bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of plane-to-sky contrast and detection range performance in the visible, short-wave infrared, mid-wave infrared, and long-wave infrared bands
Authors: Cavanaugh Richard , Jordan Shane , Rubis Jordan , Ledbetter Jamie , Driggers Ronald 
Published: May 2024

Recent advances in uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) technology have the
potential to benefit diverse civil, commercial, scientific, and
defense projects. Many applications would benefit from beyond visual
line-of-sight (BVLOS) operations. Such operations require automated
safety systems that allow uncrewed aircraft to avoid collisions with
both crewed and uncrewed aircraft. Electro-optical and infrared
(EO/IR) sensors are commonly employed by aircraft collision avoidance
systems. This study compares plane-to-sky contrast in the VIS (0.4 to
0.7 µm), SWIR (1 to 1.7 µm), MWIR (3 to 5 µm),
and LWIR (8 to 14 µm) to determine which band is most sensitive
to an aircraft signal against a clear sky background. Contrast in the
two reflective bands (VIS and SWIR) is determined in terms of
equivalent reflectivity, and contrast in the two emissive bands (MWIR
and LWIR) is determined in terms of equivalent blackbody temperature.
Sensitivity data are then used alongside resolution specifications to
estimate the detection performance at-range using the night vision
integrated performance model (NVIPM). The results are extrapolated to
a maritime atmosphere using MODTRAN. An analysis of the range
performance and recommendations on band selection are provided for
reference in the design of EO/IR systems for aircraft collision
avoidance. Future research may study the band performance at night and
against other backgrounds (e.g. clouds, ocean, ground terrain).
Adaptive clinical trials in surgery: A scoping review of methodological and reporting quality
Authors: Staibano Phillip , Oulousian Emily , McKechnie Tyler , Thabane Alex , Luo Samuel , Gupta Michael K. , Zhang Han , Pasternak Jesse D. , Au Michael , Parpia Sameer , Young J. E. M. (Ted) , Bhandari Mohit 
Published: May 2024

Importance
Adaptive surgical trials are scarce, but adopting these methods may help elevate the quality of surgical research when large-scale RCTs are impractical.

Objective
Randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evidence-based healthcare. Despite an increase in the number of RCTs, the number of surgical trials remains unchanged. Adaptive clinical trials can streamline trial design and time to trial reporting. The advantages identified for ACTs may help to improve the quality of future surgical trials. We present a scoping review of the methodological and reporting quality of adaptive surgical trials.

Evidence review
We performed a search of Ovid, Web of Science, and Cochrane Collaboration for all adaptive surgical RCTs performed from database inception to October 12, 2023. We included any published trials that had at least one surgical arm. All review and abstraction were performed in duplicate. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the RoB 2.0 instrument and reporting quality was evaluated using CONSORT ACE 2020. All results were analyzed using descriptive methods.

Findings
Of the 1338 studies identified, six trials met inclusion criteria. Trials were performed in cardiothoracic, oral, orthopedic, and urological surgery. The most common type of adaptive trial was group sequential design with pre-specified interim analyses planned for efficacy, futility, and/or sample size re-estimation. Two trials did use statistical simulations. Our risk of bias evaluation identified a high risk of bias in 50% of included trials. Reporting quality was heterogeneous regarding trial design and outcome assessment and details in relation to randomization and blinding concealment.

Conclusion and relevance
Surgical trialists should consider implementing adaptive components to help improve patient recruitment and reduce trial duration. Reporting of future adaptive trials must adhere to existing CONSORT ACE 2020 guidelines. Future research is needed to optimize standardization of adaptive methods across medicine and surgery.
Nitrification in the water column of Lake Erie: Seasonal patterns, community dynamics, and competition with cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms
Authors: Hoffman D.K. , McCarthy M.J. , Zastepa A. , Boedecker A.R. , Myers J.A. , Newell S.E. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study reports directly measured nitrification rates in the water column of western Lake Erie, which is affected by annual cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms, and across all three Lake Erie basins. Over three field seasons, 15NH4+ stable isotope tracers were employed to quantify nitrification rates, and relative abundances of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea were determined via qPCR. Nitrification rates ranged from undetectable to 1,270 nmol L-1 d-1 and were generally greatest in the western basin near the Maumee River mouth (a major nutrient source). Nitrification rates were highest in early summer, and often lowest during peak cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms months (August and September), before increasing again in October. In the western basin, nitrification was negatively correlated with cyanobacterial biomass. There were no consistent differences in nitrification rates between the three Lake Erie basins. Over the three years in western Lake Erie, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea were often present in high and similar abundances, but overall, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria exceeded ammonia-oxidizing archaea, particularly in 2017. No relationships were observed between nitrification rates and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea abundances. Thus, despite abundant ammonia-oxidizer DNA, lower nitrification rates during cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms suggest that nitrifiers were poor competitors for regenerated and available NH4+ during these blooms, as also observed in similar systems. Low nitrification rates during cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms could limit system nitrogen removal via denitrification, a natural pathway for its removal and a valuable ecosystem service. Lower denitrification rates allow more bioavailable nitrogen to remain in the system and support biomass and microcystin production; therefore, these results help explain how non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms persist, despite low bioavailable nitrogen concentrations during these blooms, and support management efforts to reduce external nitrogen loading to eutrophic systems.
Calibration versus computation: Comparison between 1D and 3D phytoplankton simulations in western Lake Erie
Authors: Wang Qi , Nakhaei Nader , Boegman Leon 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Numerical models are commonly used tools to simulate hydrodynamics and water quality of lakes. Model dimensionality (0D, 1D, 2D, or 3D) requires different simplification levels of physical-biogeochemical processes, computational power and calibration strategies and metrics against observations. To investigate these modelling considerations, the 1D (vertical) Aquatic Ecosystem Dynamics – General Lake Model and the 3D Aquatic Ecosystem Model were applied to western Lake Erie in 2008 and 2011-14. The performance of the models was evaluated by comparing the simulations against observations of water temperature, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, nitrate, total chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria at three stations located along a transect from the Maumee River mouth to mid-basin, as well as to the basin-averaged cyanobacteria index. The 3D model showed better skill in qualitatively reproducing seasonal and spatial variations of nutrients and phytoplankton and had lower average root-mean-square error, especially through the algal plume near the Maumee River mouth. However, the horizontally averaged 1D model performed better in qualitatively capturing the cyanobacteria bloom years, as this model was extensively calibrated to basin-average values. We conclude that models should be selected and calibrated to provide the required decision support information, rather than the highest resolution or lowest error metrics at discrete sites.
Impacts of dreissenid mussel growth and activity on phytoplankton and nutrients in Lake Erie's western basin
Authors: Carter G.S. , Godwin C.M. , Johengen T.J. , Vanderploeg H.A. , Elgin A.K. , Glyshaw P.W. , Carrick H.J. , Dahal N. , Denef V.J. , Fanslow D.L. , Burtner A.M. , Camilleri A.C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To examine the potential impact of invasive dreissenid mussels on in situ populations of phytoplankton and nutrients in western Lake Erie, we combined mussel population estimates from a 2018 survey, results from mussel excretion, grazing, and in situ growth experiments, along with nutrient measurements on collected lake water. We calculated the proportion of the water column filtered per day, based on both clearance rates from grazing experiments and mussel biomass. In most cases the water column was filtered less than once per day. Based on mussel densities from nearby survey sites, we found that mussels could be expected to clear less than 5% of phytoplankton from the water column each day. We combined measurements of nitrogen and phosphorus excretion by mussels with survey densities and found that concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus from excretion were much less than the ambient inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus measured throughout the season. Despite the modest potential impact that we measured, spatial variability in mussel density and temporal variability in nutrients and seston suggest that more substantial impact likely occurs in some conditions. Lastly, we used a mass balance approach to compare flows of nitrogen and phosphorus attributable to mussel assimilation, growth, and excretion. The proportion of assimilated nitrogen (0.01-0.21) and phosphorus (0.007-0.08) due to growth changed markedly throughout the season, but the excretion rate sometimes exceeded the apparent assimilation rate. These differences in growth:assimilation suggest changes in food quantity or quality, fluctuations in growth rates over time, or other physiological effects can lead to short-term imbalance in nutrient cycling by mussels, which could lead to locally important impacts on phytoplankton and algal blooms. Moreover, this work underscores the importance of mapping mussel densities at fine spatial scales and across interannual variation.
Comparison of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Le Chat with physician interpretations of medical laboratory questions from an online health forum
Authors: Meyer Annika , Soleman Ari , Riese Janik , Streichert Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Laboratory medical reports are often not intuitively comprehensible to non-medical professionals. Given their recent advancements, easier accessibility and remarkable performance on medical licensing exams, patients are therefore likely to turn to artificial intelligence-based chatbots to understand their laboratory results. However, empirical studies assessing the efficacy of these chatbots in responding to real-life patient queries regarding laboratory medicine are scarce.

Methods
Thus, this investigation included 100 patient inquiries from an online health forum, specifically addressing Complete Blood Count interpretation. The aim was to evaluate the proficiency of three artificial intelligence-based chatbots (ChatGPT, Gemini and Le Chat) against the online responses from certified physicians.

Results
The findings revealed that the chatbots’ interpretations of laboratory results were inferior to those from online medical professionals. While the chatbots exhibited a higher degree of empathetic communication, they frequently produced erroneous or overly generalized responses to complex patient questions. The appropriateness of chatbot responses ranged from 51 to 64 %, with 22 to 33 % of responses overestimating patient conditions. A notable positive aspect was the chatbots’ consistent inclusion of disclaimers regarding its non-medical nature and recommendations to seek professional medical advice.

Conclusions
The chatbots’ interpretations of laboratory results from real patient queries highlight a dangerous dichotomy – a perceived trustworthiness potentially obscuring factual inaccuracies. Given the growing inclination towards self-diagnosis using AI platforms, further research and improvement of these chatbots is imperative to increase patients’ awareness and avoid future burdens on the healthcare system.
Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
Authors: Wang Zhuoqun , Li Ming , Zhang Qi , Xu Lei 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Prostate cancer is a cancer prevalent form characterized by serious clinical symptoms. The discovery of a novel supplement or medication for prostate cancer within the realm of chemotherapeutic drugs holds significant value. Our research involved the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) infused with Pistacia khinjuk leaf extract to explore their potential anti-prostate cancer, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties. The green-formulated CuNPs were characterized by TEM, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FE-SEM, FTIR. The FE-SEM and TEM findings prove the spherical structure with a size of 10–70 nm. The DPPH assay was carried out to examine the effectiveness of antioxidants. CuNPs exhibited the ability to inhibit 50% of DPPH at 215 µg/mL. To assess the anti-prostate cancer properties of CuNPs, an MTT assay was performed on NCI-H660, DU 145, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 cells. CuNPs exhibited remarkable efficacy in inhibiting prostate cancer growth, while demonstrating negligible toxicity towards normal cells. The LNCaP clone FGC cell line displayed the most potent anti-prostate cancer effects of CuNPs. IC50 of CuNPs was 322, 365, 247, and 273 on NCI-H660, DU 145, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 prostate cancer cells. CuNPs containing Pistacia khinjuk were found to possess noteworthy anti-prostate carcinoma characteristics and presented excellent antioxidant potentials, as highlighted by this study.
The pointfree version of 𝓒
c
(X) via the ranges of functions
Authors: Taha Maryam , Estaji Ali Akbar , Sarpoushi Maryam Robat 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Let R

α
:= {r ∈ ℝ : coz(α − r) ≠ → p} for every α ∈ 𝓡(L). The ring 𝓒
c
(L) is introduced as a pointfree version of the subring 𝓒
c
(X) of C(X) by R

α
. In this paper, we show that 𝓒
c
(X) is a z-good ring and every radical ideal in it is an absolutely convex ideal. Also, we study this result which for any frame L, there exists a zero-dimensional frame M, which is a continuous image of L and 𝓒
c
(L) ≅ 𝓒
c
(M).
On the von Bahr–Esseen inequality for pairwise independent random vectors in Hilbert spaces with applications to mean convergence
Authors: Dzung Nguyen Chi , Hien Nguyen Thi Thanh 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this correspondence, we prove the von Bahr–Esseen moment inequality for pairwise independent random vectors in Hilbert spaces. Our constant in the von Bahr–Esseen moment inequality is better than that obtained for the real-valued random variables by Chen et al. [The von Bahr–Esseen moment inequality for pairwise independent random variables and applications, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 419 (2014), 1290–1302], and Chen and Sung [Generalized Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund type inequalities for random variables and applications, J. Math. Inequal. 10(3) (2016), 837–848]. The result is then applied to obtain mean convergence theorems for triangular arrays of rowwise and pairwise independent random vectors in Hilbert spaces. Some results in the literature are extended.
Class of bounds of the generalized Volterra functions
Authors: Mehrez Khaled , Brahim Kamel , Sitnik Sergei M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the present paper, we prove the monotonicity property of the ratios of the generalized Volterra function. As consequences, new and interesting monotonicity concerning ratios of the exponential integral function, as well as it yields some new functional inequalities including Turán-type inequalities. Moreover, two-side bounding inequalities are then obtained for the generalized Volterra function. The main mathematical tools are some integral inequalities. As applications, a few of upper and lower bound inequalities for the exponential integral function are derived. The various results, which are established in this paper, are presumably new, and their importance is illustrated by several interesting consequences and examples accompanied by graphical representations to substantiate the accuracy of the obtained results. Some potential directions for analogous further research on the subject of the present investigation are indicated in the concluding section.
DoE-empowered development and validation of an environmentally sustainable RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of antihypertensive drugs: AQbD perspective
Authors: Gopalaiah Sinchana B , Jayaseelan Kavitha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe primary objective of the present inquiry is to formulate a sustainable method employing Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) for determination of Amlodipine (AM) and Irbesartan (IRB) simultaneously, compounds commonly prescribed for hypertension treatment. Existing literature underscores the absence of a comprehensive method in this regard. This research endeavors to align with the tenets of green chemistry by seamlessly integrating Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) with RP-HPLC, replacing environmentally hazardous chemical modifiers with eco-friendly solvents. Identifying the critical variables as the 70% ethanol level and flow rate, a central composite design is applied for optimization. The separation is achieved utilizing a Phenomenex Luna column (C18, 250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d, 5 μm) with a mobile phase comprising ethanol and 0.1 % o-phosphoric acid in a 70:30 v/v ratio, flowing at 0.8 mL min−1, and detection wavelength of 242 nm. Green assessment methodologies are implemented to gauge the adherence of the proposed RP-HPLC method to eco-friendly principles while ensuring efficiency in chromatographic performance. The current developed method is rapid with retention time of 2.3 and 3.3 min for AM and IRB respectively and having a wide linear range from 55 to 130 μg mL−1, which makes the suitable for the accurate quantification of AM and IRB simultaneously in bulk and tablet dosage form, there by minimize environmental impact by providing a conscientious choice for the routine analysis which is achieved through the amalgamation of AQbD with a sustainable approach.
Land, Property, Asatru
Authors: Calico Jefferson 
Published: May 2024

In 2015, the Asatru Folk Assembly (AFA), the flag-carrier of folkish Heathenry around the world, purchased a property in California to establish its first temple, Odinshof. Since that time, it has purchased additional properties across the United States and established hofs on those properties. As a result, there has arisen some controversy and opposition to the AFA’s presence, even making international news. Critics fear the spread of hate and racism under the guise of religion, while the AFA sees property ownership as protecting its religious freedom. This raises questions about the role of property in Pagan and Heathen religion and for minority religions more broadly. Who belongs? Who gets marginalized? And to whom does religious freedom extend? In the American context, property ownership is fundamental to social belonging. By purchasing property, the AFA is making a claim to belonging and establishing itself as part of the American society.
Fastest-Growing Religion? Reflections on Contemporary Paganism’s Rapid Growth and How Scholars Describe That Which They Study
Authors: Miller Chris 
Published: May 2024

Starting around the early 2000s, many scholars declared that contemporary Paganism was the “fastest-growing religion” either worldwide, or in specific locales. This claim was most often based on data from the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey, which found a dramatic rise in Pagans compared to a similar study conducted ten years earlier. Although Paganism most certainly witnessed explosive growth around this time, there are many reasons to question Paganism’s status as the fastest-growing religion, including social factors that shape data collection and the interpretations that scholars applied to the data. This article analyzes the data that Pagan studies scholars used to proclaim Paganism’s growth, and suggests that the claim represents a legitimation tactic. By suggesting that a group is growing quickly, a fairly meagre population is given increased importance. This enhances the perceived significance of both the community in question and any scholars who specialize in studying that community. Although Paganism is not the only religion to assert this claim, and this statement is no longer as prominent as it once was, publications from Pagan studies that make this proclamation offer case studies which demonstrate how scholars manipulate data to legitimize the topics about which they write.
Basics of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Modeling
Authors: Richie Rodney C. 
Published: May 2024

AI with machine learning and its subset deep learning are revolutionizing research into the morbidity and mortality of diseases and conditions. The major models of AI are discussed, with an attempt to simplify what many acknowledge as agnostic processing of vast amounts of data to arrive at a conclusion or diagnosis. Such models include convolutional neural networks, artificial neural networks, recurrent neural networks, generative adversarial networks, local interpretable model-agnostic explanations, shapley additive explanations, counterfactual explanations, multi-armed bandit models, deep-Q-learning models, fusion models, federated learning, predictive modeling, and disease outbreak prediction. Topics are well-referenced for further research.

Methodology
A key-word search of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence in medicine, and artificial intelligence models was done in PubMed and Google Scholar yielded more than 100 articles that were reviewed for summation in this article.
The use of foot length and foot breadth in estimating standing height of adolescents in Yenagoa, Nigeria
Authors: Okumoko Maureen A. , Akinbami Felix O. , Peterside Oliemen , Orimadegun Adebola E. 
Published: May 2024

Background: Previous studies have shown that when standing height is difficult to measure, the length of other body parts may be a reliable alternative. However, there is limited information about the use of foot length (FL) and foot breadth (FB) in estimating standing height in the African population. The objective of this study was to investigate the appropriateness of foot length and foot breadth in estimating standing height of adolescents in Yenagoa.
Methods: Using a multistage sampling technique, 1222 adolescents were recruited from secondary schools in the Yenagoa local government area. Height, foot length, and foot breadth were measured using standard techniques. Data was analysed and equations for prediction of standing height from foot length and foot breadth, were derived.
Results: The mean standing height of the females was significantly lower than that of males (p<0.001). The mean foot length and mean foot breath for males were significantly higher than those for females. The mean foot length and mean foot breadth were found to increase across all the stages of adolescence. There was a significant positive correlation between standing height and foot length (r=0.700; p<0.001), foot breadth (r=0.543; p<0.001), and age (r=0.369; p<0.001). Multiple linear regression was used to derive equations for the estimation of FL and FB.
Conclusions: This study found that FL and FB can be used in the estimation of standing height. For adolescents in Yenagoa, the equations derived are recommended for predicting the standing height of those who have difficulty standing upright.