bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENZYME POLYMORPHISM IN THE CORN EARWORM, HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). HEMOLYMPH ESTERASE POLYMORPHISM
Authors: Sell Douglas K. , Whitt Gregory S. , Metcalf Robert L. , Lee Lu-ping Kan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEsterases present in the hemolymph of last instar Heliothis zea (Boddie) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four systems, all polymorphic, were observed. One system, Est-II, appeared especially suited for the study of some of the important population processes of this species; these include host–plant relations, migration, and the effects of environmental pressures such as pesticides on the species.Est-II was classified as a carboxylesterase, being sensitive only to organophosphate inhibitors. Dichlorvos at 10−5M completely inhibited Est-II activity.Populations collected from corn from Tifton, Ga., and in two locations in Illinois, at approximately the same time were very similar genetically when compared on the basis of Est-II allele frequencies. A population collected from leguminous hosts in Tifton, Ga., at the same time as the above three populations was different genetically.Est-IIc, an allele normally rare or absent in the populations studied, was present at a high frequency in one Urbana population collection. Est-IIc may be useful in studying the long-range dispersal of H. zea.
COMPARISONS BETWEEN AN EXOTIC AND AN ENDEMIC PHYTOSEIID MITE PREDATOR (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Downing R. S. , Moilliet T. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn 1972, an organophosphate resistant strain of the phytoseiid predator Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) from Michigan compared favourably with the endemic Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt, from Summerland, B.C., in laboratory and greenhouse trials against European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and was later released into an orchard. By August 1972, A. fallacis had decreased whereas population densities of T. occidentalis increased. Examination of leaves and bark from the trees, and weeds, grass, and litter beneath the trees in 1973 confirmed that A. fallacis failed to survive in the Okanagan environment.
EFFECTS OF ECDYSONES, JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGS, AND 6-OXOOCTANOIC ACID ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOSQUITO, CULEX TARSALIS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Ittycheriah P. I. , Quraishi M. S. , Marks E. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEggs, larvae, and pupae of Culex tarsalis Coquillett were treated with ecdysones, juvenile hormone analogs, and 6-oxooctanoic acid. Effects of these agents on mortality, induction of supernumerary stages, and adult emergence were determined. Topical treatment of eggs with CRD9499 (a juvenile hormone analog), β-ecdysone, and 22-isoecdysone caused a reduction in adult emergence. Treatment of fourth-instar larvae with these chemicals not only induced mortality but also caused the formation of supernumerary intermediate stages. Larvae of C. tarsalis were very susceptible to CRD9499, but pupae were resistant. The ecdysones caused some mortality but only at very high doses and would thus be of little use as larvicides. 6-Oxooctanoic acid caused high rates of mortality at 0.001 M concentrations.
A TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING HATCHING OF NATURAL EGG POPULATIONS OFMELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Randell R. L. , Mukerji M. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe earliness or lateness of the hatching period inMelanoplus sanguinipes(Fabr.) affects the type and amount of damage to the crop and the timing of control measures. An empirical model for prediction of hatching at each decile of egg populations was developed by multiple regression using daily maximum air temperatures for a unit interval of 5 days from 2 March to 29 June and embryonic development in the preceding fall. The model accounted for a maximum of 96% of the variance in hatching date. It showed the average effect of a unit change of 1° of daily maximum temperature for each of the 24 5-day intervals on the number of days to hatch. The time and pattern of hatching of the major bulk of egg population was dependent mainly on spring temperature; however, fall embryonic development accounted for considerable variation in hatching time especially of the less developed eggs. The implications for population growth and certain assumptions made during the analyses in this study are discussed.
SEX PHEROMONE OF THE FURNITURE CARPET BEETLE, ANTHRENUS FLAVIPES (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE)
Authors: Burkholder W. E. , Ma M. , Kuwahara Y. , Matsumura F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemales of Anthrenus flavipes LeConte emit a sex pheromone and exhibit a calling behavior that is related to the release of the pheromone. Calling began after the onset of light, was most intense 1 to 2 h later, and ceased after 4 h of light when the insects were held in a 16:8 LD photoperiod. Chemical studies showed the presence of a major sex pheromone that is an unsaturated carboxylic acid.
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF THE EASTERN JUNIPER BARK BEETLE, PHLOEOSINUS DENTATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Berisford C. Wayne 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNine species of hymenopterous parasitoids were trapped on sticky traps as they were attracted to red cedar logs infested with the eastern jumper bark beetle, Phloeosinus dentatus (Say). All were successfully reared from infested logs. The parasitoids Cheiropachus arizoninsis (Ashmead), Eurytoma aequabilis Bugbee, Heydenia unica Cook & Davis, and Spathius impus Matthews were reared directly from P. dentatus larvae.Five species of parasitoids reared from P. dentatus larvae or from infested logs commonly attack the southern pine beetle and Ips spp. beetles, indicating that P. dentatus may be an important alternate host when the other host populations are low.
BIOACTIVITY OF FENSULFOTHION AND TRICHLORONAT IN SOIL
Authors: Read D. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWhen trichloronat or fensulfothion was applied to the soil surface, the toxicity of both compounds to first stage root maggot larvae increased during the first few days, then decreased at a constant and relatively rapid rate. When trichloronat was mixed with the top 1 in. of soil, its toxicity or that of its metabolites increased for about 3 months, then gradually decreased. When it was applied in a band below the surface, its persistence increased with the depth of application. When fensulfothion was applied in the same manner, its toxicity was not greatly influenced by the method of application; this decreased during the first 4 or 5 days, rose to a peak in 15 to 30 days, then gradually decreased. Fensulfothion was highly systemic in rutabagas. Its toxicants were most bioactive 60 to 80 days after application and decreased gradually thereafter. Trichloronat toxicants were slowly absorbed by the roots but toxic residues did not degrade in storage.
THERMOREGULATION IN COLONIES OF VESPULA ARENARIA AND VESPULA MACULATA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE): II. THE RELATION BETWEEN COLONY BIOMASS AND CALORIE PRODUCTION
Authors: Gibo David L. , Dew Heather E. , Hajduk Andrew S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThermoregulation in nests of two colonies of Vespula arenaria and two colonies of V. maculata was studied in relationship to seasonal changes in colony biomass. The colonies achieved maximum ability to resist ambient temperatures of 5 °C and maintained high nest temperatures on or within a week of achieving maximum biomass. During this period the colonies were capable of producing about.20 to.35 cal per gram of biomass per minute. The caloric production per gram required to maintain the normal nest temperatures of 30 °C and 32 °C in an ambient temperature of 25 °C was much less, but was greater for the V. maculata colonies than for the V. arenaria colonies. The greater efficiency in thermoregulation by V. arenaria is largely due to the fact that nests of this species have a greater biomass of wasps than approximately equal sized nests of V. maculata.
A REVISION OF THE HOLARCTIC SPECIES OF PYGOCRYPTUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Torgersen Torolf R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Holarctic species of the genus Pygocryptus Roman (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) are revised. Two previously recognized species, P. grandis from Europe and P. echthroides from North America, are retained; four new species and three subspecies for P. echthroides are proposed. A diagnostic key and descriptions of the new species and subspecies are presented.
DENSITIES OF ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS IN NESTS OF RING-BILLED GULLS
Authors: Ryder John P. , Freitag Richard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractArthropod population densities were evaluated from nests of colonial ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis). Each nest was considered as being an island microhabitat in which a measurable population was concentrated. Despite significantly greater numbers of arthropods in larger than in smaller gull nests, population densities per nest dry weight were similar.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SEMIOTHISA SPECIES (GEOMETRIDAE: ENNOMINAE) IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA LARCH BOGS
Authors: Bergeron Jean-Marie , Buckner Charles H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStudies of the population dynamics of the Semiothisa complex in Manitoba larch bogs indicated that the fluctuations in the numbers of this complex were clearly related to mortality in the pupal stage, which is therefore a “key” stage. Density-dependent factors are evidently operating in the dynamics of these insect populations. Interrelationships exist between the various Semiothisa species and also between looper and larch sawfly numbers.
THERMAL ACCUMULATIONS, DIAPAUSE, AND OVIPOSITION IN A CONIFER-INHABITING PREDATOR, CHRYSOPA HARRISII (NEUROPTERA)
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe adults of Chrysopa harrisii Fitch, which are not predaceous, overwinter in a state of reproductive diapause. During both the dormant and the reproductive periods they remain dark green, a colour apparently adapted to the species’ occurrence on conifers. Two to three generations per season are possible in the Ithaca, N.Y., area.At 75°F, which is the optimum constant temperature for development and survival, the time from oviposition to adult eclosion is 29 days. Theoretical thresholds for development of all stages are relatively high, between 50° and 57°F, and development from egg to adult requires 566 heat degree days.In the laboratory, the critical photoperiod for diapause induction is between LD 13:11 and LD 14:10; short days maintain diapause for approximately 45 days (at 75°F); long days terminate diapause. Both newly-emerged and reproductively-active adults are extremely sensitive to diapause-inducing photoperiods. In the field, all adults emerging on 5 September or later enter diapause and it appears that diapause induction in the Ithaca population begins in the latter part of August. Short days maintain diapause until the end of December, and neither long days, increasing day lengths, nor low temperatures play a role in hastening diapause termination in nature.In timing its vernal reproduction, C. harrisii has evolved a strategy that combines an early-ending diapause with an apparently relatively high temperature threshold for post-diapause development. Therefore, although diapause ends around the winter solstice, heat accumulation is prevented until much later, when temperatures are relatively high.
INFLUENCE OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON ATTACK, OVIPOSITION, AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: McCambridge W. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMountain pine beetles attacked logs, mated, and constructed egg galleries slowly at 4.4 °C under laboratory conditions. No eggs were deposited in 6 weeks. Attack and oviposition increased above this temperature.Larvae of different initial sizes grew at the same rate throughout each test temperature from 4.4 °C to 12.8 °C. Rate of growth increased with increase in temperature. Larval growth at 2.2 °C is difficult to prove because of very high mortality among smallest individuals.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF A LEAF TIER, AROGA ARGUTIOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE), ON SWEET FERN IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Wilson Louis F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAroga argutiola is univoltine in Michigan. The adult emerges in late May and oviposits on sweet fern (Myrica aspleniifolia L.). There are six larval instars. The larva constructs a nest by tying leaves together, and then feeding on the leaves in and adjacent to the nest. The last instar overwinters on the ground in a cocoon. The pupa appears in May.
FREQUENCY MODULATION INCONOCEPHALUS NIGROPLEURUM, THE BLACK-SIDED MEADOW KATYDID (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)
Authors: Pipher Robert E. , Morris Glenn K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFrequency modulation has been discovered in the calling song of a conocephaline katydid,Conocephalus nigropleurum(Bruner). Real time sound spectrum analysis reveals a drop of 5 khz during the closing wingstroke.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): II. A DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OFEUXOA BASALISAND A REDESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT
Authors: Byers J. R. , Hinks C. F. , Lafontaine J. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe immature stages ofEuxoa basalis(Grote) are described and illustrated. Both the egg and pupa are similar to those of otherEuxoaspecies and are virtually indistinguishable from some of them. The larva although morphologically quite similar to otherEuxoalarvae is distinctive in coloration, particularly in the penultimate and ultimate stadia. Each of the larval instars is described; the ultimate instar in detail, the others briefly. A redescription of the adult is also given.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): III. HEMOCYTOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES, E. CAMPESTRIS AND E. DECLARATA
Authors: Arnold J. W. , Hinks C. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe shape of one single category of hemocytes served as a critically distinguishing character between larvae of two closely related species of Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) that were otherwise practically identical in external features. The ratio of length/width of fusiform plasmatocytes in heat-fixed blood films was significantly smaller in larvae of E. campestris (Grote) than in E. declarata (Walker).
A ROVE BEETLE, OCYPUS OLENS, WITH POTENTIAL FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE BROWN GARDEN SNAIL, HELIX ASPERSA, IN CALIFORNIA, INCLUDING A KEY TO THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF OCYPUS
Authors: Orth R. E. , Moore Ian , Fisher T. W. , Legner E. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA female rove beetle (Ocypus olens Müller) in the laboratory consumed 20 small-sized brown garden snails (Helix aspersa Müller) in 22 days, eating almost its weight in snail bodies daily. H. aspersa is a serious agricultural and residential plant pest. Field observations from an area where O. olens was well established had a smaller snail population than similar areas lacking the beetle. O. olens appears to be a promising candidate species for biological control of H. aspersa. Mass production of O. olens has not yet been attempted. A tabular key to the nearctic species of Ocypus is presented. In North America its distribution is limited to California for which a map is included.
A REVIEW OF THE GENUSLYCOPTISCASEY (COLEOPTERA: TROGOSITIDAE)
Authors: Barron J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe genusLycoptisCasey, with one included species,L.americana(Motschulsky), is reviewed. Members are placed in the subfamily Peltinae and are defined and compared with other members of the family Trogositidae. Members of the Lophocateridae are not recognized as a distinct family and instead are placed in the Peltinae.
TYPES AND TYPE DESIGNATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA IN THE LYMAN ENTOMOLOGICAL MUSEUM COLLECTION
Authors: Sheppard A. C. , Vickery V. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe primary type specimens of Lepidoptera in the collection of the Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory are listed. Taxa described by Lyman and three species described by Fyles and Grote are included. Lectotypes are designated where necessary.
SALIVARY GLANDS OF FEMALE CULEX PIPIENS: MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH MATURATION AND BLOOD-FEEDING
Authors: Barrow P. M. , McIver S. B. , Wright K. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe salivary glands of female Culex pipiens L each consist of three lobes divisible into five regions. Fine structure indicates that two regions may be involved in solute-linked water transport and three regions may have a glandular function. The fine structure is similar to that reported for Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. In C. pipiens, an axon of presumed neurosecretory function was found associated with the neck region of the medial lobe.Complete development of the salivary glands occurs between the first and fifth days of adulthood. Morphological changes associated with blood-feeding were limited to the presence or absence of the salivary secretions in the apical cavities and duct lumen. During blood-feeding the contents of two of the glandular regions are voided, being replenished within 24 h Results are related to previous histochemical studies of the salivary glands of mosquitoes.
REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS APOLLOPHANES (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractApollophanes O. Pickard-Cambridge 1898 (= Pelloctanes Schick 1965, syn. n.) includes 10 species, namely, A. punctipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge) 1891 [= A. distinctus (O. Pickard-Cambridge) 1899, syn. n. = A. maculatipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge) 1893, syn. n. = A. arizonensis Gertsch 1933, syn. n. = A. mexicanus Gertsch 1933, syn. n. = A. similalis Gertsch 1933, syn. n.], A. texanus Banks 1904 [= A. francesca Lowrie and Gertsch 1955, syn. n.], A. longipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge) 1896, comb, n., A. margareta Lowrie and Gertsch 1955, A. caribaeus sp. n., A. punctatus (Bryant) 1948, comb, n., A. indistinctus Gertsch 1933, A crispus sp. n., A. erectus sp. n., and A. aztecanus sp. n. A. bryanti Gertsch 1933 and A. paraguensis Gertsch 1933 from South America are placed in the genus Cleocnemis Simon. Definitions, diagnoses, illustrations, range maps, and a key to species are provided.
OBSERVATIONS ON MATING AND OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOUR OF PRIOPODA NIGRICOLLIS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE BIRCH LEAF-MINER, FENUSA PUSILLA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F. W. , Guevremont H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe premating period in the parasitoid Priopoda nigricollis (Thos.) is about 2 days, and females are receptive for up to 4 days, after which time the oviducts contain mature eggs. Copulation behaviour in specially built chambers, and oviposition pattern are described. The structure of the ovaries is illustrated. Host feeding by adult P. nigricollis was observed, but it is not a prerequisite for initial egg maturation. Hosts are located by random stabbing with the ovipositor into the mines of Fenusa pusilla (Lep.). Data on the age-specific fecundity of this parasite in laboratory experiments are given. The importance of liberating mated parasite populations is emphasized for successful biological control.
DUNG BURIAL ACTIVITY AND FLY CONTROL POTENTIAL OF ONTHOPHAGUS NUCHICORNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEINAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Macqueen Angus , Beirne Bryan P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOnthophagus nuchicornis (Linnaeus), an accidentally introduced dung beetle, is the only scarabaeine species encountered commonly in cattle dung in British Columbia. Its dung burial efficiency and its potential for inhibiting development of coprophagous fly larvae were measured in greenhouse experiments.The beetles buried dung most efficiently when they were present in the ratio of one pair per 40–50 g of feces. Higher or lower rates of infestation resulted in reduced burial Survival of fly larvae was inversely related to the numbers of brood balls constructed by the beetles, and hence to the amount of dung buried. Beetle activity in the field probably has little harmful effect on the dung-breeding horn fly as the beetles cease burial activity before midsummer, when horn flies reach their greatest numbers, and as they do not bury significant amounts of dung in pastures.The desirability and possibility of introducing exotic dung beetles into British Columbia for fly control is discussed.
THE ORIENTATION RESPONSE OFCTEMCERA DESTRUCTORAND OTHER WIRE WORMS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) TO GERMINATING GRAIN AND TO CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Doane J. F. , Lee Y. W. , Klingler J. , Westcott N. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeveral species of wireworms were attracted to germinating wheat, air from flasks of germinating wheat, decomposing oatmeal, commercial CO2and, in addition, germinating seeds of eight other cultivated plant species. Larvae located a biological or experimental source of CO2by a directed movement along CO2gradients, from distances up to 20 cm.Methods and apparatus for measuring small CO2gradients, using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, are described.Ctenicera destructor(Brown) larvae apparently responded to CO2gradients between glass plates, that ascended on the average by 0.002% (soil) and 0.005% (agar)/cm over a distance of from 12 to 16 cm. The "sensitivity threshold" was calculated as being 1–2 ppm over the distance involved in one deflection of the head during klinotactic orientation. Attractancy was observed within a range of CO2concentration from about 0.036% to 1.5%. Repellent effects did not appear to be only related to concentration, but possibly were due to steepness of the gradient and(or) previous exposure to CO2.Passing an air stream from germinating grain over a KOH solution eliminated the attractancy of the grain by removing the CO2and possibly other undetected attractants. A small percentage ofC.destructorlarvae apparently oriented to an ethylene source, but it was concluded the CO2was the most important if not the only attractant from germinating wheat seeds.
A STUDY TO SUPPRESS CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) WITH SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Logan D. M. , Newton J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCodling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), injury in a 14-ha apple orchard gradually increased in 1973 and 1974 despite the presence of 480 sex pheromone traps (1 mg trans-8, trans-10, dodecadien-1-ol per trap). Percentage injured fruit at harvest was 0.00075, 0.0062, and 0,033 in 1972, 1973, and 1974, respectively. Numbers of wild male moths trapped increased from 3e in 1973 to 64 in 1974.
INTRODUCTION OF A PREDACIOUS RED WOOD ANT, FORMICA LUGUBRIS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), FROM ITALY TO EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Finnegan R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA brief history of the importance attributed to red wood ants in Europe and the outstanding qualities of three species, Formica lugubris Zett., F. polyctena (Foerst.), and F. aquilonia Yarr., are presented. The reasons for choosing F. lugubris as a suitable species for introduction to Canada are given. The collecting in Italy, shipping by air to Canada, and eventual release in Quebec is discussed. In conclusion it is stated that the establishment and acclimatization of this species in Quebec was successful, and that increased reproduction and spread is anticipated.