bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomic and physiological experiments to test Thermotoga neapolitana constraint‐based model hypotheses of carbon source utilization
Authors: Munro Sarah A. , Choe Leila , Zinder Stephen H. , Lee Kelvin H. , Walker Larry P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractConstraint‐based models of biochemical reaction networks require experimental validation to test model‐derived hypotheses and iteratively improve the model. Physiological and proteomic analysis of Thermotoga neapolitana growth on cellotetraose was conducted to identify gene products related to growth on cellotetraose to improve a constraint‐based model of T. neapolitana central carbon metabolism with incomplete cellotetraose pathways. In physiological experiments comparing cellotetraose to cellobiose and glucose as growth substrates, product formation yields on cellotetraose, cellobiose, and glucose were similar; however cell yields per mol carbon consumed were higher on cellotetraose than on cellobiose or glucose. Proteomic analysis showed increased expression of several proteins from cells grown on cellotetraose compared with glucose cell cultures, including cellobiose phosphorylase (CTN_0783), endo‐1,4‐β‐glucosidase (CTN_1106), and an ATP‐binding protein (CTN_1296). The CTN_1296 gene product should be evaluated further for participation in cellotetraose metabolism and is included as one of two hypothetical gene‐protein‐reaction associations in the T. neapolitana constraint‐based model to reinstate cellotetraose metabolism in model simulations. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Determining the state of a process control system: Current trends and future challenges
Authors: Shardt Y. , Zhao Y. , Qi F. , Lee K. , Yu X. , Huang B. , Shah S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn many industrial plants, multiple, interconnected control loops are common. Their maintenance and improvement requires detailed controller performance assessment to determine not only whether they are behaving well, but also to determine the potential cause of any observed problems. Techniques for performance assessment can be divided into two broad categories (1) performance assessment of regulatory control loops; and (2) performance assessment of supervisory control loops that evaluate the economic performance of advanced control strategies, such as model predictive control (MPC). A comprehensive review of the literature on the industrial applications of performance assessment, as well as some of the currently available software, is also presented. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Minimum spouting velocity of dense particles in shallow spouted beds
Authors: Zhou Jiandong , Bruns Duane D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuantitative method is used to experimentally measure the minimum spouting velocity in shallow conical spouted bed. And a new minimum spouting correlation for shallow conical spouted beds is developed. It is based on spherical ZrO2 particles whose density is as high as 5890 kg/m3 while the other Ums correlations published so far are mainly based on relatively deep conical beds composed of lower density particles with density around or lower than 3000 kg/m3. The new Ums correlation can predict Ums of heavy particles well within the range of the experimental matrix. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Sample‐based approaches to decision making problems under uncertainty
Authors: Lee Chang Jun , Yang Yu , Prasad Vinay , Lee Jong Min 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDecision making under uncertainty is becoming more important in process industries as optimisation is applied to novel applications as well as plant‐wide and enterprise optimisation. Among the standard stochastic optimisation techniques are stochastic programming and dynamic programming. It is difficult to use these techniques for practical applications due to unwieldy computational requirements, arising from a large number of uncertain parameters and state variables, respectively. In this paper, we present sample‐based techniques for ameliorating the computational difficulties. Application studies involving catalyst design and real‐time optimisation point to the promising potentials of the sample‐based techniques. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
An active strain electromechanical model for cardiac tissue
Authors: Nobile F. , Quarteroni A. , Ruiz‐Baier R. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYWe propose a finite element approximation of a system of partial differential equations describing the coupling between the propagation of electrical potential and large deformations of the cardiac tissue. The underlying mathematical model is based on the active strain assumption, in which it is assumed that there is a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation tensor into a passive and active part holds, the latter carrying the information of the electrical potential propagation and anisotropy of the cardiac tissue into the equations of either incompressible or compressible nonlinear elasticity, governing the mechanical response of the biological material. In addition, by changing from a Eulerian to a Lagrangian configuration, the bidomain or monodomain equations modeling the evolution of the electrical propagation exhibit a nonlinear diffusion term. Piecewise quadratic finite elements are employed to approximate the displacements field, whereas for pressure, electrical potentials and ionic variables are approximated by piecewise linear elements. Various numerical tests performed with a parallel finite element code illustrate that the proposed model can capture some important features of the electromechanical coupling and show that our numerical scheme is efficient and accurate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compiler and runtime support for enabling reduction computations on heterogeneous systems
Authors: Ravi Vignesh T. , Ma Wenjing , Chiu David , Agrawal Gagan 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYA trend that has materialized, and has given rise to much attention, is of the increasingly heterogeneous computing platforms. Presently, it has become very common for a desktop or a notebook computer to come equipped with both a multi‐core CPU and a graphics processing unit (GPU). Capitalizing on the maximum computational power of such architectures (i.e., by simultaneously exploiting both the multi‐core CPU and the GPU), starting from a high‐level API, is a critical challenge. We believe that it would be highly desirable to support a simple way for programmers to realize the full potential of today's heterogeneous machines. This paper describes a compiler and runtime framework that can map a class of applications, namely those characterized by generalized reductions, to a system with a multi‐core CPU and GPU. Starting with simple C functions with added annotations, we automatically generate the middleware API code for the multi‐core, as well as CUDA code to exploit the GPU simultaneously. The runtime system provides efficient schemes for dynamically partitioning the work between CPU cores and the GPU. Our experimental results from two applications, for example, k‐means clustering and principal component analysis, show that, through effectively harnessing the heterogeneous architecture, we can achieve significantly higher performance compared with using only the GPU or the multi‐core CPU. In k‐means clustering, the heterogeneous version with eight CPU cores and a GPU achieved a speedup of about 32.09x relative to one‐thread CPU. When compared with the faster of CPU‐only and GPU‐only executions, we were able to achieve a performance gain of about 60%. In principal component analysis, the heterogeneous version attained a speedup of 10.4x relative to the one‐thread CPU version. When compared with the faster of CPU‐only and GPU‐only versions, the heterogeneous version achieved a performance gain of about 63.8%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability and instability of childhood traits: Implications for personality development of animals
Authors: Putnam Samuel P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractConcepts of animal personality and human temperament are nearly identical, both emphasizing overt behaviors rather than conscious processes, and assuming a primary role of biology in shaping individual differences. A point of divergence is emphasis on development among temperament scholars. Whereas most definitions of personality and temperament emphasize differential continuity—the maintenance of individual differences in behavioral tendencies over time—several behaviors demonstrate absolute discontinuity—age‐related changes in mean levels. Attention to species‐wide changes in behaviors may generate insight regarding the forces that govern individual differences. Differential continuity may also be heterotypic, with an inferred genotypic attribute being manifest in different behaviors at different ages. Structural continuity—persistence of correlational patterns among variables at different ages—represents a tool for identifying coherence in the common underpinnings of these diverse behaviors. This article describes research exemplifying these forms of continuity in humans, and suggests potential implications for animal personality investigations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:510–520, 2011.
Postglacial recolonization of eastern Blacknose Dace, Rhinichthys atratulus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), through the gateway of New England
Authors: Tipton Michelle L. , Gignoux‐Wolfsohn Sarah , Stonebraker Phoebe , Chernoff Barry 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDuring the last ice age, much of North America far south as 40°N was covered by glaciers (Hewitt 2000). About 20,000 years ago, as the glaciers retreated, the hydrologic landscape changed dramatically creating waterways for fish dispersal. The number of populations responsible for recolonization and the regions from which they recolonized are unknown for many freshwater fishes living in New England and southeastern Canada. The Blacknose Dace, Rhinichthys atratulus, is one of the freshwater fish species that recolonized this region. We hypothesize that the earliest deglaciated region, modern‐day Connecticut, was recolonized by R. atratulus via a single founding event by a single population. In this paper, we test this hypothesis phylogenetically with regard to the major drainage basins within Connecticut. The mitochondrial DNA exhibits low nucleotide diversity, high haplotype diversity, and a dominant haplotype found across the state. A small percentage of individuals in the Housatonic drainage basin, however, share a haplotype with populations in New York drainage basins, a haplotype not found elsewhere in Connecticut's drainage basins. We calculated a range for the rate of divergence for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (nd2) and control region (ctr) of 4.43–6.76% and 3.84–8.48% per million years (my), respectively. While this range is higher than the commonly accepted rate of 2% for mitochondrial DNA, these results join a growing list of publications finding high rates of divergence for various taxa (Peterson and Masel 2009). The data support the conclusion that Connecticut as a whole was recolonized initially by a single founding event that came from a single refugium. Subsequently, the Housatonic basin alone experienced a secondary recolonization event.
Mining soil databases for landscape‐scale patterns in the abundance and size distribution of hillslope rock fragments
Authors: Marshall Jill A. , Sklar Leonard S. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTLandscape‐scale variation in rock fragments on soil‐mantled hillslopes is poorly understood, despite the potential importance of rock fragments in soil weathering and coarse sediment supply to river networks. We explored the utility of soil survey databases for data mining, with the goals of identifying landscape‐scale patterns in the abundance and size distribution of rock fragments (diameter D > 2 mm) and potential controls on grain size production. We focus on data from three regions: the Hawaiian Islands, and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, where elevation transects span a range of environmental conditions. We selected pedons from pits dug on hillslopes with active soil production and transport. For the 27 pedons selected, we constructed depth‐averaged grain size distributions and calculated the mass fraction of rock fragments (FRF) and the median rock fragment grain size (D50RF). We also categorized as bimodal, size distributions with a clear ‘breakpoint’ between fine and coarse modes. Several strong patterns emerge from the data. We find rock fragments in 85% of the pedons, primarily in distinct coarse modes within bimodal size distributions. Values of FRF and D50RF are strongly correlated, although the best‐fit power law scaling between FRF and D50RF differs between the warmer Hawaiian, and colder Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountain sites. We also find a regional contrast in the variation in FRF with elevation; FRF declines with elevation in Hawaii, but increases in the mainland sites. Although this contrast could be an artifact of variable lithology, precipitation may influence many patterns in the data. Lower mean‐annual precipitation correlates with higher FRF, dominantly bimodal distributions and surface enrichment in the vertical distribution of rock fragments. These observations may be useful in refining models of coarse sediment supply to rivers, and suggest opportunities for future work to test mechanistic hypotheses for rock fragment production on soil‐mantled hillslopes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of test methods for assessment of fire safety performance of bus interior materials
Authors: Försth Michael , Modin Håkan , Sundström Björn 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis work concerns the assessment of fire performance of interior materials in buses. The widely used test method ISO 3795/FMVSS 302 has received much criticism mainly based on the fact that the test is a small‐scale method not suited for bus fires induced by for example fire in the engine compartment or fire in a tyre. Furthermore, test specimens are oriented horizontally, whereas much fire spread in a real bus fire occurs on vertically oriented products. Seventeen products were investigated: 11 textiles, four solids and two insulations. Three test methods were compared: ISO 3795, ISO 6941 and ISO 5658‐2. Given the existing criteria for interior materials, it was found that ISO 6941 and ISO 5658‐2 place harder requirements on the materials.When the three methods were compared, it was found that ISO 3795/FMVSS 302 and ISO 6941 are insufficient for simulating bus fires typically occurring today. Such fires are often initiated by a fire in the engine compartment or in a tyre and can hardly be simulated by small‐scale methods as ISO 3795/FMVSS 302 or ISO 6941 even if the ISO 6941 method to some extent gives results similar to the established large‐scale ISO 5658‐2 method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of glutamate transporter‐1a in the induction of brain ischemic tolerance in rats
Authors: Liu Yi‐Xian , Zhang Min , Liu Li‐Zhe , Cui Xin , Hu Yu‐Yan , Li Wen‐Bin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine the role of glutamate transporter‐1a (GLT‐1a), one of the splice variants of glutamate transporter‐1, in the induction of brain ischemic tolerance by cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP). We used a rat global cerebral ischemic model and assessed changes by neuropathological evaluation, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, real‐time PCR, in vivo brain microdialysis, and high performance liquid chromatography. We found that CIP induced a significant upregulation of GLT‐1a expression in the CA1 hippocampus in a time course corresponding to that of neuroprotection of CIP against brain ischemia. Severe brain ischemia for 8 min induced delayed downregulation of GLT‐1a, an obvious increase in glutamate concentration and delayed neuronal death of the pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampus. When the animals were pretreated with CIP before the severe ischemia, the above changes normally induced by the severe ischemia were effectively prevented. Importantly, such a preventive effect of CIP on these changes was significantly inhibited by intracerebroventricular administration of GLT‐1a antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, which have been proven to specifically inhibit the expression of GLT‐1a protein and mRNA, and had no effect on the expression of GLT‐1b. In addition, the concentration of aspartate was also elevated after severe brain ischemic insult. However, CIP had no effect on the elevated aspartate concentrations. These results indicate that GLT‐1a participated in the brain ischemic tolerance induced by CIP in rats. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzyme‐catalyzed regioselective synthesis of sucrose‐based esters
Authors: Shi Yu‐gang , Li Jian‐rong , Chu Yen‐Ho 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSucrose‐based esters are nonionic biosurfactants, which can be synthesized from the enzyme‐catalyzed esterification/transesterification of sucrose. The multi‐hydroxyl groups of sucrose and the immiscibility of sucrose with the acyl donors are the main bottlenecks in obtaining highly regioselective sucrose‐based esters. In this mini‐review, the effects of reaction conditions such as biocatalysts, design of solvent systems used as reaction media, modification and denaturation of substrates, and coupling with external auxiliary physical fields such as microwave irradiation and ultrasonic waves on the yield of sucrose esters and regioselectivity of products are highlighted. The existing problems in the field of enzymatic synthesis of sucrose esters as well as its future perspectives were pointed out. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance of silicon‐carbide foams as supports for Pd‐based methane combustion catalysts
Authors: Marín Pablo , Ordóñez Salvador , Díez Fernando V. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Cellular foam materials are a new type of catalyst support that provides improved mass and heat transport characteristics and similar pressure drops to other well‐established structured supports such as monoliths.RESULTS: A Pd‐based catalyst has been prepared using a moderate surface area (25 m2 g−1) β‐SiC foam support without further washcoating. The stability of this catalyst has been tested for methane combustion at lean conditions, showing a small decrease of activity during the first 10 h followed by stable performance. Characterization of fresh and aged catalyst shows no significant changes. The influence of the most important reaction conditions, such as reactor loading (0.25–1 g), temperature (300–550 °C) and inlet methane concentration (833 and 1724 ppm), was studied in a fixed‐bed reactor. The results were fitted to three kinetic models: Mars‐van Krevelen; Langmuir‐Hinselwood; power‐law kinetics.CONCLUSIONS: The Pd/β‐SiC foam catalyst, prepared without the previous addition of a washcoating has been demonstrated to be stable for the combustion of methane‐air lean mixtures. A Mars‐van Krevelen kinetic model provides the best fit to the results obtained. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The naturalist and the nuances: Sentimentalism, moral values, and emotional expression in Darwin and the anatomists
Authors: Dupouy Stéphanie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractComparing Charles Darwin's account of emotional expression to previous nineteenth‐century scientific studies on the same subject, this article intends to locate the exact nature of Darwin's break in his 1872 book (as well as in his earlier notebooks). In contrast to a standard view that approaches this question in the framework of the creationism/evolutionism dichotomy, I argue that Darwin's account distinguishes itself primarily by its distance toward the sentimentalist values and moral hierarchies that were traditionally linked with the study of expression—an attitude that is not an inevitable ingredient of the theory of evolution. However, Darwin's approach also reintroduces another kind of hierarchy in human expression, but one based on attenuation and self‐restraint in the exhibition of expressive signs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The attack of psychiatric legitimacy in the 1960s: Rhetoric and reality
Authors: Grob Gerald N. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDuring the 1960s there was a sustained attack on psychiatric legitimacy. Thomas S. Szasz was the most vituperative and best‐known critic, but he was by no means alone. Individuals and groups from both extremes of the political spectrum were united in their belief that psychiatry was not a legitimate medical specialty, but one that was devoted to protecting its authority as well as enforcing societal norms associated with an unjust society. The attack on psychiatry, of course, did not occur in a vacuum; numerous social and intellectual currents played major roles. To comprehend such attacks and their consequences requires an understanding of the larger societal context as well as the changes that transformed psychiatry in the post–World War II years. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fundamentals of tracer kinetics for dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI
Authors: Koh Tong San , Bisdas Sotirios , Koh Dow Mu , Thng Choon Hua 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTracer kinetic methods employed for quantitative analysis of dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) share common roots with earlier tracer studies involving arterial‐venous sampling and other dynamic imaging modalities. This article reviews the essential foundation concepts and principles in tracer kinetics that are relevant to DCE MRI, including the notions of impulse response and convolution, which are central to the analysis of DCE MRI data. We further examine the formulation and solutions of various compartmental models frequently used in the literature. Topics of recent interest in the processing of DCE MRI data, such as the account of water exchange and the use of reference tissue methods to obviate the measurement of an arterial input, are also discussed. Although the primary focus of this review is on the tracer models and methods for T1‐weighted DCE MRI, some of these concepts and methods are also applicable for analysis of dynamic susceptibility contrast‐enhanced MRI data. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.