bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on the post-Tertiary and Tertiary Fossils obtained by Col. English from the District surrounding the Dardanelles
Authors: Newton Richard Bullen 
Published: October 2009

Considerable, interest may he attached to the fossils collected by Col. English in a number of localities surrounding the Dardanelles,since many of the specimens rank as fresh records for this part of South-Eastern Europe. One of the most important results accruing from an examination of the eoilection has been the fixing of the age of the coal-deposits at Masatly, which can now be referred to the Stampian or Middle division of the Oligocene System, on account of the discovery of
Corbicula semistriata
in those beds at that locality, in association with
Anthracotherium
-remains.

The specimens are scheduled under the following formations:--
The whole of the collection has been generously presented to the British Museum (Natural History) by Col. English.
Post-Pliocene.
Marine mollusca found in the region of the Dardanelles have been identified with existing Mediterranean species. Hence, the deposits containing them may be recognized as of post-Pliocene age, and probably of contemporaneous origin with those found in Cyprus (as known to us through the researches of Prof. Gaudry), and in the Hellespont by Calvert & Neumayr.
(A) List of marine shells from the coast-cliffs west of Gallipoli, 40 to 100 feet above sea-leveL
(B) A marine shell from Gallipoli Ovassi, about one mile north-east of Gallipoli, in a loamy clay-bed 20 feet above the sea.
(C) List of marine shells from the other side of the Dardanelles opposite Gallipoli, about 1 mile inland from Tchardak. The beds containing this fauna are of a sandy character, and nearly 50 feet above sea
Notes on Nummulites in the Turkish Rocks described by Col. English
Authors: Holland Richard 
Published: October 2009

There appear to be at least three species of nummulites (giving six forms) in the rocks from Vernitza. These are:-
1. (Pl. XXV, figs. 1-3.) A large nummulite having a width of from 45 to 50 millimetres, and a thickness of from 5 to 10 mm.It is microspheric, and there are eleven to twelve turns of the spiral in a radius of 3 mm. The f i l e t s cloisonnaires are sinuo-striate and delicate. The chamber-ratio is
irregular:
The History of Volcanic Action in the Phlegræan Fields
Authors: de Lorenzo Giuseppe 
Published: October 2009

I. INTRODUCTION.
The scene that discloses itself to the observer who enters the Bay of Naples by the so-called Boeca Grande, presents three parts, each characterized by distinct features. On the right, masses of calcareous pink and white rock rise up into the Island of Capri from the foam-flecked waters of the Mediterranean, and stretch through Sorrento and Amalfi to the cloud-capped Apennine. On the left, a vast succession of undulating ridges of tawny-coloured tuff begins, first at the Island of Ischia, and then, extending through Vivara and Procida, spreads out into the gentle declivities upon which Naples is built. In the central background looms grand and solemn the smoking peak of Vesuvius.
Just as these three components of the landscape are diverse in aspect, so too are they diverse in geological origin and constitution. The island of Capri and the peninsula of Sorrento are made up of a gigantic pile of dolomitic and calcareous deposits of Upper Triassic (Hauptdolomit) and of Cretaceous (Urgonian-Turonian) age.Upon these rest in places a tbw insignifcant patches of Eocene-Miocene Flysch. Vesuvius is a typical volcano of concentric accumulation (vulcano a recinto), almost entirely built up of leucotephritic, fragmental, and lava-form materials. Between Naples and Ischia lies a vast and complex assemblage of extinct craters, which have erupted much fragmental material but little lava, generally of a trachy-andesitic character, though exceptionally the crater of Vivara has disgorged a basaltic magma.
This region, more especially that portion of it lying between Naples, Cuma, and Miseno,received from
On the Age of the Llyn-Padarn Dykes
Authors: Elsden James Vincent 
Published: October 2009

I.
INTRODUCTION.

The characters of the basic sills of Caernarvonshire have been described in detail by several writers, notably by Mr. ttarker in his well-known essay on the Bala Volcanic Series. There is a marked absence of dykes in association with the outbursts of this period, and the numerous basic dykes of this area have generally been assigned to a later series of eruptions. The evidence upon which this assumption rests is, however, not always satisfactory; and although Mr. Harker is inclined to favour their post-Carboniferous age, he does not conceal the uncertainty of this conclusion in several eases, and he adduces evidence which seems to point, at least in some instances, to the possibility of the existence of more than one group of these intrusions. Dr. C. A Matley, also, finds that in Northern Anglesey at least two groups of dykes occur, of which the earlier are pre-Silurian and the later post-Ordovician But Mr. E. Greenly maintains that the later dykes of Anglesey, including those of the Menai Straits, are certainly post-Carboniferous, and may possibly be evea of Tertiary age.
With regard to the Llyn-Padarn dykes, with which this paper is ciliefly concerned, no very detailed description appears to have been published, although several authors have incidentally referred to them, as will be mentioned hereafter. It appears to have been generally assumed that these dykes are of the same age as those of the Menai Straits, to which they are supposed to bear a general resemblance, both, in petrographical
The Igneous Rocks of Pontesford Hill, Shropshire
Authors: Boulton William S. 
Published: October 2009

I.
INTRODUCTION AND PREVIOUS LITERATURE.

PONTESFORD HILL is sit.uated on the north-western flank of the Longmynd range of Shropshire, about 7 miles south-west of Shrewsbury. With a length of about a mile, and a breadth of half a mile, it rises to a height of just over 1000 feet, and from its summit, which is the site of a well-preserved Roman camp, a fine view of the surrounding country is obtained. A mile to the west, and running through the village of Pontesbury, the Stiper- Stones Quartzite, the local base of the Ordovician System, crops out; while to the south-west stretches nearly the whole sweep of the Ordovician district of Shelve and the Corndon. Immediately to the east and south rise abruptly the conglomerates and purple grits of the Western Longmynd, making up the conspicuous woody ridges of Radlith and Oakswood. Between these and Pontesford Hill is a deep and picturesque wooded gorge, cut by the Habberley Brook. Here, about a third of a mile east of the northern end of Pontesford Hill, is the Lyd Hole, a big, circular pot-hole, at and near which are some conspicuous exposures of rocks referred to by :Mr. Blake and Dr. Callaway in their papers dealing with the geology of the district. Northward stretches the great plain of Shrewsbury and Chester.
The hill, which is nearly severed into two roughly-equal portions by a north-eastern and south-western galley, rises from the valley with abrupt and steep slopes, but with a general rounded outline. One
Sarsen-Stones in a Claypit
Authors: Spicer E. C. 
Published: October 2009

M
idway
between High Wycombe and Princes Risborough, above Bradenham, 630 feet above sea-level, there is a plateau which is deeply entrenched by transverse valleys running to the Thames, towards which the plateau is inclined in accordance with the dipslope. On riding from Lacey Green to Nap Hill through cultivated country plastered by the usual ‘Clay-with-Flints,’ it appears surprising to find suddenly in the corn-fields a row of brick-kilns in full operation, among heaps of white stones symmetrically cut into kerbstones and paving-setts, with scattered mounds of white débris, pointing clearly to some features of great geological interest.

The principal pit from which these materials are taken exhibits a structure in remarkable contrast with the surrounding country, as will be seen from the accompanying photograph, which shows a large sarsen-block measuring more than 10 feet across, embedded in a fine, clean, tenacious, grey and reddish clay.
On the opposite side of the pit, which is about 40 yards across and roughly circular, another large stone (half uncovered) lies near the surface, and slopes towards the centre of thc pit. In the foreground is seen what the workmen call the ‘rock’, forming a containing-wall for the clay in which the sarsens are embedded. There is no gradation from the ‘rock’ to the fine clay, and the line of demarcation is clear and hard, the large unworn flints in the ‘rock’ never protruding into the sarsen-clay, which free from the admixture of any kind of pebble. It cuts as clean as a
The Tertiary Fossils of Somaliland, as represented in the British Museum (Natural History)
Authors: Newton Richard Bullen 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

S
ince
the publication in the fifty-sixth volume of this Journal (1900) of Prof. J. W. Gregory's paper on the Geology of Somaliland, which was founded upon specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) mostly collected and presented by Mrs. Lort-Phillips, the National Collections have been enriched by two further series of fossils from the same country—that obtained by Dr. Donaldson Smith from the neighbourhood of Berbera, and presented by His Highness the Gaekwar of Baroda; the other presented by Major R. G. Edwards Leckie (of the Canadian Mounted Rifles), and collected by him during an exploration-tour, from Upper Sheikh and Garrasgooi in the Golis-Range district, and also from the Eilo Range of mountains.

In the course of my official duties at the British Museum, I have been entrusted with the examination of these new collections, with the view of describing the individual specimens, as well as of ascertaining their importance with regard to the stratigraphy of the country.
In carrying out this work, a large amount of comparison with species already known from Somaliland and elsewhere has been imperative, while the limestone-matrices surrounding the different specimens have been microscopically examined in several cases, in order that the best confirmatory evidence should be obtained as to geological horizons. This examination has rendered necessary a revision of some of the geological and palæontological conclusions referred to in Prof. Gregory's memoir, for which I am largely responsible in connection with the determination of certain molluscan remains therein mentioned. The new material
The Palæntological Sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol Area
Authors: Vaughan Arthur 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
his
paper deals with the fossil sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol area, and with the possibility of dividing that system into a series of palæontological zones.

The general geology of the area has been most luminously expounded by Prof. Lloyd Morgan in the series of papers which he has contributed to the Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society, and to these I make constant reference. I am thus able largely to dispense with detailed accounts of topography and lithology, which would otherwise interrupt seriously the palæontological discussion.
Mr. E. B. Wethered has contributed a most instructive paper Q.J.G.S. No. 242.
‘On Insoluble Residues obtained from the Carboniferous-Limestone Series at Clifton,’ and it is with his lithological divisions that I have mainly correlated the palæontological zones suggested in this paper.
To the late Mr. W. W. Stoddart we owe the first attempt to compile a list of the fossil contents of the beds in the Avon Section. I have drawn up a complete analysis of his observations, so far only as the Corals and Brachiopods are concerned; this will, for convenience, follow immediately upon the detailed account of my own observations on the Avon section.
For my purpose, it is obvious that the essential desiderata are good exposures, the relative stratigraphical position of which is unquestionable. Exposures which satisfy these two conditions are to be found in several parts of the Bristol area, and, from them, the determination of the faunal sequence is merely a matter
On the Divisions and Correlation of the Upper Portion of the Coal-Measures, with special reference to their Development in the Midland Counties of England
Authors: Kidston Robert 
Published: October 2009

W
hile
working out the flora of the British coalfields, I have found no group of rocks more interesting than the group of sandstones and marls, frequently of a red, purple, or mottled colour, and their associated limestones, which lie above the Middle Coal-Measures of the Potteries Coalfield.

When preparing my paper on ‘The Fossil Flora of the Coalfield of the Potteries,’ the classification which I adopted was that used by Mr. John Ward, but at that time little was known about the thickness and stratigraphical relationship of the beds forming this group. The classification adopted by Mr. Ward is as follows:—
In the present paper my remarks will be restricted to the rocks here called Permian and Upper Coal-Measures. Any reference that may be made to the underlying group will be merely incidental.
At the time when my paper on the fossil flora of the Potteries Coalfield was written, I had seen no plants from the so-called ‘Permian’ of that area, and, in regard to these rocks, Mr. John Ward says, in the work already mentioned:—
That these rocks were Carboniferous and not Permian, I felt quite certain: for, apparently, the same so-called ‘Permian’ rocks were passed through while sinking the shaft of the Hamstead Colliery at Great Barr, near Birmingham; they contained a typical Upper Coal-Measure flora; and with this series I classed them at the time. Messrs. F. G. Meachem & H. Insley had previously referred these rocks to the Upper Coal-Measures. I shall have occasion to refer
On the Wash-outs in the Middle Coal-Measures of South Yorkshire
Authors: Middleton Francis Edward 
Published: October 2009

D
uring
the past 20 years the South Yorkshire Coalfield has been developed and explored in the neighbourhood of Aldwarke and Thrybergh, lying 4 miles north-west of Rotherham, where the principal seams have been extensively worked, namely:—

The Barnalcy Seam
7½ feet thick.

The Swallow-Wood Seam
5 feet thick.

The Parkgate Seam
4½ feet thick.

As the workings have extended, large areas have been proved to exist where the coal has been removed by wash-outs which have occurred at various horizons in the Middle and Lower Coal-Measures; and it is only by defining these accurately, by survey upon plans, that any intelligent idea can be formed of their origin or probable extension.

On the accompanying plan (fig. 1, p. 339), the position is shown of a wash-out in the Barnsley Seam, which has been proved to exist from Q to R—1700 yards in an east-and-west direction, and by a drift—H to J in a transverse direction.
In the Parkgate Seam, which lies 240 yards below the Barnsley, another wash-out has been proved, covering the area, as shown by the diagonal shading, for a distance of 2600 yards in length in a north-and-south direction, and found to extend 600 yards in width.
The thickness of the strata overlying the wash-out in the Barnsley Seam is 650 yards, and in the Parkgate Seam 500 yards. The position is more clearly defined on reference to fig. 2, section
The Rhætic Rocks of Monmouthshire
Authors: Richardson Linsdall 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

In
Monmouthshire the Rhætic does not extend over a large area, and occurs only in the neighbourhood of Newport. Here it has attracted very little attention until quite recently, when the resurvey of the South-Wales Coalfield necessitated a fresh examination of the deposits, in order to complete the geology of Sheet 249 (New Series). Certain sections which came within the area were described, but hardly in sufficient detail, as the only lamellibranch recorded was
Modiola minima
.

In the present paper four new sections and three new exposures are described: the Goldcliff and Lis-Werry sections being included in the former category, because hitherto comparatively little was known about them.

II. D
ecription of the
S
ections
.

(A) Goldcliff.
About three and a half miles to the south of Llanwern Station, and rising from the alluvial flat called Caldicot Level, is the little inlier of Keuper, Rhætic, and Lower Liassic rocks denominated Goldcliff. Although the occurrence here of Rhætic and Lower Lias has long been known to geologists, details of the section have been difficult to obtain; and, until the present time, it has been possible to investigate only the basement-beds of the Rhætic and those at the base of the Lower Lias. This is due to the fact that the cliff had to be faced with masonry, in order to continue the sea-wall.
About the year 1824 Buckland & Conybeare noted the occurrence here of Lias and Red Marl, but remarked that the section ‘ is now almost entirely concealed by a high sea-wall
The Rhætic and Contiguous Deposits of Glamorganshire
Authors: Richardson Linsdall 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
the autumn of 1904 I made, in company with my friend, Mr. E. Talbot Paris, a detailed examination of the Rhætic and contiguous deposits of Monmouthshire and GLamorganshire. The results of my investigations in the former country have already been made known, and it now remains to record those in the latter.

Less than four years have elapsed since the officers of the Geological Survey completed the re-survey of the Secondary rocks of Glamorganshire; and that part of the memoir on ‘The South-Wales Coalfield ’ which deals with the Bridgend district was only issued to the public last January. This being the case, it might be thought that but little of interest would have remained to be noticed in the present communication. However, whereas the officers of the Survey were mainly concerned in the mapping of the deposits, my attention was directed ill most cases to the accumulation of facts bearing upon the physical geography of the Rhætic Epoch.
On a previous occasion I communicated to this Society a theory, to account for the geographical distribution in North-West Gloucestershire and Worcestershire of certain beds at the base of the Rhætic Series. I then stated that,
‘there is evidence to suggest that there were earth-pressures at work at the close of the Keuper Epoch, which caused the deposits to be thrown into slight synclinal and anticlinal flexures. In the depressed areas the earlier deposits of the Rhætic were laid down, and successive overlap on to the marls seems
On New Oolitic Strata in Oxfordshire
Authors: Walford Edwin A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
divisions of the Inferior Oolite of North-West Oxfordshire are described, and a quarry on the border of the county cited where the Cotteswold facies dies out in the ‘
Parkinsoni
’-stage. A higher division of the same stage (the
Trigonia-signata
Beds) of Northamptonshire type is shown to sweep over the North-Eastern Cotteswold region. The siliceo-calcareous beds (Chipping-Norton Limestone) cover the countryside which gives them their name, and are about 30 feet thick. Fossiliferous strata, separated from the Chipping-Norton Limestone by a bed with vertical markings and a black clay-band, indicative of much ‘inter-waste’ of these and other beds, are described. They are shown to be similar to the Lincolnshire (Ponton) strata described by Morris, Judd, and Woodward. A new term is proposed for these beds, which are characterized by the presence of the shell
Neœra
, from the
Perna
-Marls above the black clays to a higher series of black-and-green clays underlying the Stonesfield Slate. These beds and the Chipping-Norton Limestones are classed with the sub-Bathonian.

The beds equivalent to those of Oxfordshire have, in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire, been known in part as Upper Estuarine. In the 20 feet of Oxfordshire strata the 150 feet of the Lincolnshire Limestone and the Upper Estuarine of the north-eastern counties appear to be represented. The Author expresses the hope that his work may help towards the discrimination of the two kinds of deposit known as Lincolnshire Limestones, inasmuch as the fossils characterizing each local (Oxfordshire) stratum have been collected from the beds
in situ
. Lists of fossils are given.
The Carboniferous Limestone of the Weston-super-Mare District (Somerset)
Authors: Sibly Thomas Franklin 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

W
eston-super
-M
are
lies three and a half miles W. 25° S. of Clifton Suspension Bridge. The Carboniferous Limestone in the neighbourhood forms two ridges which stand up prominently from the surrounding alluvial flats. The southern ridge, which I term the Weston-Worle ridge, runs a little north of east from the coast, at Weston, to Worle, and is about 3 miles in length. The northern and smaller ridge, known as Middle Hope (the Woodspring ridge), lies 2 miles farther north, is about 2 miles in length, and runs almost parallel to the Weston-Worle ridge.

The occurrence of contemporaneous igneous rocks associated with the Carboniferous Limestone both at Weston and at Middle Hope, lends especial interest to the district. The igneous rocks have been described by Sir Archibald Geikie and Mr. Aubrey Strahan, and also, more fully, by Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan & Prof. S. H. Reynolds. The Spring-Cove lava (Weston) has, further, been fully described by Prof. W. S. Boulton.
The present paper is devoted chiefly to a detailed description of the Weston-Worle ridge. My object in examining the district was an investigation of the coral- and brachiopod-succession in the Carboniferous Limestone, in connection with my work in the Mendip area, and in continuation of the work accomplished by Dr. Arthur Vaughan in the Bristol area. In order to accomplish this with thoroughness in the Weston-Worle ridge, much detailed stratigraphical work has been necessary, owing to the fact that faulting and resultant folding have complicated the structure of the ridge.
Both the stratigraphy
Notes on the Geological Aspect of some of the North-Eastern Territories of the Congo Free States
Authors: Preumont Gaston Félix Joseph 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
1902 I had the honour of being commissioned by the Government of the Congo Free State, as mining-engineer and geologist, to accompany an exploratory mission sent to their north-eastern territories, and I had the opportunity of taking a few notes on the geological aspect of that part of Africa, which is as yet little known to the geologist.

It has occurred to me that the observations recorded during nearly two years spent in that region, although no doubt very incomplete, might possibly be found of some interest.
The Government of the Congo Free State have given me in Africa in a very generous way, through all their officials, every assistance to carry out the investigation of that large tract of country: and I beg to be allowed here to mention my debt of gratitude towards them, as also to thank the Secretary-General of the Interior, Commandant Liebrecht, for the kind permission which he has granted me to bring these notes before this Society.
I am also greatly indebted to Mr. J. Allen Howe, who has kindly undertaken the petrological description of the rocks, for his valuable assistance and advice.
The Uelle district and the Lade Enclave are the north-eastern-most provinces of the Congo Free State. They cover an area at least six times as large as Belgium, and the Uelle district alone extends over 72,000 square miles. On the map it presents the shape of a long and broad belt of country nearly parallel to the Equator,