bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PRACTICE OF PRICE STABILISATION.
Authors: DUCKHAM A. N. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.Agricultural price stabilisation schemes are no innovation thrown up to counter the effects of the 1930–1932 slump; further, neither economic unsoundness nor administrative failure prevents the replanting of a scheme that has wilted or died. Such schemes are forced upon Governments by the innate insecurity and poor capital resources of agriculture, bý the accelerated effect of scientific and technical advance on productive capacity and bý the repercussions of economic nationalism and government intervention.Agricultural price stabilisation may also help the industrial “producerconsumer” if it steadies agricultural purchasing power, if it. stimulates the farmer to greater efficiency, and if it ensures steadier food prices.Price stabilisation devices fall into four man classes:

Regulation of the volume of demand;
Redation of the volume of Supply;
Maintenance of prices (e.g.“price pegging”) by the trading, loan, stock‐holding or other, financial “shock‐absorbing” operations of a statutory or collictive body;
Fixing “statutory”, or official prices and con'ditions of sale and providing the necessary administrative machinery for enforcement.

Examples of the main types in each of these four groups are given and the peculiar difficulties (compared with industry) of price fixing in agriculture are outlined, viz., (a) adequate supply control, (b) variations in the quality and perishability of products, (c) poor capital and credit facilities of farmers, and (d) the small size but wide (geographical) scatter of typical farm enterprises and the resultant problems of administration, public relations and evasion.The types of difficulty, viz., (i) and (ii) errors in, forecasting supply and demand, (iii) evasion, (iv) over‐optimistic finance and stock‐holding policies; and (v) opposition of vested and disaffected interests, experienced in the practice of price stabilisation are then discussed and some of the fundamental problems which underly them‐(a) collective versus individual risk bearing; (b) elastic versus inelastic structure; (c) secrecy versus publicity; (d) equity between the constituent sections of an industry and the community are outlined.Some tentative conclusions, which might form the basis for a discussion on a list of “do's and don'ts” for the guidante of those ŕesporisible for the design and administration or agricultural price stabilisation schemes are then put forward.
AGRICULTURE AND NATIONAL DEFENCE.
Authors: ASHBY A. W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.When we consider the organisation of agriculture for national defence we are considering primarily ways and means of securing a food supply, and the profitableness of agriculture is considered only as contributing to the security and the economy of the supply.Food supplies must be secured, but without any unnecessary encroachment on supplies of man‐power for fighting or of man‐power or materials for implements and munitions of war. In securing food supplies we shall use external purchasing power and shipping not required for other purposes in order to save man‐power, and in order to make the best use of all resources.The comprehensive general strategy of food supplies will then include‐

Storage of foods for the first shock and for any subsequent period of pressure, with storage of some agricultural raw materials.
Previous arrangement of supply of substitute labour and of supply of horses and equipment for extended arable production.
Purchase of external supplies of foods as long as shipping and purchasing power is available, and so long as such purchase does not reduce necessary external supplies of other goods.
Immediate mobilisation of agriculture for defence purposes‐(1) Reduction of some classes of livestock, probably beef cattle, fattening pigs and some lowland sheep, with specialised flocks of poultry, consistent with the best possible utilisation of the slaughtered stock; (2) Directing the greatest possible amount of existing and prospective crops of grain and other things to direct human consumption; (3) Sowing food crops to the limits on the available arable land; (4) Breaking pastures and preparing for sowing, and sowing (all of course at the appropriate seasons or at the most appropriate season according to the circumstances) to the limits of anticipated supplies of work‐power, equipment, and seeds.

The problem of the correct use of agricultural resources in land, men and livestock for purposes of national defence can never be usefully considered except with reference to some anticipations as to the character and the possible duration of the “next war,” or except with reference to a general economic and industrial strategy. In any case the problem is not a simple one: it requires that all sorts of experience and specialised knowledge be brought to bear on its solution. It is not a problem which can be usefully approached with any casuistry: rather it calls for the greatest possible clarity and integrity of mind in those who may discuss it for the guidance of the nation. The most that one individual can do is to bring to bear on it his own general knowledge and experience and exercise his own critical abilities with the least possible prejudice.
Changes in Bird Abundance following Selective Logging on Seram, Indonesia
Authors: Marsden Stuart J. 
Published: August 2010

Timber concessions cover 90% of forest on some Indonesian islands, but the effects of logging on endemic‐rich island avifaunas are poorly known. I used a point count method to estimate population densities of Seram’s lowland birds in recently logged forest and in unlogged forest. Few bird species were excluded from logged forest, and several species were similarly common in the two habitats. Bird species diversity (the Shannon index) was, however, significantly lower in logged forest. The proportion of Seram’s species that declined after logging was comparable to that reported from species‐rich continental areas. There were also some similarities in the types of birds most affected. Species that were rare in unlogged forests were no more likely to decline after logging than were common ones. Although birds with small global ranges fared no worse than widespread species, several endemic forms were seriously affected. So many of the region’s taxa are endemic to single islands that logging concessions need to be examined at an individual island level and the presence or absence of endemic forms of susceptible genera considered.Cambios en la Abundancia de Aves Después de Tala Selectiva en Seram, IndonesiaCerca del 90% de los bosques en ciertas islas Indonesias están concesionados a compañías madereras, pero se conoce poco de los efectos de la tala sobre la avifauna rica en endemismos asociada a estas islas. Utilicé un método de conteo por puntos para estimar las densidades poblacionales de las aves de tierras bajas en Seram, en bosque talado recientemente y en bosque no talado. Pocas especies de aves fueron excluidas del bosque talado, y varias especies fueron similarmente comunes en los hábitats. Sin embargo, la diversidad de aves (mediante Índice de Shannon) fue significativamente menor en el bosque talado. La proporción de especies de Seram que declinaron después del talado fue comparable a la reportada para áreas continentales de alta riqueza de especies. También hubo similitud en el tipo de aves más afectadas. Las especies raras y comunes en bosques no talados tenían la misma posibilidad de declinar después del talado. Aunque las especies con pequeños rangos de distribución global no corrieron peor suerte que las especies de amplia distribución, hubo varias formas endémicas que fueron afectadas seriamente. Debido a que muchas taxa de la región son endémicas a una sola isla, las concesiones madereras deben ser examinadas a nivel individual, y se debe considerar la presencia o ausencia de formas endémicas.
Effects of Introduced Bullfrogs and Smallmouth Bass on Microhabitat Use, Growth, and Survival of Native Red‐Legged Frogs (Rana aurora)
Authors: Kiesecker Joseph M. , Blaustein Andrew R. 
Published: August 2010

We examined the direct and indirect effects of two introduced species, the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), on the microhabitat use, growth, development, and survival of larval and metamorphic red‐legged frogs (Rana aurora). In field enclosure experiments, tadpoles ofR. auroraaltered their microhabitat use in the presence of both species. The shift in microhabitat use byR. auroracorresponded to increased activity in adultR. catesbeiana. Time to metamorphosis increased and mass at metamorphosis decreased whenR. auroratadpoles were exposed to either larval or adultR. catesbeiana. In contrast, smallmouth bass alone had little effect on the growth and development ofR. aurora. In all experiments, survivorship ofR. aurorawas significantly affected only whenR. aurorawere exposed to the combined effects of bullfrog larvae and adults or bullfrog larvae and smallmouth bass. Thus, the interaction between stages (larval‐adult) or species (bullfrog–smallmouth bass) produced indirect effects that were greater than when each factor was considered separately. Efectos de la Introducción de la Rana toroRana catesbeianay el PezMicropterus dolomieuien el Uso del Microhabitat, Crecimiento y Supervivencia de la Rana patirojaRana aurora Examinamos los efectos directos e indirectos de dos especies introducidas; la rana toroRana catesbeianay el pezMicropterus dolomieuien el uso del microhabitat, crecimiento, desarrollo y supervivencia de la Rana patirojaRana auroraen estados larvales y metamórficos. En encierros experimentales de campo, los renacuajos deR. auroraalteraron el uso de su microhábitat en presencia de ambas especies. El cambio en uso de microhábitat porR. auroracorrespondió con un incremento en la actividad de adultos deR. catesbeiana. El tiempo de metamorfósis incrementó y la masa durante metamorfósis disminuyó cuando los renacuajos deR. aurorafueron expuestos tanto a larvas como adultos deR. catesbeiana. En contraste, la presencia de soloMicropterus dolomieuituvo poco efecto en el crecimiento y desarrollo deR. aurora. En todos los experimentos la supervivencia deR. aurorafue significativamente afectada solo cuandoR. auroraestuvo expuesta a los efectos combinados de larvas y adultos de la rana toro y el pez. Por lo tanto, la interacción entre estados (larval/adulto) o especies (rana toro/Micropterus) produjo efectos indirectos que fueron mayores que cuando cada factor se consideró por separado.
Edge‐Related Nest Predation in Clearcut and Groupcut Stands
Authors: King David I. , DeGraaf Richard M. , Griffin Curtice R. 
Published: August 2010

Edge‐related increases in nest predation rates have been reported in forest adjacent to clearcuts. Group selection is an uneven‐age silvicultural technique that may provide an alternative to clearcutting, but group selection creates more edge per unit area cut than does clearcutting. Thus, if edge‐related increases in nest predation exist in forest adjacent to groupcuts, group selection may potentially result in higher rates of edge‐related nest predation than does clearcutting. To test this, we deployed 80 artificial shrub nests baited with Zebra Finch (Poephila guttata) eggs in edge areas (0–5 m from edges) and interior areas (45–50 m from edges) adjacent to clearcuts and groupcuts. The probability of a nest being depredated was higher in edge areas than interior areas (p = 0.02) and was independent of nest concealment, nest height, or whether the nest was adjacent to a clearcut or a groupcut (p = 0.18). Thus, we conclude that forest edges created by groupcutting are associated with increased levels of nest predation in adjacent forest, that the magnitude of this edge effect is similar to increases in nest predation in forest adjacent to clearcuts, and therefore that the abandonment of clearcutting in favor of group selection cannot be justified on the basis of concerns about the welfare of mature, forest‐dwelling birds.Depredación de Nidos Relacionados con Bordes en Areas Taladas por Clareo y Tala en GrupoSe ha reportado un incremento en la tasa de depredación de nidos en relación con bordes adyacentes de áreas taladas por clareo. La selección de grupo es una técnica silvicultural con desbalance de edades que podría proveer una alternativa al clareo; sin embargo, la selección de grupos crea más borde por unidad de área cortada que el clareo. Por lo tanto, el incremento en la depredación de nidos con relación a bordes existe en bosques adyacentes a zonas de corte en grupos. La selección de grupos podría resultar potencialmente en tasas más altas de depredación de nidos relacionados con bordes que las zonas taladas por clareo. Para probar esto, distribuímos 80 nidos artificiales cebados con huevos de Pinzón cebra (Pheophila guttata) en áreas de borde (0–5 m del borde) e interiores (45–50 m del borde) adyacentes a áreas clareadas y taladas en grupo. La probabilidad de depredación de nidos fue mayor en áreas de borde que en los interiores (p = 0.02) y fue independiente del ocultamiento de los nidos, altura del nido, o si el nido estaba adyacente a un clareo o a un corte de grupo. (p = 0.18). Concluímos que los bordes en el bosque creados por corte en grupos están asociados con incrementos en los niveles de depredación de nidos en bosques adyacentes, que la magnitud del efecto de borde es similar a incrementos en depredación de nidos en bordes adyacentes a clareos y por lo tanto, que el abandono de corte por clareos en favor del corte por selección de grupos no puede ser justificado en base a las preocupaciones relacionadas con el bienestar de las aves que habitan bosques maduros.
Why Listing May Be Forever: Perspectives on Delisting under the U.S. Endangered Species Act
Authors: Doremus Holly , Pagel Joel E. 
Published: August 2010

Editor's note:The following section constitutes a collection of papers regarding various aspects of the U.S. Endangered Species Act. These papers—two “Essays,” four “Contributed Papers,” and one “Conservation in Practice”—were submitted independently but within a relatively short time span. Because they all deal with arguably the most important environmental law in the United States, it seems appropriate to collate them into a “Conservation Focus” to bring more attention to the topic. These papers collectively demonstrate the growing influence conservation scientists are having on policy and management issues and the increased reliance of government institutions on the science behind conservation actions.Abstract:In the more than 30 years that U.S. federal endangered species legislation has been in effect, listings of endangered species have far outpaced delistings. Although it has been used by both advocates and opponents of conservation to criticize the Endangered Species Act, this disparity is neither surprising nor necessarily indicative of failure of the law. Listing typically reflects the effect of ongoing human activity on the species. Delisting therefore requires ongoing protective measures, which under current law are often effectively provided only by the Endangered Species Act itself. Consequently, lengthy and perhaps permanent residence on the list should be expected for the majority of species. Our analysis of the law and review of the limited number of delistings to date leads us to three conclusions: (1) delisting requires evaluation of the regulatory protections that will remain after removal of the species from the protected list; (2) lack of effective protection against important causes of species decline means most species will remain on the list forever; and (3) delisting should be undertaken with caution because the negative consequences of erroneous delisting generally exceed those of erroneous retention on the protected list. Overall, we argue that the limited ability to delist species demonstrates the crucial importance of the Endangered Species Act for species protection.
Bird Species' Tolerance of Secondary Forest Habitats and Its Effects on Extinction
Authors: HARRIS GRANT M. , PIMM STUART L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:
Intense deforestation causes massive species losses. These losses occur because the habitats supplanting primary forest are inadequate to sustain viable populations of forest‐dependent species. Despite this, certain species do seem to persist within the secondary habitats that replace original forest. This implies that there is a special class of species that might survive the loss of primary forest. Such a result would significantly influence conservation plans and extinction predictions. We tested whether species that tolerate secondary habitats survive extensive habitat loss and whether the same degree of loss threatens species that are forest obligates. To identify purported “survivors,” we compared the remaining range sizes of endemic birds, their abundances, and their degree of extinction threat. We did this within the remaining Atlantic Forest of Brazil, a region extremely rich in endemics but with only approximately 10% of its forest remaining. We found no survivors. Habitat loss threatens forest‐obligate birds and those using secondary habitats equally.
Nimodipine, a New Calcium Antagonist, in the Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Gelmers H.J. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe prophylactic effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine was assessed in a double‐blind placebo controlled parallel design study in 60 patients. After a drug‐free interval of two weeks, placebo or nimodipine were given for 13 weeks each. The dose of nimodipine was 40 mg t.i.d. Ten patients (eight on placebo, two on nimodipine) withdrew because of therapeutic failure. In the 50 patients who completed the trial there was a significant beneficial effect in the nimodipine treated group, with regard to number of migraine attacks and duration during the last two months of treatment. Side effects were negligible.
“Daily” Common Migraine: Psychosocial Predictors of Outcomes of Medical Therapy
Authors: Featherstone Harvey J. , Beitman Bernard D. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISA group of 25 patients was treated with prophylactic medication for daily or near‐daily common migraine. Twelve patients (48%) improved on therapy while the remainder did not respond. Psychosocial factors were examined as they related to outcomes. The most important measured predictor of successful treatment was the perception by the patient that headaches were related to emotional stress; 92% of responders held this view compared to only 8% of nonresponders. Responders were also more likely to be divorced or never married and to seek psychotherapy than were nonresponders, most of whom were married and avoided psychotherapy. Patient age, sex, and perceived life stresses were unrelated to the results of treatment. It appears that patterns of responses to emotional stress are significant correlates of outcomes of prophylactic medical therapy.
Head Pain as a Result of Experimental Ischemic Exercise of the Temporalis Muscle
Authors: Myers Daniel E. , McCall W.D. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISReports indicate that ischemia relative to cranial muscle activity accompanies muscle contraction headache and jaw claudication. The purpose of this study was to experimentally create ischemia in exercising temporalis muscle in order to determine if this combination would produce head pain. Ten subjects were studied during each of three experimental conditions: temporalis muscle ischemia, rhythmic temporalis muscle exercise, and both ischemia and temporalis muscle exercise combined. Ischemia was produced by a scalp sphygmomanometer and verified by Doppler ultrasonic flowmetry of the superficial temporal artery. Temporalis muscle exercise was produced by gum chewing at 60 strokes/min using 30% of maximum electromyographic (EMG) activity. The time to onset of pain and the time to reach pain tolerance were measured. Pain, using either exercise or ischemia alone developed in a median time of 27 minutes and was seldom located in the temporal area. Pain, using both exercise and ischemia, developed in a median time of three minutes and was predominantly located in the temporal area. Both onset and tolerance times were shorter in the combined protocol when compared to ischemia or exercise alone (r<.001). Tenderness to palpation was observed in the temporal muscle following the combined procedure but not following the individual procedures. The results support the view that ischemic temporal muscle activity can produce head pain.
EEG Markers of Migraine in Children and Adults
Authors: Simon Richard H. , Zimmerman Andrew W. , Sanderson Paula , Tasman Allan 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISEEG markers of migraine in childhood were characterized using computer techniques for harmonic analysis of the EEG during photic stimulation. We examined values of coherence, power in the alpha range, response to photic stimulation and attenuation of power in the alpha range during photic driving. With these data, we were able to discriminate 12 of 13 children with migraine from age‐matched controls. We compared our results to previous data with adults and found many properties in the spectral analyses common to both children and adults, but also found a small set of properties unique to children.
Personality and Headache Type: a Controlled Study
Authors: Passchier J. , van der Helm‐Hylkema H. , Orlebeke J.F. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThis study tested several clinical hypotheses about personality traits of migraine and tension headache patients in a controlled design. Achievement motivation was found to be elevated in both headache groups. The tension headache patients also exhibited greater rigidity in comparison to the migraine group and the controls. In migraine patients, both traits were positively correlated with duration of headache attacks. When the two patient groups were combined, the headache patients had, in addition to raised achievement motivation and rigidity, more fear of failure and less impulsiveness than the controls. No evidence was found for higher prevalence of neuroticism and obsessive‐compulsive behavior in the headache groups. Neither migraine nor tension headache patients revealed an abnormal pattern of defense mechanisms. Generally, those traits related to aspects of performance were found to be more prevalent in headache patients than in controls.
Personality Factors in Classical Migraine and Tension Headache
Authors: Blaszczynski A.P. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe hypothesis that classical migraine and tension headache sufferers show a "specific headache personality" characterized by traits of obsessionality, neuroticism and repressed hostility was tested. A sample of fifteen classical migraine and fifteen tension headache sufferers selected without reference to treatment, was compared with fifteen non‐headache normal subjects and fifteen subjects suffering physical pain but of a non‐headache nature.Personality tests of obsessionality, neuroticism, anxiety and hostility were administered. Analyses of variance revealed that sufferers from headache and non‐headache physical pain had higher levels of neuroticism and repressed hostility than the non‐headache controls. No evidence for increased incidence of obsessionality was found in any group.It was concluded that the similarities between headache and non‐headache physical pain sufferers found on several of the personality indices suggested that traits frequently reported as characteristic of headache sufferers may be the result of a coping strategy for recurrent pain and not specific to headaches.