bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LOVE IN THE “UNIDIVERSE”: A SALESIAN PERSPECTIVE ON CHANCE
Authors: Wisniewski Daniel P. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.The notion of the universe evolving through an interplay of law and chance raises numerous theological questions. In particular, scientific evidence of chance confronts images of God and divine action within this emerging worldview. To interpret Christian faith within a scientific world, figures from church tradition are drawn into the conversation, and a particular spirituality is appropriated to highlight the relationship between science and religion. The personal, practical, accessible spirituality of Saint Francis de Sales is retrieved for the discussion. This Christian humanist recognized the love of God as paramount to a human‐divine relationship. The themes of divine providence and the will of God illustrate a spirituality of the heart that provides relevant insights into the theological implications of chance. An overview of how the reality of chance has posed numerous questions is considered before drawing on the spirituality of de Sales. Various theological views on chance are presented. As Salesian thought enhances an understanding of divine action in a world of chance, contemporary theologies of chance provide a framework for understanding the teachings of the saint in a new way.
EMBODIED TRANSCENDENCE: BONOBOS AND HUMANS IN COMMUNITY
Authors: Howell Nancy R. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.Multiple dimensions and textures of transcendence are evoked not just by reflection on humans in their relationship with God and community but also by encounter with bonobos—primates that are very close genetic kin with humans. The promise for theological reflection is rooted in bonobo social adaptation as a highly cooperative species. Bonobo sexual behavior accompanies and expresses a high level of social intelligence. The point of my project is not a scientific one intended to argue persuasively for individual self‐awareness or self‐transcendence in bonobos. Instead, it emphasizes connectedness, interdependence, and sociality as windows on transcendence. Such a view does not require consciousness or intellectual recognition of self‐in‐relation, but it certainly presumes embodiment of self‐in‐relation. Various textures of transcendence reflect multidirectional relationships among Pan paniscus (bonobos), Homo sapiens, and the Sacred.
MORAL APES, HUMAN UNIQUENESS, AND THE IMAGE OF GOD
Authors: Putz Oliver 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.Recent advances in evolutionary biology and ethology suggest that humans are not the only species capable of empathy and possibly morality. These findings are of no little consequence for theology, given that a nonhuman animal as a free moral agent would beg the question if human beings are indeed uniquely created in God's image. I argue that apes and some other mammals have moral agency and that a traditional interpretation of theimago Deiis incorrectly equating specialness with exclusivity. By framing the problem in terms of metaphor, following the work of Paul Ricoeur and Sallie McFague, I propose that the concept of theimago Deicould be extended to accommodate moral species other than our own.
PERSONS AND THE EXTENDED‐MIND THESIS
Authors: Baker Lynne Rudder 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.The extended‐mind thesis (EM) is the claim that mentality need not be situated just in the brain, or even within the boundaries of the skin. Some versions take “extended selves” be to relatively transitory couplings of biological organisms and external resources. First, I show how EM can be seen as an extension of traditional views of mind. Then, after voicing a couple of qualms about EM, I reject EM in favor of a more modest hypothesis that recognizes enduring subjects of experience and agents with integrated bodies. Nonetheless, my modest hypothesis allows subpersonal states to have nonbiological parts that play essential roles in cognitive processing. I present empirical warrant for this modest hypothesis and show how it leaves room for science and religion to coexist.
MINDS, INTRINSIC PROPERTIES, AND MADHYAMAKA BUDDHISM
Authors: Rockwell Teed 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.Certain philosophers and scientists have noticed that there are data that do not seem to fit with the traditional view known as the Mind/Brain Identity theory (MBI). This has inspired a new theory about the mind known as the Hypothesis of Extended Cognition (HEC). Now there is a growing controversy over whether these data actually require extending the mind out beyond the brain. Such arguments, despite their empirical diversity, have an underlying form. They all are disputes over where to draw the line between intrinsic and relational causal powers. The second‐century Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna deals with similar issues when he argues for a middle way between the two positions that were known in his time by the terms eternalism and nihilism. Eternalism, like MBI, asserts that the mind is a permanent enduring substance (although the two theories disagree as to how long mind endures). Nihilism argued that the mind had no intrinsic existence, and today some argue that HEC could lead us to a similar conclusion. Nagarjuna's argument for a middle way between these two extremes is similar to an argument that can be made for HEC. We can accept that neither the brain nor any other single physical item is identical to the mind without falling down the slippery slope that leads to “The mind does not really exist, and therefore we are one with everything.” Nagarjuna was correct to say that the mind has conventional reality—that the mind exists even though there is no sharp border between the mind and the world.
EMPATHY AND THE EXTENDED MIND
Authors: Krueger Joel W. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.I draw upon the conceptual resources of the extended mind thesis (EM) to analyze empathy and interpersonal understanding. Against the dominant mentalistic paradigm, I argue that empathy is fundamentally an extended bodily activity and that much of our social understanding happens outside of the head. First, I look at how the two dominant models of interpersonal understanding, theory theory and simulation theory, portray the cognitive link between folk psychology and empathy. Next, I challenge their internalist orthodoxy and offer an alternative “extended” characterization of empathy. In support of this characterization, I analyze some narratives of individuals with Moebius syndrome, a kind of expressive deficit resulting from bilateral facial paralysis. I conclude by discussing how a Zen Buddhist ethics of responsiveness is helpful for articulating the practical significance of an extended, body‐based account of empathy.
QUINTUPLE EXTENSION: MIND, BODY, HUMANISM, RELIGION, SECULARISM
Authors: Angel Leonard 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.Extension of the system that includes the key substrates for sensation, perception, emotion, volition, and cognition, and all representational sources for cognition, supports the view that there is an extended mind and an extended body. These intellectual views can be made practical in a humanist system based on extensions and in religious systems based on extensions. Independently, there is also an institutional extension of secularism. Hence, I maintain, there are five principal forms of extension.
Risk factors for and clinical characteristics of severe hyperlactataemia in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: a case–control study
Authors: Osler M , Stead D , Rebe K , Meintjes G , Boulle A 
Published: August 2009

BackgroundSymptomatic hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis (SHLA) are potentially life‐threatening complications associated with stavudine (d4T), an antiretroviral therapy (ART) drug widely used in developing countries.MethodsCases comprised all symptomatic patients with measured lactates ≥5 mmol/L referred to a South African hospital between August 2003 and November 2005. Matched controls were selected according to facility and duration on ART.ResultsSeventy‐one cases and 142 controls were included in the study. The majority of cases presented between 6 and 18 months on ART. Female sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 23.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0–136.6], a baseline weight between 60 and 75 kg (AOR 4.5; 95% CI 1.4–14.1) or, in particular, ≥75 kg (AOR 19.4; 95% CI 4.1–82.5) at ART initiation and gaining ≥6 kg in the first 3 months on therapy (AOR 3.5; 95% CI 1.3–9.5) were independent risk factors identifying patients who may subsequently develop SHLA. Weight loss of ≥2 kg (AOR 6.1; 95% CI 2.0–18.3), a rise in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥10 U/L (AOR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1–8.9), the presence of at least one of three major symptoms (vomiting, nausea and abdominal pains) of SHLA (AOR 12.6; 95% CI 3.3–47.2) and peripheral neuropathy (AOR 3.4; 95% CI 1.1–9.8) were the clinical parameters that were most able to identify patients with early manifestations of SHLA.ConclusionsThis is the first case–control study for SHLA in Southern Africa. Given these findings, we advise that stavudine is avoided in overweight women. Weight loss, a rise in ALT, peripheral neuropathy and/or gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt healthcare workers to assess for SHLA, especially at between 6 and 18 months on ART.
Access to Secondary Healthcare for People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Backer Clare , Chapman Melanie , Mitchell Duncan 
Published: August 2009

Background  There is growing evidence that people with intellectual disabilities have greater healthcare needs than the general population and that these needs are often unmet. Recently, increasing attention has been drawn to poor care received by people with intellectual disabilities when admitted to hospital.Method  A literature search was conducted to identify studies on experiences of secondary healthcare for people with intellectual disabilities. Studies were published between January 1990 and March 2008.Results  Thirteen studies were identified. Important influences on the experience of hospital care were: individual factors; the carer’s role; the attitudes, knowledge and communicative style of health staff; and the physical environment. A range of recommendations and initiatives have been developed to improve hospital care.Conclusion  More research is needed, given that so few studies are published in this area. Initiatives to improve access to secondary healthcare need to be evaluated to inform the development of services.
School‐based prevention of depression: a randomised controlled study of thebeyondblueschools research initiative
Authors: Sawyer Michael G. , Pfeiffer Sara , Spence Susan H. , Bond Lyndal , Graetz Brian , Kay Debra , Patton George , Sheffield Jeanie 
Published: August 2009

Background: Depressive disorders are experienced by 3–5% of the adolescent population at any point of time. They adversely affect adolescent development in a range of areas and greatly increase risk for suicide. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a universal intervention designed to reduce depressive symptoms among students commencing high school.Methods: Twenty‐five pairs of secondary schools matched on socio‐economic status were randomly assigned to either an intervention or a comparison group (n = 5,634 Year 8 students). The intervention extended over a 3‐year period and utilised a comprehensive classroom curriculum programme, enhancements to the school climate, improvements in care pathways, and community forums. A range of measures completed by students, average age at baseline = 13.1 years (SD = .5), and teachers was used to assess changes in depressive symptoms, risk and protective factors relevant to depression, and the quality of the school environment.Results: Changes in the level of depressive symptoms and in the levels of risk and protective factors experienced by students in the two groups did not differ significantly over the 3 years of the study. Furthermore, statistically significant differences in the ratings of school climate across this time period were found only for staff‐rated assessments.Conclusions: Despite using an extensive, structured programme, based on best evidence to increase protective factors and reduce risk factors at the individual and school levels, the intervention did not reduce levels of depressive symptoms among participating adolescents. The results draw attention to the difficulties faced when implementing large‐scale, school‐based, universal preventive interventions. These include the need to develop methods to effectively train teachers across large geographical regions to deliver new interventions with fidelity, the difficulty of engaging young adolescents with prevention programmes, and the long period of time required to implement policy and practice changes at ‘whole‐school’ levels.
Maternal psychological control and child internalizing symptoms: vulnerability and protective factors across bioregulatory and ecological domains
Authors: El‐Sheikh Mona , Hinnant J. Benjamin , Kelly Ryan J. , Erath Stephen 
Published: August 2009

Background:  We examined ecological (family socioeconomic status (SES)) and bioregulatory (sleep duration, sleep efficiency) moderators of the link between maternal psychological control and children’s vulnerability to internalizing symptoms.Method:  A large socioeconomically diverse sample of third graders (N = 141) and their mothers participated. Sleep was examined via actigraphy for one week. Psychological control and internalizing symptoms (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, pre‐sleep arousal) were examined through children’s reports.Results:  For children with poorer sleep, lower SES, or a combination of the two, maternal psychological control was positively related to depressive symptoms; this association was not evident for children with both better sleep and higher SES. Further, maternal psychological control, sleep efficiency, and SES interacted to predict both anxiety symptoms and pre‐sleep arousal. Children were protected from the negative effects of psychological control when they were from higher SES families and had higher sleep efficiency; for all other groups of children, psychological control was associated with anxiety symptoms. A similar but less robust pattern of results was found for pre‐sleep arousal.Conclusions:  Findings highlight the importance of children’s bioregulatory processes within the socioeconomic context for an enhanced understanding of children’s vulnerability to internalizing problems in the context of maternal psychological control.
Dynamics of affective experience and behavior in depressed adolescents
Authors: Sheeber Lisa B. , Allen Nicholas B. , Leve Craig , Davis Betsy , Shortt Joann Wu , Katz Lynn Fainsilber 
Published: August 2009

Background:  Depression is often characterized as a disorder of affect regulation. However, research focused on delineating the key dimensions of affective experience (other than valence) that are abnormal in depressive disorder has been scarce, especially in child and adolescent samples. As definitions of affect regulation center around processes involved in initiating, maintaining, and modulating the occurrence, intensity, and duration of affective experiences, it is important to examine the extent to which affective experiences of depressed youth differ on these dimensions from those of healthy youth.Methods:  The affective behavior and experience of adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 75) were compared to a demographically matched cohort of healthy adolescents (n = 77). Both samples were recruited from community high schools. A multi‐source (parents and adolescent), multi‐method (interviews, behavioral observations, questionnaires) assessment strategy was used to examine positive and negative affects.Results:  Depressed youth had significantly longer durations, higher frequency, and greater intensity when experiencing angry and dysphoric affects and shorter durations and less frequency of happy affect when compared to healthy youth. The most consistent, cross‐method results were evident for duration of affect.Conclusions:  Clinically depressed adolescents experienced disturbances in affective functioning that were evident in the occurrence, intensity, and duration of affect. Notably, the disturbances were apparent in both positive and negative affects.
Functional studies of the anatomy of some neritid prosobranchs
Authors: Fretter Vera 
Published: August 2009

The reduced right half of the pallial complex of Nerita tessellata, N. fulgurans, N. versicolor, N. peloronta and Neritina virginea comprises a hypobranchial gland, a vestigial gill and the opening of a duct which bears the same relationship to this gill as that of the left kidney to the functional gill. The duct leads from the region of the genital duct corresponding to the renal section of mesogastropods. The posterior part of the glandular genital duct lies in the visceral mass; its relationships are identical with those of the left kidney. The anterior part develops alongside the rectum within the anterior pallial vein. The left half of the pallial complex of Nerita includes a hypobranchial gland absent in Neritina and Theodoxus.The floor of the mantle cavity of Nerita forms an accessory respiratory surface, receiving blood from the anterior aorta. Its blood spaces communicate with the haemocoel and the parabranchial vein. This vein, also present in Neritina and Theodoxus, drains the mantle skirt. In Nerita its importance increases when the snail is out of water and the mantle cavity is used as a lung.The buccal mass of Nerita fulgurans has the same basic organization as that of Monodonta lineata: differences are related to specializations in the neritid radula requiring greater versatility of movement during feeding. It is protruded by lateral and ventral protractor and buccal depressor muscles originating on the body wall and inserted on the posterior radular cartilages. The horns of the anterior cartilages are orientated to the feeding ground by an array of levator muscles unparalleled in the trochid, and by the buccal fold which also spreads the radula and ensures its maximal sweep. The radular membrane is pulled outward by protractor muscles originating on the posterior cartilages and associated with a cartilage in the posterior wall of the sublingual pouch. Food is gathered on the back stroke of the radula which is drawn into the buccal cavity by a powerful retractor muscle associated with a radular diverticulum. The diverticulum is absent in trochids which have muscles for direct retraction of the buccal mass.The absence of salivary glands in neritaceans may be related to the development of the buccal fold; glandular buccal pouches and sublingual glands may compensate for their loss. The oesophageal glands extend through the anterior oesophagus to the buccal cavity; owing to their separation from the mid‐oesophagus they are unaffected by torsion. The stomach is a voluminous sac, simplified in that the caecum is lost or vestigial and that the major typhosole ends at the junction of the style sac with the proximal region. The gastric shield forms a tooth, very prominent in Neritina, which can protect the openings of the oesophagus and ducts of the digestive gland.
Observations on the life cycle and variation of the long‐tailed field mouse Apodemus sylvaticus on the Isles of Scilly and Cornwall
Authors: Rood J. P. 
Published: August 2009

The life cycle and variation of the long‐tailed field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticm L.) on the Scilly Isles and Cornwall was studied by an analysis of samples collected at regular intervals from January 1961 to August 1962. Observations on population structure, reproduction and moult suggest that the life cycle of this species is similar on Scilly and Cornwall. Skull and body measurements revealed distinct differences between the samples from St Mary's, Tresco and Cornwall. Both the St Mary's and Tresco mice are larger than the Cornish form. St Mary's mice are larger than those from Tresco and have distinctly longer palatal foramina and pectoral stripes.SummaryFrom January 1961 to August 1962, 350 specimens of Apodemus sylvaticus L. were collected on St Mary's, Tresco and Cornwall.The life cycle was similar in each of the three localities studied. Juveniles were first present in the April and May samples, and survivors from the previous year were rare by August. Evidence from pregnant or lactating females and from juveniles suggested a breeding season commencing in February‐March and terminating by mid‐October. Testes of both first and second year animals were found to regress after August.Analysis of skull measurements revealed highly significant differences in mean lengths of the upper molar tooth row in the three samples, St Mary's mice being largest, Tresco mice intermediate, and Cornish mice smallest. This trend was also apparent from comparisons of occipito‐nasal length.St Mary's mice were found to have distinctly longer pectoral stripes and palatal foramina than Tresco animals. These two characters tended to be intermediate in mice from Cornwall.
The development and replacement of teeth in Hypogeophis rostratus (Amphibia, Apoda)
Authors: Lawson R. 
Published: August 2009

The details of tooth development in Hypogeophis rostratus are described and analysed by dividing the life cycle of the tooth into a number of stages. Such divisions are based on either morphological characters or the degree of change which occurs during equal fractions of the whole life cycle. On the basis of such data it is apparent that some phases of the development of the tooth take place slowly whilst others are passed through more rapidly. Such variations result in the production of a dentition in which each locus is generally occupied by a functional tooth and a replacement tooth at an earlier stage of development.The process of tooth development in general follows the pattern described in Salamandra maculosa by Kerr (1960), and the enamel which covers the major and minor cusps of the adult tooth is considered to be of ectodermal origin. A stage at which the enamel matrix occurs in an uncalcified stage has not been found in Hypogeophis rostratus and it is assumed that calcification of the enamel occurs almost simultaneously with the production of its organic matrix. The crown and the pedicel of the mature tooth are connected by a ring of fibres, and it seems likely that the asymmetrical pedicel is ankylosed to the jaw bone by a thin layer of cement.The mechanism of tooth succession is investigated and it is clear that both tooth production and tooth replacement occur in a synchronous manner. The term Zahnreihen (Woerdeman, 1919, 1921, and Edmund 1960, 1962) is accepted, and used in the description of tooth succession. It is clear that tooth production and replacement occur in much the same manner as in the reptiles (and possibly in all non‐mammalian vertebrates (Edmund, 1960)) and can be explained by the fact that the Zahnreihen are on average 2·4 tooth spaces apart and that each replacement wave (which travels craniad along the jaw) usually contains about six teeth. The results obtained in H. rostratus in no way conflict with the idea that the Zahnreihen are produced by stimuli which travel caudad along the jaw and that the replacement waves may run in the reverse direction.A theoretical template based on Zahnreihen 2·4 spaces apart is constructed and shows that replacement waves contain six teeth and run craniad along the jaw. It is pointed out that the observed facts do not exactly follow the theoretical pattern in that the distance between successive Zahnreihen may vary and that replacement rows may involve more or less than six teeth. Finally it is affirmed that such deviations are to be regarded as normal variations in the process of tooth production and replacement.