bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of reactive oxygen species and algal growth inhibition by tritiated water with or without copper
Authors: Réty C. , Gilbin R. , Gomez E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTritium (3H) is a radioactive element of ecological concern because of its release into aquatic ecosystems from nuclear power plants. However, the acute and chronic effects of tritiated water (HTO) on aquatic organisms are poorly documented, as are its effects on oxidative stress. In addition, the effects of HTO in combination with other contaminants remain largely unexamined. Herein, we document the effect of HTO on a primary aquatic producer (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) by measuring growth and oxidative stress using fluorimetric (H2DCF‐DA) determination of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. The maximum cell density of the alga (1.65 × 106cells mL‐1) was reduced by 23% (1.27 × 106cells mL‐1) at the highest exposure tested (59 MBq mL‐1HTO), whereas cells exposed to 0.9 MBq mL‐1showed a significantly enhanced maximum cell density of 1.90 × 106cells mL‐1, an increase of 15%. With regard to oxidative stress, exposure to HTO (0.04, 0.16, and 2.8 MBq mL‐1) induced an early dose‐dependent peak in ROS production after 14–15 min of exposure, followed by a slow decrease in ROS which stabilized after 60 min. Moreover, this study showed that the presence of HTO may influence the impact of other conventional, nonradioactive contaminants, such as copper, a well known oxidizing trace metal for aquatic organisms. A significant synergic effect of copper and HTO on ROS production was observed. This synergic effect on oxidative stress was shown to be linked to an enhanced copper uptake rate measured in the presence of HTO (> 4 times). We conclude that HTO should be considered as a sensitizer when in a mixture with other contaminants, especially through interactions on the antioxidant system of algae. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of pesticides in chick embryos: A comparative study using two commercial formulations
Authors: Uggini Gowri K. , Patel Prabhudas V. , Balakrishnan Suresh 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDevelopmental toxicity of two different classes of commercial formulations of insecticides was studied by in ovo treatment of fertilized Rhode Island Red eggs. The first one was a combination of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin and the second one was spinosad, a fermentation product of soil bacterium, Actinomycetes. In this study, the combination pesticide and spinosad of different concentrations were administered as a single dose in ovo in volumes of 50 μL per each egg on day “0” of incubation. Embryonic growth and development, morphological and skeletal malformations, and hatchability were assessed. The combination insecticide induced explicit alterations in the embryonic growth and development and resulted in malformations particularly to the axial and appendicular skeletal structures, whereas the changes were trivial in case of the spinosad exposure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Acetyl cholinesterase activity and muscle contraction in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) following chronic phosphate exposure
Authors: Boettger S. Anne , McClintock James B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe common shallow‐water sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus is capable of surviving inorganic phosphate exposures as high as 3.2 mg L−1 and organic phosphate exposures of 1000 mg L−1. Nonetheless, chronic exposure to low, medium, and high‐sublethal concentrations of organic phosphate inhibits the muscle enzyme acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), responsible for the break down of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as well as inhibiting contractions in the muscles associated with the Aristotle's lantern. AChE activity, measured in both a static enzyme assay and by vesicular staining, displayed concentration‐dependent declines of activity in individuals maintained in organic phosphate for 4 weeks. The activity of AChE was not adversely affected by exposure to inorganic phosphate or seawater controls over the same time period. Maximum force of muscle contraction and rates of muscle contraction and relaxation also decreased with chronic exposure to increasing concentrations of organic phosphate. Chronic exposure to inorganic phosphates elicited no response except at the highest concentration, where the maximum force of muscular contraction increased compared to controls. These findings indicate that shallow‐water populations of Lytechinus variegatus subjected to organic phosphate pollutants may display impaired muscular activity that is potentially related to the inhibition of the muscle relaxant enzyme AChE, and subsequently muscular overstimulation, and fatigue. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
A cross‐layer approach for integrating security mechanisms in sensor networks architectures
Authors: Roman Rodrigo , Lopez Javier , Najera Pablo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe wireless sensor networks (WSN) paradigm is especially vulnerable against external and internal attacks. Therefore, it is necessary to develop security mechanisms and protocols to protect them. These mechanisms must become an integral part of the software architecture and network stack of a sensor node. A question that remains is how to achieve this integration. In this paper we check how both academic and industrial solutions tackle this issue, and we present the concept of a transversal layer, where all the different security mechanisms could be contained. This way, all the elements of the architecture can interact with the security mechanisms, and the security mechanisms can have a holistic point of view of the whole architecture. We discuss the advantages of this approach, and also present how the transversal layer concept was applied to a real middleware architecture. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A security framework for wireless mesh networks
Authors: Mogre Parag S. , Graffi Kalman , Hollick Matthias , Steinmetz Ralf 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe class of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) supports an ample set of applications including wireless community networks, radio access networks in rural or metropolitan areas, or wireless backbones for factory/process automation. Guaranteeing security is crucial for within these application scenarios. While contemporary wireless technologies, such as the IEEE 802.16 or the IEEE 802.11s standard, provide the basic protocol mechanisms for mesh networking, they lack in comprehensive security mechanisms. Additionally, novel security features of the above standards such as per‐link encryption break existing security solutions that rely on overhearing of the wireless channel. We close this gap by developing a holistic approach toward securing WMNs with particular focus on the network layer. We perform a threat analysis and then develop solutions (1) guaranteeing the integrity and authenticity of routing messages, (2) to locally and globally detect misbehavior of nodes in forwarding data or routing messages even for settings that do not allow for overhearing the channel, and (3) to dynamically manage reputation of nodes throughout the network. The combination of these building blocks enables to provide for secure, self‐organizing WMNs. As a proof‐of‐concept, we tailor and implement our solutions for the setting of a realistic IEEE 802.16 mesh network; we discuss the protection achieved and assess selected performance trade‐offs for the developed mechanisms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pretense and imagination
Authors: Liao Shen‐yi , Szabó Gendler Tamar 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIssues of pretense and imagination are of central interest to philosophers, psychologists, and researchers in allied fields. In this entry, we provide a roadmap of some of the central themes around which discussion has been focused. We begin with an overview of pretense, imagination, and the relationship between them. We then shift our attention to the four specific topics where the disciplines' research programs have intersected or where additional interactions could prove mutually beneficial: the psychological underpinnings of performing pretense and of recognizing pretense, the cognitive capacities involved in imaginative engagement with fictions, and the real‐world impact of make‐believe. In the final section, we discuss more briefly a number of other mental activities that arguably involve imagining, including counterfactual reasoning, delusions, and dreaming.WIREs Cogn Sci2011 2 79–94 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.91This article is categorized under:Psychology > Development and AgingPhilosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
Tissue scaffolds for skin wound healing and dermal reconstruction
Authors: Zhong S. P. , Zhang Y. Z. , Lim C. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne of the major applications of tissue‐engineered skin substitutes for wound healing is to promote the healing of cutaneous wounds. In this respect, many important clinical milestones have been reached in the past decades. However, currently available skin substitutes for wound healing often suffer from a range of problems including wound contraction, scar formation, and poor integration with host tissue. Engineering skin substitutes by tissue engineering approach has relied upon the creation of three‐dimensional scaffolds as extracellular matrix (ECM) analog to guide cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation to form skin‐functional and structural tissue. The three‐dimensional scaffolds can not only cover wound and give a physical barrier against external infection as wound dressing, but also can provide support both for dermal fibroblasts and the overlying keratinocytes for skin tissue engineering. A successful tissue scaffold should exhibit appropriate physical and mechanical characteristics and provide an appropriate surface chemistry and nano and microstructures to facilitate cellular attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. A variety of scaffolds have been fabricated based on materials ranging from naturally occurring ones to those manufactured synthetically. This review discusses a variety of commercial or laboratory‐engineered skin substitutes for wound healing. Central to the discussion are the scaffolds/materials, fabrication techniques, and their characteristics associated with wound healing. One specifically highlighted emerging fabrication technique is electrospinning that allows the design and fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds that offer tremendous potential applications in wound healing of skin. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 510–525This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
Synthese von 3‐DBU‐closo‐2‐CB6H6 und [3‐Cl‐closo‐2‐CB6H6]– – eine erste einfache Synthese für [CB6]‐closo‐Cluster
Authors: Schlüter Florian , Bernhardt Eduard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe closo‐hydro‐borate [B6H6]2– reacts with DBU (= 1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐en) in chloroform to give a mixture of two different seven‐vertex monocarboranes, 3‐DBU‐closo‐2‐CB6H6 and [3‐Cl‐closo‐2‐CB6H6]–. Dichlorocarbene, which is generated in situ by the reaction of DBU with chloroform at elevated temperatures, subsequently inserts into the [B6H6]‐closo‐cluster to result in 3‐DBU‐closo‐2‐CB6H6 as main product [3‐Cl‐closo‐2‐CB6H6]– was obtained as a byproduct. Both novel carboranes were isolated and characterized by 1H, 1H{11B}, 11B, 11B{1H} and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 3‐DBU‐closo‐2‐CB6H6 as well as [3‐Cl‐closo‐2‐CB6H6]– were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Dynamic Expansion of a Spherical Cavity in an Unbounded Hyperelastic Medium
Authors: Mioduchowski A. , Haddow J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn approximate method, based on a discrete model, is given for the solution of certain spherically symmetric dynamic finite deformation problems of an unbounded compressible hyperelastic medium. The method is outlined for expansion of a spherical cavity and results are presented for a particular strain energy function.
A Misfit and a Crack in an Infinite Elastic Plate
Authors: Bhargava R. D. , Bhargava R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the following problem is investigated. Consider an infinite, isotropic elastic plate with a circular cavity and a straight crack. A circular disc of dimension slightly larger than that of the circular cavity is inserted into the cavity and welded round it to prevent sliding. The elastic field generated both in the disc and outer medium due to the misfit size of the circular disc is found. The complex variable technique is used. The stress intensity at the crack tip has also been calculated. It is shown that if the straight crack is near the circular hole, then the stresses in the vicinity of the disc will be greatly affected, as expected.
Singularly Loaded Semi‐circular Plate with Clamped Diameter and Free Circular Edge
Authors: Bassali W. A. , Mahmood S. S. , Refai M. Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExplicit formulae are given for the deflections and stresses in a thin isotropic homogeneous semi‐circular plate subject to an isolated load on the radius of symmetry, clamped along the diameter and free along the circular boundary. Two methods are used and numerical values of deflections, moments and shears based on the theory are provided in tables and curves. Results obtained by the two methods are in good agreement.
Die Existenz von Lösungen der Gleichungen, welche die Strömung inkompressibler mikropolarer Flüssigkeiten beschreiben
Authors: Lange H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDer Verfasser untersucht mit Hilfe funktionalanalytischer Methoden die Anfangsrandwertaufgabe der Gleichungen, welche die inkompressible Strömung von mikropolaren Flüssigkeiten beschreiben. Dabei handelt es sich um zähe Flüssigkeiten, deren Volumenelementen Mikrorotationseffekte (insbesondere Mikrorotationsträgheit) zugeschrieben werden können.
Penalty Function Methods for the Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Obstacle Problems with Finite Elements
Authors: Werner W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA class of penalty function methods for the solution of nonlinear variational inequalities with obstacles <–Au, v–u> ⩽ 0 für alle v ⩾ ψ in the Sobolev space W1, p (ω) is studied. The (nonlinear) penalty equations are solved by finite element techniques; the order of convergence of this procedure which depends on the regularity of the solution as well as on the finite elements used is investigated.
Squeeze Film Theory for Cosserat Fluids
Authors: Ahmadi Goodarz 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fundamental theory of squeeze film of fluids with inner structure is considered. The basic equations of motion of Cosserat fluids are reviewed. The special case of creeping parallel flow is investigatd and the expression for the velocity distribution in a narrow channel is derived. The variation of film bearing capacity with film thickness and inner structure length scale is calculated and the expression for time‐height relationship is also obtained and discussed. The limits of small and large fluids inner structure length measure are fconsidered and simple expressions for the load supporting capacity and time‐height relationship are derived. The results are plotted in several figures. The inner structure of the Cosserat fluid is also estimated form the existing experimental data for thin squeeze films.
Existenz‐ und Einzigkeitsprobleme für instationäre Strömungen in offenen Gerinnen
Authors: Förste J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFür sehr breite Rechteckgerinne wird die zeitliche Entwicklung einer Wasserwelle betrachtet. Es werden Existenz‐, Einzigkeits‐ und Stabilitätsfragen untersucht.
On an Analytical Determination of Initial Points of Crack Propagation
Authors: Fischer K.‐F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the present paper, a possibility of determination of initial points of crack propagation in front of the crack tip is investigated. This possibility consists in the fact that apart from the first term of the series solution for the elastic field variables in crack tip vicinity further terms are considered in the formulation of characteristic quantities for crack judgment. Above all an extended Sih‐Criterion is presented. A qualitatively new information results in the determination of hypothetical initial points of crack propagation in front of the crack tip. We obtain similar results if we consider the extended stressparameter‐criterion and the extended multi‐axial‐value‐criterion.
Stabilitätseigenschaften adeptiver Runge‐Kutta‐Verfahren
Authors: Strehmel K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractZur numerischen Behandlung von steifen Anfangswertaufgaben wird eine Klasse adaptiver Runge‐Kutta‐Verfahren betrachtet. Unter Beibehaltung der Konsistenzordnung erfordern sie nur gelegentlich eine Berechnung der Jacobi‐Matrix. Das Stabilitätsverhalten der adaptiven Verfahren bei großen Schrittweiten wird bezüglich des von Prothero und Robinson vorgeschlagenen skalaren Anfangswertproblems diskutiert. Die Wirksamkeit der adaptiven Verfahren wird durch einige steife Anfangswertaufgaben belegt.
2D elastic scattering of a plane dyadic wave by a small rigid body and cavity
Authors: Sevroglou V. , Vafeas P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper the scattering problem of the disturbance of a plane dyadic wave by a rigid body or a cavity, in two‐dimensional elastodynamics is considered. The direct scattering problems are formulated in a dyadic form, and in each case, the corresponding longitudinal and transverse far‐field scattering amplitudes are presented. We provide the necessary energy considerations and expressions for the differential and the scattering cross‐section due to plane wave dyadic incidence. Next, the rigid body and cavity are considered to be small and are illuminated by a plane dyadic field. Finally, relative results for low‐frequency scattering are obtained, and similar corresponding expressions for energy functionals in the far‐field along with expressions for the differential and the total scattering cross‐section are recovered as special cases.
Small strain oscillations of an elastoplastic Kirchhoff plate
Authors: Guenther R.B. , Krejčí P. , Sprekels J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe two dimensional equation for transversal vibrations of an elastoplastic plate is derived from a general three dimensional system with a single yield tensorial von Mises plasticity model in the five dimensional deviatoric space. It leads after dimensional reduction to a multiyield three dimensional Prandtl‐Ishlinskii hysteresis model whose weight function is explicitly given. The resulting partial differential equation with hysteresis is solved by means of viscous approximations and a monotonicity argument.
Displacement control in time‐adaptive non‐linear finite‐element analysis
Authors: Hartmann S. , Quint K.J. , Hamkar A.‐W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn the one hand, displacement controlled processes are frequently applied in Computational Mechanics using the finite‐element method, on the other hand, there are some shortcomings regarding the study and the presentation of this particular case. In this article, we focus our theoretical considerations on quasi‐static problems with constitutive equations of evolutionary type. In this case, it is currently known that the solution procedure of global and local iterations within the “Newton‐Raphson method” is related to the method of lines, where one arrives at a system of differential‐algebraic equations after the spatial discretization by means of the finite element method. This could be solved by means of the Backward‐Euler method or more appropriately using time‐adaptive, stiffly accurate, diagonally implicit Runge‐Kutta methods in combination with the Multilevel‐Newton method. In this respect the theoretical basis of currently applied implicit non‐linear finite element analyses is extended to displacement controlled processes. In this article, the calculation of the reaction forces using the method of Lagrange multipliers and the penalty method are of special interest in view of the new DAE‐approach. Accordingly, an important objective lies in a consistent notation so that the dependence of known and unknown variables as well as the transition from local to global level becomes obvious. These investigations are of utmost importance for micro‐macro homogenization techniques in FE$^2$ approaches and the development of new global time and space‐adaptive integration methods.
A micro‐mechanically based quadratic yield condition for textured polycrystals
Authors: Böhlke T. , Risy G. , Bertram A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the present paper a two‐scale approach for the description of anisotropies in sheet metals is introduced, which combines the advantages of a macroscopic and a microscopic modeling. While the elastic law, the flow rule, and the hardening rule are formulated on the macroscale, the anisotropy is taken into account in terms of a micro‐mechanically defined 4th‐order texture coefficient. The texture coefficient specifies the anisotropic part of the elasticity tensor and the quadratic yield condition. The evolution of the texture coefficients is described by a rigid‐viscoplastic Taylor type model. The advantage of the suggested model compared to the classical v. Mises‐Hill model is first, that macroscopic anisotropy parameters can be identified based on a texture measurement, and second, that the anisotropy of the elastic and the plastic behavior is generally path‐dependent and that this path‐dependence is related to a micro‐mechanical deformation mechanism. An explicit modeling of the plastic spin is circumvented by the aforementioned micro‐mechanical approach. The model is implemented into the FE code ABAQUS and applied to the simulation of the deep drawing process of aluminum.
Differential scanning calorimetry – continuum mechanical considerations with focus to the polymerisation of adhesives
Authors: Lion A. , Yagimli B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo study temperature‐induced changes in the specific enthalpy of materials, the differential scanning calorimetry technique (DSC) is a powerful experimental approach. It is well‐established in physical chemistry and materials science but less familiar in continuum mechanics. In this context, the balance equation of energy in conjunction with the theory of internal variables is the fundamental aspect from the point of view of continuum mechanics. This paper presents the theoretical fundamentals of how to take classical and temperature‐modulated DSC tests into account in order to model or identify the thermochemical parts of the specific‐free energy, which is the most commonly used thermodynamic potential in continuum mechanics. The numerical examples treated in this work provide an insight into the possibilities of the DSC technique and into the constitutive representation of exothermal energy changes in curing adhesives.
Paneth's disease
Authors: Wehkamp Jan , Stange Eduard F. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In about 70% of patients Crohn's disease (CD) affects the small intestine. This disease location is stable over time and associated with a genetic background different from isolated colonic disease. A characteristic feature of small intestinal host defense is the presence of Paneth cells at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn. These cells produce different broad spectrum antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) most abundantly the α-defensins HD-5 and -6 (DEFA5 und DEFA6). In small intestinal Crohn's disease both these PC products are specifically reduced. As a functional consequence, ileal extracts from Crohn's disease patients are compromised in clearing bacteria and enteroadherent E. coli colonize the mucosa. Mechanisms for defective antimicrobial Paneth cell function are complex and include an association with a NOD2 loss of function mutation, a disturbance of the Wnt pathway transcription factor TCF7L2 (also known as TCF4), the autophagy factor ATG16L1 , the endosomal stress protein XBP1, the toll-like receptor TLR9, the calcium mediated potassium chanel KCNN4 as well as mutations or inactivation of HD5. Thus we conclude that small intestinal Crohn's disease is most likely a complex disease of the Paneth cell: Paneth's disease.