bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ZnuABC operon is important for Yersinia ruckeri infections of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Dahiya I , Stevenson R M W 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSignature‐tagged mutagenesis was used to identify genes essential for survival of Yersinia ruckeri in its natural host, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. A mini‐Tn5‐Km2 signature‐tagged mutant, C6‐1, was missing from rainbow trout kidney at 7 days after an immersion challenge. The transposon insertion in C6‐1 was in a homologue of the znuA gene of Escherichia coli that encodes ZnuA, a zinc‐binding periplasmic protein of the high‐affinity zinc transporter ZnuABC. Further sequencing of the C6‐1 locus in Y. ruckeri identified homologues of two other genes: znuB, encoding a putative inner membrane permease, and znuC, encoding a putative ATPase. When present on a low‐copy plasmid, the znuABC locus of Y. ruckeri fully restored growth of a zinc transport–deficient ΔznuABC mutant of E. coli. Unlike ΔznuABC mutants of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium, the ΔznuABC mutant of Y. ruckeri did not demonstrate significantly slower growth in zinc‐deficient M9 minimal medium or in Luria–Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with the metal chelators EDTA and tetrakis‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐ethylenediamine (TPEN). In LB medium, the znuA::lacZ and znuCB::lacZ transcriptional fusions of Y. ruckeri were derepressed by addition of EDTA and TPEN and were repressed by addition of zinc and manganese. In a competitive challenge by immersion, the ΔznuABC mutant was unable to compete with the parental strain and survived poorly in rainbow trout kidney, indicating that the ZnuABC transporter has a role in establishing and maintaining a rainbow trout infection by Y. ruckeri.
Bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus in the Okhotsk Sea
Authors: IVASHCHENKO Yulia , CLAPHAM Phillip 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

Little is known about the endangered population of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus in the Okhotsk Sea (OS). Here, we review existing information about this stock, including much material published in Russian.
Whaling for OS bowheads began around 1846, was pursued intensively for two decades and continued sporadically until about 1913. Beginning in 1967, whalers from the USSR killed bowheads illegally, although the number of whales taken remains unknown. Estimates of the pre‐exploitation population size have ranged from 3000 to 20000 whales, but all such estimates are based upon untested assumptions and incomplete data.
Information on historical and current distribution of bowheads comes from whaling records (notably Townsend 1935) and from modern (notably Russian/Soviet) marine mammal surveys. Little is known about winter distribution. During spring and summer, known bowhead concentrations occur in Shelikhov Bay and at Shantar. Although historical whaling data show bowheads in Shelikhov Bay during summer and early autumn, there have been no recent sightings later than June. However, extensive 19th century catches were made over much of the northern OS, and the present range and habitat use of the population is probably broader than existing data suggest. There is evidence for age or maturational class segregation between Shantar and Shelikhov Bay; the former hosts immature whales and lactating females, and the latter hosts adults.
Genetic data indicate that the OS bowhead stock is separate from the Bering‐Chukchi‐Beaufort population, but that the two populations share a common ancestry. There is no evidence that bowheads ever leave the OS.
Russian observers have put the current size of the OS stock in the low hundreds, but this is not based on quantitative analysis. Overall, the OS bowhead population is very likely to be relatively small; it did not recover from the intensive whaling in the 19th century, and the illegal Soviet catches of the 1960s have further set back its recovery. Dedicated surveys and other research are required to assess the status and conservation needs of the population.
Cryptic Kin Selection: Kin Structure in Vertebrate Populations and Opportunities for Kin‐Directed Cooperation
Authors: Hatchwell Ben J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnimal societies of varying complexity have been the favoured testing ground for inclusive fitness theory, and there is now abundant evidence that kin selection has played a critical role in the evolution of cooperative behaviour. One of the key theoretical and empirical findings underlying this conclusion is that cooperative systems have a degree of kin structure, often the product of delayed dispersal, that facilitates interactions with relatives. However, recent population genetic studies have revealed that many non‐cooperative animals also have kin‐structured populations, providing more cryptic opportunities for kin selection to operate. In this article, I first review the evidence that kin structure is widespread among non‐cooperative vertebrates, and then consider the various contexts in which kin selection may occur in such taxa, including: leks, brood parasitism, crèches, breeding associations, territoriality and population dynamics, foraging and predator deterrence. I describe the evidence that kin‐selected benefits arise from interacting with kin in each of these contexts, notwithstanding the potential costs of kin competition and inbreeding. I conclude that as the tools required to determine population genetic structure are readily available, measurement of kin structure and the potential for kin selection on a routine basis is likely to reveal that this process has been an important driver of evolutionary adaptation in many non‐cooperative as well as cooperative species.
Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia in adolescent scoliosis surgery: a meta‐analysis
Authors: TAENZER ANDREAS H. , CLARK CANTWELL 
Published: January 2010

SummaryBackground:  Scoliosis surgery is one of the most painful operations performed. Postoperative pain management has been historically based on the use of intravenous opioids. Many of the adolescents who undergo these procedures are at increased risk for opioid‐related side effects because of underlying medical problems. Epidural analgesia has been demonstrated to provide superior pain control with fewer side effects for chest and abdominal surgery in children as well as adults. We aim to analyze the available literature for sufficient evidence to allow recommendations regarding the use of epidural analgesia with parenteral opioids vs. intravenous opioids only.Search strategy:  Public Medline and the Cochrane database were searched (1966‐10/2008) using scoliosis‐related and epidural analgesia‐related terms. In Medline, the intersection of these results was combined with Phases 1 and 2 of a highly sensitive search strategy recommended for identifying randomized trials. No limits were used in any search. Additionally, professional journals and proceedings of meetings were screened, and nationally recognized experts in the field of pediatric pain management were asked for further sources of data.Selection criteria:  Randomized, controlled trials comparing the use of a continuous infusion of epidural local anesthetics plus intravenous opioids vs. intravenous opioids only for postoperative pain management in adolescent scoliosis repair were eligible for inclusion in the meta‐analysis.All studies had to include at least the primary outcome of interest, postoperative pain scores.Data collection and analysis:  After the development of a data collection and extraction form, two independent reviewers extracted all. No data conflicts were encountered. Data were analyzed with Review Manager when possible, significance for difference between relative rates between groups was analyzed by chi‐square tests.Main results:  Average pain scores were lower in the epidural group than no epidural group at 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery. Pain scores (0–100) were lower on all first three postoperative days (POD) in the epidural group: −15.2 on POD1, −10.1 on POD2 and −11.5 on POD3. Differences were significant in the summary analysis for all 3 days (P < 0.05).Authors’ Conclusion:  Epidural analgesia is beneficial to patients in terms of improving pain control and reducing side effects. The influence on respiratory depression, length of stay in the intensive care unit, or mortality is not available in the literature at this time.
Blood loss, replacement, and associated morbidity in infants and children undergoing craniofacial surgery
Authors: STRICKER PAUL A. , SHAW THOMAS L. , DESOUZA DUNCAN G. , HERNANDEZ STEPHANIE V. , BARTLETT SCOTT P. , FRIEDMAN DAVID F. , SESOK‐PIZZINI DEBORAH A. , JOBES DAVID R. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryBackground:  Pediatric craniofacial reconstruction (CFR) procedures involve wide scalp dissections with multiple osteotomies and have been associated with significant morbidity. The aim of this study was to document the incidence of clinically important problems, particularly related to blood loss, and perform a risk factor analysis.Methods: Records of all patients who underwent craniofacial surgery at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia between December 1, 2001 and January 1, 2006 were reviewed. Data were collected from the electronic anesthesia record, intensive care unit (ICU) progress notes, and discharge summary. All intraoperative laboratory values and all laboratory values obtained upon arrival in the ICU were recorded. A multivariable analysis was performed to evaluate associations between elements of intraoperative management and the following clinical outcomes: intraoperative hypotension, intraoperative metabolic acidosis, presence of a postoperative coagulation test abnormality, and postoperative administration of hemostatic blood products.Results: Data for 159 patients were reviewed. The mean volume of packed red blood cells transfused intraoperatively was 51 ml·kg−1. Multivariable analysis revealed that intraoperative administration of albumin was strongly correlated with both an increased incidence of postoperative coagulation derangements and postoperative administration of hemostatic blood products (Odds Ratio 5.9, 2.8, respectively), while intraoperative fresh frozen plasma (FFP) administration was associated with an opposite effect (Odds Ratio 0.94, 0.97, respectively).Conclusions: In pediatric CFR procedures where the volume of blood loss routinely exceeds one blood volume, intraoperative administration of FFP favorably impacted postoperative laboratory coagulation parameters.
Semi‐elective intraosseous infusion after failed intravenous access in pediatric anesthesia1
Authors: NEUHAUS DIEGO , WEISS MARKUS , ENGELHARDT THOMAS , HENZE GEORG , GIEST JUDITH , STRAUSS JOCHEN , EICH CHRISTOPH 
Published: January 2010

SummaryBackground:  Intraosseous (IO) infusion is a well‐established intervention to obtain vascular access in pediatric emergency medicine but is rarely used in routine pediatric anesthesia.Methods:  In this observational study, we report on a series of 14 children in whom semi‐elective IO infusion was performed under inhalational anesthesia after peripheral intravenous (IV) access had failed. Patient and case characteristics, technical details, and estimated timings of IO infusion as well as associated complications were reviewed. Data are median and range.Results:  IO infusion was successfully established in fourteen children [age: 0.1–6.00 years (median 0.72 years); weight: 3.5–12.0 kg (median 7.0 kg)]. The majority suffered from chronic cardiac, metabolic, or dysmorphic abnormalities. Estimated time taken from inhalational induction of anesthesia until insertion of an intraosseous needle was 26.5 min (15–65 min). The proximal tibia was cannulated in all patients. The automated EZIO™ IO system was used in eight patients and the manual COOK™ system in six patients. Drugs administered included hypnotics, opioids, neuromuscular blocking agents and reversals, cardiovascular drugs, antibiotics, and IV fluids. The IO cannulas were removed either in the operating theatre (n = 5), in the recovery room (n = 5), or in the ward (n = 4), after 73 min (19–225 min) in situ. There were no significant complications except one accidental postoperative dislocation.Conclusions:  IO access represents a quick and reliable alternative for pediatric patients with prolonged difficult or failed IV access after inhalational induction of anesthesia.
Evaluating the enemies hypothesis in a clover‐cabbage intercrop: effects of generalist and specialist natural enemies on the turnip root fly (Delia floralis)
Authors: Björkman Maria , Hambäck Peter A. , Hopkins Richard J. , Rämert Birgitta 
Published: January 2010

The relative importance of the resource concentration hypothesis and the enemies hypothesis was investigated for the turnip root flyDelia floralisin a cabbage–red clover intercropping system compared with a cabbage monoculture.Delia floralisegg densities were measured as well as the activity‐densities of generalist predators in a field experiment during two growing seasons. In the second year, a study of egg predation with artificially placed eggs was conducted, in addition to a predator exclusion experiment, to estimate total predation during the season. Parasitization rates were estimated from samples of pupae.Delia floralisoviposition was greater in the monoculture during both years. The predator activity‐densities differed between treatments and study years. The known natural enemies ofDeliaspp.,Bembidionspp. andAleochara bipustulatashowed a strong response to a cultivation system with higher activity‐densities in the monoculture. The response, however, appeared to be caused primarily by habitat preferences and not byD. floralisegg densities.The reduction in the number ofD. floralispupae in the intercropping may be explained by a disruption in oviposition behaviour caused by the presence of clover because neither predation, nor parasitization rates differed between cultivation systems.
Insertion under local anaesthetic of temporary electrodes for sacral nerve stimulation testing is reliable and cost effective
Authors: Mitchell P. J. , Cattle K. , Saravanathan S. , Telford K.J. , Kiff E.S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAim  The aim of this study was to determine whether temporary electrode implantation under local anaesthesia (LA), with reliance on sensory response rather than motor response, gives as good a result as implantation under general anaesthesia (GA).Method  A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients with faecal incontinence treated with sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) was performed.Results  A total of 111 consecutive patients underwent a 2‐week trial of SNS. Forty‐seven (42%) had the temporary electrode implanted under LA and 64 (58%) under GA. There was no significant difference between the two groups in relation to the improvement in Vaizey score (P = 0.15), incontinent episodes per day (P = 0.73) and incontinent episodes per week (P = 0.93). There was no significant difference (P = 0.14) in the percentage of successful trials between the LA group (64%) and the GA group (77%); however, only 62% of the GA group were discharged home on the same day when compared with 89% of the LA group (P < 0.0001).Conclusion  Similar success rates for temporary trial with SNS can be achieved with LA and GA. Insertion under LA is associated with reduced cost, shorter hospital stay and quicker recovery, and it avoids the risk of general anaesthesia.
Mortality of young patients with diabetes in Kinshasa, DR Congo
Authors: Muyer M. T. , Buntinx F. , Mapatano M. A. , De Clerck M. , Truyers C. , Muls E. 
Published: January 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 405–411 (2010)AbstractAims  As data on mortality of young patients with diabetes is not available in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we studied mortality rates, the influence of some determinants and causes of death.Methods  A retrospective review of standardized medical records of all patients with diabetes aged ≤ 30 years at diagnosis who were enrolled between 1994 and 2004 in a large, integrated healthcare network in Kinshasa, DRC. Diabetes was diagnosed clinically. As resources for classification according to type of diabetes were not available, the study sample was a mixed‐type cohort. Death was established by review of medical records and by community interview. Mortality was recorded until 2007. Overall mortality rates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were performed to study the influence of determinants.Results  Of the patients, 17.4% (159/915) died, mostly during the first 5 years of follow‐up. Mean yearly mortality was 3.62/100 patient‐years (95% CI 3.1–4.2). Independent predictors were male gender [hazard ratio (HR) 0.66 (95% CI 0.5–0.9) for females vs. males] and age at diagnosis (HR 0.97 (95% CI 0.94–0.99) per increase of 1 year]. Major causes of death were ketoacidosis (38%) and infection (12%). Cause of death was unknown in 31% of cases.Conclusions  One out of six patients died, most within 5 years after diagnosis. Death occurred more frequently at home, in male patients and in subjects aged ≤ 20 years. The major cause of death was ketoacidosis.
Effect of carbohydrate counting and medical nutritional therapy on glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetic subjects: a pilot study
Authors: Scavone G. , Manto A. , Pitocco D. , Gagliardi L. , Caputo S. , Mancini L. , Zaccardi F. , Ghirlanda G. 
Published: January 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 477–479 (2010)AbstractAims  The effect of a balanced, carbohydrate‐counting diet on glycaemic control in Type 1diabetic subjects is unclear. Our aim was to determine its effect in a small, pilot trial.Methods  We randomized 256 Type 1 diabetic subjects to a Nutritional Education Programme (group A) or not (group B). Weight, body mass index, glycated haemogobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, urate, creatinine, microalbuminuria and daily insulin requirements were measured at baseline and at the end of the study (9 months). During the study, the number of hypoglycaemic events (bood glucose < 3.9 mmol/l) was also measured.Results  Compared with group B, group A showed: (i) a reduction in HbA1c (group A: 7.8 ± 1.3–7.4 ± 0.9%; group B: 7.5 ± 0.8–7.5 ± 1.1%; P < 0.01); (ii) less hypoglycaemic events (4% vs. 7%; P < 0.05); (iii) a reduction in dose of rapid insulin analogues (23.5 ± 10.9 vs. 27.7 ± 17.1 IU/24 h; P = 0.03). No other between‐group changes were observed.Conclusions  This study shows the importance of medical nutritional therapy on glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetic subjects.
FINANCIAL RESTRUCTURING: IMPACT ON HOUSING
Authors: THYGERSON KENNETH J. 
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this paper is to describe the primary factors that helped encourage the growth of savings and loan business and its development as the primary mortgage originating and investing intermediary. This will be followed by a discussion of how and why changes have been made to alter the sheltered environment of the business. Finally, the paper will focus on several options for the future structure of the savings and loan business and the implications each has on our mortgage delivery system and housingThe paper concludes that the country in general and its housing needs, in particular, would be best served by freeing up the asset and liability powers of thrifts. In order to meet the mortgage finance needs of the country, it is recommended that increased emphasis be put on making mortgages investment grade assets that will be able to compete with other investments for funds in the capital market generally. To do this, the government must refrain from price fixing (i.e., setting specific prepayment penalties, savings rates, etc.); establishing terms and conditions on mortgages (i.e., regulating mortgage forms); changing contractual provisions on mortgages (i.e., due‐on‐sale prohibitions), and avoiding noncompetitive behavior by government credit programs.
IN DEFENSE OF ASSET MANAGEMENT THE PRIVATIZATION COMPONENT
Authors: STROUP RICHARD L. 
Published: January 2010

The federal government owns one‐third of the nation's land, a small fraction of which is being selected and prepared for sale. Even this small amount, however, will comprise several million acres and will yield several billion dollars in revenue for the U.S. Treasury. But the President's Asset Management Program will do more than raise revenue: It will increase the efficiency with which the lands me used and will distribute those increased benefits more broadly among all citizens, resulting in net gains in efficiency and equity. As its title suggests, the program is aimed at improving the management of the nation's real property assets1“Privatization” is the word most frequently used to describe the program, and a key component of the program does involve selling large amounts of land (a carefully selected proportion of the federal holdings) to the private sector. Several commentators have objected strongly to the very notion of privatization, and much of the criticism is based on caricatures of what private ownership means and its expected results. This paper will provide an explanation of the rationale of the Asset Management Program and a discussion of the most frequently heard criticisms
THE DESIGN OF A SELF‐ENFORCING MULTILATERAL AGREEMENT AMONG OIL‐lMPORTING COUNTRlES
Authors: SALANT STEPHEN W. 
Published: January 2010

When all parties to an agreement are subject to the laws of a single jurisdiction, then anyone breaking that agreement can be subjected to legal sanctions. If, however, parties to an agreement are themselves sovereign states, no external force exists to assure compliance. In such cases the design of an agreement must somehow provide an internal enforcement mechanism or the agreement is likely to be violated. An agreement is regarded as a specification of how each party will perform in any contingency which might arise. An agreement is called self‐enforcing if it provides no country with an incentive to violate its terms as long as every other country complies. This paper considers the possibility of designing self‐enforcing agreements among oil‐importing nations to achieve the following goals: (1) to expand government or private stockpiles in preparation for the next disruption of crude imports; (2) to insure that no country will impose price controls should an embargo occur; (3) to share restricted oil supplies during an embargo; and (4) to restrain import demand during a crisisThe paper outlines how a self‐enforcing agreement to increase world stockpiles can be designed. It indicates by example measures a county can take in advance to make subsequent imposition of price controls during a crisis disadvantageous. Such measures make credible a government's prior promise not to impose price controls. While a multilateral effort to restrain demand during an embargo would be worthwhile, no self‐enforcing agreement seems possible. Finally, plans to redirect limited oil supplies by fiat during an oil crisis are criticized as unnecessary, inevitably ineffective, and a diversion of collective efforts from more pressing tasks. Such a sharing agreement is the focus of the existing International Energy Program (IEP) in which the United States and 20 other oil‐importing nations participate