bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preferential segregation inSaccharomyces
Authors: Shult Ernest E. , Desborough Sharon , Lindegren Carl C. 
Published: September 2009

In tetrad data obtained from the Carbondale yeast stock, instances of greater than 50% recombination occur far more frequently than would be expected by chance. In the main, genes exhibiting this effect are located in the vicinity of the centromeres. Difficulties in assigning linear order also persist throughout the total data for certain gene combinations. The affinity hypothesis suffices to account for these two effects; the former resulting from ‘divergent’ combinations of affinity sites in the zygote, the latter, representing nonlinear quasi-linkages resulting from ‘convergent’ combinations.Chromosome V (ur3-centromere-ch–hi1–is1–an) exhibits quasi-linkage with the genethand reverse-linkage with the genecu2, in Family 108. In each case ‘linkage’ is strongest withchand becomes progressively weaker with the geneshi1,is1andan, respectively, indicating that the preferentially segregating sites involved lie close toch. It was impossible to determine whether the two sites were identical, as would be expected on an hypothesis of ‘polar’ rather than ‘mutual’ affinity.Intra-ascal matings within tetrads NPD forcu2–ch, yielded quasi-linkage for these genes in F2, showing that the attraction is retained by the sites being segregated.A second case of reverse linkage forcu1andar4in Family 217, gave a similar effect—i.e. reverse linkage in F1, becoming quasi-linkage in the NPD—intra-ascal F2.An intra-ascal mating between members of the single PD tetrad forcu1andar4in Family 217 indicated that this tetrad did not result from ‘chance’ failure of otherwise active sites to preferentially segregate.
Modification of selection limits for egg number
Authors: Abplanalp Hans 
Published: September 2009

An attempt was made to modify a near-limit of selection response in the egg production of a closed poultry flock which had been under selection for 31 years; to this end the laying hens were subjected to weekly periods of 24-hour feed deprivation, and selected for egg number under these conditions.In two replicate populations genetic gains of about 20 eggs were made under shock treatment to 40 weeks of age, over 5 and 6 generations of selection. These gains were also manifest under normal management.Selection, under 24-hour starvation per week, also improved the ability of the selected populations to lay under weekly starvation periods of 33 and 48 hours respectively. Differences between selected and unselected lines increased with the more severe stress treatments. Also it was found that the difference in average egg production between 33-hour and 48-hour treatments was larger in unselected lines than in the selected ones, indicating the existence of genotype-environment interactions.Correlated responses of reduced egg-weight and body-weight, and somewhat earlier maturity of selected lines correspond with what might be expected under normally effective selection for egg number. These adaptations however varied considerably between replicate lines.
The rate of genetic divergence of sublines in the C57BL strain of mice
Authors: Grewal Manjit Singh 
Published: September 2009

The ancestory of Koller's subline of the C57BL strain is not known. A study of the minor skeletal variants in this subHne showed that it differs from the other ten sublines of C57BL more than they difier from each other. It appears to have separated from. the rest before the genotypes of the sublines had been fixed by inbreeding. There is enough evidence to show that it is indeed a branch of C57BL strain.The rate of divergence of the sublines of C57BL is surprisingly high. It is reconsidered whether the whole of this divergence can be explained by recent mutations or whether residual heterozygosis has also played a part in it.
The pattern of X-chromosome inactivation in the embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues of post-implantation digynic triploid LT/Sv strain mouse embryos
Authors: Speirs S. , Cross J. M. , Kaufman M. H. 
Published: September 2009

SummarySpontaneously cycling LT/Sv strain female mice were mated to hemizygous Rb(X.2)2Ad males in order to facilitate the distinction of the paternal X chromosome, and the pregnant females were autopsied at about midday on the tenth day of gestation. Out of a total of 222 analysable embryos recovered, 165 (74·3%) were diploid and 57 (25·7%) were triploid. Of the triploids, 26 had an XXY and 31 an XXX sex chromosome constitution. Both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissue samples from the triploids were analysed cytogenetically by G-banding and by the Kanda technique to investigate their X-inactivation pattern. The yolk sac samples were separated enzymatically into their endodermally-derived and mesodermally-derived components, and these were similarly analysed, as were similar samples from a selection of control XmXp diploid embryos. In the case of the XmXmY digynic triploid embryos, a single darkly-staining Xm chromosome was observed in 485 (82·9%) out of 585, 304 (73·3%) out of 415, and 165 (44·7%) out of 369 metaphases from the embryonic, yolk sac mesodermally-derived and yolk sac endodermally-derived tissues, respectively. The absence of a darkly staining X-chromosome in the other metaphase spreads could either indicate that both X-chromosomes present were active, or that the Kanda technique had failed to differentially stain the inactive X-chromosome(s) present. In the case of the XmXmXp digynic triploid embryos, virtually all of the tissues analysed comprised two distinct cell lineages, namely those with two darkly-staining X-chromosomes, and those with a single darkly staining X-chromosome. Four X-inactivation patterns were consequently observed in this group, namely, (XmXp)Xm, (XmXm)Xp, (Xm)XmXp and XmXm(Xp) in which the inactive X is enclosed in parentheses. The incidence of these various classes varied among the tissues analysed. There was, however, a clear pattern of non-random selective paternal X-inactivation in yolk sac endodermally-derived samples which possessed two inactive X-chromosomes. This finding contrasts with the situation observed in the yolk sac mesodermally-derived and embryonic samples which possessed two inactive X-chromosomes, where the ratio of (XmXm)Xp:Xm(XmXp) was 1:1·20 and 1:1·03, respectively, being clear evidence that random X-inactivation had occurred in these tissues.
The parental origin of de novo X-autosome translocations in females with Duchenne muscular dystrophy revealed by M27ß methylation analysis
Authors: Robinson David O. , Boyd Yvonne , Cockburn David , Collinson Morag N. , Craig Ian , Jacobs Patricia A. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe parental origin of 3 de novo X-autosome translocations in females with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) was studied by means of methylation analysis using the X-linked probe M27ß. In all three the translocation was found to be paternal in origin. The parental origin of X-autosome translocations in females with and without DMD is compared with other structural abnormalities of the X and with autosomal translocations.
Genome cryopreservation: a valuable contribution to mammalian genetic research
Authors: Glenister P. H. , Whittingham D. G. , Wood M. J. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryMouse embryo banking has become an important asset to geneticists. Individual laboratories can now maintain a far greater diversity of stocks than by conventional breeding alone. Also, many mutations that in the past would have been discarded due to lack of space, can now be preserved for future use. Recent advances in cryopreservation techniques have simplified procedures and, in certain cases, resulted in increased rates of survival.
SKEWED SEX RATIO AT BIRTH IN INDIA
Authors: SETH SWAPAN 
Published: September 2009

SummaryScientists commonly use world average data on sex ratio at birth for India for want of dependable ones. Here an attempt is made to redress the problem to some extent. It is shown that this ratio has been high in India since the 1950s. The ratio has been strikingly high, even prior to the time of inception of prenatal sex identification technologies. The ratio shows a rising trend due to several biological reasons. In addition, it has been rising sharply for a couple of decades due to some socio-medical factors. The natural sex ratio at birth in India is noticeably higher than the world average.
Psychiatry of old age and ethnic minority older people in the United Kingdom
Authors: Shah Ajit 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThis review examines the demographic changes, the epidemiology of mental disorders and suicides, the potential risk and protective factors, access to secondary care old age psychiatry services (OAPSs) and the policy context pertaining to older people from ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom. The number of older people from ethnic minority groups is increasing. The prevalence of mental disorders in older people from ethnic minority groups is either similar to or higher than that in the indigenous population. Therefore, the number of older people from ethnic minority groups with psychiatric morbidity is also increasing. Ethnic minority older people also have inequity of access to secondary care OAPSs. There is an urgent need to develop and implement practical strategies to improve access by older people from ethnic minority groups to OAPSs.
Food consumption and nutritional status of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA): a case of Thika and Bungoma Districts, Kenya
Authors: Kuria Elizabeth Nafula 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo establish the food consumption, dietary habits and nutritional status of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and adults whose HIV status is not established.DesignCross-sectional descriptive survey.SettingThika and Bungoma Districts, Kenya.SubjectsA random sample of 439 adults; 174 adults living with HIV/AIDS and 265 adults whose HIV/AIDS status was not established in Thika and Bungoma Districts.ResultsMajority of PLWHA consume foods that are low in nutrients to build up the immune system and help maintain adequate weight, and there is little variety in the foods they consume. More adults who are HIV-positive are undernourished than those whose status is not established. Of the HIV-positive adults, those with a BMI of ≤18·5 kg/m2 were 23·6 % (Thika 20·0 % and Bungoma 25·7 %) while of the adults whose status is not established those with BMI ≤ 18·5 kg/m2 were 13·9 % (Thika 9·3 % and Bungoma 16·7 %).ConclusionsAdults who are HIV-positive are more likely to be undernourished than those whose status is not established, as there is a significant difference (P = 0·000) between the nutritional status (BMI) of PLWHA and those whose HIV/AIDS status is not established. PLWHA consume foods that are low in nutrients to promote their nutritional well-being and health.
Cost-effectiveness of mandatory folate fortification v. other options for the prevention of neural tube defects: results from Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Dalziel Kim , Segal Leonie , Katz Rachelle 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo provide input to Australian and New Zealand government decision making regarding an optimal strategy to reduce the rate of neural tube defects (NTD).DesignStandard comparative health economic evaluation techniques were employed for a set of intervention options for promoting folate/folic acid consumption in women capable of or planning a pregnancy. Evidence of effectiveness was informed by the international literature and costs were derived for Australia and New Zealand.ResultsPopulation-wide campaigns to promote supplement use and mandatory fortification were the most effective at reducing NTD, at an estimated 36 and 31 fewer cases per annum respectively for Australia and New Zealand, representing an 8 % reduction in the current annual NTD rate. Population-wide and targeted approaches to increase supplement use were cost-effective, at less than $AU 12 500 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted ($US 9893, £5074), as was extending voluntary fortification. Mandatory fortification was not cost-effective for New Zealand at $AU 138 500 per DALY ($US 109 609, £56 216), with results uncertain for Australia, given widely varying cost estimates. Promoting a folate-rich diet was least cost-effective, with benefits restricted to impact on NTD.ConclusionsSeveral options for reducing NTD appear to fall well within accepted societal cost-effectiveness norms. All estimates are subject to considerable uncertainty, exacerbated by possible interactions between interventions, including impacts on currently effective strategies. The Australian and New Zealand governments have decided to proceed with mandatory fortification; it is hoped they will support a rigorous evaluation which will contribute to the evidence base.
Does legal capacity matter? A survey of WTO Members
Authors: BUSCH MARC L. , REINHARDT ERIC , SHAFFER GREGORY 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPrevious studies of WTO dispute settlement have sought to evaluate whether a Member's legal capacity influences its odds of bringing litigation before the multilateral trade regime. Because direct measures of legal capacity are elusive, these studies have had to use indirect proxies, such as per capita income or number of delegates in Geneva. Yet, the reliability of these measures is questionable. To gauge legal capacity more directly, we surveyed all WTO Members, posing questions concerning their professional staff, bureaucratic organization at home, bureaucratic organization in Geneva, experience handling general WTO matters, and involvement in WTO litigation. Using responses from this survey, we constructed an index of Members' WTO legal capacity that speaks more fully to the challenges of dispute settlement than do commonly used proxies, none of which are strongly correlated with our measure. We supplemented this survey with over three dozen semi-structured interviews with Members' representatives in Geneva, the results of which bear out the importance of properly measuring legal capacity.
A Regional Climate Change Assessment Program for North America
Authors: Mearns Linda O. , Gutowski William , Jones Richard , Leung Ruby , McGinnis Seth , Nunes Ana , Qian Yun 
Published: September 2009

There are two main uncertainties in determining future climate: the trajectories of future emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and the response of the global climate system to any given set of future emissions [Meehl et al., 2007]. These uncertainties normally are elucidated via application of global climate models, which provide information at relatively coarse spatial resolutions. Greater interest in, and concern about, the details of climate change at regional scales has provided the motivation for the application of regional climate models, which introduces additional uncertainty [Christensen et al., 2007a].These uncertainties in fine‐scale regional climate responses, in contrast to uncertainties of coarser spatial resolution global models in which regional models are nested, now have been documented in numerous contexts [Christensen et al., 2007a] and have been found to extend to uncertainties in climate impacts [Wood et al., 2004; Oleson et al., 2007]. While European research in future climate projections has moved forward systematically to examine combined uncertainties from global and regional models [Christensen et al., 2007b], North American climate programs have lagged behind.
First Scholarship at AGU Established by David E. Lumley
Authors: Tahar Joanna G. 
Published: September 2009

Shortly after AGU launched its annual voluntary contribution campaign last year— the theme was “Building Tomorrow's Talent Today”—the Union's development office received an e‐mail message from David E. Lumley about establishing a scholarship for a high‐school student or undergraduate. Many scientific societies and associations have quite a few named scholarships, but for AGU this was a new concept. Lumley was sure of what he wanted to do and even more excited when he learned that his scholarship would be a first for AGU.“I want to help inspire today's young minds to work on problems of global importance in both the energy and environment sectors of industry and academia,” Lumley said. Recipients of the David E. Lumley Young Scientist Scholarship for Energy and Environmental Science will be expected to present a paper and to participate in various student activities at Fall Meeting. “Meeting some of the ‘giants’ of geoscience and getting their feedback on research is a big deal for these young students. We sometimes lose sight of this,” he said.
EXTREME MAGNIFICATION MICROLENSING EVENT OGLE-2008-BLG-279: STRONG LIMITS ON PLANETARY COMPANIONS TO THE LENS STAR
Authors: Yee J. C. , Udalski A. , Sumi T. , Dong Subo , Kozłowski S. , Bird J. C. , Cole A. , Higgins D. , McCormick J. , Monard L. A. G. , Polishook D. , Shporer A. , Spector O. , Szymański M. K. , Kubiak M. , Pietrzyński G. , Soszyński I. , Szewczyk O. , Ulaczyk K. , Wyrzykowski Ł. , Poleski R. , Allen W. , Bos M. , Christie G. W. , DePoy D. L. , Eastman J. D. , Gaudi B. S. , Gould A. , Han C. , Kaspi S. , Lee C. -U. , Mallia F. , Maury A. , Maoz D. , Natusch T. , Park B. -G. , Pogge R. W. , Santallo R. , Abe F. , Bond I. A. , Fukui A. , Furusawa K. , Hearnshaw J. B. , Hosaka S. , Itow Y. , Kamiya K. , Korpela A. V. , Kilmartin P. M. , Lin W. , Ling C. H. , Makita S. , Masuda K. , Matsubara Y. , Miyake N. , Muraki Y. , Nagaya M. , Nishimoto K. , Ohnishi K. , Perrott Y. C. , Rattenbury N. J. , Sako T. , Saito To. , Skuljan L. , Sullivan D. J. , Sweatman W. L. , Tristram P. J. , Yock P. C. M. , Albrow M. D. , Batista V. , Fouqué P. , Beaulieu J. -P. , Bennett D. P. , Cassan A. , Comparat J. , Coutures C. , Dieters S. , Greenhill J. , Horne K. , Kains N. , Kubas D. , Martin R. , Menzies J. , Wambsganss J. , Williams A. , Zub M. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT
We analyze the extreme high-magnification microlensing event OGLE-2008-BLG-279, which peaked at a maximum magnification of A ∼ 1600 on 2008 May 30. The peak of this event exhibits both finite-source effects and terrestrial parallax, from which we determine the mass of the lens, Ml
= 0.64 ±  0.10 M
☉, and its distance, Dl
= 4.0 ±  0.6 kpc. We rule out Jupiter-mass planetary companions to the lens star for projected separations in the range 0.5–20 AU. More generally, we find that this event was sensitive to planets with masses as small as

with projected separations near the Einstein ring (∼3 AU).
Characterization of 1H NMR spectroscopic data and the generation of synthetic validation sets
Authors: Anderson Paul E. , Raymer Michael L. , Kelly Benjamin J. , Reo Nicholas V. , DelRaso Nicholas J. , Doom T. E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Common contemporary practice within the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics community is to evaluate and validate novel algorithms on empirical data or simplified simulated data. Empirical data captures the complex characteristics of experimental data, but the optimal or most correct analysis is unknown a priori; therefore, researchers are forced to rely on indirect performance metrics, which are of limited value. In order to achieve fair and complete analysis of competing techniques more exacting metrics are required. Thus, metabolomics researchers often evaluate their algorithms on simplified simulated data with a known answer. Unfortunately, the conclusions obtained on simulated data are only of value if the data sets are complex enough for results to generalize to true experimental data. Ideally, synthetic data should be indistinguishable from empirical data, yet retain a known best analysis.
Results: We have developed a technique for creating realistic synthetic metabolomics validation sets based on NMR spectroscopic data. The validation sets are developed by characterizing the salient distributions in sets of empirical spectroscopic data. Using this technique, several validation sets are constructed with a variety of characteristics present in ‘real’ data. A case study is then presented to compare the relative accuracy of several alignment algorithms using the increased precision afforded by these synthetic data sets.
Availability: These data sets are available for download at http://birg.cs.wright.edu/nmr_synthetic_data_sets.
Contact: travis.doom@wright.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Consumer Acceptability of Sorghum Cookies
Authors: Chiremba Constance , Taylor John R. N. , Duodu Kwaku G. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTCookies were produced from different sorghum flours to determine their potential as vectors of antioxidants. Different sorghum cultivars and their flour extraction rates were evaluated for their effects on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the cookies. Consumer acceptance of the sorghum cookies was compared with that of wheat flour cookies. For each sorghum cultivar, cookies of 100% extraction rate flours had two to three times more total phenolics compared with those of 70% extraction rate flours, while antioxidant activity was 22–90% higher. Cookies of the condensed tannin sorghum had two to five times more phenolics compared with those of condensed tannin‐free sorghum. Antioxidant activity was 145–227 μMol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g in cookies of condensed tannin sorghum compared with 10–102 μMol TE/g in those of condensed tannin‐free sorghum. The sorghum flours had slightly higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity values than their corresponding cookies. Cookies of the red tannin‐free sorghum flours (PAN 8564/8446) were equally liked as wheat flour cookies, except for texture. However, cookies of condensed tannin sorghum were least accepted compared with wheat flour cookies despite their high antioxidant activity.
Starch Synthesis in Arabidopsis Is Achieved by Spatial Cotranscription of Core Starch Metabolism Genes
Authors: Tsai Huang-Lung , Lue Wei-Ling , Lu Kuan-Jen , Hsieh Ming-Hsiun , Wang Shue-Mei , Chen Jychian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStarch synthesis and degradation require the participation of many enzymes, occur in both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues, and are subject to environmental and developmental regulation. We examine the distribution of starch in vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the expression of genes encoding core enzymes for starch synthesis. Starch is accumulated in plastids of epidermal, mesophyll, vascular, and root cap cells but not in root proper cells. We also identify cells that can synthesize starch heterotrophically in albino mutants. Starch synthesis in leaves is regulated by developmental stage and light. Expression of gene promoter-β-glucuronidase fusion constructs in transgenic seedlings shows that starch synthesis genes are transcriptionally active in cells with starch synthesis and are inactive in root proper cells except the plastidial phosphoglucose isomerase. In addition, ADG2 (for ADPG PYROPHOSPHORYLASE2) is not required for starch synthesis in root cap cells. Expression profile analysis reveals that starch metabolism genes can be clustered into two sets based on their tissue-specific expression patterns. Starch distribution and expression pattern of core starch synthesis genes are common in Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa), suggesting that the regulatory mechanism for starch metabolism genes may be conserved evolutionarily. We conclude that starch synthesis in Arabidopsis is achieved by spatial coexpression of core starch metabolism genes regulated by their promoter activities and is fine-tuned by cell-specific endogenous and environmental controls.