bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postural changes in proximal gastric volume and pressure measured using a gastric barostat
Authors: HEBBARD G. S. , REID K. , SUN W. M. , HOROWITZ M. , DENT J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA barostat was used to examine the effect of changes in posture on the volume and pressure in a bag positioned in the proximal stomach of 14 normal volunteers. Volumes in the supine position were compared with those in the standing, left lateral and right lateral positions at a constant pressure 2 mmHg above basal intragastric pressure. A separate series of measurements was then used to evaluate the effects of the same postural changes on pressure within the bag whilst its volume was kept constant. Changing from the supine to the left lateral position decreased bag volume by 62% when pressure was controlled; pressure increased by 60% when volume was controlled. In contrast, movement from the supine to the right lateral position resulted in a 68% increase in bag volume and a 31% fall in pressure. Moving from supine to standing had inconsistent effects on bag volume and pressure. There was a negative correlation between the magnitudes of the changes in pressure and volume (r2 = 0.557). The observed effects of posture probably result from changes in the compression of the stomach by abdominal viscera and indicate that subject position must be specified and maintained constant in studies of proximal gastric motor function using a barostat.
Effect of Different Cytokinins on Ethylene Production by Mung Bean Hypocotyls in the Presence of Indole‐3‐Acetic Acid or Calcium Ion
Authors: LAU OI‐LIM , JOHN WILLIAM W. , YANG SHANG F. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractKinetin has been shown to act synergistically with indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) or calcium ion (Ca2+) to stimulate ethylene production. Several commercially available cytokinins (kinetin, kinetin‐riboside, benzyladenine, benzyladenine‐riboside, isopentenyladenine, isopentenyladenine‐riboside, and zeatin) as well as noncytokinin bases (adenine and xanthine) were administered to mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) hypocotyls to study their effects, alone or in combination with IAA or Ca2+, on ethylene production. In the presence of IAA or Ca2+, all cytokinins tested synergistically stimulated ethylene production and were as effective or nearly as effective as kinetin. Noncytokinin bases (adenine and xanthine) were, however, inactive in this system.
Market power, market outcomes, and remedies in the UK groceries market
Authors: Davis Peter , Reilly Alan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article describes a number of the issues that played a central role in the UK Competition Commission's investigation into the UK Groceries Sector. We describe the questions at issue, the evidence collected to address those questions, and the conclusions drawn. We go on to describe the CC's remedies both vertically vis‐à‐vis the supply chain and horizontally vis‐à‐vis markets of high local concentration.
Low seasonal variability in community composition of sediment bacteria in large and shallow lake
Authors: Tšertova Natalja , Kisand Anu , Tammert Helen , Kisand Veljo 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe community composition of bacteria with highly dynamic abundance and activity was observed to be with low variability in a shallow lake sediment with frequent physical disturbance. This suggests that physical disturbance did not create more niches and did not lead to highly variable bacterial community. The major part of the bacterial community was homogeneous, with 40% of phylotypes being ubiquitous and present in all samples. A minor part was responding to two contrasting periods – permanent ice cover and open lake. During the period of ice cover the total number of phylotypes decreased by ∼ 10%, the productivity of sediment bacteria varied by 15‐fold (decreased by 40% under ice) and the abundance of bacteria by up to sixfold (decreased by 20%), suggesting that community of sediment bacteria with stable species composition might be highly dynamic in numbers and activity. Phylotypes identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing were close to those observed in similar environments. All sequences were closely related only to uncultured phylotypes. Proteobacteria, particularly of the Beta subgroup, were the most common identified species in Lake Võrtsjärv sediment samples. A few other phylotypes, mostly those typical of anoxic sediments, were observed, but were uncommon.
Periodontal status and associated factors in 15‐year‐old Sri Lankans
Authors: Amarasena Gangani , Ekanayake Lilani 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAim:  The aim of the present study was to determine the periodontal status and associated factors in 15‐year‐old Sri Lankans.Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional study where the data were collected by means of a self‐administered questionnaire and a clinical examination. A total of 400 15 year olds were selected using a two‐stage cluster sampling technique from schools in the Nattandiya education division of the Puttalam district of Sri Lanka.Results:  The prevalence of gingival inflammation was 86%, and nearly 7% of the adolescents had chronic periodontitis. The mean gingival index, debris index, calculus index, and oral hygiene index scores of the sample were 0.47 ± 0.3, 0.31 ± 0.2, 0.46 ± 0.3, and 0.78 ± 0.5, respectively. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the debris level, calculus level, frequency of toothbrushing, and the level of education of the mother were significantly associated with gingival status.Conclusion:  The prevalence of gingival inflammation was high, and both the debris and calculus levels were strongly associated with gingival status in these adolescents.
Genome-wide investigation reveals high evolutionary rates in annual model plants
Authors: Yue Jia-Xing , Li Jinpeng , Wang Dan , Araki Hitoshi , Tian Dacheng , Yang Sihai 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
Rates of molecular evolution vary widely among species. While significant deviations from molecular clock have been found in many taxa, effects of life histories on molecular evolution are not fully understood. In plants, annual/perennial life history traits have long been suspected to influence the evolutionary rates at the molecular level. To date, however, the number of genes investigated on this subject is limited and the conclusions are mixed. To evaluate the possible heterogeneity in evolutionary rates between annual and perennial plants at the genomic level, we investigated 85 nuclear housekeeping genes, 10 non-housekeeping families, and 34 chloroplast genes using the genomic data from model plants including Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula for annuals and grape (Vitis vinifera) and popular (Populus trichocarpa) for perennials.

Results
According to the cross-comparisons among the four species, 74-82% of the nuclear genes and 71-97% of the chloroplast genes suggested higher rates of molecular evolution in the two annuals than those in the two perennials. The significant heterogeneity in evolutionary rate between annuals and perennials was consistently found both in nonsynonymous sites and synonymous sites. While a linear correlation of evolutionary rates in orthologous genes between species was observed in nonsynonymous sites, the correlation was weak or invisible in synonymous sites. This tendency was clearer in nuclear genes than in chloroplast genes, in which the overall evolutionary rate was small. The slope of the regression line was consistently lower than unity, further confirming the higher evolutionary rate in annuals at the genomic level.

Conclusions
The higher evolutionary rate in annuals than in perennials appears to be a universal phenomenon both in nuclear and chloroplast genomes in the four dicot model plants we investigated. Therefore, such heterogeneity in evolutionary rate should result from factors that have genome-wide influence, most likely those associated with annual/perennial life history. Although we acknowledge current limitations of this kind of study, mainly due to a small sample size available and a distant taxonomic relationship of the model organisms, our results indicate that the genome-wide survey is a promising approach toward further understanding of the mechanism determining the molecular evolutionary rate at the genomic level.
Stimulated Cellular Response of Novel Hybrid Network Structure Elastomers with Inorganic Short Chain Cross‐Links for Soft Tissue Reconstruction
Authors: Shah Jinesh S. , Girase Bhupinder , Thein‐Han Wah Wah , Misra R. Devesh K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe flexible and highly ductile silicone elastomer widely used as a soft‐tissue substitute for joint reconstruction and replacement fragments prematurely because of low tensile strength and inadequate bone build‐up around the implants. In this regard, an excellent vehicle to favorably modulate cellular response and retain intrinsic elastic recovery of soft tissue implants is to consider hybrid network structure elastomers with inorganic short chain cross‐links. The concept involves covalently linking nanocrystalline titania with a bi‐functional agent, acrylic acid, which has a carboxylic group to coordinate with titania and a vinyl group to form short chain cross‐links as an integral part of the silicone network during curing at elevated pressure. This approach provides high strength‐at‐break and undiminished intrinsic ductility of silicone elastomer and high cytocompatibility. Interestingly, cellular response is favorably modulated, as described here. The biologic response in terms of initial cell attachment, cell viability, and proliferation was consistently greater in relation to stand alone silicone elastomer such that cell spreading, morphology, and density were distinctly different. Pre‐osteoblasts grown on hybrid network structure elastomers were widely spread on the surface as a sheet after a culture time of 24 h. In contrast, these features were less pronounced on the stand alone silicone elastomer. Furthermore, immunofluorescence study illustrated distinct fibronectin expression level, stronger vinculin focal adhesion contacts associated with abundant actin stress fibers in pre‐osteoblasts grown on hybrid network structure elastomer compared to stand alone silicone elastomer, implying enhanced cell–substrate interactions. This finding was consistent with the observation of total protein content and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel analysis.Based on the study described here, our hypothesis is that silicone–titania network structure elastomer with high strength–high ductility combination and favorable cellular response is a model hybrid network structure elastomer for joint reconstruction and soft tissue substitution. The integration of cellular and molecular biology with materials science and engineering aspects described here provides a new direction toward the development of new generation of hybrid network structure silicone elastomer. This subject is germane from the view point of fundamental understanding and from the view of hybrid elastomers as soft tissue reconstruction.
The Contribution of DOPA to Substrate–Peptide Adhesion and Internal Cohesion of Mussel‐Inspired Synthetic Peptide Films
Authors: Anderson Travers H. , Yu Jing , Estrada Abril , Hammer Malte U. , Waite J. Herbert , Israelachvili Jacob N. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMussels use a variety of 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenyl‐L‐alanine (DOPA) rich proteins specifically tailored to adhering to wet surfaces. Synthetic polypeptide analogues of adhesive mussel foot proteins (specifically mfp‐3) are used to study the role of DOPA in adhesion. The mussel‐inspired peptide is a random copolymer of DOPA and N5‐ (2‐hydroxyethyl)‐L‐glutamine synthesized with DOPA concentrations of 0–27 mol% and molecular weights of 5.9–7.1 kDa. Thin films (3–5 nm thick) of the mussel‐inspired peptide are used in the surface forces apparatus (SFA) to measure the force–distance profiles and adhesion and cohesion energies of the films in an acetate buffer. The adhesion energies of the mussel‐inspired peptide films to mica and TiO2 surfaces increase with DOPA concentration. The adhesion energy to mica is 0.09 μJ m−2 molDOPA−1 and does not depend on contact time or load. The adhesion energy to TiO2 is 0.29 μJ m−2 molDOPA−1 for short contact times and increases to 0.51 μJ m−2 molDOPA−1 for contact times >60 min in a way suggestive of a phase transition within the film. Oxidation of DOPA to the quinone form, either by addition of periodate or by increasing the pH, increases the thickness and reduces the cohesion of the films. Adding thiol containing polymers between the oxidized films recovers some of the cohesion strength. Comparison of the mussel‐inspired peptide films to previous studies on mfp‐3 thin films show that the strong adhesion and cohesion in mfp‐3 films can be attributed to DOPA groups favorably oriented within or at the interface of these films.
High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells with Spray‐Coated Hole‐Transport and Active Layers
Authors: Girotto Claudio , Moia Davide , Rand Barry P. , Heremans Paul 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this study, we report high performance organic solar cells with spray coated hole‐transport and active layers. With optimized ink formulations we are able to deposit films with controlled thickness and very low surface roughness (<10 nm).Specifically we deposit smooth and uniform 40 nm thick films of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as well as films composed of a mixture of poly(3‐hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) and the C60‐derivative (6,6)‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with thicknesses in the range 200–250 nm.To control film morphology, formation and thickness, the optimized inks incorporate two solvent systems in order to take advantage of surface tension gradients to create Marangoni flows that enhance the coverage of the substrate and reduce the roughness of the film.Notably, we achieve fill factors above 70% and attribute the improvement to an enhanced P3HT crystallization, which upon optimized post‐drying thermal annealing results in a favorable morphology. As a result, we could extend the thickness of the layer to several hundreds of nanometers without noticing a substantial decrease of the transport properties of the layer.By proper understanding of the spreading and drying dynamics of the inks we achieve spray coated devices with power conversion efficiency of 3.75%, with fill factor, short circuit current and open circuit voltage of 70%, 9.8 mA cm−2 and 550 mV, respectively.
Swelling behavior of novel protein‐based superabsorbent nanocomposite
Authors: Bagheri Marandi G. , Mahdavinia G. R. , Ghafary Sh. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA novel superabsorbent nanocomposite based on hydrolyzed collagen was synthesized by simultaneously graft copolymerization of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylamide (AAm). Sodium montmorilonite (Na‐MMt) was used as clay. Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and ammonium persulfate (APS) were used as crosslinker and initiator, respectively. The effect of reaction variables such as nanoclay content, MBA and APS concentrations as well as the AMPS/AAm weight ratio on the water absorbency of nanocomposites was investigated. Although the water absorbency was decreased by increasing of MBA concentration, an optimum swelling capacity was achieved for clay, APS, and AMPS/AAm variables. The structure of nanocomposite was identified using FTIR spectroscopy, XRD patterns, and scanning electron microscopy graphs. The effect of swelling media comprising various dissolved salts and different pHs was studied. Also, water retention capacity was studied, and the results showed that inclusion of Na‐MMt nanoclay causes an increase in water retention under heating. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
An intersection turning movement estimation procedure based on path flow estimator
Authors: Chen Anthony , Chootinan Piya , Ryu Seungkyu , Lee Ming , Recker Will 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEstimation of intersection turning movements is one of the key inputs required for a variety of transportation analysis, including intersection geometric design, signal timing design, traffic impact assessment, and transportation planning. Conventional approaches that use manual techniques for estimation of turning movements are insensitive to congestion. The drawbacks of the manual techniques can be amended by integrating a network traffic model with a computation procedure capable of estimating turning movements from a set of link traffic counts and intersection turning movement counts. This study proposes using the path flow estimator, originally used to estimate path flows (hence origin–destination flows), to derive not only complete link flows, but also turning movements for the whole road network given some counts at selected roads and intersections. Two case studies using actual traffic counts are used to demonstrate the proposed intersection turning movement estimation procedure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interdiffusion in Systems with Structural Vacancies
Authors: Leute V. , Zeppenfeld A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe cation interdiffusion in quasibinary II—VI/III—VI‐systems was investigated by electron microprobe measurements. The measured diffusion profiles are compared with calculated probability distributions of clusters containing structural vacancies. The effect of these clusters on the formation of ordered phases and on the growth rate of these phases during the interdiffusion is discussed.
Investigation of Solid State Matrices via 2H NMR on Mobile Deuterated Guest Molecules
Authors: Rössler Ernst , Taupitz Matthias , Vieth Hans‐Martin 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDeuterated benzene and hexamethylbenzene (HMB) molecules are used as probes to study molecular crystals and organic glasses via 2H NMR. The rotational mobility of the guest molecules causes fast nuclear spin polarization which enables spin‐lattice relaxation and line shape investigations in a temperature range of 10—300 K. The parameters of the molecular reorientation of the guests are investigated for the different matrices. HMB as a guest in hexachlorobenzene is characterized by an exponential relaxation and by an increase of the activation energy for the sixfold rotation by a factor of 2 as compared to neat HMB. A homogeneous mixing is found up to a concentration of about 7%. For the glassy matrices significant non‐exponential relaxation is observed corresponding to motional heterogeneities in the disordered systems. The relaxation is described by a convolution of exponential decays and a distribution of relaxation times which is related to a distribution of activation energies for the guest motion. Different shapes for the relaxation function at high and low temperatures prove an asymmetric distribution with its maximum on the low energy side. The deconvolution procedure leads to detailed information because two different Laplace transformations are involved. Below 40 K the 2H NMR line shape of HMB in the different matrices is determined by tunneling of the methyl groups. An increase of the tunneling frequency from about 10 kHz in neat HMB to more than 2 MHz in the other host systems is estimated.
Precursor Stages of α‐Precipitation in Dilute CuCo Alloys
Authors: Wagner W. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe system CuCo repeatedly was chosen for studies to test the validity of classical nucleation theory in metallic systems, with the conclusion that the nucleation reaction can well be described by the classical model. The present investigation by Small Angle Neutron Scattering aims to give insight into the atomic rearrangement occurring during the course of nucleation. CuCo‐alloys containing 0.5, 0.8 and 2.0 at.% Co were chosen for this study. The results give evidence for precursor stages of decomposition prior to the precipitation of the fcc Co‐rich α‐phase, characterized as concentration fluctuations low in amplitude, but large in extent as compared with the later forming α‐precipitates. The fluctuations obviously stimulate the α‐phase precipitation, giving rise to nucleation rates significantly larger than predicted by classical nucleation theory, with smallest stable precipitates which are 2 to 5 times as large as the theoretically predicted critical nuclei.
Mesomorphism and Luminescence Properties of Platinum(II) Complexes with Tris(alkoxy)phenyl‐Functionalized Pyridyl Pyrazolate Chelates
Authors: Liao Ching‐Ting , Chen Hsiu‐Hui , Hsu Hsiu‐Fu , Poloek Anurach , Yeh Hsiu‐Hsuan , Chi Yun , Wang Kang‐Wei , Lai Chin‐Hung , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Shih Chun‐Wei , Chou Pi‐Tai 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA series of new mesomorphic platinum(II) complexes 1–4 bearing pyridyl pyrazolate chelates are reported herein. In this approach, pyridyl azolate ligands have been strategically functionalized with tris(alkoxy)phenyl groups with various alkyl chain lengths. As a result, they are ascribed to a class of luminescent metallomesogens that possess distinctive morphological properties, such as their intermolecular packing arrangement and their associated photophysical behavior. In CH2Cl2, independent of the applied concentration in the range 10−6–10−3 M, all PtII complexes exhibit bright phosphorescence centered at around 520 nm, which is characteristic for monomeric PtII complexes. In stark contrast, the single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination of [Pt(C4pz)2] (1) shows the formation of a dimeric aggregate with a notable Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt contact of 3.258 Å. Upon heating, all PtII complexes 1–4 melted to form columnar suprastructures, for which similar intracolumnar Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt distances of approx. 3.4–3.5 Å are observed within an exceptionally wide temperature range (>250 °C), according to the powder XRD data. Upon casting into a neat thin film at RT, the luminescence of 1–4 is dominated by a red emission that spans 630–660 nm, which originates from the one‐dimensional, chainlike structure with Pt–Pt interaction in the ground state. Taking complex 4 as a representative, the emission intensity and wavelength were significantly decreased and blueshifted, respectively, on heating from RT to 250 °C. Further heating to liquefy the sample alters the red emission back to the green phosphorescence of the monomer. The results highlight the pivotal role of tris(alkoxy)phenyl groups in the structural versus luminescence behavior of these PtII complexes.
Organic Ligand‐Free Alkylation of Amines, Carboxamides, Sulfonamides, and Ketones by Using Alcohols Catalyzed by Heterogeneous Ag/Mo Oxides
Authors: Cui Xinjiang , Zhang Yan , Shi Feng , Deng Youquan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractComplicated and expensive organic ligands are normally essential in fine chemical synthesis at preparative or industrial levels. The synthesis of fine chemicals by using heterogeneous catalyst systems without additive organic ligand is highly desirable but severely limited due to their poor generality and rigorous reaction conditions. Here, we show the results of carbon–nitrogen or carbon–carbon bond formation catalyzed by an Ag/Mo hybrid material with specific Ag6Mo10O33 crystal structure. 48 nitrogen‐ or oxygen‐containing compounds, that is, amines, carboxamides, sulfonamides, and ketones, were successfully synthesized through a borrowing‐hydrogen mechanism. Up to 99 % isolated yields were obtained under relatively mild conditions without additive organic ligand. The catalytic process shows promise for the efficient and economic synthesis of amine, carboxamide, sulfonamide, and ketone derivatives because of the simplicity of the system and ease of operation.