bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE GRAVITY ANOMALIES OF THE ASKRIGG BLOCK SOUTH OF WENSLEYDALE
Authors: Myers J. O. , Wardell J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A gravity survey of the Askrigg Block south of Wensleydale provides a link between earlier surveys to the north and south. The chief feature is a gravity low near the head of Stake Pass, with two subsidiary minima east and west respectively of the main central low. The disposition of the basement rocks causing these effects is suggested.
MINERALIZATION IN RELATION TO THE PRE-CARBONIFEROUS BASEMENT ROCKS, NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Dunham K. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The epigenetic lead-zinc-(iron-copper)-fluorine-barium mineralization in the north of England, when viewed on the large scale, is found to occur where thin, “block” facies sediments in the Lower Carboniferous overlie basement highs. The relatively deep sedimentary basins lying within the Pennine Chain and adjacent to it contain little or no mineralization; only the North Derbyshire, Askrigg and Alston blocks have been significantly mineralized. The Carboniferous/Basement junction lies substantially higher in these structures than anywhere else in the region except in the Lake District dome, which also contains mineral veins. The possible significance of this empirical observation is considered, and some comparisons with the American Middle West are suggested.
CARBONIFEROUS BASEMENT BEDS IN THE ROMAN FELL DISTRICT, WESTMORLAND
Authors: Burgess I. C. , Harrison R. K. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Roman Fell Beds, of hitherto disputed age, are part of the Carboniferous succession of the Roman Fell area. They overlie a basal conglomerate and comprise the Roman Fell Shales and Roman Fell Sandstones, the latter including conglomerates and lithic quartzitic arenites. Thicknesses of these, and of succeeding, beds differ markedly either side of the Swindale Beck Fault along which contemporaneous movement occurred during sedimentation. Roman Fell Sandstones, both north and south of the fault, are petrographically similar; pigmentation by ferric oxides is of secondary origin, unrelated to stratigraphy. Shales with Limestone north of the fault are correlated with the Ravenstonedale Limestones (C
1
—C
2
), Ashfell Sandstone (S
1
—S
2
) and Hillbeck Limestone (S
2
) in a much thicker sequence south of the fault. Petrographical parameters support the stratigraphical interpretations and indicate a gradual change in provenance through the succession, from local outcrops of Ordovician–Silurian rocks during deposition of the basal conglomerate and Roman Fell Beds, to more distant granitic sources during that of the Ashfell Sandstone.
BIOFACIES AND LITHOFACIES OF THE SPEETON CLAY D BEDS, E. YORKSHIRE
Authors: Neale J. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Detailed studies show that five different facies and two marked faunal breaks occur in the D Beds of the Speeton Clay. These beds have a maximum thickness of forty-seven feet and include three Lower Cretaceous stages. Examination of the fossil distribution and sediment mineralogy leads to the conclusion that deposition in this area was slow and subject to interruption during the early part of the Cretaceous period and that the sea was shallow and probably warm.
THE HAMPOLE BEDS—A SIGNIFICANT MARKER IN THE LOWER MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE OF YORKSHIRE DERBYSHIRE AND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
Authors: Smith D. B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A thin but distinctive group of mudstones and dolomites have been traced along the outcrop of the Lower Magnesian Limestone from Nottingham to Ripon and, with less certainty, into south Durham. These beds, for which the name Hampole Beds is proposed, overlie a minor discontinuity and are thought to have accumulated partly by intermittent deposition on an extensive intertidal, or supratidal, coastal flat. They constitute a useful marker between the lower and upper subdivisions of the Lower Magnesian Limestone, and extend into areas marginal to the tidal flat where the two subdivisions are otherwise inseparable. They also permit a close correlation of the rocks of these two subdivisions with, respectively, the Lower and Middle Magnesian limestones of the Durham sequence.
JOINT DENSITIES AND THEIR RELATION TO LITHOLOGY IN THE GREAT SCAR LIMESTONE
Authors: Doughty Philip S. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Joint systems in the Great Scar Limestone of the Settle area have been re-examined and three varieties found: conjugate joints, tension joints and low angle joints, the first being by far the commonest. Plumose structures found on conjugate joint faces suggest cleavage fracture as the method of origin.

Conjugate joint spacings are fairly regular except where joints extend across bedding planes. A method for assessing conjugate joint densities in beds from scars is described and its application throughout the area shows consistent results; the limestones of the S zone present little variation whereas those of the D
1
zone form a sequence of nine rhythms where the succession is complete.

Modal analyses of limestone suites collected from the rhythms of the D
1
zone demonstrate a correlation of high joint density with coarse-grained limestones and low joint density with carbonate mudstones. Differences in joint density do not appear to influence the orientation of conjugate joints, and bed thickness does not control densities.
THE JURASSIC-CRETACEOUS JUNCTION AT ELSHAM, NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Kent P. E. , Dilley F. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A trench section from the Chalk down to Jurassic beds near Elsham, north-east of Brigg exposed successively downwards Red Chalk, a thin fossil-ferous development of Carstone and shaly clay with a good Cretaceous (late Aptian or early Albian) microfauna with much derived material of probable Kimmeridgian age, above the early Kimmeridgian Elsham Sandstone.
FIELD GEOLOGY AND THE CIVIL ENGINEER
Authors: Woodland A. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Although in the early days of the science geology was closely linked with civil engineering, in the second half of the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth their paths unfortunately diverged. The modern development of large, complex engineering works shows how necessary is a full, early assessment of all the geological factors in and around the site, together with the provision of modern, detailed geological maps. Lack of such field knowledge may be extremely expensive in effort, money, and in extreme cases, human life. Examples are drawn from the siting of new towns, motorways, reservoirs and spoil tips; geological problems of the last are illustrated from the Aberfan disaster of 1966.
THE BLUE JOHN FLUORSPAR DEPOSITS OF TREAK CLIFF, DERBYSHIRE, IN RELATION TO THE BOULDER BED
Authors: Ford Trevor D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The mode of deposition of the Blue John variety of fluorite is described. It is shown to have crystallized in the voids between limestone boulders in a conglomerate, in the open joints of the immediately underlying fissured limestone, and locally as a replacement of the limestone of either boulders or the underlying solid rock. Some Blue John occupies pre-Namurian caves, well below the boulder bed but perhaps formed by karstic processes operating during the uplift responsible for it. Layered quartz and fluorite deposits lying in fluorite-lined voids are thought to be partly a replacement of detrital calcite, and partly a precipitate of fluorite cubes.
THE GLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE AREA AROUND HYDE, CHESHIRE
Authors: Johnson R. H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
During the main Weichsel glacial period ice movement around Hyde became impeded by the local Pennine relief to such an extent that lobes of ice were ultimately detached from the main body of the ice sheet and left to stagnate in the valleys of the Mersey headwater streams. Large volumes of meltwater were released in the areas adjoining the hills and the streams flowing at the ice margins constructed a number of fluvio-glacial depositional landforms and filled with sediment the valleys eroded by pre-glacial streams. Local relief exerted a strong influence upon meltwater flow and ice movements and in consequence the mode of sedimentation, the stratigraphy and lithological character of the glacial deposits are frequently a reflection of local environmental conditions. In this area therefore it has not been possible to recognize a simple stratigraphical succession applicable to the whole area and therefore the glacial deposits are described with reference to their morphology and topographical expression.
Former ice sheet incursions created a number of modifications in the local drainage network. Most diversions resulted from events that occurred during the Weichsel Glaciation but the analysis of the bedrock topography indicates that some alterations of the drainage pattern occurred earlier in the Pleistocene Epoch. The erosion of several now abandoned channels and of the “post-glacial” gorges is attributed to the work of sub-glacial meltwaters which also deposited some varved deposits on the valley floors. Beyond the former ice margin there is considerable evidence of prolonged periglacial denudation and it is concluded that the glacial incursion was only of short duration and was the climax to a long period of cold, but not glacial, climate which persisted from about 75,000 to 25,000 years B.P.
THE FORAMINIFERAL FAUNA OF THE MELTON CARSTONE
Authors: Dilley F. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Melton Carstone at the locality which yielded a Lower Albian brachiopod assemblage (Owen
et al.,
1968) has been found to contain a foraminiferal fauna strictly correlatable with that of the Lower Albian
Planulina
D.5 zone of north-west Germany (Hecht, 1938) and of the Greensand Streak and basal A3 marls at Speeton (for the lithological sequence at Speeton see Kaye, 1964).
PHYTOPLANKTON (ACRITARCHS) FROM A SMALL ORDOVICIAN INLIER IN TEESDALE (COUNTY DURHAM), ENGLAND
Authors: Lister T. R. , Holliday D. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Several hundred acritarchs have been recovered from two samples of Skiddaw Slates of the Teesdale Inlier. The assemblages are dominated by trispinose veryhachiids, but altogether thirteen species have been recognized, attributable to three acanthomorph genera—
Archaeohystrichosphaeridium, Baltisphaeridium
and
Micrhystridium
—the polygonomorph genus
Veryhachium,
the diacromorph genus
Acanthodiacrodium
and to the sphaeromorph genus
Leiosphaeridia.
A lower Ordovician age is confirmed and equation with the Milburn Beds of the Cross Fell Inlier is suggested.
SUBMARINE SLUMPING AND SLIDING IN THE LOWER MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM
Authors: Smith D. B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The effects of submarine slumping and sliding which occurred in north-east Durham and south-east Northumberland in early and late Lower Magnesian Limestone times are described and discussed. The earlier slumps affected a thin group of beds some three to seven metres above the Marl Slate and gave rise to disturbed beds and turbidites extending, perhaps discontinuously, from near Sunderland to the River Tees. The later episode, which is perhaps more correctly described as a slide, occurred at the end of Lower Magnesian Limestone times and is thought to have removed as much as twenty five metres of this formation from parts of an area of perhaps two hundred square kilometres, mainly north of Sunderland. It is suggested that sliding on this scale is most likely to have been initiated by an earthquake shock.
FRAGMENTAL CLAYROCK (FCR) IN COAL-BEARING SEQUENCES IN SCOTLAND AND NORTH-EAST ENGLAND
Authors: Richardson G. , Francis E. H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Carboniferous cyclic sequences of Scotland and north-east England include beds of clayrock mainly 50 to 100 millimetres thick characterized by (1) brecciation and flow structures (2) a high proportion of kaolinite which is partly authigenic (3) an association with coal and (4) local impersistence within a limited lateral extent. They are interpreted as the deposits of lakes in coal-forming swamps and their petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry are consistent with the intense early diagenetic activity found in these environments. This view is supported by the palaeontology of the few fragmental clayrocks that contain fossils. After burial these sediments became metastable and subsequent disturbance of this condition led to physical and chemical reorganization. The FCRs form a continuous lithological series linking hard fine-grained
graupen-tonsteins
at one extreme with seatclays at the other. Some of the processes that led to the genesis of FCRs, particularly redistribution during flow, may be relevant to the formation of tonsteins and seatclays.
TOURNAISIAN BEDS IN RAVENSTONEDALE, WESTMORLAND
Authors: Johnson G. A. L. , Marshall A. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The results of a re-examination and palynological study of the lower part of the Carboniferous succession of Ravenstonedale, Westmorland, north-west England are presented. A new assessment of the thickness of the Carboniferous sequence is given and the evidence for the position of the Tournaisian-Viséan boundary is discussed. The distribution of twenty-seven miospore species identified in five samples from the Pinskey Gill Beds, basal Carboniferous of Ravenstonedale, is listed. Ten of the species are illustrated. On the basis of previously published records of the species it is shown that the beds are of Tournaisian age.
SHALE UNITS IN THE GREAT SCAR LIMESTONE OF THE SOUTHERN ASKRIGG BLOCK
Authors: Waltham A. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Great Scar Limestone contains numerous thin shale units which are only revealed in the underground exposures in caves and potholes. The shale beds are correlated across the area and their distribution is described. Various features of their structure and petrography are noted and the environment of deposition is deduced to be very shallow water and locally sub-aerial.
ALGAL LIMESTONE IN THE UPPER COAL MEASURES (WESTPHALIAN D) AT CHESTERTON, NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE
Authors: Pollard J. E. , Wiseman Julie F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Small isolated lenses of algal limestone discovered at the junction of the Etruria Marl and Newcastle Group in north Staffordshire contain algae of the genera
Girvanella, Ortonella, Garwoodia
and
Bevocastria
associated with
Anthraconauta,
ostracods,
Spirorbis
and plant fragments. The lenses represent preservation
in situ
of sediment formed in temporary pools rich in calcium and other carbonates. The algae grew as thin crusts and small colonies in these saline pools before the deposition of the Newcastle Group and the introduction of the non-marine fauna.
THE LOCATION AND ORIGIN OF GLACIAL MELTWATER PHENOMENA IN THE EASTERN CHEVIOT HILLS
Authors: Clapperton C. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Meltwater channels are sparse where ice movement was parallel with the valleys but abundant where it was across the trend of the ridges and valleys. Most channels were formed subglacially as englacial meltwater streams became superimposed.
The location of complex systems of interconnected eskers, kames and kame terraces is related chiefly to (a) relief features, especially lowland basins, which impeded the flow of the wasting ice sheet and ultimately rendered large portions of it stagnant; (b) areas in which the abundance of till suggests a former ice sheet heavily charged with basal and englacial debris. Where factors (a) and (b) occurred together, as on the northern and eastern sides of the Cheviot Hills, upward curving shear planes induced by impeded flow may have carried large quantities of englacial debris from basal layers of the ice sheet up into the zone where systems of englacial and subglacial streams ultimately reworked the detritus into bedded sands and gravels.
DATA ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND PRESERVATION OF LATE PALAEOZOIC TETRAPODS
Authors: Rayner Dorothy H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The tetrapods from early Carboniferous to early Triassic times comprise the majority of fossil amphibia and the first great development of the reptiles. They are found associated with two main facies: Coal Measures in a wide sense (Carboniferous and some early Permian beds of Europe), and Permian and Lower Triassic red beds and related sediments. In the former most of the vertebrate localities represent small lakes and pools, the faunas living in them or nearby. In the latter there are much larger areas where fluviatile conditions are common and a greater range of ecological types; dry-land faunas are dominant though the sediments are still largely water-laid. Data on locomotion and food are mainly drawn from comparative anatomy, and on conditions of burial and preservation more from sedimentology and mineralogy. The liability of the calcium phosphate of bone to solution in exceptionally acid waters may partly account for the sporadic distribution and locally poor preservation of some Carboniferous faunas; in other respects the coal swamps should have produced favourable living conditions. Faunas and environments from Europe, North America and South Africa are considered briefly in this framework.
THE MINERALOGY OF THE STAFFORD TONSTEIN
Authors: Spears D. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The principal clay mineral in the Stafford tonstein is a mixed-layer mica-montmorillonite, which is comparable on X-ray evidence with potassium bentonites. The restricted heavy mineral suite in the tonstein is also diagnostic of bentonites, and from this it is suggested that heavy minerals may well offer one of the most reliable means of establishing whether or not a tonstein is volcanic in origin. The position of tonsteins in the coal-bearing sequence is discussed, and also the influence position has upon mineralogy and chemistry.
A STUDY OF DOLOMITIZATION BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Al-Hashimi Wissam S. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The scanning electron microscope has proved to be an effective tool in the study of dolomitization. The electron micrographs obtained show the presence of moats, or porosity zones, around the dolomite crystals. These are believed to have resulted from the dissolution of calcite at random points, so providing the necessary carbonate ions for the growth of dolomite crystals. The role of clay minerals in dolomitization was investigated and proved to have no influence either on the dolomitization sites or on the local supply of magnesium for dolomitization. Different types of dolomitization porosity are discussed.
ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE LOWER VISÉAN “REEF” LIMESTONES NEAR CLITHEROE, LANCASHIRE
Authors: Miller J. , Grayson R. F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

All strata, including “reef” limestones, between the top of the Chatburn Limestone and the base of the Cephalopod Shales are here designated the Clitheroe Limestone Complex. The complex is of C
2
S
1
age and characterized by intricately related bank, flank, inter-bank and other facies, covering a large tract of the Craven basin. C
2
S
1
uplift of the complex near Clitheroe created an erosion topography locally of high relief. Limebanks and associated sedimentation was resumed at Salthill until conformably overlain by Cephalopod Shales. Elsewhere the Cephalopod Shales rest directly upon the C
2
S
1
erosion surface, overstepping dissected masses of the complex and finally burying the erosion topography.
THE EBBADALEN FORMATION (CARBONIFEROUS), SPITSBERGEN
Authors: Holliday D. W. , Cutbill J. L. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Ebbadalen Formation (Carboniferous) of Spitsbergen lies in an elongated basin on the downthrown side of the Billefjorden Fault Zone. Apart from the lower part of the formation, where all the beds are clastic, evaporites dominate in the basin and separate red beds, adjacent to the fault-belt, from marine carbonates. Several unconformities are recorded within the formation towards the margins of the basin. Four members and three sets of beds are proposed as well as a number of informal facies units. A limestone breccia (Ragnarbreen Breccia) which occurs locally at the top of the formation is interpreted as a solution breccia. Fusulinacea from the top of the formation indicate a Bashkirian age, but the lowest part may belong to the Namurian rather than to the Bashkirian as previously supposed. The early clastic strata are thought to be largely fluviatile in origin, while the later red beds, evaporites and carbonates are similar to modern arid-area sediments, notably those of the Persian Gulf. Laterally continuous cyclothems occur throughout the sequence and are thought to be the result of regional or even world-wide agencies rather than of local causes.
OLIVINE-DOLERITE INTRUSIONS NEAR MELMERBY, CUMBERLAND, AND THEIR AGE-DETERMINATION BY THE POTASSIUM-ARGON METHOD
Authors: Wadge A. J. , Harrison R. K. , Snelling N. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Potassium-argon age determinations of two intrusions of olivine-dolerite, cutting Borrowdale Volcanic rocks near Melmerby, Cumberland, gave a mean age of 296 ± 8 million years, placing them at the Westphalian-Stephanian boundary, and showing their emplacement to be contemporary with that of the Whin Sill, which crops out on the nearby Pennine escarpment. Chemical analyses of these rocks show their similarity to other olivine-dolerites, and variation-diagrams suggest a genetic line of descent from the oversaturated Whin magma. The intrusions may represent part of the western margin of the Whin Sill, particularly as at the time of the intrusion of the sill, Carboniferous and Lower Palaeozoic rocks were probably here juxtaposed along the Deep Slack Fault by Hercynian faulting throwing down to the east.
A GRAVITY SURVEY OF THE ISLE OF MAN
Authors: Cornwell J. D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Bouguer anomaly map of the Isle of Man is dominated by two gravity lows, elongated in a north-east to south-west direction across the island, and by a rapid decrease of values at the Point of Ayre. The two anomalies are thought to be due to granite bodies, here named the South Barrule and Glen Mona granites, intruded into the Manx Group, and these granites are inter­preted as having broad, flat tops and steep sides, those of the South Barrule Granite reaching a depth of ten kilometres. The Manx Group in the vicinity of these anomalies contains mineral lodes and granite apophyses. The steep gradients in the area of the Point of Ayre are thought to be due to the Permo-Triassic sediments which form part of the southern edge of the Solway Firth basin. The cause of a gravity high near Jurby in the northern plain is unclear, but a rock-unit of high density underlying the Manx Group may be responsible.
THE CWM CLWYD TUFF, NORTH WALES: A PALAEOGEOGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF SOME ORDOVICIAN ASH-SHOWER DEPOSITS
Authors: Brenchley P. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Cwm Clwyd Tuff of Ordovician age comprises a sequence (0 to 180 metres thick) of ash-shower tuffs rich in pumice and reworked tuffs, with a single unit which is possibly an ash flow deposit. Grain size and thickness variations indicate a volcanic source to the east of the present outcrop. Compositional and grain size changes within graded beds suggest sub-aerial ash-shower deposition of these beds, while the abundance of accretionary lapilli, the poor sorting, absence of rounding, and lack of epiclastic material suggest that much of the ash sedimentation in the eastern part of the area was sub-aerial and probably occurred low on the flanks of a volcanic cone; contemporaneous, sharply incised channels support this conclusion. In the south and west of the area, the ash appears to have been deposited under marine conditions.