bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of N Depth and Application Rate on Yield, Protein Content, and Quality of Winter Wheat1
Authors: Cochran V. L. , Warner R. L. , Papendick R. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProviding a supply of N to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after heading may offer a means for increasing grain protein content without the need to apply fertilizer in excess of requirements for maximum yield for fhis procedure to be practical in the winter rainfall climate of the Pacific Northwest, the N at grain fill must be deep in the profile, where water is being absorbed. An experiment was conducted on Mesic Calciorthidic Hap. loxerolls (Ritzville silt loam) in dryland eastern Washington to determine the effect of N depth and application rate on yield, grain protein content, and flour quality of ‘Nugaines’ and ‘Wanser,’ a soft white and a hard red winter wheat, respectively. Nitrogen was placed shallow (less than 50 cm depth) at 55 or 110 kg/ha or deep (60 t0 120 cm depth or deeper) at 55, 110, and 220 kg/ha. Deep placement was achieved by applying Ca(NO3)2, irrigating with 12 cm of water prior to fall planting, and relying on deeper movement from overwinter precipitation. For the shallow placement, the N was applied in late winter of the crop year. All plots received a broadcast application of 35 kg N/ha as (NH4)2SO4 before planting. Maximum grain yields were approached with 55 kg N/ha, and excess N remained in the profile at the higher application rates for both placements. Depth of N did not affect grain yield or protein content when the shallow soil layers were moist much of the time during spring and early summer from above‐normal precipitation. However, with more typical conditions where the upper 1 m of soil was relatively dry at heading, yield and grain protein content of Nugaines wheat and grain protein content of Wanser wheat was increased significantly from deep N placement. Also, deep placement of 55 kg N/ha caused higher gain protein levels than with 110 kg N/ha placed shallow. For the hard red wheat, only flour of grain from the deep‐placed N exceeded minimum bread‐baking standards. All soft white wheat treatments except the 220 kg N/ha application exceeded minimum pastry quality standards, but the highest quality was with the shallow N placement. Thus, in the low precipitation areas of the Northwest, deep N placement may improve quality of hard winter wheat; but it may adversely affect the quality of soft white wheat.
Uptake of N by Grass from Septic Fields in Three Soils1
Authors: Brown K. W. , Thomas J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe N component of septic tank effluent could increase the concentration of nitrate in the groundwater. This study was conducted to determine the ability of vegetation to take up N from the soil surrounding septic lines, to minimize the movement of N to the groundwater. Six replications of three soils were enclosed in large undisturbed monolith lysimeters each containing a septic line. The soils had percolation rates of 25.4, 3.8, and <0.3 cm per hour and represented the range of those generally used for septic tank effluent disposal. The N content of the effluent was measured weekly and applications of effluent were made daily at rates based on the percolation tests. Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) was harvested on three occasions representing a period of 1 year. Harvesting was done in strips above and adjacent to the field to determine the horizontal distribution of uptake. Grass uptake was equivalent to 9%, 32%, and 46% of the N applied to the soils which had percolation rates of 25.4, 3.8, and <0.3 cm/hour. Thus, the percent uptake was inversely related to the amount of N applied per unit area. The largest fraction was taken up from the soil which received the least amount of effluent. Uptake decreased rapidly with distance from the septic line, such that at a distance of 60 cm from the edge of the line the uptake approached that from the unfertilized native soil. These results indicate the possibility of utilizing vegetation to remove some of the N applied to septic fields, particularly from large fields which are installed in slowly permeable soils. It is suggested that physical removal of the grass would be necessary to achieve the desired effect.
Seed Size and Seeding Rate Effects upon Stand Density and Yield of Alfalfa1
Authors: Cooper C. S. , Ditterline R. L. , Welty L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLegume seedlings from seed of different sizes compete with one another in pure seedings, usually to the detriment of smaller seedlings. We seeded variable rates of sized‐seed at Bozeman, Mont., to determine if less competition would permit lowering the seeding rate of alfalfa. We screened alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed to small, medium, and large sizes weighing 160, 210, and 256 mg/100 seed respectively, and also made up a composite of the three sizes. We planted seed of each size at seeding rates of 1.1, 2.2, 4.5, and 9.0 kg/ha into a Bozeman silt loam (Agric‐Pachic Cryoboroll) soil in the field and measured seedling emergence and survival and yield in the year following seeding. Number of seedlings that emerged and number of plants that survived the second year were closely related to seeding rate. Percentage of planted seeds, resulting in mature plants from two separate plantings, decreased with increased seeding rate due to more intraplant competition. More seedlings emerged from small seed, or from the seed composite of all sized‐seeds, than from medium or large seeds. Seed size did not affect yield in the year of seeding or the year following. A seeding rate as low as 1.1 kg/ha at one location and 2.2 kg/ha at a second location gave maximum yield in the year following seeding.Our data showed no advantage of sizing seed. Seedling density was as good or better with small or composited seed as with large seed at the same seeding rate.
Seasonal Trends of in vitro Dry Matter Digestibility of N‐Fertilized Bermudagrass and of Orchardgrass‐Ladino Pastures1
Authors: Fribourg H. A. , Barth K. M. , McLaren J. B. , Carver L. A. , Connell J. T. , Bryan J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImproved cultivars of warm‐season grasses, such as ‘Midland’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] can produce much forage during the summer. However, weight gains by growing beef animals grazing Midland pastures, even when these are well‐managed, may be unsatisfactory in some months. In this study, the quality of grazable forage available to yearling beef steers, was measured at frequent intervals by in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD).Pastures of ‘Midland’ bermudagrass grown at four levels of N fertilization (0, 112, 224, 448 kg N/ha/year in three equal applications) were grazed by yearling beef steers and compared to common bermudagrass (C. dactylon var. dactylon) fertilized with 112 kg N/ha/year in three equal applications, and to a mixture of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.).The IVDMD of forage samples obtained at 2‐week intervals from mid‐April to mid‐September was determined for 3 consecutive years. The data were reduced to polynomial equations describing the regression of IVDMD on elapsed days of grazing. These equations were used to generate predicted IVDMD for a 160‐day grazing Season. Fertilization with N increased the seasonal mean IVDMD of Midland, but only the IVDMD of Midland‐448 was significantly greater than that of Midland‐0. Significant decreases in IVDMD from April to September were observed in each treatment (50.8 to 37.7, 54.3 to 33.7, 56.6 to 34.2, 57.1 to 34.9, 49.8 to 40.2, and 69.2 to 58.3% for Midland‐0, −112, −224, −448, Common‐112, and 0rc.‐Lad., respectively).
Sodium, Potassium, and Zinc Relationship in Corn1
Authors: Shukla U. C. , Mukhi A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationships among Na, K, and Zn in corn (Zea ma,s L.) nutrition are not well understood. A greenhouse experiment was conducted by growing corn (‘Vijay’) for 45 days as an indicator crop. Treatments were Na (0, 50, and 250 ppm), K (0, 50, and 250 ppm), and Zn (0, 5, and 10 ppm) applied in all possible combinations, and replicated three ames. Sodium decreased shoot dry matter yield K, and Ca concentration, and increased Na concentration. Magnesium and Zn concentrations were not influenced by Na when Zn was applied. Potassium generally reduced the effectiveness of Na and Zn treatments, increased K concentrations, and decreasd Ca, Mg, and Na concentration. Zinc decreased the effectiveness of K and Na treatments, and increased yield, and Zn, K, and Mg concentration. At low levels of K, application of 10 ppm and Zn decreased Na and Ca concentration. A triangular relationship was evident among Na, K, and Zn, depressing each others effectiveness on growth and tissue concentrations. The adverse effect of Na on plant growth was attributed to its antagonistic relationship with Ca, K, and Zn in plants and increased salinity and alkalinity hazards in the soil.
Nitrogen Balance in Urine‐affected Areas of a New Zealand Pasture1
Authors: Ball Roger , Keeney D. R. , Thoebald P. W. , Nes P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe high rates of urine‐N deposited during grazing offers the potential for considerable N loss through volatilization, leaching, and denitrification. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the magnitude and pathways of N transformations and losses under warm, moist conditions. Urine was applied to 3‐m2 plots in a ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)‐white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture at 300 or 600 kg N/ha. These rates simulate the urine affected area of sheep and cattle, respectively. Ammonia volatilization, inorganic N in the soil profile, symbiotic nitrogen fixation (by acetylene reduction assay), and herbage N yields were measured over 53 days. Four days after application from 30 to 35% of the added N could not & accounted for as either soil mineral N or volatilized NH3‐N. Ammonia‐N evolution was rapid only for the first 2 days, and I5 to 18% of the N was volatilized as NH3. Profile NH4‐N was completely nitrified by 21 days. Considerable amounts of the applied N was lost from the 0 to 45 cm profile by 53 days. Since rainfall and irrigation exceeded estimated evapotranspiration, leaching of NO3‐N is the probable loss mechanism. The apparent recovery of N in herbage was 37 and 22% of that added. Acetylene reduction was substantially less in the urine‐treated swards. From 30 to 35% of the urine‐N was not accounted for as inorganic N early in the experiment; immobilization and rapid leaching of urine below 45 cm are probable loss mechanisms. The experiment indicated that in a warm, moist environment, typical of late spring‐early summer in New Zealand, more than half of the N in urine voided by sheep or cattle can be lost, and that an intensively grazed grass‐legume system is far from a closed system, or cycle, with respect to N.
Interpretation of Foliar Analyses for Diagnostic Purposes1
Authors: Sumner M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe precision and flexibility of various foliar techniques in making valid diagnoses of mineral imbalances in plants have seldom been critically evaluated. This paper compares the classical critical value approach with the newer Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) in evaluating diagnoses from the same sets of data. The critical value and sufficiency range norms for various crops are presented and from these, DRIS indices are calculated for comparative purposes. Although the norms for both approaches depart from essentially similar reference points, the DRIS approach is able to make diagnoses meaningfully over a range of plant ages and can classify the order in which nutrients limit yield. Comparisons of diagnostic precision between the two systems are made using data from various field experiments with corn, (Zea mays L.), soybeans (Glycine max L.), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). These comparisons are achieved by comparing yields on treatments with and without a particular nutrient which has been diagnosed as being limiting. A yield increase when the particular nutrient is applied indicates that the diagnosis was correct and vice versa, Overall, DRIS is superior to the critical value approach in that it is able to make valid diagnoses more frequently because variations due to tissue age are taken into account.
Influence of Slope Position on Nitrogen Fixation and Yield of Dry Peas1
Authors: Mahler R. L. , Bezdicek D. F. , Witters R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSlope position and aspect are known to influence soil temperature and moisture which have a direct bearing on yield of agronomic crops. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of soil slope on yield and N2 fixation by dry peas (Pisum sativum L.) in the field and to determine the effectiveness of isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum taken from various slopes on N2 fixation by peas in the greenhouse. From N2(C2H2)‐fixation rates conducted weekly in three positions of a Palouse catena; bottomland (Xeric Argialbolls) south slope, (Ultic Argixerolls), and ridgetop (Pachic Haploxerolls), total seasonal N2(C2H2) fixed was estimated at 69, 22, and 17 kg/ha of N, respectively. For peas growing on the bottomland, south slope and ridgetop, plant N uptake was 210, 99, and 75 kg/ha of N, respectively. Pea seed yields of 2,106, and 480 kg/ha on the bottomland and ridgetop, respectively, were related to the amount of water depleted in the soil profile of 21.6 and 8.9 cm, respectively. Higher yield and greater N2 fixation by peas growing on the bottom slope were apparently related to greater root penetration and removal of water.Greater plant N and dry matter were obtained in the greenhouse when peas were inoculated with isolates from the north slope when compared with isolates from other slopes. No differences were noted in pea growth and N2 fixation between isolates from the bottomland, south slope and ridgetop, which suggested that differences in N2 fixation and yield observed in the field were not related to efficiency of the microsymbiot
Sulfur Nutrition of Rice. II. Effect of Source and Rate of S on Growth and Yield Under Flooded Conditions
Authors: Blair Graeme J. , Momuat E. O. , Mamaril C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSulfur deficiencies are widespread in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and responses to S have been recorded in rice, corn, and pastures in various parts of the province. The major fertilizers used in Indonesia are urea and triple superphosphate (TSP) and the continued use of these matenals has led to declining rice yields in some areas.Field experiments were conducted at three sites in South Sulawesi to study the effect of S source (gypsum, ammonium sulfate, elemental S) and rate (0 to 80 kg S/ha) on grain production in flooded rice.Sulfur deficiency in rice results in a marked reduction in tiller numbers. At one site panicle number was reduced from 14.9 per hill where 80 kg S/ha was applied down to 4.1 per hill in the S0 treatment.Yield responses to S were recorded at all three sites and gypsum, ammonium sulfate and elemental S were equally effective in increasing yield when applied at transplanting. Elemental S applied 20 days before transplanting was less effective than elemental S applied at transplanting.
Rooting Depth of Kentucky Bluegrass Sod as Measured by N Absorption1
Authors: Peterson L. A. , Newman R. C. , Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBluegrass (Poa patensis L.) is used widely in temperate areas to establish a turf, and a large proportion is started from sod. Data on rate and extent of Bluegrass root development after sodding are not available; therefore, this research was initiated to study the depth of root development from pure Kentucky bluegrass for an extended period after sodding. In a field study on a Plano silt loam (Typic Arguidoll), nine plastic bags each containing 227 g of NH4NO3, (33‐0‐0) were placed uniformly in a m2 area at different soil depths before sodding. Soil placement depths of the N bags were 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5, and 45 cm. Each bag contained eight pinholes for slow release for N over an extended period. Root activity was associated with N uptake from the different soil depths. Bluegrass roots penetrated to 7.5 and 15 cm shortly after sodding and developed to 30, 37.5, and 45 cm by the third, fourth, and fifth growing seasons, respectively. It is concluded that bluegrass roots are actively absorbing nutrients to a much greater soil depth than previously reported and that the root system in relation to soil depth becomes more extensive with time.
Harvest Index of Corn Affected by Population Density, Maturity Rating, and Environment1
Authors: DeLougherty Richard L. , Crookston R. Kent 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHarvest index (HI) is one of the indices currently used to evaluate a crop's partitioning efficiency. The objective of this study was to determine how the HI of fieldgrown corn (Zea mays L.) was affected by changes in population density and relative maturity (RM) of hybrids. Plots were established at three locations. Ten hybrids (two from each of five RM groups) were grown at five population densities at each location. The Minnesota maturity groups represented were 75, 90, 105, 120, and 135 RM. Populations were 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 thousand plants/ha. Substantially different environments (drought vs. normal) developed among the locations during the study. This provided an opportunity to also observe the effect of environment on HI.The adapted hybrids (105 RM) planted at a normal production density (50,000 plants/ha) had an average HI of 0.39 (range = 0.32 to 0.47) over all environments. At each location, the maximum HI value was 0.50. As plants encountered increasing stress, they partitioned less and less dry matter into grain, eventually producing only stover.Increasing population density resulted in significant decreases in HI at all locations. Differences in RM did not consistently affect HI, although the latest maturing hybrids did have decreased indices. The HI of corn appeared to be affected more by environment than by either population density or relative maturity. Harvest index and grain yield exhibited high positive correlations in the stress environment (r = 0.96), but were weakly correlated in the nonstress environment (r = 0.28). Also, harvest indices obtained in one environment had no predictable relationship to grain yields in a different environment. We thus conclude that population density, and especially environment, must be taken into consideration when evaluating HI information.
Effect of Nitrapyrin on Nitrification of Broadcast‐applied Urea, Plant Nutrient Concentrations, and Corn Yield1
Authors: Touchton J. T. , Hoeft R. G. , Welch L. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of nitrification inhibitors offers a method for decreasing initial nitrification rates and subsequently decreasing nitrate losses from soil. Thus, the use of inhibitors should increase N uptake and corn (Zea mays L.) yield in years when soil moisture conditions favor N losses. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrapyrin applied with broadcast applications of urea on nitrification, plant nutrient concentrations, and corn yield. Urea (0 to 268 kg/ha N) and nitrapyrin (0 and 2.24 kg/ha) were applied to a somewhat poorly drained soil (Flanagan silt loam ‐ Typic Hapludoll) in the spring and fall of 1975 and spring of 1976. Soils were sampled to a depth of 45 cm and plant tissue samples were taken at first silk and at physiological maturity.Nitrapyrin was effective in decreasing nitrification rate of both fall‐ and spring‐applied N. Fall‐applied N without nitrapyrin was nitrified by mid‐March, but when nitrapyrin was added an average of 12% of the added N was recovered as ammonium from the top 15 cm of the soil in early June. More ammonium‐N was recovered from the soil in early June when N was applied in the fall with nitrapyrin than in the spring without nitrapyrin. While nitrate accumulations were found at a depth of 45 cm when urea without nitrapyrin was applied in the fall, nitrate did not accumulate below the 15‐cm depth when urea was applied in the fall with nitrapyrin or in the spring with or without nitrapyrin. Nitrapyrin did not affect the concentration of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, B, and Mn in the ear leaf, grain, or stover, but increased the concentration of Fe in the ear leaf by 10%. Nitrapyrin added with 67 kg/ha fall‐applied N increased concentration of N in the ear leaf by 15%. When applied with spring‐N, nitrapyrin increased the spring‐N concentration in the stover and grain by 13 and 17%, respectively. Nitrapyrin applied with 134 kg/ha spring N increased the N concentration in the ear leaf by 14'% but decreased the concentration in the grain by 11%. Nitrapyrin increased grain yield by 27% when applied with 67 kg/ha fall‐N, but decreased yield by 70%, when applied with 134 kg/ha spring‐N.
Plowing Effect on Corn Yield Response to N Following Alfalfa1
Authors: Triplett G. B. , Haghiri F. , Van Doren D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeadow crops traditionally are destroyed and incorporated into the soil for grain crop production by moldboard plowing. With no‐tillage crop production, vegetation is destroyed with herbicides and remains physically undisturbed. Such changes in management practices could influence release of nitrogen to the grain crop that follows. An experiment was designed to evaluate the response of corn grown for grain to N fertilizer rates under plowed and non‐tilled conditions on a Wooster silt loam, a fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic typic Fragiudalf soil. Nitrogen at rates of 0, 28, 56, 112, and 168 kg/ha was applied to corn (Zea mays I,.) following an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) meadow and planted with either no‐tillage or into soil that was moldboard plowed. In a field experiment of 3‐year duration, corn yield was increased by added N only in 1 year at the 56 kg/ha N level. No interaction of tillage and N rate occurred, indicating tillage was not necessary to release N contained in the legume crop. During one growing season with adequate amounts of rainfall, corn yields greater than 90 quintals/ha were produced without added N. Meadows containing an excellent stand of legumes are capable of supplying most, if not all, of the N needs for the grain crop that follows. This was true for rotation studies reported in the 1930's and 1940's when corn yields of 40 to 60 quintals/ha were common and seems to be true today when yield levels are almost double.
Root Characteristics of Corn Genotypes as Related to P Uptake1
Authors: Schenk M. K. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant utilization of P applied to soils is usually low. Utilization may be increased by having more roots present or by improving P uptake characteristics of the roots. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of varying corn (Zea mays L.) root characteristics, by using different genotypes, on P uptake and to determine if the Claassen‐Barber simulation model predicted these differences accurately. Five corn genotypes were grown in the growth chamber in soil at two levels of P and harvested a three ages. Increasing P level increased shoot yield of all genotypes, but had little effect on the amount of roots. The root surface area per unit of shoot weight varied between genotypes at low soil P but not at high soil P. Wih high soil P here was a linear correlation with r = 0.98 and a slope of 0.97 between P uptake predicted by the simulation model and observed P uptake. At low soil P observed P uptake was double the predicted uptake, however, the correlation was r = 0.90. Root hair effects, not included in the simulation model, were probably the reason for the greater observed P uptake at low soil P. Differences between genotype in morphological and physiological root characteristics in. fluenced the amount of P absorbed by corn plants. It appears that genotypes could be developed that would be more efficient in absorbing P from soil.