bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Antibiotic Use in Massachusetts Children, 2000–2009
Authors: Greene Sharon K. , Kleinman Kenneth P. , Lakoma Matthew D. , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L. , Lee Grace M. , Huang Susan S. , Finkelstein Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE:
Antibiotic use rates have declined dramatically since the 1990s. We aimed to determine if, when, and at what level the decline in antibiotic-dispensing rates ended and which diagnoses contributed to the trends.

METHODS:
Antibiotic dispensings and diagnoses were obtained from 2 health insurers for 3- to &lt;72-month-olds in 16 Massachusetts communities from 2000 to 2009. Population-based antibiotic-dispensing rates per person-year (p-y) were determined according to year (September–August) for 3 age groups. Fit statistics were used to identify the most likely year for a change in trend. Rates for the first and last years were compared according to antibiotic category and associated diagnosis.

RESULTS:
From 2000–2001 to 2008–2009, the antibiotic-dispensing rate for 3- to &lt;24-month-olds decreased 24% (2.3–1.8 antibiotic dispensings per p-y); for 24- to &lt;48-month-olds, it decreased 18% (1.6–1.3 antibiotic dispensings per p-y); and for 48- to &lt;72-month-olds, it decreased 20% (1.4–1.1 antibiotic dispensings per p-y). For 3- to &lt;48-month-olds, rates declined until 2004–2005 and remained stable thereafter; the downward trend for 48- to &lt;72-month-olds ended earlier in 2001–2002. Among 3- to &lt;24-month-olds, first-line penicillin use declined 26%. For otitis media, the dispensing rate decreased 14% and the diagnosis rate declined 9%, whereas the treatment fraction was stable at 63%.

CONCLUSIONS:
The downward trend in antibiotic dispensings to young children in these communities ended by 2004–2005. This trend was driven by a declining otitis media diagnosis rate. Continued monitoring of population-based dispensing rates will support efforts to avoid returning to previous levels of antibiotic overuse.
Vitamin B6 Vitamer Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid Differ Between Preterm and Term Newborn Infants
Authors: Albersen Monique , Groenendaal Floris , van der Ham Maria , de Koning Tom J. , Bosma Marjolein , Visser Wouter F. , Visser Gepke , de Sain-van der Velden Monique G.M. , Verhoeven-Duif Nanda M. 
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Vitamin B6 plays a pivotal role in brain development and functioning. Differences in vitamin B6 homeostasis between preterm and term newborn infants have been reported. The authors sought to investigate whether B6 vitamers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of preterm and term newborn infants are different.

METHODS:
B6 vitamer concentrations were determined in 69 CSF samples of 36 newborn infants (26 born preterm and 10 born term) by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CSF samples, taken from a subcutaneous intraventricular reservoir, were bedside frozen and protected from light.

RESULTS:
Concentrations of pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), pyridoxic acid (PA), and pyridoxamine (PM) in preterm newborns (postmenstrual age 30–37 weeks) were at least twice as high as in older newborns (postmenstrual age ≥42 weeks). Pyridoxine and pyridoxamine phosphate concentrations were below limits of quantification in all newborns. In CSF of 2 very preterm newborns (postmenstrual age &lt;30 weeks), significant amounts of pyridoxine were present besides high concentrations of PL, PA, and PM, whereas PLP concentrations were relatively low. B6 vitamers in CSF were positively correlated, especially PA, PLP, and PL.

CONCLUSIONS:
In CSF of newborn infants, PL, PLP, PA, and PM are present, and concentrations are strongly dependent on postmenstrual age. Our results indicate that vitamin B6 homeostasis in brain differs between preterm and term newborns. These results should be taken into account for diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy and vitamin B6 deficiency in newborn infants.
Costs and Infant Outcomes After Implementation of a Care Process Model for Febrile Infants
Authors: Byington Carrie L. , Reynolds Carolyn C. , Korgenski Kent , Sheng Xiaoming , Valentine Karen J. , Nelson Richard E. , Daly Judy A. , Osguthorpe Russell J. , James Brent , Savitz Lucy , Pavia Andrew T. , Clark Edward B. 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE:Febrile infants in the first 90 days may have life-threatening serious bacterial infection (SBI). Well-appearing febrile infants with SBI cannot be distinguished from those without by examination alone. Variation in care resulting in both undertreatment and overtreatment is common.METHODS:We developed and implemented an evidence-based care process model (EB-CPM) for the management of well-appearing febrile infants in the Intermountain Healthcare System. We report an observational study describing changes in (1) care delivery, (2) outcomes of febrile infants, and (3) costs before and after implementation of the EB-CPM in a children’s hospital and in regional medical centers.RESULTS:From 2004 through 2009, 8044 infants had 8431 febrile episodes, resulting in medical evaluation. After implementation of the EB-CPM in 2008, infants in all facilities were more likely to receive evidence-based care including appropriate diagnostic testing, determination of risk for SBI, antibiotic selection, decreased antibiotic duration, and shorter hospital stays (P &lt; .001 for all). In addition, more infants had a definitive diagnosis of urinary tract infection or viral illness (P &lt; .001 for both). Infant outcomes improved with more admitted infants positive for SBI (P = .011), and infants at low risk for SBI were more often managed without antibiotics (P &lt; .001). Although hospital admissions were shortened by 27%, there were no cases of missed SBI. Health Care costs were also reduced, with the mean cost per admitted infant decreasing from $7178 in 2007 to $5979 in 2009 (−17%, P &lt; .001).CONCLUSIONS:The EB-CPM increased evidence-based care in all facilities. Infant outcomes improved and costs were reduced, substantially improving value.
Projected vegetation changes for the American Southwest: combined dynamic modeling and bioclimatic‐envelope approach
Authors: Notaro Michael , Mauss Adrien , Williams John W. 
Published: June 2012

This study focuses on potential impacts of 21st century climate change on vegetation in the Southwest United States, based on debiased and interpolated climate projections from 17 global climate models used in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Among these models a warming trend is universal, but projected changes in precipitation vary in sign and magnitude. Two independent methods are applied: a dynamic global vegetation model to assess changes in plant functional types and bioclimatic envelope modeling to assess changes in individual tree and shrub species and biodiversity. The former approach investigates broad responses of plant functional types to climate change, while considering competition, disturbances, and carbon fertilization, while the latter approach focuses on the response of individual plant species, and net biodiversity, to climate change.The dynamic model simulates a region‐wide reduction in vegetation cover during the 21st century, with a partial replacement of evergreen trees with grasses in the mountains of Colorado and Utah, except at the highest elevations, where tree cover increases. Across southern Arizona, central New Mexico, and eastern Colorado, grass cover declines, in some cases abruptly. Due to the prevalent warming trend among all 17 climate models, vegetation cover declines in the 21st century, with the greatest vegetation losses associated with models that project a drying trend. The inclusion of the carbon fertilization effect largely ameliorates the projected vegetation loss.Based on bioclimatic envelope modeling for the 21st century, the number of tree and shrub species that are expected to experience robust declines in range likely outweighs the number of species that are expected to expand in range. Dramatic shifts in plant species richness are projected, with declines in the high‐elevation evergreen forests, increases in the eastern New Mexico prairies, and a northward shift of the Sonoran Desert biodiversity maximum.
Effects of syringe type and storage conditions on results of equine blood gas and acid-base analysis
Authors: Kennedy Sarah A. , Constable Peter D. , Sen Ismail , Couëtil Laurent 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of syringe type and storage conditions on blood gas and acid-base values for equine blood samples.
Sample—Blood samples obtained from 8 healthy horses.
Procedures—Heparinized jugular venous blood was equilibrated via a tonometer at 37°C with 12% O2 and 5% CO2. Aliquots (3 mL) of tonometer-equilibrated blood were collected in random order by use of a glass syringe (GS), general-purpose polypropylene syringe (GPPS), or polypropylene syringe designed for blood gas analysis (PSBGA) and stored in ice water (0°C) or at room temperature (22°C) for 0, 5, 15, 30, 60, or 120 minutes. Blood pH was measured, and blood gas analysis was performed; data were analyzed by use of multivariable regression analysis.
Results—Blood Po2 remained constant for the reference method (GS stored at 0°C) but decreased linearly at a rate of 7.3 mm Hg/h when stored in a GS at 22°C. In contrast, Po2 increased when blood was stored at 0°C in a GPPS and PSBGA or at 22°C in a GPPS; however, Po2 did not change when blood was stored at 22°C in a PSBGA. Calculated values for plasma concentration of HCO3 and total CO2 concentration remained constant in the 3 syringe types when blood was stored at 22°C for 2 hours but increased when blood was stored in a GS or GPPS at 0°C.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Blood samples for blood gas and acid-base analysis should be collected into a GS and stored at 0°C or collected into a PSBGA and stored at room temperature.
Major salivary gland tumors in children — diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties
Authors: Zielinski Rafal , Zakrzewska Anna 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Major salivary gland tumors are very rare in the developmental period. Confirming tumor changes of the salivary gland requires precise diagnostic imaging involving an ultrasonography scan, computed tomography and magnetic resonance. A needle aspiration biopsy (NAB) of a tumor is of high importance. Excision of the tumor is the main treatment method in the case of parotid gland tumors. Statistical data concerning tumors suggest choosing less invasive methods, which seems very logical in children. The operational methods used in the tumor treatment are: extracapsular excision of a tumor, partial parotidectomy, total parotidectomy, sometimes proceeded with lymphatic nodes operations. Extracapsular excision of a tumor is a noninvasive method chosen because of simplicity and lesser risk of serious complications. This method is reserved only for the cases of benign tumors of the gland. Most authors, however, consider a partial parotidectomy as a method of choice in benign tumor cases and a total parotidectomy in cases of carcinomas of the parotid gland. Submandibular gland tumors need total gland excision. The clinical cases presented in this paper show the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment choices in cases of major salivary gland tumors in children.
Resistance of nanostructured films to permeation by industrial pollutants
Authors: Přikryl Radek , Obšel Vladimír , Rek Antonín , Sedláček Ondřej , Procházka Michal 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to modify or replace the PEVA foil (polyethylenevinylacetate) currently used in the Czech Army as a construction material for the NBC protective disposable suit JP-90 (a part of the OM-90 protective mask set). This material shows inadequate protective properties; therefore, barrier coatings based on melamine, Parylene (polyparaxylylene) and various types of SiOx were applied to its surface by vacuum technologies. The selected samples coated with polymer matrix barrier nanocoatings were continuously evaluated for resistance to permeation by highly toxic chemicals warfare agents (CWAs) and industrial pollutants at the Military Technical Institute of Protection (MTIP) in Brno. In addition, the microstructure of selected samples was assessed before and after the exposure to pollutants. The nanocoatings thus prepared were characterised in terms of surface morphology (SEM), chemical structure (FTIR), and oxygen transmission rate (OTR) at the Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology. Sulphur mustard (HD) was used to test the sample resistance to permeation. Cyclohexane and subsequently 1,6-dichlorhexane were used as substitute testing substances for HD; however, the latter proved to be more advantageous. The resulting OTR values are presented, along with the permeation by toxic substances, both for the initial uncoated and the barrier-layers-coated PEVA foil. The results show a difference in the mechanism of vapour permeation of CWAs and toxic volatile organic solvents (VOCs).
Influence of environmental and spatial factors on the distribution of surface sediment diatoms in Chaohu Lake, southeast China
Authors: Chen Xu , Yang Xiangdong , Dong Xuhui , Liu Enfeng 
Published: June 2012

Abstract- The spatial distribution of surface sediment diatoms in Chaohu Lake (southeast China), and their relationships with environmental and spatial variables were analyzed in this study. The diatom assemblages were dominated by planktonic species. Three dominant speciesCyclostephanos dubius,Aulacoseira granulataandAulacoseira alpigenaare unevenly distributed across the lake. The distribution of surface sediment diatoms must be subject to trophic status, hydrodynamics and other spatial variables in the lake.
On the bromination of the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene photo-/thermoswitch
Authors: Mazzanti Virginia , Cacciarini Martina , Broman Søren L , Parker Christian R , Schau-Magnussen Magnus , Bond Andrew D , Nielsen Mogens B 
Published: June 2012

Background: The dihydroazulene (DHA)/vinylheptafulvene (VHF) system (with two cyano groups at C1) functions as a photo-/thermoswitch. Direct ionic bromination of DHA has previously furnished a regioselective route to a 7,8-dibromide, which by elimination was converted to a 7-bromo-substituted DHA. This compound has served as a central building block for functionalization of the DHA by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The current work explores another bromination protocol for achieving the isomeric 3-bromo-DHA and also explores the outcome of additional bromination of this compound as well as of the known 7-bromo-DHA.Results: Radical bromination on two different VHFs by using N-bromosuccinimide/benzoyl peroxide and light, followed by a ring-closure reaction generated the corresponding 3-bromo-DHAs, as confirmed in one case by X-ray crystallography. According to a 1H NMR spectroscopic study, the ring closure of the brominated VHF seemed to occur readily under the reaction conditions. A subsequent bromination–elimination protocol provided a 3,7-dibromo-DHA. In contrast, treating the known 7-bromo-DHA with bromine generated a very labile species that was converted to a new 3,7-dibromoazulene, i.e., the fully unsaturated species. Azulenes were also found to form from brominated compounds when left standing for a long time in the solid state. Kinetics measurements reveal that the 3-bromo substituent enhances the rate of the thermal conversion of the VHF to DHA, which is opposite to the effect exerted by a bromo substituent in the seven-membered ring.Conclusion: Two general procedures for functionalizing the DHA core with a bromo substituent (at positions 3 and 7, respectively) are now available with the DHA as starting material.
Econometric treatment of few protest responses in willingness-to-pay studies: An application in health care
Authors: Havet Nathalie , Morelle Magali , Remonnay Raphaël , Carrère Marie-Odile 
Published: June 2012

Résumé Dans les études d’évaluation contingente, de nombreuses réponses correspondent à des dispositions à payer nulles (DAP), mais avec des justifications fort différentes, qui vont des vraies réponses nulles cohérentes avec les décisions économiques aux réponses protestataires. La littérature empirique portant sur les déterminants des DAP issues d’enchères a mis en évidence que le modèle “double-hurdle” était le plus approprié pour tenir compte du double caractère de ces réponses nulles. Cependant, quand le nombre de réponses protestataires est trop faible pour être explicitement modélisé, cette approche n’est pas applicable. Ce papier discute des stratégies économétriques possibles dans de tels cas, fréquents dans les études de soins de santé. Les différents modèles envisagés sont appliqués à l’étude des déterminants des DAP, de patients français atteints du cancer, pour la transfusion sanguine à domicile. Nos résultats montrent que les réponses protestataires ne doivent pas être éliminées, même si elles sont en nombre limité, et que le Tobit type II et le modèle standard de régression tronquée peuvent tous les deux être appliqués. Toutefois, comme sur échantillons finis de petite taille, la méthode d’estimation la plus robuste est celle du bootstrap avec un grand nombre de réplications, le modèle tronqué, facilement applicable, économe en temps de calcul et non sujet aux problèmes d’identification dans ce cas contrairement au Tobit type II, est un modèle économétrique qui pourrait être privilégié dans de nombreuses études de DAP en économie de la santé. Classification JEL : I18, C13, C24.
Fisher, Macaulay et Allais face au “paradoxe de Gibson”
Authors: Durand Jean-Jacques , Prat Georges 
Published: June 2012

Résumé D’après la théorie quantitative de la monnaie, une expansion de la masse monétaire devrait avoir pour effets à la fois une baisse des taux d’intérêt et une augmentation du prix des biens et services. La corrélation négative attendue entre ces deux dernières variables étant contredite par la corrélation positive observée initialement par Gibson - et confirmée par les travaux ultérieurs - Keynes évoque le « paradoxe de Gibson ». I. Fisher a proposé une explication de ce « paradoxe » fondée sur la lenteur des ajustements des taux d’intérêt au taux d’inflation. Cependant, F.R.Macaulay a montré que, lorsque l’influence de l’inflation sur les taux d’intérêt remonte loin dans le passé, il existe une relation nécessaire entre le niveau des prix et la moyenne pondérée des taux d’inflation passés calculée par Fisher. Dès lors, on peut se demander si la corrélation positive entre le niveau des prix et le taux d’intérêt est le résultat d’un comportement fishérien des agents, ou au contraire, si les résultats de Fisher ne sont qu’une conséquence triviale de la corrélation constatée entre le niveau des prix et le taux d’intérêt. Toutefois, la critique de Macaulay perd sa pertinence lorsque les ajustements sont rapides (i.e. la mémoire du passé est courte), comme pendant les hyperinflations ou encore la période d’après la seconde guerre mondiale. Par rapport à ce débat, le mérite de la théorie Héréditaire et Relativiste (HR) d’Allais est de tenter une réconciliation, avec l’hypothèse du « taux d’intérêt psychologique » i . Dépendant des variations passées des prix et de la production, ce taux s’égalise au « taux d’oubli » et représente la tendance générale des taux d’intérêt du marché. Lorsque la mémoire est longue (i.e. taux d’oubli faible), le taux i est nécessairement lié au niveau des prix, et rend donc compte de la corrélation positive - pouvant être plus ou moins stable en raison de l’influence de la production - entre le taux d’intérêt du marché et le niveau des prix. Cependant, lorsque la mémoire est courte (i.e. taux d’oubli élevé), la théorie HR implique à la fois la disparition de la corrélation entre le taux d’intérêt et le niveau des prix et l’émergence d’une corrélation positive entre le taux d’intérêt et le taux de variation courant des prix, comme cela est aussi souvent observé. Classification JEL : E31, E43, N01.
Rituel et liminarité
Authors: Dartiguenave Jean-Yves 
Published: June 2012

Résumé La liminarité ne nous paraît pas réductible à l’une des phases des rites de passage. Elle nous paraît renvoyer plus largement à un processus proprement anthropologique par lequel les participants à l’acte rituel se distancient des conventions et prescriptions attachées à ce dernier. Cette distanciation à l’égard du contenu du rituel ouvre l’accès à la communitas existentielle , c’est-à-dire à un « vivre et sentir communautaire » à partir duquel les acteurs sociaux se réapproprient singulièrement le rituel. Ce passage du rituel à la communitas existentielle emprunte ainsi un trajet anthropologique qui constitue la condition essentielle à la revivification permanente du rituel.
Tameness of Complex Dimension in a Real Analytic Set
Authors: Adamus Janusz , Randriambololona Serge , Shafikov Rasul 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGiven a real analytic set X in a complex manifold and a positive integer d, denote by Ad the set of points p in X at which there exists a germ of a complex analytic set of dimension d contained in X. It is proved that Ad is a closed semianalytic subset of X.
Iterated Integrals and Higher Order Invariants
Authors: Deitmar Anton , Horozov Ivan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe show that higher order invariants of smooth functions can be written as linear combinations of full invariants times iterated integrals. The non-uniqueness of such a presentation is captured in the kernel of the ensuing map from the tensor product. This kernel is computed explicitly. As a consequence, higher order invariants form a free module of the algebra of full invariants.
A Hilbert Scheme in Computer Vision
Authors: Aholt Chris , Sturmfels Bernd , Thomas Rekha 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMultiview geometry is the study of two-dimensional images of three-dimensional scenes, a foundational subject in computer vision. We determine a universal Gröbner basis for the multiview ideal of ngeneric cameras. As the cameras move, the multiview varieties vary in a family of dimension 11n − 15. This family is the distinguished component of a multigraded Hilbert scheme with a unique Borel-fixed point. We present a combinatorial study of ideals lying on that Hilbert scheme.
Jordan *-Derivations of Finite-Dimensional
Semiprime Algebras
Authors: Fošner Ajda , Lee Tsiu-Kwen 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we characterize Jordan *-derivations of a 2-torsion free, finite-dimensional semiprime algebra R with involution *. To be precise, we prove the following. Let δ : R → R be a Jordan *-derivation. Then there exists a *-algebra decomposition R = U ⊕ V such that both U and V are invariant under δ. Moreover, * is the identity map of U and δ|U is a derivation, and the Jordan *-derivation δ|V is inner. We also prove the following. Let R be a noncommutative, centrally closed prime algebra with involution *, char R ≠ 2, and let δ be a nonzero Jordan *-derivation of R. If δ is an elementary operator of R, then dimCR < ∞ and δ is inner.