bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Round Barrow on Stockbridge Down, Hampshire
Authors: Stone J. F. S. , Hill N. Gray 
Published: January 2012

In a recent report (Proc. Prehist. Soc. iv, 1938, 249) we described the contents of a pit situated on Stockbridge Down on the ridge that runs south-west from Woolbury Ring Camp. This pit, the site of which is marked as X on the sketch-map which accompanies the present paper (fig. 1), contained an occupation or refuse layer of Middle Bronze Age date, the rarity of which warranted in our opinion examination of anything in the immediate vicinity that might have a bearing upon it.At least seven round barrows can be identified upon the down, but no record appears to exist of their having been examined. Their relative positions are also recorded on fig. 1, which is based partly upon the aerial photograph of the site published and described by O. G. S. Crawford and A. Keiller (Wessex from the Air, 1928, pl. xxv), and partly upon field work.The present paper describes the structure and contents of the round barrow that lies some 300 ft. south-west of the pit above mentioned. This barrow, which we have numbered no. 1 on fig. 1, is small and relatively insignificant, being only 25 ft. in diameter and about 18 in. in height. It had been constructed on ground that slopes gently to the south, and lies upon that area of the down that appears from both ground and aerial observation never to have been cultivated.
John Cooqūs: a Note to Mr. Phillips's Paper
Authors: Jones E. Alfred 
Published: January 2012

May I be permitted to make a few supplementary observations upon the late Mr. P. A. S. Phillips's valuable contribution to the history of the Goldsmiths' Art in England by his article on John Cooqūs, goldsmith to Charles II, in Antiq. Journ. for July 1934?‘The most humble petition of John Cassen & John Cooqus Silversmiths, & Foreigners’, printed on p. 286, is interesting for several reasons: that they had practised the art and mystery of the silversmith in England since 1664; that their method of working, presumably their style of decoration, was different from that of the English silversmiths; that they were forced to employ foreigners as their journeymen; and that the Goldsmiths' Company of London refused to recognize their work, so far as to refuse to accept it for assaying and touching, i.e. hall-marking.
The Willow Moor Bronze Hoard, Little Wenlock, Shropshire
Authors: Chitty Lily F. 
Published: January 2012

On 15th May 1924 Mr. Harold J. E. Peake, F.S.A., read to the Society of Antiquaries a short paper announcing certain new facts regarding this Late Bronze Age hoard that had come to light mainly through research in, or connected with, the Bronze Implements Card Index of the British Association.Two approximately contemporary accounts of the discovery exist, but these contain so many divergences that it was uncertain whether two distinct hoards were referred to, and Sir John Evans, in his Ancient Bronze Implements (1881), numbers and treats of them separately, with a query as to their identity. Our fresh evidence demonstrates that the two descriptions refer to the same group of bronze implements.
Mixed motives over k[t]/(tm+1)
Authors: Krishna Amalendu , Park Jinhyun 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFor a perfect field k, we use the techniques of Bondal-Kapranov and Hanamura to construct a tensor triangulated category of mixed motives over the truncated polynomial ring k[t]/(tm+1). The extension groups in this category are given by Bloch's higher Chow groups and the additive higher Chow groups. The main new ingredient is the moving lemma for additive higher Chow groups by the authors and its refinements.
Urine as an alternative fertilizer in agriculture: Effects in amaranths (Amaranthus caudatus) production
Authors: AdeOluwa O.O. , Cofie O. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCrop production in most developing countries is faced with a dearth of resources for optimum production of which fertilizer is one. The use of human urine as well as its mixture with compost are potential solutions to this problem. Thus, this report investigated the influence of human urine and its combination with compost on yield and soil quality of land under green amaranths (Amaranthus caudatus). This study involved a field experiment to determine the response of green amaranths to the application of 100% urine, 2/3 urine N + 1/3 compost N, 100% compost N, NPK (15:15:15) at the rate of 100 kg N ha−1 and control with no fertilizer treatment using farmers’ participatory approach. The vegetables produced from the experimental treatments were analyzed in the laboratory for pathogenic microbial risk as well as effects of the fertilizer on nutrient status of the experimental soils (before and after planting). Perception of farmers and consumers in the study area regarding use of urine as fertilizer for vegetable production was investigated with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The result of this investigation revealed that 100% urine resulted in 58.17 t ha−1 total plant yield, while NPK 15:15:15 gave 34.34 t ha−1 total plant yield in the two plantings. Microbial analysis of edible portion of vegetable from plot fertilized with urine did not reveal any significantly different pathological contamination compared to other fertilizer treatments used in this investigation. Urine treatment improved soil nutrient exchangeable cations and acidity. The perception study revealed that respondents perceived urine to be a good agricultural input that could be used as a fertilizer in vegetable crop production and there was no strong cultural norm that would prevent them using it for crop production. Vegetable consumers would also buy vegetable crops grown with urine if they are well informed about its safety for crop production. Since the use of urine as fertilizer for crop production improved amaranth's yield and did not show any negative implication on soil environment, human urine seems to have good potential both in crop yield and acceptability by farmers and consumers.
Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis Domain: 2. Atmospheric hydrologic cycle
Authors: Wilson Aaron B. , Bromwich David H. , Hines Keith M. 
Published: January 2012

The forecast atmospheric hydrologic cycle of the Polar version 3.1.1 of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) is examined for December 2006 – November 2007. The domain is similar to the Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR), an assimilation of model fields and Arctic observations being conducted partly by the Byrd Polar Research Center. Simulations are performed in 48 h increments initialized daily at 0000 UTC, with the first 24 h discarded for model spin‐up of the hydrologic cycle and boundary layer processes. Precipitation analysis reveals a negative annual mean bias (−9.4%) in the polar region, with particularly dry station biases reflected in the Canadian Archipelago. Annual mean bias for the midlatitudes is small and positive (4.6%), attributed to excessive precipitation during spring and summer when convective precipitation is dominant. An examination of precipitation within four major Arctic river basins shows large positive biases due to excessive convective precipitation in summer as well, but highlights the Arctic climate's strong dependence on midlatitude precipitation. Nudging the model's boundary layer moisture toward drier conditions decreases convective precipitation improving the prediction. Cloud fraction analysis shows too little cloud cover, supported by an excess in incident shortwave radiation and a deficit in downwelling longwave radiation throughout the domain. The longwave bias is present regardless of the amount of cloud water or cloud ice, demonstrating a need to improve cloud effects on radiation in Polar WRF. This examination provides a benchmark of the forecast atmospheric hydrological cycle of Polar WRF and its use as ASR's primary model.
Development of definitions of suicidal behaviours
Authors: Bertolote José M 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter covers definitions of suicidal behaviours and how they vary over time, reflecting predominant philosophies and schools of thought. The limitations in the quality of information about suicide mortality, as a common feature affecting the whole vital registration system, are discussed. Coordinated efforts should be made to strengthen those systems, paying attention to the specificity of sociocultural factors’ influence on defining, recording and reporting suicide as a cause of death.
A global perspective on the magnitude of suicide mortality
Authors: Bertolote José M , Fleischmann Alexandra 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe lay press and clinical literature usually address suicide in terms of individual cases, whereas the epidemiological literature refers to rates, that is, the proportion of the sum of individual cases divided by a given population basis. Actually, both approaches have their place in a discussion on a worldwide perspective of suicide mortality; accordingly, in this chapter, both will be used, in order to better understand some of the implications of suicide. With a particular view to the prevention of suicide, it is important to use disaggregated rates, at least by gender and age, in order to identify specific groups at risk for suicide. In addition, information about the methods used for suicide is essential, as it has been demonstrated that the restriction of access to methods can reduce suicide.
Suicide attempts in New Zealand and Australia
Authors: Pirkis Jane , Beautrais Annette , Durkee Tony 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
New Zealand and Australia both have national suicide prevention strategies in place. Initially, the prevention activities delivered through these strategies focused on completed suicide only. More recently, there has been an acknowledgement that suicidal behaviours occur on a gradient and attempted suicide is a significant problem in its own right. It is estimated that for every completed suicide, there are approximately fifty suicide attempts carried out by females and ten by males.
In both countries, suicide attempts are the highest among young people, however, national population-based surveys suggest that, overall, nearly 0.5 per cent of the adult population makes a suicide attempt in a given year. It is evident suicide attempts are a major public health problem and must be addressed accordingly. This chapter examines the epidemiology of suicide attempts in the two countries, drawing on hospitalization data and data from population-based surveys and commenting on how the findings can inform prevention activities.
Social theories of suicide
Authors: Mäkinen Ilkka Henrik 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this chapter, some social theories in relation to suicide are presented together with examples from actual research. Although an individual act, suicide can be studied as a collective phenomenon, for example, as the relative number of cases that occur in different groups. Most social-scientific theories of suicide consider these not only as accumulations of individual observations, but also as results of social-level properties, events, and processes. The social environment in its different forms is thought to be connected with suicidal behaviour in multiple ways—the reasons for, the performance of, and the communication about the act all have strong social components. The currents in social research into suicide coincide largely with those in the social sciences more generally, with a preponderance, however, of structuralist studies following in the footsteps of Emile Durkheim.
Suicide in men
Authors: Rutz Wolfgang , Rihmer Zoltán 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMale life expectancy in Europe is between 5–15 years lower than that of women. This might, in part, be related to the fact that men in general approach and consume medical services only half as often as females. Between 70–90 per cent of all suicides are committed in a clinical condition of major depression and, paradoxically, men commit suicide 3–10 times more often than women in spite of being only half or less frequently diagnosed as depressive than women. Male depressive symptoms are different from those reported by females, mainly because of men’s alexythymic difficulty in recognizing and reporting depressive symptoms. In addition, male depression can manifest itself as abusive, aggressive or antisocial behaviour. Moreover, in the case of suicidal behaviour, males more frequently use violent or lethal methods. Training of health care workers on earlier and better detection of male depression (including the use of the Gotland male Depression Scale) and increasing public awareness for depression are promising tools in the prevention of suicide in males.
Risk for suicidal behaviour in personality disorders
Authors: Stanley Barbara , Jones Jennifer 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWhile borderline personality disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are the only two disorders in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders IV that list suicidal behaviour as a criterion, studies have shown that other personality disorders also increase one’s risk for suicide. Among Axis II personality disorders, suicide has also been found to be associated with antisocial personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder, and there is a possibility that schizoid personality disorder increases the risk for suicide (Duberstein and Conwell 1997). Moreover, stressful life events, such as those involving interpersonal distress and loss, confer a significant risk for those with personality disorders, possibly due to poor coping strategies. Reliable instruments with good psychometric properties need to be established that are sensitive to detecting Axis II personality disorders. This chapter reviews the literature on suicidal behaviours in personality disorders.
Treatment of suicide attempts and suicidal patients in psychiatric care
Authors: Mehlum Lars 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNo other known risk factor has such a high suicide prevention potential as a psychiatric disorder. However, to release this potential psychiatric care needs to be made more available to suicidal individuals, and there is a necessity to establish a continuity of care between hospital and outpatient treatment for patients who have been admitted after a suicide attempt. In this chapter important aspects of the psychiatric treatment of suicidal individuals are described. The importance of conducting systematic and repeated clinical risk assessments, providing treatments targeted at the patient’s needs and instigating safety measures according to the actual risk level is re-inforced. Treatment standards should be kept high through continuous staff education measures, clinical supervision, adherence to written procedures, and should be improved through suicide review procedures whenever there has been a severe suicidal incident within the context of the clinical unit.
Early detection of mental ill-health, harmful stress and suicidal behaviours
Authors: Marušič Andrej , Jurišić Brigita , Kozel Dejan , Mirjanič Milan , Petrović Ana , Svetičič Jerneja , Zorko Maja 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSuccess in early detection of harmful stress, mental ill-health, and suicidal behaviour is substantially dependent on system solutions at the macro level. Suicide prevention interventions and strategies can only be effective if cross-disciplinary knowledge and skills, at different stages of the suicidal process and on different vulnerable groups are combined. In this chapter, traditionally well-known vulnerable groups, such as people with depression and alcohol misuse, are discussed at different stages of the suicidal process, in order to increase early detection. Early recognition is also important in demographic groups that have been neglected to date in suicide prevention, such as mothers with pre-natal and post-natal mental disorders, persons with diabetes mellitus, spinal cord injury disabilities and adult childhood cancer survivors, as well as young vulnerable people for whom harmful stress can be a suicidal trigger. In regard to the implementation and process optimization of individual interventions, lessons from management and, in particular, from social marketing, can provide a key contribution.
Suicide prevention in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Murad M 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPakistan is a developing country located in South Asia, with a population of approximately 162 million, 97 per cent of which are Muslims. Suicide is a condemned act in Islam. Historically, suicide was rare, but over the last decade or so has become a major public health problem in Pakistan (Khan and Prince 2003). Despite this, there are no official statistics from Pakistan. National rates are neither known nor reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) (World Health Organization 2001).Under Pakistani law (based on the tenets of Islam), both suicide and deliberate self-harm (DSH) are illegal acts, which are punishable with a term in jail and a financial penalty. People avoid going to government hospitals, where suicidal acts are registered. Many seek treatment from private hospitals that neither diagnose suicide nor report them to police. Suicide and DSH are, therefore, underreported in Pakistan (Khan and Reza 1998).
Social demography of alcohol‐related harm to children in Australia
Authors: Laslett Anne‐Marie , Ferris Jason , Dietze Paul , Room Robin 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAims  This study seeks to establish the prevalence alcohol‐related harms to children (ARHC) that occur because of others' drinking in the general population and examine how this varies by who was reported to have harmed the child and socio‐demographic factors.Design and setting  A randomly selected cross‐sectional national population telephone survey undertaken in 2008 in Australia.Participants  A total of 1142 adult respondents who indicated they lived with or had a parental/carer role for children.Measurements  Questions included whether children had been negatively affected in any way, left unsupervised or in an unsafe situation, verbally abused, physically hurt or exposed to serious family violence because of others' drinking in the past year.Findings  Twenty‐two per cent of respondents reported children had been affected because of another's drinking in the past year; 3% reported substantial harm. Respondents most commonly reported that children were verbally abused because of others' drinking (9%). Participants in single‐carer households were more likely to report ARHC than participants in households with two carers, and participants who drank weekly were more likely to report ARHC than those who did not drink.Conclusions  Almost a quarter of those with a caring role for children in Australia reported that a child or children with whom they lived or for whom they were responsible have been affected adversely by others' alcohol consumption in the past year. The problem extends across the social spectrum, but children in single‐parent homes may be at higher risk.
Review article: probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome – focus on lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Clarke G. , Cryan J. F. , Dinan T. G. , Quigley E. M. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a poorly understood, yet highly prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID). The withdrawal, due to adverse events, of a number of pharmacological agents that were approved for the treatment of IBS has left a therapeutic vacuum for patients suffering from the disorder.AimTo review, summarise and critically evaluate current knowledge of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used to treat IBS.MethodsWe assessed a comprehensive range of relevant literature from Pubmed, Medline and online sources based on our definition of LAB which included both typical and atypical species, covering Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, Enterococci, Streptococci and Bacilli.ResultsOf the 42 trials evaluated examining the efficacy of LAB in IBS, 34 reported beneficial effects in at least one of the endpoints or symptoms examined, albeit with tremendous variation in both the magnitude of effect and the choice of outcome under consideration. However, numerous concerns have been expressed over deficits of trial design and execution relating to strain selection, optimum dosage, mode of action, safety and long‐term tolerability in a disorder that can persist throughout the lifetime of affected individuals.ConclusionsProgress in the field will require an improved understanding of how the microbiota impacts on health and disease, adequately powered long‐term multicentre trials and the embracing of bench to bedside approaches. Recent incremental advances suggest these areas are being addressed and that the future holds much promise for the use of lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
Omission of in vivo T‐cell depletion promotes rapid expansion of naïve CD4+ cord blood lymphocytes and restores adaptive immunity within 2 months after unrelated cord blood transplant
Authors: Chiesa Robert , Gilmour Kimberly , Qasim Waseem , Adams Stuart , Worth Austen J. J. , Zhan Hong , Montiel‐Equihua Claudia A. , Derniame Sophie , Cale Catherine , Rao Kanchan , Hiwarkar Prashant , Hough Rachel , Saudemont Aurore , Fahrenkrog Cristián S. , Goulden Nick , Amrolia Persis J. , Veys Paul 
Published: January 2012

SummaryUmbilical cord blood transplant (UCBT) is associated with impaired early immune reconstitution. This might be explained by a lower T‐cell dose infused, the naivety of cord blood T‐cells and the use of in vivo T‐cell depletion. We studied the pattern of early immune reconstitution and the clinical outcome of children undergoing unrelated UCBT when in vivo T‐cell depletion was omitted. Thirty children affected by malignancies (46%) or immunodeficiencies (54%) underwent an unrelated UCBT. Prospective assessment of immune reconstitution and clinical outcome was performed. We observed an unprecedented CD4+ T‐cell reconstitution, with a median cell count at 30 and 60 d post UCBT of 0·3 × 109/l and 0·56 × 109/l, respectively. Early T‐cell expansion was thymic‐independent, with a rapid shift from naïve to central memory phenotype and early regulatory T‐cell recovery. Viral infections were frequent (63%) but resolved rapidly in most cases and virus‐specific T‐lymphocytes were detected within 2 months post‐UCBT. Acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) was frequent (grade II = 34%, grade III–IV = 16%) but steroid responsive, and the incidence of chronic GvHD was low (14%). The omission of in vivo T‐cell depletion promotes a unique thymic‐independent CD4+ T‐cell reconstitution after unrelated UCBT in children. We postulate that this relates to the specific immunological and ontological qualities of fetal‐derived lymphocytes.
A practical review of geostatistical processing applied to geophysical data: methods and applications
Authors: Bourges Matthieu , Mari Jean‐Luc , Jeannée Nicolas 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTNowadays, geostatistics is commonly applied for numerous gridding or modelling tasks. However, it is still under used and unknown for classical geophysical applications. This paper highlights the main geostatistical methods relevant for geophysical issues, for instance to improve the quality of seismic data such as velocity cubes or interpreted horizons. These methods are then illustrated through four examples. The first example, based on a gravity survey presents how a geostatistical interpolation can be used to filter out a global trend, in order to better define real anomalies. In the second case study, dedicated to refraction surveying, geostatistical filtering is used to filter out acquisition artefacts and identify the main geological structures. The third one is an example of porosity being integrated geostatistically with a seismic acoustic impedance map. The last example deals with geostatistical time to depth conversion; the interest of performing geostatistical simulations is finally discussed.