bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Polyculture System for Commercially Important Marine Species with Special Reference to the Lobster (Homarus americanus)1
Authors: Mitchell Joan R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIncreased efficiency and productivity can be achieved in aquaculture systems which contain several species occupying different levels of the food chain, utilizing waste products from the cultured organisms as well as available food. Two systems are described which use secondary‐treated sewage effluent as a nutrient source to grow unicellular algae and to produce, in the same system, several commercially‐important species such as the oyster (Crassostrea virginica), the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), and the lobster (Homarus americanus). Food for the marketable species grows naturally and abundantly in these systems, eliminating the major recurring cost in commercial aquaculture.
First Experiments on the Rearing of Tropical Carangidae in Floating Cages
Authors:   Aquacop,
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the feasibility of fish culture in French Polynesia's lagoons, preliminary tests were performed in 1973 and 1974. Juveniles (7 to 10 g) of three Carangidae species (Caranx melampygus, C. elacate, C. ignobilis) were caught in the wild and transported to the laboratory; three lots were dispatched among two small tanks (500 liters) with 10 animals each and a floating cage (6 times 6 × 4 m; 1.5 cm mesh) with 900 animals.The range of water temperature was 25 to 27 C, salinity was about 34.5 ppt, and pH was 8.2. Food was given in the form of a moist pellet consisting of 80% dry powder mixed with fresh bonito flesh or troca flesh. Such a diet has a 40% protein content due essentially to fish meal (sun‐dried lagoon fish). These moist pellets were well accepted, but dry pellets were spat out.The time necessary to get a commercial size (300 g) in the tanks or in the floating cage was 6 to 8 months. Mortality rate was under 5%. The net of the floating cage was kept clean by a herbivorous fish (Siganus sp.) associated with Jack‐fish.Jack‐fish culture in lagoons seems promising because of its desirable meat, high market value, and rapid growth rate. Studies are being carried out to demonstrate the economic feasibility of such a culture by reducing the cost of feed and by obtaining reproduction in captivity.
Prespectives on Ocean Ranching of Pacific Salmon
Authors: McNeil William J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe outlook for private salmon farms engaged in ocean ranching of Pacific salmon is examined from four perspectives‐biologic, methodic, sociologic, and economic. Ecological, physiological, behavioral, and genetic questions which relate to growth and survival of juvenile salmon released from husbandry systems are considered under biologic perspective. Recent innovations in technology to produce at low cost juvenile salmon which retain a capacity for rapid growth and high survival while at sea are described under methodic perspective. Recent changes in public policy that permit private ownership of Pacific salmon on the west coast of the United States are reviewed under sociologic perspective. Finally, questions which must be resolved before the feasibility of ocean ranching can be evaluated are identified under economic perspective.
Brackish Water Pond Culture Experiments with Atlantic Croaker, Striped Mullet, Channel Catfish, and Rainbow Trout
Authors: Perry W. Guthrie 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBrackish water pond culture studies have been conducted by the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission at the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, Louisiana, since 1966. Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus) and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) were among the first species stocked. Various stocking rates and sizes have been tested to determine production without supplemental feed. Polyculture experiments were conducted with striped mulletchannel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) combinations and striped mullet‐Atlantic croaker combinations.Growth data for Atlantic croaker were highly variable; however, striped mullet results were promising, especially for polyculture with catfish. Results from two winter stockings of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) indicate that warmer temperatures and marginal water quality may limit rainbow trout production in southwest Louisiana.
Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases Found in Egg, Larval, and Juvenile Cultured American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Fisher W. S. , Nilson E. H. , Shleser R. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe ability to detect infection or disease is a key element in mariculture. Routine examination of dead and sick animals is required to achieve this objective. Such a procedure is practiced in the lobster (Homarus americanus) culture program at Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, California. Techniques and observations are presented to demonstrate problems encountered in semi‐closed recirculating seawater systems. Examination procedures lead to early detection and possible prevention of epizootics. Some infections or infestations may initially be detected without the aid of a microscope. Microscopic examination of eggs and larvae allows detection of filamentous epibionts and the fungus Lagenidium sp. Larvae are also examined for molt‐related difficulties, cannibalism, and air embolism. Internal bacterial infections are rarely encountered in larval or juvenile stages, yet are included in the examination. Juvenile lobsters are examined for epibionts that might cause gill occlusion or molting difficulties and for the fungal disease agent Haliphthoros milfordensis. Internal organs are examined for signs of chemical toxicity and bacterial degradation. Similar techniques have been used for cultured shrimp and crab populations under study.
Fabrea salina A Promising Live Food for Mariculture Purposes
Authors: de Winter F. , Persoone G. , Benijts‐Claus C.s 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMass culturing of suitable live foods for mariculture purposes is slowed down by a lack of fundamental knowledge on food species with high nutritional value. Research at the laboratory level has shown that in this regard Fabrea salina, a pelagic heterotrichous marine ciliate (200 to 400 u), seems to be a promising species.The influence of the nature and the concentration of the food on the rate of reproduction has been determined. Densities of more than 50 ciliates per ml could easily be obtained in batch cultures. The short generation time of 12 hours will allow a 95% harvest each second day in semi‐continuous culturing.
EEL CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Authors: Cremer Michael C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn 1973, a project to evaluate the feasibility of culturing native anguillid eels as an export product was undertaken by the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries. Species identification, distribution and relative abundance of elvers, and culture feasibility were studied.Three species of anguillid eels were identified in streams throughout the north coastal region of Luzon Island: Anguilla marmorata, A. celebesensis, and A. bicolor pacifica. Elvers of all three species migrated simultaneously. Only A. bicolor pacifica appears suitable for commercial culture at present.Commercial quantities of elvers were found only in the Cagayan River. During 1973–74, 2.2 metric tons of elvers were collected from this river.In culture experiments, elvers grew well on a ration of ground fish with vitamin additives and showed a 6:1 feed conversion. A pelleted feed appeared desirable for fingerling and larger eels (>3g). Elvers succumbed to oxygen concentrations less than 2ppm; fingerling and larger eels were more tolerant of low dissolved oxygen. Mean water temperature of 25.3 C appeared suitable for year‐round culture.Commercial culture operations were toured at the conclusion of the Bureau of Fisheries Project. Initial developments, problems and potentials were evaluated.
Culture Of Immature American Alligators In Controlled Environmental Chambers
Authors: Joanen Ted , McNease Larry 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDesign and operational procedures for controlled environmental chambers were tested to determine their effect on growth rates, diseases, and mortality of the American alligator (Alligator mississip‐piensis). Alligators were cultured from hatching until 34 months of age.Various diets were tested. Fresh frozen marine fish was preferred due to cost considerations, annual availability, storage quality, animal acceptance, and growth rates. Growth rates and food conversions were determined for a 26 month period.Survival rate was 99.47. for 156 alligators.
Physical‐Chemical Methods For Control Of Algal Species And Composition In Algal Culturing Facilities
Authors: Srna Richard F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe bivalve molluscs Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria require species of algal food for growth. Successful commercial culture of the hard clam and American oyster in a controlled environment depends on an ability to grow desirable species.Three methods are described for the selective culture of Thalassiosira pseudonana, a desirable bivalve food, in the presence of a contaminant species Phaeodactylum tricornutum, an undesirable food.The first method takes advantage of differences in cell wall characteristics between the two types of algae. Cultures of T. pseudonana contaminated with 34% and 60% P. tricornutum (by cell numbers) treated with ultrasonic waves yielded growing cultures of T. pseudonana which were free of P. tricornutum when 100% T. pseudonana were treated with ultrasonic waves they showed no growth and normal growth respectively.The second method involves manipulation of nutrient levels in a mixed culture of Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum to eliminate one or other species from the culture.The third method utilizes a harvesting reseeding technique to maintain a relatively constant concentration of the slower growing species in a semi‐continuous mixed species culture containing Carteria chuii and Thalassiosira pseudonana.The results are integrated into a two loop algal culturing process. One loop consists of a seed culture utilizing a small percentage of the influent water and a larger mass algae culture. The mass algae loop is continuosly inoculated with new seed from the seed loop in sufficient quantities so that desirable species out compete undesirable species. Water entering the seed loop is purified by an ultrasonic treatment process so that undesirable species may be eliminated from the seed cultures.
An Introduction To Culture Methods For Larval And Postlarval Penaeid Shrimp
Authors: Heinen John M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe two principal methods of culturing penaeid larvae and postlarvae are briefly described. In the “indoor” method algae to feed the larval shrimp are cultured separately and added to the rearing tank when needed, while in the “outdoor” method sunlight is utilized to grow phytoplankton as food in the same water with the larvae.
The Effects Of Pelletized Protein Diets On Growth, Molting And Survival Of Juvenile Lobsters1
Authors: Gallagher M. L. , Conklin D. E. , Brown W. D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTJuvenile lobsters were fed pelleted natural or synthetic diets with varying protein content while being held in a closed system containing either Instant Ocean or natural sea water. An optimum dietary protein level could not be established. However 11% protein was shown to be inadequate. Instant Ocean was found to be as good as natural sea water for holding lobsters during dietary studies. Feed efficiency ratios were calculated and shown to be comparable to those determined for rat and chick. Parentage was shown to be a significant factor in terms of rates of growth of animals on various diets. Molting was shown to be cyclic and synchronized in early growth stages.
Effects Of Chemicals In Thermal Effluent On Homarus americanus Maintained In Aquaculture Systems1
Authors: Dorband Wayne R. , Van Olst Jon C. , Carlberg James M. , Ford Richard F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEffects of chemicals in thermal effluent on American lobsters (Homarus americanus) maintained in aquaculture systems were evaluated. Atomic absorption analysis of intake and effluent water samples from three fossil‐fuel generating stations in southern California indicated that chemical additions did not affect concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, and As in the thermal effluent. Concentrations of these metals in the intake and effluent water at the San Diego Gas & Electric Company's Encina Power Plant were not significantly different than their concentrations in seawater from the Scripps Institution, and were well within the reported ranges for levels of those metals in normal seawater. The amounts of heavy metal chelating agents in Encina effluent were significantly greater than in Encina intake and Scripps seawater.No significant differences were observed in mean concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Co in larval, juvenile and adult lobsters maintained in three water types (Encina effluent, Encina intake and Scripps). Lobsters maintained in Scripps seawater were dissected and metal levels in the gills, hepatopancreas, tail muscles, claw muscles, digestive tract, and exoskeleton were analyzed by atomic absorption. The highest concentrations of Cu, Zn, Co and Cr were found in the gills, while Cd was found in equally high concentrations in the gills and hepatopancreas. The lowest concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Cr were found in the exoskeleton, while Pb and Co were found in the lowest concentrations in the tail muscle. Regressions of metal levels in tissues of lobsters on carapace length indicated that Hamericanus does not accumulate metals in the tissues, but rather regulates the levels.The 24, 48, 72, and 96 hour median lethal limits for Cu++, Zn++, Cr6+, Co+++, Cd++, Pb++, Cl−, and acids were established for lobster larvae held in static systems. Median effective times also were determined. Median lethal limits for these eight chemicals were all far above levels of the chemicals encountered in the generating station effluents. In most cases they were at least an order of magnitude higher. Longterm bioassays in static systems indicated that growth and survival of larval and juvenile lobsters were similar in Encina effleunt, Encina intake, and Scripps seawater at constant temperature.All of these studies indicate that the thermal effluent from typical generating stations in southern California provides an essentially pollution‐free heated water source for the culture of H. americanus.
The Use Of Eyestalk Ablation In Nutrition Studies With American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Castell John D. , Mauviot Jean C. , Covey Jane F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBilateral eyestalk ablation results in an accelerated growth rate in lobsters (Homarus americanus). Feeding trials were used to determine whether this accelerated growth rate resulted in a greater response of ablated lobsters to differences in nutritional values of diets. The value of using eyestalk ablated lobsters in nutrition studies was evaluated by comparing their molt, mortality and weight gain responses to dietary proteins (casein, soy bean protein and cod fish protein concentrate (FPC) and lipids (cod liver oil (CLO), corn oil (CO) and a 1:1 mixture of CLO and CO), with similar responses of control lobsters. Groups of ablated and control lobsters were fed frozen brine shrimp (FBS) for comparative purposes. The ablated lobsters showed a more rapid response to dietary differences than did the control lobsters. Casein proved to be the best dietary protein, followed by soybean, with FPC being the poorest. While CLO has been shown to be better than CO as a dietary lipid source, it appears that a 1:1 mixture of the two oils is better than either one alone. The growth, molt rate and survival of ablated lobsters fed FBS was significantly better than for those fed any of the artificial diets used in this study.
The Effects Of Algal Supplements On Static System Culture Of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) Larvae1,2
Authors: Maddox Mark B. , Manzi John J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe value of algal supplements in rearing Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae in static water systems was investigated. Larvae were reared in 60 liter fiberglass rounded bottom tanks at concentrations ranging from 50 to 67 larvae/liter. Standard culture methods (used by Marine Resources Research Institute) and feeds (Artemia salina nauplii, TetraMin, fish eggs) were utilized throughout the study. The three major groups of phytoplankters evaluated included the Chlorophyceae (Nannachloris oculata, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Chlorella sp.), the Chrysophyceae (Isochrysis galbana, Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa), and the Bacillariophyceae (Skeletonema costatum, Phaeodactylum tricornutum). Algal supplements were added to produce concentrations of 20,000 to 1,200,000 cells/ml in the larval culture tanks. Three replicate cultures per algal species were maintained and compared to control replicates.Algal supplements increased survival of larvae and production of postlarvae and decreased length of time to metamorphosis. P. tricornutum, I. galbana, and P. paradoxa appear to be the most valuable supplements tested to date. These treatments routinely resulted in approximately 30% greater survival and between 40 and 60% more postlarvae than control treatments. Possible mechanisms for the algal enhancement of M. rosenbergii larval culture are discussed.
Identification Of The Essential Amino Acids Of The Freshwater Shrimp, Macrobrachium ohione1
Authors: Miyajima Lester S. , Broderick Glen A. , Reimer Rollin D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe essential amino acids of the freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium ohione were identified by radioactive assay using U−14C glucose. Those amino acids which incorporated little or no 14C were arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. It was inferred that Macrobrachium ohione could not synthesize these amino acids and thus, has a dietary requirement for them.
CAGE CULTURE OF SEVEN FISH SPECIES IN A POWER PLANT EFFLUENT CHARACTERIZED BY WIDE SALINITY FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: Holt Rennie , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSeven fish species, including freshwater, estuarine, and marine species, were cultured in floating cages between 22 July 1973 and 18 August 1975 in intake waters and at five stations in the cooling lake of an upper Galveston Bay, Texas, power plant. Cooling water was characterized by acute salinity fluctuations which adversely affected growth and survival of all species. Black drum was the only species which exhibited growth suitable for commercial production. However, black drum could not adapt to prolonged low salinities and suffered complete mortality. Striped mullet, stocked in the lake, survived the entire 2‐year culture period, but growth rates were low. Pinfish and Florida pompano grew slowly and succumbed to low salinities while sea catfish and Atlantic spadefish could not tolerate low temperatures nor prolonged low salinity. Death of channel catfish occurred after conductivity levels increased above 20 millimhos/cm.
CULTURE OF THE WEST INDIAN SPIDER CRAB (Mithrax spinosissimus) AT LOS ROQUES, VENEZUELA
Authors: Brownell Willard N. , Provenzano Anthony J. , Martínez Manuel 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSpider crabs, several of which support commercial fisheries, possess biological characteristics which make certain of them potential candidates for mariculture. The giant red spider crab of Caribbean shallaw waters, fished in small numbers and marketed locally, may be one such candidate.Berried females of Mithrax spinosissimus were collected in Antillean fish traps on sandy bottoms at depths of 3–7 m in IDS Roques, Venezuela. They were kept in laboratory tanks with frequent water changes and an ample supply of algae for food. Larvae obtained from natural hatchings were reared in separate tanks prepared with filtered water and phytoplankton. Observations on six hatches from February to August, 1976, yielded similar results: hatching to megalops in 60–72 hours: megalops to juvenile in 130–140 hours. Juveniles were reared on algae and commercial chow in tanks and in floating cages lined with 363 μm screen cloth. Juveniles ranged in length from 3.1–4.7 mm after six weeks and when maintained in aquaria on a diet of algae for seven months continued to show rapid growth. Adults kept in tanks appeared to stay healthy and grew on a diet of algae, though they consumed sessile coelenterates offered to them. Rearing techniques, mariculture potential and ecology of this species are discussed.
ALGAL SUPPLEMENT ENHANCEMENT OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN) LARVICULTURE1,2
Authors: Manzi John J. , Maddox Mark B. , Sandifer Paul A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTUnialgnl additions in various concentrations were used to evaluate algal supplements in both static and recirculating water system larviculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Larvae were reared in 60 liter, black fiberglass, rounded bottom tanks at stocking densities ranging from 50 to 75 larvae/l. Cultures were maintained at 12 ppt synthetic seawater at 28 ± 1°C with constant light and moderate aeration. Artemia salina nauplii were used as the primary ration and fed at concentrations of 10 to 15 nauplii/ml. Fish roe (Mugil sp. and Cynoscion sp.) were used as secondary rations after day 9/10 in all cultures. Results showed that unialgal supplements, particularly those of the Chrysophyta (i.e. Isochrysis galbana, Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum), significantly increased survival of larvae and production of postlarvae in both static and recirculating water systems. Mean survival was highest in recirculating algal‐supplemented cultures (82.7%) and static algal‐supplemented cultures (78.8%) and lowest in recirculating and static control cultures (50.9 and 57.0%, respectively). Post‐larval production averaged 59/1 (78% of the stocking density) in recirculating and 47/1 (74% of the stocking density) in static P. tricornutm supplemented cultures while static and recirculating controls averaged 20/1 (39%) and 32/1 (41%) respectively. Peak production of post‐larvae occurred earlier (day 28) in algal supplemented recirculating cultures than in controls (day 34) indicating that algae may also decrease length of time to metamorphosis. Survival data from all experiments were analyzed by ANOVA with regression and indicated a positive, significant relationship between algal concentration and larval survival. Periodic monitoring of nitrogenous compounds (NH4, NO2, NO3) indicated that these aspects of water quality were not directly related to the enhancement of M. rosenbergii larval culture by algal supplements.