bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Persistence of Hydrogen Cyanide in Rabbit Burrows
Authors: Southern H. N. 
Published: September 2010

Experiments were carried out in an artificial rabbit burrow to test the persistence of concentrations of hydrogen cyanide. The gas was evolved from two kinds of trade powders (Cymag and Cyanogas), placed in a heap just inside the mouth of the burrow, which was then sealed in with earth. Samples of the mixture inside the burrow were withdrawn from various points along its length at stated intervals, and the concentrations of hydrogen cyanide determined by a rapid and easy method, which is described, and plotted against time.Data on the toxicity of hydrogen cyanide to rabbits are considered and the following critical points determined: 1 part in 1250 by volume (1 mg./l.) kills 50 % of rabbits in 1 min.; 1 part in 5400 (0.22 mg./l.) kills in 18 min.; and 1 part in 7500 (0.16 mg./l.) is at the threshold of toxicity. Collapse, which is probably the most important point from a practical point of view, occurs in about a third of these times.The persistence of HCN concentration resulting from the use of half an ounce (14.15 g.) of either Cymag or Cyanogas cannot be regarded as sufficient to guarantee good results.With a dose of 1 oz. (28.3 g.) in summer a concentration of 1 part in 1250 is maintained for 34 hr. (Cyanogas) and for 48 hr. (Cymag), and a concentration of 1 part in 5400 for about 80 hr. by both materials. This means that a concentration which will kill rabbits in 1 min. can be maintained over the second night after gassing by either substance, but Cyanogas must be applied late in the day.Under winter conditions a concentration of 1 part in 1250 is only reached by Cymag for a short period between 16 and 25 hr. after the start of the experiments; by Cyanogas not at all. On the other hand, a concentration of moderate toxicity (1 part in 5400) is maintained for about 120 hr. Probably a dose somewhat greater than 1 oz. would be an advantage in the winter.In summer the initial rise in concentration is immediate: in winter there is a delay of some 10–15 hr. before a good concentration is built up. Under these conditions it will be better to gas rabbit warrens early in the day, or alternatively to scatter the powder slightly.In general, the characteristic differences shown between Cymag and Cyanogas are due to the buffering effect produced on the evolution of hydrogen cyanide from Cymag by the increasing concentration in the surrounding air. Thus the curve has a typical flat‐topped form, contrasting with the very high peak, quickly rising and falling, produced by Cyanogas.Diffusion of the hydrogen cyanide down the burrow away from the source is very small in the summer (a sampling point 40 in. away from the source was consistently negative throughout the experiments), and only slightly more in the winter.
A Spinning‐Disk Sprayer for Applying Residual Insecticides
Authors: Parr H. C. M. , Busvine J. R. 
Published: September 2010

The apparatus consists essentially of a spinning disk which throws off liquid, applied to its centre, in the form of small droplets. These are of the same order of size (about 0.1–0.4 mm. diameter) as those produced by knapsack sprayers, but they are more uniform and consistent.The sprayer can be used to coat various surfaces, up to 1 ft. square, with deposits of insecticides in oil solution or in aqueous suspensions or emulsions. The deposits can be controlled and estimated with a fair degree of precision.Some rough samples of the spray clouds produced by a knapsack sprayer are recorded.
Phenology of the Littoral Forest of Sainte Luce, Southeastern Madagascar1
Authors: Bollen An , Donati Giuseppe 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTFrom January 2000 through December 2002, focal plant censuses were carried out to assess monthly leaf, flower, and ripe fruit presence for 423 individual plants (96 plant species, 39 families) within the littoral forest of Sainte Luce, Madagascar. Fruit‐on‐trail counts were conducted additionally in 2000 to allow comparison between both phenological methods. Despite low climatic seasonality and the absence of a dry season in the littoral forest, interannual phenological patterns were seasonal. Within year variability was present with clear periods of abundance and scarcity. All phenophases were highly intercorrelated and peaked from November through February. This was found in other humid Malagasy forests as well, while in dry Malagasy forests phenophases were separated in time perhaps due to the more seasonal climate. Temperature and day length seemed to influence all phenophases, the latter showing the strongest effect, while rainfall was only weekly associated with flushing and flowering. Differences in the presence of ripe fruits when comparing between sampling methods can be explained by the differential contribution of several life forms.
A Test of Seven Candidate Barcode Regions from the Plastome in Picea (Pinaceae)
Authors: Ran Jin‐Hua , Wang Pei‐Pei , Zhao Hui‐Juan , Wang Xiao‐Quan 
Published: September 2010

Abstract DNA barcoding, as a tool for species discrimination, has been used efficiently in animals, algae and fungi, but there are still debates on which DNA region(s) can be used as the standard barcode(s) for land plants. Gymnosperms, especially conifers, are important components of forests, and there is an urgent need for them to be identified through DNA barcoding because of their high frequency of collection in the field. However, the feasibility of DNA barcoding in gymnosperms has not been examined based on a dense species sampling. Here we selected seven candidate DNA barcodes from the plastome (matK, rbcL, rpoB, rpoC1, atpF‐atpH, psbA‐trnH, and psbK‐psbI) to evaluate their suitability in Picea (spruce). The results showed that none of them or their different combinations has sufficient resolution for spruce species, although matK+rbcL might be used as a two‐locus barcode. The low efficiency of these candidate barcodes in Picea might be caused by the paternal inheritance of the chloroplast genome, long generation time, recent radiation, and frequent inter‐specific hybridization aided by wind pollination. Some of these factors could also be responsible for the difficulties in barcoding other plant groups. Furthermore, the potential of the nuclear LEAFY gene as a land plant barcode was discussed.
Implant dentistry in Australian undergraduate dental curricula: knowledge and competencies for the graduating dentist#
Authors: Mattheos N , Ivanovski S , Sambrook P , Klineberg I 
Published: September 2010

AimsThe aim of this paper is to define the key competencies (knowledge, skills, attitudes and values) in the field of implant dentistry, necessary for graduating general practitioners in Australia. The authors have produced a headline reference guide to outline the necessary educational outcomes which can be targeted by the undergraduate curricula in dental schools of Australian universities. This paper focuses on competencies and aims to clarify curricula ‘endpoints’ rather than processes. The process towards achieving these outcomes and the instructional methods and strategies might vary among universities. The authors acknowledge that there are different ways to reach the targeted learning outcomes and that there is a diversity of curricular approaches, structures and methodologies among Australian dental schools, which are enriching and desirable educationally. Specific educational strategies also with regards to the teaching of implant dentistry have been addressed in previous work and will not be covered in this paper. This paper will not address extracurricular courses, special degrees or training after graduation.
Usefulness of transient elastography for assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B: Regression of liver stiffness during entecavir therapy
Authors: Enomoto Masaru , Mori Mami , Ogawa Tomohiro , Fujii Hideki , Kobayashi Sawako , Iwai Shuji , Morikawa Hiroyasu , Tamori Akihiro , Sakaguchi Hiroki , Sawada Ayumi , Takeda Setsuko , Habu Daiki , Shiomi Susumu , Kawada Norifumi 
Published: September 2010

Aim:  The usefulness of transient elastography remains to be validated in chronic hepatitis B, particularly as a tool for monitoring the degree of liver fibrosis during treatment.Methods:  The subjects were 50 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Liver biopsy was performed in 38 patients, and in 12 patients with platelet counts of 50 × 109/L or less, cirrhosis was clinically diagnosed on the basis of specific signs of portal hypertension. Liver stiffness was measured by transient elastography at baseline and after 12 months of treatment in 20 nucleos(t)ide‐naïve patients who started entecavir within 3 months after study entry.Results:  Twenty (40%) patients were classified as F1, 10 (20%) as F2, 5 (10%) as F3, and 15 (30%) as F4 (cirrhosis). Median liver stiffness (interquartile range) was 7.0 kPa (5.6–9.4), 9.8 kPa (5.6–14.7), 9.8 kPa (7.6–12.9), and 17.3 kPa (8.2–27.6) in fibrosis stages F1 to F4, respectively. Liver stiffness significantly correlated with fibrosis stage (r = 0.46; P = 0.0014). Of the patients who started entecavir, median liver stiffness significantly decreased from 11.2 kPa (7.0–15.2) to 7.8 kPa (5.1–11.9; P = 0.0090) during 12 months of treatment. Median levels of amino‐terminal peptide of type III procollagen and type IV collagen 7S domain in serum significantly decreased from 0.9 (0.6–1.3) to 0.6 (0.5–0.7) U/mL (P = 0.0010) and from 5.0 (4.4–6.7) to 3.9 (3.2–4.4) ng/mL (P = 0.015), respectively.Conclusion:  Liver stiffness measurement can be useful for monitoring regression of liver fibrosis during entecavir treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
Expression profile of lipid metabolism‐associated genes in hepatitis C virus‐infected human liver
Authors: Fujino Tatsuya , Nakamuta Makoto , Yada Ryoko , Aoyagi Yoko , Yasutake Kenichiro , Kohjima Motoyuki , Fukuizumi Kunitaka , Yoshimoto Tsuyoshi , Harada Naohiko , Yada Masayoshi , Kato Masaki , Kotoh Kazuhiro , Taketomi Akinobu , Maehara Yoshihiko , Nakashima Manabu , Enjoji Munechika 
Published: September 2010

Aim:  Recent studies have shown that lipid metabolic pathways are required for the entry, replication and secretion of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Although little is known about the life cycle of HCV in humans, the activation of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis may be critical for HCV proliferation.Methods:  We assessed the transcription levels of genes essential for cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in liver samples obtained from patients with chronic hepatitis C and determined their correlations. The serum levels of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and HCV core antigen were also measured.Results:  The gene expression of the LDL receptor (LDLR) was suppressed, whereas that of SREBP1c, liver X receptor‐α (LXRα), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and HMG‐CoA reductase and synthase (HMGR and HMGS) was significantly increased, and SREBP2 transcription was comparable in HCV‐infected liver compared with normal liver. Positive correlations were found for LDLR versus HMGR, HMGR versus SREBP1c, and LDLR versus SREBP2 in the HCV‐infected and control liver. Although the LXRα–SREBP1c–FASN pathway was upregulated, proteasome activator 28γ (PA28γ) was downregulated at the transcriptional level in HCV‐infected liver, and was not significantly correlated with the other genes examined. The serum LDL cholesterol level was negatively correlated with LDLR and HMGR expression.Conclusion:  These results suggest that, in HCV‐infected liver, the cholesterol load increases and cholesterol uptake is controlled, while de novo cholesterol synthesis is upregulated compared with the normal physiological state. The positive correlations in the expression levels of some cholesterol metabolism‐associated genes indicate that not all of the metabolic pathways are dysregulated in HCV‐infected liver.
Serious adverse events after spinal manipulation: a systematic review of the Korean literature
Authors: Shin Byung‐Cheul , Lee Myeong Soo , Park Tae‐Yong , Ernst Edzard 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this systematic review was to summarise adverse effects after spinal manipulation reported in the South Korean literature. The Korean literature was searched for relevant articles. Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. They reported a total of 18 cases. In most instances, the patient made a full recovery. The implicated treatment was frequently a spinal manipulation technique that is an integral part of traditional Korean medicine. It is concluded that adverse effects after spinal manipulation are not specific to chiropractic but occur with most types of spinal manipulation. Incidence figures can, however, not be derived from the data available to date.
Encouraging results for herbal treatment of acute bronchitis in children and adolescents
Authors: Huntley AL , Kamin W 
Published: September 2010

Kamin W, Maydannik V, Malek FA, Kieser M. Efficacy and tolerability of EPs 7630 in children and adolescents with acute bronchitis: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled multicenter trial with a herbal drug preparation from Pelargonium sidoides roots. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 48: 184–91.
Pilot study of ‘Feiji recipe’ in conjunction with chemotherapy on QoL in non‐small cell lung cancer patients. Larger controlled clinical trials are necessary to determine whether the Feiji recipe benefits overall non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Wesa K , Cassileth BR 
Published: September 2010

Jian‐Hui Tian, Ling‐Shuang Liu, Zhi‐Ming Shi and Zhi‐Yi Zhou. A randomized controlled pilot trial of ‘Feiji recipe’ on quality of life on non‐small cell lung cancer patients. Am J Chin Med 2010; 38: 15–25.
Hypericum extract worse than placebo in a trial in irritable bowel syndrome patients
Authors: Linde K 
Published: September 2010

Saito YA, Rey E, Almazar‐Elder AE, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR, Talley NJ. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of St John’s wort for treating irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 170–7.
Homeopathic placebos
Authors: Ernst E , Lüdtke R , Nuhn T , Geraedts M 
Published: September 2010

Nuhn T, Lüdtke R, Geraedts M. Placebo effect sizes in homeopathic compared to conventional drugs – a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Homeopathy 2010; 99: 76–82.
Why would laser acupuncture improve menopausal symptoms?
Authors: Stener‐Victorin E , Komesaroff PA , O'Brien KA , Varigos E 
Published: September 2010

O'Brien KA, Varigos E, Black C, Komesaroff PA. Laser acupuncture does not improve menopausal symptoms. Menopause 2010; 17: 636–41.
Spa therapy for knee osteoarthritis – a fair test?
Authors: Pittler MH , Bosson JL 
Published: September 2010

Forestier R, Desfour H, Tessier JM, Françon A, Foote AM, Genty C, Rolland C, Roques CF, Bosson JL. Spa therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a large randomised multicentre trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69: 660–5.
Geometrically rational real conic bundles and very transitive actions
Authors: Blanc Jérémy , Mangolte Frédéric 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this article we study the transitivity of the group of automorphisms of real algebraic surfaces. We characterize real algebraic surfaces with very transitive automorphism groups. We give applications to the classification of real algebraic models of compact surfaces: these applications yield new insight into the geometry of the real locus, proving several surprising facts on this geometry. This geometry can be thought of as a half-way point between the biregular and birational geometries.
Microbial Communities and Functional Genes Associated with Soil Arsenic Contamination and the Rhizosphere of the Arsenic-Hyperaccumulating Plant
Pteris vittata
L
Authors: Xiong Jinbo , Wu Liyou , Tu Shuxin , Van Nostrand Joy D. , He Zhili , Zhou Jizhong , Wang Gejiao 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

To understand how microbial communities and functional genes respond to arsenic contamination in the rhizosphere of
Pteris vittata
, five soil samples with different arsenic contamination levels were collected from the rhizosphere of
P. vittata
and nonrhizosphere areas and investigated by Biolog, geochemical, and functional gene microarray (GeoChip 3.0) analyses. Biolog analysis revealed that the uncontaminated soil harbored the greatest diversity of sole-carbon utilization abilities and that arsenic contamination decreased the metabolic diversity, while rhizosphere soils had higher metabolic diversities than did the nonrhizosphere soils. GeoChip 3.0 analysis showed low proportions of overlapping genes across the five soil samples (16.52% to 45.75%). The uncontaminated soil had a higher heterogeneity and more unique genes (48.09%) than did the arsenic-contaminated soils. Arsenic resistance, sulfur reduction, phosphorus utilization, and denitrification genes were remarkably distinct between
P. vittata
rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils, which provides evidence for a strong linkage among the level of arsenic contamination, the rhizosphere, and the functional gene distribution. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that arsenic is the main driver in reducing the soil functional gene diversity; however, organic matter and phosphorus also have significant effects on the soil microbial community structure. The results implied that rhizobacteria play an important role during soil arsenic uptake and hyperaccumulation processes of
P. vittata
.
Insights into the Functionality of the Putative Residues Involved in Enterocin AS-48 Maturation
Authors: Cebrián Rubén , Maqueda Mercedes , Neira José Luis , Valdivia Eva , Martínez-Bueno Manuel , Montalbán-López Manuel 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

AS-48 is a 70-residue, α-helical, cationic bacteriocin produced by
Enterococcus faecalis
and is very singular in its circular structure and its broad antibacterial spectrum. The AS-48 preprotein consists of an N-terminal signal peptide (SP) (35 residues) followed by a proprotein moiety that undergoes posttranslational modifications to yield the mature and active circular protein. For the study of the specificity of the region of AS-48 that is responsible for maturation, three single mutants have been generated by site-directed mutagenesis in the
as-48A
structural gene. The substitutions were made just in the residues that are thought to constitute a recognition site for the SP cleavage enzyme (His-1, Met1) and in those involved in circularization (Met1, Trp70). Each derivative was expressed in the enterococcal JH2-2 strain containing the necessary native biosynthetic machinery for enterocin production. The importance of these derivatives in AS-48 processing has been evaluated on the basis of the production and structural characterization of the corresponding derivatives. Notably, only two of them (Trp70Ala and Met1Ala derivatives) could be purified in different forms and amounts and are characterized for their bactericidal activity and secondary structure. We could not detect any production of AS-48 in JH2-2(pAM401-81

His-1Ile

) by using the conventional chromatographic techniques, despite the high efficiency of the culture conditions applied to produce this enterocin. Our results underline the different important roles of the mutated residues in (i) the elimination of the SP, (ii) the production levels and antibacterial activity of the mature proteins, and (iii) protein circularization. Moreover, our findings suggest that His-1 is critically involved in cleavage site recognition, its substitution being responsible for the blockage of processing, thereby hampering the production of the specific protein in the cellular culture supernatant.
Expression of Active Recombinant Human Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator by UsingIn VivoPolyhydroxybutyrate Granule Display
Authors: Geng Yanping , Wang Shengjun , Qi Qingsheng 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTRecombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (rPA) is a truncated version of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which contains nine disulfide bonds and is prone to forming inactive inclusion bodies when expressed in bacteria. To obtain functional rPA expression, we displayed the rPA on the surface of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules using phasin as the affinity tag. rPA was fused to the N terminus of the phasin protein with a thrombin cleavage site as the linker. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblot analysis showed that rPA fusion was successfully displayed on the surface of PHB granules. An activity assay indicated that the rPA fusion is active. Thein vivosurface display strategy for functional rPA expression inEscherichia coliis distinct for its efficient folding and easier purification and may be expanded to the expression of other eukaryotic proteins with complex conformation.
Interaction of
Bacillus thuringiensis
Vegetative Insecticidal Protein with Ribosomal S2 Protein Triggers Larvicidal Activity in
Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Singh Gatikrushna , Sachdev Bindiya , Sharma Nathilal , Seth Rakesh , Bhatnagar Raj K. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Vegetative insecticidal protein (Vip3A) is synthesized as an extracellular insecticidal toxin by certain strains of
Bacillus thuringiensis
. Vip3A is active against several lepidopteran pests of crops. Polyphagous pest,
Spodoptera frugiperda
, and its cell line Sf21 are sensitive for lyses to Vip3A. Screening of cDNA library prepared from Sf21 cells through yeast two-hybrid system with Vip3A as bait identified ribosomal protein S2 as a toxicity-mediating interacting partner protein. The Vip3A-ribosomal-S2 protein interaction was validated by
in vitro
pulldown assays and by RNA interference-induced knockdown experiments. Knockdown of expression of S2 protein in Sf21 cells resulted in reduced toxicity of the Vip3A protein. These observations were further extended to adult fifth-instar larvae of
Spodoptera litura
. Knockdown of S2 expression by injecting corresponding double-stranded RNA resulted in reduced mortality of larvae to Vip3A toxin. Intracellular visualization of S2 protein and Vip3A through confocal microscopy revealed their interaction and localization in cytoplasm and surface of Sf21 cells.
Screening for Antifungal Peptides and Their Modes of Action in
Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Mania Daniel , Hilpert Kai , Ruden Serge , Fischer Reinhard , Takeshita Norio 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Many short cationic peptides have been identified as potent antimicrobial agents, but their modes of action are not well understood. Peptide synthesis on cellulose membranes has resulted in the generation of peptide libraries, while high-throughput assays have been developed to test their antibacterial activities. In this paper a microtiter plate-based screening method for fungi has been developed and used to test nine antibacterial peptides against the model fungus
Aspergillus nidulans
. Microscopical studies using sublethal peptide concentrations caused defects in polarized growth, including increased branch formation and depolarized hyphae. We characterized the mode of action for one of our target peptides, Sub5 (12 amino acids), which has already been shown to possess pharmacological potential as an antibacterial agent and is able to interact with ATP and ATP-dependent enzymes. The MIC for
A. nidulans
is 2 μg/ml, which is in the same range as the MICs reported for bacteria. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Sub5 targeted the cytoplasmic membrane, particularly hyphal tips, and entered the cytoplasm after prolonged exposure, independent of endocytosis. Interestingly, Sub5 peptide treatment disturbed sterol-rich membrane domains, important for tip growth, at hyphal tips. A very similar peptide, FITC-P7, also accumulated on the cell membrane but did not have antibacterial or antifungal activity, suggesting that the cytoplasmic membrane is a first target for the Sub5 peptide; however, the antifungal activity seems to be correlated with the ability to enter the cytoplasm, where the peptides might act on other targets.