bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Awareness of context and privacy
Authors: Al‐Fedaghi Sabah 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEditor's SummaryAdding contextual information enhances the content and value of communications, yet it can also introduce risk and threaten privacy. A common piece of contextual information is location, but context extends to identity, user profile, e‐mail address, time and more. Understanding context from the standpoint of privacy awareness requires a systematic conceptualization of the concepts of privacy and context, personally identifiable information and the ways information flows, from processing and creation through transfer and acceptance. Numerous examples illustrate the potential chain of connections that could be revealed between a personal subject and context. Such information, made explicit, can undermine privacy policies. Integrating context‐ and location‐aware services in software should be approached cautiously and with full understanding of the implications. Diagrammed scenarios provided can inform considerations and software specification building.
Twitter, information sharing and the London riots?
Authors: Tonkin Emma , Pfeiffer Heather D. , Tourte Greg 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEditor's SummaryThe prolific commentary disseminated via Twitter on the riots in London and other British cities in August 2011 has given rise to the question of whether their reflection in such social media forums may have added to the unrest. Investigators analyzed 600,000 tweets and retweets about the riots for evidence that Twitter was used as a central organizational tool to promote illegal group action. Results indicated that irrelevant tweets died out and that Twitter users retweeted to show support for their beliefs in others' commentaries. Tweets offered by well‐known and popular individuals were more likely to be retweeted. In the case of the British riots, there is little overt evidence that Twitter was used to promote illegal activities at the time, though it was useful for spreading word about subsequent events.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane over MoOx and POx Supported on Carbon Nanotube Catalysts
Authors: Bai Zhenwei , Li Peng , Liu Liping , Xiong Guang 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCatalytic performance of MoOx–POx supported on oxidized carbon nanotube (oCNT) catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane has been investigated. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, and IR spectroscopy techniques and then tested through the propane oxidation dehydrogenation reaction. The results reveal that the addition of MoOx significantly improves the catalytic activity but reduces the selectivity to propene. In contrast, adding POx decreases the reactivity and increases the selectivity by suppressing the combustion reaction. Adding both POx and MoOx can improve the selectivity at the same conversion rate and thus increase the yield of the catalyst. As compared to MoOx/oCNTs, the stability of the MoOx–POx/oCNT catalyst is significantly improved. This is because the addition of POx can promote MoOx dispersion on the CNT surface and hence improve the catalytic performance.
Reactions of Beryllium Halides in Liquid Ammonia: The Tetraammineberyllium Cation [Be(NH3)4]2+, its Hydrolysis Products, and the Action of Be2+ as a Fluoride‐Ion Acceptor
Authors: Kraus Florian , Baer Sebastian A. , Buchner Magnus R. , Karttunen Antti J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe first structural characterization of the text‐book tetraammineberyllium(II) cation [Be(NH3)4]2+, obtained in the compounds [Be(NH3)4]2Cl4⋅17NH3 and [Be(NH3)4]Cl2, is reported. Through NMR spectroscopic and quantum chemical studies, its hydrolysis products in liquid ammonia were identified. These are the dinuclear [Be2(μ‐OH)(NH3)6]3+ and the cyclic [Be2(μ‐OH)2(NH3)4]2+ and [Be3(μ‐OH)3(NH3)6]3+ cations. The latter species was isolated as the compound [Be3(μ‐OH)3(NH3)6]Cl3⋅7NH3. NMR analysis of solutions of BeF2 in liquid ammonia showed that the [BeF2(NH3)2] molecule was the only dissolved species. It acts as a strong fluoride‐ion acceptor and forms the [BeF3(NH3)]− anion in the compound [N2H7][BeF3(NH3)]. The compounds presented herein were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis, 9Be, 17O, and 19F NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopy, deuteration studies, and quantum chemical calculations. The extension of beryllium chemistry to the ammine system shows similarities but also decisive differences to the aquo system.
Detection of Nickel in Fish Organs with a Two‐Photon Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Kang Min Young , Lim Chang Su , Kim Hyun Soo , Seo Eun Won , Kim Hwan Myung , Kwon Ohyun , Cho Bong Rae 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMolecular imaging by two‐photon microscopy (TPM) has become indispensable to the study of biology/medicine owing to its capability of imaging deep inside intact tissues. To make TPM a more‐versatile tool, a large variety of two‐photon probes are needed. Herein, we report a new two‐photon fluorescent probe (ANi2) that can be excited by 750 nm femtosecond pulses and detect Ni2+ ions in fresh fish organs at 90–175 μm depth without interference from the pH value or from other biologically relevant species through the use of TPM. TPM images of fish organs labeled with ANi2 revealed that Ni2+ ions accumulate in fish organs in the order: kidney > heart > gill ≥ liver. Moreover, a linear relationship was found between the two‐photon‐excited fluorescence (TPEF) and the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry intensities (ICP‐MS), thereby allowing the quantitative measurement of Ni2+ ions in live tissue.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties of Reduced Barium Titanate Ba2Ti13O22.
Authors: Kataoka Kunimitsu , Kijima Norihito , Hayakawa Hiroshi , Iyo Akira , Ohshima Ken‐ichi , Akimoto Junji 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPolycrystalline samples of the title compound are prepared by solid state reaction of Ba2TiO4, TiO2, and Ti in a molar ratio of 1:9:1 (Fe crucible, Ar flow, 1523 K, 16 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Highly Selective Iron‐Catalyzed Reduction of Nitroarenes.
Authors: Jagadeesh Rajenahally V. , Wienhoefer Gerrit , Westerhaus Felix A. , Surkus Annette‐Enrica , Pohl Marga‐Martina , Junge Henrik , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPyrolysis of Fe‐phenanthroline complexes supported on carbon leads to highly selective catalysts for the reduction of structurally diversed nitroarenes (I) to anilines (II) in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitubercular Evaluation of Novel Dibenzo[b,d]furan and 9‐Methyl‐9H‐carbazole Derived Hexahydro‐2H‐pyrano[3,2‐c]quinolines via Povarov Reaction.
Authors: Kantevari Srinivas , Yempala Thirumal , Surineni Govardhan , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Yogeesari Perumal , Sriram Dharmarajan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNovel diastereo isomeric pyrano[3,2‐c]quinolines (IV) and (V) are synthesized via imino‐Diels‐Alder reaction of primarily generated azomethines.
Influence of the Process Temperature on the Stability of Nanoparticular Suspensions during the Grinding Process
Authors: Schroeder Carola , Kwade A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDie Prozessparameter sowie die Stabilisierung beeinflussen bei der Nasszerkleinerung in Rührwerkskugelmühlen die Produktivität von Nanopartikeln bzw. ‐suspensionen. Die Produkttemperatur spielte bisher bei der Untersuchung der Nanozerkleinerung nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. In der vorliegenden Arbeit lag der Fokus auf der Nanozerkleinerung von α‐Aluminiumoxid in Wasser bei verschiedenen Zerkleinerungstemperaturen. Durch Variation der Kühlwassertemperatur wurde der Einfluss der Prozesstemperatur auf die Fließeigenschaften analysiert. Es zeigt sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Produktaustrittstemperatur und dem Zerkleinerungsfortschritt auf der einen und den Fließeigenschaften auf der anderen Seite.
Geographic Distance as a Moderator of Curvilinear Relationship Between Cultural Distance and Shared Ownership
Authors: Malhotra Shavin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study tests geographic distance as a moderator of the curvilinear relationship between cultural distance and a firm's preference for shared ownership entry mode. The sample consisted of US foreign direct investments in 60 countries spread over 18 years. Results showed that an inverted U‐shaped relationship between cultural distance and preference for shared ownership is stronger for firms separated by high geographic distance. While full equity ownership is most likely when both cultural and geographic distances are either low or high, shared ownership is most likely when the cultural distance is high (low) but the geographic distance is low (high). Copyright © 2012 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can We Predict Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation?
Authors: Desai Nihar R. , Giugliano Robert P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered by generalists and cardiologists alike. Much of the attendant morbidity from AF arises from systemic embolic complications which are effectively reduced with utilization of anti‐platelet and/or anticoagulant therapy. The systemic embolic complications of AF and the medical therapy to attenuate these risks are very well established. Through the course of this review, we aim to highlight the complex relationship between AF and other, “non‐embolic” outcomes. The presence of AF has been demonstrated to be associated with a 1.5 to 2‐fold increase in mortality across numerous observational cohorts. Still further, AF frequently coexists with heart failure, whether as a causative factor or a consequence of underlying structural heart disease or neurohumoral derangement, where its presence is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Whether AF is an independent risk factor for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) remains controversial, though its occurrence in patients with ACS has been shown to be associated with adverse outcomes both in observational cohorts as well as clinical trial populations. Individuals with AF have a 1.5 to 3‐fold increase in the rate of hospitalization and are at elevated risk for other arrhythmic disorders including both bradyarrhythmias as well as tachyarrhythmias. AF leads to considerable morbidity and mortality for patients and exacts a tremendous financial toll on the healthcare system—estimated to range from $6.0 to $26.0 billion. Given the current demographic transition in developed countries, the prevalence of AF will continue to increase and the need for refined approaches to risk stratification and pharmacotherapeutic interventions to attenuate the burden on patients will only become more important.N.R. Desai and R.P. Giugliano received an honorarium through an educational grant from Sanofi Aventis for their time and expertise spent writing this article. R.P. Giugliano has also received research grant support and honoraria for CME lectures/consulting services from Daiichi‐Sankyo, Merck. He has also received honoraria for CME lectures from Bristol Myers Squibb.
Explaining racial differences in prostate cancer mortality
Authors: Taksler Glen B. , Keating Nancy L. , Cutler David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:In the United States, black males have an annual death rate from prostate cancer that is 2.4 times that of white males. The reasons for this are poorly understood.METHODS:Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database, 77,038 black and white males aged >65 years were identified with a first primary diagnosis of prostate cancer between 1995 and 2005, as well as 49,769 controls. The racial gap in mortality was decomposed to differential incidence and stage‐specific prostate cancer mortality. The importance of various clinical and socioeconomic factors to each of these components was then examined.RESULTS:The estimated mortality gap for prostate cancer–specific mortality was 1320 more cases per 100,000 males among black than white men. This gap was due to higher prostate cancer incidence among black males (76%) and higher stage‐specific mortality once diagnosed (24%). Differences in prostate‐specific antigen testing, comorbidities, and income explained 29% of the difference in metastatic cancer incidence but none of the racial gap for local/regional incidence. Conditional on diagnosis, tumor characteristics explained 50% of the racial gap, comorbidities an additional 4%, choice of treatment and physician 17%, and socioeconomic factors 15%. Overall, approximately 25% of the racial gap in mortality and 86% of the gap in mortality conditional on diagnosis could be explained.CONCLUSIONS:More frequent prostate‐specific antigen testing for black and low‐income males could potentially reduce the prostate cancer mortality gap through earlier diagnosis of tumors that otherwise may become metastatic. More aggressive treatment of prostate cancer, especially in poor communities, might also reduce the gap. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Ascending gustatory pathways to the telencephalon in goldfish
Authors: Kato Takeshi , Yamada Yusuke , Yamamoto Naoyuki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAscending pathways to the telencephalon from the secondary gustatory nucleus (SGN), preglomerular tertiary gustatory nucleus (pTGN), and medial preglomerular nucleus (PGm) were examined by tract‐tracing experiments in goldfish Carassius auratus. Tracer injections to the SGN suggest the presence of direct ascending pathways to the supracommissural and the dorsal parts of the ventral telencephalic area, and the medial part of the dorsal telencephalic area (Dm), restricted to its ventral region. The SGN experiments also suggest projections to the pTGN and PGm, and several neuronal types in the primary gustatory centers were newly found to give rise to ascending fibers to the SGN. Injections to the pTGN suggest reciprocal connections of the nucleus with the dorsal region of the Dm (dDm). Injections to the PGm resulted in labeled cells in the dorsal part of the SGN, the secondary general visceral nucleus, and the posterior part of the dorsal telencephalic area, suggesting that this preglomerular nucleus receives gustatory, general visceral, and olfactory inputs. Fibers labeled from the PGm terminated in the central part of the dorsal telencephalic area and the dDm; the latter region contained many labeled somata. The terminal zone of PGm fibers in the dDm is located laterally adjacent to that from the pTGN. Injection experiments to the pTGN and PGm also suggest connections of these nuclei with the inferior lobar nuclei and torus lateralis. Based on the results of the present as well as recent studies, an updated map is provided that shows by and large distinct sensory representation within the goldfish dorsal telencephalic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2475–2499, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What Determines the Rate of Excited‐State Intramolecular Electron‐Transfer Reaction of 4‐(N,N′‐dimethylamino)benzonitrile in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids? A Study in [bmim][PF6]
Authors: Santhosh Kotni , Samanta Anunay 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe kinetics of excited‐state intramolecular electron‐transfer reaction and dynamics of solvation of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state of 4‐(N,N′‐dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN) was studied in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazloium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF6], by monitoring the dual fluorescence of the system. The picosecond time‐resolved emission spectra (TRES) of DMABN exhibit decay of the locally excited (LE) emission intensity and shift of the ICT emission peak position with time, thus capturing the kinetics of evolution of the ICT state from the LE state and solvent relaxation of the ICT state. These results show that the LE→ICT transformation rate is determined not by the slow dynamics of solvation in ionic liquid, but is controlled mainly by the rate of structural reorganization of the molecule, which accompanies the electron‐transfer process in this polar viscous medium. Even though both solvent reorganization around photo‐excited DMABN and structural rearrangement of the molecule are dependent on the viscosity of the medium, it is the latter process that contributes to the viscosity dependence of the LE→ICT transformation.
Influence of 2′‐Deoxy Sugar Moiety on Excited‐State Protonation Equilibrium of Adenine and Adenosine with Acridine inside SDS Micelles: A Time‐Resolved Study with Quantum Chemical Calculations
Authors: Sarangi Manas Kumar , Bhattacharyya Dhananjay , Basu Samita 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe protonation dynamics of the DNA base adenine (Ade) and its nucleoside 2′‐deoxyadenosine (d‐Ade) are investigated by monitoring the deprotonation kinetics of an N‐heterocyclic DNA intercalator, acridine (Acr), in the confined environment of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. Protonation of acridine (AcrH+) occurs at the hydrophilic interface and this species remains in dynamic equilibrium with its deprotonated counterpart (Acr) inside the hydrophobic core of SDS micelles. Quenching of the fluorescence of AcrH+* at 478 nm is observed after addition of Ade and d‐Ade with Stern–Volmer constant (KSV) 298 and 75 M−1, respectively, with a concomitant increment in Acr* at 425 nm. Time‐resolved fluorescence studies reveal quenching in the lifetime of AcrH+*. The relative amplitude of AcrH+* decreases from 0.97 to 0.51 and 0.97 to 0.89 with equimolar addition of Ade and d‐Ade, respectively. These observations are explained by excited‐state proton transfer (ESPT) from AcrH+* to the bases. The reduced KSV value and negligible change in the relative amplitudes of AcrH+* with d‐Ade infer that ESPT is hindered substantially by the presence of a 2′‐deoxy sugar unit. Transient time‐resolved absorption spectra of Acr reflect that Ade reduces the absorbance of 3AcrH+*; however, d‐Ade keeps it unaltered for more than a time delay of 2 μs. The optimized geometries calculated by quantum chemical methods reflect deprotonation of AcrH+* with protonation at the N1 position of Ade, while it remains protonated with d‐Ade. The hindered ESPT between AcrH+* and d‐Ade singles out the significance of the 2′‐deoxy sugar moiety in controlling the deprotonation kinetics.
Conflict specialists as leaders: Revisiting the role of the conflict specialist from a leadership perspective
Authors: Kuttner Ran 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe aim of this article is to explore the cross fertilization between the emerging fields of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and leadership. The first section explores similarities in themes and characteristics of both disciplines that are influenced by the zeitgeist. The second section argues that the parallels between the disciplines challenge and call for further exploration of the conflict specialist's role. The third section offers a reading into skills emphasized in leadership scholarship not commonly stressed in ADR trainings, examining how conflict specialists can ameliorate their practice by incorporating a leadership mind‐set and additional relevant skills into their work.
The effects of neutral, evaluative, and pressing mediator strategies
Authors: Wall James Allen , Dunne Timothy C. , Chan‐Serafin Suzanne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of three mediator strategies—neutral, evaluative, and pressing—upon agreement and satisfaction in 100 civil case mediations. The authors found a significant difference in that a neutral strategy resulted in agreement only 28 percent of the time, whereas the evaluative strategy had an agreement rate of 69 percent and the pressing strategy a 57 percent rate. They also found that consistent use of each strategy throughout the mediation increased the agreement rate. When producing high agreements, the two assertive strategies—evaluative and pressing—modestly reduced disputant satisfaction. The study also disclosed that mediators obtained more agreements in motor vehicle, medical malpractice, and personal liability cases than in contract and employment disputes.
Development of Polymeric Palladium‐Nanoparticle Membrane‐Installed Microflow Devices and their Application in Hydrodehalogenation
Authors: Yamada Yoichi M. A. , Watanabe Toshihiro , Ohno Aya , Uozumi Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe have developed a variety of polymeric palladium‐nanoparticle membrane‐installed microflow devices. Three types of polymers were convoluted with palladium salts under laminar flow conditions in a microflow reactor to form polymeric palladium membranes at the laminar flow interface. These membranes were reduced with aqueous sodium formate or heat to create microflow devices that contain polymeric palladium‐nanoparticle membranes. These microflow devices achieved instantaneous hydrodehalogenation of aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and triflates by 10–1000 ppm within a residence time of 2–8 s at 50–90 °C by using safe, nonexplosive, aqueous sodium formate to quantitatively afford the corresponding hydrodehalogenated products. Polychlorinated biphenyl (10–1000 ppm) and polybrominated biphenyl (1000 ppm) were completely decomposed under similar conditions, yielding biphenyl as a fungicidal compound.
Scanning thin‐sheet laser imaging microscopy elucidates details on mouse ear development
Authors: Kopecky Benjamin , Johnson Shane , Schmitz Heather , Santi Peter , Fritzsch Bernd 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground: The mammalian inner ear is transformed from a flat placode into a three‐dimensional (3D) structure with six sensory epithelia that allow for the perception of sound and both linear and angular acceleration. While hearing and balance problems are typically considered to be adult onset diseases, they may arise as a developmental perturbation to the developing ear. Future prevention of hearing or balance loss requires an understanding of how closely genetic mutations in model organisms reflect the human case, necessitating an objective multidimensional comparison of mouse ears with human ears that have comparable mutations in the same gene. Results: Here, we present improved 3D analyses of normal murine ears during embryonic development using optical sections obtained through Thin‐Sheet Laser Imaging Microscopy. We chronicle the transformation of an undifferentiated otic vesicle between mouse embryonic day 11.5 to a fully differentiated inner ear at postnatal day 15. Conclusions: Our analysis of ear development provides new insights into ear development, enables unique perspectives into the complex development of the ear, and allows for the first full quantification of volumetric and linear aspects of ear growth. Our data provide the framework for future analysis of mutant phenotypes that are currently under‐appreciated using only two dimensional renderings. Developmental Dynamics 241:465–480, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Site‐Directed Spin Labelling of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Shelke Sandip A. , Sigurdsson Snorri Th. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe study of the structure and dynamics of the nucleic acids and their complexes with other biomolecules is the basis for understanding their functions. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a biophysical technique that in recent years has been increasingly used to investigate nucleic acids. EPR studies require paramagnetic centre(s), usually nitroxide spin‐label(s) that are incorporated at specific sites in the nucleic acid by site‐directed spin labelling (SDSL). In the last few years, spin labels with improved spectroscopic properties have emerged and new SDSL techniques have been developed. This microreview describes SDSL of nucleic acids in the context of the three spin labelling strategies: post‐synthetic spin labelling, labelling during oligonucleotide synthesis and noncovalent labelling.