bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychoactive substance abuse and personality disorders in psychiatric inpatients
Authors: Almonacid C. , Castillo A. , Lloret M. , Harto M. , Tatay A. , Calabuig R. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionComorbidity between Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and other psychiatric disorders, known as Dual Diagnosis, is an issue of growing interest in Mental Health. The high association between Personality Disorders (PD) and substance use is reported in scientific literature. However, not many studies have been published regarding the prevalence of this disorder in a psychiatric unit. AIMSTo determine the prevalence of substance abuse among patients with a Personality Disorder in a psychiatric unit.MethodologyA retrospective descriptive study was carried out among all patients admitted to our psychiatric unit during one year. The data collected from the discharge clinical records of patients were: demographic variables, personal psychiatric history and substance use, urine tests and clinical diagnoses at discharge.ResultsWe obtained a sample of 334 patients. There was comorbidity between Mental Disorder and SUD in 10.17% of subjects; including 4% diagnosed with Personality Disorder (80% belong to Cluster B). 53.3% of patients with PD substance abuse was reported. Excluding nicotine dependence and benzodiazepines, the most common substances used were cannabis (50%), alcohol (37.5%) and cocaine (25%).ConclusionsThis study shows that Personality Disorder is the Mental Disorder most commonly associated with SUD, among inpatients in our psychiatric unit. In order to detect cases of Dual Diagnosis, we suggest optimize recording in clinical history substance use and systematic urine tests in all patients admitted, which would benefit from specific treatment for their condition.
Executive and personality functioning and the ability to maintain prolonged abstinence in alcohol dependence
Authors: Andó B. , Szkaliczki A. , Rózsa S. , Kurgyis E. , Drótos G. , Szikszay P. , Janka Z. , Álmos P.Z. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionRecent studies have revealed that neurocognitive and personality domains are important contributors of prolonged abstinence in alcohol dependence.Objectives/aimsTo reveal further factors related to the ability of maintaining prolonged abstinence in alcohol dependence. Therefore executive and personality functioning were compared of patients with short (STA) and long-term abstinence (LTA).MethodsSTA patients (N = 44) were involved from an inpatient center, LTA patients (N = 46; min. 3 years of abstinence) were involved from AA Groups. Decision-making, inhibition and planning as components of executive functioning, coping strategy, temperament and character factors as indicators of personality functioning were evaluated. MANCOVA and Mann-Whitney U statistical analyses were applied to compare the two groups.ResultsNo significant differences were found between the STA and LTA patients along decision-making (F = 0.008, p = 0.992), planning (Mann-Whitney U = 794.5, p = 0.065) and inhibition (Mann-Whitney U = 921.5, p = 0.442). Lower levels of novelty seeking and harm avoidance and higher levels of self-directedness and cooperativeness were found in the LTA group (F = 3.32, p = 0.001) along with lower level of emotion oriented coping (F = 3.32, p = 0.001).ConclusionsDecision-making, inhibition and planning components of executive functioning are independent from the length of abstinence in alcohol dependence. The similar decision-making pattern of the two groups reflect the core feature of addictive behavior; preference toward immediate higher reward and lower punishment despite the long term negative consequences. It is hypothesized that the higher levels of adaptive personality factors in the LTA group decrease the risk of relapse, and contribute to the ability of maintaining prolonged abstinence.
Sucht als selbstverletzung
Authors: Andorfer U. 
Published: May 2011

Selbstverletzendes Verhalten stellt kein einheitliches, sondern für die klinisch psychologische Forschung sehr komplexes, und noch unzureichend erklärtes Phänomen dar. Selbstschädigendes Verhalten kann viele Formen annehmen und in direkter oder indirekter Form gezeigt werden. Zu den indirekten Formen zählen Alkohol-, Drogen- oder Medikamentenmissbrauch, Essstörungen, aber auch riskantes sexuelles Verhalten. Direktes selbstverletzendes Verhalten ist gleichbedeutend mit der offenen Verletzung oder Beschädigung des eigenen Körpers, welche nicht mit suizidalen Absichten einhergeht. Selbstverletzendes Verhalten hängt zumeist mit frühen traumatischen Erlebnissen zusammen, auf die nicht angemessen reagiert werden konnte.Professionelle Helfer sind von der Komplexität und den häufig erschreckenden Arten selbstverletzenden Verhaltens massiv betroffen und suchen nach Erklärungen und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten. Zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt lässt sich selbstverletzendes Verhalten nicht ausschließlich durch psychodynamische Konzepte erklären. Vielmehr muss heute auf biopsychosoziale Konzepte zurückgegriffen werden, wobei der Neurobiologie eine bedeutsame Rolle zukommt.Eine am Anton Proksch Institut/Wien durchgeführte Studie liefert nun Forschungsdaten, die das Konzept einer „multi- impulsiven Persönlichkeit“ weiterentwickeln zu helfen vermögen.Im Rahmen eines qualitativen Forschungsansatzes erfolgte die systematische Begutachtung eines umfassenden Bereiches von multi-impulsiven und selbstschädigenden Verhaltensweisen. Dadurch konnten Bedingungen, die das jeweilige Verhalten erklären bzw. hervorgebracht haben, identifiziert, und notwendige Bedingungen in Zusammenhang mit Behandlungsverlauf und Behandlungsform dieses komplexen Störungsbildes definiert werden.
Mortality among individuals with cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, and opioid use disorders: a nationwide follow-up study of danish substance users in treatment
Authors: Arendt M. , Munk-Jørgensen P. , Sher L. , Jensen S.O.W. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionLittle is known about the excess mortality associated with use of some illicit substances. In particular, this concerns the risks associated with injection drug use and psychiatric disorders.AimsThis study estimated mortality following substance abuse treatment among primary users of cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, and opioids. The risks associated with injection drug use and psychiatric comorbidity were assessed.MethodsA register of individuals in treatment for illicit substance disorders was linked with registers on psychiatric treatment and mortality. The study population consisted of 20581 individuals who received treatment in Denmark between 1996 and 2006. There were 1441 deaths recorded over 111445 person-years of follow-up.ResultsStandardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) for primary users of specific substances were: Cannabis: 4.9, cocaine: 6.4, amphetamine: 6.0, heroin: 9.1, and other opioids 7.7. For MDMA the crude mortality rate was 1.75/1000 person-years, and the SMR was not significantly elevated. Sharing of syringes was associated with increased mortality in both primary users of opioids (hazard ratio (HR): 1.58 [95% CI 1.22–1.99], p < .001) and cocaine/amphetamine (HR: 9.52 (95% CI 3.94–23.02, p < .001). Overall, psychiatric comorbidity was associated with modestly increased mortality (HR: 1.15 [95% CI 1.03–1.29], p = .012) and in particular for primary users of cocaine/amphetamine (HR: 2.74 [95% CI 1.56–4.80], p < .001).ConclusionsHigh SMRs were found among individuals who had received treatment for cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, and opioid use disorders. Injection drug use was clearly associated with excess mortality, while the impact of psychiatric comorbidity was generally modest.
Clinical prognosis of associated forms of alcoholism with co-morbid brain impairment
Authors: Bokhan N.A. 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveIdentification of clinical differences of formation and prognosis of severity of associated forms of alcoholism in relevant variants of co-morbid brain impairment.Material and methodsWith clinical-psychopathological method we examined inpatient samples with stage 2 alcoholism with co-morbid traumatic (group I, n = 105); hypertensive (group II, n = 45) and vertebrogenic (spinal cord artery syndrome) (group III, n = 37) brain impairment. Control - 30 patients with alcoholism without co-morbid pathology.ResultsIn group I alcoholism is forming at early age in persons with pre-morbidly problematic social adaptation - in 62,2% conditioned by presence of excitable traits of the character. Dominance of dysphoria in intoxication and in alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) predetermines formation of psychopath-like degradation with total and persistent social disadaptation. Beyond AWS, reactive lability, lingering asthenic-sub-depressive states with inclusion of dysphoric, hysteric-excitable components remain during low quality of remission. In group II later formation of alcoholism in 26,7% of cases was preceded by psychodisadaptive disturbances conditioned by pre-morbidly anxious constitution of personality. In structure of AWS anxious-phobic modality of depressive disorders against the background of cardiovascular manifestations of toxicogenic effects of ethanol determines development of torpid asthenic-depressive states (with cardiophobic and hypochondriac components). For patients from group III we have identified intermediary tempo of increasing of progression of alcoholism with obligate diencephalic psychovegetative, psychosensory and severe psychoorganic cognitive disorders against the background of asthenic, more seldom dysphoric variants of change of the personality.ConclusionPrognosis of associated forms of alcoholism is various in distinguished variants (traumatic, hypertensive, vertebrogenic) comorbid brain impairment.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of drugs for treatment of substance-related disorders
Authors: Brünen S. , Vincent P.D. , Baumann P. , Hiemke C. , Havemann-Reinecke U. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionThe effect of pharmacotherapy of substance-related disorders is moderate at best.ObjectivesTherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could be an instrument to improve the outcomes. TDM is for most of these drugs not established yet.AimsThe authors built a literature based rating scale to evaluate the necessity of TDM for these pharmacological agents.MethodsA literature research was performed for TDM related properties of acamprosate, bupropion, buprenorphine, clomethiazole, disulfiram, methadone, naltrexone, and varenicline. A rating scale was established for evaluation. It included 28 items related to five categories (efficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, patient characteristics and cost effectiveness). For comparison, three reference substances with established TDM were similarly assessed: clozapine, lithium and nortriptyline.ResultsThe three reference substances, lithium, clozapine and nortriptyline, achieved scores of 15, 18, and 14 points, respectively. Rating of methadone (19 points), bupropion (14 points), buprenorphine (14 points), disulfiram (13) and naltrexone (12 points in the indication opioid-dependency and 10 points in the indication alcohol dependency) achieved more than 30% of the reachable points, whereas acamprosate (9 points), clomethiazole (9 points), and varenicline (5 points) had fewer points especially in the main characteristics in favor of TDM.ConclusionsThese results suggest this rating scale is sensitive to detect the appropriateness of TDM for drug treatment. Literature based rating and clinical experience give evidence that TDM has the potential to optimize the pharmacotherapy of substance related-disorders with different rank orders of the single substances.
Pain perception among depressed heroin addict patients
Authors: Chkonia E. , Kenchadze V. , Beria Z. , Okribelashvili N. , Naneishvili G. , Sikharulidze G. 
Published: May 2011

There are an increased evidence of co-morbidity between pain, abnormal sensations and depression in heroin addict patients. Such conditions are usually treated by antidepressants, mood stabilizers and rarely by atypical antipsychotics.Investigation of heroin addict patients in post-abstinent state reviled that low mood, anxiety, tension and guilt feeling increased sensitivity toward pain, which mostly experienced as algetic, coenestetick and hypochondriacal sensations. Algetic symptoms highly correlated with psychopathology. Efficient treatment of psychopathological symptoms decreased pain. Atypical antipsychotic quetiapin monotherapy could be used for treating such conditions.
Effects of personality traits and psychiatric comorbidity on pathological gamblers’symptomatology
Authors: Pascucci M. , Di Cesare A. , Ciciarelli C. , Pettorruso M. , Righino E. , Villella C. , Conte G. 
Published: May 2011

AimsTo evaluate, in a sample of pathological gamblers, the effects of personality traits and psychiatric comorbidity on the severity of this condition.Methods40 patients were evaluated with the following instruments: EuropASI, modified for pathological gambling; MINI; TCI, and BIS-11. Univariate linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationships between different scales.ResultsAge of onset was influenced by Novelty Seeking and NS-1 subscale, with higher scores related to earlier onset, Harm Avoidance 2 subscale, with higher scores related to a later onset; the presence of a lifetime panic disorder was related with a later onset; A positive correlation was found between age of onset of pathological gambling and both cigarette and cannabis smoking. Higher NS1 scores were related to a higher amount of money spent during the last month, while higher scores on the HA2 and Cooperativeness 5 subscales were related to a lesser number of days in which the patient had gambled during the last month. Moreover, higher scores in Gambling severity scores are related with the presence of a comorbid alcohol or substance abuse or dependence, dysthymia, post traumatic stress disorder, bipolar II mood disorder, and with higher BIS-11 Motor Impulsiveness, Non-planned Impulsiveness and total scores.ConclusionsPersonality traits and psychiatric comorbidity influence the age of onset of gambling, the severity of gambling and the functional and economic impact of the disease on the patient’s life. An evaluation of these aspects is needed to determine treatment options with a greater understanding of the phenomenon.
Expressed emotion and parental attitudes toward children of alcoholics
Authors: Cosci F. , Londi I. , Patussi V. , Sirigatti S. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionIndividuals who grow up in alcoholic families seem to have a family environment and climate different from those who grow up in non alcoholic families.ObjectivesData on expressed emotion and parental attitudes in alcoholic family are lacking.AimsStudy the level of expressed emotion and the parental attitudes in children of alcoholics (COAs) compared with children of non alcoholics (non COAs).MethodsThe Level of Expressed Emotion Scale (LEES) and the Parental Attitudes Scale (PAD) were used to measure respectively the expressed emotion and the family climate. The LEES was filled by the COAs or by the non COAs; the PAD was filled by their significant parent. COAs and non COAs were matched for age and gender.ResultsCOAs perceived a statistically lower level of intrusiveness from their parents and a significantly higher emotional response and attitudes toward illness from their parents than non COAs. According to the PAD, there was no difference in the family climate between the two groups. When correlations between LEES and PAD were evaluated, among COAs high level of expressed tolerance (LEES tolerance/expectation subscale) was significantly correlated with a low dominance in the children (PAD Dominance/Submissiveness); among controls, high level of expressed emotion (LEES total score) was significantly correlated with lower pleasure in the children (PAD Pleasure/Displeasure subscale).ConclusionsCOAs and non COAs seem to perceive the emotion expressed in their family environment differently and correlate it with their parental attitudes according to a different pattern.
Psychopatological issues in adolescent drug use
Authors: Cozaru C.G. , Papari C.A. , Papari A. 
Published: May 2011

Given that we live in a society marked by irregularities, the drug is to reach everyone, especially teenagers, it is impossible to remain impassive to their problems. Once the consumption of harmful substances becomes an integral factor of subject behavior, alterations in personality may occur. Drug use began at an early age may become a permanent feature of behavior.The teenager feels the need to be recognized, supported, stimulated and integrated by those of an age to him, the group representing a possible solution to secure and make manifest their desires and aspirations. Our study confirms that all subjects of drug use (marijuana) present emphasis of the personality traits, particularly increased emotional instability with sudden transitions from one state to another. Drug users present in most cases some symptoms of depression. These events can be inscribed under the coordinates of anxiety, lack of interest, pessimism, sleep disorders and social inadaptation.Understanding, evaluation and intervention with corrective and welfare measures requires the correct assessment of the reasons that leads the adolescent to a drug and identifying the precipitating and environmental factors that trigger, facilitate and perpetuate the behaviors studied.
Medical implication of intoxication with legal spice plants in Romania
Authors: Csorba A. , Domokos L. , Nagy H. , Cosman D. , Mihai A. 
Published: May 2011

In lasts years in Romania a new challenge for the young appears: the legal spice shops. The promotions of using these substances include the promising like: relaxation, happiness, energy, sexual performance, increasing of social abilities.Aimsevaluation of medical consequences of intoxication with spice plants (Bonsai, “magic charge”, “mariciuca”, Salvia divinorum, Mitragina speciosa and others). The precise composition of substance used was not clear but the known drugs were excluded. Material and method: all patients with diagnosis of intoxication of spice plants, admitted for at least 24 hours in Department of Drug Dependence, in a 3 months period, in 2010 were evaluated, not only concerning psychiatric psychopathology but also for other medical symptoms or diseases.ResultsWe excluded the patients who have used other known drugs, and had positive results in blood and urine analysis. 17 patients used spice plants associate with alcohol less then 0.5%0, coffee or tobacco, 7 patients used only spice plants. The cardiovascular symptoms were present in 53%, gastrointestinal symptoms in 73%, neurological symptoms in 53%, renal symptoms 5%. We verified the personal history of diseases and also co-morbid acute diseases. Psychiatric symptoms were characteristic to substance induced psychotic disorders.ConclusionsThis study wanted to define and underline the specificity of clinical presentation of intoxication with spice plants, being useful to be known in emergency settings. These medical implications of use of this legal spice plants should also involve community, administrative or political actions for prevention of these medical consequences.
The impact of alcohol sale restriction on alcoholism and drug addiction in the Chechen republic
Authors: Dalsaev M. , Dalsaeva R. 
Published: May 2011

The restriction on alcohol sale in the Chechen republic was introduced in 2009.During that period a stable trend of alcoholism growth was registered, which in the same time was outrunning a growth of drug addiction in the Chechen republic.Analysis on drug addiction and alcoholism for the period from 2008 through 2010 brought light to reducing of alcoholism in comparing to 2008 for 91%. This is against the background of drug addiction growth for 28%.The reducing number of intoxicated vehicle drivers was also noted during that period.The total number of crimes violating drug law has changed slightly, but the proportion of patients admitted for inpatient drug treatment increased.Relying on analysis made during our research a conclusion on effectiveness of alcohol sale restriction on alcoholism and danger of complete ban of alcohol sale was made. It not only can’t solve the problem but may negatively affect the growth of drug addiction in society.
Substance use relapse associated with Iowa gambling task performances in polysubstance dependent alcoholics
Authors: De Wilde B. , Sabbe B. , Hulstijn W. , Dom G. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionPolysubstance dependent alcoholics (PSA) show a high risk of relapse. Decision-making deficits might be predictive of relapse so that high-risk relapse PSA are easily identified and novel more effective treatment interventions can be found.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of decision-making as measured by neurocognitive measures like the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Delay Discounting Task (DDT) on short-term relapse in PSA. The possible confounding effects of personality disorders (PD) are also examined.MethodsForty-one PSA following an inpatient addiction treatment were questioned about their substance use. After two weeks of stable abstinence they performed self-report questionnaires (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale - Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaires) and neurocognitive measures of decision-making (DDT - IGT). Thirty-seven PSA were retrieved three months after treatment completion and questioned about their current substance use. Thirty-one healthy controls (HC) were also asked to perform the self-report questionnaires and neurocognitive measures.ResultsAll PSA showed decision-making deficits in comparison to the HC. Abstinence was associated with better IGT performances, an older age at onset, and a greater likelihood of a cluster C PD.ConclusionIGT performances but not DDT performances are associated with short-term relapse in PSA. It is assumed that the processes involved in the DDT are more important to the initiation of the addiction while the processes involved in the IGT are more important to the maintenance of and the relapse in the addiction.
Impulsivity measures do not predict relapse in pathological gamblers
Authors: De Wilde B. , Sabbe B. , Hulstijn W. , Dom G. 
Published: May 2011

Background and objectivesPathological gamblers (PG) are often compared to substance dependent patients. Analogous to research into relapse into chemical addictions, a longitudinal outcome design was created to evaluate the impact of impulsivity measures on one-year relapse of pathological gamblers.MethodsTwenty-two PG without comorbid substance use disorders and 31 healthy controls (HC) were compared on measures of impulsivity (Baratt Impulsiveness Scale, Delay Discounting Task, Iowa Gambling Task, Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaires, Stroop Color Word Task). The associations between these impulsivity measures and one-year relapse of pathological gambling were examined.ResultsPG_Abstainers (N = 9) had a later age of onset and gambled for a shorter period than PG_Non-abstainers (N = 13). The PG groups did not differ in impulsivity measures. Healthy controls and PG differed on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and the Stroop Color Word Task, but not on the other impulsivity measures.DiscussionThe present data show that PG are not always impulsive and that gambling histories, rather than impulsivity measures, predict one-year relapse.