bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance
Authors: ADLER EMANUEL , GREVE PATRICIA 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBy now arguments about the varieties of international order abound in International Relations. These disputes include arguments about the security mechanisms, institutions, and practices that sustain international orders, including balance of power and alliances, hegemony, security regimes based on regional or global institutions, public, private, and hybrid security networks, as well as different kinds of security communities. The way these orders coexist across time and space, however, has not been adequately theorised. In this article we seek to show (A) that, while analytically and normatively distinct, radically different orders, and in particular the security systems of governance on which they are based (such as balance of power and security community), often coexist or overlap in political discourse and practice. (B) We will attempt to demonstrate that the overlap of security governance systems may have important theoretical and empirical consequences: First, theoretically our argument sees ‘balance of power’ and ‘security community’ not only as analytically distinct structures of security orders, but focuses on them specifically as mechanisms based on a distinct mixture of practices. Second, this move opens up the possibility of a complex (perhaps, as John Ruggie called it, a ‘multiperspectival’) vision of regional security governance. Third, our argument may be able to inform new empirical research on the overlap of several security governance systems and the practices on which they are based. Finally, our argument can affect how we think about the boundaries of regions: Beyond the traditional geographical/geopolitical notion of regional boundaries and the social or cognitive notion of boundaries defined with reference to identity, our focus on overlapping mechanisms conceives of a ‘practical’ notion of boundaries according to which regions’ boundaries are determined by the practices that constitute regions.
Between the revisionist and the frontier state: regional variations in state war-propensity
Authors: MILLER BENJAMIN 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article explains variations in state war-propensity. I introduce a new typology of state war-proneness based on four major types of states: revisionist, failed, frontier, and status quo. The major novel contribution of this essay is the argument that the combined effect of variations in the extent of success in state-building (strong or weak states) and nation-building (nationally congruent or incongruent) shapes the level and the type of state violence by producing different categories of states with regard to their war-propensity. Strong states but nationally incongruent generate revisionist states, which initiate aggressive wars. The combination of state strength and national congruence leads to a status quo state. Weakness and incongruence bring about civil wars and foreign intervention in ‘failed’ states. Weakness but congruence produce the ‘frontier state’ with boundary and territorial wars, but also with a reasonable likelihood of evolution of status quo orientation over time. I focus here on key examples of these types of states, especially from two regions: Iraq and Lebanon in a highly war-prone region – the post-World War II Middle East; and Argentina and Brazil in a more peaceful one, at least in the 20th century – South America, although these states experienced quite a number of wars in the 19th century.
The resurgence of the ‘Region’ and ‘Regional Identity’: theoretical perspectives and empirical observations on regional dynamics in Europe
Authors: PAASI ANSSI 
Published: March 2009

Abstract‘New regionalism’, ‘region’, ‘city-region’, ‘cross-border region’, ‘border’ and ‘identity’ have become important catchphrases on the global geo-economic and geopolitical scene. The resurgence of these terms has been part of the transformation of both political economy and governance at supra-state, state and sub-state scales. Regions have been particularly significant in the EU where both the making of the Union itself and the ‘Europe of regions’ are concrete manifestations of the re-scaling of state spaces and the assignment of new meanings to territory. Such re-scaling has also led to increased competition between regions; a tendency that results from both the neo-liberalisation of the global economy and from a regionalist response. Regional identity, an idea at least implicitly indicating some cohesiveness or social integration in a region, has become a major buzzword. It has been particularly identified in the EU’s cohesion policy as an important element for regional development. In spite of their increasing importance in social life and academic debates, regions, borders and identities are often studied separately, but this paper aims at theorising and illustrating their meanings in an integrated conceptual framework and uses the sub-state regions in Europe, and particularly in Finland, as concrete examples. Regions are conceptualised here as processes that gain their boundaries, symbolisms and institutions in the process of institutionalisation. Through this process a region becomes established, gains its status in the broader regional structure and may become a significant unit for regional identification or for a purported regional identity. This process is based on a division of labour, which accentuates the power of regional elites in the institutionalisation processes.
Latin America: contrasting motivations for regional projects
Authors: TUSSIE DIANA 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe breakdown of the North-South, East-West governing principles, and the removal of superpower overlay have led to an increasingly decentralised system setting the stage for the so called new geography of trade and the reconfiguration of political – diplomatic strategies. Such strategies now include contestation, articulation, competitive liberalisation, ample inter-state coalition building such as the G-20, G-33, G-90 in the Doha Round and the proliferation of regional and wider ranging preferential arrangements. Regionalism is both policy and project. Agreements vary widely in motivation, form, coverage and content. It is very often the case that, as in multilateral institutions, one major actor sets the agenda at the regional level with the view not only of constructing and retaining power at that level but also of setting global precedents. New balancing or bandwagoning efforts vis-à-vis the local strong power are set in motion with fresh implications for the emerging global architecture. Regional alignments are thus constantly shaping and reshaping market relations. Intra-Latin American agreements (those not including the majors, the US and the EU) were motivated by the search for wider markets building up economies of scale amongst similar countries. Such agreements mostly focused on market liberalisation through diverse schedules of tariff reduction. The result has been the emergence of shallow regional agreements. Nonetheless, most have not been fully implemented, but they show a long term trend towards potential convergence, especially if the Community of South American Nations moves on. External pressures have also spurred agreements as defensive mechanisms. So we witness impulses to regionalism complementing and at times competing with older patterns and trends. This contribution focuses on the different avenues that Latin America is undertaking in terms of regional projects. It will assess the dynamics of intra- regional integration and the inter-action effects with varieties of North-South integration.
East Asian regionalism: Much Ado about Nothing?
Authors: RAVENHILL JOHN 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEast Asia has emerged over the last decade as the most active site for the negotiation of regional inter-governmental collaboration. The primary focus has been on trade but, in the wake of the financial crises, governments have also engaged in historically unprecedented collaboration in several areas of finance. Multiple factors have driven this new regional engagement. Although the agreements have been primarily economic in their focus, the primary motivation for many of them has been to secure diplomatic or strategic gains. The aggregate benefits from the agreements are likely to be limited given the low levels of tariffs and the availability of provisions that facilitate the intra-regional exchange of components. They may, however, be of significant interest to producers of specific products either because they provide advantage over competitors (or remove the advantage that competitors through agreements that their governments have signed). The trade agreements thus often reflect particularistic interests that governments have been enlisted to champion.
Threshold for laser driven block ignition for fusion energy from hydrogen boron-11
Authors: Azizi N. , Hora H. , Miley G.H. , Malekynia B. , Ghoranneviss M. , He X. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractControlled fusion energy from burning hydrogen with boron-11 is of interest because no neutrons are produced. Following the scheme of ignition by spherical irradiation by laser or particle beams, one has to deal with exorbitant conditions of densities and input energies. A new approach following the scheme of block ignition with laser pulses of picosecond (ps) duration and more than petawatt (PW) power led to the possibility of plane geometry irradiation of the fuel using the anomalous effect of block ignition for deuterium tritium (DT) based on updated conditions for the initial computations. We present the extension for H-11B resulting in a very less dramatic difference to DT than in the case of spherical pellet geometry. Ignition thresholds may be only about one order of magnitude higher and the needed temperatures of about 50 keV are no problem for the skin layer acceleration by nonlinear forces (SLANF) for the block generation.
Freeze-thaw dynamics and the implications for stratification and brine geochemistry in meltwater ponds on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Wait B.R. , Nokes R. , Webster-Brown J.G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA high resolution record of water column temperatures was measured in a coastal meltwater pond on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The maximum temperature gradient measured through the water column was 35°C, with an annual temperature range of 52.1°C within the pond. For most of the year the pond shows reverse temperature stratification with the lowest temperatures measured at the surface of the pond, with the exception of brief periods of normal stratification over winter caused by regional warming events. During freezing, the freezing front propagated downwards from the pond surface, excluding major ions and releasing large amounts of latent heat, both of which had a dramatic effect on the thermal and compositional evolution of the pond. Thawing is dominated by changes in surface air temperatures and the differential absorption of solar radiation. A new conceptual model of the physical freeze-thaw process has been developed that explains the presence of an ‘ice plug’ during melting, which reduces wind-induced mixing, forms a physical barrier to chemical processes, and encourages thermal and chemical stratification. It may also explain the persistence of anoxic and hydrogen sulphide bearing basal brines in summer stratified ponds that are otherwise fully oxidized.
A reassessment of Antarctic polydolopid marsupials (Middle Eocene, La Meseta Formation)
Authors: Chornogubsky Laura , Goin Francisco J. , Reguero Marcelo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNew polydolopid marsupial specimens have been recovered from the La Meseta Formation, a late early Eocene to probably early Oligocene unit cropping out in the northern third of Seymour (Marambio) Island, at some 100 km off the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Our review of the original materials, as well as the new specimens from the same levels, led us to: 1) revalidate the genus Antarctodolops Woodburne & Zinsmeister 1984, 2) regard Eurydolops seymouriensis Case, Woodburne & Chaney 1988 as a junior synonym of Antarctodolops dailyi Woodburne & Zinsmeister, and 3) recognize a new species of this same genus: A. mesetaense. As previously stated, the polydolopid radiation might be related to the expansion of the Nothofagus flora, as both have the same spatial distribution in southern South America and West Antarctica.
Modulation of the hepatic malonyl-CoA–carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A partnership creates a metabolic switch allowing oxidation of de novo fatty acids
Authors: Akkaoui Marie , Cohen Isabelle , Esnous Catherine , Lenoir Véronique , Sournac Martin , Girard Jean , Prip-Buus Carina 
Published: March 2009

Liver mitochondrial β-oxidation of LCFAs (long-chain fatty acids) is tightly regulated through inhibition of CPT1A (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A) by malonyl-CoA, an intermediate of lipogenesis stimulated by glucose and insulin. Moreover, CPT1A sensitivity to malonyl-CoA inhibition varies markedly depending on the physiopathological state of the animal. In the present study, we asked whether an increase in CPT1A activity solely or in association with a decreased malonyl-CoA sensitivity could, even in the presence of high glucose and insulin concentrations, maintain a sustained LCFA β-oxidation and/or protect from triacylglycerol (triglyceride) accumulation in hepatocytes. We have shown that adenovirus-mediated expression of rat CPT1wt (wild-type CPT1A) and malonyl-CoA-insensitive CPT1mt (CPT1AM593S mutant) in cultured fed rat hepatocytes counteracted the inhibition of oleate β-oxidation induced by 20 mM glucose/10 nM insulin. Interestingly, the glucose/insulin-induced cellular triacylglycerol accumulation was prevented, both in the presence and absence of exogenous oleate. This resulted from the generation of a metabolic switch allowing β-oxidation of de novo synthesized LCFAs, which occurred without alteration in glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis. Moreover, CPT1mt expression was more effective than CPT1wt overexpression to counteract glucose/insulin effects, demonstrating that control of CPT1A activity by malonyl-CoA is an essential driving force for hepatic LCFA metabolic fate. In conclusion, the present study highlights that CPT1A is a prime target to increase hepatic LCFA β-oxidation and that acting directly on the degree of its malonyl-CoA sensitivity may be a relevant strategy to prevent and/or correct hepatic steatosis.
N-terminal domains of CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor bind to aggrecan
Authors: Aoyama Eriko , Hattori Takako , Hoshijima Mitsuhiro , Araki Daisuke , Nishida Takashi , Kubota Satoshi , Takigawa Masaharu 
Published: March 2009

CCN2/CTGF (CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor) is a multi-cellular protein with a broad range of activities. It modulates many cellular functions, including proliferation, migration, adhesion and extracellular matrix production, and it is thus involved in many biological and pathological processes. In particular, CCN2/CTGF is essential for normal skeletal development. To identify CCN2/CTGF-interactive proteins capable of modulating its action in cartilage, we carried out a yeast two-hybrid screening using CCN2/CTGF peptide as a bait and a cDNA library from a chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8. In the present paper, we report the identification of aggrecan, which is a major proteoglycan of the extracellular matrix in cartilage, as a CCN2/CTGF-binding protein. Among the four domains of CCN2/CTGF, the IGFBP [IGF (insulin-like growth factor)-binding protein-like] and/or VWC (von Willebrand factor type C) domains had a direct interaction with aggrecan in a yeast two-hybrid assay. The results of a solid-phase-binding assay using aggrecan-coated plates also showed binding to recombinant CCN2/CTGF in a dose-dependent manner. rIGFBP (recombinant IGFBP) and rVWC (recombinant VWC) module peptides had stronger binding to aggrecan compared with rTSP1 (recombinant thrombospondin type 1 repeat) and rCT (recombinant C-terminal cystine knot) module peptides. SPR (surface plasmon resonance) analysis showed the direct interaction between the CCN2/CTGF and aggrecan, and ectopically overexpressed CCN2/CTGF and AgG3 (G3 domain of aggrecan) confirmed their binding In vivo. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis indicated that CCN2/CTGF was extracellularly co-localized with aggrecan on HCS-2/8 cells. The rIGFBP–rVWC peptide effectively enhanced the production and release of aggrecan compared with the rTSP–rCT peptide in chondrocytes. These results indicate that CCN2/CTGF binds to aggrecan through its N-terminal IGFBP and VWC modules, and this binding may be related to the CCN2/CTGF-enhanced production and secretion of aggrecan by chondrocytes.
SOCIAL SELECTIVITY OF TRACK MOBILITY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Authors: Jacob Marita , Tieben Nicole 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
Previous research has shown that track mobility during secondary education is influenced by parental background. However, family background effects might vary due to institutional variations in the educational structure. Therefore, in our paper we compare social selectivity of track mobility in two countries, Germany and The Netherlands. Both countries offer a hierarchically tracked educational system, but differ in details. Further, both countries established educational reforms in the late sixties, changing the conditions for track mobility differently. In our empirical analyses using data from the Family Survey Dutch Population and the German Life History Study we find that changing to a higher track is more likely for students who face the threat of status demotion, whereas changing to a lower track is independent of status maintenance motives. Intra-secondary transitions occur less often in The Netherlands than in Germany and are less motivated by status maintenance. Educational legislation reduces the effects of relative education of the parents only on upward mobility in Germany and only on downward mobility in The Netherlands.
Parents' reactions to the diagnosis of cerebral palsy: associations between resolution, age and severity of disability
Authors: Schuengel C. , Rentinck I. C. M. , Stolk J. , Voorman J. M. , Loots G. M. P. , Ketelaar M. , Gorter J. W. , Becher J. G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground For parents, receiving a diagnosis, typically in early childhood, that their child has cerebral palsy may conjure up high distress and anxiety. Resolution of these initial reactions may help parents to focus on the challenges and needs of their children. Aims of the study were to test whether parents of older children displayed resolution more often than parents of younger children, and whether parents of children with less severe cerebral palsy also showed more resolution.Method Resolution of reactions to diagnosis was assessed with the Reaction to Diagnosis Interview, in a clinic‐based sample of 255 parents of children with cerebral palsy aged between 1.4 and 17.3 years. Physicians rated motor ability using the Gross Motor Function Classification System.Results Overall, the responses of 81.6% of the parents were predominantly indicative of resolution. Unresolved reactions were significantly more often found among parents of younger children and parents of children with more severe motor disabilities. Among parents of teenage children, resolution was more often apparent from a focus on action to better the lives of their children, whereas in parents of younger children, it was more apparent from their focus on constructive thoughts and information seeking.Conclusions Given time, the large majority of parents may resolve their reactions to the diagnosis that their child has cerebral palsy. Parents of the most severely affected children may need specific support which, given the age trends, might be aimed at different resolution processes for parents of younger and older children.
Assessment of caring and its effects in young people: development of the Multidimensional Assessment of Caring Activities Checklist (MACA‐YC18) and the Positive and Negative Outcomes of Caring Questionnaire (PANOC‐YC20) for young carers
Authors: Joseph S. , Becker S. , Becker F. , Regel S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground  Many children, adolescents and young people are involved in caring for parents, siblings, or other relatives who have an illness, disability, mental health problem or other need for care or supervision. The aim was to develop two new instruments for use in research with young carers to assess caring activities and their psychological effects.Method  Two studies are reported. In study 1, 410 young carers were recruited via The Princess Royal Trust for Carers database of UK projects and asked to complete an initial item pool of 42 and 75 questionnaire items to assess caring activities and caring outcomes respectively. In study 2 a further 124 young carers were recruited.Results  Following exploratory principal components analysis in study 1, 18 items were chosen to compose the Multidimensional Assessment of Caring Activities Checklist (MACA‐YC18), and 20 items chosen to compose the Positive and Negative Outcomes of Caring Scales (PANOC‐YC20). In study 2, normative and convergent validity data on the two instruments are reported.Conclusion  The MACA‐YC18 is an 18‐item self‐report measure that can be used to provide an index of the total amount of caring activity undertaken by the young person, as well as six sub‐scale scores for domestic tasks, household management, personal care, emotional care, sibling care and financial/practical care. The PANOC‐YC20 is a 20‐item self‐report measure that can be used to provide an index of positive and negative outcomes of caring.
Incidence and clinical presentation of dysarthria and dysphagia in the acute setting following paediatric traumatic brain injury
Authors: Morgan A. T. , Mageandran S‐D. , Mei C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground  A lack of data on dysarthria and dysphagia outcomes for children following traumatic brain injury (TBI) limits our clinical evidence base, and poses daily challenges for the speech language pathologist (SLP) managing this group. The present study aimed to examine dysarthria and dysphagia incidence and the clinical presentation of children with these disorders in the acute phase following TBI.Methods  Incidence and characteristics were determined via a comprehensive retrospective medical chart review of children consecutively referred to a tertiary paediatric hospital over an 8‐year period. Cases (n= 22 dysarthria, n= 72 dysphagia) and matched controls were compared across ancillary variables (e.g. age, severity of TBI, motor impairment).Results  Incidence across the entire cohort was low [i.e. dysarthria (1.2%, 22/1895), dysphagia (3.8%, 72/1895)], but was markedly higher for the sub‐category of children with severe TBI [e.g. dysphagia (76%, 63/83)]. Speech deficits were reported across respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation and prosody. Swallowing deficits included reduced lip closure, delayed swallow initiation, wet voice and coughing. Language and swallowing deficits were often co‐morbid with dysarthria. Motor impairment was frequently co‐morbid with both dysarthria and dysphagia. Cases had longer periods of hospitalization, ventilation and supplementary feeding compared with controls.Conclusion  Despite the low incidence of dysarthria and dysphagia across the entire TBI cohort, this sub‐group may place longer‐term burden on SLP services, having prolonged periods of ventilation, extended periods of hospitalization and a complex co‐morbid clinical presentation compared with controls. The prevalence of co‐morbid communication and swallowing impairments suggests a need for integrated rather than single discipline (i.e. dysphagia stream only) SLP services.