bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide‐Treated Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanofibrous Membranes: Morphology, Structures and Properties as an Ionic‐Liquid Host
Authors: Yee Wu Aik , Xiong Shanxin , Ding Guoqiang , Nguyen Chien Anh , Lee Pooi See , Ma Jan , Kotaki Masaya , Liu Ye , Lu Xuehong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA reverse‐barrier technique is used to enable the treatment of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibrous membranes with supercritical carbon dioxide. The treatment induces the formation of nanopores and extended‐chain β crystallites of small lateral dimensions in the nanofibers. It also creates interfiber junctions, resulting in a remarkable improvement in mechanical properties of the membranes. The treated membranes are able to retain their shape very well after loading with an ionic liquid (IL). The ionic conductivity of the IL‐loaded membrane is very close to that of the neat IL.magnified image
A Study of Polymerization‐Induced Phase Separation as a Route to Produce Porous Polymer–Metal Materials
Authors: Dubinsky Stanislav , Petukhova Alla , Gourevich Ilya , Kumacheva Eugenia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe report the results of the experimental study of the preparation of hybrid porous polymer material carrying gold nanorods (NRs) on the surface of pores. The material was prepared by utilizing two effects occurring concurrently: the photoinitiated polymerization‐induced phase separation in the polymer–solvent mixture and the migration of the NRs to the interface between the polymer and the porogen solvent. We show that the enrichment of the interface with the NRs is enhanced at high polymerization rate leading to the rapid phase separation. By contrast, more rapid increase in viscosity achieved at high polymerization rate does not have a significant effect on the segregation of NRs to the surface of pores.magnified image
Control over Internal Structure of Liquid Crystal Polymer Nanofibers by Electrospinning
Authors: Nakashima Keita , Tsuboi Kazuma , Matsumoto Hidetoshi , Ishige Ryohei , Tokita Masatoshi , Watanabe Junji , Tanioka Akihiko 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid crystal polymer nanofibers with a diameter ranging from 0.13 to 4.71 µm were prepared by electrospinning from a main‐chain liquid crystalline polyester, BB‐5(3‐Me). WAXD measurements showed that the formation and orientation of the ordered structure in the electrospun fibers were controlled by the fiber diameter formed during electrospinning. For BB‐5(3‐Me), the SmA structure with two layer spacings was formed in the fiber during the electrospinning. Under optimal spinning conditions, the SmA structure is highly oriented in the fiber. In addition, annealing transformed the metastable SmA structure in the BB‐5(3‐Me) fiber into stable SmCA one.magnified image
Mass spectrometry in the quantitative analysis of therapeutic intracellular nucleotide analogs
Authors: Jansen Robert S. , Rosing Hilde , Schellens Jan H.M. , Beijnen Jos H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNucleoside analogs are widely used in anti‐cancer, anti‐(retro)viral, and immunosuppressive therapy. Nucleosides are prodrugs that require intracellular activation to mono‐, di‐, and finally triphosphates. Monitoring of these intracellular nucleotides is important to understand their pharmacology. The relatively involatile salts and ion‐pairing agents traditionally used for the separation of these ionic analytes limit the applicability of mass spectrometry (MS) for detection. Both indirect and direct methods have been developed to circumvent this apparent incompatibility. Indirect methods consist of de‐phosphorylation of the nucleotides into nucleosides before the actual analysis. Various direct approaches have been developed, ranging from the use of relatively volatile or very low levels of regular ion‐pairing agents, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), weak anion‐exchange, or porous graphitic carbon columns to capillary electrophoresis and matrix‐assisted light desorption—time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) MS. In this review we present an overview of the publications describing the quantitative analysis of therapeutic intracellular nucleotide analogs using MS. The focus is on the different approaches for their direct analysis. We conclude that despite the technical hurdles, several useful MS‐compatible chromatographic approaches have been developed, enabling the use of the excellent selectivity and sensitivity of MS for the quantitative analysis of intracellular nucleotides. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:321–343, 2011
Microarray analysis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas reveals enhanced expression of epidermal differentiation complex genes
Authors: Hudson Laurie G. , Gale James M. , Padilla R. Steven , Pickett Gavin , Alexander Bryan E. , Wang Jing , Kusewitt Donna F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGene expression profiles were determined for 12 cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) removed from sun‐exposed sites on nonimmunosuppressed patients. Gene expression in each SCC was compared to that in sun‐exposed skin from the same patient using the Affymetrix HGU133 2.0 PlusGeneChip. We identified 440 genes with increased expression in SCC and 738 with decreased expression; overall we identified a large number of small changes in gene expression rather than a few marked changes that distinguished SCC from sun‐exposed skin. Analyzing this robust data set according to biofunctional pathways using DAVID, transcriptional control elements using oPOSSUM, and chromosomal location using GSEA suggested genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation in SCC. Some altered patterns of gene expression in SCC were consistent with regulation of spatially separated genes by a number of developmentally important transcription factors (forkhead, HMG, and homeo factors) that negatively regulated gene expression and to a few factors that positively regulated expression (Creb‐1, NFκB, RelA, and Sp‐1). We also found that coordinately enhanced expression of epidermal differentiation complex genes on chromosome 1q21 was a hallmark of SCC. A novel finding in our study was enhanced expression of keratin 13 in SCC, a result validated by immunohistochemical staining of an SCC tumor tissue array. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between Kinesia system assessments and clinical tremor scores in patients with essential tremor
Authors: Mostile Giovanni , Giuffrida Joseph P. , Adam Octavian R. , Davidson Anthony , Jankovic Joseph 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe primary aim of this study was to determine whether scores on The Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale (TETRAS) correlate with quantitative assessments using the Kinesia™ (CleveMed) system in patients with essential tremor (ET). Patients sequentially evaluated and diagnosed with ET at the Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine were enrolled in the study. The Kinesia portable device was attached to the wrist and subjects were instructed to hold their arms in an outstretched position and then touch their nose while data were wirelessly transmitted to a computer. Subjects were rated on the arm where the system was placed using specific TETRAS items. A linear regression model was constructed for each task using the logarithmic values of both clinical scores and objective motion data parameters to compute a Kinesia score. Twenty subjects underwent complete clinical TETRAS and Kinesia quantitative assessments. TETRAS clinical scores significantly correlated with predicted Kinesia quantitative variables for postural (r = 0.738; P < 0.001) and kinetic (r = 0.57; P = 0.009) tremor. We conclude that the Kinesia system may, therefore, have a utility in quantitative assessments of ET when combined with standard clinical assessment. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Pallidal and thalamic deep brain stimulation in myoclonus‐dystonia
Authors: Gruber Doreen , Kühn Andrea A. , Schoenecker Thomas , Kivi Anatol , Trottenberg Thomas , Hoffmann Karl‐Titus , Gharabaghi Alireza , Kopp Ute A. , Schneider Gerd‐Helge , Klein Christine , Asmus Friedrich , Kupsch Andreas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) and ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) are established treatment options in primary dystonia and tremor syndromes and have been reported anecdotally to be efficacious in myoclonus‐dystonia (MD). We investigated short‐ and long‐term effects on motor function, cognition, affective state, and quality of life (QoL) of GPi‐ and VIM‐DBS in MD. Ten MD‐patients (nine ε‐sarcoglycan‐mutation‐positive) were evaluated pre‐ and post‐surgically following continuous bilateral GPi‐ and VIM‐DBS at four time points: presurgical, 6, 12, and as a last follow‐up at a mean of 62.3 months postsurgically, and in OFF‐, GPi‐, VIM‐, and GPi‐VIM‐DBS conditions by validated motor [unified myoclonus rating scale (UMRS), TSUI Score, Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden dystonia rating scale (BFMDRS)], cognitive, affective, and QoL‐scores. MD‐symptoms significantly improved at 6 months post‐surgery (UMRS: 61.5%, TSUI Score: 36.5%, BFMDRS: 47.3%). Beneficial effects were sustained at long‐term evaluation post‐surgery (UMRS: 65.5%, TSUI Score: 35.1%, BFMDRS: 48.2%). QoL was significantly ameliorated; affective status and cognition remained unchanged postsurgically irrespective of the stimulation conditions. No serious long‐lasting stimulation‐related adverse events (AEs) were observed. Both GPi‐ and VIM‐DBS offer equally effective and safe treatment options for MD. With respect to fewer adverse, stimulation‐induced events of GPi‐DBS in comparison with VIM‐DBS, GPi‐DBS seems to be preferable. Combined GPi‐VIM‐DBS can be useful in cases of incapaciting myoclonus, refractory to GPi‐DBS alone. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
NMR‐Spektroskopie für die quantitative Analyse
Authors: Malz Frank , Pfeifer Dietmar 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie hohe Empfindlichkeit und die Homogenität von Hochfeld‐NMR‐Spektrometern führen heute zu so präzisen Ergebnissen, dass sich die Spektren unter bestimmten Randbedingungen quantitativ auswerten lassen.
“Kein totes Pferd reiten”
Authors: Griesar Klaus 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie größeren Unternehmen der deutschen chemischen Industrie haben bei der Implementierung von Prozessen und Werkzeugen für das F E‐Management in den letzten beiden Dekaden ihre Hausaufgaben gemacht. Dennoch sieht Klaus Griesar Entwicklungschancen.
Alte Ideen neu entdeckt
Authors: van der Velde Andrea , Leker Jens 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDas Wissen um und die Nutzung von vermeintlich gescheiterten Ideen könnte die Pipeline der Pharmaindustrie wieder füllen. Ein Beispiel ist ein Wirkstoff, dessen Weiterentwicklung große Pharmaunternehmen zunächst nicht weiterverfolgt haben. Jahre später hat ein Start‐up diesen wiederentdeckt und bringt ihn nun als Arzneimittel auf den Markt.
“In der Spitzenforschung gibt es keine Demokratie”
Authors: Remenyi Christian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWas sind die Ziele der europäischen Forschungsförderung und wie kann Deutschland zur Weltspitze aufsteigen? Die Nachrichten aus der Chemie sprachen mit Ernst‐Ludwig Winnacker, dem Generalsekretär des Europäischen Forschungsrats.
Wie biologische Fe‐S‐Zentren CO2 aktivieren
Authors: Dobbek Holger 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMehrkernige Eisen‐Schwefel‐Zentren sind als Cofaktoren an Enzymreaktionen beteiligt, zu denen auch die Aktivierung und Umsetzung von kleinen Molekülen gehören. Obwohl es sich dabei um intensiv untersuchte Reaktionen handelt, sind ihre Mechanismen nur unvollständig verstanden.
Über die Ausbildung von Chemielehrern
Authors: Demuth Reinhard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie Diskussion um den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht lenkt den Blick auf die Lehrerausbildung. Zurzeit werden die Lehramtsstudiengänge auf Bachelor‐ und Master‐Abschlüsse umgestellt. Dies bietet die Chance, die Strukturen an den Anforderungen zu messen und die Ausbildungsgänge neu zu justieren. Nutzen die Universitäten diese Chance?
Die Branche fasst Mut
Authors: Bengs Holger 
Published: July 2010

AbstractErstmals Umsatzmilliarde, mehr Mitarbeiter, höhere Forschungsausgaben: Dienstleister und Zulieferer, medizinische und industrielle Biotechnikunternehmen in Deutschland sind zufrieden. Unbefriedigend sind dagegen der Kapitalmarkt und die Zahl der Gründungen.
Mehr als nur Einzelmolekülmagnete
Authors: Kögerler Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDer molekulare Magnetismus steht nach einer stürmischen Entwicklung vor veränderten Aufgaben: Es gilt, neue physikalische Phänomene anzugehen und die bisherigen Erkenntnisse in Modelle einer molekularen Spinelektronik umzusetzen.
Vom Fuß der Berge durch die Museen bis zur Aussichtskuppel
Authors: Boeddinghaus Bele 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemiker fahren mit dem Zug nach Turin oder sie fliegen, sie wohnen in eleganten Hotels oder gemütlichen Pensionen und sie erwarten erfüllte Tage im September: Weite Gärten, lange Arkaden und ein Panoramabalkon bieten Abwechslung zu Gesprächen über Chemie.
Desoxyribonukleinsäure auf der Molekülbaustelle
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKünstlich erzeugte DNA‐Moleküle, die einzelne Funktionen wie Substraterkennung oder Katalyse ausführen, gibt es inzwischen viele. Jetzt gilt es, solche Elemente zu nützlichen molekularen Maschinen zusammenzubauen.
Kein Roboter für alle Fälle
Authors: Bulmahn Maren 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie Hersteller automatisierter Analysegeräte präsentierten auf der Analytica in München spezialisierte Apparate zum Dosieren, Analysieren und Reinigen. Die Maschinen arbeiten immer genauer, schneller, mit immer geringeren Probenmengen und mit Radiotechnik.
“Das gewisse Mehr an Grundlagenforschung”
Authors: Remenyi Christian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeit Anfang des Jahres arbeiten die RWTH Aachen und Bayer im Katalysezentrum CAT in Aachen zusammen. Die Nachrichten aus der Chemie sprachen mit Walter Leitner und Christoph Gürtler über Forschung an der Schnittstelle von Akademia und Industrie.
Pflanzenöle für die chemische Industrie
Authors: Meier Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBereits heute nutzt die Industrie pflanzliche Öle – etwa in Kunststoffen, Schmierstoffen, waschaktiven Substanzen und Kosmetika. Um aber noch mehr petrochemische Produkte nachhaltig zu ersetzen, muss die stoffliche Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe intensiver erforscht werden.
Organokatalyse durch asymmetrische Protonierung?
Authors: von Zezschwitz Paultheo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAls starke Brønsted‐Säuren protonieren chirale Phosphorsäurediester C‐N‐Doppelbindungen und erlauben so enantioselektive organokatalytische Umsetzungen. Neben Additionen an Imine sind nun auch andere Reaktionstypen möglich.
Was ein Reaktor wert ist
Authors: Schneider Bernd W. , Kadel Dirk 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemieanlagen sind aus rechtlichen Gründen oder bei Verkäufen auf ihren materiellen Wert hin zu prüfen. Sorgfältiges Strukturieren und gute Branchenkenntnisse bilden die Grundlage für eine realistische Beurteilung.
A scalable and implicit meshless RBF method for the 3D unsteady nonlinear Richards equation with single and multi‐zone domains
Authors: Stevens David , Power Henry 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Local Hermitian Interpolation (LHI) method is a strong‐form meshless numerical technique which uses Radial Basis Function (RBF) interpolants to satisfy linear and nonlinear governing equations and boundary operators. Recent developments have shown that, for linear transport problems, applying the PDE governing equation directly to the basis functions can greatly improve the accuracy and stability of the resulting solutions. In this work, the LHI formulation with local PDE‐interpolation is extended to the nonlinear gravity‐driven Richards equation, in order to solve unsteady problems involving flow in unsaturated porous media.The application of the linearised PDE‐operator to the basis functions incorporates information, such as the effective velocity field, directly into the solution construction. This results in a form of ‘analytical upwinding’ which helps to stabilise the solution. In addition, the local interpolation itself satisfies the linearised governing equation, allowing for more accurate reconstruction of partial derivatives, and hence a more accurate solution. The procedure is tested using a 3D infiltration problem with a known analytical solution. The performance of the LHI method, both with and without local PDE interpolation, is compared to the Finite Element method via the FEMWATER software. The LHI formulation with PDE data centres shows consistent improvement over the FEMWATER solutions, reducing errors by several orders of magnitude.In addition, a procedure is introduced to model strongly heterogeneous and layered soils. The physically correct matching conditions are applied over layer interfaces, i.e. continuity of pressure and mass flux. The ‘double collocation’ property of the Hermitian RBF method is exploited to enforce both matching conditions at the same set of locations on the layer interface. This procedure allows the accurate capture of solutions across such interfaces, replicating the required discontinuities in the first derivatives of the pressure profile. The multi‐layer formulation is validated using a transient two‐layer infiltration problem, with the analytical solution replicated to a high precision in a variety of configurations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape optimization of the initial blank in the sheet metal forming process using equivalent static loads
Authors: Lee Jae‐Jun , Park Gyung‐Jin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the sheet metal forming process, forming the final desired shape is difficult to obtain due to wrinkling, tearing, failure of material, etc. Various conditions of the forming process should be controlled for the desired shape. These conditions are the velocity of the punch, the friction factor, the blank holding force, the initial shape of the blank and others. Many researchers have conducted studies to predetermine the initial blank shape. The structural optimization technique is one of them. Non‐linear response structural optimization is required because non‐linearities are involved in the analysis of the metal forming process. When the conventional method is utilized, the cost is extremely high due to repeated non‐linear analysis for function and sensitivity calculation. In this paper, the equivalent static loads (ESLs) method is used to determine the blank shape which leads to the final desired shape and reduced wrinkling. The ESLs method is a structural optimization method where non‐linear dynamic loads are transformed into ESLs, and these ESLs are utilized as external loads in linear response optimization. The design is updated in linear response optimization. Non‐linear analysis is performed with the updated design and the process proceeds in a cyclic manner. An optimization formulation is defined for the examples, the formulated problems are solved to verify the proposed method and the results are discussed. Non‐linear analysis is performed using the commercial software LS‐DYNA, NASTRAN is used for calculating the ESLs and linear response optimization, and an interface program for LS‐DYNA and NASTRAN is developed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of wave‐based discontinuous Galerkin, ultra‐weak and least‐square methods for wave problems
Authors: Gabard G. , Gamallo P. , Huttunen T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral numerical methods using non‐polynomial interpolation have been proposed for wave propagation problems at high frequencies. The common feature of these methods is that in each element, the solution is approximated by a set of local solutions. They can provide very accurate solutions with a much smaller number of degrees of freedom compared to polynomial interpolation. There are however significant differences in the way the matching conditions enforcing the continuity of the solution between elements can be formulated. The similarities and discrepancies between several non‐polynomial numerical methods are discussed in the context of the Helmholtz equation. The present comparison is concerned with the ultra‐weak variational formulation (UWVF), the least‐squares method (LSM) and the discontinuous Galerkin method with numerical flux (DGM). An analysis in terms of Trefftz methods provides an interesting insight into the properties of these methods. Second, the UWVF and the LSM are reformulated in a similar fashion to that of the DGM. This offers a unified framework to understand the properties of several non‐polynomial methods. Numerical results are also presented to put in perspective the relative accuracy of the methods. The numerical accuracies of the methods are compared with the interpolation errors of the wave bases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the effects of automobile safety regulation
Authors: Graham John D. , Garber Steven 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAutomobile safety standards adopted because of federal legislation have, according to many researchers, failed to save lives; safer cars, they infer, induce more dangerous driving. Results from the major study suggesting this conclusion are shown, however, to be quite sensitive to reasonable changes in the empirical model. An alternative statistical analysis of death rates supports a very different conclusion: Safety standards have saved tens of thousands of lives during the 1970s. More broadly, the article illustrates some general pitfalls in using statistical results in policy analysis, and how they can be avoided.
The price of local discretion: Inequalities in welfare spending within texas
Authors: Grubb W. Norton 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiscretion at the local level in the administration of state or federal programs may generate inequalities in spending among the different localities within a state. Among the counties of Texas, inequalities in welfare programs—Aid to Families with Dependent Children and food stamps—prove substantial, mainly because of variations in rates of participation among the counties. While variables that reflect differences in the conditions for eligibility account for a significant part of the variation, various barriers to participation—including political attitudes, access to welfare offices, and local staffing—are also important. The results suggest that centralized regulation must be retained and strengthened if federal welfare programs are to retain some degree of uniformity within each state.
Advising congressional decision‐makers: Guidelines for economists
Authors: Verdier James M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEconomists have less influence on congressional decision‐making than they might because they do not make a sufficient effort to learn how issues look from the politicians' point of view. Politics and economics are inextricably connected in congressional decision‐making. For those economists who are willing to try to bridge the gap between economists and Politicians, the article suggests ten guidelines: (1) learn about the history of the issue; (2) find out who will be making the decision, (3) timing is critical; (4) learn everyone's interests and arguments; (5) it's OK to think like an economist, but don't write like one; (6) keep it simple; (7) congressmen care more about distribution than efficiency; (8) take implementation and administration into account; (9) emphasize a few crucial and striking numbers; and (10) read the newspapers.