bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Water Quality Issues Associated with Coal Storage
Authors: Davis Edward C. , Boegly William J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiterature dealing with runoff from coal storage facilities is scarce and poorly documented. Most of the data reported are derived from the analysis of single grab samples taken from leaching experiments or from onsite sampling during rainfall events. There have been few investigations of the long‐term environmental effects of coal pile leachate with the emphasis on changing water quality. This review identifies potential water quality issues and discusses coal storage conditions that intensify the acid drainage problem. Future research is needed in the development of a standardized laboratory leaching test, in the identification of organic compounds in the leachate, in the treatment of leachates, and in the development and verification of predictive models. These new areas of research should build on the existing literature to define a comprehensive waste management strategy providing for an environmentally acceptable method of onsite storage of large quantities of coal.
Effect of Waste Water Irrigation and Leaching Percentage on Soil and Ground Water Chemistry
Authors: Bole J. B. , Carefoot J. M. , Chang C. , Oosterveld M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIrrigation with sewage waste water for six seasons produced greater salinity under alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) than under reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) or fallow. Irrigation rates were designed to produce high and low leaching percentages (LP). The high irrigation rate (I2) was double the low irrigation rate (I1). Leaching percentages were estimated from the soluble Na concentration at the 90‐ to 150‐cm depth of the soil profile. At the 90‐ to 150‐cm depth of the soil profile, Na reached a steady state for the conditions of the irrigation season by the fall of each year in the first 2 crop years and by the end of the second irrigation season in the last 4 crop years. At the water table depth (2–4 m), Cl in the ground water was close to an annual steady‐state concentration by the end of each irrigation season in the first 2 crop years and by the end of the second irrigation season in the last 4 crop years. Sodium and Ca + Mg approached equilibrium during the final 3 crop years.High LPs (>34%) in the first 2 years reduced original salinity levels [electrical conductivity (EC) 3.99 to <1.39 mmhos/cm]. When irrigation rates were reduced in the last 4 years, salinity increased, but the salt levels were well below those (EC <2.13 mmhos/cm) that would significantly reduce crop yield.Ground water calculations at low LP (<10%) showed that EC and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were high, but CaCO3 precipitation was balanced by gypsum dissolution. By comparison, at high LPs (>15%) the EC and SAR values were low, but there was a potential danger of a large net transfer of salt to ground water because of gypsum dissolution.
Stream Water Quality as Influenced by Land Use Patterns in the Kakioka Basin, Japan
Authors: Hirose T. , Kuramoto N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of land use patterns on stream water quality was studied in the agricultural landscape of the Kakioka Basin, Japan. Stream water was sampled from 52 sites three times in 1979, and the concentration of 10 inorganic ions (NO3‐N, NO2‐N, NH4‐N, PO4‐P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, and SO4‐S) was analyzed. Land uses (forests, croplands, and settlement areas) in the drainage areas for respective sites were read from land use maps. Partial correlations showed that stream water quality was affected by the fraction of the drainage area in respective land uses. The drainage area had no correlation with the concentration in all ions except PO4‐P. The concentration of NH4‐N, Na, and SO4‐S correlated with the fraction in croplands, and the concentration of NO3‐N, NO2‐N, PO4‐P, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl correlated with the fraction in settlement area. Canonical correlation analysis revealed the first and second canonical correlation coefficients to be highly significant. The first canonical variate indicated the effect of increasing croplands and settlements with the increase of drainage area, and the second variate indicated the different effects of croplands and settlements on the stream water quality.
The Use of Straw for Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water
Authors: Larsen Vagn Juhl , Schierup Hans‐Henrik 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe efficiency of barley straw (Hordeum vulgare L.) in removing heavy metals from solutions was investigated in capacity and in column experiments. In the capacity experiments the efficiency of the straw was compared to that of activated carbon, pine sawdust, and CaCO3. It was found that 1 g of straw was able to adsorb amounts of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd ranging from 4.3 to 15.2 mg. One gram of activated carbon removed from 6.2 to 19.5 mg and pine sawdust from 1.3 to 5.0 mg. From 1.6 to 19.8 mg of the different metals were precipitated by CaCO3.The efficiency of the straw was not reduced in column experiments where flow rates of 167 to 370 ml/min were used. The efficiency of the straw was improved by 10–90% when being mixed with CaCO3.A column packed of barley straw and saturated with Cu was regenerated with 1 liter of acid (±1.0N HCl) and could be reused at least five times.
Uptake by Wheat of Cadmium and Other Heavy Metal Contaminants in Phosphate Fertilizers
Authors: Mortvedt J. J. , Mays D. A. , Osborn G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to determine uptake of Cd and other heavy metals by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from three diammoniuni phosphate (DAP) fertilizers containing 2, 74, and 153 µg Cd/g. A phosphorus‐deficient Paden silt loam (Glossic Fragiudult, pH 4.7) was limed at two rates and treated with the DAP sources at a rate of 50 kg of P/ha (100 lb of P2O5/acre). Grain yields were higher at pH 5.9 than at pH 5.1, were significantly increased by P applications, and results were similar using all DAP sources.Concentrations of Cd in both grain and straw were significantly increased only with application of high‐Cd DAP to the low‐lime soil. Cadmium concentrations in grain increased from 0.028 to 0.086 µg/g, and those in straw increased from 0.067 to 0.118 µg/g (dry weight basis) with application of low‐Cd DAP and high‐Cd DAP, respectively, and were lower on the high‐lime soil. Concentrations of Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in both grain and straw were not significantly affected by DAP source. Results for a second year on the same plots limed to pH 5.8 and 7.0 and treated again with the same DAP sources were similar to those for the first year, except that heavy metal uptake was generally lower. Results suggest that Cd concentrations in wheat products are not significantly changed by the phosphate fertilization and crop production practices in general use in the United States at this time.
Weathering Effects on Some Chemical and Physical Properties of Retorted Oil Shale
Authors: Richardson Steven G. , Mc Kell C. M. , George Melvin R. , Gray G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnion B retorted Utah oil shale, Paraho retorted Utah oil shale, and Paraho retorted Colorado oil shale differed in texture, pH, and salinity. Physical breakdown of Paraho retorted Colorado oil shale particles was observed at the surface of columns exposed to field conditions in eastern Utah for 9 months, but no physical weathering was observed in the other two retorted oil shale types under the same conditions. Exposure to weather resulted in pH reduction of all three retorted shales but was most pronounced in the more highly alkaline Paraho retorted Utah oil shale. The finer particle (<2 mm) fractions tended to have lower pH values and higher electrical conductivities than the more coarse fractions, even when the latter were crushed to <2 mm. Freezing and thawing in the laboratory were very effective in causing particle breakdown of Paraho retorted Colorado oil shale. During weathering the large particles first separated along cleavage planes, followed by disintegration of the lamina.
Distribution and Characterization of Radionuclides in Soils from the Nevada Test Site
Authors: Lee S. Y. , Tamura T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelected physicochemical properties of Pu‐bearing radioactive particles and their association with host soils from the Nevada Test Site (NTS) were studied to aid in assessing the environmental impact of the presence of the radionuclides in the area and to provide technological concepts for potential clean‐up operations.The dominant radioactive particles were amorphous to x‐ray diffraction, very fragile by compression tests, and extremely porous with particle density <2.26 g/cm3. Physical properties of the particles suggested that they could be broken into smaller, respirable, sizes by saltation during wind erosion, and that their unique physical properties could be useful for mechanically separating them from the nonradioactive soil particles. Experimental results revealed that more than 90% of the total radioactivity was recovered in about 25% of the total sample weight through density separation techniques, and in about 18% of the total weight by a grinding‐sieving process. Radioactive particles might, therefore, be removed from the contaminated soil by (i) a controlled vacuum collector, (ii) density separation, (iii) grinding‐sieving separation, or (iv) a combination of these techniques on the basis of the density and compressibility differences between radioactive and nonradioactive particles.
Photosynthesis and Gas Diffusion in Leaves of Selected Crop Plants Exposed to Ultraviolet‐B Radiation
Authors: Bennett Jesse H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis research was conducted as part of the federal interagency Biological and Climatic Effects Research (BACER) Program established to corroborate research findings related to UV‐B radiation effects on plants and to expand the available data base.Ultraviolet B (UV‐B, 280–320 nm) radiation effects on gas diffusion through the upper (more exposed) vs. lower leaf surfaces of two snap bean varieties [Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Bush Blue Lake 290’ (BBL 290) and ‘Astro’] were compared. The bean plants were grown under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions, and irradiated for 4 weeks (6 hours/day) to 10 mW m−2 of biologically effective UV (BEUV) radiation. Diffusive resistances of the upper (ru) and lower (rl) surfaces were determined at semi‐weekly intervals. A distribution of mean ru/rl ratios vs. total leaf resistance (R) was plotted. Ultraviolet‐B treatment appeared to increase ru/rl ratios only in BBL 290 leaves with R < 2 sec cm−1 and R > 6 sec cm−1. Chamber‐grown plants were more susceptible to UV‐B‐induced visible injury than were greenhouse plants.In addition, selected soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘York’], cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Gregg’], cucumber [Cucumis sativus L. ‘Poinsett’], clover [Trifolium pratense L. ‘Pennscott’], and wheat [Triticum aestivum L. ‘Monon’] varieties as well as BBL 290 snap bean were given extended greenhouse exposures ranging from 2 to 6 weeks (6 hours day−1 or 24 hours day−1) to 5–25 mW m−2 BEUV. Foliar effects on CO2 exchange rates (CER) of leaves irradiated throughout the expansion stage and on whole plant biomass production were compared with exposures producing visible injury. Threshold exposure doses required to depress CER and reduce plant dry matter correlated closely with those causing incipient visible injury.
Sediment and Nutrient Trap Efficiency of a Small Flood‐Detention Reservoir
Authors: Rausch D. L. , Schreiber J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSignificant amounts of sediment and nutrients are removed from storm runoff by small flood‐detention reservoirs such as Callahan Reservoir in central Missouri, which stores 1 cm of runoff from its 1,460‐ha drainage area. The purpose of this study was to compare the trap efficiencies of sediment and nutrients and determine which factors affect them. During a 3‐year study, this reservoir trapped an average of 85% of the incoming sediment, 77% of the total sediment phosphorus (P), and 37% of the inorganic nitrogen (N). Sediment leaving the reservoir was clay and contained about 23% of the inflowing total sediment P. Sediment and P trap efficiencies (TE) for individual storms were related to concentrations of sediment and P (solution and sediment) in runoff, respectively.Average TE of total solution P (35%) was slightly lower than the TE of NO3‐N (40%). Annual TE of ortho‐P ranged from 8 to 64% and averaged 43%.Dissolved organic and hydrolyzable P yields were greater in outflow than in inflow. These increases, which were <1% of the total P budget, may have been due to biological activity in the reservoir.
Flow Calculations for Household Effluent Disposal in Elevated Sand Mounds
Authors: Mott T. D. , Fritton D. D. , Petersen G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElevated sand mound disposal systems that are used in Pennsylvania for disposal of household effluents are frequently malfunctioning. A method of evaluating the ability of a soil to transmit effluent from an elevated sand mound to a ground‐water system was developed by separating the effluent flow into horizontal and vertical components. In all cases, it was assumed that effluent was not limited by infiltration at the sand‐soil surface or by the ability of the groundwater system to accept the effluent. Horizontal flow was calculated using Darcy's law written in cylindrical coordinates. Vertical flow was calculated assuming that a single, slowly permeable layer of known thickness limited flow. It was concluded that lateral flow alone cannot remove household effluents fast enough for the typical Pennsylvania design. On the other hand, the vertical‐flow component alone can account for the design flow when the flow‐limiting layer is not too thick.
Phosphorus Concentration—Water Flow Interactions in Tile Effluent from Manured Land
Authors: Hergert G. W. , Bouldin D. R. , Klausner S. D. , Zwerman P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhosphorus concentrations in tile effluent during drainage events increased with increasing flow and decreased as flow diminished. Nitrate and chloride concentrations were inversely related to flow rate, which is consistent with simple dilution and depletion effects. Piezometers demonstrated the presence of a water table perched above high bulk density material with low vertical permeability just below the plow layer (0–25 cm). Nitrate/chloride ratios of tile effluent during the course of drainage events, coupled with NO3/Cl ratios in soil samples from the plow layer and subsoil, suggested the flow of water to the tile was dominated by downslope movement in the plow layer and by downward movement to the tile in the relatively permeable backfill material above the tile.Calcium or salt concentration in soil solution and tile effluent during the course of a drainage event influenced the P concentration. Increasing Ca concentrations decreased P, whereas decreasing Ca concentrations increased P concentrations. The phosphate chemistry coupled with different flow components reaching the tile provided an acceptable explanation of P concentration changes during drainage events.
Effects of Heavy Metal and Other Elemental Additives to Activated Sludge on Growth of Eisenia foetida
Authors: Hartenstein Roy , Neuhauser Edward F. , Narahara Anne 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe approximate level at which added concentrations of certain elements would cause an activated sludge to induce a toxic effect upon the growth of Eisenia foetida was determined. During 43 trials on sludge samples obtained throughout 1 year of study, earthworms grew from 3 to 10 mg live wt at hatching to 792 mg ± 18% (mean ± C.V.) in 8 weeks, when sludge was 24°C and contained no additives. None of several elements commonly used in microbial growth media enhanced the growth rate of the earthworm. At salt concentrations up to about 6.6% on a dry wt basis, none of six anions tested was in and of itself toxic, while five of 15 cations—Co, Hg, Cu, Ni, and Cd—appeared specifically to inhibit growth rate or cause death. Manganese, Cr, and Pb were innocuous even at the highest levels of application—22,000, 46,000, and 52,000 mg/kg, respectively. Neither the anionic nor cationic component of certain salts, such as NaCl or NH4Cl, could be said to inhibit growth, which occurred only at high concentrations of these salts (about 3.3 and/or 6.6%). Below 7 mmho/cm, toxicity could not be correlated with electrolytic conductance, though higher values may help to explain the nonspecific growth inhibitory effects of salts like NaCl and KCl. Nor could toxicity ever be ascribed to hydrogen ion activity, since sludge pH was not altered even at the highest salt dose. It is concluded that except under very extreme conditions, the levels of heavy metals and salts generally found in activated sludges will not have an adverse affect on the growth of E. foetida.
Physicochemical Changes Effected in Activated Sludge by the Earthworm Eisenia foetida
Authors: Hartenstein Roy , Hartenstein Frances 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements were made of some physicochemical changes effected in activated sludge by the earthworm Eisenia foetida following conversion of the sludge into wormcasts. Mineralization was accelerated 1.3‐fold and 2% of the minerals were assimilated. The rate at which heavy metals were concentrated during sludge catabolism was also accelerated. Castings stabilized within 2 weeks, as indexed by respirometry. Nucleic acids, which can be used as an index of microbial biomass, were present at a greater concentration in the wormcasts than in the sludge, while the phenolic content, which may potentially serve as an index of humification, was less concentrated. Other changes included a reduction in pH and an increase in oxidation‐reduction potential and cation exchange capacity. The major general effect of E. foetida on the physicochemical properties of activated sludge is to convert a material which has a relatively small surface/volume ratio into numerous particles with an overall large S/V ratio, thus accelerating decomposition, mineralization, drying, and preclusion of malodor.
Effect of Trifluralin Synthesis Intermediates on Plant Cell Membrane Permeability and Growth of Plants and Fungi
Authors: Vianello A. , Macri F. , Nardi S. , Chandler C. , Renosto F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe phytotoxicity of the intermediates of (i) trifluralin synthesis, (ii) 4‐chloro‐α,α,α‐trifluorotolouene, (iii) 4‐chloro‐3‐nitro‐α,α,α‐trifluorotoluene, and (iv) 4‐chloro‐3,5‐dinitro‐α,α,α‐trifluorotoluene, in comparison with that of trifluralin, was studied. All the intermediates affected the permeability of cell membranes and inhibited corn root growth. Compound (iv) was more toxic than (iii) and (ii), and monocotyledons were more sensitive than dicotyledons. (iv) also inhibited the mycelial growth of some fungi. On the contrary, trifluralin (i) did not affect membrane function. It is suggested that the mechanism of action of (ii), (iii), and (iv) is different to that postulated for trifluralin.
Elemental Composition of Saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) Impacted by Effluents from a Coal‐Fired Power Plant
Authors: Dreesen David R. , Wangen Lawrence E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe riparian shrub, saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis), was sampled in channels receiving effluents from a coal‐fired power plant. Sources of these effluents included decant from coal ash/scrubber sludge disposal ponds, seepage from these ponds, and blowdown from the cooling lake. In addition, saltcedar was collected from an ephemeral stream channel both upstream and downstream from the input of these effluents. Green‐leaf and branch material was analyzed for B, Cu, K, Mg, Na, Li, Sr, Ti, Al, Si, Fe, Mn, P, V, Mo, and Zn in both washed and unwashed samples. The goals of this study were to determine if elevated concentrations of trace, minor, and major elements were present in this species growing adjacent to effluent streams and whether these elements were present as surficial contaminants.Washed saltcedar samples were enriched in Mo, B, Cu, K, Mg, Li, Mn, P, and Zn for one or more effluent channel locations. Unwashed saltcedar samples were enriched in soil or coal ash matrix elements (Si, Al, Ti, Ba, and Fe). These elements appeared to be present in coal ash particles deposited on the plant surfaces. More than 80% of these surficial contaminants were removed by washing. In addition to these elements, unwashed saltcedar samples from effluent channels were enriched in Mo, B, Cu, K, Mg, Li, Mn, P, and Zn compared with upstream values. The elements Ca, Na, and Sr were depleted in this species growing in some effluent channels. The results of this study indicated that B is the coal ash contaminant most likely to be absorbed and translocated by plants exposed to such coal‐fired power plant effluents.
Reclamation of Quartz Sand‐Tailings from Phosphate Mining: III. Summer Annual Grasses
Authors: Mislevy P. , Blue W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuartz sand‐tailings, a waste product from the Florida phosphate (PO4) mining industry, amount to about 90 million metric tons annually. These sands contain no phytotoxic substance but are low in several nutrients, organic matter, and water retention capacity. A split‐plot field experiment was conducted to determine the production, quality, and nutrient concentration of four summer annual grasses: (i) full season corn (Zea mays L. ‘Dekalb XL 395’), (ii) mid‐season corn (Zea mays L. ‘Funks G. 4864’), (iii) grain sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ‘Dorado M’, and (iv) sorghum × sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor × Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp drummondii (Steud.) deWet ‘Dekalb SX 16’), grown on four amended sand‐tailing treatments. These treatments were: (i) sand‐tailings control (SC), (ii) colloidal phosphate (CP) at 336 metric tons/ha, (iii) CP at 336 metric tons/ha + oven‐dry sewage sludge (SS) at 45 metric tons/ha, and (iv) CP at 336 metric tons/ha + top soil (TS) at 1,460 metric tons/ha. Forage dry matter (DM) and grain yields of corn and sorghum tended to decrease with the following treatments: CP + TS > CP + SS > CP > SC. The sorghum × sudangrass hybrid (S × S) produced higher (P < 0.05) total forage DM yields (13.4 metric tons/ha) than other grasses in both 1976 and 1977. Highest grain yields (3,370 kg/ha at 15.5% moisture) were obtained from the full‐season corn hybrid. In vitro organic matter digestion was highest both years for corn (67%), followed closely by S × S hybrid (61%) and grain sorghum (62%).The P and K concentrations increased in grain sorghum forage while P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Fe increased in the S × S hybrid as the root system expanded over harvests. Data indicated that relatively low forage yields, of good quality and adequate nutrient concentrations for beef cattle, can be produced.