bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticle emissions from biofuelled vehicles—their characteristics and impact on the number‐based regulation of atmospheric particles
Authors: Kumar Prashant , Robins Alan , ApSimon Helen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe transport sector is the dominant source of nanoparticles in the urban atmosphere. It is also responsible for about 20–25% of current global CO2 emissions, a figure that is expected to grow to about 30–50% by 2050 (Fuglestvedt et al., 2008). One option to counter this trend and contribute to the attainment of carbon emission reduction targets is the use of biofuels in road vehicles. This leads to a reduction in CO, CO2 and particle mass emissions, though particle number emissions may increase. This article discusses the potential impact of the particle number concentrations derived from biofuel vehicles on existing regulatory concerns over atmospheric nanoparticles. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Triosmium Clusters on a Support: Determination of Structure by X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy and High‐Resolution Microscopy
Authors: Mehraeen Shareghe , Kulkarni Apoorva , Chi Miaofang , Reed Bryan W. , Okamoto Norihiko L. , Browning Nigel D. , Gates Bruce C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe structures of small, robust metal clusters on a solid support were determined by a combination of spectroscopic and microscopic methods: extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and aberration‐corrected STEM. The samples were synthesized from [Os3(CO)12] on MgO powder to provide supported clusters intended to be triosmium. The results demonstrate that the supported clusters are robust in the absence of oxidants. Conventional high‐angle annular dark‐field (HAADF) STEM images demonstrate a high degree of uniformity of the clusters, with root‐mean‐square (rms) radii of 2.03±0.06 Å. The EXAFS OsOs coordination number of 2.1±0.4 confirms the presence of triosmium clusters on average and correspondingly determines an average rms cluster radius of 2.02±0.04 Å. The high‐resolution STEM images show the individual Os atoms in the clusters, confirming the triangular structures of their frames and determining OsOs distances of 2.80±0.14 Å, matching the EXAFS value of 2.89±0.06 Å. IR and EXAFS spectra demonstrate the presence of CO ligands on the clusters. This set of techniques is recommended as optimal for detailed and reliable structural characterization of supported clusters.
Study on corrosion rate of carbon steel pipe under turbulent flow conditions
Authors: Slaimana Qasim J. M. , Hasan Basim O. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe effect of time (or corrosion products formation) on corrosion rate of carbon steel pipe in aerated 0.1 N NaCl solution under turbulent flow conditions was investigated. Tests were conducted using electrochemical polarisation technique by determining the limiting current density of oxygen reduction in Reynolds number (Re) range of 15 000 to 113 000 and temperature range of 30–60°C. The effect of corrosion products formation on the friction factor increase was studied and discussed. Empirical correlations for limiting current density as a function of Re were obtained at various solution temperatures for clean surface and for corroded surface. It was found that formation of corrosion products with time decreases the corrosion rate at low Re and temperature, while it increases the corrosion rate at high Re and temperature. As the corrosion products formed the surface roughness increased leading to increase the friction factor depending on temperature, Re, and corrosion rate.On a analysé l'effet du temps (ou la formation de produits de corrosion) sur la vitesse de corrosion d'un tuyau d'acier au carbone dans une solution 0.1 N NaCl aérée dans des conditions d'écoulement turbulent. Des essais ont été réalisés à l'aide de la technique de polarisation électrochimique en déterminant la densité de courant limité de la réduction de l'oxygène dans l'écart de nombres de Reynolds de 15000 à 113000 et dans l'échelle de température de 30°C à 60°C. L'effet de la formation de produits de corrosion sur l'augmentation du facteur de frottement a été étudié et discuté. Les corrélations empiriques pour la densité de courant limité comme fonction du nombre de Reynolds ont été obtenues à diverses températures de solution pour une surface propre et une surface corrodée. On a découvert que la formation de produits de corrosion avec le temps réduit la vitesse de corrosion à une température et un nombre de Reynolds bas tout en augmentant la vitesse de corrosion à une température et nombre de Reynolds élevés. Pendant que les produits de corrosion se formaient, la rugosité de la surface augmentait, ce qui a mené à une augmentation du facteur de frottement selon la température, le nombre de Reynolds et la vitesse de corrosion. © 2010 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
A framework for modeling and supporting data transformation services over data and knowledge grids with real‐time bound constraints
Authors: Cuzzocrea A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractData and Knowledge Gridsrepresent emerging and attracting application scenarios forGrid Computing, and pose novel and previously unrecognized challenges to the research community. Basically, Data and Knowledge Grids are found on high‐performanceGrid infrastructures, and add to the latter meaningful data‐ and knowledge‐oriented abstractions and metaphors that perfectly marry with innovative requirements of modern complexIntelligent Information Systems. To this end,Service‐oriented Architectures and Paradigmsare the most popular for Grids, and on the whole represent an active and widely recognized area of Grid Computing research. In this paper, we introduce the so‐calledGrid‐based RTSOA frameworks, which essentially combine Grid Computing withreal‐timeservice management and execution paradigms, and place emphasis for novel research perspectives in data‐intensivee‐science Grid applications onreal‐time bound constraints. Grid‐based RTSOA frameworks are then specialized to the particular context ofData Transformationservices over Grids, which play a relevant role for both Data and Knowledge Grids. Finally, we complete the main contribution of this paper with a rigorous theoretical model for efficiently supporting Grid‐based RTSOA frameworks, with particular emphasis on the context of Data Transformation services over Grids, along with its comprehensive experimental assessment and analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resource brokering using a multi‐site resource allocation strategy for computational grids
Authors: Yang Chao‐Tung , Leu Fang‐Yie , Chen Sung‐Yi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGrid computing employs heterogeneous resources which may be installed on different platforms, hardware/software, computer architectures, and perhaps using different computer languages to solve large‐scale computational problems. As many more Grids are being developed worldwide, the number of multi‐institutional collaborations is growing rapidly. However, to realize Grid computing's full potential, it is expected that Grid participants must be able to share one another's resources. This paper presents a resource broker that employs the multi‐site resource allocation (MSRA) strategy and the dynamic domain‐based network information model that we propose to allocate Grid resources to submitted jobs, where the Grid resources may be dispersed at different sites, and owned and governed by different organizations or institutes. The jobs and resources may also belong to different clusters/sites. Resource statuses collected by the Ganglia, and network bandwidths gathered by the Network Weather Service, are both considered in the proposed scheduling approach. A dynamic domain‐based model for network information measurement is also proposed to choose the most appropriate resources that meet the jobs' execution requirements. Experimental results show that MSRA outperformed the other tested strategies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fault tolerance for data parallel programs
Authors: Bertolli C. , Vanneschi M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe main issues when supporting fault tolerance based on checkpointing and rollback recovery for High‐Performance applications are related to the scalability of the introduced support, the possibility of analyzing the induced overhead and, in more general terms, the optimization of the trade‐off between failure‐free and recovery performances. In this paper we describe our contribution in fault tolerance for high‐level structured parallelism models. We take a different viewpoint w.r.t. existing contributions, by introducing a methodology to derive interesting properties to support fault tolerance. We show how to apply this methodology to a general data parallel model, deriving useful properties to introduce a class of checkpointing protocols. Thanks to this methodology, this class of protocols is not affected by the described issues. We exemplify two checkpointing protocols and the related rollback recovery techniques. For each protocol we also derive cost models statically describing the failure‐free performance, which can be used for performance tuning or to target some Quality of Service parameter. To assess the innovation of the results we analytically and experimentally compare the introduced protocols with two literature protocols. Results show that while the protocols introduced in this paper permit the definition of cost models and have a good scalability, the literature protocols do not always have these properties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secure SCADA framework for the protection of energy control systems
Authors: Alcaraz Cristina , Lopez Javier , Zhou Jianying , Roman Rodrigo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEnergy distribution systems are becoming increasingly widespread in today's society. One of the elements that are used to monitor and control these systems are SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. In particular, these control systems and their complexities, together with the emerging use of the Internet and wireless technologies, bring new challenges that must be carefully considered. Examples of such challenges are the particular benefits of the integration of those new technologies, and also the effects they may have on the overall SCADA security. The main task of this paper is to provide a framework that shows how the integration of different state‐of‐the‐art technologies in an energy control system, such as wireless sensor networks, mobilead hocnetworks, and the Internet, can bring some interesting benefits, such as status management and anomaly prevention, while maintaining the security of the whole system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A grid portal with robot certificates for bioinformatics phylogenetic analyses
Authors: Barbera R. , Andronico G. , Donvito G. , Falzone A. , Keijser J. J. , Rocca G. La , Milanesi L. , Maggi G. P. , Vicario S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGrid technology and ICT‐based infrastructures play a crucial role in the development of transnational multi‐disciplinary collaborations and allow scientists to share a wide range of distributed computational resources, regardless of their geographical location, and address new global scientific challenges. Till now, the strict security policy requested in order to access distributed computing resources has been a limiting factor when trying to broaden the adoption of Grids by wide communities of users. There is a steep learning curve to climb before starting to gain some benefits from this new technology. Grid security is indeed based on the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) of X.509 certificate although the procedure to get and manage those certificates is unfortunately not straightforward. A first step to make Grids more appealing for new users has recently been achieved with the adoption of robot certificates. In this paper, the solution proposed by the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics to go through the complexity of Grid security and allow bioinformaticians to perform large‐scale Bayesian Phylogenetic analyses on the Grid by means of a web portal enabled by a robot certificate is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved static and dynamic performances of a two‐cell DC–DC buck converter using a digital dynamic time‐delayed control
Authors: Kaoubaâ Karama , Pelaez‐Restrepo J. , Feki M. , Robert B. G. M. , Aroudi A. El 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYMulti‐cell converters have been developed to overcome shortcomings in usual switching devices. The control system in these circuits is twofold: first, to balance voltages of the switches and second to regulate the load current to a desired value. However, with a purely proportional controller, the system presents a static error. With a PI controller the static error is annihilated, but at the expense of shortening the stability region and increasing settling time. In this work, a zero static error dynamic controller for a two‐cell DC–DC buck converter is designed. To achieve zero current error, we propose a generalized scheme of a dynamic controller. Then, using nonlinear analysis and Lyapunov stability theory and bifurcation prediction tools, we prove that zero static error is achieved. The proposed controller outperforms the PI controller in terms of settling time in the presence of saturating effect during the start‐up transients. Numerical simulations in the form of time domain waveforms and bifurcation diagrams from switched circuit‐based model are presented to confirm our theoretical results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analog filter pair design on the basis of a gyrator–capacitor prototype circuit
Authors: Handkiewicz Andrzej , Katarzyński Piotr , Szczȩsny Szymon , Wencel Jarosław , Śniatała Paweł 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYThe paper presents an algorithmic approach to a low‐sensitivity design strategy for analog filter pairs based on a gyrator–capacitor prototype circuit. The general structure of the prototype circuit is proposed. It assumed that the generic structure of the prototype circuit can evolve, with the use of additional gyrators, into a circuit with increased redundancy. It is shown that symbolic analysis of the prototype circuit, used to formulate a set of nonlinear algebraic equations, is necessary to achieve a sufficiently high algorithm operation speed. To find a solution to this specific system of nonlinear algebraic equations, different numerical methods are compared. The modified Hooke and Jeeves algorithm is found to be the most effective. The elaborated algorithms and programs are illustrated with the seventh‐order filter pair example. The obtained filter is better than the filter obtained using LC ladder structures with respect to chip area and power consumption, and these improvements are obtained without loss of sensitivity properties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal treatment with glucocorticoids sensitizes the hpa axis response to stress among full‐term infants
Authors: Davis Elysia Poggi , Waffarn Feizal , Sandman Curt A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the consequences for HPA axis functioning among healthy full‐term newborns of prenatal treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid (GC), betamethasone, which is the routine treatment for threatened preterm delivery. Ninety full‐term infants were recruited into two study groups (30 betamethasone treated; 60 comparison group matched for GA at birth and sex). The cortisol and behavioral response to the painful stress of a heel‐stick blood draw was assessed 24 hr after birth. Full‐term infants exposed to prenatal betamethasone displayed a larger cortisol response to the heel‐stick procedure, despite no differences in baseline levels. Further, within the recommended window of betamethasone administration (24–34 gestational weeks), infants exposed to betamethasone earlier in gestation displayed the largest cortisol response to the heel‐stick. These data add to accumulating evidence that prenatal exposure to elevated GCs programs the development of the HPA axis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:175–183, 2011
Head orientation and handedness trajectory in rhesus monkey infants (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Nelson Eliza L. , Emery Michelle S. , Babcock Samantha M. , Novak Matthew F.S.X. , Suomi Stephen J. , Novak Melinda A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn human and chimpanzee infants, neonatal rightward supine head orientation bias predicts later right hand use preference. In an evolutionarily older primate species such as the rhesus monkey, a left hand preference has been reported, but there are no data on head orientation biases. Supine head orientation bias was measured experimentally in 16 rhesus monkey neonates and compared with prone head orientation bias as well as with various measures of hand use preference. A group‐level leftward supine head bias was found that corresponded to greater activity in the left hand while supine; however, supine head orientation did not predict later hand preference as measured by reaching or manipulation on a coordinated bimanual task. These data suggest that a trajectory for handedness in rhesus monkeys may be different from that of humans and chimpanzees. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:246–255, 2011.
Hydrolytic Decomposition of Tetramethylammonium Bis(trifluoromethyl)aurate(I), [NMe4][Au(CF3)2]: A Route for the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Zopes David , Kremer Silke , Scherer Harald , Belkoura Lhoussaine , Pantenburg Ingo , Tyrra Wieland , Mathur Sanjay 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMonodisperse gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were obtained by hydrolytic decomposition of a new molecular precursor, tetramethylammonium bis(trifluoromethyl)aurate(I), [NMe4][Au(CF3)2], which has been characterised by spectroscopic and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. On account of the simple and high‐yield synthesis, the title compound represents a versatile synthon and an alternative to the commonly used chloroauric acid (HAuCl4).
The Mechanism of the ortho‐Methylation of Nitrobenzenes by Dimethylsulfonium Methylide
Authors: Haiss Peter , Zeller Klaus‐Peter 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNitrobenzenes carrying an ortho substituent are selectively methylated at the free ortho position by reaction with dimethylsulfonium methylide. The importance of the ortho substituent is demonstrated by the failure of the methylation of nitrobenzene and 3‐ and 4‐nitroanisole. This is explained by the out‐of‐plane geometry of the nitro group in the ortho‐substituted derivative, which enables a specific interaction between the ylide and the nitro group favourable for attack of the methylide C atom at the neighbouring free ortho position. As shown by appropriate deuterium‐labelling studies, the addition is followed by an E1‐like β‐elimination with displacement of dimethyl sulfide and subsequent protonation of the elimination product.
Experimental and numerical investigation of fire development in a real fire in a five‐storey apartment building
Authors: Hofmann Anja , Muehlnikel Ruediger 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA fire in a five‐storey apartment building was investigated experimentally and numerically. The room of origin of the fire was a living room in the second floor and the fire was started by a candle on a television set. The fire spread externally over the building faccade and internally along the staircase and affected all the flats above leading to two fatalities. It is estimated that the fire was discovered minutes after ignition and the fire service was called very shortly after the detection and was at the scene 9 min after the call. By this time large sections of the façade were on fire already. The rapid fire that spread over the façade and the staircase necessitated detailed investigations. Compliance of building products with the building regulations was investigated. One conclusion of the investigations was that the person who caused the fire by leaving the candle on the TV set unattended should not be held responsible for the two fatalities in the upper floors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological field data from a modeller's perspective: Part 1. Diagnostic tests for model structure
Authors: McMillan Hilary K. , Clark Martyn P. , Bowden William B. , Duncan Maurice , Woods Ross A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHydrological scientists develop perceptual models of the catchments they study, using field measurements and observations to build an understanding of the dominant processes controlling the hydrological response. However, conceptual and numerical models used to simulate catchment behaviour often fail to take advantage of this knowledge. It is common instead to use a pre‐defined model structure which can only be fitted to the catchment via parameter calibration. In this article, we suggest an alternative approach where different sources of field data are used to build a synthesis of dominant hydrological processes and hence provide recommendations for representing those processes in a time‐stepping simulation model. Using analysis of precipitation, flow and soil moisture data, recommendations are made for a comprehensive set of modelling decisions, including Evapotranspiration (ET) parameterization, vertical drainage threshold and behaviour, depth and water holding capacity of the active soil zone, unsaturated and saturated zone model architecture and deep groundwater flow behaviour. The second article in this two‐part series implements those recommendations and tests the capability of different model sub‐components to represent the observed hydrological processes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Projection of climate change for daily precipitation: a case study in Shih‐Men reservoir catchment in Taiwan
Authors: Yang Tao‐Chang , Yu Pao‐Shan , Wei Chi‐Ma , Chen Shien‐Tsung 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA statistical downscaling model, based on the outputs of general circulation models (GCMs) as predictors, was proposed to simulate the daily precipitations in the Shih‐Men reservoir catchment in Taiwan. The structure of the proposed downscaling model is composed of two parts: classification and regression. Predictors of classification and regression models were selected from the large‐scale weather variables in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NECP) reanalysis data based on statistical tests. Discriminant analysis and support vector regression (SVR) were applied to build the classification and regression models. The outputs of five atmosphere‐ocean GCMs, which are reported to have properly considered tropical cyclone information and East Asian Monsoon modelling, were used for projecting future precipitations. Data from four grids covering Taiwan were used for developing the downscaling model. The potential of the downscaling models in simulating local precipitations was evaluated, and downscaling results reveal that the proposed downscaling model can reproduce local daily precipitations from large‐scale weather variables. Projected local precipitations under two emission scenarios show that the precipitations in the study area tend to decrease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.