bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Flag or the Pocketbook: To What are Immigrants a Threat
Authors: Aksoy Deniz 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn increasing number of immigrants and rising unemployment rates are widely thought to contribute to the electoral success of extreme right parties in Western Europe. However, no study explicitly posits the causal mechanism that links the aggregate level factors of immigration and unemployment to the electoral success of extreme right parties, and systematically analyzes whether and how this mechanism works. Thus, the causal connection between immigration, unemployment and extreme right success remains at best ambiguous. I argue that the causal mechanism linking immigration and unemployment to extreme right electoral performance is the development of anti‐immigrant attitudes at the individual level. In this paper, I examine how unemployment and immigration affect individuals’ attitudes toward immigrants. This examination furthers our understanding of the actual dynamics of how unemployment and immigration influences the electoral success of extreme right parties. I find that greater unemployment rates increase the probability that an individual will have an anti‐immigrant attitude only when immigration is already at a high level. Similarly, increasing immigration alone does not always increase the probability that an individual will have an anti‐immigrant attitude.
Complex pigment evolution in the Caryophyllales
Authors: Brockington Samuel F. , Walker Rachel H. , Glover Beverley J. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryCarotenoids and flavonoids including anthocyanins are the predominant pigments in flowering plants, where they play important roles in pollination, seed dispersal, protection against stress and signalling. In certain families within the Pentapetalae order Caryophyllales, an unusual class of pigments, known as betalains, replaces the more common anthocyanins. This isolated occurrence of betalains in the Caryophyllales has stimulated over half a century of debate and experimentation. Numerous hypotheses have been suggested to explain the phylogenetically restricted occurrence of betalains and their apparent mutual exclusion with anthocyanins. In this review, we evaluate these hypotheses in the face of a changing interpretation of Caryophyllales phylogeny and new comparative genetic data. Phylogenetic analyses expose substantial gaps in our knowledge of the early evolution of pigments in the Caryophyllales and suggest pigmentation to be much more labile than previously recognized. Reconstructions of character evolution imply multiple switches from betalain to anthocyanin pigmentation, but also allow for possible multiple origins of betalains. Comparative genetic studies propose possible mechanisms underlying switches between pigment types and suggest that transcriptional down‐regulation of late‐acting enzymes is responsible for a loss of anthocyanins. Given these insights from molecular phylogenetics and comparative genetics, we discuss outstanding questions and define key goals for future research.
Parental burnout in relation to sociodemographic, psychosocial and personality factors as well as disease duration and glycaemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Lindström Caisa , Åman Jan , Norberg Annika Lindahl 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  To examine associations between burnout and sociodemographic, psychosocial, personality and medical factors in parents of children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM).Methods:  A total of 252 parents of children with T1DM participated in a population‐based study. We used self‐report questionnaires to assess symptoms of burnout and background factors.Results:  Psychosocial background factors were significantly associated with burnout in parents, whereas there were no associations between sociodemographic or medical factors and burnout. For both genders, parental burnout was associated with low social support, lack of leisure time, financial concerns and a perception that the child’s disease affects everyday life. Low self‐esteem and high need for control were risk factors for maternal burnout.Conclusion:  In the screening of risk factors for long‐term stress in parents of children with T1DM, we should recognize parents’ attitudes as well as situational psychosocial issues. In clinics, we need to pay attention to the day‐to‐day life circumstances in the support of these parents. Certain factors were associated with the risk for burnout only for mothers, which warrant further investigation of gender aspects. Continued research about the causal relationship between the parental responsibility, psychosocial factors and burnout is warranted.
Reducing prescribing errors in the paediatric intensive care unit: an experience from Egypt
Authors: Alagha Hala Zakaria , Badary Osama Ahmed , Ibrahim Hanan Mohammed , Sabri Nagwa Ali 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  To investigate the impact of different measures, implemented by clinical pharmacists, on prescribing error rates in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Cairo, Egypt.Methods:  We performed a pre–post study of prescribing errors in a 12 bed PICU. We utilized a chart review method for the detection of prescribing errors. The rate and potential severity of prescribing errors were determined before and then after the implementation of the medication error reducing measures. These measures included the use of a new structured medication order chart, physician education, provision of dosing assists and physician performance feedback.Results:  We evaluated 1417 medication orders for 139 patients preintervention and 1097 orders for 101 patients postintervention. Of preintervention orders, 1107 (78.1%) had at least one prescribing error. The intervention resulted in significant reduction in prescribing error rate to 35.2% postintervention (p < 0.001). The intervention resulted also in a significant reduction in the rate of potentially severe errors from 29.7% preintervention to 7% postintervention (p < 0.001) and the rate of potentially moderate errors from 39.8% preintervention to 24.2% postintervention (p < 0.001). Besides, rates of all types of prescribing errors were declined to different degrees as a result of the intervention.Conclusion:  Clinical pharmacists’ activities, focusing on improving physician‐nurse communication, physician drug knowledge and awareness of errors, were shown effective in reducing the rate of prescribing errors and their potential severity in a PICU.
Variation in prevalence of chromosome 22q11 deletion in subtypes of conotruncal defect in 254 children
Authors: Anilkumar A , Kappanayil M , Thampi MV , Nampoothiri S , Sundaram KR , Vasudevan DM 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  To determine the frequency of chromosomal aberrations particularly 22q11 deletion in Indian children ≤2 years with different types of conotruncal malformations and their association with abnormal aortic arch. Additionally, extracardiac features were also studied.Methods:  Conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses were performed in 254 patients with conotruncal defects. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to ascertain extracardiac features helpful in identifying high‐risk patients with deletion.Results:  Chromosomal abnormalities were identified in 52 (21%) children, of whom 49 (94%) showed 22q11 deletion and 3 (6%) had abnormalities of chromosome 6, 2 and X. None of the 11/254 children with tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve showed deletion. The association of 22q11 deletion with right sidedness of the aortic arch varied with the type of conotruncal defect. The eight extracardiac features in combination showed 93.5% agreement with the presence of deletion.Conclusion:  The extracardiac features along with specific type of conotruncal defect and associated cardiovascular anomaly should alert the clinician for 22q11 deletion testing. However, if deletion analysis is not possible, specific extracardiac features (six dysmorphic facial features, thin long fingers and hypocalcemia) can help to identify an increased risk of 22q11 deletion in patients with conotruncal defect.
Persistent Sexual Side Effects of Finasteride for Male Pattern Hair Loss
Authors: Irwig Michael S. , Kolukula Swapna 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Finasteride has been associated with reversible adverse sexual side effects in multiple randomized, controlled trials for the treatment of male pattern hair loss (MPHL). The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency of the United Kingdom and the Swedish Medical Products Agency have both updated their patient information leaflets to include a statement that “persistence of erectile dysfunction after discontinuation of treatment with Propecia has been reported in post-marketing use.”

Aim
We sought to characterize the types and duration of persistent sexual side effects in otherwise healthy men who took finasteride for MPHL.

Methods
We conducted standardized interviews with 71 otherwise healthy men aged 21–46 years who reported the new onset of sexual side effects associated with the temporal use of finasteride, in which the symptoms persisted for at least 3 months despite the discontinuation of finasteride.

Main Outcome Measures
The types and duration of sexual dysfunction and the changes in perceived sexual frequency and sexual dysfunction score between pre- and post-finasteride use.

Results
Subjects reported new-onset persistent sexual dysfunction associated with the use of finasteride: 94% developed low libido, 92% developed erectile dysfunction, 92% developed decreased arousal, and 69% developed problems with orgasm. The mean number of sexual episodes per month dropped and the total sexual dysfunction score increased for before and after finasteride use according to the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (P &lt;0.0001 for both). The mean duration of finasteride use was 28 months and the mean duration of persistent sexual side effects was 40 months from the time of finasteride cessation to the interview date. Study limitations include a post hoc approach, selection bias, recall bias for before finasteride data, and no serum hormone levels.

Conclusion
Physicians treating MPHL should discuss the potential risk of persistent sexual side effects associated with finasteride.
WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR GMO LABELING POLICIES: THE CASE OF KOREA
Authors: LEE J.‐S. , YOO S.‐H. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTWith the increasing interest in food safety, genetically modified organisms (GMO) have been a topic of intense public debate. To provide a basis for rational debate and develop an appropriate GMO labeling policy, the Korean government is interested in consumer attitudes and responses to GMO labeling policies. In this light, by employing a survey approach that is called “contingent valuation,” the present study attempted to measure the public's willingness to pay (WTP) that are more stringent than the prevailing policies in Korea. Furthermore, in order to enhance statistical efficiency in WTP estimation and reduce the response effect in the context of WTP elicitation, this study employed a one‐and‐one‐half bound dichotomous choice format. The estimate of the annual mean WTP for GMO labeling policies is 3,756 Korean won (USD 4.04) per household. This quantitative information can be utilized in developing policies related to genetically modified foods.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONThe contingent valuation in this article provided a powerful tool for measuring the public's willingness to pay for genetically modified organisms labeling policies.
DETECTION OF CRONOBACTER IN INFANT FORMULA AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS ON α‐GLUCOSIDASE GENES
Authors: YE YINGWANG , WU QINGPING , ZHANG JUMEI , LU JIANFENG , LIN LIN 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe infant formula has been identified as the main transmission vehicle of Cronobacter infections that have been implicated in severe diseases in neonates. Therefore, the accurate detection of Cronobacter is required for microbiological safety of infant formulas. In this study, the duplex‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting α‐glucosidase genes was developed and could detect as few as 103 cfu/mL in artificially contaminated infant formulas. Positive signals were generated from Cronobacter but not from other non‐Cronobacter. Newly developed dot hybridization further confirmed that the PCR was specific to detect Cronobacter in infant formula. Positive fragment sequencing was carried out for phylogenetic analysis and a high heterogeneity between Cronobacter and related species was observed. The phylogenetic analysis is helpful for enriching knowledge of genetic diversity and potential taxonomic complexity.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONThis new PCR method has a potential application for detection of Cronobacter in infant formulas prior to entry into markets and will be helpful in routine monitoring and risk assessment in large‐scale screening of disease outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis is helpful for enriching knowledge of genetic diversity, further supporting and confirming the taxonomic complexity within Cronobacter.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF A FOOD‐GRADE DILUTION‐STABLE MICROEMULSION
Authors: ZHANG HUI , LI DONGDONG , ZHU SONGMING , FENG FENGQIN , ZHENG XIAODONG 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe antibacterial activities of a food‐grade dilution‐stable microemulsion, which has an oil phase of glycerol monolaurate (5% w/w), propionic acid (15%) and a surfactant phase of Tween 80 (21%), sodium benzoate (21%), have been studied in this work. By broth dilution method, the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the microemulsion against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were achieved at 250, 500 and 250 ppm, respectively. The bactericidal kinetic results showed that over 90% viable bacterial cells were killed within 5 min by the microemulsion at the concentrations determined by MBC; a nearly 4 log reduction in S. aureus or B. subtilis titer was obtained while a complete loss of viability was achieved against E. coli in 60 min. The fast‐killing kinetics of the microemulsion was in good agreement with the cell surface hydrophobicity, membrane permeability experiments and the observation of transmission electron microscopy.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work suggests the potential use of food‐grade fully dilutable microemulsions for antimicrobial purposes in food products.
PRESENCE OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN UHT MILK IN TABRIZ (NORTHWEST OF IRAN)
Authors: MOVASSAGH MOHAMMAD HOSEIN 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTMycotoxins in milk is a public health concern and has to be regularly monitored. The role of milk in human nutrition is well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in ultra‐high‐temperature (UHT) milk samples in Tabriz city (Iran) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Forty‐nine UHT milk samples from different supermarkets in Tabriz city were collected during 6 months (July to December 2008). AFM1 was found in 100% of the examined milk samples; 83.67% of the samples had AFM1 greater than the maximum tolerance limit (50 ng/L) accepted by European Union. It can be concluded that AFM1 levels in the samples purchased in Tabriz city appear to be a serious public health problem at the moment and is much higher than some other countries.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONAflatoxins are both acutely and chronically toxic for animals and humans, and can produce dangerous illnesses including acute liver damage, liver cirrhosis, tumor induction, and are also teratogenic. AFM1 is resistant to thermal inactivation; pasteurization, autoclaving and other varieties of food processing procedures are not effective in the reduction of this toxin. The results obtained from this study can be use to decrease the level of AFM1 in milk, dairy cows' feed samples from various cows' herds, and it must be controlled periodically for aflatoxins and kept away from fungal contamination as much as possible.
The Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act: Accomplishments and Limitations*
Authors: Acharya Viral V. , Cooley Thomas , Richardson Matthew , Sylla Richard , Walter Ingo 
Published: March 2011

The Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 is widely described as the most ambitious and far‐reaching overhaul of financial regulation in the United States since the 1930s. Together with other regulatory reforms introduced by regulatory agencies globally, the Act aims to put an end to the too‐big‐to‐fail problem and is expected to alter the structure of financial markets in profound ways.This article provides an overall assessment of the Act in three different ways: first, in light of first economic principles, or how theory suggests we should regulate the financial sector, given the systemic risk externality each financial firm imposes on other firms and the rest of the economy; second, from a comparative perspective that views the proposed reforms in relation to those undertaken in the 1930s following the Great Depression; and, finally, in the form of an assessment of how the proposed reforms would have fared in preventing and dealing with the crisis of 2007–2009 had they been in place at the time. The article also highlights key areas that are left wholly or partly unaddressed by the Dodd‐Frank Act—notably, the pricing of explicit and implicit government guarantees; dealing with inevitable opportunities for the financial sector to engage in regulatory arbitrage; and containing the systemic risk arising from collections of small institutions and markets such as money market funds and repo contracts.
China Adopts EVA: An Essential Step in the Great Leap Forward*
Authors: Stern Erik 
Published: March 2011

At the start of 2010, the Central SASAC initiated a three‐year “Performance Assessment Policy” that has the potential to transform Chinese business practices. Since 2010, return on capital has been a major criterion in the performance evaluation and compensation of the senior managements of the 100 largest Chinese state‐owned enterprises. Although sales growth will still count for 60% of executive assessment, 40% will be determined by a simplified version of EVA, or Economic Value Added. The guiding principle behind the new policy is simple and straightforward: Executives of state‐owned enterprises are now being asked to manage capital more efficiently than they have in the past—and in much the same way that private enterprises are now expected to do.Observers might be inclined to downplay this change. The assessed cost for capital, at 5.5%, is well below the market's required rate of return. And SASAC may not allow the firms to close plants, make positions redundant, and lay off employees. Veteran managers may try to outlive the interest in EVA, expecting SASAC's new standards to be unenforced.But SASAC's leaders expect a few pioneering companies to take the framework farther than the guidelines demand. To the extent they succeed in creating value for their shareholders, these companies could help bring about important change at many other Chinese companies.
The serine hydrolases MAGL, ABHD6 and ABHD12 as guardians of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol signalling through cannabinoid receptors
Authors: Savinainen J. R. , Saario S. M. , Laitinen J. T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) is a lipid mediator involved in various physiological processes. In response to neural activity, 2‐AG is synthesized post‐synaptically, then activates pre‐synaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) in a retrograde manner, resulting in transient and long‐lasting reduction of neurotransmitter release. The signalling competence of 2‐AG is tightly regulated by the balanced action between ‘on demand’ biosynthesis and degradation. We review recent research on monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), ABHD6 and ABHD12, three serine hydrolases that together account for approx. 99% of brain 2‐AG hydrolase activity. MAGL is responsible for approx. 85% of 2‐AG hydrolysis and colocalizes with CB1R in axon terminals. It is therefore ideally positioned to terminate 2‐AG‐CB1R signalling regardless of the source of this endocannabinoid. Its acute pharmacological inhibition leads to 2‐AG accumulation and CB1R‐mediated behavioural responses. Chronic MAGL inactivation results in 2‐AG overload, desensitization of CB1R signalling and behavioural tolerance. ABHD6 accounts for approx. 4% of brain 2‐AG hydrolase activity but in neurones it rivals MAGL in efficacy. Neuronal ABHD6 resides post‐synaptically, often juxtaposed with CB1Rs, and its acute inhibition leads to activity‐dependent accumulation of 2‐AG. In cortical slices, selective ABHD6 blockade facilitates CB1R‐dependent long‐term synaptic depression. ABHD6 is therefore positioned to guard intracellular pools of 2‐AG at the site of generation. ABHD12 is highly expressed in microglia and accounts for approx. 9% of total brain 2‐AG hydrolysis. Mutations in ABHD12 gene are causally linked to a neurodegenerative disease called PHARC. Whether ABHD12 qualifies as a bona fide member to the endocannabinoid system remains to be established.
Safety and Tolerability of the Direct Renin Inhibitor Aliskiren in Combination With Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Thiazide Diuretics: A Pooled Analysis of Clinical Experience of 12,942 Patients
Authors: White William B. , Bresalier Robert , Kaplan Allen P. , Palmer Biff F. , Riddell Robert H. , Lesogor Anastasia , Chang William , Keefe Deborah L. 
Published: March 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:506–516. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Combinations of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or diuretics are effective therapeutic regimens for the treatment of hypertension. A large database of safety information has become available during the past several years with aliskiren in combination trials. Data were pooled from 9 short‐term (8‐week) and 4 longer‐term (26‐ to 52‐week) randomized controlled trials of aliskiren in patients with hypertension. Adverse event (AE) rates were assessed for aliskiren combination therapy compared with component monotherapies. In short‐term studies, overall AE rates were similar for patients receiving aliskiren/valsartan or aliskiren/diuretic combinations (32.2%–39.8%) and those receiving the component monotherapies (30.0%–39.6%). In longer‐term studies, AE rates with aliskiren/losartan (55.5%) and aliskiren/diuretic (45.0%) combination therapy were similar to those with losartan (53.9%) and diuretic (48.9%) alone. Angioedema and hyperkalemia occurred in similar proportions of patients taking combination therapies vs monotherapy. The safety and tolerability profile of aliskiren in combination with the ARBs valsartan or losartan, or diuretic, is similar to aliskiren, ARBs, or diuretics alone.
The assessment, monitoring, and enhancement of treatment fidelity in public health clinical trials
Authors: Borrelli Belinda 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectives: To discuss methods of preservation of treatment fidelity in health behavior change trials conducted in public health contexts.Methods: The treatment fidelity framework provided by the National Institutes of Health's Behavioral Change Consortium includes five domains of treatment fidelity (Study Design, Training, Delivery, Receipt, and Enactment). A measure of treatment fidelity was previously developed and validated using these categories.Results: Strategies for assessment, monitoring, and enhancing treatment fidelity within each of the five treatment fidelity domains are discussed. The previously created measure of treatment fidelity is updated to include additional items on selecting providers, additional confounders, theory testing, and multicultural considerations.Conclusions: Implementation of a treatment fidelity plan may require extra staff time and costs. However, the economic and scientific costs of lack of attention to treatment fidelity are far greater than the costs of treatment fidelity implementation. Maintaining high levels of treatment fidelity with flexible adaptation according to setting, provider, and patient is the goal for public health trials.