bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local compressive stress generation in electron irradiated boron‐doped Si0.75Ge0.25/Si devices
Authors: Tsunoda Isao , Nakashima Toshiyuki , Naka Nobuyuki , Idemoto Tatsuya , Yoneoka Masashi , Takakura Kenichiro , Yoshino Kenji , Gonzalez Mireia Bargallo , Simoen Eddy , Claeys Cor , Ohyama Hidenori 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe have investigated the stress behavior in 2‐MeV electron irradiated boron‐doped Si0.75Ge0.25/Si‐substrate heterojunctions by using Raman spectroscopy. For a high fluence (∼1x1018 e/cm2), the Raman peak of the Si‐Si bonds in the boron‐doped Si0.75Ge0.25 layer has a tendency to move toward the high wave number side. The tendency increases with increasing electron fluence. This could be explained by local compressive stress variations in the Si0.75Ge0.25 layer during irradiation with varying fluence, due to the difference in the generation probability of the knock‐on atoms for silicon, germanium and boron. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Clebsch‐Gordan coefficients for scattering processes in Si and Ge
Authors: Kunert H. W. , Machatine A. G. J. , Niyongabo P. , Govender M. , Mwakikunga B. W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractScattering matrix for two phonon processes at k = 0 in Si and Ge of Oh7 symmetry is given.Also diagonalization of spin‐orbit interaction Hamiltonian has been computed by means of Clebsh‐Gordan coefficients. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Template‐Free Pseudomorphic Synthesis of Tungsten Carbide Nanorods
Authors: Yan Ya , Zhang Lan , Qi Xiaoying , Song Hao , Wang Jing‐Yuan , Zhang Hua , Wang Xin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA unique nanorod‐structured tungsten carbide material with high specific surface area of 198 m2 g−1 is successfully synthesized for the first time by pseudomorphic transformation of chemically synthesized WO3 nanorods through a high‐temperature method. An electrocatalyst composed of Pt nanoparticles supported on WC nanorods demonstrates higher electrocatalytic activity for methanol electro‐oxidation, better tolerance to CO poisoning, and superior performance for cathodic electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution than a Pt/C catalyst. This work provides a novel method to synthesize high‐surface‐area nanorod‐structured WC materials by preparing oxide precursors with the desired external morphology, thus offering great potential for a broad range of applications of these materials in related reaction systems.
Implementation of a Model Output Statistics based on meteorological variable screening for short‐term wind power forecast
Authors: Ranaboldo Matteo , Giebel Gregor , Codina Bernat 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTA combination of physical and statistical treatments to post‐process numerical weather predictions (NWP) outputs is needed for successful short‐term wind power forecasts. One of the most promising and effective approaches for statistical treatment is the Model Output Statistics (MOS) technique. In this study, a MOS based on multiple linear regression is proposed: the model screens the most relevant NWP forecast variables and selects the best predictors to fit a regression equation that minimizes the forecast errors, utilizing wind farm power output measurements as input. The performance of the method is evaluated in two wind farms, located in different topographical areas and with different NWP grid spacing. Because of the high seasonal variability of NWP forecasts, it was considered appropriate to implement monthly stratified MOS. In both wind farms, the first predictors were always wind speeds (at different heights) or friction velocity. When friction velocity is the first predictor, the proposed MOS forecasts resulted to be highly dependent on the friction velocity–wind speed correlation. Negligible improvements were encountered when including more than two predictors in the regression equation. The proposed MOS performed well in both wind farms, and its forecasts compare positively with an actual operative model in use at Risø DTU and other MOS types, showing minimum BIAS and improving NWP power forecast of around 15% in terms of root mean square error. Further improvements could be obtained by the implementation of a more refined MOS stratification, e.g. fitting specific equations in different synoptic situations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoting wildlife health or fighting wildlife disease: Insights from History, Philosophy, and Science
Authors: Hanisch Shauna L. , Riley Shawn J. , Nelson Michael P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAlthough healthy wildlife populations are often a goal of wildlife management, ambiguity over the meaning of the term health may limit its effectiveness in guiding management objectives. Health is a complex concept with empirical and normative qualities; if it is to convey more than simply metaphorical value in wildlife conservation, clearer articulation of the meaning of wildlife health is needed. We provide a brief overview of the evolution of wildlife disease and health management; we discuss important philosophical themes relevant to developing a clarified understanding of wildlife health; and we share perspectives on wildlife health and disease from a Delphi exercise involving North American wildlife health professionals. The Delphi group conceptualized wildlife health as a multidisciplinary concept marked predominantly by population sustainability and resilience. Disease was considered to be a specific abnormal condition that is a part of the broader concept of health. We suggest improved integration of the descriptive and normative elements of wildlife health and greater inclusion of societal values in developing wildlife health objectives as a means to broaden the scope and effectiveness of wildlife health management. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Estimating public willingness to fund nongame conservation through state tax initiatives
Authors: Dalrymple C. Jane , Peterson M. Nils , Cobb David T. , Sills Erin O. , Bondell Howard D. , Dalrymple D. Joseph 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNongame conservation is insufficiently funded at local, national, and global levels. Despite campaigns and reforms over the past 30 years in the United States, adequate and consistent federal funding has failed to materialize and shifted the focus to state‐level initiatives. We surveyed North Carolina residents during April–May 2010, to assess public willingness to fund nongame conservation, preferred nongame conservation funding mechanisms, and key predictors of support for nongame funding. We estimated a model of willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) using interval‐censored data modeling and compared models using the Akaike Information Criterion. The mean WTP was US$98.80/year/household when respondents were allowed to choose their own tax vehicle, thus removing any payment vehicle bias; an additional sales tax on outdoor recreation equipment was the most preferred funding mechanism. In a follow‐up question, respondents indicated a mean WTP of US$32.92/employed adult (equivalent to about $65/household) annually via a flat income tax. The importance of nongame conservation to respondents, frequency of watching and/or enjoying wildlife, and education were positively related to WTP, whereas age was negatively related to WTP. Prisons were the most popular source from which to reallocate funds to nongame conservation (48%), and respondents believed an average of US$545,000 should be reallocated. Our findings suggested that while the general public indicated that they valued nongame conservation and were amenable to tax increases or reallocations for nongame conservation, they believed that taxes should be user‐based and specialized (e.g., outdoor equipment taxes). These findings highlighted public WTP for nongame conservation even during an economic recession. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Mitigating roadway impacts to migratory mule deer—A case study with underpasses and continuous fencing
Authors: Sawyer Hall , Lebeau Chad , Hart Thomas 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWildlife–vehicle collisions pose a major safety concern to motorists and can be a significant source of mortality for wildlife. Additionally, roadways can impede movements and reduce habitat connectivity. For migratory ungulates, these problems can be exacerbated when roadways bisect migration routes, as is the case in Southwest Wyoming, USA, where a 21‐km section of U.S. Highway 30 overlaps with a critical winter range and migration route used by thousands of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). In an effort to reduce deer–vehicle collisions (DVC) and maintain migratory connectivity, the Wyoming Department of Transportation installed 7 concrete box‐culvert underpasses with continuous game‐proof fencing between each crossing structure. To evaluate the effectiveness of this mitigation project, we used remote cameras to quantify the number of mule deer that used the underpasses, estimate passage rates through time, and compare rates of DVCs before and after underpass construction. Through 3 years of monitoring (which encompassed autumn migration [2008, 2009, and 2010], winter use, and spring migration [2009, 2010, and 2011] for 3 migration cycles), we documented 49,146 mule deer move through the underpasses. Passage rates of deer approaching underpasses steadily increased from 54% in Year 1 to 92% in Year 3. Peak movements during the autumn migration occurred in mid‐December, while peak spring movements were in mid‐March and early May. Underpass and fence installation effectively reduced DVCs by 81%. Had fence gates remained closed and cattle guards clear of snow, DVCs could be eliminated altogether. Our results suggest that underpasses, combined with game‐proof fencing, can improve highway safety for motorists while providing safe and effective movement corridors for large populations of migratory mule deer. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Inhibition of acetate accumulation leads to enhanced production of (R,R)-2,3-butanediol from glycerol inEscherichia coli
Authors: Shen Xiaolin , Lin Yuheng , Jain Rachit , Yuan Qipeng , Yan Yajun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis work describes the production of (R,R)-2,3-butanediol in Escherichia coli using glycerol by metabolic engineering approaches. The introduction of a synthetic pathway converting pyruvate to (R,R)-2,3-butanediol into wild-type E. coli strain BW25113 led to the production of (R,R)-2,3-butanediol at a titer of 3.54 g/l and a yield of 0.131 g product/g glycerol (26.7 % of theoretical maximum) with acetate (around 3.00 g/l) as the dominant by-product. We therefore evaluated the impacts of deleting the genes ackA or/and poxB that are responsible for the major by-product, acetate. This increased production of (R,R)-2,3-butanediol to 9.54 g/l with a yield of 0.333 g product/g glycerol (68.0 % of theoretical maximum) in shake flask studies. The utilization of low-priced crude glycerol to produce value-added chemicals is of great significance to the economic viability of the biodiesel industry.
Application of Rhamnolipid in the Formulation of a Detergent
Authors: Khaje Bafghi Mansureh , Fazaelipoor Mohammad Hassan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBiosurfactants are a group of surface active agents which are produced by a variety of microorganisms. These materials are safer than their synthetic counterparts regarding the environmental concerns. In this research the application of rhamnolipid (a biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in the formulation of a washing powder was investigated. The biosurfactant was mixed with sodium tripolyphosphate as a builder and sodium sulfate as filler, and was applied to washing pieces of cotton clothes which were contaminated with known amounts of edible oil. The effects of pH and temperature of washing medium, washing time, the stirrer velocity of the washing system, and the weight percentage of rhamnolipid and builder on the washing efficiency of the formulation were examined. The results showed that the biosurfactant was effective in oil removal from the samples. The results moreover showed that the optimum pH was 7, and for the other parameters higher levels gave better results. The formulation presented in this study was also compared with some commercial powders for the removal of edible oil, chocolate, and albumen stains. The results showed that the formulation presented in this study was comparable to commercial powders in terms of the stain removal. Biodegradability tests were also performed on pure rhamnolipid and rhamnolipid in the formulation which confirmed good biodegradability of this biosurfactant.
Myocardial Infarction Changes Sphingolipid Metabolism in the Uninfarcted Ventricular Wall of the Rat
Authors: Knapp Małgorzata , Żendzian‐Piotrowska Małgorzata , Kurek Krzysztof , Błachnio‐Zabielska Agnieszka 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIt is known that the ratio, the level of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P)/the level of ceramide (CER) determines survival of the cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of myocardial infarction on the level of different sphingolipids in the uninfarcted area. The experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats: 1, control; 2, after ligation of the left coronary artery (infarct) and 3, sham operated. Samples of the uninfarcted area of the left ventricle were taken in 1, 6 and 24 h after the surgery. The level of sphingolipids, S1P, CER, sphingosine (SPH), sphinganine‐1‐phosphate (SPA1P) and sphinganine (SPA) was determined. The control values were (ng/mg), S1P‐0.33 ± 0.03, SPH‐1.02 ± 0.13, SPA1P‐0.11 ± 0.01, SPA‐0.28 ± 0.04, total CER‐20.3 ± 1.8. In infarct, the level of S1P in the uninfarcted area was reduced by ~3 times in 1 and 6 h and decreased further in 24 h. The level of SPH decreased in 1 h and returned to the control thereafter. The total level of CER decreased in 6 h after the infarction. Sham surgery also produced changes in the level of certain sphingolipids. The ratio, the level of S1P/the level of CER was markedly reduced at each time point after the infarction. It is concluded that the reduction in the S1P/CER ratio could be responsible for increased apoptosis in the uninfarcted area after the myocardial infarction in the rat.
Students’ Mental Models of Evolutionary Causation: Natural Selection and Genetic Drift
Authors: Beggrow Elizabeth P. , Nehm Ross H. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
In an effort to understand how to improve student learning about evolution, a focus of science education research has been to document and address students’ naive ideas. Less research has investigated how students reason about alternative scientific models that attempt to explain the same phenomenon (e.g., which causal model best accounts for evolutionary change?). Within evolutionary biology, research has yet to explore how non-adaptive factors are situated within students’ conceptual ecologies of evolutionary causation. Do students construct evolutionary explanations that include non-adaptive and adaptive factors? If so, how are non-adaptive factors structured within students’ evolutionary explanations? We used clinical interviews and two paper and pencil instruments (one open-response and one multiple-choice) to investigate the use of non-adaptive and adaptive factors in undergraduate students’ patterns of evolutionary reasoning. After instruction that included non-adaptive causal factors (e.g., genetic drift), we found them to be remarkably uncommon in students’ explanatory models of evolutionary change in both written assessments and clinical interviews. However, consistent with many evolutionary biologists’ explanations, when students used non-adaptive factors they were conceptualized as causal alternatives to selection. Interestingly, use of non-adaptive factors was not associated with greater understanding of natural selection in interviews or written assessments, or with fewer naive ideas of natural selection. Thus, reasoning using non-adaptive factors appears to be a distinct facet of evolutionary thinking. We propose a theoretical framework for an expert–novice continuum of evolutionary reasoning that incorporates both adaptive and non-adaptive factors, and can be used to inform instructional efficacy in evolutionary biology.
Landslides and Neotectonic Activities in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Zone: Southeastern Kumaun, Uttarakhand
Authors: Kothyari Girish Ch. , Pant P. D. , Luirei Khayingshing 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) zone is constituted of some of the landslide prone areas in southeastern part of Kumaun Sub-Himalaya. Role of landslides as natural hazard and hill slope modifying agent is well documented from various part of Himalayan region and southern hills of Kumaun particularly in the MBT zone, which are susceptible to various type of mass movement. The rocks making up the slopes has been put to a number of brittle deformation phases during the movement along the MBT, and are traversed by number of joint sets. In the open slope these intersecting joint sets forms wedges and are the most favorable site for initiation of rockfalls and other types of landslides. Landslides are taking place primarily due to high angle slopes, formation of structural wedges along the free steep slopes, sheared nature of the rocks due to proximity to the MBT and neotectonic activities along the MBT and other transverse faults. Wedge failure is a common type of landslides in rock slopes characterized by multiple joints and acts as sliding planes for the failed blocks. Field observations and wedge failure analysis indicates most of the landslides taking place in MBT zone of Kumaun Sub-Himalaya are joint controlled. Safety Factor analysis suggests MBT zone of Kumaun Sub-Himalayan region is prone to landslides and related mass movements. This zone is also neotectonically active as indicated by various geomorphic signatures such as structurally controlled drainage pattern, offsetting of fan by MBT and formation of number of small lakes.
Late-glacial to Holocene transition in northern Spain deduced from land-snail shelly accumulations
Authors: Yanes Yurena , Gutiérrez-Zugasti Igor , Delgado Antonio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractShells of the helicidCepaea nemoraliswere studied using taphonomic, isotopic and morphometric measurements to estimate late glacial–Holocene (~ 12.1–6.3 cal ka BP) environmental conditions in northern Spain. Higher taphonomic alteration among Holocene shells suggests lower sedimentation rates or higher shell-destruction rates than during glacial conditions. Shells preserved the aragonitic composition despite differing degree of skeleton damage. Shell δ13C values were − 10.3 ± 1.1‰, − 8.2 ± 2.3‰, and − 7.3 ± 1.6‰ for modern, Holocene and late-glacial individuals, respectively. Higher δ13C values during the late-glacial and some Holocene periods imply higher water stress of C3plants and/or higher limestone contribution than today. Intrashell δ13C values were higher during juvenile stages suggesting higher limestone ingestion to promote shell growth. Shell δ18O values were − 1.1 ± 0.7‰, − 0.9 ± 0.8‰ and − 0.1 ± 0.7‰ for modern, Holocene and late-glacial specimens, respectively. A snail flux-balance model suggests that during ~ 12.1 − 10.9 cal ka BP conditions were drier and became wetter at ~ 8.4 − 6.3 cal ka BP and today. Intrashell δ18O profiles reveal that glacial individuals experienced more extreme seasonality than interglacial shells, despite possible larger hibernation periods. Shell size correlated positively with δ18O values, suggesting that growth rates and ultimate adult size ofC. nemoralismay respond to climate fluctuation in northern Spain.
Parasites, proteomes and systems: has Descartes’ clock run out of time?
Authors: WASTLING J. M. , ARMSTRONG S. D. , KRISHNA R. , XIA D. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYSystems biology aims to integrate multiple biological data types such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics across different levels of structure and scale; it represents an emerging paradigm in the scientific process which challenges the reductionism that has dominated biomedical research for hundreds of years. Systems biology will nevertheless only be successful if the technologies on which it is based are able to deliver the required type and quality of data. In this review we discuss how well positioned is proteomics to deliver the data necessary to support meaningful systems modelling in parasite biology. We summarise the current state of identification proteomics in parasites, but argue that a new generation of quantitative proteomics data is now needed to underpin effective systems modelling. We discuss the challenges faced to acquire more complete knowledge of protein post-translational modifications, protein turnover and protein-protein interactions in parasites. Finally we highlight the central role of proteome-informatics in ensuring that proteomics data is readily accessible to the user-community and can be translated and integrated with other relevant data types.
Beyond solidarity, reciprocity and altruism: moral capital as a unifying concept in intergenerational support for older people
Authors: SILVERSTEIN MERRIL , CONROY STEPHEN J. , GANS DAPHNA 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to review, contrast and synthesise several major intellectual streams that have guided theoretical development and empirical research in the area of intergenerational family support to older people: (a) normative-integrative approaches that focus on cohesion between family members based on bonds of solidarity and norms of filial obligation, and (b) transactional approaches that are primarily concerned with identifying motives for resource transfers across generational lines. We propose the concept of moral capital – defined as the stock of internalised social norms that obligate children to care for and support their older parents – the transmission of which lies at the intersection of self-interest (for parents) and altruism (for children). Using data from a multigenerational family study, we present an empirical analysis showing that a strong positive correspondence in the filial obligations of adult children and their older mothers – arguably the result of intergenerational transmission – elevated the supportive behaviour of children. We suggest that moral capital may be a useful unifying concept that bridges disciplinary and theoretical divides in the study of intergenerational transfers to elderly people by helping resolve the paradox of how self-interest and selflessness can co-exist within families.
Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA on Dutch broiler farms and in people living and/or working on these farms
Authors: GEENEN P. L. , GRAAT E. A. M. , HAENEN A. , HENGEVELD P. D. , VAN HOEK A. H. A. M. , HUIJSDENS X. W. , KAPPERT C. C. , LAMMERS G. A. C. , VAN DUIJKEREN E. , VAN DE GIESSEN A. W. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThis study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) on 50 Dutch broiler farms. Of 145 persons living and/or working on these farms, eight tested positive for MRSA (5·5%). Investigation of 250 pooled throat samples of broilers and 755 dust samples resulted in four farms where MRSA-positive samples were present (8·0%). All isolates belonged to the CC398 complex. Living and/or working on a MRSA-positive farm was a risk for MRSA carriage; 66·7% of people on positive farms were MRSA positivevs. 1·5% on negative farms (P<0·0001). Due to the low number of positive farms and persons, and high similarity in farm management, it was impossible to draw statistically valid conclusions on other risk factors. For broiler farming, both farm and human MRSA prevalence seem much lower than for pig or veal farming. However, MRSA carriage in people living and/or working on broiler farms is higher compared to the general human population in The Netherlands (5·5%vs. <0·1%). As broiler husbandry systems are not unique to The Netherlands, this might imply that people in contact with live broilers are at risk for MRSA carriage worldwide.