bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated Sound Levels within a Busy NICU
Authors: Krueger Charlene , Wall Susan , Parker Leslie , Nealis Rose 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:Elevated sound levels in the NICU may contribute to undesirable physiologic and behavioral effects in preterm infants. This study describes sound levels in a busy NICU in the southeastern U.S. and compares the findings with recommended NICU noise level standards.Design:NICU sound levels were recorded continuously at nine different locations within the NICU. Hourly measurements of loudness equivalent (Leq) sound level, sound level exceeded 10 percent of the time (L10), and maximum sound level (Lmax) were determined.Sample:Sound levels were sampled from nine different locations within the NICU.Main Outcome Variable:Sound levels are described using the hourly, A-weighted Leq, L10, and Lmax.Results:The overall average hourly Leq (M = 60.44 dB, range = 55–68 dB), L10(M = 59.26 dB, range = 55–66 dB), and Lmax (M = 78.39, range = 69–93 dB) were often above the recommended sound levels (hourly Leq <50 dB, L10 <55 dB, and 1-second Lmax <70 dB). In addition, certain times of day, such as 6–7 AM and 10 AM–12 noon, were noisier than other times of day.
The Chasm in Neonatal Outcomes in Relation to Time of Birth in Lebanon
Authors: Badr Lina Kurdahi , Abdallah Bahia , Balian Sossi , Tamim Hala , Hawari Mirvat 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the time of birth and the mortality and morbidity of infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units.Design:This prospective, cohort study examined the records of women and infants admitted to the NICUs of four hospitals in Beirut, Lebanon, between July 1, 2002, and June 30, 2003. The hospitals selected were university affiliated and had a large number of deliveries (5,152 total for the year 2002–2003).Main Outcome Variables:Neonatal mortality and morbidity for infants admitted to the NICU were evaluated in relation to time of birth.Results:For the whole sample, mortality was higher for infants born during the night shift than for those born during the day shift. Mortality, morbidity, and brain asphyxia rates were also higher for infants born during the night shift and admitted to the NICU. Maternal risk factors and delivery complications were not consistently higher on the night shift.
Effect of Environmental Changes on Noise in the NICU
Authors: Brandon Debra , Ryan Donna , Barnes Angel 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:To evaluate the effect of changes in the NICU environment on sound levels.Design:A prospective quasi-experimental design evaluated sound levels in a 43-bed NICU. Decibel levels were monitored utilizing a data-logging dosimeter for 24 hours weekly over 12 months. Sound levels were also measured inside four different incubator models.Sample:Forty-four 24-hour decibel recordings were obtained in one of eight randomly selected four-bed pods. In addition, a single 1-hour recording was obtained in four different models of vacant incubators.Main Outcome Variable:Ambient sound levels.Results:Decibel levels were analyzed to identify changes in noise levels following alterations in the NICU environment. Installation of motion-sensing motorized paper towel holders significantly increased levels at beds closest to the towel dispensers, as did the trial of a new communication system. Decibel levels in four different incubators revealed varying noise levels. This study suggests that all environmental changes must be monitored to ensure that they reduce rather than increase noise levels.
State Change in Preterm Infants in Response to Nursing Caregiving: Possible Gender Effects
Authors: Thomas Karen , Tsai Shao-Yu , Brown Sara 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:To describe the effect of nursing caregiving on infant sleep-wake states by gender in preterm infantsDesign:Descriptive measures at 34 weeks postmenstrual age and at dischargeSample:Twenty-two hospitalized preterm infantsMain Outcome Variable:Infant state and caregiving episodes were coded in 15-second intervals from video recordings of approximately three hours duration. Time plots of state and caregiving were analyzed visually to summarize spontaneous state changes and state change associated with caregiving.Results:Sleep and wake state distribution did not differ statistically by gender; however, the rate of state change in male infants was twice that of females (p=.012) at discharge. At discharge, male infants received approximately twice as many care episodes as females. At discharge, the rate of state change in response to caregiving in male infants was four times that of female infants (p=.026). Males exhibited a greater percentage of caregiving episodes related to state change than did females at discharge (p=.018). Findings suggest further exploration of possible gender differences in state regulation and state change in response to caregiving.
Birth to Breast—A Feeding Care Map for the NICU: Helping the Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant Navigate the Course
Authors: Dougherty Dorothy , Luther Maureen 
Published: November 2011

Breast milk has been shown to contribute significantly to positive neurodevelopmental and medical outcomes in the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant population. It is crucial that ELBW infants receive their mother’s colostrum as a first feeding, followed by expressed breast milk for as long as possible. Evidence-based literature supports the difficult challenges both mothers and ELBW infants face if they are to succeed at breast pumping and breastfeeding. Influencing factors include the medical fragility of the infant, limited frequency and duration of kangaroo care between mother and infant, lack of an adequate volume of breast milk, as well as inconsistent or incorrect information surrounding the use of breast milk and breastfeeding.A feeding care map as described in this article can help the bedside nurse assist the mother-ELBW infant dyad in optimizing breast milk volumes, laying the groundwork for breastfeeding. Displaying supportive practices and preterm infant developmental milestones, the map categorizes infant, maternal, and dyad feeding issues along a progressive time line from admission to discharge.
Kangaroo Care with Twins: A Case Study in Which One Infant Did Not Respond as Expected
Authors: Jarrell Julia , Ludington-Hoe Susan , Abouelfettoh Amel 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:The purposes were to relate responses (including unacceptable ones) of twins to shared kangaroo care (KC), to provide explanations for the unexpected responses, and to offer suggestions for safe nursing practice.Design:A descriptive, evaluative case study was conducted. Both twins received KC while their vital signs and maternal breast temperatures were manually recorded every 30 seconds. Descriptive statistics were computed.Sample:Identical twins, born to a 19-year-old African-American primigravada, were 34 3/7 weeks postconceptional age with weights of 1,760 and 1,480 g, respectively, when tested. Preterm labor resulted in spontaneous vaginal birth at 30 weeks gestation.Main Outcome Variables:Infant heart and respiratory rates, oxygen saturations, abdominal temperatures, and maternal breast temperatures.Results:Infant A’s vital signs exceeded acceptable clinical limits during shared KC; vital signs returned to normal range once Infant A was returned to the incubator. Infant B’s vital signs approximated clinically acceptable ranges throughout the session. Breast temperatures did not differ. Individuality mandates vigilant assessment of infant responses to shared KC.
Breastfeeding Changes for VLBW Infants in the NICU Following Staff Education
Authors: Pineda Roberta , Foss Joanne , Richards Lorie , Pane Camille 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:To assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention aimed at staff and parents in changing breastfeeding practices in the NICU.Design:The breastfeeding education initiative consisted of three parts: breastfeeding training for NICU staff, issuance of complementary breastfeeding materials to mothers of infants in the NICU, and addition of a breastfeeding pathway to the individualized care plan. Infants admitted before and after the initiative were compared to evaluate for changes in breastfeeding practices.Sample:The study sample included very low birth weight (VLBW) infants hospitalized in the NICU for more than seven days and born weighing <1,500 g. Infants were grouped based on whether they were admitted before (pre-intervention) or after (post-intervention) implementation of the education initiative.Main Outcome Variables:Health care professional (HCP) knowledge of breastfeeding interventions in the NICU was measured using a posttest following training. Breast milk feeding initiation rates, breastfeeding rates, and rates of breast milk feeding at discharge were measured via retrospective chart review among pre- and post-intervention infant groups.Results:The post-intervention group demonstrated significant improvement in rates of breastfeeding (infants being put directly to the breast) in the NICU compared with the pre-intervention group. General positive trends in breast milk feeding initiation (up 11 percent) and breast milk feeding at discharge (up 5 percent) were observed, but these increases failed to reach significance.
Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) 2011: New Science, New Strategies
Authors: Zaichkin Jeanette , Weiner Gary M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn spring 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) will release sixth edition materials for the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). This edition brings changes in resuscitation practice and a new education methodology that shifts the instructor from “teacher” to “learning facilitator” and requires the NRP course participant to assume more responsibility for learning. The change from a lecture format to simulation-based learning requires instructors to learn new skills and meet new requirements to maintain instructor status.The sixth edition of theTextbook of Neonatal Resuscitationand the fifth edition of theInstructor’s Manual for Neonatal Resuscitationare currently in press. The AAP granted permission to use material from these forthcoming publications in this article.
Support Like a Walking Stick: Parent-Buddy Matching for Language and Culture in the NICU
Authors: Ardal Frida , Sulman Joanne , Fuller-Thomson Esme 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPurpose: (1) To explore the experience of non-English-speaking mothers with preterm, very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (<1,500 g); and (2) to examine mothers’ assessment of a peer support program matching them with linguistically and culturally similar parent-buddies.Design: An exploratory, qualitative analysis based on grounded theory.Sample: A convenience sample of eight mothers from four of the most prevalent non-English-speaking cultures (Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Tamil) in an urban Canadian-teaching hospital.Main Outcome Variable: Non-Anglophone mothers’ experience and support in the NICU.Results: Study mothers experienced intense role disequilibrium during the unanticipated crisis of preterm birth of a VLBW infant; situational crises owing to the high-tech NICU environment and their infant’s condition; and developmental crises with feelings of loss, guilt, helplessness, and anxiety. Language barriers compounded the difficulties. Parent-buddies helped non-English-speaking mothers mobilize their strengths. Culture and language are important determinants of service satisfaction for non-English-speaking mothers. Linguistically congruent parent-to-parent matching increases access to service.
The Use of Rate Transient Analysis Modeling to Quantify Uncertainties in Commingled Tight Gas Production Forecasting and Decline Analysis Parameters in the Alberta Deep Basin
Authors: Luo H. , Mahiya G. F. , Pannett S. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The evaluation of Expected Ultimate Recovery (EUR) for tight gas wells has generally relied upon the Arps equation for Decline Curve Analysis (DCA) as a popular approach. However, it is typical in tight gas reservoirs to have limited production history that has yet to reach boundary-dominated flow due to the low permeability of such systems. Commingled production makes the situation even more complicated with multi-boundary behavior. When suitable analogues are not available, Rate Transient Analysis (RTA) can play an important role to justify DCA assumptions for production forecasting.
The Deep Basin East field has been developed with hydraulically fractured vertical wells through commingled production from multiple formations since 2002. To evaluate potential of this field, DCA type curves for various areas were established according to well performance and geological trending. Multiple segment DCA methodology demonstrated reasonable forecasts, in which one Arps equation is used to describe the rapidly decreasing transient period in early time, and another for boundary-dominated flow. However, a limitation of this approach is the uncertainty of the forecast in the absence of extended production data as the EUR can be sensitive to adjustments in some assumed DCA parameters of the second segment. In this paper, we used RTA to assess reservoir and fracture properties in multiple layers and built RTA type well models around which uncertainty analyses were performed. The distributions of the model properties were then used in Monte Carlo analysis to forecast production and define uncertainty ranges for EUR and DCA parameters. The resulting forecasts and EUR distribution from RTA modeling generally support the DCA assumptions used for the type curves for corresponding areas of the field. The study also showed how the contribution from the various commingled layers changes with time. The proposed workflow provides a fit-for-purpose way to quantify uncertainties in tight gas production forecasting especially in cases when production history is limited and field-level numerical simulation is not practicable.
Field Testing and Numerical Simulation of Combined CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery and Storage in the SACROC Unit
Authors: Xiao Chongwei , Harris Milton Lee , Wang Fred , Grigg Reid 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The SACROC Unit in the Permian Basin has been under carbon dioxide (CO2) injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) for almost forty years since CO2 injection commenced in 1972. The mature CO2 operations in the SACROC Unit make it an optimal site for studying CO2 sequestration in conjunction with EOR. A pilot demonstration project was performed in a five-spot pattern, beginning at the end of 2008. The objective of this study is to understand the capacity and flow patterns of the CO2 plume to determine sequestration potential in conventional oil reservoirs.
The pilot site locates in the Northern SACROC platform and was set up as a five-spot pattern consisting of 4 injectors and 1 center producer. Water and CO2 injection had occurred earlier in the SACROC Unit during reservoir development. The pilot testing started in 2008 and has been under CO2 injection since then. After thirteen months of CO2 injection, the production data from the pilot showed that the oil production rate of the producer (well 56-17) increased over tenfold during the first year of CO2 injection which demonstrated significant enhanced oil recovery by CO2 injection.
This paper describes how the injection process in the SACROC pilot was simulated using a compositional simulator, Computer Modeling Group’s GEM. A simulation model with 47,104 grids was developed with geophysical data characterized from 3D seismic surveys and well logs. The simulation area is 6640 ft * 6640 ft * 840 ft, consisting of five wells in the pilot site. History matching gas, oil, and water production for each well since first drilled was performed to verify the model. The EOR under three injection schemes was predicted. The CO2 storage capacity under residual and solubility trapping mechanisms during CO2 miscible displacement was simulated and analyzed. This study demonstrated CO2 sequestration in oil reservoirs to be a low-risk, promising method for mitigating CO2 discharge into the atmosphere.
A New Analytical Approach To Investigate Heated Area in Thermal Recovery Techniques
Authors: Hosseini Behrooz Koohmareh , Ardali Mojtaba , Chalaturnyk Rick , Mamora Daulat 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Analytical models to predict the performance of thermal recovery processes are useful tools for preliminary forecasting purposes and sensitivity studies and provide a better insight than simulation models into the physics of thermal processes. Classical models such as Marx and Lagerheim (1959), Willman (1961) and Farouq Ali (1971) are used extensively for steam-flood performance prediction. Several studies have been conducted to develop the theory for the estimation of the radius of the heated zone. This radius is important for computing the volume of recoverable oil, as well as to determine well spacing in steamflooding and cyclic steam stimulation. This work presents an analytical model to estimate the radius of heated zone in either conductive or conductive-convective heat transfer mechanisms, which mainly occur in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) respectively. The heat flow equation was combined with mass and momentum convective transport equations in a porous medium, in an effort to correlate the temperature front velocity to the steam advancing front velocity. As the saturation front velocity is known from classical Buckley-Leverett transport equation, at each instant we investigated the transport distance of the heat front in a radial homogenous reservoir. The theoretical model takes gravity into account, but neglects the capillarity, and there is no longer the assumption of piston-like steam drive. CMG-STARS thermal simulation and COMSOL Multiphysics are used to compare and verify analytical model results. The improved model is superior to previous models used to calculate the radius of heated zone and the analytical results are in good agreement with the simulation results.
Electromagnetic Heating for In-Situ Production of Heavy Oil and Bitumen Reservoirs
Authors: Wacker Bernd , Karmeileopardus Denny , Trautmann Bernd , Helget Andreas , Torlak Muris 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Electro-Magnetic (EM) method is a newly developed technology aiming at heavy oil and in-situ bitumen production in an environmentally friendly way with smallest possible surface footprint.
This paper outlines the process of the development of the new EM technology for heavy oil and in-situ bitumen production. It documents the step-by-step approach following the roadmap from the white-paper technology analysis to the commissioning and performing of field tests. A reservoir simulation example is provided for in-situ production with EM-heating. The current status of the technology is R&D; pilot operation is expected from 2012/13 on.
Discrete Element Hydraulic Fracture Modeling - Evaluating Changes in Natural Fracture Aperture and Transmissivity
Authors: Nagel Neal , Damjanac Branko , Garcia Xavier , Sanchez-Nagel Marisela 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Previous works have presented the results of successful simulations of fluid injection into naturally fractured shale using a Discrete Element Model (DEM). The simulations included coupled fluid flow-deformation analysis, failure type and extent calculations, as well as a series of parametric analyses. The parameters investigated included: 1) injection rate and its effect on the overall fracturing results, and 2) fluid viscosity, which had a significant influence on the ratio of tensile (mode 1) failure versus shear failure.
With the huge growth in the stimulation of naturally fractured formations such as fractured shales, it is clear that the industry needs new hydraulic fracturing simulation tools beyond the limits imposed by pseudo3D fracturing models. DEMs, in which both matrix block behavior and fracture behavior are explicitly modeled, offer one option for the specific modeling of hydraulic fracture creation and growth in a naturally fractured formation without, for example, the assumption of bi-planar fracture growth.
In this paper, we extend the previous works to quantify, for fractured shale gas plays, the effect of stress orientation, fluid viscosity, and rock mechanical properties in terms of changes in fracture aperture and transmissivity. Changes in fracture transmissivity directly correlate with improvements in well productivity – the primary goal of the stimulation.
The results of the study provide a means to improve shale completions by understanding the effects of the DFN orientation relative to the stress field, fluid viscosity, and rock mechanical properties on changes in fracture aperture, fracture transmissivity, and formation effective permeability, which directly relate to well productivity.
Determination of Equivalent Elastic Moduli for Coupled Geomechanical-Flow Simulation of SAGD
Authors: Khajeh Mohammad Mehdi , Chalaturnyk Rick , Boisvert Jeff 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
When characterizing stress sensitive reservoirs for reservoir performance prediction, considering flow simulation alone is insufficient; geomechanical and flow responses should be assessed concurrently.
Geostatistical techniques are well developed and can be used to build heterogeneous models of reservoir properties as input to subsequent transfer functions such as flow and geomechanical simulators. In the case of conventional flow simulation, each geological realization consists of a structural model, facies model and petrophysical property models (porosity, permeability, saturation, etc.), which are used to solve the appropriate fluid flow equations.
Rock mechanical properties play a similar role in geomechanical simulation as petrophysical properties play in fluid flow. Impact of heterogeneity consideration for geomechanical properties on coupled geomechanical flow simulation of SAGD process has been discussed by Khajeh et al. (2011) and they showed that to assess more accurate uncertainty analysis on flow and geomechanical responses of the SAGD process, considering realizations of the rock mechanical properties are required. The well documented Mechanical Earth Model (MEM) is a comprehensive geological model which can be used for coupled geomechanical-flow simulation of the SAGD process; however, homogenous rock mechanical properties are typically considered instead of stochastic models for computational reasons. The geomechanical response of a reservoir is sensitive to the values selected for geomechanical properties and it is practical to consider an equivalent homogeneous continuum such that geomechanical responses obtained from the homogenized model matches the geomechanical response of the truth (heterogeneous) model.
Different analytical homogenization techniques are developed to determine equivalent elastic moduli (EEM), but the majority of these techniques consider specific configurations of facies and do not work well for complex spatial configurations such as the sand/shale sequences typical of the McMurray formation of Alberta-Canada. Considering sand geomechanical properties to be representative of the reservoir is a common approach. Moreover, a mixing rule averaging approach could also be used for determination of EEM.
In this work, the accuracy of these various EEM methodologies are compared to EEM values obtained numerically by optimizing the geomechanical response of the reservoir. By knowing the vertical displacement profile (VDP) at the top of the reservoir for the fine scale (truth) model and the VDP’s obtained from the listed techniques, the accuracy of considered EEM values is assessed.
Sensitivity of change in VDP with respect to different operating conditions, type of elastic deformation and also spatial distribution of facies is examined.