bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and knowledge of sexual transmitted infections, drug abuse, and AIDS among male inmates in a Taiwan prison
Authors: Feng Ming‐Chu , Feng Jui‐Ying , Chen Yen‐Hsu , Chang Pi‐Yen , Lu Po‐Liang 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis cross‐sectional, descriptive, correlational study performed a structured questionnaire survey of a Taiwan population of male prison inmates to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), intravenous drug users (IDUs), and drug abuse and to assess their knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The objective was to obtain data needed to control the spread of HIV. Out of 1000 questionnaires distributed, 908 valid questionnaires were returned. Inmates were classified into three groups: IDUs with HIV (13.5%), IDUs without HIV (49.3%), and non‐IDUs without HIV (37.2%). A total of 115 (12.7%) inmates had contracted STIs other than HIV. Compared with inmates without HIV, those with HIV were more likely to have a junior high school education level or lower and a history of the following: employment as a blue‐collar laborer, STI, unprotected sexual activity, and needle sharing during intravenous drug use. The longer they have used intravenous drugs, the higher the probability that they shared needles, and the more likely they contracted with HIV. Taiwanese male inmates had a low level of knowledge about safe sex and HIV transmission routes, except for sharing needles. The three groups did not significantly differ in HIV‐related knowledge. Given the high percentage of IDU and HIV infection in male prison inmates in Taiwan, interventions are needed to educate this population in the increased risk of contracting HIV/AIDS associated with unsafe sex and needle sharing during illicit drug use. Such interventions are crucial for limiting the spread of HIV as this population reintegrates with the community.
THE IRONIES OF POP: LOCAL MUSIC PRODUCTION AND CITIZENSHIP IN A SMALL NAMIBIAN TOWN
Authors: van Wolputte Steven , Bleckmann Laura E. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThis case study probes the close link between locality and musical production. The setting is Opuwo, a small city in northern Namibia, notorious for its many bars. Here the music of a local band, Bullet ya Kaoko, provides the soundtrack to the quest for belonging and identity that takes place in the marginal space constituted by these bars and pubs. Bullet ya Kaoko performances are characterized by the simultaneous articulation of paradoxical images and different models of identification: they use keyboards and synthesizers to rework an old genre (omitandu, praise songs), fuse Kwaito moves with the elders' warrior dance, and weave Herero polyphony into a jive-like beat and structure. Lyrics, music and dance address the challenges of (post-)modern life and give voice to uncertainty and fragmentation. At the same time, they embed people in kinship and place, evoking a strong yet encrypted sense of belonging. The music of Bullet ya Kaoko is ironizing: it questions, but does not answer. It challenges both the old and the new, but refrains from solving the tensions created by their juxtaposition.
Selective Memory: Augustine and Contemporary Just War Discourse
Authors: Lee Peter 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRecent moral justifications of military intervention in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq have drawn upon just war concepts set out by Augustine of Hippo in the early fifth century. Augustine, writing as the political hegemony of the Roman Empire was ebbing away, provides a valuable touchstone for anyone engaged in analysing the complex interplay of power, war, morality and religious faith. Like most of the problems Augustine addressed in his writings, his attitude to just war was rooted in a potent mix of imperial politics, concern for individual souls and establishing and defending church orthodoxy. Though his personal telos was to be found in the Heavenly City, Augustine did not try to avoid the difficulties of dealing with the contradictions involved in the Christian's encounter with the decidedly ungodly Earthly City. Though he never ruled out the need for political power to be wielded through the medium of martial force, Augustine would only accede to such action with great reluctance. This article investigates aspects of the use and misuse of Augustine and his ideas in both the political and academic arenas in the justification of recent military interventions. Analysis of statements made by the British Prime Minister Tony Blair and the book Just War Against Terror by American political theorist Jean Bethke Elshtain will show how Augustinian concepts have been used selectively to serve broader political agendas. Blair and Elshtain have been chosen for this study because they were both, in their respective fields, influential figures who advocated the 2003 invasion of Iraq; they are both declared Christians; Elshtain has explicitly associated herself with Blair's approach; and they both rejected any notion of religious crusade in the aforementioned interventions. By considering casus belli which included self-defence, opposing evil and liberating the oppressed, this article will demonstrate that the selective use of Augustine would eventually weaken the very case it was meant to strengthen. In the process, commonalities and discontinuities between Augustine's ideas in their original context and their application in the present will be highlighted. The article concludes that, in the process of using Augustinian concepts to justify recent military action, his renowned reticence regarding the use of force was undermined.
Is Tom Right?: An Extended Review of N. T. Wright'sJustification: God's Plan and Paul's Vision
Authors: Campbell Douglas A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this extended review I first describe Wright's complex account of the doctrine of justification in Paul, which combines emphases on the covenant, the lawcourt, Christ and eschatology and includes, further, important translation claims concerning ‘the righteousness of God’ as God's covenant faithfulness, ‘justification’ as vindication in a lawcourt setting, ‘works of law’ as sociological boundary markers, and ‘faith’ as speaking not infrequently of Christ's fidelity rather than the generic Christian's (although these last two things are not separate; the former grounds the latter making it a badge of Christian membership). I then suggest, second, that Wright needs to recognise more clearly a particular danger in the traditional approach to justification that he is trying to move beyond – ‘foundationalist individualism’, or ‘forward thinking’. That is, the traditional reading of justification in Paul understands him to be arguing and thinking forward, from a nasty, legalistic, and essentially Jewish, plight, to a solution which is a gospel generously grasped by faith alone. This narrative, rooted in a certain reading of Romans 1–4, creates a large number of difficulties. (It begins with natural theology. It characterises Judaism unfairly. It asks a lot of sinful individuals unenlightened by grace. And so on.) And I am not convinced that Wright's complex revisionist account of justification has avoided them all. In particular, (1) he continues to emphasise a particular notion of the lawcourt in Paul's argument and thereby unleashes an account of God's character primarily in terms of retributive justice and hence in terms of Western politics. (2) He tends to define the covenant before he has taken full account of christology. The covenant should be defined by christology, rather than the other way around. One sign that things have not been tied together here as they ought to be is the number of different definitions of Israel that Wright supplies – as many as four. Moreover (3) even his revisionist sociological account of ‘works of law’ reproduces a key difficulty in the older approach, i.e. a jaundiced description of Judaism. And (4) his account of faith in Abraham does not explicitly link Paul's controversial reification of Genesis 15:6 to a christological hermeneutic, as it needs to in order to avoid crass reductionism. But Wright's definitive account of Paul is not yet fully articulated, so suitable adjustments might well allay my concerns here, with various aspects of foundationalism presently appearing within his theological description.
Defining Economic Injury Levels for Sea Lamprey Control in the Great Lakes Basin
Authors: Irwin Brian J. , Liu Weihai , Bence James R. , Jones Michael L. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We estimated economic injury levels (EILs) and associated optimal control budgets for sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus for each of the Great Lakes using common assumptions and consistent methods. The lake-specific EILs are defined as equilibrium sea lamprey abundances below which incremental increases in control expenditures do not pay for themselves in terms of benefits (in the form of increased harvest of desired host species). We assume that sea lamprey control efforts result in an increase in the availability of adult hosts for fishery harvest, which provides economic value to society. We used a stochastic population model to simulate the sea lamprey life cycle as well as management actions (e.g., treatment of streams with lampricide) over a range of potential control budgets. Prior to running simulations, the model was calibrated for each Great Lake so that resulting forecasts were consistent with recent observed adult (spawning-phase) sea lamprey abundance levels given recent control budgets. Our calculated EILs suggest that sea lamprey abundances lower than those currently observed or those specified by interim damage targets are justifiable and may be obtainable with increases in control budgets (roughly 25% to 55% per lake). This conclusion is robust to a range of plausible assumptions about the economic benefits attributable to host fish.
Received January 21, 2011; accepted April 9, 2012
Time‐variant modelling of heart rate responses to exercise intensity during road cycling
Authors: Lefever Joris , Berckmans Daniel , Aerts Jean‐Marie 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine if heart rate responses to training intensity during road cycling could be modelled with compact time‐variant mathematical model structures. The model performance was evaluated in terms of model order (complexity), number of inputs and parameter estimation methods used (time‐invariant vs. time‐variant). Thirteen male cyclists performed two identical cycling tests of 27 km on the road. Uphill sections were introduced to induce dynamic variations in heart rate. The heart rate and training intensity, represented by power output and road inclination, were measured in real‐time. Taking only power as system input allowed to explain the variations in heart rate in an accurate way , since adding the road inclination as an additional input did not significantly improve the modelling performance . Furthermore, we demonstrated that models with first‐order dynamics accurately describes the heart rate responses to power variations , but that more complex second‐order model structures were significantly better than the first‐order model structures (P=0.028). Finally, the heart rate dynamics appeared to be time‐variant, since the time‐variant model structures were significantly better than the time‐invariant model structures . So, compact time‐variant second‐order model structures could be used to model the heart rate response to training intensity as a basis for training optimisation.
On the use of omnidirectional sonars and downwards-looking echosounders to assess pelagic fish distributions during and after midwater trawling
Authors: Stockwell Jason D. , Weber Thomas C. , Baukus Adam J. , Jech J. Michael 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Stockwell, J. D., Weber, T. C., Baukus, A. J., and Jech, J. M. 2013. On the use of omnidirectional sonars and downwards-looking echosounders to assess pelagic fish distributions during and after midwater trawling. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70:196–203.
Small pelagic fish can play an important role in the structure and function of ecosystems, and there is increasing interest in their non-market value. At the scale of fish aggregations, however, the impact of fishing has received relatively little attention, with most effort devoted to impacts of vessel and gear avoidance on stock size estimates. We used concurrent deployment of a downwards-looking echosounder (Simrad ES60 system) and an omnidirectional sonar (Simrad SP90 system) during commercial pairtrawling operations for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the Gulf of Maine to examine their potential for studying the impacts of fishing on herring aggregations. We compared a number of aggregation metrics to illustrate similarities and differences between the two systems, and then qualitatively examined their properties during and after pairtrawling events to illustrate potential applications. Our results suggest that using both downwards-looking and omnidirectional systems provides complementary information on fish aggregation metrics. Future applications of these systems in before–after–control-impact (BACI) designs may help inform management agencies when evaluating potential impacts of fishing at the time and space scales of pelagic fish aggregations.
Pharmacology of Neural Blockade
Authors: Duncan Christopher M. , Craigo Paula A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Chapter 2 reviews the mechanism of action for local anesthetics. Clinical features such as potency, onset of action, duration, and dose are discussed. Drug metabolism, toxicity (local and systemic), and its treatment are included. The chapter concludes with additional information on adjuvant medications (eg, epinephrine, clonidine) used to extend or enhance the clinical effects of local anesthetics.
Anatomical Considerations for Peripheral Nerve Blockade
Authors: Hebl James R. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Chapter 5 contains a basic review of terminology used to describe body planes, surface orientation, and movements. The anatomy of major nerve plexuses are also examined: brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, lumbosacral plexus. The chapter concludes with a discussion of peripheral nerve anatomy and sensory and motor innervation, including dermatomes, osteotomes, and myotomes.
Sonoanatomy of the Upper and Lower Extremity
Authors: Smith Hugh M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia is the practice of applied anatomy. A detailed knowledge of neuroanatomy and the relationships of nerves to other structures is critical to successfully perform ultrasound-based procedures. In addition to anatomical knowledge, a comprehensive understanding of ultrasound equipment, probe selection, image optimization, and scanning technique is also essential to the proceduralist. Each of these factors is reviewed.
Clinical Applications of Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia
Authors: Smith Hugh M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia involves six steps: preparation, visualization, approximation, interrogation, deposition, and evaluation. Each step is reviewed in detail. Preparation includes patient positioning, monitor placement, draping, and equipment placement. Visualization involves scanning the anesthesia area to identify relevant anatomy. Approximation is determining how best to approach the target nerve with the needle. Interrogation involves nerve stimulation to determine correct needle placement so that deposition of the anesthetic can take place. Finally, evaluation of the effectiveness of the block allows for rescue options if needed. Clinical pearls and common errors and pitfalls related to ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia are also included.
Cervical Plexus Blockade
Authors: Torsher Laurence C. , Hebl James R. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Cervical plexus blockade produces anesthesia of the neck, shoulder, and upper pectoral and occipital regions. Relevant anatomy for this blockade is described. For both deep and superficial blocks, the following topics are reviewed: clinical applications, patient position, needle redirection cues, and side effects and complications.
Fascia Iliaca Blockade
Authors: Jurrens Thomas J. , Hebl James R. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Fascia iliaca blockade is used to provide postoperative analgesia in children and adults undergoing proximal lower extremity procedures. The following aspects of the procedure are reviewed: clinical applications, relevant anatomy, patient position, technique (including neural localization techniques, needle insertion site, and needle redirection cues), and side effects and complications. Ultrasound guidance and use of continuous nerve catheters is also discussed.
Sciatic Nerve Blockade
Authors: Jacob Adam K. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Sciatic nerve blockade is performed to achieve anesthesia and analgesia of the distal lower extremity, including the anterior and posterolateral leg, ankle, and foot. The following aspects of the procedure are reviewed: clinical applications, relevant anatomy, patient position, technique (including neural localization techniques, needle insertion site, and needle redirection cues), and side effects and complications. Use of ultrasound guidance is also discussed.
Psychological contract and organizational commitment
Authors: Behery Mohamed , Paton R.A. , Hussain Rahim 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate, within a non‐western context, the impact of the psychological contract, relational psychological contract (RPC) and transactional psychological contract (TPC), on organizational commitment (OC) as mediated by transformational leadership (TL). In addition, the paper also explores contractual status: does the theory fit, whether one is employed on a full or part time basis.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical part of the article is based on self‐administrated questionnaires completed by 433 respondents from across a range of service industries in the UAE.FindingsThe results indicate that both RPC and TPC are positively related to TL. The study did not identify any meaningful relationship between TL and OC. The study also suggests that TL has, at best, only a partial mediating role in relation to the RPC, TPC, and OC. As respondents' contractual status was employed as a control moderator, the paper can also report that part versus full time employment does not influence the outcome regarding the aforementioned relationships.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings suggest that practitioners and academics alike should note that the nature of the psychological contract employed will impact commitment and retention. Also, consistency of approach is very important when one is searching for sustainable employee commitment. The principle limitations associated with this research relate to the self reporting nature of the study: it both negates meaningful triangulation and qualitative interrogation of the results. Further, the industry level, services, and investigation precludes inter industry comparison, and the context, the UAE, may limit the generalizability of the findings.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the literature by being the first to study the mediation effect of TL on the relationship between RPC, TPC, and OC within a non‐western context. In addition, it also suggests that there may be some value in considering employee contractual status with regard to psychological contract and commitment.
Attitudes towards problems in the physical working environment: case contact centre
Authors: Rasila Heidi 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study how contact centre employees rationalize the perceived problems of an open plan contact centre environment.Design/methodology/approachThe paper applies a framework of four different orientations towards the working environment: the object orientation, system orientation, people orientation and territory orientation. Interviews in three contact centre environments with 28 interviewees were carried out, in order to test whether the framework could be used to analyse the ways the contact centre employees rationalize their working environment. The data were analysed with a qualitative content analysis.FindingsIt was possible to find four ways to rationalize the working environment from the speech of the contact centre employees: object‐oriented, system‐oriented, people‐oriented and territory‐oriented rationalization. Persons with the same dominant way of rationalization had internally coherent ways of constructing the reality of their workplace and a common way to justify the existing spatial solutions.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is limited to the insights of 28 contact centre workers. Their experiences of their working environment were studied without an attempt to objectively assess whether the problems they named were real or not. The results are not generalizable in the traditional statistical sense.Originality/valueThe research on workplace‐related issues in a contact centre context is limited. Contact centre work is demanding but the physical working environment can be used to minimize the negative consequences of these demands. Thus, it is important to raise understanding of the workplace‐related issues in a contact centre context.
Corporate governance systems and firm value: empirical evidence from Japan's natural experiment
Authors: Eberhart Robert 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to present evidence that the adoption by Japanese firms of a shareholder‐oriented, more transparent, system of corporate governance creates greater corporate value in comparison to the traditional system of statutory auditors.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses panel data of Tokyo Stock Exchange listed companies to explore the potential convergence of corporate governance systems by examining the value differences between Japanese firms selecting one of two legal systems. A random‐effects panel regression is used to analyze the data. The dependent variable of the study is Tobin's q.FindingsThis paper finds a significant increase in firm valuation, as measured by Tobin's q, for companies that adopted the alternative of the Anglo‐American type committee system, even though comparative financial data show little difference in performance after adoption. This finding is attributed to signal sending, as companies that adopted this system signal a choice toward transparency via monitoring by outsiders, suggesting a reduction of asymmetric agency costs. The paper finds that the committee corporate governance system produces higher corporate value than the traditional auditor governance. The study also finds evidence that it is the signal provided by adoption of the credible system, not the financial performance variables, that accounts for this difference.Social implicationsThe data support the central idea that corporate governance laws have consequences and encourages additional study of the effects of corporate signaling and the consequences of increased shareholder orientation of agents.Originality/valueThis paper takes advantage of the unique opportunity afforded by Japan's introduction of a dual system of corporate governance in 2003, when companies were offered a choice to adopt a new system of outside directors, which is a shareholder‐oriented committee system. It establishes that firm value can be created by a signal that corporate governance provides.