bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synoptic‐based evaluation of climatic response to vegetation change over southern Africa
Authors: MacKellar Neil , Tadross Mark , Hewitson Bruce 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe results of regional climate model (RCM) simulations of the effects of vegetation change in southern Africa are analysed to asses the role of synoptic forcing in land–atmosphere interactions. A self‐organizing map (SOM) is used to identify the dominant large‐scale features in the atmospheric boundary conditions used to force the RCM. The fields used to characterize the large‐scale circulation are geopotential height at 850 and 500 hPa and total precipitable water between these two levels. For each of the patterns (nodes) identified in these variables by the SOM, the mean RCM‐simulated response to vegetation change is evaluated. Notable differences are seen in the response of precipitation, near‐surface temperature and geopotential heights to the land surface change between different nodes. Conditions characterized by strong sub‐tropical anticyclones and low atmospheric moisture show the greatest temperature and geopotential height changes and are most sensitive to changes in radiative fluxes, whereas precipitation and surface hydrological processes are more sensitive under conditions of weak subsidence and high levels of atmospheric moisture. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Observational relationship of sea surface temperatures and precedent soil moisture with summer precipitation in the U.S. Great Plains
Authors: Meng Lei , Quiring Steven M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this study, the relationship between precedent soil moisture anomalies and summer precipitation in the U.S. Great Plains was examined using Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC)‐simulated soil moisture and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The influence of Niño sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on summer precipitation was also investigated to compare their relative contributions to those from local moisture recycling.Results indicate that spring (May 1st) soil moisture is significantly correlated with summer SPI only during periods when Niño SSTs are not strongly correlated with summer SPI (e.g. 1920s–1930s). During periods when Niño SSTs are strongly correlated with summer SPI (e.g. 1940s–1980s), spring soil moisture is not a good predictor of summer precipitation in the U.S. Great Plains. The periods of strong correlation between Niño SSTs and summer precipitation are associated with strong SST persistence. Results also indicate that the impact of soil moisture anomalies and SST on summer precipitation varies greatly in space and time. Positive soil moisture–precipitation correlations are generally associated with high soil moisture persistence and negative soil moisture–precipitation correlations are linked to low soil moisture persistence. In addition, high SST persistence tends to favour (inhibit) negative (positive) soil moisture–precipitation correlations. This study suggests that both local soil moisture and remote SST anomalies influence summer precipitation in the U.S. Great Plains. The soil moisture anomalies are of greatest importance during years when Niño SST persistence is low. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Effect of plant phenolics, tocopherol and ascorbic acid on oxidative stability of pork patties
Authors: Haak Lindsey , Raes Katleen , De Smet Stefaan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: There is great interest in the use of naturally occurring antioxidants to delay oxidation in meat products. The effect of rosemary extract (RE), green tea extract (TE), tocopherol, trolox, ascorbic acid (AA) and ascorbyl palmitate (AP), at levels of 50–200 ppm of antioxidant components, on colour (CIE L*a*b*), lipid (TBARS) and protein oxidation (thiol groups) in fresh, frozen and cooked pork patties during illuminated chill storage was investigated. Individual components of RE and TE were also tested.RESULTS: RE, TE, AP, tocopherol and trolox equally inhibited lipid oxidation in fresh and frozen patties, whereas for cooked patties RE was most effective. AA stimulated lipid oxidation. No dose effect in the range of 50–200 ppm was found for fresh and frozen patties, whereas for cooked patties higher doses of RE and TE more efficiently prevented lipid oxidation. Protein oxidation was hardly influenced by antioxidant treatment. Colour stability decreased as follows: tocopherol, AA and AP > RE and TE > trolox. Antioxidant properties of the extracts and their major antioxidant components were comparable.CONCLUSION: The relative effect of the antioxidants depends on the oxidation parameter assessed, the applied dose and the hydrophilic/lipophilic character. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Review of flavonoids and other phenolics from fruits of different tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars
Authors: Slimestad Rune , Verheul Michel 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Tomato, one of the most important vegetables worldwide, contains a range of flavonoids and phenolic acids in addition to lycopene, which are regarded as potentially useful compounds with respect to health benefits. Composition data in fresh tomatoes vary due to genetic and environmental factors and cultural practices. Breeding programs aim to produce tomatoes with enhanced levels of flavonoids and other phenolics.RESULTS: The present paper gives an overview of flavonoids, stilbenoids and other phenolics reported to occur in tomato fruits. Contents are reported for a wide range of cultivars and types. Metabolism of phenolics during fruit maturation and tissue location are described, and an overview of measured contents is given. Effects of environmental conditions and cultural practices are estimated using available literature. Recent literature on transgenic tomatoes is included, and possibilities for regulating phenolic contents in tomatoes are discussed.CONCLUSION: The literature review clearly discloses a rapidly growing interest in flavonoids and other phenolics in tomato fruits and products made thereof. This is particularly connected to the antioxidant properties of these compounds as well as other possible health effects. Choice of cultivar and effects of environment and agronomic practices are important factors with respect to phenolic qualities and quantities of tomatoes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of modified atmosphere packaging with different sizes of silicon gum film windows on Salicornia bigelovii Torr. storage
Authors: Lu Dong‐He , Zhang Min , Wang Shao‐Jin , Cai Jin‐Long , Zhu Cheng‐Pei , Zhou Xiang 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Salicornia bigelovii Torr. is a promising seasonal plant using seawater production but perishable with short shelf‐life under ambient conditions. To develop a modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for extension of S. bigelovii shelf‐life, a nonselective polyethylene/polyamide (PE/PA) bag combining different sizes (0.6, 1.0 and 1.4 cm2) of silicon gum film (SGF) windows was tested, and low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and perforated (1.0 cm2) PE/PA bags were used as controls.RESULTS: During 36 days of storage at 2 °C, the equilibrium compositions of O2/CO2 in LDPE, SGF1 (0.6 cm2), SGF2 (1.0 cm2) and SGF3 (1.4 cm2) were 3.0–5.0/4.5–6.5 kPa, 0.5–1.5/8.5–19.0 kPa, 2.5–5.0/5.5–10.0 kPa, and 6.0–13.0/4.0–6.5 kPa, respectively. Passive MAP treatments improved the quality attributes of S. bigelovii during initial storage; however, the 0.6 cm2 SGF package markedly accelerated deterioration over the latter storage. The 1.0 cm2 SGF package was observed to provide the optimal condition for S. bigelovii storage.CONCLUSION: The results show that passive MAP with optimized sizes of SGF windows could be an effective technique for prolonging shelf‐life of S. bigelovii. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The prognostic impact of the number of lymph nodes retrieved after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with mesorectal excision for rectal cancer
Authors: Kim Young‐Wan , Kim Nam‐Kyu , Min Byung‐Soh , Lee Kang‐Young , Sohn Seung‐Kook , Cho Chang‐Hwan , Kim Hoguen , Keum Ki‐Chang , Ahn Jung‐Bai 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to assess factors associated with the number of nodes retrieved and the impact of the number of lymph nodes in rectal cancer patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation with radical surgery.MethodsA total of 258 patients were enrolled. Lymph nodes were retrieved from specimens using a manual dissection technique.ResultsOf the 258 patients, nine patients had an absence of lymph nodes (ypNx), 150 patients had a node‐negative status (ypN(−)) and 99 patients had node‐positive disease (ypN(+)). An advanced ypT classification (ypT3,4) and larger tumor (>4 cm) were associated with an increased number of nodes retrieved. The pretreatment CEA level (>5 ng/ml) and ypN(+) classification were significant risk factors for cancer specific and recurrence free survival. There was no significant difference of oncological outcomes among ypNx patients and a subset of ypN(−) patients based on the number of nodes retrieved using three cutoff values (1–11, 12–25, and 25–65 nodes).ConclusionsIn a neoadjuvant setting, ypN(+) disease was an independent risk factor for oncological outcomes. An absence of nodes does not represent an inferior oncological outcome. The number of nodes does not seen to impact survival and recurrence in ypN(−) patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:1–7. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing the impact of low baseline parathyroid hormone levels on surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Clark M. Jonathan , Pellitteri Phillip K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To compare patients with a parathyroid hormone index (iPTH) level less than 100 pg/mL (low baseline) with patients with an index level greater than 100 pg/mL (high baseline) relative to intraoperative iPTH levels (IOPTH), surgical findings, imaging, and outcome.Study Design:Retrospective chart review.Methods:The medical records of 284 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoing parathyroid exploration utilizing IOPTH were reviewed. One hundred fifty‐eight patients with a low baseline iPTH level were compared with 144 patients with a high baseline iPTH level. Patients were correlated in regard to IOPTH results, surgical findings, preoperative localization imaging, and surgical outcome.Results:There was no significant difference between the two groups in regard to recalcitrant disease. Twenty percent of the low baseline group of patients had multigland disease, versus 8% of the high baseline patients. The kinetic profile of iPTH degradation differed between the two groups, with the low baseline group demonstrating a significantly lower percentage drop compared to the high baseline group.Conclusions:Patients with preoperative low baseline iPTH levels are over two times more likely to have multigland disease than patients with high baseline levels. Preoperative imaging in this group appears to be less likely to yield a solitary adenoma, even in the absence of multigland disease. IOPTH degradation kinetics is variable between groups, resulting in the possibility of inconsistent correlation with complete resection. These findings suggest that the current IOPTH guidelines, with reference to adequacy of resection, may need to be amended, especially for patients with low baseline iPTH levels. Laryngoscope, 2009
Cigarette smoke condensate inhibits transepithelial chloride transport and ciliary beat frequency
Authors: Cohen Noam A. , Zhang Shaoyan , Sharp Dawn B. , Tamashiro Edwin , Chen Bei , Sorscher Eric J. , Woodworth Bradford A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Although the pathophysiology leading to rhinosinusitis is complex, evidence indicates that decreased mucociliary clearance (MCC) is a major contributing feature. Normal respiratory epithelial MCC is an important host defense mechanism that is dependent on proper ciliary beating and the biological properties of the airway surface liquid (ASL). The role that tobacco smoke exposure plays as an inhibitor of MCC has yet to be elucidated. The present study investigates the consequences of cigarette smoke exposure on ciliary function and transepithelial chloride (Cl−) secretion, a major determinant of ASL.Study Design:In vitro investigation.Methods:Well‐characterized primary murine nasal septal epithelial (MNSE) and human sinonasal epithelial (HSNE) cultures were exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and compared to control cultures. Effects on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and Cl− secretion were investigated using pharmacologic manipulation.Results:Change in forskolin‐stimulated current (ΔISC), representing transepithelial Cl− secretion, was significantly decreased in CSC exposed MNSE (14.97 ± 1.2 μA/cm2 vs. control, 19.1 ± 1.56 μA/cm2 [P = .04]) and HSNE (2.68 ± 0.79 μA/cm2 vs. control, 10.8 ± 1.73 μA/cm2) cultures (P = .001). Forskolin‐stimulated CBF was also significantly reduced when acutely exposed to CSC (5.64 ± 0.06 Hz vs. control 7.15 ± 0.18 Hz).Conclusions:The present study provides direct evidence that tobacco smoke diminishes two major components of MCC. This links tobacco smoke as a potential contributing and/or exacerbating factor in exposed individuals with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope, 2009
Correlation between SN‐5 and computed tomography in children with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Terrell Andrew M. , Ramadan Hassan H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Symptom score questionnaires for evaluation of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in adults does not correlate with computed tomography (CT) scan scores of paranasal sinuses. The SN‐5 is a validated symptom score questionnaire for the evaluation of CRS in children. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation of the SN‐5 with the CT score in children.Study Design:Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.Methods:Thirty‐two children between the ages of 2 years and 12 years were seen prospectively for symptoms of CRS. The mean age was 7.7 years (range, 3.6–11.5; SD = 2.4). The caretakers completed the SN‐5 during their visit when a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses was obtained.Results:The mean SN‐5 score was 4.1 (SD = 1.03) and the mean Lund‐Mackay CT score was 6.8 (SD = 4.3). There was a significant correlation between the SN‐5 score and Lund‐MacKay CT score (ρ = 0.68; P < .0001) for all children in the study. Twelve (38%) children had asthma, and for those children the correlation was poorer and did not reach statistical significance (ρ = 0 .57; P = .057). For nonasthmatics the correlation was stronger (ρ = 0.73; P = .0003).Conclusions:Symptom score questionnaire (SN‐5) correlated to the disease severity as measured by the Lund‐MacKay CT scan score. This is different from what has been found in adults. These findings have positive implications for the follow‐up of treatment of CRS in children because the frequent use of CT scans in children is discouraged due to concern for radiation exposure. Laryngoscope, 2009
Effects of smoking on otologic surgery outcomes
Authors: Kaylie David M. , Bennett Marc L. , Davis Bryan , Jackson C. Gary 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To determine whether smokers and former smokers have different outcomes of otologic surgery compared to nonsmokers. Smokers have been shown to have worse outcomes in other surgeries, including facial plastics procedures, and it is hypothesized that they will have worse outcomes after ear surgery. Former smokers benefit from reduced risk of heart disease and lung disease after quitting for a period of time. It is also hypothesized that former smokers' risk of ear disease will be reduced over time.Study Design:Retrospective review.Methods:All patients undergoing otologic surgery are included in this study. Smoking status of all patients was determined and patients are classified as nonsmokers, current smokers, and former smokers. Final hearing is determined after a minimum 12 months follow‐up. The rates of complications, subsequent surgery, extent of disease, and canal wall status were measured and compared between smokers and nonsmokers, and smokers and former smokers. The former smoker group was further divided into those that quit <5 years and those that quit >5 years. These groups were compared to nonsmokers.Results:A total of 1,531 surgeries were performed on 1,183 patients. Sixty‐three percent of the population were nonsmokers, 21% of patients were current smokers, 5% were former smokers, and 11% unknown. Smokers had more cholesteatomas and required more canal wall down surgeries than nonsmokers. Smokers had a significantly higher incidence of ossicular chain involvement with cholesteatoma or discontinuity requiring reconstructions. They required more revision surgeries, and had overall worse final hearing than nonsmokers. Former smokers, regardless of how long they had quit, had significantly more ossicular chain reconstructions than nonsmokers. Former smokers who quit smoking <5 years had results similar to current smokers. Those former smokers who quit >5 years had results similar to nonsmokers.Conclusions:Smokers have significantly worse chronic ear disease than nonsmokers. Surgery in smokers is more extensive and leads to worse hearing outcomes than nonsmokers. Subsequent surgeries are more common in smokers. Former smokers who quit <5 years are similar to current smokers, whereas those who quit >5 years were similar to nonsmokers. Laryngoscope, 2009
The challenge of rangeland degradation in a temperate semiarid region of Argentina: The Caldenal
Authors: Fernández O. A. , Gil M. E. , Distel R. A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe phytogeographical region known as the Caldenal comprises an area of approximately 10 million ha in the central temperate part of Argentina (35–40° S, 62–66° W). The original physiognomy of the vegetation consisted of a gramineous steppe with isolated shrubs and trees. Rangeland deterioration was initiated in the early‐1900s with the introduction of livestock by the colonizing European ranchers. After a few decades of inappropriate use, the Caldenal proved to be a fragile environment. Major environmental impacts were: (a) The replacement of the most abundant palatable grasses Poa ligularis, Stipa clarazii, S. tenuis, Piptochaetium napostaense and Digitaria californica by low nutritive unpalatable grasses such as Stipa gynerioides, S. tenuissima, S. ambigua, S. bracychaeta and Elyonurus muticus; (b) The conversion of extensive areas dominated by grasses to a scrubland. There, frequent species are: Condalia microphylla, Lycium chilense, Prosopis alpataco, Larrea divaricata and Chuquiraga erinacea; (c) Depletion of plant cover resulting in incipient but increasing soil erosion in extensive areas. With the purpose of reversing this situation, the remit initiated 25 years ago was to develop management guidelines conducive to sustainable productivity while preserving the natural resources of the region. This work provides a comprehensive assessment of the impact of major stresses (drought, herbivory, fire) on grass and shrub responses, as well as more basic studies on the ecophysiology of these species. We have gained knowledge which is extremely useful to initiate rangeland utilization based on scientific information, facilitating increased sustainable rangeland productivity while preserving the natural resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and quantification of water‐soluble metabolites by cryoprobe‐assisted nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy applied to microbial fermentation
Authors: Carrieri Damian , McNeely Kelsey , De Roo Ana C , Bennette Nicholas , Pelczer István , Dismukes G. Charles 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe highlight a range of cryoprobe‐assisted NMR methods for studying metabolite production by cyanobacteria, which should be valuable for a wide range of biological applications requiring ultrasensitivity and precise concentration determination over a large dynamic range. Cyroprobe‐assisted 1H and 13C NMR have been applied to precise determination of metabolic products excreted during autofermentation in two cyanobacterial species: filamentous Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima CS‐328 and unicellular Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Several fermentative end products were identified and quantified in concentrations ranging from 50 to 3000 µM in cell‐free media (a direct measurement of native‐like samples) with less than 5.5% relative error in under 10 min of acquisition per sample with the assistance of an efficient water‐suppression protocol. Relaxation times (T1) of these metabolites in aqueous (1H2O) solution were measured and found to vary by nearly threefold, necessitating generation of individual calibration curves for each species for highest precision. However, using a 4.5 × longer overall recycle delay between scans, the metabolite concentrations can be predicted within 25% error by calibrating only to a single calibration standard (succinate); other metabolites are then calculated on the basis of their signal integrals and known proton degeneracies. Precise ratios of concentrations of 13C‐labeled versus unlabeled metabolites were determined from integral ratios of 1H peaks that exhibit 13C1H J‐couplings and independently confirmed by direct measurement of areas of corresponding 13C resonances. 13C NMR was used to identify and quantify production of osmolytes, trehalose, and glucosylglycerol by A. maxima. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of caveolin‐3 immunoreactivities in the developing sciatic nerve of the rat
Authors: Lee Ho J. , Park Choong H. , Lee Seong J. , Park Jin W. , Choi Jong H. , Ryu Gi H. , Kwon Bum S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCaveolae are formed by the caveolin (CAV) family of proteins, CAV‐1, ‐2, and ‐3. CAV‐1 and ‐2 are co‐expressed in many cell types, whereas CAV‐3 is muscle‐specific and mutation of the CAV‐3 gene causes muscular dystrophy. CAV‐3 has also been detected in brain astroglial cells and in peripheral nerves along with CAV‐1. Therefore, we sought to determine whether CAV‐3 protein is expressed in developing peripheral nerves by using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). We found that CAV‐3 immunoreactivities (IRs) were localized in the myelin sheath during peripheral nerve development. CAV‐3 IRs were intense during the early postnatal stage, but decreased as the peripheral nerves matured at postnatal weeks 3–5. CAV‐3 mRNA expression was also markedly decreased during postnatal development. Because the expression pattern of CAV‐3 IRs was opposite that of CAV‐1 IRs, CAV‐1 and ‐3 might be involved in different phases of peripheral nerve myelination and play complementary roles in myelin maturation and peripheral nerve development. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 2008