bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Postprandial Glucose Levels add Important Clinical Information When Fasting Glucose Levels are Near Normal in Non-Insulin-Dependent Patients with Type 2 Diabetes?
Authors: Mansell Kerry D. , Blackburn David F. , Eurich Dean T. 
Published: November 2009

Background: Practice guidelines recommend that both fasting and postprandial blood glucose measurements be performed to achieve glycemic targets, yet few type 2 diabetes patients engage in postprandial glucose (PPG) testing. The purpose of this study was to determine if PPG testing provides important additional clinical information beyond fasting plasma glucose (FPG) tests in well-controlled, non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: Subjects were recruited from 8 pharmacies and instructed to perform daily FPG tests during days 1 to 7 (run-in phase) and daily FPG and PPG tests during days 8 to 21 (test phase). Results: The mean FPG from 362 tests ( n = 52 subjects) in the run-in phase was 7 mmol/L (SD 1.4). In the test phase, the mean FPG was 7 mmol/L (SD 1.6) and the mean PPG was 8.4 mmol/L (SD 2.2) from 700 tests. For FPG tests in the recommended target range of 4 to 7 mmol/L, 87% (322/370) of corresponding (same-day) PPG tests were within the target range of 5 to 10 mmol/L. In subjects whose mean FPG was 4 to 7 mmol/L, 87% of PPG tests were also within target limits. Conclusion: Community pharmacists are often asked by patients how frequently they should be monitoring their blood glucose, but the evidence supporting self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes patients is conflicting and unclear. Given the results from this small study, testing PPG may be unnecessary for non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes patients achieving FPG targets, but further study is required.
FIELD EVALUATION OF A PHEROMONE TO DETECT ADULT RUSTY GRAIN BEETLES, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE), IN STORED GRAIN
Authors: Loschiavo S.R. , Wong J. , White N.D.G. , Pierce H.D. , Borden J.H. , Oehlschlager A.C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInsect-detection traps baited with the synthetic aggregation pheromones of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), were inserted into grain stored in primary elevator annex bins and in farm bins, or suspended in partly full or empty bins and outside under the eaves of bins. The mixture of the synthetic pheromones 4,8-dimethyl-E,E-4,8-decadienolide (ferrulactone I) and (Z)-3-dodecen-11-olide (ferrulactone II) was released from hollow polyester fibers (0.203 mm ID) positioned in the interior of the insect-detection trap. In annex bins, the number of beetles found in baited traps after 1 week ranged from 0 to 7300. In these bins, more beetles were found in traps at a depth of 30–60 cm than at 150–250 cm, and in traps with 2 fibers containing pheromone rather than with 1 fiber. In farm bins, baited and unbaited traps were relatively ineffective at grain temperatures below 14 °C. More beetles were found in baited than in unbaited traps in farm bins but the numbers were small and the differences were not significant. Few beetles were found in traps suspended in partly full or empty farm bins and none in traps suspended outside under the eaves.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRICHOSILIA HAMPSON (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES
Authors: Lafontaine J.D. , Kononenko V.S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe genus Trichosilia Hampson, until now monotypic, is revised to include 10 species, 4 of which are described as new: T. austrina Lafontaine, from Texas; T. woodiana Lafontaine, from northwestern Canada; T. boreana Lafontaine, from northern Canada and Alaska; and T. beringiana Lafontaine and Kononenko, from northwestern Canada, Alaska, and Chukotka, USSR. All species are illustrated and characters to distinguish the species are given. Distribution maps for the species and a phylogenetic analysis of the genus are also included.
NATIVE PREDATORS AND THE CONTROL OF POTATO APHIDS
Authors: Boiteau Gilles 
Published: November 2009

AbstractExperiments were done in fields of potato in Fredericton, New Brunswick, in 1981, 1982, and 1984 to determine the effect of native predators on the abundance of aphids. The populations of predators were altered by pitfall trapping within plots enclosed by polythene barriers and by applying a selective insecticide. The abundance of aphids was monitored in the enclosed plots and in unenclosed areas serving as control. The experimental design was successful at significantly reducing the numbers of Carabidae in the enclosures compared with the open plots. Aphid populations tended to be larger in the plots with depleted populations of Carabidae than in the control areas and were significantly larger in the plots where the insecticide depleted the populations of canopy level predators. These results suggest that the Carabidae play a relatively minor role in aphid control on the potato crop compared with specific predators.
LARVAL HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS OF COQUILLETTIDIA PERTURBANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN MINNESOTA
Authors: Batzer Darold P. , Sjogren Robert D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLarvae of Coquillettidia pertubans (Walker) are found in some marshes of permanent water with stands of aquatic vegetation. Eighty-six marshes, located within a 400-km2 area of Hennepin County, Minnesota, were examined in the fall of 1984 to determine factors that characterize C. perturbans breeding sites. We found that C. perturbans larvae attached to the roots of primarily Typha species although other plant species were also used. The water in sites with larvae was significantly deeper, lower in dissolved oxygen, and contained a significantly thicker layer of organic debris than sites without larvae. Larvae were associated with sites where Typha had specialized structures called water roots, which grow in the water column. Larvae inhabiting floating mats of vegetation were associated with interior openings within the mats.
FORMATION OF FLOWERHEAD GALLS BY THE CANADA THISTLE GALL-FLY, UROPHORA CARDUI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), UNDER CAGE CONDITIONS
Authors: Shorthouse J.D. , Lalonde R.G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNormally, Urophora cardui (L.) induces galls on the stems of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle). However, six galls were found in flowerheads when flies were cultured in growth chambers. All flowerhead galls developed from receptacle tissues of male thistle capitula and were structurally similar to those induced from stem tissues. The appearance of these atypical galls contributes to our understanding of organ specificity of gall-inducing insects.
EFFECTS OF AGE, EGG DEVELOPMENT, AND MATING ON CALLING BEHAVIOR OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE),
Authors: Howlader M.A. , Gerber G.H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effects of age, egg development, and mating on calling behavior of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, were studied at 20°C, 60% RH, and a 16-h L: 8-h D photoperiod. Most virgin females called and copulated for the first time during the second or third scotophase after emergence. The first copulation was 17.0 ± 0.2 h (mean±SE) long and was terminated within 1 h after lights off in the scotophase following the initiation of copulation. The ovaries contained the first chorionated eggs before the beginning of the second scotophase after emergence. The first egg laying occurred during the same scotophase in which the first copulation was terminated, i.e. scotophase three or four. Almost 75% of the eggs were laid by the end of the seventh scotophase after emergence. Mated females resumed calling after a refractory period of about 2 days. Once calling was resumed after copulation, most females laid eggs and called nightly, with egg laying occurring during the first 5–6 h and calling during the last 2–3 h of the scotophase. Mated females called for a shorter period during each scotophase than virgin females of the same age (1–3 h vs. 4–6 h). In virgin females, the diel periodicity of calling was advanced and the length of the daily calling period was increased with age until the seventh scotophase after emergence; thereafter, both remained relatively unchanged.
INFLUENCE OF APPLE CULTIVAR, TREE PHENOLOGY, AND LEAF QUALITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MORTALITY OF CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Onstad David W. , Reissig W. Harvey , Shoemaker Christine A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), is a polyphagous insect that is occasionally a serious pest of apple trees. To determine how well adapted it is to this host plant, we studied its nutritional ecology by measuring the development and mortality of larvae and pupae reared on different sets of leaves. We investigated the influence of 3 apple cultivars, 2 time periods (June, July–August), and several leaf types, including those with different ages and different branch positions, on these processes. Larvae and pupae developed more rapidly with lower mortality on younger leaves than on older ones. When larvae were fed leaves collected from the same cultivar and branch position at different times during the season, developmental rates were faster and survival rates were higher earlier in the season. Development and survival were similar on leaves of all cultivars.
ANNUAL, INTRA-, AND INTER-SPECIFIC VARIATIONS IN BODY SIZE AND POTENTIAL FECUNDITY OF SOME TABANUS SPECIES (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)
Authors: Leprince D.J. , Jolicoeur P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBecause egg production in Tabanus atratus, T. catenatus, T. lineola, T. quinquevittatus, and T. similis is not known in southwestern Quebec, potential fecundity and body size were evaluated respectively from the analysis of ovariole number and wing length in field-collected females. Ovariole number appears to be proportional to the third power of wing length, and fecundity indices can be derived from that relationship. Significant differences in body size and potential fecundity of the species suggest that there are different reproductive strategies within the genus Tabanus. Body size and potential fecundity varied significantly in both sampling years in T. lineola but not in T. quinquevittatus or T. similis. These results may prove useful in future studies of population dynamics or phylogeny.
ATTRACTION OF DIAMONDBACK MOTHS, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE), BY VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF CANOLA, WHITE MUSTARD, AND FABA BEAN
Authors: Palaniswamy P. , Gillott C. , Slater G.P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe olfactory responses of male and female diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella [L.]) to leaf extracts of the following plants were examined by behavioral and electrophysiological tests: white mustard (Brassica hirta cv. Ochre); Argentine canola (B. napus cv. Regent, B. napus cv. Westar); Polish canola (B. campestris cv. Tobin); and faba bean (Vicia faba). In behavioral tests both two-choice and four-choice situations were used. All extracts attracted more moths than the control except for Regent canola extract which attracted males only. White mustard extract was about twice as attractive as that of Regent or faba bean. White mustard and faba bean extracts appeared slightly more attractive to females than to males. Oviposition was greatly stimulated by white mustard extract, but other extracts had no significant effect. Electroantennogram (EAG) tests showed that both male and female moths perceived the plant extracts through antennal receptors. Antennae of females gave a stronger EAG response than those of males, especially to white mustard and faba bean extracts.
DISTRIBUTION OF CONTARINIA OREGONENSIS FOOTE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) EGGS IN DOUGLAS-FIR SEED ORCHARDS AND A METHOD OF ESTIMATING EGG DENSITY
Authors: Miller G.E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEfficient sampling procedures for estimating densities of eggs of Douglas-fir cone gall midge (DFCGM), Contarinia oregonensis Foote, on individual trees as well as for orchards were developed from data collected in Douglas-fir seed orchards in 1978–1981. Egg distribution was contagious and generally fitted the negative binomial distribution on individual trees, but a common k could not be estimated. Tree and crown level affected density of midge eggs within orchards. Average density at the midpoint of the cone-bearing portion of the crown was not significantly different from the tree average. The optimum sampling pattern in an orchard, i.e. one conelet from the midpoint of the cone-bearing portion of each of 120 trees, would require 120 person-hours to process the samples when DFCGM egg densities are high (worst-case situation).
DAMAGE PREDICTION FOR CONTARINIA OREGONENSIS FOOTE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN DOUGLAS-FIR SEED ORCHARDS
Authors: Miller G.E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDamage at cone harvest by the Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, was positively correlated with the number of egg-infested scales per conelet in the spring. Reducing the average number of galled seeds per cone by 1.5 increased the average number of filled seeds per cone by 1.0 in insecticide trials. Optimum sample sizes for estimating average densities of egg-infested scales were calculated to be one conelet per tree and 150 trees per orchard. The mean crowding variable was linearly related to average density so a sequential sampling technique relative to a critical density, using Iwao’s procedure, was developed for determining the need of control actions.
STRUCTURAL DAMAGE BY FEMALEHEMADAS NUBILIPENNIS(HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) AS A FACTOR IN GALL INDUCTION ON LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: Shorthouse J.D. , West A. , Landry R.W. , Thibodeau P.D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe chalcidoid wasp,Hemadas nubilipennis(Ashmead), induces a reniform gall on the adventitious shoots of lowbush blueberry. Eggs are laid within shoot tissues 5–15 mm below the tip and then the female destroys the apex of the shoot by stabbing with her ovipositor. Stabbing terminates growth of the shoot, and as a result all nutrients flowing into the shoot are redirected towards the gall tissues and larvae. This is a rare example of an insect damaging tissues of the host plant for the benefit of the offspring. It also is suggested that stabbing and gall formation have a pruning effect on the host plant.
YIELD LOSSES IN CANOLA CAUSED BY ADULT AND LARVAL FLEA BEETLES, PHYLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Bracken G.K. , Bucher G.E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe temporal aspects of the effect of feeding damage to canola seedlings by adult flea beetles on yield were determined by protecting plants in 0.836-m2 field plots from beetle attack with screen cages for varying periods. Yield was reduced most when plants were damaged during stages 1.0–2.2, 5–10 days after germination, but was not reduced when they were damaged after reaching stages 2.3–2.4, 20 days after germination. Plots exposed to attack for periods greater than 5 days before protection had smaller yields and fewer plants than plots protected from the time of germination for 5 or more days before exposure to flea beetle attack. Yield losses caused by larvae were measured by growing plants inside field cages to stage 2.3–2.4 before exposing them to feral adults to establish larval populations; yields of plots treated subsequently with drenches of carbofuran to kill larvae were then compared with yields of untreated plots. A yield loss of 5% was observed at larval densities of 0.16/cm2, estimated from soil core samples and captures of adults in emergence cages. The results confirm that continuous protection of canola during and after germination is superior to post-germination protection and suggest that activities of flea beetle larvae reduce yield.
EFFECTS OF DENSITY, DISTURBANCE, AND WASTE PRODUCTS ON GROWTH OF LARVAL ENALLAGMA EBRIUM (HAGEN) (ODONATA: COENAGRIONIDAE)
Authors: Baker Robert L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIndividual growth rates of larval dragonflies can exhibit density dependence under field conditions. Retarded growth can occur despite an apparent abundance of food and may be due to some form of stress caused by aggressive interactions. I used laboratory experiments to test for effects of larval density, accumulated waste products, and disturbance on growth of larval Enallagma ebrium given abundant food. Experimental treatments had no clear effect on larval weight, size, or duration in an instar. Thus aggressive interactions, in the absence of food limitation, may not be important in affecting growth rates of larval odonates.
RESPONSE OF THREE CHELONUS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) SPECIES TO KAIROMONES IN SCALES OF SIX LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chiri A.A. , Legner E.F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThree species of egg–larval parasites in the genus Chelonus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) exhibited host-searching behavior when exposed to body scales from 6 species of Lepidoptera representing 3 families. The nonspecific response to scales from several hosts appears to be of adaptive value to Chelonus spp., as it is consistent with the polyphagous habits reported for this genus. The searching response was more widespread and intense in an Ethiopian Chelonus sp. than in 2 other species. It is thought that the broad responsiveness to host scales may detrimentally affect parasite searching ability through excessive loss of searching time, although sensory adaptation to the kairomones might serve to attenuate such effect. Some coevolutionary aspects of this host–parasite chemical interaction are discussed.
A DISTRIBUTION MODEL FOR EGG DEVELOPMENT IN MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE
Authors: Logan J.A. , Amman G.D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) population dynamics, as well as potential for outbreaks and resulting tree mortality, are related in part to habitat temperature. As a first step in development of a life-stage, event-oriented simulation model, we have modeled the temperature-dependent development of the egg stage. The completed model includes a full description of variation in developmental rates and is capable of predicting duration and eclosion patterns for any temperature regime. This model was parameterized using data obtained from constant-temperature experiments at temperatures of 8, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C. Validation experiments were conducted for constant temperatures of 15, 17.5, 22.5, and 27.5°C and for variable-temperature regimes of 15±5 and 15±10°C. Validation results indicated that the model is capable of accurately describing the emergence curve for constant temperatures below 27.5°C. The model also faithfully represents emergence under variable temperatures of 15 ± 10°C. Potential reasons for lack of model fidelity in describing emergence at constant high temperatures and for 15 ± 5°C are discussed in the text.
REVIEW OF PARASITIC ASSOCIATIONS OF LARVAL WATER MITES (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: HYDRACHNIDA) WITH INSECT HOSTS
Authors: Smith Ian M. , Oliver D.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHistorical and recently published information on the parasitic associations of larval water mites with insect hosts is critically reviewed and summarized. A number of problematical published host records are either confirmed or rejected, and many newly discovered associations are reported. Associations of parasitic larvae with insect hosts are confirmed for species of water mites representing 70 of the nearly 300 described genera, in 28 of the 45 currently recognized families, and all 7 superfamilies. Life history, behavioral, ecological, and phylogenetic data on water mites of genera with known larvae are summarized to provide the basis for interpreting the evolutionary significance of observed host associations. Previously established hypotheses are evaluated in the light of a greatly expanded list of verified observations.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF THE POPULATION STRUCTURE OF SITONA HISPIDULUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN ALFALFA FIELD SOIL
Authors: Quinn M.A. , Hower A.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe multivariate statistical techniques of canonical correlation and canonical redundancy analyses were used to assess the population structure of larvae of Sitona hispidulus (F.) in alfalfa field soil. A series of rhizosphere variables was correlated with a series of insect variables that represented the developmental stages of the insect to identify relationships between the insect and rhizosphere. Results indicated that 1st and 2nd-instar larvae were correlated with small root nodules and soil moisture, but not with taproot biomass. Third- and 4th-instar larvae and pupae were not correlated with any of the rhizosphere components measured. Fifth-instar larvae were associated with taproot biomass.
SEX-SPECIFIC EMERGENCE OF IPS TYPOGRAPHUS L. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND FLIGHT BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO PHEROMONE SOURCES FOLLOWING HIBERNATION
Authors: Lindelöw Åke , Weslien Jan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEmergence patterns, sex ratios, and dispersal characteristics of Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) emerging from hibernation sites were studied under field conditions. A total of 8666 emerging beetles were caught in 14 tent-traps, covering brood tree stumps at 3 different hibernation sites. Samples of these beetles were sexed at frequent intervals. The proportion of females increased as emergence progressed and the overall proportion of females was 62%. A total of 3433 beetles emerging after hibernation were marked and released on 19 separate occasions. The recapture rates were 13 and 4% in nearby and distant pheromone traps, respectively. Recaptures were recorded at distances of up to 1800 m. Beetles were able to respond and fly to pheromone sources shortly after emergence without prior feeding or prolonged flight activity. Trapping and marking techniques, temporal and spatial emergence patterns, seasonal sex ratio changes, and factors influencing pheromone trap catches are discussed.
POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS OF THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE), MONITORED WITH INSECT TRAPS IN WHEAT STORED IN A STEEL GRANARY
Authors: Loschiavo S.R. , Smith L.B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPopulation fluctuations of adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), in wheat stored in a steel granary were monitored using insect detection traps 35 cm below the surface of the grain during the fall of 1983, and the spring, summer, and fall of 1984. In both years, the peak population occurred from the beginning of September to the third week in October. In 1984, no beetles were found in the traps until early June. The number of beetles in each trap increased slowly until late August (range 0 to 315), and then rapidly until late October (range 91 to 1212), and then decreased rapidly thereafter until mid-November (range 236 to 2). No beetles were caught during the winters after 30 November 1983 and 19 November 1984. The absence of beetles in the traps before June or after November and the small catches before July or in early November were attributed to the combined effects of low population levels and reduced movement of adults at low grain temperatures. A few beetles were caught at a grain temperature of 8°C but none at temperatures lower than 4°C. Approximately 65% of adults found in samples of grain at −7°C in February 1985 were alive and became active in the laboratory. Practical recommendations for monitoring insect pests of stored grain are given, based on the results.