bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abreaction
Authors: Peebles Mary Jo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn mental health, abreaction has come to mean an intense emotional release or discharge in an involuntary, vivid, sensory reliving or re‐experiencing, of an event that was originally neurobiologically overwhelming (i.e., “traumatic”) and thus could not be remembered (or forgotten) in normal ways. Abreaction has its origins in psychoanalytic theory, but because it taps essential principles of emotional functioning, memory, and mind‐body interaction, aspects of it are blended into diverse modalities across theoretical orientations. Originally, abreaction was viewed as curative in itself, believed to be healing through the discharging of excessive, dysregulating emotions thought to be the cause of dysfunctional symptoms.
Academic Achievement
Authors: Schunk Dale H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Academic achievement has been an important societal topic for many years. In the years following World War II, schools educated increasing numbers of students. To optimize achievement, teachers geared their lessons to students' ability levels. The advent of the space age further elevated the importance of achievement, especially in mathematics and science. In the 1960s there was greater emphasis on disadvantaged children and on making school more relevant and less threatening. But declining achievement by the 1970s produced higher standards and greater accountability. The publication of
A Nation at Risk
(National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983) led educators to improve teaching quality, curriculum requirements, and achievement standards.
Acquired Drives
Authors: Kimble Gregory A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
One of the raging controversies in the history of psychology once centered on the aspect of the nature‐nurture issue, which asks whether motives are inborn or learned. Some psychologists, of whom William McDougall was the most important, took the instinctivist position that motives are inborn, unlearned, universal within species, and—at least to a degree—continuous between species. Other psychologists, for whom John B. Watkins was the most important spokesman, argued that motives are acquired through learning and therefore differ from individual to individual, culture to culture, and species to species. As occurred generally with the nature‐nurture issue, the intensity of this controversy has lessened with time. It is now clear that all motives are a joint product of biological and environmental forces. If the question is asked at all, it is in terms of the relative importance of these two contributions.
Action Selection
Authors: Proctor Robert W. , Vu Kim‐Phuong L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAction selection, also known as response selection, refers to how people determine specific actions to perform and, as studied in choice‐reaction tasks, to processes involved in deciding which response to make to a presented stimulus. Action selection is considered to be distinct from perception and from the processes involved in the execution of movements to carry out the actions. F. C. Donders (1868/1969) was among the earliest researchers to study action selection in his investigations of the temporal properties of information processing. Recent years have witnessed an expansion of interest in action‐selection phenomena, since the linking of perception and cognition to action is fundamental to all behavior.
Adjustment Disorder
Authors: Kelly Francis D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When individuals, regardless of their age, are subjected to a significant psychosocial stressor, two possible outcomes are likely—in one instance the person is not significantly affected by the stressor and proceeds on with their life without indication of perceptible problem. In the other possible scenario, the individual experiences a negative reaction to the stressor. Herein, at some point the person begins to exhibit behavioral, mood, or emotional symptoms, the person is then described as manifesting an adjustment disorder, and there is then the need to initiate change in order to restore even functioning. It is important to emphasize that adjustment disorders differ from acute stress disorders in that the latter represent reactions to extraordinary traumatic stressors (i.e., life‐threatening events).
Admissibility of Expert Testimony
Authors: Shapiro David L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The first test for the admissibility of expert testimony occurred in 1923 in a case entitled
Frye v. United States
(293 F 1013, 1923). Although this case dealt with the admissibility of the polygraph in court, it has been used in a much wider context to decide the admissibility of any proffered or proposed expert testimony. It is described as a general acceptability theory. That is, if the theory, methodology, or conclusion that is being “proffered” or offered as expert testimony is “generally accepted” within the relevant scientific field, it is deemed to meet the criteria for acceptability. Reliability, in other words, is determined by general acceptability. One of the problems with the
Frye
standard is that it did not define what “generally acceptable” meant. Subsequent commentary by various legal scholars has described general acceptability as referring to acceptance by “a substantial majority of the relevant scientific discipline,” but once again the term “substantial majority” was not defined. In a similar manner, the “relevant scientific discipline” was not well‐defined either.
Adulthood and Aging
Authors: Charles Susan T. , Piazza Jennifer R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPeople are inherently social beings. Although this need for social relationships is observed in people of all ages, the structure and relative importance placed on various members of the social network changes across the lifespan. The convoy model of social relations discusses both the stability and changes that occur in social network composition over time. According to the convoy model, an individual moves through life embedded within a network of people who provide aid, assistance, and support, as well as serve as a secure attachment base from which the individual may explore his or her world. The size of this network is posited to change predictably across the lifespan to reflect shifting social roles and family composition. These changes follow a curvilinear pattern, with numbers of close relationships lowest in early childhood, increasing throughout early and middle adulthood, and then decreasing in later adulthood (see review by Antonucci, Akiyama, & Takahashi, 2004).
Age Regression
Authors: Brink Nicholas E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Age regression, as a clinical hypnotic technique, leads clients in trance back through time to re‐experience past events from their lives. Clinically, hypnotic age regression has been useful in uncovering information important to therapy. Classically, this technique has been used to uncover earlier traumatic experiences with the belief that the catharsis of reliving the experience is healing. Other therapies such as psychoanalysis also find the examination of earlier life experiences useful, but when hypnotic age regression is used, the emotions of the experience can be relived more vividly and efficiently.
Agoraphobia
Authors: Mccabe Randi E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Although the Greek word agoraphobia means fear of large open spaces, our current conceptualization of agoraphobia is far more situationally encompassing. The term was introduced by Westphal in 1871 in a case series of four men who presented with fears of large open spaces (Boyd & Crump, 1991). In the fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's (APA)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(APA, 2000) agoraphobia is defined as anxiety about, or avoidance of, situations where help may not be available or where it may be difficult or embarrassing to escape the situation in the event of panic‐like symptoms or a full‐blown panic attack. Patterns of agoraphobic avoidance are variable with levels of avoidance ranging from just a few situations to an extensive range of situations. Commonly feared situations are listed in Table 1.
A
llport,
G
ordon
W
illard (1897–1967)
Authors: Vernon Philip E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gordon Willard Allport grew up in the Midwest and earned his bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees (1922) at Harvard University. His Ph.D. thesis foreshadowed his life's work, because it dealt with the psychology of personality and assessment. For two years he traveled and studied in Turkey, Germany, and England. He returned to Harvard to serve as an instructor from 1924 to 1926; he was then appointed Assistant Professor of Psychology at Dartmouth College in 1927. He came back to Harvard in 1930 and remained on the Harvard faculty until his retirement, serving for several years as chairman of the psychology department. He was president of the American Psychological Association in 1939 and received numerous honorary doctorates. His outstanding position in the psychology of personality attracted many students who have held posts of distinction in American and other universities.
Allport‐Vernon Study of Values
Authors: Oles Piotr K. , Hermans Hubert J. M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Allport‐Vernon Study of Values (SOV) is one of the earliest, theoretically well‐grounded questionnaires measuring personal values on the basis of declared behavioral preferences. The SOV was first published in 1931 by G. W. Allport and P. E. Vernon (1931) and later revised in 1970 by Allport, Vernon, and G. Lindzey (1970). It is a psychological tool designed to measure personal preferences of six types of values: theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, and religious. The method is rooted in a philosophy of values by E. Spranger, who postulated six ideal types of people corresponding to their most important and general beliefs, ways of thinking, and preferred patterns of living. Each one is oriented toward a basic value: (1) Theoretical: truth; (2) Economic: usefulness; (3) Aesthetic: harmony and beauty; (4) Social: love for people; (5) Political: power and leadership; (6) Religious: unity or moral excellence. The idea was developed by G. W. Allport (1961), who argued that personal philosophy of life related to values is a core feature of personality implying direction of motivation, future goals, and current choices.
Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Greenaway Melanie , Levey Allan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, affecting memory, intellectual functions, and behavior. The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is increasing with the growing percentage of the population over age 65. Two to three percent of those aged 65–69 have AD. This percentage doubles every five years until almost 1 out of 2 or 3 individuals over the age of 85 are reported to have AD (Kukull et al., 2002). Approximately 14–16 million persons are expected to have AD in the United States alone by mid‐century.
Ambulatory Assessment
Authors: Westmeyer Hans 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAmbulatory assessment can be defined as the use of computer‐assisted methodology for self‐reports, behavior records, or physiological measurements, while the assessee undergoes normal daily activities. Ambulatory assessment is characterized by the following features: the recording takes place in real‐life situations; computer‐assisted methodology is widely used; and the assessor attempts to minimize method‐dependent reactivity and strives to achieve a high degree of ecological validity. Ambulatory assessment has outstanding practical utility for various objectives such as monitoring and self‐monitoring, screening, classification and selection, clinical diagnosis, and evaluation. It can be applied in various areas of psychology and other behavioral sciences, and there already are many successful applications in psychophysiology, personality psychology, health psychology, and clinical psychology. For more detailed information see Fahrenberg and Myrtek (1996, 2001) or the Web site of the European Network for Ambulatory Assessment (http://www.ambulatory‐assessment.org).
American Board of Professional Psychology
Authors: Cox David R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP;
http://www.abpp.org
) was originally established as the American Board of Professional Examiners in Psychology (ABEPP) in 1947. This followed recognition by the American Psychological Association (APA) of a need for assessing competency in professional psychology (Brent, Packard, & Goldberg, 1999). APA provided some initial funding for the establishment of the ABPP. Brent et al. (1999) provide a thorough history of ABPP through the late 1990s, and they detail the organizational evolution of ABPP.
American Psychology‐Law Society
Authors: Crocker Caroline B. , Kovera Margaret Bull 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe American Psychology‐Law Society (APLS), which is Division 41 of the American Psychological Association (APA), is a professional organization dedicated to the advancement of scholarship, education, public service, and practice in the field of psychology and law. The Society was founded in 1969 by several APA members, including Eric Dreikurs and Jay Ziskin, who had specific interests in psychology and law. Ziskin became the first president of APLS. The goals of the original members included advancing the professional practice of psychology in the legal field, using research to improve the quality of psychological expert testimony to the courts, and developing a community for researchers interested in the application of psychological methods and theory to the legal context (Grisso, 1991; Fulero, 1999). Most of the original members of the Society were trained in clinical psychology and were academicians or clinical practitioners (Grisso, 1991). Early members of the Society were interested in issues such as expert testimony, competency to stand trial, the insanity defense, jury decision making, and eyewitness testimony (Fulero, 1999). APLS established a conference in 1974. These conferences began as biennial meetings and became annual meetings in 2002.
Amygdala
Authors: Rabinak Christine A. , Maren Stephen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe amygdala is a collection of anatomically and functionally distinct nuclei buried deep within the temporal lobes of the brain. It has long been appreciated that the amygdala has a critical role in emotion and emotional memory. For instance, work in the 1930s by Kluver and Bucy revealed striking changes in the emotional responses of monkeys after temporal lobe lesions that included the amygdala (Kluver & Bucy, 1937). These changes in emotion were later shown to be reproduced by amygdala damage alone and linked to deficits in assigning emotional significance to biologically relevant stimuli (Weiskrantz, 1956). Indeed, humans with amygdala damage show similar deficits in emotional processing. For example, patient S.M., who has a rare illness that caused selective and complete bilateral damage to her amygdala, is impaired in recognizing facial expressions of emotion, particularly fear. Furthermore, when presented with fear‐inducing stimuli, such as a movie clip, S.M. is unable to produce normal emotional responses, although she can explain that most people would feel afraid when watching these clips (Adolphs et al., 1999). Consistent with this, normal subjects who view facial expressions of fear exhibit increased regional cerebral blood flow in the amygdala.
Analog Research Methods
Authors: Heyman Richard E. , Malik Jill , Smith Slep Amy M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Analog research measures phenomena of interest through an emulation of real‐life events. “Analog” is derived from the same root as “analogy”—an analog is like something else. What is measured or studied in analog research is a stand‐in for the actual behavior or phenomenon of interest.
Analysis of Covariance
Authors: Raykov Tenko 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is a statistical method that may be viewed as an extension of analysis of variance (ANOVA) when, in addition to one or more factors (discrete explanatory variables, typically group membership), it is required to account for possible differences due to a continuous variable(s), usually called covariate(s) or concomitant variable(s). The latter variable(s) co‐varies with a dependent variable under consideration (response, outcome), and it is of interest to examine whether group differences on the latter may be related to group differences on the covariate(s). Typically, a covariate is highly correlated with a response variable; that is, the covariate contains information about the response variable and therefore possibly also about group differences on the outcome measure(s). Empirical settings in which ANCOVA is appropriate usually have at least one categorical factor and one or more continuous covariates.
Analytical Psychology
Authors: Hopkins Burt 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Analytical Psychology is the name Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961) gave to his theoretical and methodological approach to the psychology of the unconscious, following his break with Freud and classical psychoanalysis in 1913. Unlike psychoanalysis, analytical psychology does not regard the structure of the unconscious as limited to contents that were initially a part of consciousness. Although not denying the psychoanalytic view that the unconscious includes contents that were once conscious, it holds that the unconscious also includes contents not yet capable of becoming conscious (i.e., symptoms) and contents incapable of ever becoming fully conscious (i.e., the symbolic manifestation of the archetypes of the collective unconscious).
A
nastasi,
A
nne (1908–2001)
Authors: Staff  
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Anne Anastasi is most closely associated with the development of differential psychology. She received her B.A. from Barnard and her Ph.D. from Columbia University, the latter at the age of 21. Although her long‐standing plan had been to specialize in mathematics, a course using Pillsbury's
Essentials of Psychology
as the text aroused her interest in differential psychology. Then a course with Harry L. Hollingworth and an article by Charles Spearman clinched matters, the latter convincing her that psychology and mathematics could be combined. Her Columbia professors included Henry E. Garret (her dissertation advisor), Albert T. Poffenberger, Carl J. Warden, and Robert S. Woodworth, as well as visiting professors Richard M. Elliot and Clark L. Hull. Through her husband, John P. Folely Jr., who majored in psychology at Indiana University, she was exposed to the ideas of J. Robert Kantor. To all these influences she attributed her generalist orientation and her firm commitment to psychology as an objective science.
Anger
Authors: DiGiuseppe Raymond A. , Tafrate Raymond Chip 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Aristotle, Seneca, Darwin, and Ekman, a modern emotion theorist, have considered anger as one of the basic human emotions. Psychologists often use the term anger interchangeably with other terms like aggression, hostility, hate, and irritability. This usage has led to many confusing definitions and theories of anger, as well as numerous misconceptions. The resulting confusion has impeded our efforts to integrate anger research findings into a viable understanding of anger. Anger is of great concern, because it often precedes aggression, conflict, and violence.
Anger Management
Authors: Novaco Raymond W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnger control has been a vexing issue that has been addressed in disparate ways by great thinkers across historical periods and by social scientists, clinicians, and community caretakers alike. It has been a societal agenda since classical philosophers grappled with the regulation of inner life and the enhancement of virtue. Anger is the prototype of the view of emotions as passions that seize the personality, disturb judgment, alter bodily conditions, and imperil behavior. While anger's troublesome facets and by‐products are generally acknowledged, its personal and social value remains. Humans are hard‐wired for anger because of its survival functions. There can be no sensible thoughts to negate it, much as the Stoics and the Victorians tried. Nevertheless, the aggression‐producing, harm‐doing capacity of anger is unmistakable, and so is its potential to adversely affect prudent thought, core relationships, work performance, and physical well‐being. These problem conditions, however, are not derivative of angerper se, but result instead from anger being dysregulated, that is, its activation, expression, and experience occurring without appropriate controls.
Animal Cognition
Authors: Capaldi E. J. , Martins Ana P. G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnimal cognition is a broad term that includes a diverse array of phenomena. Consider some examples. Can apes learn language? Are selective attention and rehearsal involved in learning and cognition? Do animals use tools? Do animals form categories? Can animals abstract rules embodied in a series of items? As a final example, can animals organize lower order items in a higher order chunk, as for example, humans do when organizing letters of the alphabet into a word?
Animal Learning and Behavior
Authors: Weiss Daniel J. , Chapman Kate 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The study of animal learning and behavior has a rich tradition within the field of psychology. While learning has many definitions across fields, a useful framework for animal learning is defining it as a process in which behaviors are modified as a result of experience, provided that the change in behavior cannot be attributed to innate response tendencies, rapid change of stimuli (Domjan, 2006), developmental maturation, or temporary state factors (such as fatigue; see Runyon, 1977).
Antabuse and Other Drugs for Treating Alcoholism
Authors: Kalat James W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Antabuse (disulfiram), a drug used as a supplementary therapy for alcoholism, was originally used in the manufacture of rubber. When the chemical got into the air in one factory and settled on the workers' skin, many developed dermatitis. If they inhaled it, they discovered that they could no longer tolerate alcohol. Beginning in the 1940s, therapists tried using the drug as a therapy for alcoholism, on the theory that alcoholics who drank alcohol after taking Antabuse would experience unpleasant effects and thereby learn an aversion to alcohol.
Anthropology
Authors: Walker Deward E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Anthropology is an outgrowth of the sixteenth‐, seventeenth‐, and eighteenth‐century European discoveries of the remains of ancient civilizations and fossil ancestors, as well as European encounters with contemporary cultures that differed greatly from those of Europe. The need to explain, understand, and deal with these discoveries as a means of better understanding their own cultures gave rise to anthropology as an academic and museum discipline. It was not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, however, that a coherent intellectual structure emerged for the discipline. In the United States Franz Boas, of Columbia University, helped combine four subfields into what we now see in most major United States university departments of anthropology: cultural anthropology, archaeology, anthropological linguistics, and physical (biological) anthropology. Together, research in these four subfields has achieved a broad coverage of human biological and cultural evolution in its study of the world's cultures, past and present, which is the most distinguishing feature of anthropology. The concept of culture has become the unifying theoretical framework that allows the subdisciplines of the field to interact in research and teaching.