bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden and Vicinity
Authors: Canavan William P. N. 
Published: June 2009

The Helminths herein reported are of importance because of their economic and taxonomic relations. To point this out, it is only necessary to mentionHaemonchus, whose relation to the Bovidae and Ovidae is equivalent to those ofNecatorandAncylostomato the human host.Some are well-known roundworms having a world-wide distribution as parasites of animals, and are listed only on account of locality and museum interest; others, especially certain rare forms from uncommon hosts, are of greater interest and are discussed more fully. Certain details, at one time thought not.to be necessary and hence neglected are added because to-day they are indispensable for specific designation.Because of the abundance of material, it has been possible to supplement accounts given by other authors and to correct some errors due, no doubt, to poor or too few specimens. Several changes in systematic position of known forms and confirmation of others are made.A new name (D. histrix) is proposed forDirofilaria subcutanea(Linstow, 1899) Boulenger, 1920.Eustrongylides larvae, of Ciurea, J. 1924, are included under the pre-adult stage of a new species (Eustrongylides wenrichi) because both are alike and their characters fit no other known species. New information is added aboutTrypanoxyuris trypanurisVevers, 1923, andCyrnea coloniCram, 1927, amending their descriptions.Descriptions and illustrations of seven new species in as many genera are given. They areAcuaria (Dispharynx) resticulafrom a groove-billed ani,Ascaridia petrensafrom a partridge,Dirofilaria spinosafrom a porcupine,Physaloptera multiuterifrom a monkey,Subulura pennulafrom a quail,Spironoura procerafrom a terrapin, and the above-mentioned pre-adultEustrongylides wenrichifrom a stream pike, brook-trout, calico bass, sunfish, and a frog.In all there are 162 determinations in 38 genera and 56 species, including new ones, from 150 hosts involving 117 different host species.Superparasitism and significant cases of parasitism are pointed out because they are of interest to one concerned with incidence and degree of infestation. Numerous records of new host-parasite relations and new localities will be of interest to students of distribution.
Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke,Fasciola hepaticaL.
Authors: Stephenson William 
Published: June 2009

1. Careful search has failed to disclose the presence of flame cells in the excretory system of the adult liver fluke.2. Fat globules are produced in the walls of the excretory system, and are freed into the lumen, and thus to the exterior.3. These globules do not contain appreciable quantities of cholesterol, cholesterides or lipins, but may contain some unsaturated fatty material.4. The aqueous medium in which the globules float is either neutral or slightly alkaline.5. The distribution of reduced ascorbic acid has been investigated by the silver nitrate technique. This indicates that the main concentration occurs in the smaller vessels of the excretory system, and in the submuscular tissues of the body wall.
Some microsporidia found in certain fishes and insects in eastern Canada
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie , Richardson L. R. 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of some Microsporidia found in certain fishes and insects in eastern Canada, among which are new species of Nosema, Perezia and Gurleya.Nosema pimephales n.sp. produces large cysts or tumours in the abdomen of Pimephales promelas, one out of a large number from Lake Guindon, Province of Quebec, being infected.Nosema branchiale Nemeczek has been observed from a cod, Gadus callarias. The organism is shown to be a Nosema, though the incomplete original description has caused doubts as to whether some other genus was involved. Further details are now given.Nosema apis Zander and N. bombi Fantham & Porter have been found in Canada in hive-bees and humble-bees respectively, the latter being recorded from a new host, Bombus vagans.Glugea hertwigi n.var. canadensis is described from Osmerus mordax from Lake Edward.Perezia aeschnae n.sp. has been found in nymphs of the large dragonfly, Aeschna grandis, collected near Montreal and is described and illustrated.Perezia legeri Paillot has been observed in larvae of Pieris brassicae.These appear to be the first records of Perezia from insects in North America, and the zoogeographical distribution of the genus is extended to the Odonata.Gurleya aeschnae n.sp, is described from a nymph of Aeschna grandis. It is the first species of Gurleya to be described from the Odonata and the first record of the genus from the North American continent.Thelohania corethrae Schuberg & Rodriguez is described from the larvae of Chaoborus flavicans. Measurements of the parasite, which were lacking in the original description, are now supplied.Thelohania bracteata from larvae of Simulium bracteatum and larvae and one adult S. venustum and Thelohania fibrata from larvae of Simulium venustum are recorded from places in the Province of Quebec. The need of reinvestigation of the species of Thelohania from various Simulium and the possibility of there being but one species, Thelohania varians Debaisieux, are indicated.Thelohania legeri Hesse is recorded as a parasite of larvae of Anopheles punctipennis in Quebec Province and of A. gambiae in Zululand. It is probably the most widely distributed species of Thelohania, occurring in Anophelines in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America.Some general remarks regarding zoogeographical distribution, habitat, host-specificity and possible origin of species and varieties in connexion with Gurleya, Perezia and Thelohania are presented.
An improved method of inoculating plants with virus for the study of local lesions
Authors: MacClement W. D. 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of an investigation of the causes of error in estimating virus concentrations by the local lesion method. The irregularities were found to be due to:(1) Variations in the response of (a) whole plants; (b) individual leaves.(2) Variations in the volume of liquid used.(3) Variations in the probability of the production of local lesions.(4) Variations in the percentage of leaf hairs broken during the inoculation process.An apparatus is described, the use of which reduces these irregularities to a minimum.
Observations on the natural enemies ofMeligethes aeneus(F.) andM. viridescens(F.) [Coleoptera: Nitidulidae]
Authors: Osborne Philip 
Published: June 2009

The recorded parasites and predators ofMeligethes aeneus(F.) andM. viridescens(F.) [Coleoptera: Nitidulidae] are given together with descriptions and illustrations, for the first time, of the post-embryonic stages of the hymenopterous parasitesDiospilus capito(Nees) [Braconidae],Isurgus heterocerus(Thoms.) [Ichneumonidae],Isurgussp. A, andCryptoserphus parvulus(Nees) [Proctotrupidae]. The egg and first instar ofThersilochussp. are described and figured, and a species ofZeteticontusmentioned. The antennae, propodea, and ovipositors of the two species ofIsurgusare compared and the ovipositors ofDiospilus capito, Isurgussp. A,I. heterocerusandThersilochussp. are illustrated.A protozoan (Gregarine), a larval mite and a nematode, none of which has been identified, are recorded inhabitingMeligethesadults.
Tetrahymena chironomisp.nov., a ciliate from midge larvae, and the current status of facultative parasitism in the genusTetrahymena
Authors: Corliss John O. 
Published: June 2009

A holotrichous ciliate found repeatedly in very large numbers in the body cavity of larval midges(Chironomus plumosus)from Paris and Berlin areas is described as a new species of the genusTetrahymena, namedT. chironomisp.nov. It appears to represent a true example of facultative parasitism, since parasites released from the host survive in laboratory cultures, and free-living ciliates believed identical have been isolated from fresh-water sources in nature. Over a 3-month period more than 2000 larvae, principally fourth-instar stages, were examined; about 9 % of these were found to be infected with ciliates.T. chironomiis the thirteenth species to be added to the growing holotrich hymenostome genusTetrahymena.It is taxonomically distinguishable from other members of the genus on the basis of a combination of characteristics related to its morphology and bionomics. It is one of the smallest species, has 24–27 ciliary meridians and a relatively large, spherical micronucleus, does not exhibit dimorphism or cystic stages in its life cycle, and does not possess a caudal cilium.
Trypanosomes and dactylosomes from the blood of fresh-water fish in East Africa
Authors: Baker J. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. Trypanosomes were found in the blood of thirty-five of seventy-two fish of five genera (chiefly Tilapia spp.) from Lakes Victoria and George, Uganda.2. The trypanosomes, which were never numerous in the blood, showed two morphological forms—small (22–44μ. long) and large (45–65μ). No significant differences were observed between the trypanosomes from the different species of fish, and all the trypanosomes seen are provisionally identified as Trypanosoma mukasai Hoare, 1932.3. Crithidia were found in the gut of a glossosiphoniid leech which had been removed from a fish; although suggestive, this cannot be taken as conclusive evidence that leeches of this family are vectors of T. mukasai.4. The taxonomy of the trypanosomes of African fresh-water fish is reviewed, and it is concluded that only the following species should be regarded as valid at present: T. toddi Bouet, 1909, T. mukasai Hoare, 1932, and T. tobeyi Dias, 1952.5. Dactylosoma mariae Hoare, 1930, was found in the blood of thirty-six of the seventy-two fish examined. Merozoites, schizonts and gametocytes of this small unpigmented parasite were observed within erythrocytes. No developmental stages were found in certain viscera of two infected fish.
Purified preparations of tobacco necrosis virus (Nicotianavirus II)
Authors: Pirie N. W. , Smith K. M. , Spooner E. T. C. , McClement W. D. 
Published: June 2009

Two nucleoproteins with similar chemical composition have been isolated from the leaves of tobacco plants infected with tobacco necrosis virus. One of these is crystalline and has a sedimentation constant of 130 × 10−13; the other is amorphous and its principal component has a sedimentation constant of 58 × lO−13.Each preparation will infect plants at a dilution of 1 in 108 and will precipitate specifically with antiserum at a dilution of 1 in 3·2 × 105.The nature of the difference between preparations in the two states is obscure and it has not proved possible to convert the one into the other.
Life cycle ofAustrobilharzia terrigalensisJohnston, 1917
Authors: Bearup A. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The life cycle ofAustrobilharzia terrigalensisJohnston, 1917 is described. The larval stages occur inPyrazus australis, a common mollusc on sand flats of estuaries and coastal lagoons in New South Wales.2.Austrobilharzia terrigalensiswas originally described from the seagull,Larus novae-hollandiae. Experimental infections have been successful in young gulls of this species and in the budgerigarMelopsittacus undulatusand the pigeonColumba livia.3. Under experimental conditions the cercariae will cause dermatitis, and cases of dermatitis resembling cercarial dermatitis have been reported after bathing in Narrabeen Lagoon, where about 4 % ofPyrazus australiscarry forktail cercariae.4. The cercaria was described previously (Bearup, 1955) asCercaria variglandissubspeciespyrazi, new subspecies. Now that the adult form has been identified as a previously described species the subspecific namepyrazilapses.
The larval trematodes of certain fresh-water molluscs
Authors: Iles Christine 
Published: June 2009

(1) Eight species of furcocercous cercariae have been found during a 3-year study of the trematode larvae harboured by certain fresh-water molluscs in Glamorganshire. Of these four are new species, two have previously been reported from South Wales by Rees (1932) and the remaining two species have been recorded in Europe but not in Britain.(2) Detailed descriptions are given of the four new species and the last two species which had not been completely described hitherto. The life cycles, as far as are known, of all the the species are outlined; the mollusc hosts are listed and for each cercaria a comparison with related species is given.(3)C. hamburgensisKomiya has been proved experimentally to be the larva ofApatemon gracilis minorYam. and according to the law of priority becomesC. a.g. minor.
The Infection of the ventriculus of the adult honeybee byNosema apis(Zander)
Authors: Bailey L. 
Published: June 2009

1. Spores ofNosema apisnearly all germinate within 30 min. after entering the ventriculus of the honeybee.2. The cause of germinationin vivoremains unknown, but is probably not a change of osmotic pressure or pH and is probably not due to anaerobic conditions or an enzyme. The agent causing germination is probably unstable and is destroyed when removed from the bee.3. The anterior end of the ventriculus receives an initial heavy infection and the circumstantial evidence which this provides supports the theory that a free living ‘planont’ stage does not exist but that the parasite is injected directly into the host cell from the spore via the hollow polar filament.4. The central region of the ventriculus which contains many granules of calcium phosphate receives the lowest initial infection. It is considered possible that the granules inhibit the initial rapid development of the parasite by maintaining an unfavourably high level of pH until they are eventually dissolved by the slowly developing organism.
The adult and Diplostomulum stage (Diplostomulum phoxini (Faust)) of Diplostomum pelmatoides Dubois and an experimental demonstration of part of the life cycle
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

1. Large numbers of minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus (L.)) from Fron Goch Pool, near Aberystwyth, have been found to be heavily infested with Diplostomulum pelmatoides Dubois ( = D. phoxini (Faust)), the parasites occurring in very large numbers in the brain, spinal cord and eyes.2. The excretory system of the worm has been worked out in detail. There are fifty-two pairs of flame cells.3. Infested heads, brains and eyes have been fed to the domestic duck and the adult stage of the worm Diplostomum pelmatoides Dubois obtained.4. Some morphological details of the adult worm are described.5. The natural bird host of the parasite in this country is not yet known, nor the stages in the molluscan host.
The development of Theileria parva in the salivary glands of the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Authors: Purnell R. E. , Joyner L. P. 
Published: June 2009

Sections of salivary glands from the tick R. appendiculatus have been studied to obtain data on the incidence and development of Theileria parva during feeding. Adult ticks previously fed as nymphs on infected cattle were allowed to attach to rabbits after different periods following moulting and removed for dissection after different periods of attachment.The maximum number of parasites was present from the 3rd to the 5th days of attachment when 30·5–42 % of salivary glands were infected. A small number of undeveloped parasites was observed in the salivary glands of unfed ticks.The parasites were classified by their appearance into young, intermediate and mature forms and it was shown that the greatest numbers of mature forms were present on the 4th and 5th days of attachment.It was concluded that with this strain of ticks, reared and infected under the described conditions, the most suitable time for the recovery of the infective forms of T. parva would be the 4th day of feeding.Acknowledgements are due to the technical staff who contributed to this work, but especially to Mrs D. Backhurst who supervised the processing of the many sections, to Mr B. Wood who prepared the photomicrographs and to Mr K. P. Bailey who maintained the colony of infected R. appendiculatus.This work was carried out during the assignment of one of us (L.P.J.) by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations to the East African Veterinary Research Organization.
Development of the parasitic stages ofNematodirus battusin the laboratory rabbit
Authors: Gallie G. J. 
Published: June 2009

Twelve rabbits were dosed with infective larvae of a sheep parasiteNematodirus battusand killed in a serial manner over a period of 32 days. The percentage of worms which became established was 10–36% over the first 24 days after infection. The minimum period of development of the parasitic stages was similar to that in sheep, although adult worms recovered from rabbits were on average smaller than worms normally found in sheep. The course of migration followed by the parasitic larvae was the same as in sheep. The distribution of fourth-stage larvae and fifth-stage worms along the small intestine was that of a normal frequency distribution.N. battuswas still infective for lambs and rabbits after one passage through the rabbit.I would like to express my appreciation for the advice and encouragement given in the course of this work by Mr M. G. Christie.
The life cycle ofBasilia hispidaTheodor 1967 (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) in Malaysia
Authors: Marshall Adrian G. 
Published: June 2009

Basilia hispidais the only insect parasite of the flat-headed batsTylonycteris pachypusandT. robustulain Selangor, Malaysia where this study was conducted between September 1966 and August 1968. The climatic conditions in the laboratory closely approximated to those in the field: seasonal variations in climate were small but diurnal fluctuations occurred. The life cycle of the fly was not affected either by the season or by the sex or species of the host.A typical life cycle was as follows: adultB. hispidareached sexual maturity within 5 or 6 days of their emergence from the puparium. Copulation largely occurred with newly emerged flies or with females at the time of prepupal deposition; one copulation sufficed for numerous subsequent offspring. The entire larval life of three instars was passed within the female, nourished by maternal secretions. After reaching maturity the female deposited prepupae at 9-day-intervals on the host's roosting quarters, deposition occurring during the day, stimulated by increasing temperature. The length of the pupal stadium depended upon the presence of a host bat; if one was present the pupal period wasca.25 days. Thus the total life cycle from emergence of the female to the emergence of her first offspring was typically 39 (5 + 9 + 25) days. The sexes were produced in equal numbers. The greater part of postembryonic mortality occurred in the adult instar and was largely due to host-predation. Females were longer lived than males, and it was suggested that they had an average life expectancy of 5–6 weeks in the field.The life cycle of five other species of Nycteribiidae from two other species of host were briefly examined and no major differences fromB. hispidawere noted. The results of this and of previous studies indicate that the life cycle is fairly uniform throughout the family.
A neuroendocrine relationship between the nematodeHammerschmidtiella diesingiand its insect host,Blatta orientalis
Authors: Gordon R. 
Published: June 2009

Various endocrine operations were performed on the adult female cockroachBlatta orientalisand the adult populations of the nematodeHammerschmidtiella diesingiwere recorded 2 or 4 weeks later. Cautery of the median neurosecretory cells (m.n.c.) caused a significant reduction in total numbers of adult nematodes after 2 or 4 weeks; after 2 weeks, removal of the retrocerebral complex (corpora cardiaca plus corpora allata) caused a significant overall reduction in the adult nematode burden and this could not be prevented by reimplanting the corpora allata immediately after the retrocerebral complex had been removed.Anomalies appeared in the data when the sex of the parasite was examined and this may be related to a possible postembryonic mode of sex determination.Bothm.n.c. cautery and removal of the retrocerebral complex suppressed host terminal oocyte development and ootheca production, whilst reimplantation of corpora allata into ‘retrocerebralectomized’ cockroaches allowed reproductive processes to continue normally. Hence, them.n.c. and corpora allata are essential for host egg development.Histological studies showed a profound reduction in fuchsinophilic material in the corpora cardiaca ofm.n.c. cauterized cockroaches.Although them.n.c. may affect the nematode directly or indirectly, a direct effect on the parasite by the corpora allata is unlikely.
Seasonal variation of Polychromophilus melanipherus (Sporozoa:Haemoproteidae) in the bent-winged bat Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera) in New South Wales
Authors: Dew Barbara B. 
Published: June 2009

Gametocytes of a polychromophilid parasite indistinguishable from those of P. melanipherus are commonly found in the blood of the bent-winged bat Miniopterus schreibersii in New South Wales. There is a seasonal variation in infection rate, this being lowest in April (0%) and highest in August (up to 82·7%), and in density of parasitaemia.This variation is the reverse to that found in the same species of bat in the northern hemisphere.The reproductive biology of M. schreibersii in New South Wales is considered in relation to the seasonal variation in infection rate.The main vectors of the parasitism are likely to be the nycteribiid flies, Penicillidia oceanica and Nycteribia parilis n.ssp.
Carbohydrate stores in chickens infected withEimeria tenella
Authors: Freeman B. M. 
Published: June 2009

Changes in plasma glucose and lactate and glycogen stores of cardiac and voluntary muscle have been determined during the course of an infection byEimeria tenella.No hyperglycaemia resulted nor was there any significant change in the stores of hepatic glycogen during the period of observation.There was a significant reduction in the plasma lactate concentration on the 1st and 2nd days after infection.There was a transient increase in the stores of cardiac glycogen on the 5th day after infection.Glycogen stores of voluntary muscle were significantly reduced on the 5th and 6th days after infection. It is thought that this depletion resulted from a reduction in muscular activity rather than from an impairment of glycogenesis.
Maintenance ofDracunculus medinensis(L.) in the laboratory and observations on experimental infections
Authors: Muller Ralph 
Published: June 2009

The ability of various mammals to transmitDracunculus medinensishas been investigated. The most suitable definitive host for laboratory transmission was the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and, in 11 out of 14 of these animals female worms emerged 321 to 371 days after first infection. The parasite has now been maintained in monkeys for four laboratory cycles. Five of 11 dogs and 17 of 30 cats had developing parasites in their tissues when autopsied, but no worms emerged from two dogs left for over a year and only a single worm from one of nine cats. Monkeys showed a seemingly haphazard pattern of susceptibility to infection and reinfection, although none of the 17 animals exposed was completely refractory.Cyclops vernalis americanus(Marsh) was an easily maintained and efficient intermediate host; a 90% infection rate with an average of two infective larvae perCyclopswas obtained.This work was supported by a grant from the Tropical Medicine Research Board through the Ministry of Overseas Development. Thanks are due to Mrs Vivian Duckett for technical assistance.