bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pd/C-catalyzed and Water-mediated Hiyama Cross-coupling Reaction Using an Electron-deficient Phosphine Ligand
Authors: Yanase Takayoshi , Mori Shigeki , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The Pd/C-catalyzed Hiyama cross-coupling reaction between a variety of aryl halides and aryltriethoxysilanes was developed. Since only small amounts of the 10% Pd/C (0.5 mol %) and phosphine ligand (1.0 mol %) are required for efficient reaction, the protocol would be practical for the construction of biphenyl derivatives.
An Improvement of Nickel Catalyst for Cross-coupling Reaction of Arylboronic Acids with Aryl Carbonates by Using a Ferrocenyl Bisphosphine Ligand
Authors: Kuwano Ryoichi , Shimizu Ryosuke 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Aryl carbonates work as electrophilic substrates for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in the presence of the nickel catalyst, which is generated from [Ni(cod)2] and ferrocenyl bisphosphine, DCyPF. The nickel catalyst allowed the cross-coupling reaction of arylboronic acids with non-benzo-fused aryl carbonates as well as naphthyl substrates.
Ruthenium-catalyzed C–H Silylation of Methylboronic Acid Using a Removable α-Directing Modifier on the Boron Atom
Authors: Ihara Hideki , Ueda Akinori , Suginome Michinori 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Ruthenium-catalyzed C–H silylation of methylboronic acid was achieved by use of 2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)aniline as a removable α-directing modifier on the boron atom. Cross-coupling of the product, i.e., (phenyldimethylsilyl)methylpinacolborane, with aryl halides proceeded in the presence of a [PdCl2(dppf)] catalyst and CsOH as a base.
Divergent Synthesis of 2,5-Diarylphospholes Based on Cross-coupling Reactions: Substituent Effects on the Optical and Redox Properties of Benzene–Phosphole–Benzene π-Systems
Authors: Matano Yoshihiro , Kon Yusuke , Saito Arihiro , Kimura Yoshifumi , Murafuji Toshihiro , Imahori Hiroshi 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Divergent synthesis of 2,5-diarylphosphole derivatives was achieved by using two kinds of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. In addition, para- and P-substituent effects on the optical and redox properties of the benzene–phosphole–benzene π-systems were disclosed experimentally.
Synthesis and Properties of Seleno-analog MK-organic Dye for Photovoltaic Cells Prepared by C–H Functionalization Reactions of Selenophene Derivatives
Authors: Tamba Shunsuke , Fujii Ryosuke , Mori Atsunori , Hara Kohjiro , Koumura Nagatoshi 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
C–H arylation and homocoupling reactions of 2-formylselenophene were carried out with a palladium catalyst. By using these coupling reactions a seleno-analog of MK dye MK-49, which is an organic dye molecule of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), was synthesized. The performance of MK-49 as DSSC was compared with the corresponding thiophene dye MK-48.
Copper-catalyzed Conjugate Additions of Alkylboranes to Aryl α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Ohmiya Hirohisa , Shido Yoshinori , Yoshida Mika , Sawamura Masaya 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Conjugate addition of alkylboron compounds (alkyl-9-BBN) to aryl α,β-unsaturated ketones proceeded in the presence of a catalytic amount (10 mol %) of [(IPr)CuCl] and t-BuOK. The alkylboranes are available through alkene hydroboration, and thus the overall process represents a reductive conjugate addition of alkenes to enone derivatives. A variety of functional groups are tolerated in both the alkenes and the α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Facile Preparation of Macrocycles with Triphenylamine Backbone via C–N Coupling Reaction
Authors: Tsuchiya Kousuke , Miyaishi Hiroko , Ogino Kenji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Cyclic oligomers composed of triphenylamine backbone were conveniently prepared via palladium-catalyzed one-pot synthesis. The condition for the preparation was optimized to give the cyclic oligomers with large ring sizes in good yield up to 73.7%. The type of base for the reaction dramatically influenced the yield of cyclic oligomers, and potassium tert-butoxide was the most effective for the cyclization. The composition of the cyclic oligomers was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mixture of pentamer, hexamer, and heptamer. The cyclic pentamer was easily isolated by only recrystallization from tert-butyl methyl ether.
C–N and C–S Bond Forming Cross Coupling in Water with Amphiphilic Resin-supported Palladium Complexes
Authors: Hirai Yoshinori , Uozumi Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Catalytic C–N and C–S bond forming reactions of haloarenes with secondary amines and benzenethiols were achieved in water under heterogeneous conditions by the use of immobilized palladium complexes coordinated with the amphiphilic polystyrene–poly(ethylene glycol) resin-supported di(tert-butyl)phosphane ligand to afford aryl(dialkyl)amines and diaryl sulfides in high yield.
Synthesis and Multistimuli-responsive Behavior of Octaethylporphyrin–Dihexylbithiophene–Dimethylaniline Triads Connected with Diacetylene Linkages
Authors: Yoshino Junro , Tsujiguchi Mizuki , Hayashi Naoto , Higuchi Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Octaethylporphyrin–dihexylbithiophene–dimethylaniline triads were synthesized. The triads showed color change from green to yellow upon addition of trifluoroacetic acid. VT-NMR and UV–vis measurements revealed acid- and heat-driven multistimuli-response behaviors. In comparison with pyridine-connected analogs, a porphyrin–bithiophene diad moiety connected with diacetylene linkage expands the difference in basicity between dimethylaniline and pyridine.
Exchange of Quinone and Hydroquinone Moieties in Mixed Solutions of Biquinone and Bihydroquinone
Authors: Hayashi Naoto , Matsui Kiyomi , Kanda Akifumi , Yoshikawa Takahiro , Nakagawa Hiroyuki , Yoshino Junro , Higuchi Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A mixture of biquinone (QQn) and bihydroquinone (HHn) bearing tert-butyl substituents at 5,5′- (n = 1) and 6,6′-positions (n = 2) yields hydroquinonylquinone (HQn) as an equilibrium product by quinone/hydroquinone exchange. The equilibrium constants for the formation of HQ1 are higher than those of HQ2 in all solvents. While the exchange between QQ1 and HH1 is slow, that between HQ1s occurs so rapidly in CDCl3 that it is observed in phase-sensitive 2D NOESY NMR spectra.
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross Coupling Reactions of B-Allenyl-9-BBN
Authors: Radkowski Karin , Seidel Günter , Fürstner Alois 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Despite the tremendously wide scope of the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling, boron-based allenylation reactions of aryl halides are virtually unknown. It is now demonstrated that the borate complex formed in situ from B-allenyl-9-BBN and NaOMe in DMF allows aryl- and heteroaryl iodides to be allenylated under mild conditions.
Palladium-catalyzed Regio- and Diastereoselective Allylic Alkylation in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kawatsura Motoi , Nobuto Hideyuki , Hayashi Shunsuke , Hirakawa Takuya , Ikeda Daiji , Itoh Toshiyuki 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed regio- and diastereoselective allylic alkylations using ionic liquids (ILs) as a solvent were demonstrated. The reaction using diethyl(2-methoxyethyl)methylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([N221ME][NTf2]) or ethylhexyldimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([N6211][NTf2]) as solvent realized the recyclable use of the palladium catalyst while maintaining excellent regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity.
Ligand-free Fe–Cu Cocatalyzed Cross-coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Aryl Halides
Authors: Panda Niranjan , Jena Ashis Kumar , Mohapatra Sasmita 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Copper ferrite-nanoparticle-mediated cross-coupling of terminal alkynes with aryl halides under ligand-free conditions was demonstrated. The magnetic nature of the copper ferrite nanoparticles was exploited for easy and quantitative separation of the catalyst. Leaching of Fe and Cu to the reaction medium was found to be within permissible limit and the activity of the catalyst was almost unaltered up to three consecutive cycles.
Systematic Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Tetra(5-aryl-2-thienyl)thiophenes
Authors: Muraoka Hiroki , Tanifuji Takanori , Ogawa Satoshi 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
We have succeeded in the synthesis of a series of tetra(5-aryl-2-thienyl)thiophenes as aryl-functionalized tetrathienylthiophenes. Characterization of these chemicals was performed by physical and spectroscopic means. The electrochemical properties were examined by cyclic voltammetry. The CV of all compounds showed that the redox behavior and potentials were controlled by the electronic effect of the p-substituted phenyl groups introduced at the outer α-positions on the four thiophene units linked to the thiophene core.
Chemoselective Transfer of Allyl or Phenyl Group from Allyl(phenyl)germanes in Pd-catalyzed Reactions with Aryl Halides
Authors: Pitteloud Jean-Philippe , Liang Yong , Wnuk Stanislaw F 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Treatment of chloro(phenyl)germanes with allylmagnesium bromide yielded allyl(phenyl)germanes. Coupling of the allyl(phenyl)germanes with aryl halides in 1,4-dioxane in the presence of aqueous NaOH and Pd catalyst resulted in Heck-type transfer of the allyl group providing the corresponding allylated aryls. On the other hand, reaction of allyl(phenyl)germanes with SbF5 intercalated in graphite in toluene and subsequent treatment of the resulting germanyl fluorides with TBAF generates reactive hypervalent fluorogermanates that undergo Stille-like Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling with aryl halides in wet toluene to provide biaryls.
Introduction of Two Anthracene Moieties into Perylenebis(dicarboximide) Core by Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling toward Construction of Donor–Acceptor–Donor Arrays
Authors: Iwanaga Tetsuo , Ida Hiroko , Takezaki Makoto , Toyota Shinji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
To create new π-conjugated compounds having a donor–acceptor–donor array, two 4-(9-anthrylethynyl)phenyl groups were introduced into a perylenebis(dicarboximide) structure at 1,6- or 1,7-positions by the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of corresponding dibromoperylenebis(dicarboximide) and boronic acid ester derivatives. The UV–vis and fluorescence spectra and the electrochemical data of these donor–acceptor–donor type compounds suggested weak electronic interactions between the anthracene units and the perylenebis(dicarboximide) unit.
Pd-catalyzed Highly Regio- and Stereocontrolled Direct Alkenylation of Electron-deficient Polyfluoroarenes
Authors: Chen Fei , Zhang Xingang 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
An effective and reliable method for Pd-catalyzed highly regio- and stereocontrolled direct alkenylation of electron-deficient polyfluoroarenes with alkenyl iodides has been developed. The advantages of this reaction are its high regio- and stereoselectivity, mild reaction temperature (70 °C), and the use of readily available Pd(PPh3)4. This approach provides a useful access to polyfluoroarylated derivatives of interest in both life and materials science.
Synthesis of Iron(III) Complex Bearing Tridentate β-Aminoketonato Ligand: Application to Iron-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reaction of Arylmagnesium Bromides with Alkyl Halides
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshitaka , Ando Hiroaki , Nagaya Makoto , Hinago Hideto , Ito Takashi , Asami Masatoshi 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A tridentate β-aminoketonato iron complex was prepared by the reaction of lithium β-aminoketonato with FeCl3. This iron complex was found to be an efficient catalyst for the cross-coupling reaction between arylmagnesium bromides and alkyl halides.
Spectral Shifts of the Environment-sensitive Fluorophore POLARIC™ in Heterogeneous Interfaces
Authors: Son Sang-Hyun , Yamagishi Yutaka , Tani Michiko , Yuasa Maiko , Yamada Koji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
We have designed and synthesized amphiphilic environment-sensitive fluorophore, POLARIC™, from four building blocks using Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were measured in various micelles and vesicles. The results show that the emission wavelengths of these probes respond to the surface charge and stability of the self-assemblies.
Preparation of Head-to-tail π-Conjugated Poly(thiophene–pyridine) and Polypyrimidine by Organometallic Polycondensation
Authors: Fukumoto Hiroki , Fujiwara Yoshiki , Yamamoto Takakazu 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The metalation of Br–ThPy–Br (Th: thiophene-2,5-diyl; Py: pyridine-2,5-diyl) and 2-iodo-5-bromopyrimidine with i-PrMgCl proceeds regioselectively. The cross-coupling polycondensation of regioselectively metalated intermediates gives head-to-tail π-conjugated poly(thiophene–pyridine) and polypyrimidine, respectively, and their packing structures in the solid state and optical data are discussed.
Stereocontrolled Formation of Styrenes by Pd(0)-catalyzed Cross-coupling of Photoactivated (E)-Alkenylgermanes with Aryl Bromides
Authors: Tseng Chih-Chung , Li Mungyuen , Mo Bingli , Warren Sarah A , Spivey Alan C 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The stereocontrolled synthesis of (E)-configured styrenes via Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-couping of (E)-alkenylgermanes with aryl bromides is described. The germanes employed have bis(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl) substitution to allow photooxidative activation toward coupling and a C8F17-fluorous tag to facilitate purification by fluorous solid-phase extraction (F-SPE). The selectivities obtained suggest that a germyl-Stille rather than Heck-type mechanism predominates in the coupling step.
n-Type Field-effect Transistors Based on Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-dione and the Bis(dicyanomethylene) Derivatives
Authors: Chen Shiyan , Bolag Altan , Nishida Jun-ichi , Yamashita Yoshiro 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Two new compounds, 3,6-bis(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-dione (1) and 2,5-bis(dicyanomethylene)-3,6-bis(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (2), were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure of 1 was determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) showed a relatively good mobility up to 0.039 cm2 V−1 s−1 in 1 and a better air stability in 2.
Binaural masking level difference in skilled reading children and children with dyslexia
Authors: Putter-Katz Hanna , Feldman Irit , Hildesheimer Minka 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background: Combining stimuli arriving at both ears makes it possible to locate sounds in the environment and to better detect signals or understand speech in noise when the sound sources are separated spatially. The sensitivity of the binaural system to interaural differences in time and amplitude can be investigated by means of the binaural masking level difference (BMLD). The age at which the BMLD reaches adult levels appears to depend partly upon masker bandwidth. Less is known about the effect of masker’s level on the development of BMLD in children. In the present study we assessed the effect of masker level on the BMLD of 3rd and 5th grade skilled reading children. In view of possible binaural hearing effects in dyslexia, the BMLD of a group of 5th grade children with reading difficulties was measured.

Methods: Detection thresholds of 500 Hz pure tone were measured at noise levels of 40 dBHL, 50 dBHL and 60 dBHL.

Results: All subjects presented increased MLD values with the rise of noise intensity between 40 dBHL and 60 dBHL. Among the skilled readers the results showed that younger children had smaller BMLDs than older children at all masker levels. However, a significant group-by-intensity interaction indicated that although the reading disabled group had reduced BMLD values than older skilled readers at noise levels of 50 dBHL and 60 dBHL, no difference was found between their BMLD values and those of the young skilled readers at noise levels of 50 dBHL and 60 dBHL. Moreover, their BMLD values at noise level of 40 dBHL were higher than those of the 3rd grade typically reading students while no difference was found between them and 5th grade efficient readers.

Conclusions: These results support the existence of both quantitative and qualitative differences in binaural hearing of children with developmental dyslexia.
How specific is the learning in an auditory frequency discrimination task?
Authors: Zaltz Yael , Ari-Even Roth Daphne , Kishon-Rabin Liat 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background: There is ample evidence showing that frequency discrimination can dramatically improve with practice. Nevertheless, the ability to generalize the learning gains to conditions that were not encountered during training is still controversial. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the extent of generalization to the untrained ear, to an untrained frequency (2000 Hz) and to an untrained (noisy) environment by continuing to train the generalization conditions.

Methods: Twenty-one participants took part in two training phases. The first training phase included nine training sessions that consisted each of six threshold measurements of difference limen for frequency (DLF) at 1000 Hz, and a 10th testing session that consisted of three DLF thresholds at 1000 Hz. The generalization phase included four training sessions that consisted each of six DLF threshold estimates, two days at each generalization condition (each participant was trained in two out of three generalization conditions, thus the total number of participants trained in each generalization condition was 14). All DLF thresholds were estimated using a three-interval, two-alternative forced choice adaptive procedure.

Results: Results showed that (1) the initial thresholds in the generalization conditions were reduced following training, and (2) new learning was observed in the subsequent training sessions suggesting that the learning was partially specific to the trained ear, frequency and environment.

Conclusions: These results have important theoretical and clinical implications regarding the extent of the plasticity of the auditory system and the neural processes that underlie this plasticity.
“There is no such thing as pure fiction”: Impossible worlds and the principle of minimal departure reconsidered
Authors: Mikkonen Kai 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
As has been argued in various theories of fiction, there can be no such thing as a totally fictional world. This paper seeks to examine the principle of minimal departure, defined by David Lewis and Marie-Laure Ryan, as an explanation for the impossibility of total fiction that would undermine all assumptions based on our actual world. The principle says that readers reconstrue the fictional world as being the closest possible to the reality we know, unless otherwise indicated.
By drawing examples from the ontologically fluid worlds in Jasper Fforde's Thursday Next series, I suggest new areas in narrative analysis where the principle could be applied and point out some limitations in earlier definitions of this notion. On the one hand, we can examine those narrative and literary devices that directly play upon the principle of mimimal departure and allow fiction to enlarge the scope of the world that must be explained. On the other hand, I argue that questions of modality in fiction may be relatively immune to this principle. I thus introduce the rule of suspension of modal claims, indicating the need to refrain from making assumptions, in any strong sense, about what may be possible, necessary, or contingent in a fictional world. The principle of suspension of modal claims emphasizes the way fiction may encourage epistemological and ontological doubt rather than mimetic or antimimetic expectations (i.e. principles of minimal and maximal departure), compelling our judgement of the possibility and reality of fiction to hesitate, to linger over a range of possibilities.
Simile and dissimilarity
Authors: Moon Rosamund 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Simile is generally explained as an explicit comparison between two things, which presupposes they have features or qualities in common – but equally, there must be essential differences too. This paper pursues these differences, and explores ideas of dissimilarity in simile, here considered as a separate device from metaphor. It then looks at implications for text analysis, in particular the role of simile in articulating the experience of the unknown and the new in narrations of travel. Drawing on texts by three 19th-century explorers (Livingstone, Stanley, Kingsley) and contrasting them with fiction (Conrad), I argue that the dissimilarities within similes reveal much, particularly with respect to ideological meanings on the one hand, and the expression of certainty and uncertainty on the other.
Author's characters and the character of the author: The typical in fiction
Authors: Wood Tahir 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This article situates the semantics of fictional characters within a broader framework of authorial communication. It argues that theories of character in the novel will be deficient to the extent that characters are not conceptualised as motivated creations of an author. The influential approach of Georg Lukács effectively excluded the point of view of the author in favour of a direct relationship between the fictional work and processes of history, as an instance of the particular related to the universal. But here it is argued that the notion of the typical should rather be seen as a relation between the social milieu of the authorial experience on the one hand and the figure-ground construction of character on the other. This constitutes part of a project to examine the question of realism on a renewed basis, particularly in terms of the authorial presence within the fictional world, and the case is argued with specific reference to a novel by John Fowles.
Effect of the glass fiber length on the mechanical properties of long glass fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide
Authors: Yasuda Hiroshi , Chiba Yusuke , Ishikawa Masaru 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The effects of the length of glass fibers on the toughness of long glass fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites (PPS-LFT), made by the pulltrusion process, were studied with regards to both the molding V notched specimen and the cutting V notched specimen. Toughness was excellent on the molding V notched specimen. By observing the fracture morphology of the molded V notched specimen, it was found that a crack was formed, due to a slip or debonding at the fiber surface. The crack was propagated along the fiber, due to the pulling out of fibers from the matrix polymer. Both the maximum load and the fracture energy increased with increasing length of the glass fiber, because the resistance created by pulling out the fibers increased with increasing fiber length. In the case of PPS-LFT, it is understood that toughness improved because the slip between the fiber and the resin occurs before the excessive elastic strain energy is stored.
Thermodynamic study of poly(ethylene glycol) in water/acetone solutions by viscometry
Authors: Mehrdad Abbas , Taghi Taghizadeh Mohammad , Moladoust Roghieh 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In this work, the intrinsic viscosities of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a molar mass of 20,000 g·mol-1 were measured in water/acetone solutions from (283.1 to 313.1) K. The expansion factors of the polymer chains were calculated from the intrinsic viscosity data. The thermodynamic para­meters (entropy of dilution parameter, the heat of dilution para­meter, θ temperature, polymer-solvent interaction parameter and second osmotic virial coefficient) were derived by the temperature dependence of the polymer chain expansion factor. The thermodynamic parameters indicate that mixtures of water/acetone are changed to the poorer solvents for PEG, by increasing temperature and volume fractions of acetone. Also, the temperature dependency of segment-segment and segment-solvent interactions for PEG in mixed water/acetone, is decreased by increasing volume fractions of acetone.