bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IDEAS
Authors: Maher Neil M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Chapter One examines the ideological origins of New Deal conservation and the CCC. It begins by showing how the idea for the Corps originated both from Roosevelt's early experiences with the Progressive conservation movement, and, more surprisingly, from his lifelong involvement with the Boy Scouts. Similar to many progressive reform efforts such as the city beautiful, playground, and urban parks movements, the Boy Scouts promoted the notion that social behavior could be shaped by manipulating one's physical surroundings or environment. Chapter One illustrates how this philosophy not only influenced Roosevelt's decision to create the Corps, which like the Boy Scouts took young men from diseased urban settings and placed them in healthful environments in nature, but also greatly influenced early New Deal politics. The creation of work relief programs that put urban men to work in rural areas, Roosevelt knew from experiences as governor of New York, significantly raised his political capital. Creating the Corps, this chapter concludes, not only introduced the Boy Scout philosophy to the conservation movement but also helped the new president jump-start the New Deal.
Music as Language
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the idea that music and language are closely affiliated. It looks at two works by Schubert and Mozart in order to address some of the questions of musical meaning. It pinpoints a few salient features of each composition and suggests some of the meanings that they give rise to. The chapter also attempts to provide a general orientation to the differences between music and language and indicate some of the issues raised in the analysis of musical meaning.
Paradigmatic Analysis
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the paradigmatic approach, which has been outlined in previous analyses. The search for the paradigmatic approach minimizes—but by no means eliminates—dependency on the analyst's knowledge and familiarity with basic idioms of tonal composition in order to engender a less mediated view of the composition. The chapter also exemplifies the workings of a paradigmatic impulse in different stylistic milieus.
Closing Comments on the Brain and Art
Authors: Defelipe Javier 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides some final thoughts on the Brainhow mouse. It uses a metaphor used by the Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) as illustration. Nabokov was a grapheme-color synesthete. The chapter considers that the similarities between scientific illustrations and some paintings created by artists pose the question of whether an artist unconsciously paints not only what his brain interprets, but to some extent, what his own brain contains. The inexhaustible artistic creativity of the human mind seems to have a parallel multicolored world within the microscopic universe of the brain.
Alei Hazayit
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In 1991, the band Alei Hazayit was formed in Jerusalem by two strong-willed individuals who differed in gender, class, ethnicity, religion, and linguistic and musical competence, yet found the basis for a deep personal connection. Their band merged very different musical strands, taking well-known songs in Hebrew and Arabic, but giving them a new flavor, a new color, and in so doing, represented the possibility for peaceful and fruitful collaboration between Jews and Arabs, Israelis and Palestinians. Shoham Einav first turned from her career as a head nurse in Israel's premier hospital to professional singing in her forties. Through a mutual acquaintance at the television station, Shoham contacted Jamal Sa'id, whom we met in previous chapters. Shoham and Jamal insisted on the uniqueness of their music. The partnership of Jewish and Arab performers impresses itself upon the audience as an example of a productive relationship.
Bustan Abraham
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Bustan Abraham also brought together Jewish and Arab musicians, but differed greatly in constitution and focus. He issued recordings at a steady pace of one CD every two years or so. The eponymous Bustan Abraham appeared in 1992, less than a year after the band formed. The second album, Pictures Through the Painted Window, included one song, performed by three guest artists, in Hebrew, Arabic, and Spanish. His recordings all appeared under the imprint of Avshalom Farjun's company, Nada Productions. Judging by newspaper reviews, repeat invitations, the musicians' accounts, and my own observations, the band's performances were well received inside Israel and abroad, gaining a loyal fan base in Israel and considerable recognition outside. Bustan hoped to bring the Israeli musical scene to the center of the world stage by presenting an example for the world, and for Jews and Arabs in particular.
A Larger Network—The Ethnic Music Scene in Israel
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Professional musicians are always enmeshed in larger sets of relationships as they join, create, and reshape networks relevant to their musical work. At all stages of their careers they navigate the links that bind them to others with related interests and needs in order, for instance, to find employment and partners for performances. The network concept can usefully be extended further to include institutions such as schools, events such as festivals, venues such as particular clubs or concert halls, and artifacts such as recordings. Networks have been analyzed from different perspectives in a broad array of disciplines, ranging from sociology through epidemiology to computer science. Network theory encompasses these and offers more detailed ways of thinking about relationships and roles. In this chapter, the author explores three related perspectives: networks, scenes, and art worlds.
Bustan Abraham's Approaches to Composition and Improvisation
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
An analysis of Bustan's work is offered in this chapter which is based on their recordings, but informed by observation of performances and conversations with band members. The author begins with general remarks on approaches to composition and arrangement, then focuses on how the compositions and arrangements enabled improvisation. This leads to analysis of featured improvisations in relationship to their ensemble contexts. Bustan Abraham's compositions were notable for their number, extent, variety, and quality. The general outline of a piece with its specific progressions constituted the composition while some of the details of who played what were matters of arrangement that might enhance the piece but not alter its basic identity.
Roots in the Past, Routes to the Future
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Despite the seemingly endless, cyclical nature of conflict in the region, tremendous change has occurred since the early 1990s, much of it outside the spotlight of news coverage. Alongside the hardening of divisions, such as the rise to power of Hamas and the entrenchment of Jewish settlers in the West Bank, there have been signs of readiness to compromise, to enter into meaningful relationships across deep divisions. Musicians in the ethnic music scene in Israel are participating in Erlmann's “reconfiguration of space and cultural identity.” The “musical imaginary” offered by the musicians, and which the author presents here, alters the boundaries between social categories and “prefigures emergent, real forms of socio-cultural identity or alliance,” to use a formulation proposed by Georgina Born and David Hesmondhalgh.
The Latter-Day Servant Church
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Interest in the Greek word “diakonia” is largely attributable to an earlier emphasis on linguistic research in the study of the Bible. Since the 1930s, the great mass of lexical information suddenly within arm's reach of any student of early Christian literature tended to encourage the delineation of themes and theological conceptualizations among a variety of the ancient authors. Theology has been enriched in the process but at certain points also it has certainly been distorted. Those who first spoke of “diakonia” were not the linguists or theologians of our day but Lutheran churchmen of 19th-century Germany. Lack of canonical recognition did not prevent the spread of houses of deacons and deaconesses. Various opinions about the role of the early deacon and the language by which he was designated are born of the little linguistic work on the matter that has been done independently of Wilhelm Brandt and W. H. Beyer, and it must be seen as working against the tendency, set in motion by them in the 1930s, towards a diaconate of service.
Deed
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Finally, we come to the cognate words of “diakonia” as they apply to menial duties. This chapter reports instances of people, usually slaves, doing things for other people around their houses and waiting upon them at their meals. This chapter disposes of household chores quite summarily, and in this it notes a change of method from that in preceding chapters, where frequent close studies of context have been usual for the purpose of establishing meaning; here meaning is of less import than character of usage, and in the case of household duties the review is further limited by the baldness of the statements available and by the generally scant information provided by context. In the case of their eating habits the ancients have been more generous, and in their range of records, descriptions, and comment, both in literature and in the immemorial stone, this chapter shows a rich course of wordy fare, satisfying especially by reason of Christian interest in the ritual of tables.
In the Language of the Papyri
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Paul provides the earliest and most ample evidence of our cognate words for “diakonia” among the first Christian writers, and the statements in which the words occur are made largely in the course of his controversy with Corinthian Christians about who could claim apostolic rights among them. This chapter discusses the importance that Paul attaches to the word “diakonia” in three passages of the two letters to the Corinthians, coming to a preliminary understanding of the word as “spokesman”. It also adds to the idea of spokesman an aspect of mediation that is seen to be used there to authenticate claims to apostleship. Related usage in Colossians and Ephesians is examined, along with Paul's designation of “The Apostolic Commission”, which leads into Luke's language about “Paul and the Twelve in Acts”. The chapter concludes by looking at other messengers and emissaries of heaven designated in these terms by Paul and other Christian writers.
Othello: Sexual Difference and Internal Deviation
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOthello explores anxious preoccupation with perversity as a disordered and disordering movement. Here ‘extravagant’ condenses deviation, perversion, and vagrancy. In one sense the metaphors of truth, linearity, and deviation point simply to duplicity; but also signified is a wilful disarticulation of traditional relations between authority, service, and identity. Gratiano's description of Brabantio's ‘desperate turn’, with its echoes of the Fall, shows that destructive deviation may characterize even the most stolid of patriarchs. The opposition of woman as passive/active correlates closely with that of women as madonna/whore. This kind of representation of deviant female desire echoes Augustinian privation to repudiate those who invest so heavily in Desdemona's ‘virtuous’ passivity. That she is actually attempting to live out the prescribed subject position for a woman within sexual difference only confirms that because the subordinate is so often the subject of displacement there is never safety in obedience.
Rome and English Republican Poetry
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In dramatizing the Roman Republic in Coriolanus and Catiline, Shakespeare and Jonson sought a political mode which would more clearly display contemporary tensions and dangers than a British chronicle source, a modern republican setting, or even the recent French world of Chapman's Bussy and Biron plays. Shakespeare wished to explore, among other things, the question of military leadership in a non-deferential and precariously hierarchical society. Jonson wished to take a recent crisis — the desperate papist Gunpowder Plot — seen by Protestant and Catholic as of intense religious significance, and transpose it into the pagan world of the late Roman Republic.
Conclusion
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. The poetic texts that have been discussed constitute a prolonged, pragmatic, and religious meditation on the nature and conditions of kingship. We have seen a politique fascination with republican polities; Milton and some like him committed themselves to a kingless commonwealth in reaction against the Stuart monarchy and the prospect of its restoration. But just as Marvell's ‘republican’ ‘Horatian Ode’ is dominated by two monarchical figures, so the concept of kingship was ever present even in the absence of a king. Whether seen as an opportunity, an ideal, or a warning, kingship is the one dominant landmark in the political terrain between the late 16th and the later 17th centuries.
Concord
Authors: Mitchell Bruce 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter sets out the basic principles of concord in Old English (OE), with references to the more detailed discussions which follow in later chapters. It begins with a brief discussion of the elements concerned with congruence. The chapters then presents some introductory remarks on case and verb forms. This is followed by a discussion of the basic concords of OE, covering agreement between subject and predicate, agreement between a noun or pronoun and attributive or appositive elements, and agreement between antecedent and pronoun.
A Double Logic and the Nightmare of Reason: Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Koestler's novel Darkness at Noon was chosen not only for its merits as a political and intellectual drama, but also because it exemplifies in striking fashion the fourth narrative type, namely the sequential narrative. ‘Sequential’ in this case means that the narrative should unfold in a chronological, and perhaps also causal way. Even a cursory reading of Darkness at Noon leaves little doubt that it belongs to this category of novel. This chapter shows how its mainly sequential nature is refined in various ways by the functioning of the intratextual principles of a logic of narrativity. This in turn shows the usefulness of applying the concept even when the story of a novel seems to follow a clearly defined chronological course.
A Reading of Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines a late 18th-century novel by Maria Edgeworth, Castle Rackrent. There are two tasks to perform as we bear in mind that the sixth principle of narrativity situates the logic of narrativity ‘outside the text, in the logic of social life and formations which influence or condition the manner in which the text is produced’. First, it is necessary to identify all those elements in the text of Castle Rackrent which clearly point to the presence of the kind of extratextual causality which would constitute this logic. Secondly, it is necessary to discuss how the extra textual ingredients thus indicated are supposed to constitute a ‘logic’ of narrativity.
Freedom, Slavery, and Death
Authors: Mcfarland Thomas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the literature on the relation between freedom, slavery, and death. It analyses the relevant works of several authors, including Seneca, Plato, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Toni Morrison. It suggests that all these writers witnessed and validated the absoluteness of the choice between freedom and death, and did so by basing that choice on the threat, either explicit or concealed, of slavery.
Freedom and Necessity
Authors: Mcfarland Thomas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines Martin Luther's thoughts and views on freedom. It explains that Luther was the most absolute denigrator of freedom. He believed that freedom was an illusion and that it lies not any supposed free agency in humans but in the acceptance of God's grace. This chapter discusses relevant passages from the works of several authors, including Desiderius Erasmus, Jonathan Edward, and John Milton.
Theory and Women’s Reading
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The volume of commentary on women’s reading increased dramatically during the eighteenth century and the early years of the nineteenth. It can be found within general studies of literature, especially those examining the rapid growth of novel production; within the growing number of advice manuals aimed specifically at young girls and their mothers, and within fiction itself. The study of reading, in this as in any period, involves examining a fulcrum: the meeting-place of discourses of subjectivity and socialization. Of pressing concern to those who wished to understand how the individual mind might work, and how it might develop, reading was simultaneously perceived as a prime tool in socialization. It is therefore centrally bound in with questions of authority: authority which manifests itself in a capacity for judgement and opinion based on self-knowledge; and authority to speak, to write, to define, to manage, and to change not just the institutions of literature, but those of society itself.
Medical, Physiological and Psychoanalytic Theory
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Throughout the Victorian and early Edwardian period, theories about how women’s modes of reading differed from those of men, and why they should be affected so strongly by what they read, were inseparably linked to those developments in physiology and psychology which found, demonstrated, and utilized evidence for the intimate interrelations of mind and body. Women’s experience of their bodies in social relations is inevitably different from that of men, and women’s bodies unarguably are distinct from men’s in terms of their separate reproductive systems. More controversially, however, biological difference was asserted to lie behind unalterable gender differences in the physical constitution of the brain, and hence in its operation. With the near-universal acceptance of the inescapable relation of brain and body, it is unsurprising that focusing on the physiological difference between women and men formed the basis for a number of apparently authoritative theories concerning women and reading.
Advice Manuals, Informative Works, and Instructional Articles
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The status and function of the advice manual changed only slowly during the nineteenth century. In its manifestations early in the period it may be seen as contributing to the establishment of ‘the cult of domesticity’. Aimed largely at middle-class girls in their mid to late teens, these advice manuals formed a genre written for women, and largely by women, thus ensuring the commercial circulation and dissemination of various types of domestic advice and information. Some of this, relating to routine household matters and questions of health, amplified or substituted for knowledge habitually supplied to daughters by their mothers. Much of the conversational, occasionally sententious, guiding prose worked towards establishing the centrality of motherhood itself, the home and family, to a woman’s life. This chapter discusses recreational reading, reading as social education, choice of books, methods of reading, and justification for reading in relation to women during the Victorian and early Edwardian period.
Reading at School
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The growth of women’s education during the nineteenth century has been well chronicled. The claim that change at the level of secondary and tertiary study for girls and women was the most marked of all the developments which took place in nineteenth-century education was justifiably advanced in the Preface to one of the earliest of these accounts, Christina Bremner’s Education of Girls and Women in Great Britain (1897). Reading, inevitably, was a central topic when discussing education, whether the education in question took place in the home schoolroom, a private girls’ school, or according to state provision. Debates focused on what knowledge it would or would not be useful for a girl to possess; on how literature should best be studied; and on the relation — indeed the division — within a curriculum between formal and leisure reading. This chapter shows how the issue of reading, and, in particular, the special aptitudes and skills associated with the reading of literature, supplied an arena in which current sociological and medical debates could be seen as having a practical application.
Sensation Fiction
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter deals with the phenomenon of sensation fiction in the 1860s: fiction which deliberately catered to compulsive forms of consumption, and which the reviewers presented as being devoured by women. The sensation fiction’s frames of reference are drawn from familiar supppositions about woman’s affective susceptibility. Above all, the presence of sexual desire and sexual energy within the fictions was singled out. This disruptive potential was greeted with particular anxiety when it was located in novels written by women, notably Mary Braddon, Rhoda Broughton, and Mrs Henry Wood. Inevitably, it also reflected on the perceived status of those women readers who borrowed and devoured these fictions so hungrily. The novels of Braddon and Broughton in particular are studded with quotations from writers ranging such as William Shakespeare, Victor Hugo, Geoffrey Chaucer, and John Milton. In sensation fiction, sensitivity to poetry, and the ability to have an apposite quotation spring to one’s lips, is equated with sensitivity to life in general. In many examples of women’s sensation fiction, external proprieties are maintained, enabling their authors’ indignant self-defence against charges of immorality.
Conclusion
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Reading, in the Victorian and Edwardian period, as now, was an activity through which women could become aware of the simultaneity of the sensations of difference and of similarity. Reading provided the means not only, on occasion, for the Victorian woman to abnegate the self; to withdraw into the passivity induced by the opiate of fiction. Far more excitingly, it allowed her to assert her sense of selfhood, and to know that she was not alone in doing so. The variety of evidence put forward in this book demonstrates that despite the recurrence of certain stereotypes throughout the period, and the way in which these stereotypes functioned to determine attitudes about reading in the home, in education, and in the provision of public library facilities which would serve a growing number of readers, individuals frequently read across the grain of such expectations.