bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spherical‐particle generation by phase change materials: Near‐monosize particles from emulsions
Authors: Iqbal J. , Ulrich J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe solidification behavior of water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsion droplets in stagnant pure water was investigated. The droplets were formed from a single capillary tube when the emulsion was pumped by a syringe pump. Different experimental parameters, like surfactant concentration in the preparation of the emulsion, water content in the W/O emulsions, and flow rate, were investigated. The surfactant concentrations were varied from 0.2 to 5 % by volume at different flow rates. The water contents were increased from 5 to 25 % also by volume. The investigation focused on the formation of droplets from a capillary tip. The solidification phenomena of the emulsion drops in the coolant were observed. With higher flow rates, a change from dripping to jetting phenomena was observed. The solid emulsion particles of different sizes were obtained depending on the parameters of the operation. The solid particles were not completely spherical in shape but somewhat ellipsoid.
Highly Modular POP Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Synthesis, Catalytic Activity, and Mechanism
Authors: Fernández‐Pérez Héctor , Donald Steven M. A. , Munslow Ian J. , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Maseras Feliu , Vidal‐Ferran Anton 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA library of enantiomerically pure POP ligands (phosphine–phosphite), straightforwardly available in two synthetic steps from enantiopure Sharpless epoxy ethers is reported. Both the alkyloxy and phosphite groups can be optimized for maximum enantioselectivity and catalytic activity. Their excellent performance in the Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of a wide variety of functionalized alkenes (26 examples) and modular design makes them attractive for future applications. The lead catalyst incorporates an (S)‐BINOL‐derived (BINOL=1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol) phosphite group with computational studies revealing that this moiety has a dual effect on the behavior of our POP ligands. On one hand, the electronic properties of phosphite hinder the binding and reaction of the substrate in two out of the four possible manifolds. On the other hand, the steric effects of the BINOL allow for discrimination between the two remaining manifolds, thereby elucidating the high efficiency of these catalysts.
Regularity of minimizers of semilinear elliptic problems up to dimension 4
Authors: Cabré Xavier 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe consider the class of semistable solutions to semilinear equations −Δu = f(u) in a bounded smooth domain Ω of
\input amssym $\Bbb R^n$
(with Ω convex in some results). This class includes all local minimizers, minimal, and extremal solutions. In dimensions n ≤ 4, we establish an a priori L∞‐bound that holds for every positive semistable solution and every nonlinearity f. This estimate leads to the boundedness of all extremal solutions when n = 4 and Ω is convex. This result was previously known only in dimensions n ≤ 3 by a result of G. Nedev. In dimensions 5 ≤ n ≤ 9 the boundedness of all extremal solutions remains an open question. It is only known to hold in the radial case Ω = BR by a result of A. Capella and the author. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ginzburg‐Landau vortex dynamics driven by an applied boundary current
Authors: Tice Ian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this paper we study the time‐dependent Ginzburg‐Landau equations on a smooth, bounded domain Ω ⊂ ℝ2, subject to an electrical current applied on the boundary. The dynamics with an applied current are nondissipative, but via the identification of a special structure in an interaction energy, we are able to derive a precise upper bound for the energy growth. We then turn to the study of the dynamics of the vortices of the solutions in the limit ε → 0. We first consider the original time scale in which the vortices do not move and the solutions undergo a “phase relaxation.” Then we study an accelerated time scale in which the vortices move according to a derived dynamical law. In the dynamical law, we identify a novel Lorentz force term induced by the applied boundary current. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic structure of smoothly deformed crystals: Cauchy‐born rule for the nonlinear tight‐binding model
Authors: E Weinan , Lu Jianfeng 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe electronic structure of a smoothly deformed crystal is analyzed using a minimalist model in quantum many‐body theory, the nonlinear tight‐binding model. An extension of the classical Cauchy‐Born rule for crystal lattices is established for the electronic structure under sharp stability conditions. A nonlinear elasticity model is rigorously derived. The onset of instability is briefly examined. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compositional dependence of morphology and lattice parameters during growth of K1‐x(NH4)xH2PO4 mixed crystals
Authors: Srinivasan K. , Cantoni A. , Bocelli G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMixed crystals of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate K1‐x(NH4)x H2PO4 were grown from aqueous solutions with x = 0.06, 0.09, 0.15, 0.32, 0.42, 0.51, 0.63, 0.70, 0.76, 0.78, 0.84, 0.88, 0.89 and 0.91. The crystal composition that differs from solution was estimated by X‐ray method. Morphology of the crystals changes from tetragonal prism to needles when the incorporation of either of the two components into the other; which also affects the growth rate along the prominent growth directions significantly. Growth along the [001] decreases initially with composition and reached the maximum when x = 0.5; whereas growth along the [100] always showed a decreasing trend with composition and attained a minimum value when x = 0.5. Crystal length along the [001] and [100] and aspect ratio are also compositional dependent. Unit cell parameters determined by X‐ray powder and single crystal analyses revealed that the ‘a ’ parameter shows only a small and linear variation but the ‘c ’ parameter changes significantly with ADP incorporation because of the difference in the effective ionic radius of K+ and NH4+ ions and also the possibility of NH4+ ion to form two different kinds of hydrogen bonds in the system. The existence of a pseudo‐cubic cell at the mixing composition x = 0.78 was also revealed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Compositional effects accompanying near equilibrium vapour growth of solid solution crystals of the types IV‐VI and II‐VI
Authors: Szczerbakow A. , Durose K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNear equilibrium evaporation‐condensation in a sealed ampoule leads to almost full compositional reproduction of a solid solution if it consists of components having comparable vapour pressures; this can be qualitatively interpreted by domination of entropy increase. Nevertheless, even vestigial separation requires closer characteristics, since it may prove crucial – particularly for properties of semiconducting solid solutions. Maximum component separation allowed by a small temperature difference is described here in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics of solid‐vapour and vapour‐solid phase transitions. Theoretical models of the determining effects having different character are shortly described, and their applicability areas are determined. Experimental data collected for crystal growth of numerous semiconducting solid solutions of the II‐VI and IV‐VI type support the conclusion drawn from the models that the near equilibrium crystal growth from the vapour in a closed system ensures the highest degree of compositional uniformity. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Formation and ageing of L‐glutamic acid spherulites
Authors: Beck R. , Malthe‐Sørenssen D. , Andreassen J.‐P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPolycrystalline spherulites of L‐glutamic acid have been crystallized by pH‐shift precipitation from stirred aqueous solutions. The time dependent behaviour of the spherulites has been studied during the crystallization process and batch filtration tests have been performed. It has been shown that the FBRM mean chord length of the investigated spherulites decreases in the course of time. The fact that the size reduction progresses faster at higher temperature and the solubility of resuspended polycrystalline particles decreasing with time, implies an ageing mechanism to be responsible for the observed changes in the particle size. It has been shown that the surface area decreases with time, ruling out particle breakage as a possible explanation for the decrease in particle size. XRD and Raman studies of L‐glutamic acid, however, show only marginal differences in the crystalline structure of particles obtained from different time stages. The ageing may occur due to several different mechanisms like phase transformation and Ostwald ripening. L‐glutamic acid spherulites after 3 h exhibit a 3‐fold higher value for the cake resistance as compared to particles after 0.5 h. However, particles obtained after 22 h exhibit an 8‐fold lower cake resistance as compared to the initially obtained spherulites, The increase in the cake resistance is attributed to the appearance of small plate‐like crystals and a change in the interaction between the crystal surface and the solution. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of zinc doping on pentaerythritol tetranitrate single crystals
Authors: Zhang G. , Bhattacharia S. K. , Weeks B. L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this study, the effect of zinc impurity on the organic high explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) single crystal has been investigated with optical microscopy and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optical images show that the crystal shape has a transition with a predictable trend from long crystal to compact one as the zinc concentration is increased. Also, the 2‐dimentional (2‐D) growth hillocks are observed clearly on (110) face with contact AFM. The crystal growth occurs on monomolecular steps generated by 2‐D nucleation and followed by layer‐by‐layer expansion, and the macro‐steps formed onto the surface before spreading laterally as step bunches. The zinc ions are incorporated in growth steps as the zinc concentration is increased. The mechanism of inorganic impurity on molecular crystallization growth is still unclear. However, the incorporation of impurities may significantly affect growth kinetics of defect structure, and the bulk properties of molecular crystals. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Binding of mannose‐binding lectin to fructosamines: a potential link between hyperglycaemia and complement activation in diabetes
Authors: Fortpied Juliette , Vertommen Didier , Van Schaftingen Emile 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundComplement activation via the MBL pathway has been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. As protein glycation is increased in diabetes, we tested the possibility that the glycation product fructoselysine is a ligand for MBL and that its interaction with this protein may initiate complement activation.MethodsWe investigated the binding of MBL to fructoselysine by chromatography of human serum on fructoselysine‐Sepharose, followed by Western blot and mass spectrometry analysis. We also performed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays using purified MBL and fructoselysine‐derivatized (binding assay) or mannan‐coated plates (inhibition assay). Complement activation was determined by the fixation of C3d following incubation of fructoselysine‐derivatized plates with serum from subjects with different levels of MBL.ResultsMBL and its associated proteases were selectively purified from serum by chromatography on fructoselysine‐Sepharose. Competition experiments indicated that MBL had a similar affinity for mannose, fructose and fructoselysine. MBL bound, in a highly cooperative manner, to fructoselysine‐derivatized plates. This binding was associated with complement activation and was much lower with serum from subjects with low‐MBL genotypes.ConclusionsMBL binding to fructoselysine and the ensuing complement activation may provide a physiopathological link between enhanced glycation and complement activation in diabetes. The cooperative character of this binding may explain the high sensitivity of diabetic complications to hyperglycaemia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on lipid metabolism in mouse cultured liver explants
Authors: Djaouti Louiza , Jourdan Tony , Demizieux Laurent , Chevrot Michaël , Gresti Joseph , Vergès Bruno , Degrace Pascal 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundPioglitazone (PIO) and rosiglitazone (ROSI) are widely used as oral antidiabetic agents for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Although these medications exert similar effects on blood glucose, recent clinical studies indicated that PIO has a more pronounced beneficial effect on lipid parameters than ROSI. In order to get further insight into the lipid effects of both drugs, we tested whether PIO, compared to ROSI, could exert direct effects on lipid liver metabolism in relation with plasma lipids.MethodsWe performedin vitrostudies using mice liver slices incubated 21 h either with ROSI (1 µmol/L) or PIO (7.5 µmol/L).ResultsWe showed that both glitazones slightly reduced HMG‐CoA reductase mRNA levels at the same degree but only PIO reduced intracellular cholesterol content, suggesting an alteration of cholesterol uptake rather than an inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. This concept was supported by the reduction of scavenger receptor class B type I expression, hepatic lipase activity and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol uptake in PIO‐treated liver explants. Conversely, hepatic lipase mRNA levels were increased 3.5‐fold. ROSI, but not PIO, induced acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase gene expression and increased apoB secretion suggesting a stimulation of lipogenesis. Concurrently, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ mRNA levels were induced by ROSI and not significantly changed by PIO. Besides, PIO appeared to be a more potent activator of AMP‐Activated Protein Kinase than ROSI.ConclusionsPIO and ROSI exert specific direct effects on liver and extrapolating these data to humans could explain the significant improvements in plasma lipids observed in diabetic patients treated with PIO. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Candidate gene association study conditioning on individual ancestry in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome from Mexico City
Authors: Cruz M. , Valladares‐Salgado A. , Garcia‐Mena J. , Ross K. , Edwards M. , Angeles‐Martinez J. , Ortega‐Camarillo C. , Escobedo de la Peña J. , Burguete‐Garcia A. I. , Wacher‐Rodarte N. , Ambriz R. , Rivera R. , D'artote A. L. , Peralta J. , Parra Esteban J. , Kumate J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundType 2 diabetes (T2D) is influenced by diverse environmental and genetic risk factors. Metabolic syndrome (MS) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. We analysed 14 cases of polymorphisms located in 10 candidate loci, in a sample of patients with T2D and controls from Mexico City.MethodsWe analysed the association of 14 polymorphisms located within 10 genes (TCF7L2, ENPP1, ADRB3, KCNJ11, LEPR, PPARγ, FTO, CDKAL1, SIRT1 and HHEX) with T2D and MS. The analysis included 519 subjects with T2D defined according to the ADA criteria, 389 with MS defined according to the AHA/NHLBI criteria and 547 controls. Association was tested with the program ADMIXMAP including individual ancestry, age, sex, education and in some cases body mass index (BMI), in a logistic regression model.ResultsThe two markers located within the TCF7L2 gene showed strong associations with T2D (rs7903146, T allele, odd ratio (OR) = 1.76, p = 0.001 and rs12255372, T allele, OR = 1.78, p = 0.002), but did not show significant association with MS. The non‐synonymous rs4994 polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene was associated with T2D (Trp allele, OR = 0.62, p = 0.001) and MS (Trp allele, OR = 0.74, p = 0.018). Nominally significant associations were also observed between T2D and the SIRT1 rs3758391 SNP and MS and the HHEX rs5015480 polymorphism.ConclusionsVariants located within the gene TCF7L2 are strongly associated with T2D but not with MS, providing support to previous evidence indicating that polymorphisms at the TCF7L2 gene increase T2D risk. In contrast, the non‐synonymous ADRB3 rs4994 polymorphism is associated with T2D and MS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Draxin is involved in the proper development of the dI3 interneuron in chick spinal cord
Authors: Su Yuhong , Zhang Sanbing , Islam Shahidul M. , Shinmyo Yohei , Naser Iftekhar Bin , Ahmed Giasuddin , Tanaka Hideaki 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGeneration of the appropriate types, numbers and distribution of neurons during the development of the nervous system requires the careful coordination of proliferation, differentiation, and patterning. In this work, we analyzed the roles of a repulsive axon guidance protein, draxin, on the development of chick spinal cord dI3 interneuron. draxin mRNA and/or protein were detected in the roof plate at first and then the boundary region between the ventricular and the mantle zones in chick spinal cord and dorsal basement membrane of the chick spinal cord. Overexpression of draxin caused the decreased and delayed migration of the dI3 interneuron, the reduction of progenitor cell proliferation, and abnormal localization of some ectopic progenitor‐like cells in the mantle zone of the spinal cord. Our data reveal that draxin may be involved in the proper development of the dI3 interneuron in chick spinal cord. Developmental Dynamics 239:1654–1663, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the Lycat gene in the mouse cardiovascular and female reproductive systems
Authors: Wang Weidong , Ni Lujuan , Yu Qingming , Xiong Jingwei , Liu Hung‐Ching , Rosenwaks Zev 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe Lycat homologue in zebrafish maps to the deletion interval of the cloche mutant in which hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages are affected. However, its definitive relationship to cloche is inconclusive, partly due to inadequate expression data of Lycat from any organisms. We precisely examined the temporal and spatial expression patterns of Lycat in mouse using RNA in situ hybridization, immunostaining, and BAC transgenesis. Lycat is initially expressed in developing heart, lung, and somites, and later becomes progressively restricted to all vascular smooth muscle cells. In adult ovaries, Lycat turns on in oocytes during the transition from primary to secondary follicles. Expression of the Lycat/reporter transgene in the extraembryonic mesoderm, cardiogenic mesoderm, and primitive streak, but not extraembryonic endoderm at E7.5, suggests its potential roles in regulating cardiac, smooth muscle, hematopoietic and endothelial lineages. Promoter mapping assay by transient transgenesis identifies a novel cardiac‐specific regulatory region in the Lycat locus. Developmental Dynamics 239:1827–1837, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the zebrafish CD133/prominin1 genes in cellular proliferation zones in the embryonic central nervous system and sensory organs
Authors: McGrail Maura , Batz Lindsey , Noack Kristin , Pandey Saumya , Huang Yong , Gu Xun , Essner Jeffrey J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe CD133/prominin1 gene encodes a pentamembrane glycoprotein cell surface marker that is expressed in stem cells from neuroepithelial, hematopoietic, and various organ tissues. Here we report the analysis of two zebrafish CD133/prominin1 orthologues, prominin1a and prominin1b. The expression patterns of the zebrafish prominin1a and b genes were analyzed during embryogenesis using whole mount in situ hybridization. prominin1a and b show novel complementary and overlapping patterns of expression in proliferating zones in the developing sensory organs and central nervous system. The expression patterns suggest functional conservation of the zebrafish prominin1 genes. Initial analyses of prominin1a and b in neoplastic tissue show increased expression of both genes in a subpopulation of cells in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in tp53 mutants. Based on these analyses, the zebrafish prominin1 genes will be useful markers for examining proliferating cell populations in adult organs, tissues, and tumors. Developmental Dynamics 239:1849–1857, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrogen Bonding in 2,3‐Dithiolatoterephthaldiamide Complexes of Cobalt(III), Nickel(II), and Iron(III)
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Eiting Thomas , Seidel Wolfram W. , Pape Tania 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of the novel 2,3‐dithiolatoterephthaldiamide ligands C6H2{C(O)NHBn}2(SH)2 (H2‐1a)and C6H2{C(O)NH‐iPr}2(SH)2 (H2‐1b) as well as their complexes with NiII, CoIII, and FeIII is described. The molecular structures of the complexes (NEt4)[Co(1a)2], (AsPh4)2[Ni(1b)2]·dmf, and (AsPh4)[Fe(1a)2]·CH2Cl2 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Electronic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were applied to investigate the electronic properties of the complex anions [M(L)2]n– (M = Ni, Co; L = 1a, 1b; n = 1, 2). Comparison of the structural and electronic characteristics of the complexes with ligands 1a2– and 1b2– to those of the corresponding complexes with related benzene‐o‐dithiolato ligands indicates a notable influence of intramolecular N–H···S hydrogen bonding between amide protons and coordinated sulfur atoms in 2,3‐dithiolatoterephthalamide complexes.
Bis‐Carbaborane‐Bridged Bis‐Glycophosphonates as Boron‐Rich Delivery Agents for BNCT
Authors: Stadlbauer Sven , Lönnecke Peter , Welzel Peter , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and properties of boron‐rich bis(meta‐carbaborane) derivatives containing glycophosphonate and glycophosphonothioate moieties are reported. All compounds are water‐soluble; however, the tetragalactosylated compounds show lower solubility than their disodium salts.
Size‐based separations as an important discriminator in development of proximity ligation assays for protein or organism detection
Authors: Leslie Daniel C. , Sohrabi Afshin , Ikonomi Pranvera , McKee Marian L. , Landers James P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractProximity ligation is a powerful technique to measure minute concentrations of target protein with high specificity, and it has been demonstrated to be effective on a wide variety of protein targets. The proximity ligation assay (PLA) technique is shown to be compromised by the amplification of a nonspecific fluorescent product that is not indicative of protein presence, which was previously unidentified in a published procedure. This result illuminates the complexity of designing the optimal PLA and the possibility of using a size‐based separation to increase the reliability of PLAs in general. Nucleic acid controls were developed to optimize the assay, which led to a novel end‐point detection method that exploits microchip electrophoresis to size the products. This method provides a greater ability to distinguish a between the target protein's signal and noise in a PLA. The utility of the PLA is demonstrated by the detection of human pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteria, a pathogen at the root of many recent life‐threatening food poisoning outbreaks. The results of the PLA show a detection limit of 100 E. coli O157:H7 cells with minimal cross‐reactivity with gram positive control Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The advantages of miniaturizing this process are the 100‐fold reduction in volume, greatly reducing reagent requirements, and doubling of the thermocycling speed via noncontact infrared heating. This work, consequently, adds to the understanding of background fluorescence in PLAs, provides a method for evaluating nonspecific amplification, and shows that a qualitative PCR response indicative of the presence protein can be achieved with PLA.