bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of the mechanics of the pectoralis muscle of the red‐tailed hawk and the barred owl
Authors: Peters Susan E. , Dobbins Charles S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA comparison of the isometric forces and levers of the pectoralis muscle in red‐tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and barred owls (Strix varia) was done to identify differences that may correlate with their different flight styles. The pectoralis consists of two heads, the anterior m. sternobrachialis (SB) and the posterior m. thoracobrachialis (TB). These are joined at an intramuscular tendon and are supplied by separate primary nerve branches. As in other birds, the two heads have distinct fiber orientations in red‐tailed hawks and barred owls. SB's fiber orientation (posterolateral and mediolateral from origin to insertion) provides pronation and protraction of the humerus during adduction. Electromyographic studies in pigeons show that it is active in early downstroke and during level flight. TB is more active during take‐off and landing in pigeons. The anterolateral orientation (from origin to insertion) of its fibers provides a retractive component to humeral adduction used to control the wing during landing. In our study, the maximum isometric force produced by the combined pectoralis heads did not differ significantly between the hawk and owl, however, the forces were distributed differently between the two muscle heads. In the owl, SB and TB were capable of producing equal amounts of force, but in the hawk, SB produced significantly less force than did TB. This may reflect the need for a large TB to control landing in both birds during prey‐strike, with the owl maintaining both protractive (using SB) and retractive (using TB) abilities. Pronation and protraction may be less important in the flight behavior of the hawk, but its prey‐strike behavior may require the maintenance of a substantial TB for braking and controlled stalling, as it initiates strike behavior. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Right” or “wrong”? insights into the ecology of sidedness in european flounder,Platichthys flesus
Authors: Russo Tommaso , Pulcini Domitilla , Costantini Daniele , Pedreschi Debbi , Palamara Elisa , Boglione Clara , Cataudella Stefano , Scardi Michele , Mariani Stefano 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSidedness polymorphism in flatfish has been linked to ecological selection between morphs. However, the alternate hypothesis that morphological differences between right‐ and left‐sided forms may be due to errors during development, as a consequence of disturbed homeostasis, which still remains largely unexplored. Here, we examined the case ofPlatichthys flesus(flounder), a polymorphic flatfish exhibiting large and clinal variation in the frequency of the left‐sided morph, which is the reversed condition in this generally right‐sided species. An integrated approach consisting of the analyses of shape variation, stomach contents, and skeletal anomalies was used. Morphological differences were observed between morphs, which are in agreement with previous findings in a congeneric species (Platichthys stellatus). In parallel, significant differences in feeding choices were detected, suggesting a coherent association between subtle morphological differences between morphs and their use of trophic resources. Skeletal anomalies and meristic counts did not corroborate the hypothesis that morphometric divergence in reversed individuals may be caused or reinforced by developmental instability. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sensitization of human osteosarcoma cells to Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cell‐mediated cytotoxicity by zoledronate
Authors: Li Zhaoxu , Peng Huiqin , Xu Qiang , Ye Zhaoming 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDespite improvements in the treatment of osteosarcoma, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies, in particular for the treatment of recurrent tumors and metastases. Adoptive immunotherapy with Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes represents an attractive strategy. We have investigated combining adoptive immunotherapy with Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and zoledronate to optimize osteosarcoma therapy. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, from healthy volunteers and patients with osteosarcoma, cultures alone demonstrated moderate or poor cytotoxic activity against osteosarcoma cell lines, respectively. The addition of zoledronate further increased cytotoxicity in vitro. This enhancement was largely dependent on the granule exocytose and partly on TRAIL pathways, was TCR‐mediated and partly NKG2D‐mediated. These data suggest that combined treatment of human osteosarcoma with zoledronate and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells may be an effective complement to current chemotherapies. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:824–830, 2012
Diversity work in organizations: A narrative study of external diversity practitioners
Authors: Kahn Amy 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe globalization of business and business practices blended with legislation and human resources requirements have transformed the face of today's workplace.  In response to this, there has emerged a group of diversity practitioners who work to address these opportunities and challenges.  These practitioners are often called upon to help organizations understand the impact that differences have in the boardroom and in the marketplace.  Interviews with 20 exemplary external diversity practitioners were conducted and then analyzed using the Lieblich, Rubal‐Mashiach, and Zilber (1998) categorical content analysis procedure. Through these conversations, the work of these practitioners was described according to its definition, by its objectives (conduct), and in its content.  Study participants made an important distinction between the definition of “diversity” and that of “diversity management.” The respondents described “diversity” as a construct of variety, of difference, and of the tension that occurs as a result of differences.  The respondents described “diversity management” as a process of facilitating change in a system.  The diversity practitioners' work was described as resulting from the way they mix their passion for social responsibility and for meeting organizational requirements with their focus on a system, on the individuals in the system, or both.
The role of career colleges: Implications for serving racial and ethnic minority students
Authors: Heitner Keri , Sherman Kenneth C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCareer colleges may have an important role in addressing the educational needs of underrepresented racial and ethnic groups in higher education, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans/Alaska Natives. This study focused on examining the extent to which career colleges meet the needs of these ethnic racial and minority students in states with the highest educational needs through analysis of publicly available data from NCHEMS, the Educational Needs Index, the American Community Survey, and College Navigator (IPEDS) on a sample of 114 for‐profit career colleges and 40 public/not‐for‐profit colleges. Racial/ethnic categories corresponded to categories reported in the IPEDS dataset. Career colleges outperformed other colleges in graduating students from these racial and ethnic minority backgrounds. Career colleges successful at enrolling, retaining, and/or graduating students from one racial or ethnic minority group appear to benefit students who are members of other racial or ethnic minority groups. Students may see that members of another racial or ethnic minority group can succeed in higher education and think that they can succeed, too. The results suggest narrowly focused diversity efforts on specific racial or ethnic student subpopulations may derive benefit across multiple subpopulations of students from racial and ethnic minority groups.
Kinetics and mechanism of reaction between zirconium‐lactate and pentane‐2,4‐dione in excess lactate
Authors: Ghosh Rozi , Banerjee Rupendranath , Sarkar Diptabhas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe kinetics of the reaction of pentane‐2,4‐dione (HA) with ZrIV has been studied at 25.0°C in an excess lactate (L−) media. The equilibrium reaction was found to be: Zr2L6+HA⇌HL+Zr2AL5. The equilibrium was approached from either direction and a plausible mechanism has been proposed with kinetic constants, but individual reactivities of the keto and the enol tautomers of pentane‐2,4‐dione could not be apportioned. However, it was found that both the uncatalyzed and acid‐catalyzed paths contribute to the reverse reaction. But 2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HT) forms a stronger chelate with ZrIV, so its reaction with less reactive Zr2L5(OH2) could not be detected; reactivity of the more reactive Zr2L5(OH2)(OH) could be found. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 725–729, 2011
Mehr Serie anstatt Prototypen
Authors: Hasenauer Frank , Hesser Hans‐Jörg 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDas Lasersintern von Prototypen kann heute als etabliert gelten. Daneben kommt die Serienproduktion mit diesem Herstellverfahren erst langsam in Fahrt. Dort gibt es allerdings ein weitaus größeres Marktpotenzial zu heben, vorausgesetzt, die Kunden können die Vorteile erkennen.
Measurement of fibrin concentration by fast field‐cycling NMR
Authors: Broche Lionel M. , Ismail Saadiya R. , Booth Nuala A. , Lurie David J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe relaxation of 1H nuclei due to their interaction with quadrupolar 14N nuclei in gel structures is measured using fast field‐cycling NMR. This phenomenon called quadrupolar dips has been reported in different 1H‐14N bond‐rich species. In this study, we have studied quadrupolar dips in fibrin, an insoluble protein that is the core matrix of thrombi. Fibrin was formed by the addition of thrombin to fibrinogen in 0.2% agarose gel. T1‐dispersion curves were measured using fast field‐cycling NMR relaxometry, over the field range of 1.5–3.5 MHz (proton Larmor frequency), and were analyzed using a curve‐fitting algorithm. A linear increase of signal amplitude with increasing fibrin concentration was observed. This agrees with the current theory that predicts a linear relationship of signal amplitude with the concentration of contributing 14N spins in the sample. Interestingly, fibrin formation gave rise to the signal, regardless of crosslinking induced by the transglutaminase factor XIIIa. To investigate the effect of proteins that might be trapped in the thrombi in vivo, the plasma protein albumin was added to the fibrin gel, and an increase in the quadrupolar signal amplitude was observed. This study can potentially be useful for thrombi classification by fast field‐cycling MRI techniques. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A preliminary theory of dark network resilience
Authors: Bakker René M. , Raab Jörg , Milward H. Brinton 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA crucial contemporary policy question for governments across the globe is how to cope with international crime and terrorist networks. Many such “dark” networks—that is, networks that operate covertly and illegally—display a remarkable level of resilience when faced with shocks and attacks. Based on an in‐depth study of three cases (MK, the armed wing of the African National Congress in South Africa during apartheid; FARC, the Marxist guerrilla movement in Colombia; and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, LTTE, in Sri Lanka), we present a set of propositions to outline how shocks impact dark network characteristics (resources and legitimacy) and networked capabilities (replacing actors, linkages, balancing integration and differentiation) and how these in turn affect a dark network's resilience over time. We discuss the implications of our findings for policymakers. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Use of fetal nuchal translucency in the first trimester to predict single‐gene disorders
Authors: Arigita Marta , Borrell Antoni , Mula Raquel , Sanchez Aurora , Milà Montse , Gratacos Eduard 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo assess the predictive value of fetal nuchal translucency (NT) measurement in the prenatal diagnosis of single‐gene disorders.MethodsFrom January 1996 to December 2006, fetal NT was prospectively measured before chorionic villi sampling in 169 pregnancies at high risk for a single‐gene disorder at 11 to 13 weeks of pregnancy.ResultsNo differences were found between the 63 affected and 116 nonaffected fetuses in pregnancy demographic characteristics, in mean NT measurements, expressed either in millimetres [1.8 (95% CI:1.6–1.9) vs 1.7 (95% CI:1.6–1.8)] or in multiples of the median [1.19 (95%CI: 1.04–1.35) vs 1.14 (95%CI: 1.05–1.23)], or in median NT. The percentage of increased NT above the 95th percentile was similar for affected (9.5%) and nonaffected (11.2%) fetuses.ConclusionNot all single‐gene disorders are associated with enlarged NT, therefore NT cannot be regarded as a generic marker for single‐gene disorder but only for a limited number of these conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal genetic diagnosis using microarray analysis in fetuses with congenital heart defects
Authors: Schmid Maximilian , Stary Susanne , Blaicher Wibke , Gollinger Michaela , Husslein Peter , Streubel Berthold 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the use of microarray analysis as a tool for the detection of submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations in prenatal diagnosis.MethodsTwelve consecutive singleton fetuses with congenital heart defects but normal karyotype and normal fluorescence in situ hybridization results for the DiGeorge region were examined for chromosomal aberrations by genomic microarray analysis. Results were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative real time‐polymerase chain reaction.ResultsAt 1 Mb resolution, potentially causal copy number variations were identified in 3 out of 12 fetuses (25%) comprising a 9 Mb q terminal deletion on chromosome 15, a 3.5 Mb duplication in the critical region for the Potocki–Lupski syndrome on chromosome 17 and a mosaic trisomy 7. At higher resolution, aberrations with uncertain significance were identified in a further three cases (25%).ConclusionIn our study, the application of microarray analysis in prenatal testing proved to be a valuable tool for the identification of submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations where conventional cytogenetic methods failed. Selection of appropriate resolution was found to be critical to obtain reliable, diagnostically conclusive data. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perinatal outcome of sacrococcygeal teratoma
Authors: Lee Mi‐Young , Won Hye‐Sung , Hyun Min‐Kyung , Lee Hee‐Young , Shim Jae‐Yoon , Lee Pil‐Ryang , Kim Ahm 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the outcome in a cohort of fetuses with isolated sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) in relation to the need for in utero intervention.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed a cohort of fetuses prenatally diagnosed with SCT between September 2000 and December 2010. Postnatal outcomes were evaluated in relation to the need for intervention in utero by reviewing medical records.ResultsOf the 35 fetuses diagnosed with SCT during the study period, ten were lost to follow up and three had been misdiagnosed as SCT. Among the remaining 22 cases, in utero interventions were performed in eight, including radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in four, shunt operations in two, RFA plus cyst aspiration in one, and RFA with subsequent shunt operation in one. Tumors of cases undergoing in utero intervention were larger with rapidly growing, more frequently vascular, and with associated polyhydramnios or cardiomegaly. The rate of preterm births was higher in the cases that underwent interventions compared with those that did not (7/8 vs 2/14). Only one tumor showed regression after RFA while the other seven increased in size. Median tumor size at birth was significantly larger in the intervention group than in the nonintervention group (136 mm vs 80 mm). The neonatal survival rate was 6/8 for the prenatal intervention group and 14/14 for the nonintervention group. Resection of SCT was required in all neonates. The most common complication after postnatal surgery was fecal incontinence.ConclusionFetuses with SCT undergoing in utero intervention have worse prognostic features, yet their neonatal outcome is similar to those of fetuses not requiring intervention. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health care supply and county‐level variation in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder prescription medications
Authors: Bruckner Tim A. , Hodgson Ashley , Mahoney Chris Brown , Fulton Brent D. , Levine Peter , Scheffler Richard M. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeAlthough much literature reports small‐area variation in medication prescriptions used to treat attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), scant research has examined factors that may drive this variation. We examine, across counties in the USA, whether the use of prescription medications to treat ADHD varies positively with supply‐side healthcare characteristics.MethodsWe retrieved annual prescription data for ADHD medications in 2734 US counties from a nationally representative sample of 35 000 pharmacies in 2001–2003. We used a county‐level, multivariable fixed effects analysis to estimate the relation between annual changes in healthcare supply and ADHD medication prescriptions. Methods controlled for time‐invariant factors unique to each county as well as ADHD prevalence.ResultsFrom 2001 to 2003, retail prescription purchases for ADHD medications increased 33.2%. In the multivariable analysis, ADHD medication prescriptions move positively with an increase in the concentration of total physicians. In addition, ADHD medication prescriptions move inversely with changes in the percentage of non‐Hispanic Black population.ConclusionsSupply‐side healthcare factors may contribute to the rise from 2001 to 2003 in ADHD medication prescriptions. This finding warrants attention because it implies that the relative capacity of the healthcare system may influence population prescription rates. We encourage further exploration of the contribution of the supply‐side of the healthcare market to secular changes in ADHD medication prescriptions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative Stress—Cause or consequence of male genital tract disorders?
Authors: Kullisaar Tiiu , Türk Silver , Punab Margus , Mändar Reet 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDInflammatory prostatitis patients are characterized by oxidative stress (OxS) at local and systemic levels. Less is known about the occurrence of OxS in the case of other frequent male genital tract disorders.METHODSThe study included 196 men: controls (n = 28), asymptomatic inflammatory (NIH category IV) prostatitis patients (n = 21), non‐inflammatory (NIH category IIIb) chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) patients (n = 48), inflammatory (NIH category IIIa) CP/CPPS patients (n = 44), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients (n = 33), and patients with BPH and NIH IV category prostatitis (n = 22). In all subjects, 8‐isoprostanes (8‐EPI) in urine were determined by competitive enzyme‐linked immunoassay.RESULTSThe levels of 8‐EPI were substantially higher in all diseased groups—inflammatory CP/CPPS (P < 0.001), non‐inflammatory CP/CPPS (P = 0.03), asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (AIP; P = 0.02), BPH (P = 0.007), and BPH + AIP (P = 0.014) in comparison with controls. Importantly, our study showed that OxS is also present in the case of NIH IIIb category prostatitis when the patients have just chronic pelvic pain but no inflammation in prostate‐specific materials, as well as in the patients with just lower urinary tract symptoms without pain or overt inflammation.CONCLUSIONSThis study revealed that several male genital tract disorders—BPH and different forms of prostatitis (NIH categories IIIa, IIIb, and IV)—are tightly interconnected via OxS‐mediated pathways. Acknowledging OxS as an important pathogenesis mechanism of these diseases helps to open up new horizons for their treatment. Prostate 72:977–983, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TGF‐β and stem cell factor regulate cell proliferation in the proximal stem cell niche
Authors: Salm Sarah , Burger Patricia E. , Wilson Elaine Lynette 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDStem cells are located in specific regulatory environments termed niches, which modulate the survival and proliferation of the cells through a variety of both mitogenic and inhibitory cytokines. In the murine prostate, stem cells are located in the proximal region of prostatic ducts. We examined the regulation of murine prostate cells in the stem cell niche by transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) and stem cell factor (SCF).METHODSProstate cells from the proximal and distal regions of prostatic ducts were cultured in the presence and absence of TGF‐β and SCF, both on collagen‐coated wells and in collagen gels. Cell growth on collagen was assessed by determining cell number. Cell growth in collagen gels was quantified by determining the number, size and complexity of prostatic ducts. The basal and luminal phenotype of the cells was determined by immunohistochemistry.RESULTSEndogenous TGF‐β inhibited proliferation and promoted differentiation of proximal cells towards a luminal phenotype. It also inhibited duct‐forming capacity and promoted differentiation of prostatic ducts towards a luminal phenotype. Addition of SCF enhanced proximal cell proliferation on collagen‐coated wells and duct formation in collagen gels. Proliferation was further increased by ablation of endogenous TGF‐β.CONCLUSIONProliferation and the basal/luminal cell composition of cells isolated from the proximal region of prostatic ducts, the stem cell niche, is regulated in part by opposing effects of SCF and endogenous TGF‐β. Prostate 72:998–1005, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of point mutations in pVHL on the binding of HIF‐1α
Authors: Domene Carmen , Illingworth Christopher J. R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) has an essential role in the regulation of the hypoxia response pathway in animal cells. Under normoxic conditions, the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) undergoes trans‐4‐prolyl hydroxylation and is subsequently recognised by the β‐domain of pVHL, leading to the ubiquitination and degradation of HIF. Mutations of pVHL alter the binding of HIF. A subset of relevant clinically observed mutations to pVHL are thought to cause weaker binding of HIF‐1α and are associated with cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we present computational studies analyzing the interaction of HIF with mutant forms of pVHL, describing at atomic detail the local structural reorganization caused by substitution of certain residues of pVHL. The results reveal that the canonical configuration in the wild‐type system is vital for the efficient functioning of the complex and that mutation of any of the residues implicated in the h‐bond network in the binding site disrupts HIF binding. Although the experimentally observed ordering of binding energies for mutants of Tyr98 is reproduced, our examination of a broader range of mutations does not support the hypothesis of a correlation between the degree of disruption of the pVHL/HIF‐1α interaction caused by a mutation and the phenotype with which the mutation is associated. We suggest that disruption of the binding interaction is one of many factors behind the manifestation of VHL disease. Proteins 2011. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.