bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apolitical Linguistics Doesn’t Exist, and It Shouldn’t
Authors: Clemons Aris Moreno 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the implications of privileging value-based political research agendas in linguistics and affirms the impossibility of neutral and objective scientific linguistic research. Instead, the author argues that linguists must cultivate a practice of transparency, noting not only their positionalities but also in their political motivations, relationships with the language communities they investigate, and ensuring access to investigative work beyond the academy. In this way decisions about research questions, frames, and interpretations become clearer. Using the traditions of research on African American language (AAL) as a case study, the author argues that linguistic researchers must become transparent about the political goals of their research in order to progress the field in ways that disrupt colonial frames of power. Specifically, the ways in which political transparency has been enacted as Black feminist praxis is reviewed, and several provocations are provided toward a transparency-based approach in linguistics that resists formerly constructed categorizations of linguistics as either theoretical or social. Finally, the chapter discusses the benefits of this practice through an example of a value-based research project, which applied African American English (AAE) research traditions to an exploration of Dominican language practices. Through this application, the author argues for a Hemispheric Black Community of Practice approach to the study of Caribbean Spanish, ultimately destabilizing the generative and variationist approaches that have dominated the study of Caribbean Spanish in linguistic traditions. Este capítulo analiza las implicaciones de privilegiar las agendas de investigación basadas en valores políticas en el campo lingüístico y afirma la imposibilidad de una investigación lingüística científica neutral y objetiva. En cambio, la autora argumenta que los lingüistas deben cultivar una práctica de transparencia, teniendo en cuenta no solo sus posiciones (ver Lin 2015; Clemons y Lawrence 2020 para referencia a estas llamadas) sino también sus motivaciones políticas, relaciones con las comunidades lingüísticas que investigan y garantizar acceso al trabajo más allá de la academia. De esta manera, las decisiones sobre las preguntas de investigación, los marcos teóricos y las interpretaciones se vuelven más claras. Utilizando las tradiciones de investigación sobre la lengua afroamericana (AAL) como estudio de caso, la autora aurgumenta que los investigadores lingüísticos deben practicar una ética de transparencia sobre los objetivos políticos de sus investigaciones. Así podemos progresar en el campo de manera que rompa los marcos coloniales de poder.
Unpacking Experiences of Racism in European Applied Linguistics
Authors: Khan Kamran 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on three experiences as a racially minoritized academic in European applied linguistics. These three experiences centre on being unknowingly targeted as a subject of a study, dealing with professional gatekeeping from a white researcher who researched the author’s community and experiences of recruitment. Theoretically, the author analyses these instances using Koritha Mitchell’s know your place aggression to examine how whiteness is present and perpetuated in the European context. The author situates aggressions towards him within broader colonial and racial histories in Europe which perpetuate white supremacy while subordinating racially minoritised people and communities. Using this analysis, he then provides a test with a series of questions to reanalyse scholarship on racially minoritised communities and to reorient future work. This provides a practical activity to create a more socially just field.
Towards a Decolonial Syntax
Authors: Gibson Hannah , Jerro Kyle , Namboodiripad Savithry , Riedel Kristina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter the authors argue that syntacticians and the field of syntax have for too long avoided engaging with the colonial legacies and the implicit racist assumptions that have shaped the discipline. They take three key areas which relate to syntax—teaching, research, and citation practices—and explore the ways in which these have been intricately tied up with, or curtailed as a result of, dominant narratives about language, global hierarchies, the idealised “native-speaker,” and language as a disembodied object. The authors present a case study of citation practices in Bantu linguistics, where there is an underrepresentation of African scholars in the literature. Beyond the critiques that can be directed at the discipline, as scholars who work in this field, the authors argue that there can and must be a decolonial syntax. They provide practical steps for action in the form of provocations which they urge scholars to engage with, reflect on, and implement within their praxis.
Decolonizing Creolistics Through Popular Culture
Authors: Lydner Rashana Vikara 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses popular music, dancehall, as a fruitful site for decolonizing work on Creole languages and Creole-speaking communities. Scholarship in Creolistics in the Global North has primarily been focused on the linguistic structure of creole without much attention to the social context of Creole use and the identities of their speakers. The author urges Creolists to broaden their research agenda and engage with research on the embodied experiences of Creole speakers. Dancehall music and culture is one important focus of such research, because the dancehall space is a site of struggle between high and low culture, underscores the centrality of embodiment, and welcomes the negotiation of intersecting identities. In proposing research on dancehall as a model for decolonizing Creolistics, the author illustrates the possible contributions of popular music to expanding knowledge in Creolistics on race, gender, sexuality, and Creole languages.
The Crisis
Authors: Kus Basak 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the American government’s response to the financial crisis. This crisis raised two pressing issues. The first demanded swift action: How can we halt the financial freefall? The response was a slew of rapid relief and recovery initiatives. The second issue probed deeper into the fundamentals of America’s financialized landscape: How should the system—both its institutions and policies—that faltered so dramatically be reformed? While immediate measures were evident in the distributed relief—its nature, quantity, and recipients—the reformative journey was more protracted and intricate in terms of its legislative process and intended outcomes.
Buddhism Between Religion and Philosophy
Authors: Stepien Rafal K. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractNāgārjuna (c. 150–250 ce) is the founder of the Madhyamaka or Middle Way school of Buddhist philosophy and the most influential of all Buddhist thinkers following the Buddha himself. Throughout his works, Nāgārjuna repeatedly calls for the complete abandonment of all views. But how could anyone possibly abandon all views? And how could a philosopher of Nāgārjuna’s stature resort to using so self-contradictory a form of argumentation as the tetralemma, which openly negates a position, its contrary, both, and neither? Many scholars have attempted to parameterize Nāgārjuna’s paradoxes in an apologetic effort to justify him to mainstream Western philosophers as being irreproachably logical. This book, however, shows not only how Nāgārjuna’s truly radical teaching of no-view or “abelief” makes perfect sense within his Buddhist philosophy but also how it stands at the summit of his religious mission to care for all living beings. Rather than treating any one aspect of Nāgārjuna’s ideas in isolation, here his metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics emerge as forging a single coherent and convincing philosophical-religious system of thought and practice. Overall, this book takes a comprehensive approach to Nāgārjuna’s thought in its Buddhist context, integrating his views on views, belief, and conceptualization; language, mind, and intention; action, attachment, and selfhood; suffering, violence, and peace; and emptiness, nirvāṇa, and Buddhahood. By drawing on Buddhist sources in a way that resolutely strives to move beyond the Christianocentrism and Occidentocentrism still so dominant in scholarship today, this work challenges the very ways in which we think about religion and philosophy.
Abandoning All Views
Authors: Stepien Rafal K. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractChapter 4 brings preceding discussions of the tetralemma to bear on the central role that abandoning all views plays within Nāgārjuna’s thought as a whole. For Nāgārjuna’s masterwork opens and closes with salutations to the Buddha as one who taught the “cessation of conceptualization” and the “abandonment of all views.” In addition, this and Nāgārjuna’s other texts contain numerous analogous calls for the complete abandonment of views, which are surveyed and explained. Despite these copious, clear, and comprehensive disavowals of views, contemporary scholars almost unanimously interpret such statements as referring only to “false” views. This chapter argues instead that Nāgārjuna’s insistence on the abandonment of all views—including ultimately his own—constitutes his distinctive epistemological means to the metaphysical “exhaustion” characteristic of nirvāṇa, wherein all views are and must be abandoned as so many subtle affirmations of an only ever empty self.
All-Embracing Emptiness
Authors: Stepien Rafal K. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractChapter 5 ties preceding discussions in metaphysics and epistemology to the ethical and soteriological mission undergirding Nāgārjuna’s Buddhist project in its entirety. The perplexing question of how a teaching understood as espousing universal emptiness and the abandonment of all views can nevertheless entail a distinctively Mahāyāna Buddhist ethics is directly addressed. It is argued that, for Nāgārjuna, views are acts, and therefore themselves already enactions of violence. Nāgārjuna’s eschewal of views and espousal of emptiness are thus seen as two paths along the same middle way, leading to an apophatic ethics theorized here as eirenics: the practice of peace. Ultimately, this concluding chapter proposes that the socio-ethical import of Nāgārjuna’s abelief or “position of no-position” undermines the very basis for prejudice, partisanship and, more broadly, rigid adherence to any of the sectarian positions implicated in conflict on the individual, communal, or geopolitical levels.
Reform and Retrenchment
Authors: Boatright Robert G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book explores changes in primary election laws from approximately 1928 through the 1970s, evaluating arguments about how and why primary election laws changed. It shows that the introduction of the direct primary created far more chaos in American elections than most scholars realize, as political parties, party factions, and reform groups made slight modifications to their states’ primary laws. The United States is again in a period of experimentation with the primary. Most primary reforms have been relatively ineffective, and there is likely little that can be done to improve primaries. Those who seek to change American politics are best off exploring reforms to other areas of elections and governance. This book makes two major contributions to the literature on American elections. First, it is the first to provide a detailed history of primary elections throughout the country following their implementation. It offers a newly created dataset of all primary law changes during the middle decades of the twentieth century, supplemented with archival information on primaries from library collections across the country. Second, it shows how study of these election reforms can help understanding of contemporary reform efforts, summarizing state-level reform efforts in the United States since 2000 and documenting why these reform efforts are likely to yield minimal changes in the conduct of primaries.
Hostile Takeover
Authors: Boatright Robert G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Early twentieth-century critics of primary elections worried that primaries might provide an opportunity for the electoral process to be taken over by organizations whose goals were at odds with those of the party. Such concerns at times resulted in efforts to restrict ballot access or to otherwise enhance party control of the nomination process. This concern has re-emerged in recent years with the success of the Tea Party in securing nominations for its candidates. Yet instances of such “hostile takeover” have been relatively rare. This chapter explores the reasons insurgent groups have had so little success in primaries, paying particular attention to the most successful nonparty organization in this regard, the Nonpartisan League of the 1910s and 1920s, and its effect on subsequent primary laws in the American Midwest.
Taking the Lead
Authors: Schneiderman David 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe European record as regards the compatibility of the Canada–EU trade and investment agreement (CETA) with national and EU constitutional legal orders is one, mostly, of harmonious co-existence. Constitutional rulings issuing out of France, Germany, and the European Union Court of Justice are united in the view that investment treaties, such as CETA, either pose no threat to their constitutional orders or should they give rise to constitutional concern that discord can be managed. This set of responses is portrayed as exhibiting either hard or soft deference. Hard deference is characterized by denials that there is any encroachment on constitutional space (as in France and the Court of Justice of the European Union). Soft deference is exemplified by reassurances that, though there might be tension with constitutional law, a court need not do much about it (as in Germany). Extrapolating from the European experience, it can be said that apex courts in capital-exporting states will behave in deferential ways so that they will not impede the spread of investment treaty law disciplines.
Shackling the Future
Authors: Schneiderman David 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe dispute under examination in this chapter concerned a challenge to commitments made by the government of then Prime Minister Netanyahu to refrain from making regulatory changes to the gas industry for a period of 10 years in exchange for the development of four natural gas fields in the Mediterranean Sea. The litigation before the Israeli High Court of Justice concerned these commitments made pursuant to contract, not yet the subject of an investment dispute, triggering review under Israeli administrative law, rather than under Israel’s Basic Laws. At issue in the legal proceedings were elements ordinarily associated with investment treaty law (including ‘stabilization’ and ‘umbrella’ clauses and legitimate expectations doctrine as a component of the treaty standard of ‘fair and equitable treatment’). The High Court maintained that the executive could not bind future legislatures to this sort of commitment. Even though a potential investor–state dispute was looming in the shadows, the ruling rubs against investment law trendlines: no investment tribunal, for instance, has found such clauses to be invalid or unenforceable. The Court’s ruling exhibits soft resistance because it was not inhibited from concluding that such a measure contradicted the sovereign powers of ‘well developed’ states. The reasoning of the High Court of Justice may empower future Israeli governments to resist some investment treaty law disciplines that are viewed as incongruous, even if accepted by other capital-importing states.
The Universalizing Narratives of International Law and their Binary Contestations
Authors: Aral Işıl , d’Aspremont Jean 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Whilst the modern and cosmopolitan project driving international law since the eighteenth century has been the object of very extensive criticisms, the idea of universality that supports it has rarely been systematically unpacked. With an emphasis on the binaries that accompany the invocation of the idea of universality in international legal discourses, this book sheds a new light on how the idea of universality plays out in international legal discourses and how it provides a site of contestation. Its chapters particularly examine how binaries informing the idea of universality constitute, enable, and delimit a space for contestation of international law in international legal discourses.
The Philosophical Problem of Universals and Universality Binaries in International Law
Authors: Krivenko Ekaterina Yahyaoui 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The chapter discusses the importance of the philosophical problem of universals for a deeper understanding of the way universality binaries operate in contemporary international law. It compares the views of Leibniz and Hobbes on the philosophical problem of universals and the impact of these views on their conceptualization of law and the state in general and the regulation of the global realm in particular. The chapter demonstrates that the contrasting positions of these two thinkers on the problem of universals led to very different views regarding the possibility and shape of international law. These differences in turn shed new light on some recurrent contemporary debates on universality binaries in international law. Thus, the chapter calls for an explicit engagement with the problem of universals as a way to open new spaces of contestation and constructive engagement with international law’s universality binaries.
The Assumption, Not Invention, of Universality Is the Problem
Authors: Yasuaki Onuma 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Onuma Yasuaki wrote ‘The Assumption, Not Invention, of Universality Is the Problem’ for the European Society of International Law (ESIL) Annual Conference 2018. This chapter traces his academic career and his main works in light of the antagonism of the universality and the West-centric features of international law studies. It sharply criticizes the idea which equated European or the United States’ norms with general international law. This chapter represents his efforts to overcome such biases embedded in the discipline and to find out and establish the commonly valid idea that can be accepted by people with diverse cultural and civilizational backgrounds.
Universal Human Rights within Social Particulars
Authors: Retter Mark 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops a justification for universal human rights based on a natural law ethics. The core foundations are developed from Alasdair MacIntyre’s practice-based account of the political common good and natural justice. Two key challenges are then addressed. The first concerns the consistency between its commitment to universal human rights and an understanding of moral knowledge formation embedded within the social networks and traditions of localized social practice. The second concerns the consistency of its commitment to universal human rights given certain facts of moral pluralism, and especially the presence of rival human rights theories about the foundations and content of such rights. In responding to these challenges, the chapter points to the need for attunement between human rights theory and practice, and particularly to ethical standards that are fundamental to the successful achievement, in practice, of collaborative social ends between human beings.
Universalisms of Human Dominion
Authors: Lorite Alejandro 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The universalism of international law, how international law contributes to perfecting a shared universe, is anchored in a history of destructive violence against possible universes. Part of the contemporary state of our unfolding legal universe consists in a network of legal rules and institutions governing human–animal relations on a global scale. I suggest here that the worldwide regulation of animal life rehearses the universalization of received dualisms, in particular by sustaining the construction of animals as mere ontological extensions of humans and organizing on a global scale the erasure of any unmediated animal standing towards the world. Traces of alternative universes, such as they are excavated by the anthropological aspiration to relative universalism, or a universalism of relations among universes, offer the bases for considering global human regulation of animals. I suggest doing so by alluding to two structural homologies with violently constructed spaces of human power over humans, labelled here as totalitarian and colonial. To the illiberal universal rule of Liberalism’s international law over animals I assign the name of Dominionism.
The Universal Recognition of Animal Welfare and its Dark Sides
Authors: Bismuth Régis 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The fate of animals under human control has become a challenge of our time. One of the key dimensions of the ‘animal turn’ we are witnessing is the concept of ‘animal welfare’. Unlike animal rights or abolitionist doctrines, animal welfare has gained some form of universal recognition. But it has different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. As practised in the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), ‘animal welfare’ is substantially deprived of any ethical foundation and is rather an economic- and efficiency-driven concept that legitimizes the industrial exploitation of animals. In the same vein, the recognition of ‘animal welfare’ as a universal issue by World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement institutions in the Seals dispute should not overshadow its anthropocentric dimension in a way that augments the suspicion that ‘animal welfare’ is a vehicle of cultural imperialism.
Beyond Co-option and Contestation
Authors: Bagchi Kanad , Tahraoui Milan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What does the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), touted as one of the most comprehensive and ambitious projects in recent times, mean for the universality of international law? How do we square, on one hand, BRI’s proclaimed rhetoric on creating a new world order of coexistence and peace, while simultaneously being beholden to traditional conceptions of international law? Scholarship so far has adopted a ‘binary’ lens that views the BRI as either ‘strengthening’ or ‘challenging’ the universality of international law. While this has pushed our understanding of the BRI in new directions, we argue that binary logics have also restricted our imagination from considering the possibility of alternative spaces and constructs that lie beyond the binary folds. Through the lens of ‘co-option’ and ‘contestation’ we construct the BRI as aspiring to bring about a new paradigm for international law, that is however mediated not through radical means, but rather through reinforced conservatism.
The Retreat of the State in International Law?
Authors: Meguro Maiko 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the possibility of new forms of governance of the climate beyond state power, that is, beyond the traditional state-based modes of generating normativity, paying special attention to the Paris Agreement under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In doing so, this chapter engages with recent claims of a de-emphasizing of the role of the state because of the increasing number of transnational actors and activities, the growing role of universal institutions such as the United Nations, the ratification of multilateral treaties that protect international common interests, and the expanding jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals with quasi-compulsory jurisdiction. It argues that the Paris Agreement offers a new understanding of the governance of climate problems in which the state is the coordinator of different governance levels and actors.