bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconciling people's livelihoods and environmental conservation in the rural landscapes in Kenya: Opportunities and challenges in the Amboseli landscapes
Authors: Okello Moses Makonjio , Ole Seno Simon K. , Nthiga Rita Wairimu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTwo of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2000 are: eradication of extreme poverty and hunger; and ensuring environmental sustainability. The link between depressed livelihoods and unsustainable use of land and natural resources can be seen in Kenyan rangelands. Here, the local community is dependent on land and its resources for livelihoods, but the demand and competition is increasing, endangering both the resources they depend on and threatening environmental health. Amboseli is an Arid and Semi‐Arid Land (ASAL) area that experiences ecological constraints, resource limitations, and low economic investment. Local communities in such landscapes are resource‐dependent for their daily livelihoods, and have few socio‐economic opportunities. Pastoralism, which is the main source of their wealth, continues to decline and exploitation by a few local elites and poor local leadership further depresses livelihoods. Other challenges to these poor rural landscapes are increasing human population which increases demands on natural resources and environment; persistent hunger; low universal primary education; poor gender equality and empowerment of women; environmental degradation; and lack of local and global partnership for development. This paper focuses on the two Millennium Development Goals mentioned above. Linkages, challenges and opportunities in enhancing rural livelihoods while promoting environmental sustainability in rural landscapes of the Amboseli Rural Landscape are discussed.
Salt‐induced land and water degradation in the Aral Sea basin: A challenge to sustainable agriculture in Central Asia
Authors: Qadir Manzoor , Noble Andrew D. , Qureshi Asad S. , Gupta Raj K. , Yuldashev Tulkun , Karimov Akmal 
Published: June 2009

AbstractExpansion of irrigated agriculture in the Aral Sea Basin in the second half of the twentieth century led to the conversion of vast tracks of virgin land into productive agricultural systems resulting in significant increases in employment opportunities and income generation. The positive effects of the development of irrigated agriculture were replete with serious environmental implications. Excessive use of irrigation water coupled with inadequate drainage systems has caused large‐scale land degradation and water quality deterioration in downstream parts of the basin, which is fed by two main rivers, the Amu‐Darya and Syr‐Darya. Recent estimates suggest that more than 50% of irrigated soils are salt‐affected and/or waterlogged in Central Asia. Considering the availability of natural and human resources in the Aral Sea Basin as well as the recent research addressing soil and water management, there is cause for cautious optimism. Research‐based interventions that have shown significant promise in addressing this impasse include: (1) rehabilitation of abandoned salt‐affected lands through halophytic plant species; (2) introduction of 35‐day‐old early maturing rice varieties to withstand ambient soil and irrigation water salinity; (3) productivity enhancement of high‐magnesium soils and water resources through calcium‐based soil amendments; (4) use of certain tree species as biological pumps to lower elevated groundwater levels in waterlogged areas; (5) optimal use of fertilizers, particularly those supplying nitrogen, to mitigate the adverse effects of soil and irrigation water salinity; (6) mulching of furrows under saline conditions to reduce evaporation and salinity buildup in the root zone; and (7) establishment of multipurpose tree and shrub species for biomass and renewable energy production. Because of water withdrawals for agriculture from two main transboundary rivers in the Aral Sea Basin, there would be a need for policy level interventions conducive for enhancing interstate cooperation to transform salt‐affected soil and saline water resources from an environmental and productivity constraint into an economic asset.
The miombo woodlands at the cross roads: Potential threats, sustainable livelihoods, policy gaps and challenges
Authors: Syampungani Stephen , Chirwa Paxie W. , Akinnifesi Festus K. , Sileshi Gudeta , Ajayi Oluyede C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Miombo, the most extensive tropical woodland formation of Africa directly supports the livelihoods of over 100 million people through the provision of many tree products and ecosystem services essential to both the rural and urban communities. While the destruction of the Miombo has often been blamed on the rural communities dwelling near the forest resources, many urban dwellers depend heavily on the various products derived from the woodlands. This paper highlights the importance of the Miombo in the livelihoods of rural people, the potential threats to this ecosystem and opportunities for its sustainable management. About 70% of energy consumed in southern Africa is in the form of fuelwood or charcoal. The economic importance of the Miombo especially from non‐timber forest products (NTFPs) is usually understated due to their perceived non‐economic value yet they play an important role in sustaining livelihoods of forest dependent people in the miombo ecoregion. The Miombo also contributes to health services through the use of medicinal plant and products, in some cases, contributing up to 80% to rural health, including helping in coping with effects of HIV/AIDS, malaria and several diseases. The possibility of developing payment for environmental services schemes through public–private partnerships, and community‐based sustainable management models are proposed. Through conservation and commercialization of some of the products and services, there is a potential to provide income and improve the livelihood of people involved in the trade along the value chain.
Treatment of Bleeding in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Galbusera Miriam , Remuzzi Giuseppe , Boccardo Paola 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBleeding is a common and potentially serious complication of acute and chronic renal failure. The pathogenesis of bleeding in uremia is multifactorial; however, the major role is played by abnormalities in platelet–platelet and platelet–vessel wall interaction. Platelet dysfunction is partially due to uremic toxins present in circulating blood. Despite decreased platelet function, abnormalities of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis predispose the uremic patients to a hypercoagulable state carrying the risk of cardiovascular and thrombotic complications. Dialysis improves platelet abnormalities and reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of hemorrhage. Hemodialysis can even contribute to the bleeding through the continuous platelet activation induced by the interaction between blood and artificial surfaces and the use of anticoagulants. Correction of anemia improves hemostasis in uremic patients. Therapeutic management of bleeding in patients with uremia is discussed.
Beyond The Current Paradigm: Recent Advances in The Understanding of Sodium Handling – Guest Editors: Stanley Shaldon and Joerg Vienken: Hyperosmolar Sodium Chloride, p38 Mitogen Activated Protein and Cytokine‐Mediated Inflammation
Authors: Dinarello Charles A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAlthough there is increasing clinical evidence that high salt intake contributes to cardiovascular events and deaths seemingly independent of hypertension, the molecular mechanism for increased atherogenesis remains unclear. Vessel wall inflammation secondary to proinflammatory cytokines is one mechanism for atherogenesis. The role of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 in cytokine production such as IL‐1, TNF‐α, and IL‐8 are well established. The link between inflammation and salt intake likely includes p38 MAPK as hyperosmolar sodium chloride triggers phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and stimulates gene expression and synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Hence a possible link of high salt intake, inflammation, and atherogenesis may be one molecular mechanism for the association of high salt intake and cardiovascular events.
Beyond The Current Paradigm: Recent Advances in The Understanding of Sodium Handling – Guest Editors: Stanley Shaldon and Joerg Vienken: Water‐Free Sodium Accumulation
Authors: Titze Jens 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe widely accepted concept of body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is that Na+ is restricted mainly to the extracellular fluid and K+ to the intracellular space, where both ions act to hold water and thereby control the extracellular and intracellular fluid volume by their osmotic activity. Na+ accumulation thus inevitably leads to water retention. The constancy of the extracellular volume is the task of the kidneys, which control the total body Na+ content. More recent data have questioned this traditional view, suggesting that large amounts of Na+ can be accumulated without accompanying water retention by osmotically inactive Na+ retention, or by osmotically neutral Na+/K+ exchange. Besides the control of the body Na+ content by the kidneys, redistribution of body electrolytes hence provides an extrarenal regulatory alternative in the maintenance of body fluid volume and blood pressure control.
Beyond The Current Paradigm: Recent Advances in The Understanding of Sodium Handling – Guest Editors: Stanley Shaldon and Joerg Vienken: Reducing Sodium Intake in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Lindley Elizabeth J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA low salt diet is beneficial for the whole population but has particular advantages for hemodialyis patients because of the role of salt restriction in the management of hypertension and interdialytic weight gain (IDWG). Education on dietary salt intake based on general healthy eating guidelines, such as the “DASH‐sodium” diet, should be provided for staff, families, and carers as well as patients. Anuric hemodialysis patients will need to take in approximately 1 l of water for every 8 g salt consumed. Patients who restrict salt intake to <6 g/day, and drink only when thirsty, should gain no more than 0.8 kg/day. Those with significantly greater weight gains, but predialysis serum sodium close to or higher than the dialysate sodium, need further review of their salt intake. Attempts to restrict fluid intake in these patients will be futile. Patients with high interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and low predialysis sodium should be assessed for other reasons for fluid intake, such as high blood glucose or social drinking. For patients with poor tolerance of fluid removal during dialysis, and those who are hypertensive in the absence of fluid overload, a salt intake 5 g/day or less may be required. Dietary advice for these patients should be customized to ensure that they do not become malnourished.
In Good Conscience—Safely Withholding Dialysis in the Elderly
Authors: Dasgupta Indranil , Rayner Hugh C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAcross the world, the incidence of end‐stage kidney disease is increasing in the elderly. However, they do not always fare very well on renal replacement therapy. Age at the start of dialysis, multiple comorbidities (especially if ischemic heart disease is one of them), diabetes, functional dependence, poor intellectual capacity, low serum albumin, peripheral vascular disease, and late referral have been associated with increased mortality on dialysis in various studies. Moreover, renal failure is only one of the many problems affecting the elderly and dialysis can potentially impair their quality of life tremendously. Therefore, it is often a challenge for the nephrologist to decide whether starting dialysis is in the best interest of the elderly patient. Is it sometimes nobler to provide supportive care without dialysis to an elderly patient with renal failure? Can dialysis be safely delayed where the nephrologist is uncertain of the prognosis or the patient is unsure whether or not to have dialysis? How robust is the evidence base to help inform discussion between the nephrologist and the patient/carer? What are the limitations in carrying out further research in this area? What does conservative management, which is better termed nondialytic supportive care, entail and how should it be delivered? This article aims to answer these fundamental questions confronting the nephrologist in day to day clinical practice.
Evaluation of Renal Artery Stenosis in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Dwyer Jamie P. , Greco Barbara A. , Lewis Julia B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAtherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS), recognized as a contributor to chronic kidney disease (CKD), may be present in a substantial fraction of dialysis patients. It is generally unknown what proportion of end‐stage renal disease patients on dialysis could recover kidney function if RAS were treated. Patients with CKD are often inadequately screened for RAS because of technical limitations of various screening modalities. Multiple small case series and studies have evaluated the role of revascularization for renal salvage in dialysis patients with RAS; these studies are reviewed. Large prospective, randomized multicenter trials of intervention for RAS exclude patients with advanced CKD. The risks of intervention must be weighed against the potential for renal recovery, even when predictors of success are not known with certainty.
Travail rémunéré des élèves et résultats scolaires: une étude internationale
Authors: POST David , PONG Suet‐Ling 
Published: June 2009

Résumé.Partant des résultats de l'Etude internationale de mathématiques et de sciences, les auteurs observent que l'association négative entre emploi des élèves et résultats scolaires est plus forte dans certains pays, ce qui peut s'expliquer par les possibilités et besoins de travailler. Pour ce qui est de la causalité, les résultats de l'Enquête longitudinale sur l'éducation aux Etats‐Unis montrent une relation curvilinéaire entre emploi et résultats: travailler jusqu'à 10 heures par semaine a un léger effet positif, de 10 à 19 heures est sans effet, au‐delà l'effet négatif est manifeste. L'endogénéité du travail est enfin testée au moyen de variables instrumentales.
La négociation collective transnationale en Europe: nécessité d'une initiative législative de l'UE
Authors: Ales Edoardo 
Published: June 2009

Résumé.Depuis la seconde moitié des années quatre‐vingt‐dix, la négociation intersectorielle, sectorielle et d'entreprise s'est développée en un mouvement clé des relations professionnelles transnationales dans l'Union européenne. A l'origine stimulées par les institutions européennes, ces formes de négociation ont depuis connu un développement autonome. Aujourd'hui, il est difficile d'évaluer l'impact qu'elles peuvent avoir sur les conditions de travail individuelles. Fondé en partie sur un rapport présenté en 2005 à la Commission européenne, cet article préconise une action législative de l'UE pour établir un cadre juridique facultatif régissant la négociation collective transnationale, sous la forme d'une réglementation que le Conseil pourrait intégrer aux chapitres du Traité de l'UE concernant la politique et la cohésion sociales.
Les normes fondamentales du travail sous l'administration de George W. Bush
Authors: Candland Christopher 
Published: June 2009

Résumé.En dehors de l'Organisation internationale du Travail, les Etats‐Unis utilisent deux moyens de promouvoir les normes du travail à l'échelle internationale: les accords de libre‐échange et «les relations internationales en matière de travail». Examinant la période 2001–2008, l'auteur avance que l'administration Bush a affaibli la capacité des Etats‐Unis de défendre les normes fondamentales du travail internationalement reconnues. Les clauses sur le travail des accords de libre‐échange, sans mécanismes d'application efficaces, relèveraient de visées de politique étrangère plus que du souci des droits des travailleurs. En outre, l'activité du Comité consultatif fédéral sur les relations internationales en matière de travail a été suspendue.
Psychotic reactivity in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Glaser J.‐P. , Van Os J. , Thewissen V. , Myin‐Germeys I. 
Published: June 2009

Glaser J‐P, Van Os J, Thewissen V, Myin‐Germeys I. Psychotic reactivity in borderline personality disorder.Objective:  To investigate the stress relatedness and paranoia specificity of psychosis in borderline personality disorder (BPD).Method:  Fifty‐six borderline patients, 38 patients with cluster C personality disorder, 81 patients with psychotic disorder and 49 healthy controls were studied with the experience sampling method (a structured diary technique) to assess: i) appraised subjective stress and ii) intensity of psychotic experiences.Results:  All patient groups experienced significantly more increases in psychotic experiences in relation to daily life stress than healthy controls, borderline patients displaying the strongest reactivity. Borderline patients, moreover, reported significantly more hallucinatory reactivity than healthy controls and subjects with cluster C personality disorder. Paranoid reactivity to daily life stress did not differ between the patient groups.Conclusion:  These results are the first to ecologically validate stress‐related psychosis in BPD. However, psychotic reactivity was not limited to expression of paranoia but involved a broader range of psychotic experiences including hallucinations.
The role of the inflammatory markers ferritin, transferrin and fibrinogen in the relationship between major depression and cardiovascular disorders – The German Health Interview and Examination Survey
Authors: Baune B. T. , Neuhauser H. , Ellert U. , Berger K. 
Published: June 2009

Baune BT, Neuhauser H, Ellert U, Berger K. The role of the inflammatory markers ferritin, transferrin and fibrinogen in the relationship between major depression and cardiovascular disorders – The German Health Interview and Examination Survey.Objective:  To determine levels of inflammation (ferritin, transferrin and fibrinogen) in major depression (MDD) and comorbid cardiovascular disease (CVD) in an adult population.Method:  In 4181 participants of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey MDD was assessed through the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Coronary heart disease, stroke, and hypertension were diagnosed by a computer‐assisted physician interview. Analyses were performed using anova models stratified for gender.Results:  Ferritin, transferrin and fibrinogen levels showed opposing patterns in individuals with either CVD or MDD alone. In comorbidity analyses, male participants with MDD plus comorbid CHD or hypertension had lower levels of ferritin and lower fibrinogen levels in hypertension compared to men without MDD, while in women, results were inconsistent.Conclusion:  Opposing patterns of inflammatory markers in CVD or MDD alone were reversed when both conditions were present. MDD reduced levels of ferritin, transferrin and fibrinogen in CVD in a gender‐specific way.
Effort and costs of tooth preservation in supportive periodontal treatment in a German population
Authors: Pretzl Bernadette , Wiedemann Denise , Cosgarea Raluca , Kaltschmitt Jens , Kim Ti‐Sun , Staehle Hans‐Joerg , Eickholz Peter 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectives: Assessment of effort (number of visits) and costs of tooth preservation 10 years after initiation of anti‐infective therapy.Material and Methods: Data of 98 patients who had received active periodontal treatment 10 years ago by the same examiner were analysed to gather information on effort and costs of supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Clinical examination, interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) polymorphism test, smoking, search of patients' files (i.e. initial diagnosis), as well as a questionnaire on medical history and socioeconomic data were performed.Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate linear regression analysis.Results: During 10 years of SPT patients had 14.8±7.4 visits. Number of visits was statistically significantly higher for individuals with a mean plaque control record24%. The number of subgingival scalings per tooth ranged from 0 to 14 (mean: 1.17). On tooth level several confounders could be identified: tooth type, initial bone loss, furcation involvement, abutment status, and previous regenerative surgery (p0.003).Costs for therapy per tooth during SPT ranged from €1.21 to €404.72 with mean costs between €60.52 and €91.99. On tooth level the tooth type, initial bone loss, abutment status, furcation involvement, and previous regenerative surgery showed statistical significance (p0.002).Conclusion: Costs for tooth retention via SPT are relatively low compared with alternatives (e.g. implants or bridgework) even in periodontally impaired teeth.
One‐year outcomes of repeated adjunctive photodynamic therapy during periodontal maintenance: a proof‐of‐principle randomized‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Lulic Martina , Leiggener Görög Isabelle , Salvi Giovanni E. , Ramseier Christoph A. , Mattheos Nikolaos , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground: Single photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been effective in initial periodontal therapy, but only improved bleeding on probing (BoP) in maintenance patients after a single use. Repeated PDT has not been addressed.Objectives: To study the possible added benefits of repeated adjunctive PDT to conventional treatment of residual pockets in patients enrolled in periodontal maintenance.Material and Methods: Ten maintenance patients with 70 residual pockets [probing pocket depth (PPD)5 mm] were randomly assigned for treatment five times in 2 weeks (Days 0, 1, 2, 7, 14) with PDT (test) or non‐activated laser (control) following debridement. The primary outcome variable was PPD, and the secondary variables were clinical attachment level (CAL) and BoP. These were assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months following the interventions.Results: Greater PPD reductions were observed in the test (−0.67 ± 0.34; p=0.01) compared with the control patients (−0.04 ± 0.33; NS) after 6 months. Significant CAL gain (+0.52 ± 0.31; p=0.01) was noted for the test, but not in the control (−0.27 ± 0.52; NS) patients after 6 months. BoP percentages dcreased significantly in test (97–64%, 67%, 77%), but not control patients after 3, 6 and 12 months.Conclusions: Repeated (five times) PDT adjunctive to debridement yielded improved clinical outcomes in residual pockets in maintenance patients. The effects were best documented after 6 months.