bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell surface turnover of the glutamate transporter GLT‐1 is mediated by ubiquitination/deubiquitination
Authors: Martínez‐Villarreal Jaime , García Tardón Noemí , Ibáñez Ignacio , Giménez Cecilio , Zafra Francisco 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe main glutamate transporter in the brain, GLT‐1, mediates glutamatergic neurotransmission in both physiological and pathological conditions. GLT‐1 activity is controlled by both constitutive and regulated trafficking, and although recent evidence indicates that the turnover of this protein in the plasma membrane is accelerated by protein kinase C via an ubiquitin‐dependent process, the mechanisms driving the constitutive trafficking of GLT‐1 remain unexplored. Here, we used a heterologous system and primary astrocytes to investigate the turnover of GLT‐1 and the role of ubiquitin attachment in this process. We show that GLT‐1 is endocytosed constitutively in a clathrin‐dependent manner, recycling the transporter into endosomes containing EEA1 and Rab4, a marker of rapidly recycling endosomes, and not Rab11 or Rab7, markers of the slow recycling and late endosomal compartments, respectively. We also show that this process is dependent on ubiquitination, because the inhibitor of the ubiquitin‐activating enzyme E1, 4[4‐(5‐nitro‐furan‐2‐ylmethylene)‐3,5‐dioxo‐pyrazolidin‐1‐yl]‐benzoic acid ethyl ester, promotes the retention of GLT‐1 at the plasma membrane. Moreover, site‐directed mutagenesis demonstrated the involvement of lysines 517 and 526 of GLT‐1 in the constitutive internalization of the transporter. The translocation of GLT‐1 from the recycling endosomes to the plasma membrane was blocked by LDN‐57444, a specific inhibitor to the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase‐L1, but not by an inhibitor of the related DUB ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase‐L3, supporting the existence of specific ubiquitination/deubiquitination cycles that ensure the correct concentrations of GLT‐1 at the cell surface. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of the snow conditions in the major watersheds of Afghanistan using multispectral and passive microwave remote sensing
Authors: Daly Steven F. , Vuyovich Carrie M. , Deeb Elias J. , Newman Stephen D. , Baldwin Timothy B. , Gagnon John J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSince the winter season of 2004–2005, annual snow assessments have been conducted for the major watersheds of Afghanistan using multispectral (AVHRR and MODIS) and passive microwave (SSM/I and AMSR‐E) remote sensing technologies. Because of limited ground‐based observations of precipitation and snow pack conditions, remote sensing provides a unique opportunity to assess these conditions at different scales offering an appraisal of current conditions from a historical context. This paper describes the methodology that has been developed over the past seven winter seasons, wherein bi‐weekly snow products and assessments are produced including the following: current snow‐covered area (SCA) at regional and watershed scales; estimation of SCA by elevation band; current snowpack volume [snow water equivalent (SWE)] for each watershed with a historical perspective (1987–present); snow condition outlook by watershed; general summary of snow conditions based on remote sensing products and limited ground‐based observations; and if warranted, a snow melt flooding advisory. Further analysis of these snow products and assessments are presented. Moreover, comparisons between both available passive microwave estimates of SWE (SSM/I and AMSR‐E) for all watersheds differ in magnitude yet exhibit similar historical trends. The SSM/I versus AMSR‐E historical differences in SWE for each of the major Afghanistan watersheds are quantified and show a strong relationship (R2 = 96%) to the mean elevation of the watershed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil colour as a tracer of sediment dispersion from erosion of forest roads in Chichester State Forest, NSW, Australia
Authors: Erskine Wayne D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA rainstorm on 27–28 May 2003 caused a debris slide in the fill batter of a recently constructed road crossing of a zero‐order stream in Compartment 107, Chichester State Forest, Australia. The slide became more liquid downslope, changing to a debris flow. This flow completely blocked the inlet of the next downstream road crossing of the same stream, where it had changed to first order. Gullying of the downstream fill batter at the second crossing was caused by water flowing over the road. The estimated volume of sediment removed by the upslope debris slide was 350 m3, and the estimated erosion volume by gullying of the downstream fill batter at the second crossing was 100 m3. Mass movements have occurred in Compartment 107 before any forestry activities because of the presence of colluvium‐filled bedrock depressions. Furthermore, the channel downstream of the second crossing has transported much larger quantities of coarser sediment than what was mobilized during and after the event of 27–28 May 2003. Channel bank exposures reveal up to 2.5‐m‐thick, poorly sorted gravels, which, on the basis of soil development in the overlying deposits, appear to be older than 200 years. Sediment was deposited in the channel downstream of the second crossing, as determined using Munsell Soil Colour as a fingerprinting technique. The volumes involved were relatively minor and were only deposited in slackwater areas as spatially disjunct, relatively thin patches. Sediment was restricted to the first 500 m downstream of the second crossing and was unlikely to have reached the main stream, Allyn River, in any measurable quantity. The channel downstream of the second road crossing is a high‐energy feature because it contains a range of channel units (waterfalls, bedrock, boulder and log steps, cascades, etc.) formed by erosion of resistant materials. Similar and larger events to that of 27–28 May 2003 in the following 13 months did not cause further road erosion, indicating that the installed rehabilitation measures stabilized the road. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction between regulatory T cells and cancer stem cells
Authors: Yu Xiaozhou , Li Hui , Ren Xiubao 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe concept that cancer stem cells (CSCs)/tumor stem cells/cancer‐initiating cells are one of the key centers to cure neoplastic disease has drawn an increasing attention recent years. Because of their high resistance and potential to initiate tumors, CSCs are considered a critical factor associated with tumor relapse. Regulatory T (Treg) cells, a group of immune cells with tumor‐promoting effect, exert their function through inhibition of effector T cells and regulation of the tumor microenvironment by producing a series of soluble factors. However, the interactions between Tregs and CSCs are less understood. The mechanisms of how Tregs, as tumor‐promoting cells, manipulate CSCs remain obscure. In this review, we elucidate their interactions.
UNEMPLOYMENT, HUMAN CAPITAL DEPRECIATION, AND UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE POLICY
Authors: Pollak Andreas 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYThis paper presents a structural estimation of a life cycle model with unemployment risk. The model allows for human capital depreciation during unemployment. It is estimated using German and US household‐level data. The data suggest that the adverse impact of unemployment on individual productivity is important in both countries, but quantitatively more relevant in Germany. Moreover, simulations show that the combination of skill depreciation with the generous unemployment insurance system that was in place in Germany until recently is a key factor in explaining the differences in labour market performance between these countries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turyn‐Type Sequences: Classification, Enumeration, and Construction
Authors: Best D. , Ðoković D. Ž. , Kharaghani H. , Ramp H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTuryn‐type sequences, , are quadruples of ‐sequences , with lengths , respectively, where the sum of the nonperiodic autocorrelation functions of and twice that of is a δ‐function (i.e., vanishes everywhere except at 0). Turyn‐type sequences are known to exist for all even n not larger than 36. We introduce a definition of equivalence to construct a canonical form for in general. By using this canonical form, we enumerate the equivalence classes of for . We also construct the first example of Turyn‐type sequences .
O‐carboxymethyl chitosan entrapped by silica: preparation and adsorption behaviour toward neodymium (III) ions
Authors: Wang Fuchun , Zhao Junmei , Zhou Huacong , Li Wensong , Sui Na , Liu Huizhou 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The recovery of neodymium from dilute solutions has become important because of its wide application in industry. This work reports the preparation of novel carboxymethyl chitosan adsorbents entrapped by silica (SiO2/CMCH) and their application for adsorption of neodymium(III) ions from aqueous solution.RESULTS: The effect of the CMCH content, equilibrium pH (pHe), contact time, initial concentrations of Nd(III) and temperature on the adsorption was investigated. The amount of Nd(III) adsorption increases with increasing pHe, which can be explained by the pH‐titration curve of CMCH. Temperature has a positive effect on Nd(III) adsorption, and the amount adsorbed is 53.04 mg g−1 dry adsorbent or 434.75 mg g−1 CMCH at 328 K. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm can be described by the pseudo‐second‐order model and Langmuir equation. Both complexation and ion exchange mechanisms are believed to play an important role in Nd(III) adsorption, and possible coordination between CMCH and Nd(III) is speculated. Complete desorption can be reached when the concentration of HCl is more than 0.1 mol L−1.CONCLUSION: A novel method was developed to prepare SiO2/CMCH adsorbents through a one‐step sol‐gel strategy. The prepared adsorbents were biocompatible and non‐toxic with a good adsorption ability for Nd(III), and could be used for adsorptive recovery of Nd(III) from aqueous solutions. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
A Novel Lenticular Arena to Quantify Locomotor Competence in Walking Fruit Flies
Authors: TOM MEKDARA NALONG , GOTO JOY JUNE , CHOUDHURY SONGITA , JERRY MEKDARA PRASONG , YINGST NICHOLAS , CAO YU , BERG OTTO , KATHARINA MÜLLER ULRIKE 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTDrosophila melanogaster has become an important invertebrate model organism in biological and medical research, for mutational and genetic analysis, and in toxicological screening. Many screening assays have been developed that assess the flies’ mortality, reproduction, development, morphology, or behavioral competence. In this study, we describe a new assay for locomotor competence. It comprises a circular walking arena with a lenticular floor and a flat cover (the slope of the floor increases gradually from the center to the edge of the arena) plus automated fly tracking and statistical analysis. This simple modification of a flat arena presents a graduated physical challenge, with which we can assess fine gradations of motor ability, since a fly's time average radial distance from the arena center is a direct indicator of its climbing ability. The time averaged distribution of flies as a function of slope, activity levels, and walking speed, yields a fine grained picture of locomotory ability and motivation levels. We demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of this assay (compared with a conventional tap‐down test) by observing flies treated with a neurotoxin (BMAA) that acts as a glutamate agonist. The assay proves well suited to detect dose effects and progression effects with higher statistical power than the traditional tap‐down, but it has a higher detection limit, making it less sensitive to treatment effects. J. Exp. Zool. 317A:382–394, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First μ‐CT‐based 3D reconstruction of a dipteran larva—the head morphology of protanyderus (tanyderidae) and its phylogenetic implications
Authors: Wipfler Benjamin , Courtney Greg W. , Craig, Douglas A. , Beutel Rolf G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe larval head of Protanyderus was examined and documented using innovative techniques, with emphasis on internal structures. A chart listing all head muscles of dipteran larvae and other holometabolan groups is presented in the Supporting Information. The results are compared to conditions found in other nematoceran lineages. The larval head of Protanyderus is characterized mainly by plesiomorphic character states such as the complete and largely exposed head capsule, the long coronal suture, V‐shaped frontal sutures, lateral antennal insertion areas, a transverse labrum, a nearly horizontal plane of mandibular movements, mandibles lacking a movable distal part, a mesal hook and mesal or distal combs, separated maxillary endite lobes, a comparatively complete array of muscles, and a brain only partly located within the head capsule. An anteriorly toothed hypostomal plate and dense labral brushes of microtrichiae are also likely groundplan features of Diptera. The pharyngeal filter is a possible apomorphy of Diptera excl. Deuterophlebiidae (or Deuterophlebiidae + Nymphomyiidae). The messors have also likely evolved early in the dipteran crown group but are absent in the groundplan. The phylogenetic interpretation of externolateral plates with growth lines is ambiguous. Autapomorphies of Tanyderidae are differences between the third and fourth instar larvae, the roof‐like extension above the antennal insertion area, the dorsal endocarina, and the posterodorsal internal ridge. The phylogenetic position of Tanyderidae is controversial, but features of the larval head do not support a proposed sistergroup relationship between Tanyderidae and Psychodidae. Both groups differ in many features of the larval head, and we did not identify a single potential synapomorphy. Larval characters alone are insufficient for a reliable phylogenetic reconstruction, though they vary greatly and apparently contain phylogenetic information. The evaluation of these features in the context of robust molecular phylogenies will be a sound basis for the reconstruction of complex evolutionary scenarios for the megadiverse Diptera. Diptera. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variability of temperature in the Tibetan Plateau based on homogenized surface stations and reanalysis data
Authors: You Qinglong , Fraedrich Klaus , Ren Guoyu , Pepin Nick , Kang Shichang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau (TP) with an average elevation of over 4000 m a.s.l. is the world's highest and most extensive highland. The scarcity of climatic observations limits our understanding of surface air temperature change in the region. Thus, we compare temperatures and their trends from 71 homogenized surface stations (with elevations above 2000 m a.s.l.) with National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis (NCEP/NCAR hereafter) and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA‐40 hereafter) in the eastern and central TP during 1961–2004. For current climatology, ERA‐40 is more similar to the surface stations than NCEP/NCAR. Compared with surface stations, both NCEP/NCAR and ERA‐40 reanalyses have cold biases, which are mainly a result of differences in topographical height, and station aspect and slope. Warming trends at the surface stations are on average stronger than in both reanalyses, but ERA‐40 captures the surface warming more clearly than NCEP/NCAR on an annual and seasonal basis. Since ERA‐40 more closely represents the surface temperatures and their trends in the central and eastern TP, ERA‐40 predictions are selected to examine change in the western TP where there are few surface stations. NCEP/NCAR, on the other hand, is more representative of free air temperature conditions. The ‘observation minus reanalysis’ (OMR) method can be used to estimate the impact of surface changes on climate by computing the difference between surface observations and NCEP/NCAR (which only contains the forcing influencing the assimilated atmospheric trends). The OMR trend is significantly increasing but the extent to which the changes in local environment are responsible needs further study. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The ‘spring predictability barrier’ for ENSO predictions and its possible mechanism: results from a fully coupled model
Authors: Duan Wansuo , Wei Chao 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUsing predictions for the sea surface temperature (SST) generated by a Flexible Global Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Land System model of IAP/LASG (FGOALS‐g), the season‐dependent predictability of SST anomalies for El Nino/La Nina events is investigated by analyzing the forecast error growth in an imperfect model scenario. The results indicate that, for the predictions through the spring season in the growth phase of El Nino events, the prediction errors induced by both initial errors and model errors tend to have a prominent season‐dependent evolution and yield a prominent spring predictability barrier (SPB). For the decay‐phase predictions of El Nino events, a less prominent season‐dependent evolution of prediction errors and then a less prominent SPB are observed. For the growth‐ and decay‐phase predictions of La Nina events, the prediction errors do not exhibit a significant season‐dependent evolution and yield a less prominent SPB phenomenon. These results indicate that the SPB phenomenon depends remarkably on the ENSO events themselves, particularly the phases of the El Nino/La Nina events. We also report that the initial SST errors that correspond to a significant SPB for El Nino events tend to have the dominant modes in a large‐scale dipolar pattern with negative anomalies in the equatorial central‐western Pacific and positive anomalies in the eastern Pacific, or vice versa. We further demonstrate that the error growth related to a significant SPB for El Nino prediction generated by the FGOALS‐g model can result from two dynamical mechanisms: in one case, the prediction errors grow in a manner similar to El Niño; in the other, the prediction errors develop with a tendency opposite to El Niño. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Short latency afferent inhibition in Parkinson's disease patients with dementia
Authors: Celebi Ozlem , Temuçin Çağrı Mesut , Elibol Bulent , Saka Esen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground:Cortical cholinergic deficiency occurs in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is more severe in PD dementia (PDD). Short‐latency afferent inhibition (SAI) can be used as an in vivo test for the evaluation of the cholinergic circuit in the cerebral motor cortex.Methods:SAI and neuropsychological profile were studied in nondemented PD, PDD, Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and age‐matched controls.Results:SAI was significantly impaired in AD cases (94.7 ± 6.2 versus 55.5 ± 4.0; P < 0.0001). In PD patients, it was not different from controls (61.4 ± 5.8 versus 55.5 ± 4.0; P = 0.412). PDD cases demonstrated a significant impairment in SAI (91.4 ± 5.2 versus 55.5 ± 4.0; P < 0.0001). A high correlation was found between SAI and Mini–Mental State Examination (r = −0.68; P < 0.0001).Conclusions:These findings add further evidence that differential cholinergic deficiency occurs in PD and PDD. SAI can be a neurophysiological correlate of PDD. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Polymeric superabsorbing composite prepared using a glow‐discharge electrolysis plasma for the removal of divalent heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions and its swelling properties
Authors: Wang Xinggang , Gao Jinzhang , Yang Wu 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA novel polymeric superabsorbing composite was prepared using the graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AANa, 70% neutralization with NaOH) and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) onto the hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) [HEC‐g‐P(AANa‐co‐AMPS)], which was initiated by means of a glow‐discharge electrolysis plasma rather than a chemical initiator. The composite material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). We obtained absorbencies of 2490 g g−1 for distilled water and of 109 g g−1 for 0.9 wt% NaCl solution. Results show that the maximum adsorption capacities for Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II) from aqueous solution were 974.84, 975.43, 1535.52, 1970.47, and 1879.53 mg g−1, respectively. The adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir isotherm model very well. Adsorption kinetics results indicate that the fast adsorption rate followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics equations. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Toughening of polyvinylchloride by methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene core–shell rubber particles: Influence of rubber particle size
Authors: Zhou Chao , Liu Hua , Chen Ming , Wu Guangfeng , Zhang Huixuan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn analysis was made on the effects of rubber particle size on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blends containing core–shell methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene (MBS) impact modifiers. The critical interparticle distance was found not to be the criterion for the brittle‐ductile transition in the blends. In tensile tests, the blends with larger (100–280 nm) rubber particles exhibited intense stress‐whitening, while one blend with small (83 nm) rubber particles showed only slight stress‐whitening. These differences were due to an increase in resistance to cavitation with decreasing rubber particle size. Transmission electron microscopy studies on blends with a bimodal distribution of particle sizes showed that in the whitened zone of Izod specimens the larger rubber particles cavitated and expanded on yielding, while the smaller particles remained intact. However, Izod test results showed that small MBS rubber particles can toughen the PVC matrix very effectively, especially at low temperatures and at low rubber concentrations. The deformation mechanisms responsible for these effects were discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Electroluminescence as a spatial characterisation technique for dye‐sensitised solar cells
Authors: Bokalič Matevž , Krašovec Urša Opara , Topič Marko 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIn this study, electroluminescence as a spatial characterisation technique is used to characterise a 6.9% efficient dye‐sensitised solar cell. The obtained image is compared with a light beam‐induced current scan image and a transmittance image. Results reveal the presence of inhomogeneities including those resulting from the topography of the cell and from defects, for example, presence of iodine crystals in the electrolyte, localised absence of dye in the active layer and poor adhesion of the active layer to the electrodes. The ability to identify such inhomogeneities within a relatively short acquisition time gives electroluminescence an advantage over the light beam‐induced current technique. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.