bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved resistance to Eimeria acervulina infection in chickens due to dietary supplementation with garlic metabolites
Authors: Kim Duk Kyung , Lillehoj Hyun S. , Lee Sung Hyen , Lillehoj Erik P. , Bravo David 
Published: April 2012

The effects of a compound including the secondary metabolites of garlic, propyl thiosulphinate (PTS) and propyl thiosulphinate oxide (PTSO), on the in vitro and in vivo parameters of chicken gut immunity during experimental Eimeria acervulina infection were evaluated. In in vitro assays, the compound comprised of PTSO (67 %) and PTS (33 %) dose-dependently killed invasive E. acervulina sporozoites and stimulated higher spleen cell proliferation. Broiler chickens continuously fed from hatch with PTSO/PTS compound-supplemented diet and orally challenged with live E. acervulina oocysts had increased body weight gain, decreased faecal oocyst excretion and greater E. acervulina profilin antibody responses, compared with chickens fed a non-supplemented diet. Differential gene expression by microarray hybridisation identified 1227 transcripts whose levels were significantly altered in the intestinal lymphocytes of PTSO/PTS-fed birds compared with non-supplemented controls (552 up-regulated, 675 down-regulated). Biological pathway analysis identified the altered transcripts as belonging to the categories ‘Disease and Disorder’ and ‘Physiological System Development and Function’. In the former category, the most significant function identified was ‘Inflammatory Response’, while the most significant function in the latter category was ‘Cardiovascular System Development and Function’. This new information documents the immunologic and genomic changes that occur in chickens following PTSO/PTS dietary supplementation, which are relevant to protective immunity during avian coccidiosis.
Supplementation with DHA and the psychological functioning of young adults
Authors: Benton D. , Donohoe R. T. , Clayton D. E. , Long S. J. 
Published: April 2012

The grey matter of the brain contains high levels of the essential nutrient DHA. Although the role of DHA in the developing brain and in dementia has attracted attention, its influence on the brain of the healthy adult has been little considered. A total of 285 young adult females took 400 mg of DHA, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, for 50 d. After 50 d, recently acquired information was more likely to be forgotten by those who had consumed DHA. No significant differences in mood, reaction times, vigilance or visual acuity were found.
Energy utilisation and growth performance of chicken fed diets containing graded levels of supplementary bacterial phytase
Authors: Pirgozliev V. , Bedford M. R. 
Published: April 2012

A total of 364 female Ross 308 chicks (1 d old) were used in the present study conducted in floor pens to investigate the effects of graded levels of supplementary bacterial phytase on dietary energy utilisation and growth performance. For this purpose, four maize–soyabean-based diets were offered to the birds from 0 to 21 d of age. These included a suboptimal P negative control (NC, 3·0 g/kg non-phytate P), NC+250 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed, NC+500 FTU and NC+2500 FTU. The effect of phytase activity on bird growth performance was best described as a linear relationship between increasing dose and increased feed intake (P< 0·001), but was quadratic for body-weight gain (P= 0·002) and feed efficiency (P= 0·023). There was no significant response (P>0·05) of dietary apparent metabolisable energy (AME) to supplementary phytase. The birds fed phytase increased their retention of total carcass energy in a linear fashion (P= 0·009) with increased phytase dose. The efficiency of dietary AME used for overall carcass energy retention also improved (P= 0·007) in a linear manner with increased dietary phytase activity. Dietary net energy for production (NEp) increased (P= 0·047) with an increase in phytase dose following a linear pattern, as an increase of 100 FTU increased dietary net energy by 15·4 J (estimated within the range of doses used in the present experiment). Dietary NEp was more highly correlated with performance criteria than dietary AME, and it seems to be a more sensitive way to evaluate broiler response to phytase supplementation.
A novel soluble β-1,3-d-glucan Salecan reduces adiposity and improves glucose tolerance in high-fat diet-fed mice
Authors: Zhang Ying , Xia Lin , Pang Wenqiang , Wang Tao , Chen Peng , Zhu Bin , Zhang Jianfa 
Published: April 2012

Salecan is a recently identified water-soluble viscous extracellular β-1,3-d-glucan polysaccharide from anAgrobacteriumspecies. It is a high-molecular-mass polymer (about 2 × 106Da) and composed of a linear chain of glucosyl residues linked through a repeat unit of seven β-(1,3) and two α-(1,3) glucosidic bonds. In the present study, we examined the effects of dietary Salecan fed at 2 and 5 % in a high-fat diet (64 % energy) in C57BL/6J mice. After 6 weeks, mice fed 2 and 5 % Salecan had significantly lower body weight, fat mass and percentage of body fat mass compared with those fed a high-fat cellulose (control) diet. Both the Salecan groups significantly and dose-dependently improved glucose tolerance, with a 9 and 26 % reduction of glucose AUC, respectively. Liver and adipose tissue weights were also significantly decreased by the Salecan treatment. Supplementation with 5 % Salecan led to lower serum TAG, total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-cholesterol (52, 18 and 19 %, respectively) and lower hepatic TAG by 56 % and TC by 22 % compared with the high-fat cellulose control group. Dietary Salecan intake caused an obvious elevation of fat in the faeces. Supplementation with Salecan disturbed bile acid-promoted emulsification and reduced the size of emulsion dropletsin vitro.These results indicate that Salecan decreases fat absorption, improves glucose tolerance and has biologically important, dose-related effects on reducing high-fat diet-induced obesity.
Fish consumption and subsequent change in body weight in European women and men
Authors: Jakobsen Marianne U. , Dethlefsen Claus , Due Karen M. , May Anne M. , Romaguera Dora , Vergnaud Anne-Claire , Norat Teresa , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Halkjær Jytte , Tjønneland Anne , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Clavel-Chapelon Francoise , Fagherazzi Guy , Teucher Birgit , Kühn Tilman , Bergmann Manuela M. , Boeing Heiner , Naska Androniki , Orfanos Philippos , Trichopoulou Antonia , Palli Domenico , Santucci De Magistris Maria , Sieri Sabina , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. B. , van der A Daphne L. , Engeset Dagrun , Hjartåker Anette , Rodríguez Laudina , Agudo Antonio , Molina-Montes Esther , Huerta José M. , Barricarte Aurelio , Amiano Pilar , Manjer Jonas , Wirfält Elisabet , Hallmans Göran , Johansson Ingegerd , Khaw Kay-Tee , Wareham Nicholas J. , Key Timothy J. , Chajès Veronique , Slimani Nadia , Riboli Elio , Peeters Petra H. M. , Overvad Kim 
Published: April 2012

Fish consumption is the major dietary source of EPA and DHA, which according to rodent experiments may reduce body fat mass and prevent obesity. Only a few human studies have investigated the association between fish consumption and body-weight gain. We investigated the association between fish consumption and subsequent change in body weight. Women and men (n 344 757) participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition were followed for a median of 5·0 years. Linear and logistic regression were used to investigate the associations between fish consumption and subsequent change in body weight. Among women, the annual weight change was 5·70 (95 % CI 4·35, 7·06), 2·23 (95 % CI 0·16, 4·31) and 11·12 (95 % CI 8·17, 14·08) g/10 g higher total, lean and fatty fish consumption per d, respectively. The OR of becoming overweight in 5 years among women who were normal weight at enrolment was 1·02 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·02), 1·01 (95 % CI 1·00, 1·02) and 1·02 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·04) g/10 g higher total, lean and fatty consumption per d, respectively. Among men, fish consumption was not statistically significantly associated with weight change. Adjustment for potential over- or underestimation of fish consumption did not systematically change the observed associations, but the 95 % CI became wider. The results in subgroups from analyses stratified by age or BMI at enrolment were not systematically different. In conclusion, the present study suggests that fish consumption has no appreciable association with body-weight gain.
The population ecology of infectious diseases: pertussis in Thailand as a case study
Authors: BLACKWOOD J. C. , CUMMINGS D. A. T. , BROUTIN H. , IAMSIRITHAWORN S. , ROHANI P. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYMany of the fundamental concepts in studying infectious diseases are rooted in population ecology. We describe the importance of population ecology in exploring central issues in infectious disease research including identifying the drivers and dynamics of host-pathogen interactions and pathogen persistence, and evaluating the success of public health policies. The use of ecological concepts in infectious disease research is demonstrated with simple theoretical examples in addition to an analysis of case notification data of pertussis, a childhood respiratory disease, in Thailand as a case study. We stress that further integration of these fields will have significant impacts in infectious diseases research.
New insights into sequence variation in the IGS region of 21 cyathostomin species and the implication for molecular identification
Authors: CWIKLINSKI K. , KOOYMAN F. N. J. , VAN DOORN D. C. K. , MATTHEWS J. B. , HODGKINSON J. E. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYCyathostomins comprise a group of 50 species of parasitic nematodes that infect equids. Ribosomal DNA sequences, in particular the intergenic spacer (IGS) region, have been utilized via several methodologies to identify pre-parasitic stages of the commonest species that affect horses. These methods rely on the availability of accurate sequence information for each species, as well as detailed knowledge of the levels of intra- and inter-specific variation. Here, the IGS DNA region was amplified and sequenced from 10 cyathostomin species for which sequence was not previously available. Also, additional IGS DNA sequences were generated from individual worms of 8 species already studied. Comparative analysis of these sequences revealed a greater range of intra-specific variation than previously reported (up to 23%); whilst the level of inter-specific variation (3–62%) was similar to that identified in earlier studies. The reverse line blot (RLB) method has been used to exploit the cyathostomin IGS DNA region for species identification. Here, we report validation of novel and existing DNA probes for identification of cyathostomins using this method and highlight their application in differentiating life-cycle stages such as third-stage larvae that cannot be identified to species by morphological means†.
Anthelmintic tolerance in free-living and facultative parasitic isolates ofHalicephalobus(Panagrolaimidae)
Authors: FONDERIE P. , BERT W. , HENDRICKX F. , HOUTHOOFD W. , MOENS T. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYStudies on anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites do not include facultative parasites.Halicephalobus gingivalisis a free-living bacterivorous nematode and a known facultative parasite of horses with a strong indication of some form of tolerance to common anthelmintic drugs. This research presents the results of anin vitrostudy on the anthelmintic tolerance of several isolates ofHalicephalobusto thiabendazole and ivermectin using an adaptation of the Micro-Agar Larval Development Test hereby focusing on egg hatching and larval development.Panagrellus redivivusandPanagrolaimus superbuswere included as a positive control. The results generally show that the anthelmintic tolerance ofHalicephalobusto both thiabendazole and ivermectin was considerably higher than that of the closely related Panagrolaimidae and, compared to other studies, than that of obligatory equine parasites. Our results further reveal a remarkable trend of increasing tolerance from fully free-living isolates towards horse-associated isolates.In vitroanthelmintic testing with free-living and facultative parasitic nematodes offers the advantage of observing drug effect on the complete life cycle as opposed to obligatory parasites that can only be followed until the third larval stage. We therefore proposeHalicephalobus gingivalisas an experimental tool to deepen our understanding of the biology of anthelmintic tolerance.
Is there change in intelligence quotient in chronically ill schizophrenia patients? A longitudinal study in twins discordant for schizophrenia
Authors: Hedman A. M. , van Haren N. E. M. , van Baal G. C. M. , Brans R. G. H. , Hijman R. , Kahn R. S. , Hulshoff Pol H. E. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundIntellectual deficits are commonly found in schizophrenia patients. These intellectual deficits have been found to be heritable. However, whether the intellectual deficits change over time and, if so, whether the change is related with an increased genetic risk for the disease are not known.MethodWe investigated change of intelligence quotient (IQ) in a twin sample of chronically ill schizophrenia patients, the discordant co-twins and healthy controls during a follow-up period of 5 years. A total of 52 twins completed two IQ assessments: nine patients [three monozygotic (MZ) and six dizygotic (DZ)], 10 unaffected co-twins (three MZ and seven DZ) and 33 healthy control twins (21 MZ and 12 DZ).ResultsA significant interaction effect over time was found between IQ measurement and illness (F=4.22, df=1,p<0.05), indicating that change in IQ over time is significantly different between the groups. A stable course in IQ over time was found in the patients with schizophrenia (mean IQ from 109.78 at baseline to 108.44 at follow-up) relative to both the healthy control twins who showed a small increase (from 114.61 at baseline to 119.18 at follow-up) (t=2.06,p<0.05) and the unaffected co-twins (from 111.60 to 117.60,t=−2.32,p<0.05). IQ change in the unaffected co-twins of schizophrenia patients was comparable with that in healthy control twins (t=−0.49,p=0.63).ConclusionsPatients with schizophrenia in the chronic phase of the disease, but not the discordant co-twins, show a lack of increase in IQ, which is probably due to environmental (non-genetic) factors related to the disease.
Disordered gambling among higher-frequency gamblers: who is at risk?
Authors: Hodgins D. C. , Schopflocher D. P. , Martin C. R. , el-Guebaly N. , Casey D. M. , Currie S. R. , Smith G. J. , Williams R. J. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundWhen gambling opportunities are made available to the public in a given jurisdiction, some individuals participate occasionally and others more frequently. Among frequent gamblers, some individuals develop problematic involvement and some do not. This study addresses the association among demographic and social risk factors, frequency of gambling and gambling disorders.MethodData from an adult community sample (n=1372) were used to identify risk factors for higher-frequency gambling and disordered gambling involvement.ResultsIndividuals with higher intelligence, older individuals and more religious individuals were less frequent gamblers. Males, single individuals and those exposed to gambling environments (friends and family who gamble) and those who started to gamble at a younger age were more frequent gamblers. Excitement-seeking personality traits were also higher among more frequent gamblers. A different set of risk factors was associated with the likelihood of gambling disorder among these higher-frequency gamblers. These variables included mental health indicators, childhood maltreatment and parental gambling involvement. Among higher-frequency gamblers, individuals who smoke cigarettes, those with a diagnosis of alcohol or drug dependence or obsessive–compulsive disorder, those with higher anxiety or depression and those with higher impulsivity and antisocial personality traits were more likely to report gambling-related problems. These individuals were also more likely to report gambling on electronic gambling machines (e.g. slot machines).ConclusionsThese data suggest a model in which higher-frequency gambling, particularly with electronic gambling machines, when combined with any type of emotional vulnerability increased the likelihood of gambling disorder.
UPDATE OF THE DUTCH MANUAL FOR COSTING IN ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS
Authors: Tan Siok Swan , Bouwmans Clazien A. M. , Rutten Frans F. H. , Hakkaart-van Roijen Leona 
Published: April 2012

Objectives: In 2000, the first “Dutch Manual for Costing: Methods and Reference Prices for Economic Evaluations in Healthcare” was published, followed by an updated version in 2004. The purpose of the Manual is to facilitate the implementation and assessment of costing studies in economic evaluations. New developments necessitated the publication of a thoroughly updated version of the Manual in 2010. The present study aims to describe the main changes of the 2010 Manual compared with earlier editions of the Manual.Methods: New and updated topics of the Manual were identified. The recommendations of the Manual were compared with the health economic guidelines of other countries, eliciting strengths and limitations of alternative methods.Results: New topics in the Manual concern medical costs in life-years gained, the database of the Diagnosis Treatment Combination (DBC) casemix System, reference prices for the mental healthcare sector and the costs borne by informal care-givers. Updated topics relate to the friction cost method, discounting future effects and options for transferring cost results from international studies to the Dutch situation.Conclusions: The Action Plan is quite similar to many health economic guidelines in healthcare. However, the recommendations on particular aspects may differ between national guidelines in some respects. Although the Manual may serve as an example to countries intending to develop a manual of this kind, it should always be kept in mind that preferred methods predominantly depend on a country's specific context.
Concurrent trade defense investigations in the EU, the EU's new anti-subsidy practice against China, and the future of both
Authors: VERMULST EDWIN , GATTA BRIAN 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe EU's decision to follow in the footsteps of the United States by breaking with its past practice of not applying countervailing duties against Chinese subsidies has left many wondering whether its first imposition of such duties on Coated Fine Paper from China was a watershed moment in EU trade defense history or merely an aberration, and if the former, just how profound of an impact these cases might have in the future. The article examines the key considerations which can aid one in determining the probability of the EU making an anti-subsidy practice against China routine, as well as the extent to which that practice could have a substantial practical impact on duty rates. This examination entails a look at the EU's historical use of the anti-subsidy instrument as a subordinate complement to the anti-dumping instrument, the impact of the EU's adoption of the ‘lesser duty rule’ on concurrent investigations, the way in which the expiration of a key provision in China's Protocol of Accession to the WTO will increase the desirability of the anti-subsidy instrument, as well as a look at how the European Commission might have fallen foul of the SCM Agreement with regard to a few key points.
Significant and vertically coherent seismic anisotropy beneath eastern Tibet
Authors: León Soto Gerardo , Sandvol Eric , Ni James F. , Flesch Lucy , Hearn Thomas M. , Tilmann Frederik , Chen John , Brown Larry D. 
Published: April 2012

Shear wave splitting measurements using teleseismic SKS and SKKS phases recorded by the INDEPTH‐IV arrays has revealed a strong upper mantle anisotropic fabric in northeastern Tibet with large delay times of up to 2.2 s, suggesting that anisotropy exists in both the lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle. The coherence among fast polarization orientations of split core phases and the left‐lateral slip on eastern‐striking, southern‐striking faults in eastern Tibet and the surface deformation fields calculated from both GPS observations and Quaternary fault slip rates support the idea that left‐lateral shear strain is the predominant cause of the orientation of the upper mantle petrofabrics. We suggest the bending of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis around the foundering Burma‐Andaman‐Sumatra slab also contributes to the observed seismic anisotropy in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis region. Two plausible competing processes are proposed for the flow of asthenosphere in eastern Tibet. In the first, the deforming lithosphere glides over the passive asthenosphere inducing flow in the asthenospheric mantle. In the second, the asthenosphere beneath northeastern Tibet is squeezed between the advancing Indian continental lithosphere and the thick Tarim and Qaidam lithospheric blocks to the north. A westward retreat of the Burma slab from Eurasia may induce flow that is toroidal and located exclusively around the northern edge of the slab. The rotation of fast orientations for stations in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis region are consistent with the toroidal flow pattern as well as the rotational deformation of the overlying lithosphere.
Dynamic rupture of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake: Roles of a possible subducting seamount
Authors: Duan Benchun 
Published: April 2012

Using a hybrid MPI/OpenMP parallel finite element method for spontaneous rupture and seismic wave propagation simulations, we investigate features in rupture propagation, slip distribution, seismic radiation, and seafloor deformation of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake to gain physical insights into the event. With simplified shallow dipping (10°) planar fault geometry, 1D velocity structure, and a slip‐weakening friction law, we primarily investigate initial stress and strength conditions that can produce rupture and seismic radiation characteristics of the event revealed by kinematic inversions, and seafloor displacements observed near the epicenter. By a large suite of numerical experiments aided by parallel computing on modern supercomputers, we find that a seamount of a dimension of ∼70 km by 23 km just updip of the hypocenter on the subducting plane, parameterized by higher static friction, lower pore fluid pressure, and higher initial stress than surrounding regions, may play a dominant role in the 2011 event. Its high strength stalls updip rupture for tens of seconds, and its high stress drop generates large slip. Its failure drives the rupture to propagate into the shallow portion that is likely velocity‐strengthening, resulting in significant slip near the trench within a limited area. However, the preferred model suggests that the largest slip in the event occurs near the hypocenter. High‐strength patches along the downdip portion of the subducting plane are most effective among several possible factors in generating high‐frequency seismic radiations, suggesting the initial strength distribution there is very heterogeneous.