bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport and mixing in idealized barotropic hurricane‐like vortices
Authors: Hendricks E. A. , Schubert W. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effective diffusivity diagnostic is used to obtain basic insight into the two‐dimensional transport and mixing properties of idealized barotropic tropical‐storm and hurricane‐like vortices. Three flow configurations believed to be relevant to hurricane dynamics are examined in a non‐divergent barotropic model: (i) an elliptical vortex, (ii) a Rankine vortex in a turbulent background vorticity field, and (iii) unstable vorticity rings. During the evolution of these vortical flows, effective diffusivity is used as a mixing diagnostic on a passive tracer field that also evolves in the non‐divergent flow. The internal dynamical processes causing mixing, as well as the location and magnitude of both turbulent mixing and partial barrier regions, are identified in the evolving vortices. Breaking vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) are found to create turbulent mixing regions of finite radial extent. For monotonic vortices, which are analogous to tropical storms, the wave breaking and axisymmetrization creates a surf zone outside the radius of maximum wind, while the vortex core remains a partial barrier or containment vessel. For unstable vorticity rings, which are analogous to intensifying hurricanes, two regimes of internal mixing are found. During barotropic instability of thick rings, the inner and outer breaking VRWs create two local mixing regions, separated by a partial barrier region at the location of the tangential jet. For barotropic instability of thin rings, the entire hurricane inner core becomes a turbulent mixing region, allowing passive tracers to be radially mixed between the eye, eyewall and local environment. In either case, the horizontal mixing associated with the inner, breaking VRW would support intensification, provided the passive tracer is equivalent potential temperature with a maximum in the eye. In addition to the insights obtained for internal mixing in hurricanes, effective diffusivity is shown to be a robust diagnostic for two‐dimensional turbulence, complementing its previous use in large‐scale atmospheric dynamics. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Direct analysis of pharmaceutical formulations from non‐bonded reversed‐phase thin‐layer chromatography plates by desorption electrospray ionisation ion mobility mass spectrometry
Authors: Harry Emma L. , Reynolds James C. , Bristow Anthony W. T. , Wilson Ian D. , Creaser Colin S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe direct analysis of pharmaceutical formulations and active ingredients from non‐bonded reversed‐phase thin layer chromatography (RP‐TLC) plates by desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) combined with ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM‐MS) is reported. The analysis of formulations containing analgesic (paracetamol), decongestant (ephedrine), opiate (codeine) and stimulant (caffeine) active pharmaceutical ingredients is described, with and without chromatographic development to separate the active ingredients from the excipient formulation. Selectivity was enhanced by combining ion mobility and mass spectrometry to characterise the desorbed gas‐phase analyte ions on the basis of mass‐to‐charge ratio (m/z) and gas‐phase ion mobility (drift time). The solvent composition of the DESI spray using a step gradient was varied to optimise the desorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients from the RP‐TLC plates. The combined RP‐TLC/DESI‐IM‐MS approach has potential as a rapid and selective technique for pharmaceutical analysis by orthogonal gas‐phase electrophoretic and mass‐to‐charge separation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of selected‐ion flow‐tube mass spectrometry for the measurement of ethanol, methanol and isopropanol in physiological fluids: effect of osmolality and sample volume
Authors: Rowbottom Lynn , Workman Clive , Roberts Norman B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSelected‐ion flow‐tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) is particularly suited for the analysis of volatile low molecular weight compounds. We have evaluated this technique for the assay of different alcohols in aqueous solutions, including blood plasma, and in particular whether the osmolality or sample volume affected vapourisation. Solutions of three different alcohols (methanol, ethanol and isopropanol) ranging from 0.005 to 50 mmol/L were prepared in deionised water (0 milliosmol), phosphate‐buffered saline (690 mOsm), isotonic saline (294 mOsm) and plasma (296 mOsm). The vapour above the sample (50 to 1000 µL) contained in air‐tight tubes at 37°C was aspirated into the instrument. The outputs for ethanol, methanol and isopropanol were linear over the concentration range and independent of the sample volume and relatively independent of the osmolar concentration. SIFT‐MS can reliably and accurately measure common alcohols in the headspace above aqueous solutions, including serum/plasma. This novel application of SIFT‐MS is easy to follow, requires no sample preparation and the wide dynamic range will facilitate measurement of alcohols present from normal metabolism as well as when taken in excess or in accidental poisoning. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric identification of benzimidazole anthelminthics metabolites formed ex vivo by Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Authors: Cvilink Viktor , Szotáková Barbora , Vokřál Ivan , Bártíková Hana , Lamka Jiří , Skálová Lenka 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWith further use of chemical agents in the control of parasitic infections, an increased number of drug resistance occurrences to antiparasitic drugs has been reported. Induction of enzymes responsible for detoxification of given drugs can contribute to drug resistance development in a parasitic organism. The identification of formed metabolites allows the characterization of the enzymes participating in biotransformation and possibly in drug resistance development. The objective of our work was to find and identify phase I and phase II metabolites of the anthelminthic drugs albendazole, flubendazole and mebendazole formed in ex vivo incubations by the parasitic helminth Dicrocoelium dendriticum, a parasite of ruminants and other grazing animals, using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric (LC/MS) techniques. In the ex vivo study, approximately 50 living D. dendriticum adults were incubated in 5 mL RPMI‐1640 medium in the presence of 10.0 µmol L−1 benzimidazole drug (5% CO2, 38°C) for 24 h. The bodies of the parasite were then removed from the medium. After homogenization of parasites, both parasite homogenates and medium from the incubation were separately extracted using solid‐phase extraction. The extracts were analyzed using LC/MS with electrospray ionization. The results showed that D. dendriticum enzymatic systems are capable of phase I oxidation and reduction as well as phase II conjugation reactions. Detected phase I metabolites comprised albendazole sulfoxide, reduced flubendazole and reduced mebendazole. As for phase II metabolites, methyl derivatives of both reduced flubendazole and reduced mebendazole were observed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of human plasma lipids and soybean lecithin by means of high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Stübiger Gerald , Pittenauer Ernst , Belgacem Omar , Rehulka Pavel , Widhalm Kurt , Allmaier Günter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn improved analytical strategy for the analysis of complex lipid mixtures using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) in combination with high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) is reported. Positive ion MALDI RTOF MS was applied as a rapid screening tool for the various neutral (e.g. triacylglycerols) and polar (e.g. glycerophospholipids and ‐sphingolipids) lipid classes derived from crude lipid extracts of e.g. human plasma as well as soybean lecithin. Finally, MALDI seamless post‐source decay (PSD) product ion analysis was performed in order to obtain further structural information (head‐ and acyl‐group identification) of selected lipid species and structure verification. A Coomassie Brilliant Blue R‐250 staining protocol for lipids on HPTLC plates was evaluated and was found to be fully compatible with subsequent MALDI‐MS. Lipids were analyzed after elution from the HPTLC phase material of the selected band (corresponding to certain lipid classes) by using the proper organic solvent mixture or in few cases directly from the HPTLC plates (a type of on‐line HPTLC/MALDI‐MS coupling). More than 70 distinct lipid species from seven different lipid classes in the range between m/z 500 and 1500 could be identified from the lipid extracts of human plasma and soybean lecithin, respectively. The general high sensitivity of MALDI‐MS detection allowed the analysis of even minor lipid classes from only very small volumes of human plasma (50 µL). The combination of HPTLC, Coomassie staining and positive ion MALDI curved field RTOF‐MS represents a straightforward strategy during lipidomics studies of food and clinically relevant human lipid samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A semi‐automated solid‐phase extraction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of tetrahydrocannabinol and metabolites in whole blood
Authors: Jagerdeo Eshwar , Schaff Jason E. , Montgomery Madeline A. , LeBeau Marc A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMarijuana is one of the most commonly abused illicit substances in the USA, making cannabinoids important to detect in clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories. Historically, cannabinoids in biological fluids have been derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). There has been a gradual shift in many laboratories towards liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for this analysis due to its improved sensitivity and reduced sample preparation compared with GC/MS procedures. This paper reports a validated method for the analysis of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its two main metabolites, 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC‐COOH) and 11‐hydroxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC‐OH), in whole blood samples. The method has also been validated for cannabinol (CBD) and cannabidiol (CDN), two cannabinoids that were shown not to interfere with the method. This method has been successfully applied to samples both from living people and from deceased individuals obtained during autopsy. This method utilizes online solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with LC/MS. Pretreatment of samples involves protein precipitation, sample concentration, ultracentrifugation, and reconstitution. The online SPE procedure was developed using Hysphere C8‐EC sorbent. A chromatographic gradient with an Xterra MS C18 column was used for the separation. Four multiple‐reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions were monitored for each analyte and internal standard. Linearity generally fell between 2 and 200 ng/mL. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.5 to 3 ng/mL and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 2 to 8 ng/mL. The bias and imprecision were determined using a simple analysis of variance (ANOVA: single factor). The results demonstrate bias as <7%, and imprecision as <9%, for all components at each quantity control level. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Synacthen in urine for sports drug testing by means of nano‐ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Thomas Andreas , Kohler Maxie , Schänzer Wilhelm , Kamber Matthias , Delahaut Philippe , Thevis Mario 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDoping control analysis of performance‐enhancing peptides in urine represents a challenging requirement in modern sports drug testing. Low dosing, effective metabolism and short half‐life lead to target concentrations in the low fmol/mL range in urine. Synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (1‐24, Syn‐ACTH‐en) shares all these characteristics and improved analytical performance is required for its sufficient determination by means of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The desired effects for cheating sportsmen are mainly due to enhanced release of corticosteroids as well as androgenic steroids into the circulation after systemic administration of the drug. Immunoaffinity purification with coated magnetic beads and subsequent liquid chromatography with nano‐ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (high resolution/high mass accuracy) of Synacthen from urinary specimens is described in the present study. The general proof of principle was obtained by analysis of excretion study urine samples and validation was performed with focus on the limit of detection (3 pg/mL), linearity, precision (<20%), recovery (∼30%), robustness, specificity and stability. For all experiments, the ACTH fragment 1‐17 was used as the internal standard. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral characterisation of eight glycerolipids and their detection in natural samples using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Heim Christine , Sjövall Peter , Lausmaa Jukka , Leefmann Tim , Thiel Volker 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn recent years, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) with cluster ion sources has opened new perspectives for the analysis of lipid biomarkers in geobiology and organic geochemistry. However, published ToF‐SIMS reference spectra of relevant compounds are still sparse, and the influence of the chemical environment (matrix) on the ionisation of molecules and their fragmentation is still not well explored. This study presents ToF‐SIMS spectra of eight glycerolipids as common target compounds in biomarker studies, namely ester‐ and ether‐bound phosphatidylethanolamine, ester‐ and ether‐bound phosphatidylcholine, ester‐bound phosphatidylglycerol, ester‐ and ether‐bound diglycerides and archaeol, obtained with a Bi cluster ion source. For all of these compounds, the spectra obtained in positive and negative analytical modes showed characteristic fragments that could clearly be assigned to e.g. molecular ions, functional groups and alkyl chains. By comparison with the reference spectra, it was possible to track some of these lipids in a pre‐characterised organic extract and in cryosections of microbial mats. The results highlight the potential of ToF‐SIMS for the laterally resolved analysis of organic biomarkers in environmental materials. The identification of the target compounds, however, may be hampered by matrix effects (e.g. adduct formation) and often require careful consideration of all spectral features and taking advantage of the molecular imaging capability of ToF‐SIMS. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization of n integrators in cascade with bounded input with experimental application to a VTOL laboratory system
Authors: Sanahuja G. , Castillo P. , Sanchez A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a global stabilization of a chain of n integrators in cascade. The control strategy is obtained using the Lyapunov approach and separated saturation functions. Moreover, the stability analysis is obtained using the recurrence theorem. This generalized control law is designed in order to quickly implement it on a system, as choosing a degree n gives all conditions to have a stable system. Moreover, in the proposed controller the saturation function bound only one state. This allows us to easily tune the control parameters. Simulations and real‐time experiments are presented for the VTOL platform represented as a chain of two and four integrators in cascade. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotic random graph intuition for the biased connectivity game
Authors: Gebauer Heidi , Szabó Tibor 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe study biased Maker/Breaker games on the edges of the complete graph, as introduced by Chvátal and Erdős. We show that Maker, occupying one edge in each of his turns, can build a spanning tree, even if Breaker occupies b ≤ (1 − o(1)) · $ {n \over \ln n} $ edges in each turn. This improves a result of Beck, and is asymptotically best possible as witnessed by the Breaker‐strategy of Chvátal and Erdős. We also give a strategy for Maker to occupy a graph with minimum degree c (where c = c(n) is a slowly growing function of n) while playing against a Breaker who takes b ≤ (1 − o(1)) · $ {n \over \ln n} $ edges in each turn. This result improves earlier bounds by Krivelevich and Szabó. Both of our results support the surprising random graph intuition: the threshold bias is asymptotically the same for the game played by two “clever” players and the game played by two “random” players. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Involvement of Group II mGluRs in mossy fiber LTD
Authors: Wostrack Maria , Dietrich Dirk 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMossy fiber long‐term depression (LTD) has been shown to be triggered by either pharmacological or synaptic activation of Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) whereas other studies indicate that synaptic activation of mGluRs is very limited. Therefore, we reexamined the role of Group II mGluRs for the induction of mossy fiber LTD. The complete depression of field potentials (fEPSPs) by 1 μM (2S,2′R,3′R)‐2‐(2′,3′‐Dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG‐IV) only partially reversed upon removal of the drug but fEPSPs were completely restored by the Group II antagonist 2S‐2‐amino‐2‐(1S,2S‐2‐carboxycyclopropyl‐1‐yl)‐3‐(xanth‐9‐yl)propanoic acid (LY341495) (3 μM). In contrast, fEPSPs returned back to baseline within 30 min after a brief application of 0.2 μM DCG‐IV suggesting that the incomplete reversal of higher concentrations may be due to a residual receptor occupancy rather than to an induction of LTD. LY341495 itself did not increase fEPSPs and also blocked the inhibition of (2S,1′S,2′S)‐2‐(2‐carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L‐CCG‐I) (20 μM) and (1S,3R)‐1‐aminocyclopentane‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) (10 μM) and its effect was mimicked by CPPG (50 μM). Furthermore, stimulation at 1 Hz for 15 min induced an LTD of 81% ± 3% and 80% ± 4% in the absence and presence of LY341495, respectively (n = 7, 5). Finally, we found that synaptic activation of Group II mGluRs during 15 min of 1‐Hz stimulation only produces an inhibition of release by 8% ± 1% (30°C, n = 3). Our data suggests that pharmacological activation of Group II mGluRs is fully reversible per se and does not produce a long lasting depression and that activation of Group II mGluRs is neither necessary nor sufficient for the induction of mossy fiber LTD. Synapse 63:1060–1068, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Scottish Witchcraft Act
Authors: Goodare Julian 
Published: July 2009

Few acts of the Scottish parliament can have had such deadly consequences as the following, passed on June 4, 1563: Anentis Witchcraftis.ITEM Forsamekill as the Quenis Majestie and thre Estatis in this present Parliament being informit, that the havy and abominabill superstitioun usit be divers of the liegis of this Realme, be using of Witchcraftis, Sorsarie and Necromancie, and credence gevin thairto in tymes bygane aganis the Law of God: And for avoyding and away putting of all sic vane superstitioun in tymes tocum: ¶ It is statute and ordanit be the Quenis Majestie, and thre Estatis foirsaidis, that na maner of persoun nor persounis, of quhatsumever estate, degre or conditioun thay be of, tak upone hand in ony tymes heirefter, to use ony maner of Witchcraftis, Sorsarie or Necromancie, nor gif thame selfis furth to have ony sic craft or knawlege thairof, thairthrow abusand the pepill: Nor that na persoun seik ony help, response or cosultatioun at ony sic usaris or abusaris foirsaidis of Witchcraftis, Sorsareis or Necromancie, under the pane of deid, alsweill to be execute aganis the usar, abusar, as the seikar of the response or consultatioun.
The Cult of Martyrs in Asterius of Amaseia's Vision of the Christian City
Authors: Driver Lisa D. Maugans 
Published: July 2009

For what is worth as much as these festival assemblies? And what is so august and all-beautiful as to see the whole city with one's whole race issuing from the town, occupying a holy place to perform pure mysteries of the most genuine devotion?Few Romans of any era would have disagreed with these exclamations, though earlier generations might have been astonished that such familiar sentiments could issue from the mouth of a Christian bishop. The ideal of civic solidarity through worship and celebration was a familiar concept from ancient times, one which Asterius felt to be entirely in keeping with the practice of Christianity at the end of the fourth century. Asterius's festival homilies reveal part of the process whereby views on society and citizens became informed by Christian belief. First he offers a critique of traditional society and religion. Second he promotes Christianpoliteia, by means of martyr festivals, as the true foundation for social harmony. Three conceptual strategies emerge in Asterius's program for transforming classicalpoliteia: recommending distinctly Christian philosophic virtue, depicting citizenship in terms of familial relationships, and employing an eschatological dimension to patronage.
Late Wenlock sequence stratigraphy in central England
Authors: RAY DAVID C. , BRETT CARLTON E. , THOMAS ALAN T. , COLLINGS ADRIAN V. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe late Wenlock Series (Homerian Stage) of the northern Midland Platform (central England) comprises silty mudstones and limestones of the upper part of the Coalbrookdale and overlying Much Wenlock Limestone formations. Based on outcrop studies and borehole data, the sequence stratigraphical interpretation developed for the inliers of the West Midlands is slightly revised, and extended to the stratotype sections along Wenlock Edge. A single third-order cycle of sea-level change is identified, punctuated by a regressive–transgressive episode associated with a higher-order glacioeustatic cycle, allowing the upper Wenlock Series of the area to be divided into two subsequences (A and B). Subsequence A and the early transgressive systems tract began with regression associated with the basal sequence boundary in late Cyrtograptus lundgreni Biozone times. This was followed by a period of slow transgression or stillstand, allowing shallower water carbonate environments to prograde. A minor phase of regression followed, resulting in the generation of the shallowest water deposits of both the Lower Quarried Limestone and Farley members (of the Much Wenlock Limestone and Coalbrookdale formations, respectively). The overlying Subsequence B and the late transgressive systems tract are marked by transgression and a period of rapid sea-level fluctuation and are likely contained within the Gothograptus nassa Biozone. A minor highstand is widely recognizable at this time. The rest of Subsequence B consists of an initial phase of weak progradation (highstand systems tract), followed by a marked regression (falling stage systems tract) culminating in an erosive upper sequence boundary at or close to the top of the Monograptus ludensis Biozone, but within the uppermost Much Wenlock Limestone Formation. Above Subsequence B is a marked transgression into the Lower Elton Formation and the Ludlow Series. Both late Wenlock lowstands and the succeeding flooding events have been recognized on other palaeocontinents, reflecting the eustatic nature of sea-level changes reported here.