bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between exchangeable soil magnesium and response by sugar beet to magnesium sulphate
Authors: Draycott A. P. , Durrant M. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFifty-three experiments made between 1959 and 1968 tested the response to magnesium sulphate by sugar beet on fields where magnesium deficiency symptoms were expected. Soil samples, taken before applying fertilizers, were analysed for exchangeable magnesium by four methods. Sodium, potassium and calcium in the soil extracts were also measured to determine whether they influenced response to magnesium.Results of different methods of analysing soil for magnesium were related to each other and to the percentage yield-response to magnesium fertilizer. The concentration of other soil cations did not affect response to magnesium fertilizer, but giving other cations, especially sodium, as fertilizer decreased the concentration of magnesium in the crop. Nevertheless, even on fields deficient in magnesium, the largest yield was from plots given sodium and posassium fertilizer together with a dressing of magnesium.Sugar beet grown on soils containing less than 20 p.p.m. Mg extracted with ammonium nitrate usually gave a profitable response to magnesium fertilizer. When soil magnesium was 20–35 p.p.m., yield of sugar beet on some fields was increased slightly. Plants in some experiments had poorly developed root systems and response to magnesium was then always larger than expected from soil analysis.
Harvesting sugar-beet seed
Authors: Longden P. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryComparisons of the effects of harvesting sugar-beet seed by the traditional method of tripodding with barn drying, swathing followed by threshing with a pick-up combine or desiccation with diquat followed by direct combine harvesting showed that there were no consistent or large effects on seed yield, germination, monogermity or size distribution. Thus the best method will be the one which is easiest and/or cheapest, which at present is swathing followed by pick-up combine threshing.Sprays of NAA or 2,4,5-T at 10 or 100 mg a.i./l water before or after flowering had no effect on seed yield or germination and efforts to restrict the loss by shedding of large viable seed failed. Neither chemical decreased germination percentage by setting parthenocarpic seed. Attempts were made to dwarf the 2 m high seed crop to make it suitable for direct combine harvesting. Daminozide sprayed at 1000, 5000 or 10000 mg a.i./l water before or after the winter did not affect plant height, seed yield, germination, monogermity or size distribution. Chlormequat chloride applied similarly dwarfed plants by up to 18% but this was not enough to give a crop less than 1 m high suitable for direct combine harvesting. It did not affect seed yield, germination, monogermity or size distribution. Ethephon sprayed at 10, 100 or 1000 mg a.i./l water when plants were bolting had no detected effects. Chlorflurecolmethyl was sprayed at 10 or 100 before bolting or 1, 10 or 100 mg a.i./l water afterwards. Plants sprayed with the 100 mg/1 solution were dwarfed to less than 1 m high but the treatment was unsuccessful because it greatly reduced seed yield and germination; monogermity was not affected but a much greater proportion of seed fell into the small size grades.
Nitrogen retention from dietary urea by ewes in late pregnancy
Authors: Parkins J. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree separate nitrogen balance experiments were made in three consecutive years. Comparisons of nitrogen retention were made between late-pregnant (15–20 weeks) Greyface (Border Leicester ♂χ Scottish Blackface ♀) ewes given a basal diet of hay and molassed sugar-beet pulp cubes (SBP, 1·25 em diameter x ca. 3cm length) and when given additional nitrogen supplied as urea contained in molassed sugar-beet pulp cubes (SBPU). Both sugar-beet pulp materials were adequately supplemented with minerals and vitamins. Supplementation with urea significantly increased nitrogen retention.
The effect of supplementation with protein, energy and L-methionine, on the digestion of silage by sheep
Authors: Gill Margaret , Ulyatt M. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryMature Romney wethers with rumen cannulae and re-entrant cannulae in the proximal duodenum were fed a basal diet of silage with supplements of formaldehydetreated casein (protein) and starch/sucrose (energy). In addition methionine availability was increased by infusion of L-methionine into the duodenum.Maximum intake was limited to near-maintenance with the aim of comparing treatment effects at the same level of intake. In practice, intake of the control silage alone decreased markedly after 10 days of feeding. This decline was significantly (P &0·01) reduced on the protein and energy supplemented diets, and intake increased again during the period of methionine infusion.Protein and energy supplementation increased the flow of total N (P < 0·01) into the duodenum on the control silage and the flow of amino acids into the duodenum was increased from 50 g/day on the basal diet, to 77 g/day on the energy-supplemented diet, and 111 g/day on the protein-supplemented diet.The percentage of amino acid N in the total N entering the duodenum was also increased by supplementation: from 72% on the control to 81% with energy supplement and 94% with protein supplement.Comparisons of the amino acid composition of duodenal digesta indicated that a substantial part of the increased duodenal protein flow on protein-supplemented silage was due to the formaldehyde-casein being protected from degradation within the rumen.The flow of amino acids into the duodenum was found to be closely related to amino acid intake, such that 67% of the variation in duodenal amino acid flow was associated with variation in intake.
Effects of feeding diets containing Crotalaria retusa L. seed to growing pigs
Authors: Ross A. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySeeds of the plant Crotalaria retusa L., containing 4·4% of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline, were fed in a finely ground form to groups of four pigs from 6 weeks of age. Six levels, 0·004, 0·01, 0·02, 0·05, 0·10 and 0·50% by weight of seed in the diet, were fed continuously for up to 19 weeks. In addition a separate regime, designed to mirror an outbreak of poisoning at a local piggery, consisted of feeding 0·10% for 3 weeks followed by 0·05% for 1 week.Exposure to more than 0·01%, whether fed continuously or not, resulted in reduced voluntary feed intake and live-weight gain, and high mortality. At 0·50% a reduction in feed conversion efficiency was also obvious. Levels of 0·004% and 0·01% had no significant effect on the production performance of the pigs.The results of this trial suggest that no more than 0·01% ground C. retusa seed should be included in the diets of pigs. When 0·004%–0·01% is included care should be taken as the long-term effect of the subclinical disease produced is not known.
The effects of a granular nitrogen fertilizer and a foliar spray of urea on the yield and bread-making quality of ten winter wheats
Authors: Pushman Fiona M. , Bingham J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTen winter wheat varieties, representing a range of milling and bread-making quality were grown in a split-plot field trial with two levels of irrigation and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Grain yield was increased by irrigation and by fertilizer treatments. Application of 90 kg N/ha applied in granular form increased yield by 12.4 and 6.1% and grain protein by 13.0 and 33.7% for the irrigated and non-irrigated plots respectively. A further 45 kg N/ha applied as an aqueous foliar spray of urea (0.125 kg/1) at anthesis increased protein by 12.4% for the irrigated plots and by 8.8% for the non-irrigated plots with little effect on yield. The varieties differed significantly in yield and protein content, resulting in negative regressions of yield and protein content at each N treatment. The production of protein (weight N/unit area) was similar for all varieties, but flour extraction was reduced by the urea treatment. Varietal differences in flour extraction were stable and not correlated with either 1000-grain weight or test weight. Loaf volume was increased by the granular N fertilizer but not by the urea spray, despite the increase in flour protein and a decrease in flour α-amylase activity, indicating that applications of nitrogen after anthesis are likely to be later than the optimum for improving bread-making quality.
Chemical control of chocolate spot disease of field beans
Authors: Doto Severa A. , Whittington W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe ability of two chemicals, Benlate and BAS352-04F, to control chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) disease of field beans (Vicia faba) was examined in five small-plot or field experiments. The incidence of the fungus was never such as to reach the aggressive stage naturally, although severe infection was induced temporarily in certain experiments by enclosing the plots in plastic-covered boxes after inoculation with fungus. Increasing the recommended dose of BAS352-04F but not Benlate resulted in improved control and applying either chemical twice was preferable to a single application. Control by BAS352-04F was sometimes better than Benlate in the early days after infection whereas the reverse was true later. These results are in keeping with their roles as contact, and systemic and contact fungicides respectively. In these small experiments, with low levels of infection, the use of fungicides did not result in significant increases in yield or yield components.
Summer-growing components of a pasture system in a subtropical environment. 1. Pasture growth, carrying capacity and milk production
Authors: Murtagh G. J. , Kaiser A. G. , Huett D. O. , Hughes R. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe leaf growth, carrying capacity and dairy production of four summer-growing pastures were measured in a subtropical area of Australia. The growing season was subdivided into ten 4-week periods and the production was estimated for each period. Carrying capacities were determined by rotationally grazing four paddocks of each pasture over the 4-week period, and varying the stocking density so that a target weight of leaf material remained on the pasture at the conclusion of each grazing.A non-limiting rate of nitrogen fertilizer increased total leaf production of kikuyu by 97% over a control treatment without nitrogen, but the response was not evenly distributed throughout the season. It fell to 50% during autumn when growth on the nitrogen-fertilized pastures was restricted following heavy defoliation during late summer. The use of the tropical legumes, siratro and glycine, in a mixed sward with kikuyu, did not increase leaf production over a kikuyu control pasture. The legumes grew poorly and this appeared to be due to the combined effects of their poor adaptability to the krasnozem soil, a high plant mortality especially during the first winter after sowing, the 4-week grazing interval and strong grass competition.The carrying capacity of the nitrogen-fertilized pasture was 1·3–5·3 cows/ha at the beginning (September–October) and end (April–mid June) of the growing season, and increased to a peak of 7·4–9·7 cows/ha during February-mid March. Nitrogen fertilizer increased the carrying capacity by an average of 131% over that on a kikuyu pasture without nitrogen. The carrying capacities were similar on kikuyu and on a mixed carpet grass-kikuyu pasture, both without nitrogen, but were less on a tropical legume-kikuyu pasture which was grazed at a lighter grazing intensity during autumn to aid legume persistence.Reflecting the experimental method of adjusting the stocking density according to the pasture available, differences in dairy production per cow were small relative to differences in the carrying capacity. Consequently seasonal variation in total dairy production/ha mirrored the carrying capacity. Nitrogen fertilizer increased the average production of 4% fat-corrected milk to 13·2 t/ha/40 weeks, an increase of 133% over the control without nitrogen.The results illustrate the marked seasonal imbalance in growth and carrying capacity for a given pasture, and emphasize the need to use mixed feeding systems to provide a uniform level of nutrition for a fixed number of cows.
Some factors Influencing intercalving periods of imported and home-reared Holstein cattle in western Nigeria
Authors: Adeneye J. A. , Bamiduro T. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe average of 160 intercalving periods of 47 imported and 33 home–reared purebred Holsteins in western Nigeria during 1967–75 was 628( ± 45) days. The probable effects of seven variables including origin of cow, sex of calf, season of calving, age of cow at calving, parity, year of calving and calf birth weight were investigated through an intra-class linear regression model in which the first three factors were treated as qualitative and the last four as quantitative factors. Origin of cow, sex of calf and season of calving did not significantly affect calving interval. Effects of age at calving, parity, year of calving and calf birth weight were highly significant (P < 0·01) but individual effects adjusted for others were not quite significant. These four quantitative factors were, however, highly interrelated; simple correlations which varied between 0·33 and 0·86 were highly significant. Interactions between the two sets of factors were negligible.
Factors influencing the concentration of minerals and metabolites in the plasma of cattle
Authors: Wiener G. , Russell W. S. , Field A. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryOne hundred and seventy-seven female Ayrshire cattle from approximately 6 months to 6 years of age were sampled on one occasion to determine the concentrations in plasma of Cu, P, Ca, Mg, Na, K and glucose. Eighty-nine adults, either lactating or dry, were re-sampled 2 months later to estimate concentrations of ketone bodies and free fatty acids. The data were analysed to estimate the contributions of various factors to variation in the concentrations.The combination of age and stage of pregnancy or lactation significantly affected variation in all the constituents although some of this variation was accounted for by milk yield. The concentrations of Cu, Mg, glucose and ketones were significantly affected by milk yield. The presence of ketone bodies in milk (recorded in relation to the first occasion of bleeding only) was associated with a significant increase in the plasma concentrations of Na and Mg and a significant decrease of K and Ca.The herd comprised pairs of genetically related animals. However, the estimates of heritability had large standard errors and only those for P and Ca were significantly positive.
Early spring and late autumn response to applied nitrogen in four grasses
Authors: Wilman D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe regrowth of Aberystwyth S. 23 perennial ryegrass, S. 24 perennial ryegrass, S. 59 red fescue and S. 170 tall fescue was studied in field swards, comparing four levels of applied nitrogen, for 8 weeks following a clearing cut. The clearing cuts were in mid-October, mid-February and mid-March in each of 3 years, different plots being used on each occasion.Grass yield was more closely related to solar radiation receipt than to temperature. When radiation during the 3 or 4 weeks before a period of study was added to radiation during the 8-week period, to incorporate some allowance for temperature, the amount of additional yield per unit of additional radiation comparing the first spring period with the autumn period was about the same as that comparing the second with the first spring period. Where no N was applied, there was little or no increase in yield above ground level or above 4 cm from week 1 to about week 6 in the autumn and first spring period, whereas where N was applied yield increased steadily, though rather slowly, during those 5-week periods. Response to N, measured as kg dry matter above 4 cm/kg N applied, was about twice as great in the second as in the first spring period; on the other hand response to N measured as number of days saved in reaching a given yield was greater in the first than the second spring period. The positive effect of applied N on relative growth rate occurred mainly in the rather early stages of regrowth, which seems to be typical of any time of year.Applied N increased the N and nitrate-N content of herbage and reduced the watersoluble carbohydrate content. Applied N increased the number of tillers and the proportion of yield above 4 cm. Yield below 4 cm was not much affected by N or by stage of regrowth. The ‘earliness’ in spring of S. 24, S. 59 and S. 170 compared with S. 23 was associated with greater height and a higher proportion of yield above 4 cm and not with higher above-ground yield. The ryegrasses responded more to N than the fescues in respect of yield above 4 cm and number of tillers. In 2 years in which the number of tillers was relatively low at the beginning of the spring periods of study, the number increased during those periods and there was a large positive effect of applied N, whereas, in a year in which the number was high initially, there was no increase during the periods of study and little response to N.
A comparison of the juvenilizing effect of six juvenile hormone-like activity compounds on EgyptianCulex pipiensL.
Authors: Kelada N. L. , Gaaboub I. A. , Rawash I. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTests were made to determine the juvenilizing effects of TH6040, JH-25, Altosid, Altozar, ZR-777 and ZR-619 onCulex pipiensL. using the IC50value (dose to inhibit the emergence of 50% of adults) as a criterion. The descending order of activity was Altosid, TH6040, Altozar, ZR-777, JH-25 and ZR·619. Insignificant prolongations were recorded in the larval or pupal durations except in the case of TH6040 (Dimilin). The time lapse from larval treatment (early fourth instar) to adult emergence was prolonged by about 18·7% following treatment with 0·0001–0·1 μg/ml.Juvenilizing effects of the tested compounds applied to the early fourth instar extended to the adult stage ofCulex pipiensL. and affected the duration of the first gonotrophic cycle. The concentrations of TH6040, JH-25, Altosid, Altozar, ZR-777 and ZR-619 tested caused prolongation of the time between emergence and first oviposition by about 20–50% (at 0·0001–0·1 μg/ml), 3–26% (at 0·001–5μg/ml), 0–15% (at 0·1 × 10-8–0·001 μg/ml), 3-–23% (at 0·1 × 10-8–0·001 μg/ml), 9–27% (at 0·1 × 10-7–0·01 μg/ml), and 11–32% (at 0·1 × 10-7–0·01 μg/ml), respectively.The results obtained indicated that the sex ratio ofC.pipiensL. changed progressively in all treatments but with an inconsistent trend according to the concentration of each compound. This conclusion provides further evidence on the effect of juvenile hormone-like activity compounds on adults emerging from treated larvae. The numbers of females produced were increased by about 15–30%, 9–27%, 1–35%, 1–38%, 6–44% and 31–71% after treatment with 0·0001–0·1 μg TH6040, 0·001–5μg JH-25, 0·1x 10-8–0·001 μg Altosid, 0·1 x 10-8–0·001 μg Altozar, 0·1 x lO-7–O·Ol μg ZR-777 and 0·01 × 10-7–0·01 μg ZR-619‘sol;ml, respectively.
The act of rumination
Authors: Gordon John G. 
Published: March 2009

1. A detailed analysis was made of the rumination behaviour of one caged sheep on four combinations of diet, ranging from 100% hay to 100% concentrate meal.2. When hay was fed there was no relationship between the quantity of it ingested and the amount of rumination, which averaged 8 hr. daily. When concentrates were fed alone rumination time fell to 2½ hr. per day and much of this was ‘pseudorumination’.3. Evidence is produced to show that the number of chews and not the time chewing is the accurate way of measuring rumination quantitatively. This particular sheep made an average of 39,000 rumination chews per day when hay was fed.4. The duration of the intervals between boli was constant at 15% of total rumination time, but the rate of chewing varied from 83–99 chews per minute, being slower during the midnight to noon half of the 24 hr., when most rumination occurred.5. Rumination periods last from under 1 min. up to about 2 hr.6. Tiring during a rumination period was reflected by an increase in the intervals between boli but the number of chews per bolus remained unchanged.7. The first bolus of each period of rumination was chewed less than those following. This sheep averaged fifteen periods of rumination per day, a daily total of 500 boli were regurgitated. There were 2500 chews per period and seventy-eight chews per bolus.
Observations on the role of nutrition in coat shedding in cattle
Authors: Yeates N. T. M. 
Published: March 2009

The coat changes of an experimental group of four undernourished Shorthorn heifers have been compared with those of a control group of four well-fed heifers.Low nutrition impeded seasonal shedding in three of the four experimental animals, and the hair which was retained into the summer months appeared lifeless and bleached. One animal's hair and shedding were normal, despite low nutrition.Two animals of the control group also partially retained their hair in the summer, but it was of normal colour, good lustre, and vital appearance.It is concluded that plane of nutrition influences shedding, though some individuals within a breed are less affected than others. Two distinct varieties of coat retention were observed: one was of nutritional origin, the other inherent. Possible explanations of the differences are suggested.
Some properties of thiaminases associated with cerebrocortical necrosis
Authors: Edwin E. E. , Jackman R. , Jones P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThiaminases from different sources exhibit varied responses to change in pH and to differing activators, cosubstrates and inhibitors. These properties are used in an attempt to characterize the extracellular thiaminases of 17 strains of Bacillus spp. isolated from the rumen contents of animals affected with cerebrocortical necrosis and to compare these with the endogenous thiaminase present in the rumen content of such animals and with other known thiaminase-producing bacteria. Statistical analysis of the results obtained using different activators classified the isolates into two main groups corresponding to the presence of thiaminase I or thiaminase II. The pH characteristics of the rumen content enzyme differed significantly from any of the bacterial isolates examined.
The effect of lactation on protein synthesis in ovine skeletal muscle
Authors: Bryant D. T. W. , Smith R. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYProtein synthesis was measured in non-breeding sheep and in sheep at two stages of lactation by constant intravenous infusion of [3H] tyrosine. In early lactation plasma tyrosine flux was 50% higher than in non-breeding ewes and it remained somewhat higher in late lactation. Estimates of protein synthesis per day in the whole body showed similar changes.In early lactation the weights of the longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus muscles were respectively 37 and 28% lower than those for non-breeding ewes, but both muscles regained weight in late lactation. There were corresponding changes in the total protein, total RNA and total lipid contents of both muscles.The fractional rates of protein synthesis in the longissimus dorsi and the semitendinosus were between 2 and 3% per day, but it was higher in heart muscle. At both stages of lactation the synthesis rate in the longissimus dorsi was similar to that in nonbreeding ewes, but in the semitendinosus and in the heart synthesis rates were lower in lactating animals. In both skeletal muscles the total protein synthesized per day was lower in early lactation because their total protein contents were lower at this time. It is concluded that the maternal skeletal muscles may undergo a controlled depletion during lactation.