bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revelation and Religious Experience in the Islamic Tradition
Authors: Vahid Hamid , Morvarid Mahmoud 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
All great theistic religions rest their belief systems on faith in divine revelations which are commonly recorded and preserved in sacred texts and writings. However, while such religions share this common starting point about revelation, they differ between themselves in regard to how this claim should be properly conceived. These differences include, among other things, distinct responses to such questions as to whether God Himself is the author of the sacred texts or whether they are written by humans who are merely inspired by Him; the sense in which God has spoken those words and the role that the prophets have played in the ensuing process. In Islam, God is regarded as the sole author of the Quranic verses, which are said to have been dictated to Prophet Mohammed. This ‘dictation model’ of revelation (waḥy) raises, however, a host of problems. In addition to the metaphysically oriented questions just noted, it also raises the spectre of the epistemological problem of error and accuracy. This chapter aims to elucidate the Islamic view of revelation from both the historical as well as the modern perspective as it is principally understood by such Muslim thinkers as al-Fārābī, Avicenna, al-Ghazzālī, and their modern successors such as Mohammad Iqbal, and to show how it has been progressively enriched by the different philosophical disciplines that have been brought to bear on it.
Islamic Faith and Knowledge of God
Authors: Aijaz Imran 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically discusses a particular view of Islamic faith (Ar. iman) that the author calls the ‘faith is knowledge’ view. According to this view, faith involves an appropriate response to knowledge of God. The author of the chapter argues that this understanding of faith, specifically of its cognitive component, may be reasonably doubted from the perspective of the ‘reflective Muslim’. Typically, Muslim apologists who defend the ‘faith is knowledge’ claim that knowledge of God is part of our natural disposition. They also contend that cosmological and teleological considerations provide evidence for knowledge of God. Both claims may be reasonably rejected by reflective Muslims, as it will be shown. Because of this, Muslim thinkers would do well to take seriously and explore other models of Islamic faith that do not require the ‘faith is knowledge’ view.
Science, Reason, and Buddhism
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Buddhism is unique in the world’s major religions in that there is no god. Consequently, there is no such thing as divine revelation. All we can do is to figure things out for ourselves. As the Kālāma Sūtra puts it: don’t believe something just because some sacred text or person says it is so; it’s got to make sense to you. Of course, you can take expert advice. When it comes to the nature of the natural world we live in, the experts are the scientists. Thus, HH the Fourteenth Dalai Lama says that if Buddhist beliefs conflict with science, then it is the Buddhist beliefs that need to be revised. In fact, it is remarkable to what extent modern science has shown the Buddhist view of the natural world to be right: we live in a world of massively interconnected causal interaction, and are ourselves objects composed of parts in a dynamic evolution. Of course, there are things in some Buddhist texts that science does not now endorse, such as that there is a mountain, Mt Sumeru, at the middle of the Earth’s surface. Putting this down to a time when the geography of the world was largely unknown is easy enough. But there are some fairly orthodox Buddhist beliefs which are not verified by science which are not so easily disposed of. The most obvious are the beliefs in karma and rebirth. What is to be said of these? In this chapter, all these matters will be discussed.
Emotion as Indian Philosophy of Value
Authors: Frazier Jessica 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As Jeremy Bentham noted, philosophies that do not anchor goodness in God often take the emotions of pleasure and pain as the basis of ethics. What else do people ultimately want or fear, for themselves or others? The binary idea of positive and negative emotion underpins utilitarianism and many notions of virtue and sin. Yet India, with its longstanding history of yogic introspection, has developed a more complex theory of emotions. The theory of ‘rasas’, or sustained complex moods, says that the simple passions are of many types. Furthermore they are malleable—and able to be developed into higher-order forms. In particular, they may be scaled out according to wider or narrower concerns, or altered in qualitative character according to greater and lesser degrees of egoism. This, according to rasa theory, can be done through techniques of (i) combining affects, (ii) generalizing their focus, and (iii) intensifying emotional self-reflexivity, all of which open up the phenomenological possibilities of emotion beyond Bentham’s simple positive and negative passions. A broad palette of emotion can be curated through practices of self-cultivation; this in turn alters the ethical itself. Impersonal arc-emotions for instance—what Chakrabarti calls ‘Ownerless Emotions’—may focus on the overall coherence of a situation, rather than one’s personal appetites. Or a ‘bliss’ is possible that escapes all acquisitive character. Thus in Hinduism one may seek ‘higher’ emotions that transcend egoistic impulses, and achieve other states of subjectively intrinsic value—thereby challenging the standard ethics based on desire and aversion.
Morality and Divine Law
Authors: Abdalla Bakinaz 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Theoretically, evaluating the moral quality of an individual may vary depending on how we understand the nature and foundation of values and the extent to which the individual’s acts meet the criteria for what counts as moral. Suppose we grant the existence of divine law. To what extent (and in what way) does divine law structure the conduct of morally excellent individuals, if such individuals exist? The present chapter tackles this question by examining the relationship between the conduct of the prophet Mohammad and the Quran against fundamental Islamic assumptions and within theological and philosophical frames of reference in the medieval Islamic legacy. The author of this chapter argues that the latter framework is better suited to account for the prophet’s moral quality in an Islamically satisfactory fashion, despite indications to the contrary.
Conventionalizing Rebirth
Authors: Finnigan Bronwyn 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What should the Buddhist attitude be to rebirth if one accepts that it is inconsistent with current science? This chapter critically engages forms of Buddhist agnosticism that adopt a position of uncertainty about rebirth but nevertheless recommend ‘behaving as if’ it were true. What does it mean to behave as if rebirth were true, and are Buddhist agnostics justified in adopting this position? This chapter engages this question in dialogue with Mark Siderits’ reductionist analysis of the Buddhist doctrine of the two truths, conventional and ultimate. Richard Hayes (1998) characterizes talk of rebirth as a useful fiction. Siderits characterizes talk of persons as a useful fiction and explains and justifies statements that involve it as conventionally true despite persons not featuring in our final or ultimate ontology. Does rebirth satisfy the same criteria to count as conventionally true, and does thinking of it in these terms help explain and justify what it might mean to behave as if rebirth is true? This chapter will defend a conditional yes to these questions. In the process, it will clarify the distinctively Buddhist approach to rebirth, provide an analysis of how the concept of rebirth might relate to practical outcomes, and address some limitations of this approach.
‘Liberation in Life’
Authors: Barua Ankur 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The author of this chapter discusses a central motif relating to life and the afterlife that lies at the heart of Advaita Vedānta, which was systematized by Śaṃkara (c. 800 ce). Advaita may be characterized as a form of ‘monism’ according to which there are no ontological distinctions across reality. One implication of this claim is that it is not meaningful to speak, from an ontological perspective, of any distinctions between this worldly life and a hereafter in another domain. Some Advaita commentaries do not hesitate to draw the logical conclusion that the afterlife is here and now, if only an individual can become awakened to the presence of deep divinity at the core of the human person. We will explore some of the conceptual and moral aspects of this claim that individuals who become re-centred in the true self already begin to inhabit the afterlife in and through worldly structures. The chapter will also engage with the charge that Advaita styles of monism generate antinomian behaviour in which an individual claims to have gone beyond good and evil.
Philosophy and Friendship
Authors: Clark Kelly James 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For the past century there has been a remarkable renaissance in the philosophy of religion. In reality, however, philosophy of religion has been mostly philosophy of Christianity, dominated as it is by Christian philosophers. Engaging with each of the other chapters of this book, the author of this chapter discusses the importance of expanding the scope of philosophy of religion to include, for example, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and atheism. The author also argues for the importance of expanding the community of scholars, which in philosophy of religion has been restricted mostly to Christians, to include, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, atheists, and agnostics.
Modes of Being and Quantification
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Some philosophers believe that there is more than one mode of being. For the sake of having an example, that abstract and concrete objects enjoy distinct modes of being. And suppose it is maintained that these two modes are so fundamentally different that each requires its own pair of quantifiers. But if we have these two pairs of quantifiers, we must also have the “generic” existential and universal quantifiers of the logic texts—or we shall be unable to express, for example, the thesis that everything is either abstract or concrete. Arguments are presented in support of the general position of which this is one case: ‘There isA an x Fx’ is indistinguishable from ‘There is an x (Ax & Fx)’, where ‘there isA a/an’ is the abstract existential quantifier, ‘there is a/an’ is the generic existential quantifier, and ‘Ax’ abbreviates ‘x is an abstract object’.
Fictionalist Nominalism and Applied Mathematics
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fictionalist nominalism is the thesis that mathematical objects like numbers exist only “according to the mathematical fiction.” But one may ask, “But then how is applied mathematics possible?” If an applied mathematician, who claims to have solved a problem, says, “The critical mass is 47.3 kg,” it would seem that—if fictionalist nominalism is right—he or she ought to have said, “According to the mathematical fiction, the critical mass is 47.3 kg.” It is frequently contended that this criticism misses the mark because the mathematical fiction is, in a certain respect, a reliable fiction—in that it is a conservative extension of nominalistically acceptable discourse. In reply it is here argued that if this is true, it leaves us with no account of the success of applied mathematics but Mill’s: “Well, it’s always worked.”
Decompartmentalization as a Fact
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 argues that, notwithstanding the differences among the legal bases for the texts when it comes to interpretation, the common feature that links the 3 Courts concerns their decompartmentalized use of external sources. It involves an overall openness that pays little attention to what means are brought to bear to that end. Softness and hardness go hand in hand. While this approach is expressly authorized by Articles 60 and 61 of the African Charter (which authorize a version of the approach that might be termed ‘faithful’), in the case of the European Convention it is the result of a praetorian approach, and, in the American, of a rather bold analysis of Article 29(b) of the American Convention—referred to here as ‘rebellious decompartmentalization’.
The Effects of Decompartmentalization
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 analyses the effects of decompartmentalization at two levels. The first has to do with the drafting process, whereby texts setting out human rights protections have undergone significant transformations and there has been an increase in the positive obligations imposed on states. In others words, and taking the case law of the 3 Courts into account—the immediate effects of decompartmentalization is directly linked to the level of the human rights guarantees. Interpretive and substantive decompartmentalization has the direct consequence of enhancing the protections provided for in the treaties and placing further obligations on states. The second is more political and sociological: heftier obligations have in turn generated strong pushback within the judicial world: first within the Courts themselves (with some judges dissenting), but also among certain stakeholders, particularly conservative NGOs, which, as the analysis shows, have adopted a common strategy attacking liberal interpretations of human rights.
Conclusion
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The conclusion reaffirms that sovereign power has always been paramount. It may have been contained and corralled, but it has never been eliminated. And, whereas this was seen, naturally enough, in the processes through which the 3 Courts were set up, once that had happened, they still had to deal with the permanence of this political reality. While the present serves as a forceful reminder of this, the conclusion presents a number of challenges for the future. Thus far, the 3 Courts have been able to develop rights and afford victims extensive remedies. But for how much longer? Is the swing of the pendulum preordained in the history that is still to unfold?
Introduction
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Introduction sets out the wider historiographical context for discussion of lay piety in the middle ages, emphasizing that the book uses a rich regional study in order to explore change over time much more fully than previous works. The theoretical tools for analysis are also discussed, principally the anthropologist Talal Asad’s analysis of ‘religion’ as a mechanism of power. The chapter also describes the broad sociopolitical outlines of southern France in the period, the nature of the surviving sources, and sketches the overall structure of the following chapters.
Christianity and Local Churches, c. 1000–c. 1150
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Using, principally, a mixture of charter evidence and archaeological site reports, the chapter explores what we can know of local churches and their development in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. The term ‘local’ is used to avoid the potentially anachronistic use of ‘parish’. It is demonstrated that many, perhaps a majority, of local churches were built and created by collective groups of lay people, and that church ‘ownership’ should not be assumed to be in the hands of a single lord. Through the charter evidence we can see local priests, some however apparently ‘unfree’ men, and some fairly common level of material provision for the performance of the liturgy, the provision of baptism and burial, and perhaps of some wider aspects of the cura animarum (the ‘care for souls’). The chapter works to provide a point of reference for later developments explored in the subsequent chapters.
Space and Materiality
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Various ‘spaces’ of Christian worship are explored in this chapter, from the spiritually charged space of the saint’s shrine, to the local cemetery, to the interior of the parish church. Change over time is addressed throughout, particularly in regard to the developments in church building across the thirteenth century, as the new ‘gothic’ style was established in the region. At the same time, however, it is noted that older ‘romanesque’ churches remained common, and it is suggested that an important element in the lived experience of lay worship would be an increased awareness of contrasting spaces and material circumstances, for example for liturgical performance. The interior material features of parish churches are also analysed, including crucifixes, bells, retables, and other decoration—noting however that there may have been rather fewer wall paintings until quite a late date than scholarship might previously have assumed. The chapter uses an array of evidence, including one very rich fourteenth-century diocesan visitation record for Aix, and includes visual images. It concludes with discussion of the fraught area of eucharistic materiality.
The Discipline of Belief
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter evokes the concept of ‘discipline’ in a Foucauldian sense, not as simple repression, but as an elaborated area of knowledge and power, in this case particularly over sin, confession, penance, and associated issues. It is argued that across the thirteenth century, whilst such discipline partly rested upon outside authority, it increasingly asked ordinary Christians to regulate their own behaviour: to police themselves, in line with the wider rules of Christian society. We can in fact see the development of disciplines, plural, where the dynamic between exterior demand and internal volition could differ considerably. The chapter explores these issues via parochial confession (from the evidence of confessors’ manuals, preaching exempla, and other materials), the ‘care of souls’ present within inquisition into heretical wickedness, and the elaboration of discourses around ‘sin’ in regard to areas of lay life—commerce and sexuality in particular.
Conclusion
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The conclusion reiterates key findings from the preceding book about the nature of change over time in ordinary Christians’ experience of religion and belief, and discusses changing inflections to the very common phrase ‘for the love of God’ across the period, arguing that we see a shift from a dominant petitionary mode, structured by the logic of lordship, to a dominant affective mode, structured by the logic of caritas.
Obesity and Responsibility for Health
Authors: Nath Rekha 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the case for health care policies aimed at holding obese individuals responsible for their weight and for obesity-related health issues. In particular, it considers the merits of two arguments for policies that would seek to make obese individuals bear some of the higher health care costs associated with being that way. On the fairness argument, it is claimed that such policies would serve the interests of fairness by holding obese individuals to account for irresponsible lifestyle choices that are linked to their higher weight and its associated health risks. On the public health promotion argument, it is claimed that adopting such policies could produce impressive public health benefits: encouraging people to make healthier lifestyle choices, reducing obesity rates, and reducing obesity-related health care spending. Both arguments face serious objections. Contrary to the fairness argument, policies aimed at holding obese individuals responsible for their weight or for related health problems would neither treat people as they deserve to be treated nor make the distribution of health care resources fairer. And contrary to the public health promotion argument, those policies would not produce better health outcomes for society at large. Indeed, they would tend to do just the opposite. Reflection on the shortcomings of those arguments reveals that their conclusion is false: society should not adopt policies aimed at holding obese individuals responsible for their weight or for obesity-related health problems.
Physician, Heal Thyself
Authors: Parker Joshua , Davies Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Burnout among health care professionals is at epidemic proportions. Aside from being bad for the burned-out professional, burnout is also bad for patients, since it is generally correlated with lower quality care. A prominent response to this problem in medicine has been to emphasise strategies of self-care, focusing on what the individual can do to avoid burnout. More starkly, some have suggested that health care professionals may owe a duty of self-care to their patients. In this chapter, we critique this individualist focus, arguing that this focus on individual responsibility is both ethically exploitative, and pragmatically self-defeating.
Fighting Vaccination Hesitancy
Authors: Miller Daniel J. , Nussberger Anne-Marie , Faber Nadira , Kappes Andreas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Addressing vaccination hesitancy is a major challenge in the fight against infectious disease. Vaccine hesitancy has given rise to recent outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases (e.g., measles) in developed countries. In developed regions, particularly Europe and North America non-structural barriers to vaccination such as risk perceptions and philosophical beliefs seem to play a crucial role in vaccination uptake (Larson et al. 2014), and also contribute to current vaccine hesitancy with regard to COVID-19. To combat these developments, understanding psychological factors in vaccination hesitancy is increasingly important. A better understanding of these psychological factors in turn points to communication strategies that can reduce vaccine hesitancy. These strategies depend upon individuals’ possession of capacities that are required for morally responsible agency (“responsibility-level capacities”), and in particular the capacities to recognize and respond to reasons. Strategic communication concerning vaccines can improve the exercise of individuals’ responsibility-level capacities as they pertain to risk perception and outcome expectancies. We begin by introducing cutting-edge work from the philosophical literature on agency and responsibility, with a special focus on the responsibility-level capacities at work in the practical context of deciding whether to vaccinate. We then summarize lessons drawn from a variety of studies in psychology and behavioural economics on how individuals reason, decide, and behave in these practical contexts. These lessons help illuminate the extent to which individuals exercise responsibility-level capacities in such contexts while also pointing to strategies that can improve the exercise of those capacities.