bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXCLOSURE LAND MANAGEMENT FOR RESTORATION OF THE SOILS IN DEGRADED COMMUNAL GRAZING LANDS IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Mekuria W. , Aynekulu E. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn the northern highlands of Ethiopia, establishment of exclosures to restore degraded communal grazing lands has been practiced for the past three decades. However, empirical data on the effectiveness of exclosures in restoring degraded soils are lacking. We investigated the influence of exclosure age on degree of restoration of degraded soil and identified easily measurable biophysical and management‐related factors that can be used to predict soil nutrient restoration. We selected replicated (n = 3) 5‐, 10‐, 15‐, and 20‐year‐old exclosures and paired each exclosure with samples from adjacent communal grazing lands. All exclosures showed higher total soil nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and cation exchange capacity than the communal grazing lands. The differences varied between 2·4 (±0·61) and 6·9 (±1·85) Mg ha−1 for the total N stock and from 17 (±3) to 39 (±7) kg ha−1 for the available P stock. The differences in N and P increased with exclosure age. In exclosures, much of the variability in soil N (R2 = 0·64) and P (R2 = 0·71) stocks were explained by a combination of annual average precipitation, woody biomass, and exclosure age. Precipitation and vegetation canopy cover also explained much of the variability in soil N (R2 = 0·74) and P (R2 = 0·52) stocks in communal grazing lands. Converting degraded communal grazing lands into exclosures is a viable option to restore degraded soils. Our results also confirm that the possibility to predict the changes in soil nutrient content after exclosure establishment using regression models is based on field measurements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable and Unconventional Conformation of Single PEG Bent γ‐CD‐Based Polypseudorotaxanes
Authors: Gao Peng , Wang Jin , Ye Lin , Zhang Ai‐ying , Feng Zeng‐guo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe unexpected formation of polypseudorotaxanes via attaching 2‐bromoisobutyryl groups to both ends of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which leads to the self‐assembly with γ‐cyclodextrins in aqueous solution, is reported in this study. The resulting polypseudorotaxanes exhibit stable and unconventional single PEG bent conformations as evident from XRD, FTIR, GPC, 13C CP/MAS, and 1H NMR analyses. These polypseudorotaxane products are so stable that they can initiate the bulk ATRP of butyl methacrylate to give rise to the same conformational polypseudorotaxanes.
THE “INVASION” OF MANUFACTURED CIVIL SOCIETY: GOVERNMENT–NONPROFIT PARTNERSHIPS IN A BRAZILIAN STATE
Authors: Peci Alketa , Figale Juliana , Sobral Filipe 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe growth of the nonprofit sector in Brazil has been conceptually similar to that of the Anglo‐Saxon Third Way, where the government promotes the creation of partnerships with civil society. This process has been criticized for creating a “manufactured civil society”. This study will investigate whether the same pattern can be observed in the Brazilian context, particularly within the Management Shock Reform implemented by Minas Gerais, one of the principal Brazilian states. Management Shock is guided by a governmental partnership discourse that promotes contractual partnerships with both businesses and nonprofits. We opted for a bottom‐up oriented research approach, aiming to comprehend the rationale for initiating and sustaining the partnerships revealed in the narratives that emerged from both government and nonprofit partners. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and content analysis of documents and the media. Results show the predominance of agency‐type partnerships, highlighting the centrality of the government and its techno‐bureaucratic role in fostering and maintaining Organização da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público or Civil Society Organization of Public Interest designs. Differing from the Anglo‐Saxon context, we observed the “invasion” of market‐driven values in nonprofits and, to some extent, in government narratives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risikoberechnungen beim autosomal-dominanten Erbgang
Authors: Fischer C. , Grimm T. 
Published: September 2011

ZusammenfassungFür einfache Stammbäume werden die Risikoberechnungen bei autosomal-dominanten Erkrankungen mithilfe des Bayesschen Rechentableaus durchgeführt und dabei demonstriert, wie sich reduzierte Penetranz, Phänokopien und altersabhängige Penetranz berücksichtigen lassen und auf das Risiko auswirken. Bei altersabhängiger Penetranz ist es wichtig, zwischen Heterozygotenwahrscheinlichkeit und Restlebenszeiterkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit zu unterscheiden. Die Parameter sind in Anlehnung an ein vereinfachtes Modell für familiären Brust- und Eierstockkrebs gewählt.
Length of near-wall plumes in turbulent convection
Authors: Puthenveettil Baburaj A. , Gunasegarane G. S. , Agrawal Yogesh K. , Schmeling Daniel , Bosbach Johannes , Arakeri Jaywant H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe present planforms of line plumes formed on horizontal surfaces in turbulent convection, along with the length of line plumes measured from these planforms, in a six decade range of Rayleigh numbers ($1{0}^{5} \lt \mathit{Ra}\lt 1{0}^{11} $) and at three Prandtl numbers ($\mathit{Pr}= 0. 7, 5. 2, 602$). Using geometric constraints on the relations for the mean plume spacings, we obtain expressions for the total length of near-wall plumes on horizontal surfaces in turbulent convection. The plume length per unit area (${L}_{p} / A$), made dimensionless by the near-wall length scale in turbulent convection (${Z}_{w} $), remains constant for a given fluid. The Nusselt number is shown to be directly proportional to ${L}_{p} H/ A$ for a given fluid layer of height $H$. The increase in $\mathit{Pr}$ has a weak influence in decreasing ${L}_{p} / A$. These expressions match the measurements, thereby showing that the assumption of laminar natural convection boundary layers in turbulent convection is consistent with the observed total length of line plumes. We then show that similar relationships are obtained based on the assumption that the line plumes are the outcome of the instability of laminar natural convection boundary layers on the horizontal surfaces.
Fructo-oligosaccharide systemically diminishedd-galactose-induced oxidative molecule damages in BALB/cJ mice
Authors: Hsia Chien-Hsun , Wang Cheng-Hsin , Kuo Yi-Wen , Ho Ying-Jui , Chen Hsiao-Ling 
Published: September 2011

Subcutaneous (s.c.)d-galactose (DG) treatment has been shown to facilitate the development of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in C57BL/6J mice. The aim of the present study was to determine whether this treatment in young BALB/cJ mice, another mouse strain, enhanced oxidative stress to similar extents shown in older mice, and to further determine the effects of fructo-oligosaccharide (FO), a prebiotic fibre and vitamin E (antioxidant control) on the DG-induced oxidative damage of lipids, proteins and mitochondrial DNA, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities. Mice (12 weeks of age,n40) were divided into four groups: vehicle (s.c. saline)+control (modified rodent chow); DG (s.c. 1·2 g/kg body weight)+control; DG+FO (5 %, w/w); DG+vitamin E (α-tocopherol, 0·2 %). Then, the animals were killed after 52 d of treatment. Another natural ageing (NA) group without any injection was killed at 47 weeks of age, which served as an aged control. The results indicated that the DG treatment enhanced malonaldehyde dimethyl acetal (MDA) levels in the plasma, liver and cerebral cortex, and protein carbonyl levels in the liver and hippocampus to similar levels shown in the NA group. FO, similar to α-tocopherol, systemically normalised DG-induced elevations in the levels of MDA in the plasma, liver and cerebral cortex, protein carbonyls in the liver and hippocampus, hepatic mitochondrial 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity. In conclusion, the s.c. DG treatment in younger BALB/cJ mice resembled the oxidative status in older mice. FO supplementation systemically prevented DG-induced oxidative stress, probably through its fermentation products and prebiotic effect.
Parasitological and histopathological effects of immunosuppression in guinea-pigs (Cavia porcellus) experimentally infected with Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Okeke O.C. , Ubachukwu P.O. , Okafor F.C. , Shoyinka S.V.O. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe parasitological and histopathological effects of immunosuppression in guinea-pigs (Cavia porcellus) experimentally infected with Schistosoma haematobium were studied. A total of 16 guinea-pigs were divided into four groups (four per group): non-immunosuppressed, non-infected group (NN); immunosuppressed, non-infected group (IN); immunosuppressed, infected group (II); non-immunosuppressed, infected group (NI). The IN and II groups were immunosuppressed with 5 mg/kg prednisolone while the II and NI animals were infected with 200–300 S. haematobium cercariae. Excretion of eggs in urine/faeces, worm burden and histopathology of some vital organs of the guinea-pigs were studied. Eggs of S. haematobium were observed in the urine of the NI and II groups from 9 weeks post-infection and in faeces from 10 and 13 weeks post-infection for the NI and II groups, respectively. However, II animals excreted more viable eggs in urine and faeces than those of the NI group. Worm recovery at 14 weeks post-infection showed that NI and II guinea-pigs had more female worms than male worms and a greater proportion of worm recovery for NI animals was of immature worms. Significant differences (P < 0.05) existed between female, male and immature worm burden of the two groups but not in their total worm burden (P>0.05). Histological changes, which were notably reactions to adult S. haematobium worms, were observed in the organs of the NI and II groups but these changes were seen more in the organs of the immunosuppressed, infected (II) than in the non-immunosuppressed, infected (NI) guinea-pigs. The results suggest that immunosuppression before infection increased worm survival and had a moderate effect on liver and bladder histology of S. haematobium infected guinea-pigs.
Class Politics, American-Style
Authors: McClain Paula D. 
Published: September 2011

Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson's Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class is both a work of political science and a contribution to broad public discussion of distributive politics. Its topic could not be more relevant to a US polity wracked by bitter partisan disagreements about taxes, social spending, financial regulation, social insecurity, and inequality. The political power of “the rich” is a theme of widespread public attention. The headline on the cover of the January–February 2011 issue of The American Interest—“Inequality and Democracy: Are Plutocrats Drowning Our Republic?”—is indicative. Francis Fukuyama's lead essay, entitled “Left Out,” clarifies that by “plutocracy,” the journal means “not just rule by the rich, but rule by and for the rich. We mean, in other words, a state of affairs in which the rich influence government in such a way as to protect and expand their own wealth and influence, often at the expense of others.” Fukuyama makes clear that he believes that this state of affairs obtains in the United States today.Readers of Perspectives on Politics will know that the topic has garnered increasing attention from political scientists in general and in our journal in particular. In March 2009, we featured a symposium on Larry Bartels's Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. And in December 2009, our lead article, by Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, starkly posed the question “Oligarchy in the United States?” and answered it with an equally stark “yes.” Winner-Take-All Politics thus engages a broader scholarly discussion within US political science, at the same time that it both draws upon and echoes many “classic themes” of US political science from the work of Charles Beard and E. E. Schattschneider to Ted Lowi and Charles Lindblom.In this symposium, we have brought together a group of important scholars and commentators who offer a range of perspectives on the book and on the broader themes it engages. While most of our discussants are specialists on “American politics,” we have also sought out scholars beyond this subfield. Our charge to the discussants is to evaluate the book's central claims and evidence, with a focus on three related questions: 1) How compelling is its analysis of the “how” and “why” of recent US public policy and its “turn” in favor of “the rich” and against “the middle class”? 2) How compelling is its critique of the subfield of “American politics” for its focus on the voter–politician linkage and on “politics as spectacle” at the expense of an analysis of “politics as organized combat”? 3) And do you agree with its argument that recent changes in US politics necessitate a different, more comparative, and more political economy–centered approach to the study of US politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Class Politics, American-Style
Authors: Pontusson Jonas 
Published: September 2011

Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson'sWinner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Classis both a work of political science and a contribution to broad public discussion of distributive politics. Its topic could not be more relevant to a US polity wracked by bitter partisan disagreements about taxes, social spending, financial regulation, social insecurity, and inequality. The political power of “the rich” is a theme of widespread public attention. The headline on the cover of the January–February 2011 issue ofThe American Interest—“Inequality and Democracy: Are Plutocrats Drowning Our Republic?”—is indicative. Francis Fukuyama's lead essay, entitled “Left Out,” clarifies that by “plutocracy,” the journal means “not just rule by the rich, but rule by and for the rich. We mean, in other words, a state of affairs in which the rich influence government in such a way as to protect and expand their own wealth and influence, often at the expense of others.” Fukuyama makes clear that he believes that this state of affairs obtains in the United States today.Readers ofPerspectives on Politicswill know that the topic has garnered increasing attention from political scientists in general and in our journal in particular. In March 2009, we featured a symposium on Larry Bartels'sUnequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. And in December 2009, our lead article, by Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, starkly posed the question “Oligarchy in the United States?” and answered it with an equally stark “yes.”Winner-Take-All Politicsthus engages a broader scholarly discussion within US political science, at the same time that it both draws upon and echoes many “classic themes” of US political science from the work of Charles Beard and E. E. Schattschneider to Ted Lowi and Charles Lindblom.In this symposium, we have brought together a group of important scholars and commentators who offer a range of perspectives on the book and on the broader themes it engages. While most of our discussants are specialists on “American politics,” we have also sought out scholars beyond this subfield. Our charge to the discussants is to evaluate the book's central claims and evidence, with a focus on three related questions: 1) How compelling is its analysis of the “how” and “why” of recent US public policy and its “turn” in favor of “the rich” and against “the middle class”? 2) How compelling is its critique of the subfield of “American politics” for its focus on the voter–politician linkage and on “politics as spectacle” at the expense of an analysis of “politics as organized combat”? 3) And do you agree with its argument that recent changes in US politics necessitate a different, more comparative, and more political economy–centered approach to the study of US politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Human rights and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: mutually reinforcing systems
Authors: Cabrera Oscar A. , Gostin Lawrence O. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article explores the connection between human rights and tobacco control, and in particular, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). We address rights-based arguments used by the tobacco industry to argue against tobacco regulation. We demonstrate the weakness of these arguments, and that tobacco control and human rights are, in fact, not in conflict, but are mutually reinforcing. We also offer counter-arguments in favour of tobacco regulation based on international human rights obligations. Moreover, we argue that international human rights law and human rights bodies can provide tobacco control advocates with avenues for international monitoring and enforceability, which are lacking in the FCTC.
Literacy Outcomes of Children With Early Childhood Speech Sound Disorders: Impact of Endophenotypes
Authors: Lewis Barbara A. , Avrich Allison A. , Freebairn Lisa A. , Hansen Amy J. , Sucheston Lara E. , Kuo Iris , Taylor H. Gerry , Iyengar Sudha K. , Stein Catherine M. 
Published: September 2011

Purpose
To demonstrate that early childhood speech sound disorders (SSD) and later school-age reading, written expression, and spelling skills are influenced by shared endophenotypes that may be in part genetic.

Method
Children with SSD and their siblings were assessed at early childhood (ages 4–6 years) and followed at school age (7–12 years). The relationship of shared endophenotypes with early childhood SSD and school-age outcomes and the shared genetic influences on these outcomes were examined.

Results
Structural equation modeling demonstrated that oral motor skills, phonological awareness, phonological memory, vocabulary, and speeded naming have varying influences on reading decoding, spelling, spoken language, and written expression at school age. Genetic linkage studies demonstrated linkage for reading, spelling, and written expression measures to regions on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 15 that were previously linked to oral motor skills, articulation, phonological memory, and vocabulary at early childhood testing.

Conclusions
Endophenotypes predict school-age literacy outcomes over and above that predicted by clinical diagnoses of SSD or language impairment. Findings suggest that these shared endophenotypes and common genetic influences affect early childhood SSD and later school-age reading, spelling, spoken language, and written expression skills.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170354
Concurrent and Construct Validity of Oral Language Measures With School-Age Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Hoffman LaVae M. , Loeb Diane Frome , Brandel Jayne , Gillam Ronald B. 
Published: September 2011

Purpose
This study investigated the psychometric properties of 2 oral language measures that are commonly used for diagnostic purposes with school-age children who have language impairments.

Method
Two hundred sixteen children with specific language impairment were assessed with the Test of Language Development—Primary, Third Edition (TOLD–P:3; Newcomer & Hammill, 1997) and the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (CASL; Carrow-Woolfolk, 1999) within a 3-month period. The concurrent and construct validities of these 2 published tests were explored through correlation analysis and principle-component factor analysis.

Results

The TOLD–P:3 Spoken Language Quotient and CASL Core Composite scores were found to have an intertest correlation value of
r
= .596 within this sample, and a paired samples
t
test revealed a statistically significant difference between these scores. Principle-component factor analyses revealed a 2-factor structure solution for the TOLD–P:3, whereas data from the CASL supported a single-factor model.

Conclusions
Analyses of assessment measure performance data from a sample of school-age children with specific language impairment revealed concurrent validity values and construct validity patterns that differed from those found in the norming samples as cited in examiner manuals. Implications for practice patterns and future research are discussed.
The Babi Uprising in Zanjan: Causes and Issues
Authors: Walbridge John 
Published: September 2011

On 5 May 1850 the Babis of Zanjan rose in arms against the Qajar governor of the town. Led by a charismatic cleric known as Hujjat-i Zanjani, two thousand Babi fighters with their families held part of the town against a much larger government army. Nine months later, when the army captured the last ruined houses held by the Babis, fewer than a hundred Babi fighters survived to face execution.There is never a neat answer to the question of why a historical event occurred, and the question is that much harder to answer when the information is in fundamental ways incomplete and when the participants themselves differed deeply about the meaning of the event. There were two other major Babi revolts1— Mazandaran in 1848–49 and Nayriz in 1850—and at least four other instances where Babi uprisings might have been expected: Shiraz, Qazvin, and Isfahan in 1846, and Tehran in 1852.
Sparse non-negative generalized PCA with applications to metabolomics
Authors: Allen Genevera I. , Maletić-Savatić Mirjana 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMotivation: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used to study mixtures of metabolites in biological samples. This technology produces a spectrum for each sample depicting the chemical shifts at which an unknown number of latent metabolites resonate. The interpretation of this data with common multivariate exploratory methods such as principal components analysis (PCA) is limited due to high-dimensionality, non-negativity of the underlying spectra and dependencies at adjacent chemical shifts.Results: We develop a novel modification of PCA that is appropriate for analysis of NMR data, entitled Sparse Non-Negative Generalized PCA. This method yields interpretable principal components and loading vectors that select important features and directly account for both the non-negativity of the underlying spectra and dependencies at adjacent chemical shifts. Through the reanalysis of experimental NMR data on five purified neural cell types, we demonstrate the utility of our methods for dimension reduction, pattern recognition, sample exploration and feature selection. Our methods lead to the identification of novel metabolites that reflect the differences between these cell types.Availability: www.stat.rice.edu/~gallen/software.htmlContact: gallen@rice.eduSupplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Exclusive facial porokeratosis: Histopathologically showing follicular cornoid lamellae
Authors: LEE Yoonhee , CHOI Eung Ho 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPorokeratosis is a heterogeneous group of disorders that are mostly inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. It has a wide variety of clinical manifestations with a characteristic histological finding of cornoid lamella. Porokeratosis usually affects the trunk or the extremities. Exclusive facial lesions are rare, although 15% of patients with disseminated, superficial, actinic porokeratosis do have facial lesions. Herein, we discuss the case of a 25‐year‐old woman who noticed the appearance of well‐defined, brownish, macular lesions located on both cheeks. She had no other symptoms. A skin examination showed well‐demarcated, multiple, brownish macules with raised hyperkeratotic borders on both cheeks and a half‐palm‐sized, arcuate‐shaped lesion formed by grouped macules on the right cheek. No other parts of the body were affected. Histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen obtained from the hyperkeratotic margin gave a diagnosis of porokeratosis with follicular involvement of the cornoid lamellae. Topical pimecrolimus was applied twice a day to the lesions, although little improvement was achieved after 2 months.