bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semi‐quantitative tests of cyanide in foods and excreta of Three Hapalemur species in Madagascar
Authors: Yamashita Nayuta , Tan Chia L. , Vinyard Christopher J. , Williams Cathy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThree sympatric Hapalemur species (H. g. griseus, H. aureus, and H. (Prolemur) simus) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar are known to eat bamboo food parts that contain cyanide. How these lemurs avoid cyanide poisoning remains unknown. In this study, we tested for the presence/absence of cyanide in bamboo lemur foods and excreta to (1) document patterns of cyanide consumption among species with respect to diet, (2) identify routes of elimination of cyanide from the gastrointestinal tract, and (3) determine whether cyanide is absorbed from the diet. We tested 102 food, urine, and fecal samples for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) during two “pre‐dry” seasons (April 2006, May 2007) using commercially available Cyantesmo test strips. The test strips changed color in the presence of HCN, and we recorded color change on a scale of 0 (no change) to 5 (cobalt) at preset intervals with a final score taken at 24 hr. We detected cyanide in bamboo food parts and urine of all three Hapalemur species. Time to color change of the test strips ranged from almost instantaneous to >12 hr incubation. Of the foods tested, only bamboo contained cyanide, but results differed among bamboo species and plant parts of the same species. Specifically, branch shoot and culm pith of the giant bamboo produced strong, immediate reactions to the test paper, whereas parts of liana bamboos produced either weak or no color change. Cyanide was present in almost all urine samples but rarely in fecal samples. This suggests that dietary cyanide is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of the Hapalemur species and excreted, at least in part, by the kidneys. Samples from H. griseus exhibited lower, though still detectable, cyanide levels compared with H. simus and H. aureus. Differences among lemur species appear to be related to the specific bamboo parts consumed. Am. J. Primatol. 72:56–61, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social learning of diet and foraging skills by wild immature Bornean orangutans: implications for culture
Authors: Jaeggi Adrian V. , Dunkel Lynda P. , Van Noordwijk Maria A. , Wich Serge A. , Sura Agnes A.L. , Van Schaik Carel P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStudies of social learning in the wild are important to complement findings from experiments in captivity. In this field study, immature Bornean orangutans rarely foraged independently but consistently followed their mothers' choices. Their diets were essentially identical to their mothers' even though not all mothers had the same diet. This suggests vertical transmission of diet by enhancement. Also, immatures selectively observed their mothers during extractive foraging, which increased goal‐directed practice but not general manipulation of similar objects, suggesting observational forms of learning of complex skills. Teaching was not observed. These results are consistent with the reported presence of food traditions and skill cultures in wild orangutans. We suggest that food traditions can develop wherever association commonly allows for social learning. However, the capacity for observational learning, and thus more complex culture, is more likely to evolve among extractive foragers with prolonged association between adults and immatures. Am. J. Primatol. 72:62–71, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Syntheses of Diazo Compounds
Authors: Maas Gerhard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDiazo compounds (R1R2CN2) are known as versatile and useful substrates for an array of chemical transformations and, therefore, diazo chemistry is still far from losing anything of its long‐standing fascination. In addition to many studies on the subsequent chemistry of the diazo group, the inventory of methods for the preparation of diazo compounds is continuously supplemented by new methods and novel variations of established procedures. Several of these synthetic approaches take into account the lability and remarkable chemical reactivity of certain classes of diazo compounds, and environmentally more benign procedures also continue to be developed.
Quantifying the impact of transient joint symptoms, chronic joint symptoms, and arthritis: A population‐based approach
Authors: Busija Lucy , Buchbinder Rachelle , Osborne Richard H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and co‐occurrence of self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis, chronic joint symptoms (pain, aching, stiffness, or swelling on most days for a month), and transient joint symptoms (pain, aching, stiffness, or swelling but not on most days for a month), and to compare the sociodemographic characteristics, activity limitations, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of people with joint conditions with those who have no self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis and no joint symptoms.MethodsData from the 2004 population‐based South Australian Health Omnibus Survey (n = 2,840, ages 18–96 years) were used in the study. Activity limitations were assessed using 10 activity limitations questions from the Short Form 36 health survey. HRQOL was assessed using the Assessment of Quality of Life scale.ResultsHalf of all respondents reported having joint problems, with 26%, 11%, and 13% reporting self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis, chronic joint symptoms, and transient joint symptoms, respectively. Chronic joint conditions (self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis and chronic joint symptoms) accounted for 74% of all joint problems and were associated with higher odds of activity limitations and poorer HRQOL. The frequency of transient and chronic joint symptoms was highest among middle‐aged participants (ages 45–54 years for transient and 45–64 years for chronic joint symptoms) and those who had a body mass index in the obese range. Prevalence of self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis increased with age and was higher among women and those who were overweight or obese.ConclusionThis study documented the high prevalence and impact of joint conditions in the community. Chronic joint conditions affect daily life and are substantial barriers for effective public health interventions aimed at reducing obesity and inactivity.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of cardiovascular disease: Results from the nurses' health study
Authors: Hak A. Elisabeth , Karlson Elizabeth W. , Feskanich Diane , Stampfer Meir J. , Costenbader Karen H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, prospective population‐based data addressing this association have been lacking.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study among 119,332 women participating in the Nurses' Health Study who were free of cardiovascular disease and SLE at baseline in 1976. Incident SLE was confirmed by medical record review. Cardiovascular events included fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery bypass grafting, and angioplasty. The relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular events among participants with SLE as compared with those without SLE was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsOver 28 years of followup (2.9 million person‐years), 8,169 cardiovascular events occurred and 148 women developed incident SLE. The mean age at SLE diagnosis was 52.6 years, and 20 participants with SLE developed a subsequent cardiovascular event. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, including age, race, cardiovascular risk factors, and medication use, the RR of a cardiovascular event in women with SLE compared with those without SLE was 2.26 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.45–3.52). When end points were analyzed separately, the RR for coronary heart disease was 2.25 (95% CI 1.37–3.69) and the RR for stroke was 2.29 (95% CI 0.85–6.15).ConclusionIn this prospective population‐based study, we found a statistically significant >2‐fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease among participants with SLE. The risk was not as high as has been previously reported, which may have been due to the relatively high age at diagnosis of SLE in this cohort.
The prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in people with psoriasis
Authors: Ibrahim G. , Waxman R. , Helliwell P. S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) using the ClASsification criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) for classification.MethodsPeople with psoriasis were identified from the computerized morbidity indices of 2 large UK general practices, total population 22,500. Questionnaires were mailed to all 633 patients thus identified. Of the respondents, a 50% sample was assessed clinically and a proportion had blood samples and radiographs taken. Patients labeled as having psoriasis were also cross‐referenced with a local secondary care morbidity index for PsA and rheumatoid arthritis. Figures for the prevalence of PsA were estimated from these data.ResultsOne hundred sixty‐eight questionnaires were returned (response rate 27%) and 93 people (55% of questionnaire respondents) were examined. Of these 93 people, 12 (4 of whom were cross‐referenced to the hospital database) were thought to have PsA clinically, all fulfilling the CASPAR criteria for PsA. Six of the 93 examined patients did not have psoriasis or a family history of psoriasis and had no historical features or clinical signs of psoriasis on interview and examination. Extrapolating from the data of those people actually examined, the estimated (corrected) prevalence was 13.8% (95% confidence interval 7.1–24.1%).ConclusionThe estimated prevalence of PsA in this population, using the CASPAR criteria, was 13.8%. Misclassification of psoriasis and arthritis, and response bias, indicate that this is probably an overestimate.
Predictors of delayed referral to a pediatric rheumatology center
Authors: Tzaribachev N. , Benseler S. M. , Tyrrell P. N. , Meyer A. , Kuemmerle‐deschner J. B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo report on referral patterns of primary physicians for children subsequently diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to identify predictors of delayed referral to a pediatric rheumatology center.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with JIA referred to a pediatric rheumatology center over a 15‐year period was performed. Variables included age, sex, JIA subtype, the physician's subspecialty, and distance to the pediatric rheumatology center. Outcome parameters were the time to first presentation to a primary physician, the time to the first rheumatology visit, and the total time to referral. Putative predictors were evaluated by analysis of variance, resulting in regression models.ResultsA total of 132 patients with JIA were included; 83 (63%) were female. The median age at the onset of symptoms was 4.5 years (range 1.0–15.8 years). Most frequently, children were referred by pediatricians (49.4%) or orthopedic surgeons (34.1%). The median time to first presentation was short at 10 days (range 0–1,610 days). In contrast, the median time to first rheumatology visit was 60 days (range 0.0–2,100.0 days), resulting in a long median total time to referral of 90 days (range 0.0–2,160.0 days). Statistically significant predictors for delayed referral were the primary physician's subspecialty (P = 0.016) and the distance to the pediatric rheumatology center (P = 0.001). Children living in remote areas or referred by orthopedic surgeons had the longest referral times.ConclusionDespite free access to health care in Germany, children with JIA are referred to pediatric rheumatology centers with significant delay. Educational interventions targeting primary physicians and orthopedic surgeons may contribute to earlier referral to pediatric rheumatology centers and improve outcome in patients with JIA.
Predicting persistent low back pain in schoolchildren: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Jones Gareth T. , Macfarlane Gary J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveLow back pain (LBP) is common in children but the prognostic indicators are poorly understood. We report the results of a prospective study to determine the risk factors for chronic LBP in children.MethodsA total of 330 children with LBP were identified from a cross‐sectional survey in schools in Northwest England. Data were collected by self‐completion questionnaire on a number of potential risk factors for LBP persistence, including lifestyle factors, the occurrence of other symptoms, behavioral and emotional characteristics, and symptom severity and duration. Participants were then followed over the following 4 years to determine persistent symptoms.ResultsComplete followup data were available from 178 children, of whom 46 (26%) reported persistent LBP. Forward stepwise Poisson regression identified 5 independent predictors of pain persistence: peer relationship problems, being of smaller stature, the prior report of widespread body pain, long duration of LBP episodes, and radiating leg pain. Of children with none of these factors at baseline, <5% went on to report persistent LBP. In contrast, of those with 4 or 5 factors, nearly 80% experienced persistent symptoms.ConclusionAlthough childhood consultations for LBP are infrequent, we have shown that ∼25% of children 11–14 years of age with LBP still report symptoms 4 years later. These children can be identified early by a combination of clinical markers and etiologic factors. This provides a basis for considering interventions for secondary prevention; the challenge will be to determine whether we can intervene to alter symptom trajectory at an early stage.
Foot pain: Is current or past shoewear a factor?
Authors: Dufour Alyssa B. , Broe Kerry E. , Nguyen Uyen‐Sa D. T. , Gagnon David R. , Hillstrom Howard J. , Walker Anne H. , Kivell Erin , Hannan Marian T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveFoot pain is common, yet few studies have examined the condition in relationship to shoewear. In this cross‐sectional study of men and women from the population‐based Framingham Study, the association between foot pain and type of shoewear was examined.MethodsData were collected on 3,378 members of the Framingham Study who completed the foot examination in 2002–2008. Foot pain (both generalized and at specific locations) was measured by the response to the question “On most days, do you have pain, aching or stiffness in either foot?” Shoewear was recorded for the present time and 5 past age categories, by the subject's choice of the appropriate shoe from a list. The responses were categorized into 3 groups (good, average, or poor shoes). Sex‐specific multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of shoewear (average shoes were the referent group) on generalized and location‐specific foot pain, adjusting for age and weight.ResultsIn women, compared with average shoes, those who wore good shoes in the past were 67% less likely to report hindfoot pain (P = 0.02), after adjusting for age and weight. In men, there was no association between foot pain, at any location, and shoewear, possibly due to the fact that <2% wore bad shoe types, making it difficult to see any relationship.ConclusionEven after taking age and weight into account, past shoewear use in women remained associated with hindfoot pain. Future studies should address specific support and structural features of shoewear.
Clinical and genetic factors predictive of mortality in early systemic sclerosis
Authors: Assassi Shervin , del Junco Deborah , Sutter Kari , McNearney Terry A. , Reveille John D. , Karnavas Andrew , Gourh Pravitt , Estrada‐Y‐Martin Rosa M. , Fischbach Michael , Arnett Frank C. , Mayes Maureen D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the clinical and genetic variables at initial presentation that predict survival in the Genetics versus Environment in Scleroderma Outcome Study (GENISOS) cohort.MethodsGENISOS is a prospective, observational study of a multiethnic early systemic sclerosis (SSc) cohort. To date, a total of 250 patients have been enrolled. In addition to clinical and laboratory data, electrocardiograms (EKGs), chest radiographs, and pulmonary function tests have been obtained from each patient. A modified Rodnan skin thickness score, HLA class II genotyping, and a Medsger Damage Index also have been collected. We performed multivariable analyses utilizing the Cox regression following a purposeful model building strategy.ResultsThe study analyzed 122 white, 47 African American, and 71 Hispanic SSc patients with an average disease duration of 2.6 years at enrollment. At the time of analysis, 52 (20.8%) of the 250 patients had died. In the final multivariable model excluding HLA genes, 7 variables emerged as significant predictors of mortality: age ≥65 years at enrollment, forced vital capacity <50% predicted, clinically significant arrhythmia on EKG, absence of anticentromere antibodies, hypertension, chest radiograph suggestive of pulmonary fibrosis, and low body mass index (BMI). In separate modeling that included HLA genes, HLA alleles DRB1*0802 and DQA1*0501 were significant predictors of mortality in addition to the predictors mentioned above.ConclusionA limited number of variables collected at presentation, including BMI, are able to predict mortality in patients with early SSc. In addition, some of the HLA genes associated with SSc susceptibility are useful for predicting SSc outcome.
Knee osteoarthritis in obese women with cardiometabolic clustering
Authors: Sowers Maryfran , Karvonen‐Gutierrez Carrie A. , Palmieri‐Smith Riann , Jacobson Jon A. , Jiang Yebin , Ashton‐Miller James A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the role of obesity and metabolic dysfunctionality with knee osteoarthritis (OA), knee joint pain, and physical functioning performance, adjusted for joint space width (JSW) asymmetry.MethodsKnee OA was defined as a Kellgren/Lawrence score ≥2 on weight‐bearing radiographs. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2. Cardiometabolic clustering classification was based on having ≥2 of the following factors: low levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; elevated levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, C‐reactive protein, waist:hip ratio, or glucose; or diabetes mellitus. The difference between lateral and medial knee JSW was used to determine joint space asymmetry.ResultsIn a sample of women (n = 482, mean age 47 years), prevalences of knee OA and persistent knee pain were 11% and 30%, respectively. The knee OA prevalence in nonobese women without cardiometabolic clustering was 4.7%, compared with 12.8% in obese women without cardiometabolic clustering and 23.2% in obese women with cardiometabolic clustering. Nonobese women without cardiometabolic clustering were less likely to perceive themselves as limited compared with women in all other obesity/cardiometabolic groups (P < 0.05). Similar associations were seen with knee pain and physical functioning measures. The inclusion of a joint space asymmetry measure was associated with knee OA but not with knee pain or physical functioning.ConclusionKnee OA was twice as frequent in obese women with cardiometabolic clustering compared with those without, even when considering age and joint asymmetry. Obesity/cardiometabolic clustering was also associated with persistent knee pain and impaired physical functioning.
Risk factors for upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders in the working population
Authors: Roquelaure Yves , Ha Catherine , Rouillon Clarisse , Fouquet Natacha , Leclerc Annette , Descatha Alexis , Touranchet Annie , Goldberg Marcel , Imbernon Ellen ,   Members of Occupational Health Services of the Pays de la Loire Region
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relative importance of personal and occupational risk factors for upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders in the working population.MethodsA total of 3,710 workers (58% men) participating in a surveillance program of musculoskeletal disorders in a French region in 2002–2005 were included. Upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders were diagnosed by 83 trained occupational physicians performing a standardized physical examination. Personal factors and work exposure were assessed by a self‐administered questionnaire. Statistical associations between musculoskeletal disorders, personal, and occupational factors were analyzed using logistic regression modeling.ResultsA total of 472 workers experienced at least 1 upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorder. The risk of upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders increased with age for both sexes (P < 0.001, odds ratio [OR] ≤4.9 in men and ≤5.0 in women), and in cases of prior history of upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders (OR 3.1 and 5.0, respectively, P < 0.001). In men, upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders were associated with obesity (OR 2.2, P = 0.014), high level of physical demand (OR 2.0, P < 0.001), high repetitiveness of the task (OR 1.5, P = 0.027), postures with the arms at or above shoulder level (OR 1.7, P = 0.009) or with full elbow flexion (OR 1.6, P = 0.006), and high psychological demand (OR 1.5, P = 0.005). In women, upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders were associated with diabetes mellitus (OR 4.9, P = 0.001), postures with extreme wrist bending (OR 2.0, P < 0.001), use of vibrating hand tools (OR 2.2, P = 0.025), and low level of decision authority (OR 1.4, P = 0.042).ConclusionPersonal and work‐related physical and psychosocial factors were strongly associated with clinically diagnosed upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders.
Recurrence rates of cardiac manifestations associated with neonatal lupus and maternal/fetal risk factors
Authors: Llanos Carolina , Izmirly Peter M. , Katholi Margaret , Clancy Robert M. , Friedman Deborah M. , Kim Mimi Y. , Buyon Jill P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveIdentifying the frequency of recurrent cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus (NL) in a second child is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of anti‐SSA/Ro–mediated injury and would improve counseling strategies regarding future pregnancies and power the design of clinical prevention trials. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to address the recurrence rates of cardiac NL and associated risk factors in a large US‐based cohort.MethodsFamilies enrolled in the Research Registry for Neonatal Lupus were evaluated for rates of recurrence of cardiac NL and potential risk factors, with a focus on pregnancies immediately following the birth of an affected child.ResultsThe overall rate of recurrence of cardiac NL in 161 pregnancies of 129 mothers with anti‐SSA/Ro antibodies was 17.4% (95% confidence interval 11.1–23.6%). Analysis of the potential risk factors among 129 mothers with a pregnancy immediately following the birth of a child with cardiac NL showed that the maternal diagnosis was not associated with the outcome in a subsequent pregnancy. In this group, 23% of mothers who were either asymptomatic or had an undifferentiated autoimmune syndrome, compared with 14% of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus or Sjögren's syndrome, had a second child with cardiac NL (P = 0.25). The recurrence rate was not statistically significantly different in mothers who had taken steroids compared with those who had not taken steroids (16% versus 21%; P = 0.78). The antibody status of the mother was not predictive of outcome in subsequent pregnancies. Moreover, death of the first child with cardiac NL was not predictive of recurrence of cardiac NL in a subsequent pregnancy (P = 0.31). The risk of cardiac NL was similar between male and female children (17.2% versus 18.3%; P = 1.0).ConclusionIn this cohort, the overall recurrence rate for cardiac NL was 17%. The recurrence rate appeared to be unaffected by maternal health, use of steroids, antibody status, severity of cardiac disease in the first affected child, or sex of the subsequent child.