bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective ultramorphological characterization of human hair by optical coherence tomography
Authors: Velasco Maria Valéria Robles , Baby André Rolim , Sarruf Fernanda Daud , Kaneko Telma Mary , Samad Ricardo Elgul , Vieira Júnior Nilson Dias , De Freitas Anderson Zanardi 
Published: August 2009

Background/purpose: The continuous advancement in cosmetic science has led to an increasing demand for the development of non‐invasive, reliable scientific techniques directed toward claim substantiation, which is of utmost relevance, to obtain data regarding the efficacy and safety of cosmetic products.Methods: In this work, we used the optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique to produce in vitro transversal section‐images of human hair. We also compared the OCT signal before and after chemical treatment with an 18% w/w ammonium thioglycolate solution.Results: The mean diameter of the medulla was 29±7 μm and the hair diameter was 122±16 μm in our samples of standard Afro‐ethnic hair. A three‐dimensional (3D) image was constructed starting from 601 cross‐sectional images (slices). Each slice was taken in steps of 6.0 μm at eight frames per second, and the entire 3D image was constructed in 60 s.Conclusion: It was possible to identify, using the A‐scan protocol, the principal structures: the cuticle, cortex and medulla. After chemical treatment, it was not possible to identify the main structures of hair fiber due to index matching promoted by deleterious action of the chemical agent.
Development of a novel method for quantitative evaluation of sensory skin irritation inhibitors
Authors: Lee Eunyoung , An Susun , Lee Tae Ryong , Kim Han Kon 
Published: August 2009

Background/aims: Sensory skin irritation is regarded as one of the most serious side effects of cosmetic use. Thus, it is desirable to develop good inhibitors of sensory skin irritation. However, it is difficult to quantify the effect of sensory skin irritation inhibitors.Methods: We investigated the possibility of using an electrical current perception threshold (CPT) measurement for the quantitative evaluation of these inhibitors. We divided study populations into stinger and non‐stinger groups based on their response to 5% lactic acid and assessed CPT values at 2000, 250, and 5 Hz on the cheek. Stingers showed significantly lower CPT values than non‐stingers did at 250 and 5 Hz. We also measured CPT values before and after the application of nine materials with inhibitory effects on sensory skin irritation. To investigate the relationship between the change in CPT values and the effect of each material in the clinical stinging test, we conducted the stinging test with the test materials in a 5% lactic acid solution and with a 5% lactic acid solution (positive control).Results: There was a positive correlation between the change in CPT values and the inhibitory effect that each material had on the stinging test.Conclusion: The change in CPT values can be used for the quantitative evaluation of sensory skin irritation inhibitors .
Maternal IgG anti‐A and anti‐B titres predict outcome in ABO‐incompatibility in the neonate
Authors: Bakkeheim Egil , Bergerud Unni , Schmidt‐Melbye Anne‐Christine , Akkök Çiğdem Akalin , Liestøl Knut , Fugelseth Drude , Lindemann Rolf 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim:  To evaluate predictors for risk of severe hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus in ABO‐incompatible neonates with emphasize on maternal IgG anti‐A/‐B titres.Methods:  Blood group O women in labour at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, were included in the years 2004–2006. Offspring with blood group A or B had direct antiglobulin test performed and IgG anti‐A/‐B levels measured in maternal plasma. Blood group A or B infants developing severe hyperbilirubinaemia, received in addition to phototherapy, immunoglobulin treatment and/or exchange transfusion (EXT).Results:  Of 253 neonates, 61.3% had blood group O, 29.6% blood group A and 9.1% blood group B. Twenty neonates with blood group A or B received at least one immunoglobulin treatment. In multivariate analysis, maternal antibody‐titres were the only significant predictors for immunoglobulin treatment (p < 0.0001), EXTs (p < 0.05) and duration of phototherapy (p < 0.0001). The need for invasive treatment increased sharply for antibody titres ≥512. Receiver operating characteristic analyses demonstrated that titres ≥512 had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 72% for predicting immunoglobulin treatment and thus severe hyperbilirubinaemia.Conclusion:  Maternal IgG anti‐A/‐B titres contribute to the prediction of risk of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in ABO‐incompatible neonates, in addition to blood‐grouping and direct antiglobulin‐testing, especially following early discharge after delivery.
Thalamic infarct presenting as apparent life‐threatening event in infants
Authors: Gupta Sachin , Fernandez Daphin , Siddiqui Ata , Lin Jean‐Pierre , Garside Lydia , Lim Ming 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThalamic infarction with distinct manifestations is well‐described in adults but less well‐delineated in children. We report two infants who presented with an apparent life‐threatening event (ALTE) with very early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrating a unilateral thalamic infarction. Subsequent MRI demonstrated bilateral changes in the brain stem and basal ganglia, which were in keeping with profound hypoxic ischaemic injury. We propose the thalamic infarction to be the primary event precipitating a profound hypoxic ischaemic injury as an alternative explanation to the neuroimaging observation.Conclusion:  Thalamic infraction may have a causal role in ALTE. Early and appropriate neuroimaging is required to detect these changes.
Darwin, Mendel and the Evolution of Evolution
Authors: Reese R. Allan 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The history of science is full of myths. Darwin has his fair share; but Gregor Mendel, his fellow scientist and contemporary, has suffered even more. R. Allan Reese disentangles what we like to believe about Mendel from what we should believe—and finds a modern species whose origin was not by conventional evolution.
Distance Sampling: Estimating Animal Density
Authors: Marques Tiago 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAll too often we hear in the news statements like “there are, at most, a few hundred individuals left of this endangered species” or “there is small hope for the persistence of this population given that so few are left”. How do scientists count animals to make such statements?Tiago Marques explains the concepts and pitfalls of distance sampling—one of the most widely used methods for estimating animal populations.
Shakespeare’s Actors
Authors: Astington John H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRecent work on actors and acting companies in Shakespeare’s time has produced some changes of emphasis in view. A complete understanding of the range and complexity of provincial touring has accompanied a continuing examination of the professional theatre of London. New research into actors’ lives and their professional relationships has added to our sense of their place in the contemporary social and economic order, while renewed study of apprentices and younger actors has suggested a new understanding of their importance within the troupes. The current essay presents a view of some significant recent scholarship, and suggests some opportunities for further research.
Structural polymorphism of the mannose‐binding lectin 2 (MBL2 ) gene in HCV‐infected patients with a serological marker for thyroid autoimmunity
Authors: Melo F. M. , Vasconcelos L. R. S. , Silva B. S. , Moura P. , Cavalcanti M. S. M. , Pereira L. M. M. B. , Lacerda H. R. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryWe studied the association of the mannose‐binding lectin‐2 (MBL2) polymorphism with anti‐thyroid antibodies (ATA) in hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected Brazilian patients (n = 162) and 124 healthy volunteers screened for ATA. Our results showed that patients with ATA had higher frequency of genotype 00 than controls. MBL may play a role as disease modifier in HCV infection.
Mineralogy, Lithogeochemistry and Elemental Mass Balance of the Hydrothermal Alteration Associated with the Gold‐rich Batu Hijau Porphyry Copper Deposit, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia
Authors: Idrus Arifudin , Kolb Jochen , Meyer F. Michael 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper discusses the mineralogy, whole‐rock geochemistry and elemental mass balance of the hydrothermal alteration zones within the Batu Hijau porphyry copper‐gold deposit, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. The hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation developed in four stages, namely (i) the early stage consisting of a central copper‐gold‐bearing biotite (potassic), proximal actinolite (inner propylitic) and the distal chlorite‐epidote (outer propylitic) zones; (ii) the transitional stage represented by the chlorite‐sericite (intermediate argillic) zone; (iii) the late stages distinguished into the sericite‐paragonite (argillic) and pyrophyllite‐andalusite (advanced argillic) zones; and (iv) the very late stage typified by the illite‐sericite zone. In general, major elements (particularly Ca, Mg, Na and K) and some minor and rare earth elements decrease from the least altered rocks towards the late alteration zones as a consequence of the breakdown of Ca‐bearing hornblende, biotite and plagioclase. Chemical discrimination by means of millicationic R1‐R2 diagram indicates that R1 [4Si − 11(Na + K) − 2(Fe + Ti)] increases while R2[6Ca + 2Mg + Al] decreases with increasing alteration intensity, from least‐altered, through early, transitional, to late alteration zones. Rare earth elements‐chondrite (C1) normalised patterns also exhibit the depletion of the elements through the subsequent alteration zones. These results are consistent with the elemental mass balance calculation using the isocon method which shows that the degree of mass and volume depletion systematically increases during alteration. A decrease of the elements as well as mass and volume from early, through transitional to late alteration stages may imply a general decrease of the element activities in hydrothermal fluids during the formation of the alteration zones.
Geochemical Characteristics of Intrusive Rocks, Southeastern Mindanao, Philippines: Implication to Metallogenesis of Porphyry Copper‐gold Deposits
Authors: Suerte Leilanie Osano , Imai Akira , Nishihara Sho 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper describes petrologic and geochemical characteristics of intrusive rocks associated with porphyry copper deposits in south‐eastern Mindanao, the Philippines, where the Kingking deposit is located. Intrusive rocks at the Kingking deposit, are classified into biotite‐bearing diorite porphyry, hornblende diorite porphyry and diorite porphyry. Intrusive rocks in other areas in south‐eastern Mindanao, including Batoto, Bukal, Maragusan, Masara, Amacan and Sumlog, are hornblende diorite porphyry and hornblende quartz diorite. They are adakitic in Sr/Y‐Y diagram, but not in La/Yb‐Yb diagram due to relatively low REE contents. The magmas are oxidizing as suggested by the high XMg of mafic silicate phenocrysts and SO3 contents of microphenocrystic apatite. An Oligocene‐Miocene diorite intrusive complex formed by calc‐alkaline, hydrous, oxidizing magma is considered to be associated with porphyry‐type copper‐gold mineralization.
A Preliminary Study on Skarn‐Related Calc‐silicate Rocks Associated with the Batu Hijau Porphyry Copper‐Gold Deposit, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia
Authors: Idrus Arifudin , Kolb Jochen , Meyer F.Michael , Arif Johan , Setyandhaka Dudy , Kepli Syamsul 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBatu Hijau is a world‐class gold‐rich porphyry copper deposit, situated in Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. Deep drilling indicates that several intervals of calc‐silicate rock were intersected, where they are apparently interbedded with volcaniclastic rocks. The calc‐silicate rocks occur at the contact with copper‐gold‐bearing tonalite porphyries. The rocks are fine‐grained and granular with green, reddish‐brown and white layers. The green layers consist mostly of fine‐grained clinopyroxene (diopside and hedenbergite) and the reddish‐brown layers consist mostly of garnet (andradite), whereas the white layers are commonly composed of calcite and zeolite (chabazite). The calc‐silicate rocks were formed by contact metasomatism of andesitic volcaniclastic rocks, as it is calcic in composition. Paragenesis study reveals at least two stages of calc‐silicate mineralization. Stage 1 (prograde) is characterized by the presence of garnet (andradite), clinopyroxene (diopside and hedenbergite), anorthite and quartz at 340–360 C (high salinity 35–45 NaCl wt percentage eqn.). Stage 2 (retrograde) is characterized by chlorite and rare epidote at 280–300 C (low salinity 1–10 NaCl wt% eqn.). Late calcite ± quartz veinlets and calcite + chabazite veins/veinlets may also be related to this stage and cross cut the oldest mineral assemblages. Mineralization (magnetite, chalcopyrite and pyrite) may occur during the retrograde stage. Clinopyroxene and garnet were modified by Fe‐rich hydrothermal fluid (oxidizing condition) indicated by increase of Fe from core to rim of both the cogenetic minerals. The presence of the calc‐silicate rocks associated with massive magnetite‐chalcopyrite‐pyrite assemblage indicates the occurrence of calcic‐exoskarn surrounding the Batu Hijau porphyry copper‐gold deposit.
Alignment of transposed mandibular lateral incisor and canine using removable appliances
Authors: Canoglu E , Kocadereli I , Turgut MD 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to present the management of a rarely encountered transposition anomaly involving the mandibular permanent lateral incisor and the canine. In the literature, the treatment of this type of anomaly involves fixed orthodontic appliances. The treatment of the present case, however, was performed with removable appliances. Transposition of the permanent mandibular right lateral incisor and the permanent mandibular right canine was detected in a 12 year old girl. The primary mandibular right canine was extracted to enable the distal movement of the permanent lateral incisor by the eruption force of the permanent canine. The transposed teeth were then aligned in the arch by using removable appliances. The forms of the teeth were changed with each other with composite restorations.
Complete or ultraconservative removal of decayed tissue in unfilled teeth
Authors: Ricketts D , Kidd E , Innes NPT , Clarkson JE 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground:  The treatment of deep dental decay has traditionally involved removal of all the soft demineralized dentine before a filling is placed. However, this has been challenged in three groups of studies which involve sealing soft caries into the tooth. The three main groups either remove no caries and seal the decay into the tooth, remove minimal (ultraconservative) caries at the entrance to a cavity and seal the remaining caries in, or remove caries in stages over two visits some months apart to allow the pulp time to lay down reparative dentine (the stepwise excavation technique).Objectives:  To test the null hypothesis of no difference in the incidence of damage or disease of the nerve of the tooth (pulp), progression of decay and longevity of restorations irrespective of whether the removal of decay had been minimal (ultraconservative) or complete.Search strategy:  The Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched. The reference lists in relevant papers were checked.Selection criteria:  Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials comparing minimal (ultraconservative) caries removal with complete caries removal in unrestored permanent and deciduous teeth.Data collection and analysis:  Outcome measures recorded were exposure of the nerve of the tooth (pulp) during caries removal, patient experience of symptoms of pulpal inflammation or necrosis, progression of caries under the filling, time until the filling was lost or replaced. Due to the heterogeneity of the included studies the overall estimate of effect was calculated using a random‐effects model.Main results:  Four studies met the inclusion criteria; two stepwise excavation studies and two ultraconservative caries removal studies. Partial caries removal in symptomless, primary or permanent teeth reduces the risk of pulp exposure. We found no detriment to the patient in terms of pulpal symptoms in this procedure and no reported premature loss or deterioration of the restoration.Authors’ conclusions:  The results of this systematic review reject the null hypothesis of no difference in the incidence of damage or disease of the nerve of the tooth (pulp) irrespective of whether the removal of decay had been minimal (ultraconservative) or complete and accepts the null hypothesis of no difference in the progression of decay and longevity of restorations. However, the number of included studies is small and differ considerably.Partial caries removal is therefore preferable to complete caries removal in the deep lesion, in order to reduce the risk of carious exposure. However, there is insufficient evidence to know whether it is necessary to re‐enter and excavate further but studies that have not re‐entered do not report adverse consequences.
A hybrid Nano/CMOS dynamically reconfigurable system—Part II
Authors: Zhang Wei , Jha Niraj K. , Shang Li 
Published: August 2009

In Part I of this work, a hybrid nano/CMOS reconfigurable architecture, called NATURE, was described. It is composed of CMOS reconfigurable logic and interconnect fabric, and nonvolatile nano on-chip memory. Through its support for cycle-by-cycle runtime reconfiguration and a highly-efficient computation model, temporal logic folding, NATURE improves logic density and area-delay product by more than an order of magnitude compared to existing CMOS-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). NATURE can be fabricated using mainstream photo-lithography fabrication techniques. Thus, it offers a currently commercially feasible architecture with high performance, superior logic density, and excellent runtime design flexibility.
In Part II of this work, we present an integrated design and optimization flow for NATURE, called NanoMap. Given an input design specified in register-transfer level (RTL) and/or gate-level VHDL, NanoMap optimizes and implements the design on NATURE through logic mapping, temporal clustering, temporal placement, and routing. As opposed to other design tools for traditional FPGAs, NanoMap supports and leverages temporal logic folding by integrating novel mapping techniques. It can automatically explore and identify the best temporal logic folding configuration, targeting area, delay or area-delay product optimization. A force-directed scheduling technique is used to optimize and balance resource usage across different folding cycles. By supporting logic folding, NanoMap can provide significant design flexibility in performing area-delay trade-offs under various user-specified constraints. We present details of the mapping procedure and results for different architectural instances. Experimental results demonstrate that NanoMap can judiciously trade off area and delay targeting different optimization goals, and effectively exploit the advantages of NATURE.
Part I of this work will appear in JETC Vol. 5, No. 4.
The internet of ideas
Authors: Crowcroft Jon 
Published: August 2009

As researchers we have a duty to communicate our ideas. As communications researchers, we are privileged to study the technology and phenomena that are so transforming human society. We seek to understand and enhance the very tools with which we can convey our contributions to human knowledge.
In Japan there is a mode of presentation called, Pecha Kucha, where speakers present 20 images for 20 seconds each, as a way to convey new experimental thoughts effectively. I am going to present 12 ideas, each one in that spirit. Rather than a retrospective of my work, or a vision for a possible future Internet Architectures, I want to engage in what I do in my daily work with graduate students, thinking of problems that need solving in existing communications systems, or simply new ways to build communications systems.
I do not expect more than one or two of these ideas to make it past first base, but there is value in learning how to apply one's critical faculties even when filtering out bad ideas. Metcalfe's law is that the value of the network is the square of the number of participants since each participant contributes new input for all other participants. In an Internet of ideas, then, this value is only achieved if we contribute our ideas freely.
Researchers censor ideas for various reasons, including that a new communications system must have a business case. The Internet itself (the Web, Facebook and Twitter) was created without any business case. Many startups end up in a business that is nothing to do with the one-pager or elevator pitch they presented to the venture capitalists. We have no business filtering out ideas except if they are simply bad.
So here are my twelve research elevator pitches.
Spatio-temporal compressive sensing and internet traffic matrices
Authors: Zhang Yin , Roughan Matthew , Willinger Walter , Qiu Lili 
Published: August 2009

Many basic network engineering tasks (e.g., traffic engineering, capacity planning, anomaly detection) rely heavily on the availability and accuracy of traffic matrices. However, in practice it is challenging to reliably measure traffic matrices. Missing values are common. This observation brings us into the realm of compressive sensing, a generic technique for dealing with missing values that exploits the presence of structure and redundancy in many real-world systems. Despite much recent progress made in compressive sensing, existing compressive-sensing solutions often perform poorly for traffic matrix interpolation, because real traffic matrices rarely satisfy the technical conditions required for these solutions.
To address this problem, we develop a novel spatio-temporal compressive sensing framework with two key components: (i) a new technique called Sparsity Regularized Matrix Factorization (SRMF) that leverages the sparse or low-rank nature of real-world traffic matrices and their spatio-temporal properties, and (ii) a mechanism for combining low-rank approximations with local interpolation procedures. We illustrate our new framework and demonstrate its superior performance in problems involving interpolation with real traffic matrices where we can successfully replace up to 98% of the values. Evaluation in applications such as network tomography, traffic prediction, and anomaly detection confirms the flexibility and effectiveness of our approach.
ROAR
Authors: Raiciu Costin , Huici Felipe , Handley Mark , Rosenblum David S. 
Published: August 2009

To search the web quickly, search engines partition the web index over many machines, and consult every partition when answering a query. To increase throughput, replicas are added for each of these machines. The key parameter of these algorithms is the trade-off between replication and partitioning: increasing the partitioning level improves query completion time since more servers handle the query, but may incur non-negligible startup costs for each sub-query. Finding the right operating point and adapting to it can significantly improve performance and reduce costs.
We introduce Rendezvous On a Ring (ROAR), a novel distributed algorithm that enables on-the-fly re-configuration of the partitioning level. ROAR can add and remove servers without stopping the system, cope with server failures, and provide good load-balancing even with a heterogeneous server pool. We demonstrate these claims using a privacy-preserving search application built upon ROAR.