bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of selection on growth, body composition, and food intake in mice: III. Correlated responses:growth, body composition, food intake and efficiency and catabolism
Authors: Bishop S. C. , Hill W. G. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYWeekly food intake and body weight were measured from 3 to 17 weeks of age on mice selected 14 generations for increased and decreased values of one of three criteria: appetite (A) as measured by 4- to 6-week food intake, adjusted by phenotypic regression to minimize change in 4-week body weight; fat percentage (F), using the ratio of gonadal fat pad weight to body weight at 10 weeks of age and total lean mass (protein, P), using the index body weight in 10-week males— (8 × gonadal fat pad weight). Carcass composition analyses were undertaken on the 17-week-old mice, and are presented along with composition data for younger mice from earlier generations. The high intake A line mice are larger, eat more, have higher maintenance requirements and are slightly leaner than the low intake A line mice, but are no more efficient. The increased lean mass P line mice are much larger, eat more and are more efficient than the decreased lean mass P line mice, but show little difference in maintenance or carcass composition. The (much) fatter F line mice are larger, more efficient and eat more during the rapid growth period than their leaner F line counterparts, but show no difference in lean mass or maintenance requirements. These results provide implications about the relationships between the input (intake) and output (maintenance and lean and fat deposition) components of growth.
‘Heterosis’ in litter size of chimaeric mice
Authors: Mikami Hitoshi , Onishi Akira 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYAggregation chimaeras were made from embryos of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Chimaeric and control females were mated with ICR males at 8 weeks of age and their litter sizes were evaluated over a 5-month period after the first mating. Progeny tests showed that 18 of 27 chimaeras produced oocytes of both genotypes. The mean litter sizes of C57BL/6, BALB/c and their F1crosses (C57BL/6 × BALB/c and BALB/c × C57BL/6) were 8·14, 9·36, 13·38 and 13·40, respectively. The mean for chimaeras was 11·54 and chimaeric heterosis was evident, but it was not as much as heterosis in the F1When the chimaeras were classified into the mixed and single-genotype progeny chimaeras, chimaeric heterosis was observed only in the mixed-progeny chimaeras. Quantitative GPI analyses in ten organs showed that the degree of chimaerism in the mixed-genotype progeny chimaeras was higher than that in most of the single-genotype progeny chimaeras and that the degree of chimaerism in the ovaries was positively correlated with litter size in the mixed-genotype progeny chimaeras. On the other hand, such correlation was not observed in the single-genotype progeny chimaeras.
A recessive allele of the mouse agouti locus showing lethality with yellow,Ay
Authors: Lyon Mary F. , Fisher G. , Glenister P. H. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYThe radiation-induced agouti allelea1is recessive to the allelesaanda4H(which resemblesae). It is lethal when homozygous and also in combination with the dominant yellow alleleAy. The ethylnitrosourea induced allelea16His also lethal when homozygous, and when heterozygous withashows a phenotype like that ofax, with black back and lighter belly. Likeaxit is not lethal withAy, and it is also not lethal witha1,a1is believed to be the first recessive allele which is lethal withAy, and may be useful in elucidating the complexity of the agouti locus.
Optimum selection strategies: studies with Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: García-Dorado Aurora , López-Fanjul Carlos 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYAn experimental evaluation of Jódar & López-Fanjul's (1977) theoretical treatment of the optimum proportions to select when the numbers of males and females scored are unequal has been carried out for sternopleural bristle number in Drosophila melanogaster. Three different values of the sex-ratio (c) were considered (c = 1, 4 and 10) for the same total number of individuals scored per generation. For each c value two types of line were selected with proportions theoretically maximizing the response to be attained after 10 or 20 generations, respectively. Thus, there were six types of lines and each type was replicated sixfold. A good qualitative agreement was found between the observed and the expected rankings of the different types of selected lines at the designated generations.
Mating types and mating-inducing factors (gamones) in the ciliateEuplotes patellasyngen 2
Authors: Akada Rinji 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYRelationships between mating type genes and mating-inducing factors (gamones) were investigated in the ciliateEuplotes patellasyngen 2. Ten mating types were distinguished, and genetic data indicated that the ten mating types were determined by four codominant alleles in possible combinations of two of them. There were six heterozygous types (mt1/mt2,mt3/mt4, etc.) and four homozygous types (mt1/mt1,mt2/mt2, etc.). Conjugation-conditioned fluid (CCF) obtained from a mixture of cells of homozygous types could induce homotypic pair formation in cells of all mating types except for a particular type. Genetic data of cell-CCF combination experiments suggest that each mating type allele controls the production of a specific gamone which induces pair formation in cells which do not produce the same gamone. Gamones and their hypothetical receptors are discussed.
Genetic investigation of a negatively phototactic strain ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Smyth Robert D. , Ebersold W. T. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYTwo laboratory strains of the green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii137cdiffer in their pattern of phototactic aggregation. One is positively phototactic under conditions where the other is negatively phototactic. The trait segregates 2:2 in tetrads and maps to a single locus. Heterozygous diploids are positively phototactic, showing that this allele is dominant. The aggregation pattern caused by either allele is not altered by the introduction of an unlinked gene that suppresses development of the eyespot. Probably the strains already differed in phototactic behaviour at the time they were first isolated. They may therefore reflect a genetic polymorphism common among soil algae. The genetic data allowed another significant observation not specifically related to phototaxis. Anomalous products from some crosses suggest that four nuclei sometimes fuse into a tetraploid zygote that then undergoes meiosis. The meiotic products that result are diploid. This represents a previously undescribed mechanism of diploid formation inChlamydomonas.
Site of beige (bg) and leaden (ln) pigment gene expression determined by recombinant embryonic skin grafts and aggregation mouse chimaeras employing sash (Wsh) homozygotes
Authors: Stephenson Dennis A. , Glenister Peter H. , Hornby Janet E. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYAggregation chimaeras were constructed by fusing embryos homozygous for sash (Wsh) with fuzzy, leaden beige (fz,ln,bg) homozygotes to investigate the site of action of the beige and leaden loci. The genotype of the hair follicle was identified by fuzzy alleles (+ +fzorfzfz). All melanocytes were derived from the fuzzy leaden beige population, as sash homozygotes do not produce functional melanocytes. Reciprocal recombinant epidermal/ /dermal skin grafts were constructed from 14-day embryonic skin of homozygousfzlnbg and either albino (aa cc) or pink-eyed dilution (pp) embryos to test for any dermal expression of leaden or beige, since the epidermal and dermal genotype of the chimaeric hair follicles could differ.Patches of fuzzy and non-fuzzy hairs were distributed throughout the coats of two of the three chimaeras obtained. The pigmented regions were blue grey, typical of the leaden beige interactive phenotype. Large abnormal beige granules were found in fuzzy and non-fuzzy hairs. Melanocytes in both classes of growing follicles were nucleopetal, typical of leaden. Similarly, the results of the 14-day skin grafts showed that the beige and leaden loci are melanocyte-autonomous.The chimaeras showed a pigment distribution resembling the heterozygous sash phenotype. Thus the 1:1 gene dosage of sash: wild type in heterozygotes and chimaeras has an overall effect on pigment pattern that overrides the predicted random distribution of the melanocyte precursors.
Virus-induced mutations in maize: on the nature of stress-induction of unstable loci
Authors: Peterson Peter A. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYUnstable alleles, broken chromosomes and stable mutants have arisen in maize out of infected plants of Barley Striped Mosaic Virus and other viruses. Surprisingly, these same events have appeared out of progenies of these infected plants that themselves do not show any infection. These mutants showing instability have resulted from insertions that are not necessarily related. Two of these insertions (BS1 and TZ86) that have been analysed molecularly have the general characteristics of maize insertions with terminal inverted repeats and host duplication at the terminus of the transposon. In other experiments three of the unstable alleles at thealocus in maize (Alocus, chromosome 3, short arm; one of genes for anthocyanin control) that arose in derivative lines of the initially treated plants are responsive to a transposable element, theUqelement. It was determined that theUqelement was not present in this initially treated plant but was present in the untreated female plant. It is proposed that the initial treatment induced events that in turn led to the mobilization of elements and that these events continue to occur in later generations. It seems that genomic events once initiated such as mobility of elements cannot be terminated despite a discontinuation of the treatment (virus) and, like a Frankenstein monster, is not responsive to its maker.
Numbers and distribution of individuals and mating type alleles in populations of Coriolus versicolor
Authors: Williams E. N. D. , Todd N. K. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYA natural population of the tetrapolar fungus Coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quel, in a small woodland was observed over 3 years. Dikaryotic members of the population were identified using intraspecific antagonism and mating type markers. Records were kept of the distribution, longevity and fruiting behaviour of 44 individuals. Zone lines between individuals were found to remain constant in position throughout the study, but rates of decay and fruiting times varied between dikaryons and did not seem related to resource size. Detailed maps of the genetic structure of the populations in two stumps are presented. In general the results indicated thousands of alleles at both mating type loci. Repeated occurrences of alleles were very rare, when the data were interpreted rigorously in terms of the probable origins of the nuclei found in individuals. This approach was also applied critically to some published data. Comparisons were made between alleles found in local and more widely gathered samples, and led to estimation of worldwide frequencies but it is concluded that such exercises are of limited value.
Transmission of a genetic trait through total conjugation in a hypotrich ciliateParaurostyla weissei. Genetic basis of the multi-left-marginal mutant
Authors: Jerka-Dziadosz Maria , Dubielecka Bozena 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYThe genetic basis of slow growth rate and aberrations in the ciliary pattern was studied in the multi-left-marginal variant ofParaurostyla weissei. The 3:1 segregation in F2 sibling crosses and 1:1 segregation in test crosses indicate that the aberrant phenotype is controlled by a recessive allele at a single gene locus termedmlm. The phenotypic change from wild type tomlmtakes place about 5–8 cell cycles after conjugation. The study established that total conjugation inP. weisseiis a true sexual process in which meiosis, fertilization and Mendelian segregation occur.
Meiotic behaviour of compound chromosomes in tricomplex heterozygotes inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Puro Jaakko 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYA tricomplex heterozygote has a synthetic chromosome complement consisting of four pairs of arms of chromosomes 2 and 3 in the form of a compound of two homologous arms (a homocompound) and of three compounds of two nonhomologous arms (heterocompounds), each being homologous to an arm of different compounds. In meiosis, pairing of homologous arms results in the formation of a single and a multiple configuration that are structural equivalents of a univalent and a trivalent. Data are presented indicating that, in a given complement, the pattern of the distribution of three heterocompounds at division I is the same in males and in females. The distribution depends on the arrangement of the 2nd and the 3rd chromosome centromeres in the trivalent. In configurations presumed to be homocentric (all three chromosomes having homologous centromeres), the distribution was random or nearly random while, in configurations presumed to be heterocentric, the distribution appears non-random, with one of the segregation alternatives being roughly twice as frequent as either one of the two other alternatives that were more or less equal in frequency. The results could be explained in terms of the 3rd chromosome centromere being ‘strong’ in directing the two 2nd chromosome centromeres to the opposite pole at division I, an explanation implying a functional differentiation of the two autosomal centromeres or adjacent sequences. Data are also presented showing that in females the distribution of the homocompound is non-random with respect to the distribution of the heterocompounds; the homocompound was recovered preferentially together with the single one of the three heterocompounds. This is inconsistent with the prediction based on the theory assuming an existence of two independent pairing pools.
Quantitative genetics and the evolution of ontogeny. III. Ontogenetic changes in correlation structure among live-body traits in randombred mice
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Leamy Larry J. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYOntogenetic series of phenotypic, additive genetic, maternal and environmental correlation matrices are presented and interpreted in the light of recent models for the Ontogenetic origin and variation in correlation between traits. A total of 432 mice from 108 full-sib families raised in a cross-fostering design were used to estimate the various components of phenotypic correlation for five live-body traits at eight ages. The level of genetic and phenotypic correlation decreased with age, while levels of maternal and environmental correlation remained more or less constant. Genetic correlations probably decreased due to compensatory growth. Phenotypic correlations decreased primarily due to the relative decrease in importance of highly correlated maternal effects and consequent increase in poorly correlated environmental effects as portions of phenotypic variation. The effect of compensatory growth on genetic correlation was also responsible for a portion of the decline in phenotypic correlation. Phenotypic correlation patterns remained constant over the ages studied here. It also seems likely the genetic, maternal and environmental correlation patterns do not change with age for the characters analysed.
Phosphatase regulation inAspergillus nidulans: responses to nutritional starvation
Authors: Caddick Mark X. , Brownlee Alan G. , Arst Herbert N. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYThe regulation of the syntheses of a number of phosphatases in the fungusAspergillus nidulanshas been examined. Levels of the intracellular alkaline phosphatase P11 are increased by starvation for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulphur. There is, however, no evidence that any of the wide domain regulatory genes which mediate sufficiency-triggered repression for each of these elements involved. A possible interpretation is that all four forms of starvation result in accumulation of an inducing metabolite. ThepalcA gene has been identified as a wide domain, probably positive-acting regulatory gene mediating phosphate repression. ThepalcA product controls the syntheses of alkaline phosphatase PI, acid phosphatases PIII and PV, a phosphodiesterase lacking phosphomonoesterase activity and probably also a phosphate permease. Mutations resulting in derepression of phosphate-repressible activities at acid but not alkaline growth pH define a gene designatedpacJ.pacJ mutations also confer arsenate resistance at low but not high pH. It is likely that phosphate derepression and arsenate resistance result from reduced uptake of H2PO4−. Finally, phosphatase regulation might be less complex than previously thought. Mutations designatedrand mapping at several loci apparently have no effect on phosphatase. They enhance phosphatase colony staining but this occurs even if the phosphatase substrates are omitted from the staining mixtures.rmutations appear to promote reactions converting the diazonium salts used for phosphatase staining to coloured precipitates.
Leaf peroxidases – A biochemical marker for the group 2 chromosomes in the Triticinae
Authors: Bosch Angeles , Figueiras Ana M. , Gonzalez-Jaen Maria T. , Benito Cesar 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYStructural genes for the leaf isozymes of peroxidases (E.C.1.11.1.7) have been located on chromosome arms 2BS, 2DS and probably 2AS of wheat, 2RS of cereal rye and on chromosome 2H ofHordeum vulgare. This character provides a useful genetic marker for these chromosome arms, and the results supports the notion of the conservation of gene synteny groups within the Triticinae.
The genetics of tasting in mice: IV. The acetates of raffinose, galactose and β-lactose
Authors: Lush Ian E. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYThirty strains of mice were tested for their ability to taste a 0·4 mM solution of raffinose undecaacetate (RUA). There were large strain differences. Some strains showed little or no ability to taste the RUA. Two strains, SWR and Schneider, could taste RUA because they possess the Soaa allele which enables them to taste a variety of acetylated monosaccharides. Three other strains, BALB/c, DBA/2 and C3H, could taste RUA because they possess the Ruaa allele which enables them to taste some larger structure which is a feature of the molecule as a whole. The gene Rua is tightly linked to the gene for quinine tasting. Qui, but the distribution of their alleles among the strains shows that they are different genes. It is suggested that there is in the mouse a cluster of tightly-linked genes, each one determining a taste receptor for a different bitter substance or chemical group. The relevance of these findings to the physiology of tasting is discussed.
The gene controlling the binding sites of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, Dlb-1, is on chromosome 11 of the mouse
Authors: Uiterdijk H. G. , Ponder B. A. J. , Festing M. F. W. , Hilgers J. , Skow L. , Van Nie R. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYA locus, Dlb-1, controlling the binding of the lectin from Dolichos biflorus to the intestinal epithelium and vascular endothelium of mice has been located on chromosome 11, 3.1 ± 1.4 centimorgans proximal to Rex, using recombinant inbred strains and conventional backcrosses with three-point linkage tests.The two alleles so far discovered at this locus behave unusually. The Dlb-1a allele causes binding to the vascular endothelium but not to the intestinal epithelium while Dlb-1b induces the exact reciprocal binding pattern, and the heterozygote shows both patterns.
Genetic analysis of a new haplotype of the histidine decarboxylase gene complex in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Martin S. A. M. , Bulfield Crahame 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYThe histidine decarboxylase (HDC) gene complex, [Hdc], comprises the structural gene for mouse kidney HDC and closely linked regulatory elements which determine enzyme concentration and its response to hormones. One of these regulatory elements,Hdc-e, determines the response (induction or repression) of kidney HDC to oestrogen. HDC is oestrogen-inducible in C57BL/10 and oestrogen-repressible in DBA/2 and C57BL/6; alleles ofHdc-esegregate in crosses between C57BL/10 and DBA/2 and between the C57BL substrains. Two different haplotypes of[Hdc] have been defined previously, B.10 (Hdc-sb, Hdc-cb, Hdc-eb) in C57BL/10 and D (Hdc-sa, Hdc-cd, Hdc-ed) in DBA/2. C57BL/6 represents a third haplotype (B.6) (Hdc-sb, Hdc-cb, Hdc-ed) which differs from both B.10 and D.Hdc-emay therefore be a component of the complex independent ofHdc-sandHdc-c.
Location of genes controlling the D group of LMW glutenin subunits on chromosome 1D of bread wheat
Authors: Payne Peter I. , Roberts Mary S. , Holt Linda M. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryOver one hundred backcross-one progeny were analysed by two dimensional electrophoresis to locate the genes on the short arm of chromosome 1D which code for, or control, the D group of LMW glutenin subunits. Recombination between these genes andGlu-D 1, encoding HMW glutenin subunits, was frequent but none could be detected between the D subunit genes andGli-D1, coding for ω-gliadins, γ-gliadins and the B group of LMW glutenin subunits. These results are in contrast to those for chromosome 1 B because apparently homoeologous D subunit genes occur at a different position, being equidistant betweenGlu-B 1(homoeologous toGlu-D 1) andGli-B 1(homoeologous toGli-D 1). A range of 18 genetically-diverse wheat varieties, each containing one of two allelic groups of 1 D-encoded D subunits, were also analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Consistent with the genetic analysis above, unbreakable linkages were found between these alleles and alleles ofGli-D 1. The results are discussed in relation to the evolution of the distribution of prolamin genes in the wheat genome.
Hybrid dysgenesis inDrosophila melanogaster:synthesis ofRPstrains by chromosomal contamination
Authors: Kidwell Margaret G. , Sang Helen M. 
Published: September 2009

SummarySeveral strains have been synthesized which have reactive (R) properties in theI–Rsystem of hybrid dysgenesis and which are also classified as activePstrains in theP–Msystem. The synthesis of this previously unknown combination of types was accomplished by employing a mating scheme which allowed transposition (chromosomal contamination) ofP, but notI, factors fromIPtoRMchromosomes in dysgenic F1males. The successful synthesis ofRPstrains provides strong evidence that the apparent absence of this combination in natural and laboratory populations ofmelanogasteris not due to a biological incompatibility between these two types.
5-azacytidine-induced decrease in the frequency of Barr body in human fibroblasts
Authors: Mukherjee Asit B. , Luckett Deborah C. , Herrera Rene J. 
Published: September 2009

Summary5-azacytidine-treated human fibroblasts exhibit a significant decrease in the frequencies of Barr body+ cells as compared to nontreated cultures. This presumably indicates that 5-azacytidine can induce a change in the degree of condensation of the Barr body. It is suggested that the state of chromatin condensation of the Barr body may be related to the reactivation process by 5-azacytidine of gene loci in the inactive X.