bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Biology of Erythrina falcata (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae)1
Authors: Etcheverry Angela V. , Alemán Carlos E. Trucco 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTReproductive phenology, floral biology, degree of self‐incompatibility, and floral visitors of Erythrina falcata were studied in an Argentinean population. Flowering occurs during the dry season from late August to late October. Flower lifetime is 5–6 d. Phylogenetic studies indicate that E. falcata, together with E. fusca and E. crista‐galli, are included in a basal clade within Erythrina. Its phylogenetic position, floral morphology, and nectar characteristics suggest a hummingbird–passerine mixed pollination system. The flowers are nontubular, and the vexillum (the upper petal of the corolla) covers the other remaining floral parts until displaced by a visiting passerine (Icterus cayanensis) or a hummingbird (Amazilia chionogaster). Both birds act as pollen vectors. Bees were observed as occasional pollinators. Nectar production begins at anther dehiscence and coincides with maximum stigmatic receptivity. The base of the keel forms a secondary nectar reservoir. Controlled pollinations showed that this species is self‐incompatible, although a few fruits develop from selfing. Pollen:ovule ratio (43,200:7) is as expected for a xenogamous plant. Only 1 percent of the flowers set seeds under natural conditions. Possible explanations for the low reproductive success are discussed.
Woody Debris in the Mangrove Forests of South Florida1
Authors: Krauss Ken W. , Doyle Thomas W. , Twilley Robert R. , Smith Thomas J. , Whelan Kevin R.T. , Sullivan Jason K. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWoody debris is abundant in hurricane‐impacted forests. With a major hurricane affecting South Florida mangroves approximately every 20 yr, carbon storage and nutrient retention may be influenced greatly by woody debris dynamics. In addition, woody debris can influence seedling regeneration in mangrove swamps by trapping propagules and enhancing seedling growth potential. Here, we report on line‐intercept woody debris surveys conducted in mangrove wetlands of South Florida 9–10 yr after the passage of Hurricane Andrew. The total volume of woody debris for all sites combined was estimated at 67 m3/ha and varied from 13 to 181 m3/ha depending upon differences in forest height, proximity to the storm, and maximum estimated wind velocities. Large volumes of woody debris were found in the eyewall region of the hurricane, with a volume of 132 m3/ha and a projected woody debris biomass of approximately 36 t/ha. Approximately half of the woody debris biomass averaged across all sites was associated as small twigs and branches (fine woody debris), since coarse woody debris >7.5 cm felled during Hurricane Andrew was fairly well decomposed. Much of the small debris is likely to be associated with post‐hurricane forest dynamics. Hurricanes are responsible for large amounts of damage to mangrove ecosystems, and components of associated downed wood may provide a relative index of disturbance for mangrove forests. Here, we suggest that a fine:coarse woody debris ratio ≤0.5 is suggestive of a recent disturbance in mangrove wetlands, although additional research is needed to corroborate such findings.
Epigaeic Invertebrates as Potential Ecological Indicators of Afromontane Forest Condition in South Africa1
Authors: Lawes Michael J. , Kotze D. Johan , Bourquin Sven L. , Morris Craig 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTForest condition and the associated ecological processes vital for forest patch persistence are difficult to judge rapidly and time‐consuming to sample. Here we examine the efficacy of epigaeic invertebrate species as ecological indicators of Afromontane forest condition. Epigaeic invertebrates are potentially good ecological indicators because they play an important role in maintaining ecosystem processes, such as nutrient cycling, rely almost entirely upon the resources provided by the organic leaf litter layer, are known to be sensitive to environmental changes, and are easily surveyed. Epigaeic invertebrate communities were sampled using pitfall traps for 21 days in each of 11 forests that spanned a gradient from large and relatively undisturbed to small and highly disturbed forest patches. Using canonical correspondence analysis, we identified a suite of potential ecological indicator species (eight out of 140 species) and showed that gradients in their population response (abundance) reflect overall forest condition, as judged from the correlated vegetation indicators and position of the forests of varying condition along this gradient. The abundance of all but two of the eight indicator species (a spider and the landhopper,Talitriator africana[Amphipoda]) decreased with increasing disturbance. As a group, the rove beetles (Staphylinidae) show promise as ecological indicators and comprised four of the eight potential indicators species. A strong case is also made for a single‐species ecological indicator in the form ofT. africana, which is a robust and sensitive indicator of poor forest condition.
Models of funding and reimbursement in health care: A conceptual framework
Authors: Deber Raisa , Hollander Marcus J. , Jacobs Philip 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: What is the best way to pay providers to deliver health services? The research evidence strongly suggests that there is no single answer; rather, one must consider the incentives and disincentives inherent in alternative health‐care funding models. This article suggests a conceptual framework for categorizing payment mechanisms that highlights different policy options and their associated tradeoffs. It concentrates on the following: distinctions between need, demand, and utilization as they affect the rationale for government involvement; models of the possible funding flows (two‐way, three‐way, and four‐way) as they affect policy levers; and implications of various approaches to payment. The framework is then used to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of particular approaches to financing health care and to clarify the tradeoffs involved.Sommaire:
Quel est le meilleur moyen de payer les fournisseurs pour leur prestation de services de santé? Les données probantes de la recherche laissent fortement entendre qu'il n'existe pas une seule et unique réponse; il faut plutôt tenir compte des incitatifs et des désincitatifs inhérents aux autres modèles de financement des soins de santé. Pour classer par catégories les mécanismes de paiement, le présent article propose un cadre conceptuel qui souligne différentes options de politiques et les compromis qui leur sont associés. Il se concentre sur : les distinctions entre besoin, demande et utilisation qui ont une incidence sur la justification de l'intervention du gouvernement; les modèles des flux de financement possibles (à deux, trois et quatre directions) qui ont une incidence sur les leviers politiques; et les implications de diverses approches à l'égard du paiement. Le cadre est alors utilisé pour préciser les avantages et les inconvénients des approches particulières concernant le financement des soins de santé, et pour clarifier les compromis impliqués.
Re‐thinking local autonomy: Perceptions from four rural municipalities
Authors: Jacob Benoy , Lipton Becky , Hagens Victoria , Reimer Bill 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Led by larger urban municipalities, the current municipal reform agenda in Canada places considerable emphasis on the issue of local autonomy. This article looks at how this agenda might affect smaller rural municipalities, since the assumption seems to be that one can simply re‐size and re‐shape policy prescriptions from urban and suburban contexts to fit rural areas. Drawing on the lessons learned from an eight‐year project titled “Understanding the New Rural Economy: Options and Choices,” the authors argue that autonomy is only valuable in relation to a locality's capacity to take advantage of new powers and that rural capacities are very different from those of their urban counterparts. The authors present a conceptual framework in which capacity is a dynamic and multidimensional entity of which autonomy is a necessary, though not sufficient, condition. This framework is then employed to explore four rural Canadian municipalities. This study is the first to consider traditional administrative reforms in a rural context. Employing a case‐study methodology, the authors found four dimensions of capacity that may support changes to local autonomy: strategic planning, citizen participation and support, expertise, and access to revenues.Sommaire :
Dirigé par les plus grandes municipalités urbaines, le programme actuel des réformes municipales au Canada met une emphase considérable sur la question de l'autonomie locale. Le présent article porte sur la manière dont ce programme pourrait avoir une incidence sur les plus petites municipalités rurales, étant donné que l'hypothèse semble être qu'il est tout simplement possible de redimensionner et refondre les prescriptions de politiques de contextes urbains et suburbains pour qu'elles s'adaptent aux régions rurales. Tirant des enseignements d'un projet sur huit ans intitulé“Comprendre la nouvelle économie rurale : options et choix” (NER), l'article prétend que l'autonomie est seulement intéressante en ce qui concerne la capacité d'une localitéà tirer parti de nouveaux pouvoirs et que les capacités rurales sont très différentes des capacités urbaines. Les auteurs présentent un cadre conceptuel où la capacité est une entité dynamique et multi‐dimensionnelle dont l'autonomie est une condition nécessaire mais pas suffisante. Ce cadre est alors employé pour étudier à fond quatre municipalités rurales canadiennes. L'article est la première étude à envisager les réformes administratives traditionnelles dans un contexte rural. Ayant recours à une méthodologie d'études de cas, les auteurs ont trouvé quatre dimensions de capacité qui peuvent soutenir des changements pour l'autonomie locale : la planification stratégique, la participation et le soutien des citoyens, l'expertise et l'accès aux revenus.
Species‐specific primers for the identification of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber macrosporum Vittad.
Authors: BENUCCI G. M. N. , RAGGI L. , DI MASSIMO G. , BACIARELLI‐FALINI L. , BENCIVENGA M. , FALCINELLI M. , ALBERTINI E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLimitations in the use of morphological traits to identify ectomycorrhizae have led to the development of species‐specific molecular markers. Herein, we report a PCR‐based technique for the reliable molecular identification of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber macrosporum Vittad. Species‐specific primers were designed from an alignment of internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequences from Tuber spp. and from the most common ectomycorrhizal contaminants found in the root systems of truffle‐infected plants. The primers were tested for selective amplification using both different truffles and different ectomycorrhizae and were found to identify T. macrosporum successfully. The application of the primers in certifying the quality of truffle‐inoculated seedlings is discussed.
The deceptive nature of UVA tanning versus the modest protective effects of UVB tanning on human skin
Authors: Miyamura Yoshinori , Coelho Sergio G. , Schlenz Kathrin , Batzer Jan , Smuda Christoph , Choi Wonseon , Brenner Michaela , Passeron Thierry , Zhang Guofeng , Kolbe Ludger , Wolber Rainer , Hearing Vincent J. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe relationship between human skin pigmentation and protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an important element underlying differences in skin carcinogenesis rates. The association between UV damage and the risk of skin cancer is clear, yet a strategic balance in exposure to UV needs to be met. Dark skin is protected from UV‐induced DNA damage significantly more than light skin owing to the constitutively higher pigmentation, but an as yet unresolved and important question is what photoprotective benefit, if any, is afforded by facultative pigmentation (i.e. a tan induced by UV exposure). To address that and to compare the effects of various wavelengths of UV, we repetitively exposed human skin to suberythemal doses of UVA and/or UVB over 2 weeks after which a challenge dose of UVA and UVB was given. Although visual skin pigmentation (tanning) elicited by different UV exposure protocols was similar, the melanin content and UV‐protective effects against DNA damage in UVB‐tanned skin (but not in UVA‐tanned skin) were significantly higher. UVA‐induced tans seem to result from the photooxidation of existing melanin and its precursors with some redistribution of pigment granules, while UVB stimulates melanocytes to up‐regulate melanin synthesis and increases pigmentation coverage, effects that are synergistically stimulated in UVA and UVB‐exposed skin. Thus, UVA tanning contributes essentially no photoprotection, although all types of UV‐induced tanning result in DNA and cellular damage, which can eventually lead to photocarcinogenesis.
Apgar score and dental caries risk in the primary dentition of five year olds
Authors: Sanders AE , Slade GD 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Conditions in utero and early life underlie risk for several childhood disorders. This study tested the hypothesis that the Apgar score predicted dental caries in the primary dentition.Methods:  A retrospective cohort study conducted in 2003 examined associations between conditions at birth and early life with dental caries experience at five years. Dental examination data for a random sample of five‐year‐old South Australian children were obtained from School Dental Service electronic records. A questionnaire mailed to the parents obtained information about neonatal status at delivery (five‐minute Apgar score, birthweight, plurality, gestational age) and details about birth order, weaning, and behavioural, familial and sociodemographic characteristics.Results:  Of the 1398 sampled children with a completed questionnaire (response rate = 64.6%), 1058 were singleton term deliveries among whom prevalence of dental caries was 40.1%. In weighted log‐binomial regression analysis, children with an Apgar score of <=8 relative to a score of 9–10 had greater probability of dental caries in the primary dentition after adjusting for sociodemographic and behavioural covariates and water fluoridation concentration (adjusted PR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.95).Conclusions:  Readily accessible markers of early life, such as the Apgar score, may guide clinicians in identifying children at potentially heightened risk for dental caries and aid decision‐making in allocating preventive services.
In vivo effects of amorphous calcium phosphate‐containing orthodontic composite on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets
Authors: Uysal T , Amasyali M , Ozcan S , Koyuturk AE , Akyol M , Sagdic D 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo effects of an amorphous calcium phosphate‐containing orthodontic composite in reducing enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets, and to compare it with the control.Methods:  Fourteen orthodontic patients were divided into two equal groups. They received brackets fitted to all first premolars, bonded with either Aegis Ortho® (The Bosworth Co.), an ACP‐containing orthodontic composite (experimental group), or Concise® (3M Dental Products), a resin‐based orthodontic composite (control group). After 30 days, the teeth were extracted and longitudinally sectioned, and evaluated by superficial‐microhardness analysis. The determinations were made at the bracket edge cementing limits and at occlusal and cervical points 100 and 200 μm away from the edge. In all of these positions, indentations were made at depths of 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, and 90 μm from the enamel surface. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test was used. The statistical significance level was set at p <0.05.Results:  The ANOVA showed statistically significant differences for position, material, depth, and their interactions (p <0.001). The multiple comparison test showed that the ACP‐containing orthodontic composite was significantly more efficient than the control composite, reducing enamel demineralization in almost all evaluations (p <0.001).Conclusions:  Present results indicated that ACP‐containing orthodontic composite for bonding orthodontic brackets successfully inhibited demineralization in vivo. This effect was localized to the area around the brackets and was statistically significant after 30 days.
University postgraduate training in implant dentistry for the general dental practitioner#
Authors: Ivanovski S , Mattheos N , Scholz S , Heitz‐Mayfield L 
Published: September 2010

Aims of This PaperThis paper aims to:(1) Describe the educational requirements of general practitioners who want to safely and effectively introduce implant dentistry procedures to their practice.(2) Define the necessary competencies and level of complexity that would need to be attained in a postgraduate implant dentistry programme for general dental practitioners.(3) Discuss the programme structures which universities can utilize in order to provide quality education in implant dentistry for general practitioners.(4) Provide guidelines for the resources, content, course format and instructional methods which could be well suited to the educational requirements of such programmes.The authors intend to produce a headline reference guide to outline the necessary educational structures for postgraduate pathways aimed at facilitating the continuous professional development of general practitioners within implant dentistry. This paper does not address issues concerning specialist training or higher research degrees.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychomotor effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields
Authors: Valentini Elia , Ferrara Michele , Presaghi Fabio , Gennaro Luigi De , Curcio Giuseppe 
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesOver the past 10 years there has been increasing concern about the possible behavioural effects of mobile phone use. This systematic review and meta-analysis focuses on studies published since 1999 on the human cognitive and performance effects of mobile phone-related electromagnetic fields (EMF).MethodsPubMed, Biomed, Medline, Biological Sciences, PsychInfo, PsycARTICLES, Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management, Neurosciences Abstracts and Web of Science professional databases were searched and 24 studies selected for meta-analysis. Each study had to have at least one psychomotor measurement result as a main outcome. Data were analysed using standardised mean difference (SMD) as the effect size measure.ResultsOnly three tasks (2-back, 3-back and simple reaction time (SRT)) displayed significant heterogeneity, but after studies with extreme SMD were excluded using sensitivity analysis, the statistical significance disappeared (χ2(7)=1.63, p=0.20; χ2(6)=1.00, p=0.32; χ2(10)=14.04, p=0.17, respectively). Following sensitivity analysis, the effect of sponsorship and publication bias were assessed. Meta-regression indicated a significant effect (b1/40.12, p<0.05) only for the 2-back task with mixed funding (industry and public/charity). Funnel plot inspection revealed a significant publication bias only for two cognitive tasks: SRT (Begg's rank correlation r=0.443; Egger's test b=−0.652) and the subtraction task (Egger's test b=−0.687).ConclusionsMobile phone-like EMF do not seem to induce cognitive and psychomotor effects. Nonetheless, the existence of sponsorship and publication biases should encourage WHO intervention to develop official research standards and guidelines. In addition, future research should address critical and neglected issues such as investigation of repeated, intensive and chronic exposures, especially in highly sensitive populations such as children.
Evolution of the Levant margin and western Arabia platform since the Mesozoic: introduction
Authors: Homberg Catherine , Bachmann Martina 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The Levant area comprises the offshore Levant Basin (LB) (eastern corner of the Eastern Mediterranean) as well as the adjacent continental slopes and platforms of the African and Arabian plates. This area experienced major events of the geodynamical evolution of the Middle East, such as the Late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic Pangea break up, the Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic closure of the Neo-Tethys and individualization of the Arabian plate, as well as a set of external factors like global sea-level and climate changes. This volume combines original data from the offshore and onshore Levant in various fields, including sedimentology, palaeontology, sequence stratigraphy, geochemistry, structural geology, stress reconstitution and geophysics (seismic lines, palaeomagnetism). All together, these multidisciplinary approaches allow the review of the development of the LB and gain a better insight on the later geological history and deformation processes of the Levant provinces.
Tethyan rifting in the Levant Region and its role in Early Mesozoic crustal evolution
Authors: Gardosh Michael A. , Garfunkel Zvi , Druckman Yehezkel , Buchbinder Binyamin 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
At the time of the opening of the Tethys Ocean the northern edge of Gondwana was affected by several rifting events. In this study, we used data from deep exploration wells, seismic profiles, and seismic depth maps to reconstruct the pattern of Tethyan rifting in the Levant region and to investigate its effects on the evolution of the Levant crust.
The results show a several hundred kilometre wide deformation zone, comprised of graben and horst structures that extend from the inner part of the Levant to the marine basin offshore Israel. The structures are dominated by sets of NE–SW and NNE–SSW oriented normal faults with vertical offsets in the range of 1–8 km. Rifting was associated with a NW–SE direction of extension, approximately perpendicular to the present-day Mediterranean coast. Faulting activity progressed over a period of 120 Ma and took place in three main pulses: Late Palaeozoic (Carboniferous to Permian); Middle to Late Triassic; and Early to Middle Jurassic. The last, and the most intense, tectonic phase post-dates the activity in other rifted margins of northern Gondwana.
Rifting was associated with the modification and stretching of the Levant crust. Our results demonstrate an extension discrepancy between the brittle deformation in the upper crust and the amount of total crustal thinning. Seismic reflection data shows that the Levant Basin lacks the characteristics of typical rifted margins, either volcanic or non-volcanic. The evolution of the basin may be explained by depth-dependant stretching, associated with the upwelling of divergent mantle flow and removal of lower crustal layers by decoupling along deep detachment faults.