bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection
Authors: Bavishi C. , DuPont H. L. 
Published: October 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 1269–1281SummaryBackground  The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is increasing worldwide. Suppression of gastric acid alters the susceptibility to enteric bacterial pathogens.Aim  This systematic review was undertaken to examine the relationship between PPI use and susceptibility to enteric infections by a specific pathogen based on published literature and to discuss the potential mechanisms of PPI enhanced pathogenesis of enteric infections.Methods  PubMed, OVID Medline Databases were searched. Search terms included proton pump inhibitors and mechanisms of, actions of, gastric acid, enteric infections, diarrhoea, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter.Results  The use of PPIs increases gastric pH, encourages growth of the gut microflora, increases bacterial translocation and alters various immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory effects. Enteric pathogens show variable gastric acid pH susceptibility and acid tolerance levels. By multiple mechanisms, PPIs appear to increase susceptibility to the following bacterial enteropathogens: Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, invasive strains of Escherichia coli, vegetative cells of Clostridium difficile, Vibrio cholerae and Listeria. We describe the available evidence for enhanced susceptibility to enteric infection caused by Salmonella, Campylobacter and C. difficile by PPI use, with adjusted relative risk ranges of 4.2–8.3 (two studies); 3.5–11.7 (four studies); and 1.2–5.0 (17 of 27 studies) for the three respective organisms.Conclusions  Severe hypochlorhydria generated by PPI use leads to bacterial colonisation and increased susceptibility to enteric bacterial infection. The clinical implication of chronic PPI use among hospitalized patients placed on antibiotics and travellers departing for areas with high incidence of diarrhoea should be considered by their physicians.
Pulp canal obliteration: an endodontic diagnosis and treatment challenge
Authors: McCabe P. S. , Dummer P. M. H. 
Published: October 2011

McCabe PS, Dummer PMH. Pulp canal obliteration: an endodontic diagnosis and treatment challenge. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 177–197, 2012.AbstractAim  To review the literature on pulp chamber and root canal obliteration in anterior teeth and to establish a clear protocol for managing teeth with fine, tortuous canal systems.Summary  Pulp canal obliteration (PCO) occurs commonly following traumatic injuries to teeth. Approximately 4–24% of traumatized teeth develop varying degrees of pulpal obliteration that is characterized by the apparent loss of the pulp space radiographically and a yellow discoloration of the clinical crown. These teeth provide an endodontic treatment challenge; the critical management decision being whether to treat these teeth endodontically immediately upon detection of the pulpal obliteration or to wait until symptoms or signs of pulp and or periapical disease occur. The inevitable lack of responses to normal sensibility tests and the crown discoloration add uncertainty to the management; however, only approximately 7–27% of teeth with PCO will develop pulp necrosis with radiographic signs of periapical disease. Root canal treatment of teeth with pulpal obliteration is often challenging. This article discusses the various management approaches and highlights treatment strategies for overcoming potential complications.Key learning points
Up to 25% of traumatized anterior teeth can develop pulp canal obliteration;
Discolouration is a common clinical finding in teeth with pulp canal obliteration;
Up to 75% of teeth with pulp canal obliterations are symptom‐free and require no treatment other than radiographic monitoring;
Routine pulp sensibility tests are unreliable in the presence of pulp canal obliteration;
Teeth with pulp canal obliteration in need of root canal treatment pose particular diagnostic and treatment challenges.
Impact of interocclusal contacts on infrared laser fluorescence in pits of sound first permanent molars in children
Authors: MORITA ICHIZO , NONOYAMA KAORU , OKAMOTO TAKAYO , NAKAGAKI HARUO , MUKAI MASAMI , LUSSI ADRIAN 
Published: October 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 265–270Background.  A device based on infrared laser fluorescence (IRLF) has become available as an adjunct for the diagnosis of dental caries.Aims.  The objective of this study was to clarify the differences of IRLF readings in the mesial, central and distal occlusal pits of first permanent molars.Design.  Sixty‐four children (average age 8.0 years) were examined using IRLF. The mesial, central and distal pits of clinically healthy first permanent molars were measured. The instrument provides measurements in arbitrary units on an open‐ended interval scale.Results.  Mean (± SE) IRLF values in the mesial pits were 4.9 ± 0.4 (upper) and 6.5 ± 0.4 (lower) and were significantly lower than those in the central (8.8 ± 0.6 and 11.5 ± 0.9) and distal (9.6 ± 0.7 and 10.4 ± 0.8) pits in the maxilla and mandible. There was no significant difference between the right (7.3 ± 0.5, 9.4 ± 0.6) and left (8.2 ± 0.5, 9.5 ± 0.6) dental arches. IRLF measurements in the mesial pits of human first permanent sound molars were lower than the central and distal pits in children whose second molars had not erupted.Conclusions.  The inherently higher IRLF values of some sites should not be misinterpreted and trigger early invasive treatment.
Comparative phylogeography of three common Neotropical tree species
Authors: Poelchau Monica F. , Hamrick J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim  To determine spatial and temporal commonalities in patterns of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in three widespread Neotropical tree species. We examine whether patterns of genetic variation are more consistent with Pliocene or Pleistocene divergence.Location  Central American forests, located in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama.Methods  We collected sequences from two cpDNA loci from c. 30 locations for each of three species –Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae; n = 278), Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae; n = 210) and Ficus insipida (Moraceae; n = 222) – and additionally sequenced one nuclear locus for Bursera simaruba (n = 45). We used Monmonier’s algorithm to detect genetic barriers between regions. Divergence times between these regions were estimated using coalescent analyses.Results  Spatial genetic boundaries were found in similar areas for these species, namely between Costa Rica and Nicaragua for all three species, and between El Salvador and Nicaragua for two species. These boundaries visually coincide with the spatial delimitations of Pliocene islands and previously hypothesized Pleistocene refugia. Divergence time estimates between regions are more consistent with Pleistocene divergence in two of the three species.Main conclusions  Our results point to strong commonalities in the spatial locations of genetic boundaries in these three species, despite the complex geological and climatological history of this region, and ecological differences between the species. While spatial genetic boundaries coincide conspicuously with possible Pliocene and Pleistocene barriers to gene flow, we cannot distinguish between the two scenarios because of the strong spatial overlap of both barriers. However, the temporal data tentatively suggest that some of this divergence occurred in the Pleistocene, although limitations in the analysis cannot confirm Pleistocene divergence without external, corroborating data. While we cannot definitively implicate a single historical process as driving patterns of genetic differentiation in all three species, our results represent an initial step towards identifying a common history of Central American tree species.
Were Ediacaran siliciclastics of South Australia coastal or deep marine?
Authors: RETALLACK GREGORY J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Late Neoproterozoic Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite in South Australia has been considered aeolian, fluvial, intertidal and deep marine by various authors. Palaeosols would not be expected for the deep marine interpretation, but some palaeosols should be evident for the aeolian–fluvial–intertidal interpretations, and this is the first study to examine the Ediacara Member at a petrographic and geochemical scale appropriate to recognize potential palaeosols. Recognition of palaeosols and floodplain facies in Neoproterozoic rocks is a challenge because such rocks are too ancient for diagnostic non‐marine fossils such as root traces. The varied thickness of Ediacara Member red siltstones and white sandstones is distinct from laterally persistent overlying and underlying grey shales and limestones with acritarchs, stromatolites and other marine fossils. The sandstones are trough cross‐bedded and fill palaeovalleys. The red siltstones have poorly sorted, highly angular, silt‐size grains characteristic of loess. Particular sandy and silty beds were sampled for detailed petrographic and geochemical studies, because they include desiccation cracks, sand crystals, ice cracks, carbonate nodules and soft‐sediment deformation like those of palaeosols. Chemical and grain‐size variations within these beds reveal surficial clay formation and oxidation from feldspar as in soils. Petrographic studies also revealed surficial disruption of these palaeosols by filamentous structures comparable with microbial ropes of biological soil crusts. This array of palaeosol features may be of use for recognizing palaeosols in other Neoproterozoic siliciclastic sequences.
An efficient Agrobacterium‐mediated transient transformation of Arabidopsis
Authors: Tsuda Kenichi , Qi Yiping , Nguyen Le V. , Bethke Gerit , Tsuda Yayoi , Glazebrook Jane , Katagiri Fumiaki 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAgrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transient transformation has been a useful procedure for characterization of proteins and their functions in plants, including analysis of protein–protein interactions. Agrobacterium‐mediated transient transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana by leaf infiltration has been widely used due to its ease and high efficiency. However, in Arabidopsis this procedure has been challenging. Previous studies suggested that this difficulty was caused by plant immune responses triggered by perception of Agrobacterium. Here, we report a simple and robust method for Agrobacterium‐mediated transient transformation in Arabidopsis. AvrPto is an effector protein from the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae that suppresses plant immunity by interfering with plant immune receptors. We used transgenic Arabidopsis plants that conditionally express AvrPto under the control of a dexamethasone (DEX)‐inducible promoter. When the transgenic plants were pretreated with DEX prior to infection with Agrobacterium carrying a β‐glucuronidase (GUS, uidA) gene with an artificial intron and driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, transient GUS expression was dramatically enhanced compared to that in mock‐pretreated plants. This transient expression system was successfully applied to analysis of the subcellular localization of a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) fusion and a protein–protein interaction in Arabidopsis. Our findings enable efficient use of Agrobacterium‐mediated transient transformation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Antithrombin therapy in pancreas retransplantation and pancreas‐after‐kidney/pancreas‐transplantation‐alone patients
Authors: Fertmann Jan M. , Arbogast Helmut P. , Illner Wolf‐Dieter , Tarabichi Anwar , Dieterle Christoph , Land Walter , Jauch Karl‐Walter , Hoffmann Johannes N. 
Published: October 2011

Fertmann JM, Arbogast HP, Illner W‐D, Tarabichi A, Dieterle C, Land W, Jauch K‐W, Hoffmann JN. Antithrombin therapy in pancreas retransplantation and pancreas‐after‐kidney/pancreas‐transplantation‐alone patients. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E499–E508. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Antithrombin (AT) is a coagulatory inhibitor with pleiotropic activities. AT reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury and has been successfully used in patients with simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation. This study retrospectively analyzes prophylactic high‐dose AT application in patients with solitary pancreas transplantation traditionally related to suboptimal results. In our center, 31 patients received solitary pancreas transplantation between 7/1994 and 7/2005 (pancreas retransplantation, PAK/PTA). The perioperative treatment protocol was modified in 5/2002 now including application of 3000 IU. AT was given intravenously before pancreatic reperfusion (AT, n = 18). Patients receiving standard therapy served as controls (n = 13). Daily blood sampling was performed during five postoperative days. Standard coagulatory parameters and number of transfused red blood cell units were not altered by AT. In AT patients serum amylase (p < 0.01) and lipase (p < 0.01) on postoperative days 1, 2 and 3 were significantly reduced. Our actual perioperative management protocol including high dose AT application in human solitary pancreas transplantation reduced postoperative liberation of pancreatic enzymes in this pilot study. Prophylactic AT application should deserve further clinical testing in a randomized controlled trial.
Risk factors for late renal dysfunction after pediatric heart transplantation: A multi‐institutional study
Authors: Feingold Brian , Zheng Jie , Law Yuk M. , Morrow W. Robert , Hoffman Timothy M. , Schechtman Kenneth B. , Dipchand Anne I. , Canter Charles E. ,   and the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Investigators
Published: October 2011

Feingold B, Zheng J, Law YM, Morrow WR, Hoffman TM, Schechtman KB, Dipchand AI, Canter CE and the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Investigators. Risk factors for late renal dysfunction after pediatric heart transplantation: A multi‐institutional study. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 699–705. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Renal dysfunction is a major determinant of outcome after HTx. Using a large, multi‐institutional database, we sought to identify factors associated with late renal dysfunction after pediatric HTx. All patients in the PHTS database with eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at one yr post‐HTx (n = 812) were analyzed by Cox regression for association with risk factors for eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at >1 yr after HTx. Freedom from late renal dysfunction was 71% and 57% at five and 10 yr. Multivariate risk factors for late renal dysfunction were earlier era of HTx (HR 1.84; p < 0.001), black race (HR 1.42; p = 0.048), rejection with hemodynamic compromise in the first year after HTx (HR 1.74; p = 0.038), and lowest quartile eGFR at one yr post‐HTx (HR 1.83; p < 0.001). Renal function at HTx was not associated with onset of late renal dysfunction. Eleven patients (1.4%) required chronic dialysis and/or renal transplant during median follow‐up of 4.1 yr (1.5–12.6). Late renal dysfunction is common after pediatric HTx, with blacks at increased risk. Decreased eGFR at one yr post‐HTx, but not at HTx, predicts onset of late renal dysfunction. Future research on strategies to minimize late renal dysfunction after pediatric HTx may be of greatest benefit if focused on these subgroups.
Sirolimus in pediatric renal transplantation
Authors: Kasap Belde 
Published: October 2011

Kasap B. Sirolimus in pediatric renal transplantation.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 673–685. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  SRL, an mTOR inhibitor that inhibits cell cycle progression, represents an important alternative to CNIs, which are still the cornerstones of pediatric solid organ tx. Because there are still limited data on SRL use among pediatric solid organ recipients, further studies are needed to verify the efficacy and safety of SRL. It has unique pharmacokinetic characteristics concerning dosing intervals and reduction of the dose in combination with other immunosuppressants. SRL also has antineoplastic, antiviral, and antiatherogenic advantages over other immunosuppressive agents. The adverse effects of SRL including thrombocytopenia, hyperlipidemia, proteinuria, impaired wound healing, mouth ulcers, edema, male hypogonadism, TMA, and interstitial pneumonitis must be considered carefully in pediatric population. This article reviews the most recent data on SRL application in the field of pediatric renal tx.
Otomycosis in Shanghai: aetiology, clinical features and therapy
Authors: Jia Xianhao , Liang Qin , Chi Fanglu , Cao Wenjun 
Published: October 2011

SummaryOtomycosis is frequently seen in Shanghai and is a challenging problem due to recurrence and resistance to therapy. The aims of this study were to determine the pattern of fungal agents, sex distribution, clinical presentation, predisposing factors, complications and treatment outcomes of otomycosis. Retrospective review of 108 patients with a clinical diagnosis of otomycosis treated from September 2009 to September 2010 in otolaryngology outpatient department. It has been found to be more prevalent in female patients than male patients with a sex ratio (F : M) of 2 : 1. Aspergillus niger (54.78%) followed by Candida albicans (16.52%) were the dominant fungi. Pruritus and otorrhea were the most common presenting complaints. The predisposing factors included frequent scratching of the external ear canal (79.63%), taking ototopical and/or oral antimicrobials (24.07%), diabetes (11.11%) and otologic procedures (7.41%). Residual disease was observed in 9.26% and recurrence in 8.89% of the subjects. Topical Fluconazole ear drops and mechanical debridement of visible fungal elements in the external auditory canal were all relatively effective with 83.33% resolution rate on initial application. The diagnosis of otomycosis requires vigilance from clinicians given its non‐specific symptoms. Sometimes mycological examinations are necessary. Treatment regimens such as topical fluconazole coupled with mechanical debridement are generally effective. However, recurrence is not uncommon and eradication of disease can be particularly difficult in patients with diabetes and a mastoid cavity.
Immunopathogenesis and prognostic immune markers of chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Zhang Ji‐Yuan , Wang Li‐Feng , Wang Fu‐Sheng 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHost immune responses induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection not only substantially drive disease progression, but also significantly influence efficacy of antiviral treatments in HBV‐infected individuals. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the course of immune pathogenesis and to find efficient immunological markers that can predict the disease progression of chronic HBV infection. This review introduces the current progress in clinical immunology and analyzes the mechanisms of antiviral effects and liver injury, which are induced by both innate and adaptive immune responses. The recently identified immunological markers indicated to be closely correlated with disease progression and antiviral efficacy during HBV infection are also summarized. Careful monitoring of these immune markers may help physicians to make decisions on when to begin or withdraw antiviral drugs, or to formulate the prognosis of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients in the clinic. Finally, this review highlights some novel therapeutic strategies to modulate host immunity that have been proposed to sustain antiviral control of chronic HBV infection, as well as the challenges that we are presently facing in the field.
Matched case‐control study comparing endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal tumors
Authors: Kobayashi Nozomu , Yoshitake Naoto , Hirahara Yoshitaka , Konishi Jun , Saito Yutaka , Matsuda Takahisa , Ishikawa Tsutomu , Sekiguchi Ryuzo , Fujimori Takahiro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  For large colorectal tumors, the en bloc resection rate achieved by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is insufficient, and this leads to a high rate of local recurrence. As endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been reported to achieve a higher rate of en bloc resection and a lower rate of local recurrence in the short‐term, it is expected to overcome the limitations of EMR. We conducted a matched case‐control study between ESD and EMR to clarify the effectiveness of ESD for colorectal tumors.Methods:  Between April 2005 and February 2009, a total of 28 colorectal tumors in 28 patients were resected by ESD and were followed up by colonoscopy at least once. As a control group, 56 EMR cases from our prospectively completed database were matched. En bloc resection, complication and recurrence rates were compared between the two groups.Results:  The mean sizes of the lesions were 27.1 mm in the ESD group and 25.0 mm in the EMR group. The en bloc resection rate was significantly higher in the ESD group (92.9% vs 37.5% with ESD vs EMR), and the rate of perforation was also significantly higher (10.7% vs 0%). All cases of perforation were managed conservatively. No recurrence was observed in the ESD group, whereas local recurrences were detected in 12 EMR cases (21.4%). Eleven of the 12 recurrences (91.7%) were managed endoscopically, and one required surgical resection.Conclusions:  Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a promising technique for the treatment of colorectal tumors, giving an excellent outcome in comparison with EMR.
Late evening snack: Exploiting a period of anabolic opportunity in cirrhosis
Authors: Tsien Cynthia D , McCullough Arthur J , Dasarathy Srinivasan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Cirrhosis is a state of accelerated starvation with impaired protein synthesis. Increased rate of gluconeogenesis and alterations in skeletal muscle signaling pathways result in anabolic resistance and consequent loss of muscle mass or sarcopenia in cirrhosis. Late evening snack (LES) is an intervention to reduce the postabsorptive (fasting) phase with the potential to improve substrate utilization and reverse sarcopenia. Published reports were evaluated to examine the effect of LES on regulation of substrate utilization (short‐term studies) and nutritional outcomes (long‐term studies).Methods:  PubMed, EMBASE, Google scholar and OVID databases were searched. All studies published on LES in cirrhosis were included. Studies that included few (n < 3) subjects and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were excluded.Results:  Late evening snack decreased lipid oxidation and improved nitrogen balance, irrespective of the composition or type of formulation used. Daytime isocaloric isonitrogenous snacks did not have the metabolic or clinical benefit of LES. LES decreased skeletal muscle proteolysis. No studies have examined its effect on muscle protein synthesis. There was inconsistent translation into an increase in lean body or skeletal muscle mass. Improved quality of life occurs but decreased mortality or need for transplantation has not been reported. The optimal composition of LES has not been defined, but based on mechanistic considerations, a branched chain supplemented LES holds most promise.Conclusions:  Late evening snack holds the most promise as an intervention to reverse anabolic resistance and sarcopenia of cirrhosis with improved quality of life in patients with cirrhosis. Long term benefit and improved survival need critical evaluation.