bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Strong Electronic Coupling between Graphene Nanosheets and Layered Titanate Nanoplates: A Soft‐Chemical Route to Highly Porous Nanocomposites with Improved Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Kim In Young , Lee Jang Mee , Kim Tae Woo , Kim Hyo Na , Kim Hyoung‐il , Choi Wonyong , Hwang Seong‐Ju 
Published: February 2012

AbstractStrongly coupled nanocomposites of layered titanate and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) are synthesized by electrostatically derived self‐assembly between negatively charged RGO nanosheets and positively charged TiO2 nanosols, which is then followed by a phase transition of the anatase TiO2 component into layered titanate. The resulting nanocomposite consists of thin 2D nanoplates of lepidocrocite‐type layered titanate immobilized on the surface of RGO nanosheets. The composite formation with RGO nanosheets is effective not only in promoting the phase transition of anatase TiO2 nanosols, but also in improving the thermal stability of the layered titanate, indicating the role of RGO nanosheets as an agent for directing and stabilizing layered structures. The layered‐titanate−RGO nanocomposites exhibit remarkably expanded surface area with the formation of micropores and mesopores. The composite formation with RGO nanosheets gives rise to the disappearance of the reflectance edge of layered titanate in the diffuse reflectance UV−vis spectra, indicating a strong electronic coupling between the RGO and layered titanate. The strong electronic correlation between the two components is further evidenced by the visible‐light‐induced generation of photocurrents after the hybridization with RGO. The layered‐titanate−RGO nanocomposite shows a higher activity for the photodegradation of organic molecules than uncomposited layered titanate, underscoring the usefulness of graphene hybridization in improving the photocatalyst performance of layered titanate. The experimental findings presented here clearly demonstrate that the self‐assembly of metal oxide nanoparticles with RGO 2D nanosheets is quite effective not only in synthesizing porous metal‐oxide−graphene nanocomposites with improved photo‐induced functionality, but also in achieving strong electronic coupling between RGO and metal oxides.
Kinetic analysis of dynamic positron emission tomography data using open‐source image processing and statistical inference tools
Authors: Hawe David , Hernández Fernández Francisco R. , O'Suilleabháin Liam , Huang Jian , Wolsztynski Eric , O'Sullivan Finbarr 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn dynamic mode, positron emission tomography (PET) can be used to track the evolution of injected radio‐labelled molecules in living tissue. This is a powerful diagnostic imaging technique that provides a unique opportunity to probe the status of healthy and pathological tissue by examining how it processes substrates. The spatial aspect of PET is well established in the computational statistics literature. This article focuses on its temporal aspect. The interpretation of PET time‐course data is complicated because the measured signal is a combination of vascular delivery and tissue retention effects. If the arterial time‐course is known, the tissue time‐course can typically be expressed in terms of a linear convolution between the arterial time‐course and the tissue residue. In statistical terms, the residue function is essentially a survival function—a familiar life‐time data construct. Kinetic analysis of PET data is concerned with estimation of the residue and associated functionals such as flow, flux, volume of distribution, and transit time summaries. This review emphasizes a nonparametric approach to the estimation of the residue based on a piecewise linear form. Rapid implementation of this by quadratic programming is described. The approach provides a reference for statistical assessment of widely used one‐ and two‐ compartmental model forms. We illustrate the method with data from two of the most well‐established PET radiotracers, 15O‐H2O and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose, used for assessment of blood perfusion and glucose metabolism, respectively. The presentation illustrates the use of two open‐source tools, AMIDE and R, for PET scan manipulation and model inference. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:316–322. doi: 10.1002/wics.1196This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Health and Medical Data/Informatics
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods
Applications of Computational Statistics > Signal and Image Processing and Coding
The future of the modal split in China’s greenest city: Assessing options for integrating Dalian’s fragmented public transport system
Authors: Mu Rui , de Jong Martin , Yu Bin , Yang Zhongzhen 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Dalian used to have a very favorable modal split (for public transport) and had the honor of being an environmentally friendly city among its peers in China only a few years ago. However, momentous and when it comes to sustainability rather deleterious is evolving in the past five years or so: automobiles have flooded the city along with car-friendly policies being promulgated at both the central and local levels of government. Consequently, the market share of public transport has been substantially eroded since then. Apart from the rapid motorization that weakened Dalian’s position as a green city, another factor fueling the downward trend of transit attractiveness has been the growing fragmentation in transit services. Given the fact that the motorization process is irreversible and restricting car purchase and use is unlikely to work out in China, if something needs to be done to maintain Dalian as a clean and comfortable living habitat, then lifting the fragmentation in the transit system is the only way to do this. Therefore, this paper explores where the fragmentation originates, and how it can be counteracted. A mathematical model is thus built to test the effectiveness of reducing fragmentation in improving transit service. And the results show that the modal split after system integration is going to tilt more strongly towards transit, while for service quality levels for users cannot expect much improvement. These modeling results have significant implications for the future public transport administration in Dalian.
URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER, 1918–1939
Authors: WILDMAN CHARLOTTE 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTLiverpool and Manchester have come to typify twentieth-century urban decay and their demise is strongly associated with the perceived decline of local government after 1918. By the 1930s, contemporaries had stereotyped northern cities as places of poverty and deprivation, in comparison to the prosperous south. The divide was reinforced by economic historians who focused on regional variations in unemployment and economic depression. This article challenges stereotypical images of interwar Liverpool and Manchester by illustrating the ambitious programmes of urban redevelopment implemented by their Corporations in response to political and economic instability. Grandiose projects such as the Wythenshawe Estate, Mersey Tunnel and Manchester Central Library aimed to stimulate employment and to boost local economies and morale. Redevelopment was promoted heavily to present new images of Liverpool and Manchester. Crucially, urban transformation was marketed as a way to communicate with the newly enfranchised, classless citizen and suggests similarities with broader strategies employed by the Conservative party to engage with the mass electorate. The level of ambition and innovation demonstrates that local municipal culture thrived and Liverpool (with close American links) is shown to have been at the forefront of innovations in civic design and urban planning.
SECULARIZATION AND MODERNIZATION: THE FAILURE OF A ‘GRAND NARRATIVE’
Authors: CLARK J. C. D. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThis historiographical review offers a critical reconsideration of a central component of modernization theory: the model of secularization devised within the sociology of religion, and especially the version sustained by sociologists in the UK. It compares that model with the results of historical research in a range of themes and periods, and suggests that those results are now often radically inconsistent with this sociological orthodoxy. It concludes that an older historical scenario which located in the early modern period the beginnings of a ‘process’ of secularization that achieved its natural completion in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries is finally untenable, and it proposes a broader, more historical conception of ‘religion’ able to accommodate both persistent religiosity and undoubted changes in religious behaviour.
Plasma diagnostics for complex plasmas under microgravity and on ground
Authors: PUSTYLNIK MIKHAIL Y. , THOMA MARKUS H. , MORFIŁL GREGOR E. , GRIMM RAINER , HOCK CHRISTIAN 
Published: February 2012

AbstractComplex plasmas are low-temperature plasmas containing micron-sized particles (microparticles) such as dust grains. These are present in astrophysical systems (comets, molecular clouds, et al.) and in technological applications (microchip production by plasma etching, deposition of solar cells, et al.). Complex plasmas are also of interest in basic science because these are often used as models for many other strongly coupled many-body systems in solid state, fluid, or plasma physics. Since gravity has a strong influence on the microparticle component, experiments under microgravity (parabolic flights, sounding rockets, International Space Station (ISS)) are performed. Interaction between microparticles depends on plasma parameters such as ion density or ion temperature. Also, the presence of microparticles may change the properties of background plasma. Therefore, the background plasma needs to be characterized to provide adequate interpretation of the microgravity experiments. For this purpose a dedicated high-speed diagnostic system has been set up.
Biophysics of mitosis
Authors: McIntosh J. Richard , Molodtsov Maxim I. , Ataullakhanov Fazly I. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMitosis is the process by which eukaryotic cells organize and segregate their chromosomes in preparation for cell division. It is accomplished by a cellular machine composed largely of microtubules (MTs) and their associated proteins. This article reviews literature on mitosis from a biophysical point of view, drawing attention to the assembly and motility processes required to do this complex job with precision. Work from both the recent and the older literature is integrated into a description of relevant biological events and the experiments that probe their mechanisms. Theoretical work on specific subprocesses is also reviewed. Our goal is to provide a document that will expose biophysicists to the fascination of this quite amazing process and provide them with a good background from which they can pursue their own research interests in the subject.
Geodetic constraints on San Francisco Bay Area fault slip rates and potential seismogenic asperities on the partially creeping Hayward fault
Authors: Evans Eileen L. , Loveless John P. , Meade Brendan J. 
Published: February 2012

The Hayward fault in the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA) is sometimes considered unusual among continental faults for exhibiting significant aseismic creep during the interseismic phase of the seismic cycle while also generating sufficient elastic strain to produce major earthquakes. Imaging the spatial variation in interseismic fault creep on the Hayward fault is complicated because of the interseismic strain accumulation associated with nearby faults in the SFBA, where the relative motion between the Pacific plate and the Sierra block is partitioned across closely spaced subparallel faults. To estimate spatially variable creep on the Hayward fault, we interpret geodetic observations with a three‐dimensional kinematically consistent block model of the SFBA fault system. Resolution tests reveal that creep rate variations with a length scale of <15 km are poorly resolved below 7 km depth. In addition, creep at depth may be sensitive to assumptions about the kinematic consistency of fault slip rate models. Differential microplate motions result in a slip rate of 6.7 ± 0.8 mm/yr on the Hayward fault, and we image along‐strike variations in slip deficit rate at ∼15 km length scales shallower than 7 km depth. Similar to previous studies, we identify a strongly coupled asperity with a slip deficit rate of up to 4 mm/yr on the central Hayward fault that is spatially correlated with the mapped surface trace of the 1868MW = 6.9–7.0 Hayward earthquake and adjacent to gabbroic fault surfaces.
Repair of Tessier No. 3 and No. 4 Craniofacial Clefts with Facial Unit and Muscle Repositioning by Midface Rotation Advancement without Z-Plasties
Authors: Chen Philip Kuo-Ting , Chang Frank Chun-Shin , Chan Fuan-Chiang , Chen Yu-Ray , Noordhoff M. Samuel 
Published: February 2012

Background:
The accepted surgical correction of Tessier no. 3 and no. 4 craniofacial clefts is the use of interdigitating skin flaps along the line of the facial cleft, which frequently results in unsightly facial scars, poor skin color match, and an unnatural facial expression. The authors report their technique of midface rotation-advancement concept to repair these craniofacial clefts.

Methods:
Fourteen patients who had undergone Tessier no. 3 and no. 4 cleft repair over a 35-year period (1976 to 2010) at the craniofacial center in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Five patients (group 1) were operated on using Z-plasty principles. Nine (group 2) were operated on using the rotation-advancement technique; six of them had Tessier no. 3 clefts and three had Tessier no. 4 clefts. Seven of those nine patients were primary cases; the other two had secondary or tertiary revisions. Patient photographs were reviewed to assess outcomes.

Results:
Group 1 had a less overall satisfactory result in terms of scar quality, color matching, or natural facial expression. Overall, a much improved appearance with a higher satisfaction rate was demonstrated in group 2. Patients in group 2 who were surgically treated with the midface rotation advancement technique, though their medial canthus and alar base might not have been well repositioned, still had much better results.

Conclusions:
Midface rotation advancement avoided significant scarring with poor skin color matching and unnatural facial expressions. This technique is applicable to either the primary repair or secondary revision of Tessier no. 3 and no. 4 craniofacial clefts.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Development of bearings for a small high speed cryogenic turboexpander
Authors: Ghosh Subrata , Mukherjee Parboti , Sarangi Sunil 
Published: February 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the development of aerodynamic thrust bearings and aerodynamic journal bearings applied to a small high speed cryogenic turboexpander in Indian conditions.Design/methodology/approachAs a part of indigenous programme in the process of development, some input parameter was taken from the available literature and then dimensions were optimized and computed while taking care to minimize fabrication constraints.FindingsA series of tests were conducted to confirm the findings. Detailed study of the effect of stability and vibration of bearings was taken up. The maximum rotational speed obtained was 200,000 rpm.Practical implicationsThe outcome may help the designers, researchers and manufacturers of these components.Originality/valueAlthough manufacturers design and develop the bearings of turboexpanders for their production, no academic literature has been available for this purpose until now.
Bioalternatives for four stroke motorcycle engine oils
Authors: Işler Aslı , Yakaboylu Onursal , Alyakut Tamer , Karaosmanoğlu Filiz 
Published: February 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate alternatives for four stroke 10w40 motorcycle engine oils. Today, mineral and synthetic‐based lubricants are widely used but because of ecological aspects, which are gaining in importance nowadays and limited resources of mineral oils, environmentally‐friendly biobased lubricants are gaining in importance. Biobased lubricants are also important for using national resources rather than importing crude oils which are limited. The main consumption of lubricant market is motor oils. In this study, starting from mineral, synthetic and biobased lubricants; mineral, synthetic, biomineral and biosynthetic based four stroke motorcycle engine oils (10w40) are prepared, then lubricity properties of the motor oils are determined.Design/methodology/approachThe lubricity tests of the samples are done in a fixed forced lubricity test rig and the motorcycle motor oil preparation are conducted according to ASTM test methods.FindingsThe results show that 5 per cent of biobased lubricants will be suitable for preparing 10w40 motor oils in both mineral and synthetic based motor oils. Also improvements in the lubricity properties with the blend with biobased lubricants are seen.Originality/valueThe paper presents biomineral and biosynthetic 10w40 motor oils as alternative candidates for motorcycle motor oils.
On the elastohydrodynamic lubrication performance of crankshaft bearing based on the effect of whole engine block deformation
Authors: Sun Jun , Cai Xiaoxia , Liu Liping 
Published: February 2012

PurposeThe elastic deformation of crankshaft bearing surface will be caused when acted by oil film pressure, which will affect the lubrication performance of crankshaft bearing. The model of the single bearing housing was usually used in the calculation of the elastic deformation of bearing surface. In actual internal combustion engine, the main bearing housing is combined together with engine block; deformation of the main bearing surface will be affected by deformation of the engine block. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of deformation of the whole engine block on the hydrodynamic lubrication performance of main bearings.Design/methodology/approachThe loads of main bearings were calculated by the whole crankshaft beam‐element finite element method. The lubrication of crankshaft bearings was analyzed by dynamic method. The elastic deformations of bearing surface under oil film pressure were calculated by compliance matrix method. The compliance matrix was established by finite element analysis.FindingsIt may be not necessary to consider the effect of elastic deformation of bearing surface under film pressure in the lubrication analyses of main bearings for internal combustion engine when the very high calculating accuracy is not required.Originality/valueThe elastohydrodynamic lubrications of crankshaft bearings considering the deformation of engine block were analyzed for the main bearings of an engine. Till now, whether or not the complicated model of the whole cylinder block should be considered to calculate the elastic deformation of main bearing surface in the lubrication analyses of crankshaft main bearings has not been done.
Video lectures help enhance online information literacy course
Authors: Hahn Ed 
Published: February 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how a credit‐bearing information literacy course was enhanced through the use of video lectures to deliver course content. Students have a choice of how to access course materials: video lectures or reading material.Design/methodology/approachA literature review shows that, previously, videos have been used largely to supplement face‐to‐face classes or one‐shot library instruction sessions. A description details the production of video lectures for one of the courses that satisfies the information literacy graduation requirement at Weber State University. For this course, a student survey was then used to measure the actual use and effectiveness of the video lectures.FindingsSurvey results indicate that a majority of students use the video lectures, at least partly, and find them helpful.Research limitations/implicationsResults also show that many students are comfortable reading course materials rather than viewing the lectures. As more courses incorporate video lectures, holdouts should become more comfortable with the format.Practical implicationsVideo lectures are relatively easy to create, and can be used to enhance online information literacy classes. Students can view the video lectures at their convenience.Originality/valueVideo production tools such as Camtasia Studio are used for library instruction and other face‐to‐face classes, but are not widely used in online courses. Adding video lectures to an online course gives students options on how to access the course content.
Research skills development through collaborative virtual learning environments
Authors: Stagg Adrian , Kimmins Lindy 
Published: February 2012

PurposeStudying at university today is a complex undertaking. Not only have the characteristics of the student cohort changed significantly in recent years, but the exponential growth of technological innovation has also impacted markedly on the study environment. Issues such as student transition and retention are receiving considerable attention, and the quality of learning and teaching has become an important consideration. While support for students from outside the faculty is still seen as useful, it is recognised that contextualised support facilitates deeper learning. This case study aims to focus on a virtual learning environment (VLE) designed through collaboration between the Library, Learning and Teaching Support and the Faculty of Business and Law at the University of Southern Queensland.Design/methodology/approachThe implementation of the VLE followed a design‐based research methodology focusing on an iterative approach which responded to student and staff feedback. An analysis of usage data, coupled with student feedback from reference interviews form the core of the information used to shape each evolutionary design cycle.FindingsThe results of two‐and‐a‐half years of usage data indicate that students from all disciplines within the Faculty of Business and Law used the screencasts embedded in the VLE as self‐directed, “just‐in‐time” learning resources. The qualitative comments reflect the advantages of presenting research skills tutorials in a visual format, with many commenting on a feeling of greater understanding and confidence with the research process.Originality/valueThe use of discipline‐specific screencasts offers location‐independent asynchronous learning support that can be dynamically created in response to student needs. Furthermore, it suggests that this type of reference support is more successful when produced through cross‐faculty and divisional collaboration. This VLE is accessible to all USQ Faculty of Business and Law students, but it represents a transferable, achievable model for other institutions with distance learning cohorts.