bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender-specific relationships between alcohol drinking patterns and metabolic syndrome: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008
Authors: Lee Kayoung 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo examine gender-specific relationships between alcohol drinking patterns (average drinking frequency, typical drinking quantity and frequency of binge drinking) and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in the Korean population.DesignCross-sectional study using complex sampling design analyses.SettingThe Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV, which was conducted in 2008.SubjectsCurrent drinkers (n 3793, 1963 men and 1830 women).ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders (age, educational level, income, physical activity, smoking, energy intake and drinking frequency in the analysis for drinking quantity), the associations of drinking quantity and frequency of binge drinking with the prevalence of MetS were gender-specific. Seven or more drinks for men and ≥3 drinks for women per typical occasion and binge drinking ≥1 time/week for both sexes resulted in significantly higher odds for the prevalence of MetS compared with men and women who had 1 or 2 drinks and no instances of binge drinking. The association of drinking quantity and the criteria of MetS was stronger for men with high blood pressure and abdominal obesity, whereas it was stronger for women with high glucose. Binge drinking frequency was dose-dependently associated with high TAG, high glucose, high blood pressure and abdominal obesity in men, and with high glucose and high blood pressure in women. Interestingly, average drinking frequency was not associated with the prevalence of MetS in either sex.ConclusionsHigher drinking quantity and frequent binge drinking are indicators of a higher prevalence of MetS, and the association strength is thought to be gender-specific.
Optical reflectivity of solid and liquid methane: Application to spectroscopy of Titan's hydrocarbon lakes
Authors: Adams Kimberly A. , Jacobsen Steven D. , Liu Zhenxian , Thomas Sylvia‐Monique , Somayazulu Maddury , Jurdy Donna M. 
Published: February 2012

Reflectance spectroscopy of outer solar system bodies provides direct observations for interpreting their surface compositions. At Titan, the Cassini spacecraft revealed dark patches in the surface reflectance at 2 and 5 μm, interpreted as hydrocarbon lakes forming seasonally through a methane cycle. Whereas the composition of planetary materials in the solar system has been inferred from characteristic absorption bands, identification of phase states (liquid versus solid) on dynamic planetary surfaces requires laboratory reflectance ratio measurements at relevant temperatures. Using visible and near‐infrared radiation from the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), reflectance ratios of solid (single crystal) versus liquid CH4 were measured at temperatures from 50–100 K. Although the wavelength and shape of the characteristic methane absorption bands at around 1.7 and 2.3 μm are insensitive to temperature or phase state from 50–100 K, the broad‐spectrum reflectivityR(λ) at 0.5–2 μm decreases dramatically upon melting by at least 25% at 87–94 K. Transition from solid CH4‐I to liquid states at ∼90 K displays a reflectance ratioRsolid/Rliq 1.3–1.6 at 2 μm. This darkening of CH4 upon melting at 87–94 K is similar at visible wavelengths, and consistent with observations of hydrocarbon lakes in the far northern and southern latitudes of Titan.
A Lagrangian stochastic model of surf zone drifter dispersion
Authors: Spydell Matthew S. , Feddersen Falk 
Published: February 2012

Drifter‐derived cross‐shore and alongshore surf zone diffusivities were previously estimated on an alongshore uniform beach over 1000 s for five Huntington Beach, California, 2006 (HB06) experiment release days. The cross‐shore diffusivity Kx had a nonmonotonic time dependence, potentially due to the shoreline or to weaker diffusivity seaward of the surf zone. The alongshore diffusivities Ky were qualitatively consistent with shear dispersion but differed from the classic Taylor laminar theory. Here, modeled and analytic diffusivities for the five release days are derived from a Lagrangian stochastic model (LSM) that uses the drifter‐derived bulk (cross‐shore averaged) velocity variance and cross‐shore‐dependent mean alongshore current. The LSM modeled and analytic cross‐shore diffusivities are nonmonotonic due to the shoreline and strongly suggest that the observed cross‐shore diffusivity is shoreline affected. The LSM typically reproduce well the observed Kx with Lagrangian time scale between 75 and 200 s, consistent with surf zone eddy time scales. HB06 drifter trajectories were too short to observe the analytic long‐time Kx limit, and weaker diffusivity seaward of the surf zone may be important at longer times (>1000 s). On all release days, the LSM model and analytic alongshore diffusivity reproduce well the observed Ky with alongshore Lagrangian time scales between 95 and 155 s. The isolated shear‐induced diffusivity is very well represented by an analytic theory which incorporates a nonzero Lagrangian time scale. Many of the stochastic model parameters can be specified a priori with reasonable assumptions to predict surf zone dispersion of an initial value problem pollution spill.
A Sky-Subtraction Algorithm for LAMOST Using Two-Dimensional Sky-Background Modeling
Authors: Zhu J. , Ye Z. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA novel algorithm is proposed for the sky subtraction of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) based on two-dimensional sky background modeling. Different from the standard fiber spectrum data processing techniques, a two-dimensional sky background model can be obtained with the new algorithm and sky subtraction can now be performed as an earlier step, before the spectrum extraction. In this study, experiments are performed on simulated data based on the LAMOST project to analyze the accuracy and the effectiveness. The results show that the proposed algorithm can give a more effective sky subtraction than the method that is currently used for LAMOST.
Energy psychology and psychotherapy: A study of the use of energy psychology in psychotherapy practice
Authors: Mason Elizabeth 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAim: The aim of the study was to increase understanding of how energy psychology informs and affects counselling/psychotherapy practice. By undertaking phenomenological interviews with experienced clinicians, the aim was to enrich and expand on the scientific approaches to energy psychology research. Method: This research is based on in‐depth semi‐structured interviews using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Five experienced psychotherapists who are also practitioners of energy psychology were interviewed. Findings: Four main themes emerged from the analysis: energy psychology as a potent intervention that facilitates shifts in emotions, cognitions, behaviours and physiology; the safety of energy psychology techniques; the role of the therapeutic relationship when using energy psychology techniques; and the challenges of integrating energy psychology into the work context, highlighting the need for more complex, systemic models to understand how people experience distress and how change is facilitated. Conclusion: Overall, participants in this study found energy psychology to be a valuable supplement to counselling and psychotherapy. The implications for current practice are discussed.
Plasma generation by inductive coupling with a planar resonant RF network antenna
Authors: Lecoultre S , Guittienne Ph , Howling A A , Fayet P , Hollenstein Ch 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A planar antenna operating at 13.56 MHz is presented for potential applications in plasma processing. It consists of interconnected elementary resonant meshes composed of inductive and capacitive elements. Due to its structure, the antenna exhibits a set of resonant modes associated with peaks of the real input impedance. Each mode is defined by its particular distribution of current and voltage oscillating at the frequency of the mode. A rectangular antenna of 0.55 m×0.20 m has been built and first results obtained with argon plasmas are presented. Efficient plasma generation is shown by plasma densities above 3 × 1017 m−3 at 2000 W with reasonable uniformity over the antenna area. The plasma couples inductively with the resonating currents flowing in the antenna above a threshold power of about 60 W. The real input impedance at antenna resonance avoids the problem of strong reactive currents and voltages in the matching box and RF power connections associated with conventional large-area plasma sources. Resonant RF networks have a strong potential interest for various designs of plasma sources.
The point defect structure and its transformation in As-implanted ZnO crystals
Authors: Yuan Mengyao , Yuan Hongyu , Jia Quanjie , Chen Yu , Jiang Xiaoming , Wang Huan-hua 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The point defect structure of As-implanted ZnO crystals was investigated using diffuse x-ray scattering and spectroscopic methods. A dynamic picture regarding the defect structure transformation was revealed. The defect type, size and combination state experienced obvious changes during annealing. Before annealing the point defects distributed isolatedly and coexisted with dislocation loops. After annealing, AsO disappeared and other point defects either aggregated into large clusters or formed defect complexes including AsZn–2VZn whose ionization energy was measured and which was discerned as the main origin of p-type conductivity.
Behaviour of the iron vapour core in the arc of a controlled short-arc GMAW process with different shielding gases
Authors: Wilhelm G , Kozakov R , Gött G , Schöpp H , Uhrlandt D 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The controlled metal transfer process (CMT) is a variation of the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process which periodically varies wire feeding speed. Using a short-arc burning phase to melt the wire tip before the short circuit, heat input to the workpiece is reduced. Using a steel wire and a steel workpiece, iron vapour is produced in the arc, its maximum concentration lying centrally. The interaction of metal vapour and welding gas considerably impacts the arc profile and, consequently, the heat transfer to the weldpool. Optical emission spectroscopy has been applied to determine the radial profiles of the plasma temperature and iron vapour concentration, as well as their temporal behaviour in the arc period for different mixtures of Ar, O2 and CO2 as shielding gases. Both the absolute iron vapour density and the temporal expansion of the iron core differ considerably for the gases Ar + 8%O2, Ar + 18% CO2 and 100% CO2 respectively. Pronounced minimum in the radial temperature profile is found in the arc centre in gas mixtures with high Ar content under the presence of metal vapour. This minimum disappears in pure CO2 gas. Consequently, the temperature and electrical and thermal conductivity in the arc when CO2 is used as a shielding gas are considerably lower.
First Report of Root Rot Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-10 on Canola in Washington State
Authors: Schroeder K. L. , Paulitz T. C. 
Published: February 2012

Canola (Brassica napus L) production has gained renewed interest in Washington State over the past few years, primarily for the purpose of producing biofuel. Plants were observed to be showing symptoms of Rhizoctonia root rot and postemergence damping-off. In many cases, this was due to Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-1, which was previously documented (4). However, additional plants were occasionally observed that were stunted and had reduced vigor, but lacked the distinctive severe stem damage and postemergence damping-off, which are both symptoms of infection with R. solani AG-2-1. Isolates of R. solani AG-10 were collected from symptomatic plants or baited from root zone soil at various dryland production locations in eastern Washington, including sites near Colfax, Pullman, and Walla Walla. Initial identification was determined by quantitative (Q)-PCR using R. solani AG-10 specific primers (3). The identity was verified by sequencing random isolates identified by Q-PCR (GenBank Accessions Nos. JQ068147, JQ068148 and JQ068149). All sequenced isolates had 99% identity to previously reported isolates of R. solani AG-10. Six isolates were chosen to test pathogenicity on canola plants in the greenhouse. Sterilized oats were inoculated with each of six isolates of R. solani AG-10 and grown for 4 weeks. The soil was infested with ground oat inoculum (1% wt/wt) and spring canola cv. Sunrise was seeded into 3.8 × 21-cm containers. After 3 weeks of incubation at 15°C, plants were harvested and assessed. Emergence was reduced in the infested soil with 73 to 93% (average 81%) emergence compared with 100% emergence in the noninfested soil. There was no evidence of postemergence damping-off. However, all six isolates of R. solani AG-10 significantly reduced the plant height and top dry weights compared with the noninfested controls. The plant height in infested soil was 28 to 42% (average 34%) shorter and top dry weights were 37 to 70% (average 54%) lower than in noninfested soil. Roots of infected plants had a light brown discoloration along with reduced length and fewer lateral roots. Additional host plants were tested, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). There was no significant reduction in plant height or plant dry weight for any of these hosts. R. solani AG-10 was previously found to be weakly virulent on canola and other cruciferous hosts in Australia (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani AG-10 causing disease on canola in Washington State. Reference: (1) R. K. Khangura et al. Plant Dis. 83:714, 1999. (2) G. C. MacNish et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 24:252, 1995. (3) P. A. Okubara et al. Phytopathology 98:837, 2008. (4) T. C. Paulitz et al. Plant Dis. 90:829, 2006.
Skin Cancers of the Hand
Authors: Maciburko Simon J. , Townley William A. , Hollowood Kevin , Giele Henk P. 
Published: February 2012

Background:
Skin cancers of the hand are uncommon and poorly documented. The objective of this study was to review a large cohort of patients with hand skin malignancies to determine tumor characteristics, management techniques, and outcomes.

Methods:
A retrospective review of consecutive patients with surgically excised primary cutaneous hand malignancies at the John Radcliffe Hospital between 1993 and 2010 was performed. Records were reviewed to determine tumor characteristics, demographics, and management details. Outcome parameters included margins and completeness of excision, recurrence, metastatic spread, and survival.

Results:
A total of 407 patients (65.8 percent male; mean age, 72.2 ± 0.7 yr) presented with 541 primary cutaneous hand malignancies and were followed up for a mean period of 24 months. Half the cohort had previous skin cancers and almost one in five developed further hand skin cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma comprised 78.0 percent, basal cell carcinoma 11.3 percent, and melanoma 3.9 percent of cases. Incidence was highest on the dorsum of the hand. Surgical margins were proportionate to tumor size, and most defects required soft-tissue reconstruction. Recurrence was uncommon in melanoma and rare in squamous and basal cell carcinomas. Lymph node metastasis and death were rare in patients with squamous cell carcinoma but relatively common in those with melanoma.

Conclusions:
Squamous cell carcinomas are the most common skin malignancy of the hand, frequently require soft-tissue reconstruction, and those occurring in the web spaces or on the dorsum of the proximal phalanges are more sinister malignancies with a greater propensity for metastatic spread.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Risk, IV.
Diversity of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and the potential use of its phages for protection against bacterial cold water disease in salmonids
Authors: Castillo D , Higuera G , Villa M , Middelboe M , Dalsgaard I , Madsen L , Espejo R T 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFlavobacterium psychrophilum causes rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) and cold water disease (CWD) in salmonid aquaculture. We report characterization of F. psychrophilum strains and their bacteriophages isolated in Chilean salmonid aquaculture. Results suggest that under laboratory conditions phages can decrease mortality of salmonids from infection by their F. psychrophilum host strain. Twelve F. psychrophilum isolates were characterized, with DNA restriction patterns showing low diversity between strains despite their being obtained from different salmonid production sites and from different tissues. We isolated 15 bacteriophages able to infect some of the F. psychrophilum isolates and characterized six of them in detail. DNA genome sizes were close to 50 Kbp and corresponded to the Siphoviridae and Podoviridae families. One isolate, 6H, probably contains lipids as an essential virion component, based on its chloroform sensitivity and low buoyant density in CsCl. Each phage isolate rarely infected F. psychrophilum strains other than the strain used for its enrichment and isolation. Some bacteriophages could decrease mortality from intraperitoneal injection of its host strain when added together with the bacteria in a ratio of 10 plaque‐forming units per colony‐forming unit. While we recognize the artificial laboratory conditions used for these protection assays, this work is the first to demonstrate that phages might be able protect salmonids from RTFS or CWD.
Alveolar Macrophage‐Derived Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Contributes to Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Asthma Model
Authors: Song C. , Ma H. , Yao C. , Tao X. , Gan H. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent proangiogenic factor that correlates with vascular permeability and remodelling in asthma. Recently, alveolar macrophages (AM) were shown to be an important source of VEGF during lung injury. Our previous studies demonstrated that AM are an important subset of macrophages in the initiation of asthmatic symptoms. Here, we further investigated whether AM‐derived VEGF was required for allergic airway inflammation in asthma. In this study, we reported that the expression of VEGF in AM was significantly increased after allergen challenge. Depleting AM or neutralizing VEGF in alveolus prevented ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced asthma‐related inflammation by inhibiting the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung, reduced the level of the cytokines, IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Moreover, the inhibition of miR‐20b increased the protein level of VEGF in normal AM; conversely, increasing miR‐20b in asthmatic AM resulted in decreased VEGF protein levels. These findings suggest that AM‐derived VEGF is necessary for allergic airway inflammation in asthmatic mice and miR‐20b negatively regulates this expression.
Trends in the prevalence of invasive fungal infections from an analysis of annual records of autopsy cases of Toho University
Authors: Shimodaira Kayoko , Okubo Yoichiro , Nakayama Haruo , Wakayama Megumi , Shinozaki Minoru , Ishiwatari Takao , Sasai Daisuke , Nemoto Tetsuo , Takahashi Kei , Ishii Toshiharu , Saji Tsutomu , Shibuya Kazutoshi 
Published: February 2012

SummaryClinical diagnosis of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is sometimes difficult, and obtaining an accurate assessment of trends concerning the prevalence of IFIs is a challenge. The aim of this study was to determine trends in the prevalence of IFIs from an autopsy survey. The retrospective review of autopsy records stored in Toho University was performed on all documented cases with fungal infection from 1955 to 2006. A total of 411 cases of IFIs were detected among 10 297 autopsies. The prevalence of candidiasis decreased from 3.6% (1981–93) to 2.0% (1994–2006), and that of aspergillosis increased throughout the 52‐year period and reached 2.0% (1994–2006). The prevalence of IFIs in the patient group comprising haematological disorders was significantly higher (19.9%) than in other patient groups (2.9%), of which the odds ratio was 18.4 for mucormycosis and 10.0 for aspergillosis. The lung was the most common organ involved irrespective of major fungal species, and most cases with candidiasis showed multiple‐organ infection. Results confirmed the increasing prevalence of aspergillosis and high risk of IFIs in the patient group with haematological disorders. IFIs were also detected in an immunocompromised state caused not only by primary disease but also by treatment with anti‐tumour drugs and corticosteroids.
Reducing salt; preventing stroke
Authors: Brinsden H. C. , Farrand C. E. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryLife expectancy is increasing and populations are ageing around the world. This presents a number of challenges; namely an increase in the global burden of chronic diseases. Stroke is one of the most common non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) in an ageing population and is the leading cause of death worldwide; the most modifiable risk factor for which, is raised blood pressure (BP). Salt reduction as a means to reduce BP and therefore, stroke, is proven to be effective and has been recognised as such at a global level. Salt reduction reaches entire populations and can therefore benefit everyone, regardless of, gender, age, economic status or ethnicity. Excess salt consumption is a worldwide problem and so all countries need to work together to reduce population salt intake levels to reduce the global burden of stroke and other NCD's, including heart disease and heart failure. Our goal (Consensus Action on Salt and Health and World Action on Salt and Health), in line with the World Health Organization‐recommended target, is to reduce worldwide salt intake to less than 5 g per person per day by 2025. In light of this, National and World Salt Awareness Week 2012 (26 March to 1 April) will focus on ‘Reducing salt, preventing stroke’.
CHARACTER, PSYCHOANALYTIC IDENTIFICATION, AND NUMERICAL IDENTITY
Authors: Braddock Louise 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIdentification figures prominently in moral psychological explanations. I argue that in identification the subject has an ‘identity‐thought’, which is a thought about her numerical identity with the figure she identifies with. In Freud's psychoanalytic psychology character is founded on unconscious identification with parental figures. Moral philosophers have drawn on psychoanalysis to explain how undesirable or disadvantageous character dispositions are resistant to insight through being unconscious. According to Richard Wollheim's analysis of Freud's theory, identification is the subject's disposition to imagine, unconsciously, her bodily merging with the figure she identifies with. I argue that this explanation of identification is not adequate. Human character is held to be capable of change when self‐reflection brings unconscious identifications to conscious self‐knowledge. I argue that for self‐knowledge these identifications must be an intelligible part of the subject's self‐conception, and that Wollheim's ‘merging phantasy’ is not intelligible to the subject in this way. By contrast, the subject's thought that she is numerically identical to the figure she identifies with does provide an intelligible starting‐point for reflecting on this identification. This psychoanalytic account provides a clear conception of identification with which to investigate puzzle cases in the moral psychology of character.