bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the storage of potatoes: I. Changes in composition during storage in clamps
Authors: Crook E. M. , Watson D. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYChanges in the percentage of dry matter, sugars, starch and nitrogen present in Arran Banner and Majestic potato tubers during storage in clamps until July or later were studied in two seasons. In the first season, the ascorbic-acid content and the distribution of nitrogen between three fractions (insoluble, soluble coagulable, soluble non-coagulable) were also determined. In the second season, weighed samples of tubers were introduced into the clamps, so that changes in absolute amounts of the different constituents present in the tubers or sprouts could be measured. The effects of removing or retaining the soil cover on the clamps after early April were compared.
The growth of the alimentary tract of the fowl and the goose
Authors: Hallsworth E. G. , Coates J. I. 
Published: March 2009

A study has been made of the internal volume of the different parts of the alimentary tract of geese and fowls.It has been shown that although the adult geese were two or three times as heavy as the adult fowls, the mean total gut capacity, exclusive of the crop, was proportionately less. Although the gizzard was much greater in weight than in the fowl, its capacity in proportion to body weight is only half that of the fowl, whilst the caeca are relatively even smaller. The distended oesophagus of the goose, which replaces the crop of the fowl, was at all times smaller relative to body weight.The gut capacities of both chicks and goslings increased rapidly when they began to feed, and reached a maximum, relative to body weight, within the first fortnight after hatching. At 16 weeks, the capacity of the alimentary canal had almost the same relation to body weight as in the adult.In both, the small intestine constitutes the major proportion of the volume in the adult, being 33–40% in the fowl and more than 50% in the goose.Feeding a diet containing 21% crude fibre and supplemented with procaine penicillin G produced chicks with relatively greater gut capacities, and this effect was enhanced by the concurrent inclusion of procaine penicillin G, but where the fibre was reduced to 17·4%, the gut capacities were not significantly different, in relation to body weight, than in the control group.Histological examination of the wall of the gut of chickens raised on different diets showed marked abrasion on high-fibre diets, and a much thinner intestinal wall in those birds receiving antibiotic.
Liquid manure as a grassland fertilizer. I. The response to liquid manure and to dry fertilizer
Authors: Castle M. E. , Drysdale A. D. 
Published: March 2009

1. A small-scale plot experiment was conducted for a 3-year period, 1958–60, to study the comparative effect of applications of liquid manure, water and dry fertilizer on the yield and quality of an established meadow fescue and white clover sward.2. The liquid manure was collected from a cowshed and contained on average 0·23% N, 0·003% P2O6 and 0·48%K2O.3. The treatments applied each year were: (1) control, no fertilizer; (2) and (3) a low and a high rate of water equal in weight to the liquid manure applied in treatments (4) and (5) respectively; (4) a low rate of liquid manure supplying 75 lb. nitrogen and 159 lb. K2O; (5) a high rate of liquid manure supplying 150 lb. nitrogen and 318 lb. K2O/acre; (6) and (7) liquid manure as in (4) and (5) plus 82 lb. P2O6/acre; (8) a low rate of normal dry fertilizer supplying 87 lb. nitrogen, 82 lb. P2O6 and 84 lb. K2O/acre; and (9) a high rate supplying 174 lb. nitrogen, 82 lb. P2O5 and 168 lb. K2O/acre.All treatments were applied in five equal dressings each year, one for each cut, except the P2O5 which was applied twice a year.4. The yields of herbage dry matter and crude protein were not affected by the water treatments, but both the liquid-manure and dry-fertilizer treatments caused significant increases in yield. The application of phosphate on the liquid-manure treatments had no significant effect on yields.5. The crude-protein contents of the herbage on the different treatments did not show any large or consistent differences.6. The botanical compositions of the swards were significantly different at the end of the third experimental year. On the liquid-manure treatments the content of clover had increased and the meadow fescue and dicotyledonous weeds decreased compared with the control. The mean content of clover in the swards at the end of the trial was 32, 18 and 15% on the liquid-manure, dry-fertilizer and control treatments respectively.7. There were no major differences between either the pH values or the contents of P2O5 in samples of soil on the different treatments after 3 years, but the average K2O value on the control and two water treatments was almost half that on the high liquid-manure treatment.8. The mineral contents of the herbage were determined. In 2 of the 3 years the liquid-manure treatments produced herbage with high K and lowered Ca, Mg and Na contents. The Mg content of the herbage on the four liquid-manure treatments averaged 0·26%.
The effect of gibberellic acid on the germination, growth and development of Trifolium repens L
Authors: Fletcher W. W. , Martin D. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. Gibberellic acid had no effect on the germination of six species of small-seeded legumes.2. Seven varieties of Trifolium repens L. plants were treated with gibberellic acid and their responses determined. All varieties showed an increase in petiole length and individual leaf area due to an increase in cell numbers; a decrease in stolon numbers and length was also noted. The total leaf area per plant remained unchanged. Total dry weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight were each significantly reduced.3. The stolons lost their normal diageotropic response and became negatively geotropic and it is postulated that the stoloniferous habit may be due to a gibberellic acid/indole-acetic acid interaction.4. Because treated plants of Wild white clover closely resembled untreated plants of Ladino clover it is postulated that endogenous levels of gibberellins may play an important part in the development of varieties and in the evolutionary process as a whole.
Field experiments on the magnesium requirement of potatoes in Great Britain
Authors: Holmes M. R. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. During the years 1954–57 thirty field experiments were carried out on the magnesium requirement of main crop potatoes; eighteen covered a range of typical potato soils while the remainder were sited on sands and loams. In nine of the experiments the effect of heavy applications of potash on magnesium requirements was also investigated.2. Magnesium application to the seed-bed as kieserite raised yield in four of the experiments; the largest yield increase was 2·15 ton/acre of tubers from 45·lb./acre of MgO. Apart from these four experiments there was also a small mean increase in yield over all the remaining sites.3. Application of a very high rate of potash depressed yield compared with a normal rate, but only in one experiment could this be attributed to induced magnesium deficiency, and there was no indication of such an effect in the average results.
Effects of fertilizers and farmyard manure on swedes and turnips
Authors: Reith J. W. S. , Inkson R. H. E. 
Published: March 2009

Thirty-eight experiments on swedes and turnips, using factorial designs without replication, were carried out to measure the responses and two-factor interactions produced by applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The effect of F.Y.M. was measured at fourteen of the centres.The yield of tops was substantially increased by nitrogen. Phosphorus produced a moderate response but potassium had practically no effect on top growth.The yield of roots showed small to moderately large responses to nitrogen in most experiments. There was a considerable variation in the rate required to produce the largest response, depending on the previous cropping of the field.Phosphorus increased the yield of roots in all but four of the experiments and this nutrient generally had a greater effect than either nitrogen or potassium.The response to potassium was significant in only half of the experiments and its effect on yield was normally less than that of nitrogen.The two-factor interactions were practically without exception small and far from significant, the highest values usually occurring on responsive soils. The means show no interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus, and small positive interactions between nitrogen and potassium and between phosphorus and potassium.F.Y.M. produced higher yields at the majority of the centres but had very little effect at some. At suboptimal P2O5 levels F.Y.M. tends to increase the response to nitrogen, but with adequate phosphorus this manure reduced the most profitable nitrogen rate. The response to phosphorus was markedly reduced by placing F.Y.M. in the bottom of the ridges but the effect of ploughing-in this manure during autumn or early winter on the phosphorus response was very small. In all experiments F.Y.M. produced a substantial reduction in the response to potassium.As a result of the inadequate phosphorus rates these experiments do not provide satisfactory estimates of the amounts of nutrients supplied by F.Y.M. but suggest that 15 tons per acre will supply at least 15 lb. N, 15 lb. P2O5 and 70 lb K2O to the first crop grown after application.The mineral composition of the roots showed large variations between crops grown on different soils. The application of a nutrient generally produced a small increase in its percentage in the roots. The nutrient uptakes showed a much greater apparent recovery of both nitrogen and potassium than of phosphorus.The most profitable nutrient dressings have been calculated from these experiments, and at current prices about 65 lb. N, 125 lb. P2O5 and 125 lb. K2O should be about the average optimal rates per acre in the absence of F.Y.M. In the presence of a normal dressing of the latter suitable optimal rates seem to be about 50 lb. N, 110 lb. P2O5 and 55 lb. K2O.
The use of fats in pig rations
Authors: Bayley H. S. , Lewis D. 
Published: March 2009

1. An experiment has been carried out using 64 pigs individually fed. They received a common ‘grower’ ration to 120 lb. live weight and were then divided into four groups. The ‘finisher’ rations contained 0, 2·5, 5 or 10% fat.2. The rations containing more fat also had a higher protein content and the scales of feeding were so arranged that the pigs received the same daily intake of protein and ‘energy’.3. The growth rate was slightly more rapid with the fat-supplemented diets and the carcass characteristics were not in any way impaired.4. The efficiency of feed utilization (f.c.r.) improved considerably when fat was included in the ration: the f.c.r. was 3·93 in the absence of fat and 3·30 when the ration contained 10% added fat.
Variations in the iodine value of fats from the fatty, muscular and bone tissues of mature Romney ewes
Authors: Shorland F. B. , Barton R. A. , Rae A. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. Investigations on the fats from different tissues of forty-eight Romney ewes have shown that the iodine numbers of the fats cover a wide range from 32·7 for a perinephric fat to 83·7 for the fat from a metacarpal bone, while the percentage fat varies from as low as 3·8 in a longissimus dorsi muscle sample up to as high as 95·5 in a perinephric fat sample.2. The mean iodine values of the fat and percentage fat respectively in the tissues examined were as follows: perinephric, 39·8, 88·1; loin subcutaneous, 41·7, 80·9; loin intermuscular, 44·4, 71·4; longissimus dorsi muscle, 53·1, 7·7; femur, 45·1, 39·8; tibia-tarsus, 54·3, 30·6 and metacarpus, 79·9, 24·3.3. In the carcass tissues the muscle fat was significantly higher in iodine value than the fat from the fatty tissues. In the long bones analysed, the fats from the metacarpus had a highly significantly greater iodine value than was found for the other bones or carcass tissues. The fat from the tibia-tarsus was comparable in iodine value to that of the muscle tissue while the iodine value of the fat from the femur approached that from a fatty tissue.4. A distinctive feature of the fats examined was their variability in iodine value. The values varied between animals by 15·3 units for perinephric fat, by 13·0 units for subcutaneous fat, by 16·9 units for intermuscular fat and by 12·4 units for muscle fat.5. The present results for the iodine values of the fats of Romney ewes generally agree with those obtained by Callow (1958) for Suffolk lambs. However, whereas in Suffolk sheep in accordance with the temperature theory of Henriques & Hansen (1901) the subcutaneous fats have higher iodine values than do the intermuscular fats, in the Romney sheep studied the reverse holds.
The effect of fertilizers on the yield of red clover seed
Authors: Dent J. W. , Hawkins R. P. 
Published: March 2009

The effect of fertilizers in increasing the yield of clover seed was examined by a series of manurial trials. The initial mineral status of the crop and the extent of the uptake of the applied nutrients were determined by analyses of the leaf. The techniques for sampling and analysing leaves to determine mineral status are described.The high yields of seed and lack of response to fertilizers in trials at Cambridge led to their being repeated at Saxmundham on land known to be extremely deficient in minerals. Even then there was a response only to phosphate which although significant was small.Leaf samples were also collected from commercial crops of red clover in 1955, 1956 and 1957. The analyses of these samples indicted that none of them was as deficient as the crops at Saxmundham, and no relationship was found between mineral status and seed yield.It is concluded that yields of red clover seed in Eastern England are not likely to be increased materially by the application of fertilizers.
Studies of the skeleton of the sheep VII. A further comparison of skeletal resorption during pregnancy and lactation in ewes fed diets differing in digestible crude-protein value
Authors: Duckworth J. , Benzie D. , Cresswell E. , Boyne A. W. , Hill R. 
Published: March 2009

1. An experiment has been carried out to compare the results of feeding the B-group diets of Parts II and III of this series to ewes during pregnancy and lactation.2. The ewes fed a diet containing maize in place of dried molassed sugar beet pulp again maintained better bodily and skeletal condition.3. The basis for other experiments in this series is discussed.
Selection criteria in grass breeding. I
Authors: Lazenby Alec , Rogers H. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. To evaluate selection criteria in grass breeding, a series of investigations was conducted measuring plant performance in a wide range of field environments.2. This paper reports on the behaviour of one variety of Lolium perenne, S. 24, grown in a logarithmically related series of densities and frequently defoliated for 2 years. Half the plots received only natural rainfall, the rest were irrigated so that the calculated soil moisture deficit did not exceed 2 in.3. In 1958, with little effect of irrigation, swards yielded most per unit area, widest spacing (24 in.) least; there were no significant differences in yields from the other densities (3, 6 and 12 in.). In 1959, when yields were lower, irrigation increased production in all plots, the higher the density the greater the increase. In contrast to 1958, over the range of spaced densities, the higher the density the greater the yield. Individual harvests did not always conform to the annual pattern.4. Lowest mean production per plant was from broadcast plots in both 1958 and 1959, yields of plants from 3, 6 and 12 in. plots showed a linear increase with a reduction in density, those from 24 in., though heaviest, yielded less than linear expectation. In 1959 irrigation increased yields per plant.5. Of the components of yield, number of sterile tillers gave the best estimate of total fresh weight (95·3% reliability). However, total number of tillers (sterile plus fertile) was almost as efficient (94%). Tiller weight was a much less reliable index.6. The results and their value in establishing efficient criteria for selection in grass breeding are discussed.
Statistical research on the fate of dietary mineral elements in dry and lactating cows: II. Magnesium
Authors: Lomba F. , Paquay R. , Bienfet V. , Lousse A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYStatistical analyses were carried out on the data obtained under very strict conditions in metabolism stalls with 41 different rations fed to 127 adult non-pregnant dry cows, and with 14 other different rations fed to 35 adult non-pregnant lactating cows that had calved 2 to 6 months earlier and whose daily milk production ranged from 11 to 20 kg.The correlation between faecal and urinary losses of magnesium, magnesium in milk, digestible magnesium, and magnesium balance and the other nutritive factors of the 55 above-mentioned experimental diets have been calculated.The magnesium absorption is enhanced by increasing magnesium and calcium intake, while nitrogen and, to a lesser extent, fat, giving higher faecal losses, have an opposite effect. There is no influence at this level of lactating requirements.The urinary losses of magnesium are not related to the magnesium intake and digestibility, and the balance is thus directly proportional to the digestible amounts. But this balance is decreased when the diet contains more dry matter or energy, to the benefit of urine in dry cows. We were not able to determine whether this balance reduction also benefits the milk production in the lactating cows.Our results demonstrate that the faecal endogenous losses of magnesium can be highly variable.The balance of magnesium is frequently but not inevitably negative in cows with a daily milk production of 11–20 kg.
A comparison between a method of jointing meat carcasses based upon their anatomical structure and a method based upon standardized butchering practice: I. Description of the jointing methods
Authors: Williams D. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe diversity of methods for jointing meat animal carcasses is indicated and the need for a standardized method with good repeatability is considered. A standardized butcher-type method of jointing, in which anatomical reference points were used to determine cutting lines, is described briefly. A semi-anatomical method in which the jointing was based still more closely upon the anatomy of meat animals is described in full. Three modifications to the semi-anatomical method are suggested to improve the consistency of jointing.
Quantitative anatomical studies of the composition of the pig at 50, 68 and 92 kg. carcass weight I. Experimental material and methods
Authors: Cuthbertson A. , Pomeroy R. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The object of the experiment was to make a detailed investigation of the carcass composition of Large White hogs at 68, 91 and 118 kg. live weight (i.e. 50, 68 and 92 kg. carcass weight). Ten hogs were dissected at each stage.2. A dissection technique suitable for this investigation is described, involving the dissection of one side into individual bones and muscles, subcutaneous and intermuscular fat deposits, skin, tendon, glands and blood vessels. Some possible modifications of the method for future investigations are also discussed.3. The complete dissection of one side took approximately 110 man-hours and the average weight loss in dissection was 0·798%.
Quantitative anatomical studies of the composition of the pig at 50, 68 and 92 kg. carcass weight II. Gross composition and skeletal composition
Authors: Cuthbertson A. , Pomeroy R. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Results are presented concerning the gross composition of pig carcasses at 50, 68 and 92 kg. carcass weight in ten litters. They show that during the periods under consideration the proportion of muscle in the carcass exceeded that of the other tissues. However, while the rates of growth of muscle and bone were similar the growth rate of fat was markedly greater. The result was that at 92 kg. the proportions of muscle and fat in the carcass were 43·53 and 41·37%, respectively.2. Results are also presented dealing with the relative development of the different parts of the skeleton. Of the five major anatomical regions of the skeleton the sacrum grew relatively fastest between 50 and 68 kg. carcass weight while the cervical vertebrae grew fastest in the second period. In both periods the bones of the thorax and loin grew at rates intermediate between the fastest and slowest growing regions.
Comparisons between methods of measuring soluble phosphorus and potassium in soils used for fertilizer experiments on sugar beet
Authors: Warren R. G. , Cooke G. W. 
Published: March 2009

Eleven years of field experiments on manuring sugar beet were used by the late E. M. Crowther to compare methods of analysing soils for soluble P and K; this paper reports his work.The experiments were divided by soil analyses into groups of equal numbers of sites; average crop responses were used to value the analytical methods. Such tables of average data overvalue soil analyses because each method was misleading in a small proportion of the fields used. A quantitative way was developed of assessing the gains from using soil analysis in planning fertilizing and of comparing analytical methods. The total profit from uniformly manuring all the soils examined was compared with the profit made by using analyses to select a proportion only of the soils to be manured; the total amount of fertilizer used was the same with each way of planning manuring. The most efficient analytical method gave the most profit.For phosphate, differential manuring of sites selected by soil analysis was more profitable than uniform manuring, with all the methods of measuring soluble P that were tested. The best method used a rapid extraction with dilute hydrochloric acid, but extracting with water (calcium bicarbonate solution was used for calcareous soils), or with citric acid solution, was nearly as effective. These three methods, using little solvent relative to soil, were more useful than methods using larger volumes of dilute sulphuric acid, dilute acetic acid, and a lactate solution.The sugar beet responded more often to K than to P manuring, so there was less chance of making extra profit by using analyses to detect the richer soils where either no K fertilizer, or small dressings only, should have been given. Using the citric acid method of measuring soluble-K to separate the soils into groups for differental manuring was more profitable than giving uniform dessings to all fields; acetic acid was less effective than citric acid, and the hydrochloric acid method gave no advantage over uniform manuring with the heavier rate of potassium. Water-soluble K measurements were worse than acid-soluble values; using them to predict responses and manuring would have given less profit than uniform manuring at the heavier rate used.