bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capturing Hindutva: Rhetorics and Strategies
Authors: Reddy Deepa 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article is the second of three in a series surveying research on Hindutva (Hindu nationalism or political Hinduism). Here I review prominent rhetorical characterizations and strategies that scholars have used to come to terms with and politically oppose Hindu religious politics, both in India and transnationally. The essay suggests that this literature represents a distinct approach to the study of hindutva that needs to be separated from other, less politically oriented studies. (The first essay in the series surveyed literature on seminal articulations of hindutva, both historical and contemporary; the third examines writings that take hindutva as a form of practice).
Hindutva: Formative Assertions
Authors: Reddy Deepa S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article is the first of three in a series surveying research on Hindutva (Hindu nationalism or political hinduism), focusing on seminal articulations that set the stage for later debates, and define the directions of later politics. I review accounts of hindutva’s ideological origins, from the pre‐independence racialist articulations to the humanist emphases of post‐independence years, to the strident culturalism of the 1990s. ‘Hindutva’ is formed through these successive phases of ideological assertion, as much as it precipitates and participates in a wider culture of identitarian assertions. The second essay of three focuses on prominent rhetorical constructions deployed to address hindutva polemically, and the third on hinduva as praxis.
Ecology and Contemporary Christian Theology
Authors: Bauman Whitney 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article explores contemporary shifts in eco‐theological thinking as they relate to the overall field of ‘religion and ecology/nature’. More specifically, this article looks not only at retrieving theological, biblical and ethical resources from Christianity to address contemporary ecological issues, but rather how meaning‐making practices are changed in the contemporary context of globalization and global climate change. How does globalization challenge concepts of meaning that claim universality? How does climate change challenge a separation between moral and natural ‘evil’? How do urban ecology and environmental justice challenge distinctions between humans, technology, and the rest of the natural world, and what might this mean for theological understandings of creation? In the end, these questions highlight an overall shift in theological thinking: moving from global understandings of the world toward planetary understandings.
Using Mechanical Turk to Obtain and Analyze English Acceptability Judgments
Authors: Gibson Edward , Piantadosi Steve , Fedorenko Kristina 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe prevalent method in theoretical syntax and semantics research involves obtaining a judgment of the acceptability of a sentence/meaning pair, typically by just the author of the paper, sometimes with feedback from colleagues. The weakness of the traditional non‐quantitative single‐sentence/single‐participant methodology, along with the existence of cognitive and social biases, has the unwanted effect that claims in the syntax and semantics literature cannot be trusted. Even if most of the judgments in an arbitrary syntax/semantics paper can be substantiated with rigorous quantitative experiments, the existence of a small set of judgments that do not conform to the authors’ intuitions can have a large effect on the potential theories. Whereas it is clearly desirable to quantitatively evaluate all syntactic and semantic hypotheses, it has been time‐consuming in the past to find a large pool of naïve experimental participants for behavioral experiments. The advent of Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk now makes this process very simple. Mechanical Turk is a marketplace interface that can be used for collecting behavioral data over the internet quickly and inexpensively. The cost of using an interface like Mechanical Turk is minimal, and the time that it takes for the results to be returned is very short. Many linguistic surveys can be completed within a day, at a cost of less than $50. In this paper, we provide detailed instructions for how to use our freely available software in order to (a) post‐linguistic acceptability surveys to Mechanical Turk; and (b) extract and analyze the resulting data.
Homesigners as Late Learners: Connecting the Dots from Delayed Acquisition in Childhood to Sign Language Processing in Adulthood
Authors: Morford Jill P. , Hänel‐Faulhaber Barbara 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLanguage acquisition rarely begins at birth for deaf individuals. The consequences of linguistic isolation in early childhood have been investigated from two perspectives. One literature documents the gestural communication systems, called homesign, that deaf children generate prior to any exposure to language. A second literature contrasts the language processing abilities of deaf adults who did or did not have access to a signed language from birth. There is now ample evidence that late learners of a signed language exhibit processing deficits relative to native signers and second language signers, hearing or deaf. This article brings together the research from these two domains to explore why use of a homesign system during early childhood does not support sign language acquisition in adulthood in the way that a first language supports second language acquisition.
Austronesian: A Sleeping Giant?
Authors: Blust Robert 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe Austronesian (AN) language family contains nearly 20% of the world’s languages, and extends more than halfway around the globe, from Madagascar to Easter Island. The more than 1200 historically attested languages in this family are descended from an ancestor that probably was spoken on Taiwan between 5500 and 6000 years ago. In the course of the AN diaspora over a period of several millennia these languages have come into contact with many others, and because of both contact and internal dynamics of change, have developed a wide variety of innovative typological features. Despite the great potential that they offer the general typologist or theoretician, and the considerable quantity of specialist literature that now exists, AN languages have remained surprisingly marginal in generalist discussions of the nature of language and of language change.
The Health Significance of Positive Emotions in Adulthood and Later Life
Authors: Ong Anthony D. , Mroczek Daniel K. , Riffin Catherine 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA growing body of literature supports a link between positive emotions and health in older adults. In this article, we review evidence of the effects of positive emotions on downstream biological processes and meaningful clinical endpoints, such as adult morbidity and mortality. We then present relevant predictions from lifespan theories that suggest changes in cognition and motivation may play an important role in explaining how positive emotions are well maintained in old age, despite pervasive declines in cognitive processes. We conclude by discussing how the application of psychological theory can inform greater understanding of the adaptive significance of positive emotions in adulthood and later life.
Three Views of Emotion Regulation and Health
Authors: Butler Emily A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHumans are self‐regulating dynamic systems. Health represents an overall state of the system and emotions play a central role. Understanding emotion, self‐regulation, and health is complicated by the fact that emotion regulation can be conceptualized in at least three ways: (i) emotions can be seen as one component of a general self‐regulatory system that modifies our overall responses in the service of goal‐directed behavior, (ii) the emotion system itself operates through internal feedback processes that help to keep our physical and psychological systems in balance and within an optimal range of functioning, and (iii) emotions can become the target of self‐regulatory efforts. Each of these views of emotion regulation emphasizes somewhat different connections to health. This review considers the meanings of emotion, regulation, and health and presents research relevant to each of the three views of emotion regulation.
The Cultural Construction of Heterosexual Identities
Authors: Dean James Joseph 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this article, the author reviews current scholarship on the cultural construction of heterosexual identities. Specifically, this article examines current research on how heterosexual identities are (i) central to the production of the ritual practices of marriages, weddings and high school proms; (ii) ever more salient due to increases in lesbian and gay visibility in America; and (iii) formed through their relationship with constructions of masculinity and discourses of homophobia. Finally, I briefly discuss new scholarship on queer heterosexualities as a way to illustrate how queer cultural studies are influencing the field of sexualities studies more generally.
Determinants of Latin American Activism: Domestic and Transnational Political Opportunities and Threats
Authors: Shekha K. Russell 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFor decades Latin America has been and continues to be a vibrant source of activism as democracies emerge, civil societies strengthen, and movements turn an outward eye towards international forces. Social movements, organizations, and activists in Latin America mobilize around a diverse set of issues from neoliberalism to women’s rights and more. Yet, all groups must successfully navigate ever‐shifting domestic and transnational political opportunities and threats. This review first defines the political opportunity approach and discusses debates surrounding its utility and applicability at different phases of social movement activity, as well as growing debates about the importance of domestic versus transnational opportunities and threats for predicting movement mobilization, protests, and outcomes. Next the article discusses changing domestic and transnational political opportunities and threats throughout Latin America. It then turns to empirical application of the political opportunity model to various social movements, organizations, and activist groups working in Central and South America. This paper concludes with a brief revisit of the debate and points to future lines of inquiry. Additionally, it provides an interactive Google Map, which locates the prominent actors involved in Latin American activism, the international institutions that influence them, and Internet links for more information.
The Social Construction of Infertility
Authors: Greil Arthur , McQuillan Julia , Slauson‐Blevins Kathleen 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHealth and illness are not objective states but socially constructed categories. We focus here on infertility, a phenomenon that has shifted from being seen as a private problem of couples to being seen as a medical condition. Studying infertility provides an ideal vantage point from which to study such features of health care as inter‐societal and cross‐cultural disparities in health care, the relationship between identity and health, gender roles, and social and cultural variations in the process of medicalization. Infertility is stratified, both globally and within Western societies. Access to care is extremely limited for many women in developing societies and also for marginalized women in some highly industrialized societies. We also discuss the ways in which responses to infertility are influenced by the process of self‐definition. The experience of infertility is profoundly shaped by varying degrees of pronatalism and patriarchy. In advanced industrial societies, where voluntary childfree status is acknowledged, many women experience infertility as a ‘secret stigma’; in other cultures, where motherhood is normative for all women, infertility may be impossible to hide. In the West, acceptance of the medical model is virtually hegemonic, but in other societies medical interpretations of infertility coexist with traditional interpretations.
Politics and Esthetics
Authors: Tucker Ken 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis essay examines the intersection and history of esthetics and politics. Esthetics now provides specific forms or categories of understanding for politics and public life; in the language of social movements, esthetics often supplies the ‘frames’ by which we perceive the world. I discuss the sociological literature on esthetics, and explore some of its connections to politics broadly conceived. I argue that an adequate sociological approach to esthetic politics must explore the history, characteristics, and intersection of the esthetic sphere and popular culture, for these two realms have influenced political ideas and practices.
SERUM CYSTATIN C VERSUS SERUM CREATININE IN THE ESTIMATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN RHABDOMYOLYSIS
Authors: Yap Michael , Lamarche Jorge , Peguero Alfredo , Courville Craig 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYCystatin C has emerged as a possible, usable surrogate marker of renal function. We present a case that illustrates the clinical utility of cystatin C in the setting of acute kidney injury secondary to rhabdomyolysis. An African American male whose baseline cystatin C and serum creatinine levels taken a month prior to admission were compared against their daily values during his admission and at follow up. On admission, the patient's reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from baseline was much less when calculated with cystatin C than with serum creatinine. His clinical recovery was more reflective of the higher GFR with cystatin C than what would be assumed with his serum creatinine, which at its worst was 5 ml/min/1.73 m2. The patient was eventually discharged from the hospital with a GFR of 40 ml/min by cystatin C despite his GFR by the MDRD equation being 12. Cystatin C may be a more accurate marker of the both the amount of injury and the rate of resolution of acute kidney injury than serum creatinine in rhabdomyolysis.
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: mission, responsibility and operation
Authors: Wu Taixiang , Li Youping , Liu Guanjian , Li Jing , Wang Li , Du Liang ,   on behalf of the Chinese Clinical Registry
Published: August 2011

AbstractAs a national public clinical trial registry and a recognized Primary Registry of the WHO ICTRP, the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) has responsibility to disseminate knowledge about clinical trial transparency, which is an important ethical issue for healthcare studies involving humans, and to promote the quality of healthcare studies in China. This article describes the mission, policy and operation of the ChiCTR. We discuss the need to improve the quality of clinical trials and our ideas for new developments. The registration of clinical trials is an ethical responsibility and obligation for researchers. A clinical study is a public event itself, which needs the participation of the public, and its results should also be seen as a service to the public. Therefore, the public have the right to know how a study is progressing.
Carbapenem Susceptibility Testing Errors Using Three Automated Systems, Disk Diffusion, Etest, and Broth Microdilution and Carbapenem Resistance Genes in Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex
Authors: Markelz Ana Elizabeth , Mende Katrin , Murray Clinton K. , Yu Xin , Zera Wendy C. , Hospenthal Duane R. , Beckius Miriam L. , Calvano Tatjana , Akers Kevin S. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

The
Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus
complex (ABC) is associated with increasing carbapenem resistance, necessitating accurate resistance testing to maximize therapeutic options. We determined the accuracy of carbapenem antimicrobial susceptibility tests for ABC isolates and surveyed them for genetic determinants of carbapenem resistance. A total of 107 single-patient ABC isolates from blood and wound infections from 2006 to 2008 were evaluated. MICs of imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem determined by broth microdilution (BMD) were compared to results obtained by disk diffusion, Etest, and automated methods (the MicroScan, Phoenix, and Vitek 2 systems). Discordant results were categorized as very major errors (VME), major errors (ME), and minor errors (mE). DNA sequences encoding OXA beta-lactamase enzymes (
bla
OXA-23-like
,
bla
OXA-24-like
,
bla
OXA-58-like
, and
bla
OXA-51-like
) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) (IMP, VIM, and SIM1) were identified by PCR, as was the
KPC2
carbapenemase gene. Imipenem was more active than meropenem and doripenem. The percentage of susceptibility was 37.4% for imipenem, 35.5% for meropenem, and 3.7% for doripenem. Manual methods were more accurate than automated methods.
bla
OXA-23-like
and
bla
OXA-24-like
were the primary resistance genes found.
bla
OXA-58-like
, MBLs, and
KPC2
were not present. Both automated testing and manual testing for susceptibility to doripenem were very inaccurate, with VME rates ranging between 2.8 and 30.8%. International variability in carbapenem breakpoints and the absence of CLSI breakpoints for doripenem present a challenge in susceptibility testing.
Gentamicin Improves the Activities of Daptomycin and Vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis In Vitro and in an Experimental Foreign-Body Infection Model
Authors: Furustrand Tafin Ulrika , Majic Ivana , Zalila Belkhodja Cyrine , Betrisey Bertrand , Corvec Stéphane , Zimmerli Werner , Trampuz Andrej 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

For enterococcal implant-associated infections, the optimal treatment regimen has not been defined. We investigated the activity of daptomycin, vancomycin, and gentamicin (and their combinations) against
Enterococcus faecalis in vitro
and in a foreign-body infection model. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by time-kill and growth-related heat production studies (microcalorimetry) as well as with a guinea pig model using subcutaneously implanted cages. Infection was established by percutaneous injection of
E. faecalis
in the cage. Antibiotic treatment for 4 days was started 3 h after infection. Cages were removed 5 days after end of treatment to determine the cure rate. The MIC, the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) in the logarithmic phase, and the MBC in the stationary phase were 1.25, 5, and >20 μg/ml for daptomycin, 1, >64, and >64 μg/ml for vancomycin, and 16, 32, and 4 μg/ml for gentamicin, respectively.
In vitro
, gentamicin at subinhibitory concentrations improved the activity against
E. faecalis
when combined with daptomycin or vancomycin in the logarithmic and stationary phases. In the animal model, daptomycin cured 25%, vancomycin 17%, and gentamicin 50% of infected cages. In combination with gentamicin, the cure rate for daptomycin increased to 55% and that of vancomycin increased to 33%. In conclusion, daptomycin was more active than vancomycin against adherent
E. faecalis
, and its activity was further improved by the addition of gentamicin. Despite a short duration of infection (3 h), the cure rates did not exceed 55%, highlighting the difficulty of eradicating
E. faecalis
from implants already in the early stage of implant-associated infection.
Dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) Exhibits Significantly Slower Dissociation than Raltegravir and Elvitegravir from Wild-Type and Integrase Inhibitor-Resistant HIV-1 Integrase-DNA Complexes
Authors: Hightower Kendra E. , Wang Ruolan , DeAnda Felix , Johns Brian A. , Weaver Kurt , Shen Yingnian , Tomberlin Ginger H. , Carter H. Luke , Broderick Timothy , Sigethy Scott , Seki Takahiro , Kobayashi Masanori , Underwood Mark R. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

The integrase inhibitor (INI) dolutegravir (DTG; S/GSK1349572) has significant activity against HIV-1 isolates with raltegravir (RAL)- and elvitegravir (ELV)-associated resistance mutations. As an initial step in characterizing the different resistance profiles of DTG, RAL, and ELV, we determined the dissociation rates of these INIs with integrase (IN)-DNA complexes containing a broad panel of IN proteins, including IN substitutions corresponding to signature RAL and ELV resistance mutations. DTG dissociates slowly from a wild-type IN-DNA complex at 37°C with an off-rate of 2.7 × 10
−6
s
−1
and a dissociative half-life (
t
1/2
) of 71 h, significantly longer than the half-lives for RAL (8.8 h) and ELV (2.7 h). Prolonged binding (
t
1/2
, at least 5 h) was observed for DTG with IN-DNA complexes containing E92, Y143, Q148, and N155 substitutions. The addition of a second substitution to either Q148 or N155 typically resulted in an increase in the off-rate compared to that with the single substitution. For all of the IN substitutions tested, the off-rate of DTG from IN-DNA complexes was significantly slower (from 5 to 40 times slower) than the off-rate of RAL or ELV. These data are consistent with the potential for DTG to have a higher genetic barrier to resistance, provide evidence that the INI off-rate may be an important component of the mechanism of INI resistance, and suggest that the slow dissociation of DTG may contribute to its distinctive resistance profile.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) Indices of Antibiotics Predicted by a Semimechanistic PKPD Model: a Step toward Model-Based Dose Optimization
Authors: Nielsen Elisabet I. , Cars Otto , Friberg Lena E. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model that characterizes the full time course of
in vitro
time-kill curve experiments of antibacterial drugs was here evaluated in its capacity to predict the previously determined PK/PD indices. Six drugs (benzylpenicillin, cefuroxime, erythromycin, gentamicin, moxifloxacin, and vancomycin), representing a broad selection of mechanisms of action and PK and PD characteristics, were investigated. For each drug, a dose fractionation study was simulated, using a wide range of total daily doses given as intermittent doses (dosing intervals of 4, 8, 12, or 24 h) or as a constant drug exposure. The time course of the drug concentration (PK model) as well as the bacterial response to drug exposure (
in vitro
PKPD model) was predicted. Nonlinear least-squares regression analyses determined the PK/PD index (the maximal unbound drug concentration [
fC
max
]/MIC, the area under the unbound drug concentration-time curve [
f
AUC]/MIC, or the percentage of a 24-h time period that the unbound drug concentration exceeds the MIC [
fT
>MIC
]) that was most predictive of the effect. The
in silico
predictions based on the
in vitro
PKPD model identified the previously determined PK/PD indices, with
fT
>MIC
being the best predictor of the effect for β-lactams and
f
AUC/MIC being the best predictor for the four remaining evaluated drugs. The selection and magnitude of the PK/PD index were, however, shown to be sensitive to differences in PK in subpopulations, uncertainty in MICs, and investigated dosing intervals. In comparison with the use of the PK/PD indices, a model-based approach, where the full time course of effect can be predicted, has a lower sensitivity to study design and allows for PK differences in subpopulations to be considered directly. This study supports the use of PKPD models built from
in vitro
time-kill curves in the development of optimal dosing regimens for antibacterial drugs.