bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The epidemiology of leptospirosis in North Queensland: I. General survey of animal hosts
Authors: Emanuel Marie L. , Mackerras I. M. , Smith D. J. W. 
Published: May 2009

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that causes appreciable ill health and economic loss in North Queensland. Fourteen serotypes ofLeptospirawere known to infect man in the area, and information on their local distribution and seasonal and occupational incidence had been obtained. The next step in the investigation was to determine the reservoir hosts and estimate their significance.Wild animals examined comprised 5 monotremes, 643 marsupials, 2355 rodents, 67 bats, 30 birds, 28 reptiles, and 21 toads. Evidence of leptospiral infection was obtained from 223 marsupials, 309 rodents, and 6 fruit-bats. Analysis indicated that the principal maintaining hosts were:Peremeles nasuta—ofL. kremastos(and possiblyL. mini) in canefields and rain forest.Isoodon macrourus—ofL. broomi, L. mini, andL. kremastosin canefields.Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus(focal), andMus musculus(focal)—ofL. zanoniin town and canefields.Rattus sordidus conatus—ofL. australisin canefields.Rattus assimilis—of foci ofL. australis, a variant ofL. pomona, and probably ofL. hyosin rain forests.Random infections were also encountered, but the maintaining hosts of the other serotypes known to infect man in the area (icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, bindjei, robinsoni, bratislava, grippotyphosa, medanensis, celledoni) were not determined.Domestic animals examined included 137 cattle, 54 pigs, 7 sheep, 34 dogs, 31 cats, and a dairy herd in which there was an epizootic ofpomonaleptospirosis. Again, there was a wide scatter of infection, but, apart from the long-known association ofL. pomonaandL. hyoswith cattle and pigs, there was no evidence of maintaining hosts in this series.As indicated in the Introduction, the work reported here was part of a planned investigation into the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Some of the early material was collected by Dr M. J. Mackerras, Dr R. L. Doherty, Mrs D. G. Delamoir, and Miss C. J. Ross, who had previously been stationed at the Institute's Field Station, and we are indebted to Mr D. W. Lavers, Mr S. G. Knott, and Mr R. E. Dunham, of the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock, for a number of sera from domestic animals. Many of the mammals were identified by Dr W. A. McDougall, of the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock, Mr E. le G. Troughton, then of the Australian Museum, Sydney, Mr B. J. Marlow, then of the C.S.I.R.O. Wildlife Section, Canberra, and by Dr J. L. Harrison, Dr M. J. Mackerras, and Mr R. Domrow of the Institute. We are indebted also to Mrs M. Macgregor, Librarian of the Institute, for considerable help with the literature.
Source ofPseudomonas aeruginosainfection in premature infants
Authors: Rubbo Sydney D. , Gardner Joan F. , Franklin J. Clare 
Published: May 2009

1. A small but serious outbreak ofPs. aeruginosainfection in a premature baby ward has been described.2. Heavy contamination of the suction apparatus and tubing was demonstrated to be the main reservoir of infection.3. It was also shown that this apparatus could disseminate the organism as an aerosol.4. The measures adopted to eliminate the source and prevent dissemination of the infectious agent have been described.
Salmonellae and shigellae in a group of urban South African Bantu school children
Authors: Richardson N. J. , Koornhof H. J. , Hayden-Smith S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Faeces from apparently healthy Bantu children from schools in Soweto township near Johannesburg were examined eight times at fairly regular intervals over a period of 1 year.2. Only fifty-five children were present for all eight investigations and, of these, 36·4% yielded salmonellae and 9·1% shigellae. Taking the group as a whole, 26·2% of the children had salmonella infections and 6·2% shigella infections.3. Parasites were shown to be present in sixty-four of the 130 children during the period of the investigation.4. As in other surveys, there were more isolations in summer than in winter.5.S. labadiandS. typhimuriumwere most frequently isolated, with the group B–E constituting 75% of the total isolations.S. typhi, S. paratyphi A, BandCwere not found.6. Water supplied to each house by the Johannesburg municipality was of good quality, yet it did not affect the incidence of salmonellosis and shigellosis.7. In spite of better socio-economic conditions the incidence of salmonellosis is comparable to the two previously mentioned surveys. These findings indicate a lack of instruction on personal hygiene and the importance of public health measures.
Some laboratory observations on the toxicity and acceptability of norbormide to wildRattus norvegicusand on feeding behaviour associated with sublethal dosing
Authors: Greaves J. H. 
Published: May 2009

The median lethal dose of orally administered norbormide for wildRattus norvegicusfound to be 9·0 mg./kg. of body weight and the LD 95 about 17·0 mg./kg.In tests in which various concentrations of norbormide or zine phosphide were added to the food of individually caged wild rats, mortality increased with concentration of poison, though more slowly with norbormide than with zine phosphide. The mortality that occurred among rats offered a choice between unpoisoned food and the same food with added norbormide or zinc phosphide indicates that in control treatments in the field the optimum concentration of norbormide in bait would be about 0·;5% and that this might be expected to give results comparable with those obtainable with 2·;5% or 5·0% zine phosphide. Other methods of estimating suitable field strengths indicate that concentrations of norbormide higher than 0·;5% may be preferable.Some animals that survived exposure to a choice of plain food and the same Food poisoned with norbormide or zine phosphide at field concentrations avoided mating lethal amounts by reacting to the taste of the poison. Others learned to use the taste of the food, not that of the poison as a cue and later avoided eating the food when it contained no poison.When either poison was presented to rats in the more palatable of two foods in the choice situation mortality was relatively high. Some of the surviving animals subsequently rejected the more palatable food in preference to the normally less palatable alternative.
Some studies on the epidemiology of sonne dysentery. Changes in colicine type and antibiotic resistance between 1956 and 1965
Authors: Farrant W. N. , Tomlinson A. J. H. 
Published: May 2009

The colicine type and antibiotic resistance have been determined on strains ofSh. sonneiderived from 9419 incidents of Sonne dysentery in London between October 1956 and March 1965.The most striking observation has been the appearance of strains with patterns of colicine production and antibiotic resistance new to the area. These changes are best regarded as a result of the interaction and transfer of characters betweenSh. sonneiand other intestinal organisms.The general tendency has been for strains ofSh. sonneito become increasingly resistant to antibiotics but this has not been an uninterrupted process. The proportion of drug-resistant strains at any one time depended on the properties of the current epidemic strain.Spread of Sonne dysentery was essentially local, but some strains ofSh. sonneiwere found to spread much more widely than others. Most, but not all, of the strains resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline possessed only limited powers of spreading.
The mathematical analysis of concurrent epidemics of yaws and chickenpox
Authors: Gart John J. , De Vries J. L. 
Published: May 2009

The relationship between chickenpox and yaws epidemics occurring among children in a village in Netherlands New Guinea is analysed using the mathematical model for a simple deterministic epidemic. It is shown that the yaws epidemic accelerated significantly in the month following the chickenpox epidemic, but that it reverted to its previous rate in the succeeding months. The number of yaws cases attributable to the influence of the chickenpox is estimated from the projected course of the yaws epidemic. It is statistically verified that those children contracting chickenpox were more likely to become yaws cases in the subsequent month.These results point to the danger of yaws's spread being much more rapid among a population which has recently been subject to an epidemic of chickenpox.
The incidence of infective drug resistance in strains ofEscherichia coliisolated from diseased human beings and domestic animals
Authors: Smith H. Williams 
Published: May 2009

A high incidence of drug resistance, mostly of the infective type, was found amongst strains ofEscherichia coliisolated from human beings suffering from neonatal diarrhoea, calves and lambs suffering from neonatal diarrhoea or bacteraemia, pigs suffering from neonatal or post-weaning diarrhoea or bowel oedema and from fowls suffering from ‘coli-septicaemia’. The strains from the human beings, pigs and fowls, and those from calves and lambs suffering from bacteraemia, belonged to serotypes generally accepted as being pathogenic for these species.Complex drug-resistance patterns were a common feature, particularly amongst the human and calf strains, some being resistant to six drugs. Only two drugs, polymyixin and nalidixic acid, were active on all the strains.The incidence of drug resistance amongst pig strains was twice as great in those isolated in 1965 as in those isolated in 1960–62; neomycin and furazolidone resistance was found amongst the 1965 strains but not amongst the 1960–62 strains.Infective resistance was easily demonstrated; tetracycline resistance was transferred from one tetracycline-resistant strain ofE. colito 37 of 38 tetracycline-sensitive strains at the first attempt.Most ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, neomycin and sulphonamide resistance was of the infective type; the furazolidone resistance in all of eight strains studied was not shown to be infective.In the experiments to demonstrate the presence of infective resistance the level of drug resistance was usually found to be the same in donor and recipient strains.
Acquisition ofStaphylococcus aureusby patients undergoing cytotoxic therapy in an ultra-clean isolation unit
Authors: Andrews H. J. , Bagshawe K. D. 
Published: May 2009

The twenty-four young women and one man treated in an ultra-clean isolation ward should have had a low incidence of staphylococcal infection on grounds of age, sex and clean environment alone. However, they apparently acquired new strains ofStaph. aureusat the rate of 4·7/100 patient weeks (3·9 multiple resistant strains/100 patient weeks) from the sixth week after admission onwards.Environmental factors contributing to infection included introduction of resistant strains by the patients on admission, contact between patients in the unit, and failure to eliminate nasal carriage in staff and patients.Host susceptibility was increased by malignancy, and by antibiotic and cytotoxic therapy. The nasal carriage rate ofStaph. aureuswas significantly greater for patients with repeated episodes of leucopenia induced by cytotoxic drugs.
The isolation and characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from clinically normal herds of cattle in Botswana
Authors: Hedger R. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe results of a survey of the foot-and-mouth disease carrier state in three localities of an FMD enzootic area of Botswana are presented. The collection, storage and handling of the samples is mentioned and the isolation of virus on calf thyroid monolayer tissue cultures is described. Type SAT 3 virus was isolated from up to 20% of the animals sampled at periods between 7 and 12 months after natural infection. Sera were tested for all the animals from which virus was recovered and compared with similar numbers of sera from virus-negative animals. No correlation was found between the carrier state and serum antibody titres.Antigenic studies are described which indicated not only an antigenic variation of some carrier viruses isolated from the outbreak strain but also antigenic differences between strains of carrier virus from different animals in the same herd. There was no evidence at the time of sampling of the persistence as carrier virus of the attenuated vaccine strains of FMDV used previously in the cattle sampled.The results suggest that transference of carrier virus from animal to animal may occur in the absence of clinical infection.
The serum opacity reaction ofStreptococcus pyogenes: frequency of production of streptococcal lipoproteinase by strains of different serological types and the relationship to M protein production
Authors: Top Franklin H. , Wannamaker Lewis W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe serum opacity reaction (SOR) is produced by some streptococci of group A, but not by streptococci of groups B, C, D, F and G. The production of this reaction was found to be closely related to serotype as determined by M and T antigens. The SOR of an individual strain was found to be consistently stable over a period of time both in strains maintained in the laboratory and in strains isolated sequentially from individual patients following streptococcal infections. Strains for which the demonstration of an M-antigen by the precipitin method was difficult or impossible in general produced a SOR, while strains more easily typable generally failed to produce this reaction. Laboratory selected variants of type 12 strains showed an inverse relationship between M protein and lipoproteinase production, whereas M positive and M negative variants of other serotypes showed no variability with respect to lipoproteinase production.
Comparison of MacConkey broth, Teepol broth and glutamic acid media for the enumeration of coliform organisms in water
Authors:   By the Public Health Laboratory Service Standing Committee on the Bacteriological Examination of Water Supplies
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOxoid dehydrated MacConkey broth was compared with laboratory prepared MacConkey broth, Teepol broth and three modifications of glutamic acid media, by participants in eleven laboratories. A variety of chlorinated and unchlorinated water samples were used. The Oxoid MacConkey broth was shown to be a satisfactory standard for comparison. Teepol broth was found to be a satisfactory alternative to MacConkey broth. Gray's improved glutamate medium was shown to be the best of the glutamate media and it gave results superior in most respects to MacConkey broth. In particular more Escherichia coli were obtained as well as more coliform organisms. Organisms surviving marginal chlorination were recovered more readily. Growth was sometimes slower than in MacConkey broth but this could possibly be improved by closer attention to pH adjustment and mineral composition.
A bacteriological assessment of meat, offal and other possible sources of human enteric infections in a Bantu township
Authors: Richardson N. J. , Burnett Gillian M. , Koornhof H. J. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. From the Municipal abattoir, specimens of liver, spleen, lymph node, surface meat, bile and faeces from a sheep and a bovine, were examined fortnightly for 14 months for the presence of possible pathogenic bacteria. The results suggest that slaughtering procedures are satisfactory.2. Offal, consisting mainly of tripe and intestine, is eaten in large quantities by the Bantu population and is both nutritious and economical. The high incidence of salmonella isolations in the tripe (48%) and intestines (29%), and faecalE. coliandCl. welchii, show that this commodity is distributed in an inadequately cleansed condition.3. FaecalE. coliwas isolated from 86% of samples of sour milk collected from street pedlars.4. Dog faeces collected from the township pavements yielded 21% salmonellas, and faeces from fowls sold live by shopkeepers 14%.5. From the offal specimens,S. typhimurium(23%) andS. london(18%) were the salmonella types most frequently isolated.S. dublinwas isolated on only one occasion.6. Throughout the survey no shigellas were isolated.7. The significance of theCl. welchii, coagulase positiveStaphylococcus aureusandB. cereusisolations from the various specimens tested is not known.8. It is emphasized that although there is a definite need for improved treatment of the offal before distribution to the consumer, the resulting increase in cost must not be such as to deprive the population of this important source of protein.We wish to thank the Director of this Institute, Professor J. H. S. Gear, for permission to publish this paper, Dr P. J. Meara, Director of the City of Johannesburg Abattoir and Livestock Market Department for facilities granted, and Mr C. J. Franklin for collecting all the abattoir specimens. Our thanks are also due to Dr A. Smith, Medical Officer of Health, and Dr I. H. F. Spencer of the Johannesburg City Health Department for help and advice; to Mr A. J. MacG. Bryce for collecting all the specimens from the Soweto township; to Mrs Leonie Jonk for typing the salmonella organisms and Mr R. G. Robinson for investigating the micro-organisms' sensitivity to antibiotics.
Further studies on the antibiotic resistance ofShigella sonnei: I. Transferable antibiotic resistance
Authors: Davies Joan R. , Farrant W. N. , Tomlinson A. J. H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe incidence of antibiotic resistant strains ofSh. sonneiisolated in the London area is described. Strains were tested for their ability to transfer resistance to Most strains were resistant to sulphonamide and this resistance was transferable.An increasing proportion of strains was resistant to 800 µg./ml. of streptomycin, but transferable streptomycin resistance was less common and often associated with tetracycline resistance.The proportion of strains resistant to tetracycline fluctuated but this resistance was always transferred.Ampicillin resistance was common; only those strains resistant to 500µg./ml. transferred this resistance.Resistance to other antibiotics was very rare.
Chick embryo lethal orphan (CELO) virus as a possible contaminant of egg-grown virus vaccines
Authors: Oxford J. S. , Potter C. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe inactivation kinetics of CELO virus were studied in the presence of 1/4000 formaldehyde. Inactivation of the virus by formaldehyde at 4° C. was not complete after 14 days incubation. Formaldehyde inactivation at 36° C., however, was rapid and no virus was detected after 24 hr. incubation.Neutralizing antibody to CELO virus was detected in 20–88% of sera tested from five flocks of hens. This suggested dissemination of the virus in England and Scotland. However, no CELO virus neutralizing antibody at a serum dilution of 1/8 was detected in 142 normal human sera or in 229 sera from persons who had been immunized with egg grown, inactivated influenza virus vaccine.We would like to thank Professor C. H. Stuart-Harris and Drs J. E. Wilson, D. A. Martin and D. Breeze for their help and their criticisms of the manuscript.Dr G. C. Schild kindly supplied a number of the human sera used in the study. The study was financed in part by the National Fund for Research in Poliomyelitis and other Crippling Diseases and by the British Empire Cancer Campaign.
Importance of the carrier state as a source of Staphylococcus aureus in wound sepsis
Authors: Calia Frank M. , Wolinsky Emanuel , Mortimer Edward A. , Abrams Jerome S. , Rammelkamp Charles H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe relationship of pre-operative nasal and skin carriage of Staphylococcus aureus to wound colonization and sepsis was studied in 269 patients. Thirty-seven per cent of 96 carriers developed wound colonization as compared to 16 % among non-carriers (a statistically significant difference). The wound sepsis rates were 17 % and 9 % respectively. The combination of nasal and skin carriage was an important factor, since the sepsis rate among skin carriers (most of whom were nasal carriers as well) was 22%. Among carriers, the homologous strain was recovered from the majority of wound colonizations and from all instances of wound sepsis. A carrier strain also was recovered from 52% of the wounds colonized and from 50% of septic wounds in the entire study group. Profuse nasal carriage resulted in a significantly greater number of septic wounds (31%) than sparse carriage (9%). Wound cultures before closure, and skin from the initial incision site only once yielded a patient's carrier strain or a strain of Staph. aureus that was later recovered from the wound. The results indicate that measures designed to control the carrier state or to isolate the wound from the external environment should reduce wound sepsis by approximately one half.Excellent technical aid was furnished by Eleanor Ford, R. N., Edith E. Silverman, Adrienne Marus, M. S., and Patricia Welch.
Thermal requirements of secondary schoolchildren in winter
Authors: Auliciems A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSecondary schoolchildren in England were asked to assess thermal conditions in winter according to subjective sensations of warmth. Conditions of normal occupancy and activity were maintained and optimum conditions established in terms of four thermal measures by regression analysis of over 2500 assessments by boys and girls. The comfort zone was delineated as that within which 60% of the children were comfortable and in terms of the commonly used dry-bulb temperature this zone lay between 59 and 70° F. in still air. The optimum conditions for children were also compared with those recommended for adults.
HI antibody to various influenza viruses and adenoviruses in individuals of blood groups A and O
Authors: Potter C. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSerum specimens collected in 1966 from individuals of different age groups were studied for the presence of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody to four influenza viruses. All sera were from individuals of blood group A or O and in no instance was the incidence of antibody to a virus strain significantly greater for persons of blood group O compared with similar aged individuals of blood group A. This finding for HI antibody to A 2/Singapore/1/57 is different from similar studies of serum specimens collected in 1961–3. It is suggested that the change in the immune status of a population, with reference to blood-group status, is due to repeated exposure to infection; this changing pattern of immune status is discussed.Similar studies of HI antibody to adenovirus type 3 and 7 in human sera from persons of blood group A and O shows a changing pattern with increasing age. These results are consistent with the findings for influenza virus and are discussed. Repeated exposure of a population to infection results in obscuring genetically determined variations in susceptibility.I would like to thank Professor M. G. McEntegart, Professor of Medical Microbiology, and Professor C. H. Stuart-Harris, Professor of Medicine, for their advice and criticism, and Miss D. Coles, F.I.M.L.T., and Mrs P. Robinson for expert technical assistance.
Epidemiological studies onSalmonella senftenberg: II. Infections in farm animals
Authors: Hugh-Jones M. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBetween August 1964 and November 1965Salmonella senftenbergwas isolated from poultry, sheep and cattle on eight farms in England and Scotland. From an analysis of the case records its presence would appear to be incidental; but it may contribute to poultry mortality by acting in conjunction with other intercurrent infections or following stressful events such as severe debeaking or cold brooder conditions.I should like to thank the officers of the veterinary field investigation and research services who made available their records and notes for this work, and who visited the farms and hatcheries, but especially Mr R. Duff, Veterinary Laboratory, Lasswade, for his reports on the turkey poults from farm A; also Dr Betty Hobbs and Mr B. Hanson for their valuable criticisms.