bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commercial Zinc Oxide (Zn2+) as an Efficient and Environmentally Benign Catalyst for Homogeneous Benzoylation of Hydroxyl Functional Groups
Authors: Tayebee Reza , Cheravi Fatemeh , Mirzaee Mehdi , Amini Mojtaba M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe solvent‐free O‐acylation of some alcohols with benzoyl chloride was carried out to the corresponding benzoylated products in good to excellent yields by the mediation of a catalytic amount (5 mol%) of the commercially available and inexpensive zinc oxide in short reaction times. This methodology represents an eco‐friendly and simple catalytic alternative for benzoylation of primary, secondary, tertiary, and benzylic alcohols with ZnO. This catalytic system was homogeneous because of high solubility of zinc oxide in the reaction medium. Findings showed that ZnO was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, created in situ, after a few minutes. Although, others argued on the catalytic role of solid phase zinc oxide under a heterogeneous condition, it is not surprising to emphasize on the catalytic function of Zn2+ in the benzoylation of alcohols under homogeneous reaction conditions. Zinc oxide served as pre‐catalyst to form Zn2+, as the catalytically active species.
The Immobility of CO2 in Marine Sediments Beneath 1500 Meters of Water
Authors: House Kurt Zenz , Altundas Bilgin , Harvey Charlie F. , Schrag Daniel P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInjecting liquid CO2 into deep‐sea sediments below ca. 3 km of seawater has been suggested for the permanent storage of anthropogenic CO2. At the pressures and temperature found below 3 km of seawater, CO2 becomes denser than seawater and so is likely to remain permanently sequestered in the sediment. Deepwater engineering, however, is expensive and seawater depths of greater than 3 km are often only reached far from shore. Here, we consider the less expensive alternative of injecting CO2 into marine sediments at depths shallower than required for denser‐than‐seawater CO2 storage. We compare the mobility of liquid CO2 that has been injected into deep‐sea reservoirs with the mobility of supercritical CO2 that has been injected into geologically equivalent (i.e., identical porosity, permeability, and effective stress) reservoirs with terrestrial pressure and temperature conditions. We demonstrate that buoyant liquid CO2 with a density of about 90 % that of seawater is sufficiently immobile that it can be considered trapped by gravity and capillarity. In contrast, supercritical CO2 under typical terrestrial conditions is highly mobile and only trapped by the appropriate confining layer in either a structural or stratigraphic trap. As a result of its very high mobility under terrestrial conditions, CO2 injected in an unconfined formation would spread beneath the confining layer to produce a large flat cylindrical‐shaped plume of pure‐phase CO2. In contrast, the less mobile CO2 in a typical deep‐sea reservoir produces a spherical‐shaped plume, resulting in a pure‐phase‐CO2 footprint that is much smaller than the pure‐phase‐CO2 footprint formed in the confined‐terrestrial reservoir.
Automated Sholl analysis of digitized neuronal morphology at multiple scales: Whole cell Sholl analysis versus Sholl analysis of arbor subregions
Authors: Langhammer Christopher G. , Previtera Michelle L. , Sweet Eric S. , Sran Simranjeet S. , Chen Maxine , Firestein Bonnie L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe morphology of dendrites and the axon determines how a neuron processes and transmits information. Neurite morphology is frequently analyzed by Sholl analysis or by counting the total number of neurites and branch tips. However, the time and resources required to perform such analysis by hand is prohibitive for the processing of large data sets and introduces problems with data auditing and reproducibility. Furthermore, analyses performed by hand or using course‐grained morphometric data extraction tools can obscure subtle differences in data sets because they do not store the data in a form that facilitates the application of multiple analytical tools. To address these shortcomings, we have developed a program (titled “Bonfire”) to facilitate digitization of neurite morphology and subsequent Sholl analysis. Our program builds upon other available open‐source morphological analysis tools by performing Sholl analysis on subregions of the neuritic arbor, enabling the detection of local level changes in dendrite and axon branching behavior. To validate this new tool, we applied Bonfire analysis to images of hippocampal neurons treated with 25 ng/ml brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and untreated control neurons. Consistent with prior findings, conventional Sholl analysis revealed that global exposure to BDNF increases the number of neuritic intersections proximal to the soma. Bonfire analysis additionally uncovers that BDNF treatment affects both root processes and terminal processes with no effect on intermediate neurites. Taken together, our data suggest that global exposure of hippocampal neurons to BDNF results in a reorganization of neuritic segments within their arbors, but not necessarily a change in their number or length. These findings were only made possible by the neurite‐specific Sholl data returned by Bonfire analysis. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Blood cells RNA biomarkers as a first long‐term detection strategy for EPO abuse in horseracing
Authors: Bailly‐Chouriberry Ludovic , Noguier Florian , Manchon Laurent , Piquemal David , Garcia Patrice , Popot Marie‐Agnès , Bonnaire Yves 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRecombinant human erythropoietins (rHuEPOs) are glycoproteins drugs, produced by the pharmaceutical industry to restore production of red blood cells by stimulating human bone marrow for which this pathology has been diagnosed. It is suspected that these molecules are diverted as doping agents in horseracing to enhance oxygen transport and aerobic power in racehorses. Although indirect double‐blotting or direct liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) methods have been developed to confirm the presence of rHuEPO in a sample, the short detection time (48 h) is still a problem for doping control. In this context, gene profiling investigation through Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) has been conducted on seven thoroughbreds treated with Eprex®. This functional genomic method has been performed from total blood cells collected from each animal to assess the mRNA expression consecutive to rHuEPO injections. Sample pooling was chosen as a powerful, cost‐effective, and rapid means of identifying the most common and specific changes in terms of gene expression profile and to eliminate individual variation. Consequently, three SAGE libraries were constructed, before, during, and after Eprex® treatment. More than 71 440 mRNA signatures were observed and subjected to statistical analysis; 49 differentially expressed genes were identified and analyzed by qPCR. From the selected gene list, were defined as potential biomarkers in terms of their low inter‐individual variation and capacity as strong markers of rHuEPO administration up to 60 days after the beginning of the doping period. In this paper, a new strategy is proposed to the horseracing industry to prevent rHuEPO abuse. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyses of second‐generation ‘legal highs’ in the UK: Initial findings
Authors: Brandt Simon D. , Sumnall Harry R. , Measham Fiona , Cole Jon 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn the UK, mephedrone and other so‐called ‘legal high’ derivatives have recently been classified as Class B, Schedule I under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Since then, alternative products have been advertised on a number of websites. In order to obtain an immediate snapshot of the situation, 24 products were purchased online from 18 UK‐based websites over a period of 6 weeks following the ban in April 2010. Qualitative analyses were carried out by gas chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry using electron‐ and chemical ionization modes, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and comparison with reference standards. Overall, the purchased products consisted of single cathinones or cathinone mixtures including mephedrone, butylone, 4‐methyl‐N‐ethylcathinone, flephedrone (4‐fluoromethcathinone) and MDPV (3,4‐methylenedioxypyrovalerone), respectively. Benzocaine, caffeine, lidocaine, and procaine were also detected. The emphasis was placed on ‘Energy 1’ (NRG‐1), a product advertised as a legal replacement for mephedrone‐type derivatives usually claiming to contain naphyrone (naphthylpyrovalerone, O‐2482). It was found that 70% of NRG‐1 and NRG‐2 products appeared to contain a mixture of cathinones banned in April 2010 and rebranded as ‘new’ legal highs, rather than legal chemicals such as naphyrone as claimed by the retailers. Only one out of 13 NRG‐1 samples appeared to show analytical data consistent with naphyrone. These findings also suggest that both consumers and online sellers (unlike manufacturers and wholesalers) are, most likely unknowingly, confronted with the risk of criminalization and potential harm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecosystem effects of groundwater depth in Owens Valley, California
Authors: Goedhart C. M. , Pataki D. E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOwens Valley, California, USA, is an important source of water for the city of Los Angeles; however, recent studies have documented losses of grass cover coinciding with decreased watertable depths in many locations. These changes in community composition are assumed to be associated with shallower rooting depths and greater vulnerability to declining watertable depths in grasses compared to neighbouring shrubs. However, the hydraulic properties and water stress resistance of most species in Owens Valley have not been measured. In addition, the relationships between groundwater depth and other aspects of ecosystem function such as nutrient cycling are not well understood. In this study, we measured grass and shrub cover, vulnerability to cavitation, and plant and soil isotopic and chemical composition at 9 sites along a depth to watertable gradient of 0·3–5·7 m in Owens Valley. Contrary to expectations, the grass species was more resistant to water stress‐induced cavitation than either shrub species. However, grass cover declined in sites with deeper watertables while shrub cover remained constant. Water isotopes indicated shallower rooting depths in grasses than in shrubs, although the phreatophytic shrub Ericameria nauseosa had enriched leaf water isotopes at deep groundwater sites, indicating water stress. Sites with lower grass cover contained less soil nitrogen (N) that was also more isotopically enriched, which is indicative of greater ecosystem N losses. These results show that groundwater depth is correlated with a number of ecosystem traits in these Great Basin Desert ecosystems and should be considered when evaluating future changes in groundwater depth. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evapotranspiration partitioning in semiarid shrubland ecosystems: a two‐site evaluation of soil moisture control on transpiration
Authors: Cavanaugh Michelle L. , Kurc Shirley A. , Scott Russell L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVegetation of dryland ecosystems is sensitive to precipitation pulses. Future climate scenarios suggest that the frequency and magnitude of precipitation events will change. How much and to what extent will these changes impact the hydrological cycle in creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) shrublands that dominate the three North American hot deserts? In this study, we examine the partitioning of precipitation inputs into bare soil evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) within creosotebush ecosystems at sites characterized by bimodal precipitation regimes: the Santa Rita Experimental Range (SRER) and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW). At both sites, during summer 2008, we measured evapotranspiration (ET) using eddy covariance, whole plant T using the heat‐balance sap flow, and soil moisture at several depths. During the dry period preceding the summer monsoon, both ET and soil moisture were very low. With the onset of summer rains, E dominated ET; shrub transpiration did not respond to increases in soil moisture for approximately 3 more weeks. A series of large precipitation events increased moisture at deeper soil layers, and triggered T. Overall, ET was largely correlated to moisture levels in shallow soil layers typical of dryland ecosystems dominated by dry conditions, high evaporative demand, and poor soil infiltration. Under the current precipitation regime, characterized by many small storms and few large storms, soil moisture is low with most precipitation inputs lost as E. However, if climatic changes lead to less frequent but larger precipitation events, dryland communities could experience shifts in the partitioning of ET affecting the hydrologic budget of the ecosystem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a Chiral Palladacycle and Its Application in Asymmetric Hydrophosphanation Reactions
Authors: Ding Yi , Zhang Yi , Li Yongxin , Pullarkat Sumod A. , Andrews Paul , Leung Pak‐Hing 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA novel amine ligand, 1‐(2,5‐dimethylphenyl)‐N,N,2,2‐tetramethylpropan‐1‐amine, was synthesized in six steps from commercially available p‐xylene. Direct ortho‐palladation of this amine ligand proceeded readily to form the racemic dimeric complex. The palladacycle structure and ring conformations of its triphenylphosphane derivative were thoroughly investigated by X‐ray structural analysis in the solid state and 2D 1H–1H ROESY NMR spectroscopy in solution. This racemic palladacycle was efficiently resolved through the formation of its (S)‐prolinato derivatives and an efficient separation of the resulting diastereomeric complexes was achieved by slow crystallization with the use of different solvent systems. The structure and absolute configuration of the two optically resolved palladium complexes were determined by X‐ray diffraction. Both the (R,R) and (S,S)‐di‐μ‐chlorido dimeric palladium complexes could be obtained chemoselectively by treating the corresponding prolinato derivatives with 1 M hydrochloric acid. The asymmetric hydrophosphanation reaction between diphenylphosphane and diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate was promoted by this newly synthesized palladacycle and resulted in the formation of a single isomer according to the 31P NMR spectrum. The amine auxiliary could be subsequently removed chemoselectively from the palladium center by treatment with concentrated HCl. An optically pure C2‐symmetrical diphosphane ligand containing two ester functional groups at the two chiral carbon stereogenic centers was prepared by ligand displacement.
The humanity of what we eat: Conceptions of human uniqueness among vegetarians and omnivores
Authors: Bilewicz Michal , Imhoff Roland , Drogosz Marek 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStudies on dehumanization demonstrated that denying certain human characteristics might serve as a strategy for moral disengagement. Meat consumption—especially in the times of cruel animal farming—is related to the exclusion of animals from the human scope of justice. In the present research, it was hypothesized that the conception of human uniqueness (denying animals certain psychological characteristics) might be a strategy of meat‐eaters' moral disengagement. Three studies compared the extent to which vegetarians and omnivores attribute psychological characteristics to humans versus animals. In Study 1, vegetarian participants ascribed more secondary (uniquely human) emotions to animals than did the omnivores; however, there were no differences in primary (animalistic) emotions. Study 2 showed that omnivores distinguish human characteristics from animalistic ones more sharply than vegetarians do, while both groups do not differ in distinguishing human characteristics from mechanistic ones. Study 3 confirmed the results by showing that omnivores ascribed less secondary emotions to traditionally edible animals than to the non‐edible species, while vegetarians did not differentiate these animals. These results support the claim that the lay conceptions of ‘human uniqueness’ are strategies of moral disengagement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Nomenklatur der Farn‐ und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands
Authors: Rauschert Stephan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBei der nomenklatorischen Bearbeitung von ROTHMALERS „Exkursionsflora von Deutschland”︁ für die 4. Auflage erwies sich eine größere Zahl von Namensänderungen als notwendig. Einige von diesen werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit kommentiert. Zwei Neukombinationen (Vaccaria hispanica, Agrostis agrostiflora), die in der Exkursionsflora nicht mit vollem Basionymzitat gebracht werden konnten, werden hiermit in gültiger Form veröffentlicht. Die Orthographie der Namen und Epitheta, die nach den Regeln in der originalen Form beizubehalten ist, wurde, soweit die Literatur erreichbar war, überprüft und berichtigt.
Cytological observations and distribution of Striga species in central part of Nigeria With 2 Figures and one Table
Authors: Iwo G. A. , Olaniyan G. O. , Husaini S. W. H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA survey of the central part of Nigeria revealed the existence of five species of Striga of which Striga asiatica, S. spera, S. forbesii and S. hermonthica infest plants in the family Gramineae (Apocea) while S. gesnerioides attacks plants in the family Leguminosae. Two taxa: S. aspera and S. hermonthica are reported cytologically for the first time, while the chromosome numbers of the rest of the taxa agree with the previous reports. Distribution map is provided.
Taxonomische Untersuchungen in der Subtribus Malvinae
Authors: Krebs G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new taxonomical arrangement of the genera Althaea L., Lavatera L., Malva L. and Malvalthaea ILJIN is given. It is presented a identificational key of the new genera. The genus Althaea with the three species Althaea cannabina L., Althaea officinalis L. and Althaea × taurinensis DC. is presented expansively. The other new genera will follow in new parts.
Biosystematic studies on the genus Polygonatum (Convallariaceae) IV. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on restriction site mapping of the chloroplast gene trnK
Authors: Tamura M. N. , Schwarzbach A. E. , Kruse S. , Reski R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPhylogenetic relationships of 14 species and one variety of the genus Polygonatum as well as three species of the genus Disporopsis and Heteropolygonatum roseolum were analyzed based on mapped restriction site variation in a PCR‐amplified chloroplast genome region, trnK. In agreement with earlier taxonomic treatments it was found that Disporopsis and Heteropolygonatum should be distinguished from Polygonatum at generic level, and that P. sect. Polygonatum can be recognized as a monophyletic group. Earlier series concepts in P. sect. Polygonatum based on chromosome number and characteristics of staminal filaments are not supported by the molecular data. The molecular data suggest that satellite chromosome morphology might prove valuable as a diagnostic character in Polygonatum sect. Polygonatum.
Shear‐improved Smagorinsky modeling of turbulent channel flow using generalized Lattice Boltzmann equation
Authors: Jafari Saeed , Rahnama Mohammad 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGeneralized Lattice Boltzmann equation (GLBE) was used for computation of turbulent channel flow for which large eddy simulation (LES) was employed as a turbulence model. The subgrid‐scale turbulence effects were simulated through a shear‐improved Smagorinsky model (SISM), which is capable of predicting turbulent near wall region accurately without any wall function. Computations were done for a relatively coarse grid with shear Reynolds number of 180 in a parallelized code. Good numerical stability was observed for this computational framework. The results of mean velocity distribution across the channel showed good correspondence with direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. Negligible discrepancies were observed between the present computations and those reported from DNS for the computed turbulent statistics. Three‐dimensional instantaneous vorticity contours showed complex vortical structures that appeared in such flow geometries. It was concluded that such a framework is capable of predicting accurate results for turbulent channel flow without adding significant complications and the computational cost to the standard Smagorinsky model. As this modeling was entirely local in space it was therefore adapted for parallelization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enforcing the non‐negativity constraint and maximum principles for diffusion with decay on general computational grids
Authors: Nagarajan H. , Nakshatrala K. B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we consider anisotropic diffusion with decay, which takes the form α(x)c(x)−div[𝔻(x)grad[c(x)]]=f(x) with decay coefficient α(x)⩾0, and diffusivity coefficient 𝔻(x) to be a second‐order symmetric and positive‐definite tensor. It is well known that this particular equation is a second‐order elliptic equation, and satisfies a maximum principle under certain regularity assumptions. However, the finite element implementation of the classical Galerkin formulation for both anisotropic and isotropic diffusions with decay does not respect the maximum principle. Put differently, the classical Galerkin formulation violates the discrete maximum principle (DMP) for diffusion with decay even on structured computational meshes.We first show that the numerical accuracy of the classical Galerkin formulation deteriorates dramatically with an increase in α for isotropic media and violates the DMP. However, in the case of isotropic media, the extent of violation decreases with the mesh refinement. We then show that, in the case of anisotropic media, the classical Galerkin formulation for anisotropic diffusion with decay violates the DMP even at lower values of decay coefficient and does not vanish with mesh refinement. We then present a methodology for enforcing maximum principles under the classical Galerkin formulation for anisotropic diffusion with decay on general computational grids using optimization techniques. Representative numerical results (which take into account anisotropy and heterogeneity) are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed formulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of silver(I) complexes with N‐thiophosphorylated thiobenzamide or thiourea and phosphines
Authors: Babashkina Maria G. , Safin Damir A. , Klein Axel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA reaction of the potassium salts of RC(S)NHP(S)(OiPr)2 (R = PhNH, HLI; Ph, HLII) with a mixture of AgNO3 and Ph2P(CH2)1 − 3PPh2 or Ph2P(C5H4FeC5H4)PPh2 in aqueous EtOH/CH2Cl2 leads to [Ag2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2LINO3] (1), [Ag{Ph2P (CH2)2PPh2}LI,II] (2, 6), [Ag{Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2}LI,II] (3, 7), [Ag{Ph2P(C5H4FeC5H4)PPh2}LI,II] (4, 8), and [Ag2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)LII2] (5) complexes. The structures of these compounds were investigated by 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. It was established that the binuclear complexes 1 and 5 are luminescent in the solid state at ambient conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:386–391, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20627