bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Road to Functional Flexibility: White Collar Work and Employment Relations in a Privatised Public Utility
Authors: Davidson Julia O'Connell 
Published: August 2010

This paper is concerned with the changing nature of office work in one region of a privatised public utility, which will be referred to as National Utility (NU). It describes how clerical work at NU, traditionally characterised by a detailed division of labour and functional specialism, is being transformed by the introduction of on-line processing and multi-functional team-working. At the same time, NU management is seeking to change the nature and pattern of clerical employment. The intention is to increase the ratio of part time to full time staff, to increase the ‘personal accountability’ of staff, and to move towards a performance-based, rather than a seniority-based, pay and promotion structure. These changes are of some broader theoretical significance. As Batstone et al. (1987) note, much industrial sociology literature has focused on job content as the primary determinant of a number of features of work and employment, including worker autonomy, supervisory styles, and management control strategies. Indeed, much recent industrial sociology, management and institutional economics literature has tended to link employment patterns and conditions, as a whole, with job content, in a direct and unproblematic fashion. In particular, it is often assumed that in order to secure multiple skills, high quality work and the innovative capacities of labour, employers will have to offer not only better pay, but also a better package of conditions, job security, fringe benefits and training and promotion opportunities. Developments at National Utility suggest that the link between job content and employment relations may be weaker than has sometimes been implied, and cast doubt on the theoretical basis for ‘post-Fordist’ confidence in the emergence of a new deal for labour as a result of flexible methods of work organisation.
Things Change: Trends in Austrian Football Hooliganism from 1977–1990
Authors: Horak Roman 
Published: August 2010

The essay argues that the European phenomenon of football hooliganism should be discussed in the context of the process of internationalization and standardization of youth subcultures. In outlining general developmental steps soccer hooliganism in Austria is being discussed to illustrate this argument. The essay distinguishes three different ‘fan-generations’ which came into being in a context of changing social conditions especially regarding the social circumstances, the situation of the job market, a changing security policy, changes in the sport itself as well as general international influences. Focusing on the specific internal structures of the different fan cultures the essay describes each of these ‘generations’ separately and tries to answer the following questions: Can we detect fundamental changes in the styles, norms and moral standards of the fans within these subcultures since they first appeared in the seventies? Can we detect changes in the environment which the fans live in, and, if so, in which way do these changes affect the fans? Can we detect generation gaps within the fan-population? In which way does the change from one generation to the next proceed? Finally, the essay gives a description of the present situation, which is characterized by the existence of a ‘postmodern’ mixture of various styles. Against a generally peaceful background a tendency of a new (self)destructive violence can be seen among very young (13, 14, 15 years of age) supporters in the cities of Vienna and Linz.
Social Work, Modernity and Post Modernity
Authors: McBeath Graham B. , Webb Stephen A. 
Published: August 2010

In this article we argue that current reform proposals coming from Robert Pinker and others are challenging the universalist premises of generic social work. Pinker et al. argue that social work should, for the sake of efficiency and performance, be a connected set of specialist activities. This ‘determinate dispersal’ which we recognise as falling within the remit of postmodern strategies, we contrast with the far more libertarian ideas of the noted post-modern theorist J.F. Lyotard. Thus we site the political and cultural meanings of Pinker's ideas between generic social work which upholds ideas of universal ethical values and universal provision, and those of Lyotard whose anti-foundationalism proposes a radically heterogeneous society with no central value-structure. We express our concern that the ‘new specialist’ remit may allow too much power to the social worker. Thus we have considerable sympathy for Lyotard's call for a radical anonistics – a field wherein the inequalities of power between say, a worker and her client, to some extent can be redressed.
Preliminary Observations on Globalisation and the Migration of Sport Labour
Authors: Maguire Joseph 
Published: August 2010

Focusing on sport labour migration, several broader issues regarding labour migration and globalisation are highlighted. The observations made, and the connections drawn, will be somewhat preliminary in nature. Several dimensions and issues of sport labour migration and globalisation are examined. A range of sports in different societies and across continents are also considered. This migration must be viewed as part of other global cultural flows. Discussion of these flows precedes the case study that focuses on the role of, and the resistance to, American sport labour migrants in the commodification of English basketball over the past two decades, the paper concludes by drawing together the strands of sport migration and global sport development. It's still England against Scotland, no matter who's playing, but the rivalry is born into the British lads. The Canadians tell you they're British when they get a British passport. That might be so but it doesn't make them English or Scottish. The Guardian, 29th January 1993, p. 15.
Food, Memory and Meaning: The Symbolic and Social Nature of Food Events
Authors: Lupton Deborah 
Published: August 2010

Food preparation and consumption practices are considered integral to the maintenance or deterioration of bodily health. As a consequence, individuals in western societies are regularly exhorted to follow health guidelines in their everyday diets. However many fail to heed this advice. Various reasons have been proposed for lack of behavioural change, but few have fully considered the social function and symbolic meanings of food and eating. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory study using the innovative qualitative research method of memory-work to uncover the meanings surrounding food practices in developed societies. The data used are childhood memories about food written by students at an Australian university. The memories are examined for common themes and patterns, revealing important aspects of the ways in which food contributes to social relationships and cultural practices. The findings provide explanations for individuals' adherence to certain eating habits and avoidance of others, and point the way towards the further application of memory-work to elucidate the meanings and symbolic role played by food in western societies.
Understanding Variation in Marital Sexual Pleasure: An Impossible Task?
Authors: O'Connor Pat 
Published: August 2010

Over the past twenty years, sociologists have begun to explore the social and cultural context within which sexual relationships are constructed and in Western society, given such importance. However, although it is commonly recognised that the contraceptive pill has changed the meaning of sexuality (Giddens, 1992; Ferguson, 1989) comparatively little attention has been paid to locating the level of pleasure married women derive from marital sex within the situational, structural and cultural parameters of their lives. The material in this paper is based on intensive interviews with 60 married women, aged 20–42 years old and randomly selected from the records of general medical practitioners in North London. The paper indicates that methodological squeamishness about the viability of a study of sexual pleasure is unwarranted. It shows that only just over one third of these respondents had a high level of sexual pleasure on the scale devised in the study (weighted kappa = .89). For the most part, such pleasure was not associated with other aspects of the marital relationship. Drawing on illustrative material, it locates such pleasure within the context of their marital and family situation and suggests future lines of enquiry.
Deontological Restrictions and the Self/Other Asymmetry
Authors: Alm David 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper offers a partial justification of so‐called “deontological restrictions.” Specifically it defends the “self/other asymmetry,” that we are morally obligated to treat our own agency, and thus its results, as specially important. The argument rests on a picture of moral obligation of a broadly Kantian sort. In particular, it rests on the basic normative assumption that our fundamental obligations are determined by the principles which a rational being as such would follow. These include principles which it is not essential for rational beings to accept, but acceptance of which we could non‐arbitrarily attribute to them simply in their capacity as rational. Among these principles is the asymmetry mentioned above.
The Dyeing and Finishing of Circular‐knitted Cotton and Cotton Blends
Authors: RICHARDSON G. A. 
Published: August 2010

This paper reviews the major recent developments in the field of dyeing and finishing of knitted fabrics and the market and economic forces which have influenced them.These are identified as the fast growing demand for leisure and sports wear, with cotton and cotton blends finding major consumer preference, and the rapid escalation in costs for energy; water, effluent treatment and oil‐based dyes and chemicals.
Continuous Dyeing
Authors: SHORE JOHN 
Published: August 2010

The review concentrates on the period 1973‐79 and is restricted to fully‐continuous methods, i.e. semi‐continuous processes such as pad‐batch or pad‐roll are not considered. An indication of the major trends of development during this period is given.The most important section relates the form in which the substrate is dyed to the type of equipment used: topics include the continuous dyeing of (a) undrawn synthetic filaments in the gel state, (b) warp yams, (c) conventional woven and knitted fabrics, (d) carpets. Developments in low pick‐up techniques of application, such as foam‐padding, loop‐transfer and spray methods, as well as in fixation and washing processes, are discussed.A much shorter section on non‐aqueous methods follows. me large number of patents referring to continuous dyeing from organic solvents and dating mainly from early in the period covered by the review are mentioned briefly. The more promising recent development of the combined dyeing and mercerizing of cotton in liquid ammonia is given attention.The third section is concerned mainly with developments in dyes, auxiliaries and process sequences in continuous dyeing. Unlike the earlier sections, it is subdivided according to the major fibre types: wool and nylon, cellulosic fibres, polyester‐cellulosic blends.The concluding paragraphs reiterate the major themes, with an attempt to indicate possible future trends in continuous dyeing.
Agricultural Biotechnology and the Precautionary Principle
Authors: Ahteensuu Marko 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe precautionary principle (PP) has come to the fore in agricultural biotechnology debate. It calls for early measures to avoid and mitigate uncertain environmental damage and health hazards in the future. This summary article reviews the discussion on the PP. Main arguments for and against invoking the principle in the context of genetically engineered crops are considered.
Technical and Diagnostic Performance of Five Commercial Anti-Diphtheria Toxoid IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits
Authors: Faruq A. , Dadson L. , Cox H. , Alcock F. , Parker A. R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT
The technical and diagnostic performances of five commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the measurement of anti-diphtheria toxoid IgG antibodies were evaluated. There was good agreement between the relative sensitivities of the five assays, but the relative specificity of one of the assays differed from that of the other four assays. Three of the five assays possessed recoveries of the international reference material NIBSC 00/496 within the range of 90% to 110% at antibody levels >0.1 IU/ml. The data suggest that there are manufacture-dependent differences in relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the determination of anti-diphtheria toxoid IgG antibodies that could result in different diagnostic interpretations.
Development of Human-Murine Chimeric Immunoglobulin G for Use in the Serological Detection of Human Flavivirus and Alphavirus Antibodies
Authors: Thibodeaux Brett A. , Panella Amanda N. , Roehrig John T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDiagnosis of human arboviral infections relies heavily on serological techniques such as the immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) and the indirect IgG ELISA. Broad application of these assays is hindered by the lack of standardized positive human control sera that react with a wide variety of flaviviruses (e.g., dengue, West Nile, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, and Powassan viruses), or alphaviruses (e.g., Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and chikungunya viruses) that can cause human disease. We have created human-murine chimeric monoclonal antibodies (cMAbs) by combining the variable regions of flavivirus (6B6C-1) or alphavirus (1A4B-6) broadly cross-reactive murine MAbs (mMAbs) with the constant region of human IgG1. These cMAbs may be used as standardized reagents capable of replacing human infection-immune-positive control sera in indirect IgG ELISA for diagnosis of all human flaviviral or alphaviral infections. The IgG cMAbs secreted from plasmid-transformed Sp2/0-Ag14 cells had serological activity identical to that of the parent mMAbs, as measured by ELISA using multiple flaviviruses or alphaviruses.
Immunogenicity of an AutogenousStreptococcus suisBacterin in Preparturient Sows and Their Piglets in Relation to Protection after Weaning
Authors: Baums Christoph Georg , Brüggemann Christian , Kock Christoph , Beineke Andreas , Waldmann Karl-Heinz , Valentin-Weigand Peter 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStreptococcus suisis an important porcine pathogen causing meningitis and other invasive diseases in piglets of different ages. Application ofS. suisserotype 2 bacterins to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) weaning piglets has been demonstrated to protect against the homologous serotype. However, autogenousS. suisbacterins are also applied to sows and suckling piglets in the field. Therefore, comparative evaluation of different bacterin immunization regimes, including sow vaccination, was performed in this study. The main objectives were to determine the immunogenicity of anS. suisbacterin in sows prepartum and its influence on active immunization of piglets. Experimental infection of 6- and 8-week-old weaning piglets was performed to elucidate protective efficacies. Humoral immune responses were investigated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measuring muramidase-released protein (MRP)-specific IgG titers and by opsonophagocytosis assays. Bacterin application elicited high MRP-specific IgG titers in the serum and colostrum of sows, as well as opsonizing antibodies. Piglets from vaccinated sows had significantly higher MRP-specific titers than respective piglets from nonvaccinated sows until 6 weeks postpartum. Vaccination of suckling piglets did not result in high MRP-specific titers nor in induction of opsonizing antibodies. Furthermore, neither vaccination of suckling nor of weaning piglets from immunized sows was associated with a prominent active immune response and protection at 8 weeks postpartum. However, protection was observed in respective 6-week-old weaning piglets, most likely because of protective maternal immunity. In conclusion, this study provides the first results suggesting protective passive maternal immunity forS. suisserotype 2 after bacterin vaccination of sows and a strong inhibitory effect on active immunization of suckling and weaning piglets, leading to highly susceptible growers.
Improved Diagnosis of
Strongyloides stercoralis
Using Recombinant Antigen-Based Serologies in a Community-Wide Study in Northern Argentina
Authors: Krolewiecki Alejandro J. , Ramanathan Roshan , Fink Valeria , McAuliffe Isabel , Cajal Silvana P. , Won Kimberly , Juarez Marisa , Di Paolo Adriana , Tapia Laura , Acosta Norma , Lee Rogan , Lammie Patrick , Abraham David , Nutman Thomas B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

The serodiagnosis of
Strongyloides stercoralis
infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on crude antigen (CrAg-ELISA), while useful, has been limited by the reliance on crude parasite extracts. Newer techniques such as the luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay (LIPS), based on a 31-kDa recombinant antigen (termed NIE) from
S. stercoralis
and/or the recombinant antigen
S. stercoralis
immunoreactive antigen (SsIR), or the NIE-ELISA have shown promise in controlled settings. We compared each of these serologic assays in individuals from both regions of the world in which
S. stercoralis
is endemic and those in which it is not. A comprehensive stool evaluation (sedimentation concentration, Baermann concentration with charcoal cultures, agar plate, and Harada-Mori) and four different serologic techniques using CrAg-ELISA or recombinant NIE-ELISA as well as LIPS using NIE alone or in combination with a second recombinant antigen (NIE/SsIR-LIPS) were compared among individuals with parasitologically proven infection (
n
= 251) and healthy controls from regions of the world in which the infection is nonendemic (
n
= 11). Accuracy was calculated for each assay. The prevalence of
S. stercoralis
infection was 29.4% among Argentinean stool samples (
n
= 228). Sedimentation concentration and Baermann were the most sensitive stool-based methods. NIE-LIPS showed the highest sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (100%) of the serologic assays. The calculated negative predictive value was highest for both the NIE-LIPS and CrAg-ELISA (>97%) irrespective of disease prevalence. No cross-reactivity with soil-transmitted helminths was noted. NIE-LIPS compares favorably against the current CrAg-ELISA and stool evaluation, providing additional accuracy and ease of performance in the serodiagnosis of
S. stercoralis
infections irrespective of disease prevalence.
Detection of Hepatitis B and C Viruses in Almost All Hepatocytes by Modified PCR-BasedIn SituHybridization
Authors: Nuriya Hideko , Inoue Kazuaki , Tanaka Takeshi , Hayashi Yukiko , Hishima Tsunekazu , Funata Nobuaki , Kaji Kyosuke , Hayashi Seishu , Kaneko Shuichi , Kohara Michinori 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAlthough PCR-basedin situhybridization (PCR-ISH) can be used to determine the distribution and localization of pathogens in tissues, this approach is hampered by its low specificity. Therefore, we used a highly specific and sensitive PCR-ISH method to reveal the lobular distribution and intracellular localization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV in chronic liver disease and to clarify the state of persistent HBV and HCV infection in the liver. HBV genomic DNA was detected in almost all hepatocytes, whereas HBV RNA or protein was differentially distributed only in a subset of the HBV DNA-positive region. Further, HCV genomic RNA was detected in almost all hepatocytes and was localized to the cytoplasm. HCV RNA was also detected in the epithelium of the large bile duct but not in endothelial cells, portal tracts, or sinusoidal lymphocytes. In patients with HBV and HCV coinfection, HCV RNA was localized to the noncancerous tissue, whereas HBV DNA was found only in the cancerous tissue. Using this novel PCR-ISH method, we could visualize the staining pattern of HBV and HCV in liver sections, and we obtained results consistent with those of real-time detection (RTD)-PCR analysis. In conclusion, almost all hepatocytes are infected with HBV or HCV in chronic liver disease; this finding implies that the viruses spreads throughout the liver in the chronic stage.
Rapid Detection of Respiratory Tract Viral Infections and Coinfections in Patients with Influenza-Like Illnesses by Use of Reverse Transcription-PCR DNA Microarray Systems
Authors: Renois Fanny , Talmud Déborah , Huguenin Antoine , Moutte Lauryane , Strady Christophe , Cousson Joel , Lévêque Nicolas , Andréoletti Laurent 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

We prospectively tested 95 nasal swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates taken from 56 adults and 39 children visiting the Reims University Medical Centre (northern France) for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) during the early stage of the French influenza A/H1N1v pandemic (October 2009). Respiratory samples were tested using a combination of two commercially available reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) DNA microarray systems allowing rapid detection of influenza A virus strains, including the new A/H1N1v strain as well as 20 other common or newly discovered respiratory viruses. Concomitantly, a generic and classical real-time RT-PCR assay was performed to detect all circulating influenza A virus strains in the same samples. Of the 95 respiratory samples tested, 30 (31%) were positive for the detection of influenza A/H1N1v virus infection by both RT-PCR DNA microarray and classical real-time RT-PCR detection assays. Among the infections, 25 (83%) were monoinfections, whereas 5 (17%) were multiple infections associating influenza A/H1N1v virus with coronavirus (CoV), human bocavirus (HBoV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or human rhinoviruses (HRVs). Of the 95 respiratory samples tested, 35 (37%) were positive for respiratory viruses other than influenza A/H1N1v virus. Among these infections, we observed 30 monoinfections (HRVs [63%], parainfluenza viruses [PIVs] [20%]), influenza A/H3N2 virus [6%], coronavirus [4%], and HBoV [4%]) and 5 multiple infections, in which HRVs and PIVs were the most frequently detected viruses. No specific single or mixed viral infections appeared to be associated significantly with secondary hospitalization in infectious disease or intensive care departments during the study period (
P
> 0.5). The use of RT-PCR DNA microarray systems in clinical virology practice allows the rapid and accurate detection of conventional and newly discovered viral respiratory pathogens in patients suffering from ILI and therefore could be of major interest for development of new epidemiological survey systems for respiratory viral infections.