bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suffering Church, the
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

For the past 2,000 years, since the martyrdom of St. Stephen who was stoned to death by Jews in
ad
34, more than 67 million Christians have perished, according to the
World Christian Encyclopedia
, beheaded, hanged, burned at the stake, dismembered, mutilated, disemboweled, drawn and quartered, tortured, speared, shot, flayed alive, bludgeoned, or thrown to the lions. The blood of the martyrs, Tertullian wrote, is the seed of the church. While neither Protestants nor Catholics in Europe have suffered persecution or martyrdom on a large scale, that has not been the case in the Middle East, Russia, the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, and the Far East. Suffering church is the term used by church historians to describe Christians and churches that live under the shadow of the sword, their faith constantly tested by fire. The history of the suffering church is written in blood.
Tyrants and Christianity
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Christianity has always fared badly under tyrants, whether they be Diocletian or Decius, Hitler or Lenin. The church has been an easy target for those who are competing for allegiance from the people. In medieval as well as modern times, the popes were held prisoner by a number of rulers, including most notably Napoleon. From 1375 to 1376, the French kings forced the popes to change residence from the Vatican to Avignon during a period sometimes known as the Babylonian Captivity. The church has also fared badly during times of anarchy and rebellion. The church was almost wiped out during the French Revolution by the Jacobins whose antipathy toward Christianity was so visceral that they were not satisfied with turning cathedrals into stables, but would not rest until they had erased every vestige of Christianity, including the most unerasable of all, the Christian calendar. In Latin America, anticlericalism was an institutionalized ideology in every country for most of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The church had to face hostility from the madding crowds, from ambitious generals, and from intolerant politicians who, ironically, called themselves liberals. In Mexico in the 1930s, as Graham Greene attests in his
Power and the Glory
, it was a crime to say Mass or wear clerical garb.
Pseudepigrapha
Authors: Estes Douglas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The Pseudepigrapha, literally “false writings” in the original languages, is a loose‐knit collection of Jewish–Christian documents ranging in origin from about 250
bc
to
ad
200, with a few works perhaps as late as
ad
400. The title for this group of documents originates in modern scholarship; historically they never appeared as a group per se, and therefore the list of documents included in the Pseudepigrapha varies. The name is derived from the fact that many, but not all, of the documents are falsely attributed to a biblical person. According to ancient writing practices, false attribution was not typically a form of deception but a reference to traditional authority. Thus, the Pseudepigrapha is as much a category as it is a title.
R
asputin,
G
regory
Y
efimovich (1872–1916)
Authors: Hopkins Jerry B. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
A Siberian Eastern Orthodox mystic who gained a widespread reputation and influence as a seer and healer. He was born in 1872 as Gregory Efimovich, son of a farmer named Efim, who had been a coachman in the employ of the Imperial Mail. He was born in the village of Pokrovskoe on the Tura River in western Siberia some 250 miles east of the Ural Mountains. This was a primitive, rugged, windswept land where winter temperatures plunged to 40 degrees below zero. In such primitive, demanding regions holy men and outlandish sectarian groups flourished.
B
ruckner,
J
osef
A
nton (1824–1896)
Authors: Howie Crawford 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Bruckner, born in Ansfelden on September 4, 1824, was from a working‐class background in rural Upper Austria. He received his first music lessons from his father and his talented cousin, Johann Baptist Weiss, and in the mid to late 1830s began to show a modest but unmistakable aptitude for organ playing, sufficient to allow him occasionally to deputize for his father at the local church. When his father died in 1837 the family moved to Ebelsberg, near St. Florian. One of the fortunate consequences was that the young Bruckner was accepted as a choirboy in the great Augustinian monastery at St. Florian, where he received a thorough musical and general education. St. Florian was to become his spiritual home for the rest of his life. After a year's training as a teacher in Linz, the largest town in Upper Austria, and two short periods as an assistant schoolmaster in Windhaag and Kronstorf, Bruckner returned to St. Florian to teach at the local school and to become more involved in the musical life of the monastery, where he became principal organist at the beginning of the 1850s. In December 1855 he left St. Florian to take up an appointment as cathedral organist in Linz, continuing his musical training with lessons in theory from Simon Sechter, and form and orchestration from Otto Kitzler. His ambition to secure a musical post in Vienna was finally realized in 1868 when he succeeded Sechter as harmony and counterpoint teacher at the Conservatory. As well as continuing in this post until 1891, Bruckner held a similar position in Vienna University from 1875 to 1894 and also taught privately. As an organist he played occasionally at services in the court chapel and in other Viennese churches and even briefly considered a career as a concert organist after successes abroad in Nancy and Paris in 1869 and London in 1871.
Newton,Isaac (1642–1727)
Authors: Estes Douglas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe most gifted and distinguished natural philosopher in the history of the world. Born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, on December 25, 1642, Newton was the son of a yeoman, Isaac, and his wife, Hannah. Three months before his birth, Newton's father died. His mother remarried when Isaac was two, and subsequently left him with his grandmother, Margery, to start a new family. Extremely interested in mechanical devices and chemicals as a young boy, Newton divided time between school and his family's farm. His uncle, an Anglican pastor, recognized his raw talent and arranged for Isaac to attend Trinity College at Cambridge in 1661, where he appeared to be an average student. Newton graduated from Cambridge in 1665, about the time the plague hit, and so he returned to his family's farm until 1667. These months at home were theannus mirabilisof his scientific career. During this brief period, Newton formulated a theory of gravitation, the three laws of motion, discovered the secret of light, color, and optics, and invented the science of mechanics and the mathematics of calculus (or “fluxions” to Newton) — all of which he very slowly and very reluctantly made public throughout the remainder of his life. In 1667, Newton returned to Trinity under the apprenticeship of Isaac Barrow. Worldwide recognition started in 1668 with his invention of the reflecting telescope. He became the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge in 1669, holding the chair for 33 years, and was elected to the Royal Society in 1672. He published the first edition of his greatest work, thePrincipia, in 1687 and it quickly became the most important work in science ever published until the 20th century. Newton represented Cambridge in Parliament in 1689, and again in 1701–1702. He sought out and was given the per‐functory post of Warden of the Mint in London in 1696, and was made Master of the Mint in 1699; he personally initiated many reforms at the mint. In 1703, Newton became the President of the Royal Society, a post he held for 24 years until his death, on March 20, 1727. Knighted by Queen Anne in 1705, he spent the remainder of his life defending his theories, dabbling in alchemy, and writing theology, having become the most famous living natural philosopher in the western world. He was a lifelong bachelor.
Black Christianity
Authors: Gerloff Roswith 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBlack Christianity is a complex and diverse phenomenon, depending on multifarious historical experiences, linked to the enforced exile of Africans to the “New World,” to western missions to Africa 350 years later, and more recently to voluntary migration of African and Caribbean people to the northern hemisphere. Theirs is a theology, or better theologies, which derive from the experience of being black in Africa, the Americas, and Europe in past and present, i.e. within the transatlantic cycle between the African, Latin American, and North American continents and the Caribbean islands, that demonstrate a different kind of a “globalization” process not guided by Eurocentric views but by blending the Christian message with their own unique cultural and religious roots in specific geographical‐political contexts. As such they address themselves to issues of spiritual, social, and political freedom, theological independence, liberation and social justice — challenging misleading notions of white Christian missions. “In all history, Christian and otherwise, being black has never been a neutral, merely racial characteristic. It has usually been a predicament carrying with it concrete and painful consequences — the common experience of oppression, poverty and exploitation.” (Kalilombe). As a continuance of this human experience, Black Christianity today carries the potential to function as a vehicle for spiritual, racial, and social redemption and as a driving force for a renewed Christian mission.
Christian Civilizations
Authors: Norris Frederick W. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The subject of Christian civilization often comes up in either discussions or debates about the quality of what Christians have produced when compared with Muslim civilization, Hindu civilization, Buddhist civilization, etc. Some compare western scientific civilization with what believers of different religions have created. Many, if asked about Christian civilization, will respond with a description of western Christendom. It began no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier with the Apologists of the 2nd century. Although it no longer represents the majority of world Christian believers, it recognizably exists and maintains itself with varying degrees of effectiveness at least in North America, Europe, and parts of Latin America. A large part of historical Christian mission has been involved in transplanting this civilization within various areas of the globe. For instance, the Basilica of our Lady of Peace of Yamous‐soukro in the Ivory Coast, one of the ten largest church buildings in the world, strongly resembles Rome's Vatican. The present encyclopedia is in many ways formed by that definition and the particulars that give it substance. Such presentations are meant to show that Christianity has been able to build and sustain strong civilization.
Latter Rain Movement
Authors: Knowles Brett 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The Latter Rain movement was a radically independent Pentecostal movement, originating from an outbreak of revivalism in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada in 1948. Although initially opposed by major Pentecostal denominations, it had a worldwide impact, influencing hundreds of autonomous “revival churches” in the 1950s and 1960s and contributing to the emergence of the Charismatic movement in the 1960s and 1970s.
Mechanical Strength of Silicon Wafers Cut by Loose Abrasive Slurry and Fixed Abrasive Diamond Wire Sawing
Authors: Wu Hao , Melkote Shreyes N. , Danyluk Steven 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper reports on the mechanical strength of polycrystalline silicon wafers cut by loose abrasive slurry and fixed abrasive diamond wire sawing processes. Four line bending and biaxial flexure tests are used to evaluate the fracture strength of the wafers. Fracture strength of the wafers depends on the location, size, and orientation of microcracks in the silicon wafer and the distribution and magnitude of applied stresses. Measurement of microcracks at the wafer edge and center shows that edge cracks are typically larger than center cracks. Fixed abrasive diamond wire sawn wafers are found to have a higher crack density but smaller average crack length. Wafer fracture in four line bending is found to be primarily due to the propagation of edge cracks while center cracks are found to be the primary cause of wafer failure in biaxial flexure tests. Fracture mechanics based analyses demonstrate that crack orientation plays a significant role in four line bending, but not in biaxial flexure. Correlations of the wafer fracture strength and critical crack length agree well with microcrack measurements. The fracture strength of diamond cut wafers is found to be comparable or superior to the strength of slurry cut wafers.
Efficient Transparent Thin Dye Solar Cells Based on Highly Porous 1D Photonic Crystals
Authors: Colodrero Silvia , Forneli Amparo , López‐López Carmen , Pellejà Laia , Míguez Hernán , Palomares Emilio 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA working electrode design based on a highly porous 1D photonic crystal structure that opens the path towards high photocurrents in thin, transparent, dye‐sensitized solar cells is presented. By enlarging the average pore size with respect to previous photonic crystal designs, the new working electrode not only increases the device photocurrent, as predicted by theoretical models, but also allows the observation of an unprecedented boost of the cell photovoltage, which can be attributed to structural modifications caused during the integration of the photonic crystal. These synergic effects yield conversion efficiencies of around 3.5% by using just 2 μm thick electrodes, with enhancements between 100% and 150% with respect to reference cells of the same thickness.
Surnames in Chile: A study of the population of Chile through isonymy
Authors: Barrai I. , Rodriguez‐Larralde A. , Dipierri J. , Alfaro E. , Acevedo N. , Mamolini E. , Sandri M. , Carrieri A. , Scapoli C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn Chile, the Hispanic dual surname system is used. To describe the isonymic structure of this country, the distribution of 16,277,255 surnames of 8,178,209 persons was studied in the 15 regions, the 54 provinces, and the 346 communes of the nation. The number of different surnames found was 72,667. Effective surname number (Fisher's α) for the entire country was 309.0, the average for regions was 240.8 ± 17.6, for provinces 209.2 ± 8.9, and for communes 178.7 ± 4.7. These values display a variation of inbreeding between administrative levels in the Chilean population, which can be attributed to the ‘Prefecture effect’ of Nei and Imaizumi. Matrices of isonymic distances between units within administrative levels were tested for correlation with geographic distance. The correlations were highest for provinces (r = 0.630 ± 0.019 for Euclidean distance) and lowest for communes (r = 0.366 ± 0.009 for Lasker's). The geographical distribution of the first three‐dimensions of the Euclidean distance matrix suggests that population diffusion may have taken place from the north of the country toward the center and south. The prevalence of European plus European‐Amerindian (95.4%) over Amerindian ethnicity (4.6%, CIA World Factbook) is compatible with diffusion of Caucasian groups over a low‐density area populated by indigenous groups. The significant excess of maternal over paternal indigenous surnames indicates some asymmetric mating between nonAmerindian and Amerindian Chileans. The available studies of Y‐markers and mt‐markers are in agreement with this asymmetry. In the present work, we investigate the Chilean population with the aim of detecting its structure through the study of isonymy (Crow and Mange,1965) in the three administrative levels of the nation, namely 15 regions, 54 provinces, and 346 communes. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ancient‐to‐modern secular changes in Korean stature
Authors: Shin Dong Hoon , Oh Chang Seok , Kim Yi‐Suk , Hwang Young‐il 
Published: January 2012

AbstractStatural growth in human populations is a sensitive indicator of socio‐economic well‐being, and improvements in socio‐economic status are reflected in secular increases in adult height. In the present study, we investigated the statures of historical Korean societies to show how stature changed over time. Applying Fujii's equation, derived from modern Japanese, to the measurement of femora removed from 15th‐ to 19th‐century Joseon tombs, the average heights of Korean adults during the Joseon dynasty were estimated to be 161.1 ± 5.6 cm and 148.9 ± 4.6 cm for males and females, respectively. Plotting statures for successive historical societies against time revealed that Korean heights remained relatively unchanged through to the end of the 19th century, a pattern that differs from that seen in many Western countries in which stature transiently decreases after the Middle Ages. In contrast, a sharp increase in Korean stature was observed at the beginning of the 20th century, similar to trends seen in other nations (although exact timing varies in different countries). There were no accompanying changes of stature sexual dimorphism. The data reported in this study reflect the unique historical experience of Korea; the relative isolation of Joseon society, the late onset of modernization (at the end of the 19th century), and the later occurrence of industrialization (during the 1960s). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical note: Interpreting stable carbon isotopes in human tooth enamel: An examination of tissue spacings from South Africa
Authors: Loftus Emma , Sealy Judith 
Published: January 2012

AbstractStable isotope analysis of skeletal tissues is widely used in archeology and paleoanthropology to reconstruct diet. In material that is poorly preserved or very old, the tissue of choice is frequently tooth enamel, since this is less susceptible to diagenesis. The relationships between carbon isotope ratios in tooth enamel (δ13Cenamel), bone collagen (δ13Ccollagen), and bone apatite (δ13Cbone apatite) are, however, not well understood. To elucidate these, we have measured all three indicators in archeological humans from the western and southern Cape coastal regions of South Africa. The correlation between δ13Cenamel and δ13Ccollagen is good (R2 = 0.71 if two outliers are excluded, n = 79). The correlation between δ13Cenamel and δ13Cbone apatite is weaker (R2= 0.37, n = 33) possibly due to bone diagenesis. No systematic offset between δ13Cbone apatite and δ13Cenamel was observed in this sample of archeological humans. Intertooth comparisons of δ13Cenamel in three individuals showed little variation, despite the different ages of crown formation. Carbon isotope ratios in both enamel and bone collagen are good proxies for δ13Cdiet. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allene in katalytischer asymmetrischer Synthese und Naturstoffsynthese
Authors: Yu Shichao , Ma Shengming 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAllene – Verbindungen mit zwei benachbarten CC‐Bindungen – bilden die einfachste Klasse unter den Cumulenen. Sie verfügen über außergewöhnliche physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften und sind aussichtsreich für Anwendungen in der modernen organischen Chemie. Hier werden Fortschritte in katalytischen asymmetrischen Synthesen und Naturstoffsynthesen erörtert, die auf wohlbekannten Reaktionen von Allenen beruhen: Propargylierungen, Additionen, Cycloadditionen, Cycloisomerisierungen, Cyclisierungen und weitere Reaktionen können sowohl mit als auch ohne Katalysator(en) gelingen. Durch die vielseitige Reaktivität und Substituierbarkeit, die mögliche Übertragung der Achsenchiralität auf ein Chiralitätszentrum und die steuerbare Selektivität können effiziente Wege zu molekularen Zielverbindungen entworfen werden. In diesem Aufsatz haben wir die wichtigsten Themen anhand von ausgewählten Beispielen aus den Jahren 2003 bis 2011 illustriert.
The hierarchical structure of water‐assisted injection molded high density polyethylene: Small angle X‐ray scattering study
Authors: Liu Xianhu , Zheng Guoqiang , Jia Zhenhua , Li Songwei , Liu Chenggang , Zhang Yang , Shao Chunguang , Dai Kun , Liu Baochen , Zhang Qinxing , Wang Songjie , Liu Chuntai , Chen Jingbo , Peng Xiangfang , Shen Changyu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHigh density polyethylene (HDPE) was molded by a new polymer processing method, that is, water‐assisted injection molding (WAIM), and its hierarchical structure was studied by two‐dimensional small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). For comparison, the hierarchical structure of HDPE molded by conventional injection molding (CIM) was also characterized. The result shows that the WAIM part exhibits a distinct skin‐core‐water channel structure which is different from the skin‐core structure for the CIM part. In the skin layer of both WAIM and CIM parts, the shish‐kebab structure was formed due to the shear stress brought by melt filling, but the lamellar orientation parameter of CIM part is smaller than that of WAIM part. The spherulites with random lamellar orientation are dominant at the core of both parts owing to the low cooling rate and feeble shear stress therein. Interestingly, the shish structure and the lamellae with low level of orientation can be found at the water channel layer of WAIM part. They are attributed to the shear stress brought by water penetration. Moreover, the lamellar orientation parameter in water channel layer is smaller than that of skin layer. In addition, the long period of WAIM part first increases and then decreases with the elevating distance from the skin surface, while that of CIM part tends to increase monotonously. In a word, one can conclude that the rapid cooling rate and shear brought by the injected water have significant influence on the structural evolution for the WAIM part. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Comparative SAXS study of heated and alkali‐treated sisal fibers
Authors: Khan Md. N. , Bisoyi D. K. , Shukla J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe present investigation deals with the fine structural characteristics of heated and alkali‐treated sisal fiber using small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) technique for nonideal two‐phase systems. The SAXS intensities of heated and alkali‐treated sisal fibers deviate from Porod's law, indicating that the samples belong to nonideal two‐phase systems characterized by continuous variation of electron density at the phase boundary. The macromolecular parameters such as the average periodicity transverse to layers, specific inner surface, volume fractions of void and matter phases, and so on of the samples were evaluated by using one‐ and three‐dimensional correlation functions, which reveal all the information concealed in the slit smeared SAXS patterns. As all the samples under our purview of study have two‐phase structure with diffuse phase boundaries, the average thickness of the transition region have been determined. This analysis throws some light on the structural changes that occurred in the dewaxed sisal fiber treated by NaOH solutions and subject to heat treatments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012