bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsibility for meeting the costs of adaptation
Authors: Hartzell‐Nichols Lauren 
Published: July 2011

AbstractClimate change is no longer a distant possibility. Potentially harmful climatic changes are already underway. If we want to or believe we ought to minimize the harmfulness of eventual climate impacts it will therefore be necessary for us to adapt to our changing climate. As people will be differentially affected by climate impacts depending on when, where, and in what circumstances they live, adaptive measures will have to vary with context. It turns out that those least causally responsible for climate change are predicted to suffer the most from climate impacts. As these are disproportionally the world's poor and their vulnerability is partly due to their poverty, adaptation will often intersect with development. Determining who should be held responsible for meeting the costs of adaptation, the topic of this review, is therefore a difficult task. After reviewing the relevant literature, this review identifies the need for further work on the conceptual and practical issues that arise when thinking about the ethics of adaptation.WIREs Clim Change2011 2 687–700 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.132This article is categorized under:Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Ethics and Climate Change
Importance and key events of prokaryotic RNA decay: the ultimate fate of an RNA molecule
Authors: Silva Inês Jesus , Saramago Margarida , Dressaire Clémentine , Domingues Susana , Viegas Sandra Cristina , Arraiano Cecília Maria 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRNAs are important effectors in the process of gene expression. In bacteria, constant adaptation to environmental demands is accompanied by a continual adjustment of transcripts' levels. The cellular concentration of a given RNA is the result of the balance between its synthesis and degradation. RNA degradation is a complex process encompassing multiple pathways. Ribonucleases (RNases) are the enzymes that directly process and degrade the transcripts, regulating their amounts. They are also important in quality control of RNAs by detecting and destroying defective molecules. The rate at which RNA decay occurs depends on the availability of ribonucleases and their specificities according to the sequence and/or the structural elements of the RNA molecule. Ribosome loading and the 5′‐phosphorylation status can also modulate the stability of transcripts. The wide diversity of RNases present in different microorganisms is another factor that conditions the pathways and mechanisms of RNA degradation. RNases are themselves carefully regulated by distinct mechanisms.Several other factors modulate RNA degradation, namely polyadenylation, which plays a multifunctional role in RNA metabolism. Additionally, small non‐coding RNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression, and can directly modulate the stability of their mRNA targets. In many cases this regulation is dependent on Hfq, an RNA binding protein which can act in concert with polyadenylation enzymes and is often necessary for the activity of sRNAs.All of the above‐mentioned aspects are discussed in the present review, which also highlights the principal differences between the RNA degradation pathways for the two main Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacterial models. WIREs RNA 2011 2 818–836 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.94This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Improved algorithms for optimal length resolution refutation in difference constraint systems
Authors: Subramani K. , Williamson Matthew , Gu Xiaofeng 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the design and analysis of improved algorithms for determining the optimal length resolution refutation (OLRR) of a system of difference constraints over an integral domain. The problem of finding short explanations for unsatisfiable Difference Constraint Systems (DCS) finds applications in a number of design domains including program verification, proof theory, real-time scheduling, and operations research. These explanations have also been called “certificates” and “refutations” in the literature. This problem was first studied in Subramani (J Autom Reason 43(2):121–137,
2009
), wherein the first polynomial time algorithm was proposed. In this paper, we propose two new strongly polynomial algorithms which improve on the existing time bound. Our first algorithm, which we call the edge progression approach, runs in
O
(
n
2
·
k
+
m
·
n
·
k
) time, while our second algorithm, which we call the edge relaxation approach, runs in
O
(
m
·
n
·
k
) time, where
m
is the number of constraints in the DCS,
n
is the number of program variables, and
k
denotes the length of the shortest refutation. We conducted an extensive empirical analysis of the three OLRR algorithms discussed in this paper. Our experiments indicate that in the case of sparse graphs, the new algorithms discussed in this paper are superior to the algorithm in Subramani (J Autom Reason 43(2):121–137,
2009
). Likewise, in the case of dense graphs, the approach in Subramani (J Autom Reason 43(2):121–137,
2009
) is superior to the algorithms described in this paper. One surprising observation is the superiority of the edge relaxation algorithm over the edge progression algorithm in all cases, although both algorithms have the same asymptotic time complexity.
Boundary nature induces greater group size and group density in habitat edges: an agent‐based model revealed
Authors: Horiuchi Shiro , Takasaki Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2011

AbstractApart from the amount and distribution of food resources and predation pressure, we sought to clarify habitat spatial features that affect group size and group density. To simulate animal groups interacting with one another, we made an agent‐based model in a computational space. Assuming no predation pressure, we change the resource conditions between the habitat (comprising ‘interior’ and ‘edges’) and the ‘exterior’. The results are as follows: when the group density is high throughout the habitat, large groups tend to frequent the edges (i.e., the boundaries between the interior and exterior) even if food resources are scarce in the exterior. Additionally, when the group density is high and the group size variation is small, both group size and group density increase at the edges. These findings are discussed with reference to primates, particularly the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) as an example of group‐living animal.
The ABLe Change Framework: A Conceptual and Methodological Tool for Promoting Systems Change
Authors: Foster-Fishman Pennie G. , Watson Erin R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a new approach to the design and implementation of community change efforts like a System of Care. Called the ABLe Change Framework, the model provides simultaneous attention to the content and process of the work, ensuring effective implementation and the pursuit of systems change. Three key strategies are employed in this model to ensure the integration of content and process efforts and effective mobilization of broad scale systems change: Systemic Action Learning Teams, Simple Rules, and Small Wins. In this paper we describe the ABLe Change Framework and present a case study in which we successfully applied this approach to one system of care effort in Michigan.
The differences of sarcopenia-related phenotypes: effects of gender and population
Authors: Zhong Kai , Lei Shu-feng , Yang Fang , Chen Xiang-ding , Tan Li-jun , Zhu Xue-zhen , Tian Qing , Deng Hong-wen 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Sarcopenia is a serious condition especially in the elderly population mainly characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with aging. Extremity skeletal muscle mass index (EMMI) (sum of skeletal muscle mass in arms and legs/height2) is gaining popularity in sarcopenia definition (less than two standard deviations below the mean of a young adult reference group), but little is known about the gender- and population-specific differences of EMMI. This study aimed at investigating the differences of EMMI, arm muscle mass index (AMMI), and leg muscle mass index (LMMI) between gender groups and populations (Chinese vs. Caucasians). The participants included 1,809 Chinese and 362 Caucasians with normal weight aged from 19 to 45 years old. Extremity muscle mass, arm muscle mass, and leg muscle mass were measured by using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Independent sample t tests were used to analyze the differences in muscle mass indexes between the studied groups. All the study parameters including EMMIs, AMMIs, and LMMIs were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.0003) in the Caucasian group than in the Chinese group and also higher in the male group than in the female group, and these significant differences (P ≤ 0.0005) remained after adjusting for age by simple regressions. The detected differences of muscle mass indexes between different gender and ethnic groups may provide important implications in their different risk of future sarcopenia.
The Impact of College Education on Fertility: Evidence for Heterogeneous Effects
Authors: Brand Jennie E. , Davis Dwight 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAs college-going among women has increased, more women are going to college from backgrounds that previously would have precluded their attendance and completion. This affords us the opportunity and motivation to look at the effects of college on fertility across a range of social backgrounds and levels of early achievement. Despite a substantial literature on the effects of education on women’s fertility, researchers have not assessed variation in effects by selection into college. With data on U.S. women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examine effects of timely college attendance and completion on women’s fertility by the propensity to attend and complete college using multilevel Poisson and discrete-time event-history models. Disaggregating the effects of college by propensity score strata, we find that the fertility-decreasing college effect is concentrated among women from comparatively disadvantaged social backgrounds and low levels of early achievement. The effects of college on fertility attenuate as we observe women from backgrounds that are more predictive of college attendance and completion.
Interparental conflict and early adolescents’ aggression: Is irregular sleep a vulnerability factor?
Authors: Lemola Sakari , Schwarz Beate , Siffert Andrea 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether (a) short and irregular sleep are related to aggressive behavior in early adolescence and (b) whether they moderate the relation between interparental conflict and aggressive behavior. 176 early adolescents (mean age 11.6 years, 89 girls) reported their bed and wake times on weekdays and on weekends and their aggressive behavior. Interparental conflict was rated by their mothers and adolescents reported whether they felt threatened by the conflict. No direct association between early adolescents’ sleep and aggression was found. However, short sleep duration on weekday nights, long sleep duration on weekends, and a large weekday to weekend difference in sleep duration moderated the relation between interparental conflict and early adolescents’ aggression. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that irregular sleep is a vulnerability factor for early adolescents’ aggression and underscore the importance of sufficient and regular sleep for resilience.
Prospective analysis of the transition to sexual experience and changes in sexual self‐esteem among adolescents attending therapeutic schools
Authors: Swenson Rebecca R. , Houck Christopher D. , Barker David , Zeanah Paula D. , Brown Larry K. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTGiven increased sexual risk‐taking among youth with mental health problems, this study sought to understand the developmental trajectory of sexual self‐esteem (SSE) among this vulnerable population and how it is impacted by sexual experiences. Participants were 185 adolescents who attended therapeutic/alternative schools in southern New England. Changes in five domains of SSE identified by Zeanah and Schwarz (1996) were examined across adolescents who either: 1) were sexually active at baseline, 2) transitioned to activity during the study, and 3) remained inexperienced at follow‐up. In support of the hypothesis that changes in SSE precede onset of experience, youth who transitioned reported higher baseline scores in the Skills domain than those who remained inexperienced. SSE was subsequently impacted by sexual activity, with differences in several domains found at baseline and follow‐up across level of experience. Changes in SSE following sexual experience depended, in part, on the percentage of casual partners teens reported.
Chromatin and the DNA damage response: The cancer connection
Authors: Luijsterburg Martijn S. , van Attikum Haico 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe integrity of the human genome is constantly threatened by genotoxic agents that cause DNA damage. Inefficient or inaccurate repair of DNA lesions triggers genome instability and can lead to cancer development or even cell death. Cells counteract the adverse effects of DNA lesions by activating the DNA damage response (DDR), which entails a coordinated series of events that regulates cell cycle progression and repair of DNA lesions. Efficient DNA repair in living cells is complicated by the packaging of genomic DNA into a condensed, often inaccessible structure called chromatin. Cells utilize post‐translational histone modifications and ATP‐dependent chromatin remodeling to modulate chromatin structure and increase the accessibility of the repair machinery to lesions embedded in chromatin. Here we review and discuss our current knowledge and recent advances on DNA damage‐induced chromatin changes and their implications for the mammalian DNA damage response, genome stability and carcinogenesis. Exploiting our improving understanding of how modulators of chromatin structure orchestrate the DDR may provide new avenues to improve cancer management.
Partial adjustment toward optimal cash holding levels
Authors: Venkiteshwaran Vinod 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRecognizing that industry and capital market conditions may impede a firm's desire to achieve its targeted cash holding levels, we estimate a dynamic model that allows firms to adjust their cash holding levels over time and find evidence consistent with a trade‐off type behavior in cash holding levels. We estimate a partial adjustment model and find that firms rapidly correct any deviation from their targeted cash levels. A typical firm in our sample closes this gap within two years. Inconsistent with the agency view of excess cash holdings, we find that cash holding levels for firms with excess cash persists over time compared to those that have a deficit. We also find that smaller firms typically hold excess cash and are quicker to correct deviations than large firms consistent with the view that it is more costly for financially constrained firms to operate at sub‐optimal levels of liquid assets.
Effects of the excitatory amino acid transporter subtype 2 (EAAT-2) inducerceftriaxone on different pain modalities in rat
Authors: Eljaja Laila , Bjerrum Ole J. , Honoré Per Hartvig , Abrahamsen Bjarke 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory amino acid in the mammalian CNS and is involved in transmission of pain together with processes for cognition, memory and learning. In order to terminate glutamatergic neurotransmission and avoid excitotoxic damage, a balanced glutamate homeostasis is of critical importance. The level of glutamate in the synaptic cleft is regulated through the action of five subtypes of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT1-5). Ceftriaxone, a β-lactam, induces EAAT-2 and has proven effect for the treatment of neuropathic pain. This pilot study investigated the effects of ceftriaxone upon acute and inflammatory pain and additionally, the analgesic effect of ceftriaxone after introduction of neuropathic pain.

Methods
Rats were tested before, during and after treatment of ceftriaxone for changes in response to both mechanical and thermal stimuli, using calibrated von Frey filaments and Hargreaves instrument, respectively. Inflammatory responses were investigated by assessing the response to intra-plantar injections of formalin; lastly, neuropathic pain was introduced using the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model after which changes in both mechanical and thermal responses were again investigated.

Results
A significant increase in mechanical withdrawal threshold was observed following acute pain inducement in ceftriaxone treated rats. A marked increase in thermal withdrawal latency was also observed. In response to intra plantar administered formalin, ceftriaxone delayed the intensity of nocifensive behaviours. Applying the SNL model of neuropathic pain on naive rats created significant mechanical allodynia, but only a negligibly different response to thermal stimulation. After treatment with ceftriaxone the treated rats developed a hypoalgesic response to thermal stimulation, whilst the response to mechanical pain was insignificant.

Conclusion
In conclusion, ceftriaxone clearly interfered in the transmission of noxious signalling and proved in this study to have an effect upon acute thermal and mechanical pain thresholds as well as pathologic pain conditions. The present results are a piece in the large puzzle where administration route, dosage and pain models must be thoroughly investigated before a study can be planned for a proof of concept in different clinical pain states.

Implications
The current study demonstrates that ceftriaxone has a mitigating effect upon many pain modalities including acute and inflammatory, and that these modalities should be included in future studies characterising the anti-nociceptive effect of beta-lactams such as ceftriaxone. The fact that β-lactams also has antibiotic properties implies that similar chemical structures could be identified with the positive effect upon expression levels of EAAT2, but lacking the antibiotic side effect.
Reduced Steenrod operations and resolution of singularities
Authors: Haution Olivier 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe give a new construction of a weak form of Steenrod operations for Chow groups modulo a prime number p for a certain class of varieties. This class contains projective homogeneous varieties which are either split or considered over a field admitting some form of resolution of singularities, for example any field of characteristic not p. These reduced Steenrod operations are sufficient for some applications to the theory of quadratic forms.
Do long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduce arterial stiffness? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Pase Matthew P. , Grima Natalie A. , Sarris Jerome 
Published: July 2011

Fish oils, rich in long-chain n-3 PUFA, are known to reduce various risk factors for CVD. However, conclusive evidence regarding the benefits of n-3 on arterial stiffness, a risk factor for CVD, has not yet been established. Consequently, we conducted the first study aimed to quantify the effects of n-3 supplementation on arterial stiffness through meta-analysis. Multiple databases and clinical trial registries were systematically searched up until September 2010 for randomised and controlled adult human clinical trials to investigate the effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids on arterial stiffness. No limits were set on dosage sizes or sample characteristics. A total of ten n-3 trials met the final inclusion criteria; four using pulse wave velocity (PWV) and six using arterial compliance, measured as capacitive compliance or systemic arterial compliance, as respective outcome measures. Meta-analysis revealed that n-3 was statistically significant in effectively improving both PWV (g = 0·33; 95 % CI 0·12, 0·56; P < 0·01) and arterial compliance (g = 0·48; 95 % CI 0·24, 0·72; P < 0·001). There was no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias. Results were not influenced by changes in blood pressure, heart rate or BMI. The findings of the present study reveal that supplementation with n-3 offers a scientifically supported means of reducing arterial stiffness. Reduction in arterial stiffness by n-3 may account for some of its purported cardioprotective effects.
The effect of energy–protein supplementation on weight, body composition and handgrip strength among pulmonary tuberculosis HIV-co-infected patients: randomised controlled trial in Mwanza, Tanzania
Authors: PrayGod George , Range Nyagosya , Faurholt-Jepsen Daniel , Jeremiah Kidola , Faurholt-Jepsen Maria , Aabye Martine G. , Jensen Lotte , Jensen Andreas V. , Grewal Harleen M. S. , Magnussen Pascal , Changalucha John , Andersen Aase Bengaard , Friis Henrik 
Published: July 2011

Undernutrition is common among smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB+) patients. Micronutrient supplementation may improve treatment outcomes, but it is unclear whether additional energy–protein would be beneficial. The present study aimed to assess the effect of energy–protein supplementation on weight, body composition and handgrip strength against a background of high micronutrient intake during tuberculosis (TB) treatment. A total of 377 PTB+ patients co-infected with HIV were randomly allocated one or six biscuits daily for 60 d during TB treatment. Weight, arm fat area, arm muscle area and handgrip strength were assessed at baseline and 2 and 5 months. There were no effects on any outcome at 2 months, but energy–protein supplementation was associated with a 1·3 (95 % CI − 0·1, 2·8) kg marginally significant gain in handgrip strength at 5 months. However, after 2 months, energy–protein supplementation led to a weight gain of 1·9 (95 % CI 0·1, 3·7) kg among patients with cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) counts ≥ 350 cells/μl, but not among patients with low CD4 counts ( − 0·2 kg; 95 % CI − 1·3, 0·8, Pinteraction = 0·03). Similarly, at 5 months, energy–protein supplementation led to a 2·3 (95 % CI 0·6, 4·1) kg higher handgrip strength gain among patients with CD4 counts < 350 cells/μl, but not in those with high CD4 counts (Pinteraction = 0·04). In conclusion, energy–protein supplementation to PTB+ HIV-co-infected patients had no overall effects on weight and body composition, but was associated with marginally significant gain in handgrip strength. More research is needed to develop an effective supplement, before it is recommended to TB programmes.
An evaluation of dog rabies control in Limpopo province (South Africa)
Authors: SABETA C. T. , MKHIZE G. C. , NGOEPE E. C. 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYRabies is a prevalent and re-emerging disease in South Africa particularly in rural areas with high human densities. Outbreaks are frequently reported in the north and eastern parts of this country, probably an indication of inadequacy in the control of the disease. Following the 2005/2006 outbreak in Limpopo, we undertook an analysis of case surveillance data and genetically characterized 18 rabies viruses, all recovered from domestic dogs. Although rabies prevalence gradually declined annually from 2007, dog rabies still remains a public and veterinary health hazard in this region. Sylvatic rabies cycles are maintained by the black-backed jackal species in specific ecological conditions in the northwest of the province (Waterberg area), unlike in the north and east (Vhembe and Mopani districts, respectively), where spillover of infection between dogs and jackals is likely to predominate. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the rabies virus strain currently circulating within dog populations in Limpopo province is the same variant responsible for the 2005/2006 rabies outbreak. However, residual foci probably exist hence the observed sporadic outbreaks. These data further underline the value of continuous and sustainable dog immunization in controlling rabies.