bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autumn snowfall and hydroclimatic variability during the past millennium inferred from the varved sediments of meromictic Lake A, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada
Authors: Tomkins Jessica D. , Lamoureux Scott F. , Antoniades Dermot , Vincent Warwick F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe examined the hydroclimatic signal in a record of annual lamina (varve) thickness from High Arctic Lake A, Ellesmere Island (83°00.00′N, 75°30.00′W). In this unglacierized catchment, nival melt is the dominant source for meltwater and transport of sediment to the lake, and autumn snowfall is highly influential on varve thickness through the amount of snow available for melt in the following year. For the period during which climatic data are available, varve thickness in Lake A was significantly correlated (r = 0.50, p < 0.01) with the cumulative snowfall from August to October (ASO) during the previous year and to a lesser extent, ASO mean daily temperature (r = 0.39, p < 0.01) at Alert, Nunavut (175 km east). The varve thickness record, interpreted as a proxy record of ASO snowfall and by extension, ASO temperature, indicated above-mean conditions during five periods of the past millennium, including most of the 20th century. These results corresponded well to other available high-resolution proxy climate records from the region, with some discrepancies prior to AD 1500 and during the period AD 1700–1900.
THE FORGOTTEN FREEDOM: FREEDOM FROM FEAR
Authors: Spigelman James 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFreedom from fear, expressly recognized in the foundational human rights treaties, has been forgotten in human rights discourse. Fear can have profound behavioural impacts. Without recognition of the importance of freedom from fear, the fulfilment of many human rights is compromised, particularly physical security. Politico-legal thought, from Montesquieu and Blackstone, has long identified the significance of security of the person and the tension between liberty and security. Comparative exploration of contemporary case law reveals disparate approaches to the recognition of security of the person as an individual right which the State is obliged to protect. Increasing the salience of security of the person and the dimension of freedom from fear in human rights decision making raises the difficult issue of balancing conflicting rights.
IN THE TRAP OF A LEGAL METAPHOR: INTERNATIONAL SOFT LAW
Authors: Blutman László 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInternational soft law as a legal metaphor has become part of legal discourse. The author argues not only that the term itself is misleading and contradictory, but that the terminological problem indicates deeper doctrinal difficulties which soft law theories should overcome. Identifying two main streams of these theories, the article provides a short review of the fundamental arguments for the existence of soft law. It distinguishes between two lines of arguments, ie functional arguments and proximity arguments, evaluates their coherence and explanatory power, and finds that these arguments fail to lay a coherent and persuasive foundation for international soft law. The author concludes by pointing out that non-legal norms may have essential regulatory functions in international relations but the law and non-law distinction should be maintained, and separating soft law as a distinct category is unwarranted.
Psorophorus and Xanthopsoroma, two new genera for yellow-green, corticolous and squamulose lichen species, previously in Psoroma
Authors: ELVEBAKK Arve , ROBERTSEN Eli Helene , PARK Chae Haeng , HONG Soon Gyu 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPsoroma microlepideum is reduced to a synonym of P. fuegiense. The species differs in several characters from P. pholidotum, and it overlaps geographically with the latter, which is neotypified here. These two species are now placed in the new southern South American genus Psorophorus, differing from Psoroma s. str. in being corticolous, having adpressed squamules on a distinct, dark prothallus, lacking melanins, having a thin cortical layer and a simpler IKI+ apical ascus structure. Two other widespread, panaustral species are the only ones in Pannariacae containing usnic acid. The primarily fertile species has been known as Psoroma pholidotoides, but the type contains pannarin rather than usnic acid, and the correct name for the primarily fertile taxon with usnic acid is Psoroma contextum Stirt. This is together with P. soccatum R. Br. ex Crombie is now placed in the new genus Xanthopsoroma. In addition to usnic acid, both species have a series of distinct terpenoids, some in major quantities. Like Psorophorus, they are corticolous, but have long, more or less nodulose, apical perispore extensions, and an IKI+ apical ascus tube structure which is longer and thinner, including a diffuse tholus reaction, and often an external apical sheet. Phylogenetically, these two genera are shown to be monophyletic and different from Psoroma s. str. based on an analysis of ITS and nrLSU rDNA. This analysis also shows that among the ten species focused on in this study, nine species (two in Xanthopsoroma, two in Psorophorus and five in Psoroma s. str.) are monophyletic, based on two to six sequences of each species. Psoroma hypnorum remains polyphyletic. All names now belonging in Psorophorus and Xanthopsoroma are typified.
Reassessment of the genusCatillochroma(lichenized Ascomycota,Ramalinaceae)
Authors: FRYDAY Alan M. , LENDEMER James C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe species assigned to the genusCatillochromaare reassessed. The two characters used to characterizeCatillochroma, exciple anatomy and thalline chemistry, are shown to be variable and contradictory with a number of intermediates. Consequently,Catillochromais reduced to synonymy withMegalaria, and the species previously placed inCatillochromatransferred, or returned, toMegalaria. As such, the following new combinations are proposed:Megalaria anaglyptica,M. endochroma,M. intermiscensandM. leptocheila. The genusLopezariais also shown to be related toMegalariaand to be closely related to the type species ofCatillochroma,C. endochroma, and so is also reduced to synonymy withMegalaria. A number of species found to have been misplaced inCatillariaare also transferred toMegalaria:M. leucochlora,M. melanopotamica,M. obludens,M. pannosaandM. phaeolomiza.Megalaria imshaugiiis reduced to synonymy withM. obludens, Megalaria pannosais reported for the first time from North America andLopezaria isidizais reported for the first time from outside Asia from Jamaica.
Sleep in care homes
Authors: Gordon Adam L , Gladman John RF 
Published: August 2010

SummarySleep problems in older adults are common and disturbance in sleep is associated with increased mortality. These problems are more pronounced in the care home population because of institutional factors and a high prevalence of frailty and co-morbidity. This article reviews the randomized controlled trials undertaken to address sleep problems in care homes. These suggest that stand-alone therapies – oral melatonin and light therapy – have no effect on sleep but that combination treatments – physical exercise plus sleep hygiene, physical exercise plus sleep hygiene plus light and melatonin plus light – may have positive effects. These effects are more marked for daytime arousal than nocturnal sleep. Practical considerations for care homes are how to maximize light exposure, incorporate exercise into daily routines and minimize night-time disruption for residents. Trials undertaken so far are compromised by small sample size and inappropriate randomization strategies and further research is therefore required.
Molecular determination of selectivity of the site 3 modulator (BmK I) to sodium channels in the CNS: a clue to the importance of Nav1.6 in BmK I-induced neuronal hyperexcitability
Authors: He Huiqiong , Liu ZhiRui , Dong Bangqian , Zhou Jingjing , Zhu Hongyan , Ji Yonghua 
Published: August 2010

BmK I, a site-3-specific modulator of VGSCs (voltage-gated sodium channels) from the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch, can induce spontaneous nociception and hyperalgesia and generate epileptiform responses in rats, which is attributed to the modulation of VGSCs in the neural system. However, which VGSC subtype is targeted by BmK I remains to be identified. Using two-electrode voltage-clamp recording, we studied the efficacy and selectivity of BmK I to three neuronal VGSCs co-expressed with the auxiliary β1 subunit in Xenopus oocytes. Results revealed that BmK I induced a large increase in both transient and persistent currents in mNav1.6α/β1 (where m indicates mouse), which correlated with a prominent reduction in the fast component of inactivating current. In comparison, BmK I-increased currents of rNav1.2α/β1 (where r indicates rat) and rNav1.3α/β1 were much smaller. The EC50 values of BmK I for rNav1.2α/β1 (252±60 nM) and mNav1.6α/β1 (214±30 nM) were similar and roughly half of that for rNav1.3α/β1 (565±16 nM). Moreover, BmK I only accelerated the slow inactivation development and delay recovery of mNav1.6α/β1 through binding to the channel in the open state. Residue-swap analysis verified that an acidic residue (e.g. Asp1602 in mNav1.6) within the domain IV S3–S4 extracellular loop of VGSCs was crucial for the selectivity and modulation pattern of BmK I. Our findings thus provide the molecular determinant explaining the divergent and intriguing behaviour of neuronal VGSCs in response to site-3-specific modulators, indicating that these subtypes play different roles in BmK I-induced hyperexcitablity in rat models.
Vaccination with cell immunoglobulin mucin-1 antibodies and inactivated influenza enhances vaccine-specific lymphocyte proliferation, interferon-γ production and cross-strain reactivity
Authors: Soo Hoo W , Jensen E R , Saadat A , Nieto D , Moss R B , Carlo D J , Moll T 
Published: August 2010

SummaryInfluenza virus causes a contagious and potentially serious infection of the upper respiratory tract. While neutralizing antibodies are protective against infection, the problem of antigenic drift remains, requiring the constant monitoring and development of new vaccines. The magnitude of this situation is underscored by the emergence of new potentially human pathogenic influenza strains, avian H5N1 being the most recent example. We present evidence that antibodies against T cell immunoglobulin mucin-1 (TIM-1), a recently identified immunomodulatory molecule, stimulate cellular immunity against influenza viruses and cross-strain immune reactivity. To determine potential immunostimulatory properties of anti-TIM-1, mice were vaccinated with inactivated influenza virus in the presence or absence of TIM-1-specific monoclonal antibodies. Development of cellular immunity against both the influenza strain used for immunization and serotypically distinct virus strains was monitored 3 weeks after vaccination by determining antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. Results show that TIM-1 antibodies enhance antigen-specific cellular proliferation (P &lt; 0·05) and interferon (IFN)-γ production (P &lt; 0·01). Using blocking anti-CD4 and CD8 antibodies, it was observed that antigen-specific cellular proliferation is CD4-dependent and that the majority of proliferating cells are CD4+. Finally, vaccination with inactivated influenza virus with TIM-1 antibody results in the significant (P &lt; 0·001) induction of proliferation and IFN-γ production upon stimulation with one of three serologically distinct strains. TIM-1 antibodies demonstrate an adjuvant effect promoting antigen-specific cellular proliferation and IFN-γ production, which are important for the promotion of cell-mediated immunity. These results are the first to suggest that TIM-1 antibody may serve as a potent adjuvant in the development of new influenza virus vaccines.
ISA software suite: supporting standards-compliant experimental annotation and enabling curation at the community level
Authors: Rocca-Serra Philippe , Brandizi Marco , Maguire Eamonn , Sklyar Nataliya , Taylor Chris , Begley Kimberly , Field Dawn , Harris Stephen , Hide Winston , Hofmann Oliver , Neumann Steffen , Sterk Peter , Tong Weida , Sansone Susanna-Assunta 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Summary: The first open source software suite for experimentalists and curators that (i) assists in the annotation and local management of experimental metadata from high-throughput studies employing one or a combination of omics and other technologies; (ii) empowers users to uptake community-defined checklists and ontologies; and (iii) facilitates submission to international public repositories.
Availability and Implementation: Software, documentation, case studies and implementations at http://www.isa-tools.org
Contact: isatools@googlegroups.com
New directions in child care
Authors: KAHAN BARBARA 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This article examines through examples of child care services the gaps between research findings, child care policies and good practice. Links are made between research studies and Parliamentary enquiries, and the White Paper on Child Care law, concerning Children's Homes, fostering, education and health in care and leaving careThe writer proposes that agencies should consider setting up internal means of keeping up to date with and disseminating research into policy and practice, and monitoring performance in relation to research findings, guidelines, legal requirements and inspectorial findings, Linked with internal training and staff development the article concludes that quality services might thus he more readily achieved than at presentThis article is based on a presentation to the joint Association of Metropolitan Authorities/Association of County Councils/National Children's bureau Child Care Conference on 26 January 1988
Genetic control of the immune response in lines of chickens selected for graft‐versus‐host competences
Authors: Okabayashi Hisato , Okada Ikuo 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe immune response of chickens to goat erythrocytes has been examined. The H line selected for high competence of graft‐versus‐host reaction (GVHR) showed higher immune responses than the L line selected for low GVHR competence. It appeared also that immune responses were controlled by the B blood group locus, which is the major histocompatibility locus in chickens. The relative immune responsiveness of B genotypes were B11/11> B9/B11> B9/B9.Treatment of antiserum with 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) proved that the difference in immune responses between lines was due mainly to the 2‐ME resistant antibody and that the difference between the B genotypes was due to the 2‐ME sensitive antibody.
Gene markers for alcohol‐metabolizing enzymes among recombinant inbred strains of mice with differential behavioural responses towards alcohol
Authors: Holmes R. S. , Mather P. B. , Duley J. A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe genetic variability of alcohol dehydrogenase (C2 isozyme), aldehyde dehydrogenase (A2 isozyme) and aldehyde oxidase (A2 isozyme) has been examined among recombinant inbred strains of mice which have been previously studied concerning their differential behavioural responses towards alcohol. The results showed no correlation between biochemical phenotype for these loci and behavioural response.
Detection of a new non‐MHC alloantigenic system (SLD) in pigs
Authors: Philipsen Merete , Hruban V. , Hradecký J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA new, non‐MHC cell membrane leucocyte alloantigen was detected in pigs by the complement dependent lymphocytotoxic technique. The new leucocyte system was designated SLD. Its product antigen SLD‐1 was demonstrated to segregate independently of the SLA, SLB, SLC, A and E antigens. Family studies supplied evidence of a dominant inheritance of SLD‐l. Since an allelic antigen could not be demonstrated, only two alleles for this locus are reported, namelySLD1andSLD‐. No evidence of linkage was detected between the above mentioned leucocyte alloantigenic systems and SLD. The antigen was detected on enriched suspensions of T and B cells from peripheral blood, but it was not detected on erythrocytes, granulocytes and thrombocytes.
A mutant of the major apple allergen, Mal d 1, demonstrating hypo‐allergenicity in the target organ by double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge
Authors: Bolhaar S. T. H. P. , Zuidmeer L. , Ma Y. , Ferreira F. , Bruijnzeel‐Koomen C. A. F. M. , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K. , van Ree R. , Knulst A. C. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
Allergen‐specific immunotherapy for food allergy has been hindered by severe side‐effects in the past. Well‐characterized hypo‐allergenic recombinant food allergens potentially offer a safe solution.Objective
To demonstrate hypo‐allergenicity of a mutated major food allergen from apple, Mal d 1, in vitro and in vivo.Methods
A mutant of the major apple allergen, Mal d 1, was obtained by site‐directed mutagenesis exchanging five amino acid residues. Fourteen patients with combined birch pollen‐related apple allergy were included in the study. Hypo‐allergenicity of the mutant rMal d 1 (rMal d 1mut) compared with rMal d 1 was assessed by in vitro methods, i.e. RAST (inhibition), immunoblotting and basophil histamine release (BHR) and in vivo by skin prick test and double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC).Results
RAST analysis (n=14) revealed that IgE reactivity to rMal d 1mut was twofold lower than that of the wild‐type molecule (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7–2.4). RAST inhibition (n=6) showed a 7.8‐fold decrease in IgE‐binding potency (95% CI: 3.0–12.6). In contrast to this moderate decrease in IgE‐binding potency, the biological activity of rMal d 1mut assessed by SPT and BHR decreased 10–200‐fold. Hypo‐allergenicity was confirmed by DBPCFC (n=2) with both recombinant molecules.Conclusion
A moderate decrease in IgE‐binding potency translates into a potent inhibition of biological activity. This is the first study that confirms by DBPCFC that a mutated recombinant major food allergen is clinically hypo‐allergenic. This paves the way towards safer immunotherapy for the treatment of food‐allergic patients.
Expansion of circulating Foxp3+CD25bright CD4+ T cells during specific venom immunotherapy
Authors: Pereira‐Santos M. C. , Baptista A. P. , Melo A. , Alves R. R. , Soares R. S. , Pedro E. , Pereira‐Barbosa M. , Victorino R. M. M. , Sousa A. E. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
Venom immunotherapy (VIT) induces long‐lasting immune tolerance to hymenoptera venom antigens, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet clarified. Regulatory T cells are thought to play an important role in allergic diseases and tolerance induction during specific immunotherapy.Aim
Characterize longitudinally the impact of VIT on the pool of circulating regulatory T cells.Methods
Fourteen hymenoptera venom‐allergic patients with severe reactions (grades III–IV) were studied before, 6 and 12 months after starting ultra‐rush VIT. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were surface stained with a panel of markers of T cell differentiation and intracellularly for CTLA‐4 and Foxp3 and analysed by flow cytometry. foxp3 mRNA was quantified by real‐time PCR. VIT responses were assessed by measuring specific IgG4 and IgE levels. Eleven individuals with no history of insect venom allergy were studied as controls.Results
VIT induces a significant progressive increase in both the proportion and the absolute numbers of regulatory T cells defined as CD25bright and/or Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells. These changes are not related to alterations in the expression of activation markers or imbalances in the naïve/memory T cell compartments. foxp3 mRNA levels also increased significantly during VIT. Of note, the increase in circulating regulatory T cell counts significantly correlates with the venom‐specific IgG4/IgE ratio shift.Conclusion
VIT is associated with a progressive expansion of circulating regulatory T cells, supporting a role for these cells in tolerance induction.
An immunoglobulin E‐reactive chimeric human immunoglobulin G1 anti‐idiotype inhibits basophil degranulation through cross‐linking of FcɛRI with FcγRIIb
Authors: Wigginton S. J. , Furtado P. B. , Armour K. L. , Clark M. R. , Robins A. , Emara M. , Ghaemmaghami A. M. , Sewell H. F. , Shakib F. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
IgE binds to mast cells and basophils via its high‐affinity receptor, FcɛRI, and cross‐linking of FcɛRI‐bound IgE molecules by allergen leads to the release of allergic mediators characteristic of type I hypersensitivity reactions. Previous work has shown that cross‐linking of FcɛRI with FcγRIIb, an ITIM‐containing IgG receptor, leads to inhibition of basophil triggering. 2G10, a chimeric human IgG1 anti‐idiotype, has broad reactivity with human IgE and as such has the potential to bind simultaneously to FcɛRI‐bound IgE, via its Fab regions, and the negative regulatory receptor, FcγRIIb, via its Fc region.Objective
To assess the ability of human 2G10 to inhibit anti‐IgE and allergen‐driven basophil degranulation through cross‐linking of FcɛRI‐bound IgE with FcγRIIb.Methods
2G10 was assessed for its ability to bind to FcγRIIb on transfected cells and on purified basophils. In the basophil degranulation assay, basophils were purified from peripheral blood of atopic individuals and activated with either anti‐IgE or the house dust mite allergen Der p 1, in the presence or absence of human 2G10. Basophil activation was quantified by analysis of CD63 and CD203c expression on the cell surface, and IL‐4 expression intracellularly, using flow cytometery.Results
Human 2G10 was able to bind to FcγRIIb on transfected cells and on purified basophils, and induce a dose‐dependent inhibition of both anti‐IgE and Der p 1‐driven degranulation of basophils.Conclusion
The inhibition of basophil degranulation by the human IgG1 anti‐idiotype 2G10 highlights the therapeutic potential of IgE‐reactive IgG antibodies in restoring basophil integrity through recruitment of the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb.
Correlation between immune and neuronal parameters and stress perception in allergic asthmatics
Authors: Joachim R. A. , Noga O. , Sagach V. , Hanf G. , Fliege H. , Kocalevent R. D. , Peters E. M. , Klapp B. F. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
Asthma is a chronic disease defined by airway inflammation, increased airway hyperresponsiveness and episodes of airway obstruction. Although there are abundant clinical and experimental data showing that stress may worsen asthma, the mechanisms linking stress to asthma are not well understood. By inducing a pro‐inflammatory cytokine milieu, stress might enhance airway inflammation in bronchial asthma. We therefore investigated the correlation of stress perception and the cytokine profile of circulating lymphocytes in humans.Methods
Allergic asthmatic patients and healthy controls were evaluated for perceived level of stress, demographic and lung function data. Whole blood cells were obtained and stimulated by mitogen to assess intracellular IL‐4, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α by flow cytometry. Neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured in serum.Results
Asthmatic patients showed significantly higher percentages of TNF‐α‐producing T cells than healthy controls. Only in asthmatic patients was stress perception correlated with percentages of TNF‐α‐producing T cells and serum BDNF levels, while forced expiratory volume in 1 s (% predicted) was negatively correlated to BDNF.Conclusion
The results of our study support the hypothesis that stress deteriorates bronchial asthma by inducing a pro‐inflammatory cytokine profile in allergic asthmatics. Stress management might provide a supplement therapy of allergic asthma.