bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The changing landscape of Indian agriculture
Authors: Gulati Ashok , Ganguly Kavery 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn tracking the revolutionary changes in the Indian agricultural sector, it is quite clear that technology, institutions, and markets have had a very important role to play. Of course, the public sector played a pivotal and catalytic role when India ushered in the Green Revolution in late 1960s and early 1970s. The public sector imported new seeds, organized their distribution and demonstration, and provided price and market support, all “not‐for‐profit.” The cooperative sector, supported and facilitated by the government, again with the spirit of “not‐for‐profit,” helped bring in the White Revolution in milk through Operation Flood in 1970s and 1980s. This spirit is now being gradually replaced by “for‐profit” objective driven by the private sector, as is demonstrated in the revolutionary changes brought about by the introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis technology in the cotton sector during 2002–2007. On top of this, the corporate sector is also changing the complexion of the Indian agrisystem through notable changes in organized food processing and retailing. This change in spirit from “not‐for‐profit” to “for‐profit” in the growth process of Indian agriculture has significant implications for the concept of CISS, i.e., competitiveness, inclusiveness, sustainability, and scalability, which needs to be studied carefully and in detail. Accordingly, this article traces some of these dynamic changes and their likely implications.
Conditioning trends shaping the agricultural and rural landscape in Africa
Authors: Adesina Akinwumi A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAfrican countries continue to face deepening food crises that have been accentuated by the global food, energy, and financial crises. This situation is part of a long‐term structural problem: decades of under‐investments in agricultural sector and poor policies of support for smallholder farmers who form the bulk of the farming population. The inability of these farmers to achieve a supply response when commodity prices were high and market access was less of a problem suggests that there are multiple sets of binding constraints that continue to limit the potential of agricultural growth to reduce food security and poverty on the continent. This article reviews some of the historical trends that have hampered the performance of the agriculture sector. In addition, it reviews the impacts of more positive trends that could stimulate agricultural growth in Africa that could change the African agricultural landscape. The article however warns that there are more recent global developments and some continental challenges that could prevent or slow agricultural growth. These include the global financial crisis, public sector investments, inequities in global agricultural development policies, rush for agricultural lands by foreign investors, domestic commercial financing markets, climate change, and emerging carbon markets. The article argues that while opportunities for accelerated growth exists for African agriculture, new sets of policy instruments will be needed to support smallholder farmers to access new agricultural technologies, finance, reduce impacts of climate change, and adopt sustainable land use practices that can allow them to benefit from emerging global carbon markets.
Analyzing collective action
Authors: Ostrom Elinor 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCollective‐action problems pervade all societies as well as ecological systems used by humans. Substantial evidence has accrued during the last several decades that human actors are able to solve some (but definitely not all) collective‐action problems on their own without external rules and enforcement imposed from the outside. In this article, I review some of the structural variables that have been found to affect the likelihood of collective action. Then, I address the need to base future work on collective action on a more general theory of human behavior than has been used to model collective action over the last five decades. In the last section, I discuss how structural variables affect the core relationships of reputation, trust, and reciprocity as these affect levels of cooperation.
Applying economic sociology to understand the meaning of “Quality” in food markets
Authors: Allaire Gilles 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the concept of the “market” and questions the standard view of the “market” developed by orthodox economic theory. The article highlights how Economic Sociology and Convention Theory is more useful in understanding markets and appreciating markets as social constructs, which are governed by institutions and social orders. This adjustment in the analytical framework to study markets and especially food markets, is useful in unpacking the various dimensions of “quality” in food products and illustrating that “quality” is an institution that is shaped by society and by culture.
Measurement of Singlet‐Oxygen In Vivo: Progress and Pitfalls
Authors: Kanofsky Jeffrey R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article is a highlight of the paper by Jarvi et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology as well as a brief overview of the state of the field of singlet‐oxygen (1O2) detection in vivo. The in vivo detection of 1O2 using its characteristic 1270 nm phosphorescence is technically challenging. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in this area. Major advances have included the commercial development of photomultiplier tubes sensitive to 1270 nm light, techniques for spatially resolving the location of 1O2 at a subcellular level and more complex mathematical models for interpreting the kinetics of 1O2 emission from living cells. It is now recognized that oxygen consumption, photosensitizer bleaching, oxidation of biological molecules and diffusion of 1O2 can significantly change the kinetics of 1O2 emission from living cells.
Effect of aluminium oxide particle sandblasting on the artificial tooth–resin bond
Authors: Consani Rafael Leonardo Xediek , Richter Marina Martorano , Mesquita Marcelo Ferraz , Sinhoreti Mario Alexandre Coelho , Guiraldo Ricardo Danil 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAim:  The influence of tooth ridge‐lap surface sandblasting with aluminium oxide particles was evaluated on the adhesion of artificial teeth to acrylic resins.Methods:  Specimens were made with the acrylic resin adhered to teeth (BioCler GII), according to an unmodified surface, glossy surface sandblasted with 50‐μm particles and conventional (Classico) or microwaved (Onda Cryl) resin, and a glossy surface sandblasted with 100‐μm particles and Classico or Onda Cryl resin. The shear bond test was performed in an Instron machine using a 500‐N load cell and cross‐speed of 1 mm/min.Results: The analysis of variance revealed significant difference in the tooth–resin shear bond strength for resin, surface treatment, and interaction. For conventional resin, control, 50‐, and 100‐μm particles showed statistically‐different values; for microwaved resin, the control showed less statistical difference when compared to 50‐ and 100‐μm particle treatments; for between resins, only the 100‐μm particle treatment showed statistically‐different values, with lower values for the microwaved resin. Mixed failures (cohesive in the resin and adhesive) were predominantly observed in all groups. Mixed (cohesive in the tooth and adhesive) or adhesive failures were not observed.Conclusions: Sandblasting with different aluminium oxide particle sizes produced different effects on the shear strength values of the tooth–resin bond.
Enamelin/ameloblastin gene polymorphisms in autosomal amelogenesis imperfecta among Syrian families
Authors: Dashash Mayssoon , Bazrafshani Mohamed Riza , Poulton Kay , Jaber Saaed , Naeem Emad , Blinkhorn Anthony Stevenson 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAim:  This study was undertaken to investigate whether a single G deletion within a series of seven G residues (codon 196) at the exon 9–intron 9 boundary of the enamelin gene ENAM and a tri‐nucleotide deletion at codon 180 in exon 7 (GGA vs deletion) of ameloblastin gene AMBN could have a role in autosomal amelogenesis imperfecta among affected Syrian families.Methods:  A new technique – size‐dependent, deletion screening – was developed to detect nucleotide deletion in ENAM and AMBN genes. Twelve Syrian families with autosomal‐dominant or ‐recessive amelogenesis imperfecta were included.Results:  A homozygous/heterozygous mutation in the ENAM gene (152/152, 152/153) was identified in affected members of three families with autosomal‐dominant amelogenesis imperfecta and one family with autosomal‐recessive amelogenesis imperfecta. A heterozygous mutation (222/225) in the AMBN gene was identified. However, no disease causing mutations was found. The present findings provide useful information for the implication of ENAM gene polymorphism in autosomal‐dominant/‐recessive amelogenesis imperfecta.Conclusion:  Further investigations are required to identify other genes responsible for the various clinical phenotypes.
Faster O2 uptake kinetics in canine skeletal muscle in situ after acute creatine kinase inhibition
Authors: Grassi Bruno , Rossiter Harry B. , Hogan Michael C. , Howlett Richard A. , Harris James E. , Goodwin Matthew L. , Dobson John L. , Gladden L. Bruce 
Published: November 2010

Non‐technical summaryThe ability to sustain skeletal muscle contractions is dependent on the conversion of chemical to mechanical energy – a process fueled by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The link between two of the major mechanisms for ATP provision, phosphocreatine (PCr) breakdown and oxidative phosphorylation, was investigated in canine muscle. Infusion of a drug to prevent PCr breakdown (via inhibition of the enzyme creatine kinase; CK) caused (among other effects) a faster adjustment of energy provision from oxidation upon the onset of contractions. Thus, in mammalian skeletal muscle the CK enzyme slows the signal responsible for the activation of oxidative phosphorylation. Sudden increases in the demands for energy at the onset of exercise are met by PCr breakdown, but this process is functionally related, presumably through the levels of some of its metabolites, to the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation, the most important pathway for ATP resynthesis.
Reciprocal Ia inhibition contributes to motoneuronal hyperpolarisation during the inactive phase of locomotion and scratching in the cat
Authors: Geertsen Svend S. , Stecina Katinka , Meehan Claire F. , Nielsen Jens B. , Hultborn Hans 
Published: November 2010

Non‐technical summaryDuring a movement, the contraction of a given muscle group is often coordinated with the simultaneous relaxation of its antagonist muscles. The neural basis of this antagonist relaxation has been investigated in both animal and human experiments for decades and it is believed that activation of the Ia inhibitory interneurones by central motor programmes plays a major role in this relaxation of antagonist muscles. The alternating movements during locomotion would seem to especially require reciprocal actions, but recent studies have raised significant questions about the role of this inhibition. We found that inhibition evoked by these inhibitory interneurones is largest when their target motoneurones are inactive – even in the absence of supraspinal influence. The results of this work provide new evidence for the role of the Ia inhibitory interneurones during rhythmic motor activity. This supports the classical view of reciprocal inhibition as a basis for antagonist relaxation.
Changes in Cell Wall Synthesis and Ultrastructure during Paradoxical Growth Effect of Caspofungin on Four Different
Candida
Species
Authors: Bizerra Fernando C. , Melo Analy S. A. , Katchburian Eduardo , Freymüller Edna , Straus Anita H. , Takahashi Hélio K. , Colombo Arnaldo L. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Paradoxical growth (PG) has been described for echinocandins and is characterized by cell growth at drug concentrations above the MIC. In this study, two isolates each of
Candida albicans
,
C. tropicalis
,
C. orthopsilosis
, and
C. parapsilosis
, all of which displaying PG in response to caspofungin, were subjected to MIC, minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC), and time-kill curve assays to evaluate the levels of PG. Cell wall components and ultrastructural modifications of the PG cells were also investigated. The results showed that when cell growth and survival were evaluated by MFC or time-kill curve assays, high concentrations of caspofungin did not show fungicidal activity against PG cells. Furthermore, for
C. parapsilosis
and
C. orthopsilosis
, time-kill curves were more discriminatory than MFCs in detecting the PG effect. The four different
Candida
species studied demonstrated similar alterations in cell wall components and ultrastructure associated with PG. In PG cells, β-1,3-glucan content decreased from 2.7- to 7.8-fold, whereas chitin content increased from 4.0- to 6.6-fold. An electron microscopy study of the PG cells revealed morphological alterations, clumping of cells, enlarged cells, the absence of filamentation, abnormal septa, and accumulation of chitin in the cell wall. Also, PG cells basically exhibited a single dark high-density layer in the cell wall, indicating the loss of the β-1,3-glucan layer. Our results present novel details about the ultrastructural alterations that occur in
C. albicans
,
C. parapsilosis
,
C. orthopsilosis
, and
C. tropicalis
during PG and show that chitin is the major component of the cell walls of PG cells. Stimulation of chitin synthesis may represent a rescue mechanism against caspofungin activity.
Metallo-β-Lactamase Production by
Pseudomonas otitidis
: a Species-Related Trait
Authors: Thaller Maria Cristina , Borgianni Luisa , Di Lallo Gustavo , Chong Yunsop , Lee Kyungwon , Dajcs Joseph , Stroman David , Rossolini Gian Maria 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Susceptibility to several β-lactams and β-lactamase production was investigated in a collection of 20 strains of
Pseudomonas otitidis
, a new
Pseudomonas
species that has been recently recognized in association with otic infections in humans. All strains appeared to be susceptible to piperacillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and aztreonam, while resistance or decreased susceptibility to carbapenems was occasionally observed. All strains were found to express metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) activity and to carry a new subclass B3 MBL gene, named
bla
POM
, that appeared to be highly conserved in this species.
P. otitidis
, therefore, is the first example of a pathogenic
Pseudomonas
species endowed with a resident MBL. The POM-1 protein from
P. otitidis
type strain MCC10330 exhibits the closest similarity (60 to 64%) to the L1 MBL of
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
. Expression in
Escherichia coli
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
revealed that, similar to L1 and other subclass B3 MBLs, POM-1 confers decreased susceptibility or resistance to carbapenems, penicillins, and cephalosporins but not to aztreonam. Expression of the POM MBL in
P. otitidis
is apparently constitutive and, in most strains, does not confer a carbapenem-resistant phenotype. However, a strong inoculum size effect was observed for carbapenem MICs, and carbapenem-resistant mutants could be readily selected upon exposure to imipenem, suggesting that carbapenem-based regimens should be considered with caution for
P. otitidis
infections.
How to read a postoperative total hip replacement radiograph
Authors: McBride Tim J , Prakash Divya 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
In 2006 over 55 000 primary total hip replacements were implanted in the UK. A crucial aspect of follow-up for these patients is the assessment of the postoperative radiograph. Information gained from the initial radiograph includes assessment of the quality of implantation and hence the likelihood of long term success. Follow-up radiographs can be assessed for signs of component failure. Orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, junior surgical trainees, general medical practitioners, and advanced nurse/extended scope practitioners may all be required to interpret these radiographs during clinical practice. The authors feel that certainly during orthopaedic surgical training, not enough time is allocated to formal training on the systematic assessment of such radiographs. This review aims to provide the reader with a systematic approach to analysing the initial postoperative total hip arthroplasty radiograph, and subsequent follow-up films. Basics of patient positioning for obtaining radiographs, types of prosthesis encountered, and terminology used are covered. Assessment of initial radiographs focuses on assessing leg length, acetabular and femoral positioning, and cement mantle adequacy. Follow-up radiographs are assessed for signs of component failure. A review of the literature provides evidence for the assessment and importance of adequacy of component positioning, and good cementing technique. Normal and abnormal follow-up radiographic features are outlined to allow assessment of loosening or impending failure of a prosthesis.
Smoking restrictions in bars and bartender smoking in the US, 1992–2007
Authors: Bitler Marianne P , Carpenter Christopher , Zavodny Madeline 
Published: November 2010

ObjectiveThe present work is an analysis of whether adoption of state clean indoor air laws (SCIALs) covering bars reduces the proportion of bartenders who smoke primarily by reducing smoking among people already employed as bartenders when restrictions are adopted or by changing the composition of the bartender workforce with respect to smoking behaviours.MethodsLogistic regressions were estimated for a variety of smoking outcomes, controlling for individual demographic characteristics, state economic characteristics, and state, year, and month fixed effects, using data on 1380 bartenders from the 1992–2007 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey combined with data on SCIALs from ImpacTeen.ResultsState restrictions on smoking in bars are negatively associated with whether a bartender smokes, with a 1-point increase in restrictiveness (on a scale of 0–3) associated with a 5.3% reduction in the odds of smoking. Bar SCIALs are positively associated with the likelihood a bartender reports never having smoked cigarettes but not with the likelihood a bartender reports having been a former smoker.ConclusionState clean indoor air laws covering bars appear to reduce smoking among bartenders primarily by changing the composition of the bartender workforce with respect to smoking rather than by reducing smoking among people already employed as bartenders when restrictions are adopted. Such laws may nonetheless be an important public health tool for reducing secondhand smoke.
Strong advocacy led to successful implementation of smokefree Mexico City
Authors: Crosbie Eric , Sebrié Ernesto M , Glantz Stanton A 
Published: November 2010

ObjectiveTo describe the approval process and implementation of the 100% smokefree law in Mexico City and a competing federal law between 2007 and 2010.MethodsReviewed smokefree legislation, published newspaper articles and interviewed key informants.ResultsStrong efforts by tobacco control advocacy groups and key policymakers in Mexico City in 2008 prompted the approval of a 100% smokefree law following the WHO FCTC. As elsewhere, the tobacco industry utilised the hospitality sector to block smokefree legislation, challenged the City law before the Supreme Court and promoted the passage of a federal law that required designated smoking areas. These tactics disrupted implementation of the City law by causing confusion over which law applied in Mexico City. Despite interference, the City law increased public support for 100% smokefree policies and decreased the social acceptability of smoking. In September 2009, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the City law, giving it the authority to go beyond the federal law to protect the fundamental right of health for all citizens.ConclusionsEarly education and enforcement efforts by tobacco control advocates promoted the City law in 2008 but advocates should still anticipate continuing opposition from the tobacco industry, which will require continued pressure on the government. Advocates should utilise the Supreme Court's ruling to promote 100% smokefree policies outside Mexico City. Strong advocacy for the City law could be used as a model of success throughout Mexico and other Latin American countries.
Effective requirements engineering
Authors: Bail William 
Published: November 2010

Failures in systems closely correlate to shortcomings in the system's requirements. Some historic data suggests that requirements are responsible for nearly half of all system development failures. This is especially true for critical systems that are real-time and embedded. Expectations for fault tolerance, graceful degradation, degraded performance modes, and temporal challenges (latency and synchronization) fail to be fully satisfied by common practice.
This tutorial discusses shortcomings in current practices, and provides guidance for enhanced practices that address historic shortcomings, and provide an approach to weighing tradeoffs associated with ambitious goals and realistic limits. It clarifies terminology to facilitate a clearer focus on underlying concepts. In addition, it specifically addresses the issue of stakeholder acceptability, allowing trade-offs of various system qualities to determine overall system acceptance. The tutorial does not describe in detail any specific techniques. Rather, it describes the ways that requirements need to be handled to maximize the likelihood of success.
Unmanned systems with Ada and RTEMS
Authors: Cicalese Cindy , Sherill Joel , Sward Ricky , Weatherly Richard 
Published: November 2010

This tutorial provides an introduction to the development of software in Ada for unmanned systems. The authors will demonstrate how they are using Ada over RTEMS in developing the real time control software for a large unmanned ground vehicle. RTEMS is an open source, real-time operating system that provides a high performance environment for embedded applications on a range of processors and embedded hardware.
The format of the tutorial will be hands-on, focusing on developing applications in Ada over RTEMS using a live Fedora GNU Linux DVD. The DVD provides a complete GNAT Ada installation with all sources and scripts as well as the prebuilt toolset and simulators. The instructors will demonstrate some of the hardware components of the large unmanned ground vehicle controlled by software developed in Ada over RTEMS. The attendee will gain from this tutorial a practical application of how Ada can be used in the development of unmanned systems. The attendee should bring a x86 compatible laptop with DVD reader, if possible.
Pazopanib in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Ward James E. , Stadler Walter M. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Pazopanib is an oral, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of patients with advanced renal cell cancer on the basis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial, which showed that once a day dosing of 800 mg of pazopanib resulted in progression free survival of 9.2 months versus 4.2 months (P &lt; 0.0001). Pazopanib thus joins sorafenib and sunitinib as one of the clinically available VEGF receptor (VEGFR)–targeted drugs for the treatment of patients with advanced clear cell renal cell cancer. The mechanism of action, preclinical and clinical data, and a comparison with the other drugs in its class are outlined below. Clin Cancer Res; 16(24); 5923–7. ©2010 AACR.