bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silver nanoparticles are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds
Authors: Lara Humberto H , Garza-Treviño Elsa N , Ixtepan-Turrent Liliana , Singh Dinesh K 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe advance in nanotechnology has enabled us to utilize particles in the size of the nanoscale. This has created new therapeutic horizons, and in the case of silver, the currently available data only reveals the surface of the potential benefits and the wide range of applications. Interactions between viral biomolecules and silver nanoparticles suggest that the use of nanosystems may contribute importantly for the enhancement of current prevention of infection and antiviral therapies. Recently, it has been suggested that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) bind with external membrane of lipid enveloped virus to prevent the infection. Nevertheless, the interaction of AgNPs with viruses is a largely unexplored field. AgNPs has been studied particularly on HIV where it was demonstrated the mechanism of antiviral action of the nanoparticles as well as the inhibition the transmission of HIV-1 infection in human cervix organ culture. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of the biocidal mechanisms of action of silver Nanoparticles.
False rumours of disease outbreaks caused by infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) in the whiteleg shrimp in Asia
Authors: Senapin Saengchan , Phiwsaiya Kornsunee , Gangnonngiw Warachin , Flegel Timothy W 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Background
Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) disease outbreaks in cultivated whiteleg shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei are characterized by gross signs of whitened abdominal muscles and by slow mortality reaching up to 70%. In 2006 the first disease outbreaks caused by IMNV in Asia occurred in Indonesia. Since then rumours have periodically circulated about IMNV disease outbreaks in other Asian countries. Our findings indicate that these are false rumours.

Findings
Our continual testing by nested RT-PCR of shrimp samples suspected of IMNV infection from various Asian countries since 2006 has yielded negative results, except for samples from Indonesia. Our results are supported by the lack of official reports of IMNV outbreaks since January 2007 in the Quarterly Report on Aquatic Animal Diseases (QAAD) from the Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia Pacific (NACA). In most cases, our shrimp samples for which tissue sections were possible showed signs of muscle cramp syndrome that also commonly causes muscle whitening in stressed whiteleg shrimp. Thus, we suspect that most of the false rumours in Asia about IMNV outside of Indonesia have resulted because of muscle cramp syndrome.

Conclusions
Results from continual testing of suspected IMNV outbreaks in Asian countries other than Indonesia since 2006 and the lack of official country reports of IMNV outbreaks since January 2007, indicate that rumours of IMNV outbreaks in Asian countries outside of Indonesia are false. We suspect that confusion has arisen because muscle cramp syndrome causes similar signs of whitened tail muscles in whiteleg shrimp.
Design, synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 2-aryl-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives
Authors: Prasad Davinder , Kumar Awanit , Shukla Praveen Kumar , Nath Mahendra 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Novel 2-arylthiazolidin-4-one derivatives (8a-q and 11) have been synthesized in good-to-excellent yields (70-96%) by one-pot three-component condensation-cyclization reaction of aromatic or aliphatic primary amines, aromatic aldehydes, and thioglycolic acid in polypropylene glycol at 110°C temperature. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the synthesized 2-arylthiazolidin-4-ones was investigated against a panel of six pathogenic fungal strains, a Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. Results revealed that the compounds (8a-d) bearing 3-(4-(1H-imidazolylmethyl)phenyl)-substituent displayed significant antibacterial efficacy specifically against Klebsiella pneumoniae (minimum inhibitory concentration 12.5 μg/mL). In addition, some of the synthesized compounds have also shown antimicotic activity against Sporothrix schenckii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Aspergillus fumigatus at the concentration of 50 μg/mL.
Problem-solving therapy for people who present to hospital with self-harm: Zelen randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hatcher Simon , Sharon Cynthia , Parag Varsha , Collins Nicola 
Published: August 2011

BackgroundPresentations to hospital with self-harm are common, associated with suicide and have an increased mortality, yet there is no accepted effective intervention.AimsTo investigate whether problem-solving therapy would improve outcomes in adults presenting to hospital with self-harm, compared with usual care.MethodA Zelen randomised controlled trial was conducted in four district health boards in New Zealand. A second hospital presentation with self-harm at 1 year for all episodes, plus separate comparisons of first-time and repeat presentations at the index episode, were the a priori primary outcomes. The trial registration number was ACTRN12605000337673.ResultsIn an intention-to-treat analysis of all randomised patients (n = 1094) there was no significant difference at 12 months in the proportion of people who had presented again with self-harm when comparing all episodes (intervention 13.4%, usual care 14.1%; relative risk reduction RR = 0.05, 95% CI −0.28 to 0.30, P = 0.79) or where the index episode was the first episode (intervention 13.4%, usual care 9.4%, RR =–0.42, 95% CI −1.17 to 0.08, P = 0.37). Where the index episode was repeated self-harm, those who received therapy were less likely to present again with self-harm (intervention 13.5%, usual care 22.1%, RR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.60, number needed to treat 12, P = 0.03).ConclusionsProblem-solving therapy is not recommended for everyone who presents to hospital with self-harm. Among adults with a history of self-harm it may be an effective intervention.
Remarks on the Pólya–Vinogradov Inequality
Authors: Pomerance Carl 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe establish a numerically explicit version of the Pólya–Vinogradov inequality for the sum of values of a Dirichlet character on an interval. While the technique of proof is essentially that of Landau from 1918, the result we obtain has better constants than in other numerically explicit versions that have been found more recently.
Bernoulli Numbers and Generalized Factorial Sums
Authors: Young Paul Thomas 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe prove a pair of identities expressing Bernoulli numbers and Bernoulli numbers of the second kind as sums of generalized falling factorials. These are derived from an expression for the Mahler coefficients of degenerate Bernoulli numbers. As corollaries several unusual identities and congruences are derived.
Developing Acceptable Surface Limits for Occupational Exposure to Pharmaceutical Substances
Authors: Kimmel Tracy A. , Sussman Robert G. , Ku Robert H. , Ader Allan W. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Acceptable surface limits (ASLs) are developed in order to establish a quantitative measure for the potential risk from exposure by dermal contact. In the pharmaceuticals industry, ASLs are used for protection against active pharmaceutical ingredients that are known to cause pharmacological or toxicological effects. An ASL can be used, together with appropriate analytical methods and industrial hygiene monitoring, to assess workplaces for potential dermal exposure and to protect the health and safety of individuals who might come in direct contact with contaminated surfaces in the workplace. ASLs are also used to evaluate the adequacy of housekeeping measures and the effectiveness of engineering containment approaches, or to determine whether a chemical is present on surfaces where it is not intended to be (e.g., in lunch rooms or offices, or on the outside surfaces of packaging materials). However, they should not be confused with cleaning limits for the surfaces of manufacturing devices that might come into contact with the drug product, which are set to minimize cross contamination between drug products and to protect end-users (e.g., patients taking drug products) as opposed to workers. A number of parameters must be evaluated in order to accurately develop appropriate and scientifically supportable limits. These include the dose or concentration that will cause the potential effect, the degree of chemical transfer from contaminated surfaces to the skin, and the rate or amount of percutaneous absorption. In practice, this information is usually limited or unavailable. Additionally, there has been very little regulatory guidance on the setting of ASLs. Consequently, in order to calculate an ASL, various assumptions must be made by health and safety professionals regarding how dermal exposures might occur. As quantitative data become available, the ASL can be adjusted accordingly. An overview of the setting of health-based and performance-based ASLs for pharmaceutical substances from animal and human toxicological data is provided.
Control of Crystal Orientations and Its Electrical Properties of PZT/Ru and PZT/RuO2 Thin Films by MOCVD
Authors: Shinozaki Kazuo , Iwasaki Akinori , Wakiya Naoki , Mizutani Nobuyasu 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRu and RuO2 thin films were deposited on (100)LaAlO3 (LAO), (100)MgO and (111)Pt/Ir/ SiO2/Si substrates byMOCVD. Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) was fabricated on Ru/LAOand RuO2/LAO. Ru thin films deposited at 400°C or higher on LaAlO3 and MgO showed epitaxial (001) crystal orientation. (001) uniaxial Ru was deposited on Pt/Ir/SiO2/Si. RuO2 thin films with (100) orientation were deposited both on LaAlO3 and Pt/Ir/SiO2/Si. (110)-oriented RuO2 thin film was deposited on MgO. Epitaxial RuO2 thin films were deposited on LaAlO3 and MgO at 400°C or higher. The smoothest surfaces and the lowest room-temperature electrical resistivities were obtained at 400°C and 450°C, respectively. The crystal orientations and electrical properties of the PZT thin films deposited on the Ru and RuO2 thin films at 550°C were strongly affected by the crystal orientations and microstructure of the Ru and the RuO2 films. Rhombohedral Pb(Zr0.6Ti0.4)03 thin films deposited on RuO2/LAOand Ru/LAO at 550°C with lower growth rate (1.2nm/min) showed (110) and (001) orientation, respectively. The remanent polarization value (Pr) for (001) PZT on Ru/LAO was ∼70 μC/cm2. (110) PZT on RuO2/LAO showed lower Pr (∼30 μC/cm2), but showed low leakage current (10-9 A/cm2 at 500kV/cm). The dense microstructures and smooth surface structures brought the good leakage characteristics.
Cervical Vertebral Maturation of Children with Orofacial Clefts
Authors: Sun Ling , Li Wei Ran 
Published: August 2011

Objective To evaluate the skeletal maturation of male children with orofacial clefts using the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method. Design Case-control study. Setting The School of Stomatology, Peking University. Patients Subjects were 443 boys with cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) aged 8 to 16 years who were compared with 1772 boys without clefts in an age-matched control group. Results The 8- to 10-year-old boys of both groups were in CS1. Most of the 11- to 14-year-old boys without CL/P were in CS3 and CS4, though it was not so obvious in boys with CL/P. Most 15- to 16-year-old boys without CL/P were in CS5 and CS6, while there were a lot of boys with CL/P who were still in cervical stages before CS5. Clefts had a significant effect on growth, and boys without CL/P were 1.737 times more likely to have achieved higher cervical stages. From Mann-Whitney test of every age phase, the difference existed in each year of the age range of 11 to 16 years, except from 12 to 13 years ( p = .100). In these age phases, the cervical stages of boys with CL/P were lower than those for boys without CL/P. By the age of 14, children with CL/P had a 4.679 times higher risk of delayed CS3, and the 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio was 2.129 to 10.286. Conclusions Boys with CL/P are at a higher risk of delayed growth period and retarded pubertal growth peak.
Misfolded Truncated Protein τ Induces Innate Immune Response via MAPK Pathway
Authors: Kovac Andrej , Zilka Norbert , Kazmerova Zuzana , Cente Martin , Zilkova Monika , Novak Michal 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and related tauopathies. We have previously shown that expression of nonmutated human truncated τ (151-391, 4R), derived from sporadic Alzheimer's disease, induced neurofibrillary degeneration accompanied by microglial and astroglial activation in the brain of transgenic rats. The aim of the current study was to determine the molecular mechanism underlying innate immune response induced by misfolded truncated τ. We found that purified recombinant truncated τ induced morphological transformation of microglia from resting into the reactive phenotype. Simultaneously, truncated τ caused the release of NO, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 from the mixed glial cultures. Notably, when the pure microglial culture was activated with truncated τ, it displayed significantly higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting a key role of microglia in the τ-mediated inflammatory response. Molecular analysis showed that truncated τ increased the mRNA levels of three MAPKs (JNK, ERK1, p38β) and transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB that ultimately resulted in enhanced mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NO. Our results showed for the first time, to our knowledge, that misfolded truncated protein τ is able to induce innate immune response via a MAPK pathway. Consequently, we suggest that misfolded truncated protein τ represents a viable target for immunotherapy of Alzheimer’s disease.
IFN-Induced TPR Protein IFIT3 Potentiates Antiviral Signaling by Bridging MAVS and TBK1
Authors: Liu Xin-Yi , Chen Wei , Wei Bo , Shan Yu-Fei , Wang Chen 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Intracellular RNA viruses are sensed by receptors retinoic acid-inducible gene I/MDA5, which trigger formation of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) complex on mitochondria. Consequently, this leads to the activation of TNFR-associated factor family member-associated NF-κB activator-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). It remains to be elucidated how MAVS activates TBK1/IRF3. In this study, we report that IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) is significantly induced upon RNA virus infection. Ectopic expression or knockdown of IFIT3 could, respectively, enhance or impair IRF3-mediated gene expression. Mechanistically, the tetratrico-peptide repeat motif (E164/E165) of IFIT3 interacts with the N terminus (K38) of TBK1, thus bridging TBK1 to MAVS on the mitochondrion. Disruption of this interaction markedly attenuates the activation of TBK1 and IRF3. Furthermore, host antiviral responses are significantly boosted or crippled in the presence or absence of IFIT3. Collectively, our study characterizes IFIT3 as an important modulator in innate immunity, revealing a new function of the IFIT family proteins (IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats).
TLR6-Driven Lipid Droplets in Mycobacterium leprae-Infected Schwann Cells: Immunoinflammatory Platforms Associated with Bacterial Persistence
Authors: Mattos Katherine A. , Oliveira Viviane G. C. , D’Avila Heloisa , Rodrigues Luciana S. , Pinheiro Roberta O. , Sarno Euzenir N. , Pessolani Maria Cristina V. , Bozza Patricia T. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for nerve injury in leprosy need further elucidation. We recently demonstrated that the foamy phenotype of Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells (SCs) observed in nerves of multibacillary patients results from the capacity of M. leprae to induce and recruit lipid droplets (LDs; also known as lipid bodies) to bacterial-containing phagosomes. In this study, we analyzed the parameters that govern LD biogenesis by M. leprae in SCs and how this contributes to the innate immune response elicited by M. leprae. Our observations indicated that LD formation requires the uptake of live bacteria and depends on host cell cytoskeleton rearrangement and vesicular trafficking. TLR6 deletion, but not TLR2, completely abolished the induction of LDs by M. leprae, as well as inhibited the bacterial uptake in SCs. M. leprae-induced LD biogenesis correlated with increased PGE2 and IL-10 secretion, as well as reduced IL-12 and NO production in M. leprae-infected SCs. Analysis of nerves from lepromatous leprosy patients showed colocalization of M. leprae, LDs, and cyclooxygenase-2 in SCs, indicating that LDs are sites for PGE2 synthesis in vivo. LD biogenesis Inhibition by the fatty acid synthase inhibitor C-75 abolished the effect of M. leprae on SC production of immunoinflammatory mediators and enhanced the mycobacterial-killing ability of SCs. Altogether, our data indicated a critical role for TLR6-dependent signaling in M. leprae–SC interactions, favoring phagocytosis and subsequent signaling for induction of LD biogenesis in infected cells. Moreover, our observations reinforced the role of LDs favoring mycobacterial survival and persistence in the nerve. These findings give further support to a critical role for LDs in M. leprae pathogenesis in the nerve.
Transfer of Fourier Multipliers into Schur Multipliers and Sumsets in a Discrete Group
Authors: Neuwirth Stefan , Éric Ricard  
Published: August 2011

Abstract We inspect the relationship between relative Fourier multipliers on noncommutative Lebesgue– Orlicz spaces of a discrete group and relative Toeplitz-Schur multipliers on Schatten–von- Neumann–Orlicz classes. Four applications are given: lacunary sets, unconditional Schauder bases for the subspace of a Lebesgue space determined by a given spectrum , the norm of the Hilbert transformand the Riesz projection on Schatten–von-Neumann classes with exponent a power of 2, and the norm of Toeplitz Schur multipliers on Schatten–von-Neumann classes with exponent less than 1.
Thyroglossal Duct Carcinoma: A Case Series and Approach to Management
Authors: Paul MJ , Michael Rajiv C , Manipadam John Mathew , Manipadam Marie Therese , Thomas Elsa Mary , Abraham Deepak Thomas 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThyroglossal duct carcinoma (TGDC) is a rare disease with few reported series. No clear consensus exists regarding further management after adequate excision of the cyst, especially the role of total thyroidectomy and postoperative radioiodine therapy. We review our experience of nine cases and the literature to clarify the management of this rare condition. A retrospective study over a period of 10 years was performed using the clinical records from Christian Medical College, Vellore to identify patients with TGDC and to assess the frequency of cases with concomitant papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The clinical presentation, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), imaging, treatment and follow-up were analyzed. There were a total of nine cases of TGDC with five males. Imaging available in six patients detected a suspicious lesion in four cysts and three thyroid glands. Preoperative FNAC detected atypical cells in two of five cases. Thyroid carcinoma was seen in four (44.4%) after histopathological evaluation. Ultrasound of the neck and image-guided FNAC of the cyst may be adequate initial investigation for thyroglossal cysts. FNAC by itself is not a good investigation to diagnose TGDC as rate of false-negatives and inadequate specimens were high. Solid components and calcification on imaging were predictive of carcinoma within a thyroglossal cyst in 100% cases. All patients with TGDC may be offered total thyroidectomy as a simultaneous or staged procedure to address the high incidence of concomitant thyroid foci of cancer. The role of adjuvant therapy is still debatable.
A Recyclable Polystyrene‐Supported Gold(I) Catalyst
Authors: Cao Wenjie , Yu Biao 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA polystyrene‐(benzotriazole)(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) [Btz⋅Au(I)PPh3] resin, representing the first polystyrene‐immobilized homogeneous gold(I) complex, was conveniently prepared, and showed remarkable catalytic activities and recyclability in three model transformations, including the tandem 3,3‐rearrangement and Nazarov reaction of an enynyl acetate, the cyclization of a 1,6‐enyne, and the rearrangement of an alkyne‐furan.
Categorical semiparametric varying‐coefficient models
Authors: Li QI , Ouyang Desheng , Racine Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYSemiparametric varying‐coefficient models have become a common fixture in applied data analysis. Existing approaches, however, presume that those variables affecting the coefficients are continuous in nature (or that there exists at least one such continuous variable) which is often not the case. Furthermore, when all variables affecting the coefficients are categorical/discrete, theoretical underpinnings cannot be obtained as a special case of existing approaches and, as such, requires a separate treatment. In this paper we use kernel‐based methods that place minimal structure on the underlying mechanism governing parameter variation across categorical variables while providing a consistent and efficient approach that may be of interest to practitioners. One area where such models could be particularly useful is in settings where interactions among the categorical and real‐valued predictors consume many (or even exhaust) degrees of freedom for fully parametric models (which is frequently the case in applied settings). Furthermore, we demonstrate that our approach behaves optimally when in fact there is no variation in a model's coefficients across one or more of the categorical variables (i.e. the approach pools over such variables with a high probability). An illustrative application demonstrates potential benefits for applied researchers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations in food samples from Rize, Turkey
Authors: Görür Filiz Korkmaz , Keser Recep , Akçay Nilay , Dizman Serdar , As Nilüfer , Okumuşoğlu Nazmi Turan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Rize in Turkey was contaminated by the Chernobyl accident in 1986. A comprehensive study was planned and carried out to determine the radioactivity levels and heavy metal concentrations in four food categories collected in Rize in 2008, 2009 and 2010.RESULTS: Tomato showed the highest concentration of 238U, at 9.43 ± 0.128 Bq kg−1, whereas the lowest concentration of 0.20 ± 0.02 Bq kg−1 was measured in aubergine samples. The highest concentration of 232Th was measured at 3.22 ± 0.29 Bq kg−1 in grape samples. 40K was found to contribute the highest activity in all the food samples. The highest activity concentration of 137Cs was 10.20 ± 4.19 Bq kg−1, for parsley. The average contribution range of each of the heavy metals to the dietary intake was 0.13–9.14, 0.27–34.63, 0.05–3.62, 0.11–14.97, 0.78–8.51 and 0.01–1.57 mg, respectively, for Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and As.CONCLUSION: The range of radioactivity levels in food samples of the present study is of no risk to public health. Heavy metal concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and As obtained were far below the established values by FAO/WHO limits. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry