bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growing Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on Beds in Saline Soil
Authors: Day A. D. , Turner Fred , Kirkpatrick R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were conducted over a 2‐year period at Safford, Ariz, to compare two methods (conventional drilling and two rows per bed) and two rates (28 and 56 kg/ha) of planting spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on elevated beds in saline soil. Beds were oriented in two directions: north to south and east to west.Conventional drilling on beds resulted in both higher grain yields and grain volume‐weights than did the two‐row method of planting. Planting 56 kg/ha resulted in higher grain yields and volume‐weights than did planting 28 kg/ha. rain yields were higher from barley grown on east‐west beds than from barley grown on north‐south beds. The two‐row method of planting on beds resulted in more weeds than did the drilled method of planting. The research indicated that when barley was grown in saline soil, highest yields of quality grain were obtained when the crop was drilled at 56 kg/ha on east‐west beds.
Effects of Row Cultivation on Growth and Yield of Soybeans1
Authors: Russell W. J. , Fehr W. R. , Mitchell R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSystematic comparisons of the effects of cultivation treatments on the growth and yield of soybeans have not been reported. We evaluated the effects of six cultivation treatments on yield, maturity, lodging, and height of four soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merrill] varieties, (‘Hark,’ ‘Amsoy,’ ‘Hawkeye,’ and ‘Wayne’) in three environments. Treatments were combinations of 64‐ and 114‐mm depths of a standard cultivator half‐sweep spaced 152, 229, or 305 mm on each side of the row. We applied the treatments once at developmental stages 2, 4, or 6 and a double cultivation at stages 2 and 6.Treatment response for yield varied with developmental stage and environment, but no significant treatment ✕ variety interaction was obtained. Low production or stress environments seemed to accentuate the yield loss associated with cultivation. For the average of environments none of the treatments was significantly different in yield than was the check at stages 2 and 4. At stage 6, cultivation 114 mm deep, 305 mm from the row was the only treatment that did not reduce yield. Cultivation 114 mm deep, 152 mm from the row, caused the greatest yield loss. For the 64‐mm depth, similar yield reductions were obtained at all distances from the row.Varietal differences were observed for response to cultivation. Wayne was more resistant to cultivation injury than the other varieties evaluated.No cultivation effects of practical importance were obtained for maturity, lodging, or plant height.
Effects of CCC on the Growth od Wheat Plants and their Untreated Progeny1
Authors: Bokhari U. G. , Youngner V. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of a series of CCC concentrations and three methods of application on the growth and yield of Ramona 50' spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied under greenhouse conditions. Results show that treatment of CCC as a soil drench was highly effective in reducing stem height, increasing the number of tillers per plant, and increasing yield. Foliar spray and seed soaking methods were less effective than soil drenching. Yield increase was attributed to more head‐producing tillers and to greater weight per grain. Untreated progeny of treated plants had more tillers and were shorter in height than the progeny of untreated plants, perhaps the result of CCC accumulation in the caryopses of treated plants.
Effects of Environment on an Infrared Field Thermometer1
Authors: McGinnies William J. , Aronson R. C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccuracy and reliability of an infrared field thermometer were evaluated in field and laboratory tests. Thermal and solar radiation on the instrument itself, ambient temperature, and the temperature of the surface being measured, affected the indicated temperature of the surface temperature being measured. An infrared field thermometer of the type tested was considered unsuitable for field use.
Effects of Controlled Plant Spacing on Growth and Mortality of Three Range Grasses1
Authors: McGinnies William J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new technique was devised to study effects of plant spacing on growth and morality of range grasses under semiarid conditions. Growing area per plant was controlled by establishing plants in sheetmetal pipes set vertically in the soil; the pipes restricted the plant roots to a predetermined surface area of soil. Pipes with diameters of 10.2, 15.2, 22.9, 30.5, and 45.7 cm simulated plant densities of approximately 123, 55, 24, 14, and 6 plants/m2. Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.), Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.) and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud.) were grown in pipes for 6 years in northern Colorado. As growing space became more restricted: (a) seedstalk height decreased; (b) number of seedstalks/ plant decreased; (c) number of seedstalks/m2 increased; and, (d) herbage yield/plant decreased. After 6 years, two sets of pipes of each species were dug out and the soil was washed off of the roots. As pipe diameter decreased, the root/shoot ratio increased for all species; and for crested wheatgrass and Russian wildrye, root yield/ha increased and the percentage of total root yield found in the surface 20 cm of soil increased. It was concluded that the use of sheetmetal pipes to restrict the area occupied by individual plants is a satisfactory technique for evaluating some effects of plant spacing under semiarid conditions.
Growth and Development of Hardy and Nonhardy Wheat Varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) at Near‐freezing Temperatures1
Authors: Kimball Steven L. , Salisbury Frank B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBrevor and Lemhi wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) were examined for growth and/or development during the winter months of 1968‐69. This activity was compared to the temperature environments of the air, plants, and soil, and to existing snow cover. Particular interest was given to processes occurring at near‐freezing temperatures. Both varieties showed slow though significant growth and development at near‐freezing temperatures when evaluated for root, leaf, and tiller number and for leaf area. The stage of development when subjected to low temperatures apparently determined the extent to which the varieties progressed. Underestablishment seemed most detrimental. Field mice showed a strong preference for the winter‐hardy Brevor.
Diurnal Changes in Cotton Leaf and Petiole Moisture Content as Related to Environmental Moisture Stress1
Authors: Longenecker D. E. , Lyerly P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractContinuation of gravimetric moisture content studies of topmost mature upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and American Pima (Gossypium barbadense L.) cotton leaves and petioles is reported. Diurnal moisture percentages of four varieties at 3 hours (7 to 8 AM, 1 to 2 PM, and 6 to 7 PM) during the day, and at 4, 11, 18, 25, and 32 days after irrigation are given. Results indicate that diurnal fluctuations in petiole moisture are less than those of leaves. Petiole moisture appears strongly related to the internal moisture stress conditions of the plant, both diurnally and with increasing environmental moisture stress. Ranges of moisture variation for leaves and petioles are shown to be similar. Previous findings that fresh weight petiole moisture percentages were continuously higher than those of attached leaves are substantiated.
Influence of a Root Crop on Physical Properties of a Clay Soil1
Authors: Gerard C. J. , Mehta H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies to evaluate the influences of stages of growth of a root crop and two plant densities on certain physical properties of a swelling clay were conducted. selected physical properties of the swelling clay soil changed with time and depth. Bulk density of clay soil decreased during growing season. Density of soil was higher at 15 to 30 cm than in the top 15 cm of soil. Permeability of the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth was considerably less than top 15 cm of soil. Root development and drying due to evapotranspiration appeared to increase the permeability of the top 15 cm of soil but had little influence on permeability of soil at the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth. Field soil strength data indicated radishes compacted the soil from a 10‐ to a 30‐cm depth.
Walking Row Method of Tillage for Seed Production of Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.)1
Authors: Stroh James R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of five tillage treatments on the seed production of western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.) under irrigation were evaluated for a 4‐year period at Bridger, Mont. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate a “walking row” method of tillage that would reduce sodbinding and maintain the plants in a vigorous growing condition.The results showed the no‐tillage treatment to be more practical than the walking row tillage. Allowing stands to grow solid (no cultivation) from 91‐cm row spacings delayed sodbinding and produced the highest average yields over the 4‐year period. Weed invasion and production costs were lowest under this treatment.Rhizomes were allowed to grow between 91‐cm spaced rows in the walking row treatment. After seed harvest the rows were mechanically removed and the rhizomes became the new rows for the next year's crop. This method maintained young plants for sustained high seed yields, but weed invasion and power requirements to walk the rows were high.Maintaining original rows with fall, spring and fall, or spring cultivations hastened yield declines through forced sodbinding. Average 4‐year yields were lowest for these three cultivation treatments.
Variability in Grass Forage Clipping Experiments Comparing Fertilizer Rates and Sources1
Authors: Terman G. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVariability in yields of dry forage and in uptake of nutrients was studied in 10 greenhouse pot and three field plot experiments comparing various rates and sources of N, P, K, or Zn for grasses clipped three to eight times. Standard deviation (SD) increased in general with increase in mean yields of individual clippings. SD for cumulative yields, however, decreased or remained about the same with increase in cumulative mean yield, or increased proportionately less than did yield. Coefficients of variability (CV) decreased in all experiments with increase in cumulative mean yields. These results indicate that statistical analyses of cumulative yields are usually more meaningful and result in less percentage variability than do analyses of individual clipping yields. Experimental error decreased in the order sorghum‐sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ✕ Sorghum vulgare sudanense] > bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) > ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in greenhouse experiments and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrid > bermudagrass > fescue (Festuca sp.) in field experiments.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. on Nitrate Nitrogen and Protein Content and the Performance of Grazing Steers1
Authors: George J. R. , Rhykerd C. L. , Mott G. O. , Barnes R. F. , Noller C. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRapid acceptance of N fertilizer and a concern for nitrate toxicity suggest a need to relate forage nitrate N content to the performance of cattle grazing fertilized grass pastures. The nitrate N and protein contents of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. pastures fertilized with 0, 84, and 168 kg/ha of N were studied. The average daily gain of grazing steers was measured during the sampling period. The nitrate N and protein contents increased, reached a peak shortly after the N was applied, and declined over the remainder of the sampling period. The maximum nitrate N content observed in tall fescue was approximately 0.18%. Average daily gain was not influenced statistically by increasing increments of N fertilizer up to 168 kg/ha. No other effects were observed.
Soil Temperature, Water, and Phosphorus Effects upon Barley Growth1
Authors: Follett R. F. , Reichman G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growth in the northern Great Plains is often limited by soil water, soil temperature, or soil fertility. Therefore, we investigated the sponse of ‘Sacramento’ spring barley to three levels each of soil temperature (T), water (W), and P fertility in a growth chamber. The yield of oven‐dry tops, crowns, and roots showed the beneficial effects of increased W and P on barley growth for all soil temperatures studied. Response of top and crown weight to added P declined as T increased or W decreased. Crown weight was highly correlated with numbers of tiller plus root buds initiated at the crown. The addition of P increased the numbers of tiller and root buds. Low available water and high soil temperature decreased the number of root buds per tiller bud. When low W limited barley growth, root weights were maintained in preference to top weight, and top weight in preference to crown weight. Where the fertilizer needs of barley have been met, methods devised to conserve water and control soil temperature at or slightly below optimum near developing root systems should favor yield responses.
Technique for Determining Root Elongation Rates through Soil Layers of Different Physical and Chemical Properties1
Authors: Batchelder A. R. , Bouldin D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique is described for accurately and automatically measuring the rate of root elongation through soil layers having different physical or chemical properties, or both, without disturbing the root system. By utilizing the electrical conductance properties of a root, the time at which the tip of an elongating root penetrates a paraffin‐petrolatum membrane separating two successive soil layers is determined by the resultant changes in electrical resistance between the two soil layers.The technique was tested in two laboratory experiments with corn (Zea mays L.). In one study the system was used to determine primary root elongation rates through columns of Honeoye silt loam consisting of five layers packed to a bulk density of 1.25 g/cm3 and one layer at 1.40 g/cm3 with a membrane separating each pair of soil layers. In the other study primary roots were allowed to grow in natural subsoil clods for specific times following penetration of the membrane that separated the clod and a layer of topsoil.Root penetration through the membrane was easily detected and was recorded with an automatic monitoring system. The technique proved to be an efficient, reliable, and sensitive method for determining root elongation rates through soil layers.
Forage Production and Botanical Composition of Mixed Prairie as Influenced by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization1
Authors: Lorenz Russell J. , Rogler George A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShortage of available nutrients is limiting productiveness of native range in portions of the northern Great Plains. The demand for increased forage production to support an increasing number of livestock will require use of intensive management practices, including range fertilization.Response of mixed prairie vegetation to annual applications of 0, 45, 90, and 180 kg elemental N/ha and 0, 20, and 40 kg elemental P/ha was studied over an 8‐year period near Mandan, N. D. At all P levels and for each harvest height used, increase in dry matter production in response to N was highly significant and nearly linear in nature for the 45‐N and 90‐N levels. Harvest at a height of 25 mm on August 1 produced 8‐year average annual dry matter yields of 810, 1,938, 2,960, and 3.097 kg/ha for the 0‐N, 45‐N, 90‐N, and 180‐N levels, respectively. Harvest at the soil surface produced 6‐year average yields of 2,047, 3,035, 3,898, and 4,205 kg/ha for the respective N levels. Response to P was often not significant during the first 3 years of the study; however, ever the 8‐year period, each increment of P produced a significant yield increase. Without N, response to P was small, but as N level increased, response to P increased. Density of western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.) increased and basal cover of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis [H.B.H.] Lag.) decreased as N level increased under the harvest system used in this study.
Germination and Yield of Barley When Grown in a Water‐Repellent Sand1
Authors: Bond R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUneven penetration of rainwater into water‐repellent sands decreases germination of annual plants. To assess the importance of this problem, germination and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgate cv Prior) were observed at two field sites on water‐repellent sands in South Australia. Germination continued throughout the wet winter period and 9 viable ungerminated seeds were recovered from 60 cm of row 3 month after sowing. Germination was controlled by the uneven penetration of rainwater into the soil.At Site I, the number of plants 1 month after sowing averaged 1.6/m in the poor plots and 19.2 plants/m in the good plots. Subsequently 11.0 plants/m grew in the poor rows but produced only 150 kg grain/ha compared with 1,440 kg/ha in the good plots while the average yield for this site was 560 kg/ha. Similar results were obtained at Site II where good plots yielded 1,830 kg grain/ha compared with 16 kg/ha in the poorest rows and an average yield for the site of 1,160 kg/ha.Delayed and incomplete germination of cereals on water‐repellent soil can cause very low grain yields.
Influence of Levels of Spring Irrigation and Fertility on Yield of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Semi‐arid Conditions1
Authors: Poostchi I. , Rovhani I. , Razmi K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnder semi‐arid conditions of southern Iran variation in moisture level can drastically change yield patterns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) within the same season or over several seasons. In order to study this yield fluctuation, an experiment considering the effects of spring irrigation and fertility levels on components of yield, plant characteristics, and yield of grain and straw of ‘Roushan’ variety of winter wheat was conducted.Thiis 3‐year study showed that yields of grain and straw were positively and significantly correlated with levels of irrigation in each crop season and in combined 3 years. The correlations for yield of grain to levels of fertilizer were negative and significant. Multiple and partial correlation coefficients showed components of yield to be more affected by season and irrigation level than other factors under study.
Effect of N, P, and K Fertilization and Stages of Maturity on Chemical Composition of Fiber in Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.)1
Authors: Rouquette F. M. , Holt E. C. , Ellis W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were conducted to determine the influence of N, P, and K fertilization and different stages of growth on the nutritional quality of kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) forage. Nitrogen rates ranged from 28 to 560 kg/ha with additions of 24 and 73 kg/ha P, and 0, 46, and 139 kg/ha K. Leaf‐stem separations were made at each harvest date and cellular (neutral detergent extract; NDE) and cell wall constituents (neutral detergent fiber; NDF) were determined on the plant parts. The NDF fraction was then sequentially partitioned into hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and ash. Levels of N or P were significantly negatively correlated with percent NDF of leaf laminae. Chemical components of stem fiber were not altered by fertility levels. On a whole‐plant basis percent NDF was reduced about 5 percentage units by additions of N. Percent NDF in leaves and stems increased with chronological and morphological age. The holocellulose content of leaves remained relatively constant throughout the study period; with advancing maaturity, however, the hemicellulose fraction accounted for a greater portion of the NDF than did cellulose. The hemicellulose:cellulose ratio increased to approximately 1.7:1 in leaves, but remained at 1:1 in stems with increasing maturity. The leaves apparently had more influence on decreasing NDF of the whole plant under fertilization, whereas, stems were the dominant factors involved in increasing NDF of the whole plant with advancing maturity.
Photoperiodism in Sorghum1
Authors: Caddel J. L. , Weibel D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree varieties of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (i.e., ‘Early Hegari,’ ‘80‐Day Milo,’ and ‘Ryer Milo’) were subjected to different treatments of short (10‐hour) and long (17‐hour) days in controlled‐environment chambers. The number of days from planting to floral initiation was determined for each variety in each treatment. The research was conducted to determine the age at which sorghums become sensitive to photoperiod and to estimate the minimum number of inductive cycles required for floral stimulation.Short days applied after the plants were 15 days of age hastened floral initiation, while long days when the plants were between 15 and 20 days of age delayed initiation. Thus, photopei iodic sensitivity is attained at about 15 days of age. As these varieties increased in age beyond 15 days, less time was required for floral initiation following stimulation. Five short days were sufficient to stimulate floral initiation of plants older than 15 days. Three short days inconsistently hastened floral initiation. A greater number of leaves than the first five were required for photoperiodic induction.
Influence of Nitrogen Source and Rate on Growth of Spring Grain and Soil pH1
Authors: Alessi J. , Powers J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of five N sources upon spring grain production was studied on Temvik silt loam for 4 years at Mandan, N. Dak., and residual responses were followed for 4 more years. The five sources—ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, calcium nitrate, Uramite, and Nitroform (urea‐formaldehyde)—were applied at rates of 0, 34, and 68 kg N/ha to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Results suggest that neither the rates of fertilization studied nor the interaction of N carrier × N rate were important in the production of total plant dry weight or grain yield. Small grain production was significantly altered by N source in only one of the fertilization years. Cumulative grain yields for 1960‐1963 were significantly increased by fertilization with nitrate and ammonium sources. Grain yields for the 8‐year period were significantly higher for ammonium and nitrate sources than for urea‐formaldehyde sources. Residual effects from urea‐formaldehyde fertilization were less effective for grain production than residual effects from nitrate and ammonium N carriers. Although ammonium sulphate lowered pH during the fertilization period, grain development was not seriously affected by this acidification. Cumulative grain production for the 8 years was 10,000 kg/ha with no N, 12,470 kg/ha with nitrate ammonium carriers, and 11,530 kg/ha with urea‐formaldehyde sources.