bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow Pattern Identification Of Gas-Liquid Flow Through Horizontal Annular Geometries
Authors: Osgouei Reza Ettehadi , Ozbayoglu Evren M. , Ozbayoglu Murat A. , Yuksel Ertan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Drilling with aerated muds is becoming more often and essentially used while drilling depleted, low pressured and highly fractured formations. One of the major challenges that have to be faced in such operations is the selection of the proper flow rates for gas and liquid phases. Also, estimation of the physical behavior of aerated fluids inside the annulus is another task that needs to be considered. Although flow of two-phase fluids is studied in detailed for pipes, not much is known for annular geometries. This study aims to identify the flow schemes of gasified fluids flowing inside a horizontal annulus. Experiments have been conducted at METU Multiphase Flow Loop using air-water mixtures with various in-situ air and water flow velocities of 0-120 ft/s and 0-10 ft/s, respectively. A digital high speed camera is used for recording each test dynamically for identification of the liquid holdup and flow patterns. A flow pattern map is developed as a function of superficial flow velocities of liquid and gas phases, and the developed map is compared with existing flow pattern maps, such as Beggs & Brill and Taitel & Dukler. Then, a new classification of two-phase flow patterns by using discriminant analysis is proposed. Observed two-phase flow patterns are: Smooth Stratified (SS), Wavy Stratified (WS), Plug (PL), Slug (SL), Churn (CH), Wavy Annular (WA), Dispersed Annular (DA) and Dispersed Bubbles (DB). When developed flow pattern map is compared with existing flow pattern maps used for pipes, it is observed that existing flow patterns are not accurate for horizontal annular geometries.
Association between Local External Gamma Rays and Frequency of Cancer in Babol-Iran
Authors: Monfared Ali Shabestani , Hajian Karimollah , Hosseini Reza , Nasir Akbar 
Published: January 2010

Introduction The effect of natural background radiation on Cancer is still challenging. The investigation of association between external gamma rays and Cancer was the main goal of study. Materials & Methods External Gamma rays were measured using a radiation survey meter in 184 urban and rural health centers to estimate the exposure to the population in residential areas of Babol. The dose distribution map was compared to the 5 years radiation induced cancer incidence data from cancer registry center in north part of Iran. Results Results showed that although the external gamma ray level in Babol is nearly equal to the average natural background radiation in the world, there is a relatively weak inverse association between local external gamma ray and incidence of Cancer [Correlation coefficient = −0.43, (p<0.01)]. Conclusion This finding might be due to the inhibition of cancer induction following exposure to the low doses of ionizing radiation and probably can be a confirmation of radiation hormesis. However, due to some uncertainties, the conclusion should be interpreted with caution. Further national and international studies are suggested.
Short-Term Administrations of a Combination of Anti–LFA-1 and Anti-CD154 Monoclonal Antibodies Induce Tolerance to Neonatal Porcine Islet Xenografts in Mice
Authors: Arefanian Hossein , Tredget Eric B. , Rajotte Ray V. , Gill Ron G. , Korbutt Gregory S. , Rayat Gina R. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to determine whether tolerance to neonatal porcine islet (NPI) xenografts could be achieved by short-term administrations of anti–LFA-1 and anti-CD154 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSDiabetic B6 mice received NPI transplants and short-term injections of combined anti–LFA-1 and anti-CD154 mAbs. Mice with long-term islet graft function were treated with depleting anti-CD25 mAb or re-transplanted with a second-party NPI. At the end of the study, grafts from mice with long-term islet function were examined. Their spleen cells were characterized and used for in vitro proliferation and adoptive transfer studies.RESULTSAll mAb-treated NPI recipients maintained normoglycemia for &gt;100 days post-transplantation. Only 5 of 50 mice rejected their grafts before 300 days post-transplantation. Intact islets, foxp3+ immune cells, as well as interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β regulatory cytokine transcripts were detected in the NPI xenografts from tolerant mice. A higher percentage of CD4+ T-cell population from these mice expressed regulatory markers, suggesting that tolerance to NPI xenografts may be mediated by T regulatory cells. This was confirmed when tolerant mice treated with depleting anti-CD25 mAb became diabetic. Lymphocytes from tolerant mice inhibited the proliferation of lymphocytes from B6 mice immunized with porcine cells and they displayed limited proliferation when adoptively transferred. All protected B6 mice transplanted with a second-party NPI xenograft maintained long-term normoglycemia even after removal of the first NPI graft-bearing kidney.CONCLUSIONSThese results demonstrate that tolerance to NPI xenografts can be achieved by transient administrations of combined anti–LFA-1 and anti-CD154 mAb therapy.
Determinants of Within-Patch Microdistribution and Movements of Endangered Butterfly Coenonympha Oedippus (Fabricius, 1787) (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Authors: Čelik Tatjana , Vreš Branko , Seliškar Andrej 
Published: January 2010

Determinants of Within-Patch Microdistribution and Movements of Endangered Butterfly Coenonympha Oedippus (Fabricius, 1787) (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
The within-patch microdistribution and movements of adults of the critically endangered butterfly, Coenonympha oedippus, were studied using mark-recapture data from an isolated patch network, which consisted of 8 patches in central Slovenia. The impact of patch characteristics on both parameters was analyzed. Males fly longer distances and spend more time flying than females. The distances and seasonal pattern of male movements were dependent on the patch size, and on the microdistribution and density of freshly emerged (receptive) females. The spatial and temporal pattern of female microdistribution was influenced by vegetation height, the homogeneity of host plant stands and the shading of the ground and/or the lowest parts of herb layer. In the case of near continuous distribution of host plants within a patch, the structure of herb vegetation appears to be the major determinant of adult microdistribution. It affects the dynamics of butterfly emergence and the selection of oviposition sites. The per cent cover of the nectar plant, Potentilla erecta, does not play an important role in butterfly microdistribution.
Interglacial complex and solcomplex
Authors: Schirmer Wolfgang 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
All younger Pleistocene interglacials form interglacial complexes. The term interglacial complex is a short term for a tight complex of interglacials, interstadials and breviglacials, separating a complex of warm periods from the long glacial periods (euglacials). In the terrestric environment the interglacial complexes are represented by soil clusters (solcomplexes). Therein which occur interglacial and interstadial soils of different types in the loess environment separated by thin beds of loess or loess derivates (breviglacials). This article considers the mutilation and simulation of solcomplexes. Frequently, fossil solcomplexes present themselves as diminished to a few soils or to one single soil. This mutilation of solcomplexes can be due to soil convergence (soils of different warm periods — interglacials, interstadials — merge to form optically one soil), syn-solcomplex erosion or post-solcomplex erosion and sometimes to soil disguise. Conversely solcomplexes may be simulated by narrowing of soils which belong to different interglacial complexes and moreover by soil divergence (splitting of a soil of one single warm period by an interlayer of rock) or by reworked soil sediment.
The shape of loess particles reviewed
Authors: Howarth John 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
An important property of loess is a tendency to collapse on loading and wetting (hydroconsolidation) which can have serious consequences worldwide for civil engineering projects. This paper describes the use of Monte Carlo and other analytical techniques to predict the shape of naturally occurring loess particles. Randomly generated particles are classified according to Zingg shape categories: disc, sphere, blade and rod. By assuming a uniform distribution for the basic particle, average relative dimensions are calculated for the blade category, into which most loess particles have been shown to fall.
Typological Assessment of Reconstruction: Did Indo-European Have Inclusive and Exclusive First Person Plural Personal Pronouns?
Authors: Shields Kenneth 
Published: January 2010

Typological Assessment of Reconstruction: Did Indo-European Have Inclusive and Exclusive First Person Plural Personal Pronouns?This brief article attempts to apply current typological theory about the structure of person-marking paradigms to reconstructions of early Indo-European personal pronoun declension and early Indo-European verbal conjugation in order to determine whether or not such application can shed light on the traditional debate about whether or not an inclusive/exclusive opposition can be ascribed to the protolanguage. Despite the demonstrated positive value of typology in assessing the plausibility of reconstructions, the conclusion reached here is that current typological theory is very limited in its ability to resolve this particular issue of historical/comparative Indo-European linguistics.
Is the Taxon of Altaic Languages Natural or Artificial?
Authors: Tambovtsev Yuri 
Published: January 2010

Is the Taxon of Altaic Languages Natural or Artificial?The article considers if the taxon of Altaic languages natural enough to call it a good classification. The more compact a taxon, the more natural it is. The article deals with the peculiarities of functioning of labial consonants in the languages of the Altaic language unity and the peculiarities of functioning of labial consonants in subgroups, groups, families and other language taxa of world languages. The analysis is made with the help of such statistical methods as the coefficient of variance, the confidence interval, Chi-square and t-test. The linguistic conclusions on the similarity of functioning of labial consonants are made on the basis of the statistical criteria. It is possible to establish the typological distances between some language taxa (Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Tungus-Manchurian, Slavonic, etc.) on the values of the t-test.
Common fetal measurements: A comparison between ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Parkar Anagha P. , Olsen Øystein E. , Gjelland Knut , Kiserud Torvid , Rosendahl Karen 
Published: January 2010

Background: Ultrasound has been the method of choice for antenatal fetal assessment for the past three decades; however, problems may arise in cases of oligohydramnion, unfavorable position of the fetus, and maternal obesity. Purpose: To compare ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for common fetal measurements at 19–30 weeks’ gestation, and to assess the effect of high maternal body-mass index (BMI). Material and Methods: 59 low-risk singleton pregnancies were enrolled in a prospective blinded cross-sectional study. In a first session, an experienced obstetrician used a high-resolution US technique and in a second session on the same day MRI was used to measure biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), mean abdominal diameter (MAD), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL). Inter- and intraobserver and intermodality variability was determined using Bland-Altman plots. The effect of maternal BMI was assessed using Spearman's statistics. Results: A total of 45 women aged 19–43 years (median 29 years) attended both US and MRI at median 22 weeks’ gestation. The mean differences between US and MRI were 1.6 mm for HC (95% confidence interval [CI] −1.0, 4.3 mm), 1 mm for AC (95% CI −0.2, 4.0 mm), 0.2 mm for MAD (95% CI −0.7, 1.2 mm), 2.2 mm for BPD (95% CI 1.7, 2.7 mm), and 4.6 mm for FL (95% CI 2.9, 6.4 mm). Maternal BMI did not affect the results (Spearman’ rho 0.054–0.277; P=NS). The intraobserver agreement for all MRI measurements was acceptable, except for FL, while the interobserver agreement was poor. Conclusion: There was good agreement between US and MRI for common fetal measurements, but not for all (i.e., BPD and particularly FL). MRI had a poor interobserver agreement, underscoring the need for technical refinement and reference ranges specifically established for MRI.
Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite markers for Arctium minus (Compositae)
Authors: López‐Vinyallonga Sara , Arakaki Mónica , Garcia‐Jacas Núria , Susanna Alfonso , Gitzendanner Matthew A. , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. 
Published: January 2010

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for the invasive plant Arctium minus to investigate the effects of facultative self‐pollination and the biannual habit on population genetic structure, as well as the colonization of the Americas by this Eurasian species.• Methods and Results: Sixteen di‐ and trinucleotide microsatellite loci were identified in six populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to 10, observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.897, and the mean value of FIS was 0.316.• Conclusions: These results indicate the utility of these loci in future studies of population genetics in A. minus.
Influence of Rheumatoid Arthritis on Employment, Function, and Productivity in a Nationally Representative Sample in the United States
Authors: SULLIVAN PATRICK W. , GHUSHCHYAN VAHRAM , HUANG XING-YUE , GLOBE DENISE R. 
Published: January 2010

Objective.The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) was used to estimate the national influence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on employment, limitations in work or housework, inability to work or do housework, missed work days, days spent sick in bed, and annual wages.Methods.MEPS is a nationally representative survey of the US population. Multiple logistic, negative binomial, and Heckman selection regression methods were used, controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, smoking status, income, education, and chronic comorbidity. RA was identified using International Classification of Diseases-9 code 714.Results.In unadjusted descriptive statistics, individuals with RA were older, had more chronic conditions, missed more work days, spent more days sick in bed, had lower employment rates, had higher rates of limitations and inability to work, and received disability benefits at higher rates. After adjustment, multiple regression analyses showed individuals with RA were 53% less likely to be employed [OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.34–0.65], 3.3 times more likely to have limitations in work or housework (95% CI 2.35–4.64), 2.3 times more likely to be unable to work or do housework (95% CI 1.55–3.53), and spent 3.6 times as many days sick in bed as those without RA (95% CI 2.32–5.53). RA was associated with an expected loss of $8957 in annual earnings (95% CI $1881–$15,937). There was no statistically significant difference in missed work days or the level of wages.Conclusion.In the most recent available national data for adults, RA was associated with reductions in employment, productivity, and function.
Tacrolimus, a Calcineurin Inhibitor, Overcomes Treatment Unresponsiveness Mediated by P-glycoprotein on Lymphocytes in Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: SUZUKI KATSUNORI , SAITO KAZUYOSHI , TSUJIMURA SHIZUYO , NAKAYAMADA SHINGO , YAMAOKA KUNIHIRO , SAWAMUKAI NORIFUMI , IWATA SHIGERU , NAWATA MASAO , NAKANO KAZUHISA , TANAKA YOSHIYA 
Published: January 2010

Objective.Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It also inhibits functions of P-glycoprotein, which is involved in drug resistance. We examined the mechanisms of early response to 2-week tacrolimus treatment in patients with RA.Methods.One hundred thirteen patients with refractory RA despite at least 3 antirheumatic agents, including methotrexate, were treated with tacrolimus (1.5–3 mg/day) and the response was assessed at 2 weeks. Expression of the multidrug resistance (MDR-1) gene and P-glycoprotein was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from 113 patients and 40 healthy subjects. The drug exclusion function by the P-glycoprotein was measured by the residual amount of intracellular tritium-labeled dexamethasone cell/medium ratio (C/M ratio).Results.The disease activity of enrolled patients was 5.8 ± 1.2 (mean ± SD) by DAS28 erythrocyte sedimentation rate. A good response to tacrolimus was noted at 2 weeks in 22 of 113 patients. At baseline, PBMC of patients with RA showed upregulated expression ofMDR-1gene and P-glycoprotein and low C/M ratio. The response to tacrolimus correlated with P-glycoprotein expression and C/M ratio. A significant improvement in C/M ratio was noted after 2 weeks of treatment. The C/M ratio correlated significantly with P-glycoprotein expression on CD4+ lymphocytes.Conclusion.Early efficacy of tacrolimus treatment depended on its inhibitory effect on the drug exclusion function of P-glycoprotein, leading to restoration of intracellular therapeutic levels of corticosteroids and clinical improvement. Evaluation of P-glycoprotein expression on lymphocytes is potentially useful for predicting the response to RA treatment.
Clinical Improvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis Is Associated with Healthier Microvascular Function in Patients Who Respond to Antirheumatic Therapy
Authors: GALARRAGA BERNAT , BELCH JILL J.F. , PULLAR TOM , OGSTON SIMON , KHAN FAISEL 
Published: January 2010

Objective.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction occurs early in the development of CV disease and is worsened by inflammation. The effect of drug treatment for RA on microvascular function has been poorly studied. We assessed the effect of antirheumatic treatment on microvascular endothelial function in patients with RA, particularly to examine responders versus nonresponders to therapy.Methods.Fifty-one patients with active RA and no previous history of CV disease were assessed at baseline and after 2 and 4 months’ therapy with either anti-tumor necrosis factor-α drugs (etanercept, n = 27, adalimumab, n = 3) or methotrexate, n = 21. RA disease activity, inflammatory measures, and skin microvascular responses, measured using laser Doppler imaging after iontophoretic delivery of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), were assessed at each study visit.Results.Disease Activity Score (DAS28) decreased significantly from baseline to visit 2 and 3 (6.04 ± 1.2, 4.34 ± 1.3, 4 ± 1.3, respectively; p < 0.0001). Endothelium-dependent (ACh) and independent (SNP) responses for the whole cohort did not improve significantly after drug treatment (p = 0.250, p = 0.062, respectively). When patients who responded to antirheumatic therapy (n = 31) were analyzed, there were significant improvements in both ACh (p = 0.028) and SNP responses (p = 0.019).Conclusion.Microvascular endothelial function improves in patients who respond to antirheumatic therapy. These results support the importance of effective therapy for RA patients in terms of CV effects, which might extrapolate to reduced CV events in the future. Clinical trial registration no. ISRCTN57761809.
Delayed Clinical Response in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Treated with Etanercept
Authors: OTTEN MARIEKE H. , PRINCE FEMKE H.M. , TWILT MARINKA , van ROSSUM MARION A.J. , ARMBRUST WINEKE , HOPPENREIJS ESTHER P.A.H. , KAMPHUIS SYLVIA , KOOPMAN-KEEMINK YVONNE , WULFFRAAT NICO M. , GORTER SIMONE L. , ten CATE REBECCA , van SUIJLEKOM-SMIT LISETTE W.A. 
Published: January 2010

Objective.To evaluate response in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) who failed to meet response criteria after 3 months of etanercept treatment.Methods.This was a prospective ongoing multicenter observational study of all Dutch patients with JIA using etanercept. Response according to American College of Rheumatology Pediatric 30 criteria was assessed at study start and at 3 and 15 months.Results.In total we studied 179 patients of median age 5.8 years at disease onset; 70% were female. Thirty-four patients did not respond after 3 months, of which 20 continued etanercept and 11 achieved response thereafter.Conclusion.The delayed clinically relevant response in a substantial proportion of patients who initially did not respond justifies the consideration of continuing therapy to at least 6 months.
Inflammatory Characteristics on Ultrasound Predict Poorer Longterm Response to Intraarticular Corticosteroid Injections in Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: CHAO JEANNIE , WU CHRISTOPHER , SUN BOB , HOSE MICHAL KALLI , QUAN ANNA , HUGHES TUDOR H. , BOYLE DAVID , KALUNIAN KENNETH C. 
Published: January 2010

Objective.To assess whether inflammation on ultrasound is predictive of clinical response to intraarticular (IA) corticosteroid injections in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).Methods.Patients with symptomatic knee OA were randomized to receive either an IA injection of 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment group or 1 cc 0.9% saline in the placebo group. Clinical response was assessed by changes in baseline Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) index scores and physician global assessment at 4 and 12 weeks. Ultrasounds were performed at each visit. Patients and assessors were blinded to treatment status.Results.Seventy-nine patients were enrolled into the study. Four-week data were available for 67 patients in the primary analysis comparing change in WOMAC pain score from baseline to 4 weeks. There was almost no change in the WOMAC pain subscale score from baseline to 4 weeks in the control group, but there was a significant improvement in WOMAC pain subscale score from 10.8 (SD ± 3.2) at baseline to 8.75 (SD ± 4.0) at 4 weeks in the treatment group (adjusted p = 0.001). Of the 34 patients in the treatment group; 16 (47%) had inflammatory disease and 18 (53%) had noninflammatory disease as determined by ultrasound. There was no difference in the change in WOMAC pain score between the inflammatory and noninflammatory patients in the treatment group at 4 weeks. There was a statistically significant greater improvement in pain subscale scores among noninflammatory patients than among inflammatory patients at 12 weeks.Conclusion.Intraarticular corticosteroid injections are an effective short-term treatment for symptomatic knee OA compared to placebo. Patients with noninflammatory characteristics on ultrasound had a more prolonged benefit from IA corticosteroids compared to inflammatory patients.