bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between the digestibility of a sward and the herbage consumption of grazing calves
Authors: Hodgson J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNitro-chalk was applied to S.23 ryegrass swards, at approximately monthly intervals, at two contrasting levels in 1961 and three levels in 1962. Steer calves, 3–6 months old, grazed in rotation round a series of four paddocks on each treatment. Paddocks were trimmed and fertilizer applied after each grazing. The herbage intakes of the calves were determined on three occasions in 1961 and four occasions in 1962. Faecal output was estimated by chromic oxide dilution. In vitro digestibility determinations were carried out on samples of herbage clipped from the swards.There was a close linear relationship between the digestibility of the herbage and the amount eaten, over the full range of digestibility encountered (68–82%). Regression equations calculated within seasons and fertilizer levels, and within years, did not differ significantly. The regressions of faecal output on herbage digestibility were not significantly different from zero.The observed relationship between herbage digestibility and herbage intake may reflect (a) the greater sensitivity of young ruminants than adult stock to changes in the digestibility of the diet, and (b) the reduced importance of the chemostatic control of food intake, except at very high levels of digestibility, in young rapidly growing animals.
Results of an experiment at Rothamsted testing farmyard manure and N, P and K fertilizers on five arable crops and permanent grass III. Yields 1961–1965
Authors: Widdowson F. V. , Penny A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn experiment begun in 1956 and using a five-course rotation of barley, grass-clover ley, potatoes, wheat and kale and a block of permanent grass was continued.N decreased yields of the rotation ley, slightly increased yields of potatoes (after the ley), but greatly increased yields of wheat, barley and kale and permanent grass. P increased the yields of all arable crops, of kale dramatically, but not of permanent grass. K greatly increased yields of wheat and the rotation ley and even more of potatoes, but it increased yields of barley, kale and permanent grass little.F.Y.M. increased the yields of all crops; potatoes responded most. Applying fertilizers with the F.Y.M. diminished its effects, but except for wheat and barley grain a combination of the two produced the largest yields.Mean yields from all combinations of N, P and K were a little smaller between 1961 and 1965 than between 1956 and 1960, and the yields were maintained best by applying F.Y.M. and fertilizers together. Responses to N and to K were similar in both rotations, but responses to P became larger with time.
Nutritive value of pasture: I. Seasonal variations in the productivity, botanical and chemical composition, and nutritive value of medium pasturage on a light sandy soil
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest , Blunt Denzil Layton , Stewart James 
Published: March 2009

An account has been given of an investigation into the seasonal changes in the productivity, botanical and chemical composition, and nutritive value of pasture grass, the work constituting the initial stage of a comprehensive study of the nutritive properties of different types of pasture. The pasture on which the work was carried out was situated on a light sandy soil of low water-retaining capacity; the pasturage was of medium quality.Grazing was imitated by the daily use of a motor-mowing machine, the system of cutting being such as to ensure the whole plot being cut over once per week. The season was divided into ten periods, each period corresponding with the duration of a digestion trial carried out on two wether sheep. The main feature of the weather conditions during the season was the extremely low rainfall during the period from early June to mid-July.The pasture plot results were compared with corresponding results obtained from contiguous plots which were allowed to grow for hay, and from which, after removal of hay, several successive aftermath cuts were taken. The main findings of the investigation are summarised below:Seasonal changes in the botanical composition of the herbage. Although precise and systematic botanical analyses of the herbage of the pasture were not carried out, yet careful surveys made at an early and a late date in the season, together with general observations made during the whole course of the experiment, enabled interesting conclusions to be drawn in respect of the seasonal activity and persistency of the different species of grasses in the sward. During the spring season,Bromus mollis, Lolium perenne, Poa annuaandPoa trivialisaccounted for almost 80 per cent, of the herbage.
Observations onB. radigicola, Beijk
Authors: Gibson T. 
Published: March 2009

1. Cultures ofB. radicicoladerived from eight different host plants have been studied and a description is given of the morphology and reproductive processes of the organisms.2. The growth forms described include rods, coccoids, branched forms, gonidangia, gonidia and dwarfed growth, and microcysts.3. The different cell types represent normal stages in the development of the organisms.4. The reproductive processes described are fission, budding, liberation of gonidia, formation of regenerative bodies, and germination.5. The formation of symplasm and the regeneration of cells is discussed.
The solubility of some likely spray substances in solvents containing soap. The preparation of spraying emulsions
Authors: Woodman R. M. 
Published: March 2009

A lighting (paraffin) oil bought casually, such as is often used in paraffin emulsions for spraying, has been subjected to fractional distillation, and shown to be unsuitable as a spraying oil.Approximate solubilities at room temperature of various “oils” in solvents such as soap solutions with and without the addition of phenols, hydrogenated phenols and pyridine, have been determined. Spray fluids containing paraffin oil, benzene, and aniline in solution are economically possible, but coal tar fractions such as anthracene and creosote oils, will, owing to lack of solubility, have to be applied to plants as emulsions. Cresylic acid is the best aid to solution of paraffin oil, but is probably more injurious to foliage than the dearer, hydrogenated phenol, hexalin.Experiments have been made on the influence of temperature when using soap (sodium oleate) and gelatine as emulsifiers; rise in temperature is found to facilitate the formation of emulsions in soap solutions, but to have a much more complex effect when gelatine is the emulsifier. A possible explanation of these facts is given.
The composition of milk. Part II: Variation in the percentage of mineral constituents in cow’s milk, and their relationship with the solids not fat and protein content
Authors: Cranfield H. T. , Griffiths D. G. , Ling E. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. 670 samples of the mixed milk from 15 herds were analysed, and the average percentages of total ash, soluble ash, insoluble ash, lime and phosphoric acid are given.2. Tables showing frequency distributions are also given, with the standard deviation, mean and probable error of mean for each constituent determined.3. Various correlations of these constituents with solids not fat and protein have been prepared, and these correlations are illustrated by graphs.It is observed that the total ash falls with the solids not fat until low values of solids not fat are reached, when the ash content appears to rise. This variation is confirmed by a curve illustrating the variation in ash content of samples of individual cow’s milk. Soluble ash rises as the solids not fat falls, but the insoluble ash shows a reverse variation. Lime and phosphoric acid both fall with the solids not fat.
The influence of various soil moisture-régimes on the yield and quality of cotton in an arid zone
Authors: Amir J. , Bielorai H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe results of three cotton irrigation experiments in the western Negev region indicate that by increasing the intervals between irrigations and by applying the first irrigation at the beginning of flowering, maximum yields of 1700–2100 kg/ha can be obtained with three irrigations. In all treatments except the one with four irrigations, about 0·31 kg of lint was produced for each 1 m3 of irrigation water. In the three driest treatments, where cotton suffered from moisture stress during various periods of growth, no differences in lint quality could be detected in comparison with wetter treatments. As long as there were clear drought symptoms, such as in the three driest treatments, additional irrigation increased the number of bolls/plant, while the average boll weight remained unaffected. Additional irrigation in treatments where there were no clear water stress symptoms did not increase the number of bolls/plant, but increased the average boll weight.
Soils in relation to marsh spot of pea seed
Authors: Furneaux Basil S. , Glasscock H. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. An account is given of Marsh Spot in the seeds of the green pea (Pisum sativum L.); its economic importance and its effect on the plant, including the germination of the seed, are discussed.2. Hypotheses advanced by seedsmen and growers to account for the presence of Marsh Spot are discussed.3. The soils of 165 fields upon which green peas were grown under contract for seed in east Kent during 1933 and 1934, were surveyed in detail and are classified under the American system. A brief description of each is given.4. The occurrence of Marsh Spot is correlated with the presence of a water table in the soil. A high percentage of Marsh Spot was encountered only in crops grown on fields with a water table within 52 in. of the surface. Thus, in the presence of a water table, the intensity of Marsh Spot reached a maximum of 100 per cent. of the seeds of a sample affected, whereas in the absence of a water table the maximum was only 3 per cent.
Studies on the winter hardiness of clover. I. Effect of cutting on the carbohydrate reserves in red clover roots
Authors: Virtanen Artturi I. , Nurmia Manne 
Published: March 2009

The effect of different cutting practices on the carbohydrate root reserves of Finnish red clover was studied. Cutting causes a rapid decrease in the insoluble sugars. The minimum is reached in about 12–15 days, independently of the time of cutting. However, the initial carbohydrate level is reached much more quickly in autumn than in June-July. The carbohydrate content of the roots in autumn is higher the later the second cut.Cutting does not significantly affect the content of sucrose and other soluble sugars, the values for which are very low during June-August, but rise towards autumn.
Physiological studies of competition in Zea mays L: II. Effect of competition among maize plants
Authors: Eddowes Maurice 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThere was no measurable competition among plants before the four-leaf stage of growth. Competition among plants after the four-leaf stage reduced their average weight and their capacity to store assimilates in the ear after anthesis. As competition intensified total dry-matter yield at lower plant populations approached progressively the yield at the highest plant population. Total whole plant yield per unit area showed an asymptotic response to increase in plant population. Ear yield per unit area showed a parabolic response.On a unit leaf area basis, the top three leaf laminae apparently contributed about 66% more to cob (rachis + grain) dry weight than the three adjacent leaf laminae immediately below them.Ear weight per plant was reduced, either (a) by increasing plant population, or (b) by partial defoliation, or (c) by both treatments. In situation (c), i.e. where high plant populations were partially defoliated, cob weight per plant was apparently determined by the amount of available assimilates, and not by ear storage capacity.
Physiological studies of competition in Zea mays L: III. Competition in maize and its practical implications for forage maize production
Authors: Eddowes Maurice 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCompetition among maize plants in the vegetative stage of growth was postponed by application of nitrogen to the seed bed and by maintaining soil moisture near field capacity. The amount of available nitrogen was a critical factor in determining the effect of the competitive balance between nitrogen and light on maize yield. The supply of either affected the capacity of the crop to utilize the other, but ultimately light became the dominant factor.Soil moisture deficits of up to 1.0 in from field capacity, in the early stages of vegetative growth, did not reduce dry-matter accumulation and uptake of nitrogen, but in the absence of weed competition and post-planting cultivation soil moisture losses in the early stages of crop growth may be small.In 1966, maize responded quicker to surface applied than to deep-placed nitrogen and utilized the surface applied nitrogen for dry-matter accumulation more effectively.Provided that there was initially an adequate supply of nitrogen in the seed bed, there appeared to be no advantage to total yield from application of nitrogen top dressings to maize. In the West Midlands, under conditions of adequate nutrient and soil moisture supply, the optimum plant population for commercial production of forage maize was about 40000 per acre.
A new method of arranging variety trials involving a large number of varieties
Authors: Yates F. 
Published: March 2009

A new method of arranging variety trials involving large numbers of varieties is described. This type of arrangement, for which the name pseudo-factorial arrangement is proposed, enables the block size to be kept small without the use of controls.Various possible types of pseudo-factorial arrangement are discussed in detail and the necessary formulae developed. The appropriate methods of computation are illustrated by numerical examples based on the results of a uniformity trial on orange trees. It is shown that pseudofactorial arrangements are likely to be more efficient than arrangements involving the use of controls. In cases where there is considerable soil heterogeneity they are also markedly more efficient than randomized blocks containing all the varieties. In the chosen example gains in efficiency ranging from 26 to 57 per cent, were obtained.
Serum phosphatase in the domestic fowl
Authors: Common R. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. Some observations on the serum phosphatase of the domestic fowl are described. Laying hens, held to be normal birds, had higher and more variable serum phosphatase than cocks. No great difference in serum phosphatase could be found between laying hens and hens in a period of suspended egg production. Pullets from another source and which had never laid gave values comparable with the value for cocks.2. The serum phosphatase of chicks shows a rapid increase to a maximum at about 10–12 days after hatching, followed by an equally sharp fall to a lower level at 3 weeks. Thereafter, the values for male birds fall regularly until maturity. The values for female birds correspond closely with the values for male birds until the onset of laying, when they increase again, but to a varying degree in different individuals.3. An attempt to reduce the range of variation of serum phosphatase in laying birds by administration of 1 ml. per bird per diem radiostol B.D.H. (3000 international units vitamin D per ml.) was not successful.4. Serum phosphatase showed a much greater increase during laying in pullets receiving a low calcium ration (0·37 per cent. CaO) than in pullets receiving the same ration supplemented with calcium carbonate (3·10 per cent. CaO).5. Serum phosphatase is greatly increased in chicks suffering from rickets.
Effect of continuous removal of open flowers on the seed yield of two varieties of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
Authors: Ojehomon O. Ojeaga 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWhen open flowers were removed from cowpea plants for periods between 3 and 12 consecutive days beginning from the first day of anthesis, more flowers opened on the deflowered than on the untreated plants, thus compensating for those removed. However, most of these extra flowers dropped prematurely.In experiments in the greenhouse or on dry-season irrigated plots, deflowering for up to 9 days did not decrease the seed yield of the varieties Adzuki or Westbred. In an early-season field experiment, deflowering of Westbred did not decrease the seed yield unless repeated for 12 days. All periods of deflowering Adzuki decreased the seed yield, and the longest period gave the smallest yield.
Potassium: calcium exchange in soils of the Broadbalk experiment at Rothamsted
Authors: Addiscott T. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSoils from Broadbalk field were used to find whether differences in K-manuring had altered K:Ca exchange relationships during 100 years cropping with wheat, by measuring cation exchange capacities and quantity/intensity (Q/I) relationships.Cation exchange capacities (CECs) were measured with and without the contribution of the soil organic matter and the following mainly non-significant trends arose during 100 years: (1) The CECs of plots given K fertilizer increased slightly when the organic contribution is included and decreased slightly when it is not. (2) The CEC of the plot given farmyard manure increased greatly when the organic contribution is included and decreased slightly when it is not. (3) The CEC of the unfertilized plot increased very slightly, whether or not the organic contribution is included.The K buffer capacity, the slope of the Q/Icurve when the soil neither gains nor loses K, was related to the K saturation of the CEC better when the organic contribution was omitted from the CEC than when it was included, suggesting that K: Ca exchange measured by the Q/Icurves occurs mainly on the non-organic part of the CEC. Two soils depleted of K had anomalously large buffer capacities, but two undepleted samples behaved similarly.Superimposing Q/Icurves by eye showed no appreciable differences between samples from different years or from different plots, even at large activity ratios. Plotting exchangeable K against I0, the activity ratio when the soil neither gains nor loses K, gave a single curve embracing all plots from all years, similar to the superimposed Q/I curves. Long–term manuring with ammonium sulphate has not affected K–Ca exchange.
Apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilization, water metabolism and heat tolerance of Brahman cross, Africander cross and Shorthorn x Hereford steers
Authors: Vercoe J. E. , Frisch J. E. , Moran J. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA study was made of the effect of increased rectal temperature on digestibility, nitrogen balance and water metabolism in Brahman x British (BX), Africander x British (AX) and Shorthorn x Hereford (SH) steers fed a fixed amount of lucerne hay.An increase in rectal temperature of c. 1·4 °C caused a decrease in food intake and nitrogen balance and was associated with an increase in dry-matter digestibility in all breeds. Both dry-matter and nitrogen digestibilities were consistently higher in the Zebu crossbreds (BX and AX). Water intakes and ‘water balance’ (water intake – faecal and urinary water) were higher in all breeds when rectal temperatures were elevated. Water intakes were highest in the BX at both normal and elevated temperatures and increased most in the AX with an increase in temperature. ‘Water balances’ were similar in all breeds at normal body temperatures (4–5 1/day) but were lowest in the SH at elevated temperatures. This could partly explain the lower heat tolerance of the SH steers observed under these experimental conditions.
High Level Cereal Diets for the Growing/Finishing Pig: VII. The Performance Of Weaned Pigs Grown To Cutter Weight (160 lb live weight) on Iso-Nitrogenous-Maize Based Diets Containing Different Levels of Lysine and Tryptophan
Authors: Lawrence T. L. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a randomized block 3x2 factorial experiment 72 Large White type weaner pigs were individually and restrictedly fed, from 501b (22–7 kg) to approximately 1601b (72–7 kg) live weight, iso-nitrogenous (16% crude protein) maize-based diets (as wet mashes with 2:1 ratios of water to dry food) containing 0–15%, 0–22% or 0–29% tryptophan and either 0–85% or 0–97% lysine. Overall, for the period in its entirety and in the period from the start to 110 lb (50–0 kg) live weight, the diets containing 0–22% and 0–29% tryptophan gave a similar performance. Together they gave a significantly superior performance compared with that obtained from the diets containing 0–15 % tryptophan. Pigs fed the diets containing 0–85 % lysine converted their food better and grew faster than pigs fed the diets containing 0–97 % lysine. These differences were significant (P <0–05) for both parameters in the period from 110 lb (50–0 kg) live weight to the finish of the experiment at 1601b (72–5 kg) live weight and significant (P <0–05) for efficiency of food conversion in the overall experimental period.
The growth, composition and nutrient uptake of spring wheat: Effects of fertilizer-N, irrigation and CCC on dry matter and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na
Authors: Gasser J. K. R. , Thorburn M. A. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYKloka spring wheat grown on a sandy-loam soil was given 50, 100, 151 or 201 kg N/ha as fertilizer, was irrigated during drought or not irrigated, and was sprayed with CCC (2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride) or not sprayed. Samples, taken approximately weekly from brairding to heading and less frequently to maturity measured the production of dry matter. The dried samples were analysed for percentage N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na and the uptakes of these were calculated to measure the effects of treatments on the composition of the crop and the weights of nutrients it contained.Increasing amounts of fertilizer-N up to 151 kg N/ha increased the maximum weight of straw without irrigation and up to 201 kg N/ha with irrigation; similarly, maximum weights of ears were with 100 kg N/ha without irrigation and 151 kg N/ha with irrigation. The maximum weight of straw was at flowering and of ears at maturity. Irrigation increased yields of straw and ears, more with the two larger than with the two smaller amounts of fertilizer-N. Spraying with CCC decreased the yield of straw, and did not affect the yield of ears.Increasing amounts of fertilizer-N increased percentage nutrients in the green crop and in the straw, and of N, P and Mg in the ears. Effects of irrigation and spraying with CCC on composition differed between nutrients and between ears and straw, sometimes increasing, sometimes decreasing, and sometimes having no effect, on percentage in dry matter.Increasing fertilizer-N increased the maximum weight of N, K, Ca and Na in the crop. P and Mg increased with up to 151 kg N/ha, but was no more with 201 kg N/ha. Maximum weight of N, P, Mg and Na was found at or near maturity, of K at heading and of Ca at flowering.
Variability of yields of cereal varieties in U. K. trials
Authors: Patterson H. D. , Silvey Valerie , Talbot M. , Weatherup S. T. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThis paper presents the results of analyses of yield variability in more than 500 trials of varieties of spring oats, spring wheat, spring barley and winter wheat. A table of critical percentage yield differences has been constructed for guidance in planning future series of trials.
Effects of seed size and spacing of seed tubers and stems on yields of early and canning potatoes
Authors: Proctor J. M. , Smartt A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAn experiment comparing most combinations of six seed sizes and four spacings between seeds to give a range of common seed rates, was repeated for 3 years with the eultivar Ulster Prince. For the earliest harvest, total yield was reasonably related to seed rate, but for subsequent harvests the yield response was more closely related to number of stems; this pattern was more pronounced in yields of the canning grade.