bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isoniazid‐resistance conferring mutations inMycobacterium tuberculosisKatG: Catalase, peroxidase, and INH‐NADH adduct formation activities
Authors: Cade Christine E. , Dlouhy Adrienne C. , Medzihradszky Katalin F. , Salas‐Castillo Saida Patricia , Ghiladi Reza A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosiscatalase‐peroxidase (KatG) is a bifunctional hemoprotein that has been shown to activate isoniazid (INH), a pro‐drug that is integral to frontline antituberculosis treatments. The activated species, presumed to be an isonicotinoyl radical, couples to NAD+/NADH forming an isoniazid‐NADH adduct that ultimately confers anti‐tubercular activity. To better understand the mechanisms of isoniazid activation as well as the origins of KatG‐derived INH‐resistance, we have compared the catalytic properties (including the ability to form the INH‐NADH adduct) of the wild‐type enzyme to 23 KatG mutants which have been associated with isoniazid resistance in clinicalM. tuberculosisisolates. Neither catalase nor peroxidase activities, the two inherent enzymatic functions of KatG, were found to correlate with isoniazid resistance. Furthermore, catalase function was lost in mutants which lacked the Met‐Tyr‐Trp crosslink, the biogenic cofactor in KatG which has been previously shown to be integral to this activity. The presence or absence of the crosslink itself, however, was also found to not correlate with INH resistance. The KatG resistance‐conferring mutants were then assayed for their ability to generate the INH‐NADH adduct in the presence of peroxide (t‐BuOOH and H2O2), superoxide, and no exogenous oxidant (air‐only background control). The results demonstrate that residue location plays a critical role in determining INH‐resistance mechanisms associated with INH activation; however, different mutations at the same location can produce vastly different reactivities that are oxidant‐specific. Furthermore, the data can be interpreted to suggest the presence of a second mechanism of INH‐resistance that is not correlated with the formation of the INH‐NADH adduct.
Enhanced solubilization of membrane proteins by alkylamines and polyamines
Authors: Yasui Kazutoshi , Uegaki Masamichi , Shiraki Kentaro , Ishimizu Takeshi 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAround 25% of proteins in living organisms are membrane proteins that perform many critical functions such as synthesis of biomolecules and signal transduction. Membrane proteins are extracted from the lipid bilayer and solubilized with a detergent for biochemical characterization; however, their solubilization is an empirical technique and sometimes insufficient quantities of proteins are solubilized in aqueous buffer to allow characterization. We found that addition of alkylamines and polyamines to solubilization buffer containing a detergent enhanced solubilization of membrane proteins from microsomes. The solubilization of polygalacturonic acid synthase localized at the plant Golgi membrane was enhanced by up to 9.9‐fold upon addition of spermidine to the solubilization buffer. These additives also enhanced the solubilization of other plant membrane proteins localized in other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane as well as that of an animal Golgi‐localized membrane protein. Thus, addition of alkylamines and polyamines to solubilization buffer is a generally applicable method for effective solubilization of membrane proteins. The mechanism of the enhancement of solubilization is discussed.
Methylation of a single intronic CpG mediates expression silencing of the PMP24 gene in prostate cancer
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Wu Mengchu , Xiao Hong , Lee Ming‐Tsung , Levin Linda , Leung Yuet‐Kin , Ho Shuk‐Mei 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe previously demonstrated that a putative anti‐tumor gene, peroxisomal membrane protein 4, 24 kDa (PMP24 or PXMP4), is silenced via DNA methylation of a CpG island in its 5′ flanking region (5′‐CGI) in prostate cancer (PCa) cells.METHODSTo identify demethylation hypersensitive site(s) in PMP24 5′‐CGI, PC‐3 cells with methylated 5′‐CGI were treated with a low‐dose of 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza‐dC) just sufficient to reactivate gene expression, referred as the limited demethylation approach. Gel shift assays and promoter analyzes were performed to demonstrate the role of the hypersensitive site in PMP24 gene regulation. Transfection of a methylated oligonucleotide corresponding to the hypersensitive site was conducted to determine the effect of site‐specific methylation on the gene expression. Bisulfite sequencing analysis was performed to reveal the methylation status of PMP24 promoter in cultured cells and microdissected samples. In situ hybridization was applied to determine expression positivity of PMP24 mRNA.RESULTSA 5‐aza‐dC hypersensitive site encompasses two CpG dinucleotides in intron 1 was identified. Methylation of the first, but not the second, CpG dinucleotide of this site disrupted DNA–protein interactions and suppressed the gene expression. Using archival specimens, we found the first CpG dinucleotide of the hypersensitive site is hypermethylated with a loss of PMP24 mRNA expression in microdissected PCa cells when compared to normal prostatic epithelial cells.CONCLUSIONSThese findings support a critical role for a single intronic CpG dinucleotide in PMP24 gene regulation through DNA methylation. The data suggest that methylation‐mediated silencing of PMP24 is a molecular event associated with prostate carcinogenesis. Prostate 70: 765–776, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dystroglycan is not required for maintenance of the luminal epithelial basement membrane or cell polarity in the mouse prostate
Authors: Esser Alison K. , Cohen Michael B. , Henry Michael D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDDystroglycan is a cell‐surface receptor for extracellular matrix proteins including laminins and perlecan. Prior studies have shown its involvement in assembly and/or maintenance of basement membrane structures, cell polarity and tissue morphogenesis; and its expression is often reduced in prostate and other cancers. However, the role of dystroglycan in normal epithelial tissues such as the prostate is unclear.METHODSTo investigate this, we disrupted dystroglycan expression in the prostate via a conditional gene targeting strategy utilizing Cre recombinase expressed in luminal prostate epithelial cells.RESULTSContrary to expectations, deletion of dystroglycan in luminal epithelial cells resulted in no discernable phenotype as judged by histology, basement membrane ultrastructure, localization of dystroglycan ligands, cell polarity or regenerative capacity of the prostate following castration. Dystroglycan expression remains in keratin‐5‐positive basal cells located in the proximal ducts where dystroglycan expression is elevated in regenerating prostates.CONCLUSIONSOur results show that dystroglycan in luminal epithelial cells is not required for the maintenance of basement membranes, cell polarity or prostate regeneration. However, it is possible that persistent dystroglycan expression in the basal cell compartment may support these or other functions. Prostate 70: 777–787, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the Missouri River shallow water habitat using a 2D‐hydrodynamic model
Authors: Papanicolaou A. N. (Thanos) , Elhakeem Md. , Dermisis D. , Young N. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMany of the Upper Missouri River dikes have been notched to create additional shallow water habitat (SWH, operationally defined as areas in the stream with depth < 1.5 m, and velocity < 0.75 m s−1) for fish populations. The goal of this study was to quantify the additional SWH gained from notching these dikes and to evaluate their performance under different flow conditions. A coupled field and numerical study was performed on a reach of the Missouri River, near Nebraska City, NE, which contains a number of dikes notched in 2004. The numerical simulations showed that the SWH criterion for depth was more difficult to satisfy in the study reach than the SWH criterion for velocity. Notching the dikes resulted in a slight shift of the bankline due to local erosion in the vicinity of the dikes and the formation of scour holes downstream of the notches. Results from the study suggested that notching the dikes had limited impact on the SWH because the area gained from the bankline shift was offset by the area lost from the scour holes formation. The performance of the notched dikes in sustaining the minimum habitat suitability conditions for the Missouri River ecosystem was also investigated. These conditions corresponded to discharges < 709 m3 s−1 for the period from mid‐July to mid‐August, or equivalently SWH areas > 5225 m2 dike−1 during the same period. Analysis of the Missouri River annual discharge records at the study site showed that the dikes can provide the minimum required SWH for mean annual discharges < 667 m3 s−1. For mean annual discharges > 667 m3 s−1, new alternative structures or restoration facilities were needed, in addition to the existing dikes, to sustain the minimum required SWH. The dikes were not effective in providing any SWH for mean annual discharges > 2000 m3 s−1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fish assemblage patterns across a gradient of flow regulation in an Australian dryland river system
Authors: Balcombe S. R. , Arthington A. H. , Thoms M. C. , Wilson G. G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHydrological regime, physical habitat structure and water chemistry are interacting drivers of fish assemblage structure in floodplain rivers throughout the world. In rivers with altered flow regimes, understanding fish assemblage responses to flow and physico‐chemical conditions is important in setting priorities for environmental flow allocations and other river management strategies. To this end we examined fish assemblage patterns across a simple gradient of flow regulation in the upper Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. We found clear separation of three fish assemblage groups that were spatially differentiated in November 2002, at the end of the winter dry season. Fish assemblage patterns were concordant with differences in water chemistry, but not with the geomorphological attributes of channel and floodplain waterholes. After the summer‐flow period, when all in‐channel river sites received flow, some floodplain sites were lost to drying and one increased in volume, fish assemblages were less clearly differentiated. The fish assemblages of river sites did not increase in richness or abundance in response to channel flow and the associated potential for increased fish recruitment and movement associated with flow connectivity. Instead, the more regulated river's fish assemblages appeared to be under stress, most likely from historical flow regulation. These findings have clear implications for the management of hydrological regimes and the provision of environmental flows in regulated rivers of the upper Murray–Darling Basin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Expands Hematopoietic Stem Cells with Radioprotective Capacity
Authors: Muramoto Garrett G. , Russell J. Lauren , Safi Rachid , Salter Alice B. , Himburg Heather A. , Daher Pamela , Meadows Sarah K. , Doan Phuong , Storms Robert W. , Chao Nelson J. , McDonnell Donald P. , Chute John P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are enriched for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and ALDH is a selectable marker for human HSCs. However, the function of ALDH in HSC biology is not well understood. We sought to determine the function of ALDH in regulating HSC fate. Pharmacologic inhibition of ALDH with diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) impeded the differentiation of murine CD34−c-kit+Sca-1+lineage− (34−KSL) HSCs in culture and facilitated a ninefold expansion of cells capable of radioprotecting lethally irradiated mice compared to input 34−KSL cells. Treatment of bone marrow (BM) 34−KSL cells with DEAB caused a fourfold increase in 4-week competitive repopulating units, verifying the amplification of short-term HSCs (ST-HSCs) in response to ALDH inhibition. Targeted siRNA of ALDH1a1 in BM HSCs caused a comparable expansion of radioprotective progenitor cells in culture compared to DEAB treatment, confirming that ALDH1a1 was the target of DEAB inhibition. The addition of all trans retinoic acid blocked DEAB-mediated expansion of ST-HSCs in culture, suggesting that ALDH1a1 regulates HSC differentiation via augmentation of retinoid signaling. Pharmacologic inhibition of ALDH has therapeutic potential as a means to amplify ST-HSCs for transplantation purposes.
Paracetamol Reduces Postoperative Pain and Rescue Analgesic Demand After Robot‐Assisted Endoscopic Thyroidectomy by the Transaxillary Approach
Authors: Hong Jeong‐Yeon , Kim Won Oak , Chung Woong Youn , Yun Joo Sun , Kil Hae Keum 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative pain following endoscopic thyroidectomy, although less severe than after open methods, is still a source of marked discomfort and surgical stress. This clinical trial was conducted to determine if repeated intravenous paracetamol could decrease postoperative pain and rescue analgesic requirements after robot‐assisted endoscopic thyroidectomy via the transaxillary approach.Materials and methodsThis prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, and placebo‐controlled study enrolled 124 women 21–60 years of age who were scheduled for elective gasless robot‐assisted endoscopic thyroidectomy via the transaxillary approach. The patients were given placebo or 1 g of paracetamol as a 100 ml solution infused over 15 min 1 h before the induction of anesthesia, and then at 6‐h intervals for the following 24 h.ResultsPostoperative pain scores were significantly lower at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after surgery in the paracetamol group than in the placebo group. Significantly fewer patients in the paracetamol group received rescue analgesics compared to the placebo group (9.5% vs. 65.6%, respectively). First analgesic time was similar in the two groups. Postoperative nausea (44.3% vs. 22.2%) and vomiting (21.3% vs. 6.3%) were more frequent in the placebo group than in the paracetamol group. Other postoperative side effects, including sedation, confusion, and pruritus, were similar in the two groups.ConclusionsWe concluded that repeated administration of 1 g of intravenous paracetamol over 24 h is easy, effective, safe, and well tolerated for pain management in patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain after gasless robot‐assisted endoscopic thyroidectomy performed via the transaxillary approach.
Significance of Lavage Cytology in Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients
Authors: Fukagawa Takeo , Katai Hitoshi , Saka Makoto , Morita Shinji , Sasajima Yuko , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Sano Takeshi , Sasako Mitsuru 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundLavage cytology positive (Cy1) is well known as a poor prognostic factor in advanced gastric cancer patients. However, the optimal therapeutic strategy for patients with Cy1 has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of Cy1 for the purpose of establishing a suitable therapeutic strategy.MethodsThe data of 996 consecutive advanced gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy between 1992 and 1998 at the National Cancer Center Hospital were retrospectively studied.ResultsThe 2‐ and 5‐year survival rates of the patients who underwent gastrectomy without any other noncurative factors besides Cy1 were 25.3 and 7.8%, respectively. When the analysis was limited to type 4 advanced gastric cancer patients, none of the patients with Cy1 survived for more than 40 months.ConclusionsThe prognosis of gastric cancer patients with Cy1 is very poor. Some patients show long survival after standard gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection; however, the prognosis of type 4 gastric cancer patients with Cy1 is so poor that multimodality therapy, including perioperative chemotherapy, is essential.
Correlation Between Preoperative Endoscopic and Intraoperative Findings in Localizing Colorectal Lesions
Authors: Louis Martine Adam , Nandipati Kalyana , Astorga Rakel , Mandava Anupa , Rousseau Carl‐P. , Mandava Neil 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundColonoscopy findings compared with findings at time of surgery have a discrepancy rate of 3–21%. The objective of our study was to investigate this discrepancy and provide potential resolutions.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we identified 400 patients who underwent colonoscopy followed by colon resection at our community hospitals in 1999–2006. Discrepancies between colonoscopy and intraoperative findings were noted. Each discrepancy was classified as major if the surgical procedure had to be altered, the lesion was missed, an unnecessary segment was removed, or the incision was extended. A discrepancy was classified as minor if there was no alteration in planned surgery.ResultsOf the 400 cases, 160 (40%) were located in the right colon, 13 (3%) were in the transverse colon, 185 (46%) were in the left colon, and 42 (11%) were in the rectum. A total of 48 (12%) discrepancies between colonoscopy and intraoperative findings were identified: 26 (54%) were major and 22 (46%) were minor. Thirteen (27%) were in the proximal colon (3 major and 10 minor discrepancies), 3 (6.3%) were in the transverse colon (all major), 22 (46%) were in the distal colon (17 major and 5 minor), and 10 (21%) were in the rectum (3 major, 7 minor). Major discrepancies were significantly higher in the left colon (17 of the 185 left‐sided lesions; 9.1%) than in the right colon (3/160; 1.9%; P = 0.045).ConclusionsIn our study, colonoscopy has an error rate of 12% when used to localize tumors; more than half of these patients require significant unanticipated changes in their surgery. The discrepancies are significantly higher in left side of colon.
CT Scan for Suspected Acute Abdominal Process: Impact of Combinations of IV, Oral, and Rectal Contrast
Authors: Hill Brian C. , Johnson Scott C. , Owens Emily K. , Gerber Jennifer L. , Senagore Anthony J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundThere are limited data available on the ability of computed tomography (CT) to accurately diagnose abdominopelvic pathology in acutely ill inpatients suspected of having an acute abdominal process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal/pelvic CT with varying use of contrast agents in hospitalized patients.MethodsA retrospective review of all hospital inpatients (3/1/07–5/31/07) who underwent urgent or emergent abdominal/pelvic CT with any combination of contrast, intravenous (IV), oral, rectal, or unenhanced for a suspected acute abdominal process was performed. Data collected included demographics, combination of contrast used, CT diagnosis, time from CT scan to subsequent intervention, intervention type, and actual diagnosis of the acute abdominal process. Accuracy of CT was compared between enhanced and unenhanced imaging using Fisher’s exact test.ResultsA total of 661 patients were identified. Use of IV contrast alone was found in 54.2% of CT scans and was correct in 92.5% of cases. IV and oral contrast was used in 22.2% of CT scans and was 94.6% correct. Unenhanced imaging was performed in 16.2% and was correct in 92.5%. Oral contrast alone was used in 7.0% and was 93.5% correct. There was no significant difference in the ability to correctly diagnose a suspected acute abdominal process when enhanced CT imaging was compared to unenhanced (p > 0.05).ConclusionsCT contrast administration in critically ill hospitalized patients is not necessary to accurately diagnose an acute abdominal process. Eliminating the use of contrast may improve patient comfort, decrease patient risk, and minimize financial cost.
Views of Discrimination among Individuals Confronting Genetic Disease
Authors: Klitzman Robert 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThough the US passed the Genetic Information Non‐Discrimination Act, many questions remain of how individuals confronting genetic disease view and experience possible discrimination. We interviewed, for 2 hours each, 64 individuals who had, or were at risk for, Huntington's Disease, breast cancer, or Alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency. Discrimination can be implicit, indirect and subtle, rather than explicit, direct and overt; and be hard to prove. Patients may be treated “differently” and unfairly, raising questions of how to define “discrimination”, and “appropriate accommodation”. Patients were often unclear and wary about legislation. Fears and experiences of discrimination can shape testing, treatment, and disclosure. Discrimination can be subjective, and take various forms. Searches for only objective evidence of it may be inherently difficult. Providers need to be aware of, and prepared to address, subtle and indirect discrimination; ambiguities, confusion and potential limitations concerning current legislation; and needs for education about these laws. Policies are needed to prevent discrimination in life, long‐term care, and disability insurance, not covered by GINA.
Effects of water level on sleeping‐site selection and inter‐group association in proboscis monkeys: why do they sleep alone inland on flooded days?
Authors: Matsuda Ikki , Tuuga Augustine , Higashi Seigo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA one‐male group (BE‐Group) of proboscis monkeys was studied along the Menanggul River, a tributary of the Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia, from May 2005 to 2006. It has generally been assumed that proboscis monkeys only set up their sleeping sites along the riverbank; however, when more than 1 m of water covered the forest floor for more than 700 m inland from the riverbank during the seasonal flood, the BE‐Group slept inside the forest. It seems that the sleeping‐site selection of the BE‐Group was not influenced by food availability during the flooded months because the food availability by the vegetational survey did not vary much between flooded and non‐flooded months. In addition, feeding behaviors of the focal monkey in the BE‐Group also did not vary much between flooded and non‐flooded days. On the other hand, the water level statistically influenced the sleeping‐site selection. The proboscis monkeys remained in inland forest during the flooded days because of the reduced predation threat, as terrestrial predators such as clouded leopards are prevented from foraging by deep water covering the forest floor. On non‐flooded days when the BE‐Group slept at the riverbank, they frequently slept close to other one‐male groups on the riverside trees. Contrastingly, when the group slept inside the forest on flooded days when the water level was high, they slept away from other groups. This difference in the need for one‐male groups to sleep close to each other might be attributed to the decreased predation threat during high water level in the flooded days.
Application of Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Furfural in Crude Palm Oil
Authors: Loi Chia Chun , Boo Huey Chern , Mohamed Abdulkarim Sabo , Ariffin Abdul Azis 
Published: January 2010

AbstractProcessing of vegetative material containing pentoses has been shown to result in the formation of furfural. Furfural exhibits a spectrophotometric absorption peak at 518 nm when complexed with aniline acetate. Headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) method has been successfully used to confirm the presence of furfural in crude palm oil (CPO). Solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber composed of divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/PDMS/CAR) was used to absorb the volatiles in the headspace of the oil. The isolated compounds from the fiber was desorbed and separated on a capillary polar column of a gas chromatograph. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the SPME fiber condition for maximum absorption of furfural from CPO. The optimized temperature and time for furfural extraction onto the SPME fiber are 70 °C for 40 min. Oils obtained from the mill were found to contain between 2 and 13% furfural.