bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Risk Assessment for Extreme River Flows
Authors: Keef Caroline , Tawn Jonathan , Svensson Cecilia 
Published: June 2009

Summary
The UK has in recent years experienced a series of fluvial flooding events which have simultaneously affected communities over different parts of the country. For the co-ordination of flood mitigation activities and for the insurance and reinsurance industries, knowledge of the spatial characteristics of fluvial flooding is important. Past research into the spatiotemporal risk of fluvial flooding has largely been restricted to empirical estimates of risk measures. A weakness with such an approach is that there is no basis for extrapolation of these estimates to rarer events, which is required as empirical evidence suggests that larger events tend to be more localized in space. We adopt a model-based approach using the methods of Heffernan and Tawn. However, the large proportion of missing data over a network of sites makes direct application of this method highly inefficient. We therefore propose an extension of the Heffernan and Tawn method which accounts for missing values. Furthermore, as the risk measures are spatiotemporal an extension of the Heffernan and Tawn method is also required to handle temporal dependence. We illustrate the benefits of the procedure with a simulation study and by assessing spatial dependence over four fluvial sites in Scotland.
Bayesian Dose Finding by Jointly Modelling Toxicity and Efficacy as Time-to-Event Outcomes
Authors: Yuan Ying , Yin Guosheng 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIn traditional phase I and II clinical trial designs, toxicity and efficacy are often modelled as binary outcomes. Such methods ignore information on when the outcome event occurs, such as experiencing toxicity or achieving cure or remission. They also have difficulty accommodating a high accrual rate under which toxicity and efficacy outcomes cannot be observed in a timely manner, and thus delay treatment assignment. To address these issues, we propose a Bayesian adaptive phase I–II design that jointly models toxicity and efficacy as time-to-event outcomes. At each decision-making time, patients who have not experienced toxicity or efficacy are naturally censored. We apply the marginal cure rate model to account explicitly for those patients who are insusceptible to efficacy owing to drug resistance. The correlation between the bivariate time-to-toxicity and time-to-efficacy outcomes is properly adjusted through the Clayton model. After screening out the excessively toxic or futile doses, we adaptively assign each new patient to the most appropriate dose on the basis of the ratio of the areas under the predicted survival curves corresponding to toxicity and efficacy. We conducted extensive simulation studies to examine the operating characteristics of the method proposed, and we illustrate the application of the method in a clinical trial in prostate cancer. Our design selects the target dose with a high probability, treats most patients at the desirable dose and potentially shortens the duration of a trial.
Clarity and the Grammar of Skepticism
Authors: BARKER CHRIS 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:Why ever assert clarity? If It is clear that p is true, then saying so should be at best superfluous. Barker and Taranto (2003) and Taranto (2006) suggest that asserting clarity reveals information about the beliefs of the discourse participants, specifically, that they both believe that p. However, mutual belief is not sufficient to guarantee clarity (It is clear that God exists). I propose instead that It is clear that p means instead (roughly) ‘the publicly available evidence justifies concluding that p’. Then what asserting clarity reveals is information concerning the prevailing epistemic standard that determines whether a body of evidence is sufficient to justify a claim. If so, the semantics of clarity constitutes a grammatical window into the discourse dynamics of inference and skepticism.
Moral Dumbfounding and the Linguistic Analogy: Methodological Implications for the Study of Moral Judgment
Authors: DWYER SUSAN 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:The manifest dissociation between our capacity to make moral judgments and our ability to provide justifications for them, a phenomenon labeled Moral Dumbfounding, has important implications for the theory and practice of moral psychology. I articulate and develop the Linguistic Analogy as a robust alternative to existing sentimentalist models of moral judgment inspired by this phenomenon. The Linguistic Analogy motivates a crucial distinction between moral acceptability and moral permissibility judgments, and thereby calls into question prevailing methods used in the study of moral judgment. Indeed, the judgments that are the focus of most current empirical work in moral psychology are not proper targets of scientific study.
In Defence of a Doxastic Account of Experience
Authors: GLÜER KATHRIN 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:Today, many philosophers think that perceptual experiences are conscious mental states with representational content and phenomenal character. Subscribers to this view often go on to construe experience more precisely as a propositional attitudesui generisascribing sensible properties to ordinary material objects. I argue that experience is better construed as a kind of belief ascribing ‘phenomenal’ properties to such objects. A belief theory of this kind deals as well with the traditional arguments against doxastic accounts as the sui generis view. Moreover, in contrast to sui generis views, it can quite easily account for the rational or reason providing role of experience.
Warring Pleasures and their Price: Sex in the City in Irmgard Keun'S Das Kunstseidene Mädchen and Andrea Maria Schenkel's Kalteis
Authors: Boa Elizabeth 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis essay explores connections between the literary representation of women's pleasure, the aesthetic evaluation of fiction perceived as pleasurable reading for women, and sex/gender discourse stretching back to the eighteenth century as the age which saw the beginnings of a recognisably modern literary market. These reflections provide a framework to consider the kinds of pleasure offered by two novels, one from the last century and one recent best‐seller, which portray pleasure‐seeking women in the city and what happens to them.
The Prospects for Progressive Culture‐Led Urban Regeneration in Latin America: Cases from Mexico City and Buenos Aires
Authors: KANAI MIGUEL , ORTEGA‐ALCÁZAR ILIANA 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article addresses the issue of culture‐led urban regeneration from a Latin American perspective. It argues that, despite limited government intervention, the democratization processes that many cities have undergone have enhanced the potential of urban cultural policy as an instrument to address economic, social and physical decay. Grounded on the cases of Mexico City and Buenos Aires, the article shows how highly contingent and contradictory processes of economic globalization, political democratization and institutional neoliberalization have led to much variation in urban policy. In this context, we argue that urban cultural policy is highly dependent on the intricacies of local configurations of power and the negotiation of policy agendas. As a third level of analysis, the article looks at one paradigmatic project in each city. These experiences reveal that cultural initiatives offer the potential to generate socially inclusive forms of economic and territorial development at both the city and neighborhood scales. Yet we also point out that existing fiscal and political constraints limit the extent to which they can be replicated and articulated into a wider policy agenda. The article ends with a discussion of the comparative findings and a research agenda to examine governmental and non‐governmental culture‐led urban regeneration initiatives.RésuméCet article offre une perspective latino‐américaine sur la régénération urbaine à travers la culture. Malgré une faible intervention gouvernementale, les processus de démocratisation qui se sont déroulés dans de nombreuses villes ont renforcé le potentiel que peut avoir une politique culturelle urbaine en tant qu'instrument de lutte contre le délabrement économique, social et matériel. Basée sur les cas de Mexico et de Buenos Aires, l'étude montre comment des processus particulièrement contingents et contradictoires de mondialisation économique, démocratisation politique et néo‐libéralisation institutionnelle ont diversifié la politique urbaine. À cet égard, l'article affirme que la politique culturelle urbaine dépend largement des subtilités des configurations locales de pouvoir et de la négociation des programmes de politique publique. Se plaçant sur un troisième niveau d'analyse, il s'attache à un projet typique de chaque ville: ces expériences révèlent que les initiatives culturelles peuvent donner naissance à des formes de développement économique et territorial génératrices d'inclusion sociale, à l'échelon de la ville comme des quartiers. Il faut néanmoins souligner que les contraintes fiscales et politiques limitent la mesure dans laquelle elles peuvent se reproduire et s'articuler dans un agenda politique plus vaste. Pour finir, sont discutés les résultats comparatifs ainsi qu'un programme de recherches consacré aux initiatives (gouvernementales ou non) de régénération urbaine par la culture.
The Globalization and Europeanization of Mortgage Markets
Authors: AALBERS MANUEL B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDo globalization and Europeanization lead to the deterritorialization of European mortgage markets? Neither economic globalization nor EU policies have resulted in one European mortgage market. The various European mortgage markets are still quite different from one another in many respects. In most countries national lenders continue to dominate the market even though regulation itself has been internationalized to some extent. Deterritorialization has been slow for various reasons: tax, law, cultural and structural differences play a part, but the limited market share of mortgage intermediaries and the unequal treatment of foreign mortgage lenders in some countries also form a barrier. Path‐dependent trajectories are highly important, but can sometimes be bypassed by global processes or downplayed by the entry of foreign firms. The secondary mortgage market is increasingly becoming globalized, while most primary mortgage markets remain largely national. The financial crisis may temporarily slow down securitization, while simultaneously both decreasing and increasing the globalization of mortgage regulation, firms and markets.Résumé La mondialisation et l'européanisation conduisent‐elles à la déterritorialisation des marchés hypothécaires européens? Ni la mondialisation économique ni les politiques de l'UE n'ont produit un marché unique européen du crédit hypothécaire. Au sein de l'Europe, les marchés hypothécaires restent très différents à plusieurs titres. Dans la plupart des pays, les établissements de prêt nationaux dominent encore le marché, même si on a relativement internationalisé la réglementation. La déterritorialisation se fait lentement pour plusieurs raisons; fiscalité, législation, différences culturelles et structurelles pèsent, mais la part de marché restreinte qu'occupent les intermédiaires en prêts hypothécaires, ainsi que le traitement inégal réservé aux prêteurs étrangers dans certains pays, constituent également un obstacle. Les chemins de dépendance sont particulièrement importants, bien qu'ils puissent parfois être contournés par des processus mondialisés, ou être minimisés par l'accès de sociétés étrangères. En matière de crédit hypothécaire, le marché secondaire se mondialise de plus en plus, tandis que les marchés primaires demeurent en grande partie nationaux. La crise financière va peut‐être ralentir temporairement la titrisation, tout en atténuant et renforçant parallèlement la mondialisation de la réglementation, des sociétés et des marchés du crédit hypothécaire.
Symmetrical peripheral gangrene: a prospective study of 14 consecutive cases in a tertiary‐care hospital in eastern India
Authors: Ghosh SK , Bandyopadhyay D , Ghosh A 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground  Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) is characterized by sudden onset of peripheral, frequently symmetrical gangrene in the absence of major vascular occlusive disease. SPG is associated with a wide range of underlying medical problems and usually has disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the background. Although sporadic cases and a few retrospective case series of SPG have been reported, lack of any prospective study on the profile and outcome of these patients prompted us to undertake the present work.Objectives  To study the clinical profile, aetiological factors, and outcome of a group of patients of SPG from eastern India.Patients/methods  Prospective, observational study of consecutive patients presented at or referred to the Dermatology Department of a tertiary‐care hospital during 2001 to 2008.Results  We observed 14 patients (5 males, 9 females; mean age: 43.36 years) of SPG during the study period. All had clinical and laboratory evidence of DIC in association with a shock syndrome. Associated purpura fulminans was noted in 11 patients. In 12 patients, the cause of SPG was infective, Pneumococcus being the commonest organism involved. Two patients developed DIC and SPG postoperatively. Nine patients survived and the remaining five patients died. Three patients had leukopenia and all of them died. Amongst the survivors, four patients had auto‐amputation of some parts of distal limbs; surgical amputation was done in two patients.Conclusions  SPG carries a high mortality rate frequently requiring multiple limb amputations in survivors. Leukopenia may be a poor prognostic factor of SPG and DIC may occur universally.
The time course of orthography and phonology: ERP correlates of masked priming effects in Spanish
Authors: Carreiras Manuel , Perea Manuel , Vergara Marta , Pollatsek Alexander 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOne key issue for computational models of visual‐word recognition is the time course of orthographic and phonological information during reading. Previous research, using both behavioral and event related brain potential (ERP) measures, has shown that orthographic codes are activated very early but that phonological activation starts to occur immediately afterward. Here we report an ERP masked priming experiment in Spanish that investigates this issue further by using very strict control conditions. The critical phonological comparison was between two pairs of primes having the same orthographic similarity to the target words but differing in phonological similarity (e.g., conal‐CANAL vs. cinal‐CANAL vis à vis ponel‐PANEL vs. pinel‐PANEL), whereas the critical orthographic contrast was between pairs of primes that had the same phonological similarity to the target but differing in orthographic similarity (e.g., conal‐CANAL vs. konal‐CANAL). Orthographic priming was mainly observed in the 150–250‐ms time window whereas phonological priming occurred in the 350–550‐ms window.
P50, N100, and P200 sensory gating: Relationships with behavioral inhibition, attention, and working memory
Authors: Lijffijt Marijn , Lane Scott D. , Meier Stacey L. , Boutros Nash N. , Burroughs Scott , Steinberg Joel L. , Gerard Moeller F. , Swann Alan C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractP50, N100, and P200 auditory sensory gating could reflect mechanisms involved in protecting higher‐order cognitive functions, suggesting relationships between sensory gating and cognition. This hypothesis was tested in 56 healthy adults who were administered the paired‐click paradigm and two adaptations of the continuous performance test (Immediate/Delayed Memory Task, IMT/DMT). Stronger P50 gating correlated with fewer commission errors and prolonged reaction times on the DMT. Stronger N100 and P200 gating correlated with better discriminability on the DMT. Finally, prolonged P200 latency related to better discriminability on the IMT. These findings suggest that P50, N100, and P200 gating could be involved in protecting cognition by affecting response bias, behavioral inhibition, working memory, or attention.
Contextual modulation of oculomotor control reflected in N2 and saccade reaction time distributions
Authors: Wijnen Jasper G. , Ridderinkhof K. Richard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAvoiding reflexive saccades triggered by salient yet task‐irrelevant stimuli requires the engagement of control processes that inhibit attention toward irrelevant objects and prevent reflex‐like oculomotor action. In the current study participants made saccades to visual targets to the left and right of fixation as directed by target appearance. A distractor could either be presented in the same (congruent trials) or the opposite hemifield (incongruent trials) as the target. Trial context was manipulated, creating risky (mostly incongruent blocks), safe (mostly congruent blocks), or neutral conditions. Electroencephalogram was measured to examine if any contextual modulations would be reflected in the N2 peak frequently associated with performance monitoring. The results are discussed within the framework of dual mechanisms of cognitive control and suggest that a high‐risk context facilitates avoidance of capture, lessening the need for reactive control.
Mobile phones, communities and social networks among foreign workers in Singapore
Authors: THOMPSON ERIC C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTransnational mobility affects both high‐status and low‐income workers, disrupting traditional assumptions of the boundedness of communities. There is a need to reconfigure our most basic theoretical and analytical constructs. In this article I engage in this task by illustrating a complex set of distinctions (as well as connections) between ‘communities’ as ideationally constituted through cultural practices and ‘social networks’ constituted through interaction and exchange. I have grounded the analysis ethnographically in the experiences of foreign workers in Singapore, focusing on domestic and construction workers from the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Bangladesh. I examine the cultural, social and communicative role that mobile phones play in the lives of workers who are otherwise constrained in terms of mobility, living patterns and activities. Mobile phones are constituted as symbol status markers in relationship to foreign workers. Local representations construct foreign workers as users and consumers of mobile telephony, reinscribing ideas of transnational identities as well as foreignness within the context of Singapore. Migrant workers demonstrate a detailed knowledge of the various telephony options available, but the desire to use phones to communicate can overwhelm their self‐control and lead to very high expenditures. The research highlights the constraints – as well as possibilities – individuals experience as subjects and agents within both social and cultural systems, and the ways in which those constraints and possibilities are mediated by a particular technology – in this case, mobile phones.
Exploring cultural economies of internationalization: the role of ‘iconic individuals’ and ‘brand leaders’ in the globalization of headhunting
Authors: HALL SARAH , BEAVERSTOCK JONATHAN V. , FAULCONBRIDGE JAMES R. , HEWITSON ANDREW 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUnderstanding the internationalization of professional services like advertising, architecture, accounting, consulting and legal services continues to attract considerable attention in academic and policy circles. Research in geography and management studies has emphasized the different organizational strategies adopted by firms as they seek to develop and maintain a competitive position within an increasingly global economy. In this article we develop a new strand in this literature by adopting a cultural economy approach to argue that an important, yet comparatively neglected, aspect of the internationalization strategies of transnational professional service firms is the role of certain ‘iconic individuals’ and ‘brand leaders’ in influencing the practice of internationalization. Drawing on empirical research into the burgeoning European executive search (headhunting) industry we identify a cadre of such individuals and brand leaders that act as resources other firms leverage when internationalizing. This highlights the importance of a cultural economy perspective in theories of the internationalization of professional services and its value in moving discussions beyond purely economic analyses of competitive advantage.
Identification of key soil and terrain properties that influence the spatial variability of soil moisture throughout the growing season
Authors: Baggaley N. , Mayr T. , Bellamy P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCombining soils and terrain information is the key to understanding hydrological processes at a landscape scale. Increasing the scale of soil maps has been shown to allow the spatial patterns of soil moisture to be more fully represented in the landscape, but soil data are often only available at reconnaissance scales (e.g. 1:250 000). It is widely acknowledged that soil hydrological properties vary within the landscape and there are widely available digital terrain models at a 10‐m grid resolution in the UK. The aim of this study was to investigate soil moisture variations and how soil and terrain data can be used in combination to explain the spatial variation in soil moisture contents. Field monitoring of surface soil moisture content on eight occasions in three different fields in Bedfordshire (UK) was undertaken between April and July in 2004 and 2005. Between 100 and 120 points were sampled in each survey using a Delta‐T ML2x™ Theta Probe. The results from regression models show that up to 80% of the variation in surface soil moisture can be explained using 1:10 000 soil series maps and terrain variables. Short‐wave radiation on a sloping surface (SWRSS), calculated by SRAD, and a topographic wetness index combined explained a maximum of 44% of the variation. The results show that the terrain effect on soil moisture is modified by soils. The additional variation explained by adding 1:10 000 soil series information to terrain variables was up to 50% and adding 1:25 000 soil series information increased the variation explained by up to 29%. The interactions in the variation explained by soils and landscape indices at different scales tie in with the concept of hydropedology. It also has implications for data requirements for modelling soil hydrological response and associated soil functions.