bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimized high‐resolution contrast‐enhanced hepatobiliary imaging at 3 tesla: A cross‐over comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadoxetic acid
Authors: Frydrychowicz Alex , Nagle Scott K. , D'Souza Sharon L. , Vigen Karl K. , Reeder Scott B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) performance of 0.05 mmol/kg gadoxetic acid and 0.1 mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine for dynamic and hepatobiliary phase imaging. In addition, flip angles (FA) that maximize relative contrast‐to‐noise performance for hepatobiliary phase imaging were determined.Materials and Methods:A cross‐over study in 10 volunteers was performed using each agent. Imaging was performed at 3 Tesla (T) with a 32‐channel phased‐array coil using breathheld 3D spoiled gradient echo sequences for SNR and CNR analysis, and for FA optimization of hepatobiliary phase imaging.Results:Gadobenate dimeglumine (0.1 mmol/kg) had superior SNR performance during the dynamic phase, statistically significant for portal vein and hepatic vein in the portal venous and venous phase (for all, P < 0.05) despite twice the approved dose of gadoxetic acid (0.05 mmol/kg), while gadoxetic acid had superior SNR performance during the hepatobiliary phase. Optimal FAs for hepatobiliary phase imaging using gadoxetic acid and gadobenate dimeglumine were 25–30° and 20–30° for relative contrast liver versus muscle (surrogate for nonhepatocellular tissues), and 45° and 20° (relative contrast liver versus biliary structures), respectively.Conclusion:Gadobenate dimeglumine may be preferable for applications that require dynamic phase imaging only, while gadoxetic acid may be preferable when the hepatobiliary phase is clinically important. Hepatobiliary phase imaging with both agents benefits from flip angle optimization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of static magnetic fields on cognition, vital signs, and sensory perception: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Heinrich Angela , Szostek Anne , Nees Frauke , Meyer Patric , Semmler Wolfhard , Flor Herta 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTo evaluate whether cognitive processes, sensory perception, and vital signs might be influenced by static magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which could pose a risk for health personnel and patients, we conducted a meta‐analysis of studies that examined effects of static magnetic fields. Studies covering the time from 1992 to 2007 were selected. Cohen's d effects sizes were used and combined in different categories of neuropsychology (reaction time, visual processing, eye‐hand coordination, and working memory). Additionally, effects of static magnetic fields on sensory perception and vital signs were analyzed. In the category “neuropsychology,” only effects on the visual system were homogeneous, showing a statistically significant impairment as a result of exposure to static magnetic fields (d = −0.415). Vital signs were not affected and effects on sensory perceptions included an increase of dizziness and vertigo, primarily caused by movement during static magnetic field gradient exposures. The number of studies dealing with this topic is very small and the experimental set‐up of some of the analyzed studies makes it difficult to accurately determine the effects of static magnetic fields by themselves, excluding nonspecific factors. The implications of these results for MRI lead to suggestions for improvement in research designs. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How to obtain a reliable structural characterization of polished graphitized carbons by Raman microspectroscopy
Authors: Ammar M. R. , Rouzaud J.‐N. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA series of graphitized carbon materials, produced by the pyrolysis of an anthracene‐based coke at temperatures ranging from 1600 to 2900 °C, were studied by Raman microspectroscopy to assess the applicability of this technique to the particular case of polished carbon materials. The polishing process was shown to change significantly the first‐order Raman spectra (D band intensity increase) and therefore to induce unacceptable errors in the characterization of the intrinsic structure of these materials. The deconvolution of Raman spectra, related to the unpolished graphitized carbons at varying temperatures, highlighted a linear relationship between the intensity ratio ID/IG and the G band width. Thus, as the latter appears to be insensitive to the polishing, we highly recommend using it for a reliable assessment of the intrinsic structural disorder of polished carbon materials. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmaceutical polymorphs quantified with transmission Raman spectroscopy
Authors: McGoverin Cushla M. , Hargreaves Michael D. , Matousek Pavel , Gordon Keith C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe quantification of polymorphs in dosage forms is important in the pharmaceutical industry. Conventional Raman spectroscopy of solid‐state pharmaceuticals may be used for this, but it has some limitations such as sub‐sampling and fluorescence. These problems can be mitigated through the use of transmission Raman spectroscopy (TRS). The efficacy of TRS measurements for the prediction of polymorph content was evaluated using a ranitidine hydrochloride test system. Four groups of ranitidine hydrochloride‐based samples were prepared: three containing form I and II ranitidine hydrochloride and microcrystalline cellulose (spanning the ranges 0–10%, 90–100% and 0–100% form I fraction of total ranitidine hydrochloride), and a fourth group comprising form I ranitidine hydrochloride (0–10%) spiked commercial formulation. Transmission and conventional Raman spectroscopic measurements were recorded from both capsules and tablets of the four sample groups. Prediction models for polymorph and total ranitidine hydrochloride content were more accurate for the tablet than for the capsule systems. TRS was found to be superior to conventional backscattering Raman spectroscopy in the prediction of polymorph and total ranitidine hydrochloride content. The prediction model calculated for form I content across the 0–100% range was appropriate for process control [ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) equal to 14.62 and 7.42 for tablets and capsules, respectively]. The 10% range calibrations for both form I and total ranitidine hydrochloride content were sufficient for screening (RPDs greater than 2.6). TRS is an effective tool for polymorph process control within the pharmaceutical industry. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Text Mining for Drugs and Chemical Compounds: Methods, Tools and Applications
Authors: Vazquez Miguel , Krallinger Martin , Leitner Florian , Valencia Alfonso 
Published: July 2011

AbstractProviding prior knowledge about biological properties of chemicals, such as kinetic values, protein targets, or toxic effects, can facilitate many aspects of drug development. Chemical information is rapidly accumulating in all sorts of free text documents like patents, industry reports, or scientific articles, which has motivated the development of specifically tailored text mining applications. Despite the potential gains, chemical text mining still faces significant challenges. One of the most salient is the recognition of chemical entities mentioned in text. To help practitioners contribute to this area, a good portion of this review is devoted to this issue, and presents the basic concepts and principles underlying the main strategies. The technical details are introduced and accompanied by relevant bibliographic references. Other tasks discussed are retrieving relevant articles, identifying relationships between chemicals and other entities, or determining the chemical structures of chemicals mentioned in text. This review also introduces a number of published applications that can be used to build pipelines in topics like drug side effects, toxicity, and protein‐disease‐compound network analysis. We conclude the review with an outlook on how we expect the field to evolve, discussing its possibilities and its current limitations.
Bioactive Molecules: Perfectly Shaped for Their Target?
Authors: Wirth Matthias , Sauer Wolfgang H. B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this study, we examined target subsets extracted from the MDL Drug Data Report (MDDR)1 to identify specific molecular shape profiles that are representative for compounds active on those targets. Normalized Principal Moments of Inertia Ratios (NPRs)2 have been used to describe molecular shape of small molecules in a finite triangular descriptor space. The clustering behavior of the MDDR target subsets in a cell‐based triangular system shows a significant difference compared to randomly sampled datasets and proves the capability of the NPR descriptor to provide information. For some of the target subsets, certain parts of the descriptor space are unlikely to be occupied by bioactive compounds. All analyzed datasets show a generally biased distribution of molecular shapes: the majority of their compounds exhibit a rod‐like character. The influence of the employed 3D conformer generators on this distribution has been assessed as well as the capability of multiple conformations of compounds to increase the shape space covered.
SketchSort: Fast All Pairs Similarity Search for Large Databases of Molecular Fingerprints
Authors: Tabei Yasuo , Tsuda Koji 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSimilarity networks of ligands are often reported useful in predicting chemical activities and target proteins. However, the naive method of computing all pairwise similarities of chemical fingerprints takes quadratic time, which is prohibitive for large scale databases with millions of ligands. We propose a fast all pairs similarity search method, called SketchSort, that maps chemical fingerprints to symbol strings with random projections, and finds similar strings by multiple masked sorting. Due to random projection, SketchSort misses a certain fraction of neighbors (i.e., false negatives). Nevertheless, the expected fraction of false negatives is theoretically derived and can be kept under a very small value. Experiments show that SketchSort is much faster than other similarity search methods and enables us to obtain a PubChem‐scale similarity network quickly.
The Earliest Case of Spondylocarpotarsal Synostosis Syndrome (Roman Age—2nd Century ad)
Authors: Rubini M. , Cerroni V. , Zaio P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSpondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome (SCT) is a rare genetic disease. It was described for the first time during the 1970s. The most relevant pathognomonic skeletal changes are vertebral malsegmentation and the fusion of the carpal and tarsal bones. This last implication can be absent in some cases. We have investigated a case of SCT in a female of about 40–45 years of age, dated to the 2nd century ad. This discovery is important for two reasons: first, SCT is not a recent disease but rather one with a very long history; second, the clinical picture of the skeletal changes (malsegmentation of some elements of the spine, fusion of carpal bones) seems not to have varied in the last 2000 years. Furthermore, the age of the Roman female shows medium–long survival in patients suffering from SCT, even in the absence of medical treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses and optoelectronic properties of quinoxaline polymers: The effect of donor unit
Authors: Sendur Merve , Balan Abidin , Baran Derya , Toppare Levent 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTuning the bandgap of electrochromic polymers is one of the important research topics in electrochromism. To understand clearly the effect of donor unit in donor–acceptor–donor‐type polymers, 2,3‐bis(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐5,8‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)quinoxaline and 2,3‐bis(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐5‐(2,3‐dihydrothieno[3,4‐b][1,4]dioxin‐ 5‐yl)‐8‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)quinoxaline were synthesized and polymerized potentiodynamically. Their electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies were performed, and the results were compared with those of poly(2,3‐bis(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐5,8‐bis(2,3‐dihydrothieno[3,4‐b][1,4]dioxin‐5‐yl)quinoxaline) (Gunbas et al., Adv Mater 2008, 20, 691–695). A blue shift in the polymer π–π* transitions revealed that the bandgap of such polymers with the same acceptor unit is related to the electron density of donor units. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis of double‐hydrophilic block copolymers via combination of oxyanion‐initiated polymerization and polymer reaction for fabricating magnetic target gene carrier
Authors: Zhang Shihua , Gu Zixu , Hao Ying , Zhang Mingzu , Ni Peihong 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this work, we have synthesized a polycation and a polyanion via a combination of oxyanion‐initiated polymerization and polymer reaction, and then developed a novel approach to prepare a controlled magnetic target gene carrier with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as core and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segment as corona via layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly and shell‐crosslinking. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were first modified by poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) via radical polymerization. The resulting MNPs were used to compact deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) through LbL assembly, involving four steps: (1) the binding of DNA to the polycation PDMAEMA on the surface of MNPs; (2) the produced particles in Step 1 with negative charge interacting with additional polycation ethoxy group end‐capped PDMAEMA (EtO‐PDMAEMA) homopolymer, leading to a positive charge surface; (3) using carboxyl group (‐COO‐) of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) in a diblock copolymer (MePEG2000‐b‐PMAASH) as polyanion, which has partial mercapto groups (‐SH) in PMAA segment, to interact with the particles produced in Step 2; (4) the shell of the composite nanoparticle was crosslinked by oxidizing the ‐SH groups of the MePEG2000‐b‐PMAASH to form disulfide linkage (SS). All the processes of LbL assembly were investigated by agarose gel retardation assay and zeta potential measurements. The in vitro cytotoxicity analysis proves that polyions/DNA MNPs have excellent properties and potential applications as gene carriers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Polyester from dimethylketene and acetaldehyde: Direct copolymerization and β‐lactone ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Brestaz Marc , Desilles Nicolas , Le Guillaume , Bunel Claude 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTwo ways to obtain aliphatic polyesters (PEs) from dimethylketene and acetaldehyde were investigated. On the one hand, a direct anionic copolymerization was carried out in toluene at −60 °C. The resulting polymer was mainly composed of PE units. On the other hand, a two‐step process involving the synthesis of 3,3,4‐trimethyl‐2‐oxetanone by [2+2] cycloaddition, followed by its ring‐opening polymerization, with various initiators and solvents, led to the expected PE. Molecular weights up to 9000 g mol−1 (measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)), with narrow polydispersity around 1.2, were obtained. These polymers were found stable up to 274 °C under nitrogen and a broad and complex endothermic peak attributed to crystallinity was observed near 139 °C by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystallinity, measured by X‐ray diffraction, was close to 0.45. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Utilization of New Non‐toxic Substances as Stabilizers for Nitrocellulose‐Based Propellants
Authors: Fryš Ondřej , Bajerová Petra , Eisner Aleš , Skládal Jan , Ventura Karel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPropellants consisting of nitrocellulose (NC) and/or other nitrate esters are inherently chemically unstable and undergo decomposition even under standard storage conditions. Decomposition of such compounds can be inhibited or nearly stopped when stabilizers are used. However, conventional stabilizers form nitrosamines that have toxic and carcinogenic effects. As a result, these conventional stabilizers should be replaced as soon as possible.A series of NC‐based propellants doped with different novel manufactured stabilizers were investigated using microcalorimetry, conventional stability tests, and sensitivity tests. The results were compared with propellants containing the conventional stabilizer Akardite II. The chemical structure of these new stabilizers and their decomposition products do not enable the formation of toxic N‐nitrosamines.
The advection–condensation model and water‐vapour probability density functions
Authors: Sukhatme Jai , Young William R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe statistically steady humidity distribution resulting from an interaction of advection, modelled as an uncorrelated random walk of moist parcels on an isentropic surface, and a vapour sink, modelled as immediate condensation whenever the specific humidity exceeds a specified saturation humidity, is explored with theory and simulation. A source supplies moisture at the deep‐tropical southern boundary of the domain and the saturation humidity is specified as a monotonically decreasing function of distance from the boundary. The boundary source balances the interior condensation sink, so that a stationary spatially inhomogeneous humidity distribution emerges. An exact solution of the Fokker–Planck equation delivers a simple expression for the resulting probability density function (PDF) of the water‐vapour field and also the relative humidity. This solution agrees completely with a numerical simulation of the process, and the humidity PDF exhibits several features of interest, such as bimodality close to the source and unimodality further from the source. The PDFs of specific and relative humidity are broad and non‐Gaussian. The domain‐averaged relative humidity PDF is bimodal with distinct moist and dry peaks, a feature which we show agrees with middleworld isentropic PDFs derived from the ERA interim dataset. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Sequence variability in two mitochondrial DNA regions and internal transcribed spacer among three cestodes infecting animals and humans from China
Authors: Dai R.S. , Liu G.H. , Song H.Q. , Lin R.Q. , Yuan Z.G. , Li M.W. , Huang S.Y. , Liu W. , Zhu X.Q. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSequence variability in two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely cytochromecoxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nad4), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA among and within three cestodes,Spirometra erinaceieuropaei,Taenia multicepsandTaenia hydatigena, from different geographical origins in China was examined. A portion of thecox1 (pcox1),nad4 genes (pnad4) and the ITS (ITS1+5.8S rDNA+ITS2) were amplified separately from individual cestodes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Representative amplicons were subjected to sequencing in order to estimate sequence variability. While the intra-specific sequence variations within each of the tapeworm species were 0–0.7% for pcox1, 0–1.7% for pnad4 and 0.1–3.6% for ITS, the inter-specific sequence differences were significantly higher, being 12.1–17.6%, 18.7–26.2% and 31–75.5% for pcox1, pnad4 and ITS, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the pcox1 sequence data revealed thatT. multicepsandT. hydatigenawere more closely related to the other members of theTaeniagenus, andS. erinaceieuropaeiwas more closely related to the other members of theSpirometragenus. These findings demonstrated clearly the usefulness of mtDNA and rDNA sequences for population genetic studies of these cestodes of socio-economic importance.
Bismuth iodoform paraffin paste: a review
Authors: Crossland G J , Bath A P 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIntroduction:This article reviews the literature pertaining to bismuth iodoform paraffin paste.Overview:Bismuth iodoform paraffin paste is used in most otolaryngology departments on a daily basis. Questions about its properties are common in postgraduate otolaryngology examinations. This article reviews bismuth iodoform paraffin paste's current and historical usage, constituents, properties, side effects, and radiographic properties, and its alternatives in otological and rhinological practice.
An unfortunate case of Pendred syndrome
Authors: Sanei-Moghaddam A , Wilson T , Kumar S , Gray R 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjective:To report a patient with Pendred syndrome who developed life-threatening hypokalaemia as an unpredicted consequence of implant-induced imbalance and alcohol dependency, leading to multiple cardiac arrests.Setting:Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.Method:Case report and review of the English language literature concerning Pendred syndrome and cochlear implantation in Pendred syndrome patients.Result:Pendred syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder which mainly affects the inner ear, thyroid and kidneys. It accounts for 10 per cent of syndromic hearing loss cases. The majority of Pendred syndrome patients are referred to cochlear implant programmes for hearing assessment and therapy. They may also have an underlying metabolic abnormality which is not clinically apparent.Conclusion:Providing cochlear implants to patients with Pendred syndrome demands extensive knowledge of this condition, in order to avoid potential morbidity.
Malleo-incudal osteoma: an unexpected finding during surgery for presumed otosclerosis
Authors: Ramdoo K , Dale O T , Herdman R C D 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjective:To report a rare case of a symptomatic malleo-incudal osteoma, and to highlight the difficulties in making the clinical diagnosis.Method:Case report and literature review.Results:Malleo-incudal osteoma is a rare cause of unilateral conductive hearing loss. Its symptoms may mimic those of other otological causes of conductive hearing loss, such as otosclerosis.Conclusion:This case report highlights the challenges involved in establishing a clinical diagnosis of malleo-incudal osteoma. It also emphasises the importance of assessing the mobility of the divided ossicular chain during a planned stapedectomy.
Robert Falcon Scott: a Tasmanian connection
Authors: Quilty Patrick G. , Winter Gillian 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe Edge Anglican church (originally St Alban's) in the northern Hobart suburb of Claremont has above its main altar a triptych stained glass window, a memorial to Robert Falcon Scott R.N. New information suggests that the designer/manufacturer was Auguste Fischer of Melbourne, a close associate of the church's architect, Alan Cameron Walker of Hobart. The window was promised by Mrs Edith Knight at the laying of the foundation stone of the church in July 1913, five months after Scott's death became known to the world. Lady Ellison-Macartney attended the ceremony. She was Scott's sister and wife of the recently appointed governor of Tasmania, Sir William Ellison-Macartney. Other members of Scott's family were also living in Hobart at the time. The Ellison-Macartneys and their daughter Esther attended the dedication of the window on 17 October 1915. Admiral E.R.G.R. Evans, second in command of Scott's expedition, spoke to The Royal Society of Tasmania on 29 March 1930, on the topic of Scott's last Antarctic venture.