bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Drying on Soil Strength Parameters
Authors: Camp C. R. , Gill W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of drying on the magnitudes of soil strength parameters C and ϕ was determined for three cohesive soils. Shear strength measurements were made using a modified laboratory triaxial apparatus for three different soil types on samples prepared in the laboratory. All samples of a given soil type were molded at the same soil water content and to the same bulk density. Samples were dried slowly to soil water contents between the 1/3‐bar soil water suction level and air dryness.The criterion used to determine shear was either the development of a definite failure plane or an increase in sample diameter of 0.25 mm (0.010 in), whichever occurred first. Volume change of the sample and the applied axial and radial stresses were measured and recorded continuously throughout a test cycle. Mohr's circles were constructed and the parameters C and ϕ were determined for all samples. The parameters C and ϕ both increased with drying for these soils. Additional studies will be necessary to completely describe the soil shear strength‐drying relationship, or to determine the mechanisms of action which prevail.
Weathering of Mica by Fungi
Authors: Weed S. B. , Davey C. B. , Cook M. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree trioctahedral micas and one dioctahedral mica (1–5µ size fractions) were used as sources of K+ for seven fungi grown in nutrient solution buffered at pH 6. Vermiculite formed from the mica. The mechanism involved was exchange of solution Na+ for mica K+, with the fungi functioning as K+‐sinks. Reducing the concentration of solution Na+ from 0.054M to 0.017M resulted in decreased rate of utilization of mica K+. Growth of fungi and release of K+ were greater for trioctahedral micas than for the dioctahedral mica and generally followed the K+ ease‐of‐release pattern established using sodium tetraphenylboron and NaCl solutions. The fungi differed in their capacities to promote the mica‐to‐vermiculite transition, and this was probably due mainly to their relative effectiveness as K+‐sinks.
Nutrient Interaction Effects on Sucrose Yield of Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris) on a Calcareous Soil
Authors: Fuehring H. D. , Hashimi M. A. , Haddad K. S. , Hussieni K. K. , Makhdoom M. U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThirteen multivariable irrigated field experiments on a calcareous clay soil indicated a high requirement for N, Na, and P for yield levels up to 25.8 mtons of sucrose per ha. Levels of applied Cl, S, Zn, and B needed to be kept low. Partial third‐order regression equations were determined from the central composite, rotatable designs used. Two‐way and three‐way interactions had considerable effect often being considerably more important than the main effects of individual nutrients. Negative interactions of N with S and Zn were reinforced at high Na levels by negative N‐Na‐S and N‐Na‐Zn three‐way interactions. Negative interactions of Na with S, Cl, and Mg, along with the above mentioned three‐way interactions, accounted for most of the positive Na effect. The necessity for high levels of N, P, and Na along with low levels of S and Cl raises the question of what form of Na to apply and how to avoid excess S and Cl. Various interactions affecting the response to Zn, B, K, and Mg require further study.
Neutralizing Soil Acidity under Bermudagrass Sod
Authors: Adams Fred , Pearson R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effectiveness of surface‐applied lime in preventing subsoil acidification from residually acid N sources used on Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) was influenced by (i) soil type, (ii) lime rate, (iii) N source, and (iv) N rate. Lime applied at a rate equivalent to acidity of the N source maintained both pH and exchangeable bases in a loamy sand but not in a clay loam soil. Lime applied at three times the N fertilizer equivalent acidity was more effective in correcting subsoil acidity than were lower rates, and the effect was more pronounced in the coarse‐ than in the fine‐textured soil.Calcium gluconate was highly effective in increasing subsoil pH and exchangeable base level under Coastal bermudagrass but caused an undesirable fungal bloom. Surface‐applied NaNO3 was effective in correcting subsoil acidity in both a coarse‐ and a fine‐textured soil without accumulation of Na, and the effect was relatively uniform throughout the depth of profile sampled (45 cm). Calcium nitrate was also effective in increasing subsoil pH and exchangeable Ca in medium textured soil to a depth of 45 cm, with less pronounced effects down to 75 cm. Residual basicity of Ca(NO3)2, as measured by increase in exchangeable Ca in the soil profile, ranged from 1.7 to 2.5 kg CaCO3 per kg N, depending upon rate of application.
General Soil Map of the United States
Authors: Douglass J. F. , Austin M. E. , Smith Guy D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis map shows the distribution of the principal kinds of soil in the USA as classified in the system currently used by the soil survey. The map can be used only for comparing soils of large areas. It has 331 units defined mostly as associations of phases of great groups. A brief legend on the front of the map explains the colors that distinguish soil orders, lists the symbols for dominant great groups and special features, and includes an introduction to the nomenclature. A detailed legend on the back of the map is arranged alphabetically by great groups within a suborder of each order. The legend provides general definitions for the orders, suborders, and great groups, present dominant land use for the suborders, and approximate equivalent former names for the great groups. The map, scale 1:7,500,000, size 48 by 71 cm, was compiled on the National Atlas base with an Albers equal area projection. The soil information is current as of December 1967. The base map shows state boundaries, major drainages, principal cities, and state experiment stations. The soil map, in color, is for sale by the U. S. Geological Survey, 1200 S. Eads Street, Arlington, Va. 22202.
Predicting Specific Conductance from Electrolytic Properties and Ion Association in Some Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Tanji K. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpecific conductances in aqueous solutions of electrolytes up to 0.1N concentration were predicted with an extended form of the Onsager limiting equation and compared with measured values. For completely dissociated chloride solutions the calculations involved ionic conductance, electrophoretic and relaxation effects, and other electrolytic properties. Incompletely dissociated sulfate solutions required additional considerations of ion association of NaSO4‐, CaSO4°, and MgSO4°. Agreement was good between predicted and accepted literature conductance values. This quantitative description of conductance provides a theoretical explanation of why electrical conductivity underestimates analytically determined solute concentrations in waters and soil solutions containing moderate concentrations of SO42‐.
Bicarbonate Accumulation and pH Changes at the Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Root‐Soil Interface
Authors: Riley D. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigation of the root‐soil interface environment of soybean roots showed an accumulation of HCO3 and an increase in pH as compared to the original soil. The magnitude of the HCO3 accumulation and pH increases was related to the NO3 level of the soil solution. This effect was attributed to a greater uptake of anions than cations by the plant so that HCO3 release maintained electrical neutrality. The pH increased by as much as one unit and HCO3 accumulation was as great as 35 meq/100 g of dry roots.
Drainage and Nutrient Effects in a Field Lysimeter Study: I. Corn Yield and Soil Conditions
Authors: Lal Rattan , Taylor George S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of constant water table (WT) depths, intermittent flooding, two N and two micronutrient (Zn and Cu) levels on corn (Zea mays L.) yields were studied in field lysimeters containing Miami silt loam soil. Constant WT depths were 15 and 30 cm as compared with no WT. Intermittent flooding treatments were 48‐ and 96‐hour periods of weekly flooding for 3 consecutive weeks. All drainage and nutrient treatments had significant and independent effects on corn grain yields. Application of N, Zn and Cu did not offset the detrimental effects of inadequate drainage. Ear leaf concentrations of N and Zn were more significantly correlated with grain yield at lower levels of N and Zn application than at higher ones. Correlation coefficients between grain yield and soil oxygen and between yield and soil carbon dioxide were 0.68 and −0.63, respectively. Soil temperatures at high WT levels were 5 and 6C lower than in well‐drained lysimeters.
Mössbauer Effect in Clay‐Iron Oxide Complexes
Authors: Yassoglou N. J. , Peterson J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClay‐iron oxide complexes were prepared by precipitating iron oxides on kaolinite and bentonite surfaces in acidic suspensions. Mössbauer spectra of these complexes and of a soil clay separate showed measurable absorption of the 14.4 KeV X‐ray of 57mFe. The effect was attributed to 57Fe nuclei precipitated as oxides on the surface of the clay minerals. An increase in the fraction of the gamma rays absorbed without recoil energy loss was observed upon the association of the iron oxide with clay surfaces. The oxalate treatment affected significantly the symmetry of the electrical field around the iron atoms of the complex. The soil clay separate showed resonance absorption both by ferric and ferrous iron. The results show that the chemistry of iron in the soil and of the clay surface may be successfully studied through Mössbauer spectroscopy.
Sulfur Determination in Soil Extracts by an Indirect Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method
Authors: Galindo G. G. , Appelt H. , Schalscha E. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil‐sulfur in Volcanic‐ash derived soils was determined in soil extracts. The sulfur extracted was transformed into sulfate ions and organic matter destroyed by means of a 30% H2O2 solution. Sulfate ions were precipitated with a 15% BaCl2 solution and the precipitate then dissolved in (NH4)2 EDTA, and Barium determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Sulfur recovery was ascertained using an internal standard.
Measuring Unsaturated Soil Moisture Flow With a Meter
Authors: Cary J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA meter for measuring unsaturated soil moisture flow was constructed and tested in the laboratory. The meter was made from a single porous plate mounted in a thin brass cylinder. Flow through the meter was calculated from measurements of hydraulic head loss in the porous ceramic plate. The unit was calibrated in silt loam, silty clay, and loamy sand soils under nonisothermal but steady state conditions. It responded to water vapor flow induced by thermal gradients, as well as to liquid flow. Transient tests made in the silt loam soil indicated that it is possible to calibrate the meter under such conditions. Design analysis indicates that increasing the length of the cylinder reduces the sensitivity of the meter's calibration to changes in soil moisture content.
Effect of the Sol‐Gel Transformation in Clay‐Water Systems on Biological Activity: I. Seed Germination and Bacterial Thermogenesis
Authors: Lee K. W. , Davey B. G. , Low P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGels containing 4, 6 and 8% Na‐ or Na/Al‐clay (Na‐clay with hydrous aluminum oxide impurity) were extruded through a 20‐gauge hypodermic needle into petri dishes. Half of the petri dishes were tapped on the laboratory bench to disturb the gels within them. Then all of the gel surfaces were smoothed with a spatula and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds were placed on them. It was found that the lettuce seeds germinated faster on the disturbed gels.In a second experiment, gels containing 4% Na‐ or Na/Al‐clay were mixed with nutrient medium and inoculated with the bacterium Streptococcus faecalis. Then the inoculated gels were extruded through a 20‐gauge hypodermic needle into pairs of calorimetric cells. Before inserting the cells into the Calvert calorimeter, one member of each pair was tapped to disturb the gel within it. It was found that bacterial heat production was greater in the disturbed gels than in the undisturbed ones.In a third experiment, Na‐ or Na/Al‐clay sols and gels were mixed with nutrient medium, inoculated and, extruded into pairs of calorimetric cells, as before. This time, neither cell was tapped to disturb its contents. But the concentration of clay in one was different from that in the other. It was found that there was a difference in heat production within the cells when one contained a sol and the other a gel. Other work has shown that a disturbance tends to transform a clay gel to a clay sol. Hence, the present experiments indicate that biological activity is different in a clay gel than in a clay sol.
Zinc, Phosphorus, and Lime Interactions With Yield and Zinc Uptake by Phaseolus Vulgaris
Authors: Melton J. R. , Ellis B. G. , Doll E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree levels of Zn (0, 7.5, and 15 pp2m) were added to each of 20 Michigan soils, which varied in pH and texture, and three successive crops of pea beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. ‘Sanilac,’ were grown in the greenhouse. Lime was applied to 5 of the 20 soils for the second crop and to 13 soils for the third crop. A heavy P application (500 pp2m P) was made on all soils prior to the second crop. The heavy P application generally induced a greater Zn deficiency on soils testing above pH 7.0 which contained free CaCO3. Pea bean growth was reduced by both Zn deficiency (below 20 ppm Zn in tissue) and toxicity (above 50 ppm Zn in tissue). Yields on the acid soils were generally decreased when Zn was applied; however, liming these same soils could induce Zn deficiency.
Cave Features: Information Concerning the Nature and Genesis of Soils
Authors: Fanning D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation about soils may be obtained from speleology, the study of caves. Some caves are shallow enough for roots of surface plants to be present in them. Cave maps and the distribution of stalactites on cave ceilings show that rock structure strongly controls the pattern of water movement through soil‐rock columns. Relatively pure samples of some secondary minerals, formed at temperatures similar to those in the lower parts of overlying soils, may be obtained from caves. Dolomite seldom forms in caves, but calcite and aragonite are common. Impurities, including quartz, clay minerals, and iron oxides, are present in carbonate speleothems. Many speleothems have repeating growth increments (segments, rings). Some of these may be annual. When understood, they may give clues to, and dramatically portray, seasonal changes in the rate of flow and the composition of percolating waters. Studies of percolating waters from undisturbed soil‐rock columns could be made using caves, but it would be difficult to tell what area and volume of soil and rock contributed to the percolate.
Dust Deposition in Relation to Site, Season, and Climatic Variables
Authors: Smith R. M. , Twiss P. C. , Krauss Roland K. , Brown Merle J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMean monthly dust deposition into standard traps for 14–37 mo at 14 locally nondusty sites east of the Rocky Mountains ranged from 17–459 kg/ha (15–410 lb/acre). Analyses of variance for 13 sites over 27 mo showed significant differences in dust rates, pH, oxidizable matter, and percent clay for sites and for months.Some late fall and winter months showed significantly lower rates than late spring and summer. The silt plus sand fraction tended to be lower and the percentages of oxidizables were higher for low deposition rates and eastern sites. pH decreased, generally, from west to east. Grass phytoliths were prominent. Illite and kaolinite were dominant over montmorillonite in clay fractions.Correlation analyses showed positive relations between dust deposition rates and some power of average monthly wind velocity either near the stations or for western Kansas winds. Rainfall parameters tended to correlate positively with dust catch at most stations and at all stations combined, suggesting that considerable sediment is carried down by rainfall. Deposition rates were positively correlated among sites.Multiple regression equations for predicting monthly dust deposition, using wind, rainfall, and season parameters, seem useful at several locations.
Dermatitis Caused by Sponge Spicules in Soil
Authors: Stone E. L. , Dawson J. E. , de Zeeuw Carl 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSharp pointed sponge spicules occur in certain soil types formed from lacustrine mineral or organic sediments, or from weathered limestones. Occasionally the spicules are sufficiently abundant to cause discomfort and skin rashes in persons exposed to soil contact.
Self‐Diffusion of P in Kaolinite Treated With Ca or NH4 Salts and With an Organic Dye
Authors: Peaslee D. E. , Phillips R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelf‐diffusion coefficients of P ranged from 2.9 to 16.4 × 10‐8 cm2 sec‐1 in kaolinite clay that received treatments of salts and differing rates of gallein, an organic dye. The presence of 7.75 me/100 g clay of the NO3‐, Cl‐ or SO42‐ salts of Ca or NH4 significantly decreased the diffusion coefficients of phosphorus from those of the untreated clay. Sulfate decreased the coefficients the least; coefficients in the presence of NO3‐ and Cl‐ were similar, but significantly less than in the presence of SO42‐. The self‐diffusion coefficients in the presence of the Ca‐salts were significantly larger than those in the presence of the NH4‐salts. When up to 5.2 m moles of gallein dye per 100 g of clay were added prior to the addition of P, diffusion coefficients increased in a linear manner. The effect of the dye was somewhat less when added after the addition of the P. The increases and decreases in diffusion coefficients induced by the treatments were reflected in changes in water‐soluble P in the treated clay. Phosphorus was added to the kaolinite clay at the rate of 160 ppm for all treatments of salts and dye.
Effect of Manure Application, Aeration, and Soil pH on Soil Nitrogen Transformations and on Certain Soil Test Values
Authors: Olsen R. J. , Hensler R. F. , Attoe O. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrate production under aerobic conditions was directly related to rate of manure application, period of incubation, and soil pH but was stopped under anaerobic conditions. Average recovery by chemical analysis of N applied as manure to a Plainfield sand at relatively high rates and incubated for 37 weeks was 77% for aerobic conditions and 24% for anaerobic conditions. The addition of manure tended to increase soil pH and the contents of organic N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, particularly at the higher rates. They also increased the field moisture capacity of a Plainfield sand. However, on an acid Ella loamy sand the two highest rates of manure caused a reduction of the values for field moisture capacity, apparently the result of formation of a waxy material that tended to repel water absorption.
The Use of Gas‐Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Sugars Extracted from Soils by Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Oades J. M. , Kirkman M. A. , Wagner G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA quantitative procedure was developed for the determination of soil sugars by gas‐liquid chromatography of the acetate derivatives of the alditols obtained by reduction of the sugars. Myoinositol or quebrachitol was used as an internal standard during the production of alditol acetates and their separation by gas‐liquid chromatography.Sugars were isolated from soil hydrolysates by neutralization of the acid and precipitation of the sulfate using strontium carbonate. The filtrates were evaporated to dryness and the sugars extracted using methanol.The release of monosaccharides from soils using H2SO4 was studied and conditions of hydrolysis are recommended which depend on the nature of the soil and the purpose of the investigation.
Weight Loss on Ignition and K Fixation in Clays
Authors: Davis C. E. , Ahmad N. , Jones Robert L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA significant correlation (r2 = 0.65***) was obtained for K‐fixation and loss on ignition in a number of soil clays of contrasting mineralogy and reference clay minerals when samples treated with K were heated hydrothermally (moisture saturated environment) and by dry heat from 100C to 380C. LOI (loss on ignition) values decreased with increase in temperature from 100C to 380C. At 100C, lower LOI values were obtained by hydrothermal treatment compared to dry heat but this was reversed at 200C. At 380C hydrothermal treatment resulted in lower LOI than dry heat for a high montmorillonite soil low in free Fe2O3, but there was little difference in the treatments for a montmorillonite soil high in free Fe2O3 and for soils rich in kaolinite. Loss on ignition was not markedly affected by the treatments for an illitic soil.For high montmorillonite soils greater K fixation resulted from dry heat treatment at 100C but at higher temperatures, hydrothermal treatment was more effective. At higher temperatures, the dominantly kaolinite clays fixed more K in response to dry heat. Hydrothermal treatment (380C) was only heat treatment that promoted fixation in an illitic soil.
Evaluation of the Intrinsic‐Penetrability and ‐Diffusivity Concepts To Predict Horizontal Infiltration in Porous Media
Authors: Mustafa M. A. , Letey J. , Watson C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe equations λ = λi[(γ/η) cos H]½ and D = Di[(γ/η) cos H] have been presented to describe the effect of surface tension, γ, viscosity, η, and solid‐liquid contact angle, H, on penetrability, λ, and diffusivity D, where λi and Di are the intrinsic penetrability and diffusivity, respectively. The equations were tested by studying horizontal liquid‐infiltration at 2 mbars suction of nine organic liquids and 0.01N CaSO4 in glass beads, Pachappa clay loam, and a water‐repellent soil. The equations were found to describe infiltration quite well for all liquids studied in glass beads and Pachappa soil. The equations apply to organic liquids but not to 0.01N CaSO4 in a water‐repellent soil.