bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality Statistics for the US Upstream Industry: An Analysis of Circumstances, Trends, and Recommendations
Authors: Retzer K. D. , Hill R. D. , Conway G. A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Introduction
The U.S. oil and gas extraction industry has an elevated occupational fatality rate when compared to other industries, and this rate is correlated to the level of activity in the industry. This paper presents an analysis of worker fatalities in the U.S. oil and gas extraction industry for the years 2003-2008 and suggests strategies to prevent fatalities among the groups of workers most at risk of being killed on the job.

Description of Processes
Fatality rates were calculated by year, company type, and company size. The frequency of fatal events onshore and offshore, by occupation, age group and contributing factors are also reported.

Results
There were 648 fatalities in the oil and gas extraction industry during 2003-2008; the majority (91%) occurred to onshore workers. Transportation-related events were the leading cause of death for all workers. Drilling contractors and companies that employed fewer than 20 workers had the highest fatality rates.

Conclusions
This study found that the fatality rate in the oil and gas extraction industry remained elevated through 2008. Many of the fatalities were associated with three risk factors: seat belt non-use, workers being employed by small companies, and workers having been employed less than one year by their current company. Concentrating attention on these three risk factors could significantly decrease the number and rate of occupational fatalities in the oil and gas extraction industry. The recommendations made in this paper can be implemented by companies at low or no cost and can be incorporated into existing safety and health policies and procedures.
Is It Hardware, Software, or Both?
Authors: O’Grady B. , Shafer D. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
New technology on platforms and late-generation drilling rigs has become more integrated and more complex. As a result, it is increasingly difficult to identify the root cause of systems failures – is a given failure caused by hardware, software or both? Determining the correct answer is a prerequisite for the prevention of future failures and ensuing health, safety and environmental incidents, non-productive time, and project delays.
In this paper, we will address the components of effective root cause analysis and will provide information on practices proven to help drilling contractors and operators leverage incident investigation in order to improve drilling operations and identify future QHSE initiatives and investments. We will focus on:
Properly assessing the extent to which hardware, software, people and processes can contribute to a drilling systems failure Implementing corrections to the appropriate drilling operation components Using root cause analysis results to develop effective incident investigation, response and mitigation plans
Waxy Oil Behavior and Environmental Risk Assessment for Offshore Areas
Authors: Viana A. R. , de Goes Monteiro G. G 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
El Paso Óleo e Gás do Brasil Ltda. intends to develop Pinaúna Field, a crude production project, in northeast Brazil shallow waters. Crude to be produced has high pour point and wax appearance temperature due to its high paraffin content. Considering Pinaúna Field location and oil characteristics, understanding the oil behavior on seawater and its associated environmental risks is essential.
In order to properly assess these risks, focusing on Pinaúna oil characteristics and the crude properties over time after a spill, El Paso performed a few experiments to verify waxy oil behavior into seawater and response to weathering. These tests included quantitative physical properties evaluation and qualitative observations of oil spilled into seawater.
They indicated that Pinaúna’s crude oil would not behave as typical oil when in contact with seawater below pour point temperature. It is most likely that the oil would behave as a ―solid‖ rather than liquid, including very low solubility in seawater.
These results consist in really important information for the company, not only because it helped the company to more accurately understand the risks to the environment in case of oil spill, but also will help to develop the spill response plan strategies and equipment more adequate to this type of oil.
Consequences of Macondo: A Summary of Recently Proposed and Enacted Changes to US Offshore Drilling Safety and Environmental Regulation
Authors: McAndrews K. L. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Changes to U.S. offshore drilling safety and environmental regulations have been enacted post-Macondo and further changes are possible. New prescriptive rules for deepwater drilling will have a significant impact on drilling engineering, operations, and costs. Performance-based regulations that require all operators in the Outer Continental Shelf to implement a Safety and Environmental Management System have become law. This paper summarizes the BP Macondo blowout, including the response of government agencies and BP. Changes to U.S. Government regulations are then summarized, including a discussion of prescriptive versus performance-based regulation. It is concluded that the enacted and proposed changes to offshore drilling safety and environmental regulations should deliver the desired benefit of reducing the likelihood of future deepwater blowouts.
Should We Put a Thin Subsidy on the Policy Table in the Fight against Obesity?
Authors: Lordan Grace , Quiggin John 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The idea of using 'fat taxes’ to curb obesity rates has been raised by many. In particular, the idea of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has received considerable attention in the United States and has recently been discussed by President Obama. Rather less attention has been given to the alternative of 'thin subsidies’, that is, subsidies for the consumption of foods or beverages likely to be associated with reduced incidence of obesity. This commentary examines the case for a subsidy for artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) or 'diet soft drinks’. In this commentary, we outline the evidence on the relationship between health outcomes, most notably obesity, and the consumption of SSBs and ASBs. In the light of the evidence we consider the economic effects of taxing SSBs, and the way in which those effects would be modified by the adoption of the alternative 'thin subsidy’ based on subsidising ASBs.
High Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Its Association with Renal Function among Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Japan
Authors: Sakaguchi Yusuke , Shoji Tatsuya , Kawabata Hiroaki , Niihata Kakuya , Suzuki Akira , Kaneko Tetsuya , Okada Noriyuki , Isaka Yoshitaka , Rakugi Hiromi , Tsubakihara Yoshiharu 
Published: March 2011

Summary

Background and objectives
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects one of five adults in the general population. Although a high prevalence of OSA has been reported among dialysis patients, the association between nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) and OSA has not been fully investigated. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of OSA among nondialysis CKD patients in Japan and the association between renal function and OSA.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Consecutive nondialysis CKD patients hospitalized mainly for CKD educational program, regardless of their sleep complaints, were enrolled. The diagnosis of OSA and its severity were measured using a type 3 portable monitor.

Results
Overall (n = 100, 68.0% male, median age 66.5 years, body mass index [BMI] 23.1 kg/m2, estimated GFR [eGFR] 28.5 ml/min per 1.73 m2), 65% were diagnosed as OSA: mild OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] 5.0 to 14.9) in 32%, moderate OSA (AHI 15.0 to 29.9) in 25%, and severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30.0) in 8%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a 10-ml/min per 1.73 m2 decrease in eGFR was associated with a 42% increased odds of OSA after adjustment for age, BMI, and diabetes mellitus. Moreover, in a generalized linear model, eGFR was inversely correlated with AHI after adjustment for covariates.

Conclusions
This study demonstrated a high prevalence of OSA among nondialysis CKD patients in Japan and that the increased risk of OSA was significantly associated with decreased GFR among these patients. Further investigations are warranted to determine OSA's direct influence on cardiovascular disease.
Synthesis and molecular structure of a novel barium arylspiroboronate ester
Authors: Halcovitch Nathan , Geier Michael , Vogels Christopher , Decken Andreas , Westcott Stephen 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The compound barium bis{bis-(4,6-di-tert-butyl[1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O′]borate)} has been prepared by the addition of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol to a solution of boric acid and Ba(OH)2 and characterized by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The title compound crystallized in the triclinic space group P-1, with cell parameters a = 13.280(2) Å, b = 15.755(3) Å, and c = 16.980(3) Å, α = 71.691(2)o, β = 79.528(3)o, γ = 80.741(3)o, Z = 1, and V = 3296.1(10) Å3. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to a final R = 0.0459 for 14370 reflections with I > 2σ(I). One of the arylspiroboronate ester counterions is bound to the barium atom in a rare example of the η1 bonding mode via a single oxygen of one of the catecholato groups. The coordination sphere around the barium is complemented by four molecules of water, one molecule of acetone and two bridging water molecules, connecting to an adjacent barium atom.
Two staged pattern formation and spontaneous wave breakup in the ferroin-bromate-pyrocatechol reaction
Authors: Harati Mohammad , Wang Jichang 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
This report investigated nonlinear spatiotemporal behavior in the ferroin-bromate-pyrocatechol reaction, in which two stages of wave formation, separated by several hours of quiescent period, were observed. In addition to its great photosensitivity, the second stage wave activity could undergo spontaneous breakups at broad reaction conditions. Analysis based on one-dimensional space-time plot suggests that the breakup was caused by propagation slowdown of the leading wave. Due to the presence of coupled autocatalytic reactions, the propagation of the initial and the second stage waves exhibited different and subtle responses to the variation of the concentration of each reagent.
Competitive adsorption of toxic metals on activated carbon
Authors: Šváb Marek , Sukdolová Kateřina , Švábová Martina 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Competitive adsorption of zinc and copper on activated carbon is studied in this article. Main aim was to suggest an advanced model for competitive adsorption of both metals considering pH influence and precipitation. A surface-complexation approach was employed for the modeling. Two models were considered: simple adsorption and ion exchange. System “The Geochemists Workbench” was used for calculation of both static and dynamic adsorption tasks. From the batch experiments, concentration of four types of sorbing sites on the carbon surface and its protonation and sorption constants were deduced. Then, batch competitive adsorption experiments were compared with the models’ results. Finally, a column experiment (fixed bed adsorption) was carried out. It was observed that the model of ion exchange can satisfyingly predict both chromatographic effect and increase of zinc concentration in effluent over its initial value, although a quantitative agreement between the model and the experiment was not totally precise.
The effect of alloying on the H-atom adsorption on the (100) surfaces of Pd-Ag, Pd-Pt, Pd-Au, Pt-Ag, and Pt-Au. A theoretical study
Authors: Matczak Piotr , Romanowski Stanisław 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The effect of alloying on the adsorption of atomic hydrogen was studied using density functional theory (DFT). In the study the (100) surfaces of Pd-Ag, Pd-Pt, Pd-Au, Pt-Ag, and Pt-Au alloys were considered by means of a cluster model. The structural and energetic properties of the H atom adsorbed on the Pd4Me (Me = Ag, Pt, Au) and Pt4Me (Me = Pd, Ag, Au) clusters were calculated and compared with the H-atom adsorption on monometallic clusters. The effect of alloying on the H-atom adsorption is evident for all the investigated bimetallic systems. However, it strongly depends on the second metal atom, Me, is placed in the surface layer or in the subsurface one. In general, the H atom adsorbed in a site containing the second metal exhibits different properties from those characteristic of its adsorption on Pd(100) and Pt(100). Hence, the modified interaction between atomic hydrogen and the alloyed surfaces may increase the selectivity of the catalytic hydrogenation reactions on such surfaces.
L'évolution récente des systèmes fordistes : l'exemple des villes moyennes des Pays de la Loire
Authors: Dodier Rodolphe 
Published: March 2011

Dans les années 1970, les villes moyennes des Pays de la Loire pouvaient être considérées comme des systèmes fordistes. Leur rôle essentiel dans la division spatiale du travail est l'accueil des fonctions de production, alors que leur organisation spatiale et leurs différenciations socio-spatiales étaient également caractéristiques d'espaces «fordistes ».
Dans la période récente, les transformations des structures d'activité mais aussi l'apparition de nouvelles formes de fragmentation sociale remettent en cause le fonctionnement des villes moyennes, de plus en plus difficile à caractériser, ce qui explique en partie leur perte de dynamisme.
Lopinavir Exposure is Insufficient in Children Given Double Doses of Lopinavir/Ritonavir during Rifampicin-Based Treatment for Tuberculosis
Authors: McIlleron Helen , Ren Yuan , Nuttall James , Fairlie Lee , Rabie Helena , Cotton Mark , Eley Brian , Meyers Tammy , Smith Peter J , Merry Concepta , Maartens Gary 
Published: March 2011

Background Coadministration of rifampicin dramatically reduces the concentrations of protease inhibitors. A pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults showed that doubling the dose of coformulated lopinavir/ritonavir was able to overcome the inducing effect of rifampicin. We evaluated this strategy in children treated with rifampicin-based antituberculosis therapy attending antiretroviral clinics in South Africa. Methods Plasma concentrations of lopinavir were measured in children (aged 0.64–2.43 years) established on antituberculosis treatment who commenced antiretroviral therapy comprising double the usual recommended dose of lopinavir/ritonavir oral solution (460/115 mg/ m2 twice daily) plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Control children (0.57–4.23 years old) without tuberculosis received standard doses of lopinavir/ritonavir (230/57.5 mg/m2 twice daily). Results Pre-dose lopinavir concentrations were reduced by >80% in children with tuberculosis (median 0.7 mg/l, IQR 0.1–2.0) compared with controls (4.2 mg/l, IQR 3.4–8.1; P<0.001) and were below the minimum recommended concentration of 1 mg/l in 12 of 20 (60%) children with tuberculosis versus 2 of 24 (8%) controls ( P<0.001). Conclusions Double doses of coformulated lopinavir/ ritonavir results in inadequate lopinavir concentrations in young children treated concurrently with rifampicin. Suitable regimens are urgently needed for treating young children with HIV-associated tuberculosis.
Natural Polymorphisms Associated with Resistance to New Antivirals against HCV in Newly Diagnosed HIV–HCV-Coinfected Patients
Authors: Treviño Ana , de Mendoza Carmen , Parra Patricia , Rodríguez Carmen , Madejón Antonio , Plaza Zulema , del Romero Jorge , Poveda Eva , Soriano Vincent 
Published: March 2011

Background Direct acting antivirals (DAA) targeting the HCV serine protease and RNA polymerase have recently entered clinical development. Information about primary resistance to these compounds in HIV–HCV-coinfected patients is scarce. Methods All individuals newly diagnosed with HIV-1 at several clinics in Madrid between 2000 and 2010 were tested for serum HCV antibody and HCV RNA. The NS3 protease and NS5B polymerase genes were sequenced in all HCV viraemic patients with genotype 1 (G1). Results From 1,684 individuals newly diagnosed with HIV-1 during the 10-year study period, 141 (8.4%) were positive for serum HCV RNA. Overall, 58% were infected with G1, being 1a in 64.2% of them. Altogether, 62% of G1a and 30% of G1b harboured HCV drug-resistant changes, with the most common being prQ80K ( n=9), prV55A ( n=2), polC316Y/N ( n=3) and polV499A ( n=24). Although no primary resistance mutations were identified for HCV protease inhibitors or nucleoside analogues, mutations C316Y/N and V499A conferring resistance to some non-nucleoside analogues were found in 6% and 51% of G1 patients, respectively. Conclusions Natural DAA resistance-associated mutations are frequently seen in HIV–HCV-coinfected individuals. Changes polV499A and prQ80K seem to be natural polymorphisms and their effect on treatment outcomes warrants further examination. However, drug resistance testing in HCV drug-naive individuals coinfected with HIV currently does not seem to be warranted before using HCV protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogues. More information is needed for HCV non-nucleoside analogues.
Le cas exemplaire du Portugal : drogues et toxicodépendances
Authors: de Menezes Ferreira João 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Un ancien député portugais qui s’était beaucoup investi dans la lutte pour le changement de législation au Portugal, livre les clés de la réussite du « cas portugais » : une situation de départ insoutenable, un discours très sélectif, une conjoncture politique propice, et un lobby très efficace qui permirent de mettre en place une loi bonne et praticable. Aujourd’hui toutes les institutions en place travaillent de conserve : Commissions pour la Dissuasion de la Toxicodépendance, tribunaux, hôpitaux et autres établissements de traitement du réseau public ou privé conventionné, institutions pour le contrôle et minimisation des risques et des dommages, institutions pour la prévention et la réinsertion, etc. et sont garantes de la réussite de cette expérience.
L'univers des drogues, une réalité simple et complexe
Authors: Beauverie Patrick 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Cet article s’ouvre sur deux conseils, l’emploi d’une boussole ou l’usage d’une grille de lecture et ensuite, garder le cap sur trois horizons : le produit, le contexte et la personne. Ainsi, nous l’espérons, vous découvrirez des facettes inconnues ou des prismes de lecture nouveaux pour un voyage riche en rebonds : au-delà du monde ordonné des drogues, dans son rapport aux drogues, l’humanité offre à nouveau sa diversité, ses errements et ses avancées. Bon voyage…
L'image blindée
Authors: Martins Marcos 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Dans les médias contemporains, des signes photographiques et pictographiques sont mélangés et nivelés par la retouche digitale. Cette hybridation produit des images qui semblent exhiber intentionnellement un degré d’artificialité. Le présent essai prétend discuter de quelle façon la reterritorialisation des statuts traditionnels de la photographie et de la peinture dans la culture du pixel peut, aussi, nous informer sur nos représentations de l’hybride humain/synthétique.
Comparison of ultrastructure among sibling species of Ostrinia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from China
Authors: Yang Zhaofu , Zhang Yalin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractScanning electron microscopy on the ultrastructure of scales on the forewings and labial palpi suggests species-diagnostic differences among six sibling species of the genus Ostrinia Hübner. Among four species with small mid-tibiae, O. furnacalis (Guenée) and O. nubilalis (Hübner) show similar ultrastructure of the distal forewing scales, which is distinctly different from that of O. orientalis Mutuura and Munroe and O. dorsivittata (Moore). The diameter of windows between longitudinal ridges and cross ribs of forewing scales in O. dorsivittata is the largest among examined species, and clearly different from that in the other three small mid-tibiae species. Scales of the labial palpi of O. orientalis have indistinct vestigial windows; windows of O. nubilalis are more numerous and larger than in the other three small mid-tibiae species. Among two species with massive mid-tibiae, window diameter of forewing scales is larger in O. zealis (Guenée) than in O. scapulalis (Walker). Moreover, the number and diameter of windows in scales of the labial palpi differs between these two species. In addition to other known morphological differences, these ultrastructural differences provide further evidence that closely related Ostrinia species are distinct.
Revision of Hodostates (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ctenopelmatinae), with a discussion of tribal placement
Authors: Cameron Mika D. , Wharton Robert A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHodostates Foerster is revised, representing the first comprehensive comparison of Nearctic and European species. Three species are recognized as valid, and the Nearctic Hodostates rotundatus (Davis) is recorded from Canada for the first time. Hodostates schaffneri Hinz is transferred to Lethades Davis, based largely on ovipositor morphology, and is redescribed. Placement in the tribe Pionini is discussed, given the presence of a deep subapical notch in the ovipositor of both New and Old World species of Hodostates. Host records for Hodostates are reviewed.
Actual and potential distribution ofAcrolepiopsis assectella(Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), an invasive alien pest ofAlliumspp. in Canada
Authors: Mason P.G. , Weiss R.M. , Olfert O. , Appleby M. , Landry J.-F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAcrolepiopsis assectella(Zeller), leek moth, is a widespread and common pest of species ofAlliumL. (Liliaceae) in the western Palaearctic subregion. The establishment ofA. assectellain eastern North America has resulted in economic losses to garlic (Allium sativumL.), leek (Allium porrumL.), and onion (Allium cepaL.) growers, especially to organic producers in eastern Ontario and southern Quebec.Acrolepiopsis assectellawas first recorded in the Ottawa area in 1993. By 2010,A. assectellahad expanded its range into eastern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and New York. A bioclimate model, using CLIMEX simulation software, was developed to produce mapped results that closely approximated known distributions forA. assectellain central Europe. This model was then validated with recorded distribution records in eastern Europe, Asia, and North America. Model output predicted thatA. assectellawill readily survive in southeastern Canada and the eastern United States of America. Other areas potentially suitable forA. assectellainclude coastal regions of the Pacific Northwest, the interior of southern British Columbia, and north-central Mexico. The continued range expansion ofA. assectellainto otherAllium-growing areas of eastern North America appears to be inevitable. Establishment in these areas presents the risk of substantial production losses toAlliumspp. producers.