bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary observations on the vasomotor responses to electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral surface of the human medulla
Authors: Patel Sunil , Krishna Vibhor , Nicholas Joyce , Welzig Charles M. , Vera Cristian 
Published: April 2012

Object
Pulsatile arterial compression (AC) of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) is hypothesized to produce the hypertension in a subset of patients with essential hypertension. In animals, a network of subpial neuronal aggregates in the VLM has been shown to control cardiovascular functions. Although histochemically similar, neurons have been identified in the retro-olivary sulcus (ROS) of the human VLM, but their function is unclear.

Methods
The authors recorded cardiovascular responses to electrical stimulation at various locations along the VLM surface, including the ROS, in patients who were undergoing posterior fossa surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. This vasomotor mapping of the medullary surface was performed using a bipolar electrode, with stimulation parameters ranging from 5- to 30-second trains (20–100 Hz), constant current (1.5–5 mA), and 0.1-msec pulse durations. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were recorded continuously from baseline (10 seconds before the stimulus) up to 1 minute poststimulus. In 6 patients, 17 stimulation responses in BP and HR were recorded.

Results
The frequency threshold for any cardiovascular response was 20 Hz; the stimulation intensity threshold ranged from 1.5 to 3 mA. In the first patient, all stimulation responses were significantly different from sham recordings (which consisted of electrodes placed without stimulations). Repeated stimulations in the lower ROS produced similar responses in 3 other patients. Two additional patients had similar responses to single stimulations in the lower ROS. Olive stimulation produced no response (control). Hypotensive and/or bradycardic responses were consistently followed by a reflex hypertensive response. Slight right/left differences were noted. No patient suffered short- or long-term effects from this stimulation.

Conclusions
This stimulation technique for vasomotor mapping of the human VLM was safe and reproducible. Neuronal aggregates near the surface of the human ROS may be important in cardiovascular regulation. This method of vasomotor mapping with measures of responses in sympathetic tone (microneurography) should yield additional data for understanding the neuronal network that controls cardiovascular functions in the human VLM. Further studies in which a concentric bipolar electrode is used to generate this type of vasomotor map should also increase understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurogenically mediated hypertension, and assist in the design of studies to prove the hypothesis that it is caused by pulsatile AC of the VLM.
Three-dimensional measurement of intervertebral range of motion in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: are there mobile segments in the continuous type?
Authors: Fujimori Takahito , Iwasaki Motoki , Nagamoto Yukitaka , Kashii Masafumi , Ishii Takahiro , Sakaura Hironobu , Sugamoto Kazuomi , Yoshikawa Hideki 
Published: April 2012

Object
In this paper, the authors' goals were to determine the extent of the effect of continuous-type ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the cervical spine on intervertebral range of motion (ROM) and to examine the relationship between the 3D morphology of OPLL and intervertebral ROM.

Methods
The authors evaluated 5 intervertebral segments in each of 20 patients (11 men and 9 women) with continuous-type OPLL, for a total of 100 intervertebral segments, using functional CT in anteroposterior (AP) flexion and right and left axial rotation. Three-dimensional kinematics were evaluated using the voxel-based registration method. Ossification was classified on the basis of 3D kinematics and morphology.

Results
The authors found 49 ossifications that were obviously of the continuous type. They were divided into 2 types: 1) bridging (13 instances), with thick, continuous ossification of the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament bridging intervertebral segments and with an ROM of 0.3° in AP flexion and 0.2° in rotation; and 2) nonbridging (36 instances), with a minute gap in the ossification itself or between the ossification and vertebra and with an ROM of 4.9° in AP flexion and 4.0° in rotation. There were 8 stalagmite-type ossifications in the nonbridging group that had the unique kinematics of restricted AP flexion and normal axial rotation.

Conclusions
The authors' findings indicate that most continuous-type ossifications that are categorized using the conventional radiographic classification system have mobile segments. The discrimination between bridging and nonbridging on CT scans can be a useful predictive index for dynamic factors.
Extraction and chemical characterization of Norway spruce inner and outer bark
Authors: Krogell Jens , Holmbom Bjarne , Pranovich Andrey , Hemming Jarl , Willför Stefan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Possible chemical utilization of bark requires appropriate knowledge of its composition. Extraction of valuable components before burning is an interesting option for utilization of bark. Here, Norway spruce inner and outer bark were extracted separately with a successive series of solvents of increasing polarity and the extracts, as well as the residues, were analyzed to obtain an overall picture of the bark composition. The lipophilic extractives contained the same major components as found in wood. Inner bark contained over 10% of stilbene glucosides with piceatannol (astringenin) as the main stilbene. Tannins of the proanthocyanidin type were extracted with hot water. Further extraction with pressurized hot water at 140°C or 160°C yielded 11-14% of non-cellulosic polysaccharides, on original bark basis, with pectic polysaccharides built up of arabinose, galacturonic acid and rhamnose dominating. Inner bark contained two times more cellulose than outer bark, but the opposite was true for lignin, determined as Klason “lignin”. Among the potentially valuable components, stilbene glucosides could be extracted with water even at low temperatures, while tannins could be extracted with hot water in a second step. The pectic polysaccharides are also of potential interest and should be studied further. The amount and true chemical character of lignin is also not yet fully elucidated.
Improved quality of SC magazine paper through enhanced fibre development using the ATMP process
Authors: Gorski Dmitri , Hill Jan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A pilot scale refining trial was conducted using the ATMP (Advanced Thermomechanical Pulp) refining concept with White spruce as raw material. Low-intensity TMP and high-intensity TMP with mechanical pretreatment of chips were compared to ATMP (Mg+P), where development of fibres was enhanced using hydrogen peroxide and magnesium hydroxide. The main goal of the trial was to evaluate the potential of using ATMP process for production of SC (supercalendered) magazine paper. SC paper is especially demanding when it comes to the paper surface structure which is strongly influenced by the development of fibre properties. Improvement in individual fibre properties such as flexibility, fibre split index and fibre surface area index achieved using ATMP process was found to translate into decreased surface roughness and air permeability of calendered laboratory sheets. Both the refining process configuration and the addition of process chemicals were found to have significant impacts though the process configuration had major role. The influence of process chemicals on surface roughness was mainly pronounced after second stage refining. The magnitude of surface roughening (fibre rising) was found to be influenced mainly by the process configuration.
Alternative alkalis for peroxide bleaching of chemithermomechanical pulp
Authors: Savoye Liliane , Petit-Conil Michel , Meyer Valérie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A total substitution of sodium hydroxide by weak alkali sources, namely Mg(OH)2, MgCO3 and Ca(OH)2, was studied in a two-stage peroxide bleaching of a maple chemithermomechanical pulp. For the same brightness, the optimised bleaching conditions for Mg(OH)2, MgCO3- and Ca(OH)2- based P1-P2 processes enabled to decrease the COD to more than 25%. Moreover, the biodegradability of bleaching effluents was enhanced, as reflected by the reduction of 1/3 of the recalcitrant COD remaining after the secondary wastewater treatment with activated sludge. Additionally, alternative alkali-based bleached pulp presented highest bulk and opacity than the conventional two-stage peroxide bleached pulp. Nevertheless, the use of weak alkali affected the development of strength properties, the tensile and tear indexes decreased by 25% and 16%, respectively, compared to NaOH-based bleached pulp. Eventually, this study demonstrated that the use of alternative alkalis instead of sodium hydroxide had not detrimental impact on the residual peroxide recycling.
Brightness development of a hydrogen peroxide bleached spruce TMP. Comparisons of pre-treatments with DTPA and a separable chelating surfactant
Authors: Högberg Ida , Zasadowski Dariusz , Karlsson Anette , Wikman Bengt , Andersson Fredrik , Hedenström Erik , Edlund Håkan , Norgren Magnus 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this investigation a new type of recoverable complexing agent (chelating surfactant) has been compared with a conventional complexing agent; diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), in the metal ion sequestering of thermomechanical pulps (TMP) to be hydrogen peroxide bleached. After different degrees of washing of the pulps, bleaching experiments at different total alkali charges were performed with and without sodium silicate additions, and the ISO brightness of handmade sheets was measured. The residual hydrogen peroxide in the bleaching liquor was also determined. No significant difference in either the brightness development or the residual hydrogen peroxide content could be detected between the pulps treated with equivalent molar ratios of the different complexing agents. Furthermore, the recovery of the chelating surfactant-manganese complexes from laboratory made white water by froth flotation was also studied. Two different foaming agents; sodium dodecyl sulphonate (SDS) and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO), were tested in the froth generation. After an addition of 160 ppm of DDAO, more than 80% of the manganese chelates could be recovered in the foam, containing 3% of the initial water mass.
Kinetics and Activation Requirements of Contact-Dependent Immune Suppression by Human Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Hagness Morten , Henjum Karen , Landskron Johannes , Brudvik Kristoffer Watten , Bjørnbeth Bjørn Atle , Foss Aksel , Taskén Kjetil , Aandahl Einar Martin 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain self tolerance by dominant suppression of potentially self-reactive T cells in peripheral tissues. However, the activation requirements, the temporal aspects of the suppressive activity, and mode of action of human Tregs are subjects of controversy. In this study, we show that Tregs display significant variability in the suppressive activity ex vivo as 54% of healthy blood donors examined had fully suppressive Tregs spontaneously, whereas in the remaining donors, anti-CD3/CD2/CD28 stimulation was required for Treg suppressive activity. Furthermore, anti-CD3/CD2/CD28 stimulation for 6 h and subsequent fixation in paraformaldehyde rendered the Tregs fully suppressive in all donors. The fixation-resistant suppressive activity of Tregs operated in a contact-dependent manner that was not dependent on APCs, but could be fully obliterated by trypsin treatment, indicating that a cell surface protein is directly involved. By add-back of active, fixed Tregs at different time points after activation of responding T cells, the responder cells were susceptible to Treg-mediated immune suppression up to 24 h after stimulation. This defines a time window in which effector T cells are susceptible to Treg-mediated immune suppression. Lastly, we examined the effect of a set of signaling inhibitors that perturb effector T cell activation and found that none of the examined inhibitors affected Treg activation, indicating pathway redundancy or that Treg activation proceeds by signaling mechanisms distinct from those of effector T cells.
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter G1 Deletion Induces IL-17–Dependent Dysregulation of Pulmonary Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Draper David W. , Gowdy Kymberly M. , Madenspacher Jennifer H. , Wilson Rhonda H. , Whitehead Gregory S. , Nakano Hideki , Pandiri Arun R. , Foley Julie F. , Remaley Alan T. , Cook Donald N. , Fessler Michael B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Mice with genetic deletion of the cholesterol transporter ATP binding cassette G1 (ABCG1) have pulmonary lipidosis and enhanced innate immune responses in the airway. Whether ABCG1 regulates adaptive immune responses to the environment is unknown. To this end, Abcg1+/+ and Abcg1−/− mice were sensitized to OVA via the airway using low-dose LPS as an adjuvant, and then challenged with OVA aerosol. Naive Abcg1−/− mice displayed increased B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) in lung and lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes, with lung CD11b+ DCs displaying increased CD80 and CD86. Upon allergen sensitization and challenge, the Abcg1−/− airway, compared with Abcg1+/+, displayed reduced Th2 responses (IL-4, IL-5, eosinophils), increased neutrophils and IL-17, but equivalent airway hyperresponsiveness. Reduced Th2 responses were also found using standard i.p. OVA sensitization with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Mediastinal lymph nodes from airway-sensitized Abcg1−/− mice produced reduced IL-5 upon ex vivo OVA challenge. Abcg1−/− CD4+ T cells displayed normal ex vivo differentiation, whereas Abcg1−/− DCs were found paradoxically to promote Th2 polarization. Th17 cells, IL-17+ γδT cells, and IL-17+ neutrophils were all increased in Abcg1−/− lungs, suggesting Th17 and non-Th17 sources of IL-17 excess. Neutralization of IL-17 prior to challenge normalized eosinophils and reduced neutrophilia in the Abcg1−/− airway. We conclude that Abcg1−/− mice display IL-17–mediated suppression of eosinophilia and enhancement of neutrophilia in the airway following allergen sensitization and challenge. These findings identify ABCG1 as a novel integrator of cholesterol homeostasis and adaptive immune programs.
Human Th17 Cells Express High Levels of Enzymatically Active Dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26)
Authors: Bengsch Bertram , Seigel Bianca , Flecken Tobias , Wolanski Julia , Blum Hubert E. , Thimme Robert 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26) is a multifunctional ectoenzyme involved in T cell activation that has been implicated in autoimmune pathophysiology. Because IL-17–producing CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells) are important mediators of autoimmune disease, we analyzed the expression of CD26 and its enzymatic function on human Th17 cells. Analysis of CD26 expression on different CD4+ T helper subsets showed that CD26 expression is highest on CD4+ T cells producing type 17 cytokines (e.g., IL-22, IL-17, GM-CSF, or TNF) compared with Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Phenotypic analysis revealed that CD26++CD4+ T cells express the type 17 differentiation molecules CD161, CCR6, lL-23R, and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt. Furthermore, sorted CD26++CD4+ T cells contain &gt;90–98% of Th17 cells, indicating that CD26++ T cells harbor the Th17 lineage. A comparison with CD161 and CCR6 indicated that analysis of CD26 coexpression may improve the phenotypic characterization of Th17 cells. Of note, CD26++ Th17 cells are enriched in the inflamed tissue of patients with hepatitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Functional analysis in migration assays revealed that CD26 expressed on Th17 cells is enzymatically active. Indeed, CD26 negatively regulates the chemotactic CD4+ T cell response to the inflammatory chemokines CXCL9–12 that can be restored by pharmacological blockade of the enzymatic center of CD26. In summary, these results strongly suggest that CD26 may contribute to the orchestration of the immune response by Th17 cells in human inflammatory diseases. They also suggest that the phenotypic analysis of Th17 cells may be facilitated by determination of CD26 expression.
A New Preconditioned Generalised AOR Method for the Linear Complementarity Problem Based on a Generalised Hadjidimos Preconditioner
Authors: Liu Cuiyu , Li Chenliang 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA new generalised Hadjidimos preconditioner and preconditioned generalised AOR method for the solution of the linear complementarity problem are presented. The convergence and convergence rate of the new method are analysed, and numerical experiments demonstrate that it is efficient.
A Comparison of Frictional Resistance between Active and Passive Self-ligating Brackets with Conventional Bracket Systems
Authors: Shivalinga BM , Jyothikiran H , Bansal Sachin , Farhan Azeem 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Friction, though, is an inseparable and undeniable orthodontic entity that should be minimized, if not eliminated, for obtaining an optimal biological tissue response.

Aim
The present study compared the frictional resistance of active (time- 2, In-Ovation R) and passive (Damon SL-2, Smart clip) self-ligating brackets with conventional titanium, fiberglass and ceramic brackets under dry and wet conditions with artificial saliva using universal testing machine.

Methods
Modified Tidy's jig was constructed to simulate clinical situation. A total of 200 samples were tested. Specimens were divided into two categories which were run under dry and wet conditions, using artificial saliva. Around 10 samples of each active and passive selfligating brackets were dry run and 10 others were used in wet conditions. Around 10 samples of each ceramic, titanium and fiberglass brackets were run using elastomeric ties in both dry and wet conditions and 10 each of them using stainless steel ligatures under dry and wet conditions.

Results
The study revealed that the least frictional resistance was demonstrated by the brackets in the following order, i.e. passive selfligating brackets, active self-ligating brackets, titanium, fiberglass and ceramic brackets in both dry and wet conditions.

Conclusion
The self-ligating brackets seem to be promising in quenching the thirst of orthodontist to have a bracket that is functionally efficient with reduced friction, esthetically pleasing, reduced treatment and chairside time, combined with better oral hygiene maintenance and patient comfort because of absence of ligation.
An in vitro Comparison of Root Canal Measurement in Permanent Teeth by Electronic Apex Locator, Conventional and Digital Radiography
Authors: LNU Alexander , Saeed Musab Hamed , Abtahl Nazil A , Praveen Pradeep A 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionIn endodontic treatment for permanent teeth, it is important to estimate the working length precisely. Currently, various methods are used in clinical practice for working length estimation. The objective of this study is to compare the accuracy of root canal length in permanent teeth determined by electronic apex locators, conventional and digital radiography.Materials and methodsA total of 50 single rooted permanent teeth with mature apices were extracted for periodontal reasons and obtained from different sources without caries were studied. The radiographic measurements were done using paralleling technique. Electronic measurements were done next using third generation, DentAport ZX. Actual canal length of each tooth was measured using direct observation of the apical exit of the file. Measurements obtained from radiographic and electronic methods were compared to the actual tooth length. Interclass correlation coefficients and failure rate for each method and their combinations were calculated using STATA 12.0 software.ResultsThe measurements obtained through all the three techniques showed high interclass correlation coefficients and excellent level of agreement. The failure rate of measurements obtained through conventional radiography, digital radiography and electronic apex locators was 38, 30 and 22% respectively. Combination of conventional radiography with electronic apex locator showed an accuracy of 90%, while combination of digital radiographs and electronic apex locators given an accuracy of 96%.ConclusionA combination of digital radiographic and apex locator methods for determining the root canal length in permanent teeth can be considered safe, reliable and precise.
Association between Socioeconomic Status, Salivary Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli and Dental Caries among 12-Year-Old School Children in Belgaum City
Authors: Hebbal Mamata Iranna , Metgud Sharada C 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Aim of the study was to assess dental caries using Modified Dentition Status and Treatment Needs and find its association with salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli counts among 12-year-old school children of Belgaum city.

Materials and methods
A self-designed, 13 item, open-ended questionnaire given to parents. Children were examined for dental caries using Modified Dentition Status and Treatment Needs. Stimulated saliva was collected and incubated to estimate lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans colonies. Chi-square test was used to find the association between variables.

Results
When DMFT was recorded it was found that 23% of children were free from dental caries, whereas, only 5% of them were free of dental caries when examined using modified criteria. Most of the children had higher microbial count with 72% and 62% of them having > 105 cfu/μl of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli colony count respectively. Modified DMFT was significantly associated with frequency of brushing, lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans counts (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
The proportion of subjects with dental caries was relatively high in all groups but the number of teeth affected by caries was low. Inclusion of noncavitated incipient lesions could increase sensitivity of index.
Nonsyndromic Bilateral Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor: A Rare Case
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Babu Chaitanya , Dawar Geetanshu 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTHere, we report a case of keratocystic odontogenic tumor occurring bilaterally in a male patient in fourth decade of life. This case is different from bilateral lesions of keratocystic odontogenic tumor which are most commonly parakeratinized and are associated with syndromes like nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. In our case, we could not find out any syndromic association and furthermore histopathology was in line of orthokeratinization.
Restoration of the Severely Resorbed Maxilla and Mandible using the Multicup Denture
Authors: Chandrakala V 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTA basic concern of edentulous patients is retention of their dentures. This has led to considerable experimentation and research in efforts to perfect dentures that compensate for the loss of natural teeth. The use of multiple miniature suction cups made from a soft material lining the denture satisfies the requirements of retention and stability. A technique describing the fabrication of a maxillary and mandibular multicup dentures which are more beneficial than conventional complete dentures is discussed below with case report.
Fiberoptic Intubation as a Boon in Limited Mouth Opening Surgeries
Authors: Dutt Sunil , Basha Salman 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Surgery of temporomandibular joint ankylosis under general anesthesia poses a great challenge to anesthesiologists. This surgery falls in the category of difficult intubation as direct vocal cord visualization is difficult due to an inability to open the mouth. The present case report suggests that the fiberoptic intubation has become an essential skill for anesthetists dealing with patients in whom orotracheal intubation is anatomically difficult.