bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De l'efficacité sociale d'une réglementation
Authors: Fortier Agnès 
Published: November 2009

The social efficacity of a regulation : the case of collecting Helix pomatia
What is the social efficacity of regulation about collecting Helix pomatia, anedible snail? An ethnographic survey of amateurs of this practice led us to consider the validity of this regulation. This regulation would be effective and legitimate only if it is able to solve the problem : the rarefaction of breed. Now, in the special case of Helix pomatia; the collecting is only one factor among others to explain decrease in numbers of snails. The degradation of favourable habitats also contribute to decreased populations. The effect induced by collecting the snail population seems the more reduced that this practice is limited to a minority. Constraints and representations linked with culinary preparation become so important that they dissuade many people to do it But the non-respect of rules by many collectors also depend upon some practices and cultural uses, not taken into account in the 1979 regulation.
Approche institutionnelle de la migration dans les pays en développement
Authors: Guilmoto Christophe Z. , Sandron Frédéric 
Published: November 2009

Migration institutional approach in LDC's
The new development and institutional economics have renewed the study of economic behaviour in Third World countries. The main point of this article is to incorporate these new theoretical insights to analyse certain migration patterns as a inter-temporal contract linking actors and various local organizations in the developing world. Through a process of gradual self-reinforcement, these contracts lead to the "institutionalization" of migration which generates its own operating rules. This approach suggests to adopt a new perspective to examine the economic rationale of social processes linked to migrations.
Installation « hors du cadre familial » et relation d'adoption
Authors: Barthez Alice 
Published: November 2009

Farm business transfers outside the family and adoption relationships
The family farm takeover by a non family taker always existed although it was very much in the minority. If we consider the case of farm entrance by means of corporate farming, we can see that the relations between partners refer to the logic of family, in the meaning of a striking resemblance to an adoption process, rather than to the professional attitude normally connected to their business contract. This situation may give rise to tensions between the young partner, who doesn't easily stand the rules of an other family than his own, and the older, who tries to induce his own point of view of the business as included in a family continuation.
La reconnaissance juridique de « l'entrepreneuriat » rural
Authors: Bodiguel Luc 
Published: November 2009

Rural entrepreneurship: a juridical acknowledgement
A few authors have pointed out the emergence of a new social group belonginig to the rural class -rural entrepreneur- and of new forms of business -rural entreprises. The aim of this article is to know whether a juridical concept could correspond to the sociological and political concept of rural entreprise, in others words if the definition of a juridical status of their own, for entreprises located in the country, could square with the system of classification of the private economic activities. Indeed it must be admitted that the notion of territorial link of an economic unit does not fit in the spirit of private law.
Politiques agricoles locales et emploi
Authors: Berriet-Solliec Marielle , Delord Bernard 
Published: November 2009

Local agricultural policies and employment
Since the laws of decentralisation in the eighties, French local authorities at departmental and regional levels have reinforced their economical interventions. Their review, for the agricultural part, has been realised for years 1992 and 1995 and reveals that the agricultural local spending represent about 3 billions French francs, so less than 5% of National and European subsidies. There is a high correlation between local agricultural policies and farm working population, whereas National and European spending are related to the agricultural gross added value. The analysis of the economical mechanisms, on which these local policies have an impact shows a probable contribution of some of them on local employment maintenance or development.
La contribution de l'agriculture à l'emploi régional
Authors: Bono Pierre , Touzard Jean-Marc 
Published: November 2009

The role of agriculture in regional employment : methods and application in Languedoc Roussillon
The paper analyzes agriculture effects on Languedoc Roussillon employment. The methods is based on structural model of the relationships between agriculture and the rest of the regional economy. Linked employment are quantified with appropriate descriptors, considering the accessibility to statistics at the regional level. The application to the case of Languedoc Roussillon region shows that one non agricultural employment is linked to one agricultural employment. The most important effects proceed from agricultural household consumption. Application of this method at the local level is also tested, using sample survey into farms and local companies.
Effets macro-économiques de la politique du prix de l'eau d'irrigation en Tunisie
Authors: Thabet Chokri , Macgregor Bob , Surry Yves 
Published: November 2009

Economy-wide effects of irrigated water pricing policy in Tunisia.
In this article, we examine the impacts of a change in water pricing on Tunisia's agriculture sector and the rest of the economy. For this purpose, we built a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with five production sectors : irrigated and rainfed agriculture, production and distribution of drinkable water, manufacuring and services. Three different scenarios are assessed. The first one assumes a 10% increase in the price of irrigated water. The second scenario consists of simulating a significant increase (30 %) in non-agricultural water demand by 2010. The last scenario combines the previous two. Simulation results indicate that: i)Tunisia's agricultural sector would be able to absorb, over the longer term, the effects of an increase in the price of irrigated water, ii) the government budget deficit would shrink, and iii) farm and urban households welfare would improve.
Être et avoir. Patrimoine versus capital : le cas de l'agriculture
Authors: Barthélemy Denis 
Published: November 2009

BEING AND HAVING
PATRIMONY VERSUS CAPITAL IN AGRICULTURE
The legal organisation of the farm may be viewed as the relative movement of two institutions: the firm (ensuring the growth of a capital) and the family (presiding over a patrimony designed to secure its long-term survival). An analysis of the farm lease legal regulations, of the policy with regard to farm structure and farm entry, and of the operating principles of the CAP, reveals the emergence of a capital rationality in contrast to the pre-existing patrimonial logic, accompanied by the submission of the firm to a patrimonial finality. This research brings out the lack of consistency characterising the concept of patrimony in economic analysis, echoing its individualising reduction at the level of legal concept.
La loi sur la protection des espèces sauvages : des mesures inefficaces, inadéquates... et pourtant bien utiles
Authors: Larrère Raphaël 
Published: November 2009

THE WILD SPECIES PROTECTION ACT: INADEQUATE, INEFFICIENT, ... YETUSEFULL
A nature protection act has been enacted in France on July 10, 1976. The rationals behind protecting endangered species (based on anthropologie, biocentric, or ecocentric considerations) are first discussed. Then, one indicates the reasons for why the enforcement of this law is both sociogolically infeasible, and ecologicaly inefficient. Ironically, if it had any positive effects on nature protection, the reasons lie mostly in unintentionnal consequences of the regulations it imposes. First, naturalists, whose former interest in their personnal collections led to a predatory behaviour, were induced to self restraint. Then, beyond the protection of endangered species, it was mainly used to protect the corresponding ecological niches, which is its main benefit.
LASIK Outcomes Following Multifocal and Monofocal Intraocular Lens Implantation
Authors: Piñero David P. , Espinosa María José Ayala , Alió Jorge L. 
Published: November 2009

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy, predictability, and safety of LASIK to correct residual refractive error following cataract surgery using multifocal and monofocal intraocular lenses (IOL).

Methods:
Included in this retrospective, comparative study were 100 consecutive eyes with residual refractive error that had undergone cataract surgery with monofocal or multifocal IOL implantation. Two groups were studied according to the implanted IOL—multifocal group (50 eyes, mean age 57.8±9.9 years) and monofocal group (50 eyes, mean age 51.0±10.0 years). In all cases, LASIK was performed using the SCHWIND ESIRIS excimer laser.

Results:

A statistically significant improvement was observed in uncorrected distance (
P
<.01) and corrected distance (
P
<.01) visual acuity at 6 months postoperatively in both groups. A statistically significant reduction was also observed in defocus equivalent and cylinder (
P
<.01) postoperatively. No statistically significant differences in the percentage of eyes losing lines of corrected distance visual acuity were found between groups (14% multifocal vs 4% monofocal,
P
=.40). When comparing eyes undergoing hyperopic LASIK in each group, a difference in the limit of statistical significance was found in the percentage of eyes with a spherical equivalent refraction within ±0.50 diopters (70% multifocal vs 84% monofocal,
P
=.06). No significant differences in predictability were found between multifocal and monofocal myopic subgroups (
P
=.25).

Conclusions:
Laser in situ keratomileusis refinement after cataract surgery with monofocal IOL implantation provides a more accurate refractive outcome than after multifocal IOL implantation. Predictability of LASIK correction is limited in hyperopic eyes implanted with multifocal IOLs.
Online Instructional Design Approaches Utilizing a Tablet PC
Authors: Lowry Pam 
Published: November 2009

Online students can experience what instructional strategies can be utilized using a Tablet PC in online courses. This paper summarizes how inking in Word, Powerpoint, and Windows Journal can be effective in an online course both asynchronously and synchronously. Approaches concerning assignments, discussion boards, presentations, note taking are discussed and how they can be more effective for faculty members and students using a Tablet PC. Students actually experience how a Tablet PC can be utilized in an asynchronous and synchronous environment. In summary, preliminary data will be discussed from the students and professorâ??s point of view and next steps.
As content and assignments are being designed and developed for an online graduate course, it is important to keep in mind teaching styles, studentâ??s learning styles, and a faculty memberâ??s approach to promoting a Tablet PC in an online course. Even though graduate students were not required to have a Tablet PC, the course enabled them to understand how effective a Tablet PC could be in an online course whether it was delivered asynchronous or synchronously.
Powerpoint presentations were created to delivery asynchronously and synchronously content to students by utilizing a Tablet PC to illustrate concepts within the presentation. Assignments were created such as evaluating e-learning products, creating a Blackboard unit, evaluating online courses, group instruction sessions, and weekly discussion boards. As these assignments were graded, comments were written on their Word and Powerpoint files using Tablet PC inking.
As the Tablet PC initiative is less than one year old at Lawrence Technological University, preliminary data is being collected from faculty members and students. After this class is taught summer 2008, additional research on the efforts of course design and student learning will be explored. The Tablet PC has the potential for enhancing online course delivery.
Animal Cell Technology: Historical Introduction
Authors: Spier Raymond E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this history of animal cell technology the areas covered include the events leading up to the discovery of cells as the basis of living organism. This opens up a description of the way in which new techniques lead to new science that inspires the further development of the instrumentation. Having realised that cells are the basis of living organisms there then follows a description of how these cells might have come into being and evolved. This goes back to a basic definition of life and the co‐emergence of life and cells. We had to wait almost till the origin of the 20th century for these cells to be used in the artificial environment of a culture flask and the development of the simple bottle cultures into the highly controlled and engineered bioreactors of up to 10,000 litres capacity. These bottles and tanks were used for the production of viruses, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins and designer stem cells, but once this occurred it led to the modern era of animal cell biotechnology that sprung into being in the latter half of that century. This article summarises the events that led to this situation and pays particular attention to the social aspects of the emergent technology as people, societies and journals combine to catalyze progress. Throughout this writing, the author draws attention to the philosophical issues that were presented and the lessons learned from their examination.
Immobilization of Proteins and Enzymes, Mesoporous Supports
Authors: Hartmann Martin , Jung Dirk 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The key to successful process optimization especially for industrial application of enzyme‐catalyzed reactions is immobilization. Advantages of enzyme immobilization onto mesoporous supports are e.g. reduction of production costs by efficient recycling, enhancement of the operational stability and better control of process engineering. In this contribution, various studies on enzyme immobilization on ordered mesoporous solids and the essential properties of the resulting materials with respect to the envisaged applications are presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the fundamentals of the immobilization processes, the tailoring of a suitable support and the discussion of selected case studies with potential for industrial biocatalysis.
Mass Transfer
Authors: Chisti Yusuf 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMass transport phenomena influence all kinds of bioprocesses, often controlling the rate, the yield, the product spectrum, and the downstream recovery. This article details the mass transfer issues in bioprocessing. Fundamentals of mass transfer are discussed for gas‐liquid, liquid‐liquid, and solid‐liquid systems. Methods for measurement of the overall gas‐liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLaL) are noted. Mass transport behavior is discussed for various kinds of bioreactors: shake flasks, tissue culture flasks, vortex fermenters, stirred fermenters, bubble columns, airlift bioreactors, fluidized beds, packed beds, and other devices. Prediction and estimation of the various mass transfer coefficients are emphasized. Mass transfer within particles is briefly treated as being relevant to immobilized enzyme and cell biocatalysis. Specific considerations are noted for processes such as animal cell culture, microbial fermentations, downstream product recovery, and wastewater treatment. Mass transport in membrane processing is outlined.
Membrane‐Surface Liquid Culture, Fungi
Authors: Kazuhiro Nakanishi , Hiroyuki Imanaka , Soukichi Tanaka 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Filamentous fungi have been widely utilized in various fields of biotechnology for the production of fermented foods, organic acids, enzymes/proteins, pigments, antibiotics, and so on. Fungi are usually cultivated either by submerged liquid cultures, such as shake‐flask cultures (SFC) and cultures using an agitated vessel, or by solid‐substrate cultures (SSC) using natural agricultural products. Although fungi cultivated by SSC usually produce a much larger amount of enzymes and some secondary metabolites than those cultivated by submerged liquid cultures, SSC may have several problems/difficulties. To overcome the disadvantages of SSC, we developed a cultivation method called
membrane‐surface liquid culture
(
MSLC
). This article reviews the characteristics and principles of MSLC in comparison with conventional cultivation methods, apparatus/cultivation systems, and various experimental results.
Neural Stem Cells: Bioprocess Engineering
Authors: Sen Arindom , Kallos Michael S. , Behie Leo A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe discovery of neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain has created new hope that progressive and currently incurable neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, can be effectively treated using transplantation‐based cell therapies. Unfortunately, the sparse nature of stem cells in mammalian tissues prevents them from being isolated in the quantities needed to efficiently develop such therapies. Standard culture methods combined with scalable bioprocesses to expand significantly isolated stem cell populations would allow this bottleneck to be eliminated. Moreover, access to large numbers of neural stem cells would not only enable the development of new stem cell‐based therapies, but would also subsequently facilitate the widespread clinical implementation of such treatments. In order to address the issue of stem cell scarcity, we have conducted extensive research at the Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF) in Calgary related to the scale‐up of neural stem cell production. In this article, we present firstly the properties and applications of mammalian neural stem cells, and then review the bioprocess engineering research that has been carried out at PPRF. Our work has resulted in the successful development of a robust bioreactor technology platform to efficiently and reproducibly generate clinical quantities of mammalian neural stem cells.
Pilot Plants: Design and Operation
Authors: Junker Beth H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the design and operation of pilot plants. It starts with an overview of operational concepts and processing requirements. It then summarized key concepts associated with the design of process equipment, product and non‐product contact utilities (including HVAC), containment, instrumentation, automation and control, data acquisition and archiving, warehousing, backup systems/redundancy, and future expansion/modification. This leads into a discussion of operating practices associated with maintenance, staffing, laboratory support, standard operating procedures (SOPs), safety, training, validation, and facility records including manufacturing execution systems (MES). Current best practices are presented for each topic, evolving from experiences from an industrial pilot plant. References associated with each topic area offer interested readers the opportunity to obtain additional information if desired.
Protein Synthesis and Secretion: Animal Cells
Authors: Kaufman Randal J. , Popolo Laura 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMany products of interest to the biotechnology industry are synthesized and secreted from specialized cell types. Among the most significant products are those having therapeutic application such as hormones, plasma proteins, and enzymes produced by the endocrine and exocrine glands (for a survey on biopharmaceuticals see Walsh G. Biopharmaceutical products in the US and European markets. 6th ed. BioPlan Associates, Inc.; 2007). The production of many bioproducts takes advantage of recombinant DNA technology to construct vectors designed for high‐level expression and secretion of proteins. Remarkably, a variety of cultured mammalian cells have the capacity to synthesize and secrete a vast array of biologically active proteins that are normally produced only in highly specialized cells. Despite the higher cost of production compared to bacteria, yeast, or insect cells, protein expression in mammalian cells is often obligatory to produce proteins in an enzymatic or biologically active form. However, the particular requirements protein may have often limits the yield and reduces the quality of proteins produced in mammalian cells. To understand factors that affect the quality of proteins, it is necessary to consider what factors affect protein folding, processing, and secretion from mammalian cells. Remarkable progress has been made during the past two decades in understanding the molecular basis of protein secretion. This article briefly describes how proteins are synthesized, processed, and transported through the secretory pathway to the cell surface. Particular emphasis is focused on the early secretory pathway because this is frequently the rate‐limiting step. Biotechnology can take advantage of our expanding knowledge of the secretory pathway to design new strategies to improve and optimize the secretion of high‐quality recombinant proteins from mammalian cells.
Shear Sensitivity
Authors: Chisti Yusuf 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSusceptibility to hydrodynamic and mechanical shear forces affects performance of cultured cells of animals, plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria. In addition, hydromechanical forces affect or otherwise damage some commercially relevant mycelial fungi, filamentous bacteria, microbial flocs, and biofilms. In specific cases, intense shear fields may also damage the larger bioactive molecules such as enzymes. This article details the shear sensitivity of the major types of biocatalysts and the approaches available for mitigating the damaging effects. Methods for estimating shear rate and shear stress are discussed for various configurations of bioreactors operated in process‐relevant conditions.
S‐Layers, Microbial, Biotechnological Applications
Authors: Egelseer Eva Maria , Ilk Nicola , Pum Dietmar , Messner Paul , Schäffer Christina , Schuster Bernhard , Sleytr Uwe B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCrystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S‐layers), a unique self‐assembly system optimized during billions of years of biological evolution, are one of the most commonly observed cell, envelope structures of prokaryotes. Although self‐assembly of molecules is an ubiquitous strategy of morphogenesis in nature, research in the area of molecular nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, and biomimetics are only beginning to exploit its potential for the functionalization of surfaces and interfaces as well as for the production of biomimetic membranes and encapsulation systems. In this context, S‐layers fulfill key requirements for controlled assembly of supramolecular materials. As S‐layers are periodic structures, they exhibit identical physicochemical properties for each molecular unit down to the subnanometer level and possess pores of identical size and morphology. Many applications in nanobiotechnology depend on the ability of isolated native S‐layer proteins and S‐layer fusion proteins incorporating functional sequences to self‐assemble into monomolecular crystalline arrays in suspension, on a great variety of solid substrates, and on various lipid structures, including planar membranes and liposomes. S‐Layers have proven to be particularly suited as building blocks and patterning elements in a biomolecular construction kit involving all major classes of biological molecules enabling innovative approaches for the controlled ‘bottom‐up’ assembly of functional supramolecular structures and devices as required for life‐ and nonlife science applications.