bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional dyspepsia, H. pylori and post infectious FD
Authors: Fock Kwong Ming 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:  Functional Dyspepsia has been defined by Rome III as the presence of one or more chronic dyspepsia symptoms in the absence of any organic, systemic, or metabolic disease that is likely to explain the symptoms. Delayed gastric emptying, antral hypomotility and altered intestinal motility, decreased gastric accommodation, H.pylori infection, enhanced visceral sensitivity, abnormal duodenal sensitivity to acid, carbohydrate maldigestion and psychological factors have all been identified in subgroups of patients with functional dyspepsia.Relationship between H.pylori, FD and post infectious FD:  The relationship between H. pylori infection and functional dyspepsia is controversial. H.pylori infection is present in a minority of patients with FD. Symptoms and abnormalities of function such as gastric emptying have not been consistently shown to be related to H.pylori infection. However, meta‐analysis has shown that H.pylori eradication therapy in FD results in a small but statistically significant effect in H.pylori positive FD (relative risk reduction 10%). Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection have therefore strongly recommended H.pylori eradication therapy in H.pylori positive FD patients. Post‐infectious dyspepsia has been described as a distinct clinical entity, based on a large retrospective study that showed a subset of dyspeptic patients who had a history suggestive of post‐infectious dyspepsia. In a prospective study, investigators in Spain have found that development of dyspepsia was increased fivefold at 1 year after acute Salmonella gastroenteritis. In post‐infectious FD patients, early satiety, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting are frequently reported together with a higher prevalence of impaired gastric accommodation. More recently, infectious FD has been found to be associated with persisting focal T‐cell aggregates, decreased CD4+ cells and increased macrophage counts in the duodenum for several moths after acute infection. This suggests impaired ability of the immune system to terminate the inflammatory response after acute insult.Conclusion:  In conclusion, H. pylori infections, as well as other gut infections, have been associated with a subset of FD patients. Treatment of underlying infections can potentially lead to improvement in this group of patients.
Food intolerance in functional bowel disorders
Authors: Gibson Peter R 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Food‐related symptoms are commonly described by patients with functional bowel disorders, but dietary change as an evidence‐based therapy has not been part of routine management strategies. This reviews aims to discuss strategies commonly applied.Method:  Published literature was reviewed.Results:  Traditional approaches involve elimination diets followed by placebo‐controlled reintroduction of specific foods, which is tedious at best and not applied in routine practice. Pathogenically‐based approaches include determining what food components are inducing food hypersensitivity responses using specific biomarkers, but this is probably applicable to a small proportion of patients only and has met with only limited success. Food bioactive chemicals, such as salicylates, have been targeted, but there is a paucity of quality evidence for or against this approach. In contrast, targeting poorly absorbed dietary components that might induce luminal distension via osmotic effects and rapid fermentation (FODMAPs) has been successful and the efficacy of the dietitian‐delivered low FODMAP diet is now supported by high quality evidence. Improvement of all symptoms of FBD in three out of four patients has been achieved. The diet may potentially improve stool frequency in patients with an ileal pouch or a high output ileostomy, or functional symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. FODMAPs in enteral formulas may also be responsible for diarrhoea induced by enteral nutrition.Conclusion:  Dietary restriction of FODMAPs is an effective therapy in the majority of patients with functional bowel symptoms and, provided dietitians are trained in the technique, should be first line therapy.
An audit of combined multichannel intraluminal impedance manometry in the assessment of dysphagia
Authors: Burgess Nicholas G , Wyeth John W 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:  Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance (MII) Monitoring is a method of examining oesophageal bolus transit without the need for radiation. In combination with oesophageal manometry it allows correlation of bolus transit with peristaltic activity. The clinical application of impedance manometry is still being refined. This audit looked to examine whether impedance manometry had advantages over standard manometry in assessment of patients with dysphagia.Methods:  41 patients with the presenting symptom of dysphagia were assessed by combined MII and oesophageal manometry at a Wellington Hospital between February 2008 and December 2009. Each underwent manometry and MII using standardised techniques.Findings:  Achalasia was diagnosed in 23 patients (56.1%), Ineffective oesophageal motility (IEM) in 5 patients (12.2%), Diffuse oesophageal Spasm (DES) in 7 patients (17.1%), and Nutcracker oesophagus in 2 patients (4.9%). 4 patients had normal manometry studies (9.8%). All patients with achalasia, IEM, and DES had abnormal bolus transit. All patients with normal manometry had abnormal bolus transit. Both patients with nutcracker oesophagus had normal bolus transit. 4 patients with achalasia had undergone previous Hellers myotomy. Two of these patients (50.0%) now had normal LES relaxation pressures, but all four still had abnormal oesophageal peristalsis and abnormal bolus transit.Interpretation:  Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance manometry has advantages over standard manometry in characterising the physiological abnormalities associated with dysphagia. Patients in this study had severe defects including achalasia where bolus transit was invariably poor meaning little further information was gained. Extension of this study to include a wider group of patients with dysphagia may yield different results.
Isolation of bacteriophage host strains of Bacteroides species suitable for tracking sources of animal faecal pollution in water
Authors: Gómez‐Doñate Marta , Payán Andrey , Cortés Ivania , Blanch Anicet R. , Lucena Francisco , Jofre Juan , Muniesa Maite 
Published: March 2011

SummaryMicrobial source tracking (MST) methods allow the identification of specific faecal sources. The aim is to detect the sources of faecal pollution in a water body to allow targeted, efficient and cost‐effective remediation efforts in the catchment. Bacteriophages infecting selected host strains of Bacteroides species are used as markers to track faecal contaminants in water. By using a suitable Bacteroides host from a given faecal origin, it is possible to specifically detect bacteriophages of this faecal origin. It can thus be used to detect specific phages of Bacteroides for MST. With this objective, we isolated several Bacteroides strains from pig, cow and poultry faeces by applying a previously optimized methodology used to isolate the host strains from humans. The isolated strains belonged to Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These strains, like most Bacteroides species, detected phages of the Siphoviridae morphology. Using the newly isolated host strains for phage enumeration in a range of samples, we showed that these detect phages in faecal sources that coincide with their own origin (70–100% of the samples), and show no detection or very low percentages of detection of phages from other animal origins (from 0 to 20% of the samples). Only strains isolated from pig wastewater detected phages in 50% of human sewage samples. Nevertheless, those strains detecting phages from faecal origins other than their own detected fewer phages (2–3 log10 pfu·100 ml−1) than the phages detected by the specific strain of the same origin. On the basis of our results, we propose that faecal source tracking with phages infecting specific Bacteroides host strains is a useful method for MST. In addition, the method presented here is feasible in laboratories equipped with only basic microbiological equipment, it is more rapid and cost‐effective than other procedures and it does not require highly qualified staff.
Factors influencing postoperative adverse events after Hartmann’s reversal
Authors: Okolica D. , Bishawi M. , Karas J. R. , Reed J. F. , Hussain F. , Bergamaschi R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim  The study was performed to evaluate factors influencing postoperative adverse events after Hartmann’s reversal (HR).Method  This was a retrospective study of unselected patients who underwent HR after the Hartmann’s procedure (HP) for left colonic perforation with peritonitis at a single institution. Data were retrieved from an Institutional Review Board‐approved database. The study end‐point was postoperative adverse events, which included mortality, complications, reoperations and 30‐day readmission. Lag time was defined as the time from HP to HR. The results are expressed as mean ± SD.Results  From 1997 to 2007, 204 (39.1%) of all patients who underwent the HP [60 ± 16 years of age; 58% men; body mass index (BMI) = 27.6 ± 5.7; 2% were American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) 1, 50.2% were ASA 2, 39.9% were ASA 3 and 7.9% were ASA 4) underwent HR at an interval of 158 ± 107 days. There were 24 laparoscopic and 180 open HRs, with no deaths. The operating time was 167 ± 64 min, estimated blood loss was 245 ± 283 ml and the 30‐day readmission rate was 4.9%. Eleven (5.4%) patients developed 14 (6.8%) complications and five (2.4%) of these patients required a new stoma at the time of HR or later. On multivariate analysis controlling for confounders, chronic renal failure requiring dialysis (OR = 21.0; 95% CI: 1.5–284; P = 0.02) was significantly associated with increased adverse events.Conclusion  The study showed that chronic renal failure requiring dialysis was the only independent predictor of postoperative adverse event rates following HR.
The extent of pelvic lymph node dissection correlates with the biochemical recurrence rate in patients with intermediate‐ and high‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Schiavina Riccardo , Manferrari Fabio , Garofalo Marco , Bertaccini Alessandro , Vagnoni Valerio , Guidi Mascia , Borghesi Marco , Baccos Alessandro , Morselli‐Labate Antonio Maria , Concetti Sergio , Martorana Giuseppe 
Published: March 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Pelvic lymph‐node dissection during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer is certainly a fundamental staging procedure but its therapeutic role is yet under debate.This retrospective study suggests that, in patients with intermediate‐ and high‐risk of prostate cancer, the greater the number of lymph‐nodes removed, the lower the risk of biochemical relapse, even in the presence of 1 or 2 lymph‐node metastasis. However, the Will Rogers phenomenon must be considered due to the retrospective nature of the present study.OBJECTIVE
To assess the impact of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) and of the number of lymph nodes (LNs) retrieved during radical prostatectomy (RP) on biochemical relapse (BCR) in pNX/0/1 patients with prostate cancer according to the clinical risk of lymph node invasion (LNI).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We evaluated 872 pT2‐4 NX/0/1 consecutive patients submitted to RP between October 1995 and June 2009, with the following inclusion criteria: (i) a follow‐up period ≥12 months; (ii) the avoidance of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy or adjuvant hormonal and/or adjuvant radiotherapy; (iii) the availability of complete follow‐up data; (iv) no pathological T0 disease; (v) complete data regarding the clinical stage and Gleason score (Gs), the preoperative prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level and the pathological stage.
The patients were stratified as having low risk (cT1a‐T2a and cGs ≤6 and PSA level < 10 ng/mL), intermediate risk (cT2b‐T2c or cGs = 7 or PSA level = 10–19.9) or high risk of LNI (cT3 or cGs = 8–10 or PSA level ≥ 20).
The 872 patients were divided into two LN groups according to the number of LNs retrieved: group 1 had no LN or one to nine LNs removed; group 2 had 10 or more LNs.
The variables analysed were LN group, age, PSA level, clinical and pathological stage and Gs, surgical margin status, LN status and number of LN metastases; the primary endpoint was the BCR‐free survival.
RESULTS
The mean follow‐up was 55.8 months.
Of all the patients, 305 (35%) were pNx and 567 (65.0%) were pN0/1.
Of the 567 patients submitted to PLND, the mean number of LNs obtained was 10.9, and 49 (8.6%) were pN1.
In the 402 patients at low risk of LNI, LN group was not a significant predictor of BCR at univariate analysis, while in the 470 patients at intermediate and high risk of LNI, patients with ≥10 LNs removed had a significantly lower BCR‐free survival at univariate and multivariate analysis.
CONCLUSION
In our study population, a more extensive PLND positively affects the BCR‐free survival regardless of the nodal status in intermediate‐ and high‐risk prostate cancer.
Oddity, Schizotypy/Dissociation, and Personality
Authors: Ashton Michael C. , Lee Kibeom 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe construct of Oddity was examined in relation to the dimensions of normal personality variation and a dimension of schizotypy and dissociation. In 2 studies involving samples of community adults (N = 409) and college students (N = 378), Oddity—as operationalized in terms of perceived strangeness or eccentricity—was found to be moderately related to a Schizotypy/Dissociation factor and also to factors of normal personality variation, particularly Openness to Experience. The modest loading of Oddity on the Schizotypy/Dissociation factor, along with the somewhat stronger projection of Oddity within the space of normal personality dimensions, indicates that the Schizotypy/Dissociation factor should not be interpreted as a dimension of Oddity. The interpretation of the Schizotypy/Dissociation factor is discussed, as are the implications of these results for proposed dimensional models of personality disorders.
hERG subunit composition determines differential drug sensitivity
Authors: Abi‐Gerges N , Holkham H , Jones EMC , Pollard CE , Valentin J‐P , Robertson GA 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The majority of human ether‐a‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG) screens aiming to minimize the risk of drug‐induced long QT syndrome have been conducted using heterologous systems expressing the hERG 1a subunit, although both hERG 1a and 1b subunits contribute to the K+ channels producing the repolarizing current IKr. We tested a range of compounds selected for their diversity to determine whether hERG 1a and 1a/1b channels exhibit different sensitivities that may influence safety margins or contribute to a stratified risk analysis.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used the IonWorks™ plate‐based electrophysiology device to compare sensitivity of hERG 1a and 1a/1b channels stably expressed in HEK293 cells to 50 compounds previously shown to target hERG channels. Potency was determined as IC50 values (µM) obtained from non‐cumulative, eight‐point concentration–effect curves of normalized data, fitted to the Hill equation. To minimize possible sources of variability, compound potency was assessed using test plates arranged in alternating columns of cells expressing hERG 1a and 1a/1b.KEY RESULTS Although the potency of most compounds was similar for the two targets, some surprising differences were observed. Fluoxetine (Prozac) was more potent at blocking hERG 1a/1b than 1a channels, yielding a corresponding reduction in the safety margin. In contrast, E‐4031 was a more potent blocker of hERG 1a compared with 1a/1b channels, as previously reported, as was dofetilide, another high‐affinity blocker.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The current assays may underestimate the risk of some drugs to cause torsades de pointes arrhythmia, and overestimate the risk of others.
Cannabidiol inhibits pathogenic T cells, decreases spinal microglial activation and ameliorates multiple sclerosis‐like disease in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Kozela Ewa , Lev Nirit , Kaushansky Nathali , Eilam Raya , Rimmerman Neta , Levy Rivka , Ben‐Nun Avraham , Juknat Ana , Vogel Zvi 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabis extracts and several cannabinoids have been shown to exert broad anti‐inflammatory activities in experimental models of inflammatory CNS degenerative diseases. Clinical use of many cannabinoids is limited by their psychotropic effects. However, phytocannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD), devoid of psychoactive activity, are, potentially, safe and effective alternatives for alleviating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in C57BL/6 mice, as a model of multiple sclerosis. Using immunocytochemistry and cell proliferation assays we evaluated the effects of CBD on microglial activation in MOG‐immunized animals and on MOG‐specific T‐cell proliferation.KEY RESULTS Treatment with CBD during disease onset ameliorated the severity of the clinical signs of EAE. This effect of CBD was accompanied by diminished axonal damage and inflammation as well as microglial activation and T‐cell recruitment in the spinal cord of MOG‐injected mice. Moreover, CBD inhibited MOG‐induced T‐cell proliferation in vitro at both low and high concentrations of the myelin antigen. This effect was not mediated via the known cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CBD, a non‐psychoactive cannabinoid, ameliorates clinical signs of EAE in mice, immunized against MOG. Suppression of microglial activity and T‐cell proliferation by CBD appeared to contribute to these beneficial effects.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
Compartmentalization of endocannabinoids into lipid rafts in a microglial cell line devoid of caveolin‐1
Authors: Rimmerman Neta , Bradshaw Heather B , Kozela Ewa , Levy Rivka , Juknat Ana , Vogel Zvi 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE N‐acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) and 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG) are endogenous cannabinoids and along with related lipids are synthesized on demand from membrane phospholipids. Here, we have studied the compartmentalization of NAEs and 2‐AG into lipid raft fractions isolated from the caveolin‐1‐lacking microglial cell line BV‐2, following vehicle or cannabidiol (CBD) treatment. Results were compared with those from the caveolin‐1‐positive F‐11 cell line.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH BV‐2 cells were incubated with CBD or vehicle. Cells were fractionated using a detergent‐free continuous OptiPrep density gradient. Lipids in fractions were quantified using HPLC/MS/MS. Proteins were measured using Western blot.KEY RESULTS BV‐2 cells were devoid of caveolin‐1. Lipid rafts were isolated from BV‐2 cells as confirmed by co‐localization with flotillin‐1 and sphingomyelin. Small amounts of cannabinoid CB1 receptors were found in lipid raft fractions. After incubation with CBD, levels and distribution in lipid rafts of 2‐AG, N‐arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA), and N‐oleoyl ethanolamine (OEA) were not changed. Conversely, the levels of the saturated N‐stearoyl ethanolamine (SEA) and N‐palmitoyl ethanolamine (PEA) were elevated in lipid raft fractions. In whole cells with growth medium, CBD treatment increased AEA and OEA time‐dependently, while levels of 2‐AG, PEA and SEA did not change.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Whereas levels of 2‐AG were not affected by CBD treatment, the distribution and levels of NAEs showed significant changes. Among the NAEs, the degree of acyl chain saturation predicted the compartmentalization after CBD treatment suggesting a shift in cell signalling activity.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
A new cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist HU‐910 attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death associated with hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Horváth Bėla , Magid Lital , Mukhopadhyay Partha , Bátkai Sándor , Rajesh Mohanraj , Park Ogyi , Tanchian Galin , Gao Rachel Y , Goodfellow Catherine E , Glass Michelle , Mechoulam Raphael , Pacher Pál 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoid CB2 receptor activation has been reported to attenuate myocardial, cerebral and hepatic ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have investigated the effects of a novel CB2 receptor agonist ((1S,4R)‐2‐(2,6‐dimethoxy‐4‐(2‐methyloctan‐2‐yl)phenyl)‐7,7‐dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐en‐1‐yl)methanol (HU‐910) on liver injury induced by 1 h of ischaemia followed by 2, 6 or 24 h of reperfusion, using a well‐established mouse model of segmental hepatic I/R.KEY RESULTS Displacement of [3H]CP55940 by HU‐910 from specific binding sites in CHO cell membranes transfected with human CB2 or CB1 receptors (hCB1/2) yielded Ki values of 6 nM and 1.4 µM respectively. HU‐910 inhibited forskolin‐stimulated cyclic AMP production by hCB2 CHO cells (EC50= 162 nM) and yielded EC50 of 26.4 nM in [35S]GTPγS binding assays using hCB2 expressing CHO membranes. HU‐910 given before ischaemia significantly attenuated levels of I/R‐induced hepatic pro‐inflammatory chemokines (CCL3 and CXCL2), TNF‐α, inter‐cellular adhesion molecule‐1, neutrophil infiltration, oxidative stress and cell death. Some of the beneficial effect of HU‐910 also persisted when given at the beginning of the reperfusion or 1 h after the ischaemic episode. Furthermore, HU‐910 attenuated the bacterial endotoxin‐triggered TNF‐α production in isolated Kupffer cells and expression of adhesion molecules in primary human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells stimulated with TNF‐α. Pretreatment with a CB2 receptor antagonist attenuated the protective effects of HU‐910, while pretreatment with a CB1 antagonist tended to enhance them.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS HU‐910 is a potent CB2 receptor agonist which may exert protective effects in various diseases associated with inflammation and tissue injury.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7