bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Structure of γ-Sugars: Part VI: The Synthesis of a Furanose, a 6-Methylketohexose
Authors: Abouzeid Yehya M , Linnell W H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The γ-sugars are unstable and have not yet been isolated in the free state. They occur in nature only in glycosidal combination, e.g., in sucrose, inulin, graminin and in sinistrin, on hydrolysis of which only the normal form of the sugar is isolated. Derivatives of many of the hexoses and pentoses are known to exist in the γ-form. The simplest derivatives of these labile sugars are the glycosides, which have been found to differ widely in their chemical properties from those of the normal sugars. Thus they are susceptible to hydrolysis by very dilute mineral acid and can be distilled without decomposition in vacuo. Furthermore, the γ-glycosides reduce permanganate solution in the cold, a property which has not yet been shown by any of the glycosides of normal sugars.
The Identification of the Clinically-Important Sulphonamides
Authors: Hucknall E , Turfitt G E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A scheme is described for the identification of all the sulphonamide drugs at present available in this country. The six stages of the process are simple and rapid operations involving no unusual reagents or apparatus:
(i)  purification of the crude material by charcoal treatment in acetone solution, followed by melting-point determination. (ii)  preliminary identification as a sulphonamide compound by decomposition with soda-lime. (iii)  detection of free primary amino group by condensation with furfural. (iv)  simple crystal tests based on precipitation from ammonia solution by acetic acid vapour. (v)  vanillin confirmatory test for sulphamerazine and sulphadimidine. (vi)  mixed melting-point determination.
A Preliminary Investigation on the Growth of Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha (Brot) A. Rich, Under Tropical Conditions at Calcutta
Authors: Mitra Gopal C , Chakraborty Diptish 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Under the tropical conditions of the suburbs of Calcutta the seeds of Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha (Kew variety) sprouted in April, 4 and 5 months after their sowing, but quickly died. The young plants and cuttings, especially the roots, showed the greatest activity in August when the rainfall was 15&#x006d;̇4 inches and the mean minimum temperature 79&#x006d;̇5°F., whilst in November, when there was no rain and the mean minimum temperature was 64°6°F., they showed signs of drying up. Artificial increase of humidity at this stage revived the growth of young plants and cuttings. Onwards through the winter months the growth of the cuttings and young plants was maintained. The observations indicate the favourable influence of the lower temperature of the winter months provided that the humidity is not allowed to decrease. The monthly mean maximum temperature of the plains appears to be above the optimum for growth of the plant.
The Preparation of Indones
Authors: Dalev D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
There are many methods of preparing indones. One of the commonest is that which was given more or less at the same time by Löwenbein and Ulich1 on the one hand, and by Weiss and Sauermann2 on the other. This method is not very convenient because most of the indones produced by it contain much impurity in the form of 3-benzalphthalide and some by-products, and the mixture of the latter with the indones is a sticky, resinous substance which prevents the indones from crystallisation. Weiss and his fellow worker removed the benzalphthalide by saponification with concentrated alcoholic ammonia. Under such conditions the purification of the greater proportion of the indone is difficult. Weiss does not mention the reasons which made him choose ammonia for the saponification of benzalphthalide.
A Photoelectric Colorimetric Method for the Estimation of Khellin
Authors: Fahmy I R , Badran N , Messeid M F 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A photoelectric colorimetric method for the assay of khellin is described. This method is recommended for the assay of pure khellin in pharmaceutical preparations. The assay is carried out within the limits of 0&#x006d;̇1 to 1 mg. of khellin. Work is proceeding for the application of this method on galenical and other pharmaceutical preparations. The results will be compared with those obtained by the other colorimetric methods.
The authors wish to express their thanks to the Memphis Chemical Co. for the help extended to them in carrying out this work and for the supply of pure khellin and instruments involved.
Some Aspects of the Pharmacology of Para-Aminosalicylic Acid
Authors: Bavin E M 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Acute and chronic toxic doses of p-aminosalicylic acid to mice have been determined by various routes of administration. Prolonged oral and subcutaneous administration to mice produces some pathological effects on the liver and kidney. A method is described for the estimation in blood and urine, and blood levels curves are given in mice and man. Caronamide has no effect on the blood levels in man. It appears to have no hypoprothrombinæmic or antipyretic effect in rabbits. It exerts a protective effect in mice infected with M. tuberculosis H37 Rv, but it is not so effective an antitubercular drug as streptomycin. My grateful thanks are due to my colleagues Mr. A. S. Beach, Mr. J. H. Marvin, Mr. T. R. Middleton and Mr. C. R. B. Williamson for their assistance in this work, and I am indebted to the Directors of British Chemicals and Biologicals Ltd., for permission to publish this paper.
An Examination of Pyrogen from Various Sources
Authors: Wylie D W , Todd J P 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Three distinct types of fever curves can be stimulated by injection of modifications of the same bacterial culture. Injection of a sterilised whole culture causes a double-peak fever:*** the cell-free filtrate or supernatant liquid of a culture stimulates a single-peak fever, rising to a peak in an average time of 86 minutes if the cells are removed before autoclaving, and a double-peak reaction if the culture is autoclaved before removal of the cells; the fever caused by injection of a suspension of washed bacterial cells is a single-peak fever of the delayed reaction type, reaching its peak in 3 to 4 hours. The results show that certain bacteria probably produce two pyretic substances, one of which, in the viable culture, is dissolved in the medium and stimulates the single-peak fever of the immediate reaction type, and the other is contained mainly in the bacterial cell and stimulates the single-peak fever of the delayed reaction type, a mixture of both causing the double-peak fever. Proteus vulgaris and Ps. fluorescens can produce a volatile depressant substance, which either lowers the body temperature to below normal, or prevents the pyrogen from causing a rise in body temperature. This depressant causes general paralysis if injected in sufficiently large doses, in smaller quantities the most obvious effect is the loss of appetite. It has been shown that any pyrogen test followed by the rabbits refusing to eat for a few days should be examined for other effects of the depressant substance, and should be repeated, taking care to heat the solution to between 30° and 40°C. for about 10 minutes before injection. An investigation of the stability of pyrogen to heat at 120°C. showed that Ps. ***æruginosa, B. subtilis and P. vulgaris produce pyretic substances of similar stability, whereas M. tetragenes produces a much more thermostable substance. The results from the investigation of the stability showed that the pyrogens of P. vulgaris, Ps. æruginosa and B. subtilis are sufficiently labile to require care when using heat during isolation, as approximately 95 per cent. is destroyed after 2 hours at 120°C. Finally it must be emphasised that further investigation into these points would be of little value unless carried out on the pure pyretic substances isolated from various bacterial sources. This work was carried out during the tenure by one of us (D.W.W.) of a Carnegie Scholarship and a Wellcome Research Fellowship to the trustees of which we wish to express our thanks.
Bacterial Survival in Systems of Low Moisture Content
Authors: Bullock Kenneth , Keepe Winifred G , Rawlins E A 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The technique of performing viable counts using graduated pipettes with roll-tubes has been examined and the accuracy of the method has been assessed by statistical analysis. It has been shown that satisfactory viable counts can be obtained of spores of B. subtilis in suspension or in powders. The spreading surface growth of the organism has been shown to have no significant effect upon the count and roll-tube counts may be performed satisfactorily in its presence. It has been shown that if even suspensions of B. subtilis spores are spray-dried the viable organisms are evenly distributed in the resultant powder. It has been shown that if even suspensions of Bact. lactis aerogenes are spray-dried the viable organisms are not evenly distributed in the powder as taken from the spray-drier, but that an even distribution can be obtained if the powder is thoroughly mixed by mechanical means. The effect of storage on the viability of the organisms in peptone powders has been examined. The viable count of B. subtilis was found to undergo no significant diminution after 6 months’ storage, whereas the viable count of Bact. lactis aerogenes fell rapidly, most of the organisms dying within the first few days. It is concluded that spray-dried powders containing spores of B. subtilis are very suitable for examining the effects of environmental conditions on the spores. On the other hand, the use of powders containing organisms, such as Bact. lactis aerogenes, which show a high mortality on spray-drying, involves greater difficulties, which may be inherent in the problem. It is a pleasure to express our thanks to Professor M. S. Bartlett for suggestions and advice concerning the statistical treatment of the results reported in this paper.
The Colorimetric Determination of Morphine in Galenical Preparations
Authors: Johnson C A , Lloyd Cecilia J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Methods by which morphine may be determined colorimetrically are discussed and the present official method criticised. The reaction described by Pride and Stern, which depends upon the oxidation of morphine with iodic acid followed by treatment with ammonium bicarbonate and nickel chloride to give a green colour has been found satisfactory. Improved extraction procedures for the separation of morphine from extraneous material in a number of galenical preparations are suggested and application of the colorimetric reaction to morphine residues so obtained, is described.
Some Observations Concerning The Chemical Reactions Occurring Between Formaldehyde and Peptone
Authors: Bullock Kenneth , Rao V Subba 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The uptake of formaldehyde by peptone has been studied. Relatively stable powders (formol-peptones) can be prepared by exposing peptone powder to the vapour phase over formalin for four days and drying the product in vacuo. Different batches of such powders, obtained from the same sample of peptone are of similar composition but formolpeptones obtained from different makes of peptone may differ considerably in composition. The state of binding between the formaldehyde and the peptone in powder and in solution has been investigated by means of the chromotropic acid and Vorländer's reactions. The firmness with which formaldehyde is bound to peptone in solution depends not only on the quantities of formaldehyde and peptone present but also on the previous relationship of the two substances. The reactions between formaldehyde and peptone have been found to be complex. Equilibrium is not readily attained either in solution or when peptone powder is exposed to formalin vapour.
Studies on 5-Hydroxytryptamine and 5-Hydroxytryptophan
Authors: West G B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The 5-HT content and the 5-HTP decarboxylase activity of several tissues of seven mammalian species has been estimated. Whereas 5-HT is concentrated in the spleen and gastrointestinal tract, the highest enzyme activity is found in the kidney, liver, gut and brain. In rats, treatment with reserpine or chlorpromazine lowers the 5-HT content of many tissues and reduces the 5-HTP decarboxylase activity of the kidney, but prolonged treatment with cortisone only lowers the 5-HT content of the skin.
The Interaction of Chelating Agents with Bacteria
Authors: Beckett A H , Vahora A A , Robinson Ann E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The interaction of solutions containing oxine or iron or both (in a 1:1 molar ratio) with Staph, aureus is examined with respect to the chelating agent and metal ion binding by the bacteria. Iron enhances the amount of oxine uptake by the organism although the presence of the chelating agent does not affect the amount of iron bound. Iron is shown to be present in the ferric state in dilute solutions containing oxine. Two types of iron receptor sites in the bacterial surface are postulated and iron is shown to mediate oxine binding by the bacteria.
Anatomical Studies in The Genus Digitalis
Authors: Cowley P S , Rowson J M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The morphology and detailed anatomy of the inflorescence of Digitalis purpurea have been described. The diagnostic characters which are the most valuable in identifying the inflorescence are the glandular trichomes, which are present on most parts; the pollen grains; the striated cuticle of the calyx and pedicel; the pericyclic fibres of the calyx, pedicel and stem, also the lignified cells of the anther, fruit wall and seed coat.
Vegetable Purgatives Containing Anthracene Derivatives
Authors: Fairbairn J W , Mital V K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new kind of anthraquinone compound has been isolated from cascara bark (Rhamnus purshiana). Unlike the normal glycosides it cannot be hydrolysed by heating in acid solution, but on heating in acidified ferric chloride solution aloe-emodin and a second anthraquinone, possibly chrysophanol, are produced. Some of the physical properties are described including the ultra-violet light absorption curve which shows peaks at 268, 296 and 325 mμ. The relationship of this compound to casanthranol and to the chemical assay and biological activity of cascara is discussed.
A Note on the Pharmacology of Rescinnamine and Serpentine
Authors: Zoha M S , Kirpekar S M , Lewis J J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The pharmacological properties of rescinnamine and serpentine have been studied. Both lower the blood pressure of anaesthetised cats but rescinnamine has a prolonged effect whilst serpentine has only a brief action. Rescinnamine does not antagonise the effects of adrenaline or noradrenaline on the blood pressure of the cat or on the isolated heart, auricles or intestine. Serpentine antagonises vasoconstriction due to adrenaline and noradrenaline in the isolated perfused rat hindquarters but not that due to 5-hydroxytryptamine creatine sulphate, barium chloride or pitressin. Serpentine reversibly antagonises the pressor responses to bilateral carotid occlusion, central vagal stimulation and splanchnic stimulation. Rescinnamine irreversibly antagonises these responses and also the responses from compression of the abdominal aorta and hypoxia, which suggests both alkaloids have an action upon the sympathetic nervous system. Rescinnamine also has some direct depressant effects on cardiac, intestinal and skeletal muscle.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Authors: Edwards D , Lewis J J , Stenlake J B , Stothers Fay 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Preliminary observations upon a series of NNNN-tetra-onium compounds (Ia to Ih), an NNSNN-penta-onium compound (II) and an NNNNNN-hexa-onium compound (III) have so far indicated that inter-onium distance is more important in determining the type of activity than the overall length of the molecule or the number of onium centres it contains.
The Spectrophotometric Determination of Certain Alkaloids and Application To Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Cross A H J , McLaren D , Stevens S G E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method is described for the determination of atropine, hyoscyamine, quinine, quinidine, brucine, strychnine and physostigmine by formation of the picrate of the alkaloid in an aqueous buffer at pH 7 followed by extraction of the picrate into chloroform. The picric acid is re-extracted into an alkaline buffer at pH 11 and the absorption measured at 3550 Å. The method has been applied to injections, tablets and other pharmaceutical preparations. The results are in agreement with those obtained by the official methods. The advantages of the method include its usefulness when dealing with small samples and the shorter assay time compared with classical methods.
A New Synthesis for 1-Aminohydantoin and Nitrofurantoin
Authors: Jack David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new synthesis for 1-aminohydantoin and nitrofurantoin is described. Derivatives of 1-aminohydantoin were prepared by condensation of semicarbazones with ethyl monochloroacetate in presence of sodium alkoxide in dry ethanol. The nature of this reaction is discussed and semicarbazones were shown to react as nucleophilic anions.
Interfacial Films Between Benzene and Solutions of Salts of Arabic Acid
Authors: Shotton E , Wibberley K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The interfacial tension between benzene and acacia, arabic acid and its salts falls rapidly for about eight hours and then more slowly. The effect on the interfacial tension is similar with the soluble salts of both monovalent and divalent metals. A tenacious film is formed in a few seconds and continues to increase in thickness with time. The evidence suggests that the film eventually formed is a substantial multilayer with many of the properties of an elastic solid. A film of this kind would account for the stability of acacia emulsions.
The Antagonism of The Antibacterial Action of Mercury Compounds
Authors: Cook A M , Steel K J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The stoichiometric relations between mercuric chloride and the sulphydryl antagonists have been examined. In liquid cultures, cysteine, glutathione, dimercaprol and thioglycollate are effective as inactivators of mercuric chloride in quantities close to the theoretical amounts. When used to revive mercuric chloride-treated cells, larger amounts are needed, and horse serum is ineffective. The results obtained with E. coli I suggest it is not so resistant to the action of mercuric chloride over long periods as are Gram-positive organisms. Cells treated with mercuric chloride in the presence of a nutrient medium derive some protection from the constituents of the medium. Qualitative experiments show dimercaprol to be the most efficient antagonist and thioglycollate the least.
The Flask Combustion Technique in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Iodine-Containing Substances
Authors: Johnson C A , Vickers C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The flask method for combustion of organic samples has been applied to a number of iodine-containing substances of pharmaceutical interest including the non-staining iodine ointments. The method is both rapid and simple and the accuracy and precision of the results obtained show that it is suitable for routine control purposes and possibly for consideration as an official assay procedure.
Polyhydroxy (Catecholic) Phenolic Acids—the Formation of m-Hydroxy- and Methoxy-Derivatives in Man
Authors: Tompsett S L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method has been described for the determination of the methoxy group in phenolic compounds. Tannic and 3:4-dihydroxybenzoic acids when administered orally to man are excreted in appreciable quantities as 4-hydroxy 3-methoxybenzoic and m-hydroxybenzoic acids.
Chemotherapeutic Properties of Some New Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Hawking F , Terry R J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Several new quaternary ammonium salts have been tested for antifilarial activity against Litomosoides carinii, filarial parasite of the cotton rat. Many of these compounds are active in killing L. carinii; the most promising (BIQ 20) eicosane 1:20-bis(isoquinolinium iodide) and (BAC 20) eicosane 1:20-bis(4-aminocinnolinium iodide) possess an index (LD50 mice/minimum effective dose cotton rats) of 19 and 39 respectively. The compounds have a direct filaricidal action on the adult worms while the microfilariae are comparatively unaffected.
A Note on Glycerol Formal as a Solvent in Toxicity Testing
Authors: Sanderson D M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Twenty-nine organic solvents and emulsifying agents, selected for possible use as injection solvents in toxicity testing, have been submitted to a “range-finding” toxicity screening test on rats. As a result, glycerol formal was examined in greater detail. Glycerol formal is a good inert solvent for a wide range of organic chemicals. It produced no toxic effects or macroscopic pathology when 1500 mg./kg. was administered intraperitoneally to rats, or 1000 mg./kg. to mice or guinea pigs, or 4000 mg./kg. orally to rats, and at high doses the only specific effect found was narcosis. It was correspondingly innocuous subcutaneously or dermally, and was almost non-irritant to the eye surface. There was no detectable effect on the toxicity of parathion. Glycerol formal appears to be a useful addition to the range of solvents suitable for use in toxicity tests.
The Stability of Thioglycollate Solutions: Part II. Miscellaneous Factors Associated with the Oxidation and Stability
Authors: Cook A M , Steel K J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The rate of oxidation of thioglycollate in aqueous solution increases with increasing pH, but when dextrose is present, neutral solutions are oxidised more rapidly than alkaline solutions. The effect of sodium metabisulphite on the oxidation was indecisive. Boiling thioglycollate solutions evolved hydrogen sulphide. Heating old solutions of thioglycollate caused regeneration of the oxidised material but the extent of this regeneration was less than might have been expected. A yellow colour in some thioglycollate solutions is believed to be due to the action of alkali on the thioglycollic acid. The tetracarboxy acid occurring in samples of the acid was isolated. It is recommended that thioglycollate media be stored in air-tight containers at as low a temperature as possible.
Some Biological Properties of Dimethisterone “Secrosteron” a New Orally Active Progestational Agent
Authors: David A , Fellowes K P , Millson D R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Dimethisterone, 6α:21-dimethylethisterone possesses well-marked oral progestational properties with 11.6 times the activity of ethisterone in the Clauberg assay. It has an oral LD50 in mice of 7.65 g./kg., no apparent anabolic, androgenic properties and no significant effect on sodium, potassium or water excretion in saline loaded rats.
Some Physico-Chemical Studies on Salts of Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Elworthy P H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Conductimetric studies on the dipotassium salts of acids of the type HOOC(CH2)nCOOH have been made on sebacic acid (K2, n = 8), dodecanedicarboxylic acid (K2, n = 12), and hexadecane dicarboxylic acid (K2, n = 16). The equivalent conductance-concentration curve for K2, n = 16 showed breaks at 11 and at about 33 mM 1.−1; diffusion studies indicated that the formation of small aggregates occurred at 10 mM 1.−1, the aggregates containing two molecules. The second concentration limit was believed to represent either a change in the electrical properties of the solute, or an increase in the amount of aggregate present. Certain tentative deductions about the length of the molecule in solution were made from the diffusion results.