bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co‐occurring problems of early onset persistent, childhood limited, and adolescent onset conduct problem youth
Authors: Barker Edward D. , Oliver Bonamy R. , Maughan Barbara 
Published: August 2010

Background:  It is increasingly recognized that youth who follow early onset persistent (EOP), childhood limited (CL) and adolescent onset (AO) trajectories of conduct problems show somewhat varying patterns of risk (in childhood) and adjustment problems (in adolescence and adulthood). Little, however, is known about how other adjustment problems differentially co‐develop with the EOP, CL and AO trajectories across the childhood and adolescent years.Method:  Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, an epidemiological, longitudinal cohort of boys and girls, we estimated growth curves for parent‐reported hyperactivity, emotional difficulties, peer relational problems, and prosocial behaviors conditional on trajectories of conduct problems (i.e., EOP, CL and AO) from ages 4 to 13 years. At ages 7–8 years, DSM‐IV‐based diagnoses of conduct disorder, oppositional‐defiant disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression were examined by conduct problems trajectory.Results:  Overall, the development of hyperactivity, emotional difficulties, peer relational problems, and prosocial behaviors mirrored the development of conduct problems, showing similar trajectories.Conclusions:  Results indicated that the problems of EOP youth were persistent across domains, CL youth showed decreased behavior problems while increasing in prosocial behaviors, and AO youth increased in adjustment problems after 10 years of age.
NOTES ON BREEDING COLONIES OF THE RED‐BILLED QUELEA IN S.W. TANGANYIKA
Authors: VeseyFitzGerald Desmond Foster 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAt the end of the rains 1956, which were above average, large flocks of Quelea quelea nested at a density of about 5 per square yard in the Rukwa Valley, Tanganyika, in stands of long grass. The largest colony studied covered about 93 acres and contained about 2 J million nests. Observations were made on incubation, clutch‐size, hatching, feeding of young and the daily activity of the parent birds. The breeding was very successful and predators were scarce, though Buff‐backed Heron ate a lot of nestlings in one colony. A large number of juvenile birds were present in the colony, which suggests there had been earlier breeding. Five phases of the male plumage were collected in the colony, and it appears the Rukwa birds belonged to the race centralis. Rukwa breeding is therefore probably of more economic importance to East Africa than to Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa.
NOTES ON THE RINGING AND THE BREEDING DISTRIBUTION OF THE GIANT PETREL MACRONECTES GIGANTEUS
Authors: Stonehouse Bernard 
Published: August 2010

SummaryOf approximately 800 Giant Petrel chicks banded at F.I.D.S. bases in 1956, fourteen were recovered later in the year from Chile, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The results compare with similar records from A.N.A.R.E. sources and suggest that the young birds disperse northward and eastward on leaving the nest. The recorded limits of the breeding range are reviewed and the existence of a colony below the Antarctic Circle is reported.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE MUSOPHAGIDAE
Authors: Moreau R. E. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA somewhat revised classification of the Musophagidae, which is a by‐product of the general review, is offered first, with summarized reasons, in order to facilitate discussion. Eighteen species are recognized in five genera, Gymnoschizorhis being sunk in Corythaixoides, and Ruwenzorornis, Proturacus and Gallirex in Tauraco. T. corythaix is regarded provisionally as highly polytypic, including persa and fischeri among other allopatric forms; but the absence of intermediates may mean that they are actually a superspecies.For each species the geographical and ecological ranges are defined as closely as possible, relying much on unpublished information and with special reference to cases of prima facie ecological overlap. The subspecific variation is also described.The third part of the paper deals with general features, with particular reference to adaptation and relationships. Evolutionary problems are raised especially by the pigments (the green turacoverdin is now shown to be, like turacin, a copper compound), by the nature of the nostrils and by the head‐feathering.Finally, problems are discussed that are connected with ecological radiation and overlap, with the geographical ranges of the species and with the numerous cases, mainly subspecific, that suggest convergence.
BREEDING BEHAVIOUR OF OSPREYS PANDION HALIAETUS IN SCOTLAND
Authors: Green Rhys 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYOspreys Pandion haliaetus nested at a site near Loch Garten, Inverness‐shire continuously from 1959 to 1973. Each year the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has organized a continuous watch on the eyrie in the breeding season. The detailed records kept of the activities of Ospreys at the nest by those participating in the watch were analysed and the results presented here.Ospreys are migratory and arrived in the breeding area in early April. Nesting material was usually added to an existing eyrie platform. The male collected more material than the female. The female lined the nest cup. The extent of nest building activity and the frequencies of mating and other activities prior to laying varied markedly from year to year. These differences may have been related to changes in the identity of the nesting female, but the birds were not individually marked. Both sexes incubated but the female took the greater share and normally incubated at night. When the young hatched they were brooded by the female. The female stayed in the vicinity of the nest for most of the time until the young fledged at about 53 days old. The male Osprey caught almost all the fish eaten by his mate and young during the breeding season. The number of fish caught per day increased markedly after the young hatched. Pike Esox lucius and Trout Salmo trutta were the main species taken, and some Rainbow Trout Salmo gairdnerii were identified. There were seasonal and diurnal changes in the size and the species composition of the catch. The effects of weather conditions on hunting are examined. The occurrence of Ospreys other than the resident birds at the nest site is described.The behaviour of another pair of Ospreys which repeatedly failed to hatch eggs is described. There was an instance of egg eating in this pair, and some differences in behaviour were found between these birds and those at Loch Garten whose breeding success was good.The breeding biology of Ospreys is compared with that of other British diurnal birds of prey. In other species the female leaves the young unguarded at some stage in the nestling period and hunts food for them, whereas female Ospreys do not usually hunt in the nesting period.
The efficacy of three techniques to alleviate soil compaction at a restored sand and gravel quarry
Authors: Sinnett D. , Poole J. , Hutchings T. R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractReinstated soil at restored sites often suffers from severe compaction which can significantly impede root development. Several methods, such as ripping and complete cultivation, are available to alleviate compaction that may occur as a result of soil reinstatement. This paper examines the effectiveness of the industry standard industrial ripper and a prototype modern ripper, the Mega‐Lift, in comparison with the recommended best practice method of complete cultivation. An investigation of the penetration resistance of the soil at a restored sand and gravel quarry was carried out using a cone penetrometer and a ‘lifting driving tool’ (dropping weight penetrometer) 3 years following cultivation. All the cultivation treatments reduced soil compaction to some degree compared with the untreated control. However, the penetration resistance values suggest that rooting would be restricted at relatively shallow depths in the plots cultivated using the industrial and Mega‐Lift ripper; penetration resistance exceeded 2 MPa within the first 0.33 m. Complete cultivation maintained penetration resistance values of less than 2 MPa within the depth limit of the penetrometer of 0.42 m. In addition, the results from the ‘lifting driving tool’ indicate that soils treated using complete cultivation remained significantly looser than those treated with the ripper to a depth of at least 0.80 m. The results demonstrate that complete cultivation remains the most effective method of alleviating soil compaction on restored sites, although it is recognized that its relatively high cost may restrict the uptake of the technique.
House Prices and Local Taxes in the UK
Authors: Rosenthal Leslie 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, estimates of the effects of local domestic property taxes (rates) on local house prices are presented, and the effect of local taxes on owner‐occupied dwelling prices is calculated for a number of English cities for the period up to 1990. The methods used enable estimation to be made of the effect of the introduction, during 1990, of the Community Charge or poll tax in England, when the local tax base was moved from housing consumption onto individual residency. It is estimated that the reform could have increased house prices by around 15 per cent and contributed substantially to house price inflation.
Transfers in Spanish State Retirement Pensions
Authors: Bandés Eduardo , Cuenca Alain 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA central issue in the recent reforms of state pensions in Spain has been to increase the proportionality between contributions and benefits along actuarially fair lines. The aim of this paper is to quantify the transfer component of social security retirement pensions, with transfer being understood as the difference between the pension effectively received and that which would be received under a system of actuarial fairness. The analysis is placed within a life‐cycle framework, with particular reference to the distributive effects by income level. The results show that, in the past, there was a marked bias in favour of the objective of intergenerational and intragenerational redistribution, to the detriment of the objective of income insurance. This paper examines the factors that determine the final value of the transfer component within the entire Spanish pensions system.
Alcohol taxes, tax revenues and the Single European Market
Authors: Crawford Ian , Smith Zoë , Tanner Sarah 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses the issue of whether tax revenue from alcohol lost through cross‐border shopping could be recouped by cutting excise duties. This in turn depends on the elasticity of demand for alcohol.We use data from the Family Expenditure Survey 1978–96 to estimate own‐ and cross‐price elasticities of demand for beer, wine and spirits before and after completion of the Single Market. We find no evidence of a significant change in elasticities after the Single Market. The tax rates on beer and wine are currently below their revenue‐maximising rates, implying that a cut in the duty rate on beer or wine would lead to a decrease in indirect tax revenue from alcohol. We cannot reject that the current tax rate on spirits is at the revenue‐maximising rate, implying that further increases in the duty on spirits are likely to cause indirect tax revenue to fall.
Income Inequality: A Tale of Two Cycles?
Authors: Clark Tom , Taylor Jayne 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBuilding on previous work, this paper documents the changes in income inequality that have occurred over the past 20 years, right up until the late 1990s. In particular, we are interested in whether or not the path of inequality in the most recent economic cycle differed from that observed in the 1980s. The robustness of the results is investigated using innovative statistical techniques, in an attempt to identify whether or not the observed changes represent real increases or decreases in inequality or whether they can be attributed simply to sampling variation between years. Finally, some preliminary results are presented which attempt to identify some of the reasons underlying the observed trends in income inequality, with a particular focus on the role of the labour market.
Tax Incentives for Extraction and Recycling of Basic Materials in Canada
Authors: Scharf Kimberley 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper provides an empirical assessment of the overall incentives generated by taxes with respect to the choice between extraction and recycling of basic materials in Canada. We calculate measures of the overall impact of the Canadian tax system on the incremental cost of (i) producing virgin material or recycled material that is to be used as an intermediate input in the production of a final product and (ii) producing finished products. The sectors that we examine include producers of primary virgin material (forestry, mining, oil and gas), producers of recycled material (scrap dealers) and producers of finished products (metal, paper, plastic and glass). Our results indicate that the Canadian tax system significantly favours the use of virgin materials rather than recycled materials in the case of metal and glass products, but the reverse is true for plastic products. Features in the Canadian tax system contributing to these findings are not limited to corporate income and mining tax incentives at the exploration and extraction stages of the production of virgin materials, but also include provincial sales taxes on capital, which are borne more heavily by scrap firms than by resource and manufacturing firms, and provincial sales taxes that apply to business inputs, which also fall more heavily upon the recycling sector.
Public Investment, the Stability Pact and the ‘Golden Rule’
Authors: Balassone Fabrizio , Franco Daniele 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe fiscal rules set in the Treaty of Maastricht and in the Stability and Growth Pact have sometimes been criticised as an excessively binding constraint for appropriate counter‐cyclical action. The risk that the rules may permanently reduce the public sector's contribution to capital accumulation has also been pointed out. In this framework, the adoption of a ‘golden rule’ has been suggested. Starting from the recent debate, this paper tackles two questions: (a) the implications of the Pact for public investment and (b) the pros and cons of introducing a golden rule in EMU's fiscal framework, given the objectives of low public debts and adequate margins for a stabilising budgetary policy. The analysis suggests that the rules set in the Treaty and in the Pact may negatively influence public investment spending. However, the golden rule, although intuitively appealing, does not seem to be an appropriate solution to the problem.
The restructuring and privatisation of the electricity distribution and supply businesses in England and Wales: a social cost‐benefit analysis
Authors: Domah Preetum , Pollitt Michael G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn December 1990, the 12 regional electricity companies — responsible for the distribution and supply of electricity in England and Wales — were privatised. For the first few years following privatisation, real prices, profits and costs in the industry rose. Following two Price Control Reviews, prices have now fallen sharply and there have been substantial reductions in costs and more recently in profits. This paper attempts to conduct a social cost–benefit analysis of the privatisation by examining actual and predicted falls in costs over the period to 2005. We conclude that the privatisation did yield significant net benefits but that these were unevenly distributed across time and groups in society. Relative to our preferred counterfactual, consumers experience slightly lower prices and the government gains £5 billion in sale proceeds and net taxes. However, consumers begin to gain only from 2000.
A Perspective on UK Productivity Performance
Authors: Crafts Nicholas , O'Mahoney Mary 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe paper reviews recent UK productivity performance using insights from new growth economics and its embodiment in growth accounting techniques. The sources of the UK labour productivity gap are found to differ across countries; broad capital per worker plays a larger part with regard to France and Germany while innovation matters more compared with the USA. The role of incentive structures is examined and the importance of competition as an antidote to agency problems in UK firms is highlighted. Current UK policy is reviewed and the need to address government as well as market failures is stressed.
Public and private spending for environmental protection: a cross‐country policy analysis
Authors: Pearce David , Palmer Charles 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOECD data are used to investigate public and private environmental expenditures and, although they are more complete and consistent than other datasets, they are still poor. This is important in the context of measuring the benefits of environmental protection, when little is really known about its actual costs. Despite these limitations, this study demonstrates that there has been no shift towards an increasing private sector burden relative to the public sector over time. The paper also finds little evidence to show that environmental expenditures negatively impact on economic growth, although there is inconsistency between the ‘no effects’ finding of the competitiveness literature and the ‘negative effects’ finding of most of the productivity literature. Finally, the elasticity of expenditure with respect to income is found to be 1.2, lower than would be expected if the ‘environmental demand effect’ is significant in explaining the downward slope of the environmental Kuznets curve.
The distributional impact of social transfers in the European Union: evidence from the ECHP
Authors: Heady Christopher , Mitrakos Theodore , Tsakloglou Panos 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSocial transfers vary enormously across the European Union, as has been demonstrated in earlier research. This paper analyses the comparative effects of these transfers on inequality and poverty, using consistent household data. The analysis shows that the distributional impact of these transfers is greater in countries that spend a higher proportion of their GDP on them, but that there are other important determinants, including the extent of means testing, the distribution of funds between different types of transfer and the degree of targeting for each transfer. It also shows that effective targeting can be achieved without high levels of means testing.
Unemployment and workers' compensation programmes: rationale, design, labour supply and income support
Authors: Meyer Bruce D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractI examine the unemployment insurance (UI) and workers' compensation (WC) insurance programmes, concentrating on labour supply, insurance and income redistribution. UI and WC increase the time employees spend out of work. Elasticities of lost work time that incorporate both the incidence and duration of claims are centred at 1.0 for UI and between 0.5 and 1.0 for WC. These elasticities are larger than elasticities typically found in studies of wage effects on hours worked by men, probably because UI and WC lead to short‐run variation in wages with mostly a substitution effect and the programmes alter the participation margin. Some good evidence suggests that UI smooths the consumption of the unemployed and more clearly indicates that UI progressively redistributes resources. There is substantial evidence that injured workers suffer material hardships even with WC programmes, but research has not provided an overall picture of the insurance and redistributive aspects of WC.
Accrual accounting and Australian fiscal policy
Authors: Robinson Marc 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAustralian governments have recently moved from cash accounting to accrual accounting. Accrual accounting has been accompanied at the national government level by the introduction of a new key fiscal policy measure: the ‘fiscal balance’. This paper explains and evaluates this new fiscal measure. It concludes that, given the present fiscal policy of the Australian government, fiscal balance is a superior fiscal policy measure to the ‘cash’ budget balance measure which it replaced. However, from the alternative ‘golden rule’ policy standpoint, fiscal balance is not a meaningful fiscal policy measure — although its stock counterpart, net financial liabilities, certainly is.
The Role of the Personal Tax System in Old‐Age Support: A Survey of 15 Countries
Authors: Keenay Gordon , Whitehouse Edward 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the tax treatment of pensioners in 15 industrialised countries. Using a standard methodology, it calculates the average and marginal tax rates of older people and compares them with those of people of working age. These are then combined with a model of pension entitlements in different countries. This shows that tax differentials play an important role in old‐age support. We discuss the appropriate way for the tax system to support pensioners and the implications for the tax treatment of private pensions.
Tax Amnesties and Income Tax Compliance: The Case of Spain
Authors: López‐Laborda Julio , Rodrigo Fernando 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to evaluate the long‐term impact on Spanish individual income tax (IRPF) compliance of the amnesty measures granted in 1991 within the framework of the 1988–91 income tax reform programme. To that end, we combine time‐series techniques with outlier detection methods and the Bai and Perron (1998) test for the endogenous estimation of structural breaks. On the basis of the analysis of the monthly IRPF tax collection series from 1979 to 1998, we find that the amnesty had no effect on tax collection in either the short or the long term. By contrast, we find evidence of the permanent positive impact caused by the legislative and administrative measures linked to the IRPF reform process begun in 1988.
Fiscal Decentralisation and Economic Growth in High‐Income OECD Countries
Authors: Thiessen Ulrich 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAmong the majority of high–income OECD countries, the degree of fiscal decentralisation has converged over the last 30 years towards an intermediate level. The theoretical arguments for and against fiscal decentralisation point to explanations for this tendency, because both extreme decentralisation and extreme centralisation are associated with disadvantages for economic growth. Hence, the observed trend of convergence would be growth–promoting. The paper analyses the long–run empirical relationship between per capita economic growth, capital formation and total factor productivity growth, and fiscal decentralisation for the high–income OECD countries. The evidence supports the view that the relationship is positive when fiscal decentralisation is increasing from low levels, but then reaches a peak and turns negative. A policy implication is that policy–makers in several countries with relatively low degrees of fiscal decentralisation could possibly mobilise growth reserves by increasing it.
Tax Structures and FDI: The Deterrent Effects of Complexity and Uncertainty
Authors: Edmiston Kelly , Mudd Shannon , Valev Neven 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper measures the distortionary and distributional effects of housing subsidies in the Netherlands. Its broad scope allows us to discuss the results in the light of the main justifications for subsidising housing, i.e. the merit–good argument, external effects and the distribution motive. Our measurements reveal some patterns of subsidisation that seem difficult to justify on these grounds. This applies especially to the differences between subsidisation of rental and owneroccupied housing and between mortgage– and equity–financed ownership. Moreover, the inelastic supply of housing in the Netherlands entails that subsidisation has only a limited effect on promoting housing quality.