bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Fluorite Structures in M203-CeO2 (M=Sm, La) System Based on a Novel Effective Index
Authors: Mori Toshiyuki , Ikegami Takayasu , Yamamura Hiroshi 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTM2O3-CeO2(M=Sm, La) system is one of the most interesting of fluorite oxides since the oxide ionic conductivity of it is higher than that of yttria-stabilized zirconia. In this study, the effective index for the improvement of ionic conductivity in CeO2 systems was defined using information regarding ionic radii and the level of oxygen vacancies from the perspective of crystallography. It is assumed that the M2O3 CeO2 based oxides approach the ideal fluorite structure for fast ionic conduction when the effective index increases toward 1. A small amount of alkali- or alkali-earth doped M2O3-CeO2 (M=Sm, La) solid solutions were prepared based on this effective index. The oxide ionic conductivity increased with an increase of this effective index. (La0.75Sr0.2Ba0.05)0.175 Ce0.825 O1.89 that had high effective index, showed high oxide ionic conductivity over the order of magnitude in comparison with 8mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia. Moreover, the oxygen partial pressure dependence of oxide ionic conductivity of M2O3-CeO2(M=Sm, La) solid solutions was improved by the increasing effective index. The utility of this effective index, for improvement of the electrical properties in fluorite CeO2 based materials, was investigated.
Development and Performance of A Rechargeable Thin Film Solid State Microbattery
Authors: Jones Steven D. , Akridge James R. , Middaugh Richard L. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe fabrication of thin-film batteries has been achieved for more than a decade (Energizer1, Oak Ridge2, Seoul National Univ.3). The inventor of the process was K. Kanehori(ndeI u 1) The processes utilized; sputtering, vapor deposition, solvent coating of electrolyte, have succeeded in laboratory trials in making working cells. No large commercial process nor application has developed to date though pilot plant capability exists4. Performance characteristics of microbatteries are sufficient to easily power micro-sensors and CMOS microelectronics. On chip carrier power capability could be realized. The materials of today's microbattery are detrimental to silicon technology which can be a draw back to commercialization. New materials and processes need to be investigated.
Magnesium Primary Batteries
Authors: Koval'Chuk E.P. , Skolozdra O.M. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTPolyaniline, aniline and o-NO2-aniline copolymer were synthesized using (NH4)2S2O8 as oxidant in 1 M HCl water solution. By means of IR, Raman spectroscopy, gravimetric and microanalysis it was confirmed that the obtained product is oxydized emeraldine. We developed Mg|2 M MgCl2(H2O + CH3) (3:1)| co-polymer (polyaniline) prismatic-type cells. The highest specific charge and energy were observed for cell with co-polymer AN:o-NO2-AN (8:2) which were 420.74 Ah kg−- and 424.95 Wh kg−-, respectively.
Catalytic Combustion of Methane Over Metal Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Eguchi Koichi , Takahara Hiroyuki , Inoue Hiroshi , Sekizawa Koshi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCation-substituted hexaaluminate compounds, ABAl11O19-μ (A = La, Pr, Sm, and Nd; B = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) were investigated for application to high temperature catalytic combustion. Two series of modifications of the compounds was made by cation substitution; substitution of large cations in the mirror plane with lanthanides ions, and of transition metals for Al site in the spinel block. In a series of AMnAlllO19-μ, surface area and catalytic activity increased with an increase in ionic radius of lanthanides. La3+ is superior as the large cation in the mirror plane of the hexaaluminate to other tri-valent cations with small ionic radii. The catalytic activi- ties of LaBAl11O19-μ, were enhanced when Mn and Cu were employed as the B-site substituents. Although Mn and Cu were also effective substituents for enhancing catalytic activity in Ba-based hexaaluminate compounds, their activity was low as compared with the La-based catalysts. These results indicate that the redox cycle of transition metal in hexaaluminate lattice and cata- lytic activity appears to be affected sensitively with the electronic or structural effect of large cation in the mirror plane.
Photocatalytic Reductions of Nitric Oxide in gas Phase and Nitrate ion in Water with Reducing Agents on Hollandite Catalyst
Authors: Mori Toshiyuki , Suzuki Jun , Fujiimoto Kenjim , Watanabe Mamom , Hasegawa Yoshio 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPhotoctalysis of a unique hollandite compound was investigated for the reductions of nitric oxide (NO) in gas phase and nitrate ion (NO3) in water with reducing agents under UV irradiation. Both NO and NO3 are hazardous chemicals to human. Recently, it was reported that titanium oxide (TiO2) photocatalyst perfomaed the oxidative decomposition of NO to NO3. However, an ideal photocatalytic removal of NO would be the reductive decomposition of NO to N2 and O2 without by-products. In this study, the surface activity of the unloaded hollandite, prepared by sol-gel method, was applied to the photocatalytic reaction. The present photocatalysis was quantitatively examined by using on-line mass spectrometry and ion chromatography, and the adsorption species on the hollandite surface was analyzed by in-situ IR spectroscopy. UV-ixradiated hollandite extu'bited high selectivity for the formation of N2 in the reductive decomposition of NO. Moreover, this catalyst also showed the reductive decomposition of NO3 to NO2 and N2 in water. In particular, the photocatalytic decomposition of NO3 would be a new pathway that has not been reported for popular photo-catalysts such as unloaded TiO2. Probably, this type compound is expected to have potentialities as a new type photocatalyst.
Heterogeneous Catalysts and Inorganic Sorbents: Modeling Applications and Opportunities
Authors: Freeman C.M. , Hill J.-R. , Wimmer E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSimulation in catalyst and sorbent research spans a wide range of techniques and applications complementing and enhancing experimental approaches. This includes (i) model construction and visualization, (ii) materials characterization through simulation of experiments such as x-ray diffraction, (iii) atomistic simulations of dynamic processes such as docking and diffusion using empirical potentials, and (iv) quantum mechanical methods predicting chemical bonding and reactivity. Thorough technical validation, algorithmic and accessibility enhancements, and a strong industrial focus continue to drive key developments. The focus on practical catalyst and sorbent problems is illustrated here by (i) a simulation of the energetic diffusion barrier experienced by a toluene molecule in the microporous material boggsite and (ii) the structure, energetics and bond strengths of acidic protons in faujasite using a localized-orbital density functional approach.
Comparing the DBT Conversion by Using Crystalline WS2 and WS2 Electron Irradiated Catalyst
Authors: Rangel R. , Alonso G. , Adem E. , Fuentes S. , Galvan D. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA catalytic study has been performed in WS2 irradiated with electrons at 1000 kGy. The purpose is to compare irradiated WS2 with WS2 crystalline in terms of DBT conversion, selectivity and surface area analysis. Also, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-raydiffraction were performed to show microstructural changes induced by irradiation. We found that DBT conversion increased by 55 % if compared with WS2 crystalline. The surface area decreased and the initial rate constants increased by a factor of four times. The selectivity for DCH after irradiation has decreased, while the selectivity for DIF and PCH has increased substantially. The DYH/DHS ratio has decreased in 42 %. The SEM micrographs showed that irradiation, at this level, produced certain damage in the crystallinity. The X-ray analysis showed different distribution in the intensity of the principal peaks after irradiation was achieved. This behavior could be correlated to the surface area decrement and the enhancing of the catalytic activity in WS2.
Amorphous TiO2 and SiO2 Modified Alumina as Catalyst Support for Hydroprocessing of Maya Crude Oil Heavy Fractions
Authors: Lopez-Salinas E. , Itoh T. , Morales E. , Rivera S. , Medellin B. , Llanos M. E. , Beltran T. , Cortes M. T. , Zarate R. , Vazquez A. , Navarrete J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA series of aluminas modified with 3-15 wt% S102 (AMASAs) and 2-9 wt% TiO2 (AMATAs) were prepared by a deposition and/or coprecipitation methods. The pore size distribution was varied by means of a pH-swing procedure where alternating pH acid-alkaline values generated 100-200 Å pores, particularly in the AMASAs case. However, the incorporation of TiO 2 in the AMATAs even after the pH-swing procedure results in a pore size and volume decrease- The degree of TiO 2 reduction is much higher in AMATAs obtained by deposition than those obtained by coprecipitation. The use of AMASAs as catalyst supports of 2.4 wt% Ni and 8.8 wt% Mo in the hydroconversion of a vacuum distillation residue brings about 1.5 times higher conversion to lighter fractions in comparison with a commercial alumina-based catalyst. AMATA-based catalyst shows similar activity and selectivity to the commercial catalyst. However, the presence of TiO2 (6 wt%) considerably increases the N and V removal, and decreases the formation of sediments.
Electrochemical Testing and Structural Characterisation of Nickel Based Catalytic Coatings Produced by Direct Spraying
Authors: Sillitto S.M.A. , Adkins N.J.E. , Hodgson D.R. , Paul E. , Ormerod R.M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this paper a novel processing technique has been used to produce a range of low overpotential nickel based electrocatalytic coatings for use in the Chlor-alkali industry. These coatings include pure nickel as well as Raney nickel alloys, with particular focus upon the beneficial effects of molybdenum additions to Raney nickel.Structural characterisation of all coatings has been carried out using X-ray diffraction for quantitative phase identification, backed up by optical and electron microscopy for analysis of phase distribution. Measurement of the coatings' electrochemical properties has been performed in fully functioning micro-pilot scale electrolysis cells.
Synthesis of Transition-Metal-Oxides Meso-Structured Thin Films
Authors: Zhou H.S. , Honma I. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHighly ordered self-assembly organized silica meso-structured architectures have attracted increasing attention because these materials provide a rich source for scientific research and technological applications. This approach to meso-structured materials has been extended to non-silica oxides, especially transition-metal-oxides which might promise applications involving electron transfer or magnetic interactions. We report the syntheses of transition-metal-oxides meso-structured thin films (MSTF), such as TiO2, V2O5, Fe2O3 and Nb2O5, using a surfactant templating processing with spin coating method. X-ray diffraction patterns of the films showed that the films generally oriented in a lamellar structure. The phase transferring in V205 MSTF was also investigated.
Structure Effects of High Surface Area Molybdenum Nitride Powders, Macrocrystals and Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Thiophene Desulfurization
Authors: Roberts K. L. , Markel E. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMo2N powder, macrocrystals and nanoparticles and porous Mo metal were synthesized using temperature programmed reduction of MoO3 powder and crystals with reactant feed gases consisting of NH3 N2/H2 mixtures and pure H2. The Mo-based catalysts were characterized using BET, XRD, TGA, SEM, and STM. The Mo-based catalysts were also analyzed for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene. The relatively lower surface area Mo2N macrocrystalline catalysts (SSA = 44 m2/g) have a greater area specific activity than that of the higher surface area Mo2N powder catalysts (SSA = 150 m2/g) for the HDS of thiophene. Mo metal catalysts have significantly lower activity for thiophene HDS than Mo 2N catalysts and the HDS selectivities of non-sulfided Mo metal catalysts are significantly different from those of Mo 2N catalysts.
Catalytic Combustion Technology Development for Gas Turbine Engine Applications
Authors: Carter Robert N. , Smith Lance L. , Karim Hasan , Castaldi Marco , Etemad Shah , Muench George , Boorse R. Samuel , Menacherry Paul , Pfefferle William C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCatalytic combustion is one means of meeting increasingly strict emissions requirements for ground-based gas turbine engines for power generation. In conventional homogeneous combustion, high flame temperatures and incomplete combustion lead to emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO), and in lean premixed systems unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). However, catalyst-assisted reaction upstream of a lean premixed homogeneous combustion zone can increase the fuel/air mixture reactivity sufficiently to provide low CO/UHC emissions. Additionally, catalytic combustion extends the lean limit of combustion, thereby minimizing NOx formation by lowering the adiabatic flame temperature. An overview of this technology is presented including discussion of the many materials science and catalyst challenges that catalytic combustion poses ranging from the need for high temperature materials to catalyst performance and endurance. Results of ongoing development efforts at Precision Combustion, Inc. (PCI) are presented including modeling studies and experimental results from both bench-scale and combustor-scale studies.
Atomic force Microscopy to Quantify Local Mechanical Properties Of Tissue
Authors: Tsai S. , Rutherford Rib. , Clarkson B.H. , Kohn D.H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFor regenerated tissue to be fully functional, it must exhibit the mechanical integrity of normal tissue. Because of the composite nature of tissues, regional variation in properties, and the fact that macroscopic mechanical testing is not always feasible with regenerated tissue, microscopic approaches are needed to better delineate structure-function relations. We have been utilizing an atomic force microscope (AFM) in conjunction with a picoindentation attachment to determine local, sub-micron level mechanical properties of normal and regenerated tissues. As representative data to establish the validity of this approach, regional hardness and stiffness values for dentin are presented. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that moduli were site-specific. However, local variations at a given point (e.g. properties at < lpm spatial displacement) were less than site to site variations, validating the efficacy of the technique. Hardness and elasticity may be considered quantitative measures of degree of mineralization, enabling linkage between mechanical, structural, and biological measures of tissue regeneration.
Double Layered HA Coating, its Characterization and Preparation
Authors: Zhou P. , Asanami S. , Kawana H. , Hosonuma M. , Mitsui H. , Zhou H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHydroxyapatite (HA) has been universally used because of good biocompatibility. There are varieties of coating methods, however, they still have problems. The most significant problem is layer thickness. We introduced a new coating procedure to eliminate this difficulty.The characterization of the coating was studied by X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, SEM and chemical analysis. Said examination indicated that the double layer consisted of carbonate HA and CaTiO3 and the thickness of the layer was 2-4 μm. The coating was performed on the inner surfaces of 50-200 μm sized pores and was also consistent in the smallest of the pores even those of 50 μm. Our results indicated that the coating layer was homogeneous and thin. In addition, both layers consisted of Ca ions. The consistency of coating into even the smallest pore size suggested that our method promises to have widespread clinical applications in artificial implants because of increased surface contact area.
Fatigue-Crack Growth in the Superelastic Endovascular Stent Material Nitinol
Authors: Mckelvey A. L. , Ritchie R. O. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper describes a study of fatigue-crack propagation behavior in the superelastic alloy Nitinol. This work is motivated by biomedical applications, and the current interest to improve the design and performance of medical stents for implantation in the human body. Specifically, the objective of this work is to study the effect of environment on cyclic crack- growth resistance in a ∼50Ni-5OTi (at. %) alloy, and to provide the necessary data for the safe life predication of Nitinol endovascular stents. The material selected for this study has been heat treated such that it is superelastic at human body temperature. Characterization of fatigue-crack growth rates has been performed at 37°C on disc-shaped compact-tension samples, in environments of air, aerated deionized water, and aerated Hank's solution. Results indicate that, in fact, Nitinol has the lowest fatigue-crack growth resistance of metallic alloys currently used for implant-applications.
A Multilayer Approach to Fabricate Bioactive Glass Coatings on Ti Alloys
Authors: Gomez-Vega J.M. , Saiz E. , Tomsia A.P. , Marshall G.W. , Marshall S.J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGlasses in the system Si-Ca-Na-Mg-P-K-O with thermal expansions coefficients close to that of Ti6AI4V were used to coat the titanium alloy by a simple enameling technique. Firings were done in air at temperatures between 800 and 840°C and times up to 1 minute. Graded compositions were obtained by firing multilayered glass coatings. Hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were mixed with the glass powder and the mixture was placed on the outer surface of the coatings to render them more bioactive. Coatings with excellent adhesion to the substrate and able to form apatite when immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF) can be fabricated by this methodology.
Subcritical Crack Growth of Bioactive Glasses in Simulated Body Fluid
Authors: Bloyer D.R. , Mcnaney J.M. , Tomsia A.P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA new series of bioactive glasses have been prepared with thermal expansion coefficients that more closely match that of Ti-based implant alloys. It is proposed that these glasses be used as coatings on biological implants that would provide improved fixation between the implant and tissue. As glasses are subject to environmentally assisted crack growth, it is important to develop an understanding of the stress corrosion crack growth (SCCG) behavior of this new family of glasses; furthermore, it is equally important to determine the effect of bioactivity on the SCCG properties of these glasses. This report will present the progress to date in the study of the SCCG properties of these new bioactive glasses
Evaluation of Cytokine Delivery Systems for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Jong Y.S. , Egilmez N.K. , Chen F-A , Jacob J.S. , Smith L.P. , Mottl T.S. , Bankert R.B. , Mathiowitz E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCytokines are ideal candidates for controlled release systems; they typically have short half-livesin vivoand may be more effective with localized delivery. A novel microencapsulation technique, phase inversion nanoencapsulation (PIN), was used to encapsulate interleukin-2 or interleukin-12 in biodegradable polymer microspheres. Cytokine was quantified by ELISA and bioactivity analyzed using a murine cytotoxic Tcell line proliferation assay. The release rates of IL-2 was dependant on release buffer components; inclusion of 10% fetal calf serum resulted in significantly higher release rates compared to plain buffer. Encapsulated IL-2 remained stable at all timepoints assayed (up to 4 months) when stored at 4 °C. Results indicated that PIN can be used to encapsulate IL-2 and IL-12, which were released throughout the duration of the release study (up to one month). These microsphere formulations have shown tumor suppressive affectsin vivoand may provide a viable alternative to gene transfer for cancer immunotherapy.
Interactions Between Unimolecular Micelles and Liposomes
Authors: Guo J. , Farrell S. , Uhrich K. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe interactions between dipalmitoylphosphocholine (DPPC) vesicles and a hyperbranched polymer micelle, Core(hex)PEG5, were examined by visual observation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results from the DSC experiments showed that introducing the polymer to DPPC small unilamellar vesicles completely transformed the vesicles into a large unilamellar structure within minutes, a process that normally takes 2 days at room temperature. The hyperbranched polymers transformed the liposomes to the thermodynamically stable state. Fluorescence microscopy experiments showed that the DPPC vesicles became larger after the polymers were added. In addition, the polymers prevented aggregation of the liposome vesicles yielding clear solutions for up to two weeks at room temperature. In contrast, DPPC vesicles without polymers aggregated to form precipitate within hours at room temperature. The average sizes of liposomes and liposome/polymer were determined by DLS measurement with diameters of 36.3 nm and 65.2 nm, respectively.
Production and Characterization of Large Porous Particles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery
Authors: Batycky Rick , Nice Jackie , Chen Donghao , Sung Jean , Lipp Mike , Mintzes Jeff , Dunbar Craig , Niven Ralph , Edwards David 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInhalation of dry powders comprised of large porous particles appears to promote long therapeutic action and increased systemic bioavailability (1-3). Relative to standard inhalation aerosols, dry powders possessing large porous particles clear relatively slowly from the lungs once inhaled (1) and show less aggregation prior to delivery. The diminished aggregation properties of large porous particles permits their use in a simple (and inexpensive) device without the need for carrier particles.
Bulk Metallic Glasses Produced by Detonation Gun Spraying
Authors: Shmyreva T. P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBulk metallic glasses in the form of amorphous coatings were produced by detonation gun spraying of eutectic alloy containing iron, chromium, phosphorus and carbon. The thickness of the resulting homogeneous amorphous deposit may be up to 2–3 millimeters. The heat capacity, the coefficient of thermal expansion, the corrosion resistance, the hardness and the short range order structure parameters were studied for the bulk metallic glasses and thin ribbon. The investigation revealed that time (for 3 year) and temperature (300–670K) related structural relaxation in amorphous alloys is a nonmonotonic wavelike process having an irreversible nature. The amorphous detonation sprayed coatings have been successfully employed for improving service properties of medical instruments.
Self-Diffusion in Bulk Metallic Glasses
Authors: Knorr K. , Macht M.-P. , Mehrer H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe have studied self-diffusion in the bulk metallic glasses Zr46.75Ti8.25Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 and Zr65Cu17.5Ni10A17.5 by means of the radiotracer method. Diffusion of 63Ni has been investigated as a function of temperature in both alloys and also as a function of hydrostatic pressure in Zr46.75Ti8.25Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5. With the isotope 95Zr diffusion studies of the major component Zr were performed in Zr46.75Ti8.25Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5. The diffusivity of 95Zr is much smaller than that of 63Ni. The temperature dependence of 63Ni self-diffusion into Zr46.75Ti8.25Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 and into Zr65Cu17.5Ni10A17.5 cannot be described by a single set of Arrhenius parameters, breaks in the Arrhenius curves are observed. We attribute the non-linear Arrhenius behaviour to the transition from the glassy to the supercooled liquid state. For the first time activation volumes of diffusion in a supercooled melt have been determined. From the pressure dependence of 63Ni diffusion in Zr46.75Ti8.25Cu7.5 Ni10Be27.5 we get activation volumes around one mean atomic volume favouring a diffusion mechanism via vacancy-like defects.