bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isotopic signals from Callovian–Kimmeridgian (Middle–Upper Jurassic) belemnites and bulk organic carbon, Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, Scotland
Authors: Nunn Elizabeth V. , Price Gregory D. , Hart Malcolm B. , Page Kevin N. , Leng Melanie J. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:

The stable isotope data presented here significantly extend and expand upon previous isotopic investigations of the Middle to Late Jurassic interval. The belemnite samples collected from the Staffin Bay and Staffin Shale formations from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, yielded oxygen isotope values consistent with Callovian–Kimmeridgian palaeotemperatures of 6.7–20.6 °C. The carbon isotope data comprise one of the first moderately high-resolution investigations of the relationship between terrestrial δ
13
C
org
(predominantly fossil wood debris) and marine δ
13
C
carb
(belemnites) as derived from a geologically coeval record. The Staffin Bay data reveal a broad Early to Mid-Oxfordian positive carbon isotope excursion. The excursion maximum occurs in the
cordatum
Zone (British Boreal ammonite zonation), although high values persist into the
tenuiserratum
Zone. The correspondence between the marine and terrestrial records indicates a strong coupling of the ocean–atmosphere system and suggests that the total exchangeable carbon reservoir would have been affected at this time. The Mid-Oxfordian negative carbon isotope excursions identified in published Tethyan records and commonly attributed to methane release are not recorded in the Staffin Bay data, which may suggest that the Tethyan excursions do not represent fluctuations in the global carbon reservoir and that the fidelity of the methane hypothesis should be re-evaluated.

Supplementary material:

Isotopic and geochemical data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18339
.
Speleoseismology and palaeoseismicity of Benis Cave (Murcia, SE Spain): coseismic effects of the 1999 Mula earthquake (m
b
4.8)
Authors: Pérez-López R. , Rodríguez-Pascua M. A. , Giner-Robles J. L. , Martínez-Díaz J. J. , Marcos-Nuez A. , Silva P. G. , Bejar M. , Calvo J. P. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

This work describes the coseismic ceiling block collapse within Benis Cave (−213 m; Murcia, SE Spain), associated with the 1999 Mula earthquake (m
b
=4.8, MSK VII). The collapse occurred at −156 m into the Earthquake Hall, and as a consequence one small gallery became blind. We studied the geology, topography and active tectonic structures relevant to the cave. In addition, we carried out a seismotectonic analysis of the focal mechanism solutions, and also a fault population analysis on slickensides measured in fault planes in the cave. The stress and strain regime is interpreted as being congruent with the palaeoseismic evidence, and agrees with the fault kinematics established for cave galleries developed within fault planes and growth anomalies of coral flowstone. Our analysis suggests that one active segment (NNE–SSW) determined the morphology and topography of the Benis Cave, where strong to moderate palaeoearthquakes (6≤M≤7) took place. As a consequence of this intense seismic activity a small gallery collapsed. A new palaeoseismic structure, or seismothem, has been recognized, namely the effect of palaeoearthquakes affecting the pattern of development of the spatial coral flowstone distribution located at the bottom of the cave.
Tsunami deposits in the western Mediterranean: remains of the 1522 Almerı́a earthquake?
Authors: Reicherter Klaus , Becker-Heidmann Peter 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Shallow drilling in the lagoon of the Cabo de Gata area proved sedimentary evidence for a palaeo-tsunami along that part of the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Several coarse-grained intervals form fining-up and thinning-up sequences that are interpreted as tsunamites. Inland-extending sand sheets are used to identify tsunamigenic inundations. Other indicative features found are erosive bases, rip-up clasts, broken shells of bivalves and benthic/planktic foraminifera. The coarse-grained intervals consist of up to three sequences separated from each other by a silty mud drape. These intervals are interpreted as deposits of a tsunami train and correspond to three individual waves. Radiocarbon dating reveals evidence that these layers can be ascribed to deposition during the 1522 Almerı́a earthquake.
The 1522 Almerı́a earthquake (M>6.5) affected large areas in the western Mediterranean and caused more than 1000 casualties. The epicentral area was offshore in the Gulf of Almerı́a (southern Spain) along the Carboneras Fault Zone and seismic shaking triggered submarine slides in the Gulf of Almerı́a, which may have caused tsunami waves.
We have also found another intercalation of tsunamites downhole, which are interpreted as either an expression of repeated earthquake activity or tsunami-like waves induced by submarine slides triggered by seismic shaking in the Gulf of Almerı́a. Our evidence suggests a definite tsunami potential and hazard for offshore active and seismogenic faults in the western Mediterranean region.
Recent seismic activity in the NW Himalayan Fold and Thrust Belt, Pakistan: focal mechanism solution and its tectonic implications
Authors: MonaLisa  
Published: June 2009

Abstract

The Himalayas in northern Pakistan have been the site of several disastrous earthquakes of moderate to high intensity. The 8 October 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake, with magnitude M
w
7.6, occurred in the NW Himalayan Fold and Thrust Belt at 08:50:38 local time. The epicentre of the main shock was located 19 km NE of Muzaffarabad. This earthquake took a death toll of more than 80 000 human lives and caused widespread destruction in Kashmir and north Pakistan, particularly in the towns of Muzaffarabad, Bagh, Rawalakot, Mansehra, Balakot, Abbottabad and Batgram. Based on the information obtained from print and electronic media (and for some areas from field studies), an intensity of X (MMI scale) has been assigned at the epicentral location including the localities of Muzaffarabad and Balakot. Epicentral distribution of 300 aftershocks indicates that more than one tectonic subdivision of the fold belt have experienced instability. Focal depths indicate that most activity is confined to a narrow depth range (5–20 km). Further extension of the Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone in the Hazara–Kashmir syntaxial area and activation of more than one fault seem to be the cause of this seismic activity, as suggested by the focal mechanism of the main event and depth distribution of the aftershocks. About 100 large landslides caused by active faulting have been observed in the rupture zones near Balakot, Muzaffarabad, Kardalla, Hattian Bala, Sarain, Sunddangali and Bagh, through field studies and satellite images.
Pleistocene to Recent rejuvenation of the Hebron Fault, SW Namibia
Authors: White Stephen , Stollhofen Harald , Stanistreet Ian G. , Lorenz Volker 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Hebron Fault in SW Namibia is associated with a <1 m to 9.6 m high scarp displacing Proterozoic basement and Middle to Late Pliocene crystalline conglomerates. The young age of strata exposed in the fault scarp together with evidence for displacement of aeolian dunes, post-dating the Middle Stone Age, suggests that latest fault displacements occurred during the Late Pleistocene to recent. Recorded historical seismic events show that the fault zone is still active. Latest movements of the fault are recorded by: down-to-the-SW offset of calcrete-cemented conglomerate; fluvially modified, asymmetric hanging wall, graben-like structures; at least two left-stepping jogs in the fault trace and structural data from basement rocks in which late-stage crush zones overprint earlier cataclasite. These features provide consistent evidence that the present scarp formed predominantly by normal dip-slip displacement on a NW-striking, steeply SW-dipping master fault with only a minor dextral strike-slip component. Strongly veined cataclastic fault rocks adjacent to the scarp in basement most probably originated at depths of 4–10 km. The conclusion is therefore that recent fault activity has reactivated a pre-existing, much older fault.
Aerial photographic lineaments and similar fault scarps identified NW and SE of the present study area are interpreted as extensions of the same fault structure. Hence the total length of the Hebron Fault is at least 300 km subparallel to the Atlantic margin of southern Africa. Our observations confirm that the Hebron Fault is a neotectonic feature of regional significance that may relate to late Cenozoic and particularly Quaternary neotectonic activity in NE Namibia and NW Botswana.
Surface and subsurface palaeoseismic records at the ancient Roman city of
Baelo Claudia
and the Bolonia Bay area, Cádiz (south Spain)
Authors: Silva Pablo G. , Reicherter Klaus , Grützner Christoph , Bardají Teresa , Lario Javier , Goy Jose L. , Zazo Cari , Becker-Heidmann Peter 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

The Roman archaeological site of
Baelo Claudia
(Cádiz, south Spain) is located within the Gibraltar Arch, a region with no significant recent or historical seismicity. However, previous studies have emphasized the occurrence of repeated strong archaeoseismic damage (intensity≥IX MSK) at
Baelo Claudia
tentatively bracketed in this study around
ad
40–60 and
ad
260–290. A multidisciplinary study has been carried out including the detailed mapping of surface deformation and building damage, surface geology and geomorphology, collection of structural data, and an extensive ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey. The obtained data are not conclusive when considered separately, but evident links between archaeoseismic damage, structural and GPR data indicate that the destruction of the city was linked to seismic shaking. The analysis of the pattern and orientation of deformation clearly indicates SW–NE directed compression due to ground shaking. This analysis also focuses on localized landslides and liquefaction processes, which appear to be coeval with the earthquakes, but the poor geotechnical parameters of the clayey substratum were determinant to amplify the observed level of destruction. The application of the present Spanish seismic code (NCSE-02) indicates that intensity VIII MSK (0.24–0.26 g) can be reached in this zone for 500 year return periods.
Phosphoglucose Isomerase/Autocrine Motility Factor Mediates Epithelial and Mesenchymal Phenotype Conversions in Breast Cancer
Authors: Funasaka Tatsuyoshi , Hogan Victor , Raz Avraham 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor (PGI/AMF) is a housekeeping gene product/cytokine that catalyzes a step in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and acts as a multifunctional cytokine associated with aggressive tumors. PGI/AMF has been correlated significantly with breast cancer progression and poor prognosis in breast cancer. We show here that ectopic expression of PGI/AMF induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in MCF10A normal human breast epithelial cells, and inhibition of PGI/AMF expression triggered mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in aggressive mesenchymal-type human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. EMT in MCF10A cells was shown by morphologic changes and loss of E-cadherin/β-catenin–mediated cell-cell adhesion, which is concomitant with the induction of the E-cadherin transcriptional repressor Snail and proteosome-dependent degradation of β-catenin protein. Molecular analysis showed that PGI/AMF suppressed epithelial marker expressions and enhanced mesenchymal marker expressions. Silencing of PGI/AMF expression by RNA interference in MDA-MB-231 cells induced the reverse processes of EMT including altered cell shape, gain of epithelial marker, and reduction of mesenchymal marker, e.g., MET. Taken together, the results show the involvement of PGI/AMF in both EMT and MET: overexpression of PGI/AMF induces EMT in normal breast epithelial cells and reduction of PGI/AMF expression led to MET in aggressive breast cancer cells. These results suggest for the first time that PGI/AMF is a key gene to both EMT in the initiating step of cancer metastasis and MET in the later stage of metastasis during breast cancer progression. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5349–56]
Expression of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EphA2 Is Increased in Smokers and Predicts Poor Survival in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Brannan Jennifer M. , Dong Wenli , Prudkin Ludmila , Behrens Carmen , Lotan Reuben , Bekele B. Nebiyou , Wistuba Ignacio , Johnson Faye M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPurpose: Up-regulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 has been shown in several epithelial cancers. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and K-Ras have been reported to regulate EphA2 in several in vitro models, but this regulation has never been examined in tumors from patients. Because of the established importance of EGFR and K-Ras mutations in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we investigated the relationship between these mutations and EphA2 in this cancer type. The significance of EphA2 expression was further examined by testing for correlation with other clinical parameters.Experimental Design: EphA2 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarray format using surgically resected NSCLC specimens (n = 279). EGFR and K-Ras mutation status was determined for most specimens. The correlation between EphA2 expression and EGFR or K-Ras mutation status was examined, along with several clinicopathologic variables of the tumors. The effects of increasing EGFR and K-Ras activity on EphA2 expression and activity were examined in two cell lines.Results: EphA2 expression was detected in &gt;90% of tumor samples. Expression of EphA2 was positively correlated with activated EGFR but not with EGFR mutations. EphA2 expression was increased in patients harboring K-Ras mutations. EphA2 expression was positively correlated with a history of smoking, and high EphA2 scores predicted poorer progression-free and overall survivals.Conclusions: EphA2 expression in NSCLC is associated with K-Ras mutations, EGFR activation, smoking history, and poor prognosis. EphA2 expression is up-regulated in the context of EGFR or K-Ras activation. The potential of EphA2 as a therapeutic target for NSCLC should be further investigated.
Time and Time Again: The Search for Meaning/fulness Through Popular Discourse on the Time and Timing of Work
Authors: Webster Sunshine , Ballard Dawna 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMany working individuals struggle with the time and timing of work, and often turn to books, web sites, magazines, seminars, and workshops to assist in their struggle to find meaning/fulness in work. In the present article, we first adopt Hassard's (2002) pluri-paradigmatic perspective on organizational temporality to consider the limitations of popular discourse that organizational members draw on in their day-to-day interaction. We consider themes in this discourse along three tropes—commodification, construction, and compression—intended to help members address widely held concerns associated with the time and timing of work. Our analysis highlights problematic issues arising from the focus of one trope over the others. We conclude by considering Adam's (2004) macro-level framework of temporal control to suggest broad implications of popular discourse on the time and timing of work.
Time Constraints in New Mobile Communication: Practices among Senior Managers
Authors: Edenius Mats , Rämö Hans 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBased on extensive studies on the new working conditions for senior managers in a leading telecommunication company, and a previously unstudied form of mobile management practice by the use of mobile handheld smartphones (handling calls, data, emails, sms), this paper focuses on unexpected time-saving limitations and other constraints that result from the implementation and internalization of the mobile devices. Aspects of independence that were initially anticipated from the use of mobile smartphones are increasingly offset, not only by the well-known time pressure of swiftly filtering, replying and being online, but also by some less known and unexpected limiting and constraining factors of temporal freedom.
Local Mixing Events in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere. Part I: Detection with the Lyapunov Diffusivity
Authors: d’Ovidio Francesco , Shuckburgh Emily , Legras Bernard 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A new diagnostic (the “Lyapunov diffusivity”) is presented that has the ability to quantify isentropic mixing in diffusion units and detects local mixing events by describing latitude–longitude variability. It is a hybrid diagnostic, combining the tracer-based effective diffusivity with the particle-based Lyapunov exponent calculation. Isentropic mixing on the 350-K surface shows that there is significant longitudinal variation to the strength of mixing at the northern subtropical jet, with a strong mixing barrier over Asia and the western Pacific, a weaker mixing barrier over the western Atlantic, and active mixing regions at the jet exits over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic.
Interpretation of Tropical Cyclone Forecast Sensitivity from the Singular Vector Perspective
Authors: Chen Jan-Huey , Peng Melinda S. , Reynolds Carolyn A. , Wu Chun-Chieh 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In this study, the leading singular vectors (SVs), which are the fastest-growing perturbations (in a linear sense) to a given forecast, are used to examine and classify the dynamic relationship between tropical cyclones (TCs) and synoptic-scale environmental features that influence their evolution. Based on the 72 two-day forecasts of the 18 western North Pacific TCs in 2006, the SVs are constructed to optimize perturbation energy within a 20° × 20° latitude–longitude box centered on the 48-h forecast position of the TCs using the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) forecast and adjoint systems. Composite techniques are employed to explore these relationships and highlight how the dominant synoptic-scale features that impact TC forecasts evolve on seasonal time scales.
The NOGAPS initial SVs show several different patterns that highlight the relationship between the TC forecast sensitivity and the environment during the western North Pacific typhoon season in 2006. In addition to the relation of the SV maximum to the inward flow region of the TC, there are three patterns identified where the local SV maxima collocate with low-radial-wind-speed regions. These regions are likely caused by the confluence of the flow associated with the TC itself and the flow from other synoptic systems, such as the subtropical high and the midlatitude jet. This is the new finding beyond the previous NOGAPS SV results on TCs. The subseasonal variations of these patterns corresponding to the dynamic characteristics are discussed. The SV total energy vertical structures for the different composites are used to demonstrate the contributions from kinetic and potential energy components of different vertical levels at initial and final times.
An Anomalous Recent Acceleration of Global Sea Level Rise
Authors: Merrifield M. A. , Merrifield S. T. , Mitchum G. T. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Tide gauge data are used to estimate trends in global sea level for the period from 1955 to 2007. Linear trends over 15-yr segments are computed for each tide gauge record, averaged over latitude bands, and combined to form an area-weighted global mean trend. The uncertainty of the global trend is specified as a sampling error plus a random vertical land motion component, but land motion corrections do not change the results. The average global sea level trend for the time segments centered on 1962–90 is 1.5 ± 0.5 mm yr−1 (standard error), in agreement with previous estimates of late twentieth-century sea level rise. After 1990, the global trend increases to the most recent rate of 3.2 ± 0.4 mm yr−1, matching estimates obtained from satellite altimetry. The acceleration is distinct from decadal variations in global sea level that have been reported in previous studies. Increased rates in the tropical and southern oceans primarily account for the acceleration. The timing of the global acceleration corresponds to similar sea level trend changes associated with upper ocean heat content and ice melt.
Univariate and Multivariate Assimilation of AIRS Humidity Retrievals with the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter
Authors: Liu Junjie , Li Hong , Kalnay Eugenia , Kostelich Eric J. , Szunyogh Istvan 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
This study uses the local ensemble transform Kalman filter to assimilate Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) specific humidity retrievals with pseudo relative humidity (pseudo-RH) as the observation variable. Three approaches are tested: (i) updating specific humidity with observations other than specific humidity (“passive q”), (ii) updating specific humidity only with humidity observations (“univariate q”), and (iii) assimilating the humidity and the other observations together (“multivariate q”). This is the first time that the performance of the univariate and multivariate assimilation of q is compared within an ensemble Kalman filter framework. The results show that updating the humidity analyses by either AIRS specific humidity retrievals or nonhumidity observations improves both the humidity and wind analyses. The improvement with the multivariate-q experiment is by far the largest for all dynamical variables at both analysis and forecast time, indicating that the interaction between the specific humidity and the other dynamical variables through the background error covariance during data assimilation process yields more balanced analysis fields. In the univariate assimilation of q, the humidity interacts with the other dynamical variables only through the forecast process. The univariate assimilation produces more accurate humidity analyses than those obtained when no humidity observations are assimilated, but it does not improve the accuracy of the zonal wind analyses. The 6-h total column precipitable water forecast also benefits from the improved humidity analyses, with the multivariate q experiment having the largest improvement.
Structure and Evolution of a Possible U.S. Landfalling Tropical Storm in 2006
Authors: Gruskin Zachary 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A tropical disturbance made landfall near Morehead City, North Carolina, on 27 June 2006. Surface observations, Air Force reconnaissance, and Doppler velocity data suggest that the disturbance had a closed surface circulation at landfall, with maximum 1-min surface winds &gt;18 m s−1, the threshold of tropical storm strength. A cyclostrophic wind calculation using Doppler velocity data and surface observations indicates that the circulation of the disturbance likely caused the tropical storm force winds observed, rather than an environmental pressure gradient or short-lived convective process. Doppler velocity cross sections of the disturbance further suggest that the disturbance was warm core, and an analysis of the disturbance’s environment reveals that latent heat of condensation was likely a large source of energy for the disturbance, though there was some baroclinic forcing. These observations and analyses make a compelling case for the upgrade of the disturbance to a tropical storm in the best-track database.