bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of metals in the tropics
Authors: Ambler H. R. , Bain A. A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe atmospheric corrosion of a few common metals has been studied at more than twenty sites in Nigeria and at some others under various conditions of atmospheric humidity and salinity. Contrary to general belief, corrosion is not generally higher under tropical conditions than in temperate climates. Where there is no industrial pollution, the governing factor is airborne salt and while in very saline atmospheres steel may corrode as much as 8 g./dm.2/month, in very humid areas free from high salinity the rate may be less than 0.1. The rate of corrosion of ferrous metals varies little between wet and dry seasons or between day and night. Atmospheric salinity has been measured by various methods and at many places; the corrosion of ferrous metals and zinc is proportional to the rate of deposit of salt on a damp textile surface. The corrosion of steel in tropical tidal waters is twice as fast in tidal as in continuous immersion, and in the former case can be as high as 12 g. dm.2/ month.
Some factors affecting the rate of solution of oxygen in water
Authors: Downing A. L. , Truesdale G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of a number of factors on the rate of solution of oxygen in fresh and saline water were investigated experimentally to provide information about re‐aeration in a polluted estuary.It was shown that stirring the water at different speeds with impellers or forcing air streams of different velocities tangentially over the surface caused relatively gradual changes in the rates of solution, measured as exit coefficients, until the surface became visibly disturbed. Thereafter there was a much more rapid increase in rate of solution with increasing rate of stirring or wind velocity.Increasing the height and frequency of stable progressive waves and the height of choppy waves generated mechanically in the water caused an approximately linear increase in rate of solution.Under different conditions of surface agitation the rate of solution increased linearly with increasing temperatures in the range 0–35°. The temperature coefficients, defined as the increase in rate of solution expressed as a percentage of the value at 20°, per degree Centigrade increase in temperature had a mean value of 2.37.Oil films on the surface of the water caused little effect until the thickness of the film exceeded 10−4 cm. A soluble surface contaminant, on the other hand, caused considerable reductions in the rate of solution, which increased with increasing concentration of the contaminant but which tended to a limiting value.
The effect of oxygen supply on the rate of growth of aerobacter cloacae
Authors: Elsworth R. , Williams V. , Harris‐Smith R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple theoretical treatment is given of the effect of a limiting oxygen supply on the growth of bacteria. Results are given for the batch culture of Aerobacter cloacae. Using different levels of aeration, the growth rate was measured when growth was restricted by oxygen supply. The bacterial concentration at which restriction occurred was also determined.
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. I. the nature of the problem
Authors: Potter E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods available for the determination of low concentrations (of the order of 0·01 p.p.m.) of dissolved oxygen in water are critically reviewed and methods of assessing their accuracy are discussed. The Winkler method with an amperometric finish for the iodimetric titration is advocated with amendments to avoid errors caused by the presence of interfering substances in the water sample and in the reagents used.
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. III titrimetric determination of iodine in sub‐microgramme amounts
Authors: Potter E. C. , White J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA sensitive electrical circuit is described for use with all‐platinum or tungsten/platinum electrodes in the amperometric titration of iodine. The procedure described is sensitive to 0·01 μg. of iodine in 100 ml. of solution. The presence of up to at least 2 p.p.m. of ferrous, ferric and cupric ions causes no interference.Thiosulphate and iodate solutions of concentration 10−5N can be accurately prepared by successive dilution of 0·1N solutions. Titration of 100 ml. of 10−7N‐thiosulphate with 10−5N‐iodate is reproducible and practicable.
The corrosion of tin and tinned copper in dilute neutral solutions
Authors: Britton S. C. , Michael D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLocal corrosion of tin by dilute chloride solutions is not prevented indefinitely by special physical or chemical preparation of the metal surface, or by alloying additions to the metal. The time elapsing before local corrosion begins is affected by surface condition and, with increase in the severity of attack, by contact of the metal with another solid surface to form a crevice, reduction of pH of the solution and electrical contact with a more noble metal.The intermetallic compounds formed in hot‐dipped or wiped coatings of tin on copper are resistant to corrosion and may be slightly cathodic to copper, but tin remained anodic to copper even when ennobled by oxide films. Wiped coatings on copper are more susceptible to local corrosion than electrodeposited or hot‐dipped coatings because the attack on the free tin remaining on the surface is stimulated by contact with exposed areas of tin–copper compound.Addition of sodium bicarbonate, carbonate, benzoate, chromate, phosphate or silicate to chloride solutions prevents local corrosion and cathodic protection can be obtained with aluminium anodes.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. VII the addition of organo‐tin hydrides to olefinic double bonds
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Noltes J. G. , Luijten J. G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new method for the synthesis of tin‐carbon bonds is described. The synthesis involves the non‐catalysed addition of organo‐tin hydrides to olefinic double bonds at moderate temperatures (60–100°). This method allows the preparation of a variety of hitherto unknown types of functionally substituted organo‐tin compounds, of which typical representatives are described.The structure of the addition products is discussed briefly. It has been shown that the addition of organo‐tin hydrides to olefins does not follow the rule of Markownikow.In a few cases a deviation from the expected addition reaction was observed. Examples of such anomalous reactions are given.
A versatile automatic smoking machine
Authors: Iles W. G. , Sharman C. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe need for a means of applying standard smoking procedures to cigarettes etc. is discussed and views upon what the conditions of smoking should be are put forward. The ‘Autosmoker’ described incorporates a mechanical ‘mouth’, electrostatic precipitation, the automatic counting of puffs to a standard stub, and provision for collection of non‐particulate combustion products. The machine is sufficiently versatile to cover automatic pipe smoking.
Preparation of 2 : 4‐dinitrobenzenesulphonyl chloride
Authors: Lunt E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe compound is prepared in 55–60% yield by interaction of chlorosulphonic acid on sodium 2 : 4‐dinitrobenzenesulphonate obtained from 2 : 4‐dinitrochlorobenzene and sodium sulphite.
The dealkylation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons. II.—The dealkylation of coal tar naphthas
Authors: Betts W. D. , Popper F. , Silsby R. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermal dealkylation of toluene, xylene, vertical‐retort and coke‐oven naphthas has been studied at 100 atmospheres pressure in the presence of hydrogen at temperatures in the range 540–660°. The experiments with toluene were carried out to check the kinetics already proposed1 in this new experimental region. The rate constants, calculated on the basis of a 1·5‐order reaction from the results now obtained, were found to be lower than anticipated by extrapolation of the results obtained in the first part of this series. This discrepancy is discussed and results from two other sources have been used to calculate rate constants at intermediate and lower temperatures in an attempt to clarify the position. The experiments with the 5° xylole and the vertical‐retort naphtha show that it is possible to convert the polymethylbenzenes almost completely to benzene and toluene at temperatures in the region of 650°. The paraffinic materials in these feedstocks are cracked to gas. The formation of higher‐boiling materials can be limited by using high molar ratios of hydrogen to hydrocarbons. The experiments with the coke‐oven feedstocks show that these materials are very stable under the above experimental conditions. This stability is directly related to the low concentration of alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons which occur in these naphthas.
The ammonia‐carbon dioxide‐water equilibrium in boiler feedwater conditioning
Authors: Weir C. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCharts are presented showing the equilibrium relations between ammonia and carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions at temperatures to 200° over the range of pH values of interest in feedwater conditioning. A criterion—equivalent pH—is defined and tentatively advanced as a basis for the design of high‐temperature feedwater conditioning. The equilibria between gaseous and dissolved CO2 and NH3 are discussed and applied, as an example, to the estimation of the behaviour of a power plant de‐aerator.
The oxidation potentials of phenolic and amino antioxidants
Authors: Penketh G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple and rapid polarographic method of measuring the relative oxidation potentials of organic compounds has been developed, and values for a large number of phenolic and amino compounds have been determined to find whether any relationship exists between oxidation potential and antioxidant activity. Buffered electrolytes at various pH levels were used and when the determined potentials are plotted against the pH of the electrolyte, most monohydric phenols give straight‐line graphs which correspond closely to the theoretical equation for oxidations in which hydrogen ions are involved in the electrode processE = E0 – 0·058 pH at 20° where E0 is the standard oxidation potential. Other phenolic compounds give graphs showing a ‘break point’ at about pH 6, and have different slopes above and below this value.Most of the hydroxyanisoles and amines exhibit slight curves when potential is plotted against pH.Sufficient alkylated phenols have been examined to establish definite trends in the effects of substitution; thus ortho and para substituents lower the oxidation potential by about 0·08 v while meta substituents have a much smaller effect. These effects are largely additive and the oxidation potentials of polyalkylated phenols can be predicted from a knowledge of the effects of the separate substitutents. With certain 2: 4: 6‐compounds containing large groups, the measured oxidation potential is higher than that predicted and this is attributed to steric hindrance.In general, as the oxidation potential decreases, the antioxidant activity increases. The relationship is not invariably close and, with certain substituted hydroxyanisoles, the antioxidant activities measured are even higher than would be anticipated from their low potentials. No compound of high antioxidant activity has been found to possess a potential higher than 0·70 v and hence the polarographic method should prove to be valuable for a rapid preliminary assessment of possible anti‐oxidants.
New calcium aluminate hydrates
Authors: Roberts M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral modifications of the ‘hexagonal’ tetracalcium and dicalcium aluminate hydrates have been obtained, some of which have not been described previously. Only a newly established 4CaO,Al2O3, 19H2O hydrate, and an α‐form and a hitherto undescribed β‐form of a 2CaO,Al2O3,8H2O hydrate have been found to occur in the aqueous system at 25°. Other modifications are produced on drying under various conditions. The 4CaO,Al2O3,19H2O hydrate, characterized in the X‐ray patterns by a longest basal spacing of 10·6Å, is dehydrated relatively easily to give a mixture of α‐and β‐forms of a 13H2O hydrate, characterized by longest basal spacings of 8·2Å and 7·9Å, respectively. There is little difference in stability between the two forms and it appears to be a matter of chance as to the relative amount of each which may be formed. Two other tetracalcium aluminate hydrates have been obtained with water contents of 11H2O and 7H2O, both of which give longest basal spacings of 7·4Å. The α‐ and β‐forms of 2CaO,Al2O3,8H2 are characterized by longest basal spacings of 10·7Å and 10·4Å respectively. The α‐form appears to be more stable than the β‐form. Three other states of hydration of the dicalcium compound exist, having water contents of 7·5H2O, 5H2O and 4H2O, and giving longest basal spacings of 10·6Å, 8·7Å, and 7·4Å, respectively. With various preparations of the compound 3CaO,Al2O3,CaSO4,aq., basal spacings of 10·3Å, 9·6Å, 8·9Å, 8·2Å, and 8·0Å have been observed, but these modifications await further study.
The manufacture of naphthalene of crystallizing point 78°
Authors: Woolhouse T. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCommercial methods for the production of naphthalene of crystallizing point 78° are investigated. Direct fractionation of the naphthalene oil fraction from a Wilton continuous still achieved some success, but the yield of the desired product was seriously reduced by the presence of as little as 1% of tar acids: direct fractionation of benzole rectification residues was not satisfactory. Fractionation methods have the disadvantage that the product has high sulphur content (at least 0·6%, compared with 0·4% for the product obtained by hot pressing). In the purification of naphthalene by crystallization, the formation of large crystals is necessary, and means for effecting this are discussed. Water‐washing on the centrifuge was selected for the final upgrading to a crystallization point of 78°.
The action of selenium dioxide on wool
Authors: Holker J. R. , Speakman J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelenium‐containing cross‐linkages are formed when wool which has been reduced with thioglycollic acid is treated with a solution of selenium dioxide. Each selenium atom links two cysteine side‐chains, and it is suggested that tetracysteinyl—selenium cross‐linkages are not obtained because the cystine cross‐linkages of intact wool are too far apart.
Phototropic effects in oxides. II. White oxides in general
Authors: Bear Joy , McTaggart F. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhototropic phenomena, with TiO2 as host oxide as discussed in Part I, have been found to occur in a number of other host oxides such as Nb2O5, Al2O3, SnO2, ZnO, etc., when contaminated by one or other of the impurities found effective for TiO2. The effects produced all follow the same pattern and appear to be explicable by the same mechanism, but certain special features become apparent in the cases of Cr and V contamination.
Differential thermal analysis of organic solids
Authors: Varma M. C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy application of thermal analysis to a number of organic solids, melting and boiling points of the compounds were satisfactorily obtained and latent heats of fusion of the compounds, based on the extent of the endothermic peak area of the melting reaction, were evaluated. The melting and boiling points were generally correct to =3° and the values for latent heats of fusion, as obtained by the method, showed reasonable agreement with the latent heat of fusion of the compounds where known. One of the attractive features of the method was the convenience of obtaining the temperatures of sublimation, decomposition, elimination of water of crystallization etc., which might be difficult by other methods. The thermal effects observed were characteristic of the compounds and threw a useful light on their constitution.
The use of mechanical tests in the design of bituminous road surfacing mixtures. II. Stability tests on rolled asphalt
Authors: Broome D. C. , Please A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comparison of resistance to deformation of rolled asphalt has been made at 45° using eight mechanical tests. The compositions tested conformed to B.S.594 and the comparison showed that these cover a wide range of stability. Some rich plastic mixtures included in B.S.594, although rejected after mechanical tests, can be used successfully on the road. Dynamic loading tests employing préssures experienced on the road appear to give the best relative assessment of stability for the compositions best suited to conditions in Great Britain.
Contact angle measurements of water on coal
Authors: Bailey R. , Gray V. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments on the removal of water and wetting liquids from a bed of high‐rank coal using a development of Bartell's method showed that the receding contact angle was nearly zero.Observations of drops of water on coal surfaces confirmed that on polished plates the receding contact angle was low: for high‐ and medium‐rank coals it was about 10°, for a low‐rank coal near to zero. For cleaved plates or rough surfaces the receding angle was indistinguishable from zero. The advancing contact angle, on the other hand, was between 60° and 85° on polished plates, depending on coal rank.Fuel oil on the coal surface increased the receding contact angle considerably. Potassium permanganate treatment gave a zero receding angle but a finite advancing angle.The implications of contact hysteresis for dewatering and froth flotation are discussed. It is concluded that knowledge of both advancing and receding angles is necessary to understand these processes.
Radiation processing of unfilled polyester resins
Authors: Colichman E. L. , Scarborough J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour commercially available, thermally cured polyester resins were subjected to γ‐irradiation at dosages of 1·0 × 106 to 5·0 × 107 rad. and the effects of the irradiations on physical properties were examined. The greatest effects were on tensile strength and Young's modulus in which 20% improvement was noted. There were no significant changes in hardness or heat distortion properties. Styrene‐modified polyester syrups can be completely cured by irradiation at 5·0 × 106 to 1·0 × 107 rad. but the properties of the cured products are not significantly superior to those of materials cured by conventional procedures.
The determination of naphthalene in gas. The solubility of picric acid in water and the dissociation of naphthalene picrate
Authors: Densham A. B. , Ravald L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solubility of picric acid in water has been determined in the temperature range 0° to 30 Previous results are found to be too high below 15°. The dissociation of naphthalene picrate, and hence the naphthalene unabsorbed from gas by aqueous picric acid, is calculated thermodynamically for a range of conditions. The calculated values are compared with experimental results.
Identification of mixed plasticizers by a combination of chromatography and infra‐red spectroscopy
Authors: Cachia M. , Southwart D. W. , Davison W. H. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA procedure is described for the identification and semi‐quantitative estimation of plasticizers in the mixtures commonly used in the formulation of plastics, especially polyvinyl chloride. It involves chromatographic separation followed by infra‐red spectroscopy.
The corrosion of lead by dilute aqueous organic acids
Authors: Coles E. L. , Gibson J. G. , Hinde R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorrosion tests have been carried out on lead totally immersed in solutions of organic acids (0·1–0·0001 N). The corrosion rates in acetic, propionic, butyric, succinic, and lactic acids of the same normality were very similar, while pyruvic acid appeared to form a protective film. Inter‐crystalline attack was the most important general diagnostic feature of the corrosion by the acids, particularly the acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. X‐Ray diffraction analysis has established that the corrosion products in most cases gave patterns which could be arranged in a series showing a gradual transition from basic carbonates deficient in carbon dioxide to the basic carbonate 2PbCO3, Pb(OH)2.
Experiments to establish conditions for the continuous reduction of titanium tetrachloride to the metal by sodium
Authors: Smolinski J. , Hannam J. C. , Leach A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTitanium tetrachloride was reduced continuously to the metal by sodium dissolved in fused chlorides; titanium metal of hardness down to 180 D.P.N. was extracted from the reactor without interrupting the process of reduction.The rate of reduction was about 0.8 g. of titanium tetrachloride per hour per sq. cm. of salt area exposed to titanium tetrachloride at temperatures of 600–700°.The solubility of sodium was measured in the molten salt mixtures 60% LiCl/40% KCl, 48% NaCl/52% CaCl2, 50% NaCl/50% KCl and 36% NaCl/30% KCl/34% SrCl2 (all mol.‐%.) and was found to be similar in all cases, increasing from 1 mol.‐% near the freezing point to 8 mol.‐% at 850°, the increase being rapid over 800°.The solubility of titanium tetrachloride in 60% LiCl/40% KCl (mol.) was found to be about 1 mol.‐% at 800°.
The binary systems benzene‐ethyl methyl ketone and benzene‐cyclohexane
Authors: Donald M. B. , Ridgway K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe binary systems benzene‐ethyl methyl ketone (A) and benzene‐cyclohexane (B) have been studied, and results are discussed with those obtained previously,1 for the binary system cyclohexane‐ethyl methyl ketone (C). Several physical properties and also vapour‐ and solid‐liquid equilibria were determined as functions of the composition. System A formed an azeotrope at 51 molar‐% benzene which boiled at 78.1°/760 mm. Hg, and a eutectic at 24.2 molar‐% benzene and −92°. System B formed an azeotrope at 54.5 molar‐% benzene which boiled at 77.4°/760 mm. Hg, and a eutectic at 26.5 molar‐% benzene at −46.5°. In order of increasing deviation from linearity when plotted against molar fraction, the systems tended to lie in the order A, B, C. An explanation is suggested on the basis of differences in the forces operating (dipole: induced‐dipole or dispersion forces) and the size and shape of the molecular species present.
Syntheses of metal‐complexing polymers. I. Phosphorylated polymers
Authors: Kennedy J. , Lane E. S. , Robinson B. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe syntheses of phosphorylated allyl ester monomers and polymers are described and some factors relevant to allyl ester polymerization are discussed. Successful phosphorylations of chloromethylpolystyrene (cross‐linked with 2% divinylbenzene), polyvinyl chloride and cannel coal, by the use of phosphorus trichloride in conjunction with a Friedel‐Crafts catalyst (AlCl3) have been conducted, and a technique for phosphorylation of a phenol‐formaldehyde resin matrix is described. Alkaline hydrolysis of triallyl phosphate and diallyl allylphosphonate polymers results in monobasic resins with a sodium‐hydrogen exchange capacity of 4.5 mequiv. per g. of acid resin. Oxidative hydrolyses (contact with concentrated nitric acid) of the phosphorylated product obtained from the reaction of chloromethylpolystyrene with phosphorous trichloride results in a dibasic resin with an over‐all exchange capacity of 8.5 mequiv. per g.
The effect of particle size on the velocity of detonation of simple nitroglycerine/salt mixtures
Authors: Dolan J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe variation of velocity of detonation with ingredient particle size and cartridge density for a series of nitroglycerine/sodium chloride mixtures has been determined. It has been shown that the velocity of detonation of such mixtures is a function of the particle size of the sodium chloride used and reaches a maximum at a specific surface of 145 cm.2/g. and then decreases: an explanation is advanced. The change in the velocity of detonation with change in cartridge density has also been shown to be a function of the particle size of the sodium chloride used.