bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postharvest technology and quarantine treatments.
Authors: Johnson G. I. , Hofman P. J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter reviews the technology and quarantine treatments that have been developed for the postharvest handling of mangoes. The following aspects are covered: considerations influencing postharvest requirements (market and consumer research, quality assurance and good agricultural practice); preharvest management (maturity, adjusting maturation time, skin colour and lenticel damage, storage life and physiological disorders, pests and diseases, weather conditions, and flavour and aroma); harvesting and transport to the packhouse (timing, sapburn, harvesting and desapping, and transport to the packhouse); packhouse measures (delivery inspection and traceability, desapping and washing, disease control, brushing, grading and sizing, grade standards, and disinfestation); preparing fruit for the market (surface coatings, packaging, inspection, palletizing, precooling, and ethylene and ripening); pre- and post-shipping storage (cold storage, and controlled and modified atmosphere storage); transport; and marketing (networks and cooperatives, promotion and consumer education).
Does client-oriented plant breeding work?
Authors: Getachew Belay Getachew Belay 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Client-oriented plant breeding traces its roots to farmer participatory research approaches of the 1980s. There are a number of names used to describe the practiced processes. This review includes participatory plant breeding (PPB), decentralized-PPB and highly client-oriented plant breeding that are treated under 'client-oriented plant breeding' and practiced in marginal environments of developing countries. The main objective is not to review the
process
but to analyse the results registered so far and published in peer-reviewed literature. Most arguments made in favour of client-oriented plant breeding have been based on criticizing conventional breeding rather than reporting its own achievements. Through time, however, the confrontations between approaches seem to have subsided. The practice of client-oriented plant breeding has been applied (or mis-applied) to several types of crops. In most cases, 'success' is reported by giving numbers of farmer-selected materials, or giving variety names to genotypes that did not pass the official release procedures. The extent of adoption and impact of these genotypes has been limited, or is not well documented. Four varieties have been released in rice and teff. Client-oriented plant breeding may have its narrow and local niches, but its institutionalization in agricultural research systems as a separate process from the conventional breeding does not appear evident. Given that the problem is the availability of varieties that can be grown in marginal environments, the future rests on the ingenuity of the cutting-edge scientific advances.
Insects as food: an ecological, social and economical approach.
Authors: Cerritos R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
More than 1000 species of insects that are edible at a certain stage of their life cycle have been identified worldwide. The orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera represent the highest number of species, the first two being mainly consumed in immature stages of their life cycle. Nutritional value and population size of some of these species represent two advantages, which mean they should be considered as an alternative source of food for the human diet, mainly in developing countries. Some species of Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera that are considered as pests are at the same time used for human consumption in different parts of the world. These species can be controlled if management techniques specially oriented to the sustained maintenance of the crop as well as of the insects are applied. On the other hand, some other species of insects with small population sizes and that are overexploited in their pre-reproductive phases show serious demographic problems, including extinction risk. For these species, it is necessary to apply management methods in order to conserve the natural populations and to develop culture or breeding techniques. For many countries with economical and social problems, owing to a deficiency in food supply or production, such strategies could be considered by their governments as priorities. In this work, the economic and social potential of the sustained exploitation of some insect species are analysed. Also, the ecological advantages of this type of management in agricultural and natural systems are reviewed.
Cloning and transgenics: progress and new approaches in domestic animals.
Authors: Ross J. W. , Prather R. S. , Whyte J. J. , Zhao J. G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Cloning and transgenic modification of genomes of domesticated large animal species have significantly increased scientific discovery in both agricultural and biomedical research. The purpose of creating these modified animals includes biosynthesis of proteins in milk, human disease modelling, gene knockout models for potential utilization in xenotransplantation and improved animal performance. While several strategies, such as pronuclear injection and intracytoplasmic sperm injection are capable of producing transgenic animals, cloning with somatic cells allows an array of genetic modifications to be made and overcomes the lack of embryonic stem cells in these non-primate, non-rodent species. Numerous strategies for genetic modification of somatic cells are exploited in addition to methods enhancing donor cell nuclear reprogramming and remodelling to increase the efficiency of producing cloned, transgenic large animal models.
The use of chlorination and alternative sanitizers in the produce industry.
Authors: Fatica M. K. , Schneider K. R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Food safety with respect to fresh produce has become an increasing concern as the incidence of produce-related food-borne illness outbreaks rises. The method of combating possible pathogens on the produce products is the implementation of an effective sanitation and washing system. The proper use of sanitizers should reduce the overall microbial load on the produce and decrease the incidence of cross-contamination. This review analyses the antimicrobial activity, efficacy, mode of action and associated hazards of chlorine- and non-chlorine-based sanitizers and their applications in the produce industry. The most commonly used sanitizer in produce processing is currently chlorine, specifically sodium hypochlorite. The antimicrobial limitations and associated hazards of the sanitizer have led to the investigation of both chlorine-based and non-chlorine-based alternative sanitizers including chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, acid sanitizer, peroxyacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and ozone.
Indels within promoter and intron 1 of bovine prion protein gene modulate the gene expression levels in the medulla oblongata of two Japanese cattle breeds
Authors: Msalya G. , Shimogiri T. , Nishitani K. , Okamoto S. , Kawabe K. , Minesawa M. , Maeda Y. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryGenetic differences which exist in the prion protein gene (PRNP) have been reported to influence susceptibility of humans, sheep and goats to prion diseases. In cattle, however, none of the known coding polymorphisms has a direct effect on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). It has been reported that 23‐bp insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms within the promoter region have a tentative association to BSE susceptibility in German cattle, and a lower number of 24‐bp repeat units in the open reading frame (ORF) was reported to reduce BSE susceptibility in transgenic mice. In this study, because of the hypothesis that bovine PRNP promoter polymorphisms cause changes in PRNP expression, we genotyped PRNP polymorphisms in the promoter and intron 1 using 218 genomic DNA samples from two Japanese cattle breeds. We also analysed the expression levels of prion in 40 animals by quantification of real‐time PCR using mRNAs extracted from the medulla oblongata to study the relationship between PRNP genotypes and PRNP expression. We found a significant correlation between promoter indel polymorphisms and PRNP‐mRNA expression (P0.0413) and therefore hypothesize that differences in polymorphisms could be one of the causes of differences in PRNP expression levels. We also report a novel difference in PRNP expression (P < 0.0001) between Japanese Black and Japanese Brown cattle breeds. There was no significant difference based on age and sex of the animals.
The PPR protein encoded by the LOVASTATIN INSENSITIVE 1 gene is involved in RNA editing at three sites in mitochondria of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Verbitskiy Daniil , Zehrmann Anja , Van Der Merwe Johannes A. , Brennicke Axel , Takenaka Mizuki 
Published: November 2009

SummaryPost‐transcriptional RNA editing in flowering plant mitochondria alters several hundred nucleotides from cytidine to uridine, mostly in mRNAs. To characterize the factors involved in RNA editing in plant mitochondria, we initiated a screen for nuclear mutants defective in RNA editing at specific sites. Here we identify the nuclear‐encoded gene MEF11, which is involved in RNA editing of the three sites cox3‐422, nad4‐124 and ccb203‐344 in Arabidopsis thaliana. A T‐DNA insertion line of this gene was previously characterized as showing enhanced tolerance to the compound lovastatin, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The mef11‐1 mutant described here shows similar tolerance to lovastatin. Identification of the function of the MEF11 protein in site‐specific mitochondrial RNA editing suggests indirect effects of retrograde signalling from mitochondria to the cytoplasm to evoke alteration of the mevalonate pathway. The editing sites cox3‐422 and ccb203‐344 each alter amino acids that are conserved in the respective proteins, while the nad4‐124 site is silent. The single amino acid change in the mef11‐1 mutant occurs in the second pentatricopeptide repeat, suggesting that this motif is required for site‐specific RNA editing.
Influence of coronary artery disease assessment and treatment in the incidence of cardiac events in renal transplant recipients
Authors: De Lima José J.G. , Gowdak Luis H.W. , De Paula Flavio J. , Arantes Rodolfo L. , Ianhez Luis E. , Ramires Jose A.F. , Krieger Eduardo M. 
Published: November 2009

De Lima JJG, Gowdak LHW, de Paula FJ, Arantes RL, Ianhez LE, Ramires JAF, Krieger EM. Influence of coronary artery disease assessment and treatment in the incidence of cardiac events in renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 474–480. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Background:  The best strategy for pre‐transplant investigation and treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) is controversial.Methods:  We evaluated 167 renal transplant recipients before transplantation to determine the incidence of cardiac events and death. We performed clinical evaluations and myocardial scans in all patients and coronary angiography in select patients.Results:  Asymptomatic patients with normal myocardial scans (n = 57) had significantly fewer cardiac events (log‐rank = 0.0002) and deaths (log‐rank = 0.0005) than did patients with abnormal scans but no angiographic evidence of CAD (n = 76) and individuals with CAD (n = 34) documented angiographically. CAD increased the probability of events (HR = 2.27, % CI 1.007–5.11; p = 0.04). The incidence of cardiac events (log‐rank = 0.349) and deaths (log‐rank = 0.588) was similar among patients treated medically (n = 23) or by intervention (n = 11).Conclusion:  Asymptomatic patients with normal myocardial scans had a better cardiac prognosis than did patients with or without CAD and positive for myocardial ischemia. Patients with altered scan and CAD had the poorer outcome. Guideline‐oriented medical treatment is safe and yields results comparable to coronary intervention in renal transplant patients with CAD. The data do not support pre‐emptive myocardial revascularization for renal transplant candidates.
Solid organ transplantation in survivors of hematopoietic cell transplantation: a single institution case series and literature review
Authors: Beitinjaneh Amer , Burns Linda J. , Majhail Navneet S. 
Published: November 2009

Beitinjaneh A, Burns LJ, Majhail NS. Solid organ transplantation in survivors of hematopoietic cell transplantation: a single institution case series and literature review. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: E94–E102. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: For selected hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) survivors with severe organ dysfunction, solid organ transplantation (SOT) may offer the best chance for better quality of life and extended survival. However, SOT following HCT has not been well described. We report our institutional experience of SOT in 12 HCT recipients and present a review of the published literature of this procedure in HCT survivors. Our experience with transplanted organs included kidney (n = 7), lung (n = 3), liver (n = 2) and heart (n = 1). Age at HCT ranged from 2 to 56 yr. Median time between HCT and SOT was 7.9 yr (range 1.2–15.9 yr). Among the 11 patients with post‐SOT follow‐up information, 10 had normal function of the transplanted solid organ at the time of last contact or death. Infections and secondary malignancy were the most common complications. Four other institutional experiences with kidney transplant, 21 case reports of liver transplant, 11 case reports of lung transplant and one cardiac transplant are also summarized. SOT is feasible for selected HCT survivors with organ failure and may be associated with favorable long‐term survival and graft function. More research is needed to further delineate the subset of survivors who will benefit the most from SOT with the least risk of complications.
DNAJB13 is a Radial Spoke Protein of Mouse ‘9+2’ Axoneme
Authors: Guan J , Ekwurtzel E , Kvist U , Hultenby K , Yuan L 
Published: November 2009

ContentsIt has been shown that DNAJB13, a type II heat shock protein 40, is highly expressed in the testis and is an axonemal component of mouse mature spermatozoa. By multi‐tissue reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we found that Dnajb13 gene was expressed not only in the testis but also in several other ciliated cell‐containing tissues like brain, lung and oviduct. Immunohistochemistry on mouse trachea and oviduct sections shown that DNAJB13 was present in the motile cilia of those tissues. To define further its localization in the axoneme, immunoelectron microscopy of mouse sperm flagella was performed and shown that DNAJB13 was localized to radial spokes of the axoneme. Taken together, our data indicate that DNAJB13 is a radial spoke protein of the mouse ‘9+2’ axoneme.
Protective ventilation to reduce inflammatory injury from one lung ventilation in a piglet model
Authors: THEROUX MARY C. , FISHER ALICIA O. , HORNER LIANA M. , RODRIGUEZ MARIA E. , COSTARINO ANDREW T. , MILLER THOMAS L. , SHAFFER THOMAS H. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryObjectives:  To test the hypothesis that protective ventilation strategy (PVS) as defined by the use of low stretch ventilation (tidal volume of 5 ml·kg−1 and employing 5 cm of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) during one lung ventilation (OLV) in piglets would result in reduced injury compared to a control group of piglets who received the conventional ventilation (tidal volume of 10 ml·kg−1 and no PEEP).Background:  PVS has been found to be beneficial in adults to minimize injury from OLV. We designed the current study to test the beneficial effects of PVS in a piglet model of OLV.Methods:  Ten piglets each were assigned to either ‘Control’ group (tidal volume of 10 ml·kg−1 and no PEEP) or ‘PVS’ group (tidal volume of 5 ml·kg−1 during the OLV phase and PEEP of 5 cm of H2O throughout the study). Experiment consisted of 30 min of baseline ventilation, 3 h of OLV, and again 30 min of bilateral ventilation. Respiratory parameters and proinflammatory markers were measured as outcome.Results:  There was no difference in PaO2 between groups. PaCO2 (P < 0.01) and ventilatory rate (P < 0.01) were higher at 1.5 h OLV and at the end point in the PVS group. Peak inflating pressure (PIP) and pulmonary resistance were higher (P < 0.05) in the control group at 1.5 h OLV. tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (P < 0.04) and IL‐8 were less (P < 0.001) in the plasma from the PVS group, while IL‐6 and IL‐8 were less (P < 0.04) in the lung tissue from ventilated lungs in the PVS group.Conclusions:  Based on this model, PVS decreases inflammatory injury both systemically and in the lung tissue with no adverse effect on oxygenation, ventilation, or lung function.
The effect of rosiglitazone on insulin sensitivity and mid‐thigh low‐density muscle in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Nam J. S. , Nam J. Y. , Yoo J. S. , Cho M. , Park J. S. , Ahn C. W. , Cha B. S. , Lee E. J. , Lim S. K. , Kim K. R. , Lee H. C. 
Published: November 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 30–36 (2010)AbstractAims  We examined the effect of rosiglitazone on insulin sensitivity, abdominal fat and mid‐thigh intramuscular fat distribution, and plasma concentrations of adipocytokines in patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  Rosiglitazone was administered at a daily dose of 4 mg to 42 Type 2 diabetes patients [age 32–70 years, body mass index (BMI) 17.5–32.6 kg/m2, 15 women, 27 men] for 12 weeks. Various anthropometric and metabolic profiles, plasma adiponectin, leptin, and resistin levels were measured, and insulin resistance was calculated from the short insulin tolerance test. Body fat composition was assessed by computed tomography.Results  Twelve weeks’ rosiglitazone treatment resulted in improved insulin resistance despite increases in body weight and BMI. There was a significant decrease in abdominal visceral adipose tissue area (145 ± 65.6 vs. 129 ± 73.1 cm2, P = 0.049). Mid‐thigh low‐density muscle area (TLDMA) increased from 23 ± 9.6 to 26 ± 8.2 cm2 (P = 0.009). There were significant changes in plasma adipocytokines, but they were not significantly correlated with changes in insulin resistance.Conclusions  Rosiglitazone treatment resulted in an improvement of insulin responsiveness in Type 2 diabetic subjects, which was associated with the redistribution of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, an increase in TLDMA, and changes in serum adipocytokine levels. Further studies are needed to elucidate the insulin sensitizing mechanism of rosiglitazone on peripheral skeletal muscles.
Potentiation by WIN 55,212‐2 of GABA‐activated currents in rat trigeminal ganglion neurones
Authors: Li Zhi‐Wang , Zhang Jian , Ouyang Chang‐han , Li Chao‐Ying , Zhao Feng‐Bo , Liu Yu‐Wei , Ai Yong‐Xun , Hu Wang‐Ping 
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose: Although both natural and synthetic cannabinoid compounds have been shown to exert an antinociceptive effect on acute and persistent pain, the anatomical locus of the target of cannabinoid‐induced analgesia has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212‐2 on GABA‐activated currents (IGABA) in rat primary sensory neurones.Experimental approach: In the present study, experiments were performed on neurones freshly isolated from rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) by using whole‐cell patch clamp and repatch techniques.Key results: GABA‐evoked inward currents were potentiated by pretreatment with WIN 55,212‐2 in a concentration‐dependent manner (10−10–10−8 M). WIN 55,212‐2 shifted the GABA concentration–response curve upwards, with an increase of 30.3 ± 3.7% in the maximal current response but with no significant change in the EC50(agonist concentration producing a half‐maximal response) value. WIN 55,212‐2 potentiated the responses to GABA in a manner independent of holding potential and in the absence of any change in the reversal potential of the current. This potentiation ofIGABAinduced by WIN 55,212‐2 was almost completely blocked by AM 251 (3 × 10−8 M), a CB1receptor antagonist, and, using the repatch technique, was found to be abolished after intracellular dialysis with the protein kinase A (PKA) activator cAMP or the PKA inhibitor H89.Conclusions and implications: The potentiation by WIN 55,212‐2 ofIGABAin primary sensory neurones may help to elucidate the mechanism underlying the modulation of analgesia by cannabinoids in the spinal dorsal horn.
Transient shivering during Wada test provides insight into human thermoregulation
Authors: Shah Aashit K. , Atkinson Marie D. , Gupta Preeti , Zak Imad , Watson Craig E. , Rothermel Robert , Asano Eishi , Fuerst Darren 
Published: November 2009

SummaryPurpose:  Some patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy undergoing the Wada test experience transient shivering. The purpose of this study was to investigate various clinical and radiographic characteristics of these individuals to delineate underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon.Methods:  A systematic review of prospectively collected information on patients undergoing the Wada test was performed. All demographic, clinical, and radiographic information was obtained and reviewed by the appropriate expert in the field; statistical analysis was performed to determine the predictors of transient shivering.Results:  A total of 120 consecutive carotid artery injections in 59 patients were included in the study. Shivering was observed in 46% of the patients, and it was not significantly affected by gender, age, location of epileptogenic zone, brain lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), side of the first injection, duration of the hemiparesis, or excess slow wave activity on electroencephalography (EEG). However, shivering was more likely to follow sodium amobarbital injection if there was no filling of the posterior circulation on cerebral angiogram.Discussion:  Transient shivering during the Wada test is common. A transient but selective functional lesion of the anterior hypothalamus produced by the effects of sodium amobarbital may result in disinhibition of the posterior hypothalamus and other brainstem thermoregulatory centers, thereby inducing transient shivering.
Epilepsy with dual pathology: Surgical treatment of cortical dysplasia accompanied by hippocampal sclerosis
Authors: Kim Dong W. , Lee Sang K. , Nam Hyunwoo , Chu Kon , Chung Chun K. , Lee Seo‐Young , Choe Geeyoung , Kim Hyun K. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryPurpose: The presence of two or more epileptogenic pathologies in patients with epilepsy is often observed, and the coexistence of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is one of the most frequent clinical presentations. Although surgical resection has been an important treatment for patients with refractory epilepsy associated with FCD, there are few studies on the surgical treatment of FCD accompanied by HS, and treatment by resection of both neocortical dysplastic tissue and hippocampus is still controversial.Methods: We retrospectively recruited epilepsy patients who had undergone surgical treatment for refractory epilepsy with the pathologic diagnosis of FCD and the radiologic evidence of HS. We evaluated the prognostic roles of clinical factors, various diagnostic modalities, surgical procedures, and the severity of pathology.Results: A total of 40 patients were included, and only 35.0% of patients became seizure free. Complete resection of the epileptogenic area (p = 0.02), and the presence of dysmorphic neurons or balloon cells on histopathology (p = 0.01) were associated with favorable surgical outcomes. Patients who underwent hippocampal resection were more likely to have a favorable surgical outcome (p = 0.02).Conclusions: We show that patients with complete resection of epileptogenic area, the presence of dysmorphic neurons or balloon cells on histopathology, or resection of hippocampus have a higher chance of a favorable surgical outcome. We believe that this observation is useful in planning of surgical procedures and predicting the prognoses of individual patients with FCD patients accompanied by HS.