bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculating CO2 and H2O eddy covariance fluxes from an enclosed gas analyzer using an instantaneous mixing ratio
Authors: Burba George , Schmidt Andres , Scott Russell L. , Nakai Taro , Kathilankal James , Fratini Gerardo , Hanson Chad , Law Beverly , McDermitt Dayle K. , Eckles Robert , Furtaw Michael , Velgersdyk Michael 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEddy covariance flux research has relied on open‐ or closed‐path gas analyzers for producing estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). The two instruments have had different challenges that have led to development of an enclosed design that is intended to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses of both traditional designs. Similar to the closed‐path analyzer, the enclosed design leads to minimal data loss during precipitation events and icing, and it does not have surface heating issues. Similar to the open‐path design, the enclosed design has good frequency response due to small flux attenuation loss in the short intake tube, does not need frequent calibration, has minimal maintenance requirements, and can be used in a very low power configuration. Another important feature of such a design is the ability to output instantaneous mixing ratio, or dry mole fraction, so that instantaneous thermal and pressure‐related expansion and contraction, and water dilution of the sampled air have been accounted for. Thus, no density corrections should be required to compute fluxes during postprocessing. Calculations of CO2 and H2O fluxes via instantaneous mixing ratio from the new enclosed CO2/H2O gas analyzer were tested in nine field experiments during 2009–2010 in a wide range of ecosystems and setups. Fluxes computed via a mixing ratio output from the instrument without applying density corrections were compared to those computed the traditional way using density corrections. The results suggest that with proper temperature, water vapor, and pressure measurements in the cell, gas fluxes can be computed confidently from raw covariance of mixing ratio and vertical wind speed, multiplied by a frequency response correction. This has important implications for future flux measurements, because avoiding hourly density corrections could have the advantages of increasing flux measurement quality and temporal resolution, reducing the magnitude of minimum detectable flux, unifying data processing steps, and assuring better intercomparison between different sites and networks.
Effect of tumbling time and cooking temperature on quality attributes of cooked ham
Authors: Li Chunbao , Szczepaniak Slawomir , Steen Liselot , Goemaere Olivier , Impens Sandra , Paelinck Hubert , Zhou Guanghong 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThis study evaluates effect of tumbling time and cooking temperature on cooking rate, cooking loss (CL), colour, water activity and water‐holding capacity of cooked restructured ham rolls. In experiment were investigated three tumbling times (2, 4 and 6 h) at constant temperature (+4 °C) and three cooking temperatures (76, 86 and 96 °C). It was observed that CL decreased (P < 0.01) from 5.41% to 3.22% with tumbling time (2 h vs. 6 h) but increased (P < 0.01) from 2.35% to 7.25% along with cooking temperature (76 °C vs. 96 °C). In contrast, pH value increased (P < 0.01) from 6.18 to 6.24 with tumbling time (2 h vs. 6 h) but decreased (P < 0.01) from 6.22 to 6.17 along with cooking temperature (76 °C vs. 96 °C). In addition, high temperature had higher efficiency for thermal lethality than low temperature (F0 values were 19 and 92 min at 96 and 76 °C, respectively). Intermediate tumbling (4 h) and cooking (86 °C) could be preferential.
Effect of mode of delivery and feeding practices on acquisition of oral Streptococcus mutans in infants
Authors: THAKUR RACHNA , SINGH MOUSUMI G. , CHAUDHARY SEEMA , MANUJA NAVEEN 
Published: September 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 197–202Objective.  It is a well‐established fact that colonization of S. mutans occurs early in life. The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between mode of delivery and other associating factors with colonization of oral S. mutans in the infants.Methods.  The newborns were divided into two groups according to the mode of delivery: Infants who were delivered by either caesarean section (Group‐C) or vaginally (Group‐V). A total number of 60 mother–infant pairs were included and followed for 1 year. The swab samples were collected for the detection of S. mutans.Results.  Analysis of data demonstrated the possible influence of prolonged bottle feeding (P = 0.007), socioeconomic status (P = 0.00030) and tasting of food by the mothers (P = 0.0065) on the initial acquisition of S. mutans in the oral cavity of infants.Conclusion.  The causes for initial acquisition of oral S. mutans in infants were postnatal factors like feeding and oral hygiene practices.
School nurses’ perspectives on managing mental health problems in children and young people
Authors: Pryjmachuk Steven , Graham Tanya , Haddad Mark , Tylee Andre 
Published: September 2011

Aims and objectives.  To explore the views of school nurses regarding mental health problems in young people and their potential for engaging in mental health work with this client group.Background.  Mental health problems in children and young people are an important public health issue. Universal children’s services play a key role in identifying and managing these problems and, while school nurses have an important function in this work, little is known about their views on this aspect of their role.Design.  A qualitative research design employing focus group methodology.Method.  School nurses (n = 33) were purposively sampled from four school nursing teams in two English cities for a series of focus groups. The focus group data were audio‐recorded, transcribed and subsequently analysed using ‘framework’.Results.  Four principal themes emerged from the data. In these themes, school nurses were found to value their involvement with the mental health of young people, recognising this as an important area of practice. Several obstacles to their work in this area were identified: heavy workloads, professional rivalries, a lack of confidence and limited education and training opportunities. The importance of support from local specialist mental health teams was emphasised.Conclusions.  School nurses can be engaged in mental health work though, as public health specialists, their role should focus on health promotion, assessment, signposting and early intervention activities. To facilitate mental health work, school nurses are able to draw on established interpersonal skills and supportive networks; however, workload and a lack of confidence need to be managed and it is important that they are supported by constructive relationships with local specialist mental health teams.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study has implications for nurses and healthcare practitioners interested in enhancing the mental health of children and young people in school settings.
Ethnic factors in mental health service utilisation among people with intellectual disability in high‐income countries: systematic review
Authors: Durà‐Vilà G. , Hodes M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  An emerging literature suggests that ethnic and cultural factors influence service utilisation among people with intellectual disability (ID), but this has not previously been reviewed.Aims  To investigate possible ethnic variation in uptake of mental health services in children, adolescents and adults with ID in high‐income countries.Method  A systematic review using main databases of studies that consider ethnic influences on mental health utilisation of people with ID. Methodological quality of studies was assessed.Results  Nine studies that reached selection criteria were identified. Six studies that compared two or more ethnic groups found a variation in levels of mental health service utilisation. The most consistent finding was that South Asian children, adolescents and adults with ID in the UK had lower use of mental health services than White British comparison groups.Conclusion  Ethnic influences on mental health service utilisation were identified. Understanding their significance and potential negative consequences requires further investigation.
Adipose zinc‐α2‐glycoprotein is a catabolic marker in cancer and noncancerous states
Authors: Rydén M. , Agustsson T. , Andersson J. , Bolinder J. , Toft E. , Arner P. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract.  Rydén M, Agustsson T, Andersson J, Bolinder J, Toft E, Arner P (Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Norrlands University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; and Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Adipose zinc‐α2‐glycoprotein is a catabolic marker in cancer and noncancerous states. J Intern Med 2012; 271: 414–420Objective.  Zinc‐α2‐glycoprotein (ZAG) has been proposed as a tumour‐derived cancer cachexia factor. However, ZAG is produced by some normal tissues, including white adipose tissue (WAT), and high serum ZAG levels are present in nonmalignant conditions. We determined whether human WAT contributes to serum ZAG levels and how serum and WAT‐secreted ZAG levels correlate with catabolism in patients with cancer and in obese subjects undergoing a very low‐calorie diet (VLCD) for 11 days.Design/subjects.  ZAG levels in serum and in conditioned medium from WAT/adipocytes were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. ZAG release from WAT in vivo was determined in 10 healthy subjects. The correlation between ZAG and cachexia was studied in 34 patients with newly diagnosed gastrointestinal cancer. The impact of a VLCD on ZAG release and serum levels was assessed in 10 obese women.Results.  ZAG was released from abdominal WAT and adipocytes in vitro. However, the arteriovenous differences in vivo showed that there was no significant contribution of WAT to the circulating levels. WAT‐secreted but not serum ZAG correlated positively with poor nutritional status but not with fat mass (or body mass index) in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. In obese subjects on a VLCD, ZAG secretion from WAT increased significantly whereas serum levels remained unaltered.Conclusions.  ZAG is released from human WAT, but this tissue does not contribute significantly to the circulating levels. WAT‐secreted ZAG correlates with nutritional status but not with fat mass in both cancer and nonmalignant conditions. Adipose ZAG is therefore a local factor activated primarily by the catabolic state per se.
A nationwide cohort study of the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in coeliac disease
Authors: Ludvigsson J. F. , Inghammar M. , Ekberg M. , Egesten A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract.  Ludvigsson JF, Inghammar M, Ekberg M, Egesten A (Örebro University Hospital, Örebro; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; and Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden). A nationwide cohort study of the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in coeliac disease. J Intern Med 2012; 271: 481–489.Objective.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to be an important cause of morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs in the western world. Although smoking is an important trigger of COPD, other factors such as chronic inflammation and malnutrition are known to influence its development. Because coeliac disease (CD) is characterized both by dysregulated inflammation and malnutrition, the possibility of an association between CD and COPD was investigated.Methods.  Through biopsy data from all Swedish pathology departments, we identified 10 990 individuals with CD who were biopsied between 1987 and 2008 (Marsh 3: villous atrophy). As controls, 54 129 reference individuals matched for age, sex, county and calendar year of first biopsy were selected. Cox regression analysis was then performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for having a diagnosis of COPD according to the Swedish Patient Register.Results.  During follow‐up, 380 individuals with CD (3.5%) and 1391 (2.6%) controls had an incident diagnosis of COPD, which corresponds to an HR of 1.24 (95% CI: 1.10–1.38) and an excess risk of COPD of 79/100 000 person‐years in CD. The risk increase remained 5 years after biopsy (HR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.00–1.37). Risk estimates did not change with adjustment for type 1 diabetes, thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, country of birth or level of education. Men with CD were at a higher risk of COPD (HR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.18–1.62) than women with CD (HR = 1.11; 95% CI: 0.94–1.30). Of note, CD was also associated with COPD before CD diagnosis (odds ratio = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.02–1.46).Conclusion.  Patients with CD seem to be at a moderately increased risk of COPD both before and after CD diagnosis.
Genetic polymorphisms in oestrogen receptor‐binding sites affect clinical outcomes in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen‐deprivation therapy
Authors: Huang C.‐N. , Huang S.‐P. , Pao J.‐B. , Hour T.‐C. , Chang T.‐Y. , Lan Y.‐H. , Lu T.‐L. , Lee H.‐Z. , Juang S.‐H. , Wu P.‐P. , Huang C.‐Y. , Hsieh C.‐J. , Bao B.‐Y. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract.  Huang C‐N, Huang S‐P, Pao J‐B, Hour T‐C, Chang T‐Y, Lan Y‐H, Lu T‐L, Lee H‐Z, Juang S‐H, Wu P‐P, Huang C‐Y, Hsieh C‐J, Bao B‐Y (Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung; Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; China Medical University, Taichung; National Taiwan University Hospital; Oriental Institute of Technology; National Taiwan University, Taipei; China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan). Genetic polymorphisms in oestrogen receptor‐binding sites affect clinical outcomes in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen‐deprivation therapy. J Intern Med 2012; 271: 499–509.Background.  Accumulating evidence indicates that oestrogens have significant direct effects on normal prostate development and carcinogenesis. The majority of the biological activities of oestrogens are mediated through the oestrogen receptor (ER), which functions as a hormone‐inducible transcription factor to regulate target gene expression by binding to oestrogen response elements (EREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes. Sequence variants in EREs might affect the ER–ERE interaction and subsequent physiological activities. Therefore, we tested whether common single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside EREs are related to the clinical outcomes of androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with prostate cancer.Methods.  We systematically evaluated 49 ERE SNPs predicted using a genome‐wide database in a cohort of 601 men with advanced prostate cancer treated with ADT. The prognostic significance of these SNPs on disease progression, prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM) and all‐cause mortality (ACM) after ADT was assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis and a Cox regression model.Results.  Based on multiple hypothesis testing, BNC2 rs16934641 was found to be associated with disease progression; in addition, TACC2 rs3763763 was associated with PCSM, and ALPK1 rs2051778 and TACC2 rs3763763 were associated with ACM. These SNPs remained significant in multivariate analyses that included known clinicopathological predictors. Moreover, a combined genotype effect on ACM was observed when ALPK1 rs2051778 and TACC2 rs3763763 were analysed in combination. Patients with a greater number of unfavourable genotypes had a shorter time to ACM during ADT (P for trend <0.001).Conclusion.  The incorporation of ERE SNPs into models with known predictors might improve outcome prediction in patients with prostate cancer receiving ADT.
Philopatry and within‐colony movements in Columbian ground squirrels
Authors: ARNAUD COLINE M. , DOBSON F. STEPHEN , MURIE JAN O. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPhilopatry and dispersal result in selection of habitat locations that may differ in resources and social environment and thus should influence fitness components like survival and reproduction. We examined short‐distance movements of young and adult females from natal or previous nesting sites within a colony of Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus) in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada, over a 17‐year period. Females of all ages were strongly philopatric, yet a few (10–15%) exhibited movements that took them to new home ranges. We tested three hypotheses to explain the pattern of female natal and breeding movements: (1) that movements of philopatric females promote proximity to close kin; (2) that range shifts favour close kin via bequeathal of territory and (3) that dispersers move to lower density areas where competition for resources is lower. Tests of these three hypotheses revealed that: (1) philopatry and movements of young and older philopatric females led to proximity to mothers and local presence of close kin; (2) breeding dispersal did not result in bequeathal of home range to daughters, but movements of philopatric females suggested that they shared space with close kin and (3) adult females moved to new ranges with lower local densities, though dispersing females also left ranges where local density was significantly lower than for philopatric females. Natal and breeding movements among years produced two opportunities for territorial females: close spatial proximity to close kin via short philopatric movements, and habitats with fewer competitors via longer dispersal movements.
Mechanisms of kin discrimination inferred from pedigrees and the spatial distribution of mates
Authors: WASER PETER M. , BERNING MELISSA L. , PFEIFER ALLISON 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWhere animals avoid inbreeding, different mechanisms of kin discrimination can leave different ‘signatures’ in the patterns of observed mate relationship. For example, consider a species with no paternal care. If a female avoids mating with familiar individuals, one would expect a deficit of offspring whose parents are maternal half‐siblings, but paternal half‐siblings would be unfamiliar with each other and thus have offspring at the frequency expected by chance. If spatial cues are used to avoid inbreeding, a female would be expected to produce few offspring with males (even unrelated males) living near her birth site. We searched for these and other signatures with data from a long‐term study of banner‐tailed kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spectabilis, in Arizona, USA, using a combination of intensive censusing, mapping of available dens, microsatellite‐based parentage determination, and a randomization routine that determines the numbers of offspring expected if females in the population mate indiscriminately among the males available to them. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that kangaroo rats discriminate kin by familiarity developed via association early in life, rather than by using spatial cues or self‐referential phenotype matching. Our approach should be widely applicable as a means of assessing the degree to which kin discrimination exists (in contexts like nepotism as well as inbreeding avoidance) and in inferring what cues animals use to assess categories of relationship.
Social flexibility and social evolution in mammals: a case study of the African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio)
Authors: SCHRADIN CARSTEN , LINDHOLM ANNA K. , JOHANNESEN JES , SCHOEPF IVANA , YUEN CHI‐HANG , KÖNIG BARBARA , PILLAY NEVILLE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEnvironmental change poses challenges to many organisms. The resilience of a species to such change depends on its ability to respond adaptively. Social flexibility is such an adaptive response, whereby individuals of both sexes change their reproductive tactics facultatively in response to fluctuating environmental conditions, leading to changes in the social system. Social flexibility focuses on individual flexibility, and provides a unique opportunity to study both the ultimate and proximate causes of sociality by comparing between solitary and group‐living individuals of the same population: why do animals form groups and how is group‐living regulated by the environment and the neuro‐endocrine system? These key questions have been studied for the past ten years in the striped mouseRhabdomys pumilio. High population density favours philopatry and group‐living, while reproductive competition favours dispersal and solitary‐living. Studies of genetic parentage reveal that relative fitness of alternative reproductive tactics depends on the prevailing environment. Tactics have different fitness under constrained ecological conditions, when competitive ability is important. Under conditions with relaxed ecological constraints, alternative tactics can yield equal fitness. Both male and female striped mice display alternative reproductive tactics based on a single strategy, i.e. all individuals follow the same decision rules. These changes are regulated by endocrine mechanisms. Social flexibility is regarded as an adaptation to unpredictably changing environments, selecting for high phenotypic flexibility based on a broad reaction norm, not on genetic polymorphism for specific tactics.
FUS immunoreactivity of neuronal and glial intranuclear inclusions in intranuclear inclusion body disease
Authors: Mori F. , Tanji K. , Kon T. , Odagiri S. , Hattori M. , Hoshikawa Y. , Kono C. , Yasui K. , Yokoi S. , Hasegawa Y. , Yoshida M. , Wakabayashi K. 
Published: September 2011

F. Mori, K. Tanji, T. Kon, S. Odagiri, M. Hattori, Y. Hoshikawa, C. Kono, K. Yasui, S. Yokoi, Y. Hasegawa, M. Yoshida and K. Wakabayashi (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 322–328FUS immunoreactivity of neuronal and glial intranuclear inclusions in intranuclear inclusion body diseaseAims: Recent studies have shown that fused‐in‐sarcoma (FUS) protein is a component of ‘neuronal’ intranuclear inclusion bodies (INIBs) in the brains of patients with intranuclear inclusion body disease (INIBD). However, the extent and frequency of FUS‐immunoreactive structures in INIBD are uncertain. Methods: We immunohistochemically examined the brain, spinal cord and peripheral ganglia from five patients with INIBD and five control subjects, using anti‐FUS antibodies. Results: In controls, the nuclei of both neurones and glial cells were intensely immunolabelled with anti‐FUS and neuronal cytoplasm was weakly positive for FUS. In INIBD, neuronal and glial INIBs in the brain and spinal cord were positive for FUS. FUS‐positive INIBs were also found in the peripheral ganglia. The proportion of FUS‐positive neuronal INIBs relative to the total number of inclusion‐bearing neurones ranged from 55.6% to 83.3% (average 73.2%) and that of FUS‐positive glial INIBs ranged from 45.9% to 85.7% (average 62.7%). The nucleus and cytoplasm of inclusion‐bearing neurones and glial cells showed no FUS immunoreactivity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that FUS is incorporated into INIBs in both neurones and glial cells and that loss of normal FUS immunoreactivity may result from reduced protein expression and/or sequestration within inclusions.