bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Texture analysis in perfusion images of prostate cancer—A case study
Authors: Śmietański Jacek , Tadeusiewicz Ryszard , Łuczyńska Elżbieta 
Published: March 2010

Texture analysis in perfusion images of prostate cancer—A case studyThe analysis of prostate images is one of the most complex tasks in medical images interpretation. It is sometimes very difficult to detect early prostate cancer using currently available diagnostic methods. But the examination based on perfusion computed tomography (p-CT) may avoid such problems even in particularly difficult cases. However, the lack of computational methods useful in the interpretation of perfusion prostate images makes it unreliable because the diagnosis depends mainly on the doctor's individual opinion and experience. In this paper some methods of automatic analysis of prostate perfusion tomographic images are presented and discussed. Some of the presented methods are adopted from papers of other researchers, and some are elaborated by the authors. This presentation of the method and algorithms is important, but it is not the master scope of the paper. The main purpose of this study is computational (deterministic and independent) verification of the usefulness of the p-CT technique in a specific case. It shows that it is possible to find computationally attainable properties of p-CT images which allow pointing out the cancerous lesion and can be used in computer aided medical diagnosis.
Self-adaptation of parameters in a learning classifier system ensemble machine
Authors: Troć Maciej , Unold Olgierd 
Published: March 2010

Self-adaptation of parameters in a learning classifier system ensemble machineSelf-adaptation is a key feature of evolutionary algorithms (EAs). Although EAs have been used successfully to solve a wide variety of problems, the performance of this technique depends heavily on the selection of the EA parameters. Moreover, the process of setting such parameters is considered a time-consuming task. Several research works have tried to deal with this problem; however, the construction of algorithms letting the parameters adapt themselves to the problem is a critical and open problem of EAs. This work proposes a novel ensemble machine learning method that is able to learn rules, solve problems in a parallel way and adapt parameters used by its components. A self-adaptive ensemble machine consists of simultaneously working extended classifier systems (XCSs). The proposed ensemble machine may be treated as a meta classifier system. A new self-adaptive XCS-based ensemble machine was compared with two other XCS-based ensembles in relation to one-step binary problems: Multiplexer, One Counts, Hidden Parity, and randomly generated Boolean functions, in a noisy version as well. Results of the experiments have shown the ability of the model to adapt the mutation rate and the tournament size. The results are analyzed in detail.
A new efficient and flexible algorithm for the design of testable subsystems
Authors: Ploix Stéphane , Yassine Abed , Flaus Jean-Marie 
Published: March 2010

A new efficient and flexible algorithm for the design of testable subsystemsIn complex industrial plants, there are usually many sensors and the modeling of plants leads to lots of mathematical relations. This paper presents a general method for finding all the possible testable subsystems, i.e., sets of relations that can lead to various types of detection tests. This method, which is based on structural analysis, provides the constraints that have to be used for the design of each detection test and manages situations where constraints contain non-deductible variables and where some constraints cannot be gathered in the same test. Thanks to these results, it becomes possible to select the most interesting testable subsystems regarding detectability and diagnosability criteria. Application examples dealing with a road network, a digital counter and an electronic circuit are presented.
Analysis of multibackground memory testing techniques
Authors: Mrozek Ireneusz 
Published: March 2010

Analysis of multibackground memory testing techniquesMarch tests are widely used in the process of RAM testing. This family of tests is very efficient in the case of simple faults such as stuck-at or transition faults. In the case of a complex fault model—such as pattern sensitive faults—their efficiency is not sufficient. Therefore we have to use other techniques to increase fault coverage for complex faults. Multibackground memory testing is one of such techniques. In this case a selected March test is run many times. Each time it is run with new initial conditions. One of the conditions which we can change is the initial memory background. In this paper we compare the efficiency of multibackground tests based on four different algorithms of background generation.
Postnatal development of layer IV in fronto-opercular region (Broca’s area)
Authors: Maja Cepanec , Miloš Judaš 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In the adult human fronto-opercular cortex, the grade of granularity of cortical layer IV represents a major architectonic feature for distinguishing the opercular area BA44 (which is typically described as being magnopyramidal and intermedio-granular) from the triangular area BA45 (which is typically described as being magnopyramidal and granular). We analyzed postnatal cytoarchitectonic development of internal granular layer (layer IV) of the fronto-opercular region in 23 brains of newborns, infants and children (age range: 15 days to 15 years) and in one adult brain. We found that: (1) the grade of granularity of layer IV in the fronto-opercular cortex displays a great interindividual variability throughout development as well as in the adult brain; (2) this variability is much more pronounced in the opercular area BA44 than in the triangular area BA45. Our findings support the classical interpretation provided by Constantin von Economo (von Economo & Koskinas, 1925) according to which BA44/FCBm represents a specialized variant of the wide premotor cortical zone, while BA45/FDG represents a specialized variant of the typical (associative) frontal granular cortex.
Capzb2 protein expression in the brains of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease
Authors: Vanderburg Charles , Davis David , Diamond Rachel , Kao Patricia , Delalle Ivana 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The silencing of actin capping protein ß2, Capzb2, by RNAi in developing cultured neurons results in short, dystrophic neurites reminiscent of cytoskeletal changes seen in diverse neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD). Actin and tubulin are two major cytoskeletal proteins indispensable for normal neurite development and regenerative responses to injury and neurodegenerative stimuli. We have previously shown that Capzb2 binds tubulin and, in the presence of microtubule-associated protein tau, affects microtubule polymerization necessary for neurite outgrowth and normal growth cone morphology. Accordingly, Capzb2 silencing in hippocampal neurons results in short neurites with abnormal growth cones. Decreased neurite length is found in both AD and HD. In the first step towards uncovering the possible role of Capzb2 in these diseases, we studied Capzb2 protein expression in the postmortem brains of AD and HD patients. To determine whether disease-specific changes in Capzb2 protein accompany the progression of neurodegeneration, we performed Western Blot analysis of prefrontal cortices (PFC) and hippocampi (HPC) in AD patients and of PFC and heads of caudate nuclei (HCN) in HD patients. Our results show disease- and areaspecific dynamics in the levels of Capzb2 protein expression in the progressive stages of AD and HD.
Radial structure of dolphin insula
Authors: Casanova Manuel , Trippe Juan , Tillquist Christopher , Switala Andrew 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The brain of the bottlenose dolphin exhibits patterns of isocortical parcellation and cytoarchitecture distinct from those seen in primates, yet cell clusters in anterior insula are comparable in scale to module-like cell arrangements found throughout isocortex in other placental mammalian species with long divergent evolutionary histories. This similarity may be due to common ancestry, or to convergence as a result of selective constraints on organization of connections within such modules. Differences reflect alternate arrangements of minicolumns, an elemental cytoarchitectonic motif of isocortex defined by radially oriented pyramidal cell arrays. In contrast with larger modular structures incorporating them, minicolumns have been highly conserved in mammalian evolution. In this study a previously validated imaging method was employed to assess verticality, D, a parameter indicating radial bias of isocortex. Photomicrographs of coronal Nissl-stained sections of dolphin anterior insular cortex were compared with sections from human brains of putatively homologous areas as well as other isocortical areas differing in modular organization. Dolphin insula exhibited a high degree of verticality consistent with conserved minicolumnar organization. Our findings indicate that a basic structural motif of isocortex is synapomorphic in a species of marine mammal exhibiting unique phylogenetically derived isocortical characteristics.
Note sur le dialecte chinois de la région du Hexi aux IXe-Xe siècles
Authors: Tokio Takata 
Published: March 2010

Texts composed in Chinese but written down in Tibetan script are the most informative documents about the dialects spoken in the region of Dunhuang during the 9th and the 10th centuries. This period saw the end of the Tibetan occupation (until 848) and the more and more independent Chinese regime called Guiyijun. The present study first gives chronological precisions on two of the four documents studied by Luo Changpei in 1933: 1° India Office C 129, dated "after 896", has other texts on the verso which are edited here (C 112 A, B, C and C 133); 2° India Office C 130, dated "after 848", has a colophon edited, translated and annotated here.
The author then presents eight texts from the Fonds Pelliot Tibétain composed in Chinese but written in Tibetan script. The dates of these documents extend from 820 (HS) to the end of the 9th century (99) and until the 10th century (NT, DA, P) . The latter three texts show new phonetic elements which cannot, in the author's opinion, be direct developments from the earlier dialect. It rather has to be assumed that, during the period studied here, a standard Chinese language, already strongly influenced by the local dialect, coexisted with the dialect of the Hexi region. With the progressive isolation of Hexi from central China, the regional dialect flourished and increasingly modified the language of the 10th century documents. Therefore the language changes observed between the texts of the 9th and those of the 10th century do not reflect a linear development of one dialect but the transformation of a standard Chinese language under the growing influence of a regional dialect.
Les funérailles des souverains japonais
Authors: Macé François 
Published: March 2010

Emperor Hirohito of the Shōwa era died on January 7, 1989. The state funeral took place on February 24, the forty-ninth day after death, as it is prescribed by Buddhist funeral ritual. However, the religious last rites are performed according to strangely archaic Shinto -traditions that were "revived", i.e. fabricated, in the Meiji period. There was no hope that the Palace administration would permit a close observation and study of the obsequies performed for Emperor Shōwa. Our understanding of whatever will transpire can be considerably enhanced by the following study: François Macé, the foremost specialist on the subject (and author of La mort et les funérailles dans le Japon ancien, Publications orientalistes de France, Paris, 1986; reviewed in this issue, cf. below, p. .239) examines the historical background and the modern significance of the curious mixture of rites that were observed for the preceding Emperors Meiji and Taishō.
The modern aspects of the Meiji funeral, such as the funeral train and the gun salute, appear secondary next to the apparently very ancient features : nightly torch procession, chariot drawn by oxen, provisional interment of one month, funerary mound, suicide of a loyal subject, change of era name and burial instead of the Buddhist cremation which had been the rule in Japan since the eighth century. The Meiji funeral is a perfect illustration of the Meiji restauration, which combined an accelerated modernisation with a "restauration" of a mythical imperial rule of pre- Buddhist antiquity which was, in fact, a cover for a complete break with tradition in the name of an older fictitious past. The archaic rituals of the Meiji and Taishō funerals derived from hazy traditions dead since the early eighth century and reconstituted in order to give Japan proper state funerals which are an entirely modern concept.
Macé also gives an overview of what little can still be glimpsed of archaic mogari funeral rites, describes the transition to Buddhist cremation in the seventh century and the gradual return, under Shinto influence, to imperial inhumation in the late Edo period. In the rites adopted for the funeral of Shōwa, the emperor who met General Mac Arthur and renounced his divinity, we were presented with the image present-day Japan wants to project of itself as well as what understanding it has of its past.
The Practice of Bugang
Authors: Andersen Poul 
Published: March 2010

La pratique taoïste du bugang est une démarche (ou une danse) rituelle qui retrace les configurations cosmiques. On la trouve décrite dans des sources du début des Six Dynasties mais il s'agit déià là de versions élaborées sur la base de formes beaucoup plus anciennes, notamment le Pas de Yu, Yubu, attesté dès la fin des Royaumes Combattants. Les légendes de Yu ont toujours joué un rôle important dans les théories sous-jacentes à la pratique du bugang. Cette danse est, en effet, interprétée comme une façon d'établir ou de reconfirmer l'ordre cosmique et humain, à l'instar de l'aménagement du monde par Yu après le grand déluge.
Les configurations du bugang sont intimement liées aux concepts du temps. Il existe, en effet, un rapport entre la pratique du bugang et différentes techniques de la divination, notamment le système de dunjia. On trouve des descriptions du bugang dans des textes du dunjia et, même, la technique divinatoire peut suivre une procédure qui est à la fois une forme de comput et une performance du bugang.
Dans les différentes versions du bugang, la démarche suit généralement le mouvement de l'Unité Suprême, Taiyi, à travers les cieux. En fait, le prêtre exécutant le bugang personnifie souvent cette divinité.
Il y a deux catégories de bugang : ceux de purification et ceux d'ascension. Ces deux genres remontent à la tradition Zhengyi et furent adoptés dans la liturgie générale depuis le début des Tang. Beaucoup de versions figurent encore dans le rituel contemporain.
Attitudes Toward Popular Religion in Ritual Texts of the Chinese State: The Collected Statutes of the Great Ming
Authors: Overmyer D. L. 
Published: March 2010

L'autorité de l'Etat chinois a toujours été vue, depuis les Shang, comme dérivant des ancêtres et des divinités vénérés par le souverain et par ses fonctionnaires. De cette légitimation religieuse du pouvoir découlait un monopole de l'Etat sur les cultes qui, en principe, rendait tout autre culte superflu sinon illégal.
Ainsi l'Etat s'est toujours vu le droit de contrôler et de limiter les cultes pratiqués par le peuple, c'est-à-dire toute activité religieuse exercée par un sujet dépourvu de rang officiel, en dehors des étroites limites du comportement prescrit.
Enoncée dans le Chou-li et le Li-chi, cette attitude officielle s'est perpétuée dans les compilations sur les rites de toutes les dynasties, et se trouve formulée le plus clairement dans le Ta Ming hui-tien dont les sections concernant les cultes du peuple sont ici analysées en détail.
Alors que l'Etat traditionnel n' avait jamais les moyens de faire appliquer ces lois sur le plan local, on trouve encore l'attitude qui inspirait ces règlements dans les restrictions appliquées aux cultes locaux en Chine populaire.
Li Bo (701-762) and Mount Emei
Authors: Hargett James M. 
Published: March 2010

L'étude des dix-neuf mentions du Mont Emei dans les œuvres complètes du célèbre poète Li Bo fait apparaître la montagne selon cinq points de vue : 1) en tant qu'environnement primitif et scénique; 2) en tant que retraite lointaine, voire inaccessible; 3) comme le pays natal du poète qui songe y retourner un jour "se reposer dans l'oisiveté"; 4) comme un endroit au lien privilégié avec la lune; 5) enfin, en tant que terre des immortels et autres êtres extraordinaires, lieu où il est permis aux âmes des mortels de découvrir les secrets de longévité.
Les sentiments de Li Bo envers le Mont Emei relèvent pour la plupart de l'admiration pour les aspects physiques de la montagne et son emplacement mystérieux et apparemment inaccessible, et ils reflètent son attachement nostalgique pour le pays de Shu (représenté par le Mont Emei). Il apparaît en outre que les différentes attitudes du poète envers la montagne sont toutes liées directement ou indirectement au statut du Mont Emei en tant que montagne transcendante (xianshan). Dans le dernier poème analysé dans cet article, intitulé "L'ascension du Mont Emei", Li Bo décrit, en effet, sa propre ascension visionnaire et spirituelle et se proclame lui-même le dernier venu des membres de la communauté des immortels de la montagne.
The Rishukyō Mandara Said to Have Been Introduced by Shūei
Authors: Hunter Harriet 
Published: March 2010

Selon la secte Shingon, l'ensemble des dix-huit peintures du Rishukyō mandara conservé au Daigoji aurait été rapporté de Chine par le moine pèlerin de la secte Shingon, Shūei (809- 884). Son iconographie serait fondée sur le commentaire d'Amoghavajra (Rishushaku).
Or, l'iconographie de l'ensemble du Rishukyō mandara du Daigoji n 'est pas conforme aux préceptes du Rishushaku. De plus amples recherches révèlent que le Rishukyô mandara supposé avoir été rapporté par Shūei se fonde sur un modèle dont la source écrite n 'était pas le Rishushaku d'Amoghavajra. L'ensemble des mandalas montre, en revanche l'influence de traditions visuelles. En premier lieu, le Rishue (Nayamandala) du Genzu kongōkai mandara (Vajradhātu mandala) semble s'être substitué au modèle proclamé. Deuxièmement, l'iconographie de la série du Daigoji montre aussi de nombreuses correspondances avec celle du Genzu taizōkai mandara (Garbhakosadhātu mandala). Le contenu de l'exposé du Rishushaku et ses indications sur le mandala n'expliquent en aucune façon la prépondérance de l'iconographie du Genzu taizōkai mandara qui caractérise l'iconographie de la série du Rishukyō mandara conservé au Daigoji.
La médecine d'Ishizaka Sōtetsu (1770-1841) en tant que modèle culturel de l'époque d'Edo
Authors: Macé Mieko 
Published: March 2010

Ishizaka Sōtetsu (1770-1841), physician-acupuncturist of the late Edo period, is mostly known as the founder of the school bearing his name, which is still active to-day. Even if the acupunctural points generally used in that school do not correspond to those which are mentioned in the Chinese classics, the abundant writings of Ishizaka Sōtetsu show that he mastered these classics, but, according to him, they needed to be almost entirely remoulded, because they had been heavily corrupted with the passing of time. In order to remould them, Ishizaka Sōtetsu first used some elements of the classics with which he agreed, but he also made use of elements from Western medicine. For him, Western medicine not only does not contradict Chinese medicine, but helps a better understanding of it. Although using classical Chinese terminology, he is obliged to alter the meaning of some terms in order to agree with results of Western anatomy to which he was introduced by Japanese translations, his relations with Ōtsuki Gentaku and two meetings, in 1822 and 1826, with Tullingh and Siebold.
The Ei e chūkei zu (plates showing the arteries, veins and portal veins) of 1825 is an example of Ishizaka Sōtetsu 's inclusive approach. It shows his concrete way of integrating fundamental anatomic notions of Western medicine, such as veins and arteries, in the frame of traditional Chinese medicine. This method seems of course to be at the antipodes of Western scientific thought. Nevertheless, we have to take into account that he applied a much diffused way of thought of pre-modern Japan to the medical field. Moreover, it cannot be forgotten that he contributed to the modernisation of Japanese medicine during his time as his inclusive and syncretistic method made innovations look familiar, integrated as they were in a system claiming to remain traditional.
In the conclusion is shown the parallelism between the syncretic attitude of Sōtetsu in the medical field and predecessors like Kūkai and Yoshida Kanetomo (especially Yoshida Shintō, which encompasses Shintō, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, enjoyed a general acceptance from the Muromachi period until the end of Edo). A syncretist like Sōtetsu is now considered as marginal, because of being alien both to the radical modernisation of medicine and to the pure conservation of tradition. Nevertheless, in his time, he was important and merits the historian's consideration: his misinterpretation of negating the difference between Chinese and Western medicine probably made the swift triumph of Western medicine in the following age easier.
Le chapitre "vie et mort" du Thésurus de l'œil de la vraie loi de Dōgen
Authors: Girard Frédéric 
Published: March 2010

The "Shōbōgenzō" preserved two sermons about life and death. The first, "Total operation" (1242), was written by Dōgen when he was fully mature. It is a treatise of a very intellectual type, discussing an active immanent process which holds the world to be a manifestation of the Buddha.
The second one, "Life and death," of unknown date, was integrated much later, in the Ashikaga period, in a work called "The Secret Thesaurus" in the Edo period. The doctrine expounded shows affinity to those of "Total operation": the cycle of life and death is seen as constitutive of the life of the Buddha, as in other sermons in the "Thesaurus." Nevertheless, the idea of an "extremely easy way," a quietist faith, and the fluid, non-rhetorical style, surprise us with their tone, so different from most of the other sermons. It has been thought that this sermon might be a fake, or a text written for a layperson, possibly even for the great Amidist Shinran. It also has been seen as a profession of faith from Dōgen himself. While other of his sermons reveal an essentially intellectual agnosticism, this one reflects a devotional pietism. Does this indicate the possibility that there were two separate individuals named of Dōgen, or rather was there an evolution in the thought the founder of Sōtô?
At this time it seems impossible to choose between these two possibilities. In addition, it seems certain that this sermon is not part of the "Thesaurus. " Its interest lies in the fact that it brings to the exegete questions about interpretation of Dōgen 's work as well as questions about history of the compilation of his "Grand Œuvre"?