bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turkish Migrants and Native Germans Compared: The Effects of Inter‐Ethnic and Intra‐Ethnic Friendships on the Transition from Unemployment to Work
Authors: Lancee Bram , Hartung Anne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we analyse whether having inter‐ethnic and intra‐ethnic friendships can be associated with a shorter duration of unemployment, comparing Turkish migrants and native residents in Germany. This allows us to examine the degree to which the returns from bridging and bonding social capital differ for the two groups. On the basis of the German Socio‐Economic Panel (GSOEP) data, we find that for native Germans, intra‐ethnic friendships shorten the duration of spells of unemployment, whereas inter‐ethnic friendships do not. For the Turkish migrants, inter‐ethnic friendships reduce the duration of unemployment, whereas intra‐ethnic friendships do not. In other words, only friendships with German natives facilitate the transition to employment, but in particular for Turkish migrants. This effect is largest for migrants with a low level of education.
Blindly Using Wald's Test Can Miss Rare Disease‐Causal Variants in Case‐Control Association Studies
Authors: Xing Guan , Lin Chang‐Yun , Wooding Stephen P. , Xing Chao 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThere are four tests – the likelihood ratio (LR) test, Wald's test, the score test and the exact test – commonly employed in genetic association studies. On comparison of the four tests, we found that Wald's test, popular in genome‐wide screens due to its low computational demands, exhibited a paradoxical behaviour in that the test statistic decreased as the effect size of the variant increased, resulting in a loss of power. The LR test always achieved the most significant P‐values, followed by the exact test. We further examined the results in a real data set composed of high‐ and low‐cholesterol subjects from the Dallas Heart Study (DHS). We also compared the single‐variant LR test with two multi‐variant analysis approaches – the burden test and the C‐alpha test – in analysing the sequencing data by simulation. Our results call for caution in using Wald's test in genome‐wide case‐control association studies and suggest that the LR test is a better alternative in spite of its computational demands.
Clutter‐adaptation of bat species predicts their use of under‐motorway passageways of contrasting sizes – a natural experiment
Authors: Abbott I. M. , Harrison S. , Butler F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBat populations may be vulnerable to the barrier impacts of roads, including habitat restriction and traffic mortality. Under‐road passageways may reduce these impacts, but little is known about the ecological factors influencing their use by bats. The study area provided a natural experimental design, in that adjacent under‐motorway passageways had contrasting dimensions (two long, narrow drainage pipes within <1 km of a large underpass for a minor road), and local bat species had contrasting functional and morphological adaptations. We predicted that inter‐species differences in flight capability and sensory perception would influence bat use of passageways. All‐night acoustic recordings of bat activity inside passageways (52 nights) indicated clear guild‐specific responses to passageway dimensions. Only Rhinolophus hipposideros, Myotis nattereri and Plecotus auritus flew through the narrow drainage pipes. These species are adapted for flight and foraging in cluttered airspace, in terms of wing morphology and echolocation signal design. Edge‐space species (Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Pipistrellus pygmaeus) were highly active in the area but never flew through the narrow pipes. All species, except the open‐adapted Nyctalus leisleri, flew through the large underpass. Simultaneous recordings made above and below this underpass (16 nights) also indicated that species' tendency to cross over, rather than under, the structure was inversely related to the degree of clutter‐adaptation. If motorways are built through bat habitat, trade‐offs between optimal mitigation of impacts on protected bats and cost/engineering practicality are inevitable. Large underpasses are advisable where possible as they accommodate a wider range of species, and bats are less likely to fly over them. However, their construction is costly and is dependent on landscape topology. If the target species for mitigation are clutter‐adapted bats, our findings indicate that incorporation of a greater number of suitably located small tunnels into new roads may facilitate safe passage more effectively than fewer large underpasses.
Predictors of change in participation rates following acquired brain injury: results of a longitudinal study
Authors: ANABY DANA , LAW MARY , HANNA STEVEN , DEMATTEO CAROL 
Published: January 2012

Aim  The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the changes in participation rates over 1 year among children and adolescents after acquired brain injury and (2) to explore the effect of child and family factors on these changes.Method  The participation levels of 136 children and young people (88 males; 48 females; age range 4y 11mo–17y 6mo; mean age 11y 6mo) after acquired brain injury (3≤ Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤15; mean 12.8) were assessed three times: at their return to school, and at 8 and 12 months after returning to school. The Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment measured the participants’ diversity and intensity of participation in out‐of‐school activities. At baseline, information on general family functioning and medical and demographic information was collected as possible predictors. Mixed‐effect model analyses of participation scores were performed while controlling for child’s age at injury.Results  The severity of the injury explained rates of change across time for participation intensity in recreational, physical, and social activities. Household income influenced changes in the intensity of recreational activities, whereas family functioning predicted changes in the diversity of skill‐based activities.Interpretation  Participation is a relevant outcome of recovery that needs to be assessed and monitored post brain injury. Special attention can be directed to severity of injury and family functioning when developing intervention plans.
Response patterns of arterial pressure and heart period to Mueller manoeuvre and their comparison to those of Valsalva manoeuvre
Authors: Carrasco‐Sosa Salvador , Guillén‐Mandujano Alejandra 
Published: January 2012

SummaryObjective:  It has not been established if the Mueller manoeuvre (MM) induces characteristic arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate changes analogous to those observed during its respiratory strain opposite, the Valsalva manoeuvre (VM). Our aims were to explore, on a beat‐by‐beat basis, if MM evokes well‐defined changes in AP and heart period (HP), and to compare these responses with those of VM.Methods:  From the ECG and AP records of 24 healthy subjects who performed VM and MM in sitting position, RR intervals and AP series were computed. The series were ensemble‐averaged, and the characteristic points that limit the phases were semi‐automatically detected from each record.Results:  Our main findings were: (i) MM provoked consistent patterned responses in both AP and HP in the same four phases of VM; (ii) the AP and HP changes of MM were parallel to those of VM in phases II and IV, and opposite in direction in phases I and III; (iii) pooled data during the strain and poststrain and the mean characteristic points of AP and HP were smaller in MM than in VM (P<0·001); (iv) MM presented two changes absent in VM, AP and HP rise immediately after phase I and hypotension in late phase IV; (v) systolic pressure and HP presented a strong positive correlation (r = 0·87 ± 0·02) in late phase II of MM.Conclusion:  Our study characterizes on a phase‐by‐phase basis the AP and RR interval responses to MM, documents their great similarity to those corresponding to VM and establishes that MM exerts a 50% smaller impact on the cardiovascular autonomic function than VM.
Time under tension decreased with blood flow–restricted exercise
Authors: Loenneke Jeremy P. , Wilson Jacob M. , Balapur Abhishek , Thrower Austin D. , Barnes Jeremy T. , Pujol Thomas J. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryObjectives: Exercise to failure results in similar muscle protein synthesis responses, independent of intensity. However, low‐intensity exercise likely requires more time under tension and those with injuries may be incapable of sustaining the mechanical stress to reach failure. Design: The purpose was to determine whether elastic knee wraps (KW) provide a stimulus to decrease time under tension and overall volume of work while maintaining a similar level of metabolic stress. Methods: Thirteen healthy subjects participated in a randomized crossover study consisting of three trials. The first determined 1 repetition maximum (1RM) on the bilateral leg extension. Subjects were then assigned to a blood flow restriction (BFR) or control (CON) group. After trial 2, subjects crossed over to the opposite trial. KW were placed around the thigh of each leg during BFR. Leg extensions were completed at 30% 1RM until failure. Whole blood lactate (WBL) was taken pre‐, post‐, and 3 and 5 min postexercise. Heart rate (HR) was measured before, following the first and second sets, and 3 and 5 min postexercise. Results: This study found KW provide a BFR stimulus allowing failure to occur sooner with similar metabolic stress postreperfusion. There were no differences in HR at any time point. Conclusions: These results may benefit populations that cannot sustain the mechanical stress of high‐intensity exercise or low‐intensity exercise that requires a longer sustained time under tension.
Language and Memory for Motion Events: Origins of the Asymmetry Between Source and Goal Paths
Authors: Lakusta Laura , Landau Barbara 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWhen people describe motion events, their path expressions are biased toward inclusion of goal paths (e.g., into the house) and omission of source paths (e.g., out of the house). In this paper, we explored whether this asymmetry has its origins in people’s non‐linguistic representations of events. In three experiments, 4‐year‐old children and adults described or remembered manner of motion events that represented animate/intentional and physical events. The results suggest that the linguistic asymmetry between goals and sources is not fully rooted in non‐linguistic event representations: linguistic descriptions showed the goal bias for both kinds of events, whereas non‐linguistic memory for events showed the goal bias only for events involving animate, goal‐directed motion. The findings are discussed in terms of the mapping between non‐linguistic representations of goals and sources in language, focusing on the role that linguistic principles play in producing a more absolute goal bias from more gradient non‐linguistic representations of paths.
Turkish version of the revised nursing professional values scale: Validity and reliability assessment
Authors: GEÇKIL Emine , EGE Emel , AKIN Belgin , GÖZ Fügen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim:  The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a Turkish version of the Revised Nursing Professional Values Scale (NPVS‐R).Methods:  The sample of this methodological study consisted of 385 participants, including senior undergraduate nursing students (n = 328) and clinical nurses (n = 57). Data was collected using the NPVS‐R. For NPVS validity, content validity and construct validity were analyzed. The content validity index (CVI) was used to determine item validity.Results:  Item CVI ranged from 0.78 to 1.0, and total CVI was 0.93. Construct validity was examined using factor analysis and the five factors were identified as original NPVS‐R. Chronbach's alpha was used to assess the internal consistency reliability. The 26‐item NPVS had a standardized alpha coefficient of 0.92. Test‐retest reliability scale was r = 0.76 (P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Our analyses showed that the Turkish version of NPVS‐R has high validity and reliability.
Discovery of shocked H2 around OH 231.8+4.2
Authors: Forde K. P. , Gledhill T. M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
We present K-band integral field observations of the circumstellar envelope of the evolved star OH 231.8+4.2. Spatial and spectral information was simultaneously acquired using the SINFONI integral field unit, with adaptive optics, on the Very Large Telescope. The observations reveal the discovery of H2 emission (1) around the centre of the nebula and (2) located in clumps along the western side of the northern lobe, presumably associated with the strong shocks that stimulate the previously reported Hα emission at the same location. An observed H2 1→0/2→1S(1) line ratio of 8.3 ± 1.9 was calculated for the central field, a value consistent with shock excitation.
Intimate partner violence and companion animal welfare
Authors: Tiplady CM , Walsh DB , Phillips CJC 
Published: January 2012

Objective  To investigate the effect of intimate partner violence (IPV) on companion animal welfare.Design  Self‐selected telephone survey of people meeting the criteria.Methods  Members of the Australian public with experience of IPV and concurrent companion animal ownership were invited to telephone a researcher for a semi‐structured interview.Results  In total, 26 Australian women reported one or more companion animals in the household being verbally and/or physically abused by their male partner, usually with prolonged effects on animal behaviour; 92% indicated that they had been unwilling to discuss the animal abuse with a veterinarian. Many were unaware of animal accommodation services for people fleeing violence and those who did know about these were unwilling to use them, citing their bond with the animals as the main reason. Animals targeted for abuse were most likely to be dogs and owned by women rather than men, children or both partners.Conclusion  Animals can be severely affected by domestic violence situations and many people experiencing violence are unwilling to confide in veterinarians or seek help from animal shelters.
Magnetic resonance imaging‐detected adaptation and pathology in the distal condyles of the third metacarpus, associated with lateral condylar fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Tranquille C. A. , Parkin T. D. H. , Murray R. C. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryReasons for performing the study:Lateral condylar (LC) fractures of the third metacarpus (McIII) are a common reason for euthanasia in racehorses, and may be the result of repetitive overloading or cumulative pathological change. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows monitoring of bone and cartilage to detect pathological and adaptive changes that may be precursors of fracture.Objectives:To describe bone and cartilage MRI features in the distal condyles of McIII of Thoroughbred racehorses, with and without condylar fracture.Hypotheses:1) A greater degree of bone and cartilage adaptation or pathology will be seen in fractured McIIIs compared with their respective contralateral McIIIs. 2) Contralateral McIIIs will have a greater degree of bone and cartilage adaptation or pathology than McIIIs from control horses that did not sustain a LC fracture.Methods:The McIIIs from 96 horses subjected to euthanasia at racecourses were divided into 3 groups:Group 1: nonfractured bones from horses without LC fracture;Group 2: nonfractured bones from horses with unilateral LC fracture; andGroup 3: fractured bones from horses with unilateral LC fracture. The MR images were examined and graded for bone and cartilage changes.Results:Nine percent ofGroup 1(n = 9) and 11% ofGroup 2bones (n = 5) had incomplete LC fractures. Focal palmar necrosis was most frequently detected in bones fromGroup 1(12%) compared withGroups 2(9%) and3(4%). The prevalence of bone and/or cartilage abnormalities tended to increase fromGroup 1toGroup 2toGroup 3.Conclusions:Magnetic resonance imaging is able to detect cartilage and bone changes that may be associated with LC fracture. There was no significant difference in bone/cartilage changes between bones fromGroups 1and2, despite increased pathology inGroup 2bones.Potential relevance:Periodic monitoring of bone and/or cartilage changes in distal McIII of Thoroughbred racehorses may help to prevent catastrophic LC fractures.
Molecular Detection of Campylobacter jejuni as a Cause of Culture-Negative Spondylodiscitis
Authors: Tappe Dennis , Schulze Marco H. , Oesterlein Anett , Abele-Horn Marianne , Baron Stefan , Durchholz Daniel , Langen Heinz-Jakob , Jany Berthold , Schoen Christoph 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Spondylodiscitis caused by
Campylobacter
species is a rare disease which is most often caused by
Campylobacter fetus
. We report a case of culture-negative spondylodiscitis and a psoas abscess due to
Campylobacter jejuni
in a 68-year-old woman, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene and
Campylobacter
-specific PCRs from biopsied tissue.
West Nile Virus Infections Suppress Early Viral RNA Synthesis and Avoid Inducing the Cell Stress Granule Response
Authors: Courtney S. C. , Scherbik S. V. , Stockman B. M. , Brinton M. A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
West Nile virus (WNV) recently became endemic in the United States and is a significant cause of human morbidity and mortality. Natural WNV strain infections do not induce stress granules (SGs), while W956IC (a lineage 2/1 chimeric WNV infectious clone) virus infections produce high levels of early viral RNA and efficiently induce SGs through protein kinase R (PKR) activation. Additional WNV chimeric viruses made by replacing one or more W956IC genes with the lineage 1 Eg101 equivalent in the W956IC backbone were analyzed. The Eg-NS4b+5, Eg-NS1+3+4a, and Eg-NS1+4b+5 chimeras produced low levels of viral RNA at early times of infection and inefficiently induced SGs, suggesting the possibility that interactions between viral nonstructural proteins and/or between viral nonstructural proteins and cell proteins are involved in suppressing early viral RNA synthesis and membrane remodeling during natural WNV strain infections. Detection of exposed viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in W956IC-infected cells suggested that the enhanced early viral RNA synthesis surpassed the available virus-induced membrane protection and allowed viral dsRNA to activate PKR.
Mutation of the F-Protein Cleavage Site of Avian Paramyxovirus Type 7 Results in Furin Cleavage, Fusion Promotion, and Increased Replication
In Vitro
but Not Increased Replication, Tissue Tropism, or Virulence in Chickens
Authors: Xiao Sa , Khattar Sunil K. , Subbiah Madhuri , Collins Peter L. , Samal Siba K. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

We constructed a reverse genetics system for avian paramyxovirus serotype 7 (APMV-7) to investigate the role of the fusion F glycoprotein in tissue tropism and virulence. The AMPV-7 F protein has a single basic residue arginine (R) at position −1 in the F cleavage site sequence and also is unusual in having alanine at position +2 (LPSS
R
↓FA) (underlining indicates the basic amino acids at the F protein cleavage site, and the arrow indicates the site of cleavage.). APMV-7 does not form syncytia or plaques in cell culture, but its replication
in vitro
does not depend on, and is not increased by, added protease. Two mutants were successfully recovered in which the cleavage site was modified to mimic sites that are found in virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates and to contain 4 or 5 basic residues as well as isoleucine in the +2 position: (
RR
Q
KR
↓FI) or (
RRKKR
↓FI), named Fcs-4B or Fcs-5B, respectively. In cell culture, one of the mutants, Fcs-5B, formed protease-independent syncytia and grew to 10-fold-higher titers compared to the parent and Fcs-4B viruses. This indicated the importance of the single additional basic residue (K) at position −3. Syncytium formation and virus yield of the Fcs-5B virus was impaired by the furin inhibitor decanoyl-RVKR-CMK, whereas parental APMV-7 was not affected. APMV-7 is avirulent in chickens and is limited in tropism to the upper respiratory tract of 1-day-old and 2-week-old chickens, and these characteristics were unchanged for the two mutant viruses. Thus, the acquisition of furin cleavability by APMV-7 resulted in syncytium formation and increased virus yield
in vitro
but did not alter virus yield, tropism, or virulence in chickens.
Arterivirus Minor Envelope Proteins Are a Major Determinant of Viral Tropism in Cell Culture
Authors: Tian Debin , Wei Zuzhang , Zevenhoven-Dobbe Jessika C. , Liu Runxia , Tong Guangzhi , Snijder Eric J. , Yuan Shishan 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Arteriviruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses for which the attachment proteins and cellular receptors have remained largely controversial. Arterivirus particles contain at least eight envelope proteins, an unusually large number among RNA viruses. These appear to segregate into three groups: major structural components (major glycoprotein GP5 and membrane protein [M]), minor glycoproteins (GP2a, GP3, and GP4), and small hydrophobic proteins (E and the recently discovered ORF5a protein). Biochemical studies previously suggested that the GP5-M heterodimer of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) interacts with porcine sialoadhesin (pSn) in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM). However, another study proposed that minor protein GP4, along with GP2a, interacts with CD163, another reported cellular receptor for PRRSV. In this study, we provide genetic evidence that the minor envelope proteins are the major determinant of arterivirus entry into cultured cells. A PRRSV infectious cDNA clone was equipped with open reading frames (ORFs) encoding minor envelope and E proteins of equine arteritis virus (EAV), the only known arterivirus displaying a broad tropism in cultured cells. Although PRRSV and EAV are only distantly related and utilize diversified transcription-regulating sequences (TRSs), a viable chimeric progeny virus was rescued. Strikingly, this chimeric virus (vAPRRS-EAV2ab34) acquired the broad
in vitro
cell tropism of EAV, demonstrating that the minor envelope proteins play a critical role as viral attachment proteins. We believe that chimeric arteriviruses of this kind will be a powerful tool for further dissection of the arterivirus replicative cycle, including virus entry, subgenomic RNA synthesis, and virion assembly.
Protruding Domain of Capsid Protein Is Necessary and Sufficient To Determine Murine Norovirus Replication and Pathogenesis
In Vivo
Authors: Strong David W. , Thackray Larissa B. , Smith Tom J. , Virgin Herbert W. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the major cause of epidemic, nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the lack of a tractable model system and the inability to grow HuNoVs in cell culture, factors required for the norovirus (NoV) life cycle and pathogenesis in the host remain largely unknown. The discovery of murine norovirus (MNV) and the development of reverse-genetics systems for this virus provide an opportunity to study these aspects of NoV infection
in vitro
and
in vivo
. Previous studies identified a single amino acid at residue 296 in the protruding (P) domain of the capsid protein that is responsible for determining the virulence of the MNV clone MNV1.CW1 in 12956/SvEv background STAT1-deficient (STAT1
−/−
) mice. In this report, we identified and characterized another determinant of lethality in the P domain that is necessary and sufficient to determine the replication and pathogenesis of the MNV clones MNV1.CW3 and CR6.STL1 in C57BL/6 background STAT1
−/−
mice. Furthermore, we describe how the role of residue 296 in MNV virulence differs between STAT1
−/−
mouse strains. We also describe potential interactions between subdomains of the P domain, as well as between other virus elements, which facilitate recovery of MNV using a reverse-genetics system.