bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Lead Exposure During Foetal and Early Postnatal Life Impairs Passive Avoidance Learning in Adulthood in Rats
Authors: Barkur Rajashekar , Rao Muddanna , Bairy Laxminarayana 
Published: June 2011

Low Lead Exposure During Foetal and Early Postnatal Life Impairs Passive Avoidance Learning in Adulthood in RatsThis follow-up study investigated the effects of low-level lead exposure during prenatal and early postnatal period on learning and memory in rats immediately after exposure has ceased at weaning and later in their adulthood. Male Wistar-derived rats were exposed to lead (as 0.2 % lead acetate solution) through their mothers during pregnancy and lactation until they were weaned. Mothers of control rats were given tap water during pregnancy and lactation. All pups were weaned on tap water at 21 days of age and were followed up until 120 days old. Low-level lead exposure did not affect their body weight at any time during the experiment. Blood lead in the exposed rats was significantly higher on postnatal day 22 and dropped to control values by day 120. Passive avoidance test showed impaired memory retention in the exposed rats on postnatal days 25 and 120. This suggests that exposure to low-lead levels during foetal and early postnatal development of brain tissue can cause memory impairment that lasts into adulthood.
Nifedipine Lowers Cocaine-Induced Brain and Liver Enzyme Activity and Cocaine Urinary Excretion in Rats
Authors: Vitcheva Vessela , Simeonova Rumyana , Karova Dima , Mitcheva Mitka 
Published: June 2011

Nifedipine Lowers Cocaine-Induced Brain and Liver Enzyme Activity and Cocaine Urinary Excretion in RatsThe aim of this study was to see how nifedipine counters the effects of cocaine on hepatic and brain enzymatic activity in rats and whether it affects urinary excretion of cocaine. Male Wistar rats were divided in four groups of six: control, nifedipine group (5 mg kg-1i.p.a day for five days); cocaine group (15 mg kg-1i.p.a day for five days), and the nifedipine+cocaine group. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, we measured neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity in the brain and cytochrome P450 quantity, ethylmorphine-N-demethylase, and anilinehydroxylase activity in the liver. Urine samples were collected 24 h after the last cocaine and cocaine+nifedipine administration. Urinary cocaine concentration was determined using the GC/MS method.Cocaine administration increased brain nNOS activity by 55 % (p<0.05) in respect to control, which indicates the development of tolerance and dependence. In the combination group, nifedipine decreased the nNOS activity in respect to the cocaine-only group.In the liver, cocaine significantly decreased and nifedipine significantly increased cytochrome P450, ethylmorphine-N-demethylase, and anilinehydroxylase in respect to control. In combination, nifedipine successfully countered cocaine effects on these enzymes.Urine cocaine excretion in the cocaine+nifedipine group significantly dropped (by 35 %) compared to the cocaine-only group.Our results have confirmed the effects of nifedipine against cocaine tolerance and development of dependence, most likely due to metabolic interactions between them.
The distribution of sun glints sizes on the sea surface
Authors: Gardashov Rauf 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The problem is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Statistical distributions of the total curvature and the reciprocal to the total curvature at the specular points (SP) of a random Gaussian uniform sea surface are discussed. The theoretical distribution and its asymptotes are completely investigated. The validity of the theoretical distribution is verified by numerical simulations and natural experiments. In the experimental study of this distribution, Sun glint images taken with a high time and spatial resolution digital camera are used. Those images are developed by using a specially-designed Fortran program which calculates the statistical characteristics of the glints. The experimentally derived distribution of the glint areas is compared with the theoretical distribution. The main causes (origins) of small divergence between the theoretical and experimental results are discussed.
Burkholderia SP. Strain TNAU-1 for Biological Control of Root Rot in Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata L.) Caused by Macrophomina Phaseolina
Authors: Satya Vijayalakshmi , Vijayasamundeeswari Ayyathurai , Paranidharan Vaikuntavasan , Velazhahan Rethinasamy 
Published: June 2011

BurkholderiaSP. Strain TNAU-1 for Biological Control of Root Rot in Mung Bean (Vigna RadiataL.) Caused byMacrophomina PhaseolinaThe potential ofBurkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1 for the management of mung bean (Vigna radiataL.) root rot caused byMacrophomina phaseolinawas evaluated under greenhouse conditions.Burkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1 inhibited the mycelial growth ofM. phaseolina in vitroand produced an inhibition zone of 18.8 mm. Mung bean seeds when treated with the bacterial suspension, showed significant increase in root length, shoot length and seedling vigour. A talc-based powder formulation ofBurkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1 was developed and evaluated for its efficacy in the management of mung bean root rot under greenhouse conditions. Seed treatment or soil application of the powder formulation ofBurkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1 significantly reduced the incidence of root rot and increased the germination percentage and plant height. Seed treatment with the powder formulation ofBurkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1 alone was effective in controlling root rot disease; but the combined seed treatment and soil application ofBurkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1, increased the efficacy. Seed treatment and soil application withBurkholderiasp. reduced the root rot incidence from 52.6 per cent (with non-bacterized seeds) to 16.7 per cent. Control of root rot with the application ofBurkholderiasp. by seed treatment and soil application was not statistically different from that obtained with seed treatment with carbendazim. The endophytic movement ofBurkholderiasp. in the stem, roots and leaves of mung bean was confirmed through PCR usingBurkholderiasp. specific primers which resulted in the amplification of a 417 bp product.
Effect of Fungicides on the Mite Fauna of Prunus Persica L. Cultivars in Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
Authors: Montes Sônia , Raga Adalton , Boliani Aparecida , de Carvalho Mineiro Jeferson , dos Santos Pedro 
Published: June 2011

Effect of Fungicides on the Mite Fauna ofPrunus PersicaL. Cultivars in Presidente Prudente, SP, BrazilThe objective of this study was to characterize the diversity of phytophagous and predatory mites on peach cultivars either with or without fungicide treatment, in the city of Presidente Prudente, State of São Paulo, Brazil. In order to evaluate the effect of fungicides, leaf samples were colleted at random from treated and untreated plants of the Tropical, Aurora 1 and Aurora 2 cultivars, from June 2004 to February 2006. From the results obtained it can be concluded that: plants with or without treatment showed high populations of predatory mites, indicating that the treatments were innocuous on the mite populations. A diversified composition of the mite community was observed. The Phytoseiidae family had the highest richness in numbers and species of mites.Euseius citrifoliusandE. concordiswere the most abundant species. Plants with or without treatment had high abundances of predatory mites, with a predominance ofE. citrifolius.
Evaluation of The Autumn Infection of Winter Barley with Barley Yellow Dwarf Viruses Transmitted by Anholocyclic forms of Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum Padi L. in Poland
Authors: Strażyński Przemysław , Ruszkowska Maria , Jeżewska Małgorzata , Trzmiel Katarzyna 
Published: June 2011

Evaluation of The Autumn Infection of Winter Barley with Barley Yellow Dwarf Viruses Transmitted by Anholocyclic forms of Bird Cherry-Oat AphidRhopalosiphum PadiL. in PolandResearch was carried out to determine the extent of anholocyclic forms of bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padion winter barley, and to estimate the level of infection of winter barley crops with Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) viruses. Observations were made in 12 Polish regions. Each region is made up of four distinct locations, with different temperatures. The 12 observed regions were: Lubuskie, Dolnośląskie, Opolskie, Śląskie, Małopolskie, Podkarpackie, Wielkopolskie, Łódzkie, Mazowieckie, Lubelskie, Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Podlaskie. The research was carried out during the period of colonization of plants by aphids. Anholocyclic forms ofR. padiwere found on winter barley crops in all regions, with the exception of the Podlaskie area. Samples of plants were collected and tested for virus occurrence by ELISA. In 2007, the detection of BYD viruses in aphids feeding on winter barley was performed using the PCR technique. Virus diagnostics revealed the prevalence ofBarley yellow dwarf virus-PAV(BYDV-PAV) overBarley yellow dwarf virus-MAV(BYDV-MAV), in 2006 and 2007. Aphid vectors of BYD viruses were the most numerous in all the locations of the Opolskie region.
Level of Development of Electronic Services in Poland Compared with the European Union States
Authors: Dominiak Joanna 
Published: June 2011

Level of Development of Electronic Services in Poland Compared with the European Union States
The development of information and telecommunications technology has been a breakthrough in the economy and social life. Both modern and traditional sectors of the economy rely on ICT to manufacture new or much improved products and to modify and improve various types of services, e.g. educational, financial, medical, or administrative. With the propagation of ICT there have appeared new ways of acquiring information, learning, doing shopping, or spending leisure time. Thus, progress in ICT contributes to the formation of a knowledge-based economy and an information society.
The chief aim of this article is to analyse the level of development of electronic services in Poland against the backcloth of other European Union states. The following issues will be discussed in more detail: (1) the state of physical infrastructure necessary for the development of e-services in Poland and other EU states, (2) the level of development of selected types of e-services for individual consumers and enterprises in Poland, and (3) a comparison of the level of development of selected types of e-services with other EU states.
State Strategic Planning and Spatial Development in the Siberian Regions
Authors: Syssoeva Natalia , Dets Igor 
Published: June 2011

State Strategic Planning and Spatial Development in the Siberian Regions
The paper presents an analysis of the influence of strategic planning projects on the socio-economic development of the Siberian regions of Russia. Zoning for strategic planning is now based on the market principle rather than the production one, as used to be the case during the Soviet period. The dynamics of intra-regional migration flows during the period of implementation of major industrial projects shows an absence of spatial correlation among those processes. The existing institutional framework for regional development does not contribute to the achievement of the main strategic objectives. The economy of the regions remains underinvested and tends towards simplification. An increasing dependence on foreign Asian markets should be taken into account when developing new strategic plans.
Comparison of Values of Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data
Authors: Hauke Jan , Kossowski Tomasz 
Published: June 2011

Comparison of Values of Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is a nonparametric (distribution-free) rank statistic proposed by Charles Spearman as a measure of the strength of an association between two variables. It is a measure of a monotone association that is used when the distribution of data makes Pearson's correlation coefficient undesirable or misleading. Spearman's coefficient is not a measure of the linear relationship between two variables, as some "statisticians" declare. It assesses how well an arbitrary monotonic function can describe a relationship between two variables, without making any assumptions about the frequency distribution of the variables. Unlike Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, it does not require the assumption that the relationship between the variables is linear, nor does it require the variables to be measured on interval scales; it can be used for variables measured at the ordinal level. The idea of the paper is to compare the values of Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient as well as their statistical significance for different sets of data (original - for Pearson's coefficient, and ranked data for Spearman's coefficient) describing regional indices of socio-economic development.
Vertical Zinc Migration in Various Soil Types
Authors: Lahučký Ladislav , Bajčan Daniel , Trebichalský Pavol 
Published: June 2011

Vertical Zinc Migration in Various Soil TypesIn this contribution the zinc content in selected soil types and soil reaction on zinc loading in kinetic model conditions with knock-down columns filled with soil samples are evaluated. The total zinc content after their draining, finish and decomposition by HF + HClO4mixture and its fractions content in extract of 2 mol dm-3HNO3, in extract of 0.05 mol dm-3EDTA and in extract of 0.01 mol dm-3CaCl2using atomic absorption spectrometry method were determined.The knock-down columns filled with soil samples in model kinetic conditions were used for observation of zinc sorption measure. The maximal water capacity of soils was determined and then solution of 280 mg zinc (ZnSO4.2H2O) per kilogram of soil was applied. The zinc contents in extraction solutions 2 mol dm-3HNO3, 0.05 mol dm-3EDTA and 0.01 mol dm-3CaCl2in drained 0.05 m high soil columns by atomic absorption spectrometry method were determined.The obtained results were evaluated by mathematical-statistical methods - multiple range analysis and linear regression. Achieved data were compared to allowed limit values.The results show different behavior of individual soil types against zinc loading. The soils showed different properties, where zinc migration to the lower column layers was determined. The accent is given to zinc dynamics in neutral and acid soils. The limit value A (140 mg kg-1) was observed in Luvic Cambisol. The limit value A1 (40 mg kg-1) was observed in Eutric Regosol and Luvic Cambisol in upper layer of soil in column. The obtained results show high mobility of zinc in tested soils and thus its risk for ecosystems.
The use of bioabsorbable screws to fix Type II odontoid fractures: a biomechanical study
Authors: Nourbakhsh Ali , Patil Shashikant , Vannemreddy Prasad , Ogden Alan , Mukherjee Debi , Nanda Anil 
Published: June 2011

Object
Anterior screw fixation of the Type II odontoid fracture stabilizes the odontoid without restricting the motion of the cervical spine. The metal screw may limit bone remodeling because of stress shielding (if not placed properly) and limit imaging of the fracture. The use of bioabsorbable screws can overcome such shortcomings of the metal screws. The purpose of this study was to compare the strength of a 5-mm bioabsorbable screw with single 4-mm metal and double 3.5-mm lag screw fixation for Type II fractures of the odontoid process.

Methods
Three different modalities of anterior screw fixation were used in 19 C-2 vertebrae. These fixation methods consisted of a single 5-mm cannulated bioabsorbable lag screw (Group A), a single 4-mm cannulated titanium lag screw (Group B), and two 3.5-mm cannulated titanium lag screws (Group C). Anteroposterior (AP) stiffness and rotational stiffness were evaluated in all constructs.

Results
There was no statistical difference among the ages of the cadavers in each group (p = 0.52). The AP bending stiffness in Groups A, B, and C was 117 ± 86, 66 ± 43, and 305 ± 130 Nm/mm, respectively. The AP bending stiffness in Group C was significantly higher than that in Groups A and B (p = 0.01 and p = 0.001, respectively). The difference in AP bending stiffness values of bioabsorbable and 4-mm metal screws was not statistically significant (p = 0.23). The rotational stiffness of the double 3.5-mm metal screws was significantly greater than that of the 5-mm bioabsorbable and the 4-mm titanium screws.

Conclusions
Double screw fixation with 3.5-mm screws provides the stiffest construct in Type II odontoid fractures. Bioabsorbable lag screws (5 mm) have the same AP bending and rotational stiffness as the single titanium lag screw (4 mm) in odontoid fractures.
Long-term outcomes of revision fusion for lumbar pseudarthrosis
Authors: Adogwa Owoicho , Parker Scott L. , Shau David , Mendelhall Stephen K. , Cheng Joseph , Aaronson Oran , Devin Clinton J. , McGirt Matthew J. 
Published: June 2011

Object
The number of low-back fusion procedures for the treatment of spine disorders has increased steadily over the past 10 years. Lumbar pseudarthrosis is a potential complication of lumbar arthrodesis and can be associated with significant pain and disability. The aim of this study was to assess, using validated patient-reported outcomes measures, the long-term effectiveness of revision arthrodesis in the treatment of symptomatic pseudarthrosis.

Methods
This is a retrospective study of 47 patients who underwent revision lumbar arthrodesis for pseudarthrosis-associated back pain. Baseline 2-year outcomes were assessed using the following: visual analog scale (VAS) for back pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, time to narcotic independence, time to return to work, EuroQol health-state utility, and physical and mental quality of life (Short Form [SF]–12 Physical and Mental Component Summary scores).

Results
The mean duration of time between prior fusion and development of symptomatic pseudarthrosis was 2.69 years. Bone morphogenetic protein was used in 4 cases (8.5%) of revision arthrodesis. A significant improvement in VAS back pain (7.31 ± 0.81 vs 5.06 ± 2.64, p = 0.001), ODI (29.74 ± 5.35 vs 25.42 ± 6.0, p = 0.001), and physical health SF-12 (23.83 ± 6.89 vs 27.85 ± 8.90, p = 0.001) scores was observed when comparing baseline and 2-year post–revision arthrodesis scores, respectively, with a mean cumulative 2-year gain of 0.35 quality-adjusted life years. The median time to narcotics independence was 12.16 (interquartile range 1.5–24.0) months and the median time to return to work was 4 months (interquartile range 3–5 months). By 2 years after revision surgery, no patients had experienced pseudarthrosis. The SF-12 Mental Component Summary (44.72 ± 7.90 vs 43.46 ± 7.51, p = 0.43) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale scores (39.36 ± 7.48 vs 41.39 ± 10.72, p = 0.37) were not significantly improved by 2 years.

Conclusions
The authors' study suggests that revision lumbar arthrodesis for symptomatic pseudarthrosis provides improvement in low-back pain, disability, and quality of life. Revision lumbar arthrodesis should be considered a viable treatment option for patients with pseudarthrosis-related back pain. Mental health symptoms from pseudarthrosis-associated back pain may be more refractory to revision surgery.
Le montage des autochtonies
Authors: Galinier Jacques 
Published: June 2011

Depuis l’époque préhispanique, la Terre alimente les spéculations cosmologiques des populations indiennes de Mésoamérique, en tant que figure dévoratrice, instance maternelle au désir insatiable, réclamant sang, humeurs, sperme, substances de tous ordres, car c’est à ce prix qu’elle assure une fonction vitale. Chez les ritualistes du New Âge, actifs sur la place centrale de Mexico, le Zócalo, le concept de Terre Mère est devenu le vecteur d’une idéologie essencialiste, voire eugéniste, étayée sur une conception revisitée de la religion ancienne, décontaminée de sa dimension sacrificielle. Ce désir d’autochtonie, activé au nom de la pureté de la race indienne et d’un ancrage sur le territoire de l’ex-empire aztèque, entre en syntonie avec la demande d’altérité réclamée par les adeptes du tourisme mystique, sur fond d’écologisme soft et de chamanisme, combinant la quête d’enracinement dans le sol de l’Anahuac avec la construction d’une religion panaméricaine de la Terre Mère, unissant l’ensemble des « tribus » indiennes à l’échelle du continent.
Autochtonies plurielles : nous sommes tous les fils du Sol et de la Mère Inde
Authors: Assayag Jackie 
Published: June 2011

C’est sans doute dans la littérature du sous-continent que s’exprima avec la plus grande emphase la glorification de la terre et de ses gens. La notion de « mère patrie » est incontestablement le mythe dominant du nationalisme indien. Notre histoire est la biographie sacrée de la Mère. Une telle dévotion à la mère, construite sur l’attachement sentimental au pays, n’est pas propre aux hommes et aux « fils ». L’idéologie qui a sous-tendu la construction de l’Inde moderne, aussi bien que les débats et controverses qui (dé) structurent l’Inde actuelle, c’est encore et toujours celle de Bharat. Autrement dit, un État-nation articulé par plusieurs générations d’idéologues et de praticiens du nationalisme hindou. Or ceux-ci refusent le transfert historique du monde contemporain en prônant un retour aux traditions immuables afin de créer le monde pré-moderne, celui de ma Mère Inde.
Immigration, islam, « identité nationale » : vieux débats, vieux démons
Authors: Le Cour Grandmaison Olivier 
Published: June 2011

Immigrés, « clandestins » et menaces diverses supposées peser sur la France en raison de la présence de « trop nombreux étrangers » réputés mal intégrés à la société : vieux débats et vieux démons en vérité. Le présent article a pour objectif d’en analyser certaines des origines qu’il faut chercher dans le passé colonial de la France, et dans le sort longtemps réservé aux « colonisés-immigrés » venus d’Afrique du Nord pendant l’entre-deux guerres.
De l'autochtonie à la citoyenneté : vers une construction psychique de la citoyenneté
Authors: Payan Ségolène 
Published: June 2011

Le lien entre autochtonie et projet politique amène à questionner l’évolution et les caractéristiques de la notion de citoyenneté. Ce développement, associé au « sens vécu » amorce une réflexion sur la construction psychique de la citoyenneté. La représentation réelle du lieu géographique transgresse la frontière du symbolique pour se nicher dans l’imaginaire du sujet citoyen. L’accès à la citoyenneté peut alors être présenté comme faisant partie des tentatives de dépassement des enjeux de désarticulation et de réarticulation qui marquent la construction identitaire d’un individu.
Chthoniè : Le maternel qui fait demeure
Authors: Reniers Dominique , Pinel Carole 
Published: June 2011

L’autochtonie renvoie à une catégorie d’individus identifiables par leur surgissement d’une terre précise. Cependant, dans la présence du pronominal (auto), on peut entendre également le surgissement de la Terre elle-même dans les profondeurs qui lui sont propres. Au-delà des références mythologiques classiques qui font de Gaïa, la Terre-Mère, la base essentielle de toute vie, certaines versions marquent le surgissement de la Terre comme indissociable d’une dissimulation, d’un « négatif » de cette base : Chthonios qui ne peut « être » tout en fondant ce qui peut être.