bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Film Reviews
Authors: Bernard Edward G. 
Published: October 2011

Book reviewed in this article:Singende Jugend. Produced by Meteorfilm, Vienna. Directed by Max Neufeld. Musical Score by Dr. Georg Gruber. Music by Wiener Sängerknaben and Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. Distributed by International Film Bureau, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois. Dialogue in German with superimposed subtitles in English.Le Juif Polonais. Distributed by Franco‐American Film Corporation, 66 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.Mayerling. Directed by Anatole Litvak. Screen play by Joseph Kessel and J. V. Cube from the novel “Idyl's End” by Claude Anet. Music by Arthur Honegger. Photography by Thirard. Distributed by Pax Films, Inc., 723 Seventh Avenue, New York City. Dialogue in French with super‐imposed subtitles in English.
Film Reviews
Authors: Bernard Edward G. 
Published: October 2011

Book reviewed in this article:Generals Without Buttons. Based on La Guerre des Boutons, by Louis Pergaud. Distributed by Mayer‐Burstyn, 1501 Broadway, New York City. Directed by Jacques Daroy. Dialogue in French, with English sub‐titles.Un Carnet de bal. Distributed by A.F.E. Corporation, 1270 Sixth Avenue, New York City. Written and directed by Julien Duvivier. French dialogue, with English sub‐titles.Jalisco nunca pierde. Distributed by José Guerrero, P.O. Box 57, Times Square Station, New York City. Directed by Chano Urueta. Songs by Lorenzo Barcelata and Pepe Guizar. Spanish dialogue. Running time, 105 minutes.Rendezvous in Wien. Distributed by Bruno Zwicker, 50 Park Terrace West, New York City. Music by Willy Schmidt‐Gentner. German dialogue, with English sub‐titles.Beethoven. Distributed by World Pictures Corporation, 729 Seventh Avenue, New York City. Dialogue in French, with English sub‐titles.Fanny Elssler. Distributed by Ufa Films, Inc., 729 Seventh Avenue, New York City. Directed by Paul Martin. Music by Kurt Schroeder. German dialogue, with English sub‐titles.Merlusse. Written, produced, and directed by Marcel Pagnol. Distributed by French Motion Picture Corporation, 130 West 46th Street, New York City. French dialogue, with English sub‐titles.
The Phonemic Approach: Its Uses and Value
Authors: Hall Robert A. 
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Phonetics and its application to language teaching have enabled us to aim at accurate hearing and imitation; a further development of phonetics, phonemics, “essentializes” and “functionalizes” our understanding of sound‐patterns and furnishes the basis for a revised approach to grammatical structure.)Scene: A second‐year French class.Teacher: Lisez, s'il vous plait, M. Jones.Johnny Jones (slowly and painfully): Bar mer deet ler vyerz matoo ong mongtraynong voo ong vayrayz byang dohtrayz.Teacher (inwardly): Mon Dieu! (outwardly) Traduisez, s'il vous plait.Jones: Sir? Oh! Bah, said to me the old … er …Teacher: Tom‐cat.Jones: In entraining me …Teacher: Leading me away …Jones: You will see the others well.
MLJ Reviews
Authors: BIRCKBICHLER DIANE W. 
Published: October 2011

ANDERSON, ANNE & TONY LYNCH. Listening.Reading in the Composition Classroom: Second Language Perspectives. Ed. Joan G. Carson & Ilona Leki.New Ways in Teacher Education. Ed. Donald Freeman, with Steve Cornwell.MLA Directory of Periodicals: A Guide to Journals and Series in Languages and Literatures Periodicals Published in the Americas.MCKAY, SANDRA. Teaching English Overseas: An Introduction.NATTINGER, JAMES R. & JEANETTE S. DECARRICO. Lexical Phrases and Language TeachingPARKIN, ALAN J. Memory: Phenomena, Experiment and Theory.STERN, H. H. Issues and Options in Language Teaching. Ed. Patrick Allen & Birgit Harley.Dimension: Language ‘92–’93: Foreign Languages: Internationalizing the Future. Ed. Robert M. Terry.WRIGHT, TONY. Roles of Teachers and Learners. Ed. C. N. Candlin & H. G. Widdowson.HYSA, RAMAZAN. Albanian‐English Dictionary.European Insights: Postwar Politics, Society, Culture. Ed. Audrey Brassloff & Wolfgang Brassloff.BYRAM, MICHAEL, VERONICA ESARTESARRIES & SUSAN TAYLOR. Cultural Studies and Language Learning: A Research Report.GASTON, JAN. Cultural Awareness Teaching Techniques.CLARK, RAYMOND C., PATRICK R. MORAN & ARTHUR A. BURROWS. The ESL Miscellany.MCGILL, ELLEN & NEILD OLDHAM. Computers for Businesspeople.REVELL, ROD & SIMON SWEENEY. In Print: Reading Business English.WINGATE, JIM. Getting Beginners to Talk.BATCHELOR, R. E. & M. H. OFFORD. Using French: A Guide to Contemporary UsageBATCHELOR, R. E. & M. H. OFFORD. Using French Synonyms.COTENTIN‐REY, GHISLAINE. Le résumé.GRANDET, ELIANE, MARIE‐LOUISE PARIZET & RICHARD LESCURE. Destination D.E.L.F. Préparation aux épreuves écrites des Unités A1 et A2.MUYSKENS, JUDITH, LINDA HARLOW, & MICHELE VIALET. Bravo! Communication et Grammaire.ROUXEVILLE, ANNIE. Parlons affaires.DONDOUX‐LIBERGE, S., ET AL. Wirtschaft im Ohr: Teil 1 und 2.LYS, FRANZISKA AND WILLIAM ANTHONY. Drehort: Neubrandenburg.SEVIN, DIETER, & INGRID SEVIN & KATRIN T. BEAN. Wie geht's?WELLS, LARRY D. Handbuch zur deutschen Grammatik.TSAKIRIDES, EVRIS. Spoken Greek.COFFIN, EDNA AMIR. Encounters in Modern Hebrew Level II.ALLEN, CARON & NATSUMI WATANABE. A Homestay in Japan.SOSÁRE, M. & I. BIRZVALKA. Latvian‐English English‐Latvian Dictionary.Romance Languages and Modern Linguistic Theory: Papers from the 20th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL XX), Ottawa, 10–14 April 1990. Ed. Paul Hirschbühler & Konrad Koerner.BENSON, MORTON & EVELYN BENSON. Russian‐English Dictionary of Verbal Collocations.SIGUAN, MIQUEL. Multilingual Spain.A New Decade of Language Testing Research: Selected papers from the 1990 Language Testing Research Colloquium. Ed. Dan Douglas & Carol Chapelle.LEFEVERE, ANDRÉ. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame.NEWMARK, PETER. Paragraphs on Translation.Turkish Linguistics Today. Ed. Hendrik Boeschoten & Ludo Verhoeven.
MLJ Reviews
Authors: BIRCKBICHLER DIANE W. 
Published: October 2011

Book reviewed in this article:BRINDLEY, GEOFF. (Ed.). Language Assessment in Action.BROWN, JAMES D. The Elements of Language Curriculum: A Systematic Approach to Program Development.CARTER, RONALD. Introducing Applied Linguistics: An A‐Z Guide.COULSON, MARK, & JUDITH GREENE. Language Understanding: Current Issues.FREEMAN, DAVID E. & YVONNE S. FREEMAN. Between Worlds: Access to Second Language Acquisition.SCHOLFIELD, PHIL. Quantifying Language: A Researcher's and Teacher's Guide to Gathering Language Data and Reducing it to Figures.SELDIN, PETER. The Teaching Portfolio.SELDIN, PETER, & ASSOCIATES. Successful Use of Teaching Portfolios.SKUTNABB‐KANGAS, TOVE. (Ed.). Multiliongualism for All.TANNACITO, DAN J. A Guide to Writing English as a Second or Foreign Language: An Annotated Bibliography of Research and Pedagogy.TATALOVICH, RAYMOND. Nativism Reborn? The Official English Movement and the American States.TICKOO, MAKHAN L. (Ed.). Reading and Writing: Theory into Practice. (Anthology Series 35).TOMATIS, ALFRED A. The Conscious Ear. (Stephen Lushington & Billie Thompson, Trans.).WHITE, RONALD V. Ed. New Ways in Teaching Writing.ABU‐TALEB, SAMY. Conversational Arabic In 7 Days.STORTI, CRAIG. Cross‐Cultural Dialogues: 74 Brief Encounters with Cultural Difference.RICHMOND, YALE. From Da to Yes: Understanding the Eastern Europeans.ROUXEVILLE, ANNIE. Passeport Pour la France.FUNK, HERMANN, MICHAEL KOENIG, THEO SCHERLING, & GERD NEUNER. Sowieso: A German Course for Young People.MCCARTHY, JOHN A., & KATRIN SCHNEIDER. (Eds.). The Future of Germanistik in the USA: Changing Our Prospects.SYRACUSE LANGUAGE SYSTEMS. TriplePlay‐Plus! German.SHAHAR, LUCY, & DAVID KURZ. Border Crossings: American Interactions With Israelis.FEINLER‐TORRIANI, LUCIANA, & GUNTER H. KLEMM. Mastering Italian Vocabulary: A Thematic Approach.ITALIANO, FRANCESCA, & IRENE MARCHEGIANI JONES. Crescendo!: A Thematic Approach to Intermediate Italian Language and Culture.GUDYKUNST, WILLIAM, B., & TSUKASA NISHIDA. Bridging Japanese/North American Differences.NITTI, JOHN, & MICHAEL J. FERREIRA. 501 Portuguese Verbs Fully Conjugated in All the Tenses in a New Easy‐to‐Learn Format Alphabetically Arranged.RUBIN, HERBERT J., & IRENE S. RUBIN. Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data.STAKE, ROBERT E. The Art of Case Study Research.BOTOMAN, RODICA. Discover Romanian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture.KARRAS, THOMAS. A Concise English‐Russian Phrase Book.SHLYAKHOV, VLADIMIR, & EVE ADLER. Dictionary of Russian Slang and Colloquial Expressions.UNGIER, LEON. (Compiler.) Russian‐English On‐Line Dictionary, SuperDic 3.01.DE BRUYNE, JACQUES. A Comprehensive Spanish Grammar.
Use of ionic dialysance to calculate Kt/V in pediatric hemodialysis
Authors: Marsenic Olivera , Booker Kristi , Studnicka Kathleen , Wilson Donna , Beck Ann , Swanson Tiffany , Henry Dwayne , Turman Martin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOnline clearance (OLC) monitor measures conductivity difference between dialysate entering and leaving the dialyser. Derived ionic dialysance (ID) represents effective urea clearance from which Kt/V is calculated, allowing Kt/V monitoring at every treatment without blood sampling. We tested ID accuracy in children and provide recommendations for its use. Using Fresenius machines 2008 K with built‐in OLC monitors, we studied 45 hemodialysis (HD) sessions and 168 calculated Kt/V results in 11 patients. Urea distribution volume (V), needed to calculate Kt/V from ID, was estimated using three methods: Mellits and Cheek (MC), KDOQI recommended total body water nomograms (TBWN) and OLC‐derived independent from tested HD sessions. Reference spKt/V from pre‐ and post‐HD BUN (Daugirdas) was compared with Kt/V calculated from ID using three different estimated V's. ID was accurate in calculating Kt/V in children when V derived from OLC was used (P = 0.42), with absolute error 0.14 ± 0.12. If TBWN‐derived V was used, Kt/V was consistently underestimated by 0.32 ± 0.22. TBWN‐derived V can still be recommended for use with OLC for monitoring trend in Kt/V, if underestimation of spKt/V of average 0.3 is accounted for. MC‐derived V results in even greater underestimation of spKt/V and therefore cannot be recommended for use with OLC.
Medulloblastoma presenting as dialysis disequilibrium syndrome
Authors: Dilena Robertino , Paglialonga Fabio , Barbieri Sergio , Edefonti Alberto 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS) is a central nervous system disorder that occurs during or after hemodialysis. This is caused by brain edema that manifests as neurological symptoms that include headache, emesis, nausea, blurring of vision, disturbed consciousness, tremors and seizures, and in severe cases, death. The incidence of DDS is very high among patients with preexisting neurological diseases. There has been much debate about the origin of DDS. We report a case of DDS, as presenting syndrome of a medulloblastoma in a child aged 5 years, and discuss the pathogenesis and the possible role of DDS for an earlier detection of occult brain lesions in dialyzed patients.
Metformin intoxication requiring dialysis
Authors: Nguyen Hoang‐Lan , Concepcion Luis 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMetformin (MTF) is one of the most common oral agents used to treat diabetes mellitus. Intoxication is associated with lactic acidosis and has significant clinical consequences. We report 12 cases requiring dialytic intervention. Twelve patients were analyzed from 2005 to 2010; 10 of these patients were treated with dialysis. Conventional hemodialysis (HD) and continuous veno‐venous hemodialysis treatments with bicarbonate dialysis were used, and the results were presented as mean and standard deviation. The results are as follows: 33% of the patients were male, hospital stay was 9.3 (±12) days, average MTF dose 1.7 g/day, mortality was 25%. Baseline glomerular filtration rate for these patients was 51.5 mL/min, with an average age of 64 (±11) years. On presentation, all had acute kidney injury with blood urea nitrogen/creatinine 75 (±30)/8.1 (±3.7) mg/dL, lactic acid 12.4 (±8.1) mmol/L, pH 7.04 (±0.19), bicarbonate 7.2 (±4.5) mmol/L. Metformin level was 25 (±17) µg/mL; anion gap was 28 (±9), and serum potassium was 5.4 (±1.3) mEq/L. Seventy percent of patients were treated with conventional HD. Patients required 4 (±5) dialysis treatments at blood flow QB 330 (±53), dialysis flow QD 571 (±111) for 305 (±122) minutes. Postdialysis, the acidosis parameters improved: bicarbonate 19.2 (±4.1) mmol/L, lactic acid 6 (±4) mmol/L and MTF levels decreased 8.9 (±5.7) µg/mL. Metformin percentage removal was calculated to be 60% (±24). No difference was found between HD and continous veno‐venous hemodialysis. The only difference between survivors was the age 53 (±7) vs. 78 (±10) (P < 0.05). Metformin toxicity is a serious clinical condition and causes severe lactic acidosis and significant mortality. Hemodialysis is an efficient method to treat MTF intoxication and correct the metabolic abnormalities.
Predictive value of ridge dimensions on autologous bone graft resorption in staged maxillary sinus augmentation surgery using Cone‐Beam CT
Authors: Klijn R. J. , van den Beucken J. J. J. P. , Bronkhorst E. M. , Berge S. J. , Meijer G. J. , Jansen J. A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIntroduction:No studies are available that provide predictive parameters regarding the expected amount of resorption after maxillary sinus augmentation surgery using autologous bone grafts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine parameters influencing the outcome of the bone graft resorption process.Material and methods:In 20 patients, three‐dimensional analysis of alveolar ridge dimensions and bone graft volume change in the atrophic posterior maxilla was performed by Cone‐Beam Computerized Tomography imaging. Ridge dimensions were assessed before maxillary sinus augmentation surgery. Bone graft volumes were compared after maxillary sinus floor augmentation surgery and a graft healing interval of several months. To analyze the relation between bone volume changes with the independent variables, patients’ gender, age, alveolar crest height and width, and graft healing time interval, a multi‐level extension of linear regression was applied.Results:A residual bone height of 6.0 mm (SD = 3.6 mm) and 6.2 mm (SD = 3.6 mm) was found at the left and right sides, respectively. Moreover, alveolar bone widths of 6.5 mm (SD = 2.2 mm) and 7.0 mm (SD = 2.3 mm) at the premolars, and 8.8 mm (SD = 2.2 mm) and 8.9 mm (SD = 2.5 mm) at the molars regions were found at the left and right site, respectively. Bone graft volume decreased by 25.0% (SD = 21.0%) after 4.7 months (SD = 2.7, median = 4.0 months) of healing time. The variables “age” (P = 0.009) and mean alveolar crest “bone height” (P = 0.043), showed a significant influence on bone graft resorption. A decrease of 1.0% (SE = 0.3%) of bone graft resorption was found for each year the patient grew older, and an increase in bone graft resorption of 1.8% (SE = 0.8%) was found for each mm of original bone height before sinus floor augmentation.Conclusions:Graft resorption occurs when using autologous bone grafts for maxillary sinus augmentation. Alveolar crest bone height and patient age have a significant effect on graft resorption, with increased resorption for higher alveolar crest bone height and decreased resorption for older patients. Consequently, patient characteristics that affect the process of bone graft resorption should be given full consideration, when performing sinus augmentation surgery.
The proteome and gene expression profile of cementoblastic cells treated by bone morphogenetic protein‐7 in vitro
Authors: Bozic Darko , Grgurevic Lovorka , Erjavec Igor , Brkljacic Jelena , Orlic Iva , Razdorov Genadij , Grgurevic Ivica , Vukicevic Slobodan , Plancak Darije 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAimRegenerative periodontal therapy is often unpredictable and limited. Cementum regeneration is necessary for the proper repair of a periodontal ligament. The precise mechanism how bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP7) induces differentiation and mineralization of cementoblasts remains undetermined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BMP7 on early proteome and gene expression profile of cementoblastic OCCM.30 cells in vitro.Materials and MethodsImmortalized murine cementoblasts (OCCM.30) were exposed to BMP7 and evaluated for: (1) proliferation; (2) mineralization; (3) early proteome profile using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS); and (4) gene expression by quantitative RT‐PCR.ResultsBone morphogenetic protein‐7 increased the cell proliferation at 24 h and 48 h, while higher doses suppressed the cell proliferation at 48 h. BMP7 induced the mineralization of cementoblasts following 8 days of therapy. Using LC‐MS we identified 1117 proteins from the cell lysate. Many belonged to extracellular matrix formation such as PCPE1, collagens, annexins and integrin receptors. RT‐PCR analyses revealed a BMP7 dose‐dependent upregulation of BMP1, TGFβ1, osterix, osteoprotegerin, procollagen I and II, PCPE1, and noggin, while BMP6 and chordin expression were decreased. The high BMP7 dose down regulated most of the genes 24 h following therapy.ConclusionBone morphogenetic protein‐7 promotes differentiation and mineralization of cementoblasts via inducing PCPE1 and BMP1 responsible for processing of type I collagen.
Microparticles of Pregnant Women and Preeclamptic Patients Activate Endothelial Cells in the Presence of Monocytes
Authors: Lok Christine A. R. , Snijder Karin S. , Nieuwland Rienk , Van Der Post Joris A. M. , de Vos Paul , Faas Marijke M. 
Published: October 2011

Citation Lok CAR, Snijder KS, Nieuwland R, Van Der Post JAM, de Vos P, Faas MM. Microparticles of pregnant women and preeclamptic patients activate endothelial cells in the presence of monocytes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 206–215Problem  Preeclampsia is a pregnancy‐specific disorder that may result from an adverse maternal response to circulating placenta‐derived factors, causing a systemic inflammation including endothelial activation. Plasma from preeclamptic patients was shown to induce endothelial activation in the presence of monocytes. We investigated whether microparticles (MP) are the plasma factors causing this activation of endothelial cells.Method of study  Monocultures and co‐cultures of monocytes and endothelial cells were incubated with plasma, MP‐poor plasma or isolated MP from non‐pregnant and pregnant women and preeclamptic patients (each n = 8). ICAM‐1 expression was analyzed with flow cytometry.Results  The expression of ICAM‐1 was significantly increased in monocytes and endothelial cells in co‐cultures after the addition of isolated MP from preeclamptic patients (P = 0.017) and to a lesser extent in pregnant women (P = 0.012) compared to non‐pregnant controls.Conclusions  Microparticles from preeclamptic patients activate endothelial cells in the presence of monocytes. Whether all MP have the same effect on monocytes and endothelial cells or only a specific subgroup is the focus of future research.
Association of IL‐1β and IL‐6 gene polymorphisms with recurrent spontaneous abortion in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Ma X. , Xu L.‐J. , Wang J. , Xian M.‐M. , Liu M. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAs certain cytokines may play a role in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and also some cytokine gene polymorphisms may affect the level of cytokine production, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Chinese RSA and polymorphisms of the genes coding for interleukin (IL)‐1β (−31C/T, −511C/T, +3954C/T) and IL‐6 (−634C/G). Women (n = 162) with at least three consecutive spontaneous abortions and 156 ethnically matched healthy women with at least one successful pregnancy were included. Genotypes were determined using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. No significant differences were found in the IL‐1β−31T, −511T and +3954T distributions between the RSA group and the control group. On the other hand, the frequencies of the IL‐6−634GG genotype and −634G allele were significantly decreased in the RSA group versus the control group (genotype: P = 0.0003; allele: P = 0.002), suggesting the IL‐6−634C/G polymorphism might be a possible genetic protective factor for RSA.
Frequency dependence of the large frequency separation of solar-like oscillators: influence of the helium second-ionization zone
Authors: Hekker S. , Basu Sarbani , Elsworth Y. , Chaplin W. J. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
The large frequency separation (Δν) between modes of the same degree and consecutive orders in a star is approximately proportional to the square root of its mean density. To determine Δν as accurately as possible, a mean large frequency separation (〈Δν〉) computed over several orders is often used. It is, however, known that Δν varies with frequency in a second-order effect. From observations, it has been shown that this frequency dependence is more important for main-sequence stars than it is for red giant stars. Here we use yrec models to verify and explain this observational result. We find that for stars with R ≳ 8 R⊙, the effect of the helium second-ionization zone (He ii zone) is relatively small. For these stars, the deep location of the He ii zone induces a frequency modulation covering only a few Δν, while the amplitude of the modulation is low due to the relatively weak and extended He ii layer, causing a shallow wide depression in the first adiabatic exponent (Γ1). For less evolved stars, the He ii zone is located closer to the surface, and it is more confined, i.e. a deep narrow depression in Γ1. This causes frequency modulations with relatively high amplitudes covering up to about 20Δν, inducing a relatively large frequency modulation. Additionally, we find that for less evolved stars, the He ii zone is stronger and more localized for more massive stars and for stars with low metallicities further increasing the amplitude of the frequency modulation.
Polyethylene Glycol Grafted Polyethylene: A Versatile Platform for Nonmigratory Active Packaging Applications
Authors: Barish Jeffrey A. , Goddard Julie M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Nonmigratory active packaging, in which bioactive components are tethered to the package, offers the potential to reduce the need for additives in food products while maintaining safety and quality. A challenge in developing nonmigratory active packaging materials is the loss of biomolecular activity that can occur when biomolecules are immobilized. In this work, we describe a method in which a biocompatible polymer (polyethylene glycol, PEG) is grafted from the surface of ozone‐treated low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) resulting in a surface functionalized polyethylene to which a range of amine‐terminated bioactive molecules can be immobilized. Free radical graft polymerization is used to graft PEG onto the LDPE surface, followed by immobilization of ethylenediamine onto the PEG tether. Ethylenediamine was used to demonstrate that amine‐terminated molecules could be covalently attached to the PEG‐grafted film. Changes in surface chemistry and topography were measured by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We demonstrate the ability to graft PEG onto the surface of polymer packaging films by free radical graft polymerization, and to covalently link an amine‐terminated molecule to the PEG tether, demonstrating that amine‐terminated bioactive compounds (such as peptides, enzymes, and some antimicrobials) can be immobilized onto PEG‐grafted LDPE in the development of nonmigratory active packaging.Practical Application:  Nonmigratory active packaging offers the potential for improving food safety and quality while minimizing the migration of the active agent into food. In this paper, we describe a technique to modify polyethylene packaging films such that active agents can be covalently immobilized by a biocompatible tether. Such a technique can be adapted to a number of applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, or immobilized enzyme active packaging.