bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of surface and borehole locations of induced seismicity
Authors: Eisner Leo , Hulsey B. J. , Duncan Peter , Jurick Dana , Werner Heigl , Keller William 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTMonitoring of induced microseismic events has become an important tool in hydraulic fracture diagnostics and understanding fractured reservoirs in general. We compare microseismic event and their uncertainties using data sets obtained with surface and downhole arrays of receivers. We first model the uncertainties to understand the effect of different acquisition geometries on location accuracy. For a vertical array of receivers in a single monitoring borehole, we find that the largest part of the final location uncertainty is related to estimation of the backazimuth. This is followed by uncertainty in the vertical position and radial distance from the receivers. For surface monitoring, the largest uncertainty lies in the vertical position due to the use of only a single phase (usually P‐wave) in the estimation of the event location. In surface monitoring results, lateral positions are estimated robustly and are not sensitive to the velocity model.In this case study, we compare event location solutions from two catalogues of microseismic events; one from a downhole array and the second from a surface array of 1C geophone. Our results show that origin time can be reliably used to find matching events between the downhole and surface catalogues. The locations of the corresponding events display a systematic shift consistent with a poorly calibrated velocity model for downhole dataset. For this case study, locations derived from surface monitoring have less scatter in both vertical and horizontal directions.
Improved microseismic event location by inclusion of a priori dip particle motion: a case study from Ekofisk
Authors: Jones G.A. , Raymer D. , Chambers K. , Kendall J.‐M. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTMicroseismic monitoring in petroleum settings provides insights into induced and naturally occurring stress changes. Such data are commonly acquired using an array of sensors in a borehole, providing measures of arrival times and polarizations. Events are located using 1D velocity models, P‐ and S‐wave arrival times and the azimuths of P‐wave particle motions. However in the case of all the sensors being deployed in a vertical or near‐vertical borehole, such analysis leads to an inherent 180° ambiguity in the source location. Here we present a location procedure that removes this ambiguity by using the dip of the particle motion as an a priori information to constrain the initial source location. The new procedure is demonstrated with a dataset acquired during hydraulic fracture stimulation, where we know which side of the monitoring well the events are located. Using a 5‐step location procedure, we then reinvestigate a microseismic data set acquired in April 1997 at the Ekofisk oilfield in the North Sea. Traveltimes for 2683 candidate events are manually picked. A noise‐weighted analytic‐signal polarization analysis is used to estimate the dip and azimuth of P‐wave particle motions. A modified t‐test is used to statistically assess the reliability of event location. As a result, 1462 events are located but 627 are deemed to be statistically reliable. The application of a hierarchal cluster analysis highlights coherent structures that cluster around wells and inferred faults. Most events cluster at a depth of roughly 3km in the Ekofisk chalk formation but very little seismicity is observed from the underlying Tor chalk formation, which is separated from the Ekofisk formation by an impermeable layer. We see no evidence for seismicity in the overburden but such events may be too distant to detect. The resulting picture of microseismicity at Ekofisk is very different from those presented in previous studies.
Utilization of semi‐natural grassland through integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass. III. Effects of hydrothermal conditioning and mechanical dehydration on solid fuel properties and on energy and greenhouse gas balances
Authors: Richter F. , Fricke T. , Wachendorf M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass (IFBB) procedure separates biomass into a readily digestible press fluid, from which biogas is produced, and a fibrous press cake that is used as solid fuel. The effects of mechanical dehydration and prior hydrothermal conditioning (5, 60 and 80°C) on biomass from five species‐rich, semi‐natural grasslands, typical of mountain areas of Germany were investigated. Proportional reduction of ash constituents in the press cake compared with the parent material was up to 0·80, 0·61 and 0·81 for potassium, magnesium and chloride, respectively, at 60°C, resulting in potassium, magnesium and chloride concentrations in the press cake of 2·43, 1·22 and 0·93 g kg−1 dry matter (DM). Emission‐relevant constituents were reduced by up to 0·19 (nitrogen) and 0·39 (sulphur), yielding nitrogen and sulphur concentrations of 11·13 and 0·97 g kg−1 DM respectively. Ash softening temperatures were significantly increased up to 1250°C, falling within the range of wood fuels. Thus, quality of IFBB fuels is superior compared with conventional hay and is comparable to hay of delayed harvest in winter or the next spring. Calculated energy conversion efficiency for IFBB was up to 0·51, compared with a maximum of 0·22 for anaerobic whole crop digestion (WCD) and 0·74 for combustion of hay (CH). High energy demands in IFBB resulted in a greenhouse gas mitigation potential of up to −4·40 t CO2eq ha−1 which is lower than for CH (up to −6·17 t CO2eq ha−1), but higher than for WCD, which mitigated up to −2·24 t CO2eq ha−1.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor δ agonists inhibit T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Authors: Kanakasabai Saravanan , Chearwae Wanida , Walline Crystal C. , Iams Wade , Adams Suzanne M. , Bright John J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that affects more than a million people world‐wide. The aetiology of MS is not known and there is no medical treatment available that can cure MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune disease model of MS. The pathogenesis of EAE/MS is a complex process involving activation of immune cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines and destruction of myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS). Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptor transcription factors that regulate cell growth, differentiation and homeostasis. PPAR agonists have been used in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, cancer and inflammation. We and others have shown that PPARγ, α and δ agonists inhibit CNS inflammation and demyelination in the EAE model of MS. In this study we show that the PPARδ agonists GW501516 and L165041 ameliorate MOGp35‐55‐induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice by blocking interferon (IFN)‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐17 production by T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells. The inhibition of EAE by PPARδ agonists was also associated with a decrease in IL‐12 and IL‐23 and an increase in IL‐4 and IL‐10 expression in the CNS and lymphoid organs. These findings indicate that PPARδ agonists modulate Th1 and Th17 responses in EAE and suggest their use in the treatment of MS and other autoimmune diseases.
Protein‐energy malnutrition during early childhood and periodontal disease in the permanent dentition of Haitian adolescents aged 12–19 years: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: RUSSELL STEFANIE L. , PSOTER WALTER J. , JEAN‐CHARLES GERMAIN , PROPHTE SAMUEL , GEBRIAN BETTE 
Published: April 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 222–229Objectives. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to examine whether exposure to early childhood protein‐energy malnutrition (ECPEM) is related to worsened periodontal status in the permanent dentition during adolescence.Design. A trained clinician/researcher examined the periodontal status of 96 persons aged 12–19 living in rural Haiti using WHO diagnostic criteria (Community Periodontal Index, WHO 1997). Malnutrition data of the study participants had been collected during the years 1988–1993 by a nongovernmental organization. We compared those who had been malnourished in early childhood, based onz‐scores for anthropomorphic data collected during the first 5 years of life, with those who had not been malnourished, regarding mean Community Periodontal Index (CPI) score, controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and smoking.Results. Overall, 57.3% of the participants demonstrated a CPI score of 3 or greater in at least one sextant. ECPEM was independently and positively related to mean CPI score, when controlling for sex and smoking.Conclusions. More than half of these young Haitians demonstrated CPI scores of 3 or greater, and ECPEM was related to poorer periodontal status, as measured by CPI, in the permanent dentition.
Relating tooth‐ and blood‐lead levels in children residing near a zinc–lead smelter in India
Authors: HEGDE SAPNA , SRIDHAR MUKTHINENI , BOLAR DINESH RAO , AREHALLI BHASKAR SHUBHA , SANGHAVI MITESH BHARAT 
Published: April 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 186–192 Background.  Lead toxicity particularly affects children because of their increased capacity for absorption and retention. Blood‐lead (BPb) levels reflect recent exposure and are of limited value in predicting neurotoxicity, whereas in teeth, lead accumulates over a long period of time and provides an integrated record of lead exposure from intrauterine life until the teeth are shed.Aim.  The present study aimed to relate tooth‐lead (TPb) and BPb levels in children residing near a zinc–lead smelter in India, and to evaluate the effectiveness of primary teeth as bioindicators of life‐long lead exposure.Design.  The lead levels in primary teeth and blood of 100 children aged between 5 and 13 years, living in the proximity of a zinc–lead smelter were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean levels were tabulated based on village, age, sex and tooth type, and analysed statistically.Results.  The mean BPb level was significantly influenced by proximity to the lead source, but not by age or sex. There was no consistent pattern of correlation between BPb and TPb levels.Conclusion.  Primary teeth showed significantly high lead levels compared to blood; they reflect cumulative exposure to lead and prove to be better indicators of body lead burden.
Salivary bacteria and oral health status in children with disabilities fed through gastrostomy
Authors: HIDAS ARIELA , COHEN JOEL , BEERI MAURIT , SHAPIRA JOSEPH , STEINBERG DORON , MOSKOVITZ MOTI 
Published: April 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 179–185 Objectives.  This study examined caries level, amount of calculus, and oral microbial environment in gastrostomy tube (GT)‐fed children compared with healthy children and children with disabilities orally fed (PO).Study design.  The study group consisted of 12 GT‐fed children and the two control groups consisted of 16 children with disabilities orally fed and 17 healthy children. DMF‐T/dmf‐t index, calculus index, Mutans Streptococci (MS), Lactobacilli (LB) levels and salivary buffer capacity were examined.Results.  DMF‐T/dmf‐t index was significantly lower in the tube‐fed group. Calculus index was highest in the tube‐fed group. MS and LB levels were the lowest in the tube‐fed children. Correlation was found between MS and DMF‐T/dmf‐t.Conclusions.  Tube‐fed children demonstrated significantly higher calculus levels and less caries, MS, and LB levels then healthy children or children with disabilities eating PO.
How pre‐school children learn to brush their teeth in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Authors: KHADRI F. A. , GOPINATH V. K. , HECTOR M. P. , DAVENPORT E. S. 
Published: April 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 230–234 Objective.  The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to assess tooth brushing habits of pre‐school children and to determine the role and amount of supervision given to them by their parents.Method.  One hundred pre‐school children below 6 years were selected from Maternal and Child Health Center, Sharjah (United Arab Emirates, UAE). A standard piloted questionnaire was used to collect socio‐demographic details and information on oral hygiene practise.Results.  Tooth brushing was stared at a mean age of 16 months. Thirty‐seven per cent of the pre‐schoolers used a toothbrush for cleaning their teeth and the brushing habits were mainly (70%) introduced by mothers. The majority (80%) of children’s tooth brushing at the age of 3 years and above was supervised by mothers. Younger children were frequently supervised in tooth brushing than older children (P < 0.05)Conclusions.  In summary, pre‐school children of Sharjah (UAE) were introduced to tooth brushing at a mean age of 16 months. Mothers played a pivotal role in introducing and teaching the child how to brush. There was no positive correlation between the brushing behaviour of the mothers and their children. In most cases, the children’s brushing was supervised by their mother when they were above 25 months of age. In children less than 12 months of age tooth brushing was not started at all.
Clinical evaluation of 3Mix and Vitapex®as treatment options for pulpally involved primary molars
Authors: NAKORNCHAI SIRIRUK , BANDITSING PANIT , VISETRATANA NATTIDA 
Published: April 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 214–221Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic success of 3Mix and Vitapex®for root canal treatment of pulpally involved primary molars.Methods. Fifty teeth from 37 healthy children aged 3–8 years with pulpally involved primary molars needing root canal procedures were treated with 3Mix or Vitapex®before restoration with stainless steel crowns. The research employed a prospective single‐blinded randomized design. The subjects were followed up clinically and radiographically at 6 and 12 months, respectively. The outcome was compared using aZ‐test with a significance level of 0.05.Results. Both groups showed 100% and 96% clinical success at 6 and 12 months, respectively. At 6 months, radiographic success of 3Mix and Vitapex®was 84% and 80%, respectively, and at 12 months, radiographic success of 3Mix and Vitapex®was 76% and 56%, respectively. Considering the radiographic findings at the end of 6 and 12 months, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups (P = 0.356 and 0.068, respectively).Conclusion. 3Mix and Vitapex®can be used as a root canal treatment agent in pulpally involved primary teeth.
Dental care of frail older people and those caring for them
Authors: Nitschke Ina , Majdani Mahsa , Sobotta Bernhard AJ , Reiber Thomas , Hopfenmüller Werner 
Published: April 2010

Aims and objectives.  To describe oral health utilisation patterns of frail older people and contrast these with attitudes and utilisation patterns of nursing staff who are caring for them.Background.  In view of widespread poor oral health of frail older people in long‐term care, staff attitudes have been identified as an area of interest. In addition to data on attitudes, the current study contributes a description of aspects of oral health related behaviour of staff and clients.Design.  Cross‐sectional study.Methods.  Structured interviews of a random selection of long‐term care staff (n = 320) and frail older people (n = 172), within the two groups of home‐care services (HCS) and long‐term care facilities (LTCF).Results.  Of staff members, 55·3% attach the same importance to their own oral health compared to that of clients and 35·7% regard their own oral health as more important; 98·4% of staff attended two or more dental examinations per year; 3·4% of HCS and 37·1% of LTCF routinely arranged oral examinations. In 81·4% HCS and in 34·4% of LTCF, there was no routine dental service available. Patterns of oral health service attendance greatly differ between staff and clients.Conclusion.  The oral health awareness of the majority of long‐term care staff did not translate into adequate oral health care for clients. A gap exists between attitudes supportive of oral health, adequate and prevention driven own oral health related behaviour of staff and actual oral health care delivered to clients.Relevance to clinical practice.  To bridge the gap identified, a concept is suggested for nursing educators and managers of LTCF targeting educational measures while taking into account individual attitudes.
Proton pump inhibitor‐induced tumour cell death by inhibition of a detoxification mechanism
Authors: Fais S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Fais S [Istituo Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Rome, Italy]. Proton pump inhibitor‐induced tumour cell death by inhibition of a detoxification mechanism (Symposium).J Intern Med2010;267:515–525.This review presents a possible new approach against cancer, as represented by inhibition of proton pumps, a mechanism used by tumour cells to avoid intracellular accumulation of toxic substances. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) belong to a family of pro‐drugs that are currently used in the treatment of peptic diseases needing acidity to be activated. PPIs target the acidic tumour mass, where they are metabolized, thus blocking proton traffic. Proton pump inhibition triggers a rapid cell death as a result of intracellular acidification, caspase activation and early accumulation of reactive oxygen species into tumour cells. As a whole, the devastating effect of PPIs on tumour cells suggest the triggering of a fatal cell toxification. Many human tumours, including melanoma, osteosarcoma, lymphomas and various adenocarcinomas are responsive to PPIs. This appears highly conceivable, in as much as almost all human tumours are acidic and express high levels of proton pumps. Paradoxically, metastatic tumours appear to be more responsive to PPIs being more acidic than the majority of primary tumours. However, two clinical trials test the effectiveness of PPIs in chemosensitizing melanoma and osteosarcoma patients. Indeed, tumour acidity represents a very potent mechanism of chemoresistance. A majority of cytotoxic agents, being weak bases, are quickly protonated outside and do not enter the cells, thus preventing drugs to reach specific cellular targets. Clinical data will provide the proof of concept on the use of PPIs as a new class of antitumour agent with a very low level of systemic toxicity as compared with standard chemotherapeutic agents.
Protection against Naegleria fowleri infection in mice immunized with Cry1Ac plus amoebic lysates is dependent on the STAT6 Th2 response
Authors: CARRASCO‐YEPEZ M. , ROJAS‐HERNANDEZ S. , RODRIGUEZ‐MONROY M. A. , TERRAZAS L. I. , MORENO‐FIERROS L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryWe previously reported that intranasal administration of Cry1Ac protoxin alone or in combination with amoebic lysates increases protection against Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis in mice. Those results suggested that both antibody responses and innate immune mechanisms may be participating in the protective effects observed. The present study was aimed to investigate whether the STAT6‐induced Th2 immune response is essential for the resistance to N. fowleri infection, conferred by immunization with amoebic lysates plus Cry1Ac. STAT6‐deficient (STAT6−/−) and wild‐type (STAT6+/+) BALB/c mice were immunized by the intranasal route with a combination of N. fowleri lysates plus Cry1Ac, and subsequently challenged with lethal doses of N. fowleri trophozoites. STAT6+/+ mice displayed 100% protection, while no protection was observed in STAT6−/− mice. Significantly higher titres of Th2‐associated IgG1 as well as interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) were found in STAT6+/+ mice, whereas in STAT6−/− mice significantly more IL‐12 and IFN‐γ as well as significantly higher titres of Th1‐associated IgG2a were detected. Thus, whereas protected STAT6+/+‐immunized mice elicited a Th‐2 type inclined immune response that produced predominantly humoral immunity, unprotected STAT6−/− mice exhibited a polarized Th1 type cellular response. These findings suggest that the STAT6‐signalling pathway is critical for defence against N. fowleri infection.
Multivariate phenotypes and the potential for alternative phenotypic optima in wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) ventral colour morphs
Authors: CALSBEEK B. , HASSELQUIST D. , CLOBERT J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA major goal in evolutionary biology is to determine how phenotypic variation arises and is maintained in natural populations. Recent studies examining the morphological, physiological and behavioural differences among discrete colour morphotypes (morphs) have revealed several mechanisms that maintain discrete variation within populations, including frequency‐dependence, density‐dependence and correlational selection. For example, trade‐offs over resource allocation to morphological, physiological and behavioural traits can drive correlational selection for morph‐specific phenotypic optima. Here, we describe a ventral colour polymorphism in the wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) and test the hypothesis that morphs differ along multivariate axes defined by trade‐offs in morphological, physiological, and immunological traits. We show that ventral colour is a discrete trait and that morphs differ in body size, prevalence of infection by parasites and infection intensity. We also find that morphs differ along multivariate phenotypic axes and experience different multivariate selection pressures. Our results suggest that multivariate selection pressures may favour alternative optimal morph‐specific phenotypes inP. muralis.
Intraspecific ecomorphological variation: linear and geometric morphometrics reveal habitat‐related patterns within Podarcis bocagei wall lizards
Authors: KALIONTZOPOULOU A. , CARRETERO M. A. , LLORENTE G. A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMorphological variation in relation to habitat is known to occur in several lizard groups. Comparative studies have linked morphology and habitat use, showing that locomotion is the principal mediator of this evolutionary relationship. Here, we investigate intraspecific ecomorphological variation in Podarcis bocagei by examining three habitat types, representing a variety between saxicolous and ground‐dwelling habits. Our results indicate variation in absolute and relative limb length, but patterns are only partially concordant to biomechanical predictions. Whereas the femur and hind foot are longer in ground‐dwelling lizards, confirming previous observations, the tibia and hind limb are relatively shorter, contradicting expectations. Additionally, head shape varies substantially between habitats, in line with a hypothesis of mechanical restrictions related to microhabitat and refuge use. Finally, we detect male‐specific variation between habitats in total body size and head size, providing evidence for interactions between natural and sexual selection. Although performance and behaviour studies are necessary to definitely confirm the functional and evolutionary significance of the observed patterns, our study indicates that ecomorphological adaptations can arise in a very short evolutionary time in this group of lizards.