bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying restoration success and recovery in a metal‐polluted stream: a 17‐year assessment of physicochemical and biological responses
Authors: Clements William H. , Vieira Nicole K. M. , Church Stanley E. 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. Evaluating the effectiveness of stream restoration is often challenging because of the lack of pre‐treatment data, narrow focus on physicochemical measures and insufficient post‐restoration monitoring. Even when these fundamental elements are present, quantifying restoration success is difficult because of the challenges associated with distinguishing treatment effects from seasonal variation, episodic events and long‐term climatic changes. 2. We report results of one of the most comprehensive and continuous records of physical, chemical and biological data available to assess restoration success for a stream ecosystem in North America. Over a 17 year period we measured seasonal and annual changes in metal concentrations, physicochemical characteristics, macroinvertebrate communities, and brown trout Salmo trutta populations in the Arkansas River, a metal‐contaminated stream in Colorado, USA. 3. Although we observed significant improvements in water quality after treatment, the effectiveness of restoration varied temporally, spatially and among biological response variables. The fastest recovery was observed at stations where restoration eliminated point sources of metal contamination. Recovery of macroinvertebrates was significantly delayed at some stations because of residual sediment contamination and because extreme seasonal and episodic variation in metal concentrations prevented recolonization by sensitive species. 4. Synthesis and applications. Because recovery trajectories after the removal of a stressor are often complex or nonlinear, long‐term studies are necessary to assess restoration success within the context of episodic events and changes in regional climate. The observed variation in recovery among chemical and biological endpoints highlights the importance of developing objective criteria to assess restoration success. Although the rapid response of macroinvertebrates to reduced metal concentrations is encouraging, we have previously demonstrated that benthic communities from the Arkansas River remained susceptible to other novel anthropogenic stressors. We suggest that the resistance or resilience of benthic macroinvertebrate communities to novel stressors may be effective indicators of restoration success that can account for the non‐additive (e.g. synergistic) nature of compound perturbations.
Variation in the effects of vertebrate grazing on fire potential between grassland structural types
Authors: Leonard Steve , Kirkpatrick Jamie , Marsden‐Smedley Jonathan 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. Vegetation fires can have major social, economic and ecological consequences. Research into fire behaviour has aimed to give managers greater ability to predict and control fires. Fire and grazing are important and interacting disturbances in grasslands. Fire is known to widely affect grazing patterns, but the effects of grazing on the incidence of fire are less well known. There have been few tests of the idea that ‘grazing reduces blazing’, which has popular and political currency in some countries. This study addresses the hypothesis that grazing affects fire potential in native grasslands. 2. Paired grazed and ungrazed quadrats were established at five lawn and five tussock grassland sites. Fuel load, percentage dead fuel and the number of days sustaining fires where possible were compared between treatments. 3. In lawn grasslands, grazing markedly reduced fire potential through the removal of plant biomass and by preventing the vegetation escaping into the unpalatable and flammable tussock state. Grazing led to increased fire potential in tussock grasslands where animals selectively removed live shoots, leaving a high proportion of dead fuel. 4. The difference in flammability responses to grazing between lawn and tussock grassland appeared to be due to differences in palatability that in turn may relate to soil fertility and the constancy of intense grazing. These differences mean that grazing lawns and tussock grasslands are likely to be subject to differing disturbance regimes. This association between disturbance regime and vegetation structural type suggests that lawns and tussock grasslands represent alternative stable states within the grassland ecosystem. 5. Synthesis and applications. Grazing is only likely to reduce the probability of fire where the bulk of the vegetation consists of potential food for grazing animals. It is likely that the negative relationship between vegetation palatability and fire potential applies to grasslands generally and possibly to many other vegetation types. Grassland managers may need to manipulate disturbance regimes in order to maintain vegetation structural heterogeneity and thereby promote landscape‐scale biodiversity.
Biogeographical history of cuckoo‐shrikes (Aves: Passeriformes): transoceanic colonization of Africa from Australo‐Papua
Authors: Jønsson Knud A. , Bowie Rauri C. K. , Nylander Johan A. A. , Christidis Les , Norman Janette A. , Fjeldså Jon 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAim  Cuckoo‐shrikes and allies (Campephagidae) form a radiation of birds widely distributed in the Indo‐Pacific and Africa. Recent studies on the group have been hampered by poor taxon sampling, causing inferences about systematics and biogeography to be rather speculative. With improved taxon sampling and analyses within an explicit spatiotemporal framework, we elucidate biogeographical patterns of dispersal and diversification within this diverse clade of passerine birds.Location  Africa, Asia, Australo‐Papua, the Pacific, the Philippines and Wallacea.Methods  We use model‐based phylogenetic methods (MrBayes and garli) to construct a phylogenetic hypothesis of the core Campephagidae (Campephagidae with the exclusion of Pericrocotus). The phylogeny is used to assess the biogeographical history of the group with a newly developed Bayesian approach to dispersal–vicariance analysis (Bayes‐diva). We also made use of a partitioned beast analysis, with several calibration points taken from island ages, passerine mitochondrial substitution rates and secondary calibration points for passerine birds, to assess the timing of diversification and dispersal.Results  We present a robust molecular phylogeny that includes all genera and 84% of the species within the core Campephagidae. Furthermore, we estimate divergence dates and ancestral area relationships. We demonstrate that Campephagidae originated in Australo‐Papua with a single lineage (Pericrocotus) dispersing to Asia early. Later, there was further extensive transoceanic dispersal from Australo‐Papua to Africa involving lineages within the core Campephagidae radiation.Main conclusions  The phylogenetic relationships, along with the results of the ancestral area analysis and the timing of dispersal events, support a transoceanic dispersal scenario from Australo‐Papua to Africa by the core Campephagidae. The sister group to core Campephagidae, Pericrocotus, dispersed to mainland Asia in the late Oligocene. Asia remained uncolonized by the core Campephagidae until the Pliocene. Transoceanic dispersal is by no means an unknown phenomenon, but our results represent a convincing case of colonization over a significant water gap of thousands of kilometres from Australo‐Papua to Africa.
Hard and soft allopatry: physically and ecologically mediated modes of geographic speciation
Authors: Pyron R. Alexander , Burbrink Frank T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAim  Three common patterns have emerged in comparative phylogeographic analyses at many barriers: (1) a potential geographic pseudocongruence of lineage divergences; (2) a disconnect between the inference of temporally clustered, relatively recent timing for observed speciation events, and dates spanning a broader, apparently random time‐scale; and (3) an apparent prevalence of speciation with recent or continuing gene flow. It is unclear if there is a unifying explanation for these phenomena. We argue that the interaction between geographic barriers to dispersal and ecological limits on the distribution of species can explain these patterns. We suggest that these patterns can be explained by the presence of a continuum between two underlying processes, here termed ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ allopatric divergence, which result from the interplay between organismal ecology and the physioecological nature of geographic barriers.Location  Examples from North America.Methods  We examine comparative phylogeographic divergences in 18 groups of terrestrial vertebrates at two major biogeographic features in North America – the Mississippi River Embayment and the Cochise Filter Barrier – to test predictions made by this hypothesis.Results  We find support for the two distinct processes of hard and soft allopatry, and note several examples exhibiting characteristics of both. Hard allopatry is caused by physical barriers promoting divergence as a function of consistent geographic isolation. Soft allopatry is caused by ecological processes that isolate populations geographically in allopatric refugia through niche conservatism, or across ecological transition zones through niche divergence, but which may be periodic or inconsistent through time.Main conclusions  Viewing geographic speciation as a continuum between hard and soft allopatry can explain all three patterns as a consequence of the physical and ecological mechanisms that isolate populations, and provides an alternative perspective on the impact of ecological factors and physical barriers on lineage formation.
Creation and validation of the PERFECT: a critical incident tool for evaluating change in the practices of health professionals
Authors: Menon Anita , Cafaro Teresa , Loncaric Daniela , Moore James , Vivona Amanda , Wynands Elizabeth , Korner‐Bitensky Nicol 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRationale  The critical incident technique provides a means to better understand the reasons behind clinicians' practices and changes in practice. No standardized tool exists to elicit information using this technique.Objectives  To create and validate a standardized tool that explores change and reasons for change in professional practice.Method  Item generation was based on expert consultation and a review of the clinical practice and knowledge translation literature. The draft tool was pilot‐tested with a convenience sample of 10 rehabilitation clinicians to receive feedback on its content, clarity, optimal cueing, omissions and ease of recall of critical incidents.Results  The tool was progressively refined and validated according to feedback from both the clinicians and expert reviewers. The final version of the tool includes 33 questions designed to elicit information on change and reasons for change in four areas: problem identification, assessment, treatment and referral practices. In addition, it elicits information on factors that facilitate or hinder change in practice. Cues are included when necessary to clarify questions and facilitate responses. Regarding ease of recall, all clinicians confirmed that beginning with a 6‐month recall of practice change and working back to 1 year was a facilitator. All clinicians mentioned that the tool encouraged them to reflect about changes they made in their practice or lack thereof.Conclusion  The newly created standardized critical incident tool, named the PERFECT (Professional Evaluation & Reflection on Change Tool) provides an opportunity for widespread applicability to explore change, reasons for change, as well as facilitators and barriers to change in the practices of health professionals.
Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones (GSM 900 and WCDMA/UMTS) on the macrostructure of sleep
Authors: DANKER‐HOPFE HEIDI , DORN HANS , BAHR ACHIM , ANDERER PETER , SAUTER CORNELIA 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIn the present double‐blind, randomized, sham‐controlled cross‐over study, possible effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 900 and Wideband Code‐Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)/Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) cell‐phones on the macrostructure of sleep were investigated in a laboratory environment. An adaptation night, which served as screening night for sleep disorders and as an adjustment night to the laboratory environment, was followed by 9 study nights (separated by a 2‐week interval) in which subjects were exposed to three exposure conditions (sham, GSM 900 and WCDMA/UMTS). The sample comprised 30 healthy male subjects within the age range 18–30 years (mean ± standard deviation: 25.3 ± 2.6 years). A cell‐phone usage at maximum radio frequency (RF) output power was simulated and the transmitted power was adjusted in order to approach, but not to exceed, the specific absorption rate (SAR) limits of the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines for general public exposure (SAR10g = 2.0 W kg−1). In this study, possible effects of long‐term (8 h) continuous RF exposure on the central nervous system were analysed during sleep, because sleep is a state in which many confounding intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g. motivation, personality, attitude) are eliminated or controlled. Thirteen of 177 variables characterizing the initiation and maintenance of sleep in the GSM 900 and three in the WCDMA exposure condition differed from the sham condition. The few significant results are not indicative of a negative impact on sleep architecture. From the present results there is no evidence for a sleep‐disturbing effect of GSM 900 and WCDMA exposure.
Population differentiation of sessile oak at the altitudinal front of migration in the French Pyrenees
Authors: ALBERTO F. , NIORT J. , DERORY J. , LEPAIS O. , VITALIS R. , GALOP D. , KREMER A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTo assess the effects of altitude on the level and structure of genetic diversity, a genetic survey was conducted in 12 populations of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) located between 130 and 1660 m in two parallel valleys on the northern side of the Pyrenees Mountains. Genetic diversity was monitored at 16 nuclear microsatellite loci and 5 chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers. The cpDNA survey suggested that extant populations in both valleys shared the same source populations from the plain. There was no visible trend of nuclear genetic diversity along altitude, even if indirect estimates of effective population sizes revealed a consistent reduction at higher altitudes. Population differentiation, although low, was mostly present among populations of the same valleys and reached similar levels than differentiation across the range of distribution of sessile oak. Contribution to the overall differentiation in the valleys was mostly due to the genetic divergence of the highest populations and the altitudinal variation of allelic frequencies at a few loci. Bayesian inference of migration between groups of populations showed that gene flow is preferentially unidirectional from lower altitudes in one valley to other groups of populations. Finally, we found evidence of clonal reproduction in high altitude populations. The introgression ofQuercus roburandQuercus pubescenswas also more frequent at the altitudinal margin suggesting that this mechanism may have contributed to the present migration and adaptation ofQ. petraeaand may also facilitate its future upslope shift in the context of climate change.
Prolonged protection of the new inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone furoate against AMP hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma
Authors: Van Den Berge M. , Luijk B. , Bareille P. , Dallow N. , Postma D. S. , Lammers J. ‐W. J. 
Published: June 2010

To cite this article: van den Berge M, Luijk B, Bareille P, Dallow N, Postma DS, Lammers J‐WJ. Prolonged protection of the new inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone furoate against AMP hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma. Allergy 2010; 65: 1531–1535.AbstractIntroduction:  Single‐dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) induce direct anti‐inflammatory effects in asthma thereby improving airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). A novel enhanced‐affinity ICS, fluticasone furoate (FF), demonstrated a prolonged duration of action in vitro. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and duration of action of a single dose of FF by studying protection against AHR to adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP) and effects on exhaled nitric oxide (eNO).Methods:  A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 6‐way crossover study (FFA10026) was performed in 24 patients with allergic asthma (mean age 32.8 years, FEV1 ≥ 70% predicted and PC20 AMP ≤ 50 mg/ml). Each subject received a single dose of FF 1000 μg, fluticasone proprionate (FP) 1000 μg, or placebo at 2 (FF only), 14 or 26 h prior to AMP challenge and eNO measurement.Results:  FF significantly improved PC20 AMP compared to placebo, the difference in doubling concentrations being 2.18 (95% confidence interval: 1.13–3.23), 1.54 (0.48–2.59), and 1.30 (0.26–2.34) at 2, 14 and 26 h. FP improved PC20 AMP significantly at 14 h compared to placebo, but not at the 26‐hour time point, the difference in doubling concentrations being 1.72 (0.70–2.75) and 0.33 (−0.69–1.34). There was no significant effect on eNO after either FF or FP at all time points. FF was well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events.Conclusion:  The new inhaled corticosteroid FF, but not FP, demonstrates prolonged protection up to 26 h against AHR to AMP in asthma patients.
TSLP polymorphisms are associated with asthma in a sex‐specific fashion
Authors: Hunninghake G. M. , Soto‐Quirós M. E. , Avila L. , Kim H. P. , Lasky‐Su J. , Rafaels N. , Ruczinski I. , Beaty T. H. , Mathias R. A. , Barnes K. C. , Wilk J. B. , O’Connor G. T. , James Gauderman W. , Vora H. , Baurley J. W. , Gilliland F. , Liang C. , Sylvia J. S. , Klanderman B. J. , Sharma S. S. , Himes B. E. , Bossley C. J. , Israel E. , Raby B. A. , Bush A. , Choi A. M. , Weiss S. T. , Celedón J. C. 
Published: June 2010

To cite this article: Hunninghake GM, Soto‐Quirós ME, Avila L, Kim HP, Lasky‐Su J, Rafaels N, Ruczinski I, Beaty TH, Mathias RA, Barnes KC, Wilk JB, O’Connor GT, James Gauderman W, Vora H, Baurley JW, Gilliland F, Liang C, Sylvia JS, Klanderman BJ, Sharma SS, Himes BE, Bossley CJ, Israel E, Raby BA, Bush A, Choi AM, Weiss ST, Celedón JC. TSLP polymorphisms are associated with asthma in a sex‐specific fashion. Allergy 2010; 65: 1566–1575.AbstractBackground:  Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) have been associated with IgE (in girls) and asthma (in general). We sought to determine whether TSLP SNPs are associated with asthma in a sex‐specific fashion.Methods:  We conducted regular and sex‐stratified analyses of association between SNPs in TSLP and asthma in families of children with asthma in Costa Rica. Significant findings were replicated in whites and African‐American participants in the Childhood Asthma Management Program, in African‐Americans in the Genomic Research on Asthma in the African Diaspora study, in whites and Hispanics in the Children’s Health Study, and in whites in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS).Main Results:  Two SNPs in TSLP (rs1837253 and rs2289276) were significantly associated with a reduced risk of asthma in combined analyses of all cohorts (P values of 2 × 10−5 and 1 × 10−5, respectively). In a sex‐stratified analysis, the T allele of rs1837253 was significantly associated with a reduced risk of asthma in males only (P = 3 × 10−6). Alternately, the T allele of rs2289276 was significantly associated with a reduced risk of asthma in females only (P = 2 × 10−4). Findings for rs2289276 were consistent in all cohorts except the FHS.Conclusions:  TSLP variants are associated with asthma in a sex‐specific fashion.
Projections of the effects of climate change on allergic asthma: the contribution of aerobiology
Authors: Cecchi L. , D’Amato G. , Ayres J. G. , Galan C. , Forastiere F. , Forsberg B. , Gerritsen J. , Nunes C. , Behrendt H. , Akdis C. , Dahl R. , Annesi‐Maesano I. 
Published: June 2010

To cite this article: Cecchi L, D’Amato G, Ayres JG, Galan C, Forastiere F, Forsberg B, Gerritsen J, Nunes C, Behrendt H, Akdis C, Dahl R, Annesi‐Maesano I. Projections of the effects of climate change on allergic asthma: the contribution of aerobiology. Allergy 2010; 65: 1073–1081.AbstractClimate change is unequivocal and represents a possible threat for patients affected by allergic conditions. It has already had an impact on living organisms, including plants and fungi with current scenarios projecting further effects by the end of the century. Over the last three decades, studies have shown changes in production, dispersion and allergen content of pollen and spores, which may be region‐ and species‐specific. In addition, these changes may have been influenced by urban air pollutants interacting directly with pollen. Data suggest an increasing effect of aeroallergens on allergic patients over this period, which may also imply a greater likelihood of the development of an allergic respiratory disease in sensitized subjects and exacerbation of symptomatic patients. There are a number of limitations that make predictions uncertain, and further and specifically designed studies are needed to clarify current effects and future scenarios. We recommend: More stress on pollen/spore exposure in the diagnosis and treatment guidelines of respiratory and allergic diseases; collection of aerobiological data in a structured way at the European level; creation, promotion and support of multidisciplinary research teams in this area; lobbying the European Union and other funders to finance this research.
The evolution of host‐specific variation in cuckoo eggshell strength
Authors: SPOTTISWOODE C. N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCuckoo eggs are renowned for their mimicry of different host species, leading to the evolution of host‐specific races (or ‘gentes’) defined by egg colour and pattern. This study aims to test the prediction that another property of parasitic eggs, namely shell strength, might also have experienced divergent selection within cuckoo species. Host races of the common cuckooCuculus canorusencountering stronger host rejection have thicker‐shelled eggs than those parasitising less discriminating species, as expected if egg strengthening discourages host rejection. Moreover, in the diederik cuckooChrysococcyx caprius, eggshell thickness was correlated across cuckoo gentes and host species, as expected if eggshell strength has been involved in coevolutionary interactions. This is the first report of host‐specific differences in cuckoo egg properties other than colour and pattern and lends correlational support to the hypothesis that the strong eggshells of brood parasites are an adaptation to reduce host rejection.
Modular genetic architecture of floral morphology inNicotiana: quantitative genetic and comparative phenotypic approaches to floral integration
Authors: BISSELL E. K. , DIGGLE P. K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAnimal‐pollinated flowers are complex structures that may require a precise configuration of floral organs for proper function. As such, they represent an excellent system with which we can examine the role of phenotypic integration and modularity in morphological evolution. We use complementary quantitative genetic and comparative phenotypic approaches to examine correlations among floral characters inNicotiana alata,N. forgetianaand their artificial fourth‐generation hybrids. Flowers of both species share basic patterns of genetic and phenotypic correlations characterized by at least two integrated character suites that are relatively independent of each other and are not disrupted by four generations of recombination in hybrids. We conclude that these integrated character suites represent phenotypic modules that are the product of a modular genetic architecture. Intrafloral modularity may have been critical for rapid specialization of these species to different pollinators.