bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Federalist No. 71: Does Duration in Office Provide Vigilant Autonomy in the Regulatory Process?
Authors: Khademian Anne M. 
Published: November 2011

Federalist No. 71 contains a strong defense of duration in office as a source of “cool and sedate reflection” by the executive. According to Alexander Hamilton’s argument, duration in office is essential for the vigilant autonomy needed to faithfully execute the laws. The author examines this argument within the context of government regulation, using the recent financial crisis and consumer safety as examples of the limits of stability and autonomy for creating vigilant autonomy.When occasions present themselves, in which the interests of the people are at variance with their inclinations, it is the duty of the persons whom they have appointed to be the guardians of those interests, to withstand the temporary delusion, in order to give them time and opportunity for more cool and sedate reflection.—Federalist No. 71
Does Poor Performance Damage the Reputation of Financial Intermediaries? Evidence from the Loan Syndication Market
Authors: GOPALAN RADHAKRISHNAN , NANDA VIKRAM , YERRAMILLI VIJAY 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTWe investigate the effect of poor performance on financial intermediary reputation by estimating the effect of large‐scale bankruptcies among a lead arranger's borrowers on its subsequent syndication activity. Consistent with reputation damage, such lead arrangers retain larger fractions of the loans they syndicate, are less likely to syndicate loans, and are less likely to attract participant lenders. The consequences are more severe when borrower bankruptcies suggest inadequate screening or monitoring by the lead arranger. However, the effect of borrower bankruptcies on syndication activity is not present among dominant lead arrangers, and is weak in years in which many lead arrangers experience borrower bankruptcies.
Disasters Implied by Equity Index Options
Authors: BACKUS DAVID , CHERNOV MIKHAIL , MARTIN IAN 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTWe use equity index options to quantify the distribution of consumption growth disasters. The challenge lies in connecting the risk‐neutral distribution of equity returns implied by options to the true distribution of consumption growth. First, we compare pricing kernels constructed from macro‐finance and option‐pricing models. Second, we compare option prices derived from a macro‐finance model to those we observe. Third, we compare the distribution of consumption growth derived from option prices using a macro‐finance model to estimates based on macroeconomic data. All three perspectives suggest that options imply smaller probabilities of extreme outcomes than have been estimated from macroeconomic data.
IQ and Stock Market Participation
Authors: GRINBLATT MARK , KELOHARJU MATTI , LINNAINMAA JUHANI 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTStock market participation is monotonically related to IQ, controlling for wealth, income, age, and other demographic and occupational information. The high correlation between IQ and participation exists even among the affluent. Supplemental data from siblings, studied with an instrumental variables approach and regressions that control for family effects, demonstrate that IQ's influence on participation extends to females and does not arise from omitted familial and nonfamilial variables. High‐IQ investors are more likely to hold mutual funds and larger numbers of stocks, experience lower risk, and earn higher Sharpe ratios. We discuss implications for policy and finance research.
Designing a novel dental root analogue implant using cone beam computed tomography and CAD/CAM technology
Authors: Moin David Anssari , Hassan Bassam , Mercelis Peter , Wismeijer Daniel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe study aim is to introduce a novel preemptively constructed dental root analogue implant (RAI) based on three‐dimensional (3D) root surface models obtained from a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan, computer aided designing and computer aided manufacturing technology.Materials & MethodsOne partially edentulous mandibular human cadaver was scanned with the Accuitomo 170 CBCT system. The scan volumes and datasets were used to create 3D surface models of the tooth. A 3D surface mesh of the tooth was stored as a standard triangulation language (STL) file. A high‐end selective laser melting technology was used to fabricate the RAI from the STL file. The RAI was produced in a biocompatible titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). Optical scanning technology was used to measure the RAI, as well as the natural tooth that was extracted. To validate the accuracy of the CBCT 3D root surface and the manufactured Titanium RAI, both surfaces were superimposed on the optical scan of the tooth, which served as the gold “reference” standard.ResultsThe differences between the RAI and the optical scan of the original tooth are most noticeable at the level of the apex and the cementenamel junction areas on the buccal and lingual side (divergence of more than 0.15 mm). Surface area measurements show an overall decrease in surface area of 6.33% for the RAI in comparison with the original tooth and an increase of 0.27% when comparing the 3D surface model with optical scan of the original tooth.ConclusionWith the use of currently available technology it is very well feasible to preemptively create a custom RAI in titanium. However, clinical evidence evaluating the success of this novel dental implant approach is needed.
An analysis examining socio‐economic variations in the provision of NHS general dental practitioner care under a fee for service contract among adolescents: Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study
Authors: Telford Claire , Murray Liam , Donaldson Michael , O’Neill Ciaran 
Published: November 2011

Telford C, Murray L, Donaldson M, O’Neill C. An analysis examining socio‐economic variations in the provision of NHS general dental practitioner care under a fee for service contract among adolescents: Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40: 70–79. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Objectives: To examine socio‐economic variations in the use of publicly funded general dental practitioner care by adolescents under a fee for service arrangement. Method: Publicly funded general practitioner reimbursement data were linked to census and vital statistics data within the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study. Data relate to 12 846 adolescents aged 11 or 12 in April 2003 included within the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study (28% of the population). The main outcome measure was consumption of dental care between 2003/2004 and 2007/2008 by socio‐economic status (as measured by National Statistics Socio‐economic Classification of occupation and highest educational attainment of household reference person). Results: In multivariate analysis, socio‐economic status was a significant determinant of dental care consumed. Those of the lowest socio‐economic status, according to both occupation and highest educational attainment of household reference person, were less likely to have consumed orthodontics OR 0.76 (0.62, 0.95) and OR 0.79 (0.69, 0.91), respectively. Those of lower socio‐economic status were, however, more likely to have undergone an extraction and restorative treatment and also consumed on average more treatment than those of higher socio‐economic status. Conclusion: A demand‐led service, in which practitioners are reimbursed in part on a fee for service basis, may create incentives that contribute to different patterns of utilization between social groups. Such a system may not be providing equal access for equal need and may widen existing socio‐economic disparities in oral health among adolescents.
Changes of oxygen content in facial skin before and after cigarette smoking
Authors: Fan Guo‐Biao , Wu Pei‐Lan , Wang Xue‐Min 
Published: November 2011

Background/purposeCigarette smoking not only causes systemic health problems, but may also be an underlying cause of premature skin aging. Cigarette smokers frequently have morphological changes in facial skin that may be attributed to reduced oxygen in this region. The purpose of this study was to measure the oxygen content in facial skin before and after smoking.MethodsTwenty‐five volunteers participated in this study. Changes in oxygen content of the facial skin were measured before and after 30 min of cigarette smoking. Skin temperature and oxygen content were evaluated in the periorbital and periolar regions.ResultsThere was a significant increase in temperature after smoking. The oxy hemoglobin and partial pressure of oxygen decreased in both the periocular and perioral areas after smoking. There were no changes in deoxy hemoglobin and partial pressure of carbon dioxide at these areas.ConclusionSignificant changes were seen in temperature and oxygen content after only 30 min of smoking. The results from this study suggest that alterations in the skin temperature and oxygen content in facial skin after smoking may be an underlying cause of premature skin aging.
Methods for evaluation of cosmetic antioxidant capacity
Authors: Ratz‐Lyko Anna , Arct Jacek , Pytkowska Katarzyna 
Published: November 2011

The skin as the largest part of human body is one of the main targets for ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollution, toxic chemicals and some metal ions, which share responsibility for the formation of free radicals. The resulting free radicals, both oxygen and nitrogen species are one of the main causes of aging due to impaired regulation of cell respiratory metabolism involving incomplete oxygen reduction in mitochondria and production a superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals et al. In modern cosmetology to minimize the adverse effects of free radicals, antioxidants, which inhibit free radical reactions, mainly autoxidation processes are used. Currently, not only many cosmetic products containing antioxidants are available, but a large diversity of methods for determination of cosmetics antioxidant activity is also accessible. These methods can be divided into three main groups: in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo as reported herein. Due to lack of standardization and validation it is necessary to use a variety of methods as well as conditions for those purposes, which are presented to the context.
Sexual, Psychological, and Relational Functioning in Women After Surgical Treatment for Vulvar Malignancy: A Literature Review
Authors: Aerts Leen , Enzlin Paul , Vergote Ignace , Verhaeghe Johan , Poppe Willy , Amant Frederic 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Vulvectomy is an intrusive treatment option for women with vulvar malignancy that theoretically may affect sexual function.

Aim
This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of surgical treatment for vulvar malignancy on sexual functioning, overall quality of life, and partner relationship.

Methods
Systematic search of the medical literature on PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane database, Google Scholar and Embase using a number of related terms including vulvar malignancy, vulvar cancer, vulva cancer, vulval cancer, vulvectomy, sexual function, partner relation, quality of life, and psychological functioning.

Main Outcome Measure
Measures and indicators of sexual function, overall quality of life, and partner relationship following vulvectomy for vulvar malignancy.

Results
There is evidence that women who undergo surgical treatment for vulvar cancer or vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia are at high risk for sexual dysfunctions, dissatisfaction with partner relationship, and psychological difficulties. Factors associated with posttreatment sexual dysfunction include patient’s increased age, poor overall well-being, history of depression, anxiety, and excision size of vulvar malignancy.

Conclusions
Surgical treatment of vulvar cancer has a negative impact on sexual function, quality of life, and satisfaction with partner relationship. However, hitherto only little research effort has been directed to postoperative sexual well-being in vulvar cancer survivors. There is a need for more methodological sound prospective studies that explore sexual function, quality of life, and partner relationship and its predictors over time in vulvar cancer patients.
An Outcomes Analysis of over 200 Revision Surgeries for Penile Prosthesis Implantation: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Henry Gerard D. , Donatucci Craig F. , Conners William , Greenfield Jason M. , Carson Culley C. , Wilson Steven K. , Delk John , Lentz Aaron C. , Cleves Mario A. , Jennermann Caroline J. , Kramer Andrew C. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) implantation is a well-established treatment for medically refractory erectile dysfunction, with long-term reliability. Overall survival is 96% at 5 years and 60% at 15 years for primary (virgin) implantation.

Aim
The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with success and complications of IPP revision surgery in a multicenter study.

Main Outcome Measures
Reasons for revision including mechanical issues, patient dissatisfaction, corporal deformity, and supersonic transport (SST) deformity were recorded.

Methods
At four institutions, 214 clinically uninfected IPP revisions were performed between November 2000 and November 2007. Data were incomplete for 28 cases (14%). Failure-free survival was estimated using Kaplan–Meier’s Meier product limit method.

Results
The majority of revisions were secondary to mechanical failure (N = 109; 65%) and combined erosion or infection (N = 17 + 15 = 32; 19%). Sixteen percent (N = 26) were carried out on functional uninfected prostheses secondary to patient dissatisfaction (N = 9), SST deformity (N = 10), scrotal hematoma (N = 2), or upsize revision because of corporal fibrosis (N = 5). Average age at revision was 66 years. Mean follow-up time was 55.7 months. In this study, 12 individuals required a secondary revision procedure or suffered a complication. Despite prior reports of high infection rates with revision surgery, only 5.7% of clinically uninfected and noneroded prostheses were complicated by infection or impending extrusion/erosion, following a revision washout protocol. Overall, 93% of cases were successfully revised, providing functioning IPPs.

Conclusion
For this study population, component exchange followed by revision washout showed a low incidence of infection and subsequent mechanical failure.
The Relationship Between Same-Sex Sexual Experience, Sexual Distress, and Female Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Burri Andrea , Rahman Qazi , Santtila Pekka , Jern Patrick , Spector Timothy , Sandnabba Kenneth 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
There is little research estimating the occurrence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in women with same-sex sexual experience and none incorporating a key feature of standardized DSM-IV diagnoses—sexual distress.

Aim
To investigate the prevalence of FSD in women with and without same-sex sexual experience and whether any effects of same-sex sexual experience on women’s sexual functioning are moderated by frequency and type of sexual activity.

Methods
The sample consisted of 5,998 female individuals aged 18–49 years. Prevalence of FSD was assessed by the Female Sexual Function Index and an abbreviated version of the Female Sexual Distress Scale. Measurement of frequency and variation in sexual activity was conducted using a modified version of the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory. Lifetime same-sex experience was assessed with a single question.

Main Outcome Measures
Prevalence estimates of FSD. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the subsample-specific, mediating role of frequency and mode of sexual activities on FSD.

Results
Women with same-sex sexual experience (13.6%) engaged significantly more in all sexual activities (P &lt; 0.01) compared with women without such experience. They further reported significantly more desire (Z = 3.1, P &lt; 0.05) and satisfaction problems (z = 10.6, P &lt; 0.001). When controlling patterns of sexual activities no significant effect of same-sex sexual experience on desire could be detected (OR 1.1, CI 95% 0.9–1.2, P &gt; 0.1), whereas the significant association between same-sex sexual experience and sexual dissatisfaction remained (OR 1.28, CI 95% 1.1–1.6, P &lt; 0.05). Sexual distress was significantly more prevalent in women with same-sex sexual experience (23%) compared with their counterparts (19%).

Conclusions
Same-sex sexual experience is related, both directly and indirectly, to FSD. Testing of the mediating factors underlying this association may offer important clues into the etiology of FSD in general. The results further highlight the need to consider sexual distress as a multidimensional concept.
Greater Resting Heart Rate Variability is Associated with Orgasms Through Penile–Vaginal Intercourse, but Not with Orgasms from Other Sources
Authors: Costa Rui Miguel , Brody Stuart 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Resting heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of parasympathetic activity, is a predictor of health and longevity. Better erectile function is associated with greater resting HRV (assessed by high frequency power [HF]), and in both sexes, penile–vaginal intercourse (PVI) is the only sexual behavior consistently associated with indices of better physical and mental health, including greater resting HRV (assessed by standard deviation [SD] of heart rate [HR]).

Aims
To examine the hypotheses that greater frequency of orgasms attained through PVI (for women, without additional simultaneous clitoral stimulation; vaginal orgasm) are associated with greater resting HRV. A differential hypothesis is that HRV measures will be unrelated to orgasmic frequency from noncoital sexual activities.

Methods
Coitally experienced men and women (N = 143) had their heart rate measured for 5 minutes and reported the frequency of various sexual behaviors and corresponding orgasms in a recent representative month.

Main Outcome Measures
Partial correlations and analyses of covariance controlling for social desirability responding were used to examine the associations of sexual activities with time and frequency domains of HRV.

Results
For men, greater resting SD of HR was associated with greater PVI orgasm frequency. For women, greater resting SD of HR was associated with any vaginal orgasm. These findings remained after controlling for cohabitation. Sexual activities were unrelated to HF. Lifetime number of PVI partners was unrelated to SD of HR and HF.

Conclusions
Findings are discussed in the context of orgasms through PVI enhancing HRV, and greater parasympathetic tone favoring the capacity to engage in PVI, and in the case of women, to reach vaginal orgasm. The possibility of healthier people having greater resting HRV and more frequent orgasms through specifically PVI is also considered.
Alkalinized Lidocaine and Heparin Provide Immediate Relief of Pain and Urgency in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis
Authors: Parsons C. Lowell , Zupkas Paul , Proctor Jeffrey , Koziol James , Franklin Amie , Giesing Dennis , Davis Edward , Lakin Charles M. , Kahn Bruce S. , Garner William J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
It has been reported in an open-label study that the combination of alkalinized lidocaine and heparin can immediately relieve the symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency, and pain associated with interstitial cystitis (IC). This combination has also been reported to relieve pain associated with sex in patients with IC.

Aim
The aim of this study was to corroborate these findings in a multicenter setting.

Methods
The study design was a multicenter prospective, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Each participant met all of the clinical National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases criteria (excluding cystoscopy) for IC. Each patient received drug and control, in random order, within 48 hours of enrolling in the study.

Main Outcome Measures
The primary outcome measure was percent change in pain score (11-point analog pain scale) 12 hours after receiving the drug or control. Secondary measures were the global assessment response (GAR) of symptoms and 12-hour average urgency reduction determined from 11-point urgency scales.

Results
Eighteen (18) patients completed the trial. The average reduction of pain over 12 hours was 21% for control and 42% for active drug (P = 0.0363). GAR was 13% for control and 50% for drug (P = 0.0137). Average urgency reduction was 13% for control and 35% for drug (P = 0.0328).

Conclusions
The combination of alkalinized lidocaine and heparin provides up to 12 hours of relief from urgency and pain associated with IC. This combination provides significant immediate relief of symptoms for patients with IC.
Subcutaneous Penile Insertion of Domino Fragments by Incarcerated Males in Southwest United States Prisons: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Hudak Steven J. , McGeady James , Shindel Alan W. , Breyer Benjamin N. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Self-insertion of penile foreign bodies is performed worldwide, largely due to a perception that it will enhance sexual performance and virility. There are relatively few cases reported in the United States.

Aim
We report three cases of Hispanic men incarcerated in separate southwest United States prisons who utilized a similar technique to insert foreign bodies fabricated out of dominos into the subcutaneous tissues of the penis.

Methods
Details of the three cases were retrospectively reviewed.

Main Outcome Measure
Resolution of the case.

Results
In each case, an incarcerated Hispanic male or fellow inmate filed a domino into a unique shape for placement under the penile skin. Utilizing the tip of a ballpoint pen or a sharpened shard of plastic to create a puncture wound, each man inserted the domino fragment into the subcutaneous tissue of the penis. All three men presented with infection requiring operative removal.

Conclusions
Incarcerated males put themselves at risk for injury and infection when attempting penile enhancement with improvised equipment.
Marine‐derived Nutrients from Green Turtle Nests Subsidize Terrestrial Beach Ecosystems
Authors: Vander Zanden Hannah B. , Bjorndal Karen A. , Inglett Patrick W. , Bolten Alan B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSpatially separated ecosystems are often linked by nutrient fluxes. Nutrient inputs may be transferred by physical vectors (i.e., wind and water) or by biotic vectors. In this study, we examine the role of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) as biotic transporters of nutrients from marine to terrestrial ecosystems, where they deposit eggs. We compare low and high nest density sites at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, the largest green turtle rookery in the western hemisphere. Four plant species (Costus woodsonii, Hibiscus pernanbucensis, Hymenocallis littoralis, Ipomoea pes‐caprae) were analyzed at both nest density sites for 15N, total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and vegetation cover. Sand was analyzed for 15N and total nitrogen. Vegetation at high nest density sites had higher total nitrogen, which was correlated with higher δ15N values, suggesting nutrient input from a marine source. The dominant plant species changed between low and high nest density sites, indicating that turtle‐derived nutrients may alter the plant community composition. The trend in δ15N values of sand was similar, although less pronounced than that of the vegetation. Sand may be a poor integrator of nutrient input due to low nutrient adsorption and high rate of leaching. Sea turtles have previously been shown to deposit considerable amounts of nutrients and energy on nesting beaches. In this study, we estimate annual nitrogen and phosphorus contributions at Tortuguero are 507 and 45 kg/km, respectively, and we demonstrate that beach vegetation likely assimilates a portion of these marine‐derived nutrients.