bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le gaz naturel dans le monde
Authors: Fleury Nicole 
Published: March 2011

Natural gas in the world,
by Nicole Fleury.
This article presents an overview of the natural gas situation in the world since the beginning of the seventies.
The gas situation is compared with that of oil when comparison axe seemed appropriate.
This is the case for some specific indicators such as the geographical distribution of the resources.
Eastern Europe's preeminent role with regard to gas resources is compare with the paucity of its oil resources.
The Middle East holds first place for oil resources and second place for gas resources.
The numbers underline the lack of gas resources in western countries which are the greatest consumer in the world.
Their consumption had been going down quite quickly since 1979 The decline was very sharp in the United States which was still the largest consumer in the world in 1983 just before the Ussr, the european consumption on the contrary was growing. The price factor is mentioned without being full developed. The control of internal prices in Usa, together with the timing of the increase which it implied, had in particular a fundamental role in the fall of consumption. The recent developments in the spot market for gas could reverse the situation in the future.
Trends in gas production, taking account its geographic distribution, remain very close to trends in consumption. This underlines however the development of a world trade in gas, in particular for pipelines, a less costly means of transport. The growth of european imports, starting with the Ussr is the most pertinent example.
Beginning with these elements, an outline of evolution of the future gas market to the end of the century can be discerned. The three most important points are:
the increasing western european dépendance on the countries of eastern europe who will have more than 40% of world gas production, the continuing decline of the north amencan share in world gas production notwithstanding the progress achieved in Canada, the improvement of the production in Latin America and in Africa, these regions reinforcing their efforts for a better utilization of associated gas.
This global trend conceals in the industrialised countries a different sectoral distribution underlining,
the stability of gas utilization in the residential and services sector, where there is competition from electricity, the sharp decline of gas utilization in the electric sector, an increasing penetration in the industrial sector. These trends will be heavily dependent on the prices of competing energy sources, -in particular petroleum products and electricity.
Dettes publiques : diverses définitions et évaluations
Authors: Leverrier Jean-Marc 
Published: March 2011

Publics debts : definitions and valuations,
by Jean-Marc Leverrier.

The article provides a definition of state debt and focuses on its évolution since 1975. In addition, local government debt enables to understand the evolution of general government debt. An additionnal study of long term debt of the main public sector firms leads to a first assessement of public sector debt exclusing public financial corporate enterprises.

Last, the subject is broaden thanks to an international comparaison of general government debt and of household surplus (net lending).
An Architectural Chemistry
Authors: Khan Omar 
Published: March 2011

AbstractProtocell technology has a precedent in the innovative use of plastic in the 1960s, when chemistry first came up with an innovative new material that could be applied to architecture, interiors and product design. Omar Khan describes how at the Center for Architecture and Situated Technologies at the University at Buffalo in New York, he is developing a line of research that builds on the legacy of the 1960s and 1970s for soft materials and the capabilities of an elastic responsive architecture. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bettering Biology?
Authors: Watts Bill 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIs there a danger that in inventing protocells we are turning away too quickly from nature's own ‘beautifully engineered self‐assembly system’? Bill Watts, a partner at Max Fordham Consulting Engineers, asks us to take another look at the possibilities of biology for creating a wholly sustainable architecture that takes its aesthetic prompts from natural forms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H‐Aggregation Strategy in the Design of Molecular Semiconductors for Highly Reliable Organic Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Kim Seul‐ong , An Tae Kyu , Chen Jun , Kang Il , Kang So Hee , Chung Dae Sung , Park Chan Eon , Kim Yun‐Hi , Kwon Soon‐Ki 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFour new quaterthiophene derivatives with end‐groups composed of dicyclohexyl ethyl (DCE4T), dicyclohexyl butyl (DCB4T), cyclohexyl ethyl (CE4T), and cyclohexyl butyl (CB4T) were designed. All materials showed high solubility in common organic solvents. UV–vis absorption measurements showed that the quaterthiophene derivatives with asymmetrically substituted cyclohexyl end‐groups (CE4T and CB4T) preferred H‐type aggregation whereas those with symmetrically substituted cyclohexyl end‐groups (DCE4T and DCB4T) preferred J‐type aggregation. The molecular structure‐dependent packing (H or J) of the new quaterthiophene derivatives was analyzed by grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) measurements. The field‐effect mobilities of devices that incorporated the asymmetrical molecules, CE4T and CB4T, were quite high, above 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, due to H‐aggregation, whereas the field‐effect mobilities of devices that incorporated symmetrical molecules, DCE4T and DCB4T, were poor, below 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, due to J‐aggregation. More importantly, H‐aggregation within the thin film provided stable crystalline morphologies in the spin‐coated films, and, thus, thin film transistors (TFTs) using cyclohexylated quaterthiophenes yielded highly reproducible transistor performances. The distributions of measured field‐effect mobilities in transistors based on cyclohexylated quaterthiophenes with H‐aggregation were remarkably narrow.
Morphological Stabilization by In Situ Polymerization of Fullerene Derivatives Leading to Efficient, Thermally Stable Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Cheng Yen‐Ju , Hsieh Chao‐Hsiang , Li Pei‐Jung , Hsu Chain‐Shu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe successful design and synthesis of two styryl‐functionalized fullerene derivatives, [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid styryl dendron ester (PCBSD) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid styryl ester (PCBS) is presented. The polymerizable PCBS or PCBSD materials are incorporated into a poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend to form an active layer of ternary blend. The blending systems are first thermally annealed at 110 C for 10 min to induce optimal morphology, followed by heating at 150 C for 10 min to trigger the in situ polymerization of styrene groups. Through chemical crosslinking of PCBSD, the initial morphology of the blend (P3HT:PCBM:PCBSD = 6:5:1 in weight) can be effectively fixed and stably preserved. The device based on this blend shows extremely stable device characteristics, delivering an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.7% during long‐term thermal treatment. By molecular engineering to reduce the insulating portion, PCBS with higher C60 content (71 wt%) possesses better electron‐transport properties than PCBSD (58 wt%). Encouragingly, at a low doping concentration of PCBS in the blend (P3HT:PCBM:PCBS = 6:5:1 in weight), linear‐polymerized PCBS can stabilize the morphology against thermal heating. This device exhibits more balanced charge mobility to achieve an average PCE of 3.8% over 25 h heating at 150 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Conductivity and Stability of Cobalt Pyrovanadate.
Authors: Cowin Peter I. , Lan Rong , Petit Christophe T. G. , Zhang Lei , Tao Shanwen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCo2V2O7 is synthesized by solid state reaction of CoCO3 and V2O5 (600 °C, 7 d) and characterized by XRD and conductivity measurements in oxidizing as well as reducing environments.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Tetramethylammonium Trifluorosulfate.
Authors: Hohenstein Christian , Kadzimirsz Daniel , Ludwig Ralf , Kornath Andreas 
Published: March 2011

Abstract(Me4N)[SO2F3], the first example of a [SO2F3]‐ salt, is prepared by condensing SO2F2 and MeCN at ‐196 °C into a quartz ampule containing Me4NF, followed by warming to room temperature (ultrasonic bath, a few hours, ≈100% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: The [Si(S2O7)3]2‐ Anion: A First Example of Octahedral Silicon Coordination by Three Chelating Inorganic Ligands.
Authors: Logemann Christian , Kluener Thorsten , Wickleder Mathias S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractM2[Si(S2O7)3] (M: Na, Cs) is synthesized by reaction of SiCl4 with oleum (65% SO3) in the presence of M2SO4 (glass tubes, 250 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Ce2SeN2: Ternary Selenide Nitride Containing Tetravalent Ce in the Ce2SO2 Structure Type.
Authors: Dong Yongkwan , DiSalvo Francis J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe new title compound is synthesized from a mixture of Ce, CeCl3, Se, and RbN3 (Nb container, argon, 900 °C, 120 h).
ChemInform Abstract: [Eu@Sn6Bi8]4‐: A Mini‐Fullerane‐Type Zintl Anion Containing a Lanthanide Ion.
Authors: Lips Felicitas , Clerac Rodolphe , Dehnen Stefanie 
Published: March 2011

Abstract[K[2.2.2]crypt]4[Eu@Sn6Bi8]·1.1en is prepared by addition of a suspension of (C5Me4H)3Eu in toluene (C5Me4H: tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) to a solution of [K[2.2.2]crypt]2[Sn2Bi2]·en in en (stirring, 25 °C, 3 h; 11% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: [Mn(C4H10ON)(H2O)][Fe(CN)6]: A Three‐Dimensional Cyanide‐Bridged Ferrimagnet with a Morpholine Ligand.
Authors: Jiang Ning , Li Feng‐Yan , Xu Lin , Zhao Li‐Li , Wang Yu‐Chao 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTitle compound (III) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with Z = 4 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Yb3AuGe2In3: An Ordered Variant of the YbAuIn Structure Exhibiting Mixed‐Valent Yb Behavior.
Authors: Chondroudi Maria , Peter Sebastian C. , Malliakas Christos D. , Balasubramanian Mali , Li Qing'An , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLarge single crystals of the title compound are obtained from a 3:2:3:15 mixture of Yb, Au, Ge, and In (alumina crucible in a sealed silica tube, 1000 °C, 5 h, 90% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Optically Pure Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Imidazolidine, Oxazolidine and Thiazolidine.
Authors: Zhang Honghai , Shen Qilong , Lu Long 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA simple procedure is developed to allow the highly diastereoselective synthesis of the title compounds via a double Michael addition of chiral amides, amino alcohols or amino esters to the butanoate (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed [3 + 2 + 2] Cycloadditions Between Alkynylidenecyclopropanes and Activated Alkenes.
Authors: Saya Lucia , Bhargava Gaurav , Navarro Miguel A. , Gulias Moises , Lopez Fernando , Fernandez Israel , Castedo Luis , Mascarenas Jose L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractContrary to previous palladium‐ or rhodium‐catalyzed cycloadditions of alkynylidenecyclopropanes, which result in the formation of cycloadducts arising from the distal opening of the cyclopropane, the current method gives complementary 6,7‐fused bicyclic systems resulting from cleavage of the proximal bond of the ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Trimethylsilyl Chloride Promoted Selective Desulfurization of Thiocarbonyls to Carbonyls with Hydrogen Peroxide.
Authors: Bahrami Kiumars , Khodaei Mohammad Mehdi , Tajik Maryam 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe operationally simple method allows the conversion of thioketones, thioamides, and thioesters.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper Iodide as a Recyclable Catalyst for Buchwald N‐Arylation.
Authors: Swapna Kokkirala , Murthy Sabbavarapu Narayana , Nageswar Yadavalli Venkata Durga 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new catalyst system is used for N‐arylations of various indoles with aryl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Direct Synthesis of Functionalized Styrenes and Terminal 1,3‐Dienes via Aqueous Wittig Chemistry with Formalin.
Authors: Das Priyabrata , McLeod David , McNulty James 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel microwave assisted synthesis of triethylphosphonium salts derived from benzylic and allylic alcohols and their direct Wittig reaction with aqueous formaldehyde is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Using Benzotriazole Esters as a Strategy in the Esterification of Tertiary Alcohols.
Authors: Morales‐Serna Jose Antonio , Vera Aline , Paleo Ehecatl , Garcia‐Rios Erendira , Gavino Ruben , Garcia de la Mora Gustavo , Cardenas Jorge 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBenzotriazole esters, formed in situ from carboxylic acids and HOBt in the presence of EDC, are efficient intermediates in the esterification with tert‐butyl alcohol using either DMAP or calcinated hydrotalcite as the base.
ChemInform Abstract: Tin‐Mediated Allylation Reactions of Enol Ethers in Water.
Authors: Lin Mei‐Huey , Hung Shiang‐Fu , Lin Long‐Zhi , Tsai Wen‐Shing , Chuang Tsung‐Hsun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe iodoallylation products are not stable at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyzed Friedel—Crafts Acylation and Benzoylation of Aromatic Compounds Using Activated Hematite as a Novel Heterogeneous Catalyst.
Authors: Sharghi Hashem , Jokar Mahboubeh , Doroodmand Mohammad Mahdi , Khalifeh Reza 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPowdered hematite is activated by sonication under air followed by heating at 200 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Palladacycle/Dihydroimidazolium Chloride System for the Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Halides (I, Br, Cl) with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Wang Haiming , Wang Jinping , Qiu Wenwei , Yang Fan , Liu Xiaofeng , Tang Jie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel and highly efficient catalyst system which is readily accessible, intensitive to air, moisture, and heat, and suitable for long‐term storage is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes with Activated Alkyl Halides.
Authors: Padmanaban Mohan , Biju Akkattu T. , Glorius Frank 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe conceptually novel process consists of the carbene‐catalyzed umpolung of aldehydes and the following interception with diarylbromomethanes.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Three‐Component Synthesis of 3‐(5‐Alkyl/aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl) ‐3‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐indol‐2‐ones.
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Sheikhi Ehsan , Kavoosi Azadeh , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe simple procedure including Ph3P=N‐NC offers a direct entry to the pharmacologically interesting title compounds (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: [CoCl(TPPyP)], a Novel Bifunctional Catalyst for the Coupling Reaction of Carbon Dioxide and Propylene Oxide.
Authors: Ren Tiegang , Li Weijie , Bu Zhanwei , Yang Lirong , Wang Zhiqiang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe new title catalyst, which has a Lewis acid and a Lewis base center, provides under mild reaction conditions an improved catalytic efficiency even in the absence of co‐catalyst for the title reaction, c.f.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Bicycle Imidazole Nucleophilic Catalysts: Rational Design, Facile Synthesis, and Successful Application in Asymmetric Steglich Rearrangement.
Authors: Zhang Zhenfeng , Xie Fang , Jia Jia , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChiral imidazole nucleophilic catalysts (I) are successful applied in the Steglich rearrangement without H‐bonding assistance.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward Approach Towards 5‐Substituted Thiazolylpeptides via the Thio‐Ugi‐Reaction.
Authors: Kazmaier Uli , Persch Andrea 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThiopeptides (I) or (X), obtained by the thio‐Ugi reaction, are cyclized with a wide range of acid chlorides or anhydrides to give 5‐substituted thiazolyl peptides.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Hexahydro‐3‐methyl‐1‐arylchromeno[3,4‐b]pyrrole and Its Annulated Heterocycles as Potent Antimicrobial Agents for Human Pathogens.
Authors: Purushothaman S. , Prasanna R. , Niranjana P. , Raghunathan R. , Nagaraj S. , Rengasamy R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAll synthesized compounds exhibit good antimicrobial properties against most of the tested microorganisms.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroaromatic Cation‐Based Chromophores: Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Alkynylazinium Salts.
Authors: Caneque Tatiana , Cuadro Ana M. , Alvarez‐Builla Julio , Perez‐Moreno Javier , Clays Koen , Marcelo Gema , Mendicuti Francisco , Castano Obis , Andres Jose L. , Vaquero Juan J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA variety of azinium cations (D‐π‐A+) are synthesized by the Sonogashira reaction in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Diversity‐Oriented Domino Synthesis of Functionalized Nicotinic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Tejedor David , Mendez‐Abt Gabriela , Garcia‐Tellado Fernando 
Published: March 2011

AbstractVarious functionalized alkyl nicotinates are obtained from propargyl vinyl ethers by the present microwave reaction tolerating a wide range of alkyl and aryl substitution patterns.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Evaluation of Quinolines and Bis(indolyl)methanes.
Authors: Praveen C. , DheenKumar P. , Muralidharan D. , Perumal P. T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAll synthesized compounds of type (III) exhibit good antimicrobial activities with (IIIe) being more active than the standard bis(indoyl)methanes (VIc) and (VId) show better activity than the standard against S.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Isocyanates and Allenes Catalyzed by Nickel.
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Morimoto Masao , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe title reaction gives an efficient access to enantiomerically enriched dihydropyrimidine‐2,4‐diones such as (III), (V), (VII) or (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical and Thermal Cyclizations of 4‐(2‐Azidophenyl)‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐ones for the Synthesis of 4‐Methylenepyrimidino[4,5‐b]indol‐2‐ones.
Authors: Ren Yu‐wei , Wang Xuerui , Wang Weixia , Li Bing , Shi Zhong‐jun , Zhang Wei 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe cyclization of azides (I) and (III) proceeds via nitrene electrophilic addition and rearrangement reactions to give fused indole derivatives under both photochemical and thermal conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Azole‐Containing Piperazine Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial, Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activities.
Authors: Gan Lin‐Ling , Fang Bo , Zhou Cheng‐He 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMost of the synthesized azole‐containing piperazine derivatives exhibit moderate to significant antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Epoxide Formation in the Reaction of 2‐Bromo‐3‐methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone with 1,3‐Propanedithiol.
Authors: Lam Tom M. , Lee Chain , Katardjieff Katherine , Otsuki Tetsuo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEpoxide (III) is formed as the major product in the microwave‐assisted reaction of naphthoquinone (I) with propanedithiol (II) in the presence of triethylamine.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2,3‐Triazolyl Amino Acids as AMPA Receptor Ligands.
Authors: Stanley N. J. , Pedersen D. Sejer , Nielsen B. , Kvist T. , Mathiesen J. M. , Braeuner‐Osborne H. , Taylor D. K. , Abell A. D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractInitial investigations towards the synthesis and glutamate receptor activity of triazolyl amino acids are undertaken.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Synthesis of Triazoloacyclonucleotide Phosphonates as Potential HCV Inhibitors.
Authors: Elayadi Hanane , Smietana Michael , Pannecouque Christophe , Leyssen Pieter , Neyts Johan , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques , Lazrek Hassan B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCompounds (IVc) and (IVd) exhibit most potent anti‐HCV activity without cytotoxicity.
Preparation and characterisation of copper‐substituted SBA‐16 type mesoporous materials by modified pH‐adjusting method
Authors: Shah Asma Tufail , Li Baoshan , Nagra Saeed Ahmad 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCopper‐containing SBA‐16 type mesoporous material was synthesised by modified pH‐adjusting method at different pH values (pH 3, 5, and 7). In this method after formation of materials' basic structure the pH of mixture was adjusted with aqueous ammonia solution, stirred and filtered directly avoiding second hydrothermal treatment. The characterisation results revealed that copper was successfully incorporated into silica framework. The pH value was found to be a very important parameter in deciding the final structure, pH 5 was the most suitable pH value for preparation of ordered Cu‐SBA‐16, increase in pH to 7 resulted in formation of structure with less order. The material was applied for adsorption desulfurisation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) to check its performance.
Type A Aortic Intramural Hematoma: Clinical Features and Outcomes in Chinese Patients
Authors: Ho Hee Hwa , Cheung Chi Wai , Jim Man Hong , Miu Kin Man , Siu Chung Wah , Lam Yui Ming , Chan Hon Wah , Lee Wai Luen , Tse Hung Fat 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and clinical outcomes for Chinese patients with type A intramural hematoma (IMH).Methods and ResultsWe studied 90 patients with Stanford type A acute aortic syndrome who presented to our institution from 1998 to 2005 and evaluated the presentation, management, and clinical outcomes of acute IMH by comparing these patients with those diagnosed with classical aortic dissection (AD). A total of 34 patients had IMH and they tended to be older (69.7 ± 12.4 versus 60.5 ± 16.2 years; p = 0.006). The development of pericardial effusion was more frequent in patients with IMH than in patients with AD. They were also less likely to receive surgery as compared to AD patients (26.5% versus 73.2%; p < 0.0001). Overall mortality of IMH was not significantly higher than that of classic AD (29.4% versus 21.4%; p = 0.45). For IMH patients, the mortality rate with medical treatment was 32%. Ten (40%) of the 25 medically treated patients developed adverse outcomes. However, no independent predictors of adverse outcomes were identified in the study. In follow‐up imaging studies of 15 patients who survived IMH without surgical repair, 14 patients showed complete resolution of IMH and 1 progressed into classical AD.ConclusionAcute type A IMH in Chinese patients showed a high mortality rate with medical treatment. It has a highly unpredictable course with no reliable clinical and anatomical predictors. Surgical therapy should be the treatment of choice for Chinese patients with acute IMH, especially those who are younger and have less comorbidities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.