bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract Ingestion on the Pharmacokinetics of Talinolol in Healthy Chinese Volunteers
Authors: Fan Lan , Tao Gong-You , Wang Guo , Chen Yao , Zhang Wei , He Yi-Jing , Li Qing , Lei He-Ping , Jiang Feng , Hu Dong-Li , Huang Yuan-Fei , Zhou Hong-Hao 
Published: May 2009

Background Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), the best selling herbal medicine in the world, has been reported to inhibit P-glycoprotein in vitro. However, the effects of GBE on P-glycoprotein activity in humans have not been clarified. Objective To investigate the effects of single and repeated GBE ingestion on the oral pharmacokinetics of talinolol, a substrate drug for P-glycoprotein in humans. Methods Ten unrelated healthy male volunteers were selected to participate in a 3-stage sequential study. Plasma concentrations of talinolol from 0 to 24 hours were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography after talinolol 100 mg was administrated alone, with a single oral dose of GBE (120 mg), and after 14 days of repeated GBE ingestion (360 mg/day). Results A single oral dose of GBE did not affect the pharmacokinetics of talinolol. Repeated ingestion of GBE increased the talinolol maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) by 36% (90% CI 10 to 68; p = 0.025), the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)0-24 by 26% (90% CI 11 to 43; p = 0.008) and AUC0-∞ by 22% (90% CI 8 to 37; p = 0.014), respectively, without significant changes in elimination half-life and the time to Cmax. Conclusions Our results suggest that long-term use of GBE significantly influenced talinolol disposition in humans, likely by affecting the activity of P-glycoprotein and/or other drug transporters.
Neurology: Effect of Non-Ergot Dopamine Agonists on Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Talati Ripple , Phung Olivia J , Mather Jeffrey , Coleman Craig I 
Published: May 2009

Background Non-ergot dopamine agonists (NEDAs) have become the gold-standard agents for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). While the efficacy and safety of these drugs have been widely studied, their effect on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has not been fully elucidated. Objective To better define the usefulness of NEDAs by assessing their impact on HRQoL. Methods We performed a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials evaluating the use of NEDAs in patients with RLS. A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL was performed from the earliest possible date through July 2008. Trials were included in the analysis if they evaluated NEDAs for the treatment of RLS and reported HRQoL using any RLS disease-specific HRQoL instrument. HRQoL data were pooled and evaluated using an inverse variance weighting approach as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence interval (CI). For trials reporting HRQoL data obtained using the Johns Hopkins RLS-QoL Questionnaire, adjusted mean difference data were pooled to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CI. Results Seven trials (N = 1483) met all inclusion criteria. Patients with RLS taking NEDAs had significantly improved overall effect on HRQoL compared with those taking placebo (SMD 0.20; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.30; degree of inconsistency across studies [I2] = 0%). When analyzing trials using the Johns Hopkins RLS-QoL questionnaire, the results also showed improvement with NEDAs compared with placebo (WMD 4.72; 95% CI 2.96 to 6.47; I2 = 0%). Study conclusions were unchanged upon sensitivity analysis. The number of trials for each NEDA was small, limiting the usefulness of between-agent comparisons. Conclusions In patients with RLS, use of NEDAs showed improved HRQoL compared with placebo. Since pooled effect sizes observed in this meta-analysis appear to surpass accepted values for minimally important clinical differences, these improvements may be clinically relevant for the average studied patient. However, future studies evaluating long-term treatment of RLS with NEDAs are necessary, as are head-to-head comparative trials and economic assessments.
Cost of Hospital Admission for Antiarrhythmic Drug Initiation in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Kim Michael H , Klingman David , Lin Jay , Pathak Prathamesh , Battleman David 
Published: May 2009

Background Initiation of some rhythm-control therapies for atrial fibrillation (AF) requires an inpatient hospital stay and telemetry monitoring, adding to the cost burden of AF. However, specific cost data for inpatient initiation of AF therapies are lacking. Objective To examine costs associated with initiating sotalol or dofetilide in the inpatient setting in the US. Methods This retrospective cohort study used data from billing/discharge records in the Premier Perspective Database for adults with a primary diagnosis of AF, hospitalized between January 2002 and September 2007. Patients had to have received 4 or more sotalol doses or 5 or more dofetilide doses starting within 2 days of admission (with ≥1 dose within 3 days of discharge). Patients admitted solely for AF drug initiation were identified by excluding patients who were admitted on an emergency basis, received care in the emergency department, or underwent major surgical procedures. The primary outcome was direct medical costs for in-hospital services during the stay. Results Among 7290 patients included in the analysis (4847 sotalol, 2443 dofetilide), mean total inpatient costs per patient were $3278 in the sotalol group and $3610 in the dofetilide group. The greatest costs were for room/board ($1874 sotalol, $1985 dofetilide) and cardiology/electrocardiograms ($394 sotalol, $443 dofetilide). Pharmacy costs were $230 and $201 per patient in the sotalol and dofetilide groups, respectively. Conclusions The admission of patients for in-hospital initiation of AF rhythm-control therapy represents a high cost burden in the US.
Notes on the benthic marine algae of Puerto Rico. IX. Additions to the flora including reports of three species for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ballantine David L. , Ruiz Hector , Aponte Nilda E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEleven species of benthic marine algae from deep and shallow habitats are newly reported for Puerto Rico. These include rhodophytes:Hypneocolax stellaris, Predaea laciniosa, Botryocladia monoica, B. papenfussiana, Rhododictyon bermudense, Hypoglossum caloglossoides;heterokonts: Chrysocystis fragilis, Dictyota friabilis, D. hamifera;and chlorophytes: Boergesenia forbesii, Derbesia osterhoutii.The Puerto Rican collections ofPredaea laciniosa, Boergesenia forbesiandChrysocystis fragilisare new records for the Atlantic Ocean.
Verification of Site Cleanup Using a Dual-Equilibrium Desorption Model
Authors: Manhart Christine S. , Chaney Ronald C. , Watt Christopher J. , Slonim Sandra 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The dual-equilibrium desorption (DED) model was introduced in 2002 illustrating the apparent biphasic nature of desorption of contaminants from soil. This model was applied to a gasoline fueling station investigation in northwestern California in which it was tested against empirical data for dissolved-phase gasoline constituents in groundwater in the attempt to predict remediation end points. In this work, we are further testing the applicability of DED to field-based investigations by comparing its model predictions with flow modeling and advective-dispersive contaminant transport empirical results. The model was tested in two parts. First, groundwater flow was modeled using the Laplace equation for groundwater flow in two dimensions. This was compared to observations and used to describe the distribution of hydraulic heads across the flow field. This distribution was then used as input for the contaminant transport model. The equations for advective-dispersive transport were modified by substituting the distribution coefficient with that predicted in the DED. Predicted concentrations were then compared to concentrations observed in a downgradient monitoring well. Results indicate that this procedure is useful in predicting the timing of spikes in contaminant transport to within six months to one year and that the magnitude of those peaks were under predicted by approximately 2 %. The implication is that contaminant spikes are not transported in coherent packets but in a more chaotic manner, possible due to fractionation of gasoline. While better precision may be desired, this is one of the few methods available for use with chemical mixtures, such as total petroleum hydrocarbons.
Modellbasierte Steuerungsberechnung für Doppelkupplungsgetriebe als Teil eines neuen Gesamtkonzepts zur Getriebesteuerung und -regelungA Model Based Control Approach for Dual Clutch Transmissions as Part of a New Transmission Control Concept
Authors: Michalka Andreas , Roppenecker Günter , Wurmthaler C. , Orend Ralf 
Published: May 2009

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird ein modellbasiertes Gesamtkonzept zur Steuerung und Regelung von Doppelkupplungsantriebssträngen vorgestellt und das Vorgehen zur Steuerungsberechnung für Schaltvorgänge anhand eines einfachen Fahrzeugmodells näher erläutert. Dabei werden zum einen Schaltungen betrachtet, deren Start- und Zielgänge in verschiedenen Teilgetrieben liegen, und zum anderen solche mit Start- und Zielgang im selben Getriebestrang.
Kriterien und Methoden zur längsdynamischen Führung von FahrzeugkolonnenCriteria and Methods for Longitudinal Guidance of Vehicle Platoons
Authors: Maschuw Jan P. , Keßler Günter C. , Abel Dirk 
Published: May 2009

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird ein Regelkonzept zur längsdynamischen Führung von Fahrzeugkolonnen vorgestellt, das neben Abstandsfehlern die Beschränkung maximaler Geschwindigkeiten und Beschleunigungen der Folgefahrzeuge im Entwurf bewertet. Diese Kriterien werden, neben Robustheitsanforderungen, als lineare Matrixungleichungen formuliert und Regelungen für unterschiedliche Informationsverfügbarkeit optimiert und in Simulationen erprobt.
Optimierung der Reibwertausnutzung der Reifen durch aktive AntriebsmomentenverteilungOptimization of Tire Friction Usage by Active Driving Torque Distribution
Authors: Hillenbrand Stefan , Stolpe Ingo 
Published: May 2009

Zusammenfassung
Aktive Antriebsstrangkomponenten können eingesetzt werden, um im Hinblick auf die Fahrsicherheit die Reibwertausnutzung der Reifen zu minimieren und so den Abstand zur Reibwertgrenze zu maximieren. Es werden zwei Verfahren vorgestellt, mit denen eine optimale Ansteuerung eines aktiven Hinterachsdifferentials ohne den Einsatz iterativer Optimierungsverfahren ermittelt werden kann.
Kreuzungsmanagement: Trajektorienplanung mittels Dynamischer ProgrammierungIntersection Management: Trajectory Planning by Means of Dynamic Programming
Authors: Bruns Torsten , Trächtler Ansgar 
Published: May 2009

Zusammenfassung
In absehbarer Zukunft werden Fahrzeuge in der Lage sein, in bestimmten Verkehrssituationen autonom und kooperativ zu handeln. Eine derartige Situation kann beispielsweise das autonome Überqueren von ampelfreien Kreuzungen sein. Für dieses Szenario wird eine Lösungsmethodik vorgestellt, die sowohl für den Einsatz unter Echtzeitbedingungen als auch für die Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Optimierungszielgrößen geeignet ist. Der Algorithmus liefert optimale Trajektorien bezüglich dieser Zielgrößen bei gleichzeitiger Garantie der Kollisionsfreiheit.
Towards Simplified Thermal and Specific Rigidity Factors for Ion-Molecule Reactions and Ion Fragmentations
Authors: Troe Jürgen 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Rate constants for capture-controlled ion-molecule reactions and ion fragmentations are analyzed. It is shown that exothermic ion-molecule reactions governed by long-range potentials (class I reactions) and ion fragmentations and the reverse ion-molecule associations with large contributions from valence potentials (class II reactions) require different treatments. The results are expressed by phase space theory and rigidity factors accounting for the anisotropy of the potentials. Thermal and specific rigidity factors, f
rigid(T) and f
rigid(E,J)respectively, need to be internally consistent. Simplified two-parameter expressions for the two rigidity factors are designed with the hope that fitting of the parameters to limited experimental data allows one to extrapolate to unexplored ranges of conditions.
Shock-Tube Study of the Reactions of Hydrogen Atoms with Benzene and Phenyl Radicals
Authors: Giri Binod R. , Bentz Tobias , Hippler Horst , Olzmann Matthias 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The reactions of hydrogen atoms with phenyl radicals, H + C6H5 → products (1), and with benzene, H + C6H6 → products (2), have been studied behind reflected shock waves in the temperature range 1200–1350 K with argon as the bath gas. H-atom resonance absorption spectrometry at 121.6 nm was used as detection technique. Hydrogen atoms and phenyl radicals were produced by thermal decomposition of C2H5I and C6H5I, respectively. Low initial concentrations (~1012–1015 cm-3) were employed to suppress consecutive bimolecular reactions as far as possible.The rate coefficients were determined from fits of the H atom concentration-time profiles in terms of a small mechanism. For reaction (1), a temperature-independent rate coefficient k
1
= 1.3×10–10 cm3 s–1 was obtained at pressures around 1.3 bar. For the rate coefficient of reaction (2), the temperature dependence can be expressed as k
2(T) = 5.8×10–10 exp(–8107 K/T) cm3 s–1, and a pressure dependence was not observed between 1.3 and 4.3 bar. The uncertainties of k
1 and k
2 were estimated to be ±40%.
High-level Ab-initio Calculations for Astrochemically Relevant Polyynes (HC2nH), their Isomers (C2nH2) and their Anions (C2nH−)
Authors: Botschwina Peter , Oswald Rainer , Knizia Gerald , Werner Hans-Joachim 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The astrochemically relevant molecules of type HC2nH, C2nH2 and C2nH− (n = 2−4) have been investigated theoretically by means of both standard and explicitly correlated coupled cluster theory. Equilibrium structures and harmonic vibrational frequencies have been calculated for all nine species. Accurate values for the molar enthalpies of isomerization of the C2nH2 species and for the molar enthalpies of the dissociative electron attachment reactions C2nH2 + e− → C2nH− + H (both at 0 K) are predicted. Both quantities differ substantially from the results of previous hybrid density functional (B3LYP) calculations. The explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12a method in conjunction with Dunning’s aug-cc-pVTZ basis is found to yield results in excellent agreement with standard CCSD(T) calculations with much larger basis sets.
Modeling of Rich Premixed C2H4/O2/Ar and C2H4/Dimethoxymethane/O2/Ar Flames
Authors: Dias Veronique , Renard Cedric , Vandooren Jacques 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Two rich premixed ethylene/oxygen/argon and ethylene/dimethoxymethane/oxygen/argon flat flames burning at 50 mbar were investigated experimentally by using molecular beam mass spectrometry to study the effect of methylal (dimethoxymethane) addition on species concentration profiles (C. Renard, P.J. Van Tiggelen and J. Vandooren, Proc. Combust. Inst., 29 (2002) 1277–1284). The replacement of 5.7% C2H4 by 4.3% C3H8O2, keeping the equivalence ratio equal to 2.50, is responsible for a decrease of the maximum mole fractions of most of the detected intermediate species. If this phenomenon is barely noticeable for C2 to C4 intermediates, it becomes more efficient for C5 to C10 species. Previously, a reaction mechanism has been validated against a premixed rich C2H4/O2/Ar flame (φ = 2.50) which describes in detail the formation of soot precursors and more precisely the main pathways involving benzene (V. Dias, C. Renard, P.J. Van Tiggelen and J. Vandooren, European Combustion Meeting, Orléans, France, p.221, 2003).The aim of this work is to extend this original model by building a sub-mechanism taking into account the formation and the consumption of oxygenated species involved in dimethoxymethane combustion. The new mechanism contains 474 elementary reactions and involves 90 chemical species in order to simulate both ethylene flames with and without methylal addition. The model leads to a good simulation for all species detected in these flames, and underlines the effect of methylal addition on species concentration profiles.According to this mechanism, the two main degradation pathways of methylal (CH3OCH2OCH3) in C2H4/methylal/oxygen/argon flame are:
1) CH3OCH2javascript:filterformular(´3´)OCH3 → CH3OCH2OCH2 → CH3OCH2 → CH2O
2) CH3OCH2OCH3 → CH3OCHOCH3 → CH3OCHO → CH3OCO → CH3O → CH3OH → CH2OH → CH2O
with the first one being the fastest.
A Two-equation Model to Simulate Soot Formation under Shock-tube Conditions
Authors: Marquetand Jens , Riedel Uwe 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
An existing two-equation soot model is extended by nucleation of soot particles from phenyl to improve the model´s results for aromatic fuels. The model describes the soot formation processes by rate equations for the soot concentration and the soot volume fraction. These two equations are solved fully coupled with the rate equations of the gas-phase species resulting from a detailed chemical kinetics model.The soot model is tested under shock-tube conditions for the oxidation of n-heptane and toluene. The maximum volume fraction needed as input to the two-equation model is derived from simulations with a detailed soot model, when no experimental values are given. Therefore a bell-shaped curve is fit to the detailed simulation´s results and the so determined fit parameters are passed to the two-equation model.Two sets of parameters for the simplified model are found, one representing the former version of the model with nucleation solely depending on propargyl and another one additionally including phenyl in the nucleation process. Both parameter sets show good agreement to the experimental values and nearly equal results for the time evolution and temperature dependence during the oxidation of n-heptane. However, during the oxidation of toluene additionally considering particle nucleation from phenyl improves the results compared to the former version of the two-equation model as the soot yield is predicted much better for lower temperatures.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Fe(CO)5 Addition to a Laminar Premixed Hydrogen/Oxygen/Argon Flame
Authors: Staude S. , Hecht C. , Wlokas I. , Schulz C. , Atakan Burak 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Low-pressure, lean, laminar, premixed hydrogen/oxygen/argon flames seeded with iron pentacarbonyl (35−170 ppm Fe(CO)5) were modeled with detailed chemistry and the results were compared to laser-induced fluorescence imaging measurements of iron atom concentration and gas-phase temperature. The model includes recent rate coefficients for the decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl and thermodynamic data. The simulated iron concentrations correspond well with the measurements with only minor discrepancies in the rise of the iron profiles at low Fe(CO)5 concentrations. In addition, it was shown that the mechanism is able to predict the effect of Fe(CO)5 on the flame speed also for lean conditions, where the model was not established yet. The major iron species, aside from atomic iron, in this flame are predicted to be FeOH and Fe(OH)2 with some FeO2 early in the flame. The observed increased flame temperatures in the presence of Fe(CO)5 are attributed to catalytic hydrogen recombination.
Simple Table to Identify Children and Adolescents Needing Further Evaluation of Blood Pressure
Authors: Kaelber David C. , Pickett Frieda 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to create a tool to screen more easily for children and adolescents who might have hypertension or prehypertension.
METHODS: We took the existing tables from The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents, which contain hundreds of normal and abnormal blood pressure values based on gender, age, and height percentile, and analyzed this data to develop a much simplified table based only on gender and age.
RESULTS. In our simplified table we reduced the number of values from 476 to 64 and have only one threshold value of abnormal systolic and diastolic blood pressure, by gender, for each year of life (ages 3 to ≥18). This table makes it easy to identify abnormal blood pressure values in almost any potential care or screening setting. This approach is ideal when blood pressure is measured outside a physician's office or even at intake in a pediatrician's office, when the height percentile (which is required for the use of current tables) may not be easily obtainable.
CONCLUSIONS. This screening tool can quickly and easily identify children and adolescents whose blood pressure readings merit further evaluation by a physician and rule out abnormal blood pressure in children and adolescents.
A Prospective Comparison of Diaphragmatic Ultrasound and Chest Radiography to Determine Endotracheal Tube Position in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Kerrey Benjamin Thomas , Geis Gary Lee , Quinn Andrea Megan , Hornung Richard William , Ruddy Richard Michael 
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND. Investigators report endotracheal tube misplacement in up to 40% of emergent intubations. The standard elements of confirmation have significant limitations. Diaphragmatic ultrasound is a potentially viable addition to the confirmatory process. Our primary hypothesis is that ultrasound is equivalent to chest radiography in determining endotracheal tube position within the airway in emergent pediatric intubations.METHODS. We enrolled a prospective, convenience sample from all intubated patients in our emergency department. The primary outcome was the agreement between diaphragmatic ultrasound and chest radiography for endotracheal tube position. On ultrasound, tracheal placement equaled bilateral diaphragmatic motion, bronchial placement equaled unilateral diaphragmatic motion, and esophageal placement equaled no or paradoxical diaphragmatic motion during delivery of positive pressure. Study sonographers were blind to radiographic results. Our secondary outcome was the timeliness of ultrasound versus chest radiography results. Our institutional review board approved this study with a waiver of informed consent.RESULTS. One hundred twenty-seven patients were enrolled. In 24 (19%) patients, the endotracheal tube was in the mainstem bronchus on chest radiography. There were no esophageal intubations in the sample. Ultrasound and chest radiography agreed on endotracheal tube placement in 106 patients (94 tracheal and 12 mainstem), for an overall agreement of 0.83. The sensitivity of ultrasound for tracheal placement was 0.91. The specificity of ultrasound for mainstem intubation was 0.50. Thirty-four patients had a second ultrasound by a separate, blinded sonographer; 33 of 34 of the results of the second sonographer were in agreement with the initial sonogram, for an interrater agreement of 97%. Clinically useful chest radiography results took a median of 8 minutes longer to achieve than ultrasound results.CONCLUSIONS. Diaphragmatic ultrasound was not equivalent to chest radiography for endotracheal tube placement within the airway. However, ultrasound results were timelier, detected more misplacements than standard confirmation alone, and were highly reproducible between sonographers.