bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Motivations of Blood Donors*
Authors: London Perry , Hemphill Bernice M. 
Published: October 2009

In an effort to determine a key to recruiting the voluntary donor and to ascertain the conditions which dispose towards or inhibit the donation of blood, a study was initiated by the Irwin Memorial Blood Bank of the San Francisco Medical Society, a nonprofit community blood bank supplying blood needs of patients in 58 hospitals in an area encompassing a population of 1,200,000. A survey was conducted primarily by means of confidential questionnaires which were completed by 5,581 consecutive blood donors. The sampling included a cross‐section of the population from metropolitan, suburban and rural areas, 92 per cent of which were unpaid volunteers.This report discusses conclusions indicating differential motives and impedances applying to donors of different sexes, ages, income levels and educational achievements, and makes suggestions, based on these conclusions, of some practical steps toward motivating blood donations.Donors are mostly male, are younger than the general population, and are of somewhat higher socioeconomic status than the population at large. Most have had some previous experience as blood donors, express both humanitarian and personal motives for donating, and are relatively unconcerned about any painful aspects of it. They are not always thoroughly knowledgeable about details of blood banking practices, but generally have favorable impressions of them. Women seem more responsive to humanitarian appeals for donations than do men, while young people seem more susceptible to romantic or dramatic appeals for blood donors, and it is suggested that these differential characteristics be considered by blood banks when engaging in donor recruitment appeals.
Guides to Inventory Levels for a Hospital Blood Bank Determined by Electronic Computer Simulation
Authors: Elston R. C. , Pickrel Jerry C. 
Published: October 2009

Results of a previous study, in which some operations of a particular blood bank were simulated on an electronic computer, are used to obtain values that permit the establishment of inventory levels appropriate for critical ranges of mean uses and inputs. Though the initial data were collected from a single institution the results should be helpful to similar hospital blood banks.Tables are presented which give for various mean uses and inputs A) the number of days on which use is in excess of the amount of blood available, B) the number of units the bank cannot supply and C) the number of units expiring on the shelf when the bank is held at various inventory levels. An example shows how these tables may be used to determine an appropriate inventory level for a given blood type.
Nucleotides in Frozen Glycerolized Erythrocytes
Authors: Lionetti Fabian J. , Valeri C. Robert , Bond James C. , Kivowitz Charles , Weinman Edward 
Published: October 2009

The nucleotide content (ATP,* ADP, AMP) of deglycerolized and resuspended erythrocytes, previously frozen with glycerol and the slow freeze technic and processed by the centrifugation and agglomeration methods, was measured for a three‐week post‐thaw interval. Two series of studies were undertaken. In the first six units of blood (500 ml) rendered incoagulable with ACD (NIH‐A) were studied, three by each process, and the erythrocytes resuspended after deglycerolization in two media, autologous (ACD) plasma, and a 5% albumin resuspension medium. The erythrocyte suspensions were then stored at 4 C for three weeks and nucleotides assayed at three‐to‐four‐day intervals. In this group the nucleotide content of erythrocytes treated by the centrifugation technic was unchanged after processing, while the total nucleotides in erythrocytes processed by agglomeration were greatly reduced. The greatest loss was in ATP while the ADP and AMP were essentially unchanged. Agglomerated erythrocytes resuspended in autologous plasma resynthesized a small portion of their ATP when stored at 4 C for eight days. From eight to 21 days, both the ATP and total nucleotides were the same in erythrocytes from both processes. Small increases in ADP and AMP could not account for the decay of total nucleotides, which paralleled closely the loss of ATP.In a second series the influence of agglomeration conditions was studied. The nucleotide content was found to be markedly affected by the time erythrocytes were allowed to remain in concentrated glucose solutions. The nucleotides of cells processed optimally, that is agglomerated within 20 minutes and disaggregated with 250 ml of 0.15 M NaCl centrifuged and resuspended in plasma or albumin, were substantially the same as those in unprocessed ACD blood stored for 21 days at 4 C.
The Transfusion of Leukocytes from Donors with Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia to Patients with Leukopenia*
Authors: Morse Edward E. , Freireich Emil J. , Carbone Paul P. , Bronson William , Frei Emil 
Published: October 2009

Leukocytes were collected from donors with chronic myelocytic leukemia by plasmapheresis and transfused into severely leukopenic recipients. The median transfusion of 7 × 1010 granulocytes (range.15 to 35 × 1010) resulted in a median increase in circulating granulocytes of 1,000 per cu. mm. (range 0 to 19,000), one hour after injection. The posttransfusion increment was directly related to the number of cells injected. Only 4.8 per cent of the injected cells were recovered in the circulating blood volume at one hour (range 0–37 per cent). The per cent recovery was directly related to the pretransfusion granulocyte count of the recipient; the more severe the recipient's leukopenia, the lower was the per cent recovery of transfused cells. The transfused granulocytes disappeared from the recipients' circulation with a half time of 24 hours. A number of other factors were found to influence the results of transfusion, such as: the antileukemic drugs given, the presence of fever, the transfusion vehicle (i.e., saline concentrates or whole plasma), the ABO red cell compatibility of donor and recipient, and the sequence of transfusion.Clinical responses as measured by disappearance of fever were seen in 54 per cent of the recipients. The fraction of febrile patients responding increased as the dose of leukocytes transfused increased. Severe reactions, manifested by dyspnea, cyanosis, and lung infiltrates were seen in a small percentage, but febrile reactions occurred in 67 per cent of afebrile patients.
Stability of Factor VIII in the Frozen State
Authors: Britten Anthony , Grove‐Rasmussen Morten 
Published: October 2009

A study has been made of factor VIII levels in plasma after storage at minus 30 C. Transfusion units of fresh frozen plasma (150 to 300 ml) and small aliquots (1 to 2 ml) were studied. After a mean storage time of 20 months, factor VIII in transfusion units averaged 73 per cent of normal. After 17 months' storage, no appreciable factor VIII loss had occurred in the small aliquots. Possible factors affecting factor VIII survival are discussed.It is concluded that under ideal conditions factor VIII in the frozen state can survive adequately for at least 20 months.
Selection of “Safe” Group O Blood
Authors: Grove‐Rasmussen Morten 
Published: October 2009

One hundred random group O bloods were tested for their content of anti‐A and/or anti‐B saline agglutinins, “immune” antibodies and hemolysins. The screening tests which, according to the AABB Standards for a Blood Transfusion Service (4th Ed.) should be used for selection of group O blood which is used for other than group O recipients, were applied to the group O bloods.The results seem to indicate that the saline 1:50 screening test is not a satisfactory test for (election of “safe” group O blood. The immune 1:20 screening test is probably the best test but preferably should be used in combination with the hemolysin screening test.
The Emily Cooley Lecture. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Zuelzer Wolf W. , Stulberg Cyril S. , Page Robert H. , Teruya José , Brough A. Joseph 
Published: October 2009

The demonstration of recurrent lymphadenitis attributable to CMV during periods of hemolysis in a patient with chronic acquired hemolytic anemia of autoimmune type, led to the investigation of the possible etiologic relationship between this virus and acquired hemolytic anemia. In children a frequent association was demonstrated. Previously unrecognized clinical manifestations attributable to CMV were frequently observed. In this age group lymphadenopathy was a prominent finding in the majority of the cases and appeared to correspond to periods of rapid virus multiplication. It was noted that the predominant cellular lesion was not the well known pathognomonic large inclusion‐bearing cell which is a comparatively rare end state in the cellular response to the virus but less fully developed cellular lesions representing early and intermediate states. Recognition of these lesions permitted a rough appraisal of the extent of viral activity and showed that the latter generally correlated well with the hemolytic process.A basis for active infection by an ordinarily occult virus was sought and frequently found in an apparent impairment of the normal immune mechanism expressed clinically by extreme susceptibility to intercurrent infections and frequently associated with organic defects conducive to such a state. In young infants age‐determined susceptibility alone seemed to explain the lack of resistance to the occult viral agent.The findings led to the following interrelated hypotheses:1. The presence of CMV in AHA is not fortuitous or coincidental but reflects a (not necessarily exclusive) etiologic relationship.2. Acute, intermittent, or chronic hemolysis in AHA is related to primary or reactivated latent infection with CMV or other occult viruses in individuals susceptible by virtue of physiologically or pathologically impaired immunity, the cause of which is apparent in symptomatic forms but not as yet in the idiopathic type.3. The pathogenesis of AHA involves viremia or the presence of noninfective viral particles or products in the circulation. Infection within the RE system as opposed to sites less accessible to the circulation, such as epithelium, permits their discharge into the blood stream and determines hemolysis.4. The demonstration of the same agent in autoimmune and non‐autoantibody AHA suggests a unified concept of pathogenesis in which erythrocyte autoantibodies represent a variable secondary response to heterogenetic stimuli of viral origin.5. In the light of this theory the role of autoantibodies in autoimmune AHA is likely to be at most contributory, as also indicated by the frequent dissociation of hemolysis and antiglobulin reaction, and earlier data bearing on this question need to be reevaluated.
The Effect of Bilirubin on the Mammalian Erythrocyte
Authors: Cheung Wan Ho , Sawitsky Arthur , Isenberg Henry D. 
Published: October 2009

The in vitro behavior of human red cells exposed to varying concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin was studied. The addition of bilirubin to red cells in final concentrations in excess of 20 mg per cent produced a disruption of the cation gradients across the cell membrane with a loss of cellular K+, inhibition of cellular utilization of glucose, release of inorganic phosphate from the cell, spicule formation of the red cell membrane followed by spherocytosis and hemolysis and decreased intracellular ATP.The addition of albumin to the experimental bilirubin red cell mixture reversed these effects except for a minor cell population that went on to hemolysis.Saponin and sodium lauryl sulfate, in sublytic concentrations, produced loss of inorganic phosphate from the red cell followed by gradual disruption of the membrane cation equilibrium, and a slow loss of K+ from the cell. There was minimal impairment of glucose consumption. Spicule formation of the red cell membrane was observed, but there was no significant change in intracellular ATP concentration. The addition of bilirubin to cells treated with saponin or sodium lauryl sulfate produced independent partially additive toxic effects.Unconjugated sodium bilirubinate has a direct toxicity on erythrocyte functional integrity and, in high concentrations, is hemolytic.
Relationships between Metabolic State and (1) In Vivo Survival and (2) Density Distribution of Previously Frozen Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Bond James C. , McCallum Linda E. 
Published: October 2009

In 57 autotransfusions, relationships between the metabolic state, characterized by levels of ATP, total nucleotide, and components of the hexose monophosphate shunt and (1) in vivo survival and (2) density distribution of previously slowly frozen, deglycerolized, human erythrocytes were evaluated. Nine of these units were deglycerolized using centrifugation, and 48 units were deglycerolized using agglomeration.Neither the ATP level nor the total nucleotide content was correlated with either the 24‐hour or seven‐day chromium survival. The activity of the sulfhydryl enzymes (hexokinase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase) and glutathione stability were significantly correlated with post transfusion survivals.No correlation was observed between either ATP level or total nucleotide content and the density of the preserved cells. The hexokinase level, glutathione reductase level, and glutathione stability were significantly correlated with the density of these cells. On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that the injury induced by these freezing technics is at the level of red cell membrane.
Preparation and in Vivo Circulation of Human Platelets Preserved with Combined Dimethylsulfoxide and Dextrose
Authors: Djerassi Isaac , Farber Sidney , Roy Albert , Cavins John 
Published: October 2009

Human platelets preserved by freezing to –196 C in plasma containing 5% dextrose and 5% dimethylsulfoxide were administered to 35 thrombocytopenic patients with acute leukemia or aplastic anemia on 70 occasions. The platelet counts of the recipients increased, indicating in vivo circulation of the transfused preserved platelets. The average in vivo yield of these transfusions was only 30 per cent of the yield observed with fresh material although on occasion the in vivo recovery was as high as with fresh platelets. Preservation of human platelets without loss of viability may therefore be possible.The clinical use of platelets preserved by the above method may be considered in emergencies when speedy procurement of fresh material is not practical.
Enzymatic Activities, ADP‐Induced Aggregation and Survival in Vivo as Criteria of Platelet Viability during Storage
Authors: Caen J. , Cousin C. , Vainer H. , Michel H. 
Published: October 2009

To better preserve human platelets in hyper‐citrated plasma in siliconized glassware, the authors recommend centrifugation between 7 and 10 C rather than at 4 C and the dispersion of the button of platelets either by the “propipette” method (drawing the supernatant plasma just above the deposited platelets up and down a pipette) or by a mechanical method using a Whirli mixer. With these methods of dispersion, the rise of acid nitro‐phenylphosphatase in platelets and plasma during one day of storage is less than with the use of a scraping method. The in vitro ADP‐induced aggregation is also well preserved at 4 and at 8 C. Electron microscopic studies do not reveal detectable differences in platelet morphology at these temperatures after one day of storage. The use of radiochromium for platelet tagging does not entirely support the above results but this method is probably not the best for measuring platelet viability during storage.One‐day storage at 37 C results in the non‐aggregability of platelets, conspicuous increase in platelet nitrophenylphosphatase and considerable morphological modifications of platelets, as has been observed by Firkin.7
Comparison Studies of Whole Blood Stored in ACD and CPD and with Adenine
Authors: Shields C. E. 
Published: October 2009

Using 70% 24‐hour posttransfusion survival as one of the criteria of preservation, ACD and CPD anticoagulant solutions with and without adenine were tested after storage for 28, 35, or 42 days. At 28 days, all solutions had average survivals of 70% or better. The average survival values for the ACD and CPD solution groups were less than 70% at 35 and 42 days. However, both solutions with adenine had a group average value over 70% even after 35 or 42 days of storage. The average survival values between the two anticoagulants alone, were not significantly different at each time period. The two anticoagulants when adenine was included had increased survival and there was no statistical difference between the levels. In comparing two units obtained from the same subject, survival percentages were significantly higher in almost every recipient when the adenine‐supplemented stored blood was used. Other chemical determinations did not show significant alterations and no toxic effects were observed in the recipients.Since all units containing adenine had survival values greater than 70% in the 28‐ and 35‐day periods, these units would appear to have been effectively preserved and blood stored under these conditions could be used in routine transfusions, reserving units stored 42 days for emergency use.
Comparison of the Effects of Ionic and Non‐ionic Solutions on the Volume and Intracellular Potassium of Frozen and Non‐frozen Human Red Cells
Authors: Runck A. H. , Valeri C. R. , Sampson W. T. 
Published: October 2009

Measurements of intracellular potassium and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were used to evaluate the effects of washing human red cells by either a continuous wash technic with ionic solutions, or a dilution technic with non‐electrolyte solutions and recovery by agglomeration. The red cells were either ACD‐stored, or preserved in glycerol with or without slow freezing.Significant reduction in cellular potassium was observed when agglomeration was used to recover the red cells, whereas no significant change was observed with washing using continuous centrifugation with ionic solutions. No significant change in mean corpuscular volume of red cells was observed with either technic.The effect of hypertonic ionic and non‐ionic washing solutions on intracellular potassium was also evaluated.The data suggest that the removal of glycerol from previously frozen red cells should be accomplished by hypertonic ionic solutions.
Observations on the Chromium Labelling of ACD‐Stored and Previously Frozen Red Cells
Authors: Valeri C. R. ,   With the technical assistance of W. M. Booth, S. A. Gildea, and L. E. McCallum
Published: October 2009

Chromium labelling characteristics of both ACD‐stored and previously frozen red cells were evaluated. The chromium uptake of previously frozen red cells processed by agglomeration was inversely related to the hemoglobin level of the suspending fluid. Ascorbic acid was not needed for the labelling of previously frozen, agglomerated red cells.Cellular injury, as measured by increase in supernatant hemoglobin during post‐thaw storage at 4 C, occurred with the agglomerated, previously frozen red cells when: (1) Na2 EDTA was present in the glycerolizing solution; (2) the disaggregation of the agglomerated red cell mass was carried out with 75 rather than 250 ml of isotonic saline; and (3) the storage temperature of the glycerolized red cells was interrupted for one week with a storage interim at either 4 C or −20 C.By use of a phthalate ester technic, red cells were separated into three fractions on the basis of cellular density. Preferential chromium labelling of red cells was noted: the lightest fraction contained significantly more radioactivity than the heaviest fraction.
Hemagglutinins in the Plasma of Catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) Injected with Saliva from Human Secretors of Various A‐B‐O Blood Groups
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Chuba J. V. , Gordon E. B. , Kuhns W. J. 
Published: October 2009

Serums from non‐immunized catfish contain hightitered thermolabile hemolytic activity for all human red cells, and for red cells of other species such as rabbits. However, after heat inactivation, these sera only weakly agglutinate human red cells.After immunization with human saliva from A‐B‐H secretors, catfish produce potent agglutinins which clump to approximately the same high titer human red cells of all A‐B‐O blood groups as well as red cells from anthropoid apes (chimpanzees and gibbons). These sera do not agglutinate red cells from human beings of the Bombay type, or monkey red cells (baboon), or animal red cells (sheep). The antibody responsible for these reactions has been designated anti‐Z and detects a serological specificity (blood factor) which is inhibited by A‐B‐H secretor saliva, and which appears to be closely associated with A‐B‐H blood group substances. By absorption, from the sera of catfish injected with group O saliva anti‐H has been fractionated which differs from anti‐H lectin (Ulex europeus) in its cross reactions with gibbon red cells. From the serums of the catfish immunized with group A saliva, besides anti‐Z and anti‐H, anti‐A, but not anti‐C, could be fractionated. No anti‐A1 component could be fractionated by absorption with A2 cells. From the serums of catfish immunized with group B saliva, the expected anti‐B together with weak anti‐C could be fractionated by absorption, besides anti‐Z and anti‐H.These findings throw further light on the serological specificities of the human A‐B‐H substances of red cells and secretions and illustrate the usefulness of fish as experimental animals for serological investigations.
A Serum Factor Reacting with Acriflavin Causing an Error in ABO Cell Grouping
Authors: Beattie K. M. , Zuelzer W. W. 
Published: October 2009

The blood of a donor was investigated because of a discrepancy between cell grouping and serum confirmation. Her whole blood reacted strongly with five commercial preparations of anti‐B sera, yet her serum contained normal anti‐B isoagglutinins. Grouping tests with the donor's washed red cells suspended in saline indicated they were group O. Further tests of the donor's whole blood showed that raw high titered anti‐B did not cause agglutination. The addition of acriflavin (the dye used to color commercial preparation of anti‐B) to the donor's blood caused spontaneous agglutination. The donor's serum plus acriflavin caused agglutination of all random group O red cells. Various antibiotics, drugs and vitamins such as riboflavin, cyanocobalamin, tetracycline, penicillin, chloromycetin, mycostatin, gantrisin, streptomycin, phenacetin, atabrine and quinidine did not cause agglutination.The serum, when tested against her own cells or random group O cells in the presence of acriflavin, was reactive at a titer of 1:64; the reaction was not positive by the antiglobulin test. 2‐Mercaptoethanol destroyed the reactivity of the serum. Inasmuch as the reaction was not complement dependent or enzyme affected, the phenomenon of immune adherence was ruled out. One year later her serum was still reactive at a titer of 1:32.No other example of this serum factor was found in 1,000 random hospital patients.An antigen‐antibody reaction comparable to that observed in phenacetin dependent reactions3 is postulated.
Studies on Release of Certain Enzymes from Human Platelets
Authors: Mourad N. 
Published: October 2009

The release of enzymes from platelets was used as an index of damage to platelet concentrates during their preparation. Enzyme release occurs when aggregated platelets are traumatized. Neither trauma nor aggregation alone produces enzyme release.Enzyme release is increased as the volume of the platelet concentrate is decreased. Aggregated platelets release their enzymes during resuspension whether aggregation is induced by ADP or low temperature.Enzyme release is minimized when platelet concentrates are prepared at 25 C and redispersed 20 to 30 minutes after centrifugation.