bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased α4β2 nicotinic receptor number in the absence of mRNA changes suggests post‐transcriptional regulation in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of ADHD
Authors: Wigestrand Mattis B. , Mineur Yann S. , Heath Christopher J. , Fonnum Frode , Picciotto Marina R. , Walaas Sven Ivar 
Published: August 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 240–250.AbstractThe spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is widely used as a model of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Deficits in central nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) have been previously observed in SHRs, which is interesting since epidemiological studies have identified an association between smoking and ADHD symptoms in humans. Here, we examine whether nAChR deficits in SHRs compared with Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY) controls are nAChR subtype‐specific and whether these deficits correlate with changes at the level of mRNA transcription in specific brain regions. Levels of binding sites (Bmax) and dissociation constants (Kd) for nAChRs were determined from saturation curves of high‐affinity [3H]epibatidine‐ and [3H] Methyllycaconitine (MLA) binding to membranes from cortex, striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum. In additional brain regions, nAChRs were examined by autoradiography with [125I]A‐85380 and [125I]α‐bungarotoxin. Levels of mRNA encoding nAChR subunits were measured using quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). We showed that the number of α4β2 nAChR binding sites is lower globally in the SHR brain compared with WKY in the absence of significant differences in mRNA levels, with the exception of lower α4 mRNA in cerebellum of SHR compared with WKY. Furthermore, nAChR deficits were subtype‐ specific because no strain difference was found in α7 nAChR binding or α7 mRNA levels. Our results suggest that the lower α4β2 nAChR number in SHR compared with WKY may be a consequence of dysfunctional post‐transcriptional regulation of nAChRs.
Adoption, use and perception of Australian acacias around the world
Authors: Kull Christian A. , Shackleton Charlie M. , Cunningham Peter J. , Ducatillon Catherine , Dufour‐Dror Jean‐Marc , Esler Karen J. , Friday James B. , Gouveia António C. , Griffin A. R. , Marchante Elizabete , Midgley Stephen J. , Pauchard Aníbal , Rangan Haripriya , Richardson David M. , Rinaudo Tony , Tassin Jacques , Urgenson Lauren S. , von Maltitz Graham P. , Zenni Rafael D. , Zylstra Matthew J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim  To examine the different uses and perceptions of introduced Australian acacias (wattles; Acacia subgenus Phyllodineae) by rural households and communities.Location  Eighteen landscape‐scale case studies around the world, in Vietnam, India, Réunion, Madagascar, South Africa, Congo, Niger, Ethiopia, Israel, France, Portugal, Brazil, Chile, Dominican Republic and Hawai‘i.Methods  Qualitative comparison of case studies, based on questionnaire sent to network of acacia researchers. Information based on individual knowledge of local experts, published and unpublished sources.Results  We propose a conceptual model to explain current uses and perceptions of introduced acacias. It highlights historically and geographically contingent processes, including economic development, environmental discourses, political context, and local or regional needs. Four main groupings of case studies were united by similar patterns: (1) poor communities benefiting from targeted agroforestry projects; (2) places where residents, generally poor, take advantage of a valuable resource already present in their landscape via plantation and/or invasion; (3) regions of small and mid‐scale tree farmers participating in the forestry industry; and (4) a number of high‐income communities dealing with the legacies of former or niche use of introduced acacia in a context of increased concern over biodiversity and ecosystem services.Main conclusions  Economic conditions play a key role shaping acacia use. Poorer communities rely strongly on acacias (often in, or escaped from, formal plantations) for household needs and, sometimes, for income. Middle‐income regions more typically host private farm investments in acacia woodlots for commercialization. Efforts at control of invasive acacias must take care to not adversely impact poor dependent communities.
Phylogeographic consequences of different introduction histories of invasive Australian Acacia species and Paraserianthes lophantha (Fabaceae) in South Africa
Authors: Le Roux Johannes J. , Brown Gillian K. , Byrne Margaret , Ndlovu Joice , Richardson David M. , Thompson Genevieve D. , Wilson John R. U. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim  The genetic makeup and evolutionary potential of alien species can be profoundly influenced by their introduction history, but without detailed historical records, it can be difficult to ascertain the strength of this historical contingency. We explore how the known introduction histories combined with phylogeographic patterns in the native range have affected the genetic diversity in the invasive range for five Australian trees introduced to South Africa (Acacia cyclops, Acacia mearnsii, Acacia pycnantha, Acacia saligna and Paraserianthes lophantha).Location  Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales (native and invasive ranges), and South Africa and the Hawaiian Islands (invasive range).Methods  DNA sequence data were generated for all study species for either the external transcribed spacer (ETS) or plastid rpl32‐trnL(UAG) gene regions (combined total of 180 DNA sequences). Using statistical parsimony networks and genetic diversity indices, we compared genetic structure and variation in native and invasive ranges.Results  Australian acacia species tend to have high genetic diversity at the population level in their native ranges, often showing high intra‐specific divergence. In most instances, these species have similar levels of population genetic diversity in their adventive ranges in South Africa, but lack structure. For A. cyclops, A. saligna and P. lophantha, we found evidence for intra‐specific hybridization between mixed genetic entities in the invasive range, arguably as a result of the structured native range being broadly sampled prior to introduction.Main conclusions  Invasive species that have been extensively used in forestry often have complex introduction histories resulting in equally complex genetic signatures in the invasive range. Our results show that extreme caution should be taken when using indirect inferences (molecular genetic data) of introduction histories in the absence of detailed introduction records.
Insect pests and pathogens of Australian acacias grown as non‐natives – an experiment in biogeography with far‐reaching consequences
Authors: Wingfield Michael J. , Roux Jolanda , Wingfield Brenda D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAims  To highlight the increasing importance of pests and pathogens to Australian Acacia species, where they are planted as non‐natives in commercial plantations and in their native environment.Location  Africa, Asia, Australia, South America.Methods  Existing literature and results of unpublished surveys on pests and pathogens of Australian acacias are reviewed. These are discussed within the context of a growing importance of invasive alien insects and pathogens including novel encounters and host jumps.Results  Australian acacias planted as non‐natives in various parts of the world are increasingly threatened by pests and pathogens. These include those that are accidentally being introduced into the new environments as well as ‘new encounter’ pests and pathogens that are undergoing host shifts to infect non‐native acacias. Furthermore, insects and pathogens for biological control of invasive Australian acacias present substantial challenges for plantation forestry.Main conclusions  Pests and pathogens will seriously challenge plantation forestry based on non‐native Australian acacias. In the longer term, new encounter pests and pathogens will also threaten these trees in their native environments.
Invasiveness in introduced Australian acacias: the role of species traits and genome size
Authors: Gallagher Rachael V. , Leishman Michelle R. , Miller Joseph T. , Hui Cang , Richardson David M. , Suda Jan , Trávníček Pavel 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim To assess associations between invasiveness, genome size and species traits in AustralianAcaciaspecies introduced outside their native range.Location Global.Methods Holoploid genome size was determined by flow cytometry for 92 species inAcaciasubgenusPhyllodineaenative to Australia. These data were used to test whether genome size was significantly different for invasive (n = 21; species known to be established and spreading in foreign environments) and non‐invasive (n = 71; species that have been introduced to foreign environments but which are not known to be spreading) species. Data for five functional traits [seed mass, specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate (RGR), maximum height and dispersal mode] and three characteristics of native range (size, temperature range and precipitation range) were used to test for univariate and multivariate relationships between (1) invasiveness and traits and (2) genome size and traits.Results Genome size ranged from 1.20 to 2.13 pg/2C and was not significantly smaller in invasive compared with non‐invasive acacias. However, invasive acacias were found to be taller and possess a larger native range size and a wider range of annual precipitation when compared with non‐invasive acacias. Multivariate analyses revealed significant differences between invasive and non‐invasive acacias (PERMANOVA;P < 0.01) driven largely by differences in native range characteristics. We detected a positive relationship between genome size and SLA (P = 0.02) and elaiosome dispersal mode (P < 0.01) in analyses across species, but these findings were not supported by evolutionary divergence analyses.Main conclusions Genome size variation does not underpin variation in traits associated with the invasive/non‐invasive dichotomy in introduced acacias, probably because of the very small DNA values in theAcaciaspecies studied. Acacias introduced into new environments are most likely to become invasive if they are tall shrubs or trees and are widely distributed in their native range.
Modelling horses for novel climate courses: insights from projecting potential distributions of native and alien Australian acacias with correlative and mechanistic models
Authors: Webber Bruce L. , Yates Colin J. , Le Maitre David C. , Scott John K. , Kriticos Darren J. , Ota Noboru , McNeill Asha , Le Roux Johannes J. , Midgley Guy F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim  Investigate the relative abilities of different bioclimatic models and data sets to project species ranges in novel environments utilizing the natural experiment in biogeography provided by Australian Acacia species.Location  Australia, South Africa.Methods  We built bioclimatic models for Acacia cyclops and Acacia pycnantha using two discriminatory correlative models (MaxEnt and Boosted Regression Trees) and a mechanistic niche model (CLIMEX). We fitted models using two training data sets: native‐range data only (‘restricted’) and all available global data excluding South Africa (‘full’). We compared the ability of these techniques to project suitable climate for independent records of the species in South Africa. In addition, we assessed the global potential distributions of the species to projected climate change.Results  All model projections assessed against their training data, the South African data and globally were statistically significant. In South Africa and globally, the additional information contained in the full data set generally improved model sensitivity, but at the expense of increased modelled prevalence, particularly in extrapolation areas for the correlative models. All models projected some climatically suitable areas in South Africa not currently occupied by the species. At the global scale, widespread and biologically unrealistic projections by the correlative models were explained by open‐ended response curves, a problem which was not always addressed by broader background climate space or by the extra information in the full data set. In contrast, the global projections for CLIMEX were more conservative. Projections into 2070 indicated a polewards shift in climate suitability and a decrease in model interpolation area.Main conclusions  Our results highlight the importance of carefully interpreting model projections in novel climates, particularly for correlative models. Much work is required to ensure bioclimatic models performed in a robust and ecologically plausible manner in novel climates. We explore reasons for variations between models and suggest methods and techniques for future improvements.
Global uses of Australian acacias – recent trends and future prospects
Authors: Griffin A. R. , Midgley S. J. , Bush D. , Cunningham P. J. , Rinaudo A. T. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim This study reports on the contribution of the Australian Tree Seed Centre (ATSC) to the international dissemination of Australian acacias. It also describes the current uses and the scale of economic benefits derived from planting Australian acacias, and speculates about possible future trends in usage. This information is crucial for the evaluation of overall human‐mediated transfers of Australian acacias as a global experiment in biogeography.Location Australia and Global.Methods ATSC databases were used to determine which taxa were sent to which regions of the world and in what numbers. Location, scale and value of uses of the most important species were described from a review of published and grey literature, and we drew on our collective experience to speculate about future trends.Results The ATSC despatched samples of 322 taxa (or roughly a third ofAcaciaspecies native to Australia) between 1980 and 2010 to 149 countries. Plantations in SE Asia and South Africa supplying the pulp and paper industry cover an area of over 2 M ha and produce pulp worth around $US4.3B p.a. In SE Asia, pulpwood species also provide logs for an expanding industry based on solid wood product. Tannin is produced fromAcacia mearnsiiin South Africa and Brazil. A suite of multi‐purpose species helps meeting the demand for food, fodder, fuelwood, poles and site amelioration in dry zone regions of Africa and elsewhere and are widely incorporated into agro‐forestry systems.Acacia salignais the most widely planted non‐timber species with around 600,000 ha established worldwide. Many acacia species also have horticultural uses particularly in Europe.Main conclusions The ATSC has been the major agent for systematic exploration and worldwide dissemination of Australian acacias over the past 30 years, but seed from local and regional sources of exploited species will dominate future movements. The scale of production from currently planted species will expand to meet the demands of population growth, using improved varieties. Plantations for energy and carbon sequestration might become increasingly widespread.
Risk assessment, eradication, and biological control: global efforts to limit Australian acacia invasions
Authors: Wilson John R. U. , Gairifo Carla , Gibson Michelle R. , Arianoutsou Margarita , Bakar Baki B. , Baret Stéphane , Celesti‐Grapow Laura , DiTomaso Joseph M. , Dufour‐Dror Jean‐Marc , Kueffer Christoph , Kull Christian A. , Hoffmann John H. , Impson Fiona A. C. , Loope Lloyd L. , Marchante Elizabete , Marchante Hélia , Moore Joslin L. , Murphy Daniel J. , Tassin Jacques , Witt Arne , Zenni Rafael D. , Richardson David M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim  Many Australian Acacia species have been planted around the world, some are highly valued, some are invasive, and some are both highly valued and invasive. We review global efforts to minimize the risk and limit the impact of invasions in this widely used plant group.Location  Global.Methods  Using information from literature sources, knowledge and experience of the authors, and the responses from a questionnaire sent to experts around the world, we reviewed: (1) a generalized life cycle of Australian acacias and how to control each life stage, (2) different management approaches and (3) what is required to help limit or prevent invasions.Results  Relatively few Australian acacias have been introduced in large numbers, but all species with a long and extensive history of planting have become invasive somewhere. Australian acacias, as a group, have a high risk of becoming invasive and causing significant impacts as determined by existing assessment schemes. Moreover, in most situations, long‐lived seed banks mean it is very difficult to control established infestations. Control has focused almost exclusively on widespread invaders, and eradication has rarely been attempted. Classical biological control is being used in South Africa with increasing success.Main conclusions  A greater emphasis on pro‐active rather than reactive management is required given the difficulties managing established invasions of Australian acacias. Adverse effects of proposed new introductions can be minimized by conducting detailed risk assessments in advance, planning for on‐going monitoring and management, and ensuring resources are in place for long‐term mitigation. Benign alternatives (e.g. sterile hybrids) could be developed to replace existing utilized taxa. Eradication should be set as a management goal more often to reduce the invasion debt. Introducing classical biological control agents that have a successful track‐record in South Africa to other regions and identifying new agents (notably vegetative feeders) can help mitigate existing widespread invasions. Trans‐boundary sharing of information will assist efforts to limit future invasions, in particular, management strategies need to be better evaluated, monitored, published and publicised so that global best‐practice procedures can be developed.
Impacts of invasive Australian acacias: implications for management and restoration
Authors: Le Maitre David C. , Gaertner Mirijam , Marchante Elizabete , Ens Emilie‐Jane , Holmes Patricia M. , Pauchard Aníbal , O’Farrell Patrick J. , Rogers Andrew M. , Blanchard Ryan , Blignaut James , Richardson David M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim  The biophysical impacts of invasive Australian acacias and their effects on ecosystem services are explored and used to develop a framework for improved restoration practices.Location  South Africa, Portugal and Chile.Methods  A conceptual model of ecosystem responses to the increasing severity (density and duration) of invasions was developed from the literature and our knowledge of how these impacts affect options for restoration. Case studies are used to identify similarities and differences between three regions severely affected by invasions of Australian acacias: Acacia dealbata in Chile, Acacia longifolia in Portugal and Acacia saligna in South Africa.Results  Australian acacias have a wide range of impacts on ecosystems that increase with time and disturbance, transform ecosystems and alter and reduce ecosystem service delivery. A shared trait is the accumulation of massive seed banks, which enables them to become dominant after disturbances. Ecosystem trajectories and recovery potential suggest that there are important thresholds in ecosystem state and resilience. When these are crossed, options for restoration are radically altered; in many cases, autogenic (self‐driven and self‐sustaining) recovery to a pre‐invasion condition is inhibited, necessitating active intervention to restore composition and function.Main conclusions  The conceptual model demonstrates the degree, nature and reversibility of ecosystem degradation and identifies key actions needed to restore ecosystems to desired states. Control and restoration operations, particularly active restoration, require substantial short‐ to medium‐term investments, which can reduce losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and the costs to society in the long term. Increasing restoration effectiveness will require further research into linkages between impacts and restoration. This research should involve scientists, practitioners and managers engaged in invasive plant control and restoration programmes, together with society as both the investors in, and beneficiaries of, more effective restoration.
Predicting the subspecific identity of invasive species using distribution models: Acacia saligna as an example
Authors: Thompson Genevieve D. , Robertson Mark P. , Webber Bruce L. , Richardson David M. , Le Roux Johannes J. , Wilson John R. U. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim  To explore whether the subspecific genetic entities of Acacia saligna occupy different bioclimatic niches in their native and introduced ranges and whether these niches are predictable using species distribution models (SDMs).Location  Australia, South Africa and the Mediterranean Basin.Methods  Species distribution models were developed in MAXENT using six climatic variables to calculate the climatic suitability of the ranges of A. saligna. We assessed (1) the subspecific niche differences identified by SDMs using measures of niche overlap and model performance; (2) the ability of SDMs to predict the most likely subspecific genetic entities present in South Africa based on comparisons to genetic data; and (3) the ability of SDMs to predict the most likely subspecific genetic entities present in the Mediterranean Basin. All model projections were assessed for sensitivity and modelled prevalence as indicators of model fit and predictability.Results  The SDMs identified different subspecific bioclimatic niches in the native range. Sensitivity and modelled prevalence show that none of the models correctly predicted the full range of A. saligna in South Africa or the Mediterranean Basin. Models also show that the South African niche is different to that in the native range.Main conclusions  Subspecies of A. saligna occupy quantifiably distinct bioclimatic niches in their native ranges, implying that they should occupy distinct niches in their invasive ranges. However, projections to the introduced range did not correspond with known occurrences. Our SDMs are unable to predict the full introduced niche of A. saligna at a species or subspecies level in either South Africa or the Mediterranean Basin. Range limits in the native and introduced ranges may be determined by additional factors not used in the SDMs developed in this study.
Captopril and telmisartan treatments attenuate cadmium‐induced testicular toxicity in rats
Authors: Fouad Amr A. , Jresat Iyad 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe possible protective effect of captopril, an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, vs. telmisartan, an angiotensin II‐receptor antagonist, was investigated in rats with testicular injury induced by a single i.p. injection of cadmium chloride (2 mg/kg). Captopril (60 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and telmisartan (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) were given for five consecutive days, starting 3 days before cadmium administration. Both agents significantly increased serum testosterone level, which was reduced by cadmium, suppressed lipid peroxidation, restored the depleted reduced glutathione, decreased the elevations of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and cadmium ion levels, and attenuated the reductions of selenium and zinc ions in testicular tissue resulted from cadmium administration. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that both captopril and telmisartan significantly reduced the cadmium‐induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor‐κB, Fas ligand, and caspase‐3 in testicular tissue. The differences between the results obtained with captopril and telmisartan were insignificant, suggesting that both drugs equally protected the testicular tissue from the detrimental effects of cadmium.