bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precipitation of radiation injury in kidney epithelium reveals a low fractionation sensitivity (α/β = 12.5 Gy)
Authors: Ewen C. , Hendry J. H. 
Published: July 2009

The α/β ratio can be used to quantify the sensitivity to change in dose per fraction of tissues. It has been shown that late-responding tissues are more sensitive to these changes than are early-responding tissues, i.e. the former apparently have more repair capacity at low doses per fraction (Thames et al, 1982). For early responses in tissues the α/β ratio is generally between 5 and 20 Gy, and for late reactions it is usually 2–5 Gy (Fowler, 1984; Thames & Hendry, 1987). Of the various reasons currently considered most likely to explain this general difference, the cycling status of the target cells during the fractionation schedule may play a role. A greater initial or radiation-induced heterogeneity in sensitivity among the target cells in early-responding tissues, associated with differences in cell-cycle-phase distributions, could lead to a lesser overall fractionation effect (Zeman & Bedford, 1984; Schultheiss et al, 1987). However, the contribution of this effect for different tissues is difficult to quantify because of the difficulties in defining the target-cell populations and their cycling and sensitivity characteristics (Hendry & Potten, 1988).
Another reason relates to the times available for cellular repair among tissues prior to fixation of potentially lethal lesions consequent on movement in the division cycle (Thames, 1985; Curtis, 1987). Longer repair times will be available for the more slowly cycling target-cell populations in lateresponding tissues.
Autoradiographic imaging of pion stopping distribution utilizing scanning laser stimulated luminescence
Authors: Shirato H. , Gaffney C. C. , Goodman G. B. 
Published: July 2009

A new type of detector using scanning laser stimulated luminescence (SLSL system) (Sonoda et al, 1983) makes it possible to visualize small amounts of radiation exposure more efficiently than with conventional X-ray film. An autoradiographic technique using this system has the potential to image radioactivity when previously this was not possible. We have applied the system to the detection of radioactivity induced in aluminium foil by negative pion irradiation. The distribution of the trace of activity was well demonstrated, especially in the pion stopping region.
The new radiation area detector was developed for use in medical diagnostic radiography (Sonoda et al, 1983). The system (CR201) consists of a phosphor screen imaging plate, an image reader, an image processor, and an image writer (Fig. 1). The imaging plate (IP) is a 1 mm thick flexible plastic plate coated with a 0.15 mm thick layer of fine photostimulated phosphor crystals, BaFBr:Eu2+. These crystals act as energy traps when exposed to ionizing radiation, thus producing stored image that is subsequently released by illuminating the phosphor with red light from a helium–neon laser. The surface is scanned by this laser and emitted light is collected by photomultiplier tube. The tube output is amplified and then digitized on a pixel by pixel basis (8 bits/pixel). The resulting digital data are manipulated by the image processor and finally converted back into analogue signals that modulate the intensity of another helium–neon laser beam scanning photographic film to record the image.
Primary orbital lymphoma: staging by computed tomographic scanning
Authors: Mills P. , Parsons C. A. 
Published: July 2009

Primary orbital lymphoma is a rare form of extranodal lymphoma and accounts for only 1% of all orbital tumours (Calle et al, 1975). Recently reported series have dealt principally with the clinical and radiotherapeutic aspects of the disease, including risk factors for the development of systemic lymphoma (Knowles & Jakobiec, 1980; Fitzpatrick & Macko, 1984; Barthold et al, 1986; Gordon et al, 1986). Published data on the results of staging investigations have included little information on computed tomographic (CT) scanning (Henk, 1982; Bessell et al, 1989). Most patients undergo extensive investigation including a full blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), liver function tests, bone marrow examination, chest radiography and, in recent years, abdominal and thoracic CT.
We have retrospectively studied a group of patients with primary orbital lymphoma, with particular reference to their staging investigations and to the factors affecting the development of systemic disease.
All patients with primary orbital lymphoma who were referred for abdominal and thoracic CT were included. This group did not include those patients with known non- Hodgkin's lymphoma and secondary orbital involvement. Many of these patients were referred by Mr J. Wright at the Orbital Clinic, Moorfields Eye Hospital for further management after initial investigation including open biopsy, pathology and orbital CT scanning.
Patients underwent a full clinical examination, blood count and ESR, liver function tests, bone marrow trephine and chest radiography.
An analysis of referrals for primary diagnostic abdominal ultrasound to a general X-ray department
Authors: Fitzgerald R. , Mackie G. , Manns R. 
Published: July 2009

We note with interest the findings of Drs Colquhoun, Saywell and Dewbury (1988).
It is our practice to promote ultrasound as the first-line investigation of abdominal symptoms, both for hospital and GP referrals.
New developments in the field of acute myocardial infarction imaging
Authors: Jain Diwakar , Lahiri Avijit , Crawley John C. , Raftery Edward B. 
Published: July 2009

We read with interest the article by Bell et al (1988) regarding the development of newer and more effective myocardial infarction imaging agents. 99Tcm pyrophosphate and its analogues have severe limitations for the imaging of acute myocardial infarction (Turi et al, 1985) because of low specificity, dependence on blood flow for its uptake by necrotic myocardium and poor image quality. We wish to draw your attention to the development of a promising new agent for the imaging of acute myocardial infarction: radiolabelled mono-clonal antimyosin antibodies.
Experimental work (Khaw et al, 1982) has shown that antimyosin antibodies bind specifically to myocardial cells with acute irreversible damage to the cell membrane. Initial studies using the experimental animal model of acute myocardial infarction (Khaw et al, 1979) have shown that 125I-labelled antimyosin antibodies localize specifically at the site of myocardial infarction in high concentrations and there is a close correlation between the site of radiotracer uptake and histological myocardial necrosis.
Post-operative neutron irradiation
Authors: Courdi A. 
Published: July 2009

Glaholm and Harmer (1988) reported a prospective study of post-operative irradiation with neutrons (five patients) or photons (nine patients) in patients with soft-tissue sarcomas. The unacceptable late tissue damage in the neutron group led to the termination of the trial.
These results, although based on a small number of patients, support the radiobiological data. Absence of a gross tumour may not be a proper indication of neutron therapy, since it deprives the radiotherapist of both the hypoxic and kinetic gain factors.
Book reviews
Authors: Butler P. 
Published: July 2009

“Cerebral angio-CT” is the name given by the authors to the technique of rapid sequential scanning through a region of interest in a variety of planes following an intravenous infusion of contrast medium. Infusion rates, scan planes and scanning intervals are given in quite exhaustive detail although these relate only to the General Electric 9800 and 9000–2 CT scanners. The protocols will need to be adapted for other scanners.
The volume is profusely illustrated with high-quality scans and clear expositions of intracranial vascular anatomy. Conversely, the text falls far short of what might be reasonably expected from an American publisher. The standard of the translation from the Japanese is poor, resulting in many very clumsy and sometimes barely comprehensible statements. Spelling errors are frequent.
The effects of angiotensin II on Doppler signals from a soft-tissue tumour
Authors: Taylor P. M. , Moreman B. , Rimmer S. , Isherwood I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A 10 mHz continuous-wave Doppler system has been used to detect blood flow within a sarcoma implanted in a rabbit's ear. The effects of vasoconstriction produced by intravenous angiotensin II were studied. Criteria are described that enabled differentiation of the Doppler signals from the tumour from those of the adjacent central artery. The effect of vasoconstriction upon these criteria is also described.
Radiation-induced cell death by chromatin loss
Authors: Campbell Ian R. , Warenius Hilmar M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A model is proposed which relates reproductive death of cells caused by radiation to loss of chromatin at cell division. This loss of chromatin can occur through chromosomal deletions or through the formation of asymmetrical chromosomal exchanges. It is proposed that smaller doses of radiation produce fewer chromatin breaks, which are more likely to be accurately repaired, compared with larger doses. Consequently, smaller doses of radiation are less efficient in causing cell death, leading to a shoulder on the cell survival curve. Experimental evidence supports this model, and the fit between the derived formula and experimental cell survival curves is good. The derived formula approximates to the linear-quadratic equation at low doses of radiation.
Iotrolan in selective bronchography via the fibreoptic bronchoscope
Authors: Morcos S. K. , Baudouin S. V. , Anderson P. B. , Beedie R. , Bury R. W. 
Published: July 2009

The standard technique of selective bronchography via the fibreoptic bronchoscope using Dionosil aqueous suspension (Glaxo) as described by Flower and Shneerson (1984) has disadvantages. The medium is a thick suspension and is extremely difficult to inject. Direct injection into the suction channel may cause blockage if the channel is not adequately cleaned. Furthermore, Dionosil may induce chemical pneumonia, lung collapse and compromise of lung function if a large volume is used (Flower & Armstrong, 1986). It also augments the adverse effect of bronchoscopy on arterial oxygen saturation (Goldman et al, 1987).
These difficulties have prompted the idea of using a different type of contrast medium that can be injected directly into the suction channel of the bronchoscope without the attendant complications. The physicochemical properties of iotrolan, a non-ionic dimer, suggest that it could be useful in selective bronchography. It is iso-osmolar with blood at a concentration of 240mgIml−1 with a viscosity of 3.9 cP at 37°C. At a concentration of 300 mgl ml−1 it is slightly hyperosmolar (320 m osm kg−1) and the viscosity is 8.1 cP at 37°C. Animal work and clinical evaluation have indicated that this medium is comparable in safety to the other low-osmolar media that are currently in wide clinical use, possibly with better neural tolerance (Hammer & Deisenhammer, 1985).
The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of iotrolan 240 in a group of patients requiring selective bronchography.
Nuclear medicine in the 1990s: a quantitative physiological approach(1988 Mayneord Lecture)
Authors: Ott R. J. 
Published: July 2009

Technological developments in X-ray computed tomography (CT), ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the last 10 years have provided radically improved qualitative diagnostic information relevant to a wide range of human diseases. The impact of these advanced technological processes is difficult to quantify in absolute terms but diagnosis is certainly greatly aided by the wealth of precise morphological information now available. However, human disease often presents with no specific anatomical changes and those seen may be late effects of earlier biochemical processes, which have remained undetected until the patient presents with advanced symptoms. Radionuclide imaging techniques can show physiological changes that are a direct consequence of these biochemical mechanisms, but, so far, nuclear medicine has disappointingly made only a limited impact on both the aetiology and diagnosis of disease. This paper examines the limitations of nuclear medicine in the context of the need for basic information relating to biochemical function of the human body and proposes that positron emission tomography (PET) could become more widely available and could radically increase the clinical impact of imaging with radionuclides.
It will be useful to examine some aspects of the morphological imaging techniques that make CT, ultrasound and MRI successful diagnostic modalities, prior to considering the value and limitations of radionuclide imaging. This will lead on to a discussion of possible ways in which PET may contribute to clinical nuclear medicine with the aim of presenting a possible scenario for the coming decade.
Percutaneous interventional uroradiology
Authors: Rickards D. , Jones S. N. 
Published: July 2009

In the recent past, intervention in the urinary tract was the sole domain of the urological surgeon or the general surgeon with an interest in urology. With the advance of radiologically-guided interventional techniques, the approach is now multidisciplinary, involving surgeons, radiologists and pathologists. Some traditional methods of treating common urological complaints are now defunct. The implications of this are profound. They include shorter hospital inpatient stays, less use of general anaesthesia, easier planned patient management and, above all, decreased cost of patient treatment. Both patient morbidity and mortality have been reduced and, on the whole, the procedures are more acceptable.
Technology is advancing rapidly and newly acquired skills are often rather short-lived as primary therapeutic tools. For instance, extracorporeal lithotripters have reduced the demand for percutaneous nephrolithotomy, but such skills must still be practised and perfected for the treatment of complications and because not all patients are suitable.
This review concentrates on percutaneous renal work (Table I) and stresses current concepts. Specific interventional procedures are not described in detail.
Many interventional procedures, e.g. antegrade pyelography, can be performed on fluoroscopy units readily available in all X-ray departments. Ideally, a dedicated interventional suite is needed to satisfy both urologist and radiologist. The interventional room itself needs to be serviced by a recovery area and a nursing station where sterile trolleys can be prepared.
The radiographic differentiation of pulmonary oedema
Authors: Rocker G. M. , Rose D. H. , Manhire A. R. , Pearson D. , Shale D. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A radiographic scoring system has been reported to have a high diagnostic accuracy in the differentiation of pulmonary oedema of renal, cardiac and capillary origin. In the present study, a similar scoring system was used in 51 patients with radiographic appearances of pulmonary oedema due to renal failure (n = 16), cardiac failure (n = 13) and to adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (n = 22). Evidence of increased pulmonary capillary permeability to transferrin was sought in all patients using a double-isotope method to derive a protein accumulation index (PAI). Using the clinical diagnosis of each type of pulmonary oedema as the “gold standard”, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the chest radiographic scoring system in pulmonary oedema of cardiac origin were 46, 84 and 75%, respectively. For renal patients these values were 63, 86 and 78% and for ARDS, 89, 33 and 77%. For the PAI in ARDS, sensitivity was 85%, specificity 67% and accuracy 86%. The radiographic scoring system failed to distinguish between pulmonary oedema of renal and cardiac origin and cannot be considered of diagnostic value, but it was more successful in assessment of ARDS. Radiographic appearances suggestive of capillary injury and increased capillary permeability to transferrin occurred in all groups and such findings are not specific to ARDS as currently defined.
Total or partial percutaneous renal ablation in the treatment of renovascular hypertension: radiological and clinical aspects
Authors: Iaccarino V. , Russo D. , Niola R. , Muto R. , Testa A. , Andreucci V. E. , Porta E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In 15 patients with renovascular hypertension, considered unsuitable for angioplasty or surgery, percutaneous renal ablation was performed by injection of ethanol into the renal vasculature. Partial or complete renal ablation was confirmed by follow-up intravenous pyelography or arteriography. Patients were followed-up for a mean of 24.8 months after therapy and blood pressure was improved in all patients with five being cured. This study shows that percutaneous renal ablation is a useful and successful method of therapy for renal hypertension, and that it should be considered in patients unsuitable for surgery or angioplasty.
Fetal fat measurement by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Deans H. E. , Smith F. W. , Lloyd D. J. , Law A. N. , Sutherland H. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A method to assess the average percentage of fetal fat with respect to other fetal tissue is described. This method was then used to assess the percentage of fat in 13 normal fetuses who had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination late in pregnancy (38–41 weeks). The scans of a further 13 fetuses of diabetic mothers and one case of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), all of whom had MRI examinations in the last 3 years, were reviewed and similar calculations were carried out. Whilst the percentage fat range in the normal group was large, it was still possible to discern a difference between the normal, diabetic and IUGR cases.
Microcomputer processing of film radiographs
Authors: Tait W. H. , Hanson M. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An inexpensive image processing system, assembled from commercially available components and driven by “in-house” software, was tested as a means of processing radiographs obtained in a radiology department. In this preliminary study, the main interest was to investigate, through subjective appraisal, the ability of the system to recover the image quality of poorly exposed radiographs. Subsidiary objectives were to obtain some information regarding the specification limits of the system and its components, as well as some quantitative estimate of its advantages for clinical diagnosis. The system was used to process a set of film radiographs of an anthropomorphic chest phantom, produced under conditions that were designed to provide a wide range of image qualities. Following this, four sets of randomly ordered processed and unprocessed images were formally assessed by a group of experienced observers. Consensus opinion from the group indicated that significant improvement could be obtained through simple image processing. Some radiographs regarded as unacceptable became, after processing, acceptable to viewers.
A flexible image archiving system using a personal computer and optical disk
Authors: Parkin A. , Norwood H. , Erdentug M. A. , Hall A. J. 
Published: July 2009

Diagnostic imaging departments generate large amounts of image data from several sources (nuclear medicine, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), digital radiography). There is often a requirement to preserve the raw data, which creates a need for a stable, large-capacity storage facility. Image archiving facilities are usually provided by the manufacturer of the imaging device and are based on magnetic tape or floppy disks. These are inherently slow and take up a large amount of storage space.
Here, we describe the application of a personal computer and optical disk as an image archiving device, which brings the advantages of large capacity, low cost and savings on storage space.
Images are stored in a variety of formats, which vary between manufacturers and even between different machines of the same manufacturer.
Image archiving facilities based on magnetic tape have the advantage of large capacity but the data transfer rate is low (approximately 0.1 Mbytes/s), data are written serially so access time is long and the tape reels occupy a large amount of floor space (a busy CT scanner may generate one reel of tape per day). Added to this is the high cost of tapes and the requirement periodically to rewind and rewrite the tapes to preserve image quality.
The cost of imaging procedures
Authors: Russell J. G. B. 
Published: July 2009

Dr Jeans (1989) asked for reassurance that diagnostic radiology can be financially justified when the possible harm caused ionizing radiation is costed.
I don't think one needs to involve money in this assessment. For instance, take a large radiation dose examination such as barium enema. If we take 100 patients aged about 60 years having a barium enema, we would discover about two have cancers. If one of these is then cured we have saved a life.
Intraoperative localization of an osteoid osteoma
Authors: Thomas N. B. 
Published: July 2009

I was interested in the description of a simple, but apparently very effective, technique to aid in the intraoperative localization of an osteoid osteoma by Todd et al (1989).
I must, however, point out that the radiograph in their paper (Fig. 1) stated to show “no abnormality”, quite clearly demonstrates sclerosis of the distal capitate in keeping with the clinical diagnosis of an osteoid osteoma.
The anatomy of the first sacral nerve root sheath shown by computed tomography
Authors: Moore N. R. , Dixon A. K. , Freer C. E. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Analysis of 25 patients with normal computed tomographic appearances at the lumbosacral junction revealed wide variation in the anatomical level at which the first sacral nerve root sheaths were seen emerging from the theca. In nine patients (36%), the SI nerve root sheaths were first recognized at the level of the lumbosacral disc. In 14 patients (56%), the sheaths emerged cranial to the disc; it is possible that these patients may be more prone to neurological complications related to disc or facet joint disease, especially if the sheath is laterally sited within the lateral recess. Conversely, that minority of patients (two, 8%) in whom the root sheaths emerge caudal to the disc level may be relatively protected from neurological complications.
Clinical evaluation of a digital signal-processing device for real-time speckle suppression in medical ultrasonics
Authors: Loupas T. , Allan P. L. , McDicken W. N. 
Published: July 2009

Although the field of medical ultrasound imaging has experienced significant advances during the last few years, ultrasound images still suffer from a type of acoustic noise called speckle, which represents a major source of image quality degradation (Kremkau & Taylor, 1986). Speckle is an interference effect caused by the addition by the transducer of echoes scattered by tissue inhomogeneities of size and spacing too fine to be resolved (Morrison et al, 1980; Wells & Halliwell, 1981). The resulting granular pattern depends on both the imaging system and the tissue being imaged in such a complicated way that, although it could be possible to use the statistical properties of speckle for tissue characterization (Wagner et al, 1987), a human observer cannot isolate the true tissue information simply by visual inspection of the image. There are several reasons that make a speckle-free image desirable.
1. Speckle limits the resolution of small structures and reduces the ability of a human observer to detect low-contrast lesions (Smith & Lopez, 1982; Lowe et al, 1988).
2. Since speckle is a machine-dependent artefact, it introduces unnecessary image variability between different scanners (Chivers et al, 1986).
3. The human visual system is very sensitive to random intensity fluctuations (noise). Although no experimental data exist for medical ultrasound, it has been observed in other areas where this phenomenon is also encountered, that speckle reduces the efficiency of a human observer by causing viewer fatigue (Rawson et al, 1976).