bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classically and alternatively activated bone marrow derived macrophages differ in cytoskeletal functions and migration towards specific CNS cell types
Authors: Vereyken Elly JF , Heijnen Priscilla DAM , Baron Wia , de Vries Elga HE , Dijkstra Christine D , Teunissen Charlotte E 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundMacrophages play an important role in neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI), being involved in both damage and repair. The divergent effects of macrophages might be explained by their different activation status: classically activated (CA/M1), pro-inflammatory, macrophages and alternatively activated (AA/M2), growth promoting, macrophages. Little is known about the effect of macrophages with these phenotypes in the central nervous system (CNS) and how they influence pathogenesis. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the characteristics of these phenotypically different macrophages in the context of the CNS in anin vitrosetting.ResultsHere we show that bone marrow derived CA and AA macrophages have a distinct migratory capacity towards medium conditioned by various cell types of the CNS. AA macrophages were preferentially attracted by the low weight (< 10 kD) fraction of neuronal conditioned medium, while CA macrophages were attracted in higher numbers by astrocyte- and oligodendrocyte conditioned medium. Intrinsic motility was twice as high in AA macrophages compared to CA macrophages. The adhesion to extracellular matrix molecules (ECM) was significantly enhanced in CA macrophages compared to control and AA macrophages. The actin cytoskeleton was differentially organized between CA and AA macrophages, possibly due to greater activity of the GTPases RhoA and Rac in CA macrophages. Phagocytosis of myelin and neuronal fragments was increased in CA macrophages compared to AA macrophages. The increase in myelin phagocytosis was associated with higher expression of CR3/MAC-1 in CA macrophages.ConclusionIn conclusion, since AA macrophages are more motile and are attracted by NCM, they are prone to migrate towards neurons in the CNS. CA macrophages have a lower motility and a stronger adhesion to ECM. In neuroinflammatory diseases the restricted migration and motility of CA macrophages might limit lesion size due to bystander damage.
The presence of tomato leaf curl Kerala virus AC3 protein enhances viral DNA replication and modulates virus induced gene-silencing mechanism in tomato plants
Authors: Pasumarthy Kalyan K , Mukherjee Sunil K , Choudhury Nirupam R 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background
Geminiviruses encode few viral proteins. Most of the geminiviral proteins are multifunctional and influence various host cellular processes for the successful viral infection. Though few viral proteins like AC1 and AC2 are well characterized for their multiple functions, role of AC3 in the successful viral infection has not been investigated in detail.

Results
We performed phage display analysis with the purified recombinant AC3 protein with Maltose Binding Protein as fusion tag (MBP-AC3). Putative AC3 interacting peptides identified through phage display were observed to be homologous to peptides of proteins from various metabolisms. We grouped these putative AC3 interacting peptides according to the known metabolic function of the homologous peptide containing proteins. In order to check if AC3 influences any of these particular metabolic pathways, we designed vectors for assaying DNA replication and virus induced gene-silencing of host gene PCNA. Investigation with these vectors indicated that AC3 enhances viral replication in the host plant tomato. In the PCNA gene-silencing experiment, we observed that the presence of functional AC3 ORF strongly manifested the stunted phenotype associated with the virus induced gene-silencing of PCNA in tomato plants.

Conclusions
Through the phage display analysis proteins from various metabolic pathways were identified as putative AC3 interacting proteins. By utilizing the vectors developed, we could analyze the role of AC3 in viral DNA replication and host gene-silencing. Our studies indicate that AC3 is also a multifunctional protein.
Interplay of recombination and selection in the genomes of Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Joseph Sandeep J , Didelot Xavier , Gandhi Khanjan , Dean Deborah , Read Timothy D 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite, which causes several severe and debilitating diseases in humans. This study uses comparative genomic analyses of 12 complete published C. trachomatis genomes to assess the contribution of recombination and selection in this pathogen and to understand the major evolutionary forces acting on the genome of this bacterium.

Results
The conserved core genes of C. trachomatis are a large proportion of the pan-genome: we identified 836 core genes in C. trachomatis out of a range of 874-927 total genes in each genome. The ratio of recombination events compared to mutation (ρ/θ) was 0.07 based on ancestral reconstructions using the ClonalFrame tool, but recombination had a significant effect on genetic diversification (r/m = 0.71). The distance-dependent decay of linkage disequilibrium also indicated that C. trachomatis populations behaved intermediately between sexual and clonal extremes. Fifty-five genes were identified as having a history of recombination and 92 were under positive selection based on statistical tests. Twenty-three genes showed evidence of being under both positive selection and recombination, which included genes with a known role in virulence and pathogencity (e.g., ompA, pmps, tarp). Analysis of inter-clade recombination flux indicated non-uniform currents of recombination between clades, which suggests the possibility of spatial population structure in C. trachomatis infections.

Conclusions

C. trachomatis is the archetype of a bacterial species where recombination is relatively frequent yet gene gains by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and losses (by deletion) are rare. Gene conversion occurs at sites across the whole C. trachomatis genome but may be more often fixed in genes that are under diversifying selection. Furthermore, genome sequencing will reveal patterns of serotype specific gene exchange and selection that will generate important research questions for understanding C. trachomatis pathogenesis.

Reviewers
This article was reviewed by Dr. Jeremy Selengut, Dr. Lee S. Katz (nominated by Dr. I. King Jordan) and Dr. Arcady Mushegian.
Translating pharmacogenetics into clinical practice: interleukin (IL)28B and inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) polymophisms in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection
Authors: Cariani Elisabetta , Villa Erica , Rota Cristina , Critelli Rosina , Trenti Tommaso 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is frequently characterized by evolution to chronicity and by a variable clinical course of the disease. The clinical heterogeneities of HCV infection and the imperfect predictability of the response to interferon (IFN) have suggested the need to search for a genetic basis of clinical features. This led to the discovery of genetic polymorphisms playing a major role in the evolution of infection, as well as on treatment response and adverse effects. This review will cover recent reports on the subject, focusing on the potential use of the new genetic markers in the diagnostic algorithm for the stratification of patients for personalized antiviral regimens.
Ultra Low Tin Quaternary Alloys PWR Performance—Impact of Tin Content on Corrosion Resistance, Irradiation Growth, and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Chabretou V. , Hoffmann P. B. , Trapp-Pritsching S. , Garner G. , Barberis P. , Rebeyrolle V. , Vermoyal J. J. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The performance of Zr1NbSnFe alloys within the range of Sn 0–0.65 % and Fe 0.03–0.35 % were studied through irradiation of fuel rods in two pressurized water reactors (PWRs) operating with significantly different fuel management strategies. Material test rod irradiations have also been launched in order to determine irradiation growth and corrosion behaviour on tubes irradiated under conditions representative of guide tubes. Results show that the increase in tin content up to 0.3 % does not significantly change the corrosion resistance nor the hydrogen pick-up compared to Zr1Nb alloy, while ensuring a higher creep resistance and an improved dimensional stability. On the contrary, at 0.5 % Sn, the corrosion resistance can be significantly degraded under demanding conditions. The iron addition to the alloy can be considered as a second order parameter for both corrosion and creep properties.
Production and properties of transuranium elements
Authors: Nagame Y. , Hirata M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe summarize historical perspective of the transuranium elements, neptunium (Np) through lawrencium (Lr), and recent progress on production, and nuclear and chemical properties of these elements. Exotic decay properties of heavy nuclei are also introduced. Chemical properties of transuranium elements in aqueous and solid states are summarized based on the actinide concept.
Spectroscopy of actinide and transactinide nuclei
Authors: Herzberg R.-D. , Cox D. M. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The role of isomers for nuclei with Z ≥ 100 is discussed. Recent advances in experimental instrumentation leading to combined in-beam gamma ray and conversion electron spectroscopy are discussed. The rotational spectra of nuclei with Z ≥ 94 and their moments of inertia are discussed. Examples for in-beam spectroscopy leading to the discovery and identification of isomers are given in 248,250Fm. Here some attention is given to the assignment of nuclear configurations from g-factors measured via the branching ratios of coupled bands built on the isomers. A full list of the longest lived isomers in nuclei with Z ≥ 82 is given.
Small Molecule Tunnelling Systems: Variation of Isotope Effects
Authors: Jakobušić Brala Cvijeta , Karković Ana , Klepac Katarina , Vučinović Ana Marija , Pilepić Viktor , Uršić Stanko 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Variations of the kinetic isotope effects and tunnelling regime in two small molecule tunnelling systems, the reaction of ascorbate monoanion with hexacyanoferrate(III) ions in water-acetonitrile (1:1 v/v), water-dioxane (1:1 v/v) and the oxidation of ascorbate with ferricinium ions in water were investigated. The kinetic isotope effects and tunnelling regime undergo to changes due to presence of cations in the reactions. The evidence comprise: 1.) the spectroscopic and kinetic evidences for the interaction of ascorbate monoanion with hexacyanoferrate(III) ions in water-acetonitrile (1:1 v/v), water-dioxane (1:1 v/v) and for the oxidation of ascorbate with ferricinium ions in water; 2.) for the interaction of ascorbate monoanion with hexacyanoferrate(III) ions: a) the observation of change of KIE from k
H/k
D=8.25(0.09) in water-acetonitrile (1:1 v/v) to 5.86(0.17) in presence of 0.1 M K+ in the same solvent; b) the observation of change of KIE from k
H/k
D=8.37(0.16) in water-dioxane (1:1 v/v) to 5.75(0.1) in presence of 0.3 M Na+ in the same solvent; c) the observation of change of isotope effect on the Arrhenius pre-factors, from A
H/A
D=0.49(0.09) in the reaction in water-acetonitrile (1:1 v/v) to A
H/A
D=0.14(0.02) in presence of 0.1 M K+ in the same solvent; d) the observation of change of isotope effect on the Arrhenius pre-factors, from A
H/A
D=0.046(0.008) in the reaction in water-dioxane (1:1 v/v) to A
H/A
D=0.07(0.01) in presence of 0.3 M Na+ in the same solvent; 3.) for the oxidation of ascorbate with ferricinium ions: a) the observation of change of KIE from k
H/k
D=1.91(0.02) in water to k
H/k
D=2.01(0.03) in presence of 0.5 M Na+; b) the observation of change of isotope effect on the Arrhenius pre-factors, from A
H/A
D=0.80(0.09) in the reaction in water to A
H/A
D=0.52(0.10) in presence of 0.5 M Na+; c) the observation of change of KIE from k
H/k
D=1.91(0.02) in water to k
H/k
D=1.72(0.02) in presence of 0.1 M of acetate ion; d) the observation of catalysis by acetate ions in the reaction. These results were discussed tentatively following a framework of Marcus-like tunnelling model, taking into account differences between the transition structures in the reactions and dynamical features of the systems.
Litigation Risk and Abnormal Accruals
Authors: Boone Jeff P. , Khurana Inder K. , Raman K. K. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARY
In this paper, we examine the relation between auditor litigation risk and abnormal accruals over the 1989–2007 time period. We address potential endogeneity in prior studies by jointly modeling abnormal accruals and litigation risk in a simultaneous equation system. Our findings suggest that client-specific litigation risk affects auditor incentives to acquiesce to client demands for earnings management, i.e., the higher the risk of auditor litigation, the greater the auditor's restraining influence on the abnormal accruals reported by the client. We also find evidence that abnormal accruals increase the likelihood of auditor litigation. We also document that the 1995 Public Securities Litigation Reform Act (PSLRA) lowered the client-specific risk of auditor litigation. Litigation reform remains a topic of ongoing interest. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the effects of litigation reform (and related changes in legal exposure) on auditor incentives and earnings management.
Cilindro del Sur and United Gas Products: An International Application of the Strategic Cost Management Framework
Authors: Canace Thomas G , Juras Paul E 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
This case provides students with an opportunity to apply project valuation methodologies in an international context. The dynamics of the case offer more complexity than typical textbook capital budgeting problems because, while the identity has been disguised, the case is based on a real company. We complement recent pedagogical literature on strategic cost management (Blocher 2009) by applying a five-stage information value chain to our case setting. Students must consider both the financial and strategic factors to make a unified decision about whether an industrial gases joint venture should expand operations into Guatemala. Students are asked to perform thorough financial analysis using advanced spreadsheet modeling techniques to support their decision. Equally important, they are required to research the socio-political-economic factors, and to assess the joint venture's competitive and strategic landscape. The primary deliverable is a written recommendation, in the form of a business case, which is submitted to the Vice President of the U.S. joint venture partner. This component addresses concerns raised in recent literature (Matherly and Burney 2009) about the lack of emphasis in current accounting curricula on developing students' writing competencies in a relevant context.
Kmart: Predicting Bankruptcy, Fresh Start Reporting, and Valuation of Distressed Securities
Authors: Lehavy Reuven , Udpa Suneel 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
On January 22, 2002, Kmart Corporation filed voluntary petitions for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the federal bankruptcy laws. While under Chapter 11 protection, Kmart renegotiated its debt, shed some of its non-performing assets, and issued new equity. Financier Eddie Lampert of ESL Investments bought much of Kmart's debt for less than $1 billion while it was in bankruptcy. As part of the reorganization plan, virtually all of Kmart's debt was converted into shares, and ESL Investments emerged as Kmart's largest shareholder. Subsequent to its emergence from bankruptcy on May 6, 2003, Kmart's stock has gone up from around $15/share to nearly $80/share over a period of one year. The case requires students to analyze Kmart's financial performance prior to the bankruptcy, identify the circumstances leading to the bankruptcy, use projected financial statements to derive Kmart's value post-bankruptcy, and explore issues related to Kmart's adoption of Fresh Start reporting upon its emergence from bankruptcy. The case questions fall into five categories: (1) pre-bankruptcy evaluation, (2) reorganization plan and Kmart in bankruptcy, (3) Fresh Start reporting, (4) bankruptcy valuation analysis, and (5) post-bankruptcy performance. The questions are largely independent, allowing instructors the flexibility to adopt only the sections relevant to their courses.
Influence of Time of Day of Blood Pressure–Lowering Treatment on Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertensive Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hermida Ramón C. , Ayala Diana E. , Mojón Artemio , Fernández José R. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
We prospectively investigated in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes if bedtime treatment with ≥1 hypertension medications exerts better blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk reduction than conventional therapy, in which all medications are ingested in the morning.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end point trial on 448 hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes, 255 men/193 women, mean ± SD age 62.5 ± 10.8 years, randomized to ingest all their prescribed hypertension medications upon awakening or ≥1 of them at bedtime. Ambulatory blood pressure was measured for 48 h at baseline and again annually or even more frequently (quarterly) after adjustments in treatment.

RESULTS
After a median follow-up of 5.4 years, patients ingesting ≥1 hypertension medications at bedtime showed a significantly lower cardiovascular risk (adjusted by age and sex) than subjects ingesting all medications upon awakening (hazard ratio 0.33 [95% CI 0.21–0.54]; P &lt; 0.001). The difference between groups in the adjusted risk of major events (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) was also statistically significant (0.25 [0.10–0.61]; P = 0.003). Patients treated at bedtime showed significantly lower sleep time blood pressure mean and higher prevalence of controlled ambulatory blood pressure (62.5 vs. 50.9%; P = 0.013). There was a significant 12% cardiovascular risk reduction per each 5 mmHg decrease in asleep systolic blood pressure during follow-up (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Among patients with diabetes, treatment with ≥1 hypertension medications at bedtime, compared with all medications upon waking, resulted in improved ambulatory blood pressure control and significantly reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sacks David B. , Arnold Mark , Bakris George L. , Bruns David E. , Horvath Andrea Rita , Kirkman M. Sue , Lernmark Ake , Metzger Boyd E. , Nathan David M. 
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND
Multiple laboratory tests are used to diagnose and manage patients with diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these tests varies substantially.

APPROACH
An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for the use of laboratory testing for patients with diabetes. A new system was developed to grade the overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations. Draft guidelines were posted on the Internet and presented at the 2007 Arnold O. Beckman Conference. The document was modified in response to oral and written comments, and a revised draft was posted in 2010 and again modified in response to written comments. The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry and the Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine Committee of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry jointly reviewed the guidelines, which were accepted after revisions by the Professional Practice Committee and subsequently approved by the Executive Committee of the American Diabetes Association.

CONTENT
In addition to long-standing criteria based on measurement of plasma glucose, diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased blood hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentrations. Monitoring of glycemic control is performed by self-monitoring of plasma or blood glucose with meters and by laboratory analysis of HbA1c. The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and other analytes are addressed.

SUMMARY
The guidelines provide specific recommendations that are based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes have minimal clinical value at present, and their measurement is not recommended.
Des animaux et des hommes
Authors: Dorey Jean-Louis 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les avancées de l’éthologie font vaciller les critères de représentation distinguant l’animal de l’humain. L’auteur revisite les discours mythiques sur l’origine du contrat social de Lévi-Strauss et de Freud. Partant de l’idée de nombreux anthropologues selon laquelle la culture et le psychisme spécifient l’humain, il envisage une « potentialité subjective » de l’humain portée par l’environnement. L’indifférenciation de la psyché observée dans les thérapies familiales se rapprocherait de la réalité psychique groupale primitive telle que la décrit Freud. L’auteur propose l’esquisse d’un nouveau scénario mythique dans lequel la thérapie familiale, en mobilisant le travail de différenciation, répète l’évolution du psychisme dans l’histoire de l’humanité. Dans le processus thérapeutique, l’animalité reviendrait à certains moments figurer différents degrés de négativité.
Identifications à une figure animale : un chemin groupal vers une représentation « humanisante »
Authors: Gianèse-Madelaine Catherine 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Lorsqu’un enfant souffre de troubles envahissants du développement, il est perçu, dans les premiers temps de sa vie, par un excès de différence, ce qui impacte directement son développement identitaire. L’accueil dans un dispositif institutionnel articulant l’écoute familiale, l’écoute individuelle et le travail clinique groupal institutionnel, permet de percevoir et d’accueillir l’émergence d’une figure animale comme une première surface de projection identitaire moins étrange, à laquelle le groupe peut se relier. Ces différents emboîtements ouvrent l’accès à des représentations groupales de plus en plus « humaines », offrant à l’enfant de nouvelles possibilités d’identification ainsi que la construction de premiers contenants psychiques.
La gestion du dilemme exploitation/exploration en pratique : le cas d'une entreprise de produits de grande consommation
Authors: Farjaudon Anne-Laure , Soulerot Marion 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Dans cet article, nous proposons un modèle de forme d’organisation ambidextre issu de la littérature. La confrontation de ce modèle au cas d’une entreprise de produits de grande consommation permet de valider la pertinence du modèle. Toutefois nous proposons d’inscrire le rôle du contrôleur de gestion au cœur de la problématique d’ambidextérité pour qu’il en soit le « chef d’orchestre ».