bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The accumulation of137Cs by brackish water invertebrates and its relation to the regulation of potassium and sodium
Authors: Bryan G. W. 
Published: May 2009

The relationship between the ability of brackish water invertebrates to regulate Na and K and the extent to which the radioactive fission product137Cs can be accumulated has been studied.The brackish water isopodSphaeroma hookeriand the gastropodPotamopyrgus jenkinsihave been acclimatised to a wide range of sea-water dilutions. UnfedSphaeromacan survive in sea-water concentrations of 100–2·5%, whilePotamopyrguscan live fairly indefinitely in concentrations of 50–0·1%. Measurements of Na and K in the whole animals of both species and in the blood ofSphaeromahave been made. Salt movements are quite rapid and acclimatization to new media is achieved by both species in less than 10 h. Concentration factors for inactive K in particular increase to high values in the more dilute media.Uptake of the isotopes42K and137Cs from solution has been examined in both species over a range of sea-water concentrations. All of the body K is exchangeable with 42K and in Sphaeroma exchange of42K between the blood and tissues is so rapid that the body surface appears to be the limiting factor in the uptake of the isotope. Both species exchange42K more rapidly in the higher concentrations of sea water and one reason for this may be the existence of an exchange diffusion component of exchange which increases as the salinity of the medium is raised. Indirect evidence suggests that the excretion of42K in urine is probably not an important factor in exchange.
The Migration of the Anchovy
Authors: Cunningham J. T. 
Published: May 2009

The facts gathered up to the present time with regard to the occurrence of anchovies in the English Channel are briefly as follows:In November, 1889, large numbers of anchovies were reported to have been taken at Dover in the drift-nets used for sprat fishing. During the same month also numbers were taken by the sprat fishermen in Torbay, in seines.
Effects of water of reduced salinity on the vertical migration of zooplankton
Authors: Lance Joan 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEffects of water of reduced salinity on the vertical migration of the zooplankton of Southampton Water were investigated in the laboratory using the adults of six copepod species (Acartia tonsa, A. bifilosa, A. discaudata, A. clausi, Centropages hamatus, Temora longicornis) and the larvae of one decapod species (Porcellana longicornis). Additional observations were made on Centropages typicus adults taken off Plymouth.Salinity discontinuity layers had a marked effect on the vertical migration of zooplankton. A single discontinuity layer formed by placing less dense diluted sea water over full strength sea water acted as a barrier to animals attempting to swim toward the surface of an experimental water column and no individuals were able to enter the zone of reduced salinity when an extreme dilution was used. Comparison of the behaviour of various species and of different sexes or developmental stages of a particular species suggests that vertical distribution was partly dependent on the salinity tolerances of individuals. Upward migration was also restricted by a vertical series of discontinuity layers.The swimming activity of copepods was depressed in homogeneous water columns of reduced salinity. Activity depended both on the degree of dilution and on the period of immersion. There were indications that behaviour varied according to the salinity tolerances of the different species.
On the venom of the lesser weeverfish,Trachinus vipera
Authors: Carlisle D. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA method is described for obtaining the venom from the dorsal fin of the lesser weever without harming the fish. It is suggested that the amount of venom normally injected into the wound by the weever when it stings is O-5-O-2 mg dry weight of venom. Some 60% of the dry weight of the venom appears to consist of toxic muco-substances, which have a neurotoxic effect, but are without toxic effect on the blood. In extracts this fraction may be separated into two albumins and an amino polysaccharide, though in the native venom these are probably associated into a single complex mucosubstance. When injected subcutaneously this fraction of the venom produces no local pain. The venom also contains about 1-20 jug/mg (dry-weight basis) of 5-hydroxytryptamine which appears to be the origin of the pain of the sting, together with some undetermined histamine releaser (not an indole) of low molecular weight. It is suggested that the chief role of the 5-hydroxytryptamine in the venom is to produce pain around the area of the inflicted wound.
Potassium metabolism and the accumulation of137Caesium by decapod Crustacea
Authors: Bryan G. W. , Ward Eileen 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe accumulation of137Cs from sea water has been examined in relation to potassium metabolism in the lobster Homarus vulgaris and in the prawn Palaemon serratus. In unfed animals137Cs is taken up and lost far more slowly than 42K. Although all the inactive K in the animals can be exchanged with 42K, higher whole-animal concentration factors are reached for137Cs (about eight for lobsters and twenty-five for prawns). This is because both species have higher plasma/medium ratios for137Cs than K at equilibrium despite the selective excretion of137Cs. Also, except for the hepatopancreas in lobsters and fed prawns, all soft tissues can probably attain higher tissue/plasma ratios for137Cs than inactive K.Uptake of both isotopes has also been studied in the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes. In crayfish in o-i % sea water 137Cs is not concentrated to the same extent as K by whole animals (50-200 for137Cs against about 4500 for K). Although the situation between plasma and tissues resembles that in the marine animals,137Cs cannot be accumulated in the plasma to the same degree as K. Crayfish selectively excrete 137Cs in the urine relative to K at a lower concentration than in the plasma.In the accumulation of137Cs by all species, muscle is the principal limiting factor in uptake and loss, but with 42K the body surface becomes more limiting.Experiments on the absorption of137Cs from food in prawns and freshwater crayfish have been carried out. In prawns in a constant environment, feeding is probably less important than uptake over the body surface while in crayfish feeding is probably much more important.
A predator-prey size relationship for Plaice larvae feeding on Oikopleura
Authors: Shelbourne J. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPelagic plaice larvae in the southern North Sea normally feed exclusively on the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica, and the size of prey eaten can be estimated from the Oikopleura faecal pellets found in the larval gutPredator-prey size measurements show that smaller plaice larvae are restricted to smaller prey, and that, as larval growth proceeds, so their feeding versatility increases, to include all sizes of Oikopleura at a late pelagic stage of development. Competition for food will therefore be keenest in the early larval stages, when prey-size restriction prevails. This accords with Hjort's hypothesis regarding brood strengths.As growth proceeds, so plaice larvae begin to discriminate for prey size. At the close of the pelagic phase, the degree of size selection is roughly equal to that of a 6o-mesh to i in. plankton net.
Chemical changes in sea water Off Plymouth during 1960
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , Butler E. I. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe results of analysis of sea-water samples from the International Hydrographic Station Ei during i960 are given in graphical form and as integral mean values for the water column of 70 m. Winter maximum values for phosphate and silicate were found in January, and the spring decreases were 0-42 /xg atom P/l. and 2-23 /xg atom Si/1.
The distribution of some plankton animals in the English Channel and approaches: ii. Surveys with the Gulf iii high-speed sampler, 1958-60
Authors: Southward A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYComparison of the recent surveys with investigations back to 1903 confirms earlier suggestions of a general tendency towards an increase in southern forms (including south-western species) and a decrease in northern forms (including north-western species) in the western English Channel, although there has been considerable fluctuation from time to time. These and other biological changes in the area during the past 58 years are believed to be largely a result of rising temperatures and a consequent general shifting of boundaries of distribution. There appears to be no real evidence that the changes in plankton distribution are due to a change in fertility in the water or of variation in strength of inflow of oceanic water. However, these aspects cannot be separated from the changes that have taken place in populations of fish, and will be discussed further in a later paper.
Studies on marine flagellates: VI. Chrysochromulina pringsheimii sp.nov
Authors: Parke Mary , Manton Irene 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA new species of Chrysochromulina with an unusual type of cocoon-like scaly covering has been described with the light microscope. The morphology and arrangement of the scales has been elucidated with the electron microscope. Salient features are the presence of four different types of scale (large and small plates and large and small spines) in characteristic positions in or on the case, the small plates having the normal two layers characteristic of primitive scales in this group, the other three types being specialized modifications of this. Some developmental and evolutionary consequences of the morphological observations are discussed. A preliminary observation on the thickness of micro-fibrils composing the base-plates of spined scales is given.
On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton: I. Preliminary Observations on the Feeding of the Marine Copepod,Calanus Helgolandicus(Claus)
Authors: Corner E. D. S. 
Published: May 2009

Measurements have been made of the quantity and type of food assimilated by adult femaleCalanus helgolandicus(Claus) during the summer months.Animals kept in the dark at 10° C under a continuous flow of ‘outside’ Plymouth sea water (0·95–2·50 mg insoluble organic material/1.) removed 26·0–66·5 μg/day/Calanus, of which 74–91% was actually digested.Volumes of sea water filtered daily varied between 10·0 and 36·0 ml./ animal, with an average of 21·5.The animals preferentially selected a diet of high organic content from the particulate food available, digesting average daily quantities of 18·1 μg carbohydrate, 6·5 μg lipid and 2·7 μg protein.The average amount of food digested daily accounted for 25·3% of the dry weight and was equivalent to an average respiration rate of 26·5 μl. O2/ animal/day, which adequately accounts for the highest values reported by others forC. finmarchicus(Gunnerus) kept under similar conditions of light and temperature.These results, which provide direct evidence thatCalanusobtains the bulk of its food from particulate material present in the sea, have been discussed with especial reference to Pütter's hypothesis.
The Larval Stages ofBalanus Balanus(L.) Da Costa
Authors: Barnes H. , Costlow John D. 
Published: May 2009

Six naupliar and a cyprid stage forB. balanusare described and diagrams given for the general outlines and individual appendages. Sizes and setation formulae are given.The naupliar stages resemble both B. balanoides andB. crenatus; attention is drawn to some distinguishing features and a key for the separation of the species is provided.
The Growth Stages and Adult Structure of the Lophophore of the Brachiopods Megerlia Truncata (L.) and M. Echinata (Fischer & Oehlert)
Authors: Atkins D. 
Published: May 2009

Megerlia truncata and M. echinata dredged by R.V. ‘Sarsia’ have been examined living. The growth stages of the lophophore are described and figured, the series being fuller in M. echinata than in M. truncata. The adult lophophore of M. truncata has been sectioned and its structure described.The ciliary feeding mechanism in Megerlia is similar to that already described by the author in brachiopods with plectolophous lophophores
Salinity Tolerance and Permeability to Water of the StarfishAsterias RubensL.
Authors: Binyon John 
Published: May 2009

Evidence is presented to suggest that the salinity tolerance of the adult North SeaAsterias rubensis around 23‰, whereas that of the Baltic Sea animals is 8‰. This, together with other evidence outlined, is thought to be sufficient reason to justify the use of the term ‘physiological race’ where these two populations are concerned.AdultA. rubensfrom the North Sea is incapable of any degree of weight regulation in diluted media within the ecological temperature range, size or state of the breeding cycle.Similarly, it is incapable of any osmotic regulation and it is suggested that the two main coelomic cavities constitute an osmotic unity.
Physical and Biological Conditions in the North Sea
Authors: Cunningham J. T. 
Published: May 2009

IN my report, in the preceding number of this Journal, on my observations in the North Sea, I referred briefly to the problem of the relation between the physical and biological conditions. This problem will afford scope for investigation for some time to come, and the purpose of the present article is to discuss and compare some of the most recent additions to our knowledge of the matter. The paper by Mr. H. N. Dickson, to which I referred in my previous report, was published in the Geographical Journal last March, under the title of “The Movements of the Surface Waters of the North Sea,” and in the Scottish Geographical Journal, in 1894, was published a series of papers by Professor Pettersson on “Swedish Hydrographic Research in the Baltic and the North Seas.” Professor Heincke has discussed the fish fauna of Heligoland, its composition and sources, in an interesting paper in the series issued under the title of “Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen,” by the staff of the Biological Station at Heligoland, in association with the Commission for the Investigation of the German Seas, at Kiel. Professor Heincke's paper is contained in Bnd. I., Hft. 1 of this series (1894), and in the same volume are a number of papers dealing on similar lines with other divisions of the marine fauna of the Heligoland Bight.It will be most convenient and logical to start the present discussion with a consideration of the results of Professor Pettersson's work. He found that the Skagerack and Cattegat were filled with layers of water distinguished from one another by differences of salinity, and that the lower layers entered the channel as under–currents, and could be recognised at the surface somewhere in the North Sea.
The Reproduction and Growth of the Pilchard
Authors: Cunningham J. T. 
Published: May 2009

In my paper on the Reproduction of Fishes occurring at Plymouth, published in this Journal, vol. i, p. 10, 1889, I identified as the egg of the pilchard, a pelagic egg commonly found in the tow-net in summer, and distinguished by three obvious characters, namely: (1) an unusually large perivitelline space; (2) a single large oil-globule in the vitellus; (3) a completely subdivided yolk. I also stated that ripe spawning pilchards occurred off Plymouth between June and October, but always at some distance from land, being usually taken in mackerel nets worked to the south of the Eddystone. My identification of the egg, taken in the sea, was founded upon a comparison between it and the eggs pressed from the ripe but dead female pilchards obtained from mackerel fishermen. The latter eggs were already dead, and did not float, but sank in sea water, but they possessed a single oil-globule, and the yolk in them consisted of a number of yolk-spheres. The large perivitelline space was absent, because it is only formed when living eggs are extruded into sea water.Raffaele had previously described two kinds of pelagic eggs found at Naples, which he recognised, from their divided yolk and the characters of the larvæ hatched from them, as belonging to some species of Clupeoid. The larger of these eggs he attributed to Clupea pilchardus, but did not give his reasons. This egg is in all respects similar to that identified as belonging to the pilchard by myself at Plymouth. It is well known that the sardine of the French coast and of the Mediterranean is the same species of fish as the pilchard of Devon and Cornwall.
The absorption and loss of radioactive and non-radioactive manganese by the lobster,Homarus vulgaris
Authors: Bryan G. W. , Ward Eileen 
Published: May 2009

Inactive Mn concentrations have been measured in lobster tissues. In the internal tissues of fresh animals, muscle contains 0.5–1.1 μg/g wet tissue, hepatopancreas contains 4.1–5.7 μg/g, excretory organs contain 2–5.5 μg/g and the blood contains 1.4–3.8 μg/g. Gill Mn concentrations are very variable and up to 30 μg/g are found. About 98 % of the Mn in the body lies in the calcified exoskeleton. Concentrations in the carapace are variable and are of the order of 100–300 μg/g of wet tissue. Possible ways in which the body Mn content may be controlled have been studied.Manganese is lost from the blood during starvation and is absorbed so slowly from solution in sea water that normally an appreciable amount of the body Mn must be absorbed from food. Absorption from the stomach takes place via the hepatopancreas and the amount absorbed appears to be proportional to the Mn concentration of the stomach fluid. Similarly, there is no evidence that the slow absorption of Mn from solution in sea water across the gills can in any way be controlled and it may be a passive rather than an active process.
On some amphipods from the coast of Norfolk
Authors: Hamond R. 
Published: May 2009

Details are presented here of four species of amphipod from Norfolk waters, including descriptions of Melita reidi sp.nov. and of Parapleustes sp., as well as comments upon an unusual young Siphonoecetes sp., and on a population of Amphilochus spencebatei. The Melita is very small, pale and blind, and apparently lives interstitially.During a study of the amphipods of Norfolk (in preparation for publication) a species of amphipod apparently new to science has been found, and is described below; comments are also made here on the taxonomic characters of three other species found locally. The area concerned (including a station list) is described by Hamond (1963).
Marine Ciliata from Plymouth: Peritricha, Vaginicolidae
Authors: Felinska Maria 
Published: May 2009

Some marine ciliates, chiefly belonging to the genus Cothurnia are recorded from Plymouth and figured. Three new species are described.Little has been published on the Ciliata from Plymouth waters. The publications of de Morgan (1925, 1926) alone provide a detailed description of some species. In the last edition of the Plymouth Marine Fauna (Marine Biological Assoc, 1957) many species have been recorded not described by de Morgan but which were occasionally mentioned in the works of other authors, and included those investigated by the present writer during her visits to the Plymouth Laboratory in the years 1953 to 1963. Recently, a list of Protozoa observed at Plymouth has been published by Lackey & Lackey (1963).
Observations on the behaviour of the planulae larvae ofClava squamata
Authors: Williams G. Brinley 
Published: May 2009

The preoccupation of many workers in recent years with the detailed analysis of the settlement behaviour of the larvae of numerous sedentary invertebrates has contributed significantly to our understanding of the various factors influencing the secondary orientation reactions of animals as formulated by Fraenkel & Gunn. Investigations with the planula larvae of hydroids along these lines has hitherto been largely ignored. The intertidal hydroidClava squamataMüller has a distribution restricted to the larger fucoids in the littoral zone and during the summer months liberates its planulae in large numbers.Detailed examination of the distribution of colonies indicated that the planulae probably possess clearly defined patterns of behaviour which assists them in locating substrates suitable for colonization. The planulae which are released in response to light are normally found to be photopositive on inert surfaces and to settle photopositively. OnAscophyllum, however, the normal substrate in nature, the older larvae are photonegative. The crawling activity of the planulae is considerably influenced by the texture and contour of surfaces. On rough and pitted surfaces activity is considerably reduced indicating a thigmokinetic response of the larvae. Water currents influence behaviour, planulae orientating positively to the direction of flow. The possible significance of these patterns of behaviour in the substrate selection and distribution of the species is discussed.
North Sea Investigations
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L. 
Published: May 2009

The reasons which induced the Association to undertake this work, and the nature of the investigations proposed to be carried out, will be familiar to readers of this Journal (see vol. ii, No. 2, p. 88), and need not be here recapitulated. I shall, therefore, confine myself to a brief account of such progress nshas already been made.Grimsby was selected as head-quarters, as being the port from which the largest number of boats work, and, in fact, the head-quarters of the North Sea Trawling Industry. A local body, the Marine Fisheries Society, has for the last few years been carrying on work in Grimsby, principally in connection with the culture of sea fish, and for that purpose has erected an aquarium or hatchery at Cleethorpes, a small watering-place and fishing village on the outskirts of the town. It was felt that it would be of great advantage if the Association could secure the co-operation and assistance of this Society, and communications accordingly passed between the Director and Mr. 0. T. Olsen, Secretary of the Society and also a member of the Association, and to whose energy and enthusiasm the foundation and subsequent success of the Society are in great measure due. As a result the Society at once promised every assistance in their power, and furthermore placed their premises at Oleethorpes at my disposal for such work as could be most conveniently carried on there. The hatchery contains glass and slate tanks of various sizes, with apparatus for circulating the water, and its reservoir is connected with the sea pump of the adjacent public baths, so that direct communication with the Humber can be established at any time.
The Colours OfOphiocomina Nigra(Abildgaard): III. Carotenoid Pigments
Authors: Fontaine A. R. 
Published: May 2009

The red to orange-yellow colours of the ophiuroid,Ophiocomina nigra, are due to carotenoid pigments contained in specialized lipocytes. These cells are dendritic, with their cell bodies located in the dermis below a melanocyte layer and with dendrites approaching, but not penetrating, the epidermis. The lipocytes are either yellow or orange-red.Five principal pigments were detected in addition to two minor constituents, at least one of which may be an artifact. These major pigments are: β-carotene, an acid carotenoid similar to mytiloxanthin, and four xanthophylls of uncertain identity.
Experimental Infection of Two Species of Wrasse With The Digenean Proctoeces Subtenuis
Authors: Freeman R. F. H. 
Published: May 2009

Two species of wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.) and Crenilabrus melops (L.) were experimentally infected with the digenean Proctoeces subtenuis (Linton) collected from Scrobicularia plana (da Costa). The fishes were killed 1-24 days after infection, and the parasite population of their guts examined. About 20 % of the introduced parasites survived for 2-3 days, but the degree of infection decreased with time, the smallest specimens surviving longest. No significant differences were found between parasites from invertebrate and experimental vertebrate hosts.P. major Yamaguti, 1934, and P. insolitus (Nicoll, 1915) are declared synonymous with P. subtenuis (Linton, 1907The bearing of these results on the life cycle of P. subtenuis is discussed