bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FREE AND CONJUGATED ESTROGENS IN BLOOD AND URINE BEFORE AND DURING PARTURITION IN NORMAL HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: Smith Olive Watkins 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The concentrations of the free (F), glucosiduronate (G), sulfoglucosiduronate (S:G) and sulfate (S) forms of estriol (E3), estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) in the plasma and urine of 5 normally pregnant women have been measured before and during parturition.
Of the total plasma E1 + E2 + E3, 25–80% was E3 with 15–60% of this accountable to G, 15–40% to S and 7–42% to S:G, these being the major forms of circulating E3. Five to 60% of the total was E1, with 50–90% of this accountable to S, the major circulating form of E1. Five to 15% of the total was E2 with 70–95% of this accountable to F, the major circulating form of E2. These wide ranges of distribution were due to marked changes in plasma concentrations which followed consistent patterns for each constituent before and during labor. Just before labor there was a decrease in the concentration of all of the major forms. During labor the amount of circulating E3-G and E3-S:G continued to decrease while E3-S, E1-S and E2-F increased.
Plasma and urinary levels did not run parallel. Of the total urinary E1 + E2 + E3, 75–97% was E3 with 85–97% of this accountable to G and 2–13% to S:G + S; 2–21% of the total was E1 with 1.5–7.5% of this accountable to S; and 1–4% of the total was E2 with less than 2% of this accountable to F. Thus there was a considerably higher concentration of E3-G in the urine than in the plasma; and 90–98% of E1 and E2 were excreted as G, whereas only trace amounts of these 2 hormones circulated as G.
Urine to plasma ratios indicated that the glucosiduronates of all estrogens were secreted by the kidney tubule while the sulfurylated and free forms were reabsorbed. Both renal mechanisms were accelerated before and during labor. They failed to fully explain the preparturition decreases in plasma concentrations.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF CONTRACTION AND INSULIN ON THE METABOLISM OF THE ISOLATED LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE OF THE RAT
Authors: Arvill A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The effects of repetitive contractions of the isolated levator ani muscle of the immature male rat were investigated on glucose uptake, the accumulation of D-xylose-14C, and α-aminoisobutyric acid-14C (AIB-14C) as well as on the incorporation of leucine-3H, proline-3H and valine-14C into protein and adenine-14C into RNA. These effects were compared with the effects of insulin.
Glucose uptake and D-xylose-14C accumulation were increased during the period of contractions and after this period for at least three hours. Insulin and contractions had additive effects on these uptakes.
AIB-14C accumulation was also stimulated by contraction. This effect increased with the incubation time and was maximal at a frequency of 60 imp/min. The effect lasted for at least three hours after the period of contractions. The stimulating effect of insulin on AIB-14C accumulation in the muscle was reduced by contractions. A reduction was also obtained on the incorporation of normal amino acids into protein as well as on the incorporation of adenine-14C into RNA. The stimulating effect of insulin on the rate of incorporation of amino acids into protein was reduced during the contraction period.
No insulin-like activity could be found in the media of contracting muscles, when these media were tested with fresh muscles for effects on the accumulation of AIB-14C or D-xylose-14C.
TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE GROWTH HORMONE EFFECTS ON AMINO ACID TRANSPORT AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Hjalmarson Å. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Experiments were performed to study whether the influence of bovine growth hormone (GH) on the mebrane transport of labelled leucine and glycine in the isolated rat diaphragm was similar to that previously found for α-aminoisobutyric acid (Hjalmarson & Abrén 1967a, b). The relationship between the effects of GH on amino acid transport and protein synthesis was also studied.
Addition of GH in vitro (25 μg/ml) to intact hemidiaphragms from hypophysectomized rats increased the accumulation of glycine in the intracellular water after 2 hours of incubation, while that of leucine was reduced. GH in vitro increased the incorporation rate into muscle protein of both glycine and leucine.
An Intravenous (i. v.) injection of GH (10 μg) to hypophysectomized rats 60 min. before incubation increased the distribution ratio of leucine, while no significant effect was found on the incorporation into protein of this amino acid. On the other hand, an injection of GH (10 μg) 180 min. before incubation increased the in vitro incorporation of both leucine and glycine. This injection did not change the distribution ratio of glycine and that of leucine was significantly decreased.
Repeated injections of GH (50 μg × 4 days) increased the incorporation of both glycine and leucine. This treatment also increased the accumulation of glycine after 2 hours of incubation, while no such effect was seen on the accumulation of leucine.
In vitro addition of GH (25 μg/ml) did not significantly change the distribution ratio of glycine and leucine in diaphragms from hypophysectomized rats previously treated with GH. However, addition of GH in vitro to the diaphragms from these rats further increased the incorporation of glycine into protein. In addition, GH in vitro increased the accumulation of glycine also when the incorporation of this amino acid into protein was completely blocked by puromycin (500 μg/ml).
The present results show that GH, at least in certain doses, may have a biphasic action on the membrane transport of normal amino acids. The results also indicate that GH may have separate effects on the membrane transport and the incorporation into protein of amino acids.
Enzymic Correlates of Development, Secretory Function and Regression of Follicles and Corpora Lutea in the Bovine Ovary. PART III: Follicular Atresia
Authors: Lobel B. L. , Levy E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Cytochemical changes in activities of hydrolytic enzymes and of dehydrogenases were studied during follicular atresia. Different patterns of enzymic activities were encountered in the different types of atretic follicles. When large vesicular follicles became atretic at the end of the cycle, they underwent a transient luteinization. On the basis of their cytochemical properties, it is suggested that such follicles may be one source of steroidal hormones in the bovine ovary, especially towards the end of the cycle. The bovine ovary apparently does not contain "interstitial tissue" capable of steroidogenesis.
IMMUNOASSAY OF GONADOTROPHINS USING COMPLEMENT FIXATION
Authors: Brody Sam 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
This report is a summary of 10 years of experience with the complement fixation test as adopted for the immunoassay of HCG in serum. It is based on published as well as unpublished material. The discussion centers mainly around methodological problems, criteria of reliability, and clinical observations.
It is our impression that the complement fixation test is a reasonably rapid and simple technical procedure. It is standard practice in every bacteriological and virological laboratory. The precision of the HCG assay is high. Its accuracy is good. The complement fixation assay, as reported here, fulfils the criteria of specificity. It has been evaluated by means of serological techniques and through comparison between biopotency and immunopotency of HCG in serum with reference to a common standard. Its application for routine as well as research work is illustrated.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS EMPLOYING DOUBLE ANTIBODY TECHNIQUES
Authors: Midgley A. Rees , Rebar Robert W. , Niswender Gordon D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Double antibody methods are applicable to all radioimmunoassay systems. At least three approaches exist. The first, in which immunoprecipitating serum is used to precipitate soluble antigen-antibody complexes, is the most commonly used. Since the effects of interfering factors, especially those present in serum, become minimal as equilibrium is approached, care must be taken to insure that the period of incubation is of sufficient length for the immunoprecipitation reaction to reach equilibrium. In general, all efforts should focus on achieving reaction conditions which maximize stability and optimize immunoprecipitation. A second approach involves use of the first antiserum in an insolubilized form after prior precipitation with the immunoprecipitating antiserum. This approach is attractive since most non specific factors cannot interfere with the immunoprecipitation step to a significant extent once the formation of antigen-antibody aggregates is well underway. The third approach, in which immunoprecipitating antiserum is conjugated to a solid matrix, in principle represents a more ideal method of separating bound hormone from free. If this approach is ever to be utilized, a method of conjugating antiserum to a suitable matrix such that the antibody retains most of its immunoreactivity must be devised.
DISCREPANCIES AND SIMILARITIES OF URINARY FSH AND LH PATTERNS AS EVALUATED BY DIFFERENT ASSAY METHODS
Authors: Stevens Vernon C. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Patterns of urinary FSH and LH excretion during the normal human menstrual cycle have been extensively studied. A variety of urine extraction procedures and a variety of assay techniques have been used to define these patterns. LH excretion patterns have been relatively consistent among the numerous studies and a typical pattern consists of a single peak at midcycle. Variations in baseline LH patterns were observed. FSH excretion patterns have varied widely in the studies reported. Most investigators found FSH levels highest in the early follicular phase and at or near the middle of the cycle. Few studies have been reported in which sufficient points of reference to physiological measurements were made. Factors to be considered in the interpretation of assay data are discussed.
ZUR REGULATION DER PROTEINBIOSYNTHESE DURCH SEXUALHORMONE: DIE WIRKUNGEN VON OESTRADIOLBENZOAT UND VON TESTOSTERONPROPIONAT AUF DIE KONZENTRATION VON SERUMPROTEINEN
Authors: Oberdorfer Alfred 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Following intramuscular injections of oestradiol-17 β 3-monobenzoate and testosterone propionate in domestic fowl, typical alterations in the immunoelectrophoretic, starchgelelectrophoretic and ultracentrifugal patterns of serum proteins were observed. These effects are due to alterations in the concentrations of specific serum proteins. Both sex hormones alter the concentrations of the same proteins. The concentrations of various proteins are increased by one of the two hormones and decreased by the other. The administration of oestradiol-17β 3-monobenzoate alters the serum-protein patterns of pullets and immature cocks, nonlaying mature hens and mature cocks towards the pattern characteristic for laying hens. Testosterone propionate alters the pattern of serum proteins for laying hens towards the pattern that is characteristic for pullets and immature cocks, nonlaying mature hens and mature cocks. These alterations are reversible. Both the extent and the duration of the alterations are dependent upon the amounts of the hormones given.
The results are discussed as being phenomena of hormonal effects on the biosynthesis of proteins. A comparison of the effects of the two sex hormones on the concentrations of total serum protein shows that in the case of oestradiol-17 β 3-monobenzoate the activating effects dominate. Testosterone propionate, however, seems to have more inhibitory effects than activating ones on the biosynthesis of proteins.
On the basis of the theory advanced by Jacob & Monod, concerning the regulation of protein biosynthesis, and related to Karlson's hypothesis of gene activation, a model is proposed for a theoretical explanation of the results obtained here. It is assumed that both sex hormones, acting as effectors, influence the function of repressors with complementary structures and in this way activate or inactivate specific gene loci that are responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF SATURATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Ekins Roger , Newman Brian 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
'Saturation analysis' is the term originally proposed by one of us (Barakat & Ekins 1961) to describe the general analytical method relying on progressive saturation by the test compound of a specific reagent. It has, in the last ten years, been applied to widely differing groups of physiologically important compounds using a variety of classes of reactive material.
This review is intended to summarise the fundamental requirements of the method, with particular reference to the aim of achieving an 'accurate' result. Some of the mathematical principles underlying optimal assay design are discussed.
METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN COMPETITIVE PROTEIN-BINDING TECHNIQUES; THE USE OF SEPHADEX COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY TO SEPARATE STEROIDS
Authors: Pearson Murphy Beverley E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The problems to be investigated in setting up a competitive protein-binding (CPB) assay have been considered: the choice of plasma protein, tissue protein or antibody as the assay protein; the separation of bound and unbound fractions; sample preparation with respect to the removal or destruction of interfering binding-proteins and the separation of competing analogues. Factors giving rise to blank values have been discussed as well as problems encountered in running CPB assays routinely.
MEASUREMENT OF STEROID BINDING PROTEINS
Authors: Baulieu E. E. , Raynaud J. P. , Milgrom E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A brief review of the characteristics of steroid binding proteins found in the plasma and in some target organs is presented, followed by some general remarks on binding »specificity« and binding parameters. Useful techniques for measuring binding parameters at equilibrium are reported, both those which keep the equilibrium intact and those which implicate its disruption. A concept is developed according to which the determination of a specific steroid binding protein is based on the »differential dissociation« of the several steroid binding complexes present in most biological mixtures.
Methods which allow determination of the kinetic parameters of the binding systems are also presented.
Various representations of the binding and therefore different modes of graphic representation and calculation are discussed, including the recent »proportion graph« method.
ANALYSIS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS
Authors: Slaunwhite W. Roy , Sandberg Avery A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Human transcortin or a high affinity, low capacity corticosteroid-binding protein from the plasma of various species has been used for corticosteroid analysis. The relative specificity varies with the species so that selection of the appropriate plasma source is advantageous. Endogenous steroids which interfere in the assay may be limited by administration of a synthetic glucocorticoid prior to collection of the binding plasma or they may be removed by charcoal adsorption. Interference from albumin (and other non-specific binding proteins) may be minimized by dilution of the plasma. Further dilution may be attained if the transcortin concentration is raised by estrogen stimulation.
Association of cortisol to human transcortin is virtually instantaneous and is limited in practice only by the rates of solution and diffusion. At 37° the rate of dissociation is also rapid (half-time ca. 10 sec.) so that only a short incubation time (5–15 min) is needed. With the almost universally accepted usage of non-equilibrium methods of separating bound from unbound steroid, it is imperative that separation be performed at low temperatures where the rate of dissociation is much less (half-time 25 min). There is insufficient information to decide which of the many variants of the technique is best for one particular corticosteroid. They all assume competing steroids to be negligible and, therefore, none (but one) of the variants incorporate a purification step (solvent partition or chromatography). In certain instances (late pregnancy, adrenogenital syndrome, metapyrone test) this can lead to varying degrees of error.
SEX STEROID BINDING PLASMA PROTEIN (SBP)
Authors: Mercier-Bodard C. , Alfsen A. , Baulieu E. E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The detection, preparation from plasma Cohn fraction IV and purification of SBP are reported. The association constant has the value of K = 1.2 and 0.5 109 M−1 at 4°C for testosterone and oestradiol, respectively. A preparation homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, binding studies and ultracentrifugation is obtained; sedimentation equilibrium experiments give a molecular weight of approx. 52 000, confirming the approximative value obtained from Sephadex filtration.
CATECHOLAMINE ANTAGONISM TO OXYTOCIN-INDUCED MILK-EJECTION
Authors: Vorherr Helmuth 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
In lactating rats and rabbits the mode of antagonism of sympathomimetics, angiotensin or pain toward oxytocin-induced milk-ejection was investigated. In rats intra-arterial (intrafemoral) doses of 0.01–0.02 μg or intravenous (iv) doses of 0.1–0.5 μg of either epinephrine, isoproterenol, norepinephrine, angiotensin or 10 μg of phenylephrine injected simultaneously with, or 30 seconds before an oxytocin dose (10 μU intrafemoral, 300 μU iv) greatly inhibited or suppressed the oxytocin response. A 15 second pain stimulus caused moderate inhibition. With alpha-receptor blockade pain, epinephrine, isoproterenol, norepinephrine, phenylephrine and angiotensin inhibition were, respectively, 70%, 75%, 100%, 40%, 0% and 100%. Under beta-receptor blockade the corresponding values were 14%, 40%, 0%, 70%, 100% and 100%; with simultaneous intrafemoral injections neither catecholamine was inhibitory toward oxytocin. In corresponding rabbit experiments approximately 10-fold higher iv drug dosages were applied and similar results were observed. In both species, combined alpha and beta-receptor blockade nearly eliminated the antagonistic actions of sympathomimetics toward oxytocin, whereas angiotensin inhibition persisted unchanged.
The results indicate: 1) Mammary myoepithelial cells contain beta-adrenergic receptors but no alpha-receptors; 2) Inhibition of oxytocin-induced milk-ejection by isoproterenol and phenylephrine is meditated through stimulation of myoepithelial beta-receptors (myoepithelial relaxation) and vascular alpha-receptors (vasoconstriction), respectively; 3) Epinephrine and norepinephrine inhibition of milk-ejection is due to stimulation of vascular alpha-receptors and myoepithelial beta-receptors; 4) Angiotensin effects are unrelated to adrenergic receptor mechanisms; 5) Administration of both alpha and beta-adrenergic blockers is desirable for stabilizing the sensitivity of the oxytocin milk-ejection assay preparation against interference from endogenous or exogenous catecholamines; 6) Other than using adrenergic blockers, pharmacologic doses of oxytocin can correct nursing difficulties in animals and man with hyperfunction of the adrenal-sympathetic system.
METHODS FOR METABOLIC STUDIES ON ISOLATED GRANULOSA AND THECA CELLS
Authors: Hamberger L. , Hamberger A. , Herlitz H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A review is given of methods for biochemical studies on isolated ovarian cells of various origin. Special attention has been paid to the methodological problems involved in the micro-dissection of homogeneous cell samples. The main results on the capacity of granulosa and theca cells to synthetize various steroids are summarized and discussed.
Methods to study respiration, on a micro-scale, of isolated ovarian cells from the rat are described. The techniques which require minute amounts of cells for each determination allow multiple analyses on cells isolated from the same follicle. The application of the techniques for studies on gonadotrophic influence upon ovarian cells from the prepubertal rat is illustrated. The effects of various gonadotrophins on succinate and glucose oxidation demonstrate that LH and FSH selectively stimulate oxidative processes in various types of ovarian cells.
Other techniques which are applicable for studies of proteins, enzymatic activities, RNA and electrolyte content in isolated ovarian cells are briefly discussed.
ISOLATION AND CYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN ENDOMETRIAL CELLS
Authors: Johannisson Elisabeth , Hagenfeldt Kerstin 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Quantitative cytochemical methods were employed for the determination of some cellular properties of isolated endometrial cells. Two different methods have been used: an absorption microspectrophotometric method for the estimation of Feulgen-DNA and a microfluorometric technique for the assessment of glycogen. The two methods have been evaluated with respect to their specificity when applied to isolated human endometrial cells.
The variation in endometrial DNA and glycogen during the menstrual cycle was studied in isolated cells taken from normally menstruating women. During the first part of the proliferative phase from cycle day (c. d.) 1 to c. d. 10–11 the Feulgen-DNA values in the endometrial cells remained at a constant level, corresponding to the pre-synthesizing phase (G1). However, in the samples obtained from cycle days 14, 16–18, and 19–23 the cells were mainly in the DNA-synthesizing phase (S), revealing a higher amount of Feulgen-DNA per nucleus than in the early proliferative phase. By c. d. 27 a statistically significant drop in Feulgen-DNA per cell nucleus was found and the endometrial cells were again in G1-phase.
The deposit of glycogen showed a gradual increase from c. d. 1 to c. d. 16–18, with a slope of 0.0079 ± 0.0022. This was followed by a significant decrease between c. d. 16–18 and c. d. 27 with a slope of −0.0139 ± 0.0042.
Stromal glycogen remained low and constant throughout the entire menstrual cycle.
ENRICHMENT CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR SELECTION OF CELL CULTURE STRAINS WITH DESIRABLE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC PROPERTIES
Authors: Sato Gordon , Clark Jeffrey , Posner Martin , Leffert Hyam , Paul Dieter , Morgan Michael , Colby Clarence 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Experimental approaches for selecting hormone-dependent cells, hybrid cells, and haploid cells are discussed. Experiments are described for isolating mammary tumour cells which are dependent on the presence of prolactin and insulin for growth.
APPLICATION OF PEROXIDASE-LABELLED ANTIBODIES TO THE INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF HORMONES
Authors: Nakane Paul K. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Hormones were localized immunoenzymocytochemically at the ultrastructural level directly on ultrathin sections of anterior pituitary glands of rats which had been fixed and embedded in either methacrylate or Epon. GH, LTH, ACTH and LH are best localized on methacrylate embedded glands and GH and LTH on Epon embedded glands. GH and LTH were found in secretion granules, and depending on the activity of the cells, the hormones could be found in the Golgi apparatus and in the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The grids on which hormones have been localized may also be processed for electron radioautography, an approach particularly useful to study simultaneously substrate uptake as well as product synthesis.