bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lime and Nitrogen Influence on Timothy Yield and Composition1
Authors: Laughlin Winston M. , Martin Paul F. , Smith Glenn R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNo domestic grass has been successfully grown in the Caribou Hills area on Alaska's lower Kenai Peninsula where another forage has been needed to supplement the native bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis). Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), a highly desirable forage grass in many Alaska agricultural areas, was selected as a grass more adapted to acid conditions than many other grasses. This experiment was specifically designed to determine if lime applications would make possible growth and survival of domestic timothy. A 6‐year study with five lime and two N rates was conducted with ‘Engmo’ timothy planted on Kachemak silt loam (Typic Cryandepts) in an area domestic grasses had seldom survived. Lime applications were applied by hand to field plots and worked in with rototiller. Fertilizer applications were topdressed each spring with additional nitrogen applied after the first cutting each year. Each lime increment over 2,240 kg/ha increased soil reaction, forage yield, and N uptake and tended to decrease the N concentration in forage. Increasing N applications from 134 to 269 kg/ha increased yields, N percentages, and N uptake. Native bluejoint gradually replaced the timothy on plots receiving less than 4,480 kg lime/ha, responded to the high N rate, and thrived with two cuttings per growing season. This experiment demonstrates domestic grasses can be grown successfully on Kachemak silt loam with lime application and proper fertilization.
Simultaneous Deep Fumigation and Chisel Plowing1
Authors: Nixon Paul R. , Heilman Marvin D. , Lynn Ned G. , Vega Ramon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe design of a rugged, trouble‐free system for applying liquid soil fumigants is discussed. The system is built around a tractor‐mounted shank chisel plow and utilizes automotive electric fuel pumps to propel the liquid. Simple, nonclogging discharge tips are an important feature of the design.
Desiccation of Grain Sorghum by Foliar Application of Nitrogen Solution1
Authors: Donnelly K. J. , Vanderlip R. L. , Murphy L. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdverse weather delaying harvest is a frequent problem of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] producers. This study evaluated the effects of foliar application of 32% nitrogen urea‐ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) to desiccate grain sorghum before harvest. Nitrogen solutions were applied at O, 67, and 134 kg N/ha when grain had reached physiological maturity. Two hybrids (‘RS671’ and ‘E57’) and two planting dates were compared at two locations in 1972 and 1973. Grain samples were collected weekly until harvest for moisture determination, then grain and forage yields and N contents were determined. The effects of N carryover to succeeding grain sorghum crops were also evaluated.Grain drying was accelerated significantly only when N was applied at or before physiological maturity. However, application before physiological maturity reduced grain yields. Rainfall and high humidity resulting in poor drying conditions more than offset desiccation effects after grain moisture reached 20 to 25%.Leaf loss reduced harvestable forage yields, as expected. Desiccant N gave little or no increase in N content of the grain or forage. Soil N and grain sorghum yields were increased slightly the next year in some plots, but no significant carryover of desiccant N was found in others. Low recovery of applied N in the treated crop at harvest and low carryover to the succeeding crop suggests that volatilization losses following treatment were high.
Nitrogen Use in Winter Wheat in Response to Systematic Pesticides1
Authors: Moyer Joseph L. , Paulsen Gary M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious pesticides exhibit plant growth regulating activity and have increased crop yields or altered concentrations of various constituents. Our purpose was to test the effect of commercially available pesticides on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with regard to N use, protein concentration, and dry matter production. Growth chamber‐grown wheat seedlings were supplied 2.5 or 10.0 mM nitrate‐N concentrations in nutrient solutions at each of two temperature regimes. Pesticides added to different pots were 0.5 mM concentrations of simazine [2‐chloro‐4, 6‐bis (ethylamino)‐S‐triazine] or dyrene [2,4‐dichloro‐6‐(0‐chloroanilo‐s‐triazine], and 25 mM concentrations of disulfoton [0, 0‐diethyl S‐(2‐(ethylthio) ethyl) phosphorodithioate] or guthion [0, 0‐dimethyl S‐(4‐oxo‐1,2,3‐benzotriazin‐3 (4H)‐ylmethyl phosphorodithioate]. Simazine increased nitrate reductase activity and nitrate concentration, and decreased glutamine synthetase activity. The same four materials were sprayed on field plots at 0.1 or 1.1 kg/ha at one of four growth stages. No autumn treatment affected yield or protein content of forage. Lower simazine rates applied at anthesis and higher simazine rates applied at all three spring growth stages decreased grain yields. Simazine treatments that decreased grain yields, and guthion applied during autumn increased grain protein concentration. The other treatments had no effect on protein or yield. Simazine applied during anthesis decreased grain test weights significantly. Decreased grain yields and increased grain protein concentrations probably resulted from detrimental effects of simazine on photosynthate accumulation and absence of a direct effect on N assimilation when foliar‐applied. Decreased grain test weights apparently resulted from floret sterility and undeveloped grains.
Microwave Treatment and Heat Damage Artifacts in Forages1
Authors: Darrah C. H. , Van Soest P. J. , Fick Gary W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMicrowave radiation has been suggested as a pretreatment to laboratory drying of freshly harvested forage samples because it quickly stops respiration. However, the effects of such treatment are not well understood. Fresh samples of both alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and a mixture of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and Ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.), as well as a dried Ladino clover forage reconstituted with water, were exposed to microwave radiation for zero to 15 min. To investigate the extent of heat damage associated with the microwave treatments, these samples were dried at 50 C and compared to material dried at 100 C. Increased levels of acid‐detergent insoluble N, an indicator of heat damage, were found after only 2 min exposure in two of the three forages, and heat damage was greater as exposure to microwaves increased. It took 15 min of microwave treatment to produce heat damage in alfalfa. Drying at 100 C caused the greatest amount of heat damage in all species tested. Significant decreases in in vitro true digestible organic matter were detected only in Ladlno clover with 15 min of microwave treatment or 100 C drying. Since forages differ in their responses to microwave radiation, this drying pretreatment should be used with caution.
Effect of Chemical Growth Retardants on Turfgrass Morphology1
Authors: Elkins D. M. , Vandeventer J. W. , Briskovich M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies on chemical growth retardation of turfgrasses have often dealt with chemical effects on aerial parts with little or no attention devoted to root development, or to rhizome and tiller number. If a retardant is to be used for grass growth control, long‐term effects on subterranean as well as aerial parts must be considered.Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence of 19 growth retardant treatments on several morphological growth parameters of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Most growth retardant treatments which caused aerial growth reductions also restricted root spread, volume, and dry weight. Some retardants also reduced tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass tiller number and bluegrass rhizome development.The implications of these results are serious in terms of maintainance of long‐term stand of vigorous turf. Growth retardants for turf must be developed which recard top growth without detrimentally affecting root, rhizome, or tiller development.
Effects of pH and Al on the Growth and Chemical Composition of Cicer Milkvetch1
Authors: Vickers J. C. , Zak J. M. , Odurukwe S. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) is one of several legume species which has been used for the stabilization of Massachusetts roadsides. In this study the following treatments were combined in soil and water culture experiments: pH levels 4.2, 5.4, and 6.3, and aluminum levels of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 ppm added to soil, 0, 5, and 15 ppm Al in water. The objective was to examine the interactions among soil treatments, factors of acid soil infertility, and the chemical composition and growth of cicer milkvetch (‘Lutana’). Dry weights and root penetration doubled in response to soil pH 5.4. At soil pH 6.3 manganese in the soil and in the plant tissue rose to high levels while dry weights and root penetration declined. On the other hand, dry weight of tops and root elongation were significantly greater at pH 5.4 and 6.3 than at pH 4.2 in water culture. Soil Al treatments were positively related to water soluble soil P and soil Mn availability. Nutrient solution Al additions significantly enhanced Al in tops. Also, the 5 ppm Al level significantly stimulated root elongation, while 15 ppm Al was related to reduced elongation. Dry weights were not significantly affected by Al treatments in soil or water culture. The apparent acid tolerance of cicer milkvetch, plus the buffering capacity of this soil, and the sufficient supply of P at all treatments in water culture apparently diminished the A1 treatment effects. Cicer milkvetch growth is enhanced by CaCO3 application of at least 1,750 ppm to this soil for these reasons: percent Ca and P of tops rose above critical levels, while excess soil Mn and Al levels declined, allowing enhanced root penetration of the soil.
Preemergence Winter Weed Control in Dormant Bermudagrass Turf1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpur weed (Soliva sessilis P. & K.) is becoming a severe winter weed problem in the Southeast and information is needed on herbicides that will give satisfactory control of winter weed mixtures which includes spur weed. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years on Cecil loam (Typic Hapludult) and Cecil sandy loam at Griffin, Davidson sandy clay loam (Rhodic Paleudult) at Lawrenceville and 1 year on Cecil loam at Macon, Ga., to determine the effects of preemergence herbicide treatments on control of spur weed and other winter annuals in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ‘Common’] turf. Herbicides as preemergence treatments were made in the fall and weed control and turfgrass tolerance ratings were made the following spring.Napropamide [2‐(α‐naphthoxy)‐N,N‐diethylpropionamide] was the only herbicide that controlled spur weed almost completely. The control was acceptable with terbutol (2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐p‐tolyl methylcarbamate) at 11.2 kg/ha and profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐p‐toluidine] at 6.7 kg/ha. Combination treatments of bensulide [0,0‐diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S‐ester with N‐(2‐mercaptoethyl) benzene sulfonamide] with either benefin (N‐butyl‐N‐ethyl‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐p‐toluidine), terbutol, or pronamide [3,5‐dichloro‐(N,,1,1‐dimethyl‐2‐propynyl)benzamide) controlled more different weed species than when each was applied alone. All herbicides except oxadiazon [2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐(2,4‐dichloro‐5‐isoproxyphenyl)‐Δ2‐l,3,4‐oxadiazolin‐5‐one], butralin [4‐(l,l‐dimethylethyl)‐N‐(l‐methylpropyl)‐2,6‐ditrobenzenamine], and selected bensulide plus benefin combinations affected the green‐up of bermudagrass at one location in March and April. However, turf greenup was as good or better in all treated plots when final ratings were made in May.
Calibration of Leaf Resistance Porometers1
Authors: McCree K. J. , van Bavel C. H. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeaf resistance porometers are normally calibrated by placing the humidity sensor over a wet surface, which is at a known temperature. A perforated plate of known diffusive resistance is placed between the surface and the sensor. The results are subject to systematic errors due to wetting of the calibration plate from below, condensation on the plate, and evaporative cooling of the wet surface. The possibilities for error were investigated, using commercially available equipment, and it was found that they could be greatly reduced by taking such simple precautions as placing a spacer between the wet surface and the plate, avoiding conditions in which the temperature of the plate might be less than that of the surface, and maintaining a humid atmosphere throughout the calibration.
Visual, Tissue, and Soil Factors Associated with Zn Toxicity of Peanuts1
Authors: Keisling T. C. , Lauer D. A. , Walker M. E. , Henning R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractZinc (Zn) deficiency of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) has not been a production problem, but many areas show possible Zn toxicity where large amounts of Zn have been applied. Field and greenhouse studies and a survey were conducted to obtain data concerning visual symptoms, tissue concentrations, and soil test information about Zn toxicity of peanuts. The greenhouse experiment had treatments ranging from 0 to 50 mg Zn per kg of soil (Plinthitic Paleudult; fine loamy, siliceous, thermic). Zinc content of field soil (Arenic Paleudult; loamy, siliceous, thermic) to a depth of 90 cm, resulting from Zn fertilizer applications 5 years previously, were determined. Data concerning soil and tissue Zn concentrations were gathered, and visual toxicity symptoms were noted. The survey was undertaken to characterize soil and tissue Zn concentrations at locations where the problem is now occurring. Appearance of acute Zn toxicity occurred 14 to 120 days after emergence. Acutely affected plants exhibited chlorosis, stunting, purple coloration of the main stem and petioles, usually a lesion at the base of the plant, and premature necrosis in severe cases. Affected areas usually were only a fraction of a hectare, with necrotic or severely stunted plants in the center, and distinct borders. Tissue Zn concentration, in both the greenhouse and field, increased 15 mg/kg for each mg/kg increase in acid‐extractable soil Zn. Tentative Zn toxicity critical values were 12 and 220 mg/kg for soil (acid‐extractable) and tissue, respectively. Liming was effective in reducing the concentration of Zn in tissue and overcoming reduction in dry matter yield due to excessive uptake of Zn but lime did not change the acid‐extractable level of Zn in soil. Zn uptake was reduced by increasing soil pH without changing extractable soil Zn. These data show that predicting Zn toxicity from values of soil Zn alone could give erroneous results. Also, an adequate liming program should reduce the problem. Acid Southeastern soils were found to retain appreciable Zn in the plow layer. Thus Zn should be cautiously applied to crops in rotation with peanuts or when planting peanuts in areas where large quantities of Zn may have been applied in the past.
Treatment Designs to Estimate Optimum Plant Density for Maximum Corn Grain Yield1
Authors: Carmer S. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUse of an exponential regression model relating corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield to plant density allows estimation of the optimum density for producing maximum yield. The experimenter's choice of treatment design (i.e. the particular plant densities included in an experiment) has an important influence on the precision of the estimated optimum density. The best treatment designs provide the greatest precision with a given number of replications, or, alternatively, provide a given level of precision with the smallest number of replications.Expression of yield as a proportion of maximum yield and plant densities as proportions of the optimum density greatly simplifies the evaluation of treatment designs with respect to their ability to provide precise estimates of the optimum density. A total of 375 three, four, and five density treatment designs were evaluated on the dimensionless proportional scale in order to determine those which provide the greatest precision. Maximum allowable relative errors for the best three, four, and five density treatment designs are reported for each of 15 combinations of minimum and maximum densities expressed on a proportional scale. The best treatment designs contain unequally incremented densities and provide considerably more precise estimates of the optimum density than do designs with equally incremented densities.
Simulating Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter in Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Vanderlip R. L. , Arkin G. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant growth simulation models bring together what is known about various aspects of plant growth and dry matter accumulation. They are valuable in simulating the effects of management, environmental, or genetic factors on plant growth and in determining what areas of knowledge about plant growth are most lacking. However, most growth models deal only with total dry matter production. Reported here are submodels for calculating stage of development and partitioning dry matter production into plant parts based on these stages of development for grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.).Testing of the submodels using 25 data sets (from six locations in the sorghum growing area of the United States) including a number of hybrids, several years, and both irrigated and dryland production showed that the submodels provided unbiased estimates of: date of growing point differentiation; date of half‐bloom; physiological maturity; grain yield; and harvest index. Precision of modeling stages of development was acceptable for most uses (S.E. of 4.1 to 5.0 days). Standard errors for grain yield and harvest index were 18.4 g/plant (C.V. = 29.0%) and 0.06 (C.V. = 13.2%), respectively.
Analysis of a 12‐Year Corn‐Small Grain Rotation Experiment at Four Fertility Levels1
Authors: Harner E. James , Pohlman G. G. , Sperow C. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeven 2‐year rotations were laid out in 1953 in order to determine the long term effects of fertilizer rate on the yields of corn‐small grain cropping systems on Wheeling fine sandy loam soil (ultic hapludalf). It was also desired to examine the effects of rotation and fertilizer rate on total digestible nutrient (TDN) production and soil nutrient content. Previously, little information of this nature was available. The rotations were corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn‐winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn‐winter oats (Avena sativa L.), corn‐rye (Secale cereale L.), corn‐spring oats, corn silage‐winter barley, and corn silage‐winter oats. Fertilizer applications of 336 kg/ha, 672 kg/ha, 1,008 kg/ha, and 1,344 kg/ha of 5‐10‐10 fertilizer were applied annually.The randomization and placement of crops and fertilizer was basically a split block with repeated measurements over time. Orthogonal contrasts were examined for the fertilizer, cycle, and rotation terms. The analysis was done in three parts: 1) for yields of each crop in each rotation; 2) for total digestible nutrients; and 3) for soil nutrients.The conclusions of the statistical analysis are: 1) corn silage and most of the small grains had significant linear increases in yields with increasing levels of fertilization; 2) corn silage and some of the small grain crops had a significant linear fertilizer by cycle interaction; 3) TDN production, the gain of available soil P and K, and the loss of soil N were linearly related to fertilizer rates; and 4) TDN production was lowest for the corn grain‐oats rotations and highest for the corn silage rotations.
Chemical Growth Regulation of ‘Baron’ Kentucky Bluegrass1
Authors: Schmidt R. E. , Bingham S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffective chemical growth regulation is desirable in reducing mowing frequency of certain turf areas. The objectives of this field research were to study the influence of some promising growth regulators with and without repeated treatments during the 2nd year on ‘Baron’ Kentucky (Ky) bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and to determine the long term effects caused by persistent regulators. Mefluidide, diethanolamine salt of N‐[2.4 — dimethyl‐5‐[[(trifluoromehtyl) sulfonyl] amino]phenyl]acetamide; fluridamid, a diethanolamine salt of N‐[4‐methyl‐3[[(1, 1, 1,‐trifluoro‐methyl) sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]; metolachlot, [2.chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl‐N‐ (2‐methoxy‐l‐methyl‐ethyl) acetamide]; chlorflurenol (methyl‐2‐chloro‐9‐hydroxyfluorene‐9‐ carboxylate, methyl‐9‐hydroxylfluonene‐9‐carboxylate, methyl‐2, 7 dichloro‐9‐ hydroxyfluorene‐9‐carboxylate); CGA 17020, chemistry not released; and RO7‐6145, (2, 3: 4, 6 Bis‐0 ((1‐methylethybidene)‐(xxylo‐2‐Hexulofuranosonic acid), were applied twice in 1974 and once in 1975 to lawn turf grown on a Typic Hapludult clayey, kaolinitic, mesic soil. Treatments were randomized in a complete block design, and replicated three times.All regulators and formulations evaluated caused some phytotoxicity, especially at higher dosages. Granular mefluidide did not reduce turf quality until after the 1975 application. No phytotoxicity was apparent for several weeks following each treatment of all regulators.All regulators caused yield depressions the 1st month after each 1974 application. None caused a significant reduction in clipping weights after 2 months. Mefluidide EC and RO7‐6145 caused the longest yield suppression.Approximately 1 month after retreatment in the 2nd year, all regulators reduced clipping yields. There was no apparent suppression after 2 months.All regulators, except metolachlor, had less root growth than the control after a year following the 1974 application. Fluridamid and mefluidide suppressed rooting the most. Roots were suppressed by all regulators applied the 2nd year.Regulators applied in 1974 stimulated seedhead production in 1975. Reapplication of treatments in 1975 suppressed inflorescence except treatments with RO7‐6145.Mefluidide and fluridamid showed a reoccurance of phytotoxicity, and all regulators showed some yield suppression in 1976.Regulators affected root growth for a longer period of time than they did foliage. Reapplication of regulators was required to continue suppression of shoot and inflorescence growth. Possibly, lower dosages should be used with subsequent treatments since regulator influence appears to persist for several years. Application of some regulators in late summer may enhance seed production by Ky bluegrass.