bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Genotypic Diversity ofMycobacterium aviumSubspecies from Human and Animal Origins by Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive-Unit-Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat and IS1311Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Typing Methods
Authors: Radomski Nicolas , Thibault Virginie C. , Karoui Claudine , de Cruz Krystel , Cochard Thierry , Gutiérrez Cristina , Supply Philip , Biet Frank , Boschiroli María Laura 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTMembers of theMycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC) are ubiquitous bacteria that can be found in water, food, and other environmental samples and are considered opportunistic pathogens for numerous animal species, mainly birds and pigs, as well as for humans. We have recently demonstrated the usefulness of a PCR-based mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing for the molecular characterization ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisandM. aviumstrains exclusively isolated from AIDS patients. In the present study we extended our analysis, based on eight MIRU-VNTR markers, to a strain collection comprehensively comprising the otherM. aviumsubspecies, includingM. aviumsubsp.avium,M. aviumsubsp.hominissuis, andM. aviumsubsp.silvaticum, isolated from numerous animal species, HIV-positive and HIV-negative humans, and environmental sources. All strains were fully typeable, with the discriminatory index being 0.885, which is almost equal to that obtained by IS1311restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing as a reference. In contrast to IS1311RFLP typing, MIRU-VNTR typing was able to further discriminateM. aviumsubsp.aviumstrains. MIRU-VNTR alleles strongly associated with or specific forM. aviumsubspecies were detected in several markers. Moreover, the MIRU-VNTR typing-based results were consistent with a scenario of the independent evolution ofM. aviumsubsp.avium/M. aviumsubsp.silvaticumandM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisfromM. aviumsubsp.hominissuis, previously proposed on the basis of multilocus sequence analysis. MIRU-VNTR typing therefore appears to be a convenient typing method capable of distinguishing the three main subspecies and strains of the complex and providing new epidemiological knowledge on MAC.
Differentiation of Influenza B Virus Lineages Yamagata and Victoria by Real-Time PCR
Authors: Biere Barbara , Bauer Bettina , Schweiger Brunhilde 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT
Since the 1970s, influenza B viruses have diverged into two antigenically distinct virus lineages called the Yamagata and Victoria lineages. We present the first real-time PCR assay for virus lineage differentiation to supplement classical antigenic analyses. The assay was successfully applied to 310 primary samples collected in Germany from 2007 to 2009.
Evolutionary Changes Affecting Rapid Identification of 2008 Newcastle Disease Viruses Isolated from Double-Crested Cormorants
Authors: Rue Cary A. , Susta Leonardo , Brown Corrie C. , Pasick John M. , Swafford Seth R. , Wolf Paul C. , Killian Mary Lea , Pedersen Janice C. , Miller Patti J. , Afonso Claudio L. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

A morbidity-mortality event involving virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in wild double-crested cormorants (
Phalacrocorax auritus
) occurred in North America in the summer of 2008. All 22 viruses isolated from cormorants were positively identified by the USDA-validated real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay targeting the matrix gene. However, the USDA-validated reverse transcription-PCR assay targeting the fusion gene that is specific for virulent isolates identified only 1 of these 22 isolates. Additionally, several of these isolates have been sequenced, and this information was used to identify genomic changes that caused the failure of the test and to revisit the evolution of NDV in cormorants. The forward primer and fusion probe were redesigned from the 2008 cormorant isolate sequence, and the revised fusion gene test successfully identified all 22 isolates. Phylogenetic analyses using both the full fusion sequence and the partial 374-nucleotide sequence identified these isolates as genotype V, with their nearest ancestor being an earlier isolate collected from Nevada in 2005. Histopathological analysis of this ancestral strain revealed morphological changes in the brain consistent with that of the traditional mesogenic pathotypes in cormorants. Intracerebral pathogenicity assays indicated that each of these isolates is virulent with values of >0.7 but not more virulent than earlier isolates reported from Canada.
Depletion of CoREST Does Not Improve the Replication of ICP0 Null Mutant Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Authors: Everett Roger D. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT
It has been proposed that the cellular corepressor protein CoREST is involved in repressing herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the absence of the viral regulatory protein ICP0. This proposal predicts that depletion of CoREST should improve the plaque-forming efficiency and replication of ICP0 null mutant virus. To test this hypothesis, human HepaRG cells that were highly depleted of CoREST were isolated using RNA interference technology. Depletion of CoREST had no effect on the replication of ICP0 null mutant HSV-1, demonstrating that CoREST does not play an influential role in regulating HSV-1 infection in this cell type.
Analysis of a Charge Cluster Mutation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 UL34 and Its Extragenic Suppressor Suggests a Novel Interaction between pUL34 and pUL31 That Is Necessary for Membrane Curvature around Capsids
Authors: Roller Richard J. , Bjerke Susan L. , Haugo Alison C. , Hanson Sara 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT
Interaction between pUL34 and pUL31 is essential for targeting both proteins to the inner nuclear membrane (INM). Sequences mediating the targeting interaction have been mapped by others with both proteins. We have previously reported identification of charge cluster mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 UL34 that localize properly to the inner nuclear membrane, indicating interaction with UL31, but fail to complement a UL34 deletion. We have characterized one mutation (CL04) that alters a charge cluster near the N terminus of pUL34 and observed the following. (i) The CL04 mutant has a dominant-negative effect on pUL34 function, indicating disruption of some critical interaction. (ii) In infections with CL04 pUL34, capsids accumulate in close association with the INM, but no perinuclear enveloped viruses, cytoplasmic capsids, or virions or cell surface virions were observed, suggesting that CL04 UL34 does not support INM curvature around the capsid. (iii) Passage of UL34-null virus on a stable cell line that expresses CL04 resulted in selection of extragenic suppressor mutants that grew efficiently using the mutant pUL34. (iv) All extragenic suppressors contained an R229→L mutation in pUL31 that was sufficient to suppress the CL04 phenotype. (v) Immunolocalization and coimmunoprecipitation experiments with truncated forms of pUL34 and pUL31 confirm that N-terminal sequences of pUL34 and a C-terminal domain of pUL31 mediate interaction but not nuclear membrane targeting. pUL34 and pUL31 may make two essential interactions—one for the targeting of the complex to the nuclear envelope and another for nuclear membrane curvature around capsids.
Human Herpesvirus 7 U21 Downregulates Classical and Nonclassical Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules from the Cell Surface
Authors: May Nathan A. , Glosson Nicole L. , Hudson Amy W. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTHerpesviruses have evolved numerous strategies to evade detection by the immune system. Notably, most of the herpesviruses interfere with viral antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by removing class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules from the infected cell surface. Clearly, since the herpesviruses have evolved an extensive array of mechanisms to remove class I MHC molecules from the cell surface, this strategy serves them well. However, class I MHC molecules often serve as inhibitory ligands for NK cells, so viral downregulation of all class I MHC molecules should leave the infected cell open to NK cell attack. Some viruses solve this problem by selectively downregulating certain class I MHC products, leaving other class I products at the cell surface to serve as inhibitory NK cell ligands. Here, we show that human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) U21 binds to and downregulates all of the human class I MHC gene products, as well as the murine class I molecule H-2Kb. HHV-7-infected cells must therefore possess other means of escaping NK cell detection.
Sulfotyrosines of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus G Protein-Coupled Receptor Promote Tumorigenesis through Autocrine Activation
Authors: Feng Hao , Sun Zhifeng , Farzan Michael R. , Feng Pinghui 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) is a bona fide signaling molecule that is implicated in KSHV-associated malignancies. Whereas vGPCR activates specific cellular signaling pathways in a chemokine-independent fashion, vGPCR binds a broad spectrum of CC and CXC chemokines, and the roles of chemokines in vGPCR tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. We report here that vGPCR is posttranslationally modified by sulfate groups at tyrosine residues within its N-terminal extracellular domain. A chemokine-binding assay demonstrated that the tyrosine sulfate moieties were critical for vGPCR association with GRO-α (an agonist) but not with IP-10 (an inverse agonist). A sulfated peptide corresponding to residues 12 through 33 of vGPCR, but not the unsulfated equivalent, partially inhibited vGPCR association with GRO-α. Although the vGPCR variant lacking sulfotyrosines activated downstream signaling pathways, the ability of the unsulfated vGPCR variant to induce tumor growth in nude mice was significantly diminished. Furthermore, the unsulfated vGPCR variant was unable to induce the secretion of proliferative cytokines, some of which serve as vGPCR agonists. This implies that autocrine activation by agonist chemokines is critical for vGPCR tumorigenesis. Indeed, GRO-α increased vGPCR-mediated AKT phosphorylation and vGPCR tumorigenesis in a sulfotyrosine-dependent manner. Our findings support the conclusion that autocrine activation triggered by chemokine agonists via sulfotyrosines is necessary for vGPCR tumorigenesis, thereby providing a rationale for future therapeutic design targeting the tumorigenic vGPCR.
The N-Terminal Region of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Protein 6 Induces Membrane Rearrangement and Enhances Virus Replication
Authors: Zhou Haixia , Ferraro Debra , Zhao Jincun , Hussain Snawar , Shao Jianqiang , Trujillo Jonathan , Netland Jason , Gallagher Thomas , Perlman Stanley 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) accessory protein 6 (p6) is a 63-amino-acid multifunctional Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-associated protein, with roles in enhancing virus replication and in evading the innate immune response to infection by inhibiting STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1) translocation to the nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that p6 has an N-terminal region-cytoplasm-C-terminal region-cytoplasm configuration with residues 2 to 37 likely membrane embedded. Expression of p6, or of its N-terminal 41-amino-acid region, in the absence of other viral proteins, induced the formation of membranous structures, some of which were similar to double membrane vesicles involved in virus replication. Consistent with a role in virus replication, p6 partially colocalized with nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3), a marker for virus replication complexes. Further, while the C-terminal region is required for preventing STAT1 translocation to the nucleus, our results also indicated that the N-terminal 18 amino acids were necessary for maximal inhibition. Collectively, these results support the notion that p6 is a two-domain protein, although the function of each is not completely independent of the other.
Quaternary Epitope Specificities of Anti-HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Generated in Rhesus Macaques Infected by the Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVSF162P4
Authors: Robinson James E. , Franco Kelly , Elliott Debra Holton , Maher Mary Jane , Reyna Ashley , Montefiori David C. , Zolla-Pazner Susan , Gorny Miroslaw K. , Kraft Zane , Stamatatos Leonidas 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTMonoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals or animals immunized with recombinant HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein constructs. The epitopes of these neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) were shown to be located on either the variable or conserved regions of the HIV-1 Env and to be linear or conformational. However, one neutralizing MAb, 2909, which was isolated from an HIV-1-infected subject, recognizes a more complex, quaternary epitope that is present on the virion-associated functional trimeric Env spike of the SF162 HIV-1 isolate. Here, we discuss the isolation of 11 anti-HIV NAbs that were isolated from three rhesus macaques infected with the simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P4and that also recognize quaternary epitopes. A detailed epitope mapping analysis of three of these rhesus antibodies revealed that their epitopes overlap that of the human MAb 2909. Despite this overall similarity in binding, however, differences in specific amino acid and glycosylation pattern requirements for MAb 2909 and the rhesus MAbs were identified. These results highlight similarities in the B-cell responses of humans and macaques to structurally complex neutralization epitopes on related viruses, HIV-1 and SHIV.
« Toutefois, il n’y aura pas de nécessiteux chez toi » La stratégie argumentative de Deut. 15:1-11
Authors: Mukenge André Kabasele 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBy pointing out the apparent contradictions between verses 4, 7 and 11, the diachronic approach has often considered Deut. 15:1-11 as work from disparate sources. However a close reading that takes into account the rhetorical and stylistic effects as well as the syntactic arrangements of this pericope may reveal that we are in front of a coherent whole. The redactor anticipates the objections by introducing restrictions and prolepses, by using insistence formula (e.g. intensifying infinitive) to persuade the target audience, and by valuing the debtor, who is presented as a brother. All these are strategies for convincing the creditor to implement a difficult law.
David’s Sojourn in Keilah in Light of the Amarna Letters
Authors: Naaman Nadav 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe article examines the story of David’s sojourn in Keilah (1 Sam. 23:1-13) in light of the episode of the sojourn of a band of ‘Apiru in the same city in the Amarna period. The biblical story is analyzed in the first part of the article, and is followed by a reconstruction of the 14th century BCE historical episode on the basis of some Amarna letters. The remarkable accord between the biblical and extra-biblical descriptions with regard to location and social conditions opens the way to a better understanding of both. The pro-Davidic character of the biblical story is evident from what the narrator includes in his story, as much as by what he left out. The extra-biblical source is the key to filling in the missing details that the narrator deliberately left out of his story.
The Hated Wife in Deuteronomic Law
Authors: Wells Bruce 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn Deut 21:15-17, a father is required to grant the birthright to his biologically oldest son, when he has both a loved wife and a hated wife, and when the oldest son is the son of the hated wife. A common interpretation of this text is that it seeks to prevent fathers in general from demoting an eldest son and granting the birthright to a younger son. By contrast, this article argues that the text assumes that fathers had the right to demote their eldest and that they would continue to have this right. It suggests that the hated wife is one who has been arbitrarily demoted by her husband to a lower status within the household. Because of this action on the part of the husband, the text requires him to forfeit his right also to demote this woman’s son arbitrarily, a right he would otherwise have retained.
‘What Shall We Do with the Sabbath-Gatherer?’ A Narrative Approach to a ‘Hard Case’ in Biblical Law (Numbers 15:32-36)
Authors: Burnside Jonathan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article puts forward an alternative reading of Num 15:32-36 which takes seriously the fact that the cognitive structures that go into reading the biblical Sabbath laws are narrative and visual, rather than semantic and literal. This ‘narrative’ reading sees ‘food production’ as the typical case of ‘work’ and sees ‘food production on the Sabbath’ as the ‘paradigm case’ of Sabbath-breaking. Against this background, Num 15:32-36 is a hard case because the Sabbath-gatherer’s behaviour is sufficiently far removed from the paradigm of food production to raise the question of whether the Sabbath laws could be used to resolve the problem. The uncertainty ensures that the case must be resolved by the parties concerned and since, unusually, God is the only offended party, only God can determine whether capital punishment applies and, if so, the form it should take. Ultimately, the offender’s behaviour is judged to be sufficiently close to the paradigm to deserve death because it evokes Israel’s experience of total servitude in Egypt. ‘Sabbath-gathering’ reflects a desire to return to the economic conditions associated with Pharaoh’s rule and thus signifies the rejection of YHWH’s lordship.
Complex Antiphony in David’s Lament and Its Literary Significance
Authors: Amzallag Nissim , Avriel Mikhal 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe chiasma structure of David’s Lament (2 Sam 1:19-27), together with evidences of antiphonal performance of qinot in Israel, suggests that this dirge was performed antiphonally by two voices, the first (sense voice) singing all the verses in ascending order and the second (the anti-sense voice) responding by singing them in descending order. It is shown here that the matching of verses according to this setting (defined as cross-responsa) generates both complementary claims typical to antiphony, and new ‘composite meanings’ providing a new dimension to the poem as a whole. Since these features are difficultly fortuitous, it is concluded that the David’s lament was conceived to be performed antiphonally as a cross-responsa. This analysis reveals the existence of a complex but ignored dimension of ars poetica in ancient Israel.
Mothers', Fathers', and their Children's Perceptions and Reasoning about Nurturance and Self-Determination Rights
Authors: Cherney Isabelle 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe present study investigated the development of autonomy by interviewing 47 ten-to- sixteen year-old adolescents and their parents from three US Midwestern cities about their perceptions of children's rights. The findings showed that on average, parents thought that their children would advocate for more rights than their children actually did. Mothers were more likely than fathers to believe that their child would advocate for self-determination rights. Older adolescents used more diverse reasoning categories than younger adolescents in their decision making. There was no age difference in the adolescents' support of nurturance and self-determination rights. Parents were generally given authority over moral consideration, but less over conventional and personal conventions. The results are discussed in the context of the development of personal autonomy and relatedness.
Evaluating the Children's Commissioner for Wales: Report of a Participatory Research Study
Authors: Hillman Joanne , Taylor Mathew , Pearson Toby , Cook Josey , Thomas Nigel , Crowley Anne , Pugh-Dungey Rhodri , France Hannah , Jenkins Cerys , Cook Mandy , Sawyers Ben 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article reports the results of an evaluation of the Children's Commissioner for Wales, which was planned and conducted with the active participation of children and young people. This article begins by giving the background to the evaluation and explaining the methods used. The findings are reported in relation to five key questions: (i) how well the Commissioner's office engages with children and young people; (ii) how much children and young people know about the Commissioner; (iii) what impact the Commissioner is having on policy and services for children and young people in Wales; (iv) how effective is the individual advice and support service; (v) whether the Commissioner has lived up to expectations. The article concludes with recommendations for the future development of the Commissioner's Office.
A Minor Matter? The Place of Young People in an EU Human Security Doctrine
Authors: Kuper Jenny 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article is a modified version of a paper written for the LSE-based 'Study Group on Europe's Security Capabilities'. It argues for the inclusion of children and young people as a specific constituency within a proposed new Human Security doctrine for EU military and peacekeeping interventions. The article outlines the importance of children/youth in relation to certain key principles of this Human Security approach, including the principles of: a) primacy of human rights; b) clear political authority; c) a 'bottom-up' approach, and d) multilateralism. It looks at a number of initiatives within the UN and EU that already recognise the importance of children and youth, and it concludes by suggesting strategies for raising the profile of children/youth in the proposed EU Human Security agenda.
Nordic Cooperation and the European Arrest Warrant: Intra-Nordic Extradition, the Nordic Arrest Warrant and Beyond
Authors: Mathisen Gjermund 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFor almost half a century, the Nordic countries have had a particular system of regional extradition. That system inspired and influenced the development of the European Arrest Warrant scheme at the turn of the millennium. Now, with the former Nordic system being replaced by a “Nordic Arrest Warrant”, the Nordic countries have in turn been inspired and influenced by the European Arrest Warrant scheme. In the future, it may be that the Nordic Arrest Warrant will inspire and influence further developments of the European Arrest Warrant scheme. The present article attempts an analysis of past and future interaction between developments on the Nordic level and the European Union level in this field.
United Nations Targeted Sanctions, the International Rule of Law and the European Court of Justice's Judgment in Kadi and al-Barakaat
Authors: Stenhammar Fredrik 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article analyzes the judgment of the European Court of Justice in the Kadi and al-Barakaat case from the perspective of international law and the rule of law among nations. The conclusions drawn are with regard to international law and thus not necessarily decisive for the application of domestic law and Community law to the issue of targeted United Nations (UN) sanctions. It is argued that targeted UN sanctions in the form of blacklisting and freezing of financial assets are lawful under applicable international law as a species of economic warfare. Even if, contrary to expectation, they were unlawful when first introduced, consent and active participation on part of the European states mean that they are in all likelihood precluded from protesting against them now. The European Community Court's judgment cannot affect the validity under international law of targeted UN sanctions. If it turns out that the UN sanctions can no longer be accommodated within Community law, which is an implication but by no means an immediate result of the judgment, it will be for each state to apply its national legislation and continue to implement the sanctions, disregarding Community law if necessary. This would be a serious test of the European states' professed devotion to international law.