bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between clavicle length and scapular resting alignment in healthy subject
Authors: Toda H , Yamamoto K , Yoshida M , Katayose M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe scapular resting alignment is one of typical quantitative clinical evaluation of the scapular kinematics. The scapular alignment could be affected by the feature of clavicle morphology, but not studied by previous study.ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between clavicle length and three-dimensional scapular resting alignment.DesignDescriptive study.SettingLaboratory setting.Participants60 shoulders of 30 males without a history of shoulder pathology.Independent variablesThe clavicle length was normalised by body height (CL/height) and by biacromial arc (CL/biacromial). Two of these normalisation data were used for analysis.Main outcome measurementsThree-dimensional scapular resting alignment was measured with 3D motion-capture system. The scapular resting alignment was described by scapular orientation and position relative to the trunk. To describe scapular orientation and position, three of scapular rotation and two clavicular movements were used. Three scapular rotations were external/internal rotation, upward/downward rotation, and posterior/anterior tilt. Two clavicular movements were protraction/retraction and elevation/depression. The correlations of two normalisation data of clavicle length with three scapular rotations and two clavicular movements were calculated by the Pearson's correlation coefficient, with a statistical significance level of p less than 0.05.ResultsSignificant linear correlations were found between the CL/height and posterior tilting (r=0.34, p=0.008), between CL/biacromial and elevation (r=0.31, p=0.018), retraction (r=0.55, p<0.001), upward rotation (r=0.39, p=0.002), posterior tilting (r=0.28, p=0.033) and internal rotation (r=-0.59, p<0.001).ConclusionOur results demonstrated that the normative clavicle length with biacromial arc is more related to the scapular resting alignment than the normative clavicle length with body height.
Psychosocial risk factors preceding overuse injury in floor-ball
Authors: Tranaeus U , Johnson U 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundPrevious research demonstrates an injury risk of traumatic and overuse injuries in floor-ball which is one of the major sports in Sweden with 1 24 000 licensed players. One important step to prevent overuse injuries to occur is to understand its psychosocial nature.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe and structure athletes' experience of psychosocial risk factors preceding overuse injury.DesignElite floor-ball players were interviewed by the first author and based on a semi-structured interview guide. To uncover the underlying meaning in the transcribed interviews, a thematic content analysis was used.SettingTeam doctors and physiotherapists in the highest floor-ball leagues (women and men), were contacted and asked to make contact with overuse injured players for interviews regarding their injury. Interviews were recorded at the interviewer's office or the floor-ball arena. The interviews were transcribed verbatim. Participants were informed about the purpose and the method of the study. That participation was voluntary, that their responses would be treated confidentially and that their identities would not be revealed in the reporting of the findings.ParticipantsNine male and one female elite floor-ball players diagnosed with a present overuse injury were recruited for voluntary participation.Main outcome measurementsPsychosocial factors experienced by elite floor-ball players preceding overuse injuries.Assessment of risk factorsAssessment is conducted through qualitative analysis.ResultsThree main themes evolved in the analysis; a) several players experienced pain while competing. However, it is difficult to separate normal/daily pain to warnings signals of an injury, b) many players experienced a culture in the team including not talking about their first symptoms, and, c) time for mental and physical recovery was not given during the season.ConclusionPlayers experienced a culture where it is not acceptable to talk about non traumatic pain. Periods of rest were limited leading to a need for mental recovery.
Relationship between core strength and balance ability in high school female handball and basketball players
Authors: Tsukagoshi T , Shima Y , Nakase J , Goshima K , Takahashi R , Aiba T , Yoneda Y , Moriyama S , Kitaoka K 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundAlthough a lot of reports have suggested that the core strength has an important role for the prevention of sports injuries, the relationship between core strength and balance ability is poorly documented.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between core strength and balance ability.Participants119 healthy high school female players (age: 15–16 years, handball: 49 players, basketball: 70 players) were participated in this study.Main outcome measurementsWe measured endurance time of right side-bridge, left side-bridge and frontal-bridge as the core strength test (CST). To assess static balance, we used stabilometer and recorded the circumference area of the single leg standing position of 30 s. For the assessment of dynamic balance, we used star excursion balance test (SEBT). SEBT reach distances and limb lengths were examined, then the distance scores (cm) for each direction of the SEBT grid were averaged over the three trials and normalised to leg length (reach distance/leg length x 100=percentage of leg length). The normalised distances in each direction were then summed for both leg. We divided the players into three groups according to their CST score and compared them with the results of static balance and dynamic balance.ResultsNo significant differences were found in body size among the three groups (p<0.05). The significant difference was not found with the static balance among the CST (p<0.05). In the dynamic balance, the players with good result of CST score had significantly better results of the SEBT in frontal-bridge and left side-bridge (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in right side-bridge.ConclusionThis study showed that the core strength had certain relationship to the dynamic balance and may contribute to the prevention of sports injuries.
A two-dimensional video analysis of shoulder injuries in rugby tackles
Authors: Usman J , McIntosh A S 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundStudies indicate that the risk of shoulder injury in rugby union football is high and that the tackle is a leading cause of shoulder injury. Qualitative video analysis of the game events in rugby, such as the tackle, can provide important insights into the causes of injury and injury prevention.ObjectiveTo describe shoulder injury mechanisms in rugby union football using a qualitative video analysis protocol.DesignA case control study design was applied using shoulder injury and other/no-injury cases collected prospectively from Super 14 matches between 2006 and 2008. A qualitative video analysis method was applied to code skill performance and injury risk factors.SettingProfessional provincial rugby competition (Super 14 competition) between 2006 and 2008.ParticipantsProfessional Australian male rugby players.Assessment of risk factorsThe analysis focused on the identification of shoulder loading patterns, either direct or indirect (eg, loading of the hand or arm). The characteristics were compared to an existing dataset in a case-control framework.Main outcome measurementsOR for skill and specific injury risk factors were calculated.ResultsTwo main shoulder injury mechanisms were (1) falling on an outstretched hand during a tackle and (2) direct impact to the tip of the shoulder during a tackle causing injuries to the glenohumeral joint and the acromioclavicular joint.ConclusionThe results provided valuable information in understanding the mechanism of shoulder injuries in rugby union football. Improvements in shoulder padding and tackle skills, for both the ball carrier and tackler, are required to reduce the incidence of shoulder injury.
Injuries of the upper body extremities in recreational climbers: incidence and risk factors
Authors: van Middelkoop M , Rakhshandehroo S , Bruens M L , Koes B W , Bierma-Zeinstra S M A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundIn recent years sport climbing is increasing in popularity, due to the improvements of climbing facilities. This sport has a spectrum of associated injuries which involve most frequently overuse injuries of the hand and the finger.ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of climbing related injuries in Dutch recreational climbers and to identify possible risk factors that are associated with these injuries.DesignA prospective cohort study.SettingIndoor climbing halls.Participants426 recreational climbers in four different climbing halls were recruited.Assessment of risk factorsAll climbers filled in a baseline questionnaire including potential risk factors such as age, gender, body mass index, education level, finger strength, climbing level/experience/time, main climbing activity, earlier injury, training with campus board, performing warming-up/cooling down and other sport activities. Finger strength was measured with the DIGITSgrip. A physical examination was performed to examine the shoulders, elbow, wrist, hand and fingers.Main outcome measurementsFollow-up questionnaires were sent to all climbers at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months follow-up and reported on new injuries occurred due to climbing.ResultsA total of 178 (41.8%) climbers reported a new injury during the 1-year follow-up period. Fingers were the most reported injuries, followed by the elbow and shoulder. A climbing level >6a, climbing more than 40 h per 3 months, bouldering and those who train with a campus board and perform warming-up and cooling-down exercises are univariately associated with a higher injury risk. Only a climbing level >6a (OR 2.00, 95%CI 1.25 to 3.19) remained in the multivariate regression model as being associated with climbing injuries.ConclusionClimbing injuries of the upper body extremities in Dutch recreational climbers are very frequent. The most common site of an injury is the finger. A climbing level >6a is a risk factor for climbing injuries in this recreational climbing population.
Neuromuscular activity and force production during slide-based and stationary ergometer rowing
Authors: Vinther A , Alkjaer T , Kanstrup I-L , Zerahn B , Ekdahl C , Jensen K , Holsgaard-Larsen A , Aagaard P 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe type of rowing ergometer may influence the injury risk in rowers. Overuse rowing injuries (ie, rib stress fractures and low back pain) may be related to the timing and magnitude of neuromuscular activity and handle force production, respectively.ObjectiveTo investigate neuromuscular activity and force production profile during slide-based and stationary ergometer rowing.DesignBiomechanical cross-over study.SettingDanish National Rowing Team.Participants14 male (M) and eight female (F) rowers.InterventionErgometer rowing with and without slides in a randomised order at matched exercise intensity.Main outcome measurementsTiming and magnitude of: (1) Normalised Electromyography (EMG) from selected thoracic and leg muscles. (2) Peak handle force (PF) including rate of force development (RFD).ResultsSlide-based ergometer rowing decreased the magnitude of neuromuscular activity in m. vastus lateralis from 59/57% (M/F) to 51/52% EMGmax in the initial drive phase (p<0.01/0.05) and from 20/17% to 7/7% EMGmax in the late recovery phase (p<0.01) while Ankle dorsiflexors (M, F) and m. serratus anterior (M) showed increased neuromuscular activity (p<0.05) during the late recovery phase. EMG timing remained unchanged and no changes in magnitude were observed in other thoracic muscles. RFD (at 50–70% of PF) decreased (21%) in M (p<0.05) while PF decreased 8.4/3.1% (M/F) (p<0.001/0.05). PF and maximal shoulder retractor neuromuscular activity always occurred in the second quartile of the drive phase supporting previously suggested rib stress fracture injury mechanisms.ConclusionSlide-based ergometer rowing affected neuromuscular activity in the leg muscles more than thoracic muscle activity. The reduced knee extensor neuromuscular activity in the catch phase may partly explain the observed reduction in peak force, which in addition to the decreased RFD (M), is likely to result in reduced loading of the ribs and spine. Prospective studies are needed to elucidate if long-term slide-based ergometer rowing leads to reduced injury incidence.
TRiathlon injury review
Authors: Vleck V , Alves F Bessone 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundTriathlons increasing popularity has not been matched by an increase in the quantity and quality of triathlon injury research.ObjectiveTo summarise current knowledge of the distribution and determinants of injury, and the efficacy of preventive measures implemented by the International Triathlon Union (ITU), in the sport.DesignEnglish language computer search of the ‘Medline’, ‘PubMed’, and ‘PsychLit’ databases, from 1986 to 2009, using the headings: ‘triathlon’, ‘triathlete’, ‘swimming’, ‘cycling’, ‘running’, ‘runner’, ‘injury’/’injuries’, and ‘epidemiology’. Articles currently in press and unpublished, postgraduate theses were also used.SettingNovice, competitive/age-group to National Squad level athletes over the sprint to Ironman distances.ParticipantsLess than 50, mostly retrospective, peer reviewed publications were obtained. No data were available for youth or junior athletes, different senior age-groups, or athletes with a disability.Assessment of risk factorsOnly risk factor data that had been tested for correlation or predictive value were included.Main outcome measurementsInjury type, time loss, clinical outcome and economic cost.ResultsAlthough the long term implications for pulmonary, musculoskeletal or cardiac health are unknown, triathlon ‘appears to be relatively safe for persons of all ages assuming that high risk individuals undertake health screening’. Most injuries appear to be gradual onset or overuse, training related, lower limb injuries, occurring during running. Catastrophic injuries occur, usually ‘as a result of failure to adjust pace within safe limits for specific environmental conditions’ or inadequate implementation of safety guidelines, but are largely unreported. Triathlon cross-training may engender an increase in injury risk over that faced in swimming, cycling and running in isolation. Injury recurrence is significant.ConclusionIt is recommended that a longitudinal prospective survey of injury in ITU events be carried out, after a consensus statement on definition and recording of triathlon injuries has been developed.
A prospective study of injuries in ncaa intercollegiate ice-hockey goaltenders
Authors: Wijdicks C , Spiridonov S , LaPrade R 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundWhile relatively well protected and padded, ice-hockey goaltenders are at risk for impact injuries.ObjectiveTo study incidence and mechanism of intercollegiate ice-hockey goaltender injuries.DesignAnalyzed seasons prospectively starting in 2000–01 through 2006–07.SettingAll National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ice-hockey goaltender injuries through the Injury Surveillance System.ParticipantsNCAA ice-hockey goaltenders.Assessment of risk factorsInjury rates were calculated per 1000 player games.Main outcome measurementsInjury rates.ResultsThe overall rate of NCAA men's ice-hockey goaltender injuries was 0.5/1000 player games. 56 men's ice-hockey goaltender injuries resulted in further time loss from practices or games. 13 injuries resulted in time loss of 1–2 days, 18 resulted in time loss of 3–5 days, 10 injuries resulted in time loss of 6–9 days, and 10 injuries resulted in 10 or more days of time loss from competition. The overall rate of NCAA women's ice-hockey goaltender injuries was 0.72/1000 player games. Overall, women sustained 23 time-loss game injuries. Five of these resulted in further loss of on-ice practice/game times of 1 day, eight resulted in 3–5 days of time loss, two resulted in 6–9 days of time loss, and seven injuries resulted in 10 or more days of time loss.ConclusionsFurther understanding of the aetiology of these on-ice goaltender-player contact injuries could assist in the development of possible interventions to reduce the incidence of NCAA ice-hockey goaltender injuries. The current Injury Surveillance System has shortcomings and does not provide us with enough information to evaluate the effectiveness of goalie equipment and the impact that possible rule changes would have on the game. This study is the first step in analyzing all participants in hockey with anticipation for future rule and equipment optimisation and subsequent injury reduction.
Prevalence of haemoglobinopathy in sportsmen in qatar
Authors: Tremblay C , Hamilton B , Sala M , Paoloni J , Chalabi H 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundHaemoglobinopathy are the most common genetically inherited disease in many parts of the world. Both health and athletic performance may be affected in athletes training at high intensity and in extreme conditions.ObjectiveThis retrospective study evaluates the prevalence of haemoglobinopathy in sportmen of Qatar.Design and setting712 male athletes (age 14–36 years) of all levels were medically screened in our sports hospital during the period of January 2008 to April 2009. Athletes with a low Mean Cell Volume (Value) and low Mean Cell Haemoglobin (Hb value) were investigated for haemoglobinopathy with an electrophoresis screen and DNA analysis in the event of a normal electrophoresis, and unexplained low MCV/MCH.Intervention112 athletes (15.7%) met the criteria for investigation. 93 (83.04%) of these underwent electrophoresis and 76 (81.7%) had a normal result.ResultsAbnormal results included nine â-thalassemia minor, four sickle cell trait, one Hb D Los Angeles and three subtypes of HbX. 49 (64.7%) of the 76 normal Hb electrophoresis were further tested with DNA analysis. 45 DNA results were subsequently abnormal for three subforms of alpha thalassemia minor.Main outcome measurementsOverall, no athletes were found to have thalassaemia major but 8.85% of total number of athletes in this cohort were positive for thalassaemia minor. Nearly 2/3 of the positive results were in Qatari athletes, with the remainder being from other Gulf, Asian and African countries.ConclusionThus we conclude that there is a high prevalence of haemoglobinopathies in Qatar sportsmen. The use of electrophoresis as a screening tool is challenged by the high rate of false negative observed in this study. Screening, education and counselling is needed to prevent possible health hazards and to optimise performance in this group of athletes often performing in extreme environmental conditions.
The incidence and risk factors for pre-race respiratory tract symptoms in ironman triathletes
Authors: Schwellnus M , Lichaba M , Collins M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundPre-race respiratory tract symptoms (RTS) in Ironman triathletes appear to be common but the incidence and risk factors for pre-race RTS have not been well studied.ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of RTS in triathletes preparing for an Ironman Triathlon and to establish the risk factors associated with pre-race RTS.SettingInternational Ironman Triathlon competition.Participants304 triathletes entering the Ironman triathlon were recruited.AssessmentsAll the subjects completed a validated questionnaire in the 1–3 days before the race that contained sections on demographics, training and previous competitions, and a detailed section pertaining to RTS and allergies. Data on race performance were collected after the race. Subjects were divided into the following groups, based on their self-reported history of RTS in the 6 week and 1 week period prior to the race: no RTS, all RTS, only upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS), lower respiratory tract and/or systemic symptoms (LRT+SS).Measures of outcomeIncidence (%) of triathletes with RTS in the 6 weeks and 1 week before the race and factors associated with pre-race RTS.ResultsThe main findings in this study were that 49% of the Ironman triathletes reported RTS in the 6-week period before competition. There was a strong association between self reported RTS in Ironman triathletes and a history of self reported allergies rather than training volume (in the 15 weeks before the race). Self-reported LRT+SS but not URTS in triathletes were associated with decreased training in the 6 weeks before the race.ConclusionTriathletes, in preparation for a race, report a high incidence of RTS, which appear to be related to allergies rather than other factors including training volume or the calibre of the athlete.
Development of a high performance jockey helmet
Authors: Patton D , McIntosh A , Thai K 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundA high performance European equestrian helmet standard (EN 14572) was created to promote a higher level of protection for jockeys than existing equestrian helmet standards. Currently no equestrian helmet has been manufactured that meets this standard with the main challenge being the requirement to meet high and low impact energy attenuation criteria while passing tests against hazard and hemispherical anvils.ObjectiveTo develop and assess helmet prototypes to meet the energy attenuation requirements of EN 14572.DesignMaterials and helmet prototypes were assessed using impact tests. Polymer honeycomb and foams of selected densities and thicknesses (expanded polystyrene, expanded polypropylene, and polyurethane) were sourced as possible energy attenuating liner materials. These materials were impact tested both as single material samples and combination samples consisting of relative high and low density materials. Impact tests were performed using a rigid headform with test heights ranging from 1.2 m to 2.5 m. A series of prototype helmets were constructed with a high performing material combination as the energy attenuating liner in a typical thermoplastic shell. The prototypes were impact tested and compared to existing models.SettingJockeys and equestrian sportspeople.InterventionHelmet design.Main outcome measurementsLinear headform acceleration measured during impact tests.ResultsIncreasing the liner thickness increased the energy attenuation performance of all materials and allowed lower density materials to perform better during higher velocity impacts. Combination samples of polymer honeycomb and low density foam performed better than single material samples over the range of impact velocities. The prototype helmets had higher energy attenuation performance when compared to unmodified helmets with the same shell, especially for lower severity impacts, but were larger and heavier.ConclusionThere is potential to increase the energy attenuation capabilities of current equestrian helmets through utilisation of novel materials and dimensional changes. The impact of these changes on helmet ergonomics needs consideration.