bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red blood cell use outside the operating theater: a prospective observational study with modeling of potential blood conservation during severe blood shortages
Authors: Joseph Bridgid G. , Hendry Catrina , Walsh Timothy S. 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: National guidance recommends planning for future blood shortages, but few studies have evaluated how reduced demand could be achieved acutely.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A trained observer collected data concerning red blood cell (RBC) transfusion events outside the operating theater during 68 hours of blood bank monitoring over 7 weeks. Data were gathered at the patients' bedside from clinical staff and charts. Transfusions were classified according to the presence of bleeding and medical specialty (medical, surgical, other). Hemoglobin (Hb) transfusion triggers, RBCs transfused, and posttransfusion Hb values were collected. Evidence‐based scenarios were used to model the potential RBC savings that could be achieved if acute shortages occurred, incorporating ischemic heart disease as a potential decision modifier.RESULTS: A total of 83 patients received 100 transfusion events, comprising 207 RBC units, during the sampling periods. The relative use of RBC units across specialties was as follows: medical, 74%; surgical, 22%; and other, 4%. For medical and surgical patients, respectively, 31 and 10% of all RBC units were transfused for anemia without evidence of bleeding, and 38 and 12% were transfused for non–life‐threatening bleeding. Eight‐five percent of all patients who received transfusions had stable vital signs before transfusion. Our model suggested that only 11% of RBCs would be conserved by cancellation of major surgery, whereas 23% to 47% of all RBCs could be conserved by controlling transfusions to medical patients.CONCLUSION: In institutions with patterns of blood use similar to ours, control of transfusions to medical patients is the most effective response to acute blood shortages.
Alloantibodies against low‐frequency human platelet antigens do not account for a significant proportion of cases of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: evidence from 1054 cases
Authors: Ghevaert Cedric , Rankin Angela , Huiskes Elly , Porcelijn Leendert , Javela Kaija , Kekomaki Riitta , Bakchoul Tamam , Santoso Sentot , Nutland Sarah , Smyth Deborah J. , Smith Graham A. , McBride Simon , Watkins Nicholas A. , Ouwehand Willem H. 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Maternal alloantibodies against the five common human platelet antigen (HPA) systems (HPA‐1 to ‐3, ‐5, and ‐15) are found in only 20% of cases referred for fetal and neonatal thrombocytopenia (FMAIT) investigations. The question asked was whether mismatches for the remaining 11 low‐frequency HPAs (HPA‐4 and ‐6bw to ‐17bw) might in part explain the remaining 80% of cases.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 1054 paternal DNA samples from referred FMAIT cases (among which 223 cases where antibodies against a common HPA were found) were genotyped for 11 low‐frequency HPAs as well as a recently discovered polymorphism (ITGA2B‐C2320T). The initial genotyping was carried out by TaqMan and potential heterozygotes were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Clinical and serologic data were collected for each case with a heterozygote father.RESULTS: In total, eight heterozygous fathers were identified: four for HPA‐6w, one each for HPA‐10w and ‐11w, and two for HPA‐12w. Maternal antibodies against the corresponding antigen were identified in four of the eight cases. In two of these cases, antibodies against HPA‐1a and HPA‐1b were also found.CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the minor alleles of HPA‐4 and ‐6bw to ‐17bw are exceptionally rare in the Caucasian population and therefore do not explain the large number of FMAIT referrals which test negative for the common HPA antibodies.
An experimentally induced host shift in a seed beetle
Authors: Messina Frank J. , Mendenhall Michelle , Jones Jake C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMany insects use a fairly well‐defined set of host plants, but are occasionally observed on an atypical host. The seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) has rarely been reported to attack lentil, which is distantly related to its usual legume hosts. An initial assay of an Asian beetle population revealed that none of the 100 larvae entering lentil seeds survived to adult emergence. Nevertheless, three attempts at mass selection, in which more than 2 000 adults were added to lentil seeds, eventually yielded self‐sustaining populations. In each case, a severe bottleneck was followed by a rapid increase in survival, which exceeded 65% after only five generations and surpassed 85% in <20 generations. Subsequent large‐scale experiments indicated that survival in lentil is initially <2% and that most larvae die before they have completely entered a seed. The only potential trade‐off associated with rapid adaptation to lentil was a modest increase in the time required to develop in the ancestral host, mung bean. Reciprocal crosses between a lentil‐adapted line (F10) and a mung‐bean line produced offspring with intermediate survival, very long development times, and small size. Although the Asian population has been kept under uniform laboratory conditions for more than 200 generations, it appears to maintain rare alleles that permit the colonization of an extremely poor host. Such standing genetic variation can account for the sporadic appearance of unusual ‘biotypes’ among herbivorous insects.
Prey preference of Orius sauteri between Western Flower Thrips and spider mites
Authors: Xu Xuenong , Enkegaard Annie 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPrey preference of polyphagous predators plays an important role in the suppression of various species of pest insects. In this study, the prey preference of Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) between deutonymphs of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and second instars of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and the influence of spider mite density on the preference were examined in the laboratory in three‐dimensional set‐ups at 25 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5% r.h. The results showed that the predatory bug in the presence of equal densities of the two prey species had a clear preference for thrips (preference index β: 0.86 ± 0.02), consuming 7.2 thrips larvae and 1.5 spider mite deutonymphs during the experimental periods of 6 h. The number of thrips consumed by O. sauteri did not change when the density ratio of thrips to spider mites was decreased from 1:1 to 1:5. Predation on spider mites increased when their ratio to thrips increased, but the disproportionate predation (i.e., the functional response) of O. sauteri towards spider mites resulted in a linear increase in the preference for F. occidentalis. The possible implications of these findings for the suppression of spider mites by O. sauteri in relation to the recent invasion of F. occidentalis into China are discussed.
Variability in the behavioural responses of three generalist herbivores to the most abundant coumarin in Daphne laureola leaves
Authors: Alonso Conchita , García Isabel M. , Zapata Nelson , Pérez Ricardo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe evaluated the responses of three generalist herbivores (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to the most abundant coumarin in young leaves of spurge‐laurel, Daphne laureola L. (Thymelaeaceae), a perennial shrub consistently fed upon by several noctuid species. Pseudenargia ulicis Staud and Noctua janthe Borkhausen are natural herbivores of the species in southeastern Spain, whereas Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval is a model species frequently used to address the antifeedant role of secondary compounds. Discrimination between control and coumarin‐coated D. laureola leaves was investigated by short‐term choice experiments. We found species‐specific behavioural responses to the treatment: P. ulicis preferred the control leaves, whereas S. littoralis did not discriminate between leaf treatments, although it clearly avoided coumarin when incorporated into an artificial diet, and N. janthe preferred the coumarin‐coated leaves. Furthermore, N. janthe larvae reduced consumption when the proportion of treated leaves ingested increased and consumption of S. littoralis larvae was also reduced in coumarin‐containing diet under no‐choice conditions. Our results highlight that different herbivore species feeding simultaneously on the same host plant respond differently to a single chemical defence compound, likely constraining a directional response of the plant to selection.
The effects of cigarette exposure on rat salivary proteins and salivary glands
Authors: Fujinami Y , Fukui T , Nakano K , Ara T , Fujigaki Y , Imamura Y , Hattori T , Yanagisawa S , Kawakami T , Wang P‐L 
Published: June 2009

Objective:  Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of cigarette smoke (CS) and has an adverse impact on oral health. We examined the effect of CS exposure on saliva and salivary glands (SGs).Methods:  Cigarette smoke‐exposed rats were intermittently housed in an animal chamber with whole‐body exposure to CS until killed. Whole saliva was collected before CS exposure (0 day), and 15 and 30 days after the start of CS exposure. Saliva secretion was stimulated by administration of isoproterenol and pilocarpine after anesthesia. SGs were collected on 31 days.Results:  The increase in body weight of the CS‐exposed rats was less than that of the control rats. Salivary flow rates did not differ at 0, 15 or 30 days after the start of CS exposure. However, the amylase and peroxidase activities and total protein content in the saliva were significantly lower in 15‐day CS‐exposed rats than in 15‐day control rats. Histological examination of the SGs of CS‐exposed rats showed vacuolar degeneration, vasodilation and hyperemia.Conclusion:  These results suggest that CS exposure has adverse impacts on salivary composition and SGs, which could aggravate the oral environment.
Micronuclear and sister chromatid exchange analyses in peripheral lymphocytes of patients with oral lichen planus – a pilot study*
Authors: Ergun S , Warnakulasuriya S , Duman N , Saruhanoğlu A , Sevinç B , Öztürk Ş , Özel S , Çefle K , Palanduz Ş , Tanyeri H 
Published: June 2009

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic instability of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients diagnosed with oral lichen planus (OLP) by investigation of frequencies of micronuclei (MN) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE).Materials and Methods:  A total of 22 newly diagnosed and untreated patients with OLP of same severity scores and twenty healthy controls participated in this study. They were all non‐smokers with no previous history or family history of cancer. The periodontal status, flow rate and buffering capacity of whole mouth saliva were recorded. SCE and MN analyses were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of OLP patients and healthy controls.Results:  The frequencies of MN (50.00 ± 22.36) and SCE (6.89 ± 1.48) in OLP patients were found to be significantly elevated compared with that in normal individuals (25.20 ± 9.52 and 5.93 ± 1.31; z = 3.946, P = 0.0001; z = 2.346, P = 0.019). There were no significant differences in the MN frequency and SCE between the two subgroups with reticular or erosive types of OLP.Conclusion:  These pilot data indicate an increased genomic instability in peripheral blood lymphocytes of a cohort of Turkish patients diagnosed with oral lichen planus as compared with that of healthy individuals. As patients with OLP may have an increased or potential risk for oral malignancy, these assays could be used in translational research to monitor beneficial effects of interventions and long‐term prognosis.
Childhood cardiac function after twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome – a 10‐year follow up
Authors: Halvorsen CP , Bilock SL , Pilo C , Sonesson S‐E , Norman M 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim:  To perform a 10‐year follow up of cardiac structure and function after twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) – a severe foetal circulatory complication associated with myocardial hypertrophy in the recipient twin.Methods:  Cardiac dimensions, systolic and diastolic function as assessed by echocardiography including flow and tissue Doppler velocimetry in 22 healthy survivors of TTTS with a mean age of 9.6 (7.2–11.8) years.Results:  The donor and recipient twin did not show any differences in end‐diastolic ventricular size, interventricular septum thickness, diameter of right ventricular outflow tract, cardiac valves, coronary arteries or in systolic blood flow velocities. However, compared with the donors, the recipients had significantly lower E/A ratios because of lower E‐waves in both mitral (−0.15 ± 0.10, p < 0.01) and tricuspid (−0.09 ± 0.07, p < 0.01) valves, indicating reduced early diastolic ventricular fillings compared with donors.Conclusion:  At school age, twins surviving TTTS had a cardiac structure and function within normal range. There were no differences in heart structure or systolic ventricular function between twins but, compared with the donor twin, we found a reduced early diastolic function in the recipient.
Conditioning attentional skills: examining the effects of the pace of television editing on children’s attention
Authors: Cooper NR , Uller C , Pettifer J , Stolc FC 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim:  There is increasing concern about the behavioural and cognitive effects of watching television in childhood. Numerous studies have examined the effects of the amount of viewing time; however, to our knowledge, only one study has investigated whether the speed of editing of a programme may have an effect on behaviour. The purpose of the present study was to examine this question using a novel experimental paradigm.Methods:  School children (aged 4–7 years) were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Each group was presented with either a fast‐ or slow‐edit 3.5‐min film of a narrator reading a children’s story. Immediately following film presentation, both groups were presented with a continuous test of attention.Results:  Performance varied according to experimental group and age. In particular, we found that children’s orienting networks and error rates can be affected by a very short exposure to television.Conclusion:  Just 3.5 min of watching television can have a differential effect on the viewer depending on the pacing of the film editing. These findings highlight the potential of experimentally manipulating television exposure in children and emphasize the need for more research in this previously under‐explored topic.
Acidification of sandy grasslands – consequences for plant diversity
Authors: Olsson Pål Axel , Mårtensson Linda‐Maria , Bruun Hans Henrik 
Published: June 2009

AbstractQuestions: (1) Does soil acidification in calcareous sandy grasslands lead to loss of plant diversity? (2) What is the relationship between the soil content of lime and the plant availability of mineral nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in sandy grasslands?Location: Sandy glaciofluvial deposits in south‐eastern Sweden covered by xeric sand calcareous grasslands (EU habitat directive 6120).Methods: Soil and vegetation were investigated in most of the xeric sand calcareous grasslands in the Scania region (136 sample plots distributed over four or five major areas and about 25 different sites). Environmental variables were recorded at each plot, and soil samples were analysed for exchangeable P and N, as well as limestone content and pH. Data were analysed with regression analysis and canonical correspondence analysis.Results: Plant species richness was highest on weakly acid to slightly alkaline soil; a number of nationally red‐listed species showed a similar pattern. Plant species diversity and number of red‐listed species increased with slope. Where the topsoil had been acidified, limestone was rarely present above a depth of 30 cm. The presence of limestone restricts the availability of soil P, placing a major constraint on primary productivity in sandy soils.Conclusions: Acidification of sandy grasslands leads to reduced abundance of desirable species, although the overall effect is rather weak between pH 5 and pH 9. Slopes are important for high diversity in sandy grasslands. Calcareous soils cannot be restored through shallow ploughing, but deep perturbation could increase the limestone content of the topsoil and favour of target species.
Impact of landscape spatial pattern on liana communities in tropical rainforests at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico
Authors: Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Toledo‐Aceves Tarin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractQuestions:What are the species composition and species and stem densities of liana communities in tropical landscapes of different deforestation levels? Which spatial attributes (forest cover, patch area, shape and isolation) have the strongest influence on liana communities in these landscapes?Location:Forty‐five rainforest patches in Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.Methods:In three landscapes with different deforestation levels (HDL=4%; IDL=11%; and LDL=24% of remaining forest cover) liana communities (DBH ≥2.5 cm) were characterized in 15 randomly selected patches per landscape (10 50 m × 2 m transects per patch=0.1 ha), and evaluated the effects of patch area, shape and isolation on liana species and stem density (number of species and stems per 0.1 ha).Results:A total of 64 taxa and 24 families were sampled. Species composition differed highly among landscapes, with HDL being the most dissimilar landscape. The response of lianas to landscape spatial pattern differed significantly among landscapes. Proximity to villages had a strong positive effect on species and stem densities in LDL and IDL. There was a sharp decrease in liana stem density in HDL, with four patches (27%) found to be unoccupied by lianas.Conclusions:Fragmentation may have a positive effect on lianas, partly because of edge effects. This positive effect seems to be limited by the proportion of remaining forest cover in the landscape, as the liana communities had collapsed in the most deforested landscape.
The Third Man Argument
Authors: Bailey D. T. J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper is a brief discussion of the famous ‘Third Man Argument’ as it appears in Plato's dialogue Parmenides. I mention, criticise and refine the most influential analytic approach to the argument; show that the actual conclusion of the argument is different from the one attributed to it by the majority of scholars; and elaborate two responses to the argument, both of which shed interesting light on the Theory of Forms.
Merleau‐Ponty and the Mystery of Perception
Authors: Carman Taylor 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article offers an overview of the structure and significance of Merleau‐Ponty's phenomenology. Neither a psychological nor an epistemological theory, Merleau‐Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception is instead an attempt to describe perceptual experience as we experience it. Although he was influenced heavily by Husserl, Heidegger, and Gestalt psychology, his work departs significantly from all three. Particularly original is his account of our bodily, precognitive experience of other persons, which he argues is essentially more primitive than any belief or doubt we can raise concerning the contents or even the existence of their minds. I conclude with a discussion of the differences between Merleau‐Ponty's phenomenology and Alva Noë's more recent ‘enactive’ theory of perception.
Knowledge and practices of school foodservice personnel regarding whole grain foods
Authors: Chan Hing Wan , Hesse David , Arndt Elizabeth , Marquart Len 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBased on recent dietary guidance, whole grain foods are being served more frequently in school meals. To examine the knowledge and practices of 43 school foodservice personnel (SFP) from eight school districts, semi‐structured focus groups were conducted regarding whole grain foods. Qualitative data analysis procedures were used to generate common themes. SFP indicated a limited knowledge about whole grain foods, ingredient definitions and use of product label information related to ordering and purchasing. SFP had little awareness of the specific disease‐related health benefits of whole grains. Major barriers related to students' whole grain consumption were less desirable sensory characteristics, a lack of available products and cost. Potential approaches to promote whole grain foods in school cafeterias included gradual introduction, eye appeal and masking taste. This research is beneficial in identifying areas that SFP can improve their knowledge and skills regarding the effective use of whole grain foods in schools.
Silicone poaching pods: do they meet manufacturer's claims?
Authors: Barber Nelson , Broz Charles , Hammond Rhonda , Boyce Janice 
Published: June 2009

AbstractManufacturers are marketing silicone cooking and baking devices (e.g. cake pans) for a variety of foods, and claim these devices are easy to use, stick‐resistant, heat‐resistant, stain‐resistant and dishwasher‐safe. Recent research has reported contrary results from the manufacturers' claims. Silicone Poaching Pods were tested in this study to determine if they are as effective as claimed by manufacturers. Results indicated that in fact Poaching Pods are not easy to use. Egg products stuck to the pods during poaching and there was visible browning on the rim of the baked custards. Finally, the instructions need clarification to avoid potential cooking mistakes.
Modelling of mould/yeast growth on Korean braised lotus root cuts as a primary quality index in storage
Authors: Seo Il , An Duck Soon , Park Jin Pyo , Lee Dong Sun 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMould/yeast growth on Korean braised lotus root cuts, a primary quality deterioration factor for shelf life determination, was monitored during storage at constant temperatures and was modelled as a function of temperature to estimate microbial spoilage under constant and/or dynamic storage conditions expected in a foodservice system. With help of a bootstrapping method to generate many resampled data sets of microbial plate counts, 1000 parameter sets for Baranyi's model in the form of differential equations were estimated. The temperature dependence of the primary model parameters was provided together with their confidence limits. When the temperature‐dependent parameters were incorporated into the differential equations for microbial growth, prediction of mould/yeast count change under constant and fluctuating temperature conditions could be provided with a confidence band close to the experimental data as a useful tool for the shelf life control.
Ethnomethodology and the Non‐representational: What Are Disaffected Young White Men Capable of?
Authors: Loughenbury Rob 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis short review draws together three research trajectories underway in contemporary human geography; ethnographic research with young white men living out changing urban contexts, non‐representational styles of thinking and experiments with ethnomethodological precepts and research practice. The article begins by examining the possibility of rapprochement between non‐representational and ethnomethodological thought. This unlikely meeting is applied to the possibility of an empirical engagement with young white men in Burnley, UK. In his report on the summer 2001 disturbances in Northern England's mill towns, Ted Cantle signals the political problem presented by ‘disaffected’ young white men. However, a generic concept of disaffection presents an obstacle to connecting those men, as capable individuals, to positive political futures. In response, this article speculates that studying the varied affective capacities behind disaffection will multiply the ways in which young white men may be recognised as capable political actors. The meeting of distinctive critiques of empiricism will enable an ethnographic approach well placed to generate understandings of how a variety of capacities to think, feel and act come to matter amid politically unsettled, post‐industrial urban environs.