bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unlocking Bitumen in Thin and/or Lower Pressure Pay Using Cross SAGD (XSAGD)
Authors: Stalder J.L. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Cross SAGD (XSAGD) is similar to SAGD except that the horizontal injection wells are placed perpendicular to the horizontal production wells. Some completion restriction near the points where the wells cross can be included in the initial well completions or added later to limit short-circuiting of steam between the wells. The concept of XSAGD as applied in a 20-metrethick homogeneous sand was introduced in the November 2005 International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium in Calgary, Alberta. Expanding beyond that presentation, this paper describes simulations showing that XSAGD offers advantages over SAGD for developing thin and/or low-pressured bitumen sands. By combining both gravity drainage and lateral displacement, XSAGD can accelerate recovery, reduce steam requirements and improve economic potential compared to SAGD. Simulation results are discussed comparing SAGD and XSAGD performance for pay thickness from 10 - 40 metres, for pressures ranging from 1,500 - 4,500 kPa, and for homogeneous and heterogeneous pay.

Introduction
An earlier study(1) describes how XSAGD combines lateral displacement with gravity drainage to accelerate bitumen recovery compared to the SAGD(2) concept in a 20-m homogeneous sand. Some form of completion restriction near where the injection and production wells cross is necessary to limit short-circuiting of the steam and to promote lateral displacement. This restriction could be added after initial communication is established between the wells or it could be built in from the beginning. The recovery acceleration for XSAGD is partially related to the increased drawdown that can be applied to the producing wells while still maintaining effective steam-trap control. This benefit is due to the lateral offset between the active sections of the completions and the tendency for steam to gravity-override before reaching the unrestricted sections of the producing wells. Overall, XSAGD accelerates bitumen recovery and lateral expansion of the steam chamber and reduces cumulative steam oil ratio (CSOR) compared to SAGD. However, XSAGD recovery factor (RF) generally is slightly lower than SAGD RF. The capital costs for wells, pads and facilities should be essentially the same for both processes even though the pad arrangement may be somewhat less flexible for XSAGD.
Dynamic Modelling of Solution-Gas Drive in Heavy Oils
Authors: Shahvali M. , Pooladi-Darvish M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Some heavy oil reservoirs in Canada show atypically high production rates and high primary oil recoveries under solution-gas drive. Much attention has been given to the anomalous behaviour observed in such heavy oil reservoirs, and several models have been suggested to explain these anomalies.
There are two classes of effects responsible for the unusual behaviour of solution-gas drive in heavy oil reservoirs, including fluid effects and rock/geomechanical effects. This study focuses exclusively on fluid effects.
In at least two ways, solution-gas drive in heavy oils differs from that in light oils. In heavy oils, the concentration of gas in the oil can be significantly greater than the equilibrium value; the oil could be significantly supersaturated. Additionally in heavy oils, recovery and gas mobility show rate dependent behaviour. Both of these effects are taken into consideration in this study.
In this paper, we develop a dynamic model that captures many important processes that affect heavy oil recovery. The non-equilibrium early time behaviour is modelled by introducing a kinetic equation describing the rate of evolution of solution gas into free gas. The equation is derived based on a phenomenological analysis which takes into account bubble nucleation and growth. A second component of this model captures the low gas mobility in heavy oil reservoirs and its dependency on viscous forces. To account for the effect of viscous forces on gas mobility, relative permeability functions are introduced that not only depend on gas saturation but also on local oil phase velocity and viscosity.
While many of the previous models apply several kinetic equations associated with a large number of parameters, we have shown that the modifications suggested in this study enable predicting many of the unusual behaviours observed in solution-gas drive in heavy oil reservoirs, using only one kinetic equation with a smaller number of fitting parameters.
Shale Swelling, Osmosis, and Acoustic Changes Measured Under Simulated Downhole Condition
Authors: Ewy R.T.. T. , Stankovic R.J.. J. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Preserved shale samples from four different shale cores were exposed to various aqueous fluids while under simulated downhole stress conditions. Before fluid exposure, the samples were not contacted by any aqueous fluid, including simulated pore fluid. Time-dependent measurements of pore pressure, swelling, and acoustic velocities were made. Pore pressures both less than and greater than the applied fluid pressure were observed, and apparent osmotic membrane efficiencies were calculated. Swelling was found to depend not only on the shale type and the fluid but also on the level of confining stress; sufficient confining stress can prevent swelling. Swelling anisotropy was observed. Acoustic velocities were found to change as a result of fluid exposure, but significant velocity decrease occurred only in the presence of chemically induced swelling. S-wave velocities were found to be more sensitive than P-wave velocities. Because swelling is expected to occur mostly in the radial direction around a wellbore and only very close to the wellbore, the best detection method would be either (1) well-parallel S-velocities processed to yield the high-frequency (near-wellbore) slowness or (2) S-velocities measured in the radial direction instead of the well-parallel direction.
Comparison of decompressive surgery, electroacupuncture, and decompressive surgery followed by electroacupuncture for the treatment of dogs with intervertebral disk disease with long-standing severe neurologic deficits
Authors: Joaquim Jean G. F. , Luna Stelio P. L. , Brondani Juliana T. , Torelli Sandra R. , Rahal Sheila C. , de Paula Freitas Fernando 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare the effects of decompressive surgery (DSX), electroacupuncture (EAP), and DSX followed by EAP (DSX + EAP) for the treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) in dogs with severe neurologic deficits of > 48 hours' duration.
Design—Retrospective case series and prospective clinical trial.
Animals—40 dogs between 3 and 6 years old and weighing between 10 and 20 kg (22 and 44 lb) with long-standing (> 48 hours) clinical signs of severe neurologic disease attributable to thoracolumbar IVDD.
Procedures—Thoracolumbar medullar injury was classified on the basis of neurologic signs by use of a scale ranging from 1 (least severe) to 5 (most severe). The DSX dogs (n = 10) were retrospectively selected from those that underwent DSX for the treatment of thoracolumbar IVDD. In addition, 19 dogs received EAP alone and 11 dogs underwent DSX followed by EAP (DSX + EAP). Outcome was considered a clinical success when a dog initially classified as grade 4 or 5 was classified as grade 1 or 2 within 6 months after the end of treatment.
Results—The proportion of dogs with clinical success was significantly higher for dogs that underwent EAP (15/19) than for dogs that underwent DSX (4/10); the proportion of dogs with clinical success for dogs that underwent DSX + EAP was intermediate (8/11).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—EAP was more effective than DSX for recovery of ambulation and improvement in neurologic deficits in dogs with long-standing severe deficits attributable to thoracolumbar IVDD.
Natural glufosinate resistance of soil microorganisms and GMO safety
Authors: Tothova Timea , Sobekova Anna , Holovska Katarina , Legath Jaroslav , Pristas Peter , Javorsky Peter 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Bacteria and fungi from pristine soil, never exposed to glufosinate herbicide, were isolated and analyzed for glufosinate tolerance. Seven of the 15 tested isolates were sensitive to 1 mM glufosinate (an active ingredient of many nonselective contact herbicides), 5 were resistant to 4 mM glufosinate and 3 even to 8 mM glufosinate in liquid medium. None of the isolated microorganisms carried the gene for glufosinate resistance bar (bialaphos resistance) in its genome and at least in some of glufosinate-resistant isolates the increased glutamine synthetase level was detected as a possible resistance mechanism. The transfer of the bar glufosinate resistance gene from transgenic maize Bt 176 into glufosinate-sensitive soil bacterium Bacillus pumilus S1 was not detected under the laboratory conditions by a classical plate count method and PCR. The ecological risk of potential bar gene transfer from genetically modified plants into soil microcosms under natural circumstances is discussed.
Noninvasive detection of the distinction between progressive and compensated hydrocephalus in infants: is it possible?
Authors: Leliefeld Paul H. , Gooskens Rob H. J. M. , Tulleken Cees A. F. , Regli Luca , Uiterwaal Cuno S. P. M. , Han K. Sen , Kappelle L. Jaap 
Published: June 2010

Object
Clinical signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus can be clear and specific, but also subtle, nonspecific, or even absent. It may be difficult to decide whether shunt placement is indicated, especially in infants. Therefore, there is a need for the development of better noninvasive detection methods to distinguish between compensated and (slowly) progressive hydrocephalus. Early interference can reverse the cerebral damage, whereas the detection of a nonpathological state in infants with compensated hydrocephalus avoids the complications of unnecessary shunt procedures. Using MR imaging, the authors investigated cerebral blood flow (CBF) and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) measured in infants with clinically compensated hydrocephalus.

Methods
The diagnosis of compensated hydrocephalus was made on the basis of clinical criteria, consisting of no signs or symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), measurement of a normal ICP, and standard MR imaging showing enlarged ventricles. Flow measurements through both internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery were considered to represent the total CBF. In addition, ADC values were assessed in 5 different regions of interest in the brain parenchyma using diffusion weighted imaging. Brain volumetric measurement was performed to express CBF in ml/100 cm3 brain/min, thus compensating for physiological CBF growth over time. Mean arterial blood pressure was manually measured to exclude this factor as a cause of a possible change in CBF. Intracranial pressure measurement was performed noninvasively using the Rotterdam Teletransducer.

Results
Eighteen infants with clinically compensated hydrocephalus were included. The mean CBF was 53.5 ml/100 cm3 of brain/min. The individual CBF values were graphically compared with age-related normal CBF values and fell in the normal range. Mean ADC value was 890.0 ×10−6 mm2/sec. Apparent diffusion coefficient values per region of interest were graphically compared with normal ADC values per region of interest and fell within the normal range.

Conclusions
In infants with hydrocephalus, normal CBF and low ADC values, as measured using MR imaging, are associated with compensated hydrocephalus and may support a conservative approach with respect to the decision on whether to place a shunt.
Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in patients with autism spectrum disorder and intractable epilepsy: results from the vagus nerve stimulation therapy patient outcome registry
Authors: Levy Michael L. , Levy Karen M. , Hoff Dayna , Amar Arun Paul , Park Min S. , Conklin Jordan M. , Baird Lissa , Apuzzo Michael L. J. 
Published: June 2010

Object
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy on quality-of-life (QOL) variables among patients with both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and persistent or recurrent intractable epilepsy.

Methods
Data were obtained from the VNS therapy patient outcome registry, which was established after US FDA approval of the VNS device in 1997 as a means of capturing open-label clinical data outside of protocol. The integrity of the systems for collecting and processing registry data was authenticated by an independent auditing agency. The effect of potential selection bias, however, remains uncertain.

Results
Two cohorts were compared: 1) patients with epilepsy but without ASD (non-ASD [NASD] Group, 315 patients) who were being tracked in the registry (this cohort, which was controlled for age, included patients 20 years of age or younger); and 2) patients with a diagnosis of ASD who underwent implantation of the VNS device (ASD Group, 77 patients). Differences between the ASD and NASD groups were noted in the following categories: sex (male preponderance in ASD); normal imaging results (MR imaging results normal in ASD); depression (less common in ASD); behavioral problems (more common in ASD); neurological deficit (more common in ASD); mental retardation (more common in ASD); and developmental delay. The only QOL difference between the ASD and NASD groups was noted in mood at 12 months postimplant (mood was improved in ASD) (p = 0.04). There were no other differences in the QOL variables.

Conclusions
Patients with ASD and intractable epilepsy respond as favorably as all other patients receiving VNS therapy. In addition, they may experience a number of QOL improvements, some of which exceed those classically observed following placement of a VNS device.
Glaciological investigations on Union Glacier, Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica
Authors: Rivera Andrés , Zamora R. , Rada Camilo , Walton Jonathan , Proctor Stuart 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUnion Glacier, West Antarctica, was intensively mapped in December 2008, when an over-snow traverse was conducted by CECS and ALE, with the aim to determine the ice-dynamical characteristics of the glacier, through mapping the crevasse fields and by providing a glaciological baseline for future studies. A mean ice thickness of 1450 m was measured, confirming the presence of a deep subglacial topography (∼900 m below sea level), much deeper than previously estimated. Ice velocities were also measured at 21 stakes drilled into the ice at the narrowest gate of the glacier between December 2007 and December 2008, yielding a mean value of 22.6 m a−1. These velocities, combined with the measured ice thicknesses and a numerical model, yielded an ice flux of 0.10 ±0.03 km3 a−1 w.e. Considering the ice basin above this gate, a mean surface mass balance of 0.18 ± 0.05 m a−1 was estimated, a value consistent with a mean snow accumulation for nearby ice streams. These values indicate that the glacier is at present near equilibrium.
Primer development for the plastid region ycf1 in Annonaceae and other magnoliids
Authors: Neubig Kurt M. , Abbott J. Richard 
Published: June 2010

• Premise of the study: Primers were developed for a portion of the ycf1 plastid gene in magnoliid taxa to investigate the utility of ycf1 in phylogenetic analyses.• Methods and Results: Twenty‐six species across six families within the magnoliid group (Canellales, Piperales, Laurales, and Magnoliales) were sampled to examine the ability to amplify ycf1. Additionally, 29 accessions of Asimina and Deeringothamnus (Annonaceae) were sequenced to assess levels of variation in ycf1 compared to matK and trnL‐F.• Conclusions: Results indicate that ycf1 is easily amplified and sequenced. In Annonaceae, ycf1 provides more informative phylogenetic characters than commonly used markers such as matK and trnL‐F.
Altered Expression of TNF-α Signaling Pathway Proteins in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: ZHU LANG-JING , LANDOLT-MARTICORENA CAROLINA , LI TIMOTHY , YANG XIAO , YU XUE-QING , GLADMAN DAFNA D. , UROWITZ MURRAY B. , FORTIN PAUL R. , WITHER JOAN E. 
Published: June 2010

Objective.To investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2) and adapter proteins (TRADD, RIP, and TRAF2) in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods.PBMC were isolated from 45 SLE patients and 25 controls, and stained with labeled antibodies that enabled identification of various T cell, B cell, and monocyte subpopulations. Expression of TNF-related signaling molecules was measured by staining with labeled antibodies either directly or following fixation and permeabilization. Apoptosis was quantified using an anti-active caspase 3 antibody. RNA expression of TNF-related signaling molecules was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and serum levels of TNF-α by ELISA.Results.SLE patients had increased levels of TNFR1, TNFR2, and TRAF2, together with decreased levels of RIP, on various B, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T cell subsets as compared to controls. This altered expression was seen in both naive and memory subpopulations, and reflected altered staining of the whole population rather than a subset of cells that were activated. The levels of these molecules were not significantly correlated with serum TNF-α levels or their RNA expression in whole peripheral blood. TNFR1 and TNFR2 expression was negatively correlated with disease activity. There was no association between the proportion of apoptotic cells in any of the subpopulations and serum TNF-α levels or expression of TNF-related signaling molecules.Conclusion.Patients with SLE had altered expression of TNF-related signaling molecules, suggesting that there may be an imbalance in TNF-α signaling favoring cellular activation as opposed to proapoptotic pathways.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia
Authors: MARCHI FRANCESCO , CHIMENTI DANIELE , TAVONI ANTONIO , DELLA ROSSA ALESSANDRA , BOMBARDIERI STEFANO , MIGLIORINI PAOLA 
Published: June 2010

Objective.Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are a rare population of circulating cells involved in vascular homeostasis. Our aim was to analyze EPC in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC).Methods.EPC were evaluated by cytometry according to guidelines of the International Society for Hematotherapy and Graft Engineering in 17 patients with MC and 36 controls.Results.Numbers of EPC were significantly increased in MC compared to controls and correlated with cryocrit, but not with clinical manifestations of the disease.Conclusion.The high number of EPC might indicate an intact vascular repair ability. Alternatively, EPC might be defective in homing ability and their increase may represent the attempt to restore vascular integrity.
Insécurité alimentaire et production illicite d'opium en Asie
Authors: Chouvy Pierre-Arnaud 
Published: June 2010

La production illicite d’opium en Asie a longtemps bénéficié des synergies qui existaient entre économie de guerre et économie des drogues illicites. Que ce soit en Birmanie, en transition entre guerre et paix, ou en Afghanistan, où l’insécurité va croissant depuis 2005, la production illicite d’opium n’apparaît plus comme étant motivée par le financement des parties en conflit mais plutôt par l’insuffisance et l’insécurité alimentaires auxquelles les populations doivent faire face. En effet, en dépit des grandes différences qui existent entre les contextes afghan, birman et laotien de production d’opium, les études menées lors des années 2000 montrent que ce sont l’insuffisance et l’insécurité alimentaires qui expliquent en grande partie le recours à la production illicite d’opium. En fin de compte, la production illicite d’opium doit moins son succès à sa rentabilité, qui est faible, qu’au fait qu’elle permet de dépasser en partie certaines des limites structurelles et conjoncturelles des systèmes de production agricoles concernés.
La nourriture et la faim dans Cyrano de Bergerac d'Edmond Rostand
Authors: Bourgeois Jean 
Published: June 2010

Loin de constituer un objet d’étude marginal dans une pièce qui exalte tant l’héroïsme, le thème de la nourriture et de la faim se révèle fondamental dans Cyrano de Bergerac . Ce leitmotiv structure l’œuvre. La nourriture est associée à l’amour, ce qui introduit un clivage entre les personnages : ceux qui mangent n’aiment pas, ceux qui aiment ne mangent pas. Mais le lien, plus inattendu, que la nourriture entretient également avec la poésie produit un effet comique, à moins qu’il ne trahisse un regard ironique porté par l’auteur sur la littérature. Il apparaît finalement que tout Cyrano de Bergerac repose sur le dualisme du corps et de l’esprit, c’est le grand thème qui donne à la pièce sa cohérence profonde.
Paul Claudel : deux pièces pour enfants
Authors: Moraly Yehuda 
Published: June 2010

Deux pièces mineures, une farce pour marionnettes et une pièce de patronage, écrites par Claudel pendant la première guerre mondiale indiquent ce que pourrait être, selon lui, un nouveau théâtre sacré. Dans L’ours et la lune (1917), le rôle du théâtre est de montrer la manière dont le mal n’est qu’une étape du Bien. La folie du monde n’est qu’apparente. Dans La Nuit de Noël 1914 (1915) le réel est montré comme un alphabet grâce auquel nous pouvons comprendre l’Au-delà. Le théâtre est un outil de connaissance par lequel nous pouvons accéder à la compréhension de l’infini.
Les Faux-monnayeurs, roman « touffe », ou le dépassement de l'antinomie décadence/classicisme
Authors: Wittmann Jean-Michel 
Published: June 2010

Édouard dans Les Faux-Monnayeurs et Gide lui-même dans son Journal des Faux-Monnayeurs ne cessent de désigner le roman en cours d’écriture comme une « touffe » appelée à grandir et à proliférer. Cette métaphore prend tout son sens dans le contexte d’un jeu d’allusions à des textes antérieurs, de Barrès, de Maurras et, surtout, de Bourget. Gide propose en effet une réflexion critique sur la « Théorie de la décadence » proposée en 1881 par ce dernier. Ce débat qui engage des enjeux esthétiques mais aussi éthiques et même, proprement politiques, lui permet de clore le débat sur la question du classicisme, en redéfinissant du même coup la fonction de la littérature, en rupture avec l’idéal de l’écrivain responsable naguère défendu par Bourget.
Conduire ou séduire la raison ?
Authors: Ebbersmeyer Sabrina 
Published: June 2010

L ’ article analyse l ’ influence des émotions et de la rhétorique dans le raisonnement pratique. Suivant Aristote, on souligne ici le rôle essentiel des émotions dans les décisions et les actions, mais il est extrêmement ambivalent. La première partie (I.) présente la relation problématique entre la philosophie et le raisonnement rationnel d ’ une part et la rhétorique et les émotions de l ’ autre. Ensuite on analysera les arguments d ’ Aristote dans sa Rhétorique contre (II.) et pour (III.) l ’ excitation des émotions dans les discours politiques. La dernière partie (IV.) suggère deux éléments de discussion : comment et pourquoi la conception aristotélicienne des émotions pourrait-elle apporter une contribution dans le débat contemporain sur les émotions ? Car, d ’ une part, celui-ci est marqué par l ’ approche cognitiviste qui néglige la dimension sociale des émotions. D ’ autre part, la thèse aristotélicienne remet en question notre conception d ’animal rationale et engage une nouvelle appréciation de la composante émotionnelle de la nature humaine.