bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measures for Assessing Subjective Effects of Potential Reduced-Exposure Products
Authors: Hanson Karen , O'Connor Richard , Hatsukami Dorothy 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPotential reduced-exposure products (PREP) may reduce toxicant exposure and thereby may possibly reduce health risks associated with conventional tobacco use. However, lessened health risk to the individual or harm to the population through the use of PREPs is unknown. Research is being conducted to evaluate the possible health effects associated with PREP use. As part of this evaluation, it is critical to provide sound measures of subjective responses to PREPs to determine the use and the abuse potential of a product, that is, the likelihood that the product will lead to addiction. The goal of this paper is to conduct a systematic review of scales that have been used to measure the subjective responses to PREPs and examine their characteristics. In this article, scales are identified and the items on the scales are described. Scales are also examined to determine whether they are sensitive in testing PREPs. Furthermore, scales to assess PREPs are recommended to investigators. Where no scales exist, items that may be critical for the development and validation of new scales are identified. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3209–24)
Reconciling Human Smoking Behavior and Machine Smoking Patterns: Implications for Understanding Smoking Behavior and the Impact on Laboratory Studies
Authors: Marian Catalin , O'Connor Richard J. , Djordjevic Mirjana V. , Rees Vaughan W. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Shields Peter G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground: Recent Food and Drug Administration legislation enables the mandating of product performance standards for cigarette smoke and the evaluation of manufacturers' health claims for modified tobacco products. Laboratory studies used for these evaluations and also for understanding tobacco smoke toxicology use machines to generate smoke. The goal of this review is to critically evaluate methods to assess human smoking behavior and replicate this in the laboratory.Methods: Smoking behavior and smoking machine studies were identified using PubMed and publicly available databases for internal tobacco company documents.Results: The smoking machine was developed to generate smoke to allow for comparing cigarette tar and nicotine yields. The intent was to infer relative human disease risk, but this concept was flawed because humans tailor their smoking to the product, and chemical yields and toxicologic effects change with different smoking profiles. Although smoking machines also allow for mechanistic assessments of smoking-related diseases, the interpretations also are limited. However, available methods to assess how humans puff could be used to provide better laboratory assessments, but these need to be validated. Separately, the contribution of smoke mouth-holding and inhalation to dose need to be assessed, because these parts of smoking are not captured by the smoking machine. Better comparisons of cigarettes might be done by tailoring human puff profiles to the product based on human studies and comparing results across regimens.Conclusions: There are major research gaps that limit the use of smoking machine studies for informing tobacco control regulation and mechanistic studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3305–20)
The Works of Abū Mansūr al-Tha'ālibī (350-429/961-1039)
Authors: Orfali Bilal 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article deals with the oeuvre of Abū Mansūr al-Tha'ālibī, a prominent literary figure of the Eastern part of the Islamic world in the 4th/10th century. It deals with some of the literary and social issues that led to the numerous problems of false attribution and duplication in his bibliography, such as patronage and the periodical reworking of his books. This is followed by an up-to-date bibliography for al-Tha'ālibī, based on archives, primary sources and secondary literature. Works in print and manuscript form are assessed as to their authenticity and content, including bibliographical information on published works and locations of manuscripts. A further list reunites lost works and those surviving in quotations with references to the extant passages.
Intertextuality and West African Arabic Poetry: Reading Nigerian Arabic Poetry of the 19th and 20th Centuries
Authors: Abdullah Abdul-Samad 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNigerian Arabic poetry of the 19th and 20th centuries deliberately intertexts with and alludes to classical Arabic poetry, the foundational texts of Islam, the religious poetry of the first century of Islam and with Arabian poetry in general. Arabic poets of West Africa sometimes use lines, ideas and themes that enlarge their poetry in order to bring into the consciousness of the reader/listener what he or she already knows or holds in high esteem religiously and artistically. West African Arabic poetry therefore apart from its literary aesthetics, establishes a sense of belonging to the Islamic Arabic global culture and identity, supporting the poet's ideas and convictions or mobilizing people for a social or political agenda. This article endeavors to make an intertextual reading and analysis of some poems to demonstrate how intertextuality functions as a literary device in West African Arabic poetry. I will explore intertextual aspects through the analysis of the content, contexts, syntax and sounds of these poems. With this exploration, I hope to bring forth a rethinking of approaches to West African Arabic poetry that will emphasize and foster further the appreciation of Arabic poetry in researching West African Islamic culture and Arabic literary skills.
Recovering a "Lost" Author: Marcion of Smyrna
Authors: Holmes Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Martyrdom of Polycarp, traditionally treated as an anonymous document, is not: it was composed by Marcion of Smyrna. A writer of no small ability, he argues for a particular view of martyrdom on the basis of a sophisticated interpretation of the gospel narrative; portrays Polycarp as the embodiment of both Christian and Greco-Roman virtues and values; and subverts Roman claims to power even as he affirms Christian claims of divine sovereignty. His accomplishments earn him a spot on the roster of second century Christian authors.
Daughter Zion and Her Place in God's Household
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe metaphorical phrases Daughter Zion and Daughter Jerusalem are to be understood as appositional genitives referring to the city of Jerusalem in spite of a recent proposal to the contrary. They are part of a larger literary and cultural deposit of personifying the city and should be interpreted in that light. The kinship connotations of the city as "daughter" are then explored and located in the larger root metaphor of YHWH's household, along with certain of the city's other roles (e.g. spouse, widow and mother).
Paul in Acts and the Law in the Prophets
Authors: Perry Gregory 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLuke depicts Paul in Acts as a penitent Pharisee, whose teaching and practice of the Law "reaccentuates" its place within the Lord's fulfilled word and plan. Luke offers a thoroughly intertextual portrayal of Paul's proclamation and practice of the Law. First, Luke's portrayal of Paul's synagogue preaching neither abolishes nor supersedes the Law, but situates and interprets the Law from within the Prophets. Second, by describing Pentecost and Pentecost's Spirit as the plot motivation for Paul's final journey to Jerusalem, Luke clearly rejects the charge of infidelity to the Law and confirms the scriptural legitimacy of Paul's mission, which marked "the Way" as the eschatological people of God.
The Religious Identity of the Arabic Language and the Affair of the Lead Books of the Sacromonte of Granada
Authors: García-Arenal Mercedes 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article deals, in the first place, with the religious identity of the Arabic language as defined by the ongoing debate, in 16th-17th century Spain, about its identification with Islam. Many new Christians of Muslim origin (Moriscos) tried to break this identification in an effort to salvage part of their culture, and specially the language, by separating it from Islam. I will argue that the Morisco forgery known as the Lead Books of the Sacromonte in Granada—an Arabic Evangile dictated by the Virgin Mary to Arabic disciples who came to Spain with the Apostle Saint James—was part of this effort. When the Lead Books were taken to the Vatican to be informed, they were studied by Maronite scholars who decided that they were written in “Muslim Arabic” and therefore could not be authentic Christian texts. The Maronites were engaged in creating and consolidating their own version of Christian Arabic to define and legitimise their own position inside the Roman world. The second part of the essay adresses the theological considerations and the defence of different cultural identities which are implied in these different versions of Arabic.
The Dreams of Kings: A Comparative Discussion of the Recorded Dreams of Tipu Sultan of Mysore and Peter the Great of Russia
Authors: Brittlebank Kate 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA comparative study of some recorded dreams of two significant royal figures—Tipu Sultan of Mysore and Tsar Peter the Great of Russia—allows us to ask whether we can see similar processes at work. This is done in order to re-assess the view that Peter's actions in this regard reflected his curious nature and not a belief in the prognostic or divinatory qualities of dreams. By drawing on the latest scholarship on historical dreams and dreams in history, this re-assessment underlines the importance of cultural and historical context to the understanding of dreams and dream practices, as well as the close connection between dreaming and authority.
Between Center and Periphery: The Yahad in Context
Authors: Schofield Alison 
Published: December 2009

AbstractScholars have long equated the Yahad with the inhabitants at Qumran, thereby establishing an unwieldy two-community model of those behind The Rule of the Community (S) and others of the Damascus Document (D), or Qumranite, bounded, and peripheral versus integrated and “normal.” Yet this two-fold paradigm does not account for both the shared and divergent material between S and D, and other Rule material now available. This article offers a new socio-anthropological model for understanding sectarian community formation, one that accounts for a dynamic relationship between both the Jewish codifying center at Jerusalem and the sectarian movement at large, as well as on a micro-level within the Yahad itself. For as the Yahad created its own, new authoritative center at Qumran, it generated new, divergent traditions, but ones which never developed in isolation. This “radial-dialogic” model of development proposes that communities, and their traditions, diversified in continuing conversation with their authoritative center(s).
Beyond the Qumran Community: Social Organization in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Collins John J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Dead Sea Scrolls refer to different kinds of communities. The Damascus Document speaks of people who live “in camps” throughout the land, and marry and have children. The Rule of the Community, in contrast, does not speak of women or children at all. It does, however, speak of small communities with a quorum of ten, as part of the yahad. The Rule of the Community also speaks enigmatically of twelve men and three priests, who are supposed to go into the wilderness to prepare the way of the Lord. It is possible but not certain that these were the founders of the Qumran settlement. Qumran was surely a sectarian settlement in Roman times. It is possible, but not proven, that it was a Hasmonean fort before the Romans came. It was never more than one of many sectarian settlements. The yahad should not be equated with “the Qumran community.”
CD Manuscript B and the Rule of the Community—Reflections on a Literary Relationship
Authors: Hempel Charlotte 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article begins by noting the proliferation of textual overlap between the Damascus Document and the Rule of the Community. Some examples of such over-lap, such as the penal code, have received a large amount of scholarly attention in the wake of the publication of all the Cave 4 manuscripts. This study returns to a passage from CD manuscript B (CD 20:1b‐8a) that has long been recognized as closely related to 1QS 8‐9 and offers a reconsideration of the relationship between both texts in the light of the full publication of all the S manuscripts. The analysis offered here uncovers a complex inter-relationship between both texts as well as some intriguing pointers towards a complex literary history within the S tradition.
Qumran Yahad and Rabbinic Hăbûrâ: A Comparison Reconsidered
Authors: Fraade Steven D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSince soon after the initial discoveries and publications of the Dead Sea Scrolls, scholars have compared the Yahad of the scrolls with the Hăbûrâ of early rabbinic literature and sought to establish a historical relationship and developmental progression between the two types of communal organization. The present article reviews select but representative examples from such scholarship, seeking to reveal their underlying presumptions and broader implications, while questioning whether the available evidence allows for the sorts of sociological comparisons and historical reconstructions that they adduce.
Semiotics Ideology and Femininity in Popular Pakistani Women's Magazines
Authors: Haider Shirin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDrawing on theoretical perspectives from Western feminist research on the genre of women's magazines, I adapt Lazar's model of feminist critical discourse analysis (2005; henceforth referred to as FCDA) to write a critique on the genre of popular Pakistani women's magazines as linguistic and semiotic constructs, which articulate a certain ideology regarding the construction of Pakistani womens' identity. Through semiotic analysis of certain sections of the magazines, I point out the underlying normative and ideological assumptions in order to show how these magazine representations position women; and how semiotics wield power in marginalizing the role of women in society. The restrictive nature of discourses on femininities is highlighted through an analysis of discursive linguistic and semiotic techniques and devices. I argue that the role of semiotics is central in shaping and reinforcing such asymmetrical, gendered and sexist social patterns and practices and that these images (can) have repercussions with regard to women's sexuality(ies) and their social roles and identities.
Al-Rujūlah: Male and Masculinities in Modern Sudanese Narrative Discourse
Authors: Oladosu Afis Ayinde 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is, first of all, to explore that which is essentially male/masculine in Afro-Sudanese culture and once explored, to reach deeper into its discursive portrayal in modern Sudanese narrative discourse. The paper uses a number of representative short stories written since the early thirties in northern Sudan as sites of inquiry. Drawing from existing studies on the male in the East and the West, the paper examines the representation of male and masculinity in modern Sudanese narrative discourse using the following as strategies: gender conflicts and politics, intra-gender paradoxes, the male as satire and allegory, and the male as a myth.
“(Re)presenting Translation: Prosimetrics, Female Agency, and the Arabic and Hebrew Intertexts in Evelyne Accad's L'excisée”
Authors: Devir Nathan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEvelyne Accad's novel L'excisée [The Excised] (1982) has long been hailed as an indispensable component of the Francophone literary canon. However, the reception of this book in the English-speaking world has been tepid at best, despite the growing popularity of Accad's literary corpus in (mostly) the United States and in Britain. In this paper, I argue that the principle reason for the Anglophone world's aforementioned lack of attention to the novel is inextricably linked to a series of major oversights in its English translation. More specifically, I demonstrate the manner in which the mistranslations of the prosimetric structure in the narrative of L'excisée (including its biblical and qur'ānic citations) have minimized the text's intertextual significance to such a degree that the book's overarching theme—the necessity of female agency as a counter to oppressive social practices—has no symbolic structure upon which to rest. To that end, this article elucidates the semantic, semiotic and stylistic functions of the prosimetric and intertextual configuration of L'excisée, in the hopes of offering a more just and culturally pertinent translation of the text's revolutionary message to the English-speaking reader.
Spatial Changes in Palestine: from Colonial Project to an Apartheid System
Authors: Al-Rimmawi Hussein 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper addresses the socio-spatial impact of the Zionists' colonial project in Palestine, including the replacement of the indigenous Palestinian people by Jewish immigrants. At present, the Palestinians, displaced or living in the remaining part of Palestinian lands number approximately ten million. The continuous Israeli occupation has failed to bring stability or prosperity to either the region or the Israeli and Palestinian peoples. Projections indicate that demographic changes will transform the current situation into an apartheid system, where the majority Palestinians will be ruled by an Israeli minority. The objective of this paper is to suggest a just solution for the Palestinian-Israeli impasse in advocating the establishment a one-state solution, a proposition which appears to be gaining increasing support.
Hurdles in Confronting the World Food Crisis: Underutilization of Irrigation Infrastructure in Turkey
Authors: Lemel Harold 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMounting food shortages and high prices have triggered global turmoil. Given the emphasis on irrigation as a key to boosting production, underutilization of already existing irrigation infrastructure needs to be better understood. In Turkey, from a third to half of irrigated land remains unutilized. This article, based on fieldwork conducted by the author in 2006 and updated through 2009, suggests degraded infrastructure combined with an increasingly unfavorable production environment as key factors. Beyond narrow technical or operational issues, Turkey's increasing integration and exposure to the global economy, emerges as critical. Explored are Turkish farmers' responses to challenges faced, and their implications on irrigation schemes' socio-organizational and physical viability and sustainability, and on broader environmental, socioeconomic and political issues.
Parties, Presidents, and State Consolidation: Cross-National Evidence with Illustrations from Kenya
Authors: Thompson Marshall Weldon 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper conceives of state consolidation as comprising the two distinct concepts of state strength and state firmness. It is argued here that increasing the accountability between various branches of government and limiting the number of parties will lead to increases in the administrative capacity of the state (strength) and to increases in the republican character of the state (firmness). The results of several least squares analyses are combined with case evidence from Kenya to provide support for these arguments. Implications for bureaucratic and economic efficiency are discussed, as is the nature of African party systems.
The Sanctuary of the Gibeonites Revisited
Authors: Na'aman Nadav 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe article examines three biblical narratives in which the city of Gibeon and its inhabitants play a major role ( Joshua 9; II Sam 21:1-14; I Kgs 3:3-15a). It is suggested that Gibeon's sanctuary played—directly or by inference—a significant role in the plot of the three stories. The story of Joshua's treaty with the Gibeonites, ostensibly describing an event in the conquest of Canaan, in reality reflects a hidden Deuteronomistic satirical polemic whose background must be sought in the time of its Jerusalemite author of the late 7th to early 6th centuries BCE. The polemic's stimulus lies in a Gibeonite reaction to Josiah's cancellation of their sanctuary in the time of the author. Clarifying the relation of the Jerusalem and Gibeon temples is important for understanding the rise of the former, as well as the absence of the latter in the Dtr historiography.
Religious Identity: Reflections on Revelation and Rationality
Authors: Amini Majid 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThere is a widespread assumption that ethnic origins substantially contribute, if not constitute, the identity of individuals. In particular, among the ethnic elements, it is claimed that religion takes precedence and people could be individuated in terms of their religious affiliations. Indeed, public theology as an attempt to expand on the public consequences of religious doctrines and beliefs is predicated on the legitimacy of the idea of religious identity. However, the purpose of this article is to show that strictly speaking identity cannot be constituted by religion. More precisely, it is argued that a phenomenological characterization of individual identity fails to do justice to the philosophical requirements of identity. The argument is obviously philosophical by nature and is developed through an analysis of the concept of revelation. The phenomenon of revelation plays a pivotal role in the Jewish, Christian and Islamic traditions, yet by its very nature owes its authenticity to something prior to itself; namely, reason. This entails the priority of reason over revelation and as such undermines claims that purport to define identity in terms of revelation/religion. This detachment of identity from religion would clearly have far reaching socio-political implications for issues such as religious diversity, pluralism and multiculturalism in particular and public theology in general.
Scaling the Daytime Urban Heat Island and Urban-Breeze Circulation
Authors: Hidalgo Julia , Masson Valéry , Gimeno Luis 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The urban-breeze circulation is a mesoscale response of the atmospheric flow that is related to horizontal variations in temperature associated, for dry conditions, with gradients in sensible heat flux densities. This local circulation is difficult to observe with a simple observational deployment, and the 3D numerical simulations needed to model it are very demanding in computer time. A theoretical approach scaling the daytime urban heat island and urban-breeze characteristics has been developed and provides a simple set of equations that depend on measurable parameters. Three-dimensional high-resolution numerical simulations, performed with the Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale (Meso-NH) atmospheric model, were used to generate a set of urban-breeze circulations forced by an idealized urban environment. The pertinent forcing parameters chosen were the size of the city, the height of the thermal inversion topping the mixed turbulent air layer, and the difference (urban – rural) of surface heat flux. Scaling laws are presented that describe the shape of the urban heat island and the horizontal and vertical wind intensity and profiles.