bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface and internal structure correlation: high‐voltage and scanning electron microscopies of wholemount alveolar walls of human lung
Authors: BASTACKY J. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryWe found that the high‐voltage electron microscope (HVEM) operating at 1–5 MeV was able to transilluminate and form a focused transmission image of whole‐mounts of alveolar walls from human lung, a tissue sufficiently thin to require no embedment and sectioning. Resultant micrographs resembled a composite of scanning and transmission electron microscope images: surface and internal structure of the alveolar wall were visualized in a single micrograph.Although the scanning electron microscope extracts some subsurface information in the secondary electron mode, the HVEM produced better images of both surface and subsurface features.Lungs were fixed, dehydrated, critical point dried, and metal coated as for conventional scanning electron microscopy, then individual alveolar walls were excised by hand and mounted on transmission electron microscope grids. Regions of the alveolar wall up to 10 μm thick were delineated with the high‐voltage electron microscope.Cell surface characteristics were correlated with cell type as identified by underlying cell internal structure. Whole white blood cells within capillaries of the alveolar wall were identified by the configuration of their nuclei. Features of the nucleus and surface of alveolar type II cells were recorded simultaneously. Whole red blood cells were imaged within intact capillaries that branched and wove from one alveolar surface to the other.HVEM analysis of excised alveolar septa allows definitive correlation of surface and underlying structures in single micrographs of broad portions of the alveolar wall and is an alternative to embedment, microtomy and serial section reconstruction for this uniquely thin tissue.
Direct‐view microscopy: optical sectioning strength for finite‐sized, multiple‐pinhole arrays
Authors: McCABE E. M. , FEWER D. T. , OTTEWILL A. C. , HEWLETT S. J. , HEGARTY J. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryDirect‐view microscopes use multiple‐aperture arrays in the source and detector planes. We develop a theory for brightfleld and fluorescence direct‐view microscopy which allows us to determine the optical sectioning strength for finite‐sized, multiple‐pinhole arrays with an arbitrary distribution of apertures. We specialize to the cases of square, hexagonal and interleaving Archimedean spiral arrays and consider the implications of the array configuration on both the optical sectioning strength and the light budget.
The estimation of the Euler‐Poincare characteristic from observations on parallel sections
Authors: OHSER J. , NAGEL W. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryAn unbiased estimator of the Euler‐Poincaré characteristic (Euler number) of an arbitrary object or a random structure, respectively, is given. The estimator is based on joint observations of pairs of parallel section profiles. Thus the present paper extends the use of Sterio's disector from counting particles to determining the Euler number for a wide class of probes. The correctness of the given formulae is proved with mathematical strictness. Furthermore, the feasibility of the method is illustrated by an example from materials sciences.
An iterative algorithm for cell segmentation using short‐time Fourier transform
Authors: WD HAI‐SHAN , BARBA J. , GIL J. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryIn this paper, an iterative cell image segmentation algorithm using short‐time Fourier transform magnitude vectors as class features is presented. The cluster centroids of the magnitude vectors are obtained by the K‐means clustering method and used as representative class features. The initial image segmentation classifies only those image pixels whose surrounding closely matches a class centroid. The subsequent procedure iteratively classifies the remaining image pixels by combining their spatial distance from the regions already segmented and the similarities between their corresponding magnitude vectors and the cluster centroids. Experimental results of the proposed algorithm for segmenting real cell images are provided.
A focusing algorithm for high magnification cell imaging
Authors: WU HAI‐SHAN , BARBA J. , GIL J. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryAn algorithm to produce a uniformly focused image in digital acquisition of high magnification light microscopy images is presented. In very high magnification microscopic imaging the specimen surface cannot be considered ideally flat so that capturing a single image frame is usually not sufficient to capture an image that is focused everywhere. An image formation model for light microscopic images is presented, and based on this model an algorithm to construct a uniformly focused image is presented. The algorithm requires that multiple frames of the image at different focal planes be processed to combine their information to obtain an estimated of the desired image which is more completely focused than any of the individual frames. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is very effective in approximating the desired image in high magnification microscopic imaging and highly robust comparing to the gradient method.
Laser pressure catapulting followed by B actin gene identification in Japanese quail macrochromosomes and microchromosomes using teflon‐coated coverslip slides
Authors: MCNALLY L. R. , HENK W. G. , COOPER R. K. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryLaser microdissection of individual mammalian chromosomes (> 2 µm) has been achieved though the use of a microscope slide coated with a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) membrane. Although these slides have proved sufficient for larger chromosomes, they are insufficient for small chromosomes (< 1 µm). We have developed a new type of slide which allows laser microdissection of single Japanese quail microchromosomes (0.5 µm) and macrochromosomes (3–4 µm). To test the usefulness of these slides, a Japanese quail single nucleus, a macrochromosome, and a microchromosome were collected with Laser pressure catapulting, the B‐actin gene was PCR amplified, and sequenced. The resulting PCR product was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing to be B‐actin. These newly developed slides were shown to facilitate the laser microdissection of both Japanese quail macrochromosomes and microchromosomes.
Analysis of spatial cross‐correlations in multi‐constituent volume data
Authors: RACK A. , HELFEN L. , BAUMBACH T. , KIRSTE S. , BANHART J. , SCHLADITZ K. , OHSER J. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryWe investigate spatial cross‐correlations between two constituents, both belonging to the same microstructure. These investigations are based on two approaches: one via the measurement of the cross‐correlation function and the other uses the spatial distances between the constituents. The cross‐correlation function can be measured using the fast Fourier transform, whereas the distances are determined via the Euclidean distance transform. The characteristics are derived from volume images obtained by synchrotron microtomography. As an example we consider pore formation in metallic foams, knowledge of which is important to control the foam production process. For this example, we discuss the spatial cross‐correlation between the pore space and the blowing agent particles in detail.
A quantitative morphological analysis of nanostructured ceria–silica composite catalysts
Authors: MOREAUD M. , JEULIN D. , THOREL A. , CHANE‐CHING J. Y. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThis study aims at examining the morphology of different catalysts, which are based on a dispersion of ceria nanoparticles embedded in a high surface area mesoporous silica framework. In order to fully describe the mesostructured composite material, we propose here a quantitative description of the microstructure based on a quantitative analysis of micrographs that were obtained via high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. We have therefore developed an automatic image analysis process in order to automatically and efficiently extract all the components of the catalyst images. A statistical and a morphological analysis of the spatial arrangement of the components of the catalyst are also presented. The study shows clear differences between the materials analysed in terms of the spatial arrangement and the total surface area of the ceria phase emerging into the pores, parameters of prime importance for the catalytic properties. Thus, the silica–ceria nanostructured composite materials, displaying large surface area up to 300 m2 g−1 are shown to exhibit highly rugged surfaces resulting from ceria nanoparticles emerging in the pores.
Canny optimization technique for electron microscope image colourization
Authors: SIM K.S. , TSO C.P. , TING H.Y. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryImages of scanning electron microscope are usually in the monochrome mode. A simple and user‐friendly approach is proposed to improve the mechanical contrast of the scanning electron microscope grey images. Also, most colourization techniques involve image segmentation or region tracking, which tend to degrade the image with fuzzy or complex region boundaries. A technique is proposed, which is a hybrid between the Canny edge detection technique and the optimization technique. Compared with existing methods, the new Canny optimization technique gives satisfactory results for scanning electron microscope images.
The structure of 1D CuI crystals inside SWNTs
Authors: KISELEV N.A. , ZAKALYUKIN R.M. , ZHIGALINA O.M. , GROBERT N. , KUMSKOV A.S. , GRIGORIEV YU. V. , CHERNYSHEVA M.V. , ELISEEV A.A. , KRESTININ A.V. , TRETYAKOV YU.D. , FREITAG B. , HUTCHISON J.L. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryNanocomposites consisting of one‐dimensional CuI crystals inside single‐walled carbon nanotubes were obtained using the capillary technique. high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy investigations of the atomic structure of the encapsulated 1D CuI crystals revealed two types of 1D CuI crystals with growth direction <001> and relative to the bulk hexagonal CuI structure. Atomic structure models were proposed based on the high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images. According to the proposed models and image simulations, the main contrast in the 1D crystal images arises from the iodine atoms whereas copper atoms, with lower atomic number giving lower contrast, are thought to be statistically distributed.
Decrease in laser ablation threshold for epithelial tissue microsurgery in a living Drosophila embryo during dorsal closure
Authors: THAYIL A.K.N , PEREIRA A. , MATHEW M. , ARTIGAS D. , BLANCO E. MARTÍN , LOZA‐ALVAREZ P. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryIn this work, we use a two‐photon fluorescence microscope for combined imaging and laser tissue ablation of a living Drosophila Melanogaster embryo. By using tightly focused near‐infrared femtosecond pulses at MHz repetition rate and of sub‐nanojoule energy we are able to produce microsurgery on the epithelial tissue within a Drosophila embryo at the final stages of its embryonic development. Ablation was performed on labelled and unlabelled embryos during and after dorsal closure. We observed that ablation of GFP‐labelled tissue required lower energy deposition than unlabelled tissue ensuring that the tissue ablation is mediated by multiphoton absorption of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). In addition, the energy deposition to produce ablation is further decreased during dorsal closure. These results show the presence of additional tensile forces on the tissue during dorsal closure. Furthermore, an increased activity of actin near the laser wounds was observed as the tissue heals.
Application of channel electron multipliers in an electron detector for low‐voltage scanning electron microscopy
Authors: HEJNA J. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryAn electron detector containing channel electron multipliers was built and tested in the range of low‐voltage scanning electron microscopy as a detector of topographic contrast. The detector can detect backscattered electrons or the sum of backscattered electrons and secondary electrons, with different amount of secondary electrons. As a backscattered electron detector it collects backscattered electrons emitted in a specific range of take‐off angles and in a large range of azimuth angles enabling to obtain large solid collection angle and high collection efficiency. Two arrangements with different channel electron multipliers were studied theoretically with the use of the Monte Carlo method and one of them was built and tested experimentally. To shorten breaks in operation, a vacuum box preventing channel electron multipliers from an exposure to air during specimen exchanges was built and placed in the microscope chamber. The box is opened during microscope observations and is moved to the side of the scanning electron microscope chamber and closed during air admission and evacuation cycles enabling storing channel electron multipliers under vacuum for the whole time. Experimental tests of the detector included assessment of the type of detected electrons (secondary or backscattered), checking the tilt contrast, imaging the spatial collection efficiency, measuring the noise coefficient and recording images of different specimens.
The chord length transform and the segmentation of crossing fibres
Authors: SANDAU K. , OHSER J. 
Published: September 2010

SummarySegmentation of crossing fibres is a complex problem of image processing. In the present paper, various solutions are presented basing on tools of morphological image processing. Two new image transforms are introduced – the lineal distance transform and the chord length transform. Both transforms are applied to two‐dimensional images and their results are three‐dimensional images. Thus, the segmentation problem originally formulated for crossing fibres observed in a two‐dimensional image can be reformulated as a segmentation problem in a three‐dimensional image. This can be solved by a segmentation in the three‐dimensional image. Algorithms for the lineal distance transform and the chord length transform are given and their use in image analysis is demonstrated. Furthermore, the chord length distribution function of the foreground of a binary image can efficiently be estimated via the chord length transform.
Usefulness and economic evaluation of ADSL‐based live interactive teledermatology in areas with shortage of dermatologists
Authors: Dekio Itaru , Hanada Eisuke , Chinuki Yuko , Akaki Tatsuya , Kitani Mitsuhiro , Shiraishi Yuko , Kaneko Sakae , Furumura Minao , Morita Eishin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  To overcome the problem of maldistribution of dermatologists in rural areas, live interactive teleconsultation systems are being used in some countries. However, these systems are not in common use because few evaluations on their efficiency and economic viability were reported.Methods  We constructed an easy‐to‐use asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)‐based live interactive teleconsultation system and conducted 150 trial sessions between two rural hospitals and Shimane University Hospital. The clinical usefulness and economic advantages of this system were evaluated using data obtained from the trials.Results  The system efficiently captured images at a resolution sufficient for specialized consultations: follicular openings were visible in the images obtained from a distance of 2 m. This system is more advantageous than a conventional clinic if the following condition is fulfilled: y≤ 6.00 x−3.86 [x, time required for one‐way travel (h); y, time required for consultation (h)]. Our two lines in trial fulfilled this condition.Conclusions  Asymmetric digital subscriber line‐based live interactive teleconsultation technology is beneficial in many rural hospitals that do not have a dermatologist.
Muco‐cutaneous manifestations in 178 renal transplant recipients
Authors: Khosravi Masoud , Golchai Javad , Mokhtari Gholamreza 
Published: September 2010

Khosravi M, Golchai J, Mokhtari G. Muco‐cutaneous manifestations in 178 renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 395–400. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Introduction:  Mucosal membrane and skin can be affected by immunosuppressive drug(s) and immunosuppression itself. The spectrum of muco‐cutaneous lesions can range from malignancy at one end to infection, iatrogenic lesions, and esthetic effects on the other end.Method:  In Razi Hospital of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, a cross‐sectional study for the detection of muco‐cutaneous lesions in 178 renal transplant recipients (RTRs) was conducted from the years 2001 to 2006. Biopsy and skin scraping according to the type of skin lesions were performed.Results:  A total of 31 RTRs (25%) had normal skin. Iatrogenic lesions were the most common (70%) followed by infectious lesions (57%), and miscellaneous skin lesions were exhibited by 26% of the patients. Among the iatrogenic skin lesions, gingival hyperplasia was the most common lesion (48%), followed by hypertrichosis and acne. Malignant lesions (biopsy proven) were recorded in seven patients (5%). Four patients were found to have Kaposi’s sarcoma, and three patients were identified with basal cell carcinoma.Conclusion:  Our results showed that muco‐cutaneous lesions are crucial problems with RTRs. Attending physicians must pay close attention to skin care regularly and consider reduction of immunosuppression to a safe level, and patient must have self‐checkups.
Effect of mixed mutans streptococci colonization on caries development
Authors: Seki M. , Yamashita Y. , Shibata Y. , Torigoe H. , Tsuda H. , Maeno M. 
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To evaluate the clinical importance of mixed mutans streptococci colonization in predicting caries in preschool children.Methods:  Caries prevalence was examined twice, with a 6‐month interval, in 410 preschool children aged 3–4 years at baseline. A commercial strip method was used to evaluate the mutans streptococci score in plaque collected from eight selected interdental spaces and in saliva. Mutans streptococci typing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays (Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans, including serotypes c, e, and f) were performed using colonies on the strips as template.Results:  Twenty variables were examined in a univariate analysis to predict caries development: questionnaire variables, results of clinical examination, mutans streptococci scores, and PCR detection of S. sobrinus and S. mutans (including serotypes c, e, and f). Sixteen variables showed statistically significant associations (P < 0.04) in the univariate analysis. However, when entered into a logistic regression, only five variables remained significant (P < 0.05): caries experience at baseline; mixed colonization of S. sobrinus and S. mutans including S. mutans serotypes; high plaque mutans streptococci score; habitual use of sweet drinks; and nonuse of fluoride toothpaste.Conclusion:  ‘Mixed mutans streptococci colonization’ is a novel measure correlated with caries development in their primary dentition.
Characterization ofSerratia marcescensisolates from subgingival biofilm, extraoral infections and environment by prodigiosin production, serotyping, and genotyping
Authors: Barbosa F. C. B. , Irino K. , Carbonell G. V. , Mayer M. P. A. 
Published: September 2010

Introduction: Serratia marcescensis widely distributed in nature, and has emerged in the last years as an important nosocomial pathogen. The organism may also be found in subgingival biofilm in periodontitis patients. This study aimed to verify the subgingival prevalence ofS. marcescensin different periodontal conditions and to evaluate whether the oral cavity would harbor strains similar to those causing infectious diseases.Methods: The subgingival occurrence ofS. marcescenswas determined in 334 subjects. The phenotypic and genotypic diversity of 23 isolates from subgingival biofilm, 22 from extra‐oral infections and 10 environmental strains, was compared by prodigiosin production, O and H serotyping and genotyping using polymorphic GC‐rich repetitive sequences–polymerase chain reaction.Results: S. marcescenswas found more frequently in severe periodontitis patients (4.1%) than in gingivitis (3.2%) and healthy subjects (2.5%), but these differences were not statistically significant. Analysis of serotype distribution, prodigiosin production, and genotyping revealed that environmental strains were markedly different from most human isolates, either oral or extraoral.Conclusion: These data suggest thatS. marcescensisolates from subgingival biofilm are not just contaminants from the environment, but that the oral cavity may act as a reservoir of strains able to promote human infections. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the role of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
Novel subgingival bacterial phylotypes detected using multiple universal polymerase chain reaction primer sets
Authors: de Lillo A. , Ashley F. P. , Palmer R. M. , Munson M. A. , Kyriacou L. , Weightman A. J. , Wade W. G. 
Published: September 2010

Introduction:  Molecular ecological analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis is well established for the characterisation of complex bacterial communities. However, ‘universal’ PCR primers can introduce biases into the analysis of the species composition of clone libraries because of mismatches between the primer and target organism sequences. In this study, three universal primer sets were compared for the analysis of the microflora in subgingival plaque.Methods:  Three subgingival plaque samples were collected from two subjects with localised severe chronic periodontitis. Half of each sample was cultured while DNA was extracted from the remaining half and 16S rDNA amplified with universal primer pairs 27F, 1525R (A); 27F, 1492R (B) and 530F, 1525R (C). Amplified genes were cloned, sequenced and identified by comparison with 16S rRNA databases.Results:  137 taxa were identified among 177 isolates and 417 clones sequenced. Of these, 86 were detected only by the molecular technique whereas 26 were found only by culture. Sequences from 81 taxa did not correspond to those of named species and of these, 38 were not represented in the nucleotide databases. 16S RNA genes for these 38 taxa were sequenced and deposited with GenBank.Conclusion:  The use of three sets of universal primers allowed the identification of 38 novel bacterial phylotypes. There were marked differences in the composition of the libraries generated by the different primer sets. A combination of molecular and cultural techniques is recommended to maximise the coverage of detection of bacterial taxa in oral samples.