bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molar tooth structures of the Neoarchean Monteville Formation, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. I: Constraints on microcrystalline CaCO3 precipitation
Authors: BISHOP JAMES W. , SUMNER DAWN Y. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMolar tooth (MT) structures are enigmatic, contorted millimetre‐ to decimetre‐long veins and spheroids of microcrystalline calcite that formed during very early diagenesis in Precambrian sediments. MT structures in the ca 2·6 Ga Monteville Formation are 600–800 Myr older than previously reported occurrences and establish that conditions necessary for MT genesis were met locally throughout much of the Precambrian. In the Monteville Formation, MT structures were formed shallow subtidally, extending to depths near storm wave base, in shale host sediments intercalated with storm‐generated carbonate sand lenses. They are filled with microcrystalline calcite and rare pyrite. Microcrystalline calcite identical to that in MT structures fills other pore space, including porosity between grains in carbonate sand lenses, moldic porosity in sand grains, sheet cracks in columnar stromatolites, and shallow cracks on sandy bedding planes. Relationships in the Monteville Formation demonstrate that microcrystalline CaCO3 precipitated in fluid‐filled cracks and pores; microcrystalline calcite characteristics, as well as the paucity of carbonate mud in host rocks, are inconsistent with injection of lime mud as the origin of MT structures. Locally, MT cracks were filled by detrital sediment before or during precipitation. Precipitation occurred in stages, and MT CaCO3 evolved from granular cores to a rigid mass of cores with overgrowths – allowing both plastic and brittle deformation of MT structures, as well as reworking of eroded MT structures as rigid clasts and lime mud. Crystal size distributions and morphology suggest that cores precipitated through nucleation, Ostwald ripening and size‐dependent crystal growth, whereas overgrowths formed during size‐independent crystal growth.
The effect of subaerial exposure on the morphology and microstructure of stromatolites in the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation, Gyeongsang Supergroup, Korea1
Authors: NEHZA O. , WOO K. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractStromatolite morphology is usually controlled by a number of biological and environmental factors. In the south‐eastern part of the Korean Peninsula, three stromatolite units of the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation have been studied with regard to the effect of diagenesis on their morphology. Here, it is proposed that subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis are the most significant factors in shaping the stromatolites of the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation. Most previous palaeontological and sedimentological studies on stromatolites have concentrated on the environmental and biogenic controls on stromatolite morphology. These include extrinsic factors such as sedimentation rates or current velocities. The main controlling factor on the morphology of the stromatolites in the Sinyangdong Formation is apparently transient subaerial exposure and related meteoric diagenesis. Textural examination of stromatolite samples from three stratigraphic horizons shows a characteristic repetitive pattern of cycles with gradual transition from fibrous calcite to micrite layers, reflecting changes in the hydrological cycle of the lake in which the stromatolites grew. Stromatolite growth was terminated by corroded surfaces indicative of subaerial exposure related to a fall in lake level. The growth pattern of the stromatolites was mostly determined by the morphology of the corroded substrates during subaerial exposure. Furthermore, the internal stromatolite structure was strongly modified by the process of leaching. As a result, growth forms mostly changed from stratiform to columnar mesostructure. This study strongly implies that diagenesis could make a very significant influence on the morphogenesis of lacustrine stromatolites in the geological past.
A unified criterion for initiation of sediment motion and inception of sheet flow under water waves
Authors: YOU ZAI‐JIN , YIN BAOSHU 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA unified criterion is developed for initiation of non‐cohesive sediment motion and inception of sheet flow under water waves over a horizontal bed of sediment based on presently available experimental data. The unified threshold criterion is of the single form, Uo = 2πC[1 + 5(TR/T)2]−1/4, where Uo is the onset velocity of sediment motion or sheet flow, T is wave period, and C and TR are the coefficients. It is found that for a given sediment, Uo initially increases sharply with wave period, then gradually approaches the maximum onset velocity Uo = 2πC and becomes independent of T when T is larger. The unified criterion can also be extended to define sediment initial motion and sheet flow under irregular waves provided the significant wave orbital velocity and period of irregular waves are introduced in this unified criterion.
Detection and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci for bone traits on chicken chromosome one
Authors: Zhang H. , Zhang Y.D. , Wang S.Z. , Liu X.F. , Zhang Q. , Tang Z.Q. , Li H. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryIn broiler chickens, bone problems are an important welfare issue that has been linked to genetic selection for rapid growth. The objectives of this study were to identify and fine map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with bone traits. The Northeast Agricultural University resource population (NEAURP) being an F2 population was used in this study, and a total of 17 bone traits were measured. In primary genome scan, the linkage map was constructed with 23 microsatellite markers across the entire chicken chromosome 1. Seventeen QTLs for bone traits were identified and 12 of these were found between LEI0079 and ROS0025 (50.8 cM apart). To fine map the QTLs located between LEI0079 and ROS0025, more markers and more individuals were used and a new partial linkage map was constructed. The confidence intervals for QTLs were sharply narrowed down from 24.5∼52.6 to 2.7∼17.0 Mb. This study identified chromosome regions harbouring significant QTLs affecting bone traits and showed that the use of more markers and individuals could decrease the confidence interval of QTL effectively. The results provide a useful reference for further candidate gene research and MAS for bone traits.
Watchful waiting for localized prostate cancer in the PSA era: what have been the triggers for intervention?
Authors: Coen John J. , Feldman Adam S. , Smith Matthew R. , Zietman Anthony L. 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Active surveillance is an established management strategy for prostate cancer associated with low rates of disease progression in selected patients with low risk disease. Unfortunately, it is underutilized in the USA where high rates of intervention are often seen even in the absence of obvious cancer progression.Our study demonstrates the effective implementation of an observation strategy in men with low risk prostate cancer over a protracted period of time. The freedom from intervention rate was 70% at 10 years. The primary predictors of intervention were cancer volume progression at re‐biopsy and PSA doubling time of less than 3 years. This suggests that the USA is ready for wider use of this management strategy.OBJECTIVE
To report outcomes for patients with localized prostate cancer managed using a watchful waiting strategy at an American centre and to explore factors that have triggered intervention.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
From 1991 to 2005, 218 patients diagnosed with untreated localized prostate cancer were followed at Massachusetts General Hospital with prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) monitoring and digital rectal examination (DRE). Re‐biopsies were performed in 95 of the patients.
The median follow‐up was 6.3 years. Clinical outcomes and features predicting intervention were examined.
RESULTS
At diagnosis, the median PSA level was 5.4 ng/mL. The Gleason score (GS) distribution was as follows: 95% with GS 6, 4% with GS 7, 1% with GS 8. The clinical T‐stage distribution was as follows: 6% with T1a‐b, 84% with T1c, 10% with T2. The median age was 71 years.
At 10 years, the overall survival was 79%, the cause‐specific survival was 100%, the rate of distant metastasis was 5%, the rate of salvage androgen deprivation therapy was 15% and the rate of freedom from intervention (FFI) was 70%.
There was a PSA velocity of ≥2 ng/mL per year in 16% of patients, and a PSA doubling time of ≤3 years in 15% of patients.
Among the 95 re‐biopsied men, the GS increased (grade progression) in 25% and the percentage of positive cores increased (volume progression) in 33%.
On multivariate analysis, only PSA doubling time and volume progression were independent predictors of FFI.
CONCLUSIONS
In the present series, watchful waiting was associated with low rates of intervention and cancer progression.
As PSA doubling time and volume progression were the main triggers for intervention, these will be incorporated into the centre’s current active surveillance protocol.
A natural history of weight change in men with prostate cancer on androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT): results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database
Authors: Kim Howard S. , Moreira Daniel M. , Smith Matthew R. , Presti Joseph C. , Aronson William J. , Terris Martha K. , Kane Christopher J. , Amling Christopher L. , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Harm (cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Prior studies have shown that men undergoing ADT tend to gain weight, with a net increase in fat mass and decrease in bone density and lean body mass. We sought to characterize the natural history of weight gain on ADT by studying patients over a three‐year interval, finding that most weight gain occurs within the first year of initiating therapy. Furthermore, we confirm these prior findings in a more racially heterogeneous population of men, an important finding given the different outcomes of prostate cancer in black and white men.OBJECTIVES

To better understand the natural history of weight change with androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT), we investigated the effect of ADT on body weight among men from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database.
Men undergoing ADT lose lean muscle but gain fat mass, contributing to an overall gain in weight.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We identified 132 men in SEARCH who received ADT after radical prostatectomy.
‘Weight change’ was defined as the difference in weight before starting ADT (6 months before ADT) and the on‐ADT weight (between 6 and 18 months after starting ADT).
In a subanalysis, baseline characteristics of weight‐gainers and ‐losers were analysed using univariate and multivariate analysis to test association with weight change.

RESULTS

In all, 92 men (70%) gained weight, and 40 (30%) either lost or maintained a stable weight.
On average, weight on ADT was 2.2 kg higher than the weight before ADT, with the mean change for weight‐gainers and ‐losers being +4.2 kg and −2.4 kg, respectively.
This compared with no significant weight change in the year before starting ADT (paired t‐test, change −0.7 kg, P= 0.19) or in the second year on ADT (paired t‐test, change −0.5 kg, P= 0.46) for 84 men in whom these additional weight values were recorded.
There was no significant association between any of the features examined and weight change on univariate and multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

In this longitudinal study, ADT was accompanied by significant weight gain (+2.2 kg). This change occurred primarily in the first year of therapy, with men neither losing nor gaining additional weight thereafter.
Urological outcome after myelomeningocele: 20 years of follow‐up
Authors: Thorup Jorgen , Biering‐Sorensen Fin , Cortes Dina 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Although treatment modalities have improved over the years, long‐term follow‐up studies on the myelomeningocele population still include a high proportion of patients with urological complications such as impairment of kidney function and urinary incontinence. In selected consecutive material, our study could relate the urological outcome of adults to urodynamic variables performed in childhood 20 years before.OBJECTIVE• To evaluate the urological outcome in a long‐term follow‐up of individuals with myelomeningocele and relate the findings obtained to urodynamic variables in childhood.PATIENTS AND METHODS• Individuals with myelomeningocele born from 1964–1988 were included at time of urodynamic investigation.• Age at inclusion was in the range from 1 month to 19.5 years (median, 6 years).• Detrusor function was classified as overactive, underactive or non‐contractile.• Urethral function was classified according to the leak point pressure.• In childhood and at follow‐up, kidney function was estimated with renography and isotope‐glomerular filtration rate examinations.RESULTS• In total, 52 individuals (28 boys and 24 girls) aged 19–41 years (median, 29 years) had follow‐up.• Of these, 37 (71%) individuals had bilateral normal kidney function at follow‐up; seven (14%) had normal total renal function but unilateral deteriorated kidney, and eight individuals (15%) had deteriorated kidney function.• Adult individuals with bilateral kidney deterioration had a significant higher frequency of diagnosed detrusor overactivity at childhood urodynamics (63%) compared to those with normal function of both kidneys (24%). In total, 48% of the 52 myelomeningocele individuals were continent at follow‐up.• Continence surgery was performed in eight patients, nine used anticholinergica, three had regular botulinum toxin detrusor injections, and 27 used clean intermittent catheterization.CONCLUSIONS• Overall, 15% of patients had impairment of kidney function and 48% were urinary continent.• Considering the present age distribution of the present study population, this figure appears to be comparable to the data in the literature.• Urodynamic findings in childhood were predictive for later kidney deterioration.
Targeting castration‐induced tumour hypoxia enhances the acute effects of castration therapy in a rat prostate cancer model
Authors: Johansson Anna , Rudolfsson Stina Häggström , Kilter Sigrid , Bergh Anders 
Published: September 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Castration therapy has rather modest effects on cell death in tumours but can be enhanced by other treatments targeting tumour stroma and vasculature. This study shows that the prostate becomes hypoxic following castration and that targeting hypoxic cells during castration therapy potently enhances the effects of castration.OBJECTIVE

To explore the effects of castration therapy, the standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer, in relation to tumour hypoxia and to elicit its importance for the short‐ and long‐term therapeutic response.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We used the androgen‐sensitive rat Dunning H prostate tumour model that transiently responds to castration treatment followed by a subsequent relapse, much like the scenario in human patients.
Tumour tissues were analysed using stereological methods in intact, 1 and 7 days after castration therapy.

RESULTS

Hypoxia was transiently up‐regulated after castration therapy and correlated with the induction of tumour cell apoptosis.
When castration therapy was combined with tirapazamine (TPZ), a drug that targets hypoxic cells and the vasculature, the effects on tumour cell apoptosis and tumour volume were enhanced in comparison to either castration or TPZ alone.

CONCLUSION

The present study suggests that castration‐induced tumour hypoxia is a novel target for therapy.
TRAINING, JOB SECURITY AND INCENTIVE WAGES
Authors: Katsimi Margarita 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the optimal level of firm‐specific training by taking into account the positive effect of training on the expected duration of workers' current employment. In the framework of an efficiency wage model, a short expected job tenure represents a disamenity that reduces the penalty from shirking. As this disamenity increases, workers have an incentive to continue providing a positive level of effort only if they are compensated by a higher wage. We endogenize the employment separation rate by introducing firm‐specific training. Firm‐specific training creates a rent that is lost if the worker is separated from the firm. As a result, the firm will be more reluctant to fire its trained workforce in a recession. This implies that firm‐specific training can decrease current wages because it represents a commitment to lower future labour turnover.
PUBLIC DEBT MATURITY AND CURRENCY CRISES
Authors: Levine Paul , Mandilaras Alex , Wang Jun 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe theory underlying the effect of debt structure on the probability of a currency crisis and the slope of the yield curve was developed in Benigno and Missale (2004). In this paper, we provide the empirical evidence to support their model's predictions. In a dynamic panel data framework, we produce generalized method of moments estimates that give substantial support to the hypothesis that the role of short‐term debt depends on how a devaluation affects the reputation of the policymaker and the real value of public debt. In addition to the empirical analysis, we generalize the theoretical framework to allow for the presence of non‐deflatable debt and, for completeness, examine the case where the monetary authority can fully commit itself to an escape clause monetary rule.
The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 2006: Adoption as intervention. Meta‐analytic evidence for massive catch‐up and plasticity in physical, socio‐emotional, and cognitive development
Authors: Van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Juffer Femmie 
Published: September 2010

Background: Adopted children have been said to be difficult children, scarred by their past experiences in maltreating families or neglecting orphanages, or by genetic or pre‐ and perinatal problems. Is (domestic or international) adoption an effective intervention in the developmental domains of physical growth, attachment security, cognitive development and school achievement, self‐esteem, and behaviour problems?Method: Through a series of meta‐analyses on more than 270 studies that include more than 230,000 adopted and non‐adopted children and their parents an adoption catch‐up model was tested.Results: Although catch‐up with current peers was incomplete in some developmental domains (in particular, physical growth and attachment), adopted children largely outperformed their peers left behind. Adoptions before 12 months of age were associated with more complete catch‐up than later adoptions for height, attachment, and school achievement. International adoptions did not lead to lower rates of catch‐up than domestic adoptions in most developmental domains.Conclusions: It is concluded that adoption is an effective intervention leading to massive catch‐up. Domestic and international adoptions can be justified on ethical grounds if no other solutions are available. Humans are adapted to adopt, and adoption demonstrates the plasticity of child development.
Using mental health consultation to decrease disruptive behaviors in preschoolers: adapting an empirically‐supported intervention
Authors: Williford Amanda P. , Shelton Terri L. 
Published: September 2010

Background:  This study examined the effectiveness of an adaptation of an empirically‐supported intervention delivered using mental health consultation to preschoolers who displayed elevated disruptive behaviors.Method:  Ninety‐six preschoolers, their teachers, and their primary caregivers participated. Children in the intervention group received individualized mental health consultation focused on providing teachers with behaviorally‐based, empirically‐supported strategies for decreasing disruptive behaviors within the classroom. Caregivers were invited to participate in parent training (35% attendance). Effectiveness was assessed in contrast to an assessment/attention comparison group where typical treatment was available.Results:  This treatment approach was more effective than the comparison condition in decreasing child disruptive behavior, increasing the use of appropriate teacher strategies, and increasing the use of appropriate parenting practices.Conclusion:  Adapting empirically‐supported treatments for use in mental health consultation may be a way to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice and increase effectiveness of mental health consultation in treating disruptive disorders in young children.
Refinement, reduction and replacement approaches toin vivocardiovascular research
Authors: Emerson Michael 
Published: September 2010

In this review, the justification and benefits of refinement, reduction and replacement (3Rs) approaches to cardiovascular research are examined using the field of platelet biology and arterial thrombosis as an example. Arterial thrombosis is a platelet‐driven condition and platelets are regulated by autologous signals, but also by external factors such as the vascular endothelium.In vitroassays using isolated platelets therefore poorly reflectin vivoplatelet function and human disease. As a consequence, animal models, including mouse models, are frequently used. In particular, models of thromboembolic mortality have been successfully employed to determine the role of the vascular endothelium in regulating platelet function and thrombosisin vivo. Such models raise both scientific and ethical concerns and have recently been refined permitting the use of fewer mice at a lower severity level. These refinements have been scientifically beneficial in permitting analysis of the development and progression of thrombotic diseases and in improving our understanding of the role of the vascular endothelium in regulating platelet function and thrombosis. For many, the ultimate goal in 3Rs‐driven science is replacement of animal models with non‐animal alternatives; this is exemplified, in the platelet field, by the development ofin vitroflow systems. The development of 3Rs approaches to cardiovascular research is shown to have led to improved scientific models. Further characterization and use of these models will likely contribute to increased understanding of thrombotic disease processes and facilitate drug development in the cardiovascular field.LINKED ARTICLESThis review is the second in a series on the topic of refinement, reduction and replacement approaches to research; the first was Holmeset al.,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00176.xand has an accompanying commentary by Robinson,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00280.x