bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two New Trematodes fromPetropedates natatorBoulenger, in Sierra Leone
Authors: Williams Modupe O. , Coker Millicent R. 
Published: June 2009

1. A number of frogs (Petropedates natator) from a stream at Mount Aureol, Freetown, Sierra Leone were found to be infected with two species of trematodes in the intestine and one species of trematode in the lung.2. One of the trematodes from the intestine is considered to be a new species and namedPlenrogenoides peiropedatisand the trematode from the lung is considered to be a new subspecies and namedHaematoloechus (Haematoloechus) variegatus leonensis.
The Migration Route of the Third Stage Larvae ofNippostrongylus brasiliensis(Travassos, 1914)
Authors: Clarke Karen R. 
Published: June 2009

1. 24: rats were infected with 5,000 N.brasiliensislarvae and were examined hourly from 12 to 24 hours after infection for larvae in the blood and the lymph nodes.2. Larvae were found in small numbers in the blood and the lymph nodes; the maximum number of positive blood samples occurring sooner after infection than the maximum number of positive lymph nodes.3. These results were discussed particularly in relation to the timing of the skin to lung migration, and it was concluded that the larvae ofN. brasiliensismigrate mainly in the blood but also in the lymph.
The Mode of Attachment within the Host of Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788), Luhe, 1911
Authors: Hammond R. A. 
Published: June 2009

It has been suggested (Hammond, 1967) that Acanthocephalus ranae absorbs a large proportion of its nutrients through the surface of the trunk, while lipids may be excreted through the surface of the proboscis. The performance of these functions by the proboscis and trunk may well be affected by the mode of attachment of the parasite, and by its behaviour within the host.The working of the proboscis apparatus of Acanthocephalus ranae has been described (Hammond, 1966a), but its operation in attaching parasite to host has been outlined only briefly (Hammond, 1965).
Studies onOnchocerca cervicalisRailliet and Henry 1910 microfilariae in the jird,Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: Rabalais Francis C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMicrofilariae ofOnchocerca cervicaliswere injected subcutaneously into jirds,Meriones unguiculatus. At 72 hours post-inoculation the microfilariae had redistributed and the distribution pattern remained stable for approximately 100 days. Live active microfilariae were recovered from jird skin 168 days post-inoculation.Fifty nine per cent of the microfilariae recovered at 72 hours were from the skin of the tail and inguinal region. The inguinal region was the preferred site in male hosts and the tail in females, the difference in distribution being attributed to temperature differences in the inguinal region of the hosts. It is suggested that the microfilariae migrate along a thermal gradient rather than at random.
The larva of Echinobothrium reesae Ramadevi, 1969 (Cestoda: Diphyllidea) from the body cavity of a pasiphaeid crustacean Leptochela aculeocaudata Paulson, 1875
Authors: Ramadevi P. , Rao K. Hanumantha 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe structure and affinities of the progenctic larva of Echinobothrium reesae Ramadevi, 1969, are described and discussed.
A comparison of the pathogenicity of two strains of Schistosoma mansoni in Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys in the Sudan
Authors: Saeed A. A. , Hussein M. F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA comparative study on the pathogenicity of two strains of Schistosoma mansoni one from Bor District and the other from the Gezira in the Sudan, using Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys as experimental hosts. The results, which were based on the assessment of various clinical, parasitological and pathological parameters, indicated that Bor strain was responsible for a more severe type of disease than its Gezira counterpart. Monkeys infected with Bor parasite generally revealed higher worm and egg loads, more marked changes in
Hb content and body weight gain and more extensive lesions in the liver and two monkeys died.In the Sudan, it has often been noted that the disease produced by Schistosoma mansoni, as observed among patients from Bor District in the Southern Region, is far more severe than that usually encountered in those from the Gezira in the northern part of the country. These two areas which are about 500 miles apart differ widely in their climate, indigenous population, and social and economic status. It has been suspected that differences in the pathogenicity of the local S. mansoni strains may be one of the important factors determining the clinical presentation of the disease. Accordingly, a comparison of these two strains was undertaken, using the green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops, as an experimental model. These animals varied in their response to the schistosomal infection, irrespective of the strain used, but the group infected with the Bor strain generally suffered from a more severe illness than their counterparts infected with the Gezira form of the parasite. This was evidenced by the higher worm and egg loads, and consequently the more severe clinical and pathological effects shown by the former group.
Some Observations on the Behaviour of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in different kinds of Laboratory Animals
Authors: Gharib H. M. 
Published: June 2009

(1) Rats and mice are specific hosts to N. brasiliensis.(2) The life span of the parasite may reach up to 100 days in the rat but is much shorter in other experimental animals.(3) Chickens do not become infected with this parasite.(4) It was found that the route of migration of this parasite inside the body to the lungs was via the lymph system and not via the blood in all experimental animals.(5) The larvae, after application to the skin, reach the lymph glands draining the site of infection, not before 12 hours ; and they reach the lungs at 18 hours after exposure to infection.
The cercaria and metacercaria of Galactosomum ussuriense Oshmarin, 1963 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)
Authors: Rekharani Z. , Madhavi R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMagnacercous cercariae with heavily pigmented tails and possessing a pair of eyespots and seven pairs of penetration glands, some of which are para vesicular, were found to develop in the prosobranch gastropod, Cerithium coralium collected from a brackish water locality at Bheemunipatnam, A. P. India. The cercariae developed into metacercariae of Galactosomum ussuriense in the viscera of the fish Therapon jarbua. Successive stages in the development of metacercaria from the cercaria were followed. Natural infections with metacercariae were found in T. jarbua, Valamugil cunnesius and Megalops cyprinoides. The definitive host of G. ussuriense in the present area of investigation is still not known. This represents the second account of part of a life-cycle in the genus Galactosomum.
Studies on the abomasal pathology of immunized and non-immunized sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Salman S. K. , Duncan J. L. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFive adult ewes and five lambs were repeatedly immunized with weekly doses of 10,000 irradiated Haemonchus contortus L3 before challenge with 100,000 and 10,000 normal larvae respectively. Two groups of non-immunized ewes and lambs were similarly challenged and one animal from each of the four groups killed on days 3,5,7,10 and 24 post-challenge. The cellular changes in the abomasal mucosa were less marked in the non-immunized groups than in the immunized animals and appeared later in the lambs than in the ewes. Thus, in the immunized ewes increases in the numbers of mast cells and eosinophils were evident within five days of challenge whereas similar changes appeared later in the immunized lambs. Also marked lymphoid aggregates at the base of the mucosa and in the submucosa were detected only in the immunized ewes. However, both immunized and non-immunized ewes showed rises in the numbers of IgA plasma cells after challenge which were not evident in either group of Iambs.
Non-specific alkaline phosphomonoesterases of eight species of digenetic trematodes
Authors: Nizami Wajih A. , Siddiqi Ather H. , Yusufi A. N. K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAlkaline phosphatases from different trematodes occupying the same habitat have identical pH optima but different levels of enzyme activities.Isoparorchis hypselobagri, from the fishWallago attu, shows four to six times more enzyme activity thanFasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis and Echinostoma malayanum, from the pigSus scrofa, andFasciola gigantica, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Cotylophoron cotylophorumandGastrothylax crumenifer, from the buffaloBubalus bubalis.At least two peaks of activity at different levels of pH were obtained for each trematode examined. BothGastrodiscoides hominisandIsoparorchis hypselobagrienzymes had three peaks of alkaline phosphatase activity.The optimum temperature for maximum enzyme activity was 40°C, above which rapid inactivation occurred. At temperatures below 40°C, the enzymes of fish and mammalian trematodes did not behave similarly;I. hypselobagrienzyme being active over a wider range of temperature (20°–40°C.Various concentrations of KCN and arsenate proportionately inhibited enzyme activity. NaF did not significantly influence enzyme activity, while Mg++and CO++acted as activators. The extent of inhibition or activation of enzyme activity of different trematodes varied, probably due to species differences. Both inhibition and activation ofI. hypselobagrienzyme was higher than in the case of other trematodes.
The growth of the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps in white mice
Authors: Chernin Jack 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe effect of the sex of the intermediate host on the growth and development of the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps has been investigated. Three different strains of mice were used, the C R S, L A C A and C F L P strains and two strains of metacestode, the Toi and the E R S strains.The results show that metacestodes of T. crassiceps grow and multiply more rapidly in female than in male mice, although both sexes are equally susceptible to the infection. The origin of the parasite, i.e., from a rat or mouse host, affects the parasite growth.
The pathology of experimentalSchistosoma bovisinfection in sheep
Authors: Hussein M. F. , Bushara H. O. , Ali K. E. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFive desert sheep were exposed to 5000 or 10000Schistosoma boviscercariae each, and the parasitological, clinical and pathological parameters were recorded. The pre-patent period was approximately 7 weeks and from that time onwards, the animals became progressively ill and emaciated. Following necropsy at the 12th week, a percentage schistosome recovery ranging from 36%—63.6% was found, and there were high egg densities in the intestinal tract and the liver. These organs revealed severe pathological lesions which were described in detail along with the changes occurring in other tissues.
Studies on trematodes of the genus Lecithodendrium Looss, 1896 from some Egyptian bats, with a description of two new species
Authors: Saoud M. F. A. , Ramadan M. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe genus Lecithodendrium Looss, 1896 is reviewed and its prevalence in some Egyptian bats is reported. Lecithodendrium aegyptiacus n.sp. is described from Asellia tridens tridens and Rhinopoma hardwickei cystops. It can be easily differentiated from other species of the genus by the lobulation of the ovary and testes and the presence of tegumental spines all over the body of the trematode. Lecithodendrium duboisi n.sp. is described from Taphozous nudiventris nudiventris. It differs from the other known species of the genus by the characteristic arrangement of the vitellaria in the form of a continuous band posterior to the testes, while in the other species of the genus the vitellaria occur in the form of two separate clusters of posttesticular vitelline follicles.
Developing protoscoleces ofEchinococcus granulosuson the outer surface of the brood capsule, detected by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Thompson R. C. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBy means of scanning electron microscopy, stalked protrusions were observed arising from the outer surface of intact brood capsules ofEchinococcus granulosus. Histological studies showed these protrusions to be developing protoscoleces. However, complete development is not attained and the protoscoleces eventually die. It is suggested that external development is a result of overcrowding within the brood capsule.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of helminth fauna in Rattus rattus rufescens
Authors: Nama H. S. , Parihar Aruna 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA hclminthological survey of 149 house rats in Jodhpur during the year 1975 revealed infection with 8 helminth species: 4 cestodes, Vampirolepis fraterna, Hymenolepis diminuta, Mathevotaenia symmetrica and Taenia taenlaeformis (larval stage); 3 nematodes, Aspiculuris pakistanica, Rictularia ratti and Syphacia sp. and one acanthocephalan, Moniliformis sp. Vampirolepis fratema, H. diminuta and A.pakistanica were most common, R.ratti and M. symmetrica less frequent, and T. taeniaeformis, Syphacia sp. and Moniliformis sp. of occasional occurrence. Multiple infections were more frequent among male than female hosts.
Application of a ‘Standardized factor‘ to egg counting techniques for better prediction of worm burdens
Authors: Sinniah B. , Sinniah D. , Subramaniam K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe reliability of Stoll's dilution egg count technique, Beaver's direct smear technique and Katz's modified thick smear technique were evaluated on patients with ascariasis. Studies revealed that the modified thick smear technique appears to be more reliable and accurate. The use of these three techniques revealed a significant correlation between the number of eggs per gram (e.p.g.) and worm load. Following the introduction of a standardized factor in a study of 30 patients with worm infections, a highly significant correlation was obtained between the e.p.g. and the worm load for all three techniques. The use of a Standardized Factor is recommended for better prediction of the worm burden. The results of this study reveal that a female Ascaris lumbricoides lays an average of 218,094 (range 82,251–365,200) eggs daily. The ratio of male to female A. lumbricoides was 1:1·4
Schistosoma mansoni: an in vivo study of drug-induced autophagy in the gastrodermis
Authors: Clarkson Johanna , Erasmus D. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effects of Astiban, Lucanthone, Hycanthone and Niridazole on autophagic activities in the gastrodermis of Schistosoma mansoni were determined in vivo, using different dosage levels and dosage times. With Astiban, high levels of autophagy were observed in the gastrodermis 2 hours after an injection of the drug into the mouse, and this response had declined by 20 hours, marking a recovery by the parasite from the drug. Hycanthone and Lucanthone produced an autophagic response several days after the onset of treatment, and no recovery was observed in the morphology of the gastrodermis after the drug was discontinued. The effects of Niridazole on the gastrodermis were to produce the most dramatic ultrastructural changes after high doses and over several days of treatment. With all the drugs examined, gastrodermal autophagy was characterized by the formation of vacuoles containing cell components, lipid droplets and sometimes hydrolytic enzyme reaction product. The autophagic vacuoles appeared to be formed by the sequestration of cytoplasmic material by the basal membrane infoldings, and the transfer of enzymes into the vacuole from within the limiting membrane. The residues from intracellular digestion appeared to be emptied into the caecal lumen.
Microfilarial periodicity in Mastomys natalensis
Authors: Reddy A.B. , Chandrashekar R. , Chandrashekar R. , Chandrashekar R. , Chandrashekar R. , Chandrashekar R. , Rao U.R. , Subrahmanyam D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe microfilarial level in the peripheral blood of Mastomys natalensis infected with the filarial parasites, Litomosoides carinii, Brugia pahangi, B. malayi and Dipetalonema viteae was monitored at two-hour intervals for 24 hours. The microfilariae of B. pahangi and B. malayi exhibited nocturnal and diurnal subperiodicity, respectively; no such periodicty was seen in L. carinii and D. viteae infections.The level of B. pahangi and D. viteae microfilariae in peripheral blood was significantly increased when the host was anaesthetized with diethylether or pentothal sodium. Ether-induced anaesthesia had no effect on tne level of B. malayi microfilariae but pentothal was most effective. The peripheral blood count of L. carinii microfilariae tended to decrease in the anaesthetized animals but the reduction was not statistically significant.
Litomosoides cariniiin jirds (Meriones unguiculatus): ability to retard development of challenge larvae can be transferred with cells and serum
Authors: Weiner David J. , Abraham David , D'antonio Robert 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo test the ability of cells and/or serum from jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) infected withLitomosoides cariniito transfer the ability to retard development of challenge larvae, a series of transfer experiments were done. Groups of jirds received larval challenge preceded by one of eight preparations: spleen cells and/or serum from 10-day-patent infected jirds; normal spleen cells and/or normal serum; primary larvae; challenge larvae only.No significant differences in size or numbers of larvae recovered were found among groups receiving either cells or serum only. However, significant differences in larval size were found between groups receiving both cells and serum from infected donors and those receiving normal cells and serum. These comparisons indicate that the ability of infected jirds to retard development of challenge infection larvae can be transferred with cells and serum together but not separately.
The histopathology of Neoechinorhynchus hutchinsoni Datta, 1936 (Neoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) infection in Nemacheilus kashmirensis Hora
Authors: Raina M.K. , Koul PL 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHistopathological studies of Neoechinorhynchus hutchinsoni infection in Nemacheilus kashmirensis show partial or complete damage of the host intestinal wall, depending upon the degree of penetration. Increased number of goblet cells are seen at the site of unperforated wounds but where the intestinal wall is completely perforated the goblet cells were undifferentiated. The parasite destroys the mucosa, lamina propria, muscle layer and serosa leading to perforation. This report of perforation by Neoechinorhynchus hutchinsoni is the first in the genus Neoechinorhynchus.
A comparative study of the death of schistosomula ofSchistosoma haematobiumandSchistosoma mansoniin the skin of mice and hamsters
Authors: Ghandour A. M. , Webbe G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study shows that some cercariae ofS. haematobiumandS. mansonidie during penetration of mouse or hamster skin.Approximately 30–38% of cercariae of both species die in mouse skin and 14–16% die in hamster skin. The greater number of cercariae which die in the skin of mice seems to account for the higher yield of adult worms recovered in hamsters. Adult worm recoveries from animals infected withS. haematobiumwere, however, only about half the worm recoveries from hosts infected withS. mansoni.
The anthelmintic effects of a new compound “E” (Friedheim) onOnchocerca gutturosain the cow—a possible tertiary screening system for drug action againstO. volvulusin man
Authors: Denham D. A. , Mellor P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThree cows were treated with different levels of compound “E” which is known to have strong filaricidal activity. In all three animals the number of microfilariae ofOnchocerca gutturosadeclined after treatment. At autopsy most of the adult worms found were dead and in those still living embryogenesis appeared to have ceased.It is concluded that, despite the disadvantages, this system represents a possible way of assessing onchocercicidal activity before undertaking human trials.
The Sensory Perceptions of Argas persicus (Oken)
Authors: Hindle Edward , Merriman Gordon 
Published: June 2009

1. All stages of Argas persicus are negatively phototropic. In addition, they are also susceptible to pronounced differences in the intensity of the illumination and select the darker places.2. In the gorged state, the ticks are slightly positively geotropic. In the unfed state, this property is not developed.3. At all stages the tick endeavours to bring as much of its surface as possible in contact with its surroundings.4. A. persicus is attracted by heat.5. In all stages an olfactory sense is well developed.6. “Haller's organ” is olfactory in function and constitutes a means by which a tick is able to recognise its host. By depriving ticks of this organ it is possible by suitable means to cause them to feed on media other than blood, thus showing that a sense of taste is absent. Argas persicus, Ornithodorus moubata and Hyalomma aegyptium have all given similar results with regard to the latter point and we believe that this constitutes a method by which perhaps other blood-sucking arthropods, after being deprived of the organ or organs necessary for the recognition of their hosts, may be made to feed on any desired medium.
Acid phosphatase activity demonstrated in the nematodes,Dirofilaria immitisandAngiostrongylus cantonensiswith special reference to the characters and distribution
Authors: Maki Jun , Yanagisawa Toshio 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAcid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the intact blood nematodes,Dirofilaria immitisandAngiostrongylus cantonensis. Biochemical studies on acid phosphatase, using intact females and whole worm, body-wall and visceral homogenates were undertaken to clarify the characteristics and the distribution of the enzyme. InD. immitis, high acid phosphatase activity was observed at pH 3·8–5·8 and inA. cantonensis, at pH 4·5–6·0. Molybdate, fluoride, copper and zinc ions and L(+)-tartrate were effective inhibitors of the enzymes of both parasites while cobalt and magnesium ions and D(−)-tartrate had no noticeable effect on the activity. When the effect of substrate concentration on the phosphatase activity was studied, kinetic curves of Michaelis–Menten type were obtained with the 2 species of intact worms as well as their homogenates. The reproductive organs and body wall ofD. immitisshowed high total acid phosphatase activity. InA. cantonensis, the majority of the enzyme was localized in the body wall. The activity of intactA. cantonensisexpressed as μg Pi/h/mg dry weight decreased with increase in mean worm weight. The characteristics of the acid phosphatase of the 2 nematodes are compared with those of other parasitic helminths and of acid phosphatase of mammalian origin. The localization of the phosphatase responsible for the hydrolysis of the external substrate has been discussed forD. immitisandA. cantonensisbased on results of the kinetics and distribution of the enzyme.
The development of Trypanosoma cruzi in macrophages in vitro. Interaction with lysosomes and host cell fate
Authors: Milder Regina , Kloetzel Judith 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe interaction between mouse peritoneal macrophages and ‘Y’ strain Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream forms was studied at optical and electron microscopical levels. The method of marking lysosomes with Thorotrast, either before or after infection of cell monolayers with parasites, revealed that secondary lysosomes fused with phagosomes shortly after trypanosome interiorization. In spite of this, 24 h later most parasites were no longer in a vacuole but lay free within the host cell cytoplasm, multiplying actively. At this time, and up to shortly before 96 h when parasites escaped to the external milieu, most parasitized cells were not lethally injured, as revealed by the Trypan blue dye-exclusion test. Only when parasites were released into the external medium was this situation reversed and infected macrophages took up the dye.