bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission routes and risk factors for autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: a systematic review
Authors: LEWIS H. C. , WICHMANN O. , DUIZER E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIncreasing numbers of non-travel-associated hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections have been reported in Europe in recent years. Our objective was to review the evidence on risk factors and transmission routes of autochthonous HEV infection and hepatitis E in Europe in order to develop recommendations for future research, prevention and control. A systematic literature review was performed to identify all primary reports and studies published during 1998–2008 on hepatitis E in humans and animals in Europe by searching Pubmed, reference lists of major articles and international conference proceedings. Each of the 106 included studies was categorized into one of three evidence levels (EL) based on study design and diagnostic methodology. The evidence was generally weak (73 were assigned to EL1, two to both EL1 and EL2, and 30 to EL2), further compounded by the use of poorly validated serological assays in some studies. Only one case-control study was assigned to EL3. Persons with autochthonous hepatitis E infection were on average older than the general population and predominantly male. There was no evidence for one main transmission route of HEV infection or risk factor for hepatitis E. However, zoonotic transmission seemed likely and person-to-person transmission too inefficient to cause clinical disease. Multiple routes of transmission probably exist and should be further investigated through analytical studies and reliable diagnostic kits. Based on current evidence that points to zoonotic transmission from pigs, thorough cooking of all porcine products, prevention of cross-contamination in the kitchen and improved education for occupationally exposed people (e.g. pig farmers, veterinarians and sewage workers) may help prevent HEV infection. Although evidence for parenteral transmission is limited, it is recommended that a risk assessment is undertaken.
The Focused Ion Beam Fold-Out: Sample Preparation Method for Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Floresca Herman Carlo , Jeon Jangbae , Wang Jinguo G. , Kim Moon J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe have developed the focused ion beam (FIB) fold-out technique, for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation in which there is no fine polishing or dimpling, thus saving turnaround time. It does not require a nanomanipulator yet is still site specific. The sample wafer is cut to shape, polished down, and then placed in a FIB system. A tab containing the area of interest is created by ion milling and then “folded out” from the bulk sample. This method also allows a plan-view of the sample by removing material below the wafer's surface film or device near the polished edge. In the final step, the sample is thinned to electron transparency, ready to be analyzed in the TEM. With both a cross section and plan-view, our technique gives microscopists a powerful tool in analyzing multiple zone axes in one TEM session. The nature of the polished sample edge also includes the ability to sample many areas, allowing the user to examine a very large device or sample. More importantly, this technique could make multiple site-specific e-beam transparent specimens in one polished sample, which is difficult to do when prepared by other methods.
Celebrating 40 Years of Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry in Electron Probe Microanalysis: A Historic and Nostalgic Look Back into the Beginnings
Authors: Keil Klaus , Fitzgerald Ray , Heinrich Kurt F.J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOn February 2, 1968, R. Fitzgerald, K. Keil, and K.F.J. Heinrich published a seminal paper in Science (159, 528–530) in which they described a solid-state Si(Li) energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) for electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) with, initially, a resolution of 600 eV. This resolution was much improved over previous attempts to use either gas-filled proportional counters or solid-state devices for EDS to detect X-rays and was sufficient, for the first time, to make EDS a practically useful technique. It ushered in a new era not only in EPMA, but also in scanning electron microscopy, analytical transmission electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, and X-ray diffraction. EDS offers many advantages over wavelength-dispersive crystal spectrometers, e.g., it has no moving parts, covers the entire X-ray energy range of interest to EPMA, there is no defocusing over relatively large distances across the sample, and, of particular interest to those who analyze complex minerals consisting of many elements, all X-ray lines are detected quickly and simultaneously.
Impact of 40 Years of Technology Advances on EDS System Performance
Authors: McCarthy Jon , Friel John , Camus Patrick 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe rapid advance and falling costs of computing power and data storage during the last 40 years have greatly enhanced the data reduction speed and analytical capacity of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) systems. At the same time, the solid state X-ray detector [until recently, the Si(Li) diode] has seen performance increases due to the use of advanced materials and processing techniques. In addition, the performance of the electronic components (field effect transistor, preamp, and pulse processor) of an EDS system has been constantly improved. These technology advances have resulted in improved spectral quality, excellent light element detection, and increased count rate performance. The results have been truly remarkable and driven by the needs of the analyst. This article will summarize the progress made in these areas in the last 40 years and make a brief reference to prospects for future development in EDS system performance.
Quantifying Religion and State: Round Two of the Religion and State Project
Authors: Fox Jonathan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe religion and state project is intended to develop and create a set of measures that systematically gauge government religion policy. Round 2 of the religion and state dataset will include 147 variables for 176 states. This update (1) describes the methodology and reasoning behind the new coding, (2) describes the changes between Round 1 and Round 2, (3) compares the religion and state variables to other religion data collections, and (4) discusses the potential significance of this data collection
The First Amendment, Varieties of Neutrality, and Same-Sex Marriage
Authors: Gill Emily R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article compares the difficulty in achieving a public stance of neutrality toward sexual orientation with the difficulty in achieving neutrality toward religious belief. Strict separation treats religion as a private commitment, with firm limits on government cooperation with religion and strong protection for free exercise. Formal neutrality discounts religion as a basis either for conferring special benefits or for withholding generally available benefits. Positive neutrality attends to the practical effects of public policy, sometimes requiring an abandonment of nonestablishment in favor of policies that allow for greater protection for free exercise of religion. I argue that none of these forms of neutrality establishes impartiality regarding either religious belief or same-sex marriage. First, Michael McConnell's “disestablishment” approach to sexual orientation and same-sex marriage instantiates are neither neutrality nor civic equality. Second, while formal neutrality may render an establishment more inclusive, it may exclude those whose beliefs and practices are not deemed in accordance with public purposes. Third, although positive neutrality may remove burdens from same-sex couples whose conscientious convictions may impel them to marry, it may still favor some kinds of practices over others.
DNA damage and repair in a model of rat vascular injury
Authors: Forte Amalia , Finicelli Mauro , Grossi Mario , Vicchio Mariano , Alessio Nicola , Santé Pasquale , De Feo Marisa , Cotrufo Maurizio , Berrino Liberato , Rossi Francesco , Galderisi Umberto , Cipollaro Marilena 
Published: October 2009

Restenosis rates following vascular interventions still limit their long-term success. Oxidative stress plays a relevant role in this pathophysiological phenomenon, but less attention has been devoted to its effects on DNA damage and to the subsequent mechanisms of repair. In the present study, we analysed in a model of arteriotomy-induced stenosis in rat carotid arteries the time-dependent expression of DNA damage markers and of DNA repair genes, together with the assessment of proliferation and apoptosis indexes. The expression of the oxidative DNA damage marker 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine was increased at 3 and 7 days after arteriotomy, with immunostaining distributed in the injured vascular wall and perivascular tissue. Expression of the DNA damage marker phospho-H2A.X was less relevant, but increased from 4 h to 7 days after arteriotomy, with immunostaining prevalently present in the adventitia and, to a lesser extent, in medial smooth muscle cells at the injury site. RT (reverse transcription)–PCR indicated a decrease in eight out of 12 genes involved in the DNA repair machinery we selected from 4 h to 7 days after arteriotomy, with the exception of an increase in the Mutyh and Slk genes (P&lt;0.05). Western blot analysis revealed a decrease in p53 and catalase at 3 days after arteriotomy (P&lt;0.05). A maximal 7% of BrdU-positive cells in the endothelium and media occurred at 7 days after arteriotomy, whereas the apoptotic index peaked at 3 days after injury (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, our results highlight a persistent DNA damage, presumably related to a temporary decrease in the expression of the DNA repair machinery and of the antioxidant enzyme catalase, playing a role in stenosis progression.
What Are Graduate Students Really Thinking?: A Metacognitive Example
Authors: Madix Christina , Oxley Judith 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The ability to integrate academic and clinical knowledge to achieve a metacognitive level of performance is paramount to being a strong clinician in the field of speech-language pathology. The support and encouragement provided by supervisors strengthens the students' abilities to develop and integrate their knowledge and strategy use in the clinical setting. This article examines the development of metacognitive thinking skills of two first-year graduate students enrolled in a graduate-level speech-language pathology program during their first semester of clinical practicum. A pilot study utilizing a qualitative approach of semi-structured interviews and video-taped therapy sessions was conducted to illustrate how differently graduate clinicians can mature in their clinical program.
Creating a Philosophy of Supervision Through Personal Narrative
Authors: McCready Vicki , Raleigh Louise 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A teaching philosophy is described as “a vivid portrait of a person who is intentional about teaching practices and committed to his/her career” (Ohio State University Faculty & TA Development [OSUFTAD], 2005). Being intentional about what one does requires self-reflection, self-analysis, and ultimately self-knowledge. According to Palmer (1998), “We teach who we are… When I do not know myself, I cannot know who my students are,” (p.2). “Good teaching requires self-knowledge; it is a secret hidden in plain sight” (p.3). In this article, readers will be asked to reflect on their own life experiences, values and gifts that have influenced their decision to become clinical supervisors and to incorporate this personal narrative and reflection into the composition of a teaching philosophy, more specifically a philosophy of supervision.
Calculating the Number of People with Alzheimer′s Disease in any Country Using Saturated Mutation Models of Brain Cell Loss that also Predict Widespread Natural Immunity to the Disease
Authors: Kramer Ivan 
Published: October 2009

The series of mutations that cause brain cells to spontaneously and randomly die leading to Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is modelled. The prevalence of AD as a function of age in males and females is calculated from two very different mutation models of brain cell death. Once the prevalence functions are determined, the number of people with AD in any country or city can be estimated.The models developed here depend on three independent parameters: the number of mutations necessary for a brain cell associated with AD to spontaneously die, the average time between mutations, and the fraction of the risk population that is immune to developing the disease, if any. The values of these parameters are determined by fitting the model′s AD incidence function to the incidence data.The best fits to the incidence rate data predict that as much as 74.1% of males and 79.5% of females may be naturally immune to developing AD. Thus, the development of AD is not a normal or inevitable result of the aging process. These fits also predict that males and females develop AD through different pathways, requiring a different number of mutations to cause the disease. The number of people in the USA with AD in the year 2000 is estimated to be 451,000.It is of paramount importance to determine the nature of the immunity to AD predicted here. Finding ways of blocking the mutations leading to the random, spontaneous death of memory brain cells would prevent AD from developing altogether.
Co-management: an alternative to enforcement?
Authors: van Hoof Luc 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
van Hoof, L. 2010. Co-management: an alternative to enforcement? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 395–401. The decline in fish stocks worldwide has often been attributed to problems inherent with resources being treated as common property. Government is usually called upon to define and implement solutions, but the issues society face today cannot be dealt with by the classical, state-centred system of the industrial society. In this article, the Dutch case of fisheries management is used to demonstrate how a government-orientated solution, such as the recently inaugurated EU Community Fisheries Control Agency, and a governance-type solution, such as co-management, relate to each other and whether a partnership between government and the market, such as co-management, can serve as an alternative to direct government enforcement. Although the Dutch case is not a true-bred form of co-management, but rather a case of co-enforcement, it can be used to service a theoretical assessment of the possibilities of co-enforcement at a European scale.
Introduction
Authors: Clayton Philip 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Any discussion of the possibility of ‘science and religion’ as a distinct field of study represented a clear step forward from the dominant prejudice of an earlier age. By contrast, it seems hard to deny that a new area of study has emerged, one devoted to the study of the complex and multifaceted relationships between science and religion. The text in this book testifies to the existence of a distinct field of inquiry. One can hope that carefully studying how differently the various religions conceive their relationship with the sciences will help to overcome the tendency, until recently dominant in Western scholarship, to equate ‘religion and science’ with ‘Christianity and science’.
Hinduism and Science
Authors: Menon Sangeetha 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Hinduism represents the religion and philosophy that originated in India. It is the religion of 16 per cent of the world's population, and India is home to more than 90 per cent of the world's Hindus. Today many historians and philosophers of science have started reviewing the dynamic events and historical processes that led to what is called the European Enlightenment and modern science. This article focuses on how Hinduism as a religion has coexisted with scientific pursuits, the underpinnings of such partnerships, and the significant contributions of such dialogues to the current engagements between science and spirituality. The discussion follows how apparently different enterprises of experience and reporting of experience were given a common space, as well as what the areas of convergence are that Hinduism posits for dialogues between and within science and spirituality. The article particularly looks at the Vedantic (Upanishads) tradition.
Christianity and Science
Authors: Polkinghorne John 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Christian theology has always resisted a Manichaean opposition between God and the world, believing that the universe is God's creation. All forms of rational inquiry into aspects of reality have their own particular motivating experiences and indispensable concepts. Therefore, neither science nor theology should make the mistake of supposing that it can answer the other's proper questions. The year 1859 certainly did not bring the dialogue between Christianity and science to an end, though it did direct that conversation in new directions. The interaction with science has continued to be a matter of particular concern to Christian thinkers. After a brief historical introduction, this article surveys the contemporary scene. It describes five specific topics that characterize the present-day discussion: creation, natural theology, structures of reality, divine action, and eschatology.
Indigenous Lifeways and Knowing the World
Authors: Grim John A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article seeks to explore selected examples of diverse indigenous ways of knowing the world. It acknowledges differences not only among indigenous ways of knowing but also between indigenous knowledge and systems of knowing within industrial–technological societies. This latter difference is especially evident with regard to the presentation and organization of indigenous knowledge using the ideas and methods of Western, Enlightenment thought. Typically, indigenous ways of knowing are framed by such Western template ideas as monotheism, social contract theory, private property and individual rights, unilateral views of democratic governance, and scientific views of the objectivity of reality. The discussion considers the organic relationality of lifeway, land, and indigenous knowledge as mutually interactive processes. While differently described by diverse native peoples, indigenous ways of knowing are not simply about creating systems of knowledge; rather, they bring into possibility the lifeway itself.
Religious Naturalism and Science
Authors: Drees Willem B. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Religious belief seems to be about the conviction that there is more than nature. Naturalism is perceived as the claim that there is nothing but nature. Is naturalism therefore an atheistic position, that which should be disproved in ‘religion and science’? That seems to be the religious agenda of quite a few in ‘religion and science’. This article holds that it may well be more fruitful to accept ‘naturalism’ as an understanding of reality with which people have to live, and to explore religious options within the context of naturalism. It considers some reasons for and against a naturalistic position. Subsequent sections explore some of the religious and theological options in association with naturalism. Basically, these are treated as pertaining to two kinds of naturalism: namely, theistic naturalism and religious naturalism.
Atheism and Science
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Science is the only path to understanding. It would be contaminated rather than enriched by any alliance with religion. Such should be the attitude of a scientifically alert atheist. This article elaborates and justifies this core attitude. There are those who consider that the domain of science is restricted to some kind of ‘physical world’, whereas religion deals with the ‘spiritual’. A scientific atheist holds that the domain of science is the physical world, but considers there is no other variety of world, and that the ‘spiritual’ is an illusion generated by a physical brain. The discussion considers the nature of this belief and distinguishes it from religious belief.
Cosmology and Religion
Authors: Carr Bernard 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Cosmologists are particularly interested in the origin of the universe and what initial conditions could have led to a world like the one we inhabit. Most adopt the hot big bang model, which supposes that the universe started in a state of great compression some ten billion years ago. The crucial point about such large structures is that they are dominated by gravity, electrical interactions being insignificant because the universe has no net charge. Early universe studies have led to an exciting collaboration between particle physicists and cosmologists. The first part of this article shows how astronomical progress has generally drawn cosmology and religion ever further apart. The second part suggests that recent developments in cosmology may have reversed this trend. The third part discusses some current topics that are likely to have an impact upon the future relationship between cosmology and religion.
Fundamental Physics and Religion
Authors: Wegter‐McNelly Kirk 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
What are nature's deepest secrets? Why is there something rather than nothing? The eagerness with which many in modern cultures look to physicists for answers to these and other ultimate life-questions testifies to the aura of prestige and power that surrounds the oldest of the modern natural sciences. Physicists are currently struggling to unite the various theoretical developments surveyed in this article under one conceptual framework. At present, relativity theory, quantum theory, and chaos theory each provide quite distinct lenses onto the world's physical structures and processes. Although both relativity theory and chaos theory transform various aspects of Newton's account of space, time, and causation, they also essentially sustain the determinism of the classical framework. Quantum theory, on the other hand, at least according to the most widely held interpretation, dramatically overturns this tradition.
Evolutionary Theory and Religious Belief
Authors: Schloss Jeffrey P. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Contemporary historiographic critiques of science–religion warfare notwithstanding, there is no denying that Darwinism has been seen by both advocates and critics as challenging important theological beliefs of the Abrahamic traditions. This article explores the three impacts of Darwin: contradicting Scripture, obviating divine design, and magnifying the problem of evil. The ‘debate’ is not just over scientific and religious understandings of origins, but over the very character of the natural world. Almost every issue involves not a two-sided debate – evolution versus creation – but a continuum, often an entire landscape, of nuanced positions. The nomenclature of evolution and creation fails to represent not only the variable landscape of topics and positions, but also the complex explanatory hierarchy in scientific and religious understanding. Evolutionary biology and theology entail, and therefore interact at, various levels of interpretive scale.