bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicide prevention by education and the moulding of attitudes
Authors: Titelman David 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this chapter the challenge of influencing the attitudes to suicide prevention in key individuals or gatekeepers, such as clinicians, school personnel, social planners, and researchers in mental health and suicide prevention, is addressed. Based on experiences from several training programmes, the importance of a psychological perspective on suicidality is seen as relevant, even in population-based research and prevention. One focus in the discussion is on the distinction between having an immediate impact on conscious attitudes and the more difficult challenge of influencing less conscious, individual and cultural ambivalent attitudes to suicide prevention. In light of the universal stigma of and taboo against the topic of suicide, the ability of prevention specialists to withhold judgement and reflect on their own emotional responses to self-destructiveness is considered as an aspect of a scientific attitude. In addition, an anthropological elucidation of mental ill-health and suicide is called for as a supplement to the biopsychosocial, stress–vulnerability paradigm in suicide-preventive training programmes.
The role of mass-media in suicide prevention
Authors: Westerlund Michael , Schaller Sylvia , Schmidtke Armin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlthough disputed, most researchers in the field of suicide and mass media agree that the studies carried out to date have substantiated the existence, under certain circumstances, of genuine suicidal ‘contagion’ from suicide reports in the media. The fact that many studies have demonstrated an association between media reporting of suicide and actual suicidal behaviour has also prompted the issue of various types of recommendations on how the media should report on the subject of suicide to avoid imitative behaviour. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss and identify the problems associated with research on suicide and the media, with a number of seminal articles published over the years serving as examples.
The role of the Internet in suicide prevention
Authors: Westerlund Michael 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAmong websites relating to suicide, approximately 40 per cent represent a suicide-preventive view. However, research shows that pro-suicide sites usually rank higher on search results pages, and are more frequently searched for. These pro-suicide sites and other forms of online pro-suicide communication have tried to spread a view of suicide as an acceptable solution to life’s problems. They have also increased access to potent suicide methods, through the long lists they contain. They have added to persuasion and group pressure to fulfil suicide plans, glorifying those who have committed suicide, and given rise to a new form of suicide pact— ‘net suicides’.This chapter also discusses the scope for statutory prohibition and regulation of pro-suicide websites, and ways in which Internet-based systems are used as suicide-preventive support.
Representations of suicide in cinema
Authors: Camy Gérard 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
In this chapter, representations of suicide in fiction film from the United States, Europe and South East Asia will be presented. Cinematic representations are helpful in addressing discourses on suicide worldwide. Typically, the sufferings of the characters that consider suicide or take their lives occupy a minor part of the plot in scenarios that highlight action, cultural and social reflection, or existential interrogations. In typical Hollywood dramas, redemption, punishment, lost love and solitude are the prime reasons for suicides; often as a consequence of genuine injustice. In the European films discussed, suicides on screen often attempt to open the screenplay to comments and reflections on the various tragic circumstances that bring the protagonists to such extremities. Refusal to recognize oneself in and by society appears to be an important reason for suicide. Another recurring theme is the wish to understand the motives behind the voluntary death of a peer. Much South East Asian cinema reflects the malaise of a society, its interiorized violence, fascination with death and the distress of a youth lacking excitement.
Suicidal behaviour in children and adolescents in different clinical settings
Authors: Klomek Anat Brunstein , Krispin Orit , Apter Alan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter reviews the various clinical settings in which suicidal behaviours occur among children and adolescents. The chapter focuses on primary care settings (family or paediatric practices), emergency rooms, intensive care units, mental health outpatient departments and inpatient units. The authors discuss the need for early screening of suicidality and its risk factors, management of these high-risk children and adolescents and the different clinical interventions that are available. These interventions include psychosocial and medication treatments that have varying rates of success and still need more studies. In all clinical settings a multidisciplinary approach to treatment is recommended. The importance of risk assessment and continuity of care are highlighted.
Individual therapy techniques with suicidal adolescents
Authors: Spirito Anthony , Esposito-Smythers Christianne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief summary of the literature on individual therapy with suicidal adolescents. The primary focus is on the treatment of adolescents who have attempted suicide. Therapy techniques specific to cognitive, emotional/affective, interpersonal, and intrapsychic factors are reviewed. Techniques from cognitive behavioural therapy, dialectical behaviour therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy are described. An approach to psychoeducation regarding suicidality is also presented.
Innovative psychosocial rehabilitation of suicidal young people
Authors: Malone Kevin , Yap Su Yin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines current service provision and research in the area of youth suicide from the perspective of psychosocial rehabilitation. We examine culturally tailored programmes for suicide prevention and emphasize that adopting a community-based and culturally tailored approach is crucial in meeting the needs of suicidal young people. Gaps in the research into youth suicide are highlighted, including psychosis and substance misuse. Using these two examples, we attempt to show how the research has neglected key areas pertaining to youth suicide.The second part of the chapter looks at service provision for suicidal young people. Gaps in the services are highlighted, namely the need to consult young people in service provision. We examine some promising areas of research that may be incorporated into tailoring services for suicidal young people. The use of Internet therapy is briefly examined and proposed as a means of tailoring services to young people by adopting their preferred technologies of communication.We conclude by summarizing key recommendations for future research and service provision for suicidal young people.
The role of volunteer organizations in suicide prevention
Authors: Andriessen Karl 
Published: January 2012

AbstractContemporary suicide prevention emerged, to a large extent, as a result of groundwork conducted by volunteers. This chapter focuses on the involvement of volunteers in suicide prevention organizations throughout history and across the world, without forgetting the involvement of volunteers in suicide bereavement support. The characteristics of volunteers and volunteer organizations are presented. The question regarding the effectiveness of volunteer organizations is addressed, e.g. the available evidence regarding the positive effects of telephone crisis lines, online chat, and ‘befriending’ in rural areas are discussed. However, further research is needed given the shortage of studies. The chapter concludes with a plea for increased cooperation between volunteer and professional organizations, and integration of volunteer work in national suicide prevention policies in order to provide optimal care to the people in need.
Suicide prevention in Uganda
Authors: Ovuga Emilio , Boardman Jed 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSuicide is a global public health problem across the world: about 1 million people kill themselves each year and rates have increased over the past 50 years (World Health Organization 2001). Significant increases have been seen in young people (Wasserman et al. 2005) and suicide remains one of the leading causes of death among youth. Yet for many countries there are no reliable suicide statistics (Khan 2005). This is the case in sub-Saharan Africa where few published studies exist (e.g. Dong and Simon 2001; Nwosu and Odesanmi 2001; Kinyanda et al. 2004; Ndosi et al. 2004; Kinyanda et al. 2005; Ovuga et al. 2005a). Given the poverty, military unrest, psychological trauma, burden of neuropsychiatric disorders, alcoholism and AIDS, and the rapid rate of social change, these global trends are likely to be present in Africa.In this chapter we examine briefly a background model and factors linked to suicide and a public health approach to its prevention. An example of efforts to tackle suicide in one district of Uganda is provided.
Suicide prevention in India
Authors: Vijayakumar Lakshmi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIndia is the seventh largest country in the world and the largest democracy. The population of India is 1.08 billion, which means that one in every six human beings are Indian. There are twenty-eight states and seven Union Territories, eighteen official languages and eight hundred dialects. India is truly a multicultural, multilingual, multi-religious melting pot.India is now emerging as an economic power. The software and IT sector, modernization of telecommunications and increased pace of privatization, has brought about a paradigm shift in the lifestyle of the urban Indian. However, the growth is not equitable, and the urban/rural divide is wide. There is also a huge disparity in the availability of infrastructure and resources, not only between the different states of India, but also within a state. As an illustration, there are only 60 doctors per 100,000 population, but there are 50 Internet users per 1000 population. Suicide is an important issue in this emerging Indian context.
Suicide prevention in Italy
Authors: Sarchiapone Marco 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
National statistics on suicide deaths in Italy have been collected systematically from 1950 to 2003, which shows that the overall suicide rate has increased from 6 to 7 suicides per 100,000, with a slight gender imbalance, i.e. the female rate has decreased instead. In 2004, 3265 persons died due to suicide in Italy (Preti and Cascio 2006; ISTAT 2008).
According to the most recent available data, in Italy, the age and gender group with the highest rates of completed suicides are males aged 18–64. Completed suicides appear to be associated primarily to psychiatric disorders, and secondarily to physical illness; while if controlling for marital status, unmarried individuals carry higher rates of suicide (De Risio and Sarchiapone 2002).
Evidence from worldwide experience shows that national government plans often result in effective suicide prevention. Nevertheless, national prevention strategies have not been developed in Italy, and suicide prevention is delegated to nongovernmental organizations, such as private agencies or associations, psychiatric associations and universities. Therefore, to date several initiatives which address specific topics in suicide prevention exist, albeit they may not attain the comprehensiveness of a national prevention strategy.
Reasons for failed governmental support to suicide prevention may be the seemingly low suicide statistics compared to other European countries, but also the moral stigma of suicide that has been often associated with strong Catholic beliefs, reinforced in Italy by the presence of the Holy See within the State Capitol.
Decreased plasma sRAGE levels in COPD: influence of oxygen therapy
Authors: Gopal Poornima , Rutten Erica P. A. , Dentener Mieke A. , Wouters Emiel F. M. , Reynaert Niki L. 
Published: January 2012

Eur J Clin Invest 2012AbstractBackground  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Nε‐(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end product (AGE) and the soluble decoy receptor, sRAGE, are exciting new molecules linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. Here the levels of plasma sRAGE and CML were determined and their variation in relation to lung function, external long‐term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and plasma levels of inflammatory molecules in COPD evaluated.Methods  Plasma sRAGE and CML levels were measured by ELISA in 146 patients with stable COPD and 81 healthy subjects, subgrouped from a larger case–control study and matched for age, gender and pack‐years smoked.Results  Decreased levels of plasma sRAGE and no significant difference in levels of plasma CML were found in patients with COPD in comparison with controls. In the total group, plasma sRAGE was positively associated with FEV1 and forced vital capacity and negatively with pack‐years smoked. In patients receiving LTOT, levels of plasma sRAGE were lower compared with those without LTOT. Only in controls, a weak correlation was found between plasma sRAGE and CML. sRAGE did not correlate with measured inflammatory markers, whereas CML was negatively correlated with fibrinogen.Conclusion  Plasma sRAGE levels are lower in patients with COPD compared with healthy control subjects, and even lower levels in patients receiving LTOT. Because sRAGE correlated with lung function only in the whole group, sRAGE can be considered a marker of COPD, but not of disease severity. A lack of clear association between sRAGE, CML and systemic inflammation is furthermore evident.
High‐accuracy practical spline‐based 3D and 2D integral transformations in potential‐field geophysics
Authors: Wang Bingzhu , Gao Stephen S. , Liu Kelly H. , Krebes Edward S. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPotential, potential field and potential‐field gradient data are supplemental to each other for resolving sources of interest in both exploration and solid Earth studies. We propose flexible high‐accuracy practical techniques to perform 3D and 2D integral transformations from potential field components to potential and from potential‐field gradient components to potential field components in the space domain using cubic B‐splines. The spline techniques are applicable to either uniform or non‐uniform rectangular grids for the 3D case, and applicable to either regular or irregular grids for the 2D case. The spline‐based indefinite integrations can be computed at any point in the computational domain. In our synthetic 3D gravity and magnetic transformation examples, we show that the spline techniques are substantially more accurate than the Fourier transform techniques, and demonstrate that harmonicity is confirmed substantially better for the spline method than the Fourier transform method and that spline‐based integration and differentiation are invertible. The cost of the increase in accuracy is an increase in computing time. Our real data examples of 3D transformations show that the spline‐based results agree substantially better or better with the observed data than do the Fourier‐based results. The spline techniques would therefore be very useful for data quality control through comparisons of the computed and observed components. If certain desired components of the potential field or gradient data are not measured, they can be obtained using the spline‐based transformations as alternatives to the Fourier transform techniques.
Parallel phylogeographic structure in ecologically similar sympatric sister taxa
Authors: DAWSON MICHAEL N 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPresent‐day phylogeographic patterns have been shaped by the dual histories of lineages and places, producing a diversity of relationships that may challenge discovery of general rules. For example, the predicted positive correlation between dispersal ability and gene flow has been supported inconsistently, suggesting unaccounted complexity in theory or the comparative framework. Here, I extend the sympatric sister‐species approach, in which variance between lineages and places is minimized, to sister clades and test a fundamental assumption of comparative genetic studies of dispersal: that taxa which evolved at the same time and in the same place will, if they have similar life histories and ecologies, have essentially the same phylogeographic structure. Phylogenetic analyses of 197 Stigmatopora pipefishes using two nuclear (creatine kinase intron 6, α‐tropomyosin) and two mitochondrial (16S, noncoding region) loci revealed largely synchronous parallel diversification of sister clades that are codistributed from Western Australia to New Zealand, supporting the null hypothesis. Only one comparison, however, yielded a sympatric sister‐species pair (the two stem species), so I also explored the potential for extant species sharing a substantial proportion of their evolutionary histories in sympatry to substitute for sister taxon comparisons. In eastern Australia, where strong environmental structure is lacking, phylogeographic differences between species that have been codistributed for ∼85% of their evolutionary histories were consistent with tendencies favoured by their modest life‐history differences, that is the larger, rarer species had lower genetic diversity. In contrast, in New Zealand, two species codistributed for ∼70% of their evolutionary histories were both structured similarly by a strong biogeographic filter despite differences in life history. Rigorously quantifying the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on phylogeographic structure may advance most efficiently through meta‐analyses of contemporaneously codistributed taxa, including but not limited to sympatric sister species.
High prevalence of fractures and osteoporosis in patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis
Authors: van der Veer E. , van der Goot W. , de Monchy J. G. R. , Kluin‐Nelemans H. C. , van Doormaal J. J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground: Indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) is a rare disease characterized by accumulation of abnormal mast cells in various tissues, including bone marrow. Symptoms are usually related to release of mast cell mediators. The aims are to establish the prevalence of osteoporotic fractures in ISM and to investigate the association with serum tryptase and the urinary histamine metabolites, methylhistamine (MH), and methylimidazole acetic acid.Methods: The fracture prevalence in 157 patients (65 men; 92 women), mean age 54 ± 12 years, was assessed by vertebral morphometry and data from patient records, supplemented by a questionnaire. Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured, and tryptase and histamine metabolites were analysed.Results: We registered 235 lifetime fractures in 154 patients, including 140 osteoporotic (low‐energy trauma) fractures, of which 62% were vertebral, 1% hip and 36% other nonvertebral fractures. Osteoporotic fractures and osteoporosis were found in 37% and 28% of the patients, respectively. In men, the prevalence of these osteoporotic manifestations (46% <50 years; 73% ≥50 years) was much higher compared with women (18% <50 years; 58% ≥50 years). Older age, male gender, and higher urinary MH were independently related to the osteoporotic manifestations.Conclusions: This first publication about prevalence of fractures and osteoporosis in patients with ISM shows that the risk of osteoporotic fractures is high, especially in men. Higher urinary MH levels are associated with a higher risk of osteoporotic manifestations. Routine measurements of BMD and vertebral morphometry are warranted in these patients for early detection of osteoporosis.
The origin and ecological significance of multiple branches for histidine utilization in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
Authors: Gerth Monica L. , Ferla Matteo P. , Rainey Paul B. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryPseudomonas proliferate in a wide spectrum of harsh and variable environments. In many of these environments, amino acids, such as histidine, are a valuable source of carbon, nitrogen and energy. Here, we demonstrate that the histidine uptake and utilization (hut) pathway of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 contains two branches from the intermediate formiminoglutamate to the product glutamate. Genetic analysis revealed that the four‐step route is dispensable as long as the five‐step route is present (and vice versa). Mutants with deletions of either the four‐step (HutE) or five‐step (HutFG) branches were competed against each other and the wild‐type strain to test the hypothesis of ecological redundancy; that is, that the presence of two pathways confers no benefit beyond that delivered by the individual pathways. Fitness assays performed under several environmental conditions led us to reject this hypothesis; the four‐step pathway can provide an advantage when histidine is the sole carbon source. An IclR‐type regulator (HutR) was identified that regulates the four‐step pathway. Comparison of sequenced genomes revealed that P. aeruginosa strains and P. fluorescens Pf‐5 have branched hut pathways. Phylogenetic analyses suggests that the gene encoding formiminoglutamase (hutE) was acquired by horizontal gene transfer from a Ralstonia‐like ancestor. Potential barriers to inter‐species transfer of the hutRE module were explored by transferring it from P. aeruginosa PAO1 to P. fluorescens SBW25. Transfer of the operon conferred the ability to utilize histidine via the four‐step pathway in a single step, but the fitness cost of acquiring this new operon was found to be environment dependent.
Topical application of disodium isostearyl 2‐O‐L‐ascorbyl phosphate, an amphiphilic ascorbic acid derivative, reduces neuropathic hyperalgesia in rats
Authors: Okubo Kazumasa , Nakanishi Hiroki , Matsunami Maho , Shibayama Hiroharu , Kawabata Atsufumi 
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSECav3.2 T‐type calcium channels, targeted by H2S, are involved in neuropathic hyperalgesia in rats and ascorbic acid inhibits Cav3.2 channels. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of intraplantar (i.pl.) administration of ascorbic acid or topical application of disodium isostearyl 2‐O‐L‐ascorbyl phosphate (DI‐VCP), a skin‐permeable ascorbate derivative on hyperalgesia induced by NaHS, an H2S donor, and on neuropathic hyperalgesia.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHIn rats mechanical hyperalgesia was evoked by i.pl. NaHS, and neuropathic hyperalgesia was induced by L5 spinal nerve cutting (L5SNC) or by repeated administration of paclitaxel, an anti‐cancer drug. Dermal ascorbic acid levels were determined colorimetrically.KEY RESULTSThe NaHS‐evoked Cav3.2 channel‐dependent hyperalgesia was inhibited by co‐administered ascorbic acid. Topical application of DI‐VCP, but not ascorbic acid, prevented the NaHS‐evoked hyperalgesia, and also increased dermal ascorbic acid levels. Neuropathic hyperalgesia induced by L5SNC or paclitaxel was reversed by i.pl. NNC 55–0396, a selective T‐type calcium channel blocker, ascorbic acid or DI‐VCP, and by topical DI‐VCP, but not by topical ascorbic acid. The effects of i.pl. ascorbic acid and topical DI‐VCP in the paclitaxel‐treated rats were characterized by the faster onset and greater magnitude, compared with their effects in the L5SNC rats. Dermal ascorbic acid levels in the hindpaw significantly decreased after paclitaxel treatment, but not L5SNC, which was reversed by topical DI‐VCP.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSAscorbic acid, known to inhibit Cav3.2 channels, suppressed neuropathic hyperalgesia. DI‐VCP ointment for topical application may be of benefit in the treatment of neuropathic pain.