bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the use of importance information in MCDA problems with criteria measured on the first ordered metric scale
Authors: Podinovski Vladislav V. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper presents theoretical foundations for the description of preferences in multiple criteria decision analysis models using quantitative estimates of the relative importance of criteria. It is assumed that not only the values of criteria but also the differences of such values are ordered according to the preference of the decision maker. Simple decision rules that define the preference and indifference relations induced by the information about the quantitative importance of such criteria are developed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of Primary Vertebral Tumors
Authors: Singh Harshpal , Meyer Scott A. , Jenkins Arthur L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAdvances in the treatment of disease and detection through advanced imaging have led to an increase in the discovery of vertebral tumors. Although the majority of symptomatic spinal lesions are metastatic in origin, a significant number of them arise primarily in the spine. These lesions encompass a wide variety of tumor types classified by their cell of origin: bony tumors, cartilaginous tumors, vascular tumors, plasma cell dyscrasias, and tumors that arise from embryonic rests. Further classification of these tumors into malignant or benign subtypes is based on their clinical progression, histopathological evidence of invasiveness, and response to therapy. We provide a brief overview and description of primary tumors as well as treatment paradigms for the individual tumor types. Mt Sinai J Med 76:499–504, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
The Plague of Athens: Epidemiology and Paleopathology
Authors: Littman Robert J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn 430 BC, a plague struck the city of Athens, which was then under siege by Sparta during the Peloponnesian War (431‐404 BC). In the next 3 years, most of the population was infected, and perhaps as many as 75,000 to 100,000 people, 25% of the city's population, died. The Athenian general and historian Thucydides left an eye‐witness account of this plague and a detailed description to allow future generations to identify the disease should it break out again. Because of the importance of Thucydides and Athens in Western history and culture, the Plague of Athens has taken a prominent position in the history of the West for the past 2500 years. Despite Thucydides' careful description, in the past 100 years, scholars and physicians have disagreed about the identification of the disease. Based on clinical symptoms, 2 diagnoses have dominated the modern literature on the Athenian plague: smallpox and typhus. New methodologies, including forensic anthropology, demography, epidemiology, and paleopathogy, including DNA analysis, have shed new light on the problem. Mathematical modeling has allowed the examination of the infection and attack rates and the determination of how long it takes a disease to spread in a city and how long it remains endemic. The highly contagious epidemic exhibited a pustular rash, high fever, and diarrhea. Originating in Ethiopia, it spread throughout the Mediterranean. It spared no segment of the population, including the statesman Pericles. The epidemic broke in early May 430 BC, with another wave in the summer of 428 BC and in the winter of 427‐426 BC, and lasted 4.5 to 5 years. Thucydides portrays a virgin soil epidemic with a high attack rate and an unvarying course in persons of different ages, sexes, and nationalities.The epidemiological analysis excludes common source diseases and most respiratory diseases. The plague can be limited to either a reservoir diseases (zoonotic or vector‐borne) or one of the respiratory diseases associated with an unusual means of persistence, either environmental/fomite persistence or adaptation to indolent transmission among dispersed rural populations. The first category includes typhus, arboviral diseases, and plague, and the second category includes smallpox. Both measles and explosive streptococcal disease appear to be much less likely candidates.In 2001, a mass grave was discovered that belonged to the plague years. Ancient microbial typhoid (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi) DNA was extracted from 3 skeletons. Because typhoid was endemic in the Greek world, it is not the likely cause of this sudden epidemic. Mt Sinai J Med 76:456–467, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
The assignment of storage locations to containers for a container stack
Authors: Wan Yat‐wah , Liu Jiyin , Tsai Pei‐Chun 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAssigning storage locations to incoming or reshuffled containers is a fundamental problem essential to the operations efficiency of container terminals. The problem is notoriously hard for its combinatorial and dynamic nature. In this article, we minimize the number of reshuffles in assigning storage locations for incoming and reshuffled export containers. For the static problem to empty a given stack without any new container arrival, the optimum reshuffle sequence is identified by an integer program (IP). The integer program captures the evolution of stack configurations as a function of decisions and is of interest by itself. Heuristics based on the integer program are then derived. Their competitiveness in accuracy and time are established by extensive numerical runs comparing them with existing heuristics in literature and in practice as well as with extensions of the existing heuristics. Variants of the IP‐based heuristics are then applied to the dynamic problem with continual retrievals and arrivals of containers. Again, numerical runs confirm that the IP‐based heuristic is competitive. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2009
Strategic group membership and nonprofit organization performance
Authors: Marlin Dan , Ritchie William J. , Geiger Scott W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study analyzed the resource characteristics of a sample of university foundations and identified five distinct strategic groups. We found significant performance differences among them. Specifically, the group that focused most heavily on fundraising activities had the highest financial performance. Also performing well was the group with the highest ratio of contributions to total revenues combined with the highest level of slack. The research and managerial implications of this study's findings are discussed.
Patterns of governance structures in trade associations and unions
Authors: Schnurbein Georg von 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMost research on the governance of nonprofit organizations concentrates on welfare‐oriented organizations and disregards other types of nonprofits. This article examines the governance structures of trade associations and unions as a special type of nonprofit organization. Analysis is based on a qualitative case study survey of thirty Swiss trade associations. The results distinguish four categories of governance: satellite governance, delegate governance, executive governance, and inner‐circle governance.
Modeling the phase behavior in binary mixtures involving blowing agents and thermoplastic resins
Authors: Arce Pedro F. , Aznar Martín 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe thermophysical properties of mixtures of thermoplastic resins and blowing agents, together with the knowledge of the solubilities of these components, are the basis for the manufacturing of plastic foams. In this work, the solubilities of blowing agents trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, chlorodifluoromehane, and 1,2‐dichloro‐1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethane in thermoplastic resins poly(styrene), high density poly(ethylene), low density poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(carbonate) and poly(propylene oxide) were modeled by using the Perturbed Chain‐Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC‐SAFT) and the Sánchez‐Lacombe equations of state (EoS), fitting a single temperature‐dependent binary interaction parameter. PC‐SAFT is a theoretically based equation of state with three pure component parameters that describe efficiently the thermodynamics of complex systems. Earlier works with this EoS have already predicted the phase coexistence properties of various refrigerants and higher order alkane series compounds, along with their mixtures. The pure component parameters for the blowing agents were obtained by regression of vapor pressure and liquid density data, while the pure component parameters for the thermoplastic resins were obtained by regression of pure liquid PVT data. The parameter estimation was performed by using a modified maximum likelihood method. The solubility results obtained with both EoS have been compared; the results from PC‐SAFT showed a higher accuracy in terms of solubility pressure deviations. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cure advancement of urethane networks using a sigmoidal chemorheological model
Authors: Teyssandier F. , Love B.J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractArchived measurements of urethane rheology undergoing crosslinking at 45, 55, and 65°C were reanalyzed by a sigmoidal mathematical model. The phenomenological sigmoidal model, with two kinetic parameters associated with cure advancement coupled with parameters for the initial viscosity and the terminal viscosity of the network, captures the nonlinearities in dynamic viscosity during polymerization and were similarly compared with a power law model. The interpretation of the gel time was determined using both models, with the sigmoidal model interpretation of the gel time being defined in terms of the other kinetic constants. The takeaway message is that there is very little difference in the quality of the fit between the power law model and the sigmoidal model and the experimental dynamic viscosity data. One would need a more comprehensive dataset to make a larger comparison as to which model actually represents viscosity more accurately. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Novel anionic polyaddition of 2‐trifluoromethylacrylate by double Michael reaction with ethyl cyanoacetate
Authors: Umino Youhei , Nozaki Hiroshi , Hamana Hiroshi , Narita Tadashi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNovel fluorinated polymer synthesis with anionic polyaddition by double Michael addition reaction of 2‐trifluoromethylacrylate derivatives with ethyl cyanoacetate (ECA) was proposed. Diaddition product of ECA with phenyl 2‐trifluoromethylacrylate was yielded in high yield by the catalysis of sodium ethoxide in tetrahydrofuran at 60 °C. Sodium hydroxide catalyzed double Michael addition reaction also produced diaddition product in high yield. Novel anionic polyaddition of 1,4‐phenylene bis(2‐trifluoromethylacrylate) [CH2C(CF3)COOC6H4OCOC(CF3)CH2] (PBFA) with ECA afforded the polymer of 1.2 × 104 as the highest molecular weight. The isolated polymer gave the polymer of 2.8 × 104 as a molecular weight by the reaction of the isolated polymer with PBFA in the presence of sodium ethoxide; which proved that the polymer end groups were mainly ECA moieties. The reaction mechanism that the proton abstraction from ECA followed by the addition of 2trifluoromethylacrylate was proposed. The reaction of acetylacetone with PBFA was also examined to give the polymer of 7.6 × 103 as the highest molecular weight catalyzed by sodium hydroxide at room temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5698–5708, 2009
A non‐PFT (polymerization filling technique) approach to poly(ethylene‐co‐norbornene)/MWNTs nanocomposites by in situ copolymerization with scandium half‐sandwich catalyst
Authors: Ravasio Andrea , Boggioni Laura , Tritto Incoronata , D'arrigo Cristina , Perico Angelo , Hitzbleck Julia , Okuda Jun 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe in situ synthesis of ethylene‐co‐norbornene copolymers/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) nanocomposites was achieved by rare‐earth half‐sandwich scandium precursor [Sc(η5‐C5Me4SiMe3)(η1‐CH2SiMe3)2(THF)] (1) activated by [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], through a non‐PFT (Polymerization Filling Technique) approach. MWNTs nanocomposites with low aluminum residue were obtained with excellent yields even though small amounts of triisobutylaluminium were needed as scavenger to prevent catalyst poisoning by MWNT impurities. MWNT bundles were disaggregated and highly coated with Poly(ethylene‐co‐norbornene) [P(E‐co‐N)] as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, P(E‐co‐N) copolymers showed Tg over 130 °C as well as norbornene content over 50 mol %; both values were higher than those obtained by the cationic active species in 1/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]. A series of copolymerization reactions by 1/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]/AliBu3 without MWNTs produced copolymers with the same unexpected features. The NMR analysis revealed the presence of rac‐ENNE and rac‐ENNNE sequences. Thus, AliBu3 changed the stereoirregular alternating copolymer microstructure produced by 1/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]. We conclude that AliBu3 is not only a scavenger for CNT impurities, but it reacts with the THF ligand to give coordinatively unsaturated active species. Finally, P(E‐co‐N)/MWNT masterbatches were mixed with commercial TOPAS to produce cyclic olefin copolymer nanocomposites with excellent dispersion of filler. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5709–5719, 2009
Influences of steric bulkiness in hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands on ethylene polymerization reaction
Authors: Nabika Masaaki , Kiuchi Seiki , Miyatake Tatsuya , Fujisawa Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractManganese(II) complex catalysts with hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands have been examined on their catalytic performance in ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization. The activities of [Mn(L6)(Cl)(NCMe)] (1) and [Mn(L10)(Cl)] (2) activated by Al(i‐Bu)3/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] for ethylene polymerization go up to 326 and 11 kg mol (cat−1) h−1, respectively, (L6− = hydrotris(3‐phenyl‐5‐methyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)borate anion, L10− = hydrotris(3‐adamantyl‐5‐isopropyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)borate anion). In particular, for ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization, complex 1 gives high‐molecular‐weight poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐hexene)s with the highest Mw of 439,000 in manganese olefin polymerization catalyst systems. Moreover, the 1‐hexene incorporation by complex 1 seems more efficient than that by [Mn(L3)(Cl)] (4) (L3− = hydrotris(3‐tertiary butyl‐5‐isopropyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)borate anion). In this work, we demonstrated that the coordination geometry and coordination number are also important factors for ethylene polymerization reaction as well as steric hindrances and ligand frameworks in our manganese(II) catalysts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5720–5727, 2009
Synthesis of polyester having pendent hydroxyl groups via regioselective dehydration polycondensations of dicarboxylic acids and diols by low temperature polycondensation
Authors: Shibata Yosuke , Takasu Akinori 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this article, we describe the one‐step synthesis of polyesters having pendent hydroxyl groups by Lewis acid‐catalyzed, regioselective, dehydration polycondensations of diols (glycerol and sorbitol) and dicarboxylic acids [tartaric acid (TA) and malic acid (MA)] containing pendent hydroxyl groups, using low temperature polycondensation technique. Direct polycondensations of TA or MA and 1,9‐nonanediol catalyzed by scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate [Sc(OTf)3] successfully yielded linear polyesters having hydroxyl functionality (Mn = ca. 1.0 × 104). To demonstrate the reactivity of the pendent hydroxyl group, a glycosidation was performed. Poly(nonamethylene L‐malate) showed significant higher biodegradability, compared with poly(nonamethylene L‐tartrate) or poly(nonamethylene succinate). Stable poly(nonamethylene L‐tartrate) emulsion could be prepared using poly(vinyl alcohol) as the surfactant, although emulsions consisting of poly(nonamethylene succinate) were unstable and phase‐separated within a few days. Furthermore, direct polycondensations of TA and diethylene glycol (DEG) or triethylene glycol (TEG) successfully produced water‐soluble polyesters having hydroxyl groups. This new polycondensation system may be extremely effective not only for advanced material design using functional monomers but also for effective utilization of biomass resources as chemical substances. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5747–5759, 2009
Fatty acid derived phosphorus‐containing polyesters via acyclic diene metathesis polymerization
Authors: De Espinosa Lucas Montero , Ronda Juan C. , Galià Marina , Cádiz Virginia , Meier Michael A.R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of a phosphorus‐containing α,ω‐diene prepared from a plant oil derived building block is reported. Different ruthenium based metathesis catalysts and conditions were tested to optimize the ADMET polymerization of this monomer. Undecylenyl undecenoate was used as fully renewable comonomer to obtain polyesters with different phosphorus contents and to increase the renewable content of the final polymers. Copolymerization caused marked variations in the molecular weights leading to polyesters from 6 to 38 KDa. The effect of the ADMET polymerization temperature in the thermal properties of the copolymers was studied and their thermal degradation and flame retardant properties were evaluated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5760–5771, 2009
Enzymatic ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone by Yarrowia lipolytica lipase in ionic liquids
Authors: Barrera‐Rivera Karla A. , Marcos‐Fernández Ángel , Vera‐Graziano Ricardo , Martínez‐Richa Antonio 
Published: September 2009

AbstractYarrowia lipolytica (YLL), Candida rugosa (CRL), and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) were employed successfully as catalysts in the enzymatic ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone in the presence of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4]), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]), 1‐butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate ([BuPy][BF4]), 1‐butylpyridinium trifluoroacetate ([BuPy][CF3COO]), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium nitrate ([EMIM][NO3]) ionic liquids. Poly(ε‐caprolactone)s (PCLs) with molecular weights (Mn) in the range of 300–9000 Da were obtained. 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR analyses on PCLs formed by YLL, CRL, and PPL showed asymmetric telechelic α‐hydroxy‐ω‐carboxylic acid end groups. Differences between CP‐MAS and MAS spectra are observed and discussed in terms of morphology. MALDI‐TOF spectra show the formation of at least seven species. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Wide Angle X‐Ray Scattering (WAXS) results demonstrate the high degree of crystallinity present in all the polyesters. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5792–5805, 2009
Porous polyurethanes synthesized within high internal phase emulsions
Authors: David Dganit , Silverstein Michael S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPolyHIPE are highly porous, emulsion‐templated polymers typically synthesized via free‐radical polymerization within a water‐in‐oil (W/O) high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) whose dispersed, aqueous phase occupies more than 74% of the volume. The synthesis of a polyHIPE containing biodegradable polymers is not straightforward because the presence of both an organic phase and an aqueous phase within the HIPE limits the type of polymerization reactions that can be used. This article describes the synthesis of polyHIPE containing biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) groups through the step‐growth reaction of a diisocyanate with a flexible PCL triol to form a crosslinked polyurethane. The reaction of the diisocyanate with the water in the HIPE produced urea groups and large bubbles from the generation of CO2. The polymer walls between these bubbles consisted of a porous, emulsion‐templated structure. Polymerization with an excess of diisocyanate produced a significant enhancement in the amounts of urea and CO2. The reduction in the flexible PCL content and the enhancement in the rigid urea content produced an increase in wall modulus that was over 20‐fold. The ability to synthesize polyHIPE through such step‐growth reactions is an important advance in the adaptation of polyHIPE for such applications as tissue engineering. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5806–5814, 2009
Sulfonated poly(ether sulfone)s with binaphthyl units as proton exchange membranes for fuel cell application
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuya , Nakagawa Taijiro , Higashihara Tomoya , Ueda Mitsuru 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSulfonated poly(ether sulfone)s containing binaphthyl units (BNSHs) were successfully prepared for fuel cell application. BNSHs, which have very simple structures, were easily synthesized by postsulfonation of poly(1,1′‐dinaphthyl ether phenyl sulfone)s and gave tough, flexible, and transparent membranes by solvent casting. The BNSH membranes showed low water uptake compared to a typical sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone) (BPSH‐40) membrane with a similar ion exchange capacity (IEC) value and water insolubility, even with a high IEC values of 3.19 mequiv/g because of their rigid and bulky structures. The BNSH‐100 membrane (IEC = 3.19 mequiv/g) exhibited excellent proton conductivity, which was comparable to or even higher than that of Nafion 117, over a range of 30–95% relative humidity (RH). The excellent proton conductivity, especially under low RH conditions, suggests that the BNSH‐100 membrane has excellent proton paths because of its high IEC value, and water insolubility due to the high hydrophobicity of the binaphthyl structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5827–5834, 2009
Association phenomena of the ferrocenylsiloxane polyamide in solution
Authors: Cazacu Maria , Racles Carmen , Airinei Anton , Alexandru Mihaela , Vlad Angelica 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA ferrocenyl‐siloxane polyamide, poly{1,1′‐ferrocene‐diamide‐[1,3‐bis(propylene)tetramethyldisiloxane]}, FAS, prepared by polycondensation in solution (methylene chloride) of 1,1′‐di(chlorocarbonyl)ferrocene with 1,3‐bis(aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane has been dissolved in various concentrations in the range 0–1.5 g/dL in dimethylformamide. The solutions were investigated by tensiometry, viscometry, and UV–vis spectrophotometry at different temperatures. The results suggested the association occurrence, depending on the two parameters (concentration and temperature). The aggregates formation and their sizes were emphasized by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5845–5852, 2009
Preparation of three‐dimensional poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with movable cross‐linking
Authors: Miki Kazuya , Inamoto Yasunari , Inoue Shuka , Uno Takahiro , Itoh Takahito , Kubo Masataka 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA pentamethylcyclotrisiloxane moiety was introduced into cyclic polystyrene (cPSt) and cyclic PDMS (cPDMS) to obtain noncovalent cross‐linking agents, D3‐cPSt and D3‐cPDMS, respectively. Anionic ring‐opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in nitrobenzene was carried out in the presence of D3‐cPSt to obtain a cloudy white PDMS gel as a precipitation. On the other hand, bulk copolymerization of D3‐cPDMS with D4 proceeded in a homogeneous state to give a colorless transparent PDMS gel in high yield. The formation of mechanically linked PDMS with movable cross‐linking was indicated by control experiment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5882–5890, 2009