bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychometric evaluation of the DSM-IV criterion B mania symptoms in an Australian national sample
Authors: Carragher N. , Weinstock L. M. , Strong D. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundAlthough numerous studies have examined the latent structure of major depression, less attention has focused on mania. This paper presents the first investigation outside the USA to evaluate the psychometric properties of the DSM-IV criterion B mania symptoms using item response theory (IRT).MethodData were drawn from the Australian 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHWB,n = 8841). The psychometric performance of the mania symptoms was evaluated using a two-parameter logistic model. Because substance use disorders (SUDs) frequently co-occur with mania and can influence manic symptom expression, differential item functioning (DIF) between mania respondents with/without a SUD diagnosis was also assessed.ResultsFactor analysis supported a unidimensional trait underlying mania. The grandiosity symptom displayed the highest discrimination whereas discrimination was lowest for decreased need for sleep. Relatively speaking, grandiosity tapped the severe end and increased goal-oriented activities tapped the mild end of the mania severity continuum. The symptoms generally performed equivalently between those with/without a SUD diagnosis, with one exception; the activities with painful consequences symptom was endorsed at lower levels of severity, and hence more frequently, by those with a SUD diagnosisversusthose without a SUD diagnosis.ConclusionsAccurate conceptualization of latent structure has crucial theoretical, statistical and clinical implications. The symptoms generally performed well in distinguishing between respondents with differing levels of liability, but others did not, suggesting modification is warranted to ensure optimal use in epidemiological samples. Given the dearth of psychometric evaluation studies of mania, further research replicating these results is necessary.
Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task
Authors: Morein-Zamir S. , Papmeyer M. , Gillan C. M. , Crockett M. J. , Fineberg N. A. , Sahakian B. J. , Robbins T. W. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with response inhibition deficits under motivationally neutral contingencies. We examined response inhibition performance in the presence of reward and punishment. We further investigated whether the hypothesized difficulties in flexibly updating behaviour based on external feedback in OCD would also lead to a reduced ability to adjust to changes in the reward and punishment contingencies.MethodParticipants completed a go/no-go task that used punishments or rewards to promote response activation or suppression. The task was administered to OCD patients free of current Axis-I co-morbidities including major depression (n = 20) and a group of healthy controls (n = 32).ResultsCompared with controls, patients with OCD had increased commission errors in punishment conditions, and failed to slow down immediately after receiving punishment. The punishment-induced increase in commission errors correlated with self-report measures of OCD symptom severity. Additionally, patients did not differ from controls in adapting their overall response style to the changes in task contingencies.ConclusionsIndividuals with OCD showed reduced response control selectively under punishment conditions, manifesting in an impulsive response style that was related to their current symptom severity. This stresses failures of cognitive control in OCD, particularly under negative motivational contingencies.
Petitioning Beijing: The High Tide of 2003–2006
Authors: Li Lianjiang , Liu Mingxing , O'Brien Kevin J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWhat precipitated the 2003–06 “high tide” of petitioning Beijing and why did the tide wane? Interviews and archival sources suggest that a marked increase in petitioners coming to the capital was at least in part a response to encouraging signals that emerged when Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao adopted a more populist leadership style. Because the presence of tens of thousands of petitioners helped expose policy failures of the previous leadership team, the Hu-Wen leadership appeared reasonably accommodating when petitioners arriveden massein Beijing. Soon, however, the authorities shifted towards control and suppression, partly because frustrated petitioners employed disruptive tactics to draw attention from the Centre. In response to pressure from above, local authorities, especially county leaders, turned to coercion to contain assertive petitioners and used bribery to coax officials in the State Bureau of Letters and Visits to delete petition registrations. The high tide receded in late 2006 and was largely over by 2008. This article suggests that a high tide is more likely after a central leadership change, especially if a populist programme strikes a chord with the population and elite turnover augments confidence in the Centre and heightens expectations that it will be responsive to popular demands.
Use of PCR for detection of faecal HAV as a screening tool in an outbreak of hepatitis A in daycare centres
Authors: RUMP B. O. , VISSER O. , TE WIERIK M. J. M. , VENNEMA H. , FANOY E. B. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYUsing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect faecal hepatitis A virus (HAV) can be a useful tool for investigating HAV outbreaks, especially in low-endemic countries. We describe the use of faecal HAV PCR as a non-invasive tool for screening. Two Dutch children visiting different daycare centres were diagnosed with hepatitis A in 2011. A systematic contact investigation was started in the daycare centres and relevant contacts were screened. The faecal HAV PCR test was used to screen the children. The employees were screened with a serum IgM. The faecal HAV PCR test proved to be an appropriate tool for screening. The screening of a total of 135 children and employees in the daycare centres resulted in evidence of eight asymptomatic infections and transmission to three related daycare centres. Control measures were taken including immunization. Compared to an epidemiological investigation without screening, 144 extra contacts were vaccinated based on the screening results. This most likely led to improved prevention of expansion of the outbreak.
Molecular evolution and epidemiology of four serotypes of dengue virus in Thailand from 1973 to 2007
Authors: CHEN S. P. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYThailand was a hyper-endemic country for dengue with co-circulation of four serotypes and tens of thousands of infected cases annually. Taking into consideration the large number of local dengue virus (DENV) sequences available in GenBank, Thailand was the most ideal locality to study co-evolution of DENV. Therefore, we undertook a large-scale molecular epidemiological analysis of all DENV strains isolated in Thailand. In this study, we demonstrated that DENV strains of four serotypes post-1990 grouped into distinct clades, and that specific mutations in the envelope protein were first confirmed in these clades. Compared to the DENV1, DENV2 and DENV3 clades, the DENV4 clade evolved markedly more slowly (6·4 × 10−5 substitutions/site per year). Our results also showed that the genetic diversity of the predominant genotype of each serotype tended to slightly increase over time with fluctuating changes, followed by a stationary phase after 2000. This suggests that the four DENV clades became the predominant strains due to DENV possessing improved fitness after long-term selection.
Microbiological and clinical characteristics of bacteraemia caused by the hypermucoviscosity phenotype ofKlebsiella pneumoniaein Korea
Authors: JUNG S. W. , CHAE H. J. , PARK Y. J. , YU J. K. , KIM S. Y. , LEE H. K. , LEE J. H. , KAHNG J. M. , LEE S. O. , LEE M. K. , LIM J. H. , LEE C. H. , CHANG S. J. , AHN J. Y. , LEE J. W. , PARK Y. G. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYHypermucoviscous (HV) isolates ofKlebsiella pneumoniaehave been linked to virulence potential in experimental infections. We examined 33 isolates ofK. pneumoniaefrom patients with bacteraemia for the HV phenotype on agar culture, and determined their virulence potential by screening for capsular (K) serotype by polymerase chain reaction and the presence of seven virulence factor genes. Fourteen (42·4%) isolates expressed the HV phenotype and 11 of these were serotype K1 or K2; these serotypes were not identified in HV-negative isolates. The genesrmpA,rmpA2,aerobactin,wabGandallSwere significantly more frequent in HV than non-HV isolates. Multilocus sequence typing identified 21 sequence types (ST), eight of which were found in HV-positive isolates and the clonal relatedness of isolates of the most frequent types (ST23 and ST11) from different hospitals was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The HV phenotype was more associated with community-acquired infection with a lower frequency of fatal underlying illness, but with significantly more focal infections, notably liver abscesses. Clinicians should be aware of such clinical impacts of the HV phenotype.
Dose-specific efficacy ofHaemophilus influenzaetype b conjugate vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials
Authors: GRIFFITHS U. K. , CLARK A. , GESSNER B. , MINERS A. , SANDERSON C. , SEDYANINGSIH E. R. , MULHOLLAND K. E. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYGlobal coverage of infantHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) vaccination has increased considerably during the past decade, partly due to GAVI Alliance donations of the vaccine to low-income countries. In settings where large numbers of children receive only one or two vaccine doses rather than the recommended three doses, dose-specific efficacy estimates are needed to predict impact. The objective of this meta-analysis is to determine Hib vaccine efficacy against different clinical outcomes after receiving one, two or three doses of vaccine. Studies were eligible for inclusion if a prospective, controlled design had been used to evaluate commercially available Hib conjugate vaccines. Eight studies were included. Pooled vaccine efficacies against invasive Hib disease after one, two or three doses of vaccine were 59%, 92% and 93%, respectively. The meta-analysis provides robust estimates for use in decision-analytical models designed to predict the impact of Hib vaccine.
Does a new transportation system increase the risk of importing non-native species to Antarctica?
Authors: Tsujimoto Megumu , Imura Satoshi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAntarctic terrestrial ecosystems are not immune to the threat of biological invasions, and the urgent need for implementation of effective mitigation measures to minimize the risk has been highlighted. Recently, the transportation and logistic support system of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition has undergone substantial changes after the relocation of the cargo handling facility and the commissioning of a new icebreaker in 2009. The potential risk of introducing non-native species into Antarctica through the newly adopted cargo transportation system in comparison with the previously existing system was determined by quantifying both changes in the form of cargo transported and the frequency of propagule attachment on different types of cargo item. We obtained 1022 propagules of at least 26 species, including species known to have resistance to the stresses of cold environments. Larger numbers of propagules, and a greater proportion of affected cargo items, were encountered in the newly adopted transportation system than in its predecessor. The increased risks in the new system were identified as being associated with the major cargo packing type and the cargo storage location. Based upon those findings, we propose appropriate preventative measures in order to minimize the risk of transfer of non-native species into Antarctica.
Iceberg-induced changes to polynya operation and regional oceanography in the southern Ross Sea, Antarctica, from in situ observations
Authors: Robinson N.J. , Williams M.J.M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTwo massive tabular icebergs calved from the Ross Ice Shelf in 2000 (B-15) and 2002 (C-19) and perturbed regional ocean processes for several years. Here we document the ocean's response in McMurdo Sound to the icebergs using in situ data collected before, during and after the icebergs’ residence in the Ross Sea. Departures from typical McMurdo Sound seasonal oceanography included the non-appearance of Antarctic Surface Water in summer, a cooler and more homogeneous water column during winter and ‘super-fresh’ High Salinity Shelf Water that gradually recovered its salinity. We found that each iceberg triggered a distinct response to regional ocean processes. B-15a, the largest piece of iceberg B-15, restricted surface circulation, cooled and freshened the upper water column and reduced melting near the ice shelf front for four years. Iceberg C-19 interrupted the operation of the Ross Sea polynya, from which McMurdo Sound took three to four years to recover, and was responsible for a geographic shift in the dense water formation region for the south-western Ross Sea. These results differ from earlier modelling studies and highlight the challenges of modelling the polar ocean. We also show that one pathway previously thought to supply dense water to the Ross Ice Shelf cavity was not operating at that time.
Perfect Graphs of Fixed Density: Counting and Homogeneous Sets
Authors: BÖTTCHER JULIA , TARAZ ANUSCH , WÜRFL ANDREAS 
Published: May 2012

For c ∈ (0,1) let n(c) denote the set of n-vertex perfect graphs with density c and let n(c) denote the set of n-vertex graphs without induced C5 and with density c.We show that

with otherwise, where H is the binary entropy function.Further, we use this result to deduce that almost all graphs in n(c) have homogeneous sets of linear size. This answers a question raised by Loebl and co-workers.
Statistical Translation After Source Reordering: Oracles, Context-Aware Models, and Empirical Analysis
Authors: KHALILOV MAXIM , SIMA'AN KHALIL 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn source reordering the order of the source words is permuted to minimize word order differences with the target sentence and then fed to a translation model. Earlier work highlights the benefits of resolving long-distance reorderings as a pre-processing step to standard phrase-based models. However, the potential performance improvement of source reordering and its impact on the components of the subsequent translation model remain unexplored. In this paper we study both aspects of source reordering. We set up idealized source reordering (oracle) models with/without syntax and present our own syntax-driven model of source reordering. The latter is a statistical model of inversion transduction grammar (ITG)-like tree transductions manipulating a syntactic parse and working with novel conditional reordering parameters. Having set up the models, we report translation experiments showing significant improvement on three language pairs, and contribute an extensive analysis of the impact of source reordering (both oracle and model) on the translation model regarding the quality of its input, phrase-table, and output. Our experiments show that oracle source reordering has untapped potential in improving translation system output. Besides solving difficult reorderings, we find that source reordering creates more monotone parallel training data at the back-end, leading to significantly larger phrase tables with higher coverage of phrase types in unseen data. Unfortunately, this nice property does not carry over to tree-constrained source reordering. Our analysis shows that, from the string-level perspective, tree-constrained reordering might selectively permute word order, leading to larger phrase tables but without increase in phrase coverage in unseen data.
Prevalences of overweight and obesity and their association with physical activity pattern among Iranian adolescents aged 12–17 years
Authors: Hajian-Tilaki Karimollah , Heidari Behzad 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalences of overweight and obesity and their association with physical activity pattern among adolescents in northern Iran.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingBabol, northern Iran.SubjectsA representative sample of 1200 adolescents aged 12–17 years was recruited. All selected adolescents were interviewed, their leisure-time and sport physical activities were collected by a standard Baecke questionnaire and their height and weight were measured by standard methods. The diagnosis of overweight and obesity was determined by comparing BMI values with the BMI index for age and sex percentiles set by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2000.ResultsThe prevalences of overweight and obesity were 15·1 % and 8·3 %, respectively. The proportion of obesity was significantly higher in boys than in girls (10·2 %v. 6·5 %,P= 0·028). Overall, the levels of high, moderate and low leisure-time physical activity were 2·9 %, 79·4 % and 17·7 %, respectively. The corresponding levels of high, moderate and low sport physical activity were 17·4 %, 75·2 % and 7·4 %. The levels of leisure-time and sport physical activities were significantly higher among the boys than the girls (P< 0·001). There was also a significant association of studying in private schools and playing computer games with overweight/obesity (P< 0·001). Moderate leisure-time physical activity was unexpectedly associated with a greater risk of overweight/obesity compared with the low level (P= 0·002).ConclusionsThe findings indicate a high prevalence of overweight/obesity in these Iranian adolescents, particularly the boys. The influence of physical activity and diet on overweight/obesity requires further prospective studies.
Stocking characteristics and perceived increases in sales among small food store managers/owners associated with the introduction of new food products approved by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
Authors: Ayala Guadalupe X , Laska Melissa N , Zenk Shannon N , Tester June , Rose Donald , Odoms-Young Angela , McCoy Tara , Gittelsohn Joel , Foster Gary D , Andreyeva Tatiana 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe present study assessed the impact of the 2009 food packages mandated by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on perceived sales, product selection and stocking habits of small, WIC-authorized food stores.DesignA cross-sectional study involving in-depth interviews with store managers/owners.SettingSmall, WIC-authorized food stores in eight major cities in the USA.SubjectsFifty-two store managers/owners who had at least 1 year of experience in the store prior to study participation.ResultsThe WIC-approved food products (fresh, canned and frozen fruits; fresh, canned and frozen vegetables; wholegrain/whole-wheat bread; white corn/whole-wheat tortillas; brown rice; lower-fat milk (<2 %)) were acquired in multiple ways, although acquisition generally occurred 1–2 times/week. Factors such as customer requests (87 %), refrigerator/freezer availability (65 %) and profitability (71 %) were rated as very important when making stocking decisions. Most managers/owners perceived increases in sales of new WIC-approved foods including those considered most profitable (wholegrain/whole-wheat bread (89 %), lower-fat milk (89 %), white corn/whole wheat tortillas (54 %)), but perceived no changes in sales of processed fruits and vegetables. Supply mechanisms and frequency of supply acquisition were only moderately associated with perceived sales increases.ConclusionsRegardless of type or frequency of supply acquisition, perceived increases in sales provided some evidence for the potential sustainability of these WIC policy efforts and translation of this policy-based strategy to other health promotion efforts aimed at improving healthy food access in underserved communities.
Development of mantle seismic anisotropy during subduction‐induced 3‐D flow
Authors: Faccenda M. , Capitanio F. A. 
Published: May 2012

The dynamics of subduction can be indirectly constrained by studying the induced mantle flow. However, inferring the circulation of the mantle around subducting plates from the interpretation of shear wave splitting patterns remains elusive. We calculated the strain‐induced lattice preferred orientation (LPO) developed in 3‐D models of subduction where retreat motions are maximized and found that in the mantle layer entrained with the downgoing slab the seismic anisotropy is trench‐perpendicular, and becomes trench‐parallel deeper, where the toroidal flow accommodates slab retreat. Synthetic SKS splitting shows that in the fore‐arc slab rollback favors trench‐parallel polarization of the fast shear wave component, while plate advance enhances trench‐perpendicular seismic anisotropy. The interference between these two competing mechanisms yields subslab delay times of 0.5 to 1.3 sec, comparable with those observed at most natural subduction zones. The magnitude of the subslab trench‐parallel splitting is independent of the rate at which the slab migrates, instead it is proportional to the amount of retreat.
Dynamics of plant histone modifications in response to DNA damage
Authors: Drury Georgina E. , Dowle Adam A. , Ashford David A. , Waterworth Wanda M. , Thomas Jerry , West Christopher E. 
Published: May 2012

DNA damage detection and repair take place in the context of chromatin, and histone proteins play important roles in these events. Post-translational modifications of histone proteins are involved in repair and DNA damage signalling processes in response to genotoxic stresses. In particular, acetylation of histones H3 and H4 plays an important role in the mammalian and yeast DNA damage response and survival under genotoxic stress. However, the role of post-translational modifications to histones during the plant DNA damage response is currently poorly understood. Several different acetylated H3 and H4 N-terminal peptides following X-ray treatment were identified using MS analysis of purified histones, revealing previously unseen patterns of histone acetylation in Arabidopsis. Immunoblot analysis revealed an increase in the relative abundance of the H3 acetylated N-terminus, and a global decrease in hyperacetylation of H4 in response to DNA damage induced by X-rays. Conversely, mutants in the key DNA damage signalling factor ATM (ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED) display increased histone acetylation upon irradiation, linking the DNA damage response with dynamic changes in histone modification in plants.