bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Statistical Generalization of the Transformed Eulerian-Mean Circulation for an Arbitrary Vertical Coordinate System
Authors: Pauluis Olivier , Shaw Tiffany , Laliberté Frédéric 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A new method is derived for approximating the mean meridional circulation in an arbitrary vertical coordinate system using only the time-mean and zonally averaged meridional velocity, meridional eddy transport, and eddy variance. The method is called the statistical transformed Eulerian mean (STEM) and can be viewed as a generalization of the transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) formulation. It is shown that the TEM circulation can be obtained from the STEM circulation in the limit of small eddy variance. The main advantage of the STEM formulation is that it can be applied to nonmonotonic coordinate systems such as the equivalent potential temperature. In contrast, the TEM formulation can only be applied to stratified variables. Reanalysis data are used to compare the STEM circulation to an explicit calculation of the mean meridional circulation on dry and moist isentropic surfaces based on daily data. It is shown that the STEM formulation accurately captures all the key features of the circulation. The error in the streamfunction is less than 10%.
The STEM formulation is subsequently used to analyze the circulation induced by latent heat transport and to understand the processes responsible for setting the effective stratification in the troposphere. The eddy sensible heat transport dominates in the midlatitudes and in the winter hemisphere, while the eddy latent heat transport dominates in the subtropical regions and in the summer hemisphere. For the dry isentropic circulation, the approximate effective stratification is dominated by the vertical stratification, whereas for the moist isentropic circulation it is dominated by the eddy variance contribution. The importance of the eddy variance in setting the stratification is in agreement with previous work.
Temperature Variability over Africa
Authors: Collins Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The variation of near-surface air temperature anomalies in Africa between 1979 and 2010 is investigated primarily using Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) total lower-tropospheric temperature data from the Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) datasets. Significant increasing temperature trends were found in each of the following regions examined: all of Africa, Northern Hemisphere Africa, Southern Hemisphere Africa, tropical Africa, and subtropical Africa. Considering the months June–August, regions in both North and South Africa saw significantly warmer temperatures in the most recent period 1995–2010 than in the period 1979–94. However, for the months December–February, the significant warming was concentrated in the north of Africa. When the two most recent decades are compared with the period 1979–90, warming is observed over these same regions and is concentrated in the most recent decade, from 2001 to 2010. The results presented here indicate that the climate change over Africa is likely not predominantly a result of variations in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (a teleconnection that has been previously shown to affect climate in some parts of Africa). Instead the climate changes likely occur owing to other natural variability of the climate and/or may be a result of human activity. However, even without ascertaining the specific causes, the most important finding in this work is to demonstrate that a significant rise in African temperatures occurred between 1979 and 2010.
Investigating the Impact of Soil Moisture and Atmospheric Stability on Cloud Development and Distribution Using a Coupled Large-Eddy Simulation and Land Surface Model
Authors: Huang Hsin-Yuan , Margulis Steven A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe influence of soil moisture and atmospheric thermal stability on surface fluxes, boundary layer characteristics, and cloud development are investigated using a coupled large-eddy simulation (LES)–land surface model (LSM) framework. The study day from the Cabauw site in the central part of the Netherlands has been studied to examine the soil moisture–cloud feedback using a parameterized single-column model (SCM) in previous work. Good agreement is seen in the comparison between coupled model results and observations collected at the Cabauw eddy-covariance tower. Simulation results confirm the hypothesis that both surface fluxes and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) states are strongly affected by soil moisture and atmospheric stability, which was proposed by a previous study using an SCM with simple parameterization. While the ABL-top cloud development is a nonmonotonic function of surface water content under different thermal stability conditions, coupled model simulations find that weak thermal stability has significant impacts on both thermal and moisture fluxes and variances near the entrainment zone, especially for the dry surface cases. Additionally, the impacts of ABL-top stability on thermal and moisture entrainment processes are in a different magnitude. The explicitly resolved cloud cover fraction increases with increasing soil moisture only occurs in cases with strong atmospheric stability, and an opposite result is seen when weak atmospheric stability exists. The elevation of cloud base highly depends on the strength of sensible heat flux. However, results of cloud thickness show that a dry surface with weak thermal stability is able to form a large amount of cumulus cloud, even if the soil provides less water vapor.
Global Water Availability and Requirements for Future Food Production
Authors: Gerten D. , Heinke J. , Hoff H. , Biemans H. , Fader M. , Waha K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study compares, spatially explicitly and at global scale, per capita water availability and water requirements for food production presently (1971–2000) and in the future given climate and population change (2070–99). A vegetation and hydrology model Lund–Potsdam–Jena managed Land (LPJmL) was used to calculate green and blue water availability per capita, water requirements to produce a balanced diet representing a benchmark for hunger alleviation [3000 kilocalories per capita per day (1 kilocalorie = 4184 joules), here assumed to consist of 80% vegetal food and 20% animal products], and a new water scarcity indicator that relates the two at country scale. A country was considered water-scarce if its water availability fell below the water requirement for the specified diet, which is presently the case especially in North and East Africa and in southwestern Asia. Under climate (derived from 17 general circulation models) and population change (A2 and B1 emissions and population scenarios), water availability per person will most probably diminish in many regions. At the same time the calorie-specific water requirements tend to decrease, due mainly to the positive effect of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration on crop water productivity—which, however, is very uncertain to be fully realized in most regions. As a net effect of climate, CO2, and population change, water scarcity will become aggravated in many countries, and a number of additional countries are at risk of losing their present capacity to produce a balanced diet for their inhabitants.
Creation of the WATCH Forcing Data and Its Use to Assess Global and Regional Reference Crop Evaporation over Land during the Twentieth Century
Authors: Weedon G. P. , Gomes S. , Viterbo P. , Shuttleworth W. J. , Blyth E. , Österle H. , Adam J. C. , Bellouin N. , Boucher O. , Best M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Water and Global Change (WATCH) project evaluation of the terrestrial water cycle involves using land surface models and general hydrological models to assess hydrologically important variables including evaporation, soil moisture, and runoff. Such models require meteorological forcing data, and this paper describes the creation of the WATCH Forcing Data for 1958–2001 based on the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and for 1901–57 based on reordered reanalysis data. It also discusses and analyses model-independent estimates of reference crop evaporation. Global average annual cumulative reference crop evaporation was selected as a widely adopted measure of potential evapotranspiration. It exhibits no significant trend from 1979 to 2001 although there are significant long-term increases in global average vapor pressure deficit and concurrent significant decreases in global average net radiation and wind speed. The near-constant global average of annual reference crop evaporation in the late twentieth century masks significant decreases in some regions (e.g., the Murray–Darling basin) with significant increases in others.
The Transition Region Mode Water of the North Pacific and Its Rapid Modification
Authors: Saito Hiroko , Suga Toshio , Hanawa Kimio , Shikama Nobuyuki 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Using Argo float data, this study examined the formation region, spatial distribution, and modification of transition region mode water (TRMW), which is a recently identified pycnostad in the subtropical–subarctic transition region of the North Pacific, the basin-scale boundary region between subtropical and subarctic water masses. Analyses of the formation fields of water masses within and around the transition region reveal that TRMW forms in a wide area from the western to central transition region and is separated from the denser variety of central mode water (D-CMW) to the south by a temperature and salinity front. TRMW has temperatures of 4°–9°C and salinities of 33.3–34.0, making it colder and fresher than D-CMW. TRMW has a density range of 26.3–26.6 σθ, and thick TRMW is widely distributed in the transition region. However, the range of the T–S properties at TRMW cores is substantially reduced downstream within 10°–20° longitude from the formation region by gradually losing its fresh and cold side. It is also demonstrated that a major part of TRMW of 26.4–26.6 σθ is entrained into the mixed layer in the following winter. Quasi-Lagrangian observation by an isopycnal-following Argo float demonstrates that the double-diffusive salt-finger convection plausibly causes not only rapid erosion of the TRMW pycnostads but also an increase of salinity and temperature at the TRMW cores, at least to some degree. It is demonstrated that strong salt fingering within TRMW is probably caused by geostrophic currents with vertical shear crossing the density-compensating T–S front that brings warm and saline water to the upper TRMW and creates instability in the salinity stratification. This modification process could explain why water that is subducted from the transition region and constitutes the pycnocline of the subtropical gyre in the North Pacific has different T–S properties from the winter mixed layer of the transition region. This knowledge about the modification process of subducted water in the transition region would help to model the permanent pycnocline structure more realistically and to clarify how large signals of decadal and multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature in this region are propagated into the ocean interior.
The Evolution and Propagation of Quasigeostrophic Ocean Eddies*
Authors: Early Jeffrey J. , Samelson R. M. , Chelton Dudley B. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The long-term evolution of initially Gaussian eddies is studied in a reduced-gravity shallow-water model using both linear and nonlinear quasigeostrophic theory in an attempt to understand westward-propagating mesoscale eddies observed and tracked by satellite altimetry. By examining both isolated eddies and a large basin seeded with eddies with statistical characteristics consistent with those of observed eddies, it is shown that long-term eddy coherence and the zonal wavenumber–frequency power spectral density are best matched by the nonlinear model. Individual characteristics of the eddies including amplitude decay, horizontal length scale decay, and zonal and meridional propagation speed of a previously unrecognized quasi-stable state are examined. The results show that the meridional deflections from purely westward flow (poleward for cyclones and equatorward for anticyclones) are consistent with satellite observations. Examination of the fluid transport properties of the eddies shows that an inner core of the eddy, defined by the zero relative vorticity contour, contains only fluid from the eddy origin, whereas a surrounding outer ring contains a mixture of ambient fluid from throughout the eddy’s lifetime.
Controlling Overestimation of Error Covariance in Ensemble Kalman Filters with Sparse Observations: A Variance-Limiting Kalman Filter
Authors: Gottwald Georg A. , Mitchell Lewis , Reich Sebastian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe problem of an ensemble Kalman filter when only partial observations are available is considered. In particular, the situation is investigated where the observational space consists of variables that are directly observable with known observational error, and of variables of which only their climatic variance and mean are given. To limit the variance of the latter poorly resolved variables a variance-limiting Kalman filter (VLKF) is derived in a variational setting. The VLKF for a simple linear toy model is analyzed and its range of optimal performance is determined. The VLKF is explored in an ensemble transform setting for the Lorenz-96 system, and it is shown that incorporating the information of the variance of some unobservable variables can improve the skill and also increase the stability of the data assimilation procedure.
Worse renal outcome of lupus nephritis in male patients: a case–control study
Authors: Resende AL , Titan SM , Barros RT , Woronik V 
Published: March 2011

Background: Progression and long-term renal outcome of lupus nephritis (LN) in male patients is a controversial subject in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of male gender on the renal outcome of LN. Methods: All male (M) LN patients who fulfilled American College of Rheumatology lupus criteria and who were referred for a kidney biopsy from 1999 to 2009 were enrolled in the study. Subjects with end-stage renal disease at baseline, or follow-up time below 6 months, were excluded. Cases were randomly matched to female (F) patients according to the class of LN, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease simplified formula) and follow-up time. Treatment was decided by the clinical staff based on usual literature protocols. The primary endpoint was doubling of serum creatinine and/or end-stage renal disease. The secondary endpoint was defined as a variation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) per year (ΔGFR/y index), calculated as the difference between final and initial eGFR adjusted by follow-up time for each patient. Results: We included 93 patients (31 M : 62 F). At baseline, M and F patients were not statistically different regarding WHO LN class (II 9.7%, IV 71%, V 19.3%), eGFR (M 62.4 ± 36.4 ml/min/1.73  m2 versus F 59.9 ± 32.7 ml/min/1.73 m2), follow-up time (M 44.2 ± 27.3 months versus F 39.9 ± 27.9 months), and 24-hour proteinuria (M 5.3 ± 4.6 g/day versus F 5.2 ± 3.0 g/day), as well as age, albumin, C3, antinuclear antibody, anti-DNA antibody and haematuria. There was no difference in the primary outcome (M 19% versus F 13%, log-rank p = 0.62). However, male gender was significantly associated with a worse renal function progression, as measured by ΔGFR/y index (β coefficient for male gender −12.4, 95% confidence interval −22.8 to −2.1, p = 0.02). The multivariate linear regression model showed that male gender remained statistically associated with a worse renal outcome even after adjustment for eGFR, proteinuria, albumin and C3 complement at baseline. Conclusion: In our study, male gender presented a worse evolution of LN (measured by an under GFR recovering) when compared with female patients with similar baseline features and treatment. Factors that influence the progression of LN in men and sex-specific treatment protocols should be further addressed in new studies.
Patient Satisfaction with Care Received from Emergency Department of Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Iran
Authors: Zia Tabatabaei Seyed , Mohsen Rezaeian , Riji Haliza Mohd , Abbas Esmaeili , Mostafa Langarizadeh 
Published: March 2011

Background: A hospital’s Emergency Department (ED) plays a crucial role in the healthcare delivery system. Its operation has an impact on patients’ general and specific satisfaction. Methodology: Through a survey, a study to determine the satisfaction of patients attending the Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital (ED) was carried out. Out of 12,000 patients who were referred to the ED, 392 patients and 608 of their relatives were included in the study. The data were analysed by SPSS version 14. Results: The findings showed that 191 (19.1 per cent) of the patients were ‘satisfied with medical care’ while 719 (71.9 per cent) were ‘somewhat satisfied’ and 90 (9 per cent) were ‘unsatisfied’. With regard to nursing care in particular, 265 (26.5 per cent) of the patients were ‘satisfied with nursing care’, while 630 (63 per cent) were ‘somewhat satisfied’ and 105 (10.5 per cent) were ‘unsatisfied’. The chi-square tests showed that a statistical significant relationship existed between patient’s satisfaction with medical and nursing care and the shift work. Conclusion and Recommendations: Paying proper attention to the ED patients’ expectations is highly important to make them satisfied. Therefore, it is suggested that more efforts should be made to improve the quality of services within the ED.
CD146 expression on primary nonhematopoietic bone marrow stem cells is correlated with in situ localization
Authors: Tormin Ariane , Li Ou , Brune Jan Claas , Walsh Stuart , Schütz Birgit , Ehinger Mats , Ditzel Nicholas , Kassem Moustapha , Scheding Stefan 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Nonhematopoietic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are of central importance for bone marrow stroma and the hematopoietic environment. However, the exact phenotype and anatomical distribution of specified MSC populations in the marrow are unknown. We characterized the phenotype of primary human BM-MSCs and found that all assayable colony-forming units-fibroblast (CFU-Fs) were highly and exclusively enriched not only in the lin−/CD271+/CD45−/CD146+ stem-cell fraction, but also in lin−/CD271+/CD45−/CD146−/low cells. Both populations, regardless of CD146 expression, shared a similar phenotype and genotype, gave rise to typical cultured stromal cells, and formed bone and hematopoietic stroma in vivo. Interestingly, CD146 was up-regulated in normoxia and down-regulated in hypoxia. This was correlated with in situ localization differences, with CD146 coexpressing reticular cells located in perivascular regions, whereas bone-lining MSCs expressed CD271 alone. In both regions, CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were located in close proximity to MSCs. These novel findings show that the expression of CD146 differentiates between perivascular versus endosteal localization of non-hematopoietic BM-MSC populations, which may be useful for the study of the hematopoietic environment.
Platelet microRNA-mRNA coexpression profiles correlate with platelet reactivity
Authors: Nagalla Srikanth , Shaw Chad , Kong Xianguo , Kondkar Altaf A. , Edelstein Leonard C. , Ma Lin , Chen Junmei , McKnight G. Stanley , López José A. , Yang Linghai , Jin Ying , Bray Molly S. , Leal Suzanne M. , Dong Jing-fei , Bray Paul F. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate cell physiology by altering protein expression, but the biology of platelet miRNAs is largely unexplored. We tested whether platelet miRNA levels were associated with platelet reactivity by genome-wide profiling using platelet RNA from 19 healthy subjects. We found that human platelets express 284 miRNAs. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of miRNA profiles resulted in 2 groups of subjects that appeared to cluster by platelet aggregation phenotypes. Seventy-four miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) between subjects grouped according to platelet aggregation to epinephrine, a subset of which predicted the platelet reactivity response. Using whole genome mRNA expression data on these same subjects, we computationally generated a high-priority list of miRNA-mRNA pairs in which the DE platelet miRNAs had binding sites in 3′-untranslated regions of DE mRNAs, and the levels were negatively correlated. Three miRNA-mRNA pairs (miR-200b:PRKAR2B, miR-495:KLHL5, and miR-107:CLOCK) were selected from this list, and all 3 miRNAs knocked down protein expression from the target mRNA. Reduced activation from platelets lacking PRKAR2B supported these findings. In summary, (1) platelet miRNAs are able to repress expression of platelet proteins, (2) miRNA profiles are associated with and may predict platelet reactivity, and (3) bioinformatic approaches can successfully identify functional miRNAs in platelets.
Autologous transplantation gives encouraging results for young adults with favorable-risk acute myeloid leukemia, but is not improved with gemtuzumab ozogamicin
Authors: Fernandez Hugo F. , Sun Zhuoxin , Litzow Mark R. , Luger Selina M. , Paietta Elisabeth M. , Racevskis Janis , Dewald Gordon , Ketterling Rhett P. , Rowe Jacob M. , Lazarus Hillard M. , Tallman Martin S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe report the results of a prospective, randomized phase 3 trial evaluating the use of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) in an intensive consolidation approach in 657 patients 17-60 years of age. Patients in first complete remission (CR1) after cytarabine and standard- or high-dose daunorubicin induction received 2 cycles of consolidation with high-dose cytarabine followed by peripheral blood progenitor cell collection. The 352 patients who entered consolidation were randomized to receive GO (n = 132) or not (n = 138) and then proceeded to autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). GO was given to 67 patients. Median follow-up was 50.9 months. Results of the intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated a 4-year disease-free survival (DFS) of 33.6% versus 35.9% (P = .54) and an overall survival (OS) of 41.3% versus 41.9% (P = .52) for those randomized to receive GO versus no GO, respectively. Patients with favorable- and intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated with high-dose daunorubicin and autologous HCT had 4-year DFS rates of 60% and 40% and OS rates of 80% and 49.3%, respectively. For younger AML patients in CR1, autologous HCT should be considered in favorable- and intermediate-cytogenetic risk patients who do not have an allogeneic donor. The addition of a single dose of GO in this setting did not improve outcomes. This trial is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00049517.
CD41 is developmentally regulated and differentially expressed on mouse hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Robin Catherine , Ottersbach Katrin , Boisset Jean-Charles , Oziemlak Aneta , Dzierzak Elaine 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCD41 expression is associated with the earliest stages of mouse hematopoiesis. It is notably expressed on some cells of the intra-aortic hematopoietic clusters, an area where the first adult-repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generated. Although it is generally accepted that CD41 expression marks the onset of primitive/definitive hematopoiesis, there are few published data concerning its expression on HSCs. It is as yet uncertain whether HSCs express CD41 throughout development, and if so, to what level. We performed a complete in vivo transplantation analysis with yolk sac, aorta, placenta, and fetal liver cells, sorted based on CD41 expression level. Our data show that the earliest emerging HSCs in the aorta express CD41 in a time-dependent manner. In contrast, placenta and liver HSCs are CD41−. Thus, differential and temporal expression of CD41 by HSCs in the distinct hematopoietic territories suggests a developmental/dynamic regulation of this marker throughout development.