bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenylketonuria and other inherited metabolic defects
Authors: Cunningham George C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter deals mainly with screening and diagnosis for phenylketonuria (PKU), but comments briefly on other inherited metabolic defects for which screening has been proposed. PKU is a disorder of amino acid metabolism due to failure of phenylalanine hydroxylation, which almost always results in severe mental retardation and retarded growth. Screening followed by treatment is effective in preventing these effects.
Ultrasound as an ancillary investigation in the management of pregnancy
Authors: Levine Amy B. , Lockwood Charles J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the role of ultrasound as an ancillary technique in the establishment of gestational age; diagnosis of placenta previa; identification of intrauterine growth retardation; and detection and surveillance of multiple gestation. It is concluded that whether ultrasound is of benefit in these conditions is an open question.
Ultrasound scanning for congenital abnormalities
Authors: Wald Nicholas , Kennard Anne , Donnenfeld Alan , Leck Ian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the value of ultrasound scanning both as a screening and a diagnostic test for fetal abnormalities, considering published evidence of ultrasound scanning performance, natural history, and birth prevalence of the disorders. The chapter includes a list of abnormalities for which ultrasound scanning and subsequent action can lead to a benefit and others for which evidence is lacking.
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling
Authors: Gosden Christine , Tabor Ann , Leck Ian , Grant Adrian , Alfirevic Zarko , Wald Nicholas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to obtain tissue of the same genetic origin as the fetus for diagnostic purposes (most often testing for chromosomal abnormalities) without removing any tissue from the fetus itself. Second-trimester amniocentesis is a very effective test: failure to make a diagnosis is very rare. It involves a small risk of fetal loss, estimated at about 1 in 100 pregnancies. CVS is somewhat less effective, comparably safe if performed transabdominally, but less so if performed transvaginally.
Fetal blood and tissue sampling
Authors: Hurley Pauline A. , Rodeck Charles H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the place of fetal blood and tissue sampling in the diagnosis of fetal disorders. Samples of fetal tissue or body fluids are needed for many of the diagnostic tests that are indicated when antenatal screening tests are positive. Sampling is most often prompted by the results of ultrasound scans. It may also be indicated when a familial or past obstetric history raises the possibility of a genetic disorder.
What needs to be prevented?
Authors: Rose Geoffrey 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that the clinical or high-risk approach to prevention has tended to concentrate attention on the conspicuous segment of disease and risk, seeking to understand and control it as though it were the whole of the problem and failing to recognize its integral links with the state of the population in general. Conversely, those taking the public health or environmentalist approach have often been suspicious of medicalization and doctors, and this has isolated them from mainstream medicine, from first-hand experience of illness and disease, and from relevant biological insights.
Commentary
Authors: Khaw Kay-Tee , Marmot Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion of Geoffrey Rose's concepts and applications. It then discusses the continuity of risk and population impact, genes and the genomic revolution, policy and research, and population action. It argues that the essential determinants of the health of society are to be found in its mass characteristics: the deviant minority can only be understood when seen in its societal context and effective prevention requires changes which involve the population as a whole.
Clinical Trials
Authors: Meinert Curtis L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This book starts with a general discussion of clinical trials. It goes on to describe the activities of a typical study, comparing single center and multicenter trials, reviewing cost factors and assessing the usefulness of clinical trials for the practice of medicine. The book then considers design principles and practices such as sample size estimates and the mechanics of treatment masking, and provides a detailed consideration of a variety of issues involved in implementation and analysis, including execution, follow-up, and quality assurance. The book also includes a three-chapter section on management and an in-depth treatment of reporting procedures.
Searching for the Causes of Mental Disorders
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter introduces an integrative approach to studying causes in the present era, using the example of anorexia nervosa, a disorder that occurs mainly in young women and carries some risk of mortality. It argues that psychiatric epidemiology is well positioned for a concentrated search for the causes of mental disorders. It proposes that risk factor methods be fully exploited in this endeavor. It also advocates the adoption of a broad conceptual framework, an integrative approach suitable for studying biological, genetic, psychological, and societal causes of mental (and other) disorders.
Detecting Causes
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter provides the foundation for understanding how studies are designed for the purpose of detecting causes. It presents a framework derived from two sources: psychology and epidemiology. The starting point is a schema widely adopted in psychological research and influential in many other fields, including social sciences and epidemiology. Drawing upon the work of epidemiologists such as Susser (1973) and Rothman and Greenland (1998), this schema is tailored for use in epidemiology.
Measures of Association
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe investigation of an exposure-disease relationship usually begins by looking for an association between the exposure and the disease. This association is evaluated by generating some simple quantitative measure that describes the strength of their association as fairly and accurately as possible. This chapter introduces the measures of association used for this purpose and some of the impediments to obtaining good measures.
Prototypical Cohort Study
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCohort studies compare individuals exposed and unexposed to a hypothesized risk factor, and the respective proportions who develop the disease over a specified period of time. This chapter introduces the main elements of the cohort design. To facilitate exposition, it describes as a prototype a prospective population cohort study.
Gauging the Precision of Measures of Association
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Point estimates and confidence intervals are used to make judgments about the strength of an association between an outcome and an exposure of interest. To interpret findings, we have to take account of the influence of chance (sampling variability) on the results observed in the study sample. This chapter presents methods that help quantify the degree of uncertainty in the evaluation of a potential association.
Using Significance Tests in Establishing Associations
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStatistical significance testing can be viewed as a formal method for assessing the evidence with regard to a scientific conjecture. It reflects the degree to which we can be confident that an association observed in the study sample is also present in the target population. Significance tests play a central role in psychiatric epidemiology, and in fact across the full gamut of human research. Given the omnipresence of statistical significance tests, it is essential for all investigators to understand the principles behind these tests and guidelines for their interpretation. This chapter provides this background and makes recommendations for sensible evaluation of test results.
Planning Studies: Estimating Power and Sample Size
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Human research studies can be very difficult to conduct, very time-consuming to complete, and extremely costly. They require tremendous commitment from the investigators involved, as well as from all of the participants who contribute their time, their effort, and even their blood and other physical samples to further the cause of research. Given these considerations, investigators need to quantify, before embarking on a study, their ability to detect meaningful associations under the proposed study design. This chapter describes some of the most basic and commonly used formulas for computing power and sample size.
Adjustment for Covariates
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces methods of statistical adjustment. Statistical adjustment is used to reduce the effects of confounders; or, more precisely, to infer what association would have been observed had there been no confounding. The main analytic methods for control of confounding include stratification, statistical modeling, and subgroup analysis. The chapter begins by focusing on stratification and regression analysis as methods of analysis for unmatched samples. It then describes methods for analyzing matched data. Although matching to control for confounding is done before the data are collected, it is critically important to apply statistical methods that account for the matching, because the analysis must correspond to the design to attain valid results. Subgroup analysis is briefly considered at the end of the chapter.
Event Time Analysis
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes statistical methods for taking account of unequal attrition, that is, different follow-up times across exposed and unexposed groups in a cohort study. It considers methods for analyzing time to an event as an outcome in its own right. The chapter defines the outcome as the time until disease onset. From this perspective, a nondiseased subject in the study is not a control as in a case-control study, but someone who has not yet developed the disease. To analyze disease incidence data from this perspective, methods that come under the interchangeable headings of survival analysis, time-to-event analysis, or failure-time analysis are used.
Genetic Linkage Studies
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the basic concepts and methods of genetic linkage studies. It first describes what linkage means and how investigators go about detecting linkage. It then discusses the causal paradigm of the genetic linkage study and contrasts linkage with association studies. Finally, using the example of dystonia, it shows how linkage can be interwoven with other designs in the search for genetic causes.
Eco-Epidemiology
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of three recent developments in epidemiology. It then argues that an integrated approach to investigating disease and its prevention will necessarily encompass these elements: life course trajectories, levels of causation, and the interconnections among different causes and disease domains. To describe this emergent way of thinking, it proposes the term eco-epidemiology.
Causal Explanation Outside the Black Box
Authors: Susser Ezra , Schwartz Sharon , Morabia Alfredo , Bromet Evelyn J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses approaches that could be used to answer questions that often fall outside the range of risk factor studies. Some of these approaches are accommodated by extension of the scope of risk factor designs. Others are still embryonic, and their full development is a central challenge for epidemiology and, specifically, psychiatric epidemiology in the current era. It focuses on the three domains corresponding to the questions asked in this chapter: differences in disease rates across populations, the context of the life course, and the rise and fall of disease rates over time.
Deliver Us from Evil
Authors: Ford, Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A major contribution to our understanding of slavery in the early republic, this book illuminates the white South's twisted and tortured efforts to justify slavery, focusing on the period from the drafting of the federal constitution in 1787 through the age of Jackson. Drawing on primary sources, including newspapers, government documents, legislative records, pamphlets, and speeches, this book recaptures the varied and sometimes contradictory ideas and attitudes held by groups of white southerners as they debated the slavery question. The book conveys the political, intellectual, economic, and social thought of leading white southerners, vividly recreating the mental world of the varied actors. The book also shows that there was not one antebellum South but many, and not one southern white mindset but several, with the debates over slavery in the upper South quite different in substance from those in the deep South.
Chapter One Owning Slaves, Disowning Slavery
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the changing structure and demography of slavery in the early republican upper South. It explores how the decline of the Chesapeake tobacco economy gave masters an incentive to dispose of surplus slaves, just as the rhetoric of the American Revolution gave upper South masters an ideological motivation to put slavery on a slow journey toward extinction. It also looks at how the expansion of slavery across the Appalachians into Kentucky and Tennessee engendered ambivalence toward the institution among whites in the new states.
Chapter Four Extending Slavery
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores the anxieties generated in the region by South Carolina's decision to reopen the foreign slave trade, the rapid expansion of slavery into the Old Southwest, and the German Coast slave insurrection in Louisiana in 1811. It briefly examines the resistance fomented by a coalition of the British, enslaved blacks, and native Americans during the War of 1812, and Andrew Jackson's concomitant rise as the champion of whites who wanted safe access to land, slaves, and cotton profits.
Chapter Seven The Scare
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the Denmark Vesey insurrection scare, the most significant challenge the paternalist movement faced during its insurgent phase. Charleston stood as the central staging ground and ideological epicenter of the paternalist insurgency. At the same time, nowhere was the movement better equipped to defend itself than in Charleston. Given the nature of the attack on paternalism that came as part of the public reaction to the discovery of the Denmark Vesey insurrection plot during the summer of 1822, the movement needed all the strength it could muster to stand its ground.
Chapter Eight Analyzing the Scare
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the reaction of local whites to the Denmark Vesey insurrection plot. The reaction emerged from the information the Charleston public received at the time and the resulting widespread acceptance of the idea that the dangerous plot described in reports issued by Charleston's official investigators had, in fact, matured in Charleston that summer. Whites who defended an alternative version of the scare during the summer and fall of 1822 quickly lost credibility with the Lowcountry public. As Lowcountry whites contemplated the implications of a successful insurrection their midst, their leaders debated the appropriate means of making sure that no future plot could come to fruition. As part of this debate, whites of various persuasions offered both their diagnoses of the scare and proposals to prevent future plots. This public discussion over causes and preventative measures quickly revealed the sharp conflict that emerged between local authorities and the paternalist movement that escalated as the scare and the ensuing reaction unfolded.
Chapter Nine Reacting to the Scare
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores the refusal of the South Carolina legislature to adopt many of the draconian control measures recommended by Charleston-area leaders in response to the Vesey scare. Lowcountry leaders then reacted to the legislature's moderation with the formation of an aggressive voluntary organization, the South Carolina Association, charged with protecting the interests and safety of white Charlestonians. The association quickly emerged as the vanguard of proslavery radicalism in the lower South and a sworn enemy of the paternalist movement.
Chapter Ten Discourses of Colonization
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents the southern debate over colonization as three parallel discussions. One discussion centered on the disagreement within the upper South over whether colonization should be used to encourage gradual emancipation or simply as a means for reducing the region's large free black population. A second discussion revolved around the dispute between the upper South and lower South over whether colonization was a legitimate means for eliminating some problems related to slavery or merely an abolitionist wedge designed to undermine slavery. The third was a debate between southern and northern colonizationists over the ultimate purpose and preferred pace of the movement.
Chapter Fourteen Ending Free Black Suffrage in North Carolina
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter analyzes North Carolina's decision to disfranchise all free blacks at its 1835 state constitutional convention. The push for disfranchisement of free blacks in North Carolina was led not only by white egalitarians seeking ideological consistency but also by some conservatives eager to free their election districts from the influence of free black voters. These conservatives, who generally opposed constitutional reform, couched their public arguments against free black suffrage in terms of drawing a bright line between white citizens and black denizens much as egalitarians did, though conservatives also expressed the more elitist notion that black disfranchisement would free their election districts from the “corruption” and tendency to mobocracy they associated with free black voting.
Chapter Fifteen Reaction in the Lower South
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the spread of alarm and anxiety across the lower South in the aftermath of the publication of Walker's pamphlet and news of Turner's revolt. In the face of such alarming news, the ongoing contest between paternalists and their critics initially intensified. The paternalists maintained that only their approach could render slavery safe for the lower South, but the movement's opponents launched a fierce offensive, seeking to undermine the paternalist argument in light of open slave violence and aggressive abolitionist threats to slavery from outside the region. Initially, critics of paternalism succeeded in shifting the lower South's focus to the need for tighter control of slaves and free blacks. As a result, they won approval for measures banning the education of slaves and limiting the ability of paternalists to continue their mission to the region's slave population.
Chapter Sixteen Abolition Poison and Southern Antidotes
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter details the broader southern reaction to the abolition mail and petition campaigns crafted by the American Anti-slavery Society. Spreading alarm and producing a call for unity and action, particularly in the lower South, the abolition mail campaign struck many whites in the South as nothing short of a terrorist attack on the region, and the mail and petition campaigns together left more white southerners than ever convinced that, at least on the point of abolition, the South had to meet its critics with one voice.
Chapter Seventeen The Ideological Reconfiguration of Slavery in the Lower South
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyzes the fleshing out of the ideological reconfiguration of slavery in the lower South, and explains the final rise of the paternalist movement from insurgency to orthodoxy in the region. Despite the initial setback paternalism suffered from the concerns aroused by the Turner insurrection and the abolition mail campaign, ultimately the ideology's triumph in the lower South owed much to the perception that it offered the most effective counter to the emerging humanitarian critique of slavery as an evil that required immediate redress—a line of argument that lay at the core of the new abolitionist crusade. The lower South's ideological reconfiguration of slavery married the virtues of paternalism as a system for managing enslaved blacks to the economic and political imperatives of independence and egalitarianism for white males. The union was sealed with a public vow to make race the central social distinction in southern society.
Conclusion
Authors: Ford, Jr. Lacy K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the upper and lower South's respective answers to the slavery question, which lay in different ways of reconfiguring the institution. In the upper South, that reconfiguration was a demographic one. The idea of a demographic reconfiguration of slavery emphasized the gradual whitening of the region and depended heavily on continued lower South demand for slaves and an active internal slave trade. The lower South's reconfiguration was ideological in nature, and it revolved around the embrace of race as the chief justification for slavery, the acceptance of white egalitarianism as the ethos of the region's political culture, and the triumph of paternalism as the lower South's prevailing ideology of slaveholding.