bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational study of the interaction of freely moving particles at intermediate Reynolds numbers
Authors: El Yacoubi Açmae , Xu Sheng , Jane Wang Z. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMotivated by our interest in understanding collective behaviour and self-organization resulting from hydrodynamic interactions, we investigate the two-dimensional dynamics of horizontal arrays of settling cylinders at intermediate Reynolds numbers. To simulate these dynamics, we develop a direct numerical simulation based on the immersed interface method. A novel aspect of our method is its ability to efficiently and accurately couple the dynamics of the freely moving objects with the fluid. We report the falling configuration and the wake pattern of the array, and investigate their dependence on the number of particles, $n$, as well as the initial inter-particle spacing, ${d}_{0} $. We find that, in the case of odd-numbered arrays, the middle cylinder is always leading, whereas in the case of even-numbered arrays, the steady-state shape is concave-down. In large arrays $n\geq 5$, the outer pairs tend to cluster. In addition, we analyse detailed kinematics, wakes and forces of three settling cylinders. We find that the middle one experiences a higher drag force in the presence of neighbouring cylinders, compared to an isolated settling cylinder, resulting in a decrease in its settling velocity. For a small initial spacing ${d}_{0} $, the middle cylinder experiences a strong sideway repulsive force, the magnitude of which increases with decreasing ${d}_{0} $. During the fall, the left and right cylinders rotate outwards and shed vortices in anti-phase.
Theory of homogeneous vapour condensation and surface deposition from boundary layers
Authors: Camejo M. D. , Bonilla L. L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHomogeneous condensation of vapours mixed with a carrier gas in the stagnation point boundary layer flow near a cold wall is considered. There is a condensation region near the wall with supersaturated vapour. Assuming that the surface tension times the molecular area is much larger than the thermal energy far from the wall, droplets are nucleated exclusively in a narrow nucleation layer where the Zeldovich flux of clusters surpassing the critical nucleus size is at a maximum. The vapour condenses in the free molecular regime on the droplets, which are thermophoretically attracted to the wall. Unlike the narrow condensation region for heterogeneous condensation on solid particles, in the case of homogeneous condensation the condensation region is wide even when the rate of vapour scavenging by droplets is large. A singular perturbation theory of homogeneous vapour condensation in boundary layer flow approximates very well the vapour and droplet density profiles, the nucleation layer and the deposition rates at the wall for wide ranges of the wall temperature and the scavenging parameter $B$. A key point in the theory is to select a trial vapour number density profile among a one parameter family of profiles between an upper and a lower bound. The maximum of the Zeldovich flux for supercritical nuclei provides the approximate location of the nucleation layer and an approximate droplet density profile. Then the condensate number of molecules and the vapour density profile are calculated by matched asymptotic expansions that also yield the deposition rates. For sufficiently large wall temperatures, a more precise corrected asymptotic theory is given.
Low-fat yoghurt intake in pregnancy associated with increased child asthma and allergic rhinitis risk: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Maslova Ekaterina , Halldorsson Thorhallur I. , Strøm Marin , Olsen Sjurdur F. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDairy products are important sources of micronutrients, fatty acids and probiotics which could modify the risk of child asthma and allergy development. To examine the association of dairy product intake during pregnancy with child asthma and allergic rhinitis at 18 months and 7 years in the Danish National Birth Cohort, data on milk and yoghurt consumption were collected in mid-pregnancy (25th week of gestation) using a validated FFQ (n61 909). At 18 months, we evaluated asthma and wheeze using interview data. We assessed asthma and allergic rhinitis using a questionnaire at the age of 7 years and through registry linkages. Current asthma was defined as self-reported ever asthma diagnosis and wheeze in the past 12 months. All associations were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. At 18 months whole milk was inversely associated with child asthma (≥5·5 times/weekv. none: 0·85, 95 % CI 0·75, 0·97); the reverse was true for semi-skimmed milk (≥5·5 times/weekv. none: 1·08, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·15). For yoghurt, children of women who ate low-fat yoghurt >1 serving/d had 1·21 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·42) greater odds of a medication-related ever asthma diagnosis compared with children of women reporting no intake. They were also more likely to have a registry-based ever diagnosis and report allergic rhinitis. Low-fat yoghurt intake was directly related to increased risk of both child asthma and allergic rhinitis, while whole milk appeared protective for early-life outcomes only. Nutrient components or additives specific to low-fat yoghurt may be mediating the increase in risk.
Dispersion properties of electromagnetic waves in a degenerate electron–ion magnetoplasma
Authors: MAMUN A. A. , ROY N. , SHUKLA P.K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA theoretical investigation has been made of the linear propagation of different electromagnetic modes in a dense electron–ion magnetoplasma containing degenerate electrons and ions. The fluid model and the normal mode analysis have been employed. It has been found that the dispersion properties of the electromagnetic waves propagating in such a degenerate plasma are different (in view of both spatial and temporal scales) from those propagating in the usual electron–ion plasma because of the effects of degenerate plasma pressure, enthalpy, etc. The importance of this work has been discussed also.
Evolution of FMS and Alfven waves produced by the initial disturbance in the FMS waveguide
Authors: DMITRIENKO I. S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA description of the evolution of the initial disturbance in the fast magnetosonic (FMS) waveguide in transversely inhomogeneous plasma, given a weak coupling between FMS and Alfven modes, is made. It is shown that the Fourier transform of the FMS waveguide disturbance with respect to the coordinates along which plasma is homogeneous can be presented as a superposition of collective modes of the leading approximation with respect to the weak FMS–Alfven wave coupling from the initial instant of time. Frequencies of such collective modes and dependence of their structures on the coordinate along the inhomogeneity are found without taking the FMS–Alfven resonance into consideration, and the mode decrements are calculated using the perturbation technique. On the basis of such a representation of the FMS waveguide disturbance, the evolution of Alfven waves generating with waveguide mode packets produced by the initial disturbance of an arbitrary longitudinal structure is described. It is shown that the longitudinal structure of the Alfven disturbance generated by the collective mode packet is determined by the ratio between longitudinal scales of the initial disturbance and scales specified by resonance conditions (the resonance longitudinal wave number and the width of the range of the resonance longitudinal wave numbers). The structures of Alfven disturbances for the cases of such different ratios are described.
Linear wave theory in magnetized quantum plasmas
Authors: IQBAL MUBASHAR 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe study the spin and ion effects in quantum plasma, where the two-fluid model of electrons is being used which treats the spin-up and -down populations relative to the magnetic field as different species. We find the susceptibility of electrons and ions where the ions are classical, but strongly coupled. The general dispersion relation is derived for wave propagation in homogeneous magnetized plasmas for arbitrary direction of propagation. We discuss the applicability of our results.
Nearer My True Self to Thee: Rousseau's New Spirituality—and Ours
Authors: Cooper Laurence D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article presents a reading of the Confessions as a spiritual drama. Rousseau tells the story of a man (himself) who, like the rest of civilized humanity, fell away from natural goodness as he was socialized. Yet unlike the rest of us, Rousseau managed to make at least a partial return to nature. In fact, the Confessions gives us two stories of return: one by the man whose life is recounted and one by the narrator who is doing the recounting. (These are of course the same man, presented in two aspects.) Yet the two stories share a common core: in each case the return occurs by means of a journey by the self to the self. This teaching regarding the sufficiency of the self has resonated with many, particularly in our own time: with Rousseau began the vindication of man as godlike not in his power but in his being.
The Music of Reason in Rousseau's Essay on the Origin of Languages
Authors: Davis Michael 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe argument of Rousseau's Essay on the Origin of Languages is intimately connected with that of his Discourse on the Origin and the Foundations of Inequality among Men. The origin of political society is inseparable from the origin of language, which, in turn, is inseparable from the origin of reason. That so much of the Essay is concerned with music leads us to wonder what music has to do with reason, politics, and language. These two books share what is a regular feature of Rousseau's manner of writing—presenting what seem to be logical foundations as temporal origins. In emphasizing the priority of melody to harmony in music, the Essay on the Origin of Languages articulates the necessarily melodic, and hence temporal, character of thinking, which proves to be the key to understanding both why Rousseau must write as he does and what it means for language to be musical.
Do You See What I See? The Education of the Reader in Rousseau'sEmile
Authors: Scott John T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRousseau first glimpsed the principle of the natural goodness of man in the so-called “Illumination of Vincennes,” and he made it his mission as an author to persuade his readers of the truth of that vision. Rousseau must persuade his readers that they are deceived by what they see before their own eyes and that they must learn to see anew—through his eyes. In order to educate his reader, Rousseau consistently uses rhetorical and literary techniques that are meant to change the reader's perspective. His use of these techniques is particularly pervasive inEmile. The present analysis examines Rousseau's education of the reader of his pedagogical treatise, especially through comparisons he draws between his imaginary pupil, Emile, and actual children that are meant to persuade the reader of the truth of what first appears to be imaginary and the falsity of what the reader previously believed was real.
A review of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Ethiopia
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , TIAO N. , GEBREYES W. A. , JONES J. L. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYToxoplasmosis caused by the protozoan parasite,Toxoplasma gondii, is a worldwide zoonosis. In this paper published information on toxoplasmosis in humans and other animals in Ethiopia is reviewed. Limited data indicate that the prevalence ofT. gondiiin humans in Ethiopia is very high, up to 41% of children aged 1–5 years were reported to be seropositive. There is little information on seroprevalence data in pregnant women and no data on congenital toxoplasmosis in children. About 1 million adults in Ethiopia are considered to be infected with HIV with less than one-third likely receive highly active antiviral therapy. Based on a conservativeT. gondiiseroprevalence of 50%, thousands might die of concurrent opportunistic infections, including toxoplasmosis. However, exact figures are not available, and most serological surveys are not current. Serological surveys indicate up to 79% of goats and sheep haveT. gondiiantibodies. However, there is no information on losses due to toxoplasmosis in livestock or the presence of viableT. gondiiin any host in Ethiopia.
Food standards and exports: evidence for China
Authors: MANGELSDORF AXEL , PORTUGAL-PEREZ ALBERTO , WILSON JOHN S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractUsing a new database on standards in China, we estimate the impact of voluntary and mandatory standards – either harmonized to international norms or purely domestic – on Chinese food exports. The dataset covers seven Chinese products over the period 1992–2008. We find that standards have a positive effect on China's export performance, as the benefits to standardization in terms of reducing potential information asymmetry and signaling enhance food safety, and quality in foreign markets seem to surpass compliance costs. Our estimation results show that the positive effect of Chinese standards is larger when they are harmonized to international measures. The results suggest that there are clear benefits to China's steps to base their domestic standards and regulations on international measures.
Private food standards and the World Trade Organization: some legal considerations
Authors: WOUTERS JAN , GERAETS DYLAN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPrivate standards have increasingly become a contentious issue in the multilateral trading system. The ever increasing number of sector-specific standards developed by businesses, in particular in the food market, may have significant implications for developing countries in terms of market access. Some countries see private food standards as a particular form of non-tariff barriers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with non-tariff barriers in the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). This paper examines to what extent these agreements cover private standards, as they were originally intended to regulate standard-setting by public authorities. We find that there is an important difference between the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement in that the drafters of the latter realized the importance of the private sector in standard-setting. Finally, we discuss whether a ‘Code of Good Practice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of Standards’, similar to that under the TBT Agreement, could be adopted under the SPS Agreement.
A second look at the pesticides initiative program: evidence from Senegal
Authors: JAUD MELISE , CADOT OLIVIER 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates whether the Pesticides Initiative Program has significantly affected the export performance of Senegal's horticulture industry. We apply two main microeconometric techniques, difference-in-differences and matching difference-in-differences, to identify the effect of the Pesticides Initiative Program on exports of fresh fruits and vegetables. We use a unique firm-level dataset containing data on sales, employment, and exports by product and destination markets, as well as firm enrolment year, over 2000–2008. The results suggest that while the program had no significant effect on exports pooled over all products and destinations, it had a positive effect when considering fresh fruits and vegetables exports to the European Union.
Identifying non-tariff barriers: evolution of multilateral instruments and evidence from the disputes (1948−2011)
Authors: SANTANA ROY , JACKSON LEE ANN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe multilateral trading system has continuously evolved to take account of the changing nature of non-tariff barriers (NTBs). This paper contrasts GATT terminology with the definitions frequently found in the literature and describes the multilateral tools that were used in the past to identify NTBs. The latter includes an overview of inventories based on ‘reverse’ notifications and, more recently, the ‘specific trade concerns’ raised in WTO Committees. The paper also looks at the provisions cited by complainants in more than 60 years of multilateral disputes as a proxy for identifying the most relevant NTBs affecting trade in goods, as well as the manner in which they have evolved over time. It concludes that agricultural and non-agricultural products face very different NTBs, and observes that while disputes involving agricultural products are increasingly about ‘behind-the-border’ NTBs, those involving non-agricultural or mixed products are not. Finally, the paper proposes the establishment of a new multilateral instrument to collect and classify information on NTBs based on specific trade concerns raised in the context of the ordinary WTO bodies.
Ab Initio studies of the interaction potential for the Xe–NO(X 2Π) van der Waals complex: Bound states and fully quantum and quasi-classical scattering
Authors: Kłos J. , Aoiz F. J. , Menéndez M. , Brouard M. , Chadwick H. , Eyles C. J. 
Published: July 2012

Adiabatic potential energy surfaces for the ground electronic state of the Xe⋅⋅⋅NO(X2Π) van der Waals complex have been calculated using the spin-restricted coupled cluster method with single, double, and non-iterative triple excitations (RCCSD(T)). The scalar relativistic effects present in the Xe atom were included by an effective core potential and we extended the basis with bond functions to improve the description of the dispersion interaction. It has been found that the global minimum on the A′ adiabatic surface occurs at a T-shaped geometry with γe = 94° and Re = 7.46 a0, and with well depth of De = 148.68 cm−1. There is also an additional local minimum for the collinear geometry Xe–NO with a well depth of 104.5 cm−1. The adiabat of A′′ symmetry exhibits a single minimum at a distance Re = 7.68 a0 and has a skewed geometry with γe = 64° and a well depth of 148.23 cm−1. Several Cnl van der Waals dispersion coefficients are also estimated, of which C6, 0 and C6, 2 are in a reasonable agreement with previous theoretical results obtained by Nielson et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 64, 2055 (1976)]10.1063/1.432428. The new potential energy surfaces were used to calculate bound states of the complex for total angular momentum quantum numbers up to J = 7/2. The ground state energy of Xe⋅⋅⋅NO(X2Π) is D0 = 117 cm−1, which matches the experimental value very accurately (within 3.3%). Scattering calculations of integral and differential cross sections have also been performed using fully quantum close coupling calculations and quasi-classical trajectory method at a collision energy of 63 meV. These calculations reveal the important role played by L-type rainbows in the scattering dynamics of the heavier Rg–NO(X) systems.
Potential of GLMM in modelling invasive spread.
Authors: Thiele J. , Markussen B. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Utilization of generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) in invasion biology has increased exponentially during the last 5-10 years. GLMM are useful tools that can handle data with various distributions as well as spatial or temporal dependence, which are involved in many study designs. We review the current state-of-the-art of GLMM with special focus on applications in invasion biology. This review covers all steps of data analysis with GLMM. We address frequently encountered practical problems, such as failure of convergence, and put some emphasis on validation of model assumptions. Further, we point towards possibilities of analysing zero-heavy data using combined GLMM. More detailed insight into practical applications of GLMM is provided in three worked examples in the supplementary material. Regarding applications of GLMM in invasion biology, a literature analysis showed that random effects are mostly used to account for non-independence of observations through study design, but rarely for estimation of random variation. There may be some potential in using random-effect estimation more consciously, as in some recent studies of genetic variation of invasive species. Often, invasion biologists have to deal with count data or proportions. In such cases, several methods of parameter estimation are available, but their suitability depends on characteristics of the data at hand and, hence, they should be chosen carefully. Also, repeated measures are common in invasion biology. In GLMM frameworks, the auto-correlation of such data can be modelled by structured co-variance matrices. This opportunity, however, has seldom been used.
Analysing time series data of phenotypic measurements - trade-off in sexual reproduction and vegetative growth of perennial ryegrass (
Lolium perenne
)?
Authors: Thiele J. , Markussen B. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

In this example, we analyse repeated phenotypic measurements of perennial ryegrass (
Lolium perenne
) from a greenhouse experiment. We hypothesize that there is a trade-off between sexual reproduction (flower stems) and vegetative propagation (tillers) within polycormons of this species. This is not directly a study of biological invasions; however, we want to find out, if fewer flowering plants (cultivars, in this case) would be more competitive and could invade seminatural grasslands. Similar repeated measures are quite often used in invasion biology. Sexual reproduction or, more precisely, the degree of flowering of the plants, was modified by cold treatments (vernalization). Cold temperature (<6°C) is a prerequisite for flowering of perennial ryegrass. The shorter the cold period, the lower the number of flowering stems that emerge afterwards. In this way, plants (polycormons) of perennial ryegrass with varying numbers of flowering stems were produced, species This forms Supplement D to Thiele J, Markussen B. Potential of GLMM in modelling invasive spread.
Effects of a defender on run‐up velocity and ball speed when crossing a football
Authors: Orth Dominic , Davids Keith , Araújo Duarte , Renshaw Ian , Passos Pedro 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis study evaluated effects of defensive pressure on running velocity in footballers during the approach to kick a stationary football. Approach velocity and ball speed/accuracy data were recorded from eight football youth academy participants (15.25, SD=0.46 yrs). Participants were required to run to a football to cross it to a receiver to score against a goal‐keeper. Defensive pressure was manipulated across three counterbalanced conditions: defender‐absent (DA); defender‐far (DF) and defender‐near (DN). Pass accuracy (percentages of a total of 32 trials with 95% confidence limits in parenthesis) did not significantly reduce under changing defensive pressure: DA, 78% (55–100%); DF, 78% (61–96%); DN, 59% (40–79%). Ball speed (m·s−1) significantly reduced as defensive pressure was included and increased: DA, 23.10 (22.38–23.83); DF, 20.40 (19.69–21.11); DN, 19.22 (18.51–19.93). When defensive pressure was introduced, average running velocity of attackers did not change significantly: DA versus DF (m·s−1), 5.40 (5.30–5.51) versus 5.41 (5.34–5.48). Scaling defender starting positions closer to the start position of the attacker (DN) significantly increased average running velocity relative to the DA and DF conditions, 5.60 (5.50–5.71). In the final approach footfalls, all conditions significantly differed: DA, 5.69 (5.35–6.03); DF, 6. 22 (5.93–6.50); DN, 6.52 (6.23–6.80). Data suggested that approach velocity is constrained by both presence and initial distance of the defender during task performance. Implications are that the expression of kicking behaviour is specific to a performance context and some movement regulation features will not emerge unless a defender is present as a task constraint in practice.