bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixture analysis by NMR as applied to fruit juice quality control
Authors: Spraul Manfred , Schütz Birk , Humpfer Eberhard , Mörtter Monika , Schäfer Hartmut , Koswig Susanne , Rinke Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is rapidly gaining importance in mixture analysis, originally driven by the pharmaceutical and nowadays also by clinical applications within metabonomics. Quality control of food‐related material has very similar requirements, as it also deals with mixtures, and many of the compounds found in body fluids are analyzed as well. NMR allows analysis in two ways within one experiment: namely, targeted and untargeted. Targeted stands for the safe identification and consequent quantification of individual compounds, whereas untargeted means the detection of all deviations visible by NMR using statistical analysis based on normality models. Very important is the stability and reproducibility of the NMR instrumentation used, and this means inherent minimized system internal variance. NMR is especially suited for such requirements, as it allows detection of the smallest concentration changes of many metabolites simultaneously. High‐throughput flow‐injection NMR as the basis for fruit juice screening allows low cost per sample and delivers substantially more relevant information than any other method and is probably the only method to produce such results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflammation‐induced leukocyte accumulation in injured skeletal muscle: Role of mast cells
Authors: Côt́e Claude H. , Tremblay Marie‐Héléne , Duchesne Elise , Lapoite Benoit M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInflammation consequent to muscle damage is characterized by an accumulation of leukocytes. Our aim in this study was to determine whether mast cells can modulate inflammation‐induced leukocyte trafficking. One approach consisted of giving rats a mast cell–degranulating agent, CMP 48/80, prior to a protocol of lengthening contractions inducing inflammation without neutrophil accumulation; in parallel, other rats were given the mast cell–stabilizing agent, cromolyn, prior to injecting muscle with bupivacaine, which induces neutrophil accumulation. Damage was evaluated through measurement of contractile force and inflammation using histochemical and immunohistochemichal methods. Stimulation with CMP 48/80 increased the proportion of degranulated mast cells significantly and neutrophil accumulation occurred with lengthening contractions. With bupivacaine, accumulation of neutrophils decreased by 70% when degranulation was inhibited. These results indicate that mast cells are important in the process governing leukocyte trafficking in skeletal muscle trauma and that targeting their inhibition could be an attractive alternative for control of inflammation. Muscle Nerve, 2008
“Bullvalen war am amüsantesten”
Authors: Zbikowski Frauke , Hopf Henning 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWilliam von Eggers Doering war ein Pionier der theoretischen und mechanistischen organischen Chemie. Er beschäftigte sich intensiv mit Reaktionsmechanismen, synthetisierte unter anderem Chinin sowie Tropolon, Tropon und das Tropylium‐Kation, deren Aromatiziät er nachwies, arbeitete über Carbene, thermische Umlagerungen und sagte die Existenz des Bullvalens voraus. Henning Hopf sprach mit dem 91‐jährigen über Neugier, Politik und die Zusammenarbeit mit Robert Burns Woodward.
Kapillarelektrophorese – Zukunft durch Chip‐Technik
Authors: Leinweber Felix Christian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNeuere Entwicklungen in der Lab‐on‐a‐Chip‐Technik und in der Elektrokinetik machen die Kapillarelektrophorese empfindlicher und flexibler. Dies könnte ihr Anwendungsspektrum erweitern und die Methode zu einer Alternative für chromatographische Verfahren im Spurenbereich machen.
Von der Chemiatrie zur modernen Chemie
Authors: Mönnich Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDurch die Verbindung von Alchemie und Medizin begründete Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, der sich selbst Paracelsus nannte, die Chemiatrie. Über diese Wissenschaft fand die Beschäftigung mit Chemie dann Eingang in die Medizin und in die Universitäten.
Investoren wenig beeinträchtigt
Authors: Schneider Bernd W. , Teichmann Georg A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn den Jahren 2006 und 2007 sind bei Firmenübernahmen mit einem Transaktionswert von mehr als 50 Mio. US‐Dollar überwiegend strategische Bieter zum Zuge gekommen. Zunehmend gilt die Spezialchemie als lohnendes Investitionsobjekt.
“In manchen Fällen brauchen wir das Gesetz”
Authors: Wolfmeier Uwe , Guggolz Ernst 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNicht erst mit Reach ist die chemische Industrie vom Hersteller bis zum Lieferanten an den Endverbraucher für die Sicherheit ihrer Produkte verantwortlich. Wer treibt bei der Produktsicherheit die Branche und den Wandel? Im Gespräch mit den Nachrichten aus der Chemie berichtet Uwe Wolfmeier, bei Clariant verantwortlich für die Produktsicherheit.
Paris und Ulm: So tagten wir
Authors: Schorsch Gilbert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSFC 07 Paris – WiFo Ulm: Dabei handelt es sich nicht um eine deutsch‐französische Fußballbegegnung sondern um zwei Kongresse, welche die französische SFC und die deutsche GDCh im letzten Jahr veranstalteten. Gilbert Schorsch, ehemaliger Chefredakteur der L'Actualité Chimique und Kuratoriumsmitglied der Nachrichten, vergleicht:
Computational experience with a SDP‐based algorithm for maximum cut with limited unbalance
Authors: Galbiati Giulia , Gualandi Stefano , Maffioli Francesco 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the Maximum Cut with Limited Unbalance problem, we want to partition the vertices of a weighted graph into two sets of sizes differing at most by a given threshold B, so that the sum of the weights of the crossing edges is maximum. This problem has been introduced in (Galbiati and Maffioli, Theor Comput Sci 385 (2007), 78–87) where polynomial time randomized approximation algorithms are proposed and their performance guarantees are analyzed in the case of non‐negative integer weights. In this article, we present extensive computational experience with these algorithms on a large number of different graphs. We then extend the analysis of these algorithms to integer weights not restricted in sign, and continue the computational testing. It turns out that the approximation ratios obtained are always substantially better than those guaranteed by the theoretical analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS 2010
Hybrid analytical and extended finite element method (HAX‐FEM): A new enrichment procedure for cracked solids
Authors: Réthoré Julien , Roux Stéphane , Hild François 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new numerical method is proposed to estimate directly stress intensity factors at the tip of a crack in an elastic body. In the same spirit as for the extended finite element method, the approximation of the displacement field is enriched in the vicinity of the crack tip. Yet the method proposed herein differs by the way the enrichment is introduced. Instead of using partition of unity concepts, a two‐description formulation is implemented. The first one uses standard finite elements while the second one, in the vicinity of the crack tip, resorts to a few purely analytical expressions. These two descriptions are then coupled by partitioning the energy with an overlapping zone. The performance of this new enrichment technique is illustrated and compared with existing techniques by means of two examples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐examining the relationship between cranial deformation and extra‐sutural bone formation
Authors: Van Arsdale A. P. , Clark J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship between cranial deformation and the occurrence of extra‐sutural bones remains poorly understood. Scholars are divided about whether or not cranial deformation causes an increased occurrence of these bones, and even those who agree that deformation does have an influence often disagree about which locations on the crania are most impacted. Part of this issue clearly stems from the difficulties in finding appropriate samples from which to test the hypothesis that deformation leads to an increased expression of extra‐sutural bones. The present study examines the effects of fronto‐occipital and occipital‐only deformation on the occurrence of extra‐sutural bones through an analysis of 59 deformed and undeformed crania from the Philippines. Relative to the undeformed crania, both deformed samples showed an elevated number of extra‐sutural bones. Using two different statistical tests, we identified a significantly higher occurrence of extra‐sutural bones at two distinct cranial localities for both the fronto‐occipitally deformed crania (coronal suture and asterion) and for those showing only occipital flattening when compared to the undeformed crania (lambdoidal and asterion). However, as our data reveal, individuals with highly elevated occurrences of extra‐sutural bones are not necessarily deformed. As such, we argue that deformation practices may have a positive impact on the formation of extra‐sutural bones; however, future studies using larger samples of deformed and undeformed crania—ideally from the same site—will be necessary to distinguish between the influence of cranial deformation on extra‐sutural bone formation relative to other population factors which may play a role in shaping variation in this feature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuity and change in U.S. foreign policy: Carter and reagan on el salvador
Authors: Pastor Robert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn attempting to understand continuity and change in U.S. foreign policy, analysts have tended to place too much emphasis on the importance of process and too little on that of values, interests, and strategies. In formulating policies toward the conflict in El Salvador, both the Carter and Reagan administrations were constrained by some enduring moral and political factors in the U.S. civic culture and by some fundamental processes of decision‐making, which together account for the similarities in policy between administrations. Despite such factors, each administration's remaining space for choice produced a decidedly different set of policies with different outcomes.
After the congressional veto: Assessing the alternatives
Authors: Gilmour Robert S. , Craig Barbara Hinkson 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCongressional choice of effective replacements for the recently banned legislative veto will require an accurate understanding of the actual results of the now unconstitutional device. The impact of the veto varied strikingly depending on, among other things, the type and target of the veto and on the principal sites of review in Congress itself. No single mechanism will suffice. Rather a variety of devices are available and under consideration. The underlying question raised by this analysis is which effects of the veto are worth perpetuating in light of past results and stated congressional objectives.
The continuing threat of oil supply interruptions
Authors: Weyant John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of oil‐importing nations to the energy crisis of the 1970s offers insight into a common characteristic of government behavior. Nations often fail to prepare themselves for potentially disastrous crises even when the probability of crisis seems high. Policymakers seem unwilling to confront the fact, for instance, that the oil glut does not insulate importing nations against sudden interruptions in supply. In any case, the glut will very likely have evaporated by 1990, when U.S. vulnerability will be sharply intensified. Despite the favorable opportunities for stockpiling and planning during the glut, the political process appears unable to respond.
Flying high: A case study of Japanese industrial policy
Authors: Frenkel Orit 
Published: July 2010

AbstractJapan's policies with respect to industry promotion consist of much more than picking winners and subsidizing them to ensure their success. The highly flexible and adaptive character of Japan's policies is illustrated by the country's efforts to enter the world aerospace industry, an industry in which Japan is handicapped by the absence of a substantial domestic market. To meet the challenge, Japan has concentrated its efforts on altering the very structure of the world market in which it hopes to compete. Japan has participated systematically in international consortia, hoping to use such consortia as a conduit for acquiring access for foreign technology and foreign markets.
From analyst to negotiator: The OMB's new role
Authors: Johnson Bruce E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDramatic changes in the executive and legislative budget processes over the last ten years have elevated the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to a new position of power and importance. Within the executive branch the budget process has become more highly centralized in the president's office; and within the Congress a similar centralization has occurred. In both branches the OMB has become the key institution for coordinating the actions of the budget‐making powers. At the same time, the much‐discussed “iron triangles” explored by analysts of the budgetary system have lost much of their power to control the process. Although the OMB's active involvement in the congressional budget process diminished in 1983, the institutional relationships necessary for a more centralized budget process remain and can be reactivated to deal with the predicted enormous deficits.
Federalism and nuclear waste disposal: The struggle over shared decision making
Authors: Downey Gary L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTraditionally the domain of federal agencies, authority to select sites for the disposal of commercial high‐level nuclear wastes has recently been expanded to include a role for host states. State opposition to earlier siting efforts had demonstrated the dificulties federal agencies faced in resolving conflict between the local population bearing the costs and the dispersed population receiving the benefits. The new model defines the agency and the state as adversarial representatives of these competing interests. An outstanding weakness, however, is that it does not clearly specify who should speak for the state, and may actually promote intrastate conflict. The adversarial approach does not provide a generic solution to the problem of federalism, but it may prove useful at the state level for selecting disposal sites for low‐level radioactive wastes and hazardous chemical wastes.
The potential for industrial policy: Lessons from the very high speed integrated circuit program
Authors: Fong Glenn R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Pentagon program to advance semiconductor technology offers some important empirical evidence for the national debate over industrial policy. While not an explicit attempt at promoting international competitiveness, the Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) program does contain a whole series of industrial policy‐like features, including joint government‐industry planning, widespread industry participation, and multifirm collaboration. These striking features cannot be attributed solely to VHSIC's affiliation with the military. Instead, the sources of the program's industrial policy characteristics are to be found in the nature of the technologies selected for development, the incorporation of private sector advice, the mitigation of threats to proprietary interests, avoidance of redistributional issues, and the utilization of industry competition and networks of communication‐all factors directly relevant to industrial policymaking generally.
Big decisions and a culture of decisionmaking
Authors: Krieger Martin H. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract“Big” decisions are defined as discontinuous, abrupt, and unique, in contrast to “little” decisions, which are marginal, commensurable, and additive. We can model big decisions, as well as a wider range of little decisions, if we enlarge our notion of decisionmaking to include legal interpretation, rites‐of‐passage ritual and conversion experience, heroic leadership, critical judgment of works of literature and art, and entrepreneurship. These models are exemplary of a more encompassing “culture of decisionmaking,” involving six practices: marginalism, untouchableness, gaps, action, judgment, and entrepreneurship. Although big decisions may often be reduced to sets of little decisions, when a decision is treated as big it becomes a powerful mode of initiation, commitment, and justification of a project.
Formula budgeting: The economics and analytics of fiscal policy under rules
Authors: Hanushek Eric A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dramatic change in aggregate fiscal policy in recent years has contributed to a shift from process rules to allocation rules in federal budgeting. Although the allocation rules inherent in formula budgeting seem to offer fairness in times of fiscal constraint, they actually impose arbitrary program‐level budgets that reflect the peculiarities of baselines, accounting conventions, and time horizons. Formula budgeting also changes the analytical environment, forcing policy analysts to pay greater attention to institutional arrangements.
Influence of addition of styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene copolymer on rheological, mechanical, and tribological properties of polyamide nanocomposites
Authors: Nishitani Yosuke , Ohashi Kohei , Sekiguchi Isamu , Ishii Chiharu , Kitano Takeshi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo develop new tribomaterials for mechanical sliding parts, investigations were carried out on the influence of adding styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene block copolymer (SEBS) on the rheological, mechanical, and tribological properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) nanocomposite, which is a commercial product of layered silicate (clay) filled polyamide 6 (PA6/Clay). Two kinds of block copolymers, unmodified SEBS (SEBS) and maleic anhydride‐grafted SEBS (SEBS‐g‐MA), were added with PA6/Clay nanocomposite. Dynamic viscoelastic properties in the molten state of these nanocomposites and their tensile, impact, and tribological properties of these nanocomposites were evaluated. Dynamic viscoelastic properties were found to increase with the addition of SEBS and were influenced, in particular, by block copolymers containing SEBS‐g‐MA. Influence of the addition of SEBS on mechanical properties of these systems differed for each mechanical property. Although tensile properties decreased with SEBS, Izod impact properties were improved with the addition of SEBS‐g‐MA. Tribological properties were improved with the addition of block copolymer, and the influence of the amount of addition was higher than the type of block copolymer used. These results indicate that new tribomaterials developed have sufficient balance amongst moldability, mechanical, and tribological properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thyrotoxicosis resembling an eating disorder in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Thomas DJB 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA female with Type 1 diabetes, aged 24, presented with mild ketoacidosis and amenorrhea. Subsequent outpatient diabetic control remained poor (HbA1c 13, NR 4.1–5.5) and the patient admitted spending up to ±20 daily on sweets and cakes. Following referral to a psychologist, an eating disorder was diagnosed. Soon after this, thyrotoxicosis (T4 64 pmol/L, range 9–24) was diagnosed following complaints of intense hunger. However, no other usual signs of thyrotoxicosis were present. Once thyrotoxicosis was controlled on carbimazole binging decreased and diabetes control gradually improved. In retrospect the eating disorder was atypical, as vomiting, purging or disturbance of body image were absent. Currently the patient is euthyroid, off treatment, and diabetes control is good (HbA1c 7). It is suggested that thyrotoxicosis may resemble an eating disorder and that thyroid function be assessed in patients with atypical eating disorders even if clinical signs of thyrotoxicosis are absent.
Marked increase in proton pump inhibitors use in Australia
Authors: Hollingworth Samantha , Duncan Emma L , Martin Jennifer H 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the trends in the prescribing of subsidised proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine receptor antagonists (H2RAs), in the Australian population from 1995 to 2006 to encourage discussion regarding appropriate clinical use. PPIs and H2RAs are the second highest drug cost to the publicly subsidised Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS).DesignGovernment data on numbers of subsidised scripts, quantity and doses for PPIs and H2RAs were analysed by gender and age, dose and indication.Main outcome measureDrug utilisation as DDD [defined daily dose]/1000 population/day.ResultsThe use of combined PPIs increased by 1318%. Utilisation increased substantially after the relaxation of the subsidised indications for PPIs in 2001. Omeprazole had the largest market share but was substituted by its S‐enantiomer esomeprazole after its introduction in 2002. There was considerable use in the elderly with the peak use being in those aged 80 years and over. The utilisation of H2RAs declined 72% over 12 years.ConclusionsPPI use has increased substantially, not only due to substitution of H2RAs but to expansion in the overall market. Utilisation does not appear to be commensurate with prevalence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) nor with prescribing guidelines for PPIs, with significant financial costs to patients and PBS. This study encourages clinical discussion regarding quality use of these medicines. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field evaluation of systemic imidacloprid for the management of avocado thrips and avocado lace bug in California avocado groves
Authors: Byrne Frank J , Humeres Eduardo C , Urena Anthony A , Hoddle Mark S , Morse Joseph G 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The efficacy of systemic applications of imidacloprid for the management of avocado thrips and avocado lace bug was determined in field trials. Following insecticide treatment by chemigation, leaves of appropriate age for each insect were sampled over a 6 month period and used for bioassays. Imidacloprid residues were measured by ELISA in leaves used for bioassays to determine concentrations of insecticide that were toxic to both pests.RESULTS: The uptake of imidacloprid into treated trees was extremely slow, peaking in the current year's leaf flush at only 8 ng cm−2 leaf tissue after 15 weeks. Avocado thrips mortality in bioassays with young flush leaves, the preferred feeding substrate for this insect, was minimal, indicating that imidacloprid concentrations were below threshold levels needed for effective control. Residues present in older leaves, which are preferred by the avocado lace bug, were higher than in young flush leaves, and provided good control of this pest. Probit analysis of bioassay data showed that the avocado lace bug (LC50 = 6.1 ng imidacloprid cm−2 leaf tissue) was more susceptible to imidacloprid than the avocado thrips (LC50 = 73 ng imidacloprid cm−2 leaf tissue).CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the slow uptake of imidacloprid into avocado trees, the levels of imidacloprid would be sufficient to control avocado lace bug infestations. In contrast, the slow uptake would be problematic for avocado thrips control because inadequate levels of insecticide accumulate in new flush foliage and would allow avocado thrips populations to build to levels that would subsequently damage developing avocado fruit. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry