bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Der abwesende Monarch im Herrschaftsdiskurs der Neuzeit. Eine Forschungsskizze am Beispiel der Welfendynastie nach 1866The Absent Monarch and the Discourse of Legitimacy in Modern History. Conceptual Arguments Based on the Case Study of Guelph Exile after 1866
Authors: Riotte Thorsten 
Published: December 2009

Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel diskutiert die Bedeutung der Exilzeit Georgs V. von Hannover für die politische Kultur im Kaiserreich. Das Schicksal des Monarchen nach 1866 wird im Kontext dynastischer Politik, anhand zeitgenössischer Wahrnehmung durch loyale Welfen und preußische Behörden sowie auf die Bedeutung von persönlichen Verbindungen zwischen dem abwesenden Monarchen und Personengruppen in der Heimat hin untersucht. Die Exilhöfe in den österreichischen Orten Hietzing, Penzing und Gmunden dienen als Prisma, durch das die welfische Bewegung in ihrer Auseinandersetzung mit der preußischen Herrschaft deutlichere Konturen annimmt und so ihre Bedeutung für die politische Lebenswelt in der Provinz Hannover besser beleuchtet. Die Ergebnisse werden in die aktuelle Forschungsdiskussion um alte und neue Politikgeschichte eingeordnet und sollen das Verständnis der politischen Kultur im Kaiserreich erweitern. Als Quellen dienen der erst kürzlich von der British Library erstandene Nachlaß Georgs, Herzog von Cambridge, Korrespondenzen aus den Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, sowie die einschlägigen Akten aus dem Niedersächsischen Hauptstaatsarchiv und dem Politischen Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes in Berlin. Das Beispiel der Welfen soll zusätzlich genutzt werden, um grundlegende methodische Überlegungen zu einer vergleichenden Studie über Exilmonarchen der Frühen Neuzeit und Neuzeit zu diskutieren. Eine solche, derzeit vom Autor als Habilitationsprojekt unternommene Untersuchung ermöglicht, das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen persönlicher Herrschaft und dynastischem Überleben, die Ausdrucksformen und Medien politischer Opposition sowie den Herrschaftsdiskurs in seiner praktischen Ausführung in einer Art und Weise zu diskutieren, wie dies bisher in der historischen Forschung noch nicht geschehen ist.
Chronic Exposures to Cholinesterase‐inhibiting Pesticides Adversely Affect Respiratory Health of Agricultural Workers in India
Authors: Chakraborty Sreeparna , Mukherjee Sayali , Roychoudhury Sanghita , Siddique Shabana , Lahiri Twisha , Ray Manas Ranjan 
Published: December 2009

Chronic Exposures to Cholinesterase‐inhibiting Pesticides Adversely Affect Respiratory Health of Agricultural Workers in India: Sreeparna Chakraborty, et al. Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, IndiaObjectiveThe impact of long term exposure to cholinesterase (ChE)‐inhibiting organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (C) pesticides on the respiratory health of agricultural workers in India was investigated.MethodsThree hundred and seventy‐six nonsmoking agricultural workers (median age 41 yr) from eastern India who sprayed OP and C pesticides in the field and 348 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects with non‐agricultural occupations from the same locality were enrolled. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms was obtained by questionnaire survey, and pulmonary function tests were carried out by spirometry. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was diagnosed by the Global Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria, and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured by the Ellman method.ResultsAgricultural workers had greater prevalences of upper and lower respiratory symptoms, and appreciable reduction in spirometric measurements. Overall, lung function reduction was noted in 48.9% of agricultural workers compared with 22.7% of control, and a restrictive type of deficit was predominant. COPD was diagnosed in 10.9% of agricultural workers compared with 3.4% of controls (p<0.05 in χ2test), and the severity of the disease was greater in agricultural workers. Red blood cell (RBC) AChE was lowered by 34.2% in agricultural workers, and the fall in AChE level was positively associated with respiratory symptoms, lung function decrement and COPD after controlling for education and income as potential confounders.ConclusionsLong‐term exposure to cholinesterase‐inhibiting agricultural pesticides currently in use in India is associated with a reduction in lung function, COPD and a rise in respiratory symptoms.
Causal Relationship between Indium Compound Inhalation and Effects on the Lungs
Authors: Nakano Makiko , Omae Kazuyuki , Tanaka Akiyo , Hirata Miyuki , Michikawa Takehiro , Kikuchi Yuriko , Yoshioka Noriyuki , Nishiwaki Yuji , Chonan Tatsuya 
Published: December 2009

Causal Relationship between Indium Compound Inhalation and Effects on the Lungs: Makiko Nakano, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio UniversityBackgroundRecent case reports and epidemiological studies suggest that inhalation of indium dust induces lung damage.ObjectivesTo elucidate the dose‐dependent effects of indium on the lungs and to prove a causal relationship more clearly.MethodsA baseline observation was conducted on 465 workers currently exposed to indium, 127 workers formerly exposed to indium and 169 workers without indium exposure in 12 factories and 1 research laboratory from 2003 to 2006. Indium in serum (In‐S) was determined as an exposure parameter, and its effects on the lungs were examined.ResultsThe means of In‐S in the current, former and no exposure workers were 8.35, 9.63 and 0.56 ng/ml, respectively. The current and former exposure workers had significantly higher levels of KL‐6, and showed significant dose‐dependent increases in KL‐6, SP‐D, and SP‐A. Current exposure workers with In‐S of 3 ng/ml or above demonstrated a significant increase of KL‐6 in both GM and prevalence exceeding the reference value. Approximately a quarter of the former exposure workers had interstitial changes as seen on chest HRCT. In‐S of exposed workers who had been working before improvements of the working environment (Group Bef) and those who started working after improvements (Group Aft) were 12.29 and 0.81 ng/ml, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios indicated 87%, 71% and 44% reductions among Group Aft workers who exceeded the reference values of KL‐6, SP‐D and SP‐A, respectively.ConclusionDosedependent lung effects due to indium exposure were shown, and a decrease of indium exposure reduced the lung effects. An In‐S value of 3 ng/ml may be a cut‐off value which could be used to prevent early effects on the lungs.
Genotoxicity Studies of Heavy Metals: Lead, Bismuth, Indium, Silver and Antimony
Authors: Asakura Keiko , Satoh Hiroshi , Chiba Momoko , Okamoto Masahide , Serizawa Koji , Nakano Makiko , Omae Kazuyuki 
Published: December 2009

Genotoxicity Studies of Heavy Metals: Lead, Bismuth, Indium, Silver and Antimony: Keiko Asakura, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of MedicineObjectivesMany kinds of heavy metals are used in industry; thus, it is important for us to clarify their toxicity. For example, lead, which is a component of solder, is notorious for its neurotoxicity, and substitute materials have been sought for many years. Therefore, we examined the genotoxicity of lead and also those of metallic bismuth, indium, silver and antimony which are possible substitutes for lead in solder.MethodsBacterial reverse mutation tests and chromosomal aberration tests in cultured mammalian cells were performed according to standard procedures.ResultsAntimony showed genotoxicity in both tests, and bismuth also showed positive results in the chromosomal aberration test. In contrast, lead, indium, and silver were considered to be inactive by the criteria of the present study.ConclusionsAlthough further studies are needed because of the difficulty of genotoxicity evaluation using an in vitro system, sufficient precautions should be made when antimony and bismuth are used.
Dye tracing a jökulhlaup: II. Testing a jökulhlaup model against flow speeds inferred from measurements
Authors: Werder Mauro A. , Funk Martin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObservational data allowing the validation of jökulhlaup models are sparse. We were able to inject dye tracer directly into the drainage channel of a glacial lake during the onset of its outburst. This made it possible to test an established jökulhlaup model, not only against discharge measurements, but for the first time also against water flow speeds inferred from measurements. We drive the jökulhlaup model, based on the Spring–Hutter equations, with measured subglacial water pressure, lake water temperature and lake level. The model is fitted to the measured lake discharge and inferred flow speeds using the initial channel size, the channel roughness and sinuosity. Our calculations show that an ingenuous application of the model, fitting it to the lake discharge only, overestimates water flow speeds. For the second day of the outburst, this can be remedied by fitting the model to the inferred flow speeds as well, requiring that either the heat transfer or the sinuosity of the channel be increased. However, the low inferred flow speeds on the first day of the outburst cannot be fitted with any parameter combination, showing that, initially, the water does not flow through an R channel. Hence, the early stages of this jökulhlaup cannot be simulated by an R-channel model.
Characteristics of atmospheric dust deposition in snow on the glaciers of the eastern Tien Shan, China
Authors: Dong Zhiwen , Li Zhongqin , Wang Feiteng , Zhang Mingjun 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWind-blown mineral aerosol dust derived from the crustal surface is an important atmospheric component affecting the Earth’s radiation budget. Deposition of water-insoluble dust was determined in snow deposited on Ürümqi glacier No. 1, Haxilegen glacier No. 51 and Miaoergou glacier, eastern Tien Shan, China. Analysis of the horizontal distribution of snow depth and concentration, and flux of dust particles in the snow cover suggests that dust deposition differs on each of these glaciers as the atmospheric environment changes from west to east. Mean mass concentrations of micro-particles in the size range 0.57–26 μm diameter at the three locations are respectively 969, 1442 and 3690 μg kg−1, with an increasing trend from west to east. Dust layers in the snow cover contain Na- and Ca-rich materials typically found in central Asian dust particles. Volume size distributions of dust particles in the snow showed single-modal structures having volume median diameters of 3–22 μm. Dust profiles in the snow cover over the past 4 years reveal frequent, sporadic high dust concentrations with a large year-to-year variability, implying that dust deposition in the eastern Tien Shan is very sensitive to atmospheric environment change.
Ice velocity measurements of Langjökull, Iceland, from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)
Authors: Palmer Steven , Shepherd Andrew , Björnsson Helgi , Pálsson Finnur 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe have computed the velocity of Langjökull ice cap (LIC), Iceland, using InSAR data acquired by the European Remote-sensing Satellite in 1994 and an ice-surface elevation model derived from a GPS survey conducted in 1997. The velocity map covers 68% of the 925 km2of LIC. Eight principal outlet glaciers were identified, along which ice velocities increased from zero at the ice divide to a maximum of 75 m a−1. When the InSAR velocity dataset is compared with surface GPS measurements of ice flow determined in summer 2001, there is generally good agreement, suggesting interannual and seasonal stability for much of the ice cap during this period. However, non-zero ice velocities at the termini of four of the eight glaciers surveyed suggest that these glaciers were advancing in 1994. Comparison of our GPS and InSAR velocities suggests that Sudurjökull experienced elevated velocity in late February 1994, which, when other studies are considered, appears to be consistent with a glacier surge.
A New Prior for Bayesian Anomaly Detection
Authors: Cooper G. F. , Shen Y. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Objectives: Bayesian anomaly detection computes posterior probabilities of anomalous events by combining prior beliefs and evidence from data. However, the specification of prior probabilities can be challenging. This paper describes a Bayesian prior in the context of disease outbreak detection. The goal is to provide a meaningful, easy-to-use prior that yields a posterior probability of an outbreak that performs at least as well as a standard frequentist approach. If this goal is achieved, the resulting posterior could be usefully incorporated into a decision analysis about how to act in light of a possible disease outbreak.
Methods: This paper describes a Bayesian method for anomaly detection that combines learning from data with a semi-informative prior probability over patterns of anomalous events. A univariate version of the algorithm is presented here for ease of illustration of the essential ideas. The paper describes the algorithm in the context of disease-outbreak detection, but it is general and can be used in other anomaly detection applications. For this application, the semi-informative prior specifies that an increased count over baseline is expected for the variable being monitored, such as the number of respiratory chief complaints per day at a given emergency department. The semi-informative prior is derived based on the baseline prior, which is estimated from using historical data.
Results: The evaluation reported here used semi-synthetic data to evaluate the detection performance of the proposed Bayesian method and a control chart method, which is a standard frequentist algorithm that is closest to the Bayesian method in terms of the type of data it uses. The disease-outbreak detection performance of the Bayesian method was statistically significantly better than that of the control chart method when proper baseline periods were used to estimate the baseline behavior to avoid seasonal effects. When using longer baseline periods, the Bayesian method performed as well as the control chart method. The time complexity of the Bayesian algorithm is linear in the number of the observed events being monitored, due to a novel, closed-form derivation that is introduced in the paper.
Conclusions: This paper introduces a novel prior probability for Bayesian outbreak detection that is expressive, easy-to-apply, computationally efficient, and performs as well or better than a standard frequentist method.
Towards a Traceable Clinical Guidelines Application
Authors: Domínguez E. , Zapata M. , Pérez B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Objectives: The goal of this research is to provide an overall framework to enable modelbased development of clinical guideline-based decision support systems (GBDSSs). The automatically generated GBDSSs are aimed at providing guided support to the physician during the application of guidelines and automatically storing guideline application data for traceability purposes.
Methods: The development process of a GBDSS for a guideline is based on modeldriven development (MDD) techniques which allow us to carry out such a process automatically, making development more agile and saving on human resource costs. We use UML Statecharts to represent the dynamics of guidelines and, based on this model, we use a MDD-based tool chain to generate the guideline-dependent components of each GBDSS in an automatic way. In particular, as for the traceability capabilities of each GBDSS, MDD techniques are combined with database schema mappings for metadata management in order to automatically generate the GBDSS-persistent component as one of the main contributions of this paper.
Results: The complete framework has been implemented as an Eclipse plug-in named GBDSSGenerator which, starting from the statechart representing a guideline, allows the development process to be carried out automatically by only selecting different menu options the plug-in provides. We have successfully validated our overall approach by generating the GBDSS for different types of clinical guidelines, even for laboratory guidelines.
Conclusions: The proposed framework allows the development of clinical guideline-based decision support systems in an automatic way making this process more agile and saving on human resource costs.
Examining the Effectiveness of Traditional Audiological Assessments for Nursing Home Residents with Dementia-Related Behaviors
Authors: Burkhalter Carmen L. , Allen Rebecca S. , Skaar Denell C. , Crittenden Jessica , Burgio Louis D. 
Published: December 2009

Background: It is currently estimated that the resident population of individuals over the age of 65 living in nursing homes will double by 2020. Nearly one-third of all nursing home residents have difficulty seeing or hearing, 46% have some form of dementia, and 30‐84%
of those with dementia in nursing homes show some form of agitation. Nursing home residents who do not receive appropriate audiological services may experience social isolation, cognitive decline and decreased mobility. Purpose: To examine the effectiveness of standard audiological
testing procedures for nursing home residents and to discuss the purpose of adapting assessment procedures that can lead to more effective audiological assessments for this population. Research Design: A retrospective chart analyses. A 33-item coding form was used to complete descriptive
analysis of original audiological data and demographic data for 307 nursing home residents for a study to examine the effects of auditory stimulation on dementia-related behavior problems exhibited by nursing home residents through audiotape exposure to environmental sounds or soothing voice.
Results: Although 77% (n = 235) of the 307 residents were considered compliant for the testing process and 74% (n = 288) tolerated putting on headphones, audiological assessment using air conduction testing could be completed in both ears on 32% (n =
100) of the residents. In fact, only 5% (n = 16) of the 307 residents were able to complete a full traditional audiometric assessment protocol. Conclusions: Proper identification of hearing impairment through effective and appropriate audiological assessment is crucial for
preserving and enhancing quality-of-life in nursing home residents. This study served as an introduction to the problem of using traditional behavioral testing for hearing assessment of nursing home residents. Much work needs to be done to establish best practices for audiometric assessment
in this population.
Incidence and Risk Factors of HIV-Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: A European Multicohort Study
Authors:   The Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) Study Group, Bohlius Julia , Schmidlin Kurt , Costagliola Dominique , Fätkenheuer Gerd , May Margaret , Caro-Murillo Ana Maria , Mocroft Amanda , Bonnet Fabrice , Clifford Gary , Karafoulidou Anastasia , Miro Jose M , Lundgren Jens , Chene Genevieve , Egger Matthias 
Published: December 2009

Background Incidence and risk factors of HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are not well defined in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Methods A total of 56,305 adult HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients who started cART in 1 of 22 prospective studies in Europe were included. Weibull random effects models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for developing systemic NHL and included CD4+ T-cell counts and viral load as time-updated variables. Results During the 212,042 person-years of follow-up, 521 patients were diagnosed with systemic NHL and 62 with primary brain lymphoma (PBL). The incidence rate of systemic NHL was 463 per 100,000 person-years not on cART and 205 per 100,000 person-years in treated patients for a rate ratio of 0.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37–0.53). The corresponding incidence rates of PBL were 57 and 24 per 100,000 person-years (rate ratio 0.43, 95% CI 0.25-0.73). Suppression of HIV-1 replication on cART (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.44-0.81, comparing ≤500 with 10,000-99,999 copies/ml) and increases in CD4+ T-cell counts (HR 0.30, 0.22-0.42, comparing ≥350 with 100-199 cells/pl) were protective; a history of Kaposi's sarcoma (HR 1.70, 1.08-2.68, compared to no history of AIDS), transmission through sex between men (HR 1.57, 1.19-2.08, compared with heterosexual transmission) and older age (HR 3.71, 2.37-5.80, comparing ≥50 with 16-29 years) were risk factors for systemic NHL. Conclusions The incidence rates of both systemic NHL and PBL were substantially reduced in patients on cART. Timely initiation of therapy is key to the prevention of NHL in the era of cART.
Optimal Length of Antiviral Therapy in Patients with Hepatitis C virus Genotypes 2 and 3: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Slavenburg Serena , Weggelaar Ines , van Oijen Martijn GH , Drenth Joost PH 
Published: December 2009

Background Current guidelines recommend a duration of 24 weeks of treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin for patients infected with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 2 and 3. Several trials investigated whether shorter treatment duration is equally effective in achieving sustained virological response (SVR). Our aim was to determine the optimal length of treatment in patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3. Methods Systematic literature identified eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Meta-analyses were carried out on SVR data from three studies randomized at baseline and five studies randomized at rapid virological response (RVR) to either 12–16 weeks or a 24-week course. Results Pooled SVR data were higher in standard treatment in RCTs that randomized at baseline, with a relative risk (RR) of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76–1.01). The pooled proportion of SVR rates of RCTs that randomized at RVR were similar in the short treatment group (82%) as in the standard treatment (83%), with the pooled effect given by a RR of 1.00 (95% CI 0.92–1.09). Conclusions A shorter course (12–16 weeks) of combination therapy does not impair efficacy compared with a 24-week course in HCV genotypes 2 and 3 patients who achieve an RVR. HCV patients without RVR should consider 24 weeks of treatment.