bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions of Nicotiana species to inoculation with monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses
Authors: Akhtar Sohail , Briddon Rob W , Mansoor Shahid 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
Some Nicotiana species are widely used as experimental hosts for plant viruses. Nicotiana species differ in ploidy levels, chromosome numbers and have diverse geographical origins. Thus, these species are useful model systems to investigate virus-host interactions, co-evolution of pathogens and hosts and the effects of ploidy level on virus resistance/susceptibility.

Results
Here we have studied the responses of seven Nicotiana species to inoculation with Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV), a monopartite begomovirus, and Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), a bipartite begomovirus, both from the Indian subcontinent. All Nicotiana species supported the replication of both begomoviruses in inoculated leaves. However, only three Nicotiana species, namely N. benthamiana, N. tabacum and N. sylvestris showed symptoms when inoculated with ToLCNDV, while N. benthamiana was the only species that developed leaf curl symptoms when inoculated with CLCuMV. CLCuMV accumulated to detectable levels in N. tabacum, but plants remained asymptomatic. A previously identified mutation of RNA dependent RNA polymerase 1 was shown to be present only in N. benthamiana. The finding is in line with earlier results showing that the susceptibility of this species to a diverse range of plant viruses correlates with a defective RNA silencing-mediated host defense.

Conclusions
The results presented show that individual Nicotiana species respond differently to inoculation with begomoviruses. The inability of begomoviruses to systemically infect several Nicotiana species is likely due to inhibition of virus movement, rather than replication, and thus provides a novel model to study virus-host interactions in resistant/susceptible hosts.
Clinical Usefulness of Recombinant Activated Factor VII in Patients with Liver Failure Undergoing Invasive Procedures
Authors: Krisl Jill C , Meadows Holly E , Greenberg Charles S , Mazur Joseph E 
Published: October 2011

Objective: To evaluate the use of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) in patients with liver failure undergoing invasive procedures. Methods: An OVID/MEDUNE and PubMed search (1997-June 2011) was performed to identify literature on the use of rFVIIa to reduce bleeding risk in patients with liver failure undergoing invasive procedures. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language data evaluating the efficacy of rFVIIa to reverse coagulopathies prior to invasive procedures in patients with liver disease were included. Data Synthesis: Following administration of rFVIIa, prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) response is within 30 minutes. Doses ranging from 20 to 120 μg/kg have been studied, with a reduction in PT seen in a dose-dependent manner. One study in patients with no bleeding administered 5, 20, and 80 μg/kg sequentially during a 24-day period. All doses provided reversal of prolonged PT within 10 minutes, and the duration was dose-dependent. In a study of 15 patients with fulminant liver failure, requiring intracranial pressure monitor placement, a rFVIIa dose of 40 μg/kg was compared to fresh frozen plasma. In patients who received rFVIIa, the PT and INR normalized, compared to none of the patients in the fresh frozen plasma group. Conclusions: Retrospective and prospective data demonstrate that rFVIIa effectively reverses elevated PT and INR, reducing the risk of bleeding and safely facilitating invasive procedures. Based on available data, a dose of 20-40 μg/kg 30 minutes prior to an invasive procedure should be considered in patients with acute or chronic liver failure at risk for bleeding complications. A major limitation of rFVIIa use is the high cost of therapy. A prospective, randomized trial could help determine the appropriate dose of rFVIIa, timing of dose in relationship to procedure, and usefulness of subsequent doses.
IVF-Conceiving Fathers' Experiences of Early Parenthood
Authors: Bracks-Zalloua Peggy , McMahon Catherine , Gibson Frances 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis study explored the experiences of fathers during early parenthood, with a particular focus on relationships with their partners, their children and the impact of infertility treatment. Eight fathers who had a child conceived through in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) participated in in-depth interviews and responses were analysed using Modified Analytic Induction. Findings indicated that in the first year of their child's life fathers deferred primary caretaking to their partners, as they perceived them as more able to meet the needs of the child at that developmental stage. However, as the child grew older, and fathers could interact more they came to view themselves as the friend or playmate of the child, a role they experienced as highly rewarding. Reasons that may have accounted for deferring the primary caretaker role in the first year included low self-efficacy beliefs about their ability to care for a newborn infant, perceived partner criticism of their parenting abilities, and the complementary parenting roles adopted in their family. Findings also revealed that fathers experienced relationship concerns due to increased parenting responsibilities limiting the time and energy they had to engage in companionate activities with their partners. Fathers in this research explicitly reported that the difficulties associated with conception and IVF treatment had no impact on early parenthood.
Girls at Risk of Chronic Partner Abuse: Assertive Tendency, Warning Signs, Risk Sensitivity, and Self-Confidence
Authors: Murphy Kylie A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFactors associated with chronic exposure to warning-sign behaviour (WSB) in girls' romantic relationships need to be understood in order to develop responsive prevention programs. Data was provided by 152 Australian adolescent girls (M= 14.7 years, range = 13 to 17), 66 of whom reported recent relationship experience and exposure to at least one WSB. Guided by the dyadic slippery-slope model of chronic partner abuse, relationships were tested between frequency of WSB exposure, perceived WSB risk, confidence in self-agency, and assertive tendency in romantic relationships. Girls who reported more assertive responses to WSBs reported less frequent exposure to WSBs in the past 3 months. Risk sensitivity, while weakly related to assertiveness in non-WSB-exposed girls, was unrelated to assertive tendency in WSB-exposed girls. Girls with greater WSB exposure had lower perceived self-agency, and lower perceived self-agency was associated with less assertiveness in response to Dominance and Possessiveness WSBs. These results are discussed in relation to dyadic slippery-slope theory, and point to the potential importance of strategically timed, empowerment-oriented programming in partner abuse prevention.
Die Grammatikalisierung des sein-Perfekts. – Eine korpuslinguistische Untersuchung zur Hilfsverbselektion der Bewegungsverben im Deutschen
Authors: Gillmann Melitta 
Published: October 2011

In German, unlike in English or Swedish, there are two different perfect auxiliaries: the more frequently used haben and the auxiliary sein. The latter only occurs with a restricted group of verbs. Against the traditional view, it has recently been argued that both periphrases do not form a homogenous category, i. e. there was no grammaticalisation of sein + second participle at all. According to this view the periphrases do not only differ formally but also functionally.
In contrast, this article claims that the periphrasis consisting of sein + second participle has been grammaticalised in German. Although the construction had a resultative function in the Old High German period, it nowadays also refers to past situations which can be relevant to the point of speech. Therefore, its function is equivalent to the haben perfect. The reanalysis of sein + second participle is reflected by the distribution of the auxiliaries which is not strictly conditioned by aktionsart anymore. Though a corpus-based investigation of verbs of movement shows there are still restrictions for the periphrasis with sein: It is not permitted in prototypically transitive sentences. Whereas agentivity of the subject doesn't influence the auxiliary choice, sentences with prototypical objects prohibit the perfect with sein. Those objects are usually individuated or referential. Hence, they can underlie a change of state or position. Obviously, sein perfect has broken the actional restrictions, but there are still limitations concerning the argument structure. This shows that the sein periphrasis is only weakly grammaticalized.
DNA methylation: dynamic and stable regulation of memory
Authors: Vaissière Thomas , Miller Courtney A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEpigenetic mechanisms have emerged as a central process in learning and memory. Histone modifications and DNA methy­lation are epigenetic events that can mediate gene transcription. Interesting features of these epigenetic changes are their transient and long lasting potential. Recent advances in neuroscience suggest that DNA methylation is both dynamic and stable, mediating the formation and maintenance of memory. In this review, we will further illustrate the recent hypothesis that DNA methylation participates in the transcriptional regulation necessary for memory.
Multiple Adaptable Mechanisms Early in the Primate Visual Pathway
Authors: Dhruv Neel T. , Tailby Chris , Sokol Sach H. , Lennie Peter 
Published: October 2011

We describe experiments that isolate and characterize multiple adaptable mechanisms that influence responses of orientation-selective neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) of anesthetized macaque (Macaca fascicularis). The results suggest that three adaptable stages of machinery shape neural responses in V1: a broadly tuned early stage and a spatio-temporally tuned later stage, both of which provide excitatory input, and a normalization pool that is also broadly tuned.The early stage and the normalization pool are revealed by adapting gratings that themselves fail to evoke a response from the neuron: either low temporal frequency gratings at the null orientation or gratings of any orientation drifting at high temporal frequencies. When effective, adapting stimuli that altered the sensitivity of these two mechanisms caused reductions of contrast gain and often brought about a paradoxical increase in response gain due to a relatively greater desensitization of the normalization pool.The tuned mechanism is desensitized only by stimuli well matched to a neuron's receptive field. We could thus infer desensitization of the tuned mechanism by comparing effects obtained with adapting gratings of preferred and null orientation modulated at low temporal frequencies.
Beyond the morphology of the glucose curve following an oral glucose tolerance test in obese youth
Authors: Nolfe Giuseppe , Spreghini Maria Rita , Wietrzycowska Sforza Rita , Morino Giuseppe , Manco Melania 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundTo describe the morphology of glucose curve during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and any association with glucose tolerance, insulin action and secretion in obese youth.Study designCross-sectional.MethodsOGTT data of 553 patients were analysed. Subjects were divided in groups based on the morphology (i.e. monophasic, biphasic, triphasic and upward monotonous) of glucose curve. Insulin action was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, the insulin sensitivity, the muscle insulin sensitivity and the hepatic insulin resistance indexes (HIRI), and the oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS). Insulin secretion was estimated by the insulinogenic index (IGI). Disposition index, including the insulin secretion–sensitivity index-2, and areas under glucose (AUCG) and insulin (AUCI) curves were computed.ResultsIn patients with normal glucose tolerance (n=522), prevalent morphology of the glucose curve was monophasic (n=285, 54%). Monophasic morphology was associated with the highest concentration of 1 h plasma glucose (P<0.0001) and AUCG (P<0.0001); biphasic morphology with better insulin sensitivity as estimated by OGIS (P<0.03) and lower AUCI (P<0.0001); triphasic morphology with the highest values of HIRI (P<0.02) and IGI (P<0.007).By combining morphologies of glucose and insulin curves or time of the glucose peak, a deeper characterisation of different phenotypes of glucose metabolism emerged.ConclusionsMorphologies of the glucose curve seem reflecting different metabolic phenotypes of insulin action and secretion, particularly when combined with morphologies of insulin curve or time of glucose peak. Such findings may deserve validation in cohort study, in which glucose metabolism would be estimated by using gold standard techniques.
Modeling the Distribution of Acidity within Nuclear Fuel (UO2) Corrosion Product Deposits and Porous Sites
Authors: Cheong W-J. , Keech P. G. , Wren J. C. , Shoesmith D. W. , Qin Z. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA model for acidity within pores within corrosion products on anodically-dissolving UO2 was developed using Comsol Multiphysics 3.2 to complement ongoing electrochemical measurements. It was determined that a depression of pH within pores can be maintained if: electrochemically measured dissolution currents used in the calculations are attenuated to reflect very localized pores; corrosion potentials exceed -250 mV (vs. SCE); and pore depths are > 1 μm for 300 mV or >100 μm for -50 mV (vs. SCE). Mixed diffusional-chemical equilibria control is suggested through deviations in the shapes between pH-potential and pH-pore depth plots.
A Probabilistic-Micromechanical Methodology for Assessing Zirconium Alloy Cladding Failure
Authors: Pan Yi-Ming , Chan K. S. , Riha D. S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCladding failure of fuel rods caused by hydride-induced embrittlement is a reliability concern for spent nuclear fuel after extended burnup. Uncertainties in the cladding temperature, cladding stress, oxide layer thickness, and the critical stress value for hydride reorientation preclude an assessment of the cladding failure risk. A set of micromechanical models for treating oxide cracking, blister cracking, delayed hydride cracking, and cladding fracture was developed and incorporated in a computer model. Results obtained from the model calculations indicate that at temperatures below a critical temperature of 318.5 °C [605.3 °F], the time to failure by delayed hydride cracking in Zr-2.5%Nb decreased with increasing cladding temperature. The overall goal of this project is to develop a probabilistic-micromechanical methodology for assessing the probability of hydride-induced failure in Zircaloy cladding and thereby establish performance criteria.
Repassivation Potential of Alloy 22 in Chloride plus Nitrate Solutions using the Potentiodynamic-Galvanostatic-Potentiostatic Method
Authors: Evans Kenneth J. , Rebak Raul B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn general, the susceptibility of Alloy 22 to suffer crevice corrosion is measured using the Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization (CPP) technique. This is a fast technique that gives rather accurate and reproducible values of repassivation potential (ER1) in most cases. In the fringes of susceptibility, when the environment is not highly aggressive, the values of repassivation potential using the CPP technique may not be highly reproducible, especially because the technique is fast and because transpassive corrosion may influence or mask the nucleation and propagation of crevice corrosion. To circumvent this, the repassivation potential of Alloy 22 was measured using a slower method that combines Potentiodynamic-Galvanostatic-Potentiostatic steps (called here the Tsujikawa-Hisamatsu Electrochemical or THE method). The THE method applies the charge to the specimen in a more controlled way, which may give more reproducible repassivation potential values, especially when the environment is not aggressive. The values of repassivation potential of Alloy 22 in sodium chloride plus potassium nitrate solutions were measured using the THE and CPP methods. Results show that both methods yield similar values of repassivation potential, especially under aggressive conditions.
Characterization of Solids in Residual Wastes from Underground Storage Tanks at the Hanford Site, Washington, U.S.A.
Authors: Krupka Kenneth Michael , Deutsch William J. , Schaef H. Todd , Arey Bruce W. , Heald Steve M. , Lindberg Michael J. , Cantrell Kirk J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSolid phase physical and chemical characterization methods have been used in an ongoing study of residual wastes from several single-shell underground waste tanks at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State. Because these wastes are highly-radioactive dispersible powders and are chemically-complex assemblages of crystalline and amorphous solids that contain contaminants as discrete phases and/or co-precipitated within oxide phases, their detailed characterization offers an extraordinary technical challenge. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) are the two principal methods used, along with a limited series of analyses by synchrotron-based methods, to characterize solid phases and their contaminant associations in these wastes. Depending on the specific tank, numerous solids (e.g., èejkaite; Na2U2O7; clarkeite; gibbsite; böhmite; dawsonite; cancrinite; Fe oxides such as hematite, goethite, and maghemite; rhodochrosite; lindbergite; whewellite; nitratine; and several amorphous phases) have been identified in residual wastes studied to date. Because many contaminants of concern are heavy elements, SEM analysis using the backscattered electron (BSE) signal has proved invaluable in distinguishing phases containing elements, such as U and Hg, within the complex assemblage of particles that make up each waste. XRD, SEM/EDS, and synchrotron-based methods provide different, but complimentary characterization data about the morphologies, crystallinity, particle sizes, surface coatings, and compositions of phases in these wastes. The impact of these techniques is magnified when each is used in an iterative fashion to help interpret the results from the other analysis methods and identify additional, more focused analyses.
An Evaluation of Single Phase Ceramic Formulations for Plutonium Disposition
Authors: Stennett Martin Christopher , Maddrell Ewan R , Scales Charlie R , Livens Francis R , Gilbert Matthew , Hyatt Neil C 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTailored ceramics are promising potential hosts for the immobilization of actinides [1]. In this study the potential of a range of different ceramic systems were investigated for the incorporation of waste plutonium, using Ce as a Pu surrogate. Durable actinide containing minerals exist in nature and provided excellent target phases for the titanate, zirconate, silicate and phosphate based formulations examined here [2]. The Ce single phase solid solution limits for each system were established and the processing parameters required to produce high quality ceramic specimens were optimised. Importantly, this was achieved within the constraints of a generic processing route suitable for fabrication of Pu bearing samples.
Effect of Helium Accumulation on the Spent Fuel Microstructure
Authors: Ferry Cecile , Piron Jean-Paul , Stout Ray 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe rapid release of activity when water firsts contacts the spent fuel surface in disposal will depend on the pellet microstructure at the arrival time of water in the container. Research performed on spent fuel evolution in a closed system has shown that the evolution of microstructure under disposal conditions should be governed by helium behavior with the cumulated α{decay damage. The evolution of fission gas bubble characteristics under repository conditions has been assessed. In UO2 fuels with a burnup of 47.5 GWd/t, the pressure of fission gas bubbles with the input of helium atoms should not reach the critical bubble pressure, thus micro-cracking in grains is not expected.
Perspectives on Localized Corrosion in Thin Layers of Particulate
Authors: Payer Joe H. , Kelly Robert G. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe requirements for the initiation and propagation of localized corrosion are reviewed, and the stability criteria for sustained localized corrosion are discussed. A conceptual framework is applied to a specific scenario of a hot metal surface covered by a thin layer of particulate containing dissolvable salts in the presence of air of limited humidity. A number of processes are demonstrated to affect the crevice corrosion propagation, stifling and arrest. Contributions of the particulate layer properties, the anode, cathode and coupled processes are identified, showing that any of these can control localized corrosion propagation. The findings add to the technical basis for the analysis of localized corrosion by a decision tree methodology.
Application of Neutron-Absorbing Structural-Amorphous Metal (SAM) Coatings for Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) Container to Enhance Criticality Safety Controls
Authors: Choi Jor-Shan , Lee Chuck , Farmer Joseph , Day Dan , Wall Mark , Saw Cheng , Boussoufi Moe , Liu Ben , Egbert Halold , Branagan Dan , D'Amato Andy 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTSpent nuclear fuel contains fissionable materials (235U, 239Pu, 241Pu, etc.). To prevent nuclear criticality in spent fuel storage, transportation, and during disposal, neutron-absorbing materials (or neutron poisons, such as borated stainless steel, Boral™, Metamic™, Ni-Gd, and others) would have to be applied. The success in demonstrating that the High-Performance Corrosion-Resistant Material (HPCRM) can be thermally applied as coating onto base metal to provide for corrosion resistance for many naval applications raises the interest in applying the HPCRM to USDOE/OCRWM spent fuel management program. The fact that the HPCRM relies on the high content of boron to make the material amorphous – an essential property for corrosion resistance – and that the boron has to be homogenously distributed in the HPCRM qualify the material to be a neutron poison.
Mechanisms of Inhibition of Crevice Corrosion in Alloy 22
Authors: Rebak Raul B. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAlloy 22 may be susceptible to crevice corrosion in chloride-containing environments, especially at temperatures above ambient. The presence of oxyanions, especially nitrate, minimizes or eliminates the susceptibility of Alloy 22 to crevice corrosion. Other anions such as sulfate, carbonate and fluoride were also reported as inhibitors of crevice corrosion in Alloy 22. It is argued that the occurrence of crevice corrosion is due to the formation of hydrochloric acid solution in the creviced region. Inhibitors act by eliminating the occurrence of hydrochloric acid or by hampering its action.