation-mechanism maps for recording and understanding observed creep behavior. We include a number of cautionary remarks regarding the impact of microstructural stability, zero-creep stresses, and transient-creep strains on stress–strain rate relationships, and we finish by reviewing the current state of knowledge for creep deformation in thin films. This includes both thin films that are heated on substrates as well as multilayer films that are tested as freestanding foils.
Portable Power: Advanced Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Sadoway Donald R. , Mayes Anne M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe full potential of wireless devices remains unattainable due to limitations in battery performance. It is the thesis of the guest editors and contributing authors of this issue of MRS Bulletin that there is much room for improvement, that we are still far from the practical limits of the technology, and that materials research has the capability to pave the way for a new generation of rechargeable batteries that will offer a dramatic improvement in power delivery over anything available today. The basics of battery operation, including the relevant electrochemistry, are reviewed, unsolved problems are enumerated, and prospective solutions are indicated.
Developments in Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wright Peter V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecent developments in polymer electrolyte materials for lithium batteries are reviewed in this article. Four general classifications are recognized: (1) solvent-containing systems in which a liquid electrolyte solution either is fully miscible with a single-phase swollen polymer matrix (gel) or is a two-phase system in which “free” liquid occupies micropores within a swollen polymer network (hybrid), and conductivity (≥∼1 mS cm-1 at ambient temperature) is essentially independent of the polymer segmental motion (the thermal motion of segments of atoms along the backbone of a flexible polymer chain); (2) solvent-free, ion-coupled systems (typically polyether–Li salt complexes) in which both anions and cations are mobile within an amorphous, rubbery phase (conductivity ≤0.1 mS cm-1 at ambient temperature); (3) “single-ion” systems with anions fixed to the polymer backbone or systems with anion mobilities reduced by incorporation within larger molecules or by associations with the chain (conductivity ∼10-5 Scm-1 at ambient temperature); and (4) decoupled systems in which ionic mobility through channeled structures involves minimal local segmental displacements (conductivity 0.1–1 mS cm-1 at ambient temperature).
Layered Li(Ni, M)O2Systems as the Cathode Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Delmas C. , Croguennec L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCompared with LiCoO2, the dominant cathode material in today's lithium batteries, lithium nickel oxide derivatives [Li(Ni, M)O2, where M – Co, Fe, Al, Mg] offer a higher specific energy at a lower cost. The synthesis and structure of these materials are described. The electrochemical performances of the pure nickel compound and a number of multicomponent systems are assessed. The goals of these fundamental studies are to optimize the synthesis conditions and material composition to achieve good electrochemical reversibility, decrease capacity loss upon cycling, and enhance thermal stability in the deintercalated state in order to improve cell safety.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials
Authors: Grey Clare P. , Greenbaum Steve G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSolid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been employed to characterize a variety of phenomena that are central to the functioning of lithium and lithium-ion batteries. These include Li insertion and de-insertion mechanisms in carbonaceous and other anode materials and in transition-metal oxide cathodes, and ion-transport mechanisms in polymer and gel electrolytes. Investigations carried out over the last several years by the authors and other groups are reviewed in this article. Results for lithium manganese oxide spinel cathodes, carbon-based and SnO anodes, and polymer and gel electrolytes are discussed.
Computational Modeling and Simulation for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Ceder Gerbrand , Doyle Marc , Arora Pankaj , Fuentes Yuris 
Published: February 2011

AbstractComputational modeling is playing an increasingly important role in materials research and design. At the system level, the impact of cell design, electrode thickness, electrode morphology, new packaging techniques, and numerous other factors on battery performance can be predicted with battery simulators based on complex electrochemical transport equations. Such simulation tools have allowed the battery industry to optimize the power and energy density that can be achieved with a given set of electrode and electrolyte materials. At the materials level, first-principles calculations, which can be used to predict properties of previously unknown materials ab initio, have now made it possible to design materials for higher capacity and better stability. The state of the art in computational modeling of rechargeable batteries is reviewed.
Hydrogen as a Fuel and Its Storage for Mobility and Transport
Authors: Schlapbach Louis 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis brief article describes the content of this issue of MRS Bulletin on Hydrogen Storage. Hydrogen is a powerful, clean, synthetic fuel with the inconvenient property of being an ideal gas under ambient conditions. In order to use hydrogen efficiently as a fuel, compacting it for mobile storage is a key issue. As an introduction to the following seven contributions on different storage techniques and their potential, we start with a description of the technical and socioeconomic aspects of the mobility and transport issues involved and present an overview of volumetric and gravimetric storage densities for hydrogen.
Hydrogen Storage: High-Pressure Gas Containment
Authors: Irani R.S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis review outlines the prospects for gaseous hydrogen, stored in high-pressure cylinders, as a fuel for automotive applications. Following an initial description of hydrogen embrittlement problems encountered in the past in steel cylinders, the article explores the use of other types of gas cylinders, including the recent examples of hoop-wound and fully wound composites. Central to the article is the concept of the volume of hydrogen transported for the minimum amount of container weight. Finally, the role of international standards in developing safe and efficient cylinders for this application is emphasized.
Liquid-Hydrogen Technology for Vehicles
Authors: Wolf Joachim 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis survey focuses on the use of liquid hydrogen as an automotive fuel in comparison with the use of compressed gaseous hydrogen. The energy penalties associated with liquefaction versus gas compression are compared, followed by an examination of the weight of hydrogen relative to carrier weight for the two alternative approaches. The optimum form and design of LH2 tanks are discussed, followed by the important topic of how to achieve quick and easy transfer of LH2 from a storage tank to a vehicle.