bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Equality Needs no Justification
Authors: Phillips Anne 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Proclamations about our natural equality have commonly coexisted with multiple exclusions by gender, class, and race. This seeming paradox reflects the influence of what I describe as property-based justifications for equality, for when supposed facts about our shared human nature become the basis for equality claims, this simultaneously creates alibis for deeming many people natural inferiors. Contemporary accounts of equality remain too much within that original mould, pursuing a logic of justification that is still bound to the exclusionary practices of the past. When pursued, more specifically, in the language of moral equality, they offer an account of the progress of equality that overstates the current acceptance of basic or ‘moral’ equality while understating the extent to which the status of equal depends on reducing material inequalities. The language of moral equality further encourages a slippage into precisely the kind of moral differentiation and judgement that it is intended to avoid.
The International in the English Enlightenment Press
Authors: Gout Juliette 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
From the embryonic beginnings of the English Enlightenment through to the close of the eighteenth century, the pamphlet and periodical press laid bare conceptions of the international. Through the publicity of naval disputes during the Battle of Leghorn and in the pamphlet wars regarding the operation of the English East India Company, the reading public debated war, peace, diplomacy, and sovereignty. Pamphleteers and newsbook editors are not the typical sources from which to construct a history of the international. It is a departure from the traditional philosophical and juridical sources which dominate the discipline of international relations. However, the pamphlet and periodical press show how the international was constructed discursively, as public mediations on military and naval disputes, competing state and commercial interests, and the validity of diplomatic rules and norms. These perspectives show the plurality of voices and the contestation of ideas through which we can understand the history of the international during the period of the English Enlightenment.
Jurists and the International
Authors: Malaspina Elisabetta Fiocchi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate how Italian legal scholars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries contributed to discourses of the international. It reconstructs the complexity and the meaning of international law in the Italian peninsula during this period, showing how jurists such as Pasquale Stanislao Mancini and Augusto Pierantoni made decisive contributions to the legal construction of the international by their political and scholarly works and by their involvement in the Institut de droit international. The chapter begins by providing an overview of the general context in which nineteenth-century international law emerged as a discipline. The next section elaborates the principle of nationality as conceived by Mancini and its implications for both private and public international law. The chapter then turns to the historical and comparative work done by Italian jurists to construct a field of international law and to conceptualize the international. The final section of the chapter discusses Italian jurists’ involvement in shaping colonial education, training, and administration through the creation of the Scuola Diplomatico-Coloniale (Colonial and Diplomatic School).
The Society of Nations, Imperialism, and the Colour Line
Authors: Pitts Jennifer 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The First World War and its aftermath in the Peace Conference of 1919, long an archetypal year for the discipline of international relations, saw contending conceptions of the international: the dominant picture of a community of free and equal nation-states articulated by Woodrow Wilson; liberal-socialist critiques of imperialism, epitomized by J.A. Hobson; and W.E.B. Du Bois’s radically novel account of the international order as an imperial, capitalist, and racial hierarchy. Du Bois argued that the modern democratic nation—and not simply European elites—had become the agent of imperial exploitation; that international law facilitated capitalist exploitation of the extra-European world; and that white supremacy had come to be so thoroughly part of the fabric of Western culture that it vitiated the understanding and the reform efforts of even many progressive segments of white society. He was one of the first thinkers to understand, and remains among the most valuable for helping us to recognize, that any adequate picture of the global order must place at its centre both the legacies of imperialism and the ongoing reproduction of an asymmetrical and racialized global structure.
Internationalism and Globalism in Mid-Twentieth-Century Political Thought
Authors: Rosenboim Or 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The concept of space is central to thinking about the international as a sphere of political interactions between and across a wide variety of political units, such as states, empires, federations, and unions. The chapter explores the concrete notions of space and their imagined representations in mid-twentieth-century international thought, focusing especially on US and British public intellectuals who, in the context of growing attention to the world’s technological interconnectedness and under the threat of atomic war, promulgated globalism and the globe as counter-concepts to the international. The globalism articulated by these public intellectuals was predicated on both descriptive and normative dimensions of space that were intended to address the problem of war.
The Inventor of the Practical Imperative
Authors: Schwaiger Clemens 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the importance of Baumgarten’s Elements of First Practical Philosophy for understanding eighteenth-century German moral philosophy. Baumgarten is often regarded as a mere follower of Wolff, a which view fails to properly recognize that Baumgarten formed his moral philosophy before Wolff published his main works in the field. Instead, Heinrich Köhler and Pietism were the main influences on Baumgarten’s ethics and his Elements. Like Köhler and unlike Wolff, Baumgarten constructs his Elements around the concept of obligation and writes mainly in juridical terms. Pietism influenced Baumgarten to develop his theory of the “living” character of practical knowledge, going beyond Wolff. Second, the chapter examines Baumgarten’s influence, positive and negative, on Kant, who formulated many of his key doctrines by lecturing from Baumgarten’s textbooks. Here we examine several original aspects of Baumgarten’s Elements: his conception of obligation, the imperative of self-perfection, moral egoism, and of the relationship between morality and religion.
Necessitation, Constraint, and Reluctant Action
Authors: Schierbaum Sonja , Walschots Michael 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores the perspectives of Wolff, Baumgarten, and Kant on obligation. In the first section, Wolff’s theory emphasizes connecting motive to action, where constraint aligns with divine or human obligation. Section II discusses Baumgarten’s terminological and conceptual modifications to Wolff’s theory, asserting that reluctant action involves conflicting impulses. Baumgarten views natural obligation only occasionally as constraint. In the final section, we see that Kant preserves much of Baumgarten’s vocabulary but stresses that obligation must involve constraint, owing to human nature’s rational and natural inclinations. This responds to Schiller’s objection, highlighting the constant threat of contrary inclinations. The analysis highlights the nuanced variations in their notions of obligation, providing a more comprehensive understanding of their individual approaches.
Imputation
Authors: Aichele Alexander 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter underscores the importance of being able to the norms of practical philosophy in concrete circumstances, particularly as relevant to Kant’s moral theory as expounded in the Groundwork and second Critique. Notably absent in these works is a comprehensive theory or even reflection on the application of moral laws, posing a challenge for interpreters. While Kant briefly introduces the concept of imputation in the Metaphysics of Morals, this move resembles Baumgarten’s earlier work, emphasizing duty and certitude rather than empirical reasoning. Kant’s apparent neglect of physical imputation suggests a reluctance to confront the complexities of moral judgments in everyday situations, while Baumgarten embraces the practicality of moral philosophy, acknowledging the subjective nature of human judgments. Baumgarten’s approach allows for the establishment of a provisional yet functional moral philosophy, emphasizing the importance of practical application. The chapter suggests the possibility of reconciling Kant’s theoretical purity with Baumgarten’s practical approach, leaving room for further discussion.
Baumgarten, Kant, and the Subdivisions of Practical Philosophy
Authors: Rauscher Frederick 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes a specific passage from Kant’s note to §88 of Baumgarten’s Elements of First Practical Philosophy, where Kant offers a triadic classification of (i) inner freedom under inner laws; and outer freedom under (ii) inner and (iii) outer laws, a classification which appears perplexing in light of his later division of practical philosophy into right and virtue. While virtue seems to map onto the first distinction, and right the third, there is no obvious match for the second. This chapter investigates whether this second category implies the same actions viewed from the perspective of inner laws or if it indicates two distinct forms of outer freedom subject to different laws. Emphasizing Kant’s priority of freedom over perfectionism, the study explores how Kant adopted and adapted Baumgarten’s distinctions, highlighting the tension between inner and outer distinctions that persists in Kant’s final division between right and virtue in the Metaphysics of Morals.
Capitalism and Entrepreneurship in the Meiji Period (1868–1912)
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines Japan’s official entry into the global economy and the role of the state in founding modern businesses in the early Meiji period. Bureaucrats oversaw the introduction of Western ideas and technologies and provided financial support for the establishment of industries. Technology transfer in many forms was the main vector for Japan’s early industrialization. One prominent means was through foreign experts (oyatoi gaikokujin) who were invited to Japan to select the most appropriate technologies for the nation’s circumstances and to oversee the industrialization process. Chapter 2 provides two case studies of light industries, beer brewing and silk production, to illustrate the changes in the institutional environment. These cases shed light on the motivations of the political elite for selecting certain sectors for investment over others, and allow the reader to assess the successes and failures of the state as an entrepreneur. The chapter ends with an overview of early government–business relations and the building of a transportation and communications infrastructure.
Industrial Capitalism in a Changing Social and Geopolitical Environment (1895–1930)
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the rise of industrial capitalism between 1895 and 1930 in a context of significant changes in business and society. Entrepreneurship combined with the channelling of resources into specific areas led to the creation of new businesses at an unprecedented rate. Many left the countryside for cities in search of factory employment. Women were a significant source of labour, though working conditions and wages relative to men were poor. They also played an important role as consumers, as shown in the case study of Shiseido. Rapid industrial growth had significant social consequences, including labour unrest and the formation of a labour movement. Booms and busts in the Japanese economy, caused by the changing geopolitical context, also had a marked impact on business. Shocks—ranging from wars and changes in monetary policy to the Great Kanto Earthquake and the disastrous effects of the fall of Suzuki Shōten on the nascent banking system—created an increasingly volatile business climate, especially for SMEs. For the major zaibatsu, however, the situation provided opportunities. Indeed, by 1930 they had succeeded in taking control of most of the domestic economy. The buds of the Japanese Business System emerged for white collar workers at large enterprises, which came in the wake of severe labour shortages during boom periods, export growth, and preparations for war.
Empire, War, and Business
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses the relationship between enterprises, nationalism, military development, empire, and war. After 1930, imperialism and military expansion were the dominant forces in the evolution of Japanese business, which directly received state and military support. Private firms, notably zaibatsu, benefited from imperialism, but also took part in its expansion. Building on research on the Japanese ‘national innovation system’ and trade and production networks in East Asia, this chapter argues that there was continuity between the prewar and wartime relationships between private companies, research centres and universities, government, and the military. Their interactions deepened over time but their nature did not change, which helps to explain the shift towards zaibatsu capitalism. Investments by large enterprises in Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria are examined to show how they augmented over time. The case study of the South Manchuria Railway Company illustrates how firms that were controlled by the army profited from the industrial development of Manchuria. Military and technological development activities shed light on how joint research involving universities, the army, and private firms mainly brought benefits to big business. The chapter examines Nissan’s operations in Manchuria to illustrate the formation of the ‘new industrial zaibatsu’ and demonstrates how the build-up for war led to a new policy towards foreign firms of pressuring them to withdraw from Japan. Such policies allowed large Japanese firms to expropriate foreign assets and pursue development with the acquiescence of the state.
The ‘Japanese Miracle’
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines how the ‘Japanese Business System’, characterized by keiretsu, a main bank, cross-shareholding, long-term inter-firm relationships, and control of the labour market, was created to suit the changing social context of the high-growth period. The chapter’s focus on this system is essential since it embodies the variety of capitalism most often associated with Japan and offered firms a stable environment for development without eliminating the need for foreign technology and government support. The chemical, electronics, and automobile industries provide examples of both the successes and failures of industrial policy, while the gradual liberalization of capital and trade illustrates the limitations of state interventionism. Economic growth during this period occurred not only at large firms; start-ups such as Sony quickly became large, global enterprises. After Bretton Woods, the rising yen led industries such as electronics and automobiles to open assembly plants in low-wage countries to strengthen their global competitiveness. This shift is important as it shows the dual dimensions of Japanese capitalism. On the one hand, communitarian capitalism offered stable conditions for business development in the domestic market, while on the other, the rise of global competition revealed its limitations as a model. Though vital to the understanding of the transformations in Japanese capitalism, the global dimension of Japanese business development is often overlooked in research on the high-growth years.
The Bubble Economy and its Aftermath
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 covers the bubble economy (1985–1991) period. Though relatively short, it had a dramatic impact on Japanese society and the economy. From an institutional perspective, the impact of the bubble’s collapse led to a gradual weakening of the ‘Japanese Business System’ and the transition towards financial capitalism. The chapter’s first objective is to explain the mechanism of the formation of the financial bubble and its most important consequences, namely the increase in asset prices, fast expansion of outward FDI, and the expansion of luxury consumption in Japan. The second objective is to assess the consequences of the collapse of the bubble, specifically the negative impact on the financial system and the rise in the number of bankruptcies. Special attention is paid to the effects of the liberalization of the financial system in the 1990s, known as the Japanese ‘financial big bang’ and the ‘main bank’ mergers under Prime Minister Nakasone Yasuhirō. By examining these measures and the behaviour of firms during this period and its aftermath, the chapter demonstrates how the bursting of the bubble contributed to the gradual waning of communitarian capitalism.
The Genre of Blindness
Authors: Prizel Natalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at genre painting and domestic fiction to show how aberrance is nearly normalized in the period through representations of blindness. Blindness becomes a signifier of the generic, domestic, or quotidian itself. The chapter includes discussions of genre paintings and historical genre paintings and drawings by Michael Halliday, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, David Wilkie, William Holman Hunt, and John Everett Millais. In these works, blindness becomes a site through which to articulate the boundaries of genre itself. The chapter then turns to Wilkie Collins’s 1872 novel, Poor Miss Finch, featuring a blind protagonist. Collins explicitly labels this novel “A Domestic Story,” and the chapter traces the ways in which the blind Lucilla Finch resists but also conforms to the conventions of domestic fiction, even in the context of a wildly sensational narrative. The novel demonstrates the ways in which the extranormativity of blindness is—almost—made normative.
Proclisis and enclisis in early Gallo-Romance
Authors: Rainsford Thomas 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the prosodic grouping of function words in the earliest northern Gallo-Romance (GR) texts and the consequences of this grouping for the morphophonology of clitic pronouns. The chapter looks first at active sandhi processes such as unstressed vowel elision and linking [ð], arguing that they support a free-clitic analysis of function words. The second half of the chapter re-examines the status of enclitic asyllabic pronouns, arguing that since they do not show the same prosodic properties as other function words, they are not actively generated by the phonological component of the grammar but are instead lexicalized allomorphs of the corresponding syllabic forms.
Inside the Rainbow
Authors: Frisch Walter 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, “Over the Rainbow,” Arlen’s most familiar and beloved song, is analyzed in detail. The chapter introduces the approach, concepts, and terminology to be featured in later chapters. These include the elements of a song’s formal structure (verse, chorus in AABA form, coda), melody, harmonic structure, texture, and voice-leading. The chapter shows how Yip Harburg fashioned his lyrics to reflect many details of Arlen’s music and to convey the complex feelings of Dorothy as she sings the song near the beginning of The Wizard of Oz. She wants to escape Kansas but she is uncertain of what lies beyond it.
Becoming an Entrenched Bureaucracy
Authors: Flores Nelson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the bureaucratization of bilingual education in the post–Civil Rights era. It situates original calls for bilingual education within community-control struggles that depicted urban school districts as entrenched bureaucracies dominated by white professionals whose primary purpose was maintaining the racial status quo, and the ways that these efforts were characterized by predominantly white critics as the work of out-of-touch militants from communities of color. As bilingual education became institutionalized through federal, state, and local policies alongside court decrees, bilingual education critics continued to frame its proponents as out-of-touch militants and used this in efforts to discredit the educational bureaucracies that had emerged to implement these programs. This culminated in the banning of bilingual education in California in 1998, followed by Massachusetts and Arizona. This points to the limits of bureaucratization in promoting racial equity when the underlying racialization of Latinxs remains intact.
A Raciolinguistic Genealogy of the Self
Authors: Flores Nelson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter engages in a raciolinguistic genealogy of the self where I situate my life in relation to the processes that I have examined in this book. The author first situates his family’s history within the discursive emergence of Latinidad and its erasure of Blackness and Indigeneity, as well as US colonialism and imperialism, that led to the displacement of his mother and father from Puerto Rico and Ecuador, respectively. He then examines his raciolinguistic socialization, pointing to the ways that he was framed as an illegitimate user of both English and Spanish. He then shifts to the ways that funding mechanisms associated with the Bilingual Education Act professionally funneled him into bilingual education as a college student interested in advocating for the Latinx community then examines his journey into eventually resisting this professional funneling and how this led to the raciolinguistic perspective adopted in this book.
Black Authorship at the Movies: Oscar Micheaux, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Wallace Thurman
Authors: Gleeson-White Sarah 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 considers the encounters of race film—all-Black-cast films largely produced and consumed by African Americans—and early twentieth-century Black literature, two fields only very rarely brought into conversation, although, as this chapter finds, there were significant exchanges between the two media and industries. It discovers it was motion pictures that provided Black authors as diverse as Oscar Micheaux, Paul Laurence Dunbar, and Wallace Thurman a means to navigate the gnarly terrain of Black authorship across the early decades of the twentieth century, caught as it seemed to be between the demands and expectations of literary and vernacular forms.
James Madison
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 concentrates on how James Madison led the nation into and through the War of 1812. Madison took power at a time of a weakened presidency, but English and French depredations on US commerce moved him to exert bold leadership. In the ensuing war, the United States suffered numerous setbacks, including the burning of the nation’s capital, and the war ended as a stalemate, but Americans chose to view it as a triumph, especially after Andrew Jackson’s success in New Orleans. During his last months in office, Madison became popular since he was one of the surviving Revolutionary leaders who commanded the respect of younger generations of Americans. The chapter concludes by contending that Madison’s impact on the institution of the presidency depends on his performance in the White House alongside his role as the father of the Constitution.