bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retromammary Approach for Endoscopic Resection of Benign Breast Lesions
Authors: Liu Hsien , Huang Chih‐Kun , Yu Po‐Chin , Chen Hsin‐Pao , Hsieh Pei‐Min , Hung Kao‐Chen , Hung Chao‐Ming , Chen Yaw‐Sen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundOne of the merits of endoscopic surgery is that it can be performed through small remote incisions made in inconspicuous areas. To improve cosmetic outcomes of surgical treatment of benign breast lesions, we performed endoscopic surgery through minimally sized axillary incisions with the goal of achieving scar‐free breasts.MethodsFrom August 2007 to August 2008, 18 patients with 20 benign breast lesions underwent endoscopic breast excision in our institution. Endoscopic resection of benign breast lesions was performed via the retromammary route with video assistance. Cosmetic results were evaluated using the five‐item, four‐step ABNSW scoring system, assessing breast asymmetry, breast shape, nipple shape, skin condition, and wound scars.ResultsThe median age of the patients was 27 years (IQR 23.0, 29.0). Median resected lesion size was 3.3 cm (IQR 2.9, 3.9). Median operative time was 85.0 min (IQR 70.0, 100.0). A marginally significant difference in operative times was noted between fibroadenoma and/or juvenile fibroadenoma cases and mastopathy or benign phyllodes cases (80.0 vs. 100.0; p < 0.06). Median total ABNSW score was 14 points. Postoperatively, 5 patients had mild local subcutaneous emphysema, and one had transient brachial palsy. No breast ecchymosis or deformity was noted. No major complications developed in any patient, and 89% of patients had good or excellent results.ConclusionsVideo‐assisted endoscopic breast surgery has changed routine breast surgery, manifesting cosmetic effects that cannot be achieved by previous routine surgical techniques. Patients with multiple or large benign tumors who desire excellent cosmetic results are good candidates for this approach.
A Phase I Study of Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Early Breast Cancer in Japan
Authors: Sawaki Masataka , Sato Shigenori , Kikumori Toyone , Ishihara Shunichi , Aoyama Yuichi , Itoh Yoshiyuki , Nakao Akimasa , Imai Tsuneo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe present study was designed to identify the optimal intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) dose for early breast cancer in Japanese women.MethodsA phase I study was designed using a scheme of dose‐escalation from 19, 20, and 21 Gy at 90% isodose. The primary endpoint was early toxicity. Secondary endpoints were efficacy for a long period and late toxicity. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) tumor size <2.5 cm, (2) age >50 years, (3) surgical margin >1 cm, (4) intraoperative pathologically free margins, (5) written informed consent. Exclusion criteria were (1) contraindication to radiation therapy, (2) extensive intraductal component. Partial resection was performed with at least a 1‐cm margin around the tumor. Radiation was delivered directly to the mammary gland employing a MOBETRON device. Toxicity was evaluated with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3.0.ResultsFrom December 2007 to September 2008, 9 patients were enrolled in the study. The first three patients received a radiation dose of 19 Gy. Within 3 months toxicity in each case was deep connective tissue fibrosis (grade 1: 2/3, grade 2: 1/3). The next three patients received a dose of 20 Gy and had toxicities of deep connective tissue fibrosis (grade 1: 3/3), hematoma (grade 1: 2/3), infection in the musculoskeletal soft tissue (grade 1: 2/3), and soft tissue necrosis (grade 2: 1/3). The final three patients received a dose of 21 Gy and had toxicities of deep connective tissue fibrosis (grade 1: 2/3), hematoma (grade 1: 1/3), infection in the musculoskeletal soft tissue (grade 1: 1/3), and soft tissue necrosis (grade 2: 2/3).ConclusionsThe IORT treatment was tolerated very well in Japanese women, and we now recommend the dose of 21 Gy.
Chronic Schistosomiasis Japonica is an Independent Adverse Prognostic Factor for Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Who Have Undergone Hepatic Resection: Clinicopathological and Prognostic Analysis of 198 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Matsuda Masanori , Fujii Hideki 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe present study was carried out to clarify the clinicopathological features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with chronic schistosomiasis japonica (SJ) who underwent hepatic resection. Furthermore, we also analyzed the impact of chronic SJ on survival after hepatic resection.MethodsDuring the last 10 years in our department, 198 patients have undergone hepatic resection for HCC. Forty‐four patients were diagnosed as having chronic SJ by histological examination. Clinicopathological features and survival were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsAge in the SJ group was significantly higher than in the non‐SJ group. In the SJ group, positivity to HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) was significantly lower than in the non‐SJ group, and patients more often developed intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (or cholangiolocellular carcinoma) than in the non‐SJ group. Greatest tumor dimension in the SJ group was significantly larger than in the non‐SJ group. Univariate analysis revealed that chronic SJ, prothrombin time 80% or less and Child‐Pugh B, des‐γ‐carboxyprothrombin (DCP) level >40 milli‐arbitrary units (mAU)/ml, tumor diameter of more than 5.0 cm, multiple tumors, vascular invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, advanced T stage (T2–4), and non‐curative resection were associated with significantly worse overall survival. By multivariate analysis, chronic SJ, Child‐Pugh B, advanced T stage, and non‐curative resection were independent predictors of the adverse overall survival of HCC patients after hepatic resection.ConclusionsPatients with chronic SJ were older, had larger HCC, and were more often complicated by cholangiocellular carcinoma (or cholangiolocellular carcinoma) than non‐SJ patients. Chronic SJ was an independent adverse prognostic factor for survival after hepatic resection in HCC patients.
On Plate Identification of Coexisting Polyoxyethylene (20) Stearyl Ether, Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride, Tetradecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide and Polyoxyethylene (9.5) Octyl Phenyl Ether Surfactants with Preliminary Separation by Planar Chromatography
Authors: Mohammad Ali , Bhawani Showkat Ahmad 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSeparation studies of four surfactants (nonionic and cationic) were performed on silica high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic plates with various solvent systems. The most useful chromatographic system for the mutual separation of coexisting polyoxyethylene (20) stearyl ether (C18EO20), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB) and polyoxyethylene (9.5), octyl phenyl ether (OPEO9.5) was formamide + 1 M formic acid (50:50 v/v). The nature of ‘H’ and ‘H+’ of formic acid (H–COO−H+) on the mobility of these surfactants was studied. The interference due to the presence of metal cations as impurities on the resolution of mixture of C18EO20, CPC, TTAB and OPEO9.5 was also examined. The limits of detection of C18EO20, CPC, TTAB and OPEO9.5 estimated were 0.0620, 0.0310, 0.0625 and 0.0312 μg/zone, respectively. The practical applicability of the proposed method was tested for the identification of four coexisting surfactants after their separation from the spiked aqueous systems.
Bloom Formation on Poorly‐Tempered Chocolate and Effects of Seed Addition
Authors: Kinta Yasuyoshi , Hartel Richard W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBloom on chocolate with different levels of cocoa butter seed addition was investigated. When insufficient cocoa butter seed crystals were added to give proper temper, the chocolate developed bloom as dark brown spheres in lighter color areas, similar to that seen in bloom on untempered chocolate. These dark colored spheres overlapped and the lighter color areas disappeared with increasing seed amount added. The relationship between seed amount and lighter color area (bloom), as quantified by image analysis, showed that over 270 ppm seeds (fat basis) were needed to accomplish good tempering. The cocoa butter crystallization behavior with various amounts of seed was observed by light microscopy. Too few seeds caused sparse β crystallization and massive β′ crystallization, which explains the appearance of poorly tempered chocolate bloom. As seed amount increased, β crystallization of cocoa butter took less time to reach the upper level of solid fat content and the size became smaller. In addition, DSC analysis was carried out to study crystallization and melting behavior of cocoa butter with different seed amounts. Higher levels of added seeds resulted in greater amounts of β crystal formation and the crystallization temperature increased, which meant crystallization occurred earlier. These results showed that the mechanism of bloom formation on poorly tempered chocolate (insufficient seeds) is due to sufficient time and space for phase (particles and fat) separation as the stable polymorphs grow.
Supplier–supplier relationships in buyer–supplier–supplier triads: Implications for supplier performance
Authors: Wu Zhaohui , Choi Thomas Y. , Rungtusanatham M. Johnny 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA growing number of studies and evidence from industries suggest that, besides managing the relationship with its suppliers, a buyer needs to proactively manage the relationships between those suppliers. In a buyer–supplier–supplier relationship triad, the buyer, as the contracting entity, influences the suppliers’ behaviors and the relationship between them. By considering the relationships in such a triad, we are able to gain a richer and more realistic perspective of buyer–supplier relationships. In this study, our goal is to examine supplier–supplier relationships in buyer–supplier–supplier triads, focusing on how such relationships impact the supplier performance. We frame the supplier–supplier relationship as co‐opetition—one in which competing suppliers work together to meet the buyer's requirements. We investigate the role of the buyer on such relationships, and how the buyer and co‐opetitive supplier–supplier relationships affect supplier performance. We find mixed empirical support for our hypotheses. However, we are able to demonstrate the dynamics of supplier–supplier co‐opetition in the buyer–supplier–supplier triad. We point out the need for further studies in this area.
Diffusion and the formation of vorticity staircases in randomly strained two-dimensional vortices
Authors: TURNER MATTHEW R. , BASSOM ANDREW P. , GILBERT ANDREW D. 
Published: September 2009

The spreading and diffusion of two-dimensional vortices subject to weak external random strain fields is examined. The response to such a field of given angular frequency depends on the profile of the vortex and can be calculated numerically. An effective diffusivity can be determined as a function of radius and may be used to evolve the profile over a long time scale, using a diffusion equation that is both nonlinear and non-local. This equation, containing an additional smoothing parameter, is simulated starting with a Gaussian vortex. Fine scale steps in the vorticity profile develop at the periphery of the vortex and these form a vorticity staircase. The effective diffusivity is high in the steps where the vorticity gradient is low: between the steps are barriers characterized by low effective diffusivity and high vorticity gradient. The steps then merge before the vorticity is finally swept out and this leaves a vortex with a compact core and a sharp edge. There is also an increase in the effective diffusion within an encircling surf zone.In order to understand the properties of the evolution of the Gaussian vortex, an asymptotic model first proposed by Balmforth, Llewellyn Smith & Young (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 426, 2001, p. 95) is employed. The model is based on a vorticity distribution that consists of a compact vortex core surrounded by a skirt of relatively weak vorticity. Again simulations show the formation of fine scale vorticity steps within the skirt, followed by merger. The diffusion equation we develop has a tendency to generate vorticity steps on arbitrarily fine scales; these are limited in our numerical simulations by smoothing the effective diffusivity over small spatial scales.
Transhydrogenase and the anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism of adultHymenolepis diminuta
Authors: FIORAVANTI C. F. , VANDOCK K. P. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYThe adult cestode,Hymenolepis diminuta, is essentially anaerobic energetically. Carbohydrate dissimilation results in acetate, lactate and succinate accumulation with succinate being the major end product. Succinate accumulation results from the anaerobic, mitochondrial, ‘malic’ enzyme-dependent utilization of malate coupled to ATP generation via the electron transport-linked fumarate reductase. A lesser peroxide-forming oxidase is apparent, however, fumarate reduction to succinate predominates even in air. TheH. diminutamatrix-localized ‘malic’ enzyme is NADP-specific whereas the inner membrane (IM)-associated electron transport system prefers NADH. This dilemma is circumvented by the mitochondrial, IM-associated NADPH→NAD+transhydrogenase in catalyzing hydride ion transfer from NADPH to NAD+on the IM matrix surface. Hydride transfer is reversible and phospholipid-dependent. NADP+reduction occurs as a non energy-linked and energy-linked reaction with the latter requiring electron transport NADH utilization or ATP hydrolysis. With NAD+reduction, the cestode transhydrogenase also engages in concomitant proton translocation from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and supports net ATP generation. Thus, the cestode NADPH→NAD+system can serve not only as a metabolic connector, but an additional anaerobic phosphorylation site. Although its function(s) is unknown, a separate IM-associated NADH→ NAD+transhydrogenation, catalyzed by the lipoamide and NADH dehydrogenases, is noted.
Evidence for high levels of vertical transmission in Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: HIDE G. , MORLEY E. K. , HUGHES J. M. , GERWASH O. , ELMAHAISHI M. S. , ELMAHAISHI K. H. , THOMASSON D. , WRIGHT E. A. , WILLIAMS R. H. , MURPHY R. G. , SMITH J. E. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondii is a highly ubiquitous and prevalent parasite. Despite the cat being the only definitive host, it is found in almost all geographical areas and warm blooded animals. Three routes of transmission are recognised: ingestion of oocysts shed by the cat, carnivory and congenital transmission. In natural populations, it is difficult to establish the relative importance of these routes. This paper reviews recent work in our laboratory which suggests that congenital transmission may be much more important than previously thought. Using PCR detection of the parasite, studies in sheep show that congenital transmission may occur in as many as 66% of pregnancies. Furthermore, in families of sheep on the same farm, exposed to the same sources of oocysts, significant divergent prevalences of Toxoplasma infection and abortion are found between different families. The data suggest that breeding from infected ewes increases the risk of subsequent abortion and infection in lambs. Congenital transmission rates in a natural population of mice were found to be 75%. Interestingly, congenital transmission rates in humans were measured at 19·8%. The results presented in these studies differ from those of other published studies and suggest that vertical transmission may be much more important than previously thought.
Characterization of spliced leader genes of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri: phylogeographical analysis of Brazilian isolates from cattle supports spatial clustering of genotypes and parity with ribosomal markers
Authors: RODRIGUES A. C. , GARCIA H. A. , BATISTA J. S. , MINERVINO A. H. H. , GÓES-CAVALCANTE G. , MAIA DA SILVA F. , FERREIRA R. C. , CAMPANER M. , PAIVA F. , TEIXEIRA M. M. G. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYTrypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri from cattle and trypanosomes of other artiodactyls form a clade of closely related species in analyses using ribosomal sequences. Analysis of polymorphic sequences of a larger number of trypanosomes from broader geographical origins is required to evaluate the clustering of isolates as suggested by previous studies. Here, we determined the sequences of the spliced leader (SL) genes of 21 isolates from cattle and 2 from water buffalo from distant regions of Brazil. Analysis of SL gene repeats revealed that the 5S rRNA gene is inserted within the intergenic region. Phylogeographical patterns inferred using SL sequences showed at least 5 major genotypes of T. theileri distributed in 2 strongly divergent lineages. Lineage TthI comprises genotypes IA and IB from buffalo and cattle, respectively, from the Southeast and Central regions, whereas genotype IC is restricted to cattle from the Southern region. Lineage TthII includes cattle genotypes IIA, which is restricted to the North and Northeast, and IIB, found in the Centre, West, North and Northeast. PCR-RFLP of SL genes revealed valuable markers for genotyping T. theileri. The results of this study emphasize the genetic complexity and corroborate the geographical structuring of T. theileri genotypes found in cattle.
Moving towards an integrated approach to molecular detection and identification ofToxoplasma gondii
Authors: SU C. , SHWAB E. K. , ZHOU P. , ZHU X. Q. , DUBEY J. P. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYThe development of simple, sensitive and rapid methods for the detection and identification ofToxoplasma gondiiis important for the diagnosis and epidemiological studies of the zoonotic disease toxoplasmosis. In the past 2 decades, molecular methods based on a variety of genetic markers have been developed, each with its advantages and limitations. The application of these methods has generated invaluable information to enhance our understanding of the epidemiology, population genetics and phylogeny ofT. gondii. However, since most studies focused solely on the detection but not genetic characterization ofT. gondii, the information obtained was limited. In this review, we discuss some widely used molecular methods and propose an integrated approach for the detection and identification ofT. gondii, in order to generate maximum information for epidemiological, population and phylogenetic studies of this key pathogen.
Biological invasion and parasitism: invaders do not suffer from physiological alterations of the acanthocephalanPomphorhynchus laevis
Authors: CORNET S. , SORCI G. , MORET Y. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYBiological invasions expose parasites to new invasive hosts in addition to their local hosts. However, local parasites are often less successful in infecting and exploiting their new hosts. This may have major consequences for the competitive ability of hosts, and finally on the fate of the parasite-host community. In Burgundy (Eastern France), the acanthocephalan parasite,Pomphorhynchus laevis, infects 2 amphipod species living in sympatry: the nativeGammarus pulexand the invasiveGammarus roeseli. WhileP. laevisaffects the behaviour and the immunity ofG. pulex,G. roeseliseems unaffected by the infection. In this study, we examined in detail the ability of the parasite to affect the immune system and resource storage of both gammarid species. We found that the infection was associated with a general decrease of the prophenoloxidase activity, haemocyte density, resistance to an artificial bacterial infection and level of sugar reserves inG. pulex, but not inG. roeseli. These results demonstrate a differential ability ofP. laevisto exploit its local and its invasive gammarid hosts. Potential mechanisms of these differential physiological alterations and their potential consequences on the coexistence of both gammarid species in sympatry are discussed.
Occurrence and molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumspp. genotypes in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeusL.) in Germany
Authors: DYACHENKO V. , KUHNERT Y. , SCHMAESCHKE R. , ETZOLD M. , PANTCHEV N. , DAUGSCHIES A. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYJuvenile hedgehogs having insufficient body weight are often brought for overwintering to hedgehog rehabilitation centres. Faecal samples of juvenile hedgehogs and overwintering hedgehogs (n=188) collected prior to releasing them back into the wilderness were examined for the presence ofCryptosporidiumcoproantigen and oocysts. Altogether 56 (29·8%) submitted samples were positive for coproantigen. Forty-five (39·5%,n=114) of the positive samples originated from newly rescued hedgehogs, while 11 (14·8%,n=74) positive samples were from animals that spent several months at the station. Fifteen samples subjected to PCR-RFLP analysis on the partial 18S rRNA locus suggested the presence ofC. parvum. Multilocus sequence typing on partial 60 kDa glycoprotein gene, 18S rRNA, actin gene, 70 kDa heat shock protein gene sequences revealed 3 different subtype families: IIa, IIc and a new, proposed as VIIa subtype family.Cryptosporidiumsp. genotype belonging to VIIa subtype family is closely related toC. parvumbut is genetically distinct being probably a hedgehog-specificCryptosporidiumsp. genotype with unknown zoonotical potential. Hedgehogs excretingCryptosporidiumoocysts represent a potential source for human infections, but also an anthroponotic nature of the IIc subtype family should be reviewed.
Infection success of different trematode genotypes in two alternative intermediate hosts: evidence for intraspecific specialization?
Authors: LEUNG T. L. F. , POULIN R. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYThe evolution of host specificity and the potential trade-off between being a generalist and a specialist are central issues in the evolutionary ecology of parasites. Different species of parasites or even different populations of the same species often show different degrees of host specificity. However, less is known about intraspecific variation in host specificity within a population. We investigated intraspecific variation by experimentally exposing cercariae from different clones of the trematodeCurtuteria australisto two species of second intermediate hosts, the New Zealand cockleAustrovenus stutchburyiand the wedge shellMacomona liliana. We found an overall difference in infection success between the two bivalve species, withA. stutchburyibeing the more heavily infected host. However, the cercariae showed a consistent preference for encysting at the tip of the bivalve's foot, regardless of host species. Importantly, there were no significant differences among parasite clones in either relative infection success in the two hosts or preference for the host foot tip. This lack of intraspecific variation may be due to the life-history traits of both parasite and hosts in our system, which may limit opportunities for variation in performance and exploitation strategies in different hosts to evolve within the population.