bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometry for the characterization of retinal neural populations and the quantification of retinal apoptosis
Authors: TSOKA PA , TSILIMBARIS MK 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential to quantify the different retinal neuronal populations, as also the retinal detachment‐induced apoptosis in Sprague–Dawley rats, in an accurate quantitative way by using flow cytometry. Methods Retinal detachment was performed on the right eye of deeply anesthetized animals. The detachment was induced by a sub‐retinal injection of sodium hyaluronate. Rats were sacrifised and the eyes were enuclated to achieve retinal dissection. Tissue dissociation was accomplished with trypsin. The cells were mechanically dissociated into a single‐cell suspension. At least 100.000 cells were analyzed with a FACScalibur and FlowJo software. The primary antibodies were anti‐rhodopsin against rod photoreceptors, anti‐PKC against rod bipolars, anti‐calbindin against horizontals, anti‐ChAT against cholinergic amacrine cells and anti‐MAP1 against ganglion cells. Annexin‐V‐FITC/Propidium Iodide was used to identify apoptosis. Results Quantification of retinal neuronal cells was possible using flow cytometry. Photoreceptors had the 53.99%, the ganglion the 7%, the bipolars the 2%, the horizontal the 4% and the cholinergic amacrine cells the 1,5% in the hole mixed retinal population. Quantification of the apoptotic rate was also possible. The early apoptotic cells was 22.4% while in the control eye was 6.28% after retinal detachment. The experiments were repeated ten times and these measurements are the mean value. Conclusion Flow cytometry can be used to quantify the apoptotic neuronal cells as well as the healthy retinal neurons. It is quick and precise and it will be very useful in future in studies in neuroprotection and quantification of apoptosis during time.
The prevalence of anisometropia, amblyopia and strabimus in schoolchildren of Bojnourd, Iran
Authors: YEKTA AA , KHABAZKHOOB M , AZIZI E , OSTADIMOGHADDAM H , DERAKHSHAN A , HERAVIAN J , AZIMI A , YEKTA R 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To determine the prevalence of anisometropia, amblyopia and starbimus in schoolchildren of Bojnourd, Iran. Methods A random cluster sampling was used in a cross‐sectional study on 2020 schoolchildren in Bojnourd, northeast of Iran. The participants totaled 1551;643 boys and 908 girls. Mean age of the partipiciants was 11.12 years (respose rate=76.7%). Examinations included: uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity (UCVA and BCVA) measurements, cycloplegic refraction and cover test. Anisometropia defined as spherical equivalent (SE) refraction difference 1.00 D and more between two eyes. Amblyopia was defined as a reduction of BCVA to 20/30 or less in one eye or two lines introcular optotype acuity difference in the absence of pathological causes. Strabismus was characterized as a heterotropia at distance or near fixation. Results The prevalence of anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus were 2.7%, 2.2 and 2% respectively and were not related to the gender. The prevalence of exotropia, esotropia and hypertropia were 1.37%, 0.51% and 0.12% respectively. Conclusion Prevalence of anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus among the schoolchildren of Bojnourd were in the mid range and similar to that in most places of the world. Exotropia was the most common strabismus type and comparable to the other Asian countries.
The limits of manifest refraction: visual performance under low light conditions
Authors: CABEZA J 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To present a method to optimize the prescription values of ophthalmic lenses based on ocular wavefront information. Those lenses provide improved vision under low light conditions to the patient. Methods We will show first the influence of ocular aberrations on visual performance, and how do they change with pupil size. We will also show the way higher order aberrations affect the manifest refraction procedure. Finally, we will present a method to optimize the prescription values of ophthalmic lenses based on ocular wavefront information. Results Independent studies have shown that such optimized ophthalmic lenses provide on average an improvement in visual acuity of almost one line under mesopic conditions, when compared to conventional opththalmic lenses. Conclusion Visual performance under low light conditions can be improved by ophthalmic lenses whose prescription was optimized taking into account ocular wavefront information.
Commercial interest
Visual acuity loss with healthy ageing: can it be reversed by wavefront laser?
Authors: ELLIOTT D 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To consider what levels of “super acuity” might be achieved by the correction of ocular aberrations in older patients by wavefront corrected ophthalmic surgery. Note that when comparing visual acuity (VA) of older patients with VA in the young, the average optimal monocular visual acuity of a young subject is about 6/4 (decimal VA 1.50) and not the often quoted ‘normal’ figure of 20/20 (6/6 or 1.0 decimal). Methods Studies that attempted to isolate the cause(s) of deterioration in visual function with age in normal, healthy eyes were reviewed. Results The majority of studies suggest that the deterioration in visual function with age is primarily due to changes within the neural system rather than optical factors. In addition, several studies have shown increases in ocular aberrations with age, but this is only found when comparisons are made across age groups with fixed pupil sizes. When natural pupil sizes are considered, there is no change in aberrations with age because of age‐related pupillary miosis Conclusion There appears to be little scope for ocular aberration correction to be used to counteract the loss of vision with age. Reduced vision in patients with cataract is primarily due to increased forward light scatter, and aberrations play a minor role in reducing vision. Intra‐ocular lenses (IOLs) should be designed to keep ocular aberrations at a minimum after cataract surgery, but given that vision loss with age appears to be primarily due to neural changes, there seems little scope for IOLs to improve on the vision of phakic subjects under natural pupil conditions.
Comparison of the two domains of visual optics: the aberrometric domain and the straylight domain
Authors: VAN DEN BERG TJTP , FRANSSEN L , COPPENS JE 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The ocular point‐spread‐function defines the functional problem originating from optical defects in the eye. Aberrations as well as scatter degrade the psf. How do these two types of defect differ with respect to their effect on the psf, and on functional measures? Methods Literature models for different aspects of the optical irregularities in the eye media, in particular Thibos et al. JOSA A 2002 for the aberration structure and Van den Berg et al. VR 1999 for small particle scattering, were used to delineate their effects on the psf. The Thibos et al. model was extrapolated to allow inclusion of the high orders of aberration not normally included in aberrometry, but potentially visible with double pass. With respect to the visual function counterparts, straylight (C‐Quant from Oculus) outcomes were compared to visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in 2400 subjects. Results As a reference the full scale psf standard model of Vos et al. CIE 1999 was used. The modeled aberration structures of the eye proved to predict the central part of the psf up till about 0.3 degrees if extreme high orders were included. For angles >1 degree predicted values were far below the actual values of the psf. Small particle scattering was essential to predict the psf for angles above 1 degree. Conclusion In the assessment of disturbances to the optical media two domains must be discriminated: the aberration domain and the small particle domain, with corresponding parts (small angle vs large angle) to the psf. Straylight typically originates from irregularities of size 10 micrometer and below, as opposed to aberrations originating from refractile humps and bumps extending over 100 micrometer and more. Straylight has independent value.
Influence of tobacco during pregnancy in the optic nerve development
Authors: GUERRI MONCLUS N , PUEYO ROYO V , OROS D , VALLE S , VENTURA P , TUQUET H , EGEA ESTOPINAN MC , PRIETO E 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Evaluate the influence of intrauterine exposure to tobacco in the development of visual function and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in school‐age children. Methods Retrospective cohort study with children from 5 to 14 years old. The studied subjects were divided into two groups according to the antecedent of exposure to tobacco during pregnancy: children of cigarette smoking mothers during pregnancy (exposed) and children of non‐smoking mothers (not exposed). In both groups were assessed visual acuity (VA), Ishihara test and RNFL average thickness obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The mean and standard deviation of the variables were calculated, and U Mann‐Whitney test was performed for comparison of data. Results 48 children were studied, 25 boys and 23 girls. The exposed group was composed of 8 children and 40 were in the non‐exposed group. The evaluation of the visual function (VA and Ishihara test), showed no statistically significant differences between groups. However, the RNFL average thickness was of 94.64 and 103.88 microm for the exposed and non‐exposed group, respectively; these data showed statistically significant differences between both values. Conclusion The intrauterine exposure to tobacco is associated with a poor development of the optic nerve. This fact determines a lower RNFL thickness measured by OCT.
CX3CL1 is involved in the ocular surface inflammation induced by benzalkonium chloride
Authors: DENOYER A , GODEFROY D , FRUGIER J , BAUDOUIN F , ROSTèNE W , BAUDOUIN C 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To investigate whether the chemokine CX3CL1 could play a role in the conjunctival inflammatory cell trafficking induced by an exposure to benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Methods Expression of CX3CL1 was assessed in BAC‐exposed human conjunctival cell (HCC)line using flow cytometry and RT‐PCR. In vitro migration of leukocytes to BAC‐stimulated HCCs was assessed by migration assays and immuno flow cytometry with or without inhibition of CX3CR1. In vivo inflammatory cell trafficking was investigated by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy in the conjunctiva of wild‐type or CX3CR1‐deficient mice exposed to BAC. Results BAC induced an overexpression of CX3CL1 in HCCs. Leukocyte chemotaxis was observed when HCCs are stimulated with BAC. Human monocytic cells (CD45+,CD14+) and NK cells (CD45+,CD56+) migration was inhibited by blocking the CXCR3 receptor. In a mouse model of BAC‐induced ocular surface toxicity, the inflammatory cell infiltration of the conjunctiva was altered in the CX3CR1‐deficient mice compared to wild‐type. Conclusion The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis is involved in the BAC‐induced conjunctival inflammation. Specific blockade of this receptor could regulate the cell trafficking in the ocular surface.
Characterization of retinal expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM1) during experimental autoimmune uveitis
Authors: MAKHOUL M , DEWISPELEARE R , RELVAS L , KOCH P , ELMALEH V , CASPERS L , BRUYNS C , WILLERMAIN F 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Leukocyte adhesion to the blood retinal barrier is a critical step in the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis and is mediated through adhesion molecule expression. Here, we have investigated the retinal expression of VCAM1 in an adoptive transfer model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Methods C57Bl6 mice were immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein (IRBP) peptide 1–20. Activated IRBP‐specific T cells were prepared from their draining lymph nodes and spleens, cultured with IRBP peptide 1‐20 and adoptively transferred in C57BL/6 mice. The animals were sacrified after 3 weeks and the eyes processed for immunohistology. The severity of the disease was determined by histological grading. The expression of VCAM1 was analysed by immunofluorescence. Co‐labelling with GFAP (glial cells markers) and endoglin (endothelial cell marker) were also performed in order to determine which cell type expressed VCAM1. Results In eyes with low grade uveitis, VCAM1 was only expressed at certain location of the internal limiting membranes and epithelial cells of the ciliary body. In correlation with disease severity, the staining extend to all the limiting membranes, vasculitis lesions, Muller cells extension, the outer limiting membranes and RPE cells. VCAM1 expression on the inner limiting membrane and Müller cells extension co stained with GFAP. On vasculitis lesions, VCAM1 expression co localized with either GFAP or endogline. Conclusion VCAM1 is expressed on blood retinal cells during EAU. Moreover, the intensity and extension of its expression correlates with disease severity. Those data suggest that VCAM1 plays an important role in EAU development.
Amblyopes have difficulty judging object distance but not size when reaching and grasping in habitual viewing
Authors: BARRETT BT , PANESAR GK , PACEY I , BUCKLEY J 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Prehension deficits exist in amblyopes when reaching for a single/isolated object in binocular viewing. Here, we examine prehension for objects that are flanked by nearby distracters. Methods Twenty amblyopes (36.4±11.7 yrs) & twenty visual normals (27.5±6.3 yrs) reached for a solid cylindrical object (height 12cm, diameter 3 or 4cm) located directly in front of the participant. The object was flanked by two similarly‐sized distracters placed either side of the object, or in front and behind it. The spacing between the object and distracters was scaled according to finger‐width of individual participants and was set at spacings of 2‐ and 4‐ finger‐widths. Shutter‐goggles prevented a view of spatial configuration until the movement was to be initiated. Opening the shutters provided the cue for participants to pick up the object in a singe, smooth movement. Movements of the arm, hand and object were recorded using an 8‐camera, Vicon‐IR recording system. Results Amblyopia affects both the ‘reach’ and the ‘grasp’ phases of prehension. Maximum grip aperture is the same in both groups suggesting that amblyopes are no worse at scaling their grip size to the size of object. But amblyopes show more cautious prehension behaviour. This is because maximum grip aperture and maximum reach velocity occur earlier in their reach, and because there is a longer time from the end of the reach to initial contact with object, and a longer time from contact to lift. Conclusion Our results suggest that amblyopes have more difficulty judging object distance than object size. However, the functional significance of these amblyopic versus visual‐normal differences in prehension outside the laboratory is as yet unclear.
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia without ptosis
Authors: SZIGETI A , HARGITAI ZS , HARGITAI J , SZEPESSY ZS , SZAMOSI A , VAMOS R , NEMETH J 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a rare mitochondrial myopathy characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles with onset around the age of 20. Patients usually experience bilateral ptosis before developing symmetric, multidirectional external ophthalmoplegia. Methods 31‐year‐old woman with 10 year history of slowly progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles was referred to our institute. Every action of extraocular muscles was reduced in both eyes. She could not adduct and elevate, there was only a slight abduction and depression function in both eyes. Patient had no ptosis or exophthalmus. BCVA was 20/20 in both eye. Slit lamp examination was normal. Dilated funduscopic examination revealed slight pigment disturbance in the periphery. Visual field and color vision tests were normal. Electroretinography showed lower borderline scotopic b‐wave amplitudes. Laboratory tests showed increased lactic acid and creatine phosphokinase values. The results of liver and kidney function, autoimmun and serologic tests were normal. All thyroid function tests yielded negative results. Urinalysis, chest x‐ray, heart ultrasound, brain and orbital magnetic resonance, nasal sinus CT scans were normal. Tensilon test excluded myasthenia gravis. Results We considered the case as CPEO clinically, mitochondrial DNA analysis is in process. Conclusion In CPEO, slowly progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles may develop without ptosis. A careful differential diagnosis is very important.
The first experience of an optical coherenсe tomography in diagnostics of the primary and residual retinoblastoma
Authors: SAAKYAN SV 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To determine diagnostic features of the primary and residual retinoblastoma documented by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods 21 children with retinoblastoma were examined by OCT to analyze the changes in the retina before and during the different stages of treatment. In 21 eyes 36 foci have been examined: 9 were with primary retinoblastoma, 12 –residual tumours, 12‐ chorioretinal scar after local treatment by methods of brachytherapy and TTT, 3 ‐ calcified focus. Results Tomographical features of the primary retinoblastoma were: thickening of retina at the level of the inside layers was up to 645 ± 77,02 microns (р<0,001) – 9. In 9 cases there was no differentiation but there was homogeneity of structure of retinal inside layers in the tumour centre. The chorioretinal scar after сhemotherapy and local treatment (12 patients) on tomograms were diagnosed as a flat bright red hyperreflective stripe replacing all layers of a retina. In 3 patients calcified focus was characterized by raised bright red hyperreflective layer under which the effect of a shade was marked on tomograms. In 12 patients with residual tumours the absence of differentiation of the inside layers of retina with the effect of a shade under undifferentiated inside layers of a retina, elevation of the inside layers of the retina into the vitreous, equal choroidal profile and on the periphery ‐ bright red flat hyperreflective retina were diagnosed. Conclusion The OCT allows to reveal changes in retina and to diagnose tumoral, paunch, calcified tissue at primary and residual retinoblastoma that is necessary for definition of further tactics of treatment.
13qdel syndrome and corpus callosum agenesis in two identical twins
Authors: DE FRANCESCO S , RENIERI A , DEL LONGO A , PIOZZI E , BRACCO S , VENTURI C , MENICACCI C , MUNIER F , HADJISTILIANOU T 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose We report two (twin A and twin B) cases of unilateral retinoblastoma in identical female twins with 13q deletion syndrome. Family history for retinoblastoma was negative. Karyotypic analyses (peripheral lymphocytes) of the brother and their parents showed no abnormalities. Methods Twin A has demonstrated unilateral, multifocal retinoblastoma (left eye), diagnosed at the age of 5 months, which was recalcitrant to systemic chemoreduction, than treated with intraarterial chemotherapy. Twin B has demonstrated unilateral unifocal retinoblastoma (right eye) at 9 months of age, successfully treated with brachytherapy. Both had prominent eyebrows, broad nasal bridge, large, prominent, low – set ears, bulbous tipped nose, large mouth, and thin upper lip. MRI revealed ventricles dilatation associated with corpus callosum agenesis. DNA analysis was performed with polymorphic microsatellite markers to confirm monozygosity. Single‐stranded conformation polymorphism and Southern blot analysis of the retinoblastoma gene were performed. Results Molecular genetic analyses confirmed monozygosity. Conclusion We describe two cases of 13q deletion syndrome in bicorial identical twins.
Uveal melanoma: neither fish nor fowl?
Authors: SEREGARD S 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To outline recent development and future research avenues for molecular mechanisms in uveal melanoma Methods Review of pertinent literature and unpublished personal data Results While most eyes with uveal melanoma now can be treated with one or more of a range of sight‐conserving options, overall patient survival has not improved during recent years. It remains clear that overall survival for patients with uveal melanoma can only be improved if effective treatment for disseminated disease can be offered and that such treatment need to be provided early in the disease progression. The molecular mechanisms involved in uveal melanoma appear to be distinctly different from those identified in cutaneous melanoma. Although much progress has been made in mapping the pathways likely to play a role in uveal melanoma initiation, progression and dissemination has been made in recent years, much remains to be unravelled. Targeted therapy combined with early detection of disseminated disease or the identification of patients at high risk of tumour spread is likely to impact prognosis in the next decade to come. Conclusion Recent progress in identifying molecular mechanisms involved in uveal melanoma initiation, progression and dissemination has been significant. The next decade is likely to see the translation of this knowledge to effective treatment which may result in improved patient survival.
Unmet needs in glaucoma
Authors: HOLLO G 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBoth glaucoma and ocular surface disease (OSD) are very common conditions in the elderly. In order to provide sufficient intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and low target pressure, long‐term use of IOP lowering medication as well as optimal adherence to the prescribed medication are essential. Most topical glaucoma medications are preserved with benzalkonium chloride (BAK). Chronic exposition to BAK (as preservative of most preserved eye drops) was repeatedly shown to decrease tear film quality, increase the frequency of topical side effects, and worsen the existing ocular surface disease. In addition, chronic and multiple instillation of BAK in preserved topical IOP lowering medication is a risk for failure of later filtering surgery. Patients suffering from OSD use BAK‐free artificial tears, but the same patients if they also have glaucoma mostly use BAK‐preserved IOP lowering drops. This practice is obviously not optimal. Use of unpreserved glaucoma medications in routine clinical practice is needed for IOP lowering in glaucoma.
Glaucoma treatment and ocular surface health
Authors: LABBE A , BAUDOUIN C 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAntiglaucoma medications are often associated with ocular adverse reactions such as dry eye, and burning or stinging sensations. These undesirable effects may lead to treatment discontinuation and reduced quality of life in patients with glaucoma. Antiglaucoma medications usually contain benzalkonium chloride (BAK) as a preservative. Animal studies, in vitro studies and in vivo experiments have demonstrated various adverse effects of BAK. Clinical studies have also shown an increased incidence of adverse events with BAK and have demonstrated that the withdrawal of preservatives reduces these effects. Collectively, these data suggest that preservative‐free antiglaucoma treatments have clinically relevant benefits for patients.