bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Call to Improve Practice Concerning Cultural Sensitivity in Advance Directives: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Zager B. Sue , Yancy Margaret 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTBackground: The Patient Self Determination Act of 1990 mandates healthcare providers (HCP) to speak with patients about end‐of‐life preferences and advance directives (AD). HCP work with patients of varying cultures, and standard ADs do not address cultural differences. In order to understand various cultural beliefs, cultural sensitivity is important especially when discussing advance care planning (ACP).Aims: Individuals from differing ethnic backgrounds are likely to turn to their traditional norms of practice when ill or treatment choices must be made. An AD that addresses varying cultural values and beliefs was sought.Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted. Articles selected for review included qualitative and quantitative studies. The evidence was evaluated and synthesized for information related to cultural sensitivity and ADs.Findings: Three common themes emerged related to ACP discussions and culture. Healthcare provider awareness, communication, and education concerning cultural differences and ACP assisted in meeting the needs for end‐of‐life planning in the current era of increased globalization. Education for HCP on cultural differences and how to lead discussions promoted ACP.Implication for Practice: ADs are an essential part of health care and promote patient‐centered care. (HCP) should be able to recognize differing cultural values and beliefs in order to initiate conversations about end of life. Initiating conversations about ACP can be facilitated by using open‐ended questions that respect the values and beliefs of various cultures.
The Milky Way's Fermi bubbles: echoes of the last quasar outburst?
Authors: Zubovas K. , King A. R. , Nayakshin S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Fermi-LAT has recently detected two gamma-ray bubbles disposed symmetrically with respect to the Galactic plane. The bubbles have been suggested to be in a quasi-steady state, inflated by ongoing star formation over the age of the Galaxy. Here we propose an alternative picture where the bubbles are the remnants of a large-scale wide-angle outflow from Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole (SMBH) of our Galaxy. Such an outflow would be a natural consequence of a short but bright accretion event on to Sgr A* if it happened concurrently with the well-known star formation event in the inner 0.5 pc of the Milky Way ∼6 Myr ago. We find that the hypothesized near-spherical outflow is focused into a pair of symmetrical lobes by the greater gas pressure along the Galactic plane. The outflow shocks against the interstellar gas in the Galaxy bulge. Gamma-ray emission could be powered by cosmic rays created by either Sgr A* directly or accelerated in the shocks with the external medium. The Galaxy disc remains unaffected, agreeing with recent observational evidence that SMBHs do not correlate with galaxy disc properties. We estimate that an accreted mass ∼2 × 103 M⊙ is needed for the accretion event to power the observed Fermi-LAT lobes. Within a factor of a few, this agrees with the mass of the young stars born during the star formation event. This estimate suggests that roughly 50 per cent of the gas was turned into stars, while the rest accreted on to Sgr A*. One interpretation of this is a reduced star formation efficiency inside the Sgr A* accretion disc due to stellar feedback, and the other a peculiar mass deposition geometry that resulted in a significant amount of gas falling directly inside the inner ∼0.03 pc of the Galaxy.
The relationship between maternal parenting style, female adolescent decision making, and contraceptive use
Authors: Commendador Kathleen 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPurpose: To examine the relationship between maternal parenting style, female adolescent decision making, and contraceptive behavior in multiethnic, 14‐ to 17‐year‐old Hawaii residents.Data sources: This was a descriptive cross‐sectional survey design using a convenience sample of 112 female adolescents 14–17 years of age who came for health care from four clinics on the island of Maui and the Big Island of Hawaii. Along with a brief demographic questionnaire, maternal parenting style was measured by the Parental Control Scale, decision making was measured by the Flinders Adolescent Decision Making Questionnaire, and sexual activity and contraception use was measured by a non‐normed Sexual History and Contraceptive Use Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and correlations were used to analyze associations and correlations between age, maternal parenting style, decision self‐esteem, decision coping (vigilant and maladaptive), and contraceptive use for sexually active female adolescents.Conclusions: No significant associations or correlations were found between age, maternal parenting style, decision self‐esteem, decision coping (vigilant and maladaptive), and contraceptive use. There were significant positive correlations (p < .05) between maternal parenting style, age, and decision coping‐complacency, suggesting that maternal parenting styles are more controlling and that decision coping‐complacency increases as the adolescent ages, leading the adolescents to take a less active role in decision making.
Caring in Confucian Philosophy
Authors: Pang‐White Ann A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article examines the intersections of Confucian philosophy and feminist ethics of care. It explains the origins and contribution of care ethics to modern ethical discourse and the controversy that surrounds this ethical theory. The article discusses the emergence of comparative research on the compatibility (or incompatibility) of Confucian ren and feminist care. It first explores the question whether it is philosophically feasible to disassociate Confucian ren from its historical context by deploying it for contemporary feminist debates, especially considering that, strictly speaking, no direct counterpart in the original Confucian texts is an exact match to the words ‘care’ or ‘caring’. Following this exploration, the article investigates what ren is and whether Confucian ren is feminist care, what the ‘No Exit’ Objection and the ‘Domesticity’ Objection are, and how ren or caring in Confucian philosophy can answer these objections. The article concludes with an affirmation of the social transformative power of ren and its feminist potential.
Isolation of novel triple‐reassortant swine H3N2 influenza viruses possessing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a seasonal influenza virus in Vietnam in 2010
Authors: Ngo Long Thanh , Hiromoto Yasuaki , Pham Vu Phong , Le Ha Thi Hong , Nguyen Ha Truc , Le Vu Tri , Takemae Nobuhiro , Saito Takehiko 
Published: June 2011

Please cite this paper as: Ngo et al. (2012) Isolation of novel triple‐reassortant swine H3N2 influenza viruses possessing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a seasonal influenza virus in Vietnam in 2010. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(1), 6–10.Surveillance of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in 31 pig farms in northern and southern parts of Vietnam was conducted. Six H3N2 influenza A viruses were isolated from a pig farm in southern Vietnam. They were novel genetic reassortants between a triple–reassortant SIV and a human seasonal H3N2 virus. Their hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes were derived from a human virus circulating around 2004–2006 and the remaining genes from a triple‐reassortant SIV that originated in North America. This is the first report describing the isolation of a novel triple‐reassortant SIV in Vietnam.
Genotyping of human platelet antigen‐15 by single closed‐tube Tm‐shift method
Authors: ZHOU S. H. , LIU M. , AN W. X. , LIANG X. H. , YU W. J. , GONG B. L. , PIAO F. Y. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryIntroduction:  Genotyping of human platelet antigens (HPA) is useful for the diagnosis and prevention of platelet alloimmune syndromes. HPA‐15 might play an important role in the development of platelet alloimmune syndromes. There are several disadvantages in the conventional methods for HPA‐15 genotyping. The aim of this study was to develop a new method for HPA‐15 genotyping by using single closed‐tube melting temperature (Tm)‐shift genotyping.Methods:  Two GC‐rich tails of different lengths were attached to 5′‐end of HPA‐15 allele‐specific PCR primers, such that HPA‐15 alleles can be discriminated by the Tms of the PCR products. One hundred blood samples were genotyped for HPA‐15 by the Tm‐shift and conventional polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP).Results:  The comparison of the PCR‐SSP and the Tm‐shift method showed four discordant results in one hundred samples tested. Confirmatory results demonstrated that the PCR‐SSP produced several errors, whereas HPA‐15 genotyping by Tm‐shift is correct. The retesting results of Tm‐shift method were consistent with those of the initial testing.Conclusion:  The single closed‐tube Tm‐shift method for HPA‐15 genotyping is high‐throughput, rapid, reliable, reproducible and cost‐effective and it is superior to conventional PCR‐SSP used in routine genotyping of HPA‐15.
Levels of periodontal pathogens in neonatal gastric aspirates and possible maternal sites of origin
Authors: Gonzales‐Marin C. , Spratt D.A. , Millar M.R. , Simmonds M. , Kempley S.T. , Allaker R.P. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryMaternal periodontal infection has been recognized as a risk factor for preterm and low birthweight infants. It is suspected that pathogens causing periodontal disease may translocate to the amniotic cavity and so contribute to triggering an adverse pregnancy outcome. This study aimed to determine levels and proportions of periodontal bacteria in neonatal gastric aspirates obtained from complicated pregnancies and the respective maternal oral and vaginal samples using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction approach, and also to determine the origin of the neonate’s bacteria by sequence comparisons between the three sites. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia were not observed in the neonates or in the women’s vaginas. Interestingly, Porphyromonas gingivalis was identified in the neonates in two samples (2.98E+02 and 1.75E+02 cells ml−1) and in association with Fusobacterium nucleatum, which was observed at high prevalence (10%) and at high levels reaching up to 2.32E+03 cells ml−1. Although F. nucleatum was also present in the vaginal samples, the results demonstrated that the neonatal strains were more likely to originate from the mother’s oral cavity than to be vaginal strains.
Nature of the witnessed incident and status of interviewer as variables influencing eyewitness recall
Authors: Hollin Clive R. 
Published: June 2011

Early writers argued that the ‘emotion’ associated with witnessing a violent crime mitigated against accurate testimony (e.g. Whipple, 1914) and some experimental evidence (e.g. Clifford & Hollin, in press) has supported this contention. Whilst Sussman & Sugarman (1972) failed to find any effect of violence, witnesses here, unlike real life, knew before viewing that their memory was to be tested.Marshall (1966) investigated the effect of interviewer status on witness recall. Although this study has a confound in reporting instructions to experimental and control groups (see Hollin, 1980a), Marshall found that students gave less accurate recall with a high status interviewer (a professor), whilst police cadets' recall was more accurate with a high status interviewer (a police captain). The present experiment sought to expand upon Marshall's lone finding.Wells et al. (1979) reported that the public — potential witnesses and jurors — believe in a strong link between confidence and memory accuracy. However, most investigators have failed to find any substantial relationship (e.g. Clifford & Hollin, in press).
British attitudes towards Europe: An exploration of their inner structure
Authors: Wober Mallory 
Published: June 2011

Political scientists and communications researchers have recently studied the question of whether the European Common Market will develop from being a primarily economic entity, towards a possible future as a federal European State. At the same time, regional movements have shown a resurgence in several European countries; so politically centripetal forces are opposed in some areas by centrifugal tendencies. Existing nation states are thus challenged as foci for providing identity for their populations, and the leadership elites are set great problems of constitutional design.Psychologists should see this context as an important one in which to make a contribution that can be both analytic, and empirical. As a start, a representative British sample has been surveyed with a set of questions covering attitudes towards Europe. The underlying factorial structure of these attitudes has been shown not to be unitary, but multiple. There is not just one ‘attitude towards Europe’ dimension, but at least three. Individuals' standing on each of these dimensions has been shown to relate differently to a variety of cultural and behavioural variables. These findings raise important questions for planning acceptable and effective policies in the political and administrative fields.
The next‐in‐line effect and the recall of structured and unstructured material
Authors: Innes J. M. 
Published: June 2011

Brenner (1973) has reported a ‘next‐in‐line’ effect in which people, who have to perform in turn before an audience and then have to recall what they themselves and others produced, show a significant decrement in recall for material presented immediately before and after their own presentation, compared with the recall of the same material by people who merely listened without any threat of performing.An experiment is reported which examines in such a situation the effect upon recall of variation in the structure of material. Subjects who had to recall words which had been read out and which were strongly associated showed little difference in amount of recall whether they had themselves read out the words or had merely listened. Where the words were more loosely related, however, readers showed a significant decrement compared with listeners, especially for words which had been read out prior to their own performance. The results have implications for the role of performance in front of others in the encoding and retrieval of material for recall.
Social categorization and personal similarity as determinants of attribution bias: A test of defensive attribution
Authors: Fincham Frank , Hewstone Miles 
Published: June 2011

Shaver's (1970) defensive attribution hypothesis was tested systematically. Personal similarity, situational relevance and outcome severity were manipulated. Also studied was the importance of social categorization as a determinant of responsibility attribution bias, as an extension of ‘minimal’ intergroup studies. Seventy‐six schoolboys were assigned to the cells of a 2 (categorization) ×2 (similarity) factorial design. Each subject read three accidents ostensibly involving unidentified others from the same experimental condition. Judgements of blame, situational relevance, perceived similarity and carelessness were elicited.Neither similarity nor situational relevance affected attributions, but similarity had an effect on carelessness ratings (P < 0.05). Outcome severity affected blame (P < 0.025) and carelessness (P < 0.01). Categorization had no effect. Thus, no support for the defensive attribution hypothesis nor for attributional bias based on such minimal similarity and categorization manipulations was found.
The market for offences and the public enforcement of laws: An equilibrium analysis
Authors: Ehrlich Isaac 
Published: June 2011

The general proposition developed in this paper is that the frequency of offences of specific types is determined, by and large, not as the capricious outcome of biological or social idiosyncracies, but as the result of the equilibrating interplay of systematic ‘supply and demand’ forces. The role of public intervention via police, courts, correctional institutions, and economic policy in general, is then viewed in terms of its impact on the equilibrium level of activity in illegitimate markets, rather than in terms of its effect on either the supply or the demand sides of these markets separately. From a policy perspective the implication is that the efficacy of public intervention in the ‘business of crime’ must be assessed through the relevant comparative statics or dynamics of market equilibrium, rather than by reference to partial settings. For example, one would seek to know not just whether a rehabilitative project can enhance the likelihood that a group of known offenders will be successfully absorbed in legitimate or socially desirable pursuits, but whether the rehabilitative project, even if successful, would lead to a corresponding reduction in the overall volume of crime. Recognition of the existence and role of the ‘market for offences’ is shown to lead to important modifications in previous economic analyses of illegitimate activities concerning not only the efficacy of rehabilitation and other means of direct control of individual offenders, but of means of general deterrence as well.The paper states conditions under which individual control is efficacious and shows that it will be ineffective precisely where general deterrence is effective. Generally, the relative efficacy of all means of public enforcement of laws is shown to be a function of both supply and demand elasticities rather than a function of supply elasticities alone. The analysis includes a brief discussion of what is meant by the supply and demand notions in crime, and, indeed, by the more provocative concept of the ‘market for offences’.
Pre‐emptive game behaviour and the emergence of leadership
Authors: Kremer John M. D. , Mack David 
Published: June 2011

The investigation considers the relationship between pre‐emptive behaviour in the mixed‐motive experimental game known as Leader, and the emergence of leadership roles in small groups. Forty male and 45 female subjects each played 100 trials of the Leader game against a non‐contingent other, before subsequently interacting in five‐person, sexually homogeneous groups engaged upon a number of mixed‐motive tasks. A relationship was established between pre‐emptive play in the game situation and nominations for leadership roles in the groups. Specifically, male task leaders were characterized by low levels of pre‐emption and female task leaders by high rates of pre‐emption.The results are interpreted within the context of differential structuring in male and female groups, with a more authoritarian rigidly defined role system in the former case. The investigation points not only to the potential usefulness of game pre‐emption as a leadership measure, but also to the links between behaviour in laboratory games and other less strictly controlled interaction settings.
Response bias and lay conceptions of personality and moral reasoning in offenders
Authors: Aleixo Paulo A. , Hollin Clive R. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. Response bias to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck, Eysenck & Barrett, 1985) and the Sociomoral Reasoning Measure (Gibbs & Widaman, 1982) was investigated by examining lay individuals' ability to ‘fake’ offenders' responses to these tests. This method also allowed for the investigation of the way lay individuals conceptualize the personality and moral reasoning of offenders and how these may relate to the academic theories of offending behaviour proposed by Eysenck (1977) and Kohlberg (1964).Methods. One hundred and thirteen undergraduate students, who received course credits for participating, were divided into a comparison and a ‘faking’ group and completed three standard measures: the short form of the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck et al., 1985); the Sociomoral Reflection Measure (Gibbs & Widaman, 1982); and a self‐reported delinquency questionnaire (Elliott, Ageton, Huizinga, Knowles & Canter, 1983). The ‘faking’ group were asked to give responses to the first two measures as they would imagine convicted offenders might.Results. Comparisons of the results with previously published findings showed that the responses of the ‘fakers’ closely followed patterns of responding of actual offenders.Conclusions. It was concluded that the measures were susceptible to this kind of bias and that further studies might look at the influence of other variables on faking on these measures.
Intractability is relative: Behaviour therapy in the elimination of violence in psychotic forensic patients
Authors: Becker Mark , Love Colleen C. , Hunter Melvin E. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. This paper describes the treatment and effects of an integrated behavioural therapy programme for each of four male, psychotic in‐patients considered to be intractably violent and dangerous.Method. Each patient, after years of various combinations of treatments and extended periods in restraints, was administratively referred to psychology services. Extensive pre‐treatment observation and evaluation revealed that, for each patient, anger was a significant link in the behavioural chains leading up to violent behaviour. Target behaviours were identified and tailored for each patient.A strong therapeutic alliance was developed and maintained between each patient and the primary clinician. Integrated systems theory provided a framework for the synthesis of classical and operant conditioning approaches including (but not limited to) pre‐treatment skill building, behaviour shaping, desensitization, and affect modulation with other psychological approaches. No aversive techniques were used. Extensive groundwork and ongoing staff development were devoted to building the trust, ability, confidence and effectiveness of the nursing staff who took part in implementing the interventions.Results. All participants were able to increase and sustain prosocial behaviours and interactions including improved anger management skills. Violent behaviour and hours in seclusion and restraint were reduced and finally eliminated in each case. All participants were transferred to a less restrictive setting. These dramatic treatment successes rekindled a sense of hopefulness and empowerment in treatment staff.Conclusions. Intractability is a relative term. Violent behaviour can be successfully eliminated even while psychotic phenomena persist. Integrated, relationship‐based behavioural therapy—while labour intensive—is a valuable adjunct to other psychotherapeutic modalities for persistently violent, severely disordered individuals.
Anger treatment with forensic hospital patients
Authors: Renwick Stanley J. , Black Laura , Ramm Mark , Novaco Raymond W. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. Despite increasing evidence that anger may play a contributing role in the violent behaviour of psychiatric patients, as yet there is a dearth of evidence concerning the utility of anger control treatment procedures with this population. This paper describes the development and preliminary evaluation of an anger treatment protocol modified to meet the needs of secure hospital patients.Method. Four patients having recurrent problems of anger and aggression were provided with anger control treatment based on the new protocol. Evaluation of the intervention was based on clinical assessments and by quantified structured interviews obtained post‐treatment with each patient's psychiatrist, key worker, and day‐care worker.Results. Therapist assessment and clinical staff ratings testifiy to modest but significant treatment gains for patients. Experience from clinical implementation highlights key issues in treatment process and institutional system integration for achieving efficacy.Conclusions. The results support the application of anger control treatment procedures to severely disordered psychiatric patients in a forensic institution. Given the preliminary nature of this evidence, and in the absence of a controlled clinical trial, continued work is needed on treatment and research protocols.