bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning opinions in user-generated web content
Authors: SOKOLOVA M. , LAPALME G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe user-generated Web content has been intensively analyzed in Information Extraction and Natural Language Processing research. Web-posted reviews of consumer goods are studied to find customer opinions about the products. We hypothesize that nonemotionally charged descriptions can be applied to predict those opinions. The descriptions may include indicators of product size (tall), commonplace (some), frequency of happening (often), and reviewer certainty (maybe). We first construct patterns of how the descriptions are used in consumer-written texts and then represent individual reviews through these patterns. We propose a semantic hierarchy that organizes individual words into opinion types. We run machine learning algorithms on five data sets of user-written product reviews: four are used in classification experiments, another one for regression and classification. The obtained results support the use of non-emotional descriptions in opinion learning.
Influence of Education on Subcortical Hyperintensities and Global Cognitive Status in Vascular Dementia
Authors: Lane Elizabeth M. , Paul Robert H. , Moser David J. , Fletcher Thomas D. , Cohen Ronald A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSubcortical hyperintensities (SH) on neuroimaging are a prominent feature of vascular dementia (VaD) and SH severity correlates with cognitive impairment in this population. Previous studies demonstrated that SH burden accounts for a degree of the cognitive burden among VaD patients, although it remains unclear if individual factors such as cognitive reserve influence cognitive status in VaD. To address this issue, we examined 36 individuals diagnosed with probable VaD (age = 77.56; education = 12). All individuals underwent MMSE evaluations and MRI brain scans. We predicted that individuals with higher educational attainment would exhibit less cognitive difficulty despite similar levels of SH volume, compared to individuals with less educational attainment. A regression analysis revealed that greater SH volume was associated with lower scores on the MMSE. Additionally, education moderated the relationship between SH volume and MMSE score, demonstrating that individuals with higher education had higher scores on the MMSE despite similar degrees of SH burden. These results suggest that educational attainment buffers the deleterious effects of SH burden on cognitive status among VaD patients. (JINS, 2011,17, 531–536)
A Simplified Implementation of Edge Detection in MATLAB is Faster and More Sensitive than Fast Fourier Transform for Actin Fiber Alignment Quantification
Authors: Kemeny Steven Frank , Clyne Alisa Morss 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFiber alignment plays a critical role in the structure and function of cells and tissues. While fiber alignment quantification is important to experimental analysis and several different methods for quantifying fiber alignment exist, many studies focus on qualitative rather than quantitative analysis perhaps due to the complexity of current fiber alignment methods. Speed and sensitivity were compared in edge detection and fast Fourier transform (FFT) for measuring actin fiber alignment in cells exposed to shear stress. While edge detection using matrix multiplication was consistently more sensitive than FFT, image processing time was significantly longer. However, when MATLAB functions were used to implement edge detection, MATLAB's efficient element-by-element calculations and fast filtering techniques reduced computation cost 100 times compared to the matrix multiplication edge detection method. The new computation time was comparable to the FFT method, and MATLAB edge detection produced well-distributed fiber angle distributions that statistically distinguished aligned and unaligned fibers in half as many sample images. When the FFT sensitivity was improved by dividing images into smaller subsections, processing time grew larger than the time required for MATLAB edge detection. Implementation of edge detection in MATLAB is simpler, faster, and more sensitive than FFT for fiber alignment quantification.
Analysis of mineral matrices of planetary soil analogues from the Utah Desert
Authors: Kotler J.M. , Quinn R.C. , Foing B.H. , Martins Z. , Ehrenfreund P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPhyllosilicate minerals and hydrated sulphate minerals have been positively identified on the surface of Mars. Studies conducted on Earth indicate that micro-organisms influence various geochemical and mineralogical transitions for the sulphate and phyllosilicate minerals. These minerals in turn provide key nutrients to micro-organisms and influence microbial ecology. Therefore, the presence of these minerals in astrobiology studies of Earth–Mars analogue environments could help scientists better understand the types and potential abundance of micro-organisms and/or biosignatures that may be encountered on Mars. Bulk X-ray diffraction of samples collected during the EuroGeoMars 2009 campaign from the Mancos Shale, the Morrison and the Dakota formations near the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah show variable but common sedimentary mineralogy with all samples containing quantities of hydrated sulphate minerals and/or phyllosilicates. Analysis of the clay fractions indicate that the phyllosilicates are interstratified illite–smectites with all samples showing marked changes in the diffraction pattern after ethylene glycol treatment and the characteristic appearance of a solvated peak at ∼17 Å. The smectite phases were identified as montmorillonite and nontronite using a combination of the X-ray diffraction data and Fourier–Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The most common sulphate mineral in the samples is hydrated calcium sulphate (gypsum), although one sample contained detectable amounts of strontium sulphate (celestine). Carbonates detected in the samples are variable in composition and include pure calcium carbonate (calcite), magnesium-bearing calcium carbonate (dolomite), magnesium, iron and manganese-bearing calcium carbonate (ankerite) and iron carbonate (siderite). The results of these analyses when combined with organic extractions and biological analysis should help astrobiologists and planetary geologists better understand the potential relationships between mineralogy and microbiology for planetary missions.
Psychodynamik und Konfliktstruktur bei pathologischem Internetgebrauch – erste Befunde bei Jungen in der klinischen Versorgung
Authors: Bilke-Hentsch Oliver , Sorychta Heike , Hellenschmidt Tobias 
Published: March 2011

Fragestellung: Der schwere pathologische Mediengebrauch bzw. die sog. Internetsucht mit vielmonatiger Schulabstinenz, langfristigem Abgleiten in Parallelwelten und vollständigem sozio-emotionalem Rückzug stellt eine suchtmedizinisch und entwicklungspsychiatrisch relevante Unterform des im Jugendalter häufigen dysfunktionalen Mediengebrauchs dar. Methodik: Um die individuelle Konfliktdynamik der klinisch schwer auffälligen, langjährig spielenden männlichen Jugendlichen zu erfassen, wurden 27 konsekutive Fälle im Alter von 14 bis 23 Jahren (Durchschnitt 17,5 J.) eines ambulanten Spezialangebots für Mediensüchtige im Kontext einer kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Versorgungsklinik mittels MAS und OPD-KJ untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Identitäts-, Autonomie- und Autarkiekonflikte als schwere Entwicklungshemmnisse prägten bei 60 % der im Durchschnitt 12 Stunden am Tag MMPORG-spielenden Klienten die Konfliktdynamik bei insgesamt mässig integrierter psychischer Struktur. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Planung einer Psychotherapie bei dieser spezifischen adoleszenten Gruppe sollte die Konfliktdynamik, die Suchtgeschichte, die familiären Faktoren und die individuelle psychiatrische Komorbidität gleichermassen berücksichtigen, um in dieser besonders vulnerablen Altersstufe auch für diese Patienten eine optimales multimodales Therapieprogramm anzubieten.
Changes to Articulatory Kinematics in Response to Loudness Cues in Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Darling Meghan , Huber Jessica E. 
Published: March 2011

Purpose
Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibit differences in displacement and velocity of the articulators as compared with older adults. The purpose of the current study was to examine effects of 3 loudness cues on articulatory movement patterns in individuals with PD.

Method
Nine individuals diagnosed with idiopathic PD and 9 age- and sex-matched healthy controls produced sentences in 4 conditions: (a) comfortable loudness, (b) targeting 10 dB above comfortable, (c) twice as loud as comfortable, and (d) in background noise. Lip and jaw kinematics and acoustic measurements were obtained.

Results
Both groups significantly increased sound pressure level (SPL) in the loud conditions as compared with the comfortable condition. For the loud conditions, both groups had the highest SPL in the background noise and the 10 dB conditions, and the lowest SPL in the twice as loud condition. Control participants produced the largest opening displacement in the background noise condition and the smallest opening displacement in the twice as loud condition. Conversely, individuals with PD produced the largest opening displacement in the twice as loud condition and the smallest opening displacement in the background noise condition.

Conclusions
Control participants and individuals with PD responded to cues to increase loudness in different ways. Changes in SPL may explain differences in kinematics for the control participants, but they do not explain such differences for individuals with PD.
Biotechnology in the Treatment of Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Foundations and Future of Hair Cell Regeneration
Authors: Parker Mark A. 
Published: March 2011

PurposeTo provide an overview of the methodologies involved in the field of hair cell regeneration. First, the author provides a tutorial on the biotechnological foundations of this field to assist the reader in the comprehension and interpretation of the research involved in hair cell regeneration. Next, the author presents a review of stem cell and gene therapy and provides a critical appraisal of their application to hair cell regeneration. The methodologies used in these approaches are highlighted.MethodThe author conducted a narrative review of the fields of cellular, molecular, and developmental biology, tissue engineering, and stem cell and gene therapy using the PubMed database.ResultsThe use of biotechnological approaches to the treatment of hearing loss—approaches such as stem cell and gene therapy—has led to new methods of regenerating cochlear hair cells in mammals.ConclusionsIncredible strides have been made in assembling important pieces of the puzzle that comprise hair cell regeneration. However, mammalian hair cell regeneration using stem cell and gene therapy are years—if not decades—away from being clinically feasible. If the goals of the biological approaches are met, these therapies may represent future treatments for hearing loss.
Oxygen isotopes of East Asian dinosaurs reveal exceptionally cold Early Cretaceous climates
Authors: Amiot Romain , Wang Xu , Zhou Zhonghe , Wang Xiaolin , Buffetaut Eric , Lécuyer Christophe , Ding Zhongli , Fluteau Frédéric , Hibino Tsuyoshi , Kusuhashi Nao , Mo Jinyou , Suteethorn Varavudh , Wang Yuanqing , Xu Xing , Zhang Fusong 
Published: March 2011

Early Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages from East Asia and particularly the Jehol Biota of northeastern China flourished during a period of highly debated climatic history. While the unique characters of these continental faunas have been the subject of various speculations about their biogeographic history, little attention has been paid to their possible climatic causes. Here we address this question using the oxygen isotope composition of apatite phosphate (δ) from various reptile remains recovered from China, Thailand, and Japan. δvalues indicate that cold terrestrial climates prevailed at least in this part of Asia during the Barremian—early Albian interval. Estimated mean air temperatures of about 10 ± 4 °C at midlatitudes (∼42 °N) correspond to present day cool temperate climatic conditions. Such low temperatures are in agreement with previous reports of cold marine temperatures during this part of the Early Cretaceous, as well as with the widespread occurrence of the temperate fossil wood genusXenoxylonand the absence of thermophilic reptiles such as crocodilians in northeastern China. The unique character of the Jehol Biota is thus not only the result of its evolutionary and biogeographical history but is also due to rather cold local climatic conditions linked to the paleolatitudinal position of northeastern China and global icehouse climates that prevailed during this part of the Early Cretaceous.
Bionomics and polymorphism in Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Appleby J.H. , Credland P.F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCallosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic) is the major insect pest of stored bambara groundnuts, Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdcourt, in sub-Saharan West Africa, but little is currently known about its biology or how it may be controlled. A series of laboratory studies was performed to investigate the bionomics of and differences between two apparently different morphs of adult of each sex of this species, here termed ‘active’ and ‘normal’. Major differences in their morphology, physiology and behaviour were identified and are described in detail for the first time. They provide clear evidence of the existence of an adult polymorphism among populations of this species, which is comparable in certain respects to that previously described for C. maculatus (Fabricius) and C. chinensis Linnaeus. Adults can be separated into the correct morph based on characteristic differences in elytral and pygidial colour and pattern. ‘Normal’ adults are characterized by having high fecundity, short adult life and are relatively sedentary while ‘active’ adults exhibit reproductive diapause (suspension of reproductive activity), are long lived, and show (at least in females) increased dispersal tendencies. These characteristics suggest adaptation of the ‘active’and ‘normal’ morphs respectively to the different environments of field and seed stores, and the significance of the polymorphism in the life history of C. subinnotatus is discussed in this context. The design of any effective control regime for this bruchid needs to take account of and could potentially be based upon the existence of polymorphism in C. subinnotatus.
A shoot-fly Atherigona tritici sp. n. (Diptera: Muscidae), attacking wheat Triticum aestivum in Egypt
Authors: Pont A.C. , Deeming J.C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe two ‘forms’ of the Afrotropical shoot-fly Atherigona rubricornis Stein are shown to be good species. A neotype is designated for the true A. rubricornis, which is restricted to tropical Africa. The other form is described as A. triticisp. n. It is widespread in tropical Africa, but is known also from Egypt, where the larvae attack wheat seedlings, Israel and Yemen. Infestation levels of larvae, with maxima between 9% and 32%, indicate that it is a significant pest of wheat seedlings in Egypt.
The effect of natural enemies on the spread of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) by Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Smyrnioudis I.N. , Harrington R. , Clark S.J. , Katis N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe effects of two natural aphid enemies, adult Coccinella septempunctataLinneaus, a predator, and Aphidius rhopalosiphi de Stefani Perez, a parasitoid, on spread of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) transmitted by the bird cherry–oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) were studied under laboratory conditions. Predators or parasitoids were introduced to trays of durum wheat seedlings and the patterns of virus infection were observed after two, seven and 14 days of exposure. More plants were infected with BYDV in control trays without A. rhopalosiphithan in trays with the parasitoid present, both seven and 14 days after the introduction of parasitoids. Patterns of virus infection were found to be similar over time in trays with a parasitoid present and in control trays. More plants were infected in trays with C. septempunctata present than in control trays, both two and seven days after the introduction of the coccinellid. The spread of virus infections progressed differently over time for the two treatments (predator and parasitoid), differences between treatments being most marked after two days and seven days, when more plants exposed to predators but fewer exposed to parasitoids were infected with BYDV compared to their respective controls. However, by the 14th day 88% of all plants were infected and there was no significant difference between the two treatments. The role of natural enemies in spread of BYDV is discussed.
Factors affecting parasitism by Microctonus aethiopoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and parasitoid development in natural and novel host species
Authors: Barratt B.I.P. , Johnstone P.D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA laboratory study of aspects of parasitoid host acceptance, suitability and physiological regulation in natural and novel host species was carried out to investigate the degree of variability encountered with different hosts and to determine the value of such observations in host range determination. The parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides Loan was exposed to a natural host, Sitona discoideus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and three novel hosts, the New Zealand native Nicaeana cervinaBroun, the introduced weed biological control agent Rhinocyllus conicus (Froehlich), and a congeneric pest species, Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal (all Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Per cent parasitism of these species was 54%, 43%, 39% and 0%, respectively. The results indicated that for both S. discoideus and R. conicus more males than females were parasitized (69% cf. 45%, and 49% cf. 32% respectively) but host size was not a significant factor. Overall, superparasitism was recorded in about 29% of parasitized weevils and there was evidence that host discrimination to avoid superparasitism occurred in the natural host. Conversely, superparasitism occurred more frequently than would be expected in N. cervina (42%) coupled with higher survival of larvae in superparasitized hosts in this species. The frequency distribution of attack of R. conicus by M. aethiopoides was not different from random. Parasitoid development was more rapid in the natural host, S. discoideus, and parasitoid size was positively correlated with host size. There was a strong positive relationship between parasitoid larval survival and the presence of teratocytes in all hosts. Host fecundity and fertility were reduced by parasitism for most species, and in some cases, by exposure to parasitoids in the absence of detectable parasitism. It was concluded that laboratory observations can provide useful information on the compatibility between host and parasitoid which can complement traditional host range tests to predict field host range.
Evaluation of diets for the development and reproduction ofFranklinothrips orizabensis(Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae)
Authors: Hoddle M.S. , Jones J. , Oishi K. , Morgan D. , Robinson L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe suitability of ten diets for the development and reproduction ofFranklinothrips orizabensisJohansen, the key natural enemy ofScirtothrips perseaeNakahara, a pest of California grown avocados, was determined in the laboratory. The experimental diets evaluated were: (i) irradiatedEphestia kuehniellaZeller eggs; (ii) irradiatedE. kuehniellaeggs and avocado pollen; (iii)Tetranychus pacificusMcGregor eggs; (iv)T. pacificuseggs and avocado pollen; (v) irradiatedE. kuehniellaeggs andT. pacificuseggs; (vi) irradiatedE. kuehniellaeggs,T. pacificuseggs and avocado pollen; (vii)Scirtothrips perseae; (viii)Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis(Bouchè); (ix) avocado pollen; and (x) a young avocado leaf.Franklinothrips orizabensislarvae were unable to develop to adulthood on diets 9 and 10. The remaining eight diets supported complete development ofF. orizabensis, but only diets 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8 produced fecund females. On diet 5,F. orizabensisexhibited high larval to adult survivorship (90%), mated females exhibited highest daily and lifetime fecundity, and the progeny of mated females were female biased (53%). Analysis of jackknife estimates of net reproduction (Ro), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), and finite rate of increase (λ) were all significantly greater forF. orizabensisreared on irradiatedE. kuehniellaeggs andT. pacificuseggs (i.e. diet 5) than corresponding values for other diets on which femaleF. orizabensiswere able to complete development and reproduce. Incorporation of avocado pollen into diets had an adverse effect on demographic statistics forF. orizabensis, and low quality diets resulted in male biased sex ratios for this predator.
Differential behaviour of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) to human and cow odours in the laboratory
Authors: Pates H.V. , Takken W. , Stuke K. , Curtis C.F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA dual port olfactometer was used to study the response of Anopheles gambiaeGiles sensu stricto to odours of human and animal origin. Human odour consisted of human skin emanations collected on a nylon stocking, which was worn for 24 h. This was tested alone or together with 4.5% carbon dioxide, the concentration in human and cattle breath. Cattle odours consisted of cow skin emanations and/or carbon dioxide. Cow skin emanations were collected by tying a nylon stocking (‘cow sock’) around the hind leg of a cow for 12 h. Anopheles gambiae s.s. was consistently highly attracted by human odour, which is consistent with the high degree of anthropophily in this mosquito. Anopheles gambiae s.s. was not attracted by human or cattle equivalent volumes of carbon dioxide and this gas did not enhance the effect of human skin residues. Furthermore, A. gambiae s.s. showed a high degree of aversion to cow odour. When human odour and cow odour were tested together in the same port, mosquitoes were still highly attracted, indicating that whilst cattle odour may deter A. gambiae s.s., these mosquitoes can detect human odour in the presence of cattle odour. It was concluded that carbon dioxide plays a minor role in the host seeking behaviour of A. gambiae s.s., whilst host specific cues such as human skin residues play a major role and very effectively demonstrated anthropophilic behaviour in the laboratory.