bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stand Establishment of Bermudagrass from Seed1
Authors: Ahring R. M. , Huffine W. W. , Taliaferro C. M. , Morrison R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCommon bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] when established with commercial seed in the northern part of the bermudagrass belt, has a high percentage of winter‐kill. The feasibility of developing seeded bermudagrass cultivars with greater cold tolerance is currently being investigated in Oklahoma. The objective of this research was to compare the winterhardiness of seeded common bermudagrass to an open‐pollinated, seed‐producing, experimental clone (‘A‐9945’).Seedling differences were studied between and within the two strains established at 2‐week intervals beginning in April and ending in August. Fall measurements were taken of forage dry matter production and fibrous root and rhizome volumes. The following January and February, rhizomes and crown‐buds were harvested from each establishment date and their viability determined. These measurements were then related to recovery and growth (e.g., early spring shoot emergence and density) that spring. Fibrous roots and rhizome volumes were determined by submerging samples in graduated cylinders containing known volumes of water. Dry weights were measured using standard oven‐drying procedures.Comparison of winter hardiness between strains demonstrated that A‐9945 initiated rhizome production earlier and in greater quantities than “common.” Plants of A‐9945 emerged 3 to 4 weeks earlier than common in the spring; a greater number from the July planting dates recovered the following spring. Winter survival of common depended almost entirely on crown‐bud hardiness. Rhizomes and crown‐buds contributed to the survival of A‐9945. Planting after July 21 for A‐9945 and May 25 for common did not permit sufficient time for development of rhizomes and crown‐buds capable of complete winter survival.
Soil Fertility and Crop Responses at Selected Landscape Positions1
Authors: Malo D. D. , Worcester B. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA large part of the glacial drift plain of North Dakota is composed of sloping surfaces which are the result of late Wisconsin glaciation and post glacial erosion and sedimentation. The geologic processes of erosion and sedimentation affect soils, their properties, and crop response at various landscape positions. There is limited research data on the effect of landscape position on soil fertility levels and crop production. Knowledge of these relationships on a hillslope can aid in understanding crop growth at various landscape positions. The objectives of this research were to gain an understanding and insight into the occurrence and distribution of soils and their properties as they exist on the landscape in relation to crop responses.Soil properties measured with respect to landscape position were soluble salt content, inorganic C content, water table levels, and soil test levels of N, P, and K. The crop responses measured were emergence plant counts, plant height, maturity, and crop yield.Soil NO3‐N and extractable P levels were minimal at the shoulder position, where erosion activity was greatest and maximal at the toeslope where sedimentation and higher soil moisture contents were found. Minimum exchangeable K levels were found at the salt rim where electrical conductivity values were high.Initial plant populations were lowest at the salt rim located at the footslope position. Plant height was greatest at the backslope and least at the footslope. Lowest yields and highest grain moisture contents were found at the lowest landscape positions. Highest yields occurred at the backslope while lowest grain moisture contents were found at the shoulder position.Results of this study show that differences in plant responses to landscape position exist primarily because of changes in soils and their associated properties. Landscape position is helpful in identifying soil types which can aid in fertilizer management decisions.
Stalk Rot Incidence and Yield of Corn as Affected by Inhibiting Nitrification of Fall‐applied Ammonium1
Authors: Warren H. L. , Huber D. M. , Nelson D. W. , Mann O. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLarge overwinter losses of fall‐applied fertilizer N from midwestern U.S. soils occur through leaching and denitrification. These losses result in decreased efficiency in the utilization of applied N and often in lower crop yields. Of the various management techniques available to reduce N losses, previous studies with spring‐applied N suggested that inhibiting nitrification of applied ammonium with specific chemicals appears to be most compatible with current fertilization and crop production practices. We tested the effectiveness of a specific nitrification inhibitor, 2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl)pyridine (nitrapyrin), in reducing losses of fall‐applied N by comparing the growth, disease incidence, and yield of corn growing in field plots receiving anhydrous ammonia with those treated with anhydrous ammonia containing the inhibitor.Three field experiments on two soil types (Typic Argivdoll coarse‐loamy, mixed mesic and Vertic Halpla‐quoll fine, montmorillonitic, mesic) demonstrated that inhibition of nitrification of fall‐applied ammonium markedly increased grain yields and grain protein and decreased the incidence of stalk rot in corn. Corn yields were increased as much as 207% (average increase was 68%) as a result of applying 0.55 kg of nitrapyrin/ha with fall‐applied anhydrous ammonia when compared to yields obtained with anhydrous ammonia without the nitrification inhibitor. In all experiments, stalk rot incidence in corn was reduced as a result of inhibition of nitrification — the reductions varied from 60 to 96%. In two experiments, grain protein content was increased by 7 to 38% as a result of application of nitrapyrin with fall‐applied N.The results of this study indicate that severe losses of N may occur as a result of fall application of N fertilizers and that these losses may be markedly reduced by using a nitrification inhibitor to minimize the formation of nitrate. The increased yield and grain protein obtained from nitrapyrin addition likely resulted from greater availability of N in nitrapyrin‐treated plots. The reduction in stalk rot may have resulted from altered N metabolism in plants growing in nitrapyrin‐treated plots because of the uptake of substantial amounts of ammonium. This was indicated since stalk rot was reduced by nitrapyrin in plots which were not under N stress. Another explanation for reduced stalk rot may reside in the fact that nitrapyrin‐treated plots had more vigorous plants than plots not receiving the nitrification inhibitor. The data also suggest that N application rates used for corn production may be decreased with no loss in yield if a nitrification inhibitor is used to minimize losses of applied N.
Broadleaf Weed Control in Dormant Bermudagrass Turf1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBroadleaf weeds continue to be a major problem in turfgrass during mild winters throughout the Southeast. Therefore, experiments were conducted with herbicides applied postemergence to determine the maximum weed control with the least amount of chemical treatment. Two new herbicides alone with presently available chemicals were applied to dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.] in singly and repeatedly at 1 and 2✕ rates at three locations. Soil types were Cecil sl (Typic Hapludult), Durham scl (Typic Haludult), Gwinnett scl (Typic Rhodudult), and Pacolet‐Wickham sl (Typic Hapludult). Parsley‐piert (Alchemilla microcorpa Boissier Reuter) was completely controlled with single treatments of methazole [2‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidine‐3,5‐dione] and cisanilide (cis‐2,5‐dimethyl‐N‐phenyl‐1‐pyrrolidinecarboxamide) while two applications were required to obtain satisfactory control with silvex [2‐(2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid], paraquat (1,1'‐dimethyl‐4,4'‐bipyridinium ion), dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐o‐anisic acid), and combination treatments of 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] with either dicamba, silvex + dicamba, or mecoprop {2[(4‐chloro‐otolyl)oxy]propionic acid} + dicamba. Paraquat resulted in excellent corn speedwell (Veronica arvensis L.) control with a single treatment, but two applications were required for similar control with cisanilde or methazole. Two applications were generally required of 2,4‐D, silvex, dicamba and the two and three combination treatments for satisfactory corn speedwell control, especially in plots treated with 1✕ rates. All the herbicides gave good to excellent henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) and common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo] control except for 2,4‐D when applied to henbit at the 1✕ rate.
Corn Yield and Nutrient Uptake as Affected by Water‐Table Depth and Soil Submergence1
Authors: Chaudhary T. N. , Bhatnagar V. K. , Prihar S. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCrops are affected by fluctuations in the water table by seasonal rainfall and soil submergence during growth. A better understanding of their response will help us to optimize drainage and irrigation. Response of irrigated corn to (i) four static water‐table depths (60, 90, 120, and 150 cm) as affected by the growing‐season rainfall and (ii) single or repeated submergence for 1 to 6 days was studied in 58 cm diam by 183‐cm long metal barrels using silt loam soil during 1971 and 1972.Crop response to water‐table depths varied with rainfall during growth. In a wet year, water table at the 120 cm depth gave the highest and that at the 60 cm depth the lowest yield. In a relatively dry year, yield was highest with water tables at 60 and 90 cm depths and decreased with deeper water tables.” It is indicated that a water table at 120 cm depth is desirable for corn. A multiple regression equation indicated that soil water depletion from the upper 30 cm before irrigation, ground water contribution, and oxygen diffusion rate at 15 cm depth accounted for 79% of the variation in yields across water tables. In both years, N, P, and K concentrations in grain and stover were not significantly affected by water table treatments.Grain yields were reduced significantly by submergence exceeding 1 day. For comparable durations, yield reductions were smaller for single than repeated submergence. Submergence during early growth was more harmful than during late growth. Prolonged soil submergence significantly reduced N, P, and K concentrations in the grain. For optimum corn production it is necessary to drain excess water from the root zone within 1 day of soil submergence.
Phosphorus Uptake by Soybeans as Influenced by Moisture Stress in the Fertilized Zone1
Authors: Marais J. N. , Wiersma D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReports on the effect of soil moisture stress on plant uptake of P have been conflicting. The effect of the dynamic variation in soil moisture on P uptake by soybeans (Glyfine max L. Merr.) was studied in vivo. A split‐root technique with plants grown in 3 liter containers in the greenhouse was used whereby moisture stress was localized in the zone having the only source of P for the roots, while water and P‐free nutrients were supplied through the other portion of the root system. The procedure minimized the effect of plant‐water deficit.Differences between moisture treatments accounted for 81.5% of plant P content when the effects of fertilizer treatments were removed, while variation in soil moisture content within each moisture treatment accounted for only 8%. The extent P uptake was impaired by high moisture stress was conditioned by the P status of the plant which in turn was determined by the previous soil moisture history of the zone supplying the P. After watering, plants exposed to a high moisture stress resumed P uptake at a rate exceeding that of plants absorbing P from the adequately watered compartment.The range of response to which increasing levels of fertilizer P was obtained increased as the period of moisture stress in the fertilized zone was prolonged. Temporary luxury consumption of P, induced by high levels of soil P and foliar application, benefited soybeans whose P supply was curtailed by high moisture stress.Moisture stress appeared to affect P uptake largely through its influence on diffusion rather than mass‐flow. It is suggested that the inconsistencies of field results reported in the literature studying the relationship of P uptake and moisture stress could be caused by the peculiar P uptake behavior found in these experiments.
Potential Tetany Hazard of N‐Fertilized Bromegrass as Indicated by Chemical Composition1
Authors: Follet R. F. , Power J. F. , Grunes D. L. , Hewes D. A. , Mayland H. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this field experiment was to determine the effect of N fertilization on yield and chemical composition of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) and the potential for grass tetany hazard in the northern Great Plains as indicated by chemical composition of bromegrass forage. Chemical components of forage considered in relation to the hazard of tetany (a metabolic disorder of ruminants resulting from forage with low Mg availability) were inorganic cations, organic anions, aconitate, and % total N/% total water‐soluble carbohydrate ratio (N/TWSC). Soil was Parshall fine sandy loam, pachic haploborall. Yields and chemical composition of oven dried forage from plots not previously harvested were determined at approximately 3‐week intervals beginning May 9. Differences between the sum (in meq/kg) of inorganic cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and inorganic anions (C1‐, No3‐, H2PO4‐, SO42‐) in forage was defined as the concentration of organic anions (C‐A).Mature forage yield obtained from the unfertilized check plot treatment on July 29 was only 29 and 22% of yields obtained from plot treatments fertilized with 90 and 270 kg N/ha, respectively. The K/(Ca+Mg) ratios and K concentrations increased during May and early June, resulting in a K/(Ca+Mg) ratio near or above 2.2 during June and early June in oven dried forage from fertilized treatments. Potassium, expressed as a fraction K/C of the total cations (C), accounted for 35 to 74% of the cationic charge. Fertilization with N increased total N and K concentration and K/C in the forage. As K/C increased, Mg/C and Ca/C decreased and K/(Ca+Mg) increased. Aconitate and C‐A concentration correlated highly with K concentration and were increased by N fertilization. Aconitate levels exceeded 1% on May 28; the 270 kg N‐treatment remained above 1% through July. Nitrogen fertilizer increased N/TWSC in spring‐harvested forage, compared to unfertilized forage, and greatly accentuated the peak N/TWSC values occurring in late spring samples.This study indicated that although potential for increased forage and livestock‐carrying capacity with N fertilization is tremendous, N‐fertilization may result in a potential tetany hazard to ruminants. Therefore, management practices are needed which minimize tetany hazard while bromegrass yields are increased by N fertilization.
Effects of K Fertilization on Freezing Tolerance and Carbohydrate Content of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Maintained as Turf1
Authors: Cook Thomas W. , Duff D. Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose was to determine the effects of K fertilization on freezing tolerance and carbohydrate content of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘Kentucky 31’ which was reputed to be susceptible to cold injury in northern areas of the U.S. From September through mid‐November, K from KCl was applied to field plots of Bridgehampton silt loam soil in increments to achieve levels of 0, 10, 20 or 40 kg/ha. The same plots received a total of 20 kg N/ha as NH4NO3 in four splits ending in mid‐October. Sand cultures were fertilized three times/week with solutions containing 200 ppm N, 64 ppm P, and 0, 50, or 200 ppm K. Other essential elements were applied in standard amounts and Na was excluded.Samples from both areas were analyzed from October 1973 through April 1974. Tissue K was determined by flame photometry and freezing tolerance by percentage of total electrolytes lost from crown tissue after freezing. Water and 85% ethanol soluble carbohydrates were determined by anthrone and polymeric carbohydrates by the difference between water and ethanol soluble values.Though exchangeable soil K measured low in field plots originally, available K was adequate for development of freezing tolerance and accumulation of carbohydrates since neither was influenced by K fertilization. In sand culture tissue no effects on either freezing tolerance or carbohydrate content were observed even though K contents ranged from 0.7% to over 3% of dry weight during the cold hardening period. Results suggest fall fertilization with K is not critical to development of freezing tolerance or accumulation of carbohydrates under Rhode Island conditions.
Double Cropping for Hay and No‐tillage Corn Production as Affected by Sod Species with Rates of Atrazine and Nitrogen1
Authors: Bennett O. L. , Mathias E. L. , Sperow Charles B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies comparing conventional tillage with no‐tillage practices for corn (Zea mays L.) planted in one or two sod species have been conducted at several locations. Studies comparing growth of corn, when planted in several sod species at variable rates of N, have not been determined. We conducted field studies to determine the effect of two atrazine rates (1.7 and 3.4 kg/ha) and two N rates (135 and 225 kg/ha) at one location and two atrazine rates (2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha) at a second location on hay, corn grain, and silage yields when corn was sod planted in five grass species.Soils were classified as a Wheeling fine sandy loam, a member of the Ultic Hapludulf fine‐loamy mixed family, and a Wharton silty clay loam, a member of the Aquic Hapludult, clayey, mixed mesic family for the two locations, respectively. Grass species used for sod were smooth brcmegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Kentucky‐31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.).Significant differences in grain, silage, and hay yields were found due to associated grass and rates of atrazine. Highest grain and silage yields were produced in bromegrass sod at both rates of atrazine with the high N rate. Corn yields were reduced at the lower rate of atrazine at Point Pleasant when planted in orchardgrass, tall fescue, anti bromegrass. Yields were generally reduced by using the high rate of atrazine at Morgantown. Corn yields were increased by increasing N rate. Sod planted corn had significantly more yield than conventionally planted corn. Bromegrass, orchardgrass and fescue produced excellent regrowth and hay yields when field was treated with 1.7 kg/ha atrazine after a corn crop. Bromegrass had a stimulating effect on corn growth at both locations.Soil moisture was higher and soil temperature lower in sod‐planted corn than in tilled corn.
Influence of Long‐Term Soil Fertility Treatments on Weed Species in Winter Wheat1
Authors: Banks P. A. , Santelmann P. W. , Tucker B. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWinter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) plots that had received various conventional soil fertility treatments continuously for 47 years were evaluated as to the weed species present, and were compared to other cropping situations. This was done to evaluate the influence of continuous fertility treatments on weed types and populations. Replicated soil samples were collected, the indigenous weed seeds were germinated in greenhouse flats, and the species identified. Six species of weeds predominated. Generally, the lowest total numbers of weeds were observed on the plots which had not been fertilized, and populations increased as various nutrients were added. Highest total weed numbers were present on the plots which had received applications of N, P, K, and lime. Most individual species followed the trend of the total plant numbers except for evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill), carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata L.), and henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.). Highest numbers of evening primrose occurred on the unfertilized plots with decreasing populations as fertility treatments became more complete. Carpetweed and henbit numbers were greatest in the plots receiving P alone or N plus P. Similar species were found on nearby soils which had grown cotton or winter wheat commercially for 25 and 40 years respectively. High numbers of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) were observed on both of these soils which were not present in any of the long term fertility treatments. Many more plant species and higher total plant numbers were found in soil from a native grass prairie site.
Reflectant Induced Modification of Soybean Canopy Radiation Balance V. Longwave Radiation Balance1
Authors: Baradas Maximo W. , Blad Blaine L. , Rosenberg Norman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPotential water‐savings and increased water use efficiency may result from reflectant‐induced modification of the canopy radiation balance. This report is one of a series of papers describing reflectant treatment effects on the radiation balance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the reflectant treatment on the longwave balance over soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.].Average ratios of the flux densities of net longwave to global radiation on 3 and 9 August, were 0.251, 0.239, 0.257, and 0.241 over ‘Amsoy’ treated, Amsoy untreated, ‘Beeson’ treated, and Beeson untreated areas, respectively. Corresponding global radiation reflection coefficients were 0.207, 0.194, 0.235, and 0.211.The flux density of outgoing longwave radiation was greater from the reflectorized crop than from the untreated crop. This was due both to an increase in the reflection of incoming longwave radiation and to an increase in the flux density of emitted radiation. The increased reflection of longwave radiation was due to a reduction in the longwave absorptivity; the increased emission was caused by the higher temperature of the treated canopy.The reduction of net radiation over the treated areas resulted from the increased outgoing longwave radiation and from the increased reflection of global radiation. Both processes contributed about equally to the observed differences in the net radiative fluxes between treated and untreated canopies. A mechanism of radiation balance modification by reflectants is proposed to explain the observed changes in net radiation.
Development of Cotton Fruit II. Accumulation and Distribution of Mineral Nutrient1
Authors: Leffler H. R. , Tubertini B. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious research on nutrient distribution in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has generally been conducted on a crop canopy base. To enable measurement of mineral nutrient demand by developing cotton bolls, it was necessary to examine the distribution of minerals among fractions of cotton bolls at specific developmental stages.Distribution of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn among the bur (carpel walls), seed, and fiber fractions of cotton bolls was measured between 10 days after flowering and maturity. During the initial 3‐week phase of boll enlargement, the bur accumulated reserves of N, P, and Mg which were subsequently drawn upon, presumably by the seed and fiber, during later development. The bur continuously accumulated K; bur K concentration was 5.5% at maturity. Concentration of most minerals in the seed declined initially, but then increased markedly later. The major mineral accumulated by the seed was N. At boll opening, over 90% of the boll N was in the seed. The fiber accumulated minerals during the first 5 weeks of development, but lost most of them during the final 3 weeks. The most abundant mineral in the fiber was K.Redistribution of minerals among the boll fractions appeared to have occurred. If it did, it could have partially accounted for the final patterns of mineral distribution. The data suggested that the boll remained a physiological continuum throughout development.