bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of births and juvenile recruitment in Mara–Serengeti ungulates in relation to climatic and land use changes
Authors: Ogutu Joseph O. , Piepho Hans‐Peter , Dublin Holly T. , Bhola Nina , Reid Robin S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNatality and recruitment govern animal population dynamics, but their responses to fluctuating resources, competition, predation, shifting habitat conditions, density feedback and diseases are poorly understood. To understand the influences of climatic and land use changes on population dynamics, we monitored monthly changes in births and juvenile recruitment in seven ungulate species for 15 years (1989–2003) in the Masai Mara Reserve of Kenya. Recruitment rates declined for all species but giraffe, likely due to habitat alteration and increasing vulnerability of animals associated with recurrent severe droughts, rising temperatures, unprecedentedly strong and prolonged El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes, expansion of settlements, cultivation and human population growth in pastoral ranches adjoining the reserve. Birth rate showed strong and humped relationships with moving averages of monthly rainfall, whereas recruitment responded strongly to cumulative past rainfall. Increasing livestock incursions into the reserve depressed recruitment rate for quarter‐grown topi. Expansion of pastoral settlements depressed birth rate in impala, zebra and giraffe. Frequent ENSO‐related droughts caused progressive habitat desiccation and hence nutritional shortfalls for ungulates. The responses to climatic, land use and resource influences did not reflect body size, migratory or resident lifestyle, dietary guild, digestive physiology or degree of synchrony of breeding of the ungulate species.
Reduction of Graininess Formation in Beef Tallow‐Based Plastic Fats by Chemical Interesterification of Beef Tallow and Canola Oil
Authors: Meng Zong , Liu Yuanfa , Shan Liang , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTo manufacture beef tallow (BT)‐based shortening and margarine with a reduced tendency to developing sandiness, BT/canola oil (CaO) blend (80:20 w/w), selected from the BT and CaO blends mixed in different ratios from 60:40 to 85:15 with 5% increments, was subjected to chemical interesterification (CIE) with sodium methoxide as the catalyst. The interesterified products were compared with the starting mixture in terms of solid fat content (SFC), and contents of high‐melting point 1,3‐disaturated long‐chain fatty acid 2‐monounsaturated long‐chain fatty acid triacylglycerols (SUS TAGs) including 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol (StOSt), 1,3‐dipalmitoy‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol (POP), and 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐3‐stearoyl‐glycerol (POSt). Under the selected conditions: 60 °C, 0.6% CH3ONa, 90 min, the CIE product had a SFC profile that meets suggested bakery fat requirements, besides a content of SUS TAGs which is 22.14% lower than that of the non‐interesterified blend. Also the fat produced had stable β′ polymorphs, crystal morphology, crystal sizes (<20 μm), and could resist temperature fluctuations. The CIE product obtained herein has an increased potential for manufacturing bakery shortenings and margarines with reduced graininess formation, increasing the possibilities for the commercial use of BT and CaO.
Evaluation of crude hydatid cyst fluid antigens for the serological diagnosis of hydatidosis in cattle
Authors: Golassa Lemu , Abebe Tamrat , Hailu Asrat 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEchinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by adult or larval (metacestode) stages of cestodes belonging to the genusEchinococcus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antigenic ability of hydatid cyst fluid antigen for the diagnosis of hydatidosis in cattle using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect haemagglutination test (IHA). The source of the antigens for the serological tests was fertile crude cyst fluids collected from naturally infected sheep at the Addis Ababa abattoir. A total of 502 sera were collected from 329 uninfected cattle and 173 hydatid-infected cattle which were confirmed by post-mortem examination. Most cysts were sterile and multiple organ infection predominated. Of 173 infected cattle, 166 (96.0%; confidence interval (CI) 91.8–98.4) were positive using ELISA while 7 (4.0%) were negative. Of 329 sera from uninfected cattle, 274 (83.3%; CI 78.8–87.2) were found to be negative and the remaining 55 (16.7%) were positive by ELISA. Of 173 infected cattle, 151 (87.3%; CI 81.4–91.9) were positive and 22 (12.7%) were negative by IHA. Of 329 negative sera tested using IHA, 266 (80.9%; CI 76.2–85.0) were negative and the remaining 63 (19.1%) were positive. The false positive and negative values of ELISA were 4.0 and 16.7%, respectively, and the corresponding values of IHA were 12.7 and 19.1%. The sensitivity and diagnostic efficiency of IHA were 87.2 and 83.6%, respectively. Crude hydatid cyst fluid antigen seems to have reasonable antigenic properties and hence could be employed for epidemiological surveillance of cattle hydatidosis.
‘The Myriad-Pencil of the Photographer’: Seeing, Mapping and Situating Burma in 1855
Authors: JARVIS ANDREW 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn the 1850s photography was a nascent technology. Linnaeus Tripe's photographs and the Burmese Konbaung polity were perceived to be new and/or novel. They were defined and interpreted in relation to things that were established and better-known, as Tripe sought to understand photography and culturally locate ‘Burma’. Tripe was not simply a ‘colonial’ functionary, but an exploratory photographer attempting to classify the subjects of visual representation—mainly Buddhist architecture—and explore photography itself. He strove to be systematic and methodical in his ‘mapping’ of locales: he photogenically captured specimens of architecture, which could then be compared with specimens from elsewhere and located in a ‘Linnaean system’. The lack of clearly defined expectations gave him room for experimentation in his delineations of unphotographed locales, which meant that he could ultimately decide for himself what was worthy of being represented. It takes a concerted effort today to see his photographs as they might have been seen in the 1850s. They can be interpreted in myriad ways and a limitless number of meanings can be ascribed to them, reflecting the ambiguous nature of the medium. Interpretations are shaped by archival contexts and microhistories of circulation and presentation; when viewing the prints today it is important not to posthumously infer Tripe's intentions and motivations without adequately considering the circumstances in which he operated.
Misfortune, misfits and what the city gave and took: the stories of South-Indian child labour migrants 1935–2005
Authors: IVERSEN VEGARD , GHORPADE YASHODHAN 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe use a primary data-set comprising the work-life histories of 90 individuals from Coastal and central Karnataka who migrated for work to Mumbai, Bangalore and other destinations sometime between 1935 and 2005. These migrants were all below the age of 15 at the time of leaving home, and their work-life histories provide a unique platform for studying persistence, change and spatial variation in relation to the incidence and causes of child labour migration, in the intrahousehold agreements and dissent that preceded these migration events, and in the workplace experiences and other outcomes awaiting these very young migrants. While migration prior to 1975 was mostly from the Coastal belt, it was often prompted by financial distress and usually targeted small, South-Indian eating places in Mumbai. More recent migration frequently involves educational ‘misfits’. In spite of their young age when leaving home, our informants typically came to regard migration as a transformative and attitude-changing experience that opened new avenues for acquiring work-related and other skills, languages included. This transformative potential varied across time, destinations and occupations and is, we suggest, intimately linked to leisure becoming a reality. Limitations are identified for those who migrated early, for agricultural labourers whose social lives would often be confined to caste-fellows from their native place and for girls working as domestic servants. This paper illustrates how early migrants to Mumbai were uniquely placed, in that migration for work improved their educational opportunities. Their accounts of the Kannada Night Schools they attended provide a useful corrective to official documents and evaluations.
The plants and birds of Stoltenhoff and Middle Islands, Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Ryan Peter G. , Glass Norman , Ronconi Robert A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTFew scientific observations have been made at Middle and Stoltenhoff Islands, small (ca 10 ha) islands off the north coast of Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha. We recorded vascular plants and numbers of breeding birds on both islands in December 2009. Despite being smaller and more isolated than Middle Island, Stoltenhoff supported more species of plants, including Cotula moseleyi, previously thought to be endemic to Nightingale Island. Only one alien plant was found, Sonchus oleraceus. Populations of two albatross species apparently have decreased by at least half over the last 40 years, presumably due to mortality at sea. Stoltenhoff probably has the least disturbed habitat in the Tristan group, and strict controls are needed to prevent accidental introductions by anyone going ashore.
Précis ofDoing without Concepts
Authors: Machery Edouard 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAlthough cognitive scientists have learned a lot about concepts, their findings have yet to be organized in a coherent theoretical framework. In addition, after twenty years of controversy, there is little sign that philosophers and psychologists are converging toward an agreement about the very nature of concepts.Doing without Concepts(Machery 2009) attempts to remedy this state of affairs. In this article, I review the main points and arguments developed at greater length inDoing without Concepts.
Two uneliminated uses for “concepts”: Hybrids and guides for inquiry
Authors: Gonnerman Chad , Weinberg Jonathan M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMachery's case against hybrids rests on a principle that is too strong, even by his own lights. And there are likely important generalizations to be made about hybrids, if they do exist. Moreover, even if there were no important generalizations about concepts themselves, the term picks out an important class of entities and should be retained to help guide inquiry.
Defending the concept of “concepts”
Authors: Hayes Brett K. , Kearney Lauren 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe critically review key lines of evidence and theoretical argument relevant to Machery's “heterogeneity hypothesis.” These include interactions between different kinds of concept representations, unified approaches to explaining contextual effects on concept retrieval, and a critique of empirical dissociations as evidence for concept heterogeneity. We suggest there are good grounds for retaining the concept construct in human cognition.
Concepts versus conceptions (again)
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMachery neglects the crucial role of concepts in psychological explanation, as well as the efforts of numerous “externalists” of the last 40 years to provide an account of that role. He rightly calls attention to the wide variation in people's epistemic relations to concepts – people'sconceptionsof things – but fails to appreciate how externalist and kindred proposals offer the needed stability in concepts themselves that underlies that variation.
Are prototypes and exemplars used in distinct cognitive processes?
Authors: Virtel James , Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe argue that Machery provides no convincing evidence that prototypes and exemplars are typically used in distinct cognitive processes. This partially undermines the fourth tenet of the Heterogeneity Hypothesis and thus casts doubts on Machery's way of splitting concepts into different kinds. Although Machery may be right that concepts split into different kinds, such kinds may be different from those countenanced by the Heterogeneity Hypothesis.
Doing with development: Moving toward a complete theory of concepts
Authors: Vlach Haley A. , Krogh Lauren , Thom Emily E. , Sandhofer Catherine M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMachery proposes that the construct of “concept” detracts from research progress. However, ignoring development also detracts from research progress. Developmental research has advanced our understanding of how concepts are acquired and thus is essential to a complete theory. We propose a framework that both accounts for development and holds great promise as a new direction for thinking about concepts.
The theoretical indispensability of concepts
Authors: Weiskopf Daniel A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMachery denies the traditional view that concepts are constituents of thoughts, and he more provocatively argues that concepts should be eliminated from our best psychological taxonomy. I argue that the constituency view has much to recommend it (and is presupposed by much of his own theory), and that the evidence gives us grounds for pluralism, rather than eliminativism, about concepts.
Unity amidst heterogeneity in theories of concepts
Authors: Edwards Kevan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis commentary raises two concerns with Machery's approach in Doing without Concepts. The first concern is that it may be possible to preserve a unified theory of concepts by distinguishing facts about concept individuation from facts about cognitive structures and processes. The second concern questions the sharpness of the distinction Machery draws between psychological and philosophical conceptions of concepts.
Eliminating the “concept” concept
Authors: Harnad Stevan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMachery suggests that the concept of “concept” is too heterogeneous to serve as a “natural kind” for scientific explanation, so cognitive science should do without concepts. I second the suggestion and propose substituting, in place of concepts, inborn and acquired sensorimotor category-detectors and category-names combined into propositions that define and describe further categories.
Latent variables and the network perspective
Authors: Belzung Catherine , Billette de Villemeur Etienne , Lemoine Mael , Camus Vincent 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe discuss the latent variables construct, particularly in regard to the following: that latent variables are considered as the sole explanatory factor of a disorder; that pragmatic concerns are ignored; and that the relationship of these variables to biological markers is not addressed. Further, we comment on the relationship between bridge symptoms and causality, and discuss the proposal in relationship to other constructs (endophenotypes, connectionist-inspired networks).
The rocky road from Axis I to Axis II: Extending the network model of diagnostic comorbidity to personality pathology
Authors: Bornstein Robert F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAlthough the network model represents a promising new approach to conceptualizing comorbidity in psychiatric diagnosis, the model applies most directly to Axis I symptom disorders; the degree to which the model generalizes to Axis II disorders remains open to question. This commentary addresses that issue, discussing opportunities and challenges in applying the network model to DSM-diagnosed personality pathology.
Comorbid science?
Authors: Danks David , Fancsali Stephen , Glymour Clark , Scheines Richard 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe agree with Cramer et al.'s goal of the discovery of causal relationships, but we argue that the authors' characterization of latent variable models (as deployed for such purposes) overlooks a wealth of extant possibilities. We provide a preliminary analysis of their data, using existing algorithms for causal inference and for the specification of latent variable models.
Symptoms as latent variables
Authors: McFarland Dennis J. , Malta Loretta S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn the target article, Cramer et al. suggest that diagnostic classification is improved by modeling the relationship between manifest variables (i.e., symptoms) rather than modeling unobservable latent variables (i.e., diagnostic categories such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder). This commentary discusses whether symptoms represent manifest or latent variables and the implications of this distinction for diagnosis and treatment.
Comorbidity: Cognition and biology count!
Authors: Rubinsten Orly , Henik Avishai 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe agree with Cramer et al. that pure cases of behavioral disorders with no symptom overlaps are rare. However, we argue that disorders do exist and the network idea is limited and limiting. Networks of symptoms are observed mainly at behavioral levels. The core deficit is commonly at the cognitive or brain levels, and there the story is completely different.
The missing developmental dimension in the network perspective
Authors: Wass Sam , Karmiloff-Smith Annette 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe welcome network theory as a tool for modelling the multi-directional interactions that characterise disease. However, we feel that Cramer et al. have neglected one important aspect: how diseases change over developmental time. We discuss principles such asfan in,fan out,bottlenecks, andcommon pathways, and argue that modelling these developmental aspects can be vital, particularly in deriving properly targeted treatments.
Visualizing genetic similarity at the symptom level: The example of learning disabilities
Authors: Davis Oliver S. P. , Plomin Robert 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPsychological traits and disorders are often interrelated through shared genetic influences. A combination of maximum-likelihood structural equation modelling and multidimensional scaling enables us to open a window onto the genetic architecture at the symptom level, rather than at the level of latent genetic factors. We illustrate this approach using a study of cognitive abilities involving over 5,000 pairs of twins.
An agenda for symptom-based research
Authors: Fleeson William , Furr R. Michael , Arnold Elizabeth Mayfield 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe network approach proposed by Cramer et al. suggests fascinating new directions of research on mental disorders. Research is needed to find evidence for the causal power of symptoms, to examine symptoms thoroughly, to investigate individual differences in edge strength, to discover etiological processes for each symptom, and to determine whether and why symptoms cohere into distinct mental disorders.
Looking at comorbidity through the glasses of neuroscientific memory research: A brain-network perspective
Authors: Staniloiu Angelica , Markowitsch Hans J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAs psychiatric illnesses have correlates in the brain, it is surprising that Cramer et al. make almost no reference to the brain's network character when proposing a network approach to comorbidity of psychiatric diseases. We illustrate how data from combined neuropsychological and functional and structural brain-imaging investigations could inform theoretical models about the role played by overlapping symptoms in the etiology of psychiatric comorbidity and the pathways from one disorder to another.
Comorbidity in the context of neural network properties
Authors: Yordanova Juliana , Kolev Vasil , Kirov Roumen , Rothenberger Aribert 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCramer et al.'s network approach reconceptualizes mental comorbidity on the basis of symptom space originating from psychometric signatures. We argue that the advantages of this approach need to be regarded in the context of the multi-level functional organization of the neural substrate, ranging from neurogenetic to psychometric. Neuroelectric oscillations are proposed as a level-integrating principle.
Low-molecular-weight heparins: Pharmacoeconomic decision modeling based on meta-analysis data
Authors: Kadusevicius Edmundas , Kildonaviciute Gabriele , Varanaviciene Birute , Jankauskiene Danguole 
Published: June 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare efficacy, safety, and consumption of low-molecular-weight heparins with unfractionated heparin, and to develop a pharmacoeconomic decision model based on meta-analysis data.Methods: Review and meta-analysis were performed of published randomized control trials directly comparing the safety and efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs)—that is, nadroparin, enoxaparin, and dalteparin—and unfractionated heparin (UFH) was performed by two reviewers using inclusion/exclusion criteria based on the research objectives. The value of fixed effects and random effects odds ratio (95 percent confidence interval) was calculated for each trial for the composite end point. Subsequently, a pharmacoeconomic decision modeling based on reference pricing methodology was implemented.Results: In comparison to UFH, all LMWHs have independently demonstrated greater safety and effectiveness. None of the LMWHs demonstrated a significant superiority over each other; therefore, the group of LMWHs was interchangeable and suitable for cost minimization analysis and reference price implementation. Being the least expensive option, dalteparin single DDD price was set as the reference. Introduction of reference pricing for LMWHs would decrease the total expenditure on LMWHs of approximately 30 percent and would result in total savings of 1.830–2.070 thousand LTL in the country of Lithuania (approximately 0.8 million USD) per year.Conclusions: The meta-analysis results of LMWHs could be used to support a policy on reference-based pricing and pharmacoeconomic decision modeling in healthcare institutions, which would allow a decrease in healthcare expenditures.
Risk factors for ceftiofur resistance inEscherichia colifrom Belgian broilers
Authors: PERSOONS D. , HAESEBROUCK F. , SMET A. , HERMAN L. , HEYNDRICKX M. , MARTEL A. , CATRY B. , BERGE A. C. , BUTAYE P. , DEWULF J. 
Published: June 2010

SUMMARYA cross-sectional study on 32 different Belgian broiler farms was performed in 2007 and 2008 to identify risk factors for ceftiofur resistance inEscherichia coli. On each farm, oneE. colicolony was isolated from 30 random birds. Following susceptibility testing of 14 antimicrobials, an on-farm questionnaire was used to obtain information on risk factors. Using a multilevel logistic regression model two factors were identified at the animal level: resistance to amoxicillin and to trimethoprim–sulfonamide. On the farm level, besides antimicrobial use, seven management factors were found to be associated with the occurrence of ceftiofur resistance inE. colifrom broilers: poor hygienic condition of the medicinal treatment reservoir, no acidification of drinking water, more than three feed changes during the production cycle, hatchery of origin, breed, litter material used, and treatment with amoxicillin. This study confirms that not only on-farm antimicrobial therapy, but also management- and hatchery-related factors influence the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance.