bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Caledonian calc-alkaline dykes from the east coast of Aberdeenshire
Authors: Thomas C. W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A suite of previously undescribed microdioritic and lamprophyric dykes crop out on the east coast of Scotland, some 10–12 km south of Aberdeen, where they intrude polydeformed and metamorphosed Southern Highland Group (Dalradian) psammites. The dykes have calc-alkaline basaltic to andesitic compositions. Several contain notably high levels MgO, Cr and Ni and they are also enriched in incompatible elements. They display a range of macroscopic features indicating emplacement at high, possibly subvolcanic, levels and there is evidence for multiple intrusion. Hydrothermal alteration generated greenschist-facies epidote–actinolite and subsequent chlorite–calcite assemblages.
New evidence on the origin and Jurassic age of palaeokarst and limestone breccias, Loch Slapin, Isle of Skye
Authors: Farris M. A. , Oates M. J. , Torrens H. S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A limestone breccia which is interpreted as a palaeokarst fill of early Jurassic age, is described from Southern Skye, lying above the Durness Limestone Group and below the Broadford Formation, as previously defined. Such breccias have been described from parts of the Camas Malag Formation and where they are overlain directly by Jurassic limestones, these are now assigned to the Broadford Formation.
For the first time, direct biostratigraphical evidence is presented for the age of these limestone breccias here, where they overlie and partly fill a palaeokarst surface on the Durness Limestone. Faunal evidence also demonstrates that their deposition occurred under fully marine conditions. The Triassic age previously assigned to the Camas Malag Formation is rejected and, at its type locality, this Formation is assigned an early Jurassic age.
Maximum altitude of Late Devensian glaciation on the Isle of Mull and Isle of Jura
Authors: Ballantyne Colin K. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Evidence provided by striae, ice-moulded rock, erratics and perched boulders indicates that the last (Late Devensian) ice-sheet reached an altitude exceeding 760 m on Mull and 660 m on Jura. The highest summits on both islands support periglacial blockfields, suggesting that they remained as nunataks above the ice surface. This interpretation is supported by analyses of clay-fraction mineralogy, which shows that gibbsite (a pre-Late Devensian weathering product) is widespread in blockfield samples but rare in samples below the inferred limit of glaciation, implying removal by Late Devensian glacial erosion. Maximum ice-sheet altitudes of 760–840 m and 660–700 m are inferred for the Ben More massif on Mull and Paps of Jura respectively. Reconstruction of ice-sheet configuration in the Inner Hebrides area suggests that the 900 m ice-surface contour followed the west coast of the mainland, but the altitude evidence is insufficient to constrain the westwards extent of the ice sheet. Inferred ice-surface altitudes and directions of ice movement are incompatible with most theoretical models, and even the ‘best fit’ model of ice dimensions in this area underestimates maximum ice thickness by ≥ 60 m.
Sedimentology and depositional history of the Claret Formation (‘carse clay’) at Bothkennar, near Grangemouth
Authors: Barras Beverley F. , Paul Michael A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The estuarine sediments of Flandrian age which comprise the Claret Formation in the Bothkennar area can be divided into bedded, mottled and laminated facies on the basis of primary sedimentary structures, frequency of silty laminae and the nature and extent of bioturbation. The mottled facies can be further subdivided by the style of bioturbation. The facies are very similar in overall particle size distribution and mineralogy. Biogenic traces occur in all the facies and have been tentatively matched to organisms present in the modern infauna Equation ()of the Firth of Forth. The succession of facies has been controlled by the fall of relative sea-level since the Flandrian maximum and records an emergent sequence from sub-tidal (probable water depth around 20 m) to inter-tidal. In the Bothkennar area four local subdivisions can be recognized in the Claret Formation, which reflect changes in sedimentary environment consequent on the reduction in water depth.
A regional geochemical assessment of some terrane relationships in the British Caledonides
Authors: Stone P. , Plant J. A. , Mendum J. R. , Green P. M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Regional geochemical data have been systematically collected across the British Caledonides and interpreted, using single and multielement image analysis, to provide geochemical constraints on terrane relationships. In the Hebridean Terrane, the Lewisian rocks show the characteristics of a large ion lithophile element (LILE) depleted lower crustal complex and seem unlikely to have been the source for the bulk of the overlying Torridonian clastic rocks. The psammite-dominated Moine Supergroup and the Dalradian rocks of the Grampian Group have closely similar evolved chemistries consistent with derivation from a higher crustal level than that of the currently exposed Lewisian complex. Across the Scottish Highland terranes the principal geochemical discontinuities coincide with the Moine Thrust Zone, the boundary between the Grampian Group and the Appin and Argyll Group Dalradian rocks, and the Highland Boundary Fault. The geochemical evidence provides little support for the Great Glen Fault as a significant terrane boundary. South of the Southern Upland Fault, which also coincides with a major geochemical discontinuity, a range of elements indicates division of the Southern Uplands terrane into northern and southern zones. These are transitional between the Orlock Bridge and Moffat Valley faults and reflect a change in sedimentary provenance during the early Silurian. Basic and ultrabasic elements, especially Cr, show exceptionally high levels over early Llandovery strata possibly indicating derivation from Iapetus Ocean crust obducted further NE as the Scandian Orogen was initiated. The geochemical characteristics of the southern part of the Southern Uplands Terrane continue into the Windermere Supergroup of the English Lake District, emphasising the continuity of mid- to late-Silurian deposition across the Laurentia–Avalonia (Iapetus) suture zone.
Invited Review: Contribution of the Scottish Offshore to the advancement of geology
Authors: Glennie K. W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Since the late 1960s, the search for hydrocarbons in the seas around Scotland has led to an enormous increase in geological knowledge. In addition to new data related directly to the origins and entrapment of hydrocarbons, the geology of Scotland can now be linked to that of Scandinavia and other parts of adjacent Western Europe via rock sequences in the Central and Northern North Sea which, especially for the Mesozoic and Tertiary, are mostly not represented on the Scottish land surface. Part of the ‘missing’ history of Scotland during that time span can now be deduced from the surrounding offshore geology. Apart from the valuable stratigraphical input, important new information has been gained on aspects of sedimentology (e.g. the distribution of Late Permian evaporites and Early Tertiary turbidites) and structural geology. The previously unknown Central-Viking Graben, trending roughly N-S, began to form in the mid-Permian along the ‘median line’ between Britain and the continent, and was subsequently infilled with Permian sediments, now locally at depths in excess of 10 km. High quality, closely constrained seismic data have shown up previously unknown patterns of extensional and transtensional faults in three dimensions.
Regional variation in gold mineralization in the vicinity of the Glengaber Burn, Scottish Borders
Authors: Chapman R. J. , Leake R. C. , Floyd J. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The alluvial gold at Glengaber Burn in the valley of the Megget Water is of interest because of its coarse size and historical working. A total of 350 alluvial gold grains from 17 sites in Glengaber Burn and the vicinity have been studied using the technique of microchemical characterization, and two major types of gold have been identified, each with well defined geographical distribution. Type 1a gold contains only pyrite inclusions, and has an Ag content of between 8% and 11%. Type 1b has a similar Ag content, but the inclusion assemblage contains galena together with pyrite. Type 2a gold typically contains between 3% and 7% Ag, and a suite of inclusions comprising chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite and gersdorffite. Type 2a gold occurs in a SW–NW trending zone which contains the catchments of the Glengaber and Craigierigg Burns. Type 2b gold is confined to the catchment of the Cramalt Burn and contains an inclusion suite similar to Type 2a, but is more silver-rich. The abundance of alluvial gold of all types falls dramatically to the south of Megget Water, although the occurrence to the north of the Glengaber Burn and Craigierigg Burns has not been established. The distribution of Type 1a gold is mutually exclusive with Type 2a and flanks the zone of Type 2a and 2b to both east and west suggesting zonation in a single mineralizing event. Type 1b gold occurs to the west of Type 1a and is probably unrelated to the other gold types. The mineralization acting as the source for the alluvial gold could be controlled by deep structures roughly perpendicular to the regional strike, revealed by prominent gravity lineaments, and their intersections with other structural features.
Permo–Triassic rocks in boreholes in the Annan-Canonbie area, Dumfries and Galloway, southern Scotland
Authors: Holliday D.W. , Warrington G. , Brookfield M. E. , McMillan A. A. , Holloway S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Recent boreholes provide new data on the sequence, age, lithology and geophysical log stratigraphy of Late Permian and Early Triassic strata on the northern edge of the Carlisle Basin. Late Permian evaporites (gypsum-anhydrite) and microfloras are recorded and described for the first time in onshore Scotland. The lower, argillaceous and evaporite-bearing strata are assigned to the Eden Shales Formation and are divided into three informal lithostratigraphical units, in ascending order ES1, ES2 and ES3. The Eden Shales grade upwards into the St Bees Sandstone Formation. The strata closely resemble those in neigh-bouring Cumbria, and help to refine some details of regional palaeogeography and correlation. Regional log correlation suggests that a significant evaporite-bearing Late Permian section is missing, probably cut out by faulting, in the Silloth-1A Borehole, the main deep borehole penetrating the Carlisle Basin.
The metamorphic basement geology of Mainland Orkney and Graemsay
Authors: Strachan R. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Small inliers of poorly known pre-Devonian metamorphic rocks are exposed in the west part of Mainland Orkney and on Graemsay. These rocks can be divided into three main groups. In order of decreasing age these are: (1) paragneisses (also including amphibolites); (2) foliated meta-granites, and (3) late, undeformed granitic and aplitic veins. There is evidence for three deformational episodes (D1–D3). D1 resulted in the gneissic foliation within the metasedimentary rocks and was associated with migmatization under mid- to upper amphibolite facies conditions. The meta-granites were probably intruded either prior to or during D2. This event resulted in the formation of a pervasive foliation within the meta-granites, as well as modification of SI fabrics within the host metasedimentary rocks. Metamorphic grade during D2 was probably within the amphibolite facies. D3 resulted in gentle, upright folding of earlier foliations. The paragneisses are correlated on lithological grounds with the high-grade Moine rocks of east Sutherland. Regional migmatization and D1 are assigned provisionally to the mid-Ordovician Grampian orogenic event recognized in east Sutherland. The meta-granites are assigned to the Silurian ‘Newer Granite’ suite and compared with the syn-tectonic plutons and sheets of central Sutherland. D2 and D3 are, therefore, tentatively assigned to the Scandian orogenic event.
Garnet pyroxenite xenoliths and pyropic megacrysts in Scottish alkali basalts
Authors: Upton B. G. J. , Aspen P. , Hinton R. W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Pyropic garnet occurs within garnet pyroxenite xenoliths and as discrete crystals in Carboniferous–Permian alkali basaltic tuffs and hypabyssal intrusions. Eight localities are now known from the Midland Valley together with another in the NW Highlands. The xenoliths are inferred to have been derived from minor pyroxenitic intercalations in spinel lherzolite within the lithospheric mantle. Although pyrope crystals at Elie Ness are regarded as high-pressure phenocrysts cognate with the basanitic host, it is indeterminable whether discrete garnets at the other localities are phenocrysts or xenocrystal fragments derived from garnet pyroxenites. All, however, whether phenocrystic, xenocrystic or integral components of pyroxenitic xenoliths, are regarded as cognate in the sense of being products of high-pressure crystallization of late Palaeozoic basanite magmas. Kaersutite, phlogopite, hercynitic spinel, ilmenite and pseudomorphs after orthopyroxene occur as minor components in some of the garnet pyroxenite xenoliths.
Mineral compositional data (electron- and ion-microprobe) are presented, with comparisons to xenolith-megacryst suites elsewhere. The garnets have strong similarities with each other and with megacryst populations from alkali basalts outside the U.K. It is concluded that the pyroxenites originally crystallized from basaltic magmas as high-pressure cumulates from depths of >50 km and represent some of the deepest samples from the Scottish lithosphere.
Composition and provenance of the Silurian to Devonian sandstone sequences of the southern Midland Valley
Authors: Phillips E. R. , Barron H. F. , Smith R. A. , Arkley S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A provenance study of rocks from the Silurian inliers and Siluro-Devonian Lanark Group sandstones of the southern Midland Valley has shown that they are petrographically and compositionally similar, and were derived from the same source terrane. The clast content of these rocks indicates that before widespread Lower Devonian calc-alkaline volcanism, this source terrane included volcanic and hypabyssal igneous rocks that appear to have been associated with a wacke sandstone-dominated sedimentary sequence and a granitic igneous suite. The possibility that the source rocks for these sequences are within the Midland Valley Terrane, but now not exposed, is discussed. Minor differences in sandstone composition between the Carmichael, Eastfield and North Esk inliers are interpreted as reflecting either slight differences in the source or deposition within individual sub-basins. Comparable regional variations within the Swanshaw Sandstone Formation suggest that sub-basin architecture continued to influence sediment dispersal patterns during the deposition of the basal Lanark Group. The onset of Lower Devonian calc-alkaline volcanism coincided with a major change in sandstone composition within the Lanark Group and accompanied the replacement of the relatively small Silurian sub-basins by a single larger basin.
Correlation of the Early Devonian Rhynie chert beds between three boreholes at Rhynie, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Trewin Nigel H. , Wilson Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Three sequences of the Early Devonian Rhynie Cherts Unit intersected by cored boreholes at the Rhynie SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) are compared on the basis of both lithology and plant content. It is shown that over the 45–65 m distance covered by the boreholes general correlation can be made of the chert-bearing unit, and also sandstone and shale units. General thicknesses of units are similar in the three boreholes. However, there is no bed-to-bed correlation of the cherts or other lithologies, neither is there a correlation in the sequences of plants recorded. It is considered that the sequence was deposited in the distal regions of sinter deposition on a low-angle outwash apron from a hot spring, where the water table was close to the surface, and water was frequently ponded. Overbank flooding from a northward-flowing river system periodically inundated the outwash apron, depositing sand and mud and interrupting sinter deposition. On the basis of plant occurrence in the chert beds intersected in the boreholes it is estimated that on average 15% of the area was bare ground, 30% covered with plant litter, and 55% with growing plants. Similar environments are seen today on the distal marshy areas of outwash aprons from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park, USA.
Groundwater challenges of the Water Framework Directive in Scotland (0–60 in 12 months)
Authors: Clews Jean , Fitzsimons Vincent , Simpson Elaine 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Groundwater in Scotland has traditionally been undervalued as a resource as it provides only limited public water supply despite being important for many private, industrial and agricultural water supplies and for dependent aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) (WFD) requires a characterization report to be submitted t o the European Commission in March 2005 describing the characteristics of our groundwater, an analysis of human impact and an assessment of the risk of failing to meet the environmental objectives set out in the directive. This has provided a driver to both rapidly improve the information available and to develop tools to assess the impact of human activity on this resource. Risk assessment methodologies have been developed to be consistent and reproducible and are based on simple science and national datasets. They use the concepts of pressure, pathway susceptibility and receptor sensitivity. Where a body is identified as being ‘at risk’, further characterization work will be required, followed by targeted monitoring. Methodologies, data availability and risk assessments will be refined as the work progresses. It is likely that some bodies identified as being at risk of failing to meet the WFD environmental objectives in the initial screening exercise will be classified as good status as more reliable information becomes available.
The Lewisian terrane model: a review
Authors: Park R. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Lewisian terrane model of Friend and Kinny divides the Lewisian complex into nine separate terranes believed to have amalgamated during the Palaeoproterozoic. This paper analyses the rationale for the terrane model and suggests criteria to evaluate and refine it. Similarities and differences in Palaeoproterozoic structural, metamorphic and igneous features are used to divide the complex into 14 separate blocks of three types: type A (upper-plate) characterized by retrogressed high-pressure granulite-facies Archaean metamorphic rocks and localized Laxfordian deformation; type B (lower plate) characterized by amphibolite-facies Archaean metamorphic rocks originating at higher crustal levels, intense Laxfordian deformation, and swarms of Laxfordian granites and pegmatites; and third, Palaeoproterozoic complexes comprising oceanic and volcanic arc elements.

The boundaries between the type A and type B blocks, where seen, are major shear zones believed to represent a deformed and disrupted collisional suture between two large continental plates, the central Greenland craton (CGC) to the NE and the North Atlantic craton (NAC) to the SW. The following sequence of events is proposed. The Palaeoproterozoic complexes were accreted to the upper plate (NAC) at
c.
1.9 Ga. This was followed by collision with the CGC at
c.
1.87 Ga, causing the intense early Laxfordian deformation and high-grade metamorphism. At
c.
1.74 Ga a second collision took place with the 1.80 Ga ‘Malin’ volcanic arc to the south, resulting in reactivation and late Laxfordian deformation, producing NW-trending folds, dextral shear zones, granite sheets and pegmatites. These late Laxfordian movements are considered to have resulted in considerable disruption of the early Laxfordian terranes. They include substantial strike-slip movements that may have led to the creation of further displaced terranes, some of which may prove to be exotic.
Xenolithic insights into the deep geology beneath the Ross of Mull
Authors: Faithfull J. W. , Upton B. G. J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A rich assemblage of xenoliths is present in three small Permian dykes that cut the Ross of Mull granite on the SW coast of Mull, bordering the Sound of Iona. The xenoliths, up to 80 mm in diameter, are abundant, and include a wide range of compositions, including spinel lherzolites, dunites, pyroxenites, meta-basic granulite-facies gneisses, anorthosites, anorthoclasites, quartzo-feldspathic gneisses and psammitic meta-sediments. Granitic xenoliths attributable to the Ross of Mull pluton are strikingly scarce. The inference is that the majority of the xenoliths were entrained from beneath the pluton. The xenoliths represent a wide cross-section of the lithosphere, from below the Moho to relatively high crustal levels. Cataclasis and intense shearing in some of the crustal xenoliths suggests that the dykes intersected one or more of the bounding Caledonian thrusts at mid-crustal depths.
The Green Beds of the SW Highlands: deposition and origin of a basic igneous-rich sedimentary sequence in the Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland
Authors: Pickett E. A. , Hyslop E. K. , Petterson M. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Green Beds are distinctive chlorite- and epidote-rich metasedimentary rocks, which collectively represent a series of important lithostratigraphical marker units in the Southern Highland Group of the dominantly late Precambrian Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland. In a recent re-evaluation of the nature and origin of the Green Beds, integrated mapping, sedimentological, petrological and geochemical studies have been carried out. The Green Beds form relatively thin but laterally extensive units within thick sequences of siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks, and were deposited from high-density turbidity currents and debris flows in a deep-sea slope apron or ramp setting. They comprise a physical mixture of basic and siliciclastic material, representing periodic influxes of basic igneous detritus into the ‘background’ siliciclastic sedimentary system. The mineralogy of the Green Beds is largely the result of metamorphism, although rare relict detrital minerals from both granitic and basic sources are preserved. Geochemical studies show that the Green Beds and other Southern Highland Group metasedimentary rocks have a similar trace element signature, indicating a common siliciclastic source area. Two suites of Dalradian lavas, the Tayvallich and Loch Avich pillowlavas, were also analysed. Although it is unlikely that these particular volcanic units were the source of the Green Bed basic material, it is believed that the mafic component of the Green Beds was derived from episodes of near-contemporaneous volcanic activity.