bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and thermal properties of polythioether‐based liquid‐crystalline polymers containing azobenzene in the side chain
Authors: He Changhai , Zhang Chaocan , Zhang Ousheng 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Owing to the unusual structural rearrangement of polychloromethylthiirane (PCMT) at room temperature, it has not been used as the main‐chain backbone of side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers (SLCPs). However, it has been observed that PCMT has a relatively stable and clear structure under special conditions. Therefore, we attempted to synthesize SLCPs using PCMT as main‐chain backbone and investigated their thermal behavior.RESULTS: New polymers, poly[1‐({(4‐methoxyazobenzene‐4′‐oxy)alkyl}thio)‐2,3‐epithiopropane], in which the number of methylene units in the alkyl group is 4, 5 or 6, were prepared by means of reactions of corresponding (4‐methoxyazobenzene‐4′‐oxy)alkylthiols with PCMT. The structures of these compounds were confirmed using elemental analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The substitution ratios of the copolymers with 4, 5 and 6 methylene units in the alkyl group were 56, 75 and 80%, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements and polarized optical microscopy observations showed that the resulting copolymers exhibited thermotropic liquid‐crystalline mesomorphism with nematic phase except for the copolymer with a 56% substitution ratio. The decomposition temperature of all the synthesized copolymers was near 195 °C.CONCLUSION: This investigation has demonstrated that PCMT polymerized for 8 h has the ability to act as a suitable main‐chain backbone for SLCPs. Moreover, SLCPs could be obtained only by the reaction of PCMT with thiolate salt containing mesogenic groups. The substitution ratios increased with increasing number of methylene groups in the spacer. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Polycarbazoles via CN coupling reactions of phthaloyl bis‐9H‐carbazoles with activated difluorides
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Qi Yinghua , Hlil Antisar R. , Meng Yuezhong , Hay Allan S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract1,3‐Phthaloyl bis‐9H‐carbazole (MPC) and 1,4‐phthaloyl bis‐9H‐carbazole (PPC) were synthesized by a Friedel‐Crafts reaction of carbazole with terephthaloyl chloride or isophthaloyl chloride. Homopolymers were obtained by a CN coupling reaction with activated difluorides and copolymers were synthesized with 4,4′‐biphenol as a comonomer by a nucleophilic substitution reaction between these NH‐ and OH‐containing monomers and the activated difluoro monomers. The inherent viscosities of the polymers ranged from 0.35 to 1.03 dL/g. These polymers exhibited glass‐transition temperatures greater than 238 °C with the PPC‐containing homopolymer showing the highest value, 326.4 °C. The thermal stabilities indicated no significant weight loss below 450 °C and the temperatures of 5% weight loss ranged from 514.0 to 546.3 °C. The polymers showed reasonable solubility in organic solvents such as DMAC, DMSO, and NMP. UV absorption and fluorescence emission properties are presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4326–4331, 2009
Synthesis of well‐defined amphiphilic graft copolymer bearing poly(2‐acryloyloxyethyl ferrocenecarboxylate) side chains via successive SET‐LRP and ATRP
Authors: Feng Chun , Shen Zhong , Yang Dong , Li Yaogong , Hu Jianhua , Lu Guolin , Huang Xiaoyu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA series of well‐defined ferrocene‐based amphiphilic graft copolymers, consisting of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(ethyl acrylate) (PNIPAM‐b‐PEA) backbone and poly(2‐acryloyloxyethyl ferrocenecarboxylate) (PAEFC) side chains, were synthesized by the combination of single‐electron‐transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A new ferrocene‐based monomer, 2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl ferrocenecarboxylate (AEFC), was prepared first and it can be polymerized via ATRP in a controlled way using methyl 2‐bromopropionate as initiator and CuBr/PMDETA as catalytic system in DMF at 40 °C. PNIPAM‐b‐PEA backbone was synthesized by sequential SET‐LRP of NIPAM and HEA at 25 °C using CuCl/Me6TREN as catalytic system followed by the transformation into the macroinitiator by treating the pendant hydroxyls with α‐bromoisobutyryl bromide. The targeted well‐defined graft copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn < 1.20) were synthesized via ATRP of AEFC initiated by the macroinitiator. The electro‐chemical behaviors of PAEFC homopolymer and PNIPAM‐b‐(PEA‐g‐PAEFC) graft copolymer were studied by cyclic voltammetry. Micellar properties of PNIPAM‐b‐(PEA‐g‐PAEFC) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4346–4357, 2009
Fluorene‐based materials and their supramolecular properties
Authors: Abbel Robert , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Meijer E.W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFluorene‐based π‐conjugated polymers and oligomers combine several advantageous properties that make them well‐suited candidates for applications in organic optoelectronic devices and chemical sensors. This review highlights strategies to synthesize these materials and to tune their absorption and emission colors. Furthermore, methods to control their supramolecular organization will be discussed. In many cases, a delicate interplay between the chemical structure and the processing conditions are found, resulting in a high sensitivity of both structural features and optical properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4215–4233, 2009
Dependence of Polymer Surface Roughening Rate on Deposited Energy Density During Plasma Processing
Authors: Engelmann Sebastian , Bruce Robert L. , Weilnboeck Florian , Oehrlein Gottlieb S. , Nest Dustin , Graves David B. , Andes Cecily , Hudson Eric A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe roughening behavior of three basic photoresist polymers (aromatic, adamantyl, adamantyl + lactone) was examined for fluorocarbon/argon plasma etch conditions. The roughening rate, defined as surface roughness introduced per depth of material etched, scales linearly with energy density deposited by the ions at the surface during processing, regardless of plasma process details. The Roughening rate after etch is uniquely determined by polymer structure and energy density. Adamantyl groups cause higher roughening rate. Addition of lactone groups increases removal rates, but leaves the roughening rate at a given energy density unaffected. We also show that sidewall roughness of etched nanostructures directly correlates to surface roughening.magnified image
Structure prediction for CASP8 with all‐atom refinement using Rosetta
Authors: Raman Srivatsan , Vernon Robert , Thompson James , Tyka Michael , Sadreyev Ruslan , Pei Jimin , Kim David , Kellogg Elizabeth , DiMaio Frank , Lange Oliver , Kinch Lisa , Sheffler Will , Kim Bong‐Hyun , Das Rhiju , Grishin Nick V. , Baker David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe describe predictions made using the Rosetta structure prediction methodology for the Eighth Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction. Aggressive sampling and all‐atom refinement were carried out for nearly all targets. A combination of alignment methodologies was used to generate starting models from a range of templates, and the models were then subjected to Rosetta all atom refinement. For the 64 domains with readily identified templates, the best submitted model was better than the best alignment to the best template in the Protein Data Bank for 24 cases, and improved over the best starting model for 43 cases. For 13 targets where only very distant sequence relationships to proteins of known structure were detected, models were generated using the Rosetta de novo structure prediction methodology followed by all‐atom refinement; in several cases the submitted models were better than those based on the available templates. Of the 12 refinement challenges, the best submitted model improved on the starting model in seven cases. These improvements over the starting template‐based models and refinement tests demonstrate the power of Rosetta structure refinement in improving model accuracy. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rational design of amyloid β peptide–binding proteins: Pseudo‐Aβ β‐sheet surface presented in green fluorescent protein binds tightly and preferentially to structured Aβ
Authors: Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Ohta Kenichi , Mihara Hisakazu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSome neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease are caused by protein misfolding. In AD, amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) is thought to be a toxic agent by self‐assembling into a variety of aggregates involving soluble oligomeric intermediates and amyloid fibrils. Here, we have designed several green fluorescent protein (GFP) variants that contain pseudo‐Aβ β‐sheet surfaces and evaluated their abilities to bind to Aβ and inhibit Aβ oligomerization. Two GFP variants P13H and AP93Q bound tightly to Aβ, Kd = 260 nM and Kd = 420 nM, respectively. Moreover, P13H and AP93Q were capable of efficiently suppressing the generation of toxic Aβ oligomers as shown by a cell viability assay. By combining the P13H and AP93Q mutations, a super variant SFAB4 comprising four strands of Aβ‐derived sequences was designed and bound more tightly to Aβ (Kd = 100 nM) than those having only two pseudo‐Aβ strands. The SFAB4 protein preferentially recognized the soluble oligomeric intermediates of Aβ more than both unstructured monomer and mature amyloid fibrils. Thus, the design strategy for embedding pseudo‐Aβ β‐sheet structures onto a protein surface arranged in the β‐barrel structure is useful to construct molecules capable of binding tightly to Aβ and inhibiting its aggregation. This strategy may provide implication for the diagnostic and therapeutic development in the treatment of AD. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applied risk‐based process safety: A consolidated risk register and focus on risk communication
Authors: Whipple Tracy , Pitblado Robin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe chemical and petroleum industries are continuing to have major process accidents. Given the lack of substantive improvements using traditional methods, there is value in examining alternative approaches that can add value by complementing, rather than replacing, current process safety initiatives. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Implementation of a global mechanical integrity program
Authors: Russ Davis F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article examines the challenges of defining a global mechanical integrity (MI) program for a chemical company with manufacturing facilities in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. The article examines the differing regulatory requirements and engineering standards, and also investigates the challenges associated with limited technical resources and limited availability of state of the art non‐destructive examination methods in various regions. This article further discusses the cultural views of MI in various global areas.The primary benefit of a global MI program is safer plants. Failures in MI programs have led to catastrophic failures. Plant equipment must always operate safely. Vessels and piping systems must maintain containment of hazardous chemicals, and energy and safety equipment such as relief devices and critical instrument must function when needed. This article describes the details of an effective international MI Program. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2010
Comparative acute toxicity of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides to non‐target crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) associated with rice–crayfish crop rotations
Authors: Barbee Gary C , Stout Michael J 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Most insecticides used to control rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuscel) infestations are pyrethroids. However, pyrethroids are highly toxic to non‐target crayfish associated with rice–crayfish crop rotations. One solution to the near‐exclusive reliance on pyrethroids in a rice–crayfish pest management program is to incorporate neonicotinoid insecticides, which are insect specific and effective against weevils but not extremely toxic to crayfish. This study aimed to take the first step to assess neonicotinoids as alternatives to pyrethroids in rice–crayfish crop rotations by measuring the acute toxicities of three candidate neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam, to juvenile Procambarus clarkii (Girard) crayfish and comparing them with the acute toxicities of two currently used pyrethroid insecticides, lambda‐cyhalothrin and etofenprox.RESULTS: Neonicotinoid insecticides are at least 2–3 orders of magnitude less acutely toxic (96 h LC50) than pyrethroids to juvenile Procambarid crayfish: lambda‐cyhalothrin (0.16 µg AI L−1) = etofenprox (0.29 µg AI L−1) ≫ clothianidin (59 µg AI L−1) > thiamethoxam (967 µg AI L−1) > dinotefuran (2032 µg AI L−1).CONCLUSION: Neonicotinoid insecticides appear to be much less hazardous alternatives to pyrethroids in rice–crayfish crop rotations. Further field‐level neonicotinoid acute and chronic toxicity testing with crayfish is needed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Landmark‐based augmented reality system for paranasal and transnasal endoscopic surgeries
Authors: Thoranaghatte Ramesh , Garcia Jaime , Caversaccio Marco , Widmer Daniel , Gonzalez Ballester Miguel A. , Nolte Lutz‐P. , Zheng Guoyan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundIn this paper we present a landmark‐based augmented reality (AR) endoscope system for endoscopic paranasal and transnasal surgeries along with fast and automatic calibration and registration procedures for the endoscope.MethodsPreoperatively the surgeon selects natural landmarks or can define new landmarks in CT volume. These landmarks are overlaid, after proper registration of preoperative CT to the patient, on the endoscopic video stream. The specified name of the landmark, along with selected colour and its distance from the endoscope tip, is also augmented. The endoscope optics are calibrated and registered by fast and automatic methods. Accuracy of the system is evaluated in a metallic grid and cadaver set‐up.ResultsRoot mean square (RMS) error of the system is 0.8 mm in a controlled laboratory set‐up (metallic grid) and was 2.25 mm during cadaver studies.ConclusionsA novel landmark‐based AR endoscope system is implemented and its accuracy is evaluated. Augmented landmarks will help the surgeon to orientate and navigate the surgical field. Studies prove the capability of the system for the proposed application. Further clinical studies are planned in near future. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating humans with software and systems: Technical challenges and a research agenda
Authors: Madni Azad M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAs systems continue to grow in size and complexity, the integration of humans with software and systems poses an ever‐growing challenge. The discipline of human‐system integration (HSI) is concerned with addressing this challenge from both a managerial and technical perspective. The latter is the focus of this paper. This paper examines this integration challenge from the perspective of capitalizing on the strengths of humans, software, and systems while, at the same time, being mindful of their respective limitations. It presents four key examples of HSI challenges that go beyond the usual human factors requirements. It presents cognitive engineering as a key enabler of HSI and discusses the suitability of the Incremental Commitment Model for introducing human considerations within the complex systems engineering lifecycle. It concludes with a recommendation of specific research thrusts that can accelerate the maturation and adoption of HSI methods, processes, and tools by the software and systems engineering communities. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Mesenteric Cysts: An Institution Experience Over 14 Years and Review of Literature
Authors: Tan Jane Jye‐Yng , Tan Ker‐Kan , Chew Soo‐Ping 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundMesenteric cysts are rare intra‐abdominal lesions and account for only one in 100,000 acute adult admissions. There is a broad spectrum of symptoms and patients present with nonspecific complaints of abdominal pain, distension, or an abdominal mass. In this study, we present a series of patients with mesenteric cysts, with emphasis on the presentation, management, and outcome.MethodsA total of 16 cases presented to our institution from 1994 to 2007. The cases were retrospectively reviewed and information was culled from the case documents.ResultsThere were nine females and seven males (age range, 12–68 years). The most common presentation was abdominal pain (63%), followed by abdominal mass (44%). Laparoscopic surgical excision of the cyst was performed in 3 (19%) patients, laparotomy in 12 (75%), and 1 patient refused surgery. The size of the cyst ranged from 4 to 29 cm. The cyst originated from the retroperitoneum in five patients, the sigmoid mesocolon in four patients, and small bowel mesentery in four patients. Although most of the cysts were benign, three had foci of malignancy and another had a focus of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. None of the cases recurred during follow‐up.ConclusionsMesenteric cysts have diverse presentation and arise from a variety of sites. They can be successfully managed by complete resection, and laparoscopic excision of the cysts is becoming an increasingly popular option.
Wie beeinflussen Medizinische Versorgungszentren den Wettbewerb im Gesundheitswesen?
Authors: Amelung Volker , Cornelius Felix 
Published: July 2009

Einleitung
Als Impulsgeber für unternehmerische Ärzte, die Selbstverwaltung und die Politik spielen MVZ bereits heute eine beachtliche Rolle – viel größer, als man es auf den ersten Blick in die Versorgungsrealität erwarten müsste. MVZ können sich vor allem in drei Richtungen positionieren: (1) MVZ als adäquate Vertragspartner für die Krankenkassen zur Umsetzung der „großen“, populationsorientierten Integrierten Versorgung. (2) MVZ als Investitionsmodell. MVZ erlauben den Aufbau von Organisationen, die das ausreichende Volumen für externes Kapital aufweisen und über entsprechende Gesellschaftsstrukturen (Kapitalgesellschaften, handelbare Anteile) verfügen. (3) MVZ als Einweisungs-Sicherungsinstrument: Krankenhäuser erkennen im MVZ die Möglichkeit, früher in die „Wertschöpfung“ einzusteigen, also den Zufluss von Patienten in ihre Häuser zu sichern und den Aufenthalt im Krankenhaus zu optimieren.
Analysis of the Outcomes at Baby‐Friendly Hospitals: Appraisal in Taiwan
Authors: Weng David Redhelm , Hsu Chun‐Sen , Gau Meei‐Ling , Chen Chao‐Huei , Li Chung‐Yi 
Published: July 2009

This study examined the effect of the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) on the breastfeeding rate in Taiwan and analyzed factors related to BFHI qualification. The assessments included 56 hospitals enlisted for appraisal and 7,563 mothers in the maternity wards of these hospitals. Among the 56 hospitals appraised, 38 (67.9%) passed appraisal. Geographically, 88.5% (23/38) of hospitals are located in northern Taiwan, and only one hospital is situated in eastern Taiwan. All 13 medical centers enlisted for appraisal were qualified as BFHI. Only one private clinic passed the appraisal.We found close correlation between the location of the hospital and passing the appraisal (χ2 = 12.71, p < 0.01), and between the grade of a hospital and BFHI qualification (χ2 = 9.17, p < 0.05). Of the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding practiced in these hospitals, we found that step 10 got the highest scores, with a gain point rate of 94.64%; nonetheless, step 1 had significant power of discrimination regarding appraisal. Statistically, steps 7, 1, and 2 were more significant than any of the other steps.Mothers in qualified baby‐friendly hospitals had higher breastfeeding rates than those in non‐qualified hospitals, whether they were surveyed while in maternity wards after delivery (88.1% vs 78.1%) or in their first postnatal month (67.6% vs 59.4%).In conclusion, our study indicates that health policy intervention has a significant impact on increasing the breastfeeding rate in Taiwan.
Classe sociale, classe politique, classe dirigeante
Authors: Aron Raymond 
Published: July 2009

Les sociologues ne s'accordent pas sur la definition du terme de classe, soit qu'ils ne l'emploient pas tous pour dèsigner la même réalité soit qu'ils aient une vision autre de la réalité à laquelle il s'applique. Du moins admettent-ils tous que le concept de classe est légitime et que des groupes sociaux méritent d'être appelés classes. La légitimité même de concepts comme ceux de « classe politique » ou de « classe dirigeante » ou d' « élite » est mise en question par une fraction des sociologues. La classe dirigeante ou ruling class existe-t-elle ou n'est-elle qu'un mythe? La power elite ou élite de puissance est-elle créée par l'imagination morose du sociologue ou domine-t-elle effectivement la société américaine?La plupart des sociologues américains n'aiment guère le concept de classe dirigeante, le fait même d'une classe dirigeante semblant contradictoire avec l'idéologie « le gouvernement du peuple par le peuple pour le peuple ». Les sociologues marxistes l'aiment moins encore, puisque, selon l'idéologie soviétique, les « monopolistes » règnent aux États-Unis et les « prolétaires » en Union soviétique. L'existence d'une classe dirigeante est incompatible avec l'antithèse du régime bourgeois (où les monopolistes gouvernent) et du régime socialiste (où le prolétariat est au pouvoir): s'il y a une réalité sociale qui répond au concept de classe dirigeante, il en résulte qu'aux États-Unis ce ne sont pas les monopolistes et qu'en Union soviétique ce ne sont pas les prolétaries qui exercent les fonctions supérieures de l'administration et de l'État.
La mitraillette, le char d'assaut et l'idée
Authors: Aron Raymond 
Published: July 2009

L'intérêtque les sociologues prennent depuis quelques années aux problèmes de la guerre s'explique aisément si l'on regarde le monde. Ce qui devrait plutôt surprendre, c'est la relative indifférence que marquaient naguère la plupart des sociologues à cephénomène à la fois social et asocial qui, à travers les millénaires de l'histoire humaine, a formé, détruit, façonné” les sociétés.Les faits qui sont à l'origine de ce regain d'intérêt me paraissent multiples, en apparence incohérents. Par leur diversité même, ils expliquent les directions, elles aussi divergentes, dans lesquelles s'est engagée la recherche.
The Place of Religion in Durkheim's Theory of Institutions
Authors: Poggi Gianfranco 
Published: July 2009

In the Preface to the second edition of Les régies de la methode sociologique (1901) Émile Durkheim defined sociology as “the science of institutions, of their genesis and functioning” (R XXII). In the same text, however, he stated:In the present state of the discipline, we really do not even know what are the major social institutions, such as the state or the family, the right of property, or contract, punishment and responsibility. We ignore almost entirely the causes on which they depend, the functions they fulfil, the laws of their evolution; we barely begin to perceive some light on a few of these points (R xv).
‘Bringing Common Sense Back In’: some neglected assumptions in status inconsistency theory and research
Authors: Zimmermann Ekkart 
Published: July 2009

In recent years status inconsistency theory and research has come under attack for at least three major reasons:(a) It has been shown that the effects of status inconsistency, if there are any (cf. under (c)), cannot be detected by following the prevailing procedures of analysis, i.e. tabular analysis (camparisons-of-sums method; cf. Lenski 1954 (1)) or linear equation models (regression approach). By now the criticism in the works of Blalock (1966a, 1966b, 1967a, 1967b, 1967c), Mitchell (1964) and Hyman (1966) is well-known (2).