bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracks of the third wave: democracy theory, democratisation and the dilemma of political succession in Africa
Authors: Nwosu Bernard 
                      Ugochukwu 
Published: March 2012

The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group compromises and promises of democratisation diluted the fervour of this demand. Conservative interests captured the process by creating formal institutions of political competition but without corresponding necessary conditions for democracy. They set up regimes of political succession that rendered the political field a closed space. National trends in succession are linked to the discursive paradigm that underpins third-wave democratisation. Selected studies of succession in African states indicate trends towards illegitimate and unpopular self-succession, hereditary trends, the appointment of proxies and only a few instances of emerging liberal democratic regimes. The dominance of perverse third-wave trajectories in Africa points to the inadequacy of the minimalist epistemology upon which the idea of the third wave is based.
[Traces de la troisième vague: la théorie de la démocratie, la démocratisation et le dilemme de la succession politique en Afrique]. La marche de la troisième vague d'impulsions démocratiques à travers l'Afrique a engendré des mouvements de masse contre le régime autoritaire et la demande de libéralisation des espaces politiques. Des compromis de la classe dirigeante et des promesses de démocratisation ont dilué la ferveur de cette demande. Des intérêts conservateurs ont capturé le processus en créant des institutions formelles de compétition politique, mais sans les conditions correspondantes nécessaires à la démocratie. Ils mettent en place des régimes de succession politique qui ont rendu le champ politique un espace clos. Les tendances nationales de succession sont liées au paradigme discursif qui sous-tend la troisième vague de démocratisation. Les études sélectionnées de succession dans les états africains indiquent une tendance à la succession illégitime et impopulaire de soi-même, les tendances héréditaires, la nomination des mandataires et quelques cas seulement de nouveaux régimes de démocratie libérale. La prédominance des trajectoires perverses de la troisième vague en Afrique souligne l'insuffisance de l'épistémologie minimaliste sur lequel l'idée de la troisième vague est fondée.

Mots-clés: troisième vague; démocratization; procédure; substantive; succession; élection
Rubbishing: a wrong approach to Eritrea/Ethiopia union
Authors: Weldehaimanot Simon , Kesete Semere 
Published: March 2012

As part of a revisionist discourse, it has been contended that the core of Eritrea's political, cultural and economic identity is based on colonial premises and these three premises are false. As a result, Eritrea is in a dilemma. It is further contended that Eritrea's future lies in seeking unity with Ethiopia. This article is a rejoinder to the contention. It shows the truthfulness of the premises and argues that, save for the prevalent dictatorship, it was and it still is a correct decision for Eritreans to opt for an independent Eritrea. Avoiding the old talk, this rejoinder recommends that as sovereign states, Eritrea and Ethiopia should govern their relations by principles of civilised nations.[Rejeter: une mauvaise approche de l'union érythréenne/éthiopienne]. Dans le cadre d'un discours révisionniste, il a été soutenu que le noyau de l'identité politique, culturelle et économique de l'Érythrée est basé sur des prémisses coloniales et que ces trois prémisses sont fausses. En conséquence, l'Erythrée se trouve dans un dilemme. Il est aussi soutenu que l'avenir de l'Erythrée se situe dans la poursuite de l'unité avec l'Éthiopie. Cet article est une réponse à cet argument. Il montre la véracité des prémisses et affirme que, sauf pour la dictature courante, c'était et c'est encore une bonne décision pour les Erythréens d'avoir opté pour une Érythrée indépendante. Eviter les discours anciens, cette réponse recommande que l'Érythrée et l'Éthiopie, comme états souverains, devraient régir leurs relations par des principes des nations civilisées.Mots-clés: Érythrée; Éthiopie; sécession; indépendance; ghedli; économie politique
Treatment‐seeking young adults from families with alcohol problems. What have they been through? What state are they in?
Authors: Mackrill Thomas , Elklit Ask , Lindgaard Helle 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAims: This study surveys the childhood experiences of treatment‐seeking young adult offspring of problem drinkers (AOPDs) and their psychological state at treatment baseline. Methods: Clients (N=502) entering a Danish nationwide treatment facility for young AOPDS completed the survey. Clients completed the Adult Children of Alcoholics Trauma Inventory, The Family Tree Questionnaire, the CORE–OM 34, Major Depression Inventory, and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale at treatment start. Results: A total of 48% of the clients' mothers and 75% of the clients' fathers were problem drinkers. Both parents were problem drinkers in 25% of cases, and 27% had at least one problem drinking stepparent. Mothers had on average drunk during 11.4 years of the clients' childhood (0–18 years). Fathers had on average drunk during 13.4 years; 46% knew or believed that at least one of their parents suffered from a psychiatric illness; 44% reported physical violence; 63% reported psychological abuse; and 38% had not spoken to anyone about their family's problem. A further 20% had only spoken to a parent or sibling. Conclusions/implications: The study highlights the high degree of variation in AOPD clients' childhood experiences and in their levels of distress, corresponding with studies of non clinical samples. The study offers a bleak image of the extent of parental drinking and of other negative factors in these clients' childhood homes, coupled with the finding that clients have often not spoken to others about their parents' drinking. Mentioning parental drinking to a counsellor is thus a potentially highly significant counselling event, demanding counsellor sensitivity and attention.
A qualitative investigation into the online counselling relationship: To meet or not to meet, that is the question
Authors: Dunn Kate 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground and aim: Online counselling, as a psychotherapeutic approach, provokes debate amongst practitioners and researchers concerning its efficacy and validity. This reflexive study extends existing research into the nature of the online counselling relationship when it is conducted asynchronously (by email) and explores the possibility this approach may facilitate both online and face‐to‐face therapeutic engagement. Method: Semi‐structured interviews were conducted electronically with ten former email counselling clients of a university counselling service and six counsellors delivering email counselling in other higher education settings, to explore, in depth, their experiences of the online therapeutic relationship and its impact on the counselling process and outcomes. These were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings: Four areas of focus emerged relating to: (1) the importance of the structure and processes involved; (2) their impact on thinking and feeling; (3) their impact on self and relationships (within and outside counselling), and (4) changes that followed email counselling. Having ‘time to think’ within the asynchronous exchanges, the anonymity and disinhibition afforded by the online medium, the creation of transitional space and the rich use of metaphor, visualisation and imagery all contributed to a sense of empowerment and relational depth for individuals who might have otherwise avoided seeking help. This led to positive change in many cases and for some, facilitated subsequent face‐to‐face counselling. Implications: The findings support the provision of counselling and therapy online and particularly its integration within existing face‐to‐face services.
Effects of Dietary Fiber Concentrations Supplied by Corn Bran on Feed Intake, Growth, and Feed Efficiency of Channel Catfish
Authors: Li Menghe H , Oberle Daniel F , Lucas Penelope M 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The present study examined the effects of dietary fiber and digestible energy on the feed intake, growth, and feed efficiency of juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Fish with an initial weight of 9.8 ± 0.1 g/fish (mean ± SD) were stocked in 110-L flow-through aquariums and fed for 9 weeks with practical diets that contained graded levels of fiber supplied by corn bran. As total dietary fiber (TDF) increased, feed consumption and weight gain increased and then decreased, showing a quadratic response. Maximum feed consumption occurred at a TDF level of 27.0% (5.7% crude fiber, 19.1% neutral detergent fiber [NDF]). Channel catfish appear to have some ability to adapt to increased dietary fiber by increasing feed intake to satisfy their energy requirements. Maximum weight gain was achieved at a TDF level of 23.4% (5.0% crude fiber, 15.7% NDF), indicating that the presence of dietary fiber at certain levels is beneficial to the fish. The maximum tolerance level for TDF by channel catfish was estimated to be 32.1% (6.6% crude fiber, 24.9% NDF). Feed efficiency, hepatosomatic index, and body fat decreased linearly with increasing dietary fiber. The maximum fiber tolerance levels may be used as upper limits for fiber when formulating practical diets for catfish containing corn by-products.
The Interaction of Water Restriction and Pricing Policies: Econometric, Managerial and Distributional Implications
Authors: Goemans Christopher , Costanigro Marco , Stone Janine 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Price increases and water use restrictions are two common policy instruments used to reduce water demand during drought. Previous studies have either ignored one of the policies or treated each as independent of the other. We show, theoretically and empirically, that these policies interact in a nontrivial way. Ignoring this interaction has implications for both the estimation of programme effectiveness, as well as the use of existing estimates by practitioners. Using 1997–2005 data from roughly 10000 households, we estimate the impact of both policies on demand accounting for their interaction. The analysis suggests that failure to account for the interaction will result in biased estimates of programme effectiveness; the magnitude and sign differ depending on scale and timing of the policies. Moreover, ignoring the interaction, when applying existing estimates, will result in an overestimate of potential water savings from the policies. Results also provide new insight into “who bears the conservation burden”.
Alternaria tenuissima Causing Alternaria Blight on Pigeonpea in India
Authors: Sharma M. , Ghosh R. , Mangla U. N. , Saxena K. B. , Pande S. 
Published: March 2012

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a major grain legume of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. In India, pigeonpea is the third most important food legume after chickpea and field pea. Blight symptoms on pigeonpea were observed in alarming proportion during the 2009 through 2011 crop seasons in Andhra Pradesh state in India. Disease incidence ranged from 20 to 80% irrespective of cultivars sown. Infected plants in the field showed symptoms on all aerial parts of the plant (leaves, stems, buds, and pods) irrespective of age of the plant and leaves. Symptoms on leaves were small, circular, necrotic spots that developed quickly forming typical concentric rings (1). Later, these spots coalesced and caused blighting of leaves. Spots were initially light brown and later turned dark brown. On stems, spots were sunken with concentric rings. In severe infection, defoliation and drying of infected leaves, branches, and flower buds was observed. The fungus was successfully isolated from all the infected plant parts (leaves, stem, buds, and pods) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. After 4 to 5 days of incubation at 28 ± 1°C with a 12-h photoperiod, the fungus produced colonies that were regular and flat. The periphery of the colony was olive green with a black center. Monoconidial isolations were used to establish a pure culture of the fungus. Conidiophores were short, arising singly, and were 8.86 mm long and 2.97 mm thick. Conidia varied from 15.78 to 28.70 mm long and 8.03 to 13.47 mm wide. Very small beak (1.6 to 3.2 mm) or no beak was observed. Horizontal and vertical septations of conidia varied from four to six and two to four, respectively. The pathogenicity test was conducted on 8- to 10-day-old pigeonpea plants of cultivar ICPL 87119 by spraying with a conidial suspension (5 × 105 conidia/ml). Inoculated plants were covered with polythene bags and kept in a greenhouse at 28 ± 1°C with a 12-h photoperiod. After 48 h, the polythene bags were removed. Ten days after inoculation, symptoms were similar to those observed in fields. This experiment was conducted twice with two independent sets of plants. No symptoms were observed in water-inoculated control plants. The fungus was reisolated from the inoculated plants. On the basis of the morphological characteristics, the pathogen was tentatively identified as Alternaria tenuissima. The identification was further confirmed by the rDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primer. The ITS region of rDNA was amplified with ITS 1 and ITS 4 primers. Both orientation sequenced amplicons (481 bp) were submitted to GenBank (Accession No. JQ074094). A BLASTn search revealed 99% similarity to A. tenuissima (Accession No. HQ343444). To our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular identification of A. tenuissima causing Alternaria blight in pigeonpea in India. Reference: (1) Kannaiyan, J. and Nene, Y. L. 1977. Trop. Grain Legume Bull. 9:34.
First Report of Groundnut bud necrosis virus in Tomato in Bangladesh
Authors: Akhter M. S. , Holkar S. K. , Akanda A. M. , Mandal B. , Jain R. K. 
Published: March 2012

An unusual disease of tomato characterized by leaf mottling and necrotic streaks on veins, shortened internodes, necrosis of terminal buds, and concentric rings on fruits was observed during 2010 to 2011 surveys in tomato growing regions of Godagari Upzila, Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Disease incidence in popularly grown F1 hybrid cultivars, which include Sobal, Abhiruchi, Salamat, Bangobir, and BARI hybrid tomato-5 and -6 in about 40 commercial fields, ranged from 40 to 90%. Extracts from the field samples (n = 10) reacted with polyclonal antiserum to Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) in direct antigen coated ELISA, suggesting the association of a tospovirus antigenically related to serogroup IV topsovirus (1). To identify whether the tospovirus was a distinct virus species, ELISA-positive samples were subjected to total RNA extraction with an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA) followed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with tospovirus-specific primers (5′-ATGGTTGAAAAGAGCAAGAATGATGC-3′) and degenerate primer (5′-CTTCTTATGAAGTGTACTCACCATAAGTCATCC-3′) derived from the conserved sequences of GBNV, Watermelon bud necrosis virus (WBNV), and Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) (2). The RT-PCR product was cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequenced at Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, Delhi, India (GenBank Accession No. JQ692083). The sequences of cloned fragments were assembled. Analysis of the 477-bp region of the nucleocapsid protein (N) gene revealed that the tomato tospovirus shared maximum identity both at the nucleotide (96%) and amino acid (97%) levels with the corresponding region of GBNV. In contrast, only 78 to 81% and 85 to 87% identity at nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, was observed with the corresponding region of the N genes of CaCV, WBNV, and Watermelon silver mottle virus. These results suggested the association of GBNV with the diseased tomato samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of GBNV infecting tomato in Bangladesh and regular surveys are necessary to ascertain the prevalence and incidence of GBNV in other crops. References: (1) R. K. Jain et al. J. Virol. Methods 130:162, 2005. (2) M. Tsompana and J. W. Moyer. Tospovirus. Page 157 in: Encyclopedia of Virology. Academic Press, New York, 2009.
Meta‐analysis: the use of carbon dioxide insufflation vs. room air insufflation for gastrointestinal endoscopy
Authors: Wang W. L. , Wu Z. H. , Sun Q. , Wei J. F. , Chen X. F. , Zhou D. K. , Zhou L. , Xie H. Y. , Zheng S. S. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryBackgroundCarbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation has been proposed as an alternative to air insufflation to distend the lumen in gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy.AimTo perform a systematic review with meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which CO2 insufflation was compared with room air insufflation in GI endoscopy.MethodsElectronic and manual searches were combined to search RCTs. After methodological quality assessment and data extraction, the efficacy and safety of CO2 insufflation were systematically assessed.ResultsTwenty‐one RCTs [13 on colonoscopy, four on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), two on double‐balloon enteroscopy (DBE), one on oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, and one on flexible sigmoidoscopy] were identified. For colonoscopy, CO2 insufflation resulted lower postprocedural pain intensity, and increased the proportion of patient without pain at 1 h (RR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.37–2.47) and 6 h (RR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.14–1.44) postprocedure. For ERCP, the pain‐releasing effect of CO2 insufflation was not obvious (SMD: −1.48, 95% CI: −3.56, 0.59). CO2 insufflation revealed no consistent advantages in the RCTs of DBE, but was shown as safe as air insufflation in oesophagus/stomach endoscopic submucosal dissection in one study. pCO2 level showed no significant variation during these procedures.ConclusionsCompared with air insufflation, CO2 insufflation during colonoscopy causes lower postprocedural pain and bowel distension without significant pCO2 variation. More RCTs are needed to assess its advantages in other GI endoscopic procedures.
Use of plethysmographic variability index derived from the Massimo® pulse oximeter to predict fluid or preload responsiveness: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yin J. Y. , Ho K. M. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThis systematic review and meta‐analysis assessed the accuracy of plethysmographic variability index derived from the Massimo® pulse oximeter to predict preload responsiveness in peri‐operative and critically ill patients. A total of 10 studies were retrieved from the literature, involving 328 patients who met the selection criteria. Overall, the diagnostic odds ratio (16.0; 95% CI 5–48) and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (0.87; 95% CI 0.78–0.95) for plethysmographic variability index to predict fluid or preload responsiveness was very good, but significant heterogeneity existed. This could be explained by a lower accuracy of plethysmographic variability index in spontaneously breathing or paediatric patients and those studies that used pre‐load challenges other than colloid fluid. The results indicate specific directions for future studies.
Pregnancy loss and thrombophilia: the elusive link
Authors: Bennett Sarah A. , Bagot Catherine N. , Arya Roopen 
Published: March 2012

SummaryRecurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects 1% pregnancies and is multi‐factorial in origin. The role of the acquired thrombophilia antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) as a common and potentially treatable cause of RPL is well established but this is less so for inherited thrombophilia. In obstetric APS the combination of aspirin and heparin has improved outcomes. By analogy, the use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has become commonplace in women with inherited thrombophilia and also those with unexplained miscarriage to help safeguard the pregnancy. This review will examine the pathophysiological role of thrombophilia in pregnancy loss, and the evidence for anticoagulant‐based intervention. The limited data supporting the use of heparin for women with RPL and inherited thrombophilia suggests adoption of a more cautious and judicious approach in this setting.
Cytokine/chemokine profiles contribute to understanding the pathogenesis and diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Moriyama M , Hayashida J-N , Toyoshima T , Ohyama Y , Shinozaki S , Tanaka A , Maehara T , Nakamura S 
Published: March 2012

SummaryTo investigate the pathogenesis of localized autoimmune damage in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) by examining the expression patterns of cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors at sites of autoimmune damage. mRNA expression of these molecules in the labial salivary glands (LSGs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 36 SS patients was examined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method. Subsets of the infiltrating lymphocytes and chemokines/chemokine receptors expression in the LSG specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry. Cytokines/chemokine concentrations in the saliva were analysed using flow cytometry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. mRNA expression of T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors was higher in LSGs than in PBMCs. In contrast, mRNA expression of Th2 cytokines, chemokines [thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22)] and chemokine receptor (CCR4) was associated closely with strong lymphocytic accumulation in LSGs. Furthermore, TARC and MDC were detected immunohistochemically in/around the ductal epithelial cells in LSGs, whereas CCR4 was detected on infiltrating lymphocytes. The concentrations of these cytokines/chemokines were significantly higher in the saliva from SS patients than those from controls, and the concentrations of Th2 cytokines/chemokines were associated closely with strong lymphocytic accumulation in LSGs. These results suggest that SS might be initiated and/or maintained by Th1 and Th17 cells and progress in association with Th2 cells via the interaction between particular chemokines/chemokine receptors. Furthermore, the measurement of cytokines/chemokines in saliva is suggested to be useful for diagnosis and also to reveal disease status.
Prognostic tissue markers in melanoma
Authors: Moore David A , Pringle J Howard , Saldanha Gerald S 
Published: March 2012

Moore D A, Pringle J H & Saldanha G S  (2012) Histopathology 60, 679–689 Prognostic tissue markers in melanomaPrognosis for patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma is currently based upon histopathological features alone, although tumours which are morphologically similar can behave differently. Numerous putative biomarkers have been identified in an attempt to aid prognostication for primary melanoma, using methods which include immunhistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and gene expression arrays. Despite this wide body of research, no biomarkers for prognosis in melanoma have been translated or are close to translation into clinical practice. In this review selected prognostic biomarkers are evaluated and the factors influencing successful biomarker translation, including phases of biomarker development and study design, are explored in an attempt to highlight the current gap between prognostic melanoma biomarker research and clinical translation.