bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pilot study of fat allograft transplantation in immunocompetent rabbits for potential neurosurgical applications
Authors: Kuo John S. , Hawkins Cynthia , Rutka James T. , Weiss Martin H. 
Published: December 2009

Object
The authors investigated the feasibility of using fat allografts (chemically treated to reduce the host immune response) for neurosurgical applications.

Methods
Subcutaneous fat specimens collected from New Zealand White rabbits were treated with DNAse I and sodium deoxycholate to reduce immunogenicity before subcutaneous, midscapular implantation in immunocompetent recipient rabbits. Allograft incorporation and the host-allograft response were examined at 1, 6, and 11 weeks by histopathological analysis. Control specimens of autograft and untreated fat allograft implants were examined for comparison.

Results
The host immune response was markedly reduced in the region around the chemically treated fat allografts when compared with untreated allografts, and was similar to the tolerant host response to autografts.

Conclusions
Based on their results, the authors suggest that fat allografts processed for reduced immunogenicity may be a convenient, viable alternative for neurosurgical applications.
Interdisciplinary treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms in elderly patients
Authors: Proust François , Gérardin Emmanuel , Derrey Stéphane , Lesvèque Sophie , Ramos Sylvio , Langlois Olivier , Tollard Eléonore , Bénichou Jacques , Chassagne Philippe , Clavier Erick , Fréger Pierre 
Published: December 2009

Object
The aim of the study was to assess postprocedural neurological deterioration and outcome in patients older than 70 years of age in whom treatment was managed in an interdisciplinary context.

Methods
This prospective longitudinal study included all patients 70 years of age or older treated for ruptured cerebral aneurysm over 10 years (June 1997–June 2007). The population was composed of 64 patients. The neurovascular interdisciplinary team jointly discussed the early obliteration procedure for each aneurysm. Neurological deterioration during the postprocedural 2 months and outcome at 6 months were assessed during consultation according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) as follows: favorable (mRS score ≤ 2) and unfavorable (mRS score > 2).

Results
Aneurysm sac obliteration was performed by microvascular clipping in 34 patients (53.1%) and by endovascular coiling in 30 (46.9%). Postprocedural neurological deterioration occurred in 30 patients (46.9%), related to ischemia in 19 (29.7%), rebleeding in 1 (1.6%), and hydrocephalus in 10 (15.6%). At 6 months, the outcome was favorable in 39 patients (60.9%). By multivariate regression logistic analysis, the independent factors associated with unfavorable outcome were age exceeding 75 years (p = 0.005), poor initial grade (p < 0.0001), and the occurrence of ischemia (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions
The baseline characteristics of SAH in the elderly were only slightly different from those in younger patients. In the elderly, the interdisciplinary approach may be considered useful to decrease the ischemic consequences.
Protection against focal ischemic injury to the brain by trans-sodium crocetinate
Authors: Manabe Hiroaki , Okonkwo David O. , Gainer John L. , Clarke Ryon H. , Lee Kevin S. 
Published: December 2009

Object
Ischemic injury is a potential complication in a variety of surgical procedures and is a particular impediment to the success of surgeries involving highly vulnerable neural tissue. One approach to limiting this form of injury is to enhance metabolic supply to the affected tissue. Trans-sodium crocetinate (TSC) is a carotenoid compound that has been shown to increase tissue oxygenation by facilitating the diffusivity of small molecules, such as oxygen and glucose. The present study examined the ability of TSC to modify oxygenation in ischemic neural tissue and tested the potential neuroprotective effects of TSC in permanent and temporary models of focal cerebral ischemia.

Methods
Adult male rats (330–370 g) were subjected to either permanent or temporary focal ischemia by simultaneous occlusion of both common carotid arteries and the left middle cerebral artery (3-vessel occlusion [3-VO]). Using the permanent ischemia paradigm, TSC was administered intravenously beginning 10 minutes after the onset of ischemia at 1 of 8 dosages, ranging from 0.023 to 4.580 mg/kg. Cerebral infarct volume was measured 24 hours after the onset of ischemia. The effect of TSC on infarct volume was also tested after temporary (2-hour) ischemia using a dosage of 0.092 mg/kg. In other animals undergoing temporary ischemia, tissue oxygenation was monitored in the ischemic penumbra using a Licox probe.

Results
Administration of TSC reduced infarct volume in a dose-dependent manner in the permanent ischemia model, achieving statistical significance at dosages ranging from 0.046 to 0.229 mg/kg. The most effective dosage of TSC in the permanent ischemia experiment (0.092 mg/kg) was further tested using a temporary (2-hour) ischemia paradigm. Infarct volume was reduced significantly by TSC in this ischemia-reperfusion model as well. Recordings of oxygen levels in the ischemic penumbra of the temporary ischemia model showed that TSC increased tissue oxygenation during vascular occlusion, but reduced the oxygen overshoot (hyperoxygenation) that occurs upon reperfusion.

Conclusions
The novel carotenoid compound TSC exerts a neuroprotective influence against permanent and temporary ischemic injury when administered soon after the onset of ischemia. The protective mechanism of TSC remains to be confirmed; however, the permissive effect of TSC on the diffusivity of small molecules is a plausible mechanism based on the observed increase in tissue oxygenation in the ischemic penumbra. This represents a form of protection based on “metabolic reflow” that can occur under conditions of partial vascular perfusion. It is particularly noteworthy that TSC could conceivably limit the progression of a wide variety of cellular injury mechanisms by blunting the ischemic challenge to the brain.
Fluid-fluid level in pituitary tumors: analysis of management of 106 cases
Authors: Goel Atul , Shah Abhidha , Jhawar Sukhdeep Singh , Goel Naina K. 
Published: December 2009

Object
The management issues of 106 cases of pituitary tumors with a fluid level within the fluid content of the cystic part of the tumor (a “fluid-fluid” level) were reviewed.

Methods
Between 2000 and March 2009, 1660 pituitary tumors were treated neurosurgically at K.E.M. Hospital. Investigations of 106 of these cases revealed a fluid-fluid level within the tumor. All patients underwent surgery via a transsphenoidal route. The mean follow-up duration was 46 months.

Results
The tumors varied in size: 31 were between 1 and 3 cm, and 75 were larger than 3 cm in maximum dimension (mean maximum dimension 3.4 cm). Fifty-two tumors had 1 fluid level, 11 had 2, and 43 had multiple fluid levels (≥ 3). The onset of symptoms was acute in 8 cases and insidious in 98 cases. In 16 cases, there was evidence of acute exacerbation of symptoms during the course of symptom progression. The symptoms were progressive in all cases. Ninety-seven percent of patients had visual deficits at the time of presentation. The solid portion of the tumor was relatively friable and vascular in most cases, and the fluid varied in color and in consistency, from a thin yellow to dark red liquid. Visual outcome was extremely gratifying in the majority of cases; of those presenting with visual dysfunction, 94% reported visual recovery in the immediate postoperative period. During the follow-up period, there was tumor recurrence in 21 cases; in 12 of these cases, the authors documented a fluid-fluid level. The histological features did not indicate malignancy in any case.

Conclusions
A fluid level within a fluid cavity in pituitary tumors is rarely reported but is not uncommon in large/giant tumors. The presence of such a feature suggests that surgery in these cases can be relatively straightforward despite the lesion's large size, and the visual outcome is gratifying. However, recurrence rates are relatively higher in such cases than in other pituitary tumors.
Soluble CD70: a novel immunotherapeutic agent for experimental glioblastoma
Authors: Miller James , Eisele Guenter , Tabatabai Ghazaleh , Aulwurm Steffen , von Kürthy Gabriele , Stitz Lothar , Roth Patrick , Weller Michael 
Published: December 2009

Object
Given the overall poor outcome with current treatment strategies in malignant gliomas, immunotherapy has been considered a promising experimental approach to glioblastoma for more than 2 decades. A cell surface molecule, CD70, may induce potent antitumor immune responses via activation of the costimulatory receptor CD27 expressed on immune effector cells. There is evidence that a soluble form of CD70 (sCD70) may exhibit biological activity, too. A soluble costimulatory ligand is attractive because it may facilitate immune activation and may achieve a superior tissue distribution.

Methods
To test the antiglioma effect of sCD70, the authors genetically modified SMA-560 mouse glioma cells to secrete the extracellular domain of CD70. They assessed the immunogenicity of the transfected cells in cocultures with immune effector cells by the determination of immune cell proliferation and the release of interferon-γ. Syngeneic VM/Dk mice were implanted orthotopically with control or sCD70-releasing glioma cells to determine a survival benefit mediated by sCD70. Depletion studies were performed to identify the cellular mediators of prolonged survival of sCD70-releasing glioma-bearing mice.

Results
The authors found that ectopic expression of sCD70 enhanced the proliferation and interferon-γ release of syngeneic splenocytes in vitro. More importantly, sCD70 prolonged the survival of syngeneic VM/Dk mice bearing intracranial SMA-560 gliomas. The survival rate at 60 days increased from 5 to 45%. Antibody-mediated depletion of CD8-positive T cells abrogates the survival advantage conferred by sCD70.

Conclusions
These data suggest that sCD70 is a potent stimulator of antiglioma immune responses that depend critically on CD8-positive T cells. Soluble CD70 could be a powerful adjuvant for future immunotherapy trials for glioblastoma.
Low temperature enantiotropic nematic phases from V-shaped, shape-persistent molecules
Authors: Lehmann Matthias , Seltmann Jens 
Published: December 2009

A series of V-shaped, shape-persistent thiadiazole nematogens, based on an oligo(phenylene ethynylene) scaffold with ester groups connected via alkyloxy spacers, was efficiently prepared by a two-step procedure. Phase engineering results in an optimum of the mesophase range and low melting temperature when the nematogens are desymmetrised with a butoxy and a heptyloxy spacer. The mesophases are enantiotropic and over the whole temperature range nematic. For the optimised mesogen structure, optical investigations by conoscopy monitored a uniaxial nematic phase upon cooling from the isotropic phase to room temperature (ΔT = 150 °C). X-ray studies on magnetic-field-aligned samples of this mesogen family revealed a general pattern, indicating the alignment of two molecular axes along individual directors in the magnetic field. These observations may be rationalised with larger assemblies of V-shaped molecules isotropically distributed around the direction of the magnetic field.
Pre‐Clinical Models of Renal Carcinoma and Their Utility in Drug Development
Authors: Salumbides Brenda C. , Lehet Kristin M. , Ndikuyeze Georges , Pili Roberto 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in the treatment of patients with advanced renal cancer. In addition to immunotherapy, there are several potentially distinct therapeutic approaches for targeting molecular pathways. The murine models detailed in this unit are useful for testing rational combination strategies. Moreover, animal models contribute immensely to the understanding of the genetic, epigenetic, and biological aspects of human disease. Compared to humans, rodent models are relatively short‐lived and allow for the facile study of clinically relevant pathologies. Animal models for the study of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are particularly useful for the development of new drugs for kidney cancer. Included in this unit are several in vivo models that are currently used to evaluate therapeutic approaches to renal cancer therapy and to investigate the pathophysiology of this condition. Included are both murine (RENCA) and renal cell carcinomas in subcutaneous and orthotopic models using tumor cell lines and human tumor tissue. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 47:14.13.1‐14.13.19. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using the Generic Genome Browser (GBrowse)
Authors: Donlin Maureen J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA genome browser is software that allows users to visualize DNA, protein, or other sequence features within the context of a reference sequence, such as a chromosome or contig. The Generic Genome Browser (GBrowse) is an open‐source browser developed as part of the Generic Model Organism Database project (Stein et al., 2002). GBrowse can be configured to display genomic sequence features for any organism and is the browser used for the model organisms Drosophila melanogaster (Grumbling and Strelets, 2006) and Caenorhabditis elegans (Schwarz et al., 2006), among others. The software package can be downloaded from the Web and run on a Windows, Mac OS X, or Unix‐type system. Version 1.64, as described in the original protocol, was released in November 2005, but the software is under active development and new versions are released about every six months. This update includes instructions on updating existing data sources with new files from NCBI. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 28:9.9.1‐9.9.25. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Protein Identification Using Sorcerer 2 and SEQUEST
Authors: Lundgren Deborah H. , Martinez Harryl , Wright Michael E. , Han David K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSage‐N's Sorcerer 2 provides an integrated data analysis system for comprehensive protein identification and characterization. It runs on a proprietary version of SEQUESTR, the most widely used search engine for identifying proteins in complex mixtures. The protocol presented here describes the basic steps performed to process mass spectrometric data with Sorcerer 2 and how to analyze results using TPP and Scaffold. The unit also provides an overview of the SEQUESTR algorithm, along with Sorcerer‐SEQUESTR enhancements, and a discussion of data filtering methods, important considerations in data interpretation, and additional resources that can be of assistance to users running Sorcerer and interpreting SEQUESTR results. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 28:13.3.1‐13.3.21. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Preparation of Organolithium Reagents and Intermediates
Authors: Leroux Frédéric , Schlosser Manfred , Zohar Elinor , Marek Ilan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Introduction

Reductive Metal Insertion into Carbon–Halogen Bonds

Permutational Halogen/Metal Interconversions

Permutational Hydrogen/Metal Interconversions (‘Metalations’)

The Brook Isomerization

The Shapiro Reaction

The Sulfoxide/Lithium Displacement

Acknowledgments
“More universal for some than others”: Canada's health care system and the role of adult education
Authors: Quigley B. Allan , Coady Maureen , Grégoire Hélène , Folinsbee Sue , Kraglund‐Gauthier Wendy 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe literature and pan‐Canadian consultations involving adults with low literacy skills, immigrants and refugees, adults with HIV/AIDS, and those in remote Canadian communities all point to a health learning gap and a critical role for adult educators—a role that crosses all borders.
New Frontiers in Materials Science Opened by Ionic Liquids
Authors: Torimoto Tsukasa , Tsuda Tetsuya , Okazaki Ken‐ichi , Kuwabata Susumu 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) including ambient‐temperature molten salts, which exist in the liquid state even at room temperature, have a long research history. However, their applications were once limited because ILs were considered as highly moisture‐sensitive solvents that should be handled in a glove box. After the first synthesis of moisture‐stable ILs in 1992, their unique physicochemical properties became known in all scientific fields. ILs are composed solely of ions and exhibit several specific liquid‐like properties, e.g., some ILs enable dissolution of insoluble bio‐related materials and the use as tailor‐made lubricants in industrial applications under extreme physicochemical conditions. Hybridization of ILs and other materials provides quasi‐solid materials, which can be used to fabricate highly functional devices. ILs are also used as reaction media for electrochemical and chemical synthesis of nanomaterials. In addition, the negligible vapor pressure of ILs allows the fabrication of electrochemical devices that are operated under ambient conditions, and many liquid‐vacuum technologies, such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of liquids, electron microscopy of liquids, and sputtering and physical vapor deposition onto liquids. In this article, we review recent studies on ILs that are employed as functional advanced materials, advanced mediums for materials production, and components for preparing highly functional materials.
Solubility and degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymers in propylene carbonate
Authors: McChalicher Christopher W. J. , Srienc Friedrich , Rouse Daniel P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNew biobased materials and chemicals require different processing strategies than petroleum‐derived commodities. The extraction and recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymers from the residual cellular biomass is particularly difficult because the polymer is accumulated within the cell. PHAs have low solubility in many classical polymer solvents and are most often dissolved using undesirable chlorinated solvents. The solubility kinetics is greatly diminished when these polymers are highly crystalline. Here, 1,2‐propylene carbonate is used to dissolve highly crystalline polyhydroxybutyrate at ambient pressures and moderate temperatures. We have used kinetic studies of the dissolution of the crystalline material to determine the energy barrier for dissolution of the system. Further, the degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate and similarly prepared PHA block copolymers were studied during this extraction process using molecular weight characterization by gel permeation chromatography. Finally, we have used these findings to extract PHA block copolymers from dried biomass at the bench scale. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Population structure and paternal admixture landscape on present‐day Mexican‐Mestizos revealed by Y‐STR haplotypes
Authors: Salazar‐Flores J. , Dondiego‐Aldape R. , Rubi‐Castellanos R. , Anaya‐Palafox M. , Nuño‐Arana I. , Canseco‐Ávila L.M. , Flores‐Flores G. , Morales‐Vallejo M.E. , Barojas‐Pérez N. , Muñoz‐Valle J.F. , Campos‐Gutiérrez R. , Rangel‐Villalobos H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMestizos currently represent most of the Mexican population (>90%); they are defined as individuals born in the country having a Spanish‐derived last name, with family antecedents of Mexican ancestors back at least to the third generation. Mestizos are result of 500 years of admixture mainly among Spaniards, Amerindians, and African slaves. Consequently, a complex genetic pattern has been generated throughout the country that has been scarcely studied from the paternal point of view. This fact is important, taking into account that gene flow toward the New World comprised largely males. We analyzed the population structure and paternal admixture of present‐day Mexican‐Mestizo populations based on Y‐STRs. We genotyped at least 12 Y‐STRs in DNA samples of 986 males from five states: Aguascalientes (n = 293); Jalisco (n = 185); Guanajuato (n = 168); Chiapas (n = 170); and Yucatán (n = 170). AmpFℓSTR Y‐filer and Powerplex‐Y® kits were used. Inclusion of North and Central Y‐STR databases in the analyses allowed obtaining a Y‐STR variability landscape from Mexico. Results confirmed the population differentiation gradient previously noted in Mestizos with SNPs and autosomal STRs throughout the Mexican territory: European ancestry increments to the Northwest and, correspondingly, Amerindian ancestry increments to the Center and Southeast. In addition, SAMOVA test and Autocorrelation Index for DNA Analysis autocorrelogram plot suggested preferential gene flow of males with neighboring populations in agreement with the isolation‐by‐distance model. Results are important for disease‐risk studies (principally male‐related) and for human identification purposes, because Y‐STR databases are not available on the majority of Mexican‐Mestizo populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conservation of natural wilderness values in the Port Davey marine and estuarine protected area, south‐western Tasmania
Authors: Edgar Graham J. , Last Peter R. , Barrett Neville S. , Gowlett‐Holmes Karen , Driessen Michael , Mooney Peter 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Port Davey and associated Bathurst Harbour in south‐western Tasmania represent one of the world's most anomalous estuarine systems owing to an unusual combination of environmental factors. These include: (i) large uninhabited catchment protected as a National Park; (ii) ria geomorphology but with fjord characteristics that include a shallow entrance and deep 12‐km long channel connecting an almost land‐locked harbour to the sea; (iii) high rainfall and riverine input that generate strongly‐stratified estuarine conditions, with a low‐salinity surface layer and marine bottom water; (iv) a deeply tannin‐stained surface layer that blocks light penetration to depth; (v) very low levels of nutrients and low aquatic productivity; (vi) weak tidal influences; (vii) marine bottom water with stable temperature throughout the year; (viii) numerous endemic species; (ix) strongly depth‐stratified benthic assemblages exhibiting high compositional variability over small spatial scales; (x) deepsea species present at anomalously shallow depths; (xi) no conspicuous introduced taxa; (xii) a predominance of fragile sessile invertebrates, including slow‐growing fenestrate bryozoans; and (xiii) sponge spicule‐ and bryozoan‐based sediments that are more characteristic of deep sea and polar environments than those inshore.
Although this region has historically been protected by its isolation, seven major anthropogenic stressors now threaten its natural integrity: boating, fishing, dive tourism, nutrient enrichment, introduced species, onshore development, and global climate change. These threats are not randomly distributed but disproportionately affect particular habitat types.
For management of environmental risk, the Port Davey–Bathurst Harbour region is subdivided into six biophysical zones, each with different ecological characteristics, values, and types and levels of potential threat. In response to the various threats, the Tasmanian Government has enacted an adaptive management regime that includes a multi‐zoned marine protected area and the largest ‘no‐take’ estuarine protected area in Australia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.