bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presence of arsenic in agricultural products from arsenic‐endemic areas and strategies to reduce arsenic intake in rural villages
Authors: Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A. , Signes‐Pastor Antonio J. , Vázquez‐Araújo Laura , Burló Francisco , Sengupta Bhaskar 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAbout 100 million rural people in Asia are exposed to arsenic (As)‐polluted drinking water and agricultural products. Total and inorganic arsenic (t‐As and i‐As) intake mainly depend on the quality of drinking and cooking waters, and amounts of seafood and rice consumed. The main problems occur in countries with poor water quality where the population depends on rice for their diet, and their t‐As and i‐As intake is high as a result of growing and cooking rice in contaminated water. Workable solutions to remove As from water and breeding rice cultivars with low As accumulation are being sought. In the meantime, simple recommendations for processing and cooking foods will help to reduce As intake. For instance, cooking using high volumes of As‐free water may be a cheap way of reducing As exposure in rural populations. It is necessary to consider the effects of cooking and processing on t‐As and i‐As to obtain a realistic view of the risks associated with intake of As in As‐endemic areas.
Repeatability of a dual gradient‐recalled echo MRI method for monitoring post‐isometric contraction blood volume and oxygenation changes
Authors: Sanchez O. A. , Louie E. A. , Copenhaver E. A. , Damon B. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the repeatability of a dual gradient‐recalled echo (GRE) muscle functional MRI technique. On 2 days, subjects (n = 8) performed 10 s isometric dorsiflexion contractions under conditions of: (1) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), (2) 50% MVC (50% MVC), or (3) 50% MVC with concurrent proximal arterial cuff occlusion (50% MVCcuff). Functional MRI data were acquired using single‐slice dual GRE (TR/TE = 1000/6, 46 ms)‐echo planar imaging for 20 s before, during, and for 180 s after each contraction. The mean signal intensity (SI) time courses at each TE (SI6 and SI46, reflecting variations in blood volume and %HbO2, respectively) from the tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were characterized with the post‐contraction change in SI and the time‐to‐peak SI (ΔSI and TTP, respectively). ΔSI6 following an MVC was 36% higher than that obtained after a 50% MVC (p = 0.048). For ΔSI6, the highest intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were observed for the TA muscle in the 50% MVC and MVC conditions, with values of 0.83 (p = 0.01) and 0.88 (p = 0.005), respectively. Bland–Altman plots revealed repeatability coefficients (RCs) for the 50% MVC and MVC conditions in the TA muscle of 1.9 and 1.4, respectively. The most repeatable measures for ΔSI46 were obtained for the 50% MVC and MVC conditions in the EDL muscle (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively). Bland–Altman plots revealed RC's for 50% MVC and MVC conditions in the EDL muscle of 3.9 and 5.7, respectively. ΔSI6 and ΔSI46 increased as a function of the contraction intensity. The repeatability of the method depends on the muscle and contraction condition being evaluated, and in general, is higher following an MVC. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cosine expansion‐based differential quadrature algorithm for numerical solution of the RLW equation
Authors: Dağ İdris , Korkmaz Alper , Saka Bülent 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe differential quadrature method based on cosine expansion is applied to obtain numerical solutions of the RLW equation. The propagation of single solitary wave is studied to validate the efficiency of the algorithm. Then, test problems including interaction of two and three solitary waves, undulation, and evolution of solitary waves are implemented. Solutions are compared with earlier results. Discrete conservation quantities are computed for test experiments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2009
Effects of heat transfer and space porosity on peristaltic flow in a vertical asymmetric channel
Authors: Mekheimer Kh.S. , Husseny S.Z.A. , Elmaboud Y. Abd 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the effect of heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of a Newtonian fluid through a porous space in a vertical asymmetric channel. Long wavelength approximation is used to linearize the governing equations. The system of the governing nonlinear PDE is solved by using the perturbation method. The solutions are obtained for the velocity and the temperature fields. The flow is investigated in a wave frame of reference moving with velocity of the wave. Numerical calculations are carried out for the pressure rise, frictional forces, and the features of the flow and temperature characteristics are analyzed by plotting graphs and discussed in detail. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
Solving evolution equations using a new iterative method
Authors: Bhalekar Sachin , Daftardar‐Gejji Varsha 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this article, we apply the new iterative method proposed by Daftardar‐Gejji and Jafari (J Math Anal Appl 316, (2006), 753–763) for solving various linear and nonlinear evolution equations. The results obtained are compared with the results by existing methods. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
Valuing difference: caregiving by mothers of children with disabilities
Authors: Esdaile Susan A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMothers who are caregivers of children with disabilities seek to have their children accepted and valued by others in society. This is supported by many reports of studies from different countries that involved mothers of children with disabilities, as well as through publications by disability advocates. In this paper, qualitative research data from interviews with seven mothers of children with disabilities were reanalysed using Bourdieu's theory of practice and van Manen's phenomenological methodology. The results showed that these mothers, who were caregivers of children with disabilities, valued their children despite ongoing challenges, and wanted others to do likewise. This study supports the importance of valuing difference in terms of the insights and understanding gained from those with disabilities and their caregivers. It would be difficult to replicate it exactly; its relevance lies in demonstrating that valuable insights can be gained from extending reflective practice to research that involves re‐examining a study from a different theoretical perspective. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of wood fiber hygroexpansion to moisture induced thickness swelling of composite plates
Authors: Almgren Karin M. , Gamstedt E. Kristofer , Varna Janis 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOne of the main drawbacks of wood fiber‐based composite materials is their propensity to swell due to moisture uptake. Because the wood fibers are usually the main contributor to hygroexpansion, it is of interest to quantify the hygroexpansion coefficient of wood fibers, to compare and rank different types of fibers. This investigation outlines an inverse method to estimate the transverse hygroexpansion coefficient of wood fibers based on measurements of moisture induced thickness swelling of composite plates. The model is based on composite micromechanics and laminate theory. Thickness swelling has been measured on polylactide matrix composites with either bleached reference fibers or crosslinked fibers. The crosslinking modification reduced the transverse hygroexpansion of the composites and the transverse coefficient of hygroexpansion of the fibers was reduced from 0.28 strain per relative humidity for reference fibers to 0.12 for cross‐linked fibers. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Determination of pressure drop for concentrated suspension in a capillary flow
Authors: Wang Zhi Ying , Lam Yee Cheong , Joshi Sunil C. , Chen Xing 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe rheological behavior of concentrated suspension melts in a capillary die is investigated. Particle migration and wall slip are two major factors affecting the flow behavior. A numerical model is proposed to describe the coupling effect of particle migration and wall slip in a capillary tube flow, incorporating a power‐law model for binder viscosity and a concentrated suspension viscosity model proposed by Krieger. Wall slip of a non‐Newtonian concentrated suspension is characterized by a modified Mooney method for which the conventional Mooney method is not applicable. We characterized the flow behavior of a concentrated suspension of a non‐Newtonian binder, EVA 460 (ethylene vinyl acetate), mixed with spherical glass beads of 40% by volume. Predicted results were compared with experimental observations, with good agreement. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of composite materials composed of ι‐carrageenan and polymeric ionic liquids
Authors: Prasad Kamalesh , Kadokawa Jun‐ichi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNew composite materials composed of ι‐carrageenan and polymeric ionic liquids were prepared by in situ polymerization of ionic liquids having polymerizable acrylateand vinyl benzyl groups using 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) as an initiator. The FTIR and CP‐MAS 13C NMR data confirmed the formation of the composites composed of the two components. Effective miscibility and occurrence of ionic exchanges among the components during the formation of the composites were further estimated by employing some analytical tools. The composites were found to have good mechanical properties under compressive mode. Furthermore, the electrical conductivities of the composites were summarily measured, which were comparable to semiconductors. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Studies on novel dual filler based epoxidized natural rubber nanocomposite
Authors: Chattopadhyay Pijush Kanti , Basuli Utpal , Chattopadhyay Santanu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCarbon black (N‐330), organically modified nanoclay (NC) based ternary, particulate nanocomposites comprising of epoxidized natural rubber matrix having 25 mol% of epoxy group (ENR‐25) were prepared in an open two‐roll mill. Investigations of cure characteristics, dynamic mechanical, tensile, thermal, and morphological characteristics were conducted using Rheometric analysis, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), mechanical property evaluation, Thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR‐TEM), respectively, to derive the interrelation among the developed nanostructures inside the composite, crosslinking density, performance properties obtained there from. A satisfactory level of correlation was obtained among various results, which indicated the formation of “nanounit” comprising of N‐330 and NC inside ENR‐25 matrix. To optimize the nanostructures, ENR based compounds containing various combinations of NC and N‐330 was prepared. Thorough and systematic structure‐property analyses were performed on those composites. Optimum stoichiometric combination of N‐330 and NC inside the ENR‐25 matrix was derived (ratio of N‐330 and nanoclay in wt% = 20:15), which showed synergistic effect of one filler upon another that was ultimately reflected in their dynamic mechanical and tensile properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Measurement, modeling, and variability of thermal conductivity for structural polymer composites
Authors: Hind Simon , Robitaille Francois 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe through‐thickness thermal conductivity of polymer composite molds has a strong effect on out‐of‐autoclave manufacturing operations. Limited thermal conductivity and variability data is available for composites made from carbon fibers that are widely used in mold and aircraft construction. This article presents in‐plane and through‐thickness thermal conductivity data for structural carbon fiber polymer composites made from three types of reinforcements. Variability is quantified in all cases. Techniques for the predictive modeling of through‐thickness transverse thermal conductivity are assessed. Effects of variations in model geometry on conductivity are quantified. Conclusive observations on variability and recommendations on modeling techniques appropriate for the different reinforcements are made. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Supramolecular polyseudorotaxanes formation between star‐block copolymer and α‐cyclodextrin: From outer block to diblock inclusion complexation
Authors: Yuan Weizhong , Ren Jie 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA series of star‐block poly(L‐lactide)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (SPLLA‐b‐PEO) copolymers were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) and DCC chemistry. The inclusion complexes of SPLLA‐b‐PEO copolymers and α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) were prepared with two different methods. FTIR, 1H NMR, WAXD, DSC, and TGA indicate that α‐CD only can be threaded onto PEO blocks in inclusion complexes of α‐CD‐SPLLA‐b‐PEO1.1K‐a, α‐CD‐SPLLA‐b‐PEO2K‐a, and α‐CD‐SPLLA‐b‐PEO5K‐a formed without heating and ultrasonication, and can be threaded onto both PLLA and PEO blocks in inclusion complexes of α‐CD‐SPLLA‐b‐PEO1.1K‐b, α‐CD‐SPLLA‐b‐PEO2K‐b, and α‐CD‐SPLLA‐b‐PEO5K‐b formed with heating and ultrasonication. Namely, α‐CDs can be threaded onto PEO blocks and the flanking bulky PLLA blocks of star‐block copolymers to form stable polyseudorotaxanes with heating method and ultrasonication to conquer the activation energy barrier of the inclusion complexation between bulky PLLA and α‐CD and the effect of the steric hindrance of star‐block copolymers. With the alteration of preparing methods, the inclusion complexes of α‐CD with the outer PEO block or PEO and PLLA blocks were obtained successfully. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2754–2762, 2009
Facile synthesis of triple‐stimuli (photo/pH/thermo) responsive copolymers of 2‐diazo‐1,2‐naphthoquinone‐mediated poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐N‐hydroxymethylacrylamide)
Authors: Yu Yuan‐Yuan , Tian Feng , Wei Chuan , Wang Chang‐Chun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA series of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐N‐hydroxymethylacrylamide) P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA) copolymers were firstly synthesized via free radical polymerization. Then, the hydrophobic, photosensitive 2‐diazo‐1,2‐naphthoquinone (DNQ) molecules were partially and randomly grafted onto P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA) backbone through esterification to obtain a triple‐stimuli (photo/pH/thermo) responsive copolymers of P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA‐co‐DNQMA). UV‐vis spectra showed that the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA) ascended with increasing hydrophilic comonomer NHMA molar fraction and can be tailored by pH variation as well. The LCST of the P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA) went down firstly after DNQ modification and subsequently shifted to higher value after UV irradiation. Meanwhile, the phase transition profile of P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA‐co‐DNQMA) could be triggered by pH and UV light as expected. Thus, a triple‐stimuli responsive copolymer whose solution properties could be, respectively, modulated by temperature, light, and pH, has been achieved. These stimuli‐responsive properties should be very important for controlled release delivery system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2763–2773, 2009
Study of supramolecular side‐chain and cross‐linking polymers by complexation of various H‐donor acids with H‐acceptor copolymers containing pendent carbazole and fluorescent pyridyl units
Authors: Liang Tzung‐Chi , Lin Hong‐Cheu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTwo H‐bonded acceptor (H‐acceptor) homopolymers 14 and 17 were successfully prepared by polymerization of fluorescent pyridyl monomers PBT and PBOT (12 and 13), which were synthesized via Sonogashira coupling and Wittig‐Horner reactions. To increase the glass transition temperatures as well as reduce the π‐π stacking of the photoluminescent (PL) H‐acceptor copolymers and their H‐bonded polymer complexes, fluorescent monomers 12 and 13 were copolymerized with N‐vinylcarbazole monomer CAZ (23) to produce H‐acceptor copolymers 15–16 and 18–19. Supramolecular side‐chain and crosslinking polymers (i.e., H‐bonded polymer complexes) obtained by complexation of light‐emitting H‐acceptor polymers 14–19 with various proton donor (H‐donor) acids 20–22 were further characterized by DSC, POM, FTIR, XRD, and PL measurements. The mesomorphic properties can be tuned from the nematic phase in H‐acceptor homopolymers (14 and 17) to the tilted smectic C phase in their H‐bonded polymer complexes (14/20–21 and 17/20–22) by the introduction of H‐donor acids (20–22). Moreover, the PL properties of light‐emitting H‐acceptor polymers can be adjusted not only by the central structures of the conjugated pyridyl cores but also by their surrounding nonfluorescent H‐donor acids. In general, redder shifts of PL emissions in H‐bonded polymer complexes occurred when the light‐emitting H‐acceptor polymers were complexed with H‐donors having smaller pKa values. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2734–2753, 2009
Phase behavior and photo‐responsive studies of photoactive liquid crystalline hyperbranched polyethers containing benzylidene moiety
Authors: Rao V. Srinivasa , Samui A. B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTwo sets of hyperbranched polyether epoxies were synthesized to study the effect of substituent, rigidity, and nature of photoactive unit on the thermal and photoresponsive properties. Each set was comprised of one molecule with an acyclic moiety in the repeating unit, and two molecules with a cyclic moiety of varying rigidity (cycle size) in the repeating unit. Two substituents on aromatic rings in the repeating unit were present in one set, and other set was without a substituent. The mesogenic and photoresponsive properties were studied and correlated to the varied structural parameters. The effects of varied molecular structural parameters on phase behavior and photoresponsive properties were very prominent. Out of six monomeric diols, only four have exhibited liquid crystalline phase while the polymers corresponding to all monomeric diols revealed mesophase. The findings in photoresponsive properties were further supported by molecular modeling studies. The changes in refractive index, photoviscosity, and fluorescence intensity with irradiation time substantiated the spectral pattern observed in UV‐Vis spectroscopy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2774–2786, 2009
Unexpected reactivity for the RAFT copolymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylates
Authors: Pietsch Christian , Fijten Martin W. M. , Lambermont‐Thijs Hanneke M. L. , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHomo‐ and copolymers of di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (DEGMA) and oligo(ethyleneglycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA1100) were synthesized with various chain lengths via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in ethanol using [M]/[RAFT] ratios of 100 and 200. Kinetic investigations on the homo‐ and copolymerization of these monomers were performed using a parallel synthesizer resulting in well‐defined polymers with polydispersity indices mostly below 1.3. The polymerization kinetics are presented and discussed in detail surprisingly revealing that the DEGMA homopolymerization is slower than the OEGMA1100 homopolymerization. Transfer coefficients c were estimated to be ∼0.5 for the RAFT polymerization of both DEGMA and OEGMA1100 resulting in hybrid behavior at the beginning of the polymerizations. Subsequent copolymerization also revealed fast incorporation of the OEGMA1100 and relatively slow incorporation of DEGMA resulting in well‐defined copolymers with a molecular weight up to 100 kDa and polydispersities around 1.20. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2811–2820, 2009
‘A disease many people still feel uncomfortable talking about’: Australian television coverage of colorectal cancer
Authors: MacKenzie Ross , Chapman Simon , McGeechan Kevin , Holding Simon 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective: To examine the coverage of colorectal cancer on Australian television news over a 3 year period commencing May 2005, and compare it with that given to other cancers.Methods: News reports on colorectal cancer broadcast on Sydney's five free‐to‐air television channels between 3 May 2005 and 30 May 2008 were reviewed for statements by news actors. The frequency of coverage was compared with that for other cancers.Results: Colorectal cancer news reports accounted for 4.1% (95% CI 2.9–5.1%) of all cancer news reports while the cancer represents 13.5% of cancer incidence and 11.5% of cancer deaths. Compared to cancers receiving greater television news coverage, there was a near total absence of reports of celebrity diagnoses, and of representations by colorectal advocacy groups. A national colorectal screening programme received limited coverage.Conclusions: Media neglect of colorectal cancer may be an important factor in explaining low participation in the Australian colorectal screening programme. Those advocating for colorectal cancer screening face ingrained cultural challenges in gaining broad media coverage, but investment in efforts to generate news and commentary would appear to be overdue. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ar+–Organic Polymer Interactions
Authors: Végh Joseph J. , Graves David B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMD simulations of ion–organic styrene‐containing polymer interactions are reviewed and compared to experiment. We report results for argon ion bombardment of PS, PαMS and P4MS. All three polymers exhibit the formation of a similar, highly cross‐linking, dehydrogenated near‐surface damaged layer at steady state, but small changes in the structure of the polymer (P4MS and PαMS are isomers) can lead to drastic changes in the initial transient sputtering of the material. We correlate this behavior to differences in radiation chemistry (P4MS and PS are cross‐linking while PaMS is a chain scission polymer), and examine how the behavior in MD may relate to larger‐scale experimental results, such as roughness formation.magnified image
Kinetic Modelling of Plasma Activated BN‐Film Deposition in the System B‐N‐H‐F
Authors: Matheis J. , Panowitz S. , Wu Y. , Lunk A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe paper presents for the Ar/B/N/H/X‐system (X = F, Br) thermodynamic calculations of the mole fraction at equilibrium conditions and kinetic modelling of the BN‐growth at plasma‐activated chemical deposition. Modelling was performed with the software CHEMKIN® 4.1. The data of different databases (NASA, JANAF, NIST) are used in the thermodynamic equilibrium modelling and the results are compared among each other and also with results from the literature. Kinetic modelling is focused on the system Ar/B/N/F/H to find out the influence of nitrogen, fluorine and the plasma power on the BN‐growth rate. The data received by modelling are compared qualitatively with experimental results in c‐BN‐deposition and ‐etching.