bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Avian Infectious Bronchitis: Specific Lachrymal IgA Level and Resistance against Challenge
Authors: Toro H. , Fernandez I. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySince circulating antibody titres against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) often correlate poorly with protection against re‐infection, the lachrymal specific IgA level of IBV vaccinated chickens was evaluated as an indicator of resistance against challenge. For this purpose, the post‐vaccination (pv) IBV specific lachrymal IgA response was monitored in 30 chickens at 3‐day intervals until a rise of this specific isotype was detected. On day 19 pv, all birds (vaccinated group and non‐vaccinated controls) were challenged with the moderately attenuated H‐52 IBV strain via the ocular route. Protection was assessed by viral reisolation attempts in SPF embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) from tracheal swabs 4 days after challenge. Virus was detected in all control birds by the second passage in ECE. IBV was reisolated from 27 % (eight birds) of all H‐120‐primed birds after five passages in ECE. These results demonstrate that lachrymal‐fluid‐specific IgA levels in chickens are associated with resistance against IBV reinfection and are therefore a suitable source of antibodies that could be used for flock profiling.
Nachweis von Chlamydia psittaci in Vaginalausfluß von Rindern: Eine notwendige Erweiterung der bakteriologischen Diagnostik zur ätiologischen Klärung von Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen beim weiblichen Rind
Authors: Wittenbrink M. M. , Kirpal G. , Thiele D. , Fischer D. , Krauss H. , Bisping W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryVaginal discharge from 119 dairy cows from 59 herds was examined bacteriologically, including application of the IDEIA® Chlamydia test, to detect genus‐specific chlamydial LPS‐antigen. A putrid quality of specimens was closely correlated with isolation of Actinomyces pyogenes (p < 0.001). The IDEIA was positive for 39 of 65 (60.0 %) non‐putrid specimens and for 16 of 54 (29.6 %) putrid specimens; a non‐putrid quality of specimens was closely correlated with the detection of chlamydial antigen (p < 0.01). IDEIA‐positive results were confirmed by a blocking‐antibody assay and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a set of primers based on the 16S rRNA sequences of Chlamydia psittaci. Chlamydia‐positive non‐putrid specimens generally yielded no other bacterial pathogens. The clinical history of repeat breeding and endometritis, as well as failure to isolate other bacterial pathogens on routinely used non‐living media, were strongly suggestive of primary chlamydial involvement in these cases.ZusammenfassungVon 119 Kühen aus 59 Beständen wurde eitriger Vaginalausfluß bakteriologisch untersucht. Die Untersuchungen wurden durch den enzymimmunologischen Nachweis des genus‐spezifischen LPS‐Antigens der Chlamydien mit Hilfe des IDEIA® Chlamydia Testes ergänzt. Aus 22 von 54 (40,7%) putriden und aus 5 von 65 (7,7%) geruchlosen Eiterproben konnte Actinomyces pyogenes isoliert werden. Somit war dieser Keim in putriden Proben signifikant häufiger nachweisbar als in geruchlosen Proben (P < 0,001). Chlamydienantigen konnte signifikant häufiger in geruchlosen (60,0 %) als in putriden Proben (29,6 %) nachgewiesen werden (P < 0,01). Die Resultate des IDEIA® konnten durch einen Blocking‐Test und durch die Amplifizierung von Chlamydia psittaci‐spezifischer DNA in der Polymerase Kettenreaktion (PCR) unter Verwendung eines Primerpaares gegen speziesspezifische Basensequenzen des 16S rRNA‐Gens von Chlamydia psittaci bestätigt werden. In geruchlosen chlamydienhaltigen Eiterproben waren andere Bakterien mit erwiesener Pathogenität wie Actinomyces pyogenes nur in Einzelfällen nachweisbar. Dieses ist ein Indiz für die ursächliche Beteiligung von Chlamydia psittaci an natürlich vorkommenden Genitalkatarrhen und Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen beim weiblichen Rind.
Incidence of Paratuberculosis after Vaccination againstM. paratuberculosisin Two Infected Dairy Herds
Authors: Wentink G. H. , Bongers J. H. , Zeeuwen A. A. P. A. , Jaartsveld F. H. J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryVaccination against paratuberculosis of all newborn animals has been performed since April 1984 in two dairy herds with a high incidence of clinical cases of paratuberculosis, using a vaccine containing heat‐inactivatedM. paratuberculosisin a water/mineral oil emulsion. Animals slaughtered between April 1984 and January 1991 were included in the study. Histology, bacterioscopy and culture on Smith and modified Löwenstein—Jensen media were performed using jejunum, ileum and draining lymph nodes.The animals present on the farm in April 1984 constituted a retrospective non‐vaccinated group, giving an indication of the initial infection rate.After vaccination, the percentage of animals culled for clinical paratuberculosis decreased significantly (7.8 to 1.8 %; P < 0.005), as did the percentage of animals with positive histology (11.8 % to 5 %). The incidence of infected animals, defined by positive results in histology and/or bacterioscopy and/or culture, however, increased from 21.8 % to 25.9 %.
Effect of Dry‐cow Therapy on Subclinical Mastitis—an Evaluation of Long‐acting and Short‐acting Intramammaria
Authors: ØSterås O. , Aursjø J. , Gjul G. Grønningsæter , Jørstad A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of selective dry‐cow therapy with long‐acting and short‐acting antibiotics, respectively, and also in comparison to control groups without antibiotic treatment.A total of 684 cows from 288 different herds in three Norwegian regions fulfilled the criteria of the study design. There were 104 cows in control group A (sampling only), 115 cows in control group B (placebo), 221 cows treated with long‐acting intramammaria Benestermycin vet. ‘Leo’ for 1 day at drying off in group C, and 244 cows treated with four short‐acting intramammaria Leocillin with Dihydrostreptomycin vet. ‘Leo’ every second day before drying off in group D.The overall effect, measured as the cow being healthy after therapy, was 14.2 % in control groups and 33.7 % in therapy groups 30 ± 17 days into the next lactation. Of quarters infected with S. aureus both in late lactation (45 ± 32 days before drying off) and at drying off, 38.4 % in the control group were bacteriologically negative 30 ± 17 days into the next lactation, compared with 49.5 % in the long‐acting group and 68.6 % in the short‐acting group. Of quarters infected with Str. dysgalactiae both in late lactation (45 ± 32 days before drying off) and at drying off, 10 out of 27 were still infected with Str. dysgalactiae in the control group 30 ± 17 days into next lactation, compared with 0 out of 31 in the therapy groups.Dry‐cow therapy in coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS)‐infected quarters led to a 5.2 odds ratio of being healthy quarters 30 ± 17 days into the next lactation, compared with control groups. Despite this, the overall frequency of CNS in the material was unchanged after therapy compared with controls.Short‐acting compared to long‐acting preparations had a significantly better effect in preventing new infection with S. aureus or Str. dysgalactiae in untreated healthy quarters in cows with fewer than three infected quarters. This difference in preventive effect was greater in cows with one infected quarter during previous lactation (the new infection rates being 0.078 for short‐acting and 0.149 for long‐acting) than in those with two infected quarters (the new infection rates being 0.042 and 0.063, respectively).
Enhancement of Mitogen‐induced Lymphocyte Proliferation in Sheep
Authors: Gottshall S. L. , Hansen P. J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryConditions were established to optimize the lymphocyte proliferation test in sheep, a species where proliferation under standard conditions is lower than for other species. Optimum proliferation of phytohemagglutinin‐stimulated lymphocytes was achieved in TCM‐199 supplemented with 5 % (v/v) horse serum, 0.2 mM sodium pyruvate and 5 times 10−5 M β‐mercaptoethanol. Proliferative responses in this medium were 2.5‐fold higher or more than when using a standard medium (RPMI‐1640 + 10 % heat‐inactivated fetal bovine serum). Lymphocytes cultured in medium containing horse serum also responded to concanavalin A as well as or better than lymphocytes cultured in medium with bovine serum. For both PHA and Con A, optimal incorporation of radioactivity was achieved when cells were pulsed with [3H‐methyl]‐thymidine 72 h after addition of mitogen. The medium based on TCM‐199 + horse serum could support interleukin‐2‐induced proliferation. Furthermore, known inhibitors of lymphocyte proliferation in sheep were effective in inhibiting lymphocytes cultured in this medium.
Specificity of the Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Mycobacterial Antigens
Authors: Geisel O. , Netter F. , Hermanns W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe specificity of immunohistological reactions of commercial polyclonal antibodies to antigens of various mycobacteria (Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium duvalii and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) was tested in connection with a number of pathogens and with the help of the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Positive reactions occurred with various mycobacterial antigens and some Gram‐positive bacteria and fungi. These investigations indicate that when the above antibodies are used in histopathological diagnostics, false‐positive results can be expected.
Epizootic Pneumonia in Nutria
Authors: Martino P. , Stanchi N. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis report highlights current knowledge regarding the aetiology, diagnosis and management of nutria (Myocastor coypus Molina 1792) with spontaneous infectious pneumonia. Bacteriological evidence supports the view that Streptococcus zooepidemicus could be the specific pathogen, although other bacteria were also isolated. Attempts at virus isolation were unsuccessful. Pneumonia has rapidly become established as one of the major, life‐threatening bacterial diseases, ranking in importance with gastroenteritis infections.
Characterization of Fibrinogen‐binding Properties ofActinomyces pyogenes
Authors: Lämmler Ch. , Ding H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis study was designed to further characterize the fibrinogen‐binding properties ofActinomyces pyogenes.The fibrinogen‐binding capacities of a selectedA. pyogenesculture could be significantly enhanced by heat pretreatment (60 °C, 1 h) of the bacteria. The fibrinogen‐binding site seemed to be a protein which was specific for fibrinogen. In phagocytosis studies, binding of fibrinogen toA. pyogenessignificantly increased the phagocytic capacity of bovine polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection in Drug‐treated Chickens: Comparison of Diagnosis Methods Including Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Kempf I. , Gesbert F. , Guittet M. , Bennejean G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryTen chickens were inoculated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and treated with enrofloxacine. On eight different dates post‐inoculation (PI), tracheal swab samples were collected for mycoplasma culture or detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and blood samples were analysed by slide‐agglutination test (SA) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results showed that culture and PCR detected MG from 14/80 or 20/80 samples, respectively. The last culture‐positive sample was collected on day 26 PI, whereas PCR still gave positive results on day 54 PI. This difference may be attributed to the high sensitivity of PCR and to its ability to detect non‐viable or non‐culturable pathogens.Sera were SA positive as early as 5 days PI and some of them remained positive up to day 47 PI. ELISA detected 53 suspicious or positive sera.
Double‐sandwich Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with Murine Monoclonal Antibodies for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
Authors: Goyache J. , Orden J. A. , Blanco J. L. , Doménech A. , Suárez G. , Gómez‐Lucía E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThree monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which react specifically with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) were studied for their suitability for use in ELISA. One of them (MAb B14) worked well as a coating antibody; MAb B12 was shown to be a good probing antibody (conjugated with peroxidase) when ELISA plates were coated with MAb B14. This effective pair of MAbs (B14–B12PO) is able to detect 0.625 ng SEB ml, and to distinguish between SEB and other proteins present in food extracts.
Influence of Culture Conditions on Expression of Antigens in Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Kasprzak H. , Rehak E. , Krüger M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryBordetella (B.) bronchiseptica isolates from the respiratory tract of rat and pig in their virulent phase‐I and their spontaneously developed avirulent phase‐III were investigated. The strains were cultured on Bordet‐Gengou agar, on nutrition agar with 10 % horse blood, and with 5 % sheep blood, on yeast agar, on minimal nutrition agar (MM) and Simmon's citrate agar with glycerol, starch, and nicotinic acid. Antigenic modulation was induced by MgSO4 on Bordet‐Gengou agar. The B. bronchiseptica strains were cultivated at 37 °C for 48 h. The influence of different MgSO4 concentrations after five passages (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 50, 100 mM/ml and low (20 °C) and high (42 °C) temperatures on antigenic modulation was investigated on Bordet‐Gengou (B‐G) agar. B. bronchiseptica colonies were characterized in relation to morphology, haemolysis, slide agglutination with B. bronchiseptica phase‐I polyclonal antibodies, haemagglutination with horse and calf erythrocytes and polypeptide and LPS patterns in SDS‐PAGE. Cultivation of B. bronchiseptica phase‐I on B‐G agar and ACMM agar at 37 °C for 48 h resulted in strong phase‐I antigenic patterns, and, on peptone‐rich media, in antigenic modulation. The morphology of B. bronchiseptica phase‐I‐strain colonies on peptone media was different from that of B‐G and ACMM agar. The LPS pattern of both strains resembled that of phase‐III strains. MgSO4 concentrations of 1 mM/ml (strain 1636 I) and 3 mM/ml (Ratte I) were able to induce LPS‐pattern‐like phase III.
Isolation of the Pigeon PMV‐1 Variant of Newcastle Disease Virus from Imported Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)
Authors: Capua I. , Manvell R. J. , Antonucci D. , Scaramozzino P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIsolation of a virulent pigeon paramyxovirus 1 (PPMV‐1) strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from pheasants imported for release is reported. Although no clinical signs or postmortem lesions suggesting NDV infection were detected, the intestine was processed for attempted virus isolation as part of a surveillance programme on wild‐bird populations. The potential role of pheasants as carriers of the disease, and the importance of developing surveillance programmes for wild bird populations is discussed.
Seroprevalence of Bovine Immunodeficiency‐virus (BIV) Antibodies in the Cattle Population in Germany
Authors: Muluneh A. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySerum samples from 380 cattle were analysed for the presence of bovine immunodeficiency‐virus (BIV) antibodies by focus immunoassay (cell‐ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). All specimens originated from dairy farms in the eastern part of Germany, which had been randomly collected during the period 1989–1991. The cattle were clinically healthy and free of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) and bovine‐virus diarrhoea‐virus (BVDV) antibodies. Infection of cell lines with BIV was monitored by syncytia formation, cell‐ELISA, and immunofluorescence.The seroprevalence of BIV antibodies was 6.6 %, as determined by cell‐ELISA. Comparison of IFA and cell‐ELISA showed that all IFA positive sera were also positive in cell‐ELISA. However, additional sera were reactive only in cell‐ELISA. This first report suggests that BIV infection may cause minor problems in German cattle, while BIV is present in a similar prevalence to that reported from other countries.
Susceptibility ofStreptococcus suisto Various Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Tarradas M. C. , Arenas A. , Maldonado A. , Vicente S. , Miranda A. , Perea A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA study was performed to determine the susceptibility of 59S. suisstrains, isolated from sick and healthy carrier swine, to a range of antimicrobial agents. The β‐lactamic group proved more active both in Kirby‐Bauer and MCI tests. Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole emerged as an alternative drug in chemoprevention and treatment ofS. suisinfections.
Effects of Levamisole, DTC and Low‐dose Mechlorethamine on Humoral Response of SRBC‐immunized Rabbits Exposed to Cold Stress
Authors: Obmiǹska‐Domoradzka B. , S̀Witala M. , Dȩbowy J. , Garbuliński T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe experiments were carried out on normothermal rabbits and rabbits exposed to cold stress (hypothermia). The animals of the latter group were submerged in ice‐water for 20 s and then placed in a freezer at − 15 °C for 8 min until their body temperature dropped by 3°C. Both the normothermal and hypothermal rabbits were immunized i.p. with 3 ml of 10% sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Levamisole (2 mg/kg), DTC (sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, 20 mg/kg) or mechlorethamine (mustine; 5 μg/kg) were injected i.v. three times at 24‐h intervals. The number of PFC, total (19S + 7S) and 2‐mercapthoethanol resistant (7S) serum haemagglutination titres were determined. It was found that, in normothermal rabbits, all three agents potentiated the number of plaque‐forming cells (PFC); the impact of DTC was the strongest, while the weakest influence was observed for mechlorethamine. Furthermore, DTC increased anti‐SRBC haemagglutinin titre, whereas mechlorethamine did not. Levamisole, on the other hand, reduced total serum haemagglutinin titre. Cold stress reduced humoral response to SRBC, which was reflected in the decreased number of PFC and serum haemagglutination titres (19S + 7S and 7S). Each agent showed a different way of action. Pretreatment with DTC prevented the immunosuppression caused by cold stress, while levamisole and mechlorethamine only reduced the immunosuppressive effect.
Production of Brucella Allergens and Evaluation of their Biological Activity in a Guinea‐pig Bio‐assay
Authors: Bercovich Z. , Eger A. , Dekker T. , Haagsma J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA study was conducted to evaluate the biological activity ofBrucellaallergens extracted with hydrochloride or trichloroacetic acid. Smooth and mucoidBrucella abortuscells and the medium in which brucellae were propagated were used to prepare the allergens. The biological activity of the allergens was estimated in guinea‐pigs sensitized withBrucella abortusstrain 544. The guinea‐pigs were intradermally injected with several allergen dilutions. The dilutions were coded and randomized for site of injection so that none of the dilution was injected twice on the same site. Variance analysis using incomplete Latin square was used for the statistical calculation of the results. The calculated biological activity of the allergens was compared with the biological activity of a ‘standard’ allergen that has proved effective in detecting cattle brucellosis.The skin erythema diameter was best when recorded 32 h after allergen injection. Statistical analysis of the skin erythema diameters showed a great variation in biological activity (12–105%) between the allergens. Only the allergen extracted from the medium in which a mucoidBrucellastrain was propagated was as potent as the standard. The use of the incomplete Latin square for variance analysis resulted in the estimation of the biological activity of nine batches of allergen in only 27 guinea‐pigs.
Characteristic Properties of Streptococci of Serological Group L
Authors: Sippel K. , Dülffer‐Schneitzer B. , Lämmler C. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis study was designed to characterize further 88 streptococci of serological group L, isolated from bovines, pigs, poultry and humans. Most group L streptococci from bovines grew as granular sediment with long chains in fluid media and with compact colonies in soft agar. Most group L streptococci from pigs grew with a uniform turbidity in fluid media, short chains, and with diffuse colonies in soft agar. The biochemical characteristics, determined with the Strepzym identification system, revealed no significant differences between the group L streptococci of various origins. A positive opacity factor reaction could mainly be observed with group L streptococci from bovines and humans, but was less pronounced with group L streptococci from pigs and poultry. In addition, 27 group L streptococci reacted with type antigen X or R and 9 cultures with M1 or M6 specific antiserum. The determination of antibiotic resistance patterns revealed that all group L streptococci were resistant to tetracycline and minocycline, part of the cultures were resistant to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and gentamicin, and all cultures were susceptible to penicillin, bacitracin, cefoxitin and nitrofurantoin. All these data allowed an individual characterization of group L streptococci, possibly useful for epidemiological studies.
Brain Lesions in Calves following Transplacental Infection with Bovine‐virus Diarrhoea Virus
Authors: Hewicker‐Trautwein M. , Liess B. , Trautwein G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn 33 calves and subadult cattle of the Holstein‐Friesian breed ranging from 1 to 210 days of age, the spectrum of brain lesions induced by intra‐uterine infection with bovine‐virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was retrospectively analysed. Of these, 27 animals originated from herds with a long history of BVD. Six calves were derived from dams vaccinated between the 90th and 118th day of gestation with a BVD live vaccine. The most frequent lesion was cerebellar hypoplasia, being present in 25 out of 33 (76%) of the animals. In most of these cases, cerebellar hypoplasia was associated with hydranencephaly, internal hydrocephalus, microencephaly or porencephaly. In cases with hydranencephaly, the fluid‐filled cavities were devoid of ependymal lining. The lumina of the lateral ventricles of these cases were surrounded by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive cells and a dense layer of immunoreactive cell processes. In the white matter adjacent to the dilated ventricular lumina, a reactive astrocytosis was present. Porencephalic cysts were surrounded by astrocytes with increased expression of GFAP and vimentin‐positive cells and cell processes. In hydranencephalic brains, staining for neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) revealed a marked reduction of NSE‐positive nerve cells in cortical areas. In all six experimental cases and in several field cases with hydranencephaly or internal hydrocephalus, small groups of heterotopic NSE‐positive neurons were present in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. In markedly hypoplastic cerebella, reduction of the cortical cell layers and degenerative changes in, and heterotopia of, Purkinje cells were found. In these cases, NSE‐ and neurofilament‐positive cell processes were either markedly diminished or only remnants of immunoreactive cell processes were present. In five animals without significant gross cerebellar abnormalities, degenerative changes of Purkinje cells were found.Immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against glial and neuron‐specific proteins on these brains, which represent postnatal end‐stage lesions of BVDV‐induced disturbances of the normal brain development, did not provide any insight into the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of these alterations. Application of immunohistochemistry, however, revealed changes, such as reactive astrocytosis and loss of nerve cell processes, which were not obvious on haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections.