bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Granular and dysgranular retrosplenial cortices provide qualitatively different contributions to spatial working memory: evidence from immediate‐early gene imaging in rats
Authors: Pothuizen Helen H. J. , Davies Moira , Albasser Mathieu M. , Aggleton John P. , Vann Seralynne D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe present study revealed striking task‐dependent differences in immediate‐early gene activity in the two main subregions (granular and dysgranular) of the retrosplenial cortex. In addition, there were activity differences along the rostro‐caudal axis of both subregions. Two groups of rats were trained on a working memory task in a radial‐arm maze, one group in the light, the other in the dark. Each working memory group had two sets of yoked controls. Working memory consistently increased retrosplenial immediate‐early gene activity (c‐fos and zif268 ), although systematic differences occurred in the granular and dysgranular subregions. Both c‐fos and zif268 expression increased in granular cortex irrespective of whether the spatial memory task was in the light or dark. In contrast, only in the light did spatial memory increase dysgranular cortex activation. Correlations based on the counts of Fos‐positive cells helped to reinforce the particular association between the dysgranular retrosplenial cortex and radial‐arm maze performance in the light. These results provide clear evidence for proposed functional differences between the major retrosplenial subregions: the granular cortex contributes to spatial learning and navigation based on both internal and external cues (light and dark), while dysgranular cortex is more selectively involved when distal visual cues control performance (light only).
Multi‐potent differentiation of human purified muscle‐derived cells: potential for tissue regeneration
Authors: Lu Shing‐Hwa , Yang An‐Hang , Wei Chou‐Fu , Chiang Han Sun , Chancellor Michael B. 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether CD34+ purified human muscle‐derived cells (hMDCs) are capable of multiple lineage differentiation.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe hMDCs were isolated from human skeletal muscle and purified using a CD34+ cell selection system (Dynal Biotech, Oslo, Norway). Adherent populations of cells were expanded in culture and cell differentiation was induced using different kinds of growth factors and different differentiation‐conditional media. The immunohistochemical properties of CD34+ hMDCs were examined after varying periods in culture. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blotting were used to investigate the gene expression of the undifferentiated and differentiated hMDCs.RESULTSUsing special differentiation conditions the CD34+ hMDCs could be differentiated into myogenic cells, adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. The differentiation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RT‐PCR and Western blotting showed multiple‐lineage gene‐level expression in the different cultivation periods of the differentiated cells.CONCLUSIONSWe confirmed the multi‐lineage capacity of a population of stem cells, termed CD34+ hMDCs. Our findings showed that CD34+ hMDCs are capable of multiple mesodermal‐lineage differentiation, as shown by the expression of several lineage‐specific genes. They can be differentiated toward the myogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages. These cells might have potential for use in tissue regeneration.
Earnings Management to Exceed the Threshold: A Comparative Analysis of Consolidated and Parent‐only Earnings*
Authors: Shuto Akinobu 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper examines whether consolidated earnings are managed to a greater extent than parent‐only earnings or vice versa in an attempt to exceed the threshold in Japanese firms. The analysis reveals that earnings management to avoid earnings decreases is more pronounced in parent‐only earnings for the period 1980–1999. Further, it reveals that the management of parent‐only earnings has been less pervasive following the introduction of the new consolidated reporting system in March 2000. In addition, this paper provides evidence suggesting that earnings management in consolidated earnings increased after March 2000. These results indicate that the new consolidated reporting system and principles might affect the earnings management behaviors of Japanese firm managers.
Where Corporate Governance and Financial Analysts Affect Valuation
Authors: Barniv Ran R. , Bao Yan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe examine whether corporate governance and financial analysts affect accounting‐based valuation models for B and H shares traded by foreign investors in China and Hong Kong, respectively. We expect that better corporate governance and more effective analyst activity mitigate potential adverse effects on accounting valuation models generated by country‐specific problems in accounting, auditing, and legal systems. We find that valuation models perform better for companies with a greater analyst following, smaller forecast errors, relatively high public ownership and a strong board structure. Valuation models and accounting numbers have only limited explanatory power and valuation role for companies with weak governance and less effective analyst performance. The findings are robust across various market value, return, unexpected return, and other accounting valuation models. The results are consistent with less informed foreign investor clienteles searching for signals of more effective analyst activity and better corporate governance mechanisms.
Equity‐Liabilities Distinction: The case for Co‐operatives*
Authors: López‐Espinosa Germán , Maddocks John , Polo‐Garrido Fernando 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMembers' shares in co‐operative entities are financial instruments with particular characteristics. In this paper we analyse the relation between firm leverage and systematic risk to provide empirical evidence on the economic substance of the member shares of members of cooperatives. We have studied the characteristics of members' shares in six European countries: France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom. We have also conducted tests on co‐operatives of these countries over the period 1993–2005. The study reports that in global terms the economic substance of the redeemable part of equity in co‐operatives is not the same across countries. Therefore if accounting standards setters want to develop a global standard for co‐operatives, a recommendation derived from this study would be to follow a probabilistic model to classify the redeemable part of co‐operative financial instruments, where the entity does not have the unconditional right to refuse the redemption, or to report this part as an intermediate item with characteristics of debt and equity.
Fiscal Reliance on Tariff Revenues: In Search of a Political Economy Explanation?
Authors: Adam Antonis 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOne “stylized fact” about trade policy is that trade taxes as a proportion of total tax revenue are inversely related to a country's economic development, as in countries with poor administrative capabilities trade taxes represent the easiest way for governments to raise revenue (Administrative Capabilities Hypothesis). In this paper we develop an alternative explanation based on political economy considerations: using data from 64 developing countries from 1982 until 1997 we find that the Administrative Capabilities Hypothesis must be complemented with a political economy explanation in order to be able to provide a better account of the relevant empirical evidence.
Low‐paid women: the impact of regulatory change in Australia
Authors: Baird Marian , Cooper Rae , Ellem Bradon 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTHow is low‐paid work experienced and understood by women at a time of marked regulatory change? Using a qualitative methodology, we examine women's experiences under Work Choices to assess the impact of the new laws. As in other neoliberal environments, we find that labour standards can have marked effects on low‐paid workers; that heightened managerial prerogative leads to fear and insecurity; and that, in spite of all this, low‐paid women have significant pride in their work. Furthermore, the results of regulatory change go beyond the workplace to affect women as carers, citizens and community members.
Employer preferences, collective agreements and the Australian resources sector: a paradox of limited commodification?
Authors: Barry Michael , Michelotti Marco 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThere is a commonly held view that firms in high‐wage/skill‐intensive sectors will tend to provide wages and working conditions that are above market‐clearing levels. This article empirically examines this claim by analysing the content of all collective agreements concluded in the resource sector in Australia after the enactment in 2006 of the Workplace Relations Amendment (Workchoices) Act. This legislation gave employers unprecedented ability to place downwards pressure on employee entitlements. In the resource sector, however, the quantitative results indicate that firms maintained, in the main, substantive standards but used extensively key regulatory provisions to gain an unprecedented level of control over both functional and numerical flexibility.
The implications of de‐collectivist industrial relations laws and associated developments for worker health and safety in Australia, 1996–2007
Authors: Quinlan Michael , Johnstone Richard 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe institutional and regulatory interlinkages between industrial relations (IR) and occupational health and safety (OHS) are seldom explored in the IR literature. This article begins to address this gap by examining regulatory initiatives in Australia during a period of neoliberal government. It examines the laws enacted by the federal government during this period and events and cases arising from these laws that go some way to illustrating their effects. Evidence is also drawn from detailed research on a number of state OHS inspectorates between 2004 and 2006. It is argued that de‐collectivist changes to IR laws exacerbated problems posed by the growth of flexible work arrangements and a drop in union density, weakening participatory provisions in OHS laws and promoting work arrangements that undermined OHS standards. The study provides evidence of the implications of a divergence in the trajectory of IR and OHS laws and the importance of better integrating worker protection laws.
First skin‐physiological tests in weightlessness in the ISS space station
Authors: Tronnier Hagen , Wiebusch Mathilde , Heinrich Ulrike 
Published: August 2009

Citation: IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (3) 231–238A prolonged stay in weightlessness induces several medical alterations of the human body and also results in impairment of the skin. The stratum corneum, epidermal barrier as well as other skin compartments are affected in terms of their susceptibility to dryness, desquamation and pruritus. This can lead, for example, to wound healing disorders. Skin physiological tests were performed on the skin of an astronaut during the ASTROLAB‐Mission within the Skin Care program initiated by the ESA. The skin was analyzed before, partly during and after the mission. In addition, the tests were repeated after 1 year. During the mission a control skin area was treated with a skincare product. The results showed corneal disturbance caused by environmental conditions, suboptimal skin cleansing and skin care. The observed effects were minimized by application of a skincare product. Measurements of the epidermis showed an accelerated rate of epidermal keratinization; skin elasticity was reduced distinctly and the sonographic examination showed a disaggregation of the cutis with hypoechoic areas. Additional measurements performed a year after the mission indicate that the verified alterations, which in a broader sense seem similar to skin ageing and appear as a time lapse process in weightlessness, are reversible. Further testing of the preventive efficacy of anti‐ageing products from a cosmetic point of view would appear to be an appropriate objective for prospective long‐term space missions.Keywords:  Weightlessness, skin changes, hydration, TEWL, SELS (Visioscan®), elasticity, US‐B‐scan
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 385–398 (September/October 2008) Evaluation of liposomal and conventional formulations of octyl methoxycinnamate on human percutaneous absorption using the stripping method
Authors: Golmohammadzadeh S. , Jaafari M. R. , Khalili N. 
Published: August 2009

SynopsisThe objective of this study was to determine the influence of vehicles on the penetration of octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), as a UV absorber, to the stratum corneum by the stripping method. The experimental formulations consisted of a conventional o/w emulsion and multilamellar and small unilamellar liposomes (MLVs and SUVs) containing OMC. MLVs containing OMC were prepared by the fusion method and then converted to SUVs by probe sonication. Various formulations were then applied onto the midvolar forearms of six volunteers at a dose of 2 mg cm‐2. After determined timepoints, the stripping method was conducted whereby 22 tape strips were applied and subsequently divided into different stripping groups. The sunscreen agent was assessed by HPLC while the SPF (sun protection factor) of the formulations was determined in human volunteers in accordance with the Australian standard. Overall the results indicate that skin accumulation of OMC in MLVs was significantly greater than in the o/w emulsion and SUVs. Furthermore, SUV's penetration into the deeper skin layers was significantly greater than MLV's and that of a conventional o/w emulsion. Also, higher amounts of OMC were recovered from the upper layers of the stratum corneum than from the deeper layers in all the formulations tested. Finally, the SPF of the liposomes containing OMC was slightly greater than that of the control lotions at a similar concentration of OMC. In conclusion, the result of this study indicates that an MLV prepared by the fusion method could be a better vehicle for OMC as a sunscreen since it has a slightly better SPF compared to a conventional formulation and more remains in the stratum corneum, reducing its penetration to the deeper layers.Address all correspondence to M. R. Jaafari.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 431–440 (September/October 2008) Red pigment from Lithospermum erythrorhizon by supercritical CO2 extraction
Authors: Lee H.‐Y. , Kim Y.‐J. , Kim E.‐J. , Song Y.‐K. , Byun S. Y. 
Published: August 2009

SynopsisIn this study, a stable red pigment was prepared from Lithospermum erythrorhizon via supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The optimal extraction conditions were 400 bar and 60°C. The patch tests indicated that up to 10% of the red pigment was acceptable from a skin irritation standpoint. According to the results of the CIE LAB chromaticity test, the color difference was acceptable when compared to commercial synthetic red pigments. The light‐illuminated color stability test indicated that the pigment was more stable than the red pigment extracted with ethanol. The higher stability was also demonstrated in the DPPH anti‐oxidant activity test. The supercritical red pigment harbored elevated amounts of shikonin and derivatives, and appears to be usable as a stable red pigment for cosmetic color products.
No. 2 Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 289–296, 2008 An influence of cosmetic formula on thermal characteristics and its relationship with the sensation of freshness during application
Authors: Ishikubo A. , Noda A. 
Published: August 2009

Thermal behaviour on skin surface during application of cosmetics is one of important factors of tactile feelings. A new evaluation system to measure the thermal behaviour on surfaces during application was developed, and the influences of components of cosmetics on thermal behaviours were investigated. The relationship between this thermal behaviour and one tactile feeling, freshness, was investigated as well. As a result, it was shown that the thermal behaviour during application depended on the amount of water, ethanol, moisturizer, fatty alcohol, the kind of polymers and their compositions. It was also found that a parameter consisting of maximum decrement in temperature and initial speed of decreasing temperature showed a good correlation with the tactile feeling of freshness.Keywords:  freshness, fresh sensation, sensory evaluation, tactile feeling, evaluation system, tactile evaluation, temperature, thermal behaviour, formulation, application
Craniodental mechanics and the feeding ecology of two sympatric callosciurine squirrels in Vietnam
Authors: Koyabu D. B. , Oshida T. , Dang N. X. , Can D. N. , Kimura J. , Sasaki M. , Motokawa M. , Son N. T. , Hayashida A. , Shintaku Y. , Endo H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between feeding habit and craniodental morphology in two closely related sympatric callosciurine squirrels in south‐east Asia: Callosciurus erythraeus and Dremomys rufigenis. Both C. erythraeus and D. rufigenis prefer fruits and insects, as generally seen in other tree squirrels. However, C. erythraeus also feeds extensively on hard seeds and tough tree bark, which are rarely included in the diet of D. rufigenis. We tested the hypothesis that C. erythraeus shows structural features in craniodental morphology that provide an advantage for feeding on hard seeds and tough tree bark. Results show that C. erythraeus possesses a greater mechanical advantage of the masseter and temporalis muscles for chewing, and a more robust zygomatic arch, compared with D. rufigenis. Callosciurus erythraeus is capable of generating a greater bite force at a given muscle force at the cheek teeth and its zygomatic arch is more resistant against the stresses generated by the masseter muscle, suggesting adaptation for feeding on hard seeds. Callosciurus erythraeus also exhibits greater leverage of the masseter and temporalis for incision and has a wider skull at the interorbital region, suggesting the capability for efficiently generating a greater bite force and a greater mechanical resistance to increased loads when biting into wood with its anterior dentition. Our findings indicate that the craniodental divergence between C. erythraeus and D. rufigenis may be linked functionally to the differences in their diets. We suggest that their morphological divergence may correlate with their dietary differences and contribute to the sympatric distribution of these closely related squirrels.
Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Metachromatic Leucodystrophy
Authors: HAGBERG BENGT , SOURANDER PATRICK , SVENNERHOLM LARS 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYLate infantile metachromatic leucodystrophy, a genetically determined neurolipidosis with accumulation of sulphatides in various organs, can now be diagnosed during life.This paper surveys the clinical symptoms and signs, the laboratory tests in urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid, the X‐ray findings, and the diagnostic biopsies from brain cortex, peripheral nerves and kidney.RÉSUMÉDiagnostic clinique et de laboratoire de la leucodystrophie métachromatiqueII est possible à présent de diagnostiquer, in vivo, la leucodystrophie métachromatique tardive du nourrisson, une neurolipidose déterminée génétiquement avec accumulation de sulphatides dans divers organes. On passe en revue: les symptômes et signes cliniques, les tests de laboratoire pratiqués sur Ľurine, le sang et le liquide céphalorachidien, les résultats radiologiques, et les biopsies diagnostiques provenant du cortex cérébral, des nerfs périphériques et des reins.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGKlinische und laboratorische Diagnose der metachromatischen LeukodystrophieDie spätinfantile metachromatische Leukodystrophie, eine genetisch bestimmte Neuro‐lipidosis mit Anhäufung von Sulfatiden in verschiedenen Organen, kann jetzt bei Leb‐zeiten diagnostiziert werden. In diesem Artikel wird eine Übersicht über die klinischen Symptome und Zeichen, die Laborproben in Ham, Blut und Liquor, die Röntgenbefunde, und die diagnostischen Biopsien der Hirnrinde, der peripheren Nerven und der Nieren, gegeben.
Conservation of the function counts: homologous neurons express sequence‐related neuropeptides that originate from different genes
Authors: Neupert Susanne , Huetteroth Wolf , Schachtner Joachim , Predel Reinhard 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBy means of single‐cell matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, we analysed neuropeptide expression in all FXPRLamide/pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide synthesizing neurons of the adult tobacco hawk moth, Manduca sexta. Mass spectra clearly suggest a completely identical processing of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide‐precursor in the mandibular, maxillary and labial neuromeres of the subesophageal ganglion. Only in the pban‐neurons of the labial neuromere, products of two neuropeptide genes, namely the pban‐gene and the capa‐gene, were detected. Both of these genes expressed, amongst others, sequence‐related neuropeptides (extended WFGPRLamides). We speculate that the expression of the two neuropeptide genes is a plesiomorph character typical of moths. A detailed examination of the neuroanatomy and the peptidome of the (two) pban‐neurons in the labial neuromere of moths with homologous neurons of different insects indicates a strong conservation of the function of this neuroendocrine system. In other insects, however, the labial neurons either express products of the fxprl‐gene or products of the capa‐gene. The processing of the respective genes is reduced to extended WFGPRLamides in each case and yields a unique peptidome in the labial cells. Thus, sequence‐related messenger molecules are always produced in these cells and it seems that the respective neurons recruited different neuropeptide genes for this motif.
BAG1 modulates huntingtin toxicity, aggregation, degradation, and subcellular distribution
Authors: Sroka Kamila , Voigt Aaron , Deeg Sebastian , Reed John C. , Schulz Jörg B. , Bähr Mathias , Kermer Pawel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBcl‐2‐associated athanogene‐1 (BAG1) is a multifunctional protein delivering chaperone‐recognized unfolded substrates to the proteasome for degradation. It has been shown to be essential for proper CNS development in vivo, playing a crucial role in neuronal survival and differentiation. With regard to Huntington’s disease, a sequestration of BAG1 into inclusion bodies and a neuroprotective effect in double transgenic mice have been reported. Here, we show that BAG1 reduces aggregation and accelerates degradation of mutant huntingtin (htt‐mut). Moreover, it reduces nuclear levels of htt‐mut. This effect can be overcome by over‐expression of seven in absentia homolog 1, an E3 ligase negatively regulated by BAG1 and known to be involved in nuclear import of htt‐mut. In vivo, BAG1 proved to be protective in a Drosophila melanogaster Huntington’s disease model, preventing photoreceptor cell loss induced by htt‐mut. In summary, we present BAG1 as a therapeutic tool modulating key steps in htt toxicity in vitro and ameliorating htt toxicity in vivo.