bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overlapping Alternative Sigma Factor Regulons in the Response to Singlet Oxygen inRhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Nuss Aaron M. , Glaeser Jens , Berghoff Bork A. , Klug Gabriele 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTOrganisms performing photosynthesis in the presence of oxygen have to cope with the formation of highly reactive singlet oxygen (1O2) and need to mount an adaptive response to photooxidative stress. Here we show that the alternative sigma factors RpoHIand RpoHIIare both involved in the1O2response and in the heat stress response inRhodobacter sphaeroides. We propose RpoHIIto be the major player in the1O2response, whereas RpoHIis more important for the heat stress response. Mapping of the 5′ ends of RpoHII- and also RpoHI/RpoHII-dependent transcripts revealed clear differences in the −10 regions of the putative promoter sequences. By using bioinformatic tools, we extended the RpoHIIregulon, which includes genes induced by1O2exposure. These genes encode proteins which are, e.g., involved in methionine sulfoxide reduction and in maintaining the quinone pool. Furthermore, we identified small RNAs which depend on RpoHIand RpoHIIand are likely to contribute to the defense against photooxidative stress and heat stress.
Toxin Profiling of
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains Involved in Varicella Superinfection
Authors: Raulin Olivia , Durand Géraldine , Gillet Yves , Bes Michèle , Lina Gerard , Vandenesch François , Floret Daniel , Etienne Jerome , Laurent Frédéric 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

The most common complications of varicella are bacterial skin and soft tissue infections, generally due to
Staphylococcus aureus
and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. The aim of this study was to characterize the toxin and antibiotic resistance profiles of
S. aureus
isolates involved in varicella complications. Between 2002 and 2007, the French Reference Centre for Staphylococci collected 58
S. aureus
isolates involved in varicella superinfection. All the isolates were characterized by screening for 12 toxin genes,
agr
typing, and
mecA
gene detection; some isolates were also studied by
spa
typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and resistance profiling. A major toxin gene was detected in 53% (31/58) of the isolates (genes for exfoliative toxins A and B, 17.2%; Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, 8.6%; toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene, 27.6%). Most clinical manifestations were directly compatible with the classical activity of these toxins. Nineteen isolates (33%) were resistant to methicillin, and 12 of these isolates belonged to an emerging
agr-2
, ST5 clone that harbors the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene. These data should be considered in the management and treatment of patients with varicella complicated by
S. aureus
superinfection. Antibiotics that decrease toxin production, such as clindamycin, may provide benefit, and their efficacy against bacterial superinfections in children with varicella should be studied.
First Report of Treatment of
Anaerobiospirillum s
ucciniciproducens
Bloodstream Infection with Levofloxacin
Authors: Kelesidis Theodoros , Bard Jennifer Dien , Humphries Romney , Ward Kevin , Lewinski Michael A. , Uslan Daniel Z. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

The full extent of the clinical spectrum and optimal therapy of
Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens
infections remains to be determined. We describe the first case of bloodstream infection (BSI) due to
A. succiniciproducens
in an asymptomatic elderly male with poor dentition that was treated with levofloxacin.
It Should Never Be Questioned
Authors: Ishøy Rikke 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWeapon-bearers commit violations of international humanitarian law, whether in response to orders or on their own initiative. Not to say that they are the only ones, but when engaged in hostility, they can decide to use their force legally or in violation of the law. With Denmark's engagements in the wars in the Balkans, Iraq and Afghanistan, training in international humanitarian law has gone from being a theoretical exercise to highly relevant, as the likelihood of a soldier becoming engaged in hostilities has greatly increased. e article discusses the factors determining whether soldiers will respect international humanitarian law when engaged in hostilities. It is based on an interview with Captain Nicholas Brace Olsen, chief of operations of team four of the Danish ISAF contingent in Afghanistan.
War on Terror – Armed Conflict with Al-Qaida?
Authors: Lehto Marja 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe US government has recently renounced the term 'Global War on Terror', pointing out that it does not describeaccurately the nature of the terrorist threat. While the change of terminology is a welcomed development, it should be noted that 'War on Terror' was not merely a political slogan. The war paradigm was accompanied with a number of legal arguments and claims which have a direct link to the perplexing policy outcomes of the Bush era. One of the trickiest questions before the Obama administration is related to the concept of an armed conflict.
The Copenhagen Process on Detainees: A Necessity
Authors: Winkler Thomas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe traditional distinction between military and law enforcement operations is increasingly difficult to uphold. This gives rise to a number of difficult and complicated challenges in regard to the handling of detainees. Legal ambiguity may lead to operational uncertainty, which may hamper the efficiency of a given United Nations (UN)-mandated international military operation. It is in the interest of no one, not least the detained individual. The author argues that the Copenhagen Process on the Handling of Detainees in UN-mandated international military operations is a necessity to ensure the full protection of any individual detained during an UN-mandated international military operation and thereby ensuring the efficiency of the efforts of the international community to bring stability and peace to States and regions in dire need. On the key legal question concerning the relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law, it is necessary to conduct a thorough analysis of the relevant provisions of both bodies of international law in context. When this is done, most of the claimedincongruities between the two bodies of law disappear – and thereby also the basis for the sometime heateddiscussions between the advocates of one or the other body of law.
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law in Multinational Peace Operations
Authors: Engdahl Ola 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe duty to respect international humanitarian law (IHL) in military operations requires effective tools of compliance. Peace operation forces are seldom involved in armed conflict and IHL applies formally only in a minorityof operations. The increasingly volatile environments in which peace operation personnel are required to work, and the trend of enforcement capabilities of such forces, will arguably make the question of compliance with IHL all the more important. Multinational peace operations often include a range of actors–such as the UN, another organisation leading the operation, troop contributing nations (TCNs) and the host state. Differences in training and education as well implementation of IHL in different TCNs makes compliance with IHL in multinational operations a challenging task. The use of special units with their culture of secrecy involves other complex questions. On a more general level, it is not clearly established how responsibility under international is dividedamong the main actors in a multinational peace operation. A number of practical measures are suggested to overcome challenges to an effective compliance of IHL.
The Dynamics of the West African Monsoon. Part V: The Detection and Role of the Dominant Modes of Convectively Coupled Equatorial Rossby Waves
Authors: Janicot Serge , Mounier Flore , Gervois Sébastien , Sultan Benjamin , Kiladis George N. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This study is the last in a series of papers addressing the dynamics of the West African summer monsoon at intraseasonal time scales between 10 and 90 days. The signals of convectively coupled equatorial Rossby (ER) waves within the summer African monsoon have been investigated after filtering NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data within a box delineated by the dispersion curves of the theoretical ER waves. Two families of waves have been detected in the 10–100-day periodicity band by performing a singular spectrum analysis on a regional index of ER-filtered OLR. For each family the first EOF mode has been retained to focus on the main convective variability signal.
Within the periodicity band of 30–100 days, an ER wave pattern with an approximate wavelength of 13 500 km has been depicted. This ER wave links the MJO mode in the Indian monsoon sector with the main mode of convective variability over West and central Africa. This confirms the investigations carried out in previous studies.
Within the 10–30-day periodicity band, a separate ER wave pattern has been highlighted in the African monsoon system with an approximate wavelength of 7500 km, a phase speed of 6 m s−1, and a period of 15 days. The combined OLR and atmospheric circulation pattern looks like a combination of ER wave solutions with meridional wavenumbers of 1 and 2. Its vertical baroclinic profile suggests that this wave is forced by the deep convective heating. Its initiation in terms of OLR modulation is detected north of Lake Victoria, extending northward and then propagating westward along the Sahel latitudes.
The Sahel mode identified in previous studies corresponds to the second main mode of convective variability within the 10–30-day periodicity band, and this has also been examined. Its pattern and evolution look like the first-mode ER wave pattern and they are temporally correlated with a coefficient of +0.6. About one-third of the Sahel mode events are concomitant with an ER wave occurrence. The main difference between these two signals consists of a stronger OLR and circulation modulation of the Sahel mode over East and central Africa. Thus, the Sahel mode occurrence and its westward propagation could be explained in part by atmospheric dynamics associated with the ER waves and in part by land surface interactions, as shown in other studies.
Impact of Multidecadal Fluctuations in the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation on Indo-Pacific Climate Variability in a Coupled GCM
Authors: Rashid Harun A. , Power Scott B. , Knight Jeff R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Using a multicentury integration of the third climate configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (HadCM3), the authors show that naturally occurring fluctuations in the Atlantic’s thermohaline circulation (THC) drive small but statistically significant changes in surface air temperature, sea level pressure, and precipitation over the Indo-Pacific region. The surface temperature component of these variations may be described as an interhemispheric seesaw (consistent with earlier studies), with changes in the Southern Hemisphere smaller than those in the Northern Hemisphere. Links between THC variability and variability related to the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) are evident: when the THC is strong (weak) the IPO variance decreases (increases) considerably, and cold (La Niña–like) IPO events tend to be stronger and more frequent when the THC is in a weak phase. This highlights the possibility that a small part of Indo-Pacific climate variability at multidecadal time scales, including some of the variability linked to the IPO, may be predictable.
Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Divergence Response to High Rainfall Events in the Tropics: Observations and Models
Authors: Mitovski Toni , Folkins Ian , von Salzen Knut , Sigmond Michael 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRadiosonde measurements and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall are used to construct composite anomaly patterns of temperature, relative humidity, and divergence about high rainfall events in the western Pacific. The observed anomaly patterns are compared with anomaly patterns from four general circulation models [Third and Fourth Generation Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM3 and AGCM4), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1), and European Center Hamburg Model version 5 (ECHAM5)] and two reanalysis products [40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and ERA-Interim]. In general, the models and reanalyses do not fully represent the timing, strength, or altitude of the midlevel congestus divergence that precedes peak rainfall or the midlevel stratiform convergence that occurs after peak rainfall. The surface cold pools that develop in response to high rainfall events are also either not present or somewhat weaker than observations. Surface cold pools originate from the downward transport within mesoscale downdrafts of midtropospheric air with low moist static energy into the boundary layer. Differences between the modeled and observed response to high rainfall events suggest that the convective parameterizations used by the models and reanalyses discussed here may underrepresent the strength of the mesoscale downdraft circulation.
A New Portable Instrument for In Situ Measurement of Atmospheric Methane Mole Fraction by Applying an Improved Tin Dioxide–Based Gas Sensor
Authors: Suto Hiroshi , Inoue Gen 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A new portable instrument based on a tin dioxide natural gas leak detector was developed to monitor the atmospheric methane mixing ratio in areas lacking sufficient infrastructure to sustain a conventional measurement system, such as a large power source, carrier gas supply, and temperature-stabilized laboratory. The effect of water vapor, the dominant factor influencing the stable measurement of methane, was examined. Reducing water vapor to less than 10 ppm in the sample air enabled stable and sensitive detection of atmospheric methane. The selectivity of the sensor to other flammable gases was also examined and improved, without additional power consumption, by applying an additional catalytic layer made of platinum-black powder suspended in quartz wool. The developed system is small (W × D × H = 300 mm × 250 mm × 200 mm) and lightweight (4 kg). The normal power consumption of the detector unit, consisting of a detector, a heater for controlling temperature, and an electronic circuit for each device, is less than 10 W. The precision of the tin dioxide–based sensor system for methane measurement in ambient air was compared with that of a conventional system, a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Diurnal variations were clearly detected, and an excellent linear relationship was found between the two systems, with a standard deviation of 4 ppb (1σ).
Migraine symptomatology and major depressive disorder
Authors: Ligthart Lannie , Penninx Brenda WJH , Nyholt Dale R , Distel Marijn A , de Geus Eco JC , Willemsen Gonneke , Smit Johannes H , Boomsma Dorret I 
Published: March 2010

Introduction and objective: Migraine and major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently co-occur, but it is unclear whether depression is associated with a specific subtype of migraine. The objective of this study was to investigate whether migraine is qualitatively different in MDD patients ( N = 1816) and non-depressed controls ( N = 3428). Methods: Migraine symptom data were analyzed using multi-group Latent Class Analysis, and a qualitative comparison was made between the symptom profiles of MDD patients and controls, while allowing for differences in migraine prevalence and severity between groups. Results: In both groups, three migrainous headache classes were identified, which differed primarily in terms of severity. Both mild and severe migrainous headaches were two to three times more prevalent in MDD patients. Migraine symptom profiles showed only minor qualitative differences in the MDD and non-MDD groups: in the severe migrainous headache class, significant differences were observed only in the prevalence of aggravation by physical activity (83% and 91% for the non-MDD and MDD groups, respectively) and aura (42% vs. 53%, respectively). Conclusion: The similar overall symptom profiles observed in the MDD and non-MDD subjects suggest that a similar disease process may underlie migraine in both groups.
Safety and efficacy of rituximab in patients with hepatitis C virus–related mixed cryoglobulinemia and severe liver disease
Authors: Petrarca Antonio , Rigacci Luigi , Caini Patrizio , Colagrande Stefano , Romagnoli Paolo , Vizzutti Francesco , Arena Umberto , Giannini Carlo , Monti Monica , Montalto Paolo , Matucci-Cerinic Marco , Bosi Alberto , Laffi Giacomo , Zignego Anna Linda 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effectiveness of rituximab in hepatitis C virus (HCV)–related mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) has been shown. However, the risk of an increase in viral replication limits its use in cirrhosis, a condition frequently observed in patients with MC. In this prospective study, 19 HCV-positive patients with MC and advanced liver disease, who were excluded from antiviral therapy, were treated with rituximab and followed for 6 months. MC symptoms included purpura, arthralgias, weakness, sensory-motor polyneuropathy, nephropathy, and leg ulcers. Liver cirrhosis was observed in 15 of 19 patients, with ascitic decompensation in 6 cases. A consistent improvement in MC syndrome was evident at the end-of-treatment (EOT) and end-of-follow-up (EOF-U). Variable modifications in both mean viral titers and alanine aminotransferase values were observed at admission, EOT, third month of follow-up, and EOF-U (2.62 × 106, 4.28 × 106, 4.82 × 106, and 2.02 × 106 IU/mL and 63.6, 49.1, 56.6, and 51.4 IU/L, respectively). Improvement in liver protidosynthetic activity and ascites degree was observed at EOT and EOF-U, especially in more advanced cases. This study shows the effectiveness and safety of rituximab in MC syndrome with advanced liver disease. Moreover, the depletion of CD20+ B cells was also followed by cirrhosis syndrome improvement despite the possibility of transient increases of viremia titers.
Pain-related behaviors and neurochemical alterations in mice expressing sickle hemoglobin: modulation by cannabinoids
Authors: Kohli Divyanshoo R. , Li Yunfang , Khasabov Sergey G. , Gupta Pankaj , Kehl Lois J. , Ericson Marna E. , Nguyen Julia , Gupta Vinita , Hebbel Robert P. , Simone Donald A. , Gupta Kalpna 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Sickle cell disease causes severe pain. We examined pain-related behaviors, correlative neurochemical changes, and analgesic effects of morphine and cannabinoids in transgenic mice expressing human sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Paw withdrawal threshold and withdrawal latency (to mechanical and thermal stimuli, respectively) and grip force were lower in homozygous and hemizygous Berkley mice (BERK and hBERK1, respectively) compared with control mice expressing human hemoglobin A (HbA-BERK), indicating deep/musculoskeletal and cutaneous hyperalgesia. Peripheral nerves and blood vessels were structurally altered in BERK and hBERK1 skin, with decreased expression of μ opioid receptor and increased calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivity. Activators of neuropathic and inflammatory pain (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, STAT3, and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase) showed increased phosphorylation, with accompanying increase in COX-2, interleukin-6, and Toll-like receptor 4 in the spinal cord of hBERK1 compared with HbA-BERK. These neurochemical changes in the periphery and spinal cord may contribute to hyperalgesia in mice expressing HbS. In BERK and hBERK1, hyperalgesia was markedly attenuated by morphine and cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55940. We show that mice expressing HbS exhibit characteristics of pain observed in sickle cell disease patients, and neurochemical changes suggestive of nociceptor and glial activation. Importantly, cannabinoids attenuate pain in mice expressing HbS.
Library of molecular associations: curating the complex molecular basis of liver diseases
Authors: Buchkremer Stefan , Hendel Jasmin , Krupp Markus , Weinmann Arndt , Schlamp Kai , Maass Thorsten , Staib Frank , Galle Peter R , Teufel Andreas 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
Systems biology approaches offer novel insights into the development of chronic liver diseases. Current genomic databases supporting systems biology analyses are mostly based on microarray data. Although these data often cover genome wide expression, the validity of single microarray experiments remains questionable. However, for systems biology approaches addressing the interactions of molecular networks comprehensive but also highly validated data are necessary.

Results
We have therefore generated the first comprehensive database for published molecular associations in human liver diseases. It is based on PubMed published abstracts and aimed to close the gap between genome wide coverage of low validity from microarray data and individual highly validated data from PubMed. After an initial text mining process, the extracted abstracts were all manually validated to confirm content and potential genetic associations and may therefore be highly trusted. All data were stored in a publicly available database, Library of Molecular Associations http://www.medicalgenomics.org/databases/loma/news, currently holding approximately 1260 confirmed molecular associations for chronic liver diseases such as HCC, CCC, liver fibrosis, NASH/fatty liver disease, AIH, PBC, and PSC. We furthermore transformed these data into a powerful resource for molecular liver research by connecting them to multiple biomedical information resources.

Conclusion
Together, this database is the first available database providing a comprehensive view and analysis options for published molecular associations on multiple liver diseases.