bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trout Piscivory in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon: Effects of Turbidity, Temperature, and Fish Prey Availability
Authors: Yard Michael D. , Coggins Lewis G. , Baxter Colden V. , Bennett Glenn E. , Korman Josh 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIntroductions of nonnative salmonids, such as rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta, have affected native fishes worldwide in unforeseen and undesirable ways. Predation and other interactions with nonnative rainbow trout and brown trout have been hypothesized as contributing to the decline of native fishes (including the endangered humpback chub Gila cypha) in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon. A multiyear study was conducted to remove nonnative fish from a 15‐km segment of the Colorado River near the Little Colorado River confluence. We evaluated how sediment, temperature, fish prey availability, and predator abundance influenced the incidence of piscivory (IP) by nonnative salmonids. Study objectives were addressed through spatial (upstream and downstream of the Little Colorado River confluence) and temporal (seasonal and annual) comparisons of prey availability and predator abundance. Data were then evaluated by modeling the quantity of fish prey ingested by trout during the first 2 years (2003–2004) of the mechanical removal period. Field effort resulted in the capture of 20,000 nonnative fish, of which 90% were salmonids. Results indicated that the brown trout IP was higher (8–70%) than the rainbow trout IP (0.5–3.3%); however, rainbow trout were 50 times more abundant than brown trout in the study area. We estimated that during the study period, over 30,000 fish (native and nonnative species combined) were consumed by rainbow trout (21,641 fish) and brown trout (11,797 fish). On average, rainbow trout and brown trout ingested 85% more native fish than nonnative fish in spite of the fact that native fish constituted less than 30% of the small fish available in the study area. Turbidity may mediate piscivory directly by reducing prey detection, but this effect was not apparent in our data, as rainbow trout IP was greater when suspended sediment levels (range = 5.9–20,000 mg/L) were higher.
Effects of Fluctuating Flows and a Controlled Flood on Incubation Success and Early Survival Rates and Growth of Age‐0 Rainbow Trout in a Large Regulated River
Authors: Korman Josh , Kaplinski Matthew , Melis Theodore S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHourly fluctuations in flow from Glen Canyon Dam were increased in an attempt to limit the population of nonnative rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykissin the Colorado River, Arizona, due to concerns about negative effects of nonnative trout on endangered native fishes. Controlled floods have also been conducted to enhance native fish habitat. We estimated that rainbow trout incubation mortality rates resulting from greater fluctuations in flow were 23–49% (2003 and 2004) compared with 5–11% under normal flow fluctuations (2006–2010). Effects of this mortality were apparent in redd excavations but were not seen in hatch date distributions or in the abundance of the age‐0 population. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that a controlled flood in March 2008, which was intended to enhance native fish habitat, resulted in a large increase in early survival rates of age‐0 rainbow trout. Age‐0 abundance in July 2008 was over fourfold higher than expected given the number of viable eggs that produced these fish. A hatch date analysis indicated that early survival rates were much higher for cohorts that hatched about 1 month after the controlled flood (∼April 15) relative to those that hatched before this date. The cohorts that were fertilized after the flood were not exposed to high flows and emerged into better‐quality habitat with elevated food availability. Interannual differences in age‐0 rainbow trout growth based on otolith microstructure supported this hypothesis. It is likely that strong compensation in survival rates shortly after emergence mitigated the impact of incubation losses caused by increases in flow fluctuations. Control of nonnative fish populations will be most effective when additional mortality is applied to older life stages after the majority of density‐dependent mortality has occurred. Our study highlights the need to rigorously assess instream flow decisions through the evaluation of population‐level responses.
Relationship between starting and finishing position in short track speed skating races
Authors: Muehlbauer Thomas , Schindler Christian 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRaces in short track speed skating represent head‐to‐head competitions performed during multiple series (the rank but not the time qualifying for the next round are important), where strategic aspects are thought to play an important role for success. This study examined the relationship between starting and finishing position performed in six short track ice speed skating events (3 European Championships, 3 World Championships) over a four year period (321 female and 386 male individual races finished). Associations were analyzed for effects of race distance (500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, and 3000 m) and qualifying round (preliminaries, heats, quarter‐finals, semi‐finals, and final). Kendall's tau‐b rank‐correlation revealed that regardless of athletes’ sex, the size of correlation between starting and finishing position decreases with race distance, which was highest and positive in the 500 m races (women: τ=0.28, P<0.001; men: τ=0.29, P<0.001), lowest in the 1500 m races (women: τ=0.06, P>0.05; men: τ=0.10, P<0.01), and negative in the 3000 m races (women: τ= − 0.19, P>0.05; men: τ= − 0.18, P>0.05). This finding suggests a shift in pacing strategy, with skaters reducing their effort to initially skate in a front position as race distance increased (e.g., in order to conserve some energetic ressources for an end spurt). Furthermore, the size of correlation increases with qualifying round, which was lowest in the preliminaries (women: τ= − 0.02, P>0.05; men: τ=0.07, P>0.05) and highest in the finals (women: τ=0.34, P<0.001; men: τ=0.31, P<0.001). This finding suggests that skaters force their effort to initially skate in a front position as level of qualifying round increases.
Biological maturity and primary school children's physical activity: Influence of different physical activity assessment instruments
Authors: Fairclough Stuart J. , Boddy Lynne M. , Ridgers Nicola D. , Stratton Gareth , Cumming Sean 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBiological maturation may attenuate hypothesized sex differences in children's physical activity but overall the evidence for this is equivocal. In this study, we investigated how the selection of different physical activity assessment instruments affects the detected relationship between biological maturation and late primary school children's physical activity. Altogether, 175 children (97 girls, 78 boys) aged 10.6±0.3 years completed the PAQ‐C self‐report questionnaire and wore ActiGraph GT1M accelerometers for 5 consecutive days. Maturity status was predicted by estimating attainment of age at peak height velocity. Following initial exploration of sex differences in PAQ‐C (t‐test) and multiple ActiGraph outcome variables (MANOVA), the influence of maturity status was controlled using ANCOVA and MANCOVA. Unadjusted analyses revealed that boys were significantly more active than girls according to the PAQ‐C (P<0.0001, d=0.52) and ActiGraph (P<0.0001, d=0.36–0.72). After controlling for maturity status, the differences in PAQ‐C scores increased (P=0.001, d=0.64), but the significant differences disappeared for the ActiGraph data (P=0.36, d=0.17–0.33). The detected relationship between maturity status and late primary school children's physical activity is dependent on the physical activity assessment tool employed, reflecting the different aspects of physical activity captured by the respective measures.
Physical activity levels during Dutch primary and secondary school physical education
Authors: Singerland Menno , Oomen Joost , Borghouts Lars 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective: Physical education (PE) has been attributed an important role in providing young people with physical activity. If sufficiently active, PE lessons could contribute to physical activity levels in youth. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the overall intensity of Dutch primary and secondary school physical education (PE) lessons and the influence of various lesson characteristics on these intensity levels. Methods: Between September 2008 and June 2009 heart rates were measured using the Polar Team System in a nationally distributed sample of 913 students in 40 schools in the Netherlands. Results: Overall percentages lesson time in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were 46.7% and 40.1% during primary school and secondary school PE respectively. Results indicated a sharp decline in girls’ PE intensity levels at the beginning of secondary school. Furthermore, secondary school boys were more active than girls. The high prevalence of teamgames in the Dutch PE curricula might prevent secondary school girls from attaining similar physical activity levels during PE.
Effect of whole‐body contrast‐water therapy on recovery from intense exercise of short duration
Authors: Sayers Mark G. , Calder Angela M. , Sanders Jo G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAthletes often use contrast‐water therapy as a recovery modality to reduce training fatigue. However, there is debate regarding the effectiveness of this practice, particularly when active and passive recovery regimens are more readily accessible. Fourteen male state‐level hockey players participated in three experimental sessions involving two 30‐s maximal‐intensity Wingate ergometer tests interspersed by a 12‐min recovery period. Three different recovery protocols were assessed. Passive recovery involved sitting while active recovery comprised low‐intensity cycling. Contrast‐water therapy recovery involved three cycles of alternate immersion in heated (38°C) and cool (15°C) water for 3.5 min and 30 s respectively. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and ratings of fatigue were assessed immediately before (baseline) and after the first Wingate test, 3 min and 7 min into and at the end of the recovery period, and immediately after the second Wingate test. Blood pressure was assessed at baseline, immediately before recovery, and immediately after recovery. Heart rate remained elevated 3 min and 7 min into as well as after active recovery compared with both contrast‐water therapy (P<0.001) and passive recovery (P<0.001), and was elevated 3 min into and after contrast‐water therapy recovery compared with passive recovery (P<0.001). Blood lactate concentration was significantly lowered 7 min into and after active recovery (P<0.001) and contrast‐water therapy (P<0.001) compared with passive recovery, but no significant difference was observed between active recovery and contrast‐water therapy. Rating of fatigue was significantly lower for contrast‐water therapy (P<0.001) compared with passive recovery and active recovery, the latter two being similar. However, no significant differences were found between the recovery modalities for any of the test or retest Wingate performance indices. Although contrast‐water therapy offered similar benefits to well‐established active recovery protocols, it also resulted in reduced ratings of fatigue and a faster return to baseline for some variables. Although restricted to a limited time frame, these findings reflect that the subtle effects from contrast‐water therapy may translate to important practical differences that can influence the recovery choices of athletes, particularly when engaged in intense events/training where the recovery period is limited.
Genetic Polymorphisms of ADH1C and CYP2E1 and Risk of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Brocic Miroslav , Supic Gordana , Zeljic Katarina , Jovic Nebojsa , Kozomara Ruzica , Zagorac Sladjana , Zlatkovic Milica , Magic Zvonko 
Published: June 2011

ObjectiveSeveral studies have suggested that the metabolism of alcohol is modulated by the polymorphisms in genes encoding ethanol‐metabolizing enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenase 1C, ADH1C, and cytochrome P450‐dependent monooxygenase, CYP2E1. Genetic polymorphisms of ethanol‐metabolizing enzymes may affect individual susceptibility to oral cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between ADH1C and CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms with oral squamous cell carcinoma in an ethnically homogeneous Caucasian population.DesignCase‐control study.SettingSerbian national general hospital.Subjects and MethodsThe study was conducted on 123 oral cancer patients and a control group of 177 individuals of the Caucasian race and the same ethnicity, matched in age and gender, without previous cancer history. The control group consisted of 120 population‐based and 57 hospital‐based controls of heavy‐drinking individuals. Genetic polymorphisms of ADH1C SspI, ADH1C HaeIII, CYP2E1 RsaI, and CYP2E1 Ins were determined by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphisms.ResultsAfter adjustment by potential confounders, the significant increase of oral cancer risk, independent of alcohol drinking, was observed in individuals with the variant ADH1C SspI*2/*2 genotype (odds ratio, 3.029; P =. 014) and in combined ADH1C SspI*1/*2 and ADH1C SspI*2/*2 genotypes (odds ratio, 2.605; P =. 002), compared to the ADH1C*1/1* wild type. The association of other polymorphisms under study was not observed.ConclusionThis study suggested that the ADH1C SspI polymorphism could play a significant role in the etiology of oral cancer, whereas ADH1C HaeIII, CYP2E1 RsaI, and CYP2E1 Ins could have minor influence.
The co-expression of 4-hydroxynonenal and prominin-1 in glioblastomas
Authors: Kolenc Danijela , Jakovčević Antonia , Macan Marija , Žarković Kamelija 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOxidative stress (OS) is the condition that occurs when the anti-oxidative capacity of tissues and cells is overcome. The oxidative damage of cells is caused by free radicals which are products of OS. Lipid peroxidation is an autocatalitic process caused by OS which damages lipids and causes production of highly reactive species such as 4-hyroxynonenal (HNE). Recent findings have shown an increase in HNE-immunopositivity when compared to grade of astrocytic tumors. The cancer stem cell hypothesis suggests that not all cells in the tumor have the same ability to proliferate and maintain the growth of the tumor. Only a relatively small fraction of cells in the tumor, termed cancer stem cells, posses the ability to proliferate and self-renew extensively and expresses the surface marker CD133 (prominin-1). CNS tissue damage via trauma, viruses and ishaemia, increases the amount of OS production, which damages endothelial cells and consequently results in excess production of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). EPCs are immunoreactive for CD133 and CD34 and are thus important in the process of angiogenesis. Results of our study confirmed the main hypothesis, i.e.the proportional expression and distribution of CD133 and HNE in tumor cells, mesenchymal stroma, blood vessels and in the areas of necrosis, probably due to permanent OS in tumors, whose products continue to damage the endothelial cells and cause an excess production of EPCs. Identification of coexpression HNE and CD133 in GBM has important implication for the understanding of propagation of tumors into higher grade.
Genetic defects causing functional and structural isolated growth hormone deficiency
Authors: Petkovic Vibor , Mullis Primus 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNormal somatic growth requires the integrated function of many of the hormonal, metabolic, and other growth factors involved in the hypothalamo-pituitary-somatotrope axis. Human growth hormone (hGH) causes a variety of physiological and metabolic effects in humans and its pivotal role in postnatal growth is undisputed. Disturbances that occur during this process often cause subnormal GH secretion and/or subnormal GH sensitivity/responsiveness resulting in short stature. Despite the complexity of this linear growth process, the growth pattern of children, if evaluated in the context of normal standards, is rather predictable. Children presenting with short stature (i.e out of normal standards) are treated with daily injections of recombinant human GH (rhGH), which leads in almost all cases to an increase of height velocity. Although it is becoming more and more evident that many genes are involved in controlling the regulation of growth, the main aim of this review is to focus on the GH-1 gene, the various gene alterations and their important physiological and pathophysiological role in growth.
“Prolonged” migraine aura: New information on underlying mechanisms
Authors: Viola Stefano , Viola Paolo , Litterio Pasqualino , Buongarzone Maria , Fiorelli Luisa 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study is to identify the pathophysiology of “prolonged” migraine aura not clearly understood. We studied cortical cerebral microcirculation by Near Infrared Spectroscopy system (NIRS) and cerebral macrocirculation by transcranial Doppler (TCD) in 8 subjects (3 M and 5 F, age range 21–41 years) during spontaneous “prolonged” migraine aura in according to ICHD-II criteria 2004 (code 1.6.2.) up to 24 hours after the end of aura and compared the results with the headache-free periods. During aura NIRS showed a significant decrease of the Arterial Pulse Wave of Cerebral Microcirculation (APWCM) amplitude (−33 % ± 5.7), p<0.001, and a significant increase of Cerebral Tissue Oxygen Saturation (SctO2) (+15.5 % ± 5.1), p<0.001 contralateral to the symptoms of aura compared with the headache-free periods; TCD showed a significant increase of Pulsatility Index (+36.5 % ± 6.5), p<0.001 and a significant decrease of the diastolic velocity in the posterior and middle cerebral artery contralateral to the symptoms of aura compared with the headache-free periods. In conclusion during “prolonged” migraine aura we find areas of cortical hypoperfusion corresponding to the topography of aura symptoms that are the result of a decreased metabolic demand rather than an ischemic mechanism.
Stem cells in brain diseases: From cell replacement to disease modeling
Authors: Kosi Nina , Mitrečić Dinko 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNeurological diseases are recognized as one of the most significant burdens of the modern society. Therefore, a new therapeutic approach applicable to nervous system represents priority of today’s medicine. A rapid development of stem cell technology in the last two decades introduced a possibility to regenerate disease-affected nervous tissue. In this vein, stem cells are envisioned as a replacement for lost neurons, a source of trophic support, a therapeutic vehicle, and as a tool for in vitro modeling. This article reviews the current concepts in stem cell-based therapy of neurological diseases and comments ongoing efforts aiming at clinical translation.
Recent advances in psychoneuroimmunology: Inflammation in psychiatric disorders
Authors: Debnath Monojit , Doyle Karen , Langan Camilla , McDonald Colm , Leonard Brian , Cannon Dara 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPsychiatric disorders are common and complex and their precise biological underpinnings remain elusive. Multiple epidemiological, molecular, genetic and gene expression studies suggest that immune system dysfunction may contribute to the risk for developing psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. However, the precise mechanisms by which inflammation-related events confer such risk are unclear. In this review, we examine the peripheral and central evidence for inflammation in psychiatric disorders and the potential molecular mechanisms implicated including inhibition of neurogenesis, apoptosis, the HPA-axis, the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the interplay between the glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems.
CNS findings in congenital muscular dystrophy 1A (with laminin alpha-2-deficiency)
Authors: Köhler Cornelia , Weigt-Usinger Katharina , Heyer Christoph , Thiels Charlotte , Dekomien Gabriele , Vorgerd Matthias , Lücke Thomas 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCongenital muscular dystrophy (MDC) is a group of rare hereditary myopathies with an early onset of progressive muscle weakness and dystrophic changes as evidenced by muscle biopsy. Some forms are associated with severe malformations of the brain. This study presented 2 pediatric patients with genetically diagnosed congenital muscular dystrophy 1A. The patients exhibited a typical combination of muscular hypotonia, joint contractures and elevated creatine kinase levels. Characteristic white matter lesions were not present in an early MRI scan of one patient, but could be detected at the age of 18 months. The second patient showed both severe white and grey matter abnormalities (pachy microgyria) in the MRI scan. In both cases, MRI findings did not correlate with the mental development of the patients.
Mechanisms of general anesthetic action: Focus on the cellular network
Authors: Turina Dean , Björnström Karin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe discovery of general anesthetics had a tremendous impact on development of surgery and medicine in general, during the last century. Despite the widespread use of general anesthetics, the mechanisms by which they produce their effects in the central nervous system are still poorly understood. Over the past decade, several new findings have contributed significantly to a better understanding of general anesthetic mechanisms. The current review summarizes recent data on different anesthetic neuronal targets that might be involved in the mechanism of action of general anesthetics, giving special attention to the importance of binding pockets for anesthetics within transmembrane receptors and cellular signaling leading to morphological changes of neuronal cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that disruption in brain network connectivity is important for anaesthesia-induced loss of consciousness and this is discussed in relation to morphological changes.
Character Sums with Division Polynomials
Authors: Shparlinski Igor E. , Stange Katherine E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe obtain nontrivial estimates of quadratic character sums of division polynomials Ψn(P), n = 1, 2, … , evaluated at a given point P on an elliptic curve over a finite field of q elements. Our bounds are nontrivial if the order of P is at least q1/2+∈ for some fixed ∈ > 0. This work is motivated by an open question about statistical indistinguishability of some cryptographically relevant sequences that was recently brought up by K. Lauter and the second author.
Drying Models, Myths, and Misconceptions
Authors: Kemp I. C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSeveral fallacies commonly appear in articles or papers on drying. They fall into two main categories: inadequate or discredited theory which continues to be repeated, and theoretical models which are too complex for practical use, generate results in the wrong form, or do not take account of measurement limitations. Cases are highlighted where published theory is inadequate (e.g., Page's equation) and where simplified models can have better fitness for purpose than complex ones (e.g., in fluidized bed drying). The universal drying curve (UDC) is a useful concept for rapid evaluation of drying in deep well‐mixed beds.