bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fuzzy logic based dynamic wave model inversion algorithm for canal regulation
Authors: Gopakumar R. , Mujumdar P. P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA fuzzy logic based centralized control algorithm for irrigation canals is presented. Purpose of the algorithm is to control downstream discharge and water level of pools in the canal, by adjusting discharge release from the upstream end and gates settings. The algorithm is based on the dynamic wave model (Saint‐Venant equations) inversion in space, wherein the momentum equation is replaced by a fuzzy rule based model, while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The fuzzy rule based model is developed on fuzzification of a new mathematical model for wave velocity, the derivational details of which are given. The advantages of the fuzzy control algorithm, over other conventional control algorithms, are described. It is transparent and intuitive, and no linearizations of the governing equations are involved. Tuning of the algorithm and method of computation are explained. It is shown that the tuning is easy and the computations are straightforward. The algorithm provides stable, realistic and robust outputs. The disadvantage of the algorithm is reduced precision in its outputs due to the approximation inherent in the fuzzy logic. Feed back control logic is adopted to eliminate error caused by the system disturbances as well as error caused by the reduced precision in the outputs. The algorithm is tested by applying it to water level control problem in a fictitious canal with a single pool and also in a real canal with a series of pools. It is found that results obtained from the algorithm are comparable to those obtained from conventional control algorithms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fuzzy dynamic flood routing model for natural channels
Authors: Gopakumar R. , Mujumdar P. P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA fuzzy dynamic flood routing model (FDFRM) for natural channels is presented, wherein the flood wave can be approximated to a monoclinal wave. This study is based on modification of an earlier published work by the same authors, where the nature of the wave was of gravity type. Momentum equation of the dynamic wave model is replaced by a fuzzy rule based model, while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. Hence, the FDFRM gets rid of the assumptions associated with the momentum equation. Also, it overcomes the necessity of calculating friction slope (Sf) in flood routing and hence the associated uncertainties are eliminated. The fuzzy rule based model is developed on an equation for wave velocity, which is obtained in terms of discontinuities in the gradient of flow parameters. The channel reach is divided into a number of approximately uniform sub‐reaches. Training set required for development of the fuzzy rule based model for each sub‐reach is obtained from discharge‐area relationship at its mean section. For highly heterogeneous sub‐reaches, optimized fuzzy rule based models are obtained by means of a neuro‐fuzzy algorithm. For demonstration, the FDFRM is applied to flood routing problems in a fictitious channel with single uniform reach, in a fictitious channel with two uniform sub‐reaches and also in a natural channel with a number of approximately uniform sub‐reaches. It is observed that in cases of the fictitious channels, the FDFRM outputs match well with those of an implicit numerical model (INM), which solves the dynamic wave equations using an implicit numerical scheme. For the natural channel, the FDFRM outputs are comparable to those of the HEC‐RAS model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultural relevance as program‐to‐community alignment
Authors: Mistry Jayanthi , Jacobs Francine , Jacobs Leah 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCalls for cultural sensitivity in the design and implementation of human services programs have become a standard response to the increasing diversity among the families and communities being served. In this article, we take a critical look at the construct, using data from a multi‐year evaluation of a statewide family support program. We examine how selected, locally implemented programs operationalize the state program's cultural sensitivity standard, using both etic and emic approaches; that is, we apply extant cultural competence definitions to assess program cultural sensitivity and document how the program staff articulated their approach to the cultural sensitivity. Findings suggest that programs focus more directly on the immediate cultural relevance of their services, rather than on developing more generalized competencies among their staff. Further, findings indicate that program‐to‐community alignment may well be a more useful representation of how programs address cultural issues. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Depression and social context: primary supporter relationship factors associated with depressive symptoms among a disadvantaged population with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Knowlton Amy R. , Curry Aaron , Hua Wei , Wissow Lawrence 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSocial support is associated with better health outcomes among chronically ill individuals, yet support receipt can be stressful. The study examined supporter relationship factors, among n=156 main‐supporter–HIV+support‐recipient dyads, associated with recipient's depression (CES‐D≥16). Results indicated that support recipient's depression was associated with a 3.6‐times higher odds of main supporters' depression, a 2.5‐times higher odds of supporters' being a friend or same‐generatin kin (versus partner or other kin), and a 3.7‐times higher odds of support recipients' financial reliance on the supporter. Support recipients' depression was positively associated with supporter–recipient conflict, and negatively associated with supporter–recipient communication. The model explained over half the deviance in recipients' depressive symptoms. Results suggest prevention interventions ought to target HIV seropositives and their main supporters and promote communication and conflict resolution skills. Such intervention approaches may alleviate their depression and promote sustained HIV‐related support, with potential implications to HIV treatment outcomes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rigid Crosslinked Polyacrylamide Monoliths with Well‐Defined Macropores Synthesized by Living Polymerization
Authors: Hasegawa Joji , Kanamori Kazuyoshi , Nakanishi Kazuki , Hanada Teiichi , Yamago Shigeru 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRigid crosslinked polyacrylamide monoliths with well‐defined macropores have been successfully fabricated by organotellurium‐mediated living radical polymerization (TERP) accompanied by spinodal decomposition. The TERP forms homogeneous networks derived from N,N‐methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS), in which spinodal decomposition is induced to form macropores. Macropore diameter can be controlled from submicrons to a few microns, and also the obtained networks contain mesopores in the macroporous skeletons, which are collapsed by evaporative drying. They are promising materials with hydrophilic polyacrylamide surfaces and have enough strength to preserve the macropores from the surface tension arising in the repetitive swelling and drying that may occur in many applications.magnified image
Numerical quenching of a system of equations coupled at the boundary
Authors: Ferreira Raúl , Pérez‐Llanos Mayte 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe study numerical approximations of solutions of the following system of heat equations, coupled at the boundary through a nonlinear flux:

where p and q are parameters. We prove that the solutions of a semidiscretization in space quench in finite time. Moreover, we describe in terms of p and q the simultaneous versus non‐simultaneous quenching phenomena. We also find the numerical extinction sets. Finally, in order to obtain the correct quenching rates in the non‐simultaneous case we present some adaptive methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anorganische Chemie 2008
Authors: Beckmann Jens , Pietschnig Rudolf 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDas Interesse an Verbindungen der Hauptgruppenelemente für die Aktivierung und Speicherung von Wasserstoff hält an. Außerdem im Fokus: Hochenergetische Stickstoffverbindungen. Fortschritte bei ungewöhnlichen Bindungssituationen und der Synthese neuer Katalysatoren für die Wasserspaltung erzielte die Koordinationschemie. Schwerpunkt der bioanorganischen Chemie waren Hydrogenasen. Auch bei Eisen‐Schwefel‐Clustern und der Photosynthese gab es neue Entwicklungen.
Physikalische Chemie 2008
Authors: Bron Michael 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDer Bedarf an stabileren, aktiveren Katalysatoren für Brennstoffzellen und Elektrolyse treibt die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Elektrokatalyse voran. Im vergangenen Jahr gab es Neuerungen bei Modellkatalysatoren, In‐situ‐Methoden und theoretischen Ansätzen zur Beschreibung elektrokatalytischer Vorgänge. Von ionischen Flüssigkeiten wurde der Dampfdruck bestimmt, sie werden auf Oberflächen adsorbiert, dienen der Herstellung von Nanopartikeln und als Elektrolyte. Neue Techniken der optischen Mikroskopie erreichen Auflösungen von wenigen zehn Nanometern: die Stimulated‐Emission‐ Depletion‐Mikroskopie und die hochaufgelöste Mikroskopie mit stochastischer Photoaktivierung.
Lebensmittelchemie 2008
Authors: Schwerdtle Tanja , Hartwig Andrea 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAktuelle Beispiele für die Wirkung von Halbmetallen in Lebensmitteln sind Arsen und Selen:  In Lebensmitteln aus dem Meer wurden neue Arsenverbindungen entdeckt und die toxische Wirkung von Arsenmetaboliten untersucht. Die biochemische Funktion des essenziellen Spurenelements Selen ist heute besser verstanden, wobei das Halbmetall, je nach Spezies und Konzentration, toxisch wirken kann.
Feinstaub: Verursachern auf der Spur
Authors: Jürgens Marion , Rösch Petra , Keller Fred , Popp Jürgen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEin neuer Vor‐Ort‐Detektor für Feinstaub kombiniert Aerosol‐Messtechnik mit molekülspezifischen Nachweisverfahren und soll so einzelnen Verursachern von Luftverschmutzung auf die Spur kommen.
N und C simultan analysieren
Authors: Gierszewski Bettina , Hupach Sascha 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDie DIN 38409 H27 zur Bestimmung des gesamten gebundenen Stickstoffs ist zurückgezogen. Neuere Methoden ermitteln gleichzeitig den Gehalt an gebundenem Stickstoff und an organischem Kohlenstoff.
Shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep III. Respiration rate
Authors: Eyal E. 
Published: March 2009

1. Respiration rate of shorn and unshorn sheep was compared; animals were maintained in the shade and in direct sunlight during various seasons of the year, and at different hours of the day. The average respiration rate, for all seasons when sheep were maintained in the shade, was 55 and 32 respirations per minute, for the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively.The diurnal trend of the respiration rate of shorn sheep resembled that of the ambient temperature. There was a delay in the lowering of respiration rate of the unshorn sheep during the evening hours.2. The critical temperature for the increase in respiration of animals maintained in the shade was 22° C. and 26–30° C. for the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively.When the animals were exposed to the direct sunlight the critical ambient temperature for the increase in respiration rate was 15–18° C. and 18–22° C. for the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively. The respiration rate of the shorn sheep exceeded that of the unshorn but decreased very steeply when the animals returned to the shade.3. The effect of humidity was noted particularly with ambient temperatures exceeding 27° C. The respiration rate of the unshorn sheep increased and that of the shorn decreased with the rise in the relative humidity. In the sun there was a rise in the respiration rate of both groups with increase in humidity. The rise was steeper in the shorn animals.4. The effect of the wind in reducing respiration rate was particularly noted on shorn sheep and at elevated ambient temperatures.5. With equal rectal temperature, the respiration rate of shorn sheep was lower than that of the unshorn ones. Assumed critical rectal temperature for the rise in respiration rate was lower in the unshorn sheep.6. The differences between the respiration responses of the unshorn and shorn sheep stemmed from the variation in their thermal balance. The latter resulted from the differences in the insulating characteristics of body surface and the differences between the macroclimate and the microclimate existing in the fleece.
The induction of pregnancy in the anoestrous ewe by hormonal therapy III. The use of repeated progesterone-pregnant mare's serum therapy
Authors: Gordon I. 
Published: March 2009

Following preliminary work conducted in Part II of this series, an attempt was made in the anoestrus of 1958 to provide further information on the conception percentage which follows hormonal induction of a ‘repeat’ oestrus. Two hundred and twenty-one ewes, seventy-six of which were lactating (lambs 8 weeks or older), were available in seven farm flocks. Ewes were of several different breeds and ages but excluded yearling or maiden animals. The trial was conducted during anoestrus over the period starting 26 April and ending 2 August. Treatment consisted of the repeated application of the following injection sequence: three doses of 50 nig. progesterone in oil solution, given at intervals of 3 days, with a dose of 750 i.u. p.m.s. administered 2 days after the final progesterone dose. This therapy was repeated after an interval of 7 days; a 15-day-period therefore separated the two administrations of p.m.s., i.e. approximating to one ovarian cycle.Rams were joined at the cessation of therapy; in most flocks, one ram was allowed for every ten ewes injected. Two hundred and six of the ewes came in oestrus (93·2%) over the period 2–8 days after the final p.m.s. dose. The oestrous response varied little among flocks, the percentage in oestrus rangingfrom 85 to 100%. One hundred and forty-one conceived at the induced ‘repeat’ oestrus (63·8%) and produced a total of 207 lambs (1·47 per ewe). As a percentage of ewes mating, 68·4 conceived. In none of the flocks did the conception percentage fall below 50; lactating ewes conceived as readily as ‘dry’ sheep. The period during which autumn lambings occurred varied from 4 to 8 days among the flocks.The results strongly suggest that a much higher conception percentage is likely to follow this extended treatment than follows normal progesterone-p.m.s. treatment. From the practical viewpoint, the technique has the disadvantage that eight injections are necessary and that treatment is prolonged to a 24-day period.
Effect of breed, sex, type of cereal and supplementary hay upon the performance of beef cattle given high-concentrate diets
Authors: Owen E. , Davies G. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. In a 2×3×3 factorial experiment a total of seventy-two female or castrated pure Friesian, Charolais × Friesian and Welsh Black × Friesian cattle were fed individually and ad libitum on three diets from 200 lb to slaughter at 800 or 900 lb, depending on sex. The diets were ground barley (87%) and protein-mineral-vitamin supplement (13%) given with or without 1 lb of hay per animal daily, or ground maize (87%) and supplement (13%) given with 1 lb of hay daily.2. The three breed-types differed significantly in growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. Gaining at 2·66 lb/day and converting 4·56 lb of meal into 1 lb live-weight gain, the Charolais crosses grew 7·7 % faster than pure Friesians and consumed 14·1% less meal per unit gain. Welsh Black crosses made 9·3% less rapid gains and required 7·7 % more meal per unit gain than pure Friesians. The disparity between the three breedtypes increased with increasing liveweight.
The decomposition of crotonylidene di-urea in soil and the recovery of nitrogen by ryegrass
Authors: Gasser J. K. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCrotonylidene di-urea (CD-urea) in a sandy-loam and two clay-loam soils decomposed slowly at 7°C, and from 8 to 15% was recovered as mineral-N after 24 weeks. At 25°C, it decomposed faster in the sandy-loam than the clay-loam soils; with 100 ppm N, a maximum of 86% was recovered after 16 weeks, and 80% of 1000 ppm N after 24 weeks. Recovery after 24 weeks ranged from 30 to 60% in the clay loams.Ryegrass grown in pots produced more extra dry matter, containing more N, during 16 weeks when given ammonium sulphate than it did during 50 weeks with CD-urea.
The effect on nitrogen utilization in the sow of variation in dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy
Authors: Pike I. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a factorial experiment, two protein concentrations and three patterns of feeding were administered to eighteen Large White × Wessex sows (three per treatment) in their second pregnancy. Treatments were repeated in their third pregnancy, when balance trials were conducted. The high protein diet (HP) (19·5% crude protein) contained 15% white-fish meal. The low protein diet (LP) (10·5% crude protein) contained protein of vegetable origin only. The pattern treatments involved intakes of 1·8 kg (L) 2·7 kg (C) and 3·6 kg (H) per day, the three pregnancy feeding patterns being HL, C and LH. Parturition results and lactation performance in the third reproductive cycle were similar to those recorded in the previous reproductive cycle (Pike & Boaz, 1969) reported earlier. Nitrogen retention in the third pregnancy was significantly higher in the HP sows(1606 g N)thaninthe LP sows(1082 g N) (P < 0·001). Intra-uterine nitrogen deposition in pregnancy was not affected by any of the treatments. Extra-uterine nitrogen deposition was significantly greater in the HP than the LP sows (P < 0·001). Dietary protein differences influenced extra-uterine rather than intra-uterine deposition of nitrogen in the pregnant sow, greater extra-uterine nitrogen deposition appearing to enhance subsequent lactation in this and the previous (Pike & Boaz, 1969) experiment. Protein utilization was more efficient in late than early pregnancy, suggesting that the feeding of higher levels of protein in late pregnancy should lead to greater efficiency over the whole pregnancy, provided energy intake is sufficient to promote optimum protein utilization.
The effects of diet supplements and gamma irradiation on dissimilation of low-quality roughages by ruminants: I. Studies on the terylene-bag technique and effects of supplementation of base ration
Authors: McManus W. R. , Manta L. , McFarlane J. D. , Gray A. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe terylene-bag technique was evaluated as a means of establishing the rate of intra-ruminal degradation of the following test materials: nassella (Nassella trichotoma), wire grass (Aristidasp.), rice straw, lucerne chaff and cotton lint. The tests were made in sheep fed base rations of lucerne chaff, wire grass and rice straw at different levels of intake. Values established by this technique are of acceptable repeatability and provided a more responsive indicator of intraruminal degradation rates of the test materials than did base diet apparent digestibility.Supplementation with casein, urea and sucrose did not significantly alter voluntary feed intake of sheep fed rice straw. Supplementation had no statistically significant effects on apparent digestibility of the base diet of rice straw, but had significant effects upon the rate of degradation of test materials suspended in the reticulo-rumen in terylene bags for 72 h.Results are presented which indicate that casein supplementation of rice-straw-fed sheep enhanced ruminal production of trace VFA's (butyric, iso-butyric, iso-valeric and valeric). Urea supplementation did not lead to statistically significant increases in VFA concentration or proportion of individual acids in rumen liquor, with the exception of valeric acid.
Seasonal and Other Changes in The gestation duration of Sheep
Authors: Amir D. , Genizi A. , Schindler H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryData from 266 pregnancies of 144 Finn x German Mutton Merino and Finn x Awassi ewes were used to determine the effects of season of mating, dam and sire breeds, litter size and sex of the offspring, and age of the ewe on the duration of gestation.June, September–October and January matings resulted in significantly different durations of gestation of 143·3, 145·3 and 146·1 days, respectively.Suffolk rams’ matings resulted in a significantly shorter gestation than matings with German Mutton Merino, Schwarzkopf or cross-bred rams.A highly significant linear regression (b = –0·80) of the duration of gestation on the number of lambs was found.Male lambs were carried longer than female lambs.The intraclass correlation between the gestation periods for lambs which were maternal half-sibs was highly significant.
Effect of severe dehydration and rapid rehydration on the activity of the rumen microbial population of black Bedouin goats
Authors: Brosh A. , Sneh B. , Shkolnik A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDrinking regimes of Bedouin goats affect their feeding behaviour and the ruminal environmental conditions, as expressed by changes in osmotic pressure as well as in pH of the rumen content. The osmotic concentration of the rumen content of a goat drinking once daily was 330 m-osmole/kg just before drinking. After water deprivation for 4 days, the osmotic concentration reached 360 m-osmole/kg and, immediately after excessive drinking, decreased to 82 m-osmole/kg. After a short while, the osmotic concentration increased to 300 m-osmole/kg and after 13 h reached the peak of 440 mosmole/kg, mainly owing to the release of degradation products. The pH was also affected by food consumption. Just prior to drinking, the pH in the rumen of dehydrated goats was 6·9. It decreased to 6·0 after excessive drinking and feeding. Later, it ranged between 6·4 and 7·1.Most of the micro-organisms in the rumen are attached to the fibres fraction. No difference could be observed in direct bacterial counts in the fluid fraction between dehydrated and goats drinking daily. However, the number of protozoa was reduced in dehydrated goats, especially after excessive drinking, as some species of protozoa seem to explode in a hypo-osmotic ambient.The fermentation capacity of the fibres fraction was higher than that of the fluid fraction, indicating also the presence of more micro-organisms in the fibres. In addition, the osmotic changes occurring during the dehydration-rehydration cycles had no significant effect on fermentation capability of the rumen micro-organisms.At a low osmotic concentration in an NaCl deficient ambient, there was some decrease in fermentation rate, but this could be nullified with the addition of NaCl, which is required for microbial activity. The decrease in fermentation rate is not due to its effect on the osmotic concentration. The micro-organisms in the fibres fraction were found to be less affected by NaCl deficiency in the ambient medium.
Differences between grass species and varieties in rate of drying at 25 °C
Authors: Owen I. G. , Wilman D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYOne hundred and forty different varieties of grass, from seven species, were harvested in spring, in 1, 2 or 3 years, at a D-value of 67 and dried at 25 °C. Moisture content was determined every 3 h for at least the first 48 h and less frequently thereafter until the grass was about dry enough to store as hay.Rate of drying was in the order tall fescue > Italian ryegrass = meadow fescue > timothy = cocksfoot > perennial and hybrid ryegrass. The perennial and hybrid ryegrass took twice as long to dry as did tall fescue. Tetraploid varieties of the ryegrasses took appreciably longer to dry than the diploid varieties. Apart from this there were some differences between varieties within a species in rate of drying. Differences in moisture content at cutting, in the proportion of leaf blade and in the number of leaf sheaths per ‘stem’ may have accounted for some of the differences between species and varieties in rate of drying. Further research is suggested.