bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE AIRBORNE PROFILE RECORDER
Authors: Eden J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Airborne Profile Recorder is explained and two experiments with it are described.In the first experiment the equipment was used in the aircraft during exposure of the survey photographs. A distance of 200 miles was bridged without appreciable scale error and with only small and random height errors down the central section. The experiment confirms the work of Mr. Blachut of the National Research Council using the same photographs, but does not provide any additional information with regard to the use of the technique under different conditions or in relation to any particular production requirements.In the second experiment the equipment was flown after the photographic survey, down the lateral overlaps of the photographic strips. It is concluded that this is an uneconomical method of using the equipment and unlikely to give results comparable with the first method.
SIGN CONVENTION AND NOTATION
Authors: Thompson E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article describes and explains the Resolution on Sign Convention approved at the Stockholm Congress. The advantages that result from adopting the convention are set out. The more complex problem of a notation for rotations (tilts) is then discussed and some proposals made. The article concludes by suggesting some alternatives for the words “tip,”“tilt” and “swing” as applied to air photographs.
RIGOROUS GEOMETRICAL CONDITIONS IN AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Arthur D. W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGeodetic adjustments owe their efficiency to the many rigorous conditions which have to be satisfied. At present these conditions are not available in aerial triangulations. They can be introduced into aerial triangulation, but only at the expense of much higher costs in all stages of the work. Their introduction seems to depend on the use of transverse tie‐strips, or deep lateral overlap in the main strips of the air survey block. The conditions are stated here in terms of the entities which appear in analytical aerial triangulations.
MULTIPLEX BRIDGING WITH TWO PROJECTORS
Authors: Hutchings C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBridging tests have been carried out using a short bar Multiplex assembly with only two projectors. Two different methods were tested; these are described and the results obtained are given; they indicate that heighting accuracy is maintained, but that plan positions are less accurate than those obtained by the long bar technique. Comments are made on the two methods and the times taken.
TWO THEOREMS FROM MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF ERRORS TO PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND OTHER MEASURING SCIENCES
Authors: Hallert B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe theory of errors, so widely used in photogrammetric work, is based on the mathematics of statistics. Two statistical theorems, the central limit theorem and the arc sine law theorem, are briefly discussed and the lessons which may be drawn from them are found to be highly applicable to photogrammetric operations.
THE FX.105 SURVEY CAMERA
Authors: Towns V. W. H. , Danielsson E. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe camera is designed for work at great heights and calls for a precise and exacting specification and some novel features. The lens is specially designed. A filter is incorporated in a special coating of one of the lens surfaces. Dessicators and breathers are provided. A specially designed pressure plate ensures very close contact of the film with a register glass bearing an engraved reseau. In place of the normal magazine, film cassettes are used. The removable inter‐lens shutter is of unusual design to meet a rigorous specification. Remote control is provided. The mounting of the camera and certain minor details and adjustments have yet to be finalised in the prototype.
THE ALLIANCE OF ELECTRONICS WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Mott P. G. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe paper discusses, from a practical point of view, the increasingly close connection between photogrammetry and electronics. The subject is considered under three heads: Airborne Instruments, Field Instruments, and Laboratory Instruments. Brief examples of the use of various instruments and techniques are mentioned, with particular reference to the practical advantages and disadvantages. Desirable improvements and probable future developments are reviewed and conclusions as to the potentialities and limitations of electronics in the field of photogrammetry are drawn.
VARIATIONS IN BINOCULAR ACUITY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CONTOUR MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Palmer David Alan 
Published: July 2010

SummaryContour measurements by means of stereoscopic vision, as used in photogrammetry, have now become so highly developed that the limit of accuracy is often set by the binocular acuity of the observer. Very small variations in the personal error of the observer can introduce significant inaccuracies in the measurements. A stereoscope capable of measuring binocular parallax to one second of arc was constructed and used to study the possible causes of these personal variations. Analysis of the results suggests that the monocular clue of “overlay” may be one of the main causes of error, the magnitude of the error varying with the definition of the photograph being studied, and with the state of visual fatigue of the observer.
FORESTRY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Miller R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe author describes the responsibilities of the forester both for the production of timber and the preservation of natural resources, and shows how aerial photographs can assist in supplying the information required for organising the management of forest areas. On limited experience with infrared and colour films, the author compares them with panchromatic film for aerial photography of forest country; he considers that in most cases good definition is the most desirable quality in such photographs, although special contrast effects may be useful for particular purposes.
DOPPLER NAVIGATION FOR SURVEY FLYING AND CONTROL
Authors: English J. S. , Huggett M. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper is divided into two parts: the first discusses the practical navigation techniques evolved for air survey, and the second deals with the associated techniques of ground plotting and flight‐line recovery. Both parts of the paper have a geophysical bias since it is in this field that most experience has been gained, but the basic principles apply equally to photographic survey.
SOME ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF AIR PHOTO‐INTERPRETATION IN CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
Authors: Jones R. G. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn catchments where the climatic conditions are conducive to a high soil erosion hazard, soil and land classification surveys and engineering measures designed to protect the land against the erosive action of stormwater run‐off are an essential preliminary to correct land use. This paper stresses the importance of air photo‐interpretation in the execution of these surveys and discusses some of its specific applications to soil and water conservation engineering practices. Also examined are the basic types of interpretation equipment required.
SUPER‐WIDE ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY AND ITS APPLICATION WITH VARIOUS TECHNIQUES
Authors: Eden J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome of the advantages and disadvantages of super‐wide angle photography are discussed. Special reference is made to photography of an area in Bechuanaland, when airborne profile recorder and horizon camera were used in conjunction with aerial photography. Data from these ancillary aids were used in the subsequent adjustment procedure. The paper concludes with an account of analytical bridging using super‐wide angle photography and a monocomparator.
IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING PROBLEM AREAS IN SOIL EROSION SURVEYS USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Jones R. G. B. , Keech M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGully erosion has for many years been a problem in Rhodesia1s Tribal Trust Lands.This paper describes how Soil Conservation Service staff, with no previous ground knowledge of these areas, used good quality 1/25,000 scale aerial photographs to measure the extent of the gully erosion and to pinpoint erosion “black spots.” This enabled quick and reliable estimates of the cost of reclamation work to be made without the need for time‐consuming field survey.The survey method discussed is capable of wide application wherever gully erosion occurs and needs to be brought under control.
A COMPARISON OF AERIAL FILMS IN THE STUDY OF THE BREIDAMERKUR GLACIER AREA, ICELAND
Authors: Welch R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the summer of 1965, colour, false colour, infra‐red and panchromatic photography was flown of the Breidamerkur Glacier area in south‐east Iceland. Subsequent comparative interpretation studies of the film types have indicated that colour photography is superior for the interpretation of glacierized† areas. This is attributed to brightness qualities and a continuous colour tone range, which, in this instance, closely matched visual representation of ground objects.The false colour film, due to the striking tonal qualities of vegetation and moisture, is considered best for studies involving the delimitation of these features. Panchromatic film appears to be satisfactory for general interpretation work, particularly where the utmost in definition is called for. The infra‐red film, because of the dark tones produced by gravels and the subsequent high contrasts between ice and gravel debris on the ice surface, is considered a poor choice for the interpretation of glacierized areas.
THE THEORY OF THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE STEREOGRAM
Authors: Miles M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe theory of the solution of the stereogram is developed from the condition that the vector triangle, formed by the base‐line and the two rays from the perspective centre to a common model point, shall be in equilibrium. Using this approach the unique definition of a point in the model follows naturally from the solution of the relative orientation problem.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC OBSERVATIONS
Authors: van der Weele A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to be able to predict the accuracy which may be expected from an aerial triangulation adjustment, it is required that the observed quantities (parallaxes and co‐ordinates) should be introduced with their proper weight and correlation coefficients. After a review of the present knowledge of these coefficients for the usual photogrammetric observations, the conclusion is reached that this knowledge is inadequate for the purpose. Further research in this field is recommended.
SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NON‐TOPOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Atkinson K. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquipment manufactured in connexion with the special applications of photogrammetry has developed from very early designs, often with remarkably few changes. The first section of the paper traces this evolution up to the present time.Architectural photogrammetry has been, since Meydenbauer, one of the most important of these special applications and the second part describes some recent work of this type in England and Jordan.
ACCURACY OF HEIGHTING FROM VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHY OBTAINED BY HELICOPTER
Authors: Cheffins O. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperimental photography at scales up to 1 : 500 has been taken and analysed, subsequently, using Zeiss C8 and Wild A8 instruments. Results indicate that a 25 mm contour interval may be achieved on reliable surfaces, such as roads and aerodrome runways.
THE USE OF AIRBORNE AUXILIARY DATA IN THE RIGOROUS LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF A BLOCK OF AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Miles M. J. , Smith A. D. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe problem of incorporating airborne auxiliary data into an aerial triangulation block adjustment is considered. The conclusion is reached that this problem can be most readily solved by the use of a fully rigorous adjustment method. The first order adjustment equations for all types of airborne auxiliary control are developed and the method of incorporating these equations into the block solution is demonstrated. The general computing problems of the aerial triangulation block adjustment are briefly discussed and a method outlined for the incorporation of tie strips, at any angle across the block, into the adjustment without unduly increasing the storage requirements for the solution. The problem of correctly weighting the different types of available data is discussed. The paper concludes with a demonstration of the improved accuracy possible if precise aerial triangulation data are combined with apparently crude absolute airborne data.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MAPPING FROM EARTH SATELLITES
Authors: Petrie G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn attempting to assess the possibilities of mapping from earth satellites, various factors which do not occur with aerial photography must be considered. The orbital characteristics of satellites are discussed from the point of view of their effects on photographic scale and coverage and the problems of taking and retrieving photography from satellites are outlined. An evaluation of the possibilities and limitations of mapping from both single and stereoscopic television pictures and normal frame photography is made and the tentative conclusion reached that topographic mapping from earth satellite photography may only be considered seriously for the scales 1 : 250 000 to 1 : 1 000 000 and for a minimum contour interval of 100 m. The economy of this very small‐scale mapping is at present very doubtful in view of the current costs of building and launching a suitable satellite. Any extensive programme of satellite photography for mapping purposes could pose some difficult legal and political problems if the photography was made freely available.
AN EXACT PROCEDURE FOR NUMERICAL ORIENTATION OF A PLOTTING INSTRUMENT
Authors: Harley I. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn exact theory is developed and a method of solution is described for the computation of relative and, if so desired, absolute orientation settings in a plotting instrument. The Ω drum of the plotting instrument is used to remove vertical parallax “in the model” at each of the standard orientation points in turn; this is also done at the control points if the absolute orientation is to be found simultaneously. After removal of parallax at each point, the X, Y, Z settings are recorded. From these data the final instrument settings are computed. The (non‐linear) condition equations are solved using a simplified form of the Newton method generalised to n dimensions. No restrictions are placed on any of the initial settings of the instrument. In view of the continuously increasing ease and speed of access to electronic computers, it seems desirable to ignore all assumptions of small tilts and flat ground which are usually made in order to simplify the arithmetic and to aim instead at an exact solution in one computation.
AIR PHOTOGRAPHS FOR SOIL SURVEY IN LOWLAND ENGLAND: SOIL PATTERNS
Authors: Evans R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEight soil patterns are described which were visible on air photographs and which proved useful when mapping soils. They are of two types; those associated with former estuarine and coastal marshes and those formed during the last Ice Age. Some patterns are best recorded during spring when the ground is bare of crops but others show only as crop patterns during summer.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE NATIONAL SURVEY
Authors: Fagan P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Ordnance Survey makes extensive use of air survey in its mapping programmes at scales of 1 : 1250, 1 : 2500 and 1 : 10 000. A short history of the development of air survey within the Ordnance Survey leads into a description of current methods including the flying, processing and aerial triangulation tasks as well as the plotting of the maps by instrumental or graphical means.
A WORKING METHOD FOR THE CALIBRATION OF PLOTTING INSTRUMENTS USING COMPUTERS
Authors: Dowman I. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods of testing and adjusting photogrammetric plotting instruments are reviewed and the precision of traditional simple methods is investigated. Practical tests confirm the theoretical results and suggest the most efficient methods for determining the co‐ordinates of the perspective centre, the principal distance and the adjustments necessary to the interior orientation. These methods are incorporated in a procedure for testing instruments using either a large computer or a desk top computer. It is concluded that an improvement in accuracy and efficiency can be obtained by using redundant observations and a computer to handle the mathematical adjustment.
CONTROLLING A 1:2500 SCALE ORTHOPHOTOMAPPING PROJECT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Cheffins O. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrthophotomaps at 1 : 2500 scale, contoured at 1 m vertical intervals, have been produced for an area of 52 km2 from 1 : 10 000 scale photography especially flown for the project. Planimetric and height information on published Ordnance Survey 1 : 2500 scale maps was used as control for the aerial triangulation on which the orthophotomapping was based.
AN AUTOMATIC METHOD FOR HEIGHT PROFILE DETERMINATION
Authors: Masry S. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper describes a method for the automatic determination of height profiles in the stereomodel. The model is scanned automatically in epipolar planes. The photographic densities are recorded. The density values are correlated, either on or off line, to obtain the height profiles. The method was developed for the analytical plotter but can be applied to other photogrammetric instruments.
AIRFLOW PATTERNS FROM PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF WINDBLOWN TIMBER
Authors: Weir M. J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAerial photography may be used to quickly locate and measure the extent and severity of forest damage due to windblow. This paper describes such an application in a small area of semi‐natural woodland in central Scotland after the “Great Gale” of 14th and 15th January, 1968. A 1 : 2000 scale map, showing the location and direction of fall of each windblown tree, suggests certain relationships between topography and the severity of woodland damage and gives considerable information on the airflow pattern existing over the area during the gale.
EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE EXTENDED MATHEMATICAL MODEL IN BUNDLE BLOCK ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Salmenpeäa H. 
Published: July 2010

RésuméThe Photogrammetric Society s'honore d'avoir reçu la Visite en mars 1974 du directeur du congrès de la SIP. L'exposé du professeur Halonen a traité de plusieurs aspects de l'actuelle recherche finlandaise en photogrammétrie. A noter le rapport contenant les contributions de deux de ses collègues, J. Hakkarainen et H. Salmenperä sur les problèmes de distorsion et de compensation de blocs.Zusammenfassung Im Mërz 1974 hatte die Photogrammetric Society die Ehre, den Kongressdirektor der IGP zu empfangen. In einem Vortrag befasste sich Prof. Halonen mit Problemen der gegenwärtig in Finnland durchgeführten photogrammetrischen Forschungsarbeiten. Der folgende Bericht enthält Beiträge seiner zwei Kollegen, J. Hakkarainen und H. Salmenperä, über besondere Probleme der Objektivverzeichnung und Blockausgleichung.
SECOND ORDER CORRECTIONS TO PHOTOGRAPHIC CO‐ORDINATES
Authors: Thompson E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is shown in this paper that relatively simple means may be used to eliminate the effect of second order terms in formulae for corrections to photographic co‐ordinates on tilted photographs.RésuméOn montre qu'on peut par des moyens, somme toute, simples éliminer les effets des termes du 2ème ordre dans les formules de correction des coordonnées‐clichés relatives aux photographies inclinées.ZusammenfassungIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass mit relativ einfachen Mitteln der Einfluss von Gliedern 2.Ordnung in den Korrekturformeln für die Bildkoordinaten in geneigten Luftbildern eliminiert werden kann.
SEMI‐AUTOMATED TRANSFORMATION TECHNIQUES FROM SINGLE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Garner J. B. , Heptinstall S. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper outlines a technique for plotting from single aerial photographs. The technique, based on the continuous recording of photograph co‐ordinates, is clearly no substitute for more conventional photogrammetric plotting. It is, however, an extremely useful method for plotting detail which has been interpreted from aerial photography, particularly where the accuracy with which the detail may be identified is not very great. The technique requires relatively inexpensive equipment and can be applied by those who have little or no knowledge of photogrammetric principles.RésuméOn décrit une technique de restitution à partir de photographies isolées. A vrai dire, cette technique basée sur l'enregistrement en continu des coordonnées‐cliché n'est pas un substitut à la restitution classique. C'est plutôt une très intéressante méthode de restitution de détails identifiés sur photos aériennes et pour lesquels on ne désire pas une trop grande précision. L'appareillage est peu coûteux et peut être utilisé même par des gens n'ayant que très peu de connaissances en photogrammétrie.ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird ein Auswerteverfahren für Einzelbilder skizziert. Die auf der kontinuierlichen Registrierung von Bildkoordinaten basierende Methode ist jedoch kein Ersatz für die Standardauswerteverfahren. Sie ist aber sehr nützlich bei der Auswertung von Einzelheiten, die in Luftbildern interpretiert wurden, besonders dann, wenn die Genauigkeitsanforderungen nicht sehr hoch sind. Die Methode erfordert eine relativ billige Ausriistung und kann auch von denen angewendet werden, die nur geringe oder gar keine Kenntnisse in Photogrammetrie haben.
A NATURAL RESOURCE EVALUATION OF ERTS‐1 IMAGERY OF THE CENTRAL AFAR REGION IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Parry D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSystem corrected multispectral imagery of the Central Afar region in Ethiopia provided by the ERTS‐1 satellite was evaluated for the purposes of natural resource inventory under the headings of geology, vegetation, soils and land use. The methods and results of image interpretation are discussed in detail and the following general conclusions may be drawn. The ERTS‐1 imagery provides a synoptic view of the region that is very nearly orthographic. A colour composite print of multispectral bands 4, 5 and 7 is superior to any of the individual black and white bands for natural resource interpretation. Exploratory soil, vegetation and land use maps and reconnaissance geological maps can be constructed rapidly. The small percentage of forest and agricultural land in this particular area enhances the geological value of the image. Satellite imagery is a valuable addition to the more conventional forms of aerial photography for agricultural studies provided that the study area covers at least 10 000 km2. Ground control was acquired between October 1972 and May 1973.
SPATIAL INTERSECTION
Authors: Shmutter B. , Perlmuter A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method for computing a spatial intersection of an arbitrary number of rays is demonstrated. The method assumes that the intersection is performed after the photographs have been oriented. It can be used to advantage in various problems, especially when dealing with the determination of coordinates of a point from more than two photographs. The co‐ordinates are computed from an adjustment procedure and they refer to a point whose weighted distances from the respective rays are minimised, thus basing the whole solution on a sound geometrical principle. In addition, the method permits the derivation of accuracy estimates for the solved values.