bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotional Labour: Skill and Work in the Social Regulation of Feelings
Authors: Abstract Nicky James 
Published: August 2011

I define emotional labour as the labour involved in dealing with other peoples' feelings, a core component of which is the regulation of emotions. The aims of the paper are firstly to suggest that the expression of feelings is a central problem of capital and paid work and secondly to highlight the contradictions of emotions at work. To begin with I argue that ‘emotion’ is a subject area fitting for inclusion in academic discussion, and that the expression of emotions is regulated by a form of labour. In the section ‘Emotion at home’ I suggest that emotional labour is used to lay the foundations of a social expression of emotion in the privacy of the domestic domain. However the forms emotional labour takes and the skills it involves leave women subordinated as unskilled and stigmatised as emotional. In the section ‘Emotion at work’ I argue that emotional labour is also a commodity. Though it may remain invisible or poorly paid, emotional labour facilitates and regulates the expression of emotion in the public domain. Studies of home and the workplace are used to begin the process of recording the work carried out in managing emotions and drawing attention to its significance in the social reproduction of labour power and social relations of production.
Joint Modelling of Longitudinal Outcome and Interval-Censored Competing Risk Dropout in a Schizophrenia Clinical Trial
Authors: Gueorguieva Ralitza , Rosenheck Robert , Lin Haiqun 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThe ‘Clinical antipsychotic trials in intervention effectiveness’ study was designed to evaluate whether there were significant differences between several antipsychotic medications in effectiveness, tolerability, cost and quality of life of subjects with schizophrenia. Overall, 74% of patients discontinued the study medication for various reasons before the end of 18 months in phase I of the study. When such a large percentage of study participants fail to complete the study schedule, it is not clear whether the apparent profile in effectiveness reflects genuine changes over time or is influenced by selection bias, with participants with worse (or better) outcome values being more likely to drop out or to discontinue. To assess the effect of dropouts for different reasons on inferences, we construct a joint model for the longitudinal outcome and cause-specific dropouts that allows for interval-censored dropout times. Incorporating the information regarding the cause of dropout improves inferences and provides better understanding of the association between cause-specific dropout and the outcome process. We use simulations to demonstrate the advantages of the joint modelling approach in terms of bias and efficiency.
SUBSET REALIZATION, PARTHOOD, AND CAUSAL OVERDETERMINATION
Authors: MORRIS KEVIN 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDefenders of the subset view of realization have claimed that we can resolve well‐known worries about mental‐physical causal overdetermination by holding that mental properties are subset realized by physical properties, that instances of subset realized properties are parts of physical realizers, and that part‐whole overdetermination is unproblematic. I challenge the claim that the overdetermination generated by the subset view can be legitimated by appealing to more mundane part‐whole overdetermination. I conclude that the subset view does not provide a unique solution to overdetermination worries.
Minimal cooperation between mutant Hras and c‐myc or TGFα in the regulation of mouse hepatocyte growth or transformation in vivo
Authors: Stein Timothy J. , Bowden Margaret , Sandgren Eric P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground: Liver carcinogenesis is associated with multiple genetic changes in affected cells, including alterations in the Hras signalling pathway. Aim: To define the biological contributions of Hras to mouse hepatocarcinogenesis, we quantified in vivo interactions between mutant Hras and other genetic alterations frequently associated with liver cancer, including overexpression of the transcription factor c‐myc and the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα). Methods: To accomplish this aim, we initiated expression of an activated Hras in hepatocytes of adult mice with or without simultaneous overexpression of either c‐myc or TGFα. Potential interactions also were assessed through the use of the comparative hepatocyte growth assay, a hepatocyte transplantation assay that measures effects of altered gene expression on hepatocyte growth in vivo. Results: Hras expression caused diffuse liver enlargement (hepatomegaly), and this phenotype was not changed by coexpression of c‐myc or TGFα. Using the transplant system, we found that expression of mutant Hras alone was sufficient to induce hepatocyte focus growth in a quiescent liver. Paradoxically, adding expression of TGFα or c‐myc reversed this Hras effect. Finally, the frequencies of transplant foci with the preneoplastic feature of extreme growth potential and of liver neoplasms were increased for Hras and both combinations when compared with control hepatocytes, but did not differ among oncogene‐expressing groups. Conclusions: Hras‐associated hepatocyte growth deregulation is not complemented by activation of c‐myc or TGFα growth signalling pathways in mouse liver. This finding emphasizes the tissue‐specific character of molecular growth regulation.
Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of serum and tissueDickkopf‐1levels in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tung Edmund Kwok‐Kwan , Mak Carmen Ka‐Man , Fatima Sarwat , Lo Regina Cheuk‐Lam , Zhao Heng , Zhang Chunsheng , Dai Hongyue , Poon Ronnie Tung‐Ping , Yuen Man‐Fung , Lai Ching‐Lung , Li Jin‐jun , Luk John Moon‐Ching , Ng Irene Oi‐Lin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground:Although Dickkopf‐1 (DKK1) is known to be a negative regulator of theWnt/β‐catenin pathway, it has been recently found to be upregulated in cancers.Aims:We investigated the clinical and prognostic significance of both serum and transcriptDKK1and its functional roles in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:We evaluated the expression level ofDKK1 in both tissue and serum samples from patients withHCCusing GeneChip microarray and real‐time‐quantitativePCRand sandwichELISAsystem respectively. The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of serum and tissueDKK1 levels was examined. Functional characterization ofDKK1 with regard to cell migration, invasion and tumour growth was performed.Results:BothDKK1 transcript and serum protein were upregulated in a stepwise manner in humanHCCs. Its transcript levels were associated with more aggressive tumour behaviour, in terms of venous invasion (P = 0.003), advanced tumour stage (P = 0.003).DKK1 transcript correlated with shorter overall (P = 0.006) and disease‐free survival (P = 0.012), and higher serumDKK1 levels correlated with shorter disease‐free survival (P = 0.046). Knockdown ofDKK1 significantly reduced both migratory and invasive abilities ofHCCcells, whereas overexpression ofDKK1 enhanced the tumour formation efficiency and tumour growthin vivo.Conclusions:Serum and tissueDKK1 levels increased in a stepwise manner in multistep hepatocarcinogenesis and had prognostic significance.DKK1 plays a functional role in cell migration, invasion and tumour growth.
Different sites of xenoantigen delivery lead to a virally induced late‐onset hepatitis in mice through molecular mimicry
Authors: Piché Chantal , Béland Kathie , Lapierre Pascal , Massie Bernard , Alvarez Fernando 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground:Epidemiological and laboratory evidences led to the hypothesis that molecular mimicry between viruses and self‐proteins could be linked to the onset of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Hepatotropic viruses could be good candidates, as a pro‐inflammatory environment may facilitate the development of AIH.Aims:The aims of this study were to test a virus ability to induce an AIH through molecular mimicry and the influence of hepatic inflammation in this process.Methods:C57BL/6 mice were injected IV or IM with recombinant adenoviral vectors (RecAdV) encoding for human type 2 AIH antigens to target xenoantigens expression in the liver and to create a transient hepatitis (IV) or for ‘peripheral’ xenoantigens expression (IM). Liver injury and B‐cell response were evaluated.Results:Late‐onset hepatitis was observed 8 months after IV or IM RecAdV injections, despite presence or absence of an initial transient hepatitis. Intensity of B‐cell response was similar for both type of injections, but the Ig isotypes produced were different. B‐cell autoimmune response spread to several liver proteins.Conclusions:Liver autoimmune response can be initiated using molecular mimicry over a long period of time, validating the hit‐and‐run hypothesis. Initial liver inflammatory injury is neither necessary, nor detrimental to the development of AIH. These results highlight the significance of initial events on the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver injury.
Complex Fractionated Electrograms in the Right Atrial Free Wall and the Superior/Posterior Wall of the Left Atrium Are Affected by Activity of the Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: CHALDOUPI SEVASTI‐MARIA , LINNENBANK ANDRE C. , WITTKAMPF FRED H. , BOLDT LEIF H. , WESSEL HARRY VAN , VAN DRIEL VINCENT J. , DOEVENDANS PIETER A. , HAUER RICHARD N. , DE BAKKER JACQUES M. , LOH PETER 
Published: August 2011

CFAEs and Autonomic Nervous System. Background: Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) are supposed to be related to structural and electrical remodeling. Animal studies suggest a role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, this has never been studied in humans.Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of ANS on CFAEs in patients with idiopathic atrial fibrillation (AF).Methods: Thirty‐six patients (28 men, 55  ±  9 years) were included before undergoing catheter ablation. In the 24 hours preceding the procedure, 20 patients were in AF (group 1) and 16 were in sinus rhythm (SR, group 2). With 2 decapolar catheters, 1 in the right atrium (RA) and 1 in the left atrium (LA), 20 unipolar electrograms were simultaneously recorded during a 100‐second AF‐period (in group 2 after induction of AF). After atropine and metoprolol administration, a second 100‐second AF‐period was recorded 30 minutes later. Five patients of group 2 served as controls and did not receive atropine and metoprolol prior to the second recording. CFAEs were assessed and the prevalence of CFAEs was expressed as percentage of the recording time.Results: The prevalence of CFAEs was greater in group 1 than in group 2 in both RA and LA (P = 0.026, P  <  0.001, respectively). Atropine and metoprolol significantly reduced CFAEs in group 1 (P  <  0.001) and prevented the time‐dependent increase of CFAEs in group 2.Conclusion: The prevalence of CFAEs is greater in long‐lasting AF episodes. Atropine and metoprolol administration reduces CFAEs in both atria. Thus, CFAEs are at least partly influenced by the ANS. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 26‐33, January 2012)
Effects at early stage of life of elevated milk replacer feeding on growth rate, plasma IGF‐I concentration and intestinal nutrient transporter expression in Holstein bull calves
Authors: ORIHASHI Takenori , MASHIKO Takanori , SERA Kenji , ROH Sang‐Gun , KATOH Kazuo , OBARA Yoshiaki 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTIn order to evaluate the effects of an elevated amount of modified milk replacer on body weight, daily gain, starter intake, plasma endocrine parameters and expression of nutrient transporters in small intestinal epithelia, Holstein bull calves (n = 24) were fed for 60 days either with the usual amount of 24% crude protein (CP) and 20% fat milk (CF) replacer (C group), or with a double amount of a modified milk replacer of 28% CP and 16% CF (E group). Body weight from D20 to D60 and daily gain before D40 was greater or tended to be greater for the E group than the C group. Plasma concentrations of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐I) and insulin were greater for the E group than the C group on D28 but not on D56, without changing plasma growth hormone levels. Gene expression for sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1 and fatty acid translocase (CD36) was altered in day‐ and intestine‐dependent manners. From these findings, we conclude that an elevated intake of milk replacer given up to 40 days old is sufficient to enhance body weight, which may be associated with increased plasma IGF‐I concentrations, in Holstein bulls.
Polish Vision of the CAP after 2013: Against a Background of Economic Transformation and EU Membership  La PAC après 2013 : la vision de la Pologne dans un contexte marqué par la transformation économique et l’adhésion à l’Union européenne  Die polnische Vision der GAP nach 2013 vor dem Hintergrund von wirtschaftlicher Transformation und EU‐Mitgliedschaft
Authors: Sawicki Marek 
Published: August 2011

summaryPolish Vision of the CAP after 2013: Against a Background of Economic Transformation and EU MembershipPolish and wider EU experiences show that the CAP is too complex; in reality there exist 27 different versions of the CAP. Different direct support schemes now mean there is neither equal competition conditions between Member States nor between individual farms. If there is to be continued building of a single market, EU agricultural policy must be subjected to more uniform rules and must be simplified. Poland’s vision for the CAP consists of a clear division of activities within the two pillars. Pillar I should be intended for ‘compliant’ farmers, those who meet the cross compliance requirements, with payments set on the basis of measurable and objective criteria, departing from historical references; and Pillar II addressed to ‘active’, entrepreneurial farmers who develop their farms and pursue new Community objectives, thus increasing their competitiveness on the single market and on the global agri‐food market. Assessments of the costs and benefits of the CAP at Community and Member State levels should, therefore, take into account not only budgetary flows but also provision of European Public Goods. The Polish Presidency will make every effort to ensure that negotiations over the future of CAP after 2013 continue in an atmosphere of responsible and deepened reflection, conducive to reaching a compromise in 2012.
European Food Marketing: Opportunities in Connecting with Consumers on Health and Well‐being  La commercialisation des produits alimentaires en Europe : de l’intérêt de discuter des questions de santé et de bien‐être avec les consommateurs  Lebensmittelhandel in Europa: Möglichkeiten, mit Verbrauchern in punkto Gesundheit und Wohlergehen in Kontakt zu treten
Authors: Hughes David 
Published: August 2011

summaryEuropean Food Marketing: Opportunities in Connecting with Consumers on Health and Well‐beingIn mature, slow growth food markets that are characteristic of European countries, businesses scramble to build sales and margins. Consumer interest in health and well‐being presents the single most attractive avenue for food industry business growth. Health and well‐being market opportunities emanate from consumers desire: to manage i.e. reduce their weight; improve digestive health; eat healthily with fresh and minimally processed foods; use food intake to manage their overall health and even improve appearance; seek food products that are consonant with their busy lifestyles, for example, food they can eat ‘on the move’ without feeling guilty; to offer their children ‘fun to eat’ food that is, concomitantly, nutritious and safe; and to buy and prepare food that has been produced in a manner that is kind to the well‐being of the planet and the farm animals on it. Increasingly, in Europe, as elsewhere, families, government health agencies, special interest groups, food producers, manufacturers and retailers, acknowledge that the health of the citizen is inextricably tied to the economic and social health of the nation. Clearly, there is a benign convergence of interests linking market opportunities for healthy food producers with the greater good of society.
Agri‐environmental Programmes and Trade Negotiations in the United States and the European Union  Programmes agroenvironnementaux et négociations commerciales aux États‐Unis et dans l’Union européenne  Agrarumweltprogramme und Verhandlungen im Außenhandel in den USA und der europäischen Union
Authors: Baylis Kathy , Peplow Stephen , Rausser Gordon , Simon Leo 
Published: August 2011

summaryAgri‐environmental Programmes and Trade Negotiations in the United States and the European UnionIn both the European Union and the United States, the public has raised concerns over the damaging effects of modern agriculture. Both regions have developed agri‐environmental programmes (AEPs), but the conceptual background is quite different. We argue that the EU programmes treat agriculture and the natural world as complementary, while the US programmes primarily treat them as substitutes. As a result, the EU pays farmers for the production of environmental amenities from farming, while many of the US programmes generate environmental externalities by limiting agriculture. The US approach is much more site‐specific, which may imply larger environmental gains per dollar, but less flexibility to offset reductions in production subsidies. The EU AEPs, by contrast, are very broad, but are adopted by many farmers who do not receive production subsidies, creating a new group of subsidy recipients who may have their own objectives for the trade talks. In part because of these broad‐based AEP and rural development programmes, the EU appears to have a freer hand in removing trade‐distorting price supports. However, by encouraging smaller, remote farmers to produce high‐value market goods e.g. organic, the EU may have created a domestic lobby for protecting these markets from increased international competition.
Spatial Cognition Through the Keyhole: How Studying a Real‐World Domain Can Inform Basic Science—and Vice Versa
Authors: Keehner Madeleine 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses spatial cognition in the domain of minimally invasive surgery. It draws on studies from this domain to shed light on a range of spatial cognitive processes and to consider individual differences in performance. In relation to modeling, the aim is to identify potential opportunities for characterizing the complex interplay between perception, action, and cognition, and to consider how theoretical models of the relevant processes might prove valuable for addressing applied questions about surgical performance and training.
Right subclavian artery anomaly in an adult Friesian horse
Authors: Viljoen A. , Saulez M. N. , Steyl J. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThis report describes an unusual vascular ring anomaly (VRA) that resulted in repeated oesophageal obstruction in an adult horse. Oesophagoscopy identified a luminal obstruction with secondary mucosal sloughing. Post mortem findings revealed oesophageal and tracheal stenosis secondary to an aberrant right subclavian artery. The presence of the VRA may have resulted in repeated oesophageal impactions in an adult horse and the hereditary potential for this defect should be considered.
DIFFICULTY FACTORS AND NON‐LINEAR FACTOR ANALYSIS1
Authors: McDonald Roderick P. 
Published: August 2011

The performances of a group of children (Group C) and a group of adults (Group A) on 12 sub‐tests formed from Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (1947) have been separately factor analyzed. In the Group C results, the second factor can be recognized as a difficulty factor, but the corresponding factor in Group A is not significantly related to the difficulty of the sub‐tests.When the analysis is carried further by methods described previously, both sets of data can readily be accounted for by non‐linear regression functions relating the sub‐tests to a single factor. The difficulty factor in Group C is shown to correspond to differences in curvature of the regression functions. These differences in curvature correspond in turn to the expectation that an easy test will discriminate best at the lower end of an ability continuum and a difficult test at the higher end. In terms of the non‐linear treatment, the curves for Group A form a plausible continuation of the curves for Group G.
A METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING CHILDREN'S UNDERSTANDING OF CERTAIN LOGICAL CONNECTIVES USED IN BINARY PROPOSITIONAL THINKING
Authors: Peel E. A. 
Published: August 2011

A theoretical frame of reference and an experimental method are described for investigating children's understanding of such logical connectives as If … then in certain binary propositions. A game is played with coloured beads and counters between experimenter and child which both obviates the need to use ‘naturally’ connected binary propositions and at the same time prevents the rejection of the propositions on account of their arbitrariness. The games consist essentially of a bead draw by the experimenter followed by a responding draw of a counter by the child, according to the instructions for each game.The frequencies of different conjunctions of bead and counter draws (pq, where p and q are different kinds of beads and counters respectively) are obtained and converted to proportions. These proportions are compared with those expected theoretically according to the definitions of the main binary propositions.
THE STUDY OF HOSTILITY IN THE TEMPERAMENTS OF SPOUSES: DEFINITIONS AND METHODS
Authors: Hope K. 
Published: August 2011

The nature of aggression or hostility is discussed, and the possible relations between hostility in the personalities of husbands and hostility in the personalities of wives are conceptualized under the heads: (a) Similarity in quantity of aggression; (b) Similarity in pattern of aggression; (c) Oppositeness or complementarity in quantity of aggression; (d) Oppositeness or complementarity in pattern of aggression; and (e) Systematic relations between similar or dissimilar (but not necessarily opposite) patterns of aggression. The first four possibilities are explored by imposing a model on questionnaire data obtained from alcoholics and their wives. The fifth possibility, which is the first to be dealt with, is investigated with the aid of a technique which follows the pattern of the data without imposing a model on them.The analysis demonstrates that exclusive reliance on correlational methods, however complex, may obscure the essential features of a psychological situation. It also shows how the special characteristics of temperamental qualities may be accommodated by the construction of an appropriate model.
EXPERIMENTATION BY COMPUTER: SOME PRELIMINARY STEPS
Authors: Wolfendale G. 
Published: August 2011

A computer system is described which carries out on‐line experiments involving m‐independent variables and one dependent variable. Using a search procedure that applies hillclimbing techniques, the system selectively places points in regions that demand them for reliable description. Some results of its performance are given in Section 3. The experimentation system leaves information in store and this is used by a model‐assessment procedure in order to achieve the optimum predictive efficiency for each of the functional models under consideration.This study is part of a research project aimed at producing computer‐controlled experimentation which will not only assess functional models, but also generate them, assess and generate discrete or ‘structural’ models, and design and carry out experiments whose results will be essential for discrimination between models. The work is also intended as a contribution to the problem of computer program semantics.