bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frozen Bread Dough Properties Modified by Thermostable Ice Structuring Proteins Extract from Chinese Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) Leaves
Authors: Jia Chunli , Huang Weining , Wu Chao , Zhong Jing , Rayas‐Duarte Patricia , Guo Chengxiang 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThermostable ice structuring proteins (TSISPs) extracted from Chinese privet (Ligustrum vulgare) leaves were used in frozen dough. TSISPs extract thermal hysteresis activity ranged from 0 to 0.27°C based on different ice fractions in solution. The effects of the TSISPs extract on melting enthalpy of ice (ΔH), water molecular state, microstructure, rheofermentation capacity, and baking properties of doughs during frozen storage were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, rheofermentometer, and texture analyzer. The addition of TSISPs in frozen dough caused a decrease in freedom of water molecules and ΔH, which resulted in improved microstructure, fermentation capacity, and baking properties of frozen doughs. Residual gluten fibril increased, exposed starch granules decreased, and gas production and retention of frozen doughs was enhanced. These effects resulted in an increase in specific volume and a decrease in crumb hardness of baked frozen dough.
Epigenetic rejuvenation
Authors: Manukyan Maria , Singh Prim B. 
Published: April 2012

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have provided a rational means of obtaining histo‐compatible tissues for ‘patient‐specific’ regenerative therapies (Hanna et al. 2010; Yamanaka & Blau 2010). Despite the obvious potential of iPS cell‐based therapies, there are certain problems that must be overcome before these therapies can become safe and routine (Ohi et al. 2011; Pera 2011). As an alternative, we have recently explored the possibility of using ‘epigenetic rejuvenation’, where the specialized functions of an old cell are rejuvenated in the absence of any change in its differentiated state (Singh & Zacouto 2010). The mechanism(s) that underpin ‘epigenetic rejuvenation’ are unknown and here we discuss model systems, using key epigenetic modifiers, which might shed light on the processes involved. Epigenetic rejuvenation has advantages over iPS cell techniques that are currently being pursued. First, the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that arise through the cycle of dedifferentiation of somatic cells to iPS cells followed by redifferentiation of iPS cells into the desired cell type are avoided (Gore et al. 2011; Hussein et al. 2011; Pera 2011): epigenetic rejuvenation does not require passage through the de‐/redifferentiation cycle. Second, because the aim of epigenetic rejuvenation is to ensure that the differentiated cell type retains its specialized function it makes redundant the question of transcriptional memory that is inimical to iPS cell‐based therapies (Ohi et al. 2011). Third, to produce unrelated cell types using the iPS technology takes a long time, around three weeks, whereas epigenetic rejuvenation of old cells will take only a matter of days. Epigenetic rejuvenation provides the most safe, rapid and cheap route to successful regenerative medicine.
Solitary, multifocal and generalized myofibromas: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of 114 cases
Authors: Oudijk Lindsey , den Bakker Michael A , Hop Wim C J , Cohen Marta , Charles Adrian K , Alaggio Rita , Coffin Cheryl M , de Krijger Ronald R 
Published: April 2012

Oudijk L, den Bakker M A, Hop W C J, Cohen M, Charles A K, Alaggio R, Coffin C M & de Krijger R R(2012) Histopathology 60, E1–E11Solitary, multifocal and generalized myofibromas: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of 114 casesAims:  To report a large series of solitary and multiple myofibromas with systematic clinicopathological correlations.Methods and results:  We report on 114 patients with myofibromas, 97 of which were solitary and 17 multifocal. The age at presentation ranged from newborn to 70 years. All multifocal myofibromas and 91% of solitary myofibromas occurred in children. The head and neck region was the most common site (n = 43), followed by the trunk (n = 24), lower limbs (n = 14), upper limbs (n = 11), and viscera (n = 4). Solitary and multifocal myofibromas stained positively for smooth muscle actin (SMA) in 95% and 92% of cases, muscle‐specific actin (MSA) in 75% and 50% of cases, and desmin in 10% and 14% of cases, respectively. Regressive features were seen in 34 solitary myofibromas and in nine multifocal myofibromas. Most patients were treated with complete excision (n = 79) or partial excision (n = 12). There were no recurrences after treatment.Conclusions:  Solitary and multiple myofibromas are benign tumours that predominantly occur in infancy and childhood. Myofibromas occur especially in the head and neck region, and are characterized by SMA and, to a lesser extent, MSA expression. The clinical course is self‐limiting, and local excision appears to be sufficient.
Alternative Pathway Activation of Complement in Laparoscopic and Open Rectal Surgery
Authors: Kvarnström A. , Sokolov A. , Swartling T. , Kurlberg G. , Mollnes T. E. , Bengtsson A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe study was designed to investigate whether complement is activated in patients subject to rectal surgery and whether the choice of surgical technique (open or laparoscopic) has any impact on the activation of complement. Our hypothesis is that laparoscopic surgery leads to a lower‐level activation of complement than open surgery. Patients (n = 24) subject to rectal surgery owing to rectal cancer were included. The study was prospective and randomized. The patients were randomized to either laparoscopic surgery (n = 12) or open surgery (n = 12). Blood samples for determination of complement activation (C4d, Bb, C3bc and the terminal C5b‐9 complex TCC) were drawn before start of surgery (T0) and at the following time‐points after start of surgery: 180 min (T1), 360 min (T2), 24 h (T3) and 3–5 days (T4). A significant increase in the alternative pathway activation product Bb and in the terminal pathway activation product TCC was seen over time in both groups (P < 0.001). Bb peaked early (T1) and returned to baseline levels post‐operatively, whereas TCC increased steadily with maximum values in the late post‐operative period. The plasma concentrations of C4d and C3bc decreased significantly in both groups at T1 and T2 and returned to baseline levels at T4. There was no significant difference between the groups. Rectal surgery causes activation of the complement system. Complement is activated through the alternative pathway. Results mostly showed no significant differences between laparoscopic and open rectal surgery apart from lower levels of factor Bb in the former group in the perioperative period.
Clinical development of micafungin in children and neonates
Authors: Groll Andreas H. , Bochennek Konrad , Schrey Dominik , Lehrnbecher Thomas 
Published: April 2012

SummaryInvasive fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children and premature neonates. The new class of echinocandin lipopeptides offers alternative options for treatment and prevention through a distinct mechanism of action, broad spectrum antifungal activity against Candida and Aspergillus spp., linear pharmacokinetics, few relevant drug–drug interactions and excellent tolerance. Micafungin has been the first echinocandin approved in Europe for the use in children of all age groups, including preterm neonates. Its favourable safety profile and documented clinical efficacy in all paediatric age groups make it an attractive choice for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis and for prophylaxis of Candida infections in haematopoietic stem cell transplant and severely neutropenic patients. This article reviews the clinical development of micafungin and provides an update on pharmacokinetics, safety and dosing of the compound in paediatric age groups.
Risk and preventive factors of low‐dose aspirin‐induced gastroduodenal injuries: A comprehensive review
Authors: Shiotani Akiko , Manabe Noriaki , Kamada Tomoari , Fujimura Yoshinori , Sakakibara Takashi , Haruma Ken 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe risk of peptic ulcer complications, particularly bleeding, is increased in association with the use of low‐dose aspirin (LDA). Risk factors for upper gastrointestinal (GI) ulcer or bleeding among LDA users include a history of prior GI events, older age, chronic renal failure, combined antithrombotic therapy and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Helicobacter pylori and aspirin seem to be independent risk factors for peptic ulcer and bleeding. The studies report conflicting findings about the effect of H. pylori infection on NSAID‐related ulcers, and proton‐pump inhibitors (PPIs) seem to be superior to eradication only to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding with LDA. Previous studies indicate that hypoacidity related to corpus atrophy, as well as taking PPIs and co‐treatment with angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and statins seem to reduce peptic ulcer among LDA users. In addition, the interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)‐511 T allele and angiotensinogen (AGT)‐20 CC, which work as the high‐producer allele of IL‐1β and AGT, are significantly associated with ulcer or ulcer bleeding. The SLCO1B1*1b haplotype, which has the highest transport activity, may diminish the preventive effect of statins or ARBs. The data are still lacking and further prospective studies are needed to identify the specific risk or protective factors for upper GI ulcer and its complications associated with LDA.
Severe pollen limitation in populations of the New Zealand shrub Alseuosmia macrophylla (Alseuosmiaceae) can be attributed to the loss of pollinating bird species
Authors: PATTEMORE DAVID E. , ANDERSON SANDRA H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe loss of bird species following human colonization of New Zealand has raised concerns about the consequences for crucial ecosystem functions such as pollination. The understorey shrub Alseuosmia macrophylla (Alseuosmiaceae) exhibits characteristics typical of a bird pollination syndrome, but populations still persist in northern North Island forest remnants despite the local extinction of most endemic bird pollinators, leading to the suggestion that moths – rather than birds – may be the primary pollinators. The aim of this study was to quantify the importance of endemic birds as pollinators of A. macrophylla over several years by comparing plants on Little Barrier Island (LBI), where all extant endemic bird pollinators still occur, to plants at sites on the adjacent North Island in the Waitakere Ranges (WTK), where only one of these species remains common. Flowers on LBI were visited by endemic bellbirds (Anthornis melanura) and stitchbirds (Notiomystis cincta), while at WTK sites the most common visitors were the recently arrived silvereye (Zosterops lateralis) and the introduced honeybee (Apis mellifera), both of which acted principally as nectar robbers. Caged flowers on LBI had significantly lower fruit set than open flowers, and plants at WTK were significantly more pollen‐limited than plants on LBI. This provides evidence that the loss of endemic pollinating birds is the most likely reason for the high pollen limitation found in some North Island A. macrophylla populations, and the very low seed set of these populations could have serious implications for the long‐term persistence of this species.
Neural control of dopamine neurotransmission: implications for reinforcement learning
Authors: Aggarwal Mayank , Hyland Brian I. , Wickens Jeffery R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn the past few decades there has been remarkable convergence of machine learning with neurobiological understanding of reinforcement learning mechanisms, exemplified by temporal difference (TD) learning models. The anatomy of the basal ganglia provides a number of potential substrates for instantiation of the TD mechanism. In contrast to the traditional concept of direct and indirect pathway outputs from the striatum, we emphasize that projection neurons of the striatum are branched and individual striatofugal neurons innervate both globus pallidus externa and globus pallidus interna/substantia nigra (GPi/SNr). This suggests that the GPi/SNr has the necessary inputs to operate as the source of a TD signal. We also discuss the mechanism for the timing processes necessary for learning in the TD framework. The TD framework has been particularly successful in analysing electrophysiogical recordings from dopamine (DA) neurons during learning, in terms of reward prediction error. However, present understanding of the neural control of DA release is limited, and hence the neural mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Inhibition is very conspicuously present among the inputs to the DA neurons, with inhibitory synapses accounting for the majority of synapses on DA neurons. Furthermore, synchronous firing of the DA neuron population requires disinhibition and excitation to occur together in a coordinated manner. We conclude that the inhibitory circuits impinging directly or indirectly on the DA neurons play a central role in the control of DA neuron activity and further investigation of these circuits may provide important insight into the biological mechanisms of reinforcement learning.
Bandit Heroes: Social, Mythical, or Rational?*
Authors: CUROTT NICHOLAS A. , FINK ALEXANDER 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBandits steal from their fellow men. Yet they are regularly subjects of folksongs, novels, and movies. In these outlets they are presented as folk heroes despite their crimes. Sociological explanations for this phenomenon based upon Eric Hobsbawm's concept of the “social bandit” and psychological explanations based upon myth building have been brought forth to explain the seeming contradiction. We propose an alternative explanation for the bandit hero phenomenon. We argue that bandits, acting solely in their own self‐interest, unintentionally provide valuable services to societies under the rule of a predatory government. We identify three separate mechanisms by which bandits benefit society that do not necessarily hinge upon class struggles or historical dialectics. The social benefits that bandits generate form the foundation for their positive reception.
Assessing Trust Through Social Capital? A Possible Experimental Answer
Authors: MIGHELI MATTEO 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTrust is important in economics: several transactions are based on it; unfortunately it is difficult to measure. The recent economic literature on social capital shows a positive association between this concept and trust. As social capital is easier to measure than trust, this paper analyzes the possibility of assessing trust using a measure of social capital. A basic trust game is played in three Western European countries with undergraduate students; a questionnaire measures their level of social capital as time spent within social networks. This measure is stronger and more precise than the ones generally used. The use of an experiment instead of a questionnaire allows for constructing a measure of trust that is continuous in principle. Moreover, to play an experiment allows for observing the behavior of the participants better than by the means of a survey. The results are supportive of the fact that trust can be assessed through social capital, although the presence of a strong geographical effect has to be accounted for.
Tooth whitening with hydrogen/carbamide peroxides in association with a CPP‐ACP paste at different proportions
Authors: de Vasconcelos AAM , Cunha AGG , Borges BCD , Machado CT , dos Santos AJS 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground: Different enhanced peroxide formulations have been developed to overcome mineral loss during tooth whitening. This study investigated the impact on tooth whitening from combining a CPP‐ACP paste with home peroxide agents at several proportions.Methods: Ninety bovine incisors were randomly allocated into nine groups (n = 10) and exposed to 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 16% carbamide peroxide (CP), a CPP‐ACP paste (Tooth Mousse/MI Paste, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and blends of HP/CP:MI at three proportions (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2). Tooth whitening was performed for 14 days and its effectiveness was measured by a spectrophotometer utilizing the CIE L*a*b* system (ΔE, ΔL*, Δa* and Δb*). Colour readings were measured at baseline (T0), 7 days of bleaching (T7), 14 days of bleaching (T14) and 7 days after the end of bleaching (T21). Data were analysed by two‐way ANOVA for paired averages followed by the Tukey’s test and Pearson’s correlation at 5%.Results: Although CP produced the greatest colour change (ΔE), all whitening protocols were considered to be effective regardless of the CPP‐ACP presence. In general, greater changes in ΔE, ΔL*, Δa* and Δb* were detected at T14, with T21 exhibiting similar results to those at T7. A greater number of strong correlations with ΔE values was found for a* (11/15).Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the results indicate that the CPP‐ACP paste did not affect tooth whitening efficacy.
The 3:1 is superior to a 15:2 ratio in a newborn manikin model in terms of quality of chest compressions and number of ventilations
Authors: Hemway Rae Jean , Christman Catherine , Perlman Jeffrey 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundMost cases of delivery room cardiopulmonary arrest result from an asphyxial process. Experimental evidence supports an important role for ventilation during asphyxial arrest. The optimal compression: ventilation (CV) ratio remains unclear and recommendations for newborns have varied from 3:1, 5:1 and 15:2.ObjectiveCompare 3:1, 5:1 and 15: 2 CV ratios using the two-thumb technique in relationship to depth of compressions, decay of compression depth over time, compression rates and breaths delivered.MethodsThirty-two subjects, physicians and neonatal nurses, participated with compressions performed on a manikin. Evaluations included 2 min of compressions using 3:1, 5:1 and 15:2 CV ratios.ResultsCompression depth was comparable between groups. By paired analysis per subject, the depth was only greater for 3:1 versus 15:2 (ie, 0.91±2.2 mm) (p=0.01) and greater for women than men. Comparing the initial and second minute of compressions, no decay in compression depth for 3:1 ratio was noted, however significant decay was observed for 5:1 and 15:2 ratios (p<0.05). The compression rates were least and ventilations breaths were highest for 3:1 as opposed to the other ratios (p<0.05).ConclusionsProviders using a 3:1 versus 15:2 achieve a greater depth of compressions over 2 min with a greater difference noted in women. More consistent compression depth over time was achieved with 3:1 as opposed to the other ratios. Thus, the 3:1 ratio is appropriate for newly born infants requiring resuscitation.
Effect of sample storage time on detection of hybridization signals in Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization
Authors: do Nascimento Cássio , Muller Katia , Sato Sandra , Albuquerque Junior Rubens Ferreira 
Published: April 2012

Long-term sample storage can affect the intensity of the hybridization signals provided by molecular diagnostic methods that use chemiluminescent detection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different storage times on the hybridization signals of 13 bacterial species detected by the Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization method using whole-genomic DNA probes. Ninety-six subgingival biofilm samples were collected from 36 healthy subjects, and the intensity of hybridization signals was evaluated at 4 different time periods: (1) immediately after collecting (n = 24) and (2) after storage at –20 °C for 6 months (n = 24), (3) for 12 months (n = 24), and (4) for 24 months (n = 24). The intensity of hybridization signals obtained from groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.001). No differences were found between groups 1 and 2 (p > 0.05). The Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization method was suitable to detect hybridization signals from all groups evaluated, and the intensity of signals decreased significantly after long periods of sample storage.
Putting Cognition and Culture Back Together Again: Religion in Mind and Society
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe cognitive science of religion tries to explain how human mental architecture canalizes the spread of cultural ideas. Co-evolutionary theories aim at explaining the cultural stability of ideas and practices by constructing models of social behavior. I try to show that both research programs provide useful insights for the construction of mechanical explanations of the mental representation and transmission of religious ideas. Combining cognitive predispositions and their expression in forms of social behavior paves way for a more integrated explanatory framework.
Simulator Training With a Forward Collision Warning System
Authors: Koustanaï Arnaud , Cavallo Viola , Delhomme Patricia , Mas Arnaud 
Published: April 2012

Objective: The study addressed the role of familiarization on a driving simulator with a forward collision warning (FCW) and investigated its impact on driver behavior. Background: Drivers need a good understanding of how an FCW system functions to trust it and use it properly. Theoretical and empirical data suggest that exploring the capacities and limitations of the FCW during the learning period improves operating knowledge and leads to increased driver trust in the system and better driver-system interactions. The authors tested this hypothesis by comparing groups of drivers differing in FCW familiarity. Method: During the familiarization phase, familiarized drivers were trained on the simulator using the FCW, unfamiliarized drivers simply read an FCW manual, and control drivers had no contact with the FCW. During the test, drivers drove the simulator and had to interact with traffic; both familiarized and unfamiliarized drivers used the FCW, whereas controls did not. Results: Simulator familiarization improved driver understanding of FCW operation. Driver-system interactions were more effective: Familiarized drivers had no collisions, longer time headways, and better reactions in most situations. Familiarization increased trust in the FCW but did not raise system acceptance. Conclusion: Familiarization on the simulator had a positive effect on driver-system interactions and on trust in the system. The limitations of the familiarization method are discussed in relation to the driving simulator methodology. Application: Practicing on a driving simulator with driving-assistance systems could facilitate their use during real driving.