bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the 17 Practices of the Management System for Operational Safety on Marine Installations for Drilling and Production of Oil and Natural Gas in Brazil
Authors: Morais Caroline Pinheiro 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
According to Brazil's Petroleum Law (Law No. 9.478/97), the National Petroleum Agency (ANP) must establish the technical and design requirements on Operational Safety to be accomplished by operators of concessions and inspect their marine facilities with respect to drilling and production of oil and natural gas. Considering this, was prepared the Technical Regulation of the Management System for Operational Safety on Marine Installations for Drilling and Production of Oil and Natural Gas, approved by Resolution ANP n°. 43/2007. Historical Accidents have taught that prescriptive regulations could discourage the creation, or delay the implementation, of new technologies in the field of safety engineering, since the natural tendency of the market, governed by the time and cost optimization, is to obey what was proposed and not overcome it. Therefore, the Technical Regulation of the Management System for Operational Safety applied by the ANP is composed of 17 Safety Management Practices that allow the operator of the concession to correlate them to their own guidelines for the management and safety technologies and methods that best meet each facility. This paper aims to explain how compliance with each practice of this regulation could have prevented the most likely causes of historical oil industry accidents.

1 - Introduction
The first reading of the Technical Regulation of Operational Safety, approved by Resolution ANP n°. 43/2007, usually seems subjective or hard to understand. During ANP audits, the crew on board usually understand the meaning of each management practice of this regulation trough the auditors explanation on remarks made. Since not everyone has the opportunity to follow an audit or read their reports, this article attempts to clarify the understanding of the rules by the correlation of each management practice to an accident.
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Dicionário1.advérbio1.nevertheless2.even so
Historical accidents were chosen to figure this paper since they are known and disseminated globally. All the accidents here described are a sum of several errors.
The objective of this paper is not to correlate each error to a lack of a management practice, but to pick at least one error that, if didn't occur, could avoid the accident or at least minimize its severity.
Giant Sub-Salt Hydrocarbon Province of the Greater Campos Basin, Brazil
Authors: Mello Marcio Rocha , Bender Andre A. , Filho Nilo Chagas Azambuja , De Mio Eduardo 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
References in the last page
This study comprises a realistic view of the Petroleum Systems modeling in the Pre-Salt area of Santos Basin in the ultra-deep water region, comprising the recent giant oil and gas discoveries, which includes the Tupi (now named Lula and Cernambi Oil Fields), Iara, Jupiter and Guará. (Fig. 1). This area encompasses other several successfully tested prospects such as Bem-te-Vi, Carioca and Parati. Volumes are surprisingly large; may reach 18 Bbbls of reserves. The area encompasses also the recently certified reserves in ANP areas that can reach up to 15.5 BBOE (2C results from Gaffney, Cline & Associates). Such discoveries emphasize that in most areas of the ultra deep waters of the Brazilian Greater Campos Basin, localized in the Southern Margin of Brazil, exploration has just begun.
Petroleum System in the Ultra-Deep area of Santos Basin is characterized as a unique due to the existence of a widespread and thick (up to 2,000m) salt sequence forming excellent seal, excellent source rocks, reservoirs carrier beds (for migration), traps, temperature conditions and timing. The salt sequence is one of the most important players acting not only as a perfect seal but also in the preservation of the liquid phase of the hydrocarbons and the permoporosity of the pre-salt carbonate reservoirs. The understanding of the salt movement through the time and the role of sealing and heat transfer properties through 2000 m of salt layer is a key point in the modeling processes.
A Mimic of Viral Double-Stranded RNA Triggers Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes-like Syndrome in Regulatory T Cell-Deficient Autoimmune Diabetic Mouse
Authors: Tada Ai , Shimada Akira , Yamada Taketo , Oikawa Yoichi , Yamada Yoshifumi , Okubo Yoshiaki , Irie Junichiro , Bluestone Jeffrey A. , Itoh Hiroshi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Human fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is an extremely aggressive disease. The delay of proper diagnosis results in high mortality. However, the pathophysiology of this disease remains unclear. We took advantage of CD28-deficient NOD (CD28−/− NOD) mice, which have limited numbers of regulatory T cells and develop aggressive autoimmune diabetes, to create a FT1D model that mimicked the disease in humans. Young CD28−/− NOD mice were injected with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid to activate innate immunity in an effort to induce diabetes onset. In this model, innate immune cell activation precedes the onset of diabetes similar to ∼70% of FT1D patients. Eighty-three percent of CD28−/− NOD mice developed diabetes within 1–6 d after injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Moreover, T cells infiltrated the pancreatic exocrine tissue and destroyed α cells, an observation characteristic of human FT1D. We conclude that an FT1D-like phenotype can be induced in the background of autoimmune diabetes by a mimic of viral dsRNA, and this model is useful for understanding human FT1D.
Application of Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces to a Minimization Problem with Prescribed Nodes
Authors: Gunawan Hendra , Sawano Yoshihiro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe theory of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces is applied to a minimization problem with prescribed nodes. We re-prove and generalize some results previously obtained by Gunawan et al. [2,3], and also discuss the Hölder continuity of the solution to the problem.
Features of the Nyström Method for the Sherman-Lauricella Equation on Piecewise Smooth Contours
Authors: Didenko Victor D. , Heising Johan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe stability of the Nyström method for the Sherman-Lauricella equation on contours with corner points cj, j = 0, 1, …, m relies on the invertibility of certain operators belonging to an algebra of Toeplitz operators. The operators do not depend on the shape of the contour, but on the opening angle θj of the corresponding corner cj and on parameters of the approximation method mentioned. They have a complicated structure and there is no analytic tool to verify their invertibility. To study this problem, the original Nyström method is applied to the Sherman-Lauricella equation on a special model contour that has only one corner point with varying opening angle In the interval (0.1π, 1.9π), it is found that there are 8 values of θj where the invertibility of the operator may fail, so the corresponding original Nyström method on any contour with corner points of such magnitude cannot be stable and requires modification.
Intergroup Conflict, Theories of
Authors: FISHER RONALD J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Destructive intergroup conflict – that is, badly managed differences between distinct identity groups – is the most serious problem facing humankind. It occurs at every social level within and between societies, and usurps resources that are sorely needed for human development and satisfaction. Within organizations, misunderstanding and animosity between different departments and levels reduces motivation and productivity, thus compromising the attainment of overall goals. Within communities, cleavages among different ethnic, racial, and religious groups are expressed in prejudice and discrimination, and at times in violent interactions, such as gang warfare and race riots. Within societies, destructive interactions between such identity groups can escalate to ethnopolitical war, ethnic cleansing, and genocide. In addition, controversial issues between competing interest groups and ideologies squander resources through conflicts over environmental protection, poverty, or the provision of public services, rather than using dialogue to find common ground on improving the quality of life. At the international level, the costs of war are well known, and while the Cold War threat of nuclear annihilation has abated, future conflicts between major powers could induce Armageddon.
Social Dominance Theory
Authors: Pratto Felicia , Stewart Andrew L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Social dominance theory is a multi‐level theory of how societies maintain group‐based dominance. Nearly all stable societies can be considered group‐based dominance hierarchies, in which one social group – often an ethnic, religious, national, or racial one – holds disproportionate power and enjoys special privileges, and at least one other group has relatively little political power or ease in its way of life. As examples, consider the relationship between contemporary Western European nations and their immigrant groups and Roma, between the ruling elites of South America and their indigenous peoples, or between Jewish Israelis and Palestinians. In all cases, the economic, educational, and health outcomes are superior for members of the dominant groups from what they are for members of the subordinate groups. Moreover, societies recognize the legal rights of dominants and portray their ways of living as virtuous and characteristic of the whole society, whereas subordinates receive little social recognition and are even stigmatized. Group dominance societies also feature an intersecting kind of group oppression, namely sexism, men holding disproportionate power and freedoms compared with women, and heterosexism being privileged over other kinds of sexuality. Social dominance theory describes how processes at different levels of social organization, from cultural ideologies and institutional discrimination to gender roles and the psychology of prejudice, work together to produce stable group‐based inequality.
American War of Independence (1775–1783)
Authors: CONWAY STEPHEN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe American War of Independence started as a conflict between Britain and 13 of its North American colonies, but developed into much more than a struggle over the transatlantic relationship. From 1778, when the French intervened, the conflict was transformed into a global contest, with fighting in all areas of contact and competition between the British and their long‐standing rivals. From 1779 the Spanish became belligerents, adding further to the sense that this was now a worldwide war. At the end of 1780, the Dutch also joined the war as British enemies. By 1783, when the fighting finally came to a close, the British war effort had extended well beyond North America to the Caribbean and Central America, West Africa, Europe, and Asia.
War Crimes
Authors: McGLYNN SEAN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt is no easy task to define a war crime with absolute clarity, authority, and unanimity. What constitutes a war crime has meant different things to different people in different cultures in different times. Thus our current interpretations of the term should not be deemed fixed and immutable; indeed, revisions in international law are continuously adopted to meet with changing circumstances. Thus, in the late twentieth century, the accusation of a war crime might attempt to be sidestepped simply by the avoidance of declaring an act of war while engaging in what is, by any definition, warring activity; international lawyers now employ terms such as “armed conflict” or “force” to vitiate such circumambulations. The loosest definition – that war crimes are crimes committed in times of war – fails to separate the military sphere from the civil one. A modern, consensual definition of a war crime may be a violation of international law regulating the legality and conduct of war, especially in relation to non‐combatants (civilians, prisoners of war, the wounded). It should be noted, however, that the issue then becomes the preserve of specialist international lawyers; many would also argue that victor's justice still prevails, and that in the twenty‐first century the defeated still cannot expect a fair trial.
Surface‐Modified Low‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Kim Young Beom , Holme Timothy P. , Gür Turgut M. , Prinz Fritz B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper reports both experimental and theoretical results of the role of surface modification on the oxygen reduction reaction in low‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT‐SOFC). Epitaxial ultrathin films of yttria‐doped ceria (YDC) cathode interlayers (<10–130 nm) are grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on single‐crystalline YSZ(100). Fuel cell current–voltage measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are performed in the temperature range of 350 °C ≈ 450 °C. Quantum mechanical simulations of oxygen incorporation energetics support the experimental results and indicate a low activation energy of only 0.07 eV for YDC, while the incorporation reaction on YSZ is activated by a significantly higher energy barrier of 0.38 eV. Due to enhanced oxygen incorporation at the modified Pt/YDC interface, the cathodic interface resistance is reduced by two‐fold, while fuel cell performance shows more than a two‐fold enhancement with the addition of an ultrathin YDC interlayer at the cathode side of an SOFC element. The results of this study open up opportunities for improving cell performance, particularly of LT‐SOFCs by adopting surface modification of YSZ surface with catalytically superior, ultrathin cathodic interlayers.
The Influence of the Solvent Evaporation Rate on the Phase Separation and Electrical Performances of Soluble Acene‐Polymer Blend Semiconductors
Authors: Lee Wi Hyoung , Kwak Donghoon , Anthony John E. , Lee Hwa Sung , Choi Hyun Ho , Kim Do Hwan , Lee Seung Goo , Cho Kilwon 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe phase‐separation characteristics of spin‐cast difluorinated‐triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene (F‐TESADT)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends are investigated with the aim of fabricating transistors with a high field‐effect mobility and stability. It is found that the presence of PMMA in the F‐TESADT/PMMA blends prevents dewetting of F‐TESADT from the substrate and provides a platform for F‐TESADT molecules to segregate and crystallize at the air–film interface. By controlling the solvent evaporation rate of the spin‐cast blend solution, it is possible to regulate the phase separation of the two components, which in turn determines the structural development of the F‐TESADT crystals on PMMA. At a low solvent evaporation rate, a bilayer structure consisting of highly ordered F‐TESAT crystals on the top and low‐trap PMMA dielectric on the bottom can be fabricated by a one‐step spin‐casting process. The use of F‐TESADT/PMMA blend films in bottom gate transistors produces much higher field‐effect mobilities and greater stability than homo F‐TESADT films because the phase‐separated interface provides an efficient pathway for charge transport.
Transparent Self‐Healing Polymers Based on Encapsulated Plasticizers in a Thermoplastic Matrix
Authors: Jackson Aaron C. , Bartelt Jonathan A. , Braun Paul V. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA self‐healing approach for optically transparent thermoplastic polymers, based on plasticizer‐induced solvent welding, is reported. For the specific system investigated, dibutylphthalate (DBP) filled urea‐formaldehyde capsules are dispersed in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) matrix. Upon a damage event, DBP is released into the crack, and locally plasticizes and swells the polymer, enabling it to remend. Two challenges are addressed to maintain optical transparency: minimization of light scatter from the capsules in the polymer matrix and minimization of light scatter from the healed polymer. PMMA films containing DBP capsules have good transmissive properties as a result of the close index match between PMMA and DBP. The transmission properties are better than, for example, when DBP capsules are dispersed into a poorly index matched matrix, such as polystyrene. In the DBP PMMA system, the healed material is inherently index matched to the polymer matrix and thus the polymer's original optical properties are largely restored. Self‐healing using both small capsules, 1.5 μm in diameter, and large capsules, 75 μm in diameter is demonstrated. Smaller capsules are particularly important for thin polymer films which are not thick enough to hold the larger capsules. Polymer films with smaller capsules also have very good transmission properties due to a minimization of light scattering by the small size of the capsules. Large capsules enable healing of larger damage events, but do inherently result in some light scattering. This plasticizer‐based approach to self‐healing is shown to enable recovery of the protective properties and a portion of the mechanical properties of a polymeric film.
High‐Mobility Air‐Stable Solution‐Shear‐Processed n‐Channel Organic Transistors Based on Core‐Chlorinated Naphthalene Diimides
Authors: Lee Wen‐Ya , Oh Joon Hak , Suraru Sabin‐Lucian , Chen Wen‐Chang , Würthner Frank , Bao Zhenan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHigh charge carrier mobility solution‐processed n‐channel organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) based on core‐chlorinated naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides (NDIs) with fluoroalkyl chains are demonstrated. These OTFTs were prepared through a solution shearing method. Core‐chlorination of NDIs not only increases the electron mobilities of OTFTs, but also enhances their air stability, since the chlorination in the NDI core lowers the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels. The air‐stability of dichlorinated NDI was better than that of the tetrachlorinated NDIs, presumably due to the fact that dichlorinated NDIs have a denser packing of the fluoroalkyl chains and less grain boundaries on the surface, reducing the invasion pathway of ambient oxygen and moisture. The devices of dichlorinated NDIs exhibit good OTFT performance, even after storage in air for one and a half months. Charge transport anisotropy is observed from the dichlorinated NDI. A dichlorinated NDI with −CH2C3F7 side chains reveals high mobilities of up to 0.22 and 0.57 cm2 V−1 s−1 in parallel and perpendicular direction, respectively, with regard to the shearing direction. This mobility anisotropy is related to the grain morphology. In addition, we find that the solution‐shearing deposition affects the molecular orientation in the crystalline thin films and lowers the d(001)‐spacing (the out‐of‐plane interlayer spacing), compared to the vapor‐deposited thin films. Core‐chlorinated NDI derivatives are found to be highly suitable for n‐channel active materials in low‐cost solution‐processed organic electronics.
Enhancement of Green Emission from InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Wells via Coupling to Surface Plasmons in a Two‐Dimensional Silver Array
Authors: Lu Cheng‐Hsueh , Lan Chia‐Chun , Lai Yen‐Lin , Li Yun‐Li , Liu Chuan‐Pu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA novel approach to enhancing the emission efficiency of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells via coupling to surface plasmons (SPs) in a periodic two‐dimensional silver array is demonstrated. A higher internal quantum efficiency and a higher light extraction efficiency are simultaneously achieved by engraving an array of nanoholes into the p‐GaN cladding layer, followed by partial filling with silver. By top excitation and collection from the top of the Ag‐incorporated light emitting diodes (LEDs), a 2.8‐fold enhancement in peak photoluminescence intensity is demonstrated. The proposed nanoengraving technique offers a practical approach to overcoming the limitation of the exponentially decayed SP field without sacrificing the thickness of the p‐GaN layer and to controlling the effective coupling energy. The approach is feasible for high‐power lighting applications.
Nano‐photocatalytic Materials: Possibilities and Challenges
Authors: Tong Hua , Ouyang Shuxin , Bi Yingpu , Umezawa Naoto , Oshikiri Mitsutake , Ye Jinhua 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSemiconductor photocatalysis has received much attention as a potential solution to the worldwide energy shortage and for counteracting environmental degradation. This article reviews state‐of‐the‐art research activities in the field, focusing on the scientific and technological possibilities offered by photocatalytic materials. We begin with a survey of efforts to explore suitable materials and to optimize their energy band configurations for specific applications. We then examine the design and fabrication of advanced photocatalytic materials in the framework of nanotechnology. Many of the most recent advances in photocatalysis have been realized by selective control of the morphology of nanomaterials or by utilizing the collective properties of nano‐assembly systems. Finally, we discuss the current theoretical understanding of key aspects of photocatalytic materials. This review also highlights crucial issues that should be addressed in future research activities.
Charge Transport and Recombination in Low‐Bandgap Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell using Bis‐adduct Fullerene
Authors: Azimi Hamed , Senes Alessia , Scharber Markus C. , Hingerl Kurt , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCharge transport and recombination are studied for organic solar cells fabricated using blends of polymer poly[(4,4′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]silole)‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(4,7‐bis(2‐thienyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)‐5,5′‐diyl] (Si‐PCPDTBT) with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (mono‐PCBM) and the bis‐adduct analogue of mono‐PCBM (bis‐PCBM). The photocurrent of Si‐PCPDTBT:bis‐PCBM devices shows a strong square root dependence on the effective applied voltage. From the relationship between the photocurrent and the light intensity, we found that the square‐root dependence of the photocurrent is governed by the mobility‐lifetime (μτ) product of charge carriers while space‐charge field effects are insignificant. The fill factor (FF) and short circuit current density (Jsc) of bis‐PCBM solar cells show a considerable increase with temperature as compared to mono‐PCBM solar cells. SCLC analysis of single carrier devices proofs that the mobility of both electrons and holes is significantly lowered when replacing mono‐PCBM with bis‐PCBM. The increased recombination in Si‐PCPDTBT:bis‐PCBM solar cells is therefore attributed to the low carrier mobilities, as the transient photovoltage measurements show that the carrier lifetime of devices are not significantly altered by using bis‐PCBM instead of mono‐PCBM.
Atomic Layer Deposition of CdS Quantum Dots for Solid‐State Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Brennan Thomas P. , Ardalan Pendar , Lee Han‐Bo‐Ram , Bakke Jonathan R. , Ding I‐Kang , McGehee Michael D. , Bent Stacey F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFunctioning quantum dot (QD) sensitized solar cells have been fabricated using the vacuum deposition technique atomic layer deposition (ALD). Utilizing the incubation period of CdS growth by ALD on TiO2, we are able to grow QDs of adjustable size which act as sensitizers for solid‐state QD‐sensitized solar cells (ssQDSSC). The size of QDs, studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), varied with the number of ALD cycles from 1‐10 nm. Photovoltaic devices with the QDs were fabricated and characterized using a ssQDSSC device architecture with 2,2',7,7'‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p methoxyphenylamine) 9,9'‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) as the solid‐state hole conductor. The ALD approach described here can be applied to fabrication of quantum‐confined structures for a variety of applications, including solar electricity and solar fuels. Because ALD provides the ability to deposit many materials in very high aspect ratio substrates, this work introduces a strategy by which material and optical properties of QD sensitizers may be adjusted not only by the size of the particles but also in the future by the composition.