bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production Optimization and Uncertainty Assessment in a CO2 Flooding Reservoir
Authors: Chen Shengnan , Li Heng , Yang Daoyong 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The main objective of modern reservoir management is to maximize the oil recovery when a displacing agent, such as CO2, is injected to displace the residual oil in a reservoir. Such process can be controlled properly by allocating the injected fluids to the injectors and adjusting the produced fluids from the producers. Inappropriate production-injection strategy leads to early breakthrough, unstable pressure distribution, and low ultimate oil recovery. Furthermore, presence of physical and/or financial uncertainties elevates the complexity of the field production optimization. In this paper, a pragmatic technique has been developed and successfully applied to determine the optimum production-injection strategy in a CO2 flooding reservoir by incorporating well performance into reservoir simulation in the presence of both physical and financial uncertainties. More specifically, well rates of the injectors and flowing bottomhole pressures of the producers are chosen as the controlling variables. Several variable candidates are first assessed, determined and finally assigned to each well based on the inflow performance curve, multiphase flow behavior in the wellbore, and voidage balance within the reservoir. An objective function associated with both the average net present value (NPV) and the range of NPV uncertainty is then defined, while a modified genetic algorithm is utilized as optimization engine to determine the optimum production-injection strategy. In addition, multiple equal-probable reservoir models are used to account for the physical uncertainty, while prices of oil and CO2 are applied to assess and quantify the financial uncertainty. Compared to the production-injection strategies without optimization, it is shown from a field case that the optimum strategy can postpone the CO2 breakthrough time by 1.5 years, decrease the water cut by 8.4%, and increase the oil recovery and net present value by 7.8% and 6.6%, respectively.
Field Implementation Experience of Metal PCP Technology in Cuban Heavy-Oil Fields
Authors: Guerra E. , Sanchez A. , Matthews C. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Progressing cavity pumps (PCPs) have proven to be a successful and reliable artificial lift system for production of heavy oil reservoirs over the past few decades. The application of PCP technology for production of oil wells in general continues to expand rapidly due to ongoing advances in versatility, production rate and lift capacity, durability, and economy. As a result, the application envelope for PCP systems has grown substantially to the point where these systems now successfully compete in many areas that were traditionally reserved to Rod Pump and ESP technologies.
The development and implementation of a new type of PCP, namely the "all metal" (non-elastomeric) progressing cavity pump has been driven by the need to achieve significant improvements in the performance and run life of PCPs in high temperature/thermal well applications, and wells producing fluids which cause rapid chemical and/or mechanical degradation of elastomeric PCPs.
This paper describes the successful implementation and use of Metal PCP systems in a diverse range of extra heavy oil wells located along the northern coast of Cuba beginning in July 2005. This is believed to be the first major use of this technology in such a field application. The paper also compares the performance and run lives achieved with the Metal PCPs to that of elastomeric PCPs in the same application. In general, the field trial results have demonstrated that the strong resistance of Metal PCPs to chemical and mechanical degradation makes them a good alternative for the cold production of heavy and extra heavy oil with relatively high bottomhole temperatures and high aromatic, CO2 or H2S concentrations.
Laboratory Evaluation of a Relative-Permeability Modifier for Profile Modification in Injection Wells
Authors: Vasquez Julio , Eoff Larry , Dalrymple Dwyann 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
In the absence of profile modification, water injected into the reservoir will go into the high-permeability zones and will bypass the oil-saturated, low-permeability zones. This paper presents the laboratory evaluation of a water-soluble relative permeability modifier (RPM), a hydrophobically modified polymer that was developed initially for water control in production wells. By injecting the RPM within the high-permeability zones, injected water will be diverted into low-permeability zones to improve the sweep efficiency of the waterflooding project.
The polymer functions by adsorption onto rock surfaces and effectively reduces water flow with little or no damage to hydrocarbon flow. The treatments are extremely easy to mix and pump and require no postjob shut-in time. This RPM was evaluated in 5-ft and 10-ft sandpacks to investigate the following parameters: (a) depth of penetration, (b) diversion properties (c) injection rate, and (c) polymer concentration. High-permeability (~2000–1500 mD) and low-permeability (~250–150 mD) sandpacks were evaluated as porous media. Based on this laboratory evaluation, this RPM can effectively penetrate through a 10-ft sandpack providing permeability reduction to water throughout the length of the porous media. In addition, excellent diverting properties were observed while bullheading the treatment in sandpacks in parallel with significant permeability contrast.
Modern Internet Technologies Provide More Value than Traditional SCADA
Authors: Wallace Donald Ian 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
When it comes to SCADA and remote monitoring and control systems, technology has come a long way in recent years. From sensors, to communications, to software and the internet, the technology landscape has changed. By leveraging the latest technologies, it is now easier than ever before to monitor and manage production capacity and performance, equipment uptime, maintenance, and dispatch. Compared to traditional SCADA systems, which generally produce mountains of data, the latest technologies deliver information which companies can act upon. Once deployed, these systems become an integral part of an organization's operational infrastructure, producing more value than ever before with lower initial investment and quicker payback periods.
A customer case study demonstrates the value of deploying the latest in monitoring technologies. The paper explores the tangible savings and benefits that a user was able to achieve from deploying an Internet-based system to monitor and manage over 1,500 assets including compressors and engines at the site discussed.
A Conceptual Study of Dual Lift Design in Ultradeep Wells
Authors: Bennett Jacob T. , Yong Sai Kit , Chio Samuel , Zhu D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
For many years rod pumping has been a desirable artificial lift method for on-shore oil wells. Today, in addition to rod pumps, other artificial lift methods such as gas lift and electrical submersible pumps (ESP) are also available for assisting well production. While rod pumps have been proven to be one of the simplest and most economical choices, when it is not sufficient for high-rate wells, harsh-fluid production, or deep wells, operators turn to other lift methods to produce hydrocarbons to the surface. The selection of appropriate artificial lift methods revolves around many factors, including economics.
This paper presents a conceptual and feasibility study of combination of two methods of lifting for production of moderate volumes of oil from deep or ultra-deep onshore wells. It proposes to use an ESP and a sucker rod pumping unit simultaneously to lift fluids. The argument is that to lift from a deep well, with only ESP the cost and housing limitation of the wellbore may become a vital problem. Lifting the hydrocarbons to a certain depth by an ESP system, and then using the rod pump to transport the fluid to the surface may be a solution for deep and ultra deep wells. One of the critical issues in this concept is that rod pump lift is an intermittent lift, but ESP is a continuous lift. This issue has been address with the design of a chamber in between the two systems to accommodate the two lift devices and ensure continuity. This paper presents an example with detailed calculations to provide the technical support to the idea.
Even though this approach has not been applied in the field, once proven feasible, the dual lift method can bring a solution with economic value to artificial lift for ultra-deep onshore oil wells.
A parallel implementation of 3D CT image reconstruction on the Cell Broadband Engine
Authors: Sakamoto M. , Murase M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCone‐beam X‐ray computed tomography (CT) is attracting increasing attention due to its applications in medicine, biomedical sciences, material engineering, and non‐destructive industrial evaluation. Rapid volumetric image reconstruction is highly desirable in all these fields for prompt visualization and analysis of complex structures of interest. However, in most applications, volumetric image reconstruction is still a very demanding computational task. The Cell Broadband Engine architecture (CBEA) is a novel microprocessor architecture designed to provide power‐efficient and cost‐effective high‐performance processing for some of the world's most demanding applications, including next generation game consoles. Applications that show special promise of benefiting from CBEA are medical imaging, security and surveillance, digital media, entertainment, communications, and certain scientific workloads. We believe that the CBEA is a good vehicle for processing 3D CT image reconstructions because it has the capability of reaching 200 Gfps. We implemented 3D CT image reconstruction on the CBEA. However, the programming scheme of the CBEA is different from single‐core architectures. To archive peak performance on the CBEA, coding optimizations are needed to exploit the unique features of the hardware. In this paper, we describe the parallelization of the 3D image reconstruction algorithm on the CBEA. The results show that the CBEA can achieve significant run time savings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation of Hindered Substrates Under Mild Conditions
Authors: Wentzel Michael T. , Hewgley J. Brian , Kamble Rajesh M. , Wall Philip D. , Kozlowski Marisa C. 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA mild, efficient method utilizing a copper‐diamine catalyst at room temperature is reported for the coupling of hindered imidazoles with unsubstituted, ortho‐substituted, and bis‐ortho‐substituted boronic acids in good to excellent yields. Aryl halides do not reaction under these conditions permitting sequential N‐arylation reactions.
The Use of Copper Flow Reactor Technology for the Continuous Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Bogdan Andrew R. , Sach Neal W. 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA library of 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles was synthesized using a copper flow reactor. Organic azides, generated in situ from alkyl halides and sodium azide, were reacted with acetylenes using the copper‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. This process eliminates both the handling of organic azides and the need for additional copper catalyst and permits the facile preparation of numerous triazoles in a continuous flow process.
Catalytic Asymmetric Ring‐Opening Reaction of meso‐Epoxides with Aryl Selenols and Thiols Catalyzed by a Heterobimetallic Gallium‐Titanium‐Salen Complex
Authors: Sun Jiangtao , Yang Minghua , Yuan Fang , Jia Xuefeng , Yang Xia , Pan Yi , Zhu Chengjian 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA chiral heterobimetallic Lewis acid complex has been developed as an efficient catalyst. The enantioselective desymmetrization of meso‐epoxides with aryl selenols and thiols catalyzed by the heterobimetallic complex has been optimized. The optically active β‐arylseleno alcohols and β‐hydroxy sulfides were obtained in good yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee and 92% ee, respectively). A strong synergistic effect between different Lewis acids was exhibited in the catalytic process.
Ionic Liquid (IL) as an Effective Medium for the Highly Efficient Hydroacylation Reaction of Aldehydes with Azodicarboxylates
Authors: Ni Bukuo , Zhang Qianying , Garre Satish , Headley Allan D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe highly efficient hydroacylation reaction of aldehydes with azodicarboxylates has been carried out in the ionic liquid,1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, [BMIM] [NTf2]. The products were readily separated by extraction from the reaction medium and the ionic liquid could be recycled up to 8 times and the yields of the reactions were not affected. Compared to conventional solvents, high yields were achieved with aliphatic saturated aldehydes, and the reaction can be conducted under normal to mild conditions without the use of a catalyst.
A Highly Efficient, Metal‐Free and Convenient Diarylallyl Ether/Thioether Formation via Oxidative C‐H Activation
Authors: Li Yan , Bao Weiliang 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA metal free highly efficient and concise oxidative‐coupling ether formation between 1,3‐diarylallylic sp3 C‐H and aliphatic alcohols promoted by 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanoquinone (DDQ) is reported. This system is also applied to form CS bonds from 1,3‐diarylpropylene and thiols/thiophenols. The corresponding diarylallyl ethers/thioethers are obtained in good yields.
Ionic Liquids‐Based Catalysis with Solids: State of the Art
Authors: Gu Yanlong , Li Guangxing 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageTopics related to ionic liquid (IL)‐based catalysis with solids not only open new ways for studies of heterogeneous catalysts, but also minimize many of the negative effects that current ILs have encountered. This review evaluates the various examples in solid‐based heterogeneous catalytic systems that have been developed with the aid of ILs. Catalysis over ready‐made solid catalysts in the presence of ILs, immobilizations of homogeneous organic and organometallic catalysts with the concepts of supported ionic liquid phase catalysis, metal nanoparticles catalysts in ILs, catalysis over supported ILs as well as metal complexes and the preparation of solid catalysts by using ILs as solvents have been described. In several cases, detailed information on the performance concerning catalytic activity and recyclability is available.
Highly Convenient, Clean, Fast, and Reliable Sonogashira Coupling Reactions Promoted by Aminophosphine‐Based Pincer Complexes of Palladium Performed under Additive‐ and Amine‐Free Reaction Conditions
Authors: Bolliger Jeanne L. , Frech Christian M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageSequential addition of 1,1′,1′′‐phosphinetriyltripiperidine and 1,3‐diaminobenzene or resorcinol to toluene solutions of (cyclooctadiene)palladium dichloride [Pd(cod)(Cl)2] under nitrogen in “one pot” almost quantitatively yielded the aminophosphine‐based pincer complexes {[C6H3‐2,6‐(XP{piperidinyl}2)2]Pd(Cl)} (X=NH 1; X=O 2). Complex 1 (and to a minor extent 2) proved to be efficient Sonogashira catalysts, which allow the quantitative coupling of various electronically deactivated and/or sterically hindered and functionalized aryl iodides and aryl bromides with several alkynes as coupling partners within very short reaction times and low catalyst loadings. Importantly, in contrast to most of the Sonogashira catalysts, which either are both air‐ and moisture‐sensitive and/or require the addition of co‐catalysts, such as copper(I) iodide [CuI], for example, or a large excess of an amine, the coupling reactions were carried out without the use of amines, co‐catalysts or other aditives and without exclusion of air and moisture. Moreover, the desired products were exclusively formed (no side‐products were detected) without employing an excess of one of the substrates. Ethylene glycol and potassium phosphate (K3PO4) were found to be the ideal solvent and base for this transformation. Experimental observations strongly indicate that palladium nanoparticles are not the catalytically active form of 1 and 2. On the other hand, their transformation into another homogeneous catalytically active species cannot be excluded.
Year‐round high physical activity levels in agropastoralists of Bolivian Andes: Results from repeated measurements of DLW method in peak and slack seasons of agricultural activities
Authors: Kashiwazaki Hiroshi , Uenishi Kazuhiro , Kobayashi Toshio , Rivera Jose Orias , Coward William A. , Wright Antony 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBy the repeated use of the doubly labeled water method (DLW), this study aimed to investigate (1) the extent of changes in energy expenditure and physical activity level (PAL) in response to increased agricultural work demands, and (2) whether the seasonal work demands induce the changes in the fairly equitable division of work and similarity of energy needs between men and women observed in our previous study (Phase 1 study; Kashiwazaki et al., 1995: Am J Clin Nutr 62: 901–910). In a rural small agropastoral community of the Bolivian Andes, we made the follow‐up study (Phase 2, 14 adults; a time of high agricultural activity) of the Phase 1 study (12 adults; a time of low agricultural activity). In the Phase 2 study, both men and women showed very high PAL (mean±SD), but there was no significant difference by sex (men; 2.18 ± 0.23 (age; 64 ± 11 years, n = 7), women; 2.26 ± 0.25 (63 ± 10 years, n = 7)). The increase of PAL by 11% (P = 0.023) in the Phase 2 was equally occurred in both men and women. The factorial approach underestimated PAL significantly by ≈15% (P < 0.05). High PAL throughout the year ranging on average 2.0 and 2.2 was attributable to everyday tasks for subsistence and domestic works undertaking over 9–11 h (men spent 2.7 h on agricultural work and 4.7 h on animal herding, whereas women spent 7.3 h almost exclusively on animal herding). The seasonal increase in PAL was statistically significant, but it was smaller than those anticipated from published reports. A flexible division of labor played an important role in the equitable energetic increase in both men and women. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional polymorphisms in the serotonin 1B receptor gene (HTR1B) predict self‐reported anger and hostility among young men
Authors: Conner Tamlin S. , Jensen Kevin P. , Tennen Howard , Furneaux Henry M. , Kranzler Henry R. , Covault Jonathan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe examined associations between haplotypes of the serotonin 1B receptor gene and individual differences in anger and hostility. Data were analyzed from a study of 361 university students (47% male). Participants were genotyped at five polymorphisms in theHTR1Bgene (rs11568817, rs130058, rs6296, rs6297, rs13212041), including promoter and 3′UTR polymorphisms with opposite functional effects on gene expression. Participants reported their emotional states across 30 consecutive days for up to 4 years. Haplotype pairs were constructed statistically and assigned to a level ofHTR1Bexpression based on the presence of the functional polymorphisms. Six haplotypes accounted for >97% of chromosomes. Three low expression haplotypes contained the 3′UTR variant (rs13212041 A‐allele) that enables a microRNA‐mediated reduction in expression. One intermediate expression haplotype contained the 3′UTR A‐allele paired with the high‐activity promoter. Two high expression haplotypes contained the 3′UTR variant (rs13212041 G‐allele) that attenuates microRNA‐mediated reduction in expression. Men with low expression haplotypes reported greater anger and hostility than men with one or two high expression haplotypes. Diplotype classification accounted for 8.4% of the variance in men's anger and hostility, primarily due to the 3′UTR polymorphism (rs13212041), but with some contribution of the functional promoter combination (rs11568817, rs130058). Associations with anger and hostility were not found in women. These findings extend our understanding of the genetic basis of anger and hostility by showing that newly characterizedHTR1Bhaplotypes, particularly those with rs13212041, which modulates microRNA‐mediated regulation ofHTR1Bexpression, may have important implications for aggression‐related phenotypes among young men. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trans‐Atlantic slavery: Isotopic evidence for forced migration to Barbados
Authors: Schroeder Hannes , O'Connell Tamsin C. , Evans Jane A. , Shuler Kristrina A. , Hedges Robert E.M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe question of the ultimate origin of African slaves is one of the most perplexing in the history of trans‐Atlantic slavery. Here we present the results of a small, preliminary isotopic study that was conducted in order to determine the geographical origin of 25 enslaved Africans who were buried at the Newton plantation, Barbados, sometime between the late 17th and early 19th century. In order to gain a more nuanced understanding of the slaves' origin, we used a combination of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and strontium isotope analyses. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were determined in bone and dentinal collagen; oxygen and strontium isotopes were measured in tooth enamel. Results suggest that the majority of individuals were born on the island, if not the estate itself. Seven individuals, however, yielded enamel oxygen and strontium ratios that are inconsistent with a Barbadian origin, which strongly suggests that we are dealing with first‐generation captives who were brought to the island with the slave trade. This idea is also supported by the fact that their carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values differ markedly between their teeth and bones. These intra‐skeletal shifts reflect major dietary changes that probably coincided with their enslavement and forced migration to Barbados. While it is impossible to determine their exact origins, the results clearly demonstrate that the slaves did not all grow up in the same part of Africa. Instead, the data seem to suggest that they originated from at least three different areas, possibly including the Gold Coast and the Senegambia. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tubers as fallback foods and their impact on Hadza hunter‐gatherers
Authors: Marlowe Frank W. , Berbesque Julia C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Hadza are hunter‐gatherers in Tanzania. Their diet can be conveniently categorized into five main categories: tubers, berries, meat, baobab, and honey. We showed the Hadza photos of these foods and asked them to rank them in order of preference. Honey was ranked the highest. Tubers, as expected from their low caloric value, were ranked lowest. Given that tubers are least preferred, we used kilograms of tubers arriving in camp across the year as a minimum estimate of their availability. Tubers fit the definition of fallback foods because they are the most continuously available but least preferred foods. Tubers are more often taken when berries are least available. We examined the impact of all foods by assessing variation in adult body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (%BF) in relation to amount of foods arriving in camp. We found, controlling for region and season, women of reproductive age had a higher %BF in camps where more meat was acquired and a lower %BF where more tubers were taken. We discuss the implications of these results for the Hadza. We also discuss the importance of tubers in human evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol, 140:751–758, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.