bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Foundations
Authors: Stears Marc 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Freedom was emphasized as a necessity by radical political theorists who argued that the supreme evil of modern industrial society was not poverty but rather the absence of liberty. A coherent and stable social order is what the reformers also strived for as they reacted to the continual growth of social conflict especially on conflict of classes. Even as they agreed on the cause of an ideal society built on harmonious social solidarity, it did not mark the end of ideological debate but rather sparked a new beginning as British and American theorists were largely divided on the defining terms of ‘freedom’ and ‘community’ and how they should be rectified. Different forms of institutional change were demanded by different groups including the idealists, Fabians, and social psychologists and pragmatists who continued to disagree both ideologically and methodologically. Despite prevailing differences, a new conceptual agenda had been set that brought the American national progressives and British social pluralists together in common interests.
From Nationalism to Pluralism
Authors: Stears Marc 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Looking on into Britain in 1914, Herbert Croly, Walter Lippmann, and Walter Weyl paid relatively little attention to the early pluralist stirrings of G. D. H. Cole and Harold Laski. During the early years of the war, it was the theorists of the Fabian Society and their allies on the left of the New Liberal movement who provided the most enticing conceptual and political agenda overseas. These British thinkers, Croly and colleagues believed, shared essentially the same view of liberty and of community as the nationalist progressives. Croly was certain, as were his colleagues, that the war's greatest intellectual legacy should not be the abandonment of progressive ideals but a thoroughgoing ‘reconsideration of former assumptions’. This chapter examines this reconsideration. It argues, in particular, that throughout these years academic and practical developments in Britain continued to offer hope for American nationalist reformers even in the aftermath of the First World War. What changed was the nature and focus of the nationalist progressives' interest.
From Pluralism to Community
Authors: Stears Marc 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines how the socialist pluralists responded to post-war criticisms by taking into account the philosophical basis of their concept of community including the political consequences that made an apparent impact. It also discusses the ideological creativity of the socialist pluralists that leads to the argument of Britain's political, social, and economic system reforms. Although there are still philosophical differences, both movements returned to examine the possibility of state-led reforms and that dialogue facilitated further the identification of elements in public policy central to their immediate reformist endeavours. The potential of education is highly expected by both socialist pluralists and nationalist progressives to successfully kick-start reform processes as it was hoped that immediate improvements might signify a far wider reformist movement.
Education as Politics
Authors: Stears Marc 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter introduces the development of the adult education movement in Britain and the United States and challenges the prevailing scholarly orthodoxy that asserts that the pluralists and progressives engaged in educational activities in a ‘non-ideological’ and ‘non-partisan’ way. It analyses the manifold ways in which the pluralists and progressives employed their contrasting sets of ideals in constructing their accounts of the essential goals of educational reform. It identifies the goals that each movement was trying to achieve through its intervention in educational endeavours, seeking as it does so to understand the complexities of its evolving ideological programme. Finally, it examines the role that the different political environments of Britain and United States played in encouraging the two movements to reformulate their ideals.
The Politics of Poverty
Authors: Stears Marc 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The relief of poverty, whether through the protection of the financial position of workers or through the provision of direct monetary benefits from the state, often takes a place at the very centre of the ideological heritage of the British and American reform traditions. Yet despite the general centrality of this theme, the emergence of the welfare state is hardly to be found in the available scholarly accounts of socialist pluralism and nationalist progressivism. This chapter analyses the ideological and the practical elements of the movements' response. First, it examines the complex ways in which the essential ideological commitments of both the socialist pluralists and the nationalist progressives structured their attitudes to the abstract principles of resource distribution. Second, it analyses both movements' efforts to construct practical mechanisms to ensure the realisation of their ideals. It shows that neither movement abandoned their ideals when they turned to the issue of poverty, nor did they labour entirely in vain.
Gene Expression Biomarkers Provide Sensitive Indicators of in Planta Nitrogen Status in Maize
Authors: Yang Xiaofeng S. , Wu Jingrui , Ziegler Todd E. , Yang Xiao , Zayed Adel , Rajani M.S. , Zhou Dafeng , Basra Amarjit S. , Schachtman Daniel P. , Peng Mingsheng , Armstrong Charles L. , Caldo Rico A. , Morrell James A. , Lacy Michelle , Staub Jeffrey M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Over the last several decades, increased agricultural production has been driven by improved agronomic practices and a dramatic increase in the use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers to maximize the yield potential of crops. To reduce input costs and to minimize the potential environmental impacts of nitrogen fertilizer that has been used to optimize yield, an increased understanding of the molecular responses to nitrogen under field conditions is critical for our ability to further improve agricultural sustainability. Using maize (Zea mays) as a model, we have characterized the transcriptional response of plants grown under limiting and sufficient nitrogen conditions and during the recovery of nitrogen-starved plants. We show that a large percentage (approximately 7%) of the maize transcriptome is nitrogen responsive, similar to previous observations in other plant species. Furthermore, we have used statistical approaches to identify a small set of genes whose expression profiles can quantitatively assess the response of plants to varying nitrogen conditions. Using a composite gene expression scoring system, this single set of biomarker genes can accurately assess nitrogen responses independently of genotype, developmental stage, tissue type, or environment, including in plants grown under controlled environments or in the field. Importantly, the biomarker composite expression response is much more rapid and quantitative than phenotypic observations. Consequently, we have successfully used these biomarkers to monitor nitrogen status in real-time assays of field-grown maize plants under typical production conditions. Our results suggest that biomarkers have the potential to be used as agronomic tools to monitor and optimize nitrogen fertilizer usage to help achieve maximal crop yields.
Beyond drug use: a systematic consideration of other outcomes in evaluations of treatments for substance use disorders
Authors: Tiffany Stephen T. , Friedman Lawrence , Greenfield Shelly F. , Hasin Deborah S. , Jackson Ron 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAcross the addictions field, the primary outcome in treatment research has been reduction in drug consumption. A comprehensive view of the impact of substance use disorders on human functioning suggests that effective treatments should address the many consequences and features of addiction beyond drug use, a recommendation forwarded by multiple expert panels and review papers. Despite recurring proposals, and a compelling general rationale for moving beyond drug use as the sole standard for evaluating addiction treatment, the field has yet to adopt any core set of ‘other’ measures that are routinely incorporated into treatment research. Among the many reasons for the limited impact of previous proposals has been the absence of a clear set of guidelines for selecting candidate outcomes. This paper is the result of the deliberations of a panel of substance abuse treatment and research experts convened by the National Institute on Drug Abuse to discuss appropriate outcome measures for clinical trials of substance abuse treatments. This paper provides an overview of previous recommendations and outlines specific guidelines for consideration of candidate outcomes. A list of outcomes meeting those guidelines is described and illustrated in detail with two outcomes: craving and quality of life. The paper concludes with specific recommendations for moving beyond the outcome listing offered in this paper to promote the programmatic incorporation of these outcomes into treatment research.
Is alcohol dependence best viewed as a chronic relapsing disorder?
Authors: Cunningham John A. , McCambridge Jim 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis ‘For Debate’ paper starts by recognizing the growing trend towards considering alcohol dependence as a chronic relapsing disorder. We argue that the adoption of this model results from focusing on those in treatment for alcohol dependence rather than considering the larger number of people in the general population who meet criteria for alcohol dependence at some point in their lives. The majority of the general population who ever experience alcohol dependence do not behave as though they have a chronic relapsing disorder: they do not seek treatment, resolve their dependence themselves and do not relapse repeatedly. We suggest that caution is therefore needed in using the chronic relapsing disorder label. Our primary concerns are that this formulation privileges biological aspects of dependence to the detriment of psychological and social contributions, it inhibits much‐needed developments in understanding alcohol dependence and leads to inefficient distributions of public health and clinical care resources for alcohol dependence. We invite debate on this issue.
RNA‐mediated gene silencing of ToxB in Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis
Authors: ABOUKHADDOUR REEM , KIM YONG MIN , STRELKOV STEPHEN E. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe fungus Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis causes tan spot, a wheat leaf disease of worldwide importance. The pathogen produces three host‐selective toxins, including Ptr ToxB, which causes chlorophyll degradation and foliar chlorosis on toxin‐sensitive wheat genotypes. The ToxB gene, which codes for Ptr ToxB, was silenced in a wild‐type race 5 isolate of the fungus thorough a sense‐ and antisense‐mediated silencing mechanism. Toxin production by the silenced strains was evaluated in culture filtrates of the fungus via Western blotting analysis, and plant bioassays were conducted to test the virulence of the transformants in planta. The chlorosis‐inducing ability of the silenced strains was correlated with the quantity of Ptr ToxB, and transformants in which toxin production was strongly decreased also caused very little disease on toxin‐sensitive wheat genotypes. Cytological analysis of the infection process revealed that, in addition to a reduced capacity to induce chlorosis, the silenced strains with the greatest decrease in the levels of Ptr ToxB produced significantly fewer appressoria than the wild‐type isolate, 12 and 24 h after inoculation onto wheat leaves. The results provide strong support for the suggestion that the amount of Ptr ToxB protein produced by fungal isolates plays a significant role in the quantitative variation in the virulence of P. tritici‐repentis.
Proteomics plus genomics approaches in primary immunodeficiency: the case of immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome
Authors: Zennaro D , Scala E , Pomponi D , Caprini E , Arcelli D , Gambineri E , Russo G , Mari A 
Published: October 2011

Summary
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) is a rare syndrome due to a mutation in the forkhead box protein 3 gene (FOXP3) leading to an impaired regulatory T cell (Treg) activity associated both with skewed T helper type 2 (Th2) response and autoreactive phenomena. The purpose of this study was to describe a combined proteomics and genomics approach to comprehensively evaluate clinical and immunological phenotypes of patients affected by IPEX. T cell receptor (TCR)-Vβ repertoire and peripheral blood lymphocytes phenotype from three brothers affected by IPEX were studied by flow cytometry. Specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E were evaluated by means of an allergenic molecules microarray [immuno solid-phase allergen chip (ISAC)]. Total RNA was extracted and hybridized to Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays to obtain quantitative gene-expression levels. No FOXP3 protein was detectable within CD127-CD25highCD4+ T cells from peripheral blood. A T cell-naive phenotype (CD62L+CD45R0-) associated with a reduction of both CD26 and CD7 expression and a TCR-Vβ 8 and 22 family expansions were found. B lymphocytes were mainly CD5+ (B1) cells expressing a naive phenotype (tcl1+CD27-). The three IPEX patients had severe food allergy and specific IgE reactivity to cow's milk allergens, a hen's egg allergen and a wheat allergen. Gene expression profile analysis revealed a dysregulation associated mainly with Th1/Th2 pathways. The multiplexing evaluation reported in this study represents a comprehensive approach in the assessment of genetic conditions affecting the immune system such as the IPEX syndrome, paving the way for the development of diagnostic tools to improve the standard clinical and immunological profiling of the disease.
Pregnancy-associated diseases are characterized by the composition of the systemic regulatory T cell (Treg) pool with distinct subsets of Tregs
Authors: Steinborn A , Schmitt E , Kisielewicz A , Rechenberg S , Seissler N , Mahnke K , Schaier M , Zeier M , Sohn C 
Published: October 2011

Summary
Dysregulations concerning the composition and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are assumed to be involved in the pathophysiology of complicated pregnancies. We used six-colour flow cytometric analysis to demonstrate that the total CD4+CD127low+/−CD25+forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ Treg cell pool contains four distinct Treg subsets: DRhigh+CD45RA-, DRlow+CD45RA-, DR-CD45RA- Tregs and naive DR-CD45RA+ Tregs. During the normal course of pregnancy, the most prominent changes in the composition of the total Treg cell pool were observed between the 10th and 20th weeks of gestation, with a clear decrease in the percentage of DRhigh+CD45RA- and DRlow+CD45RA- Tregs and a clear increase in the percentage of naive DR-CD45RA+ Tregs. After that time, the composition of the total Treg cell pool did not change significantly. Its suppressive activity remained stable during normally progressing pregnancy, but decreased significantly at term. Compared to healthy pregnancies the composition of the total Treg cell pool changed in the way that its percentage of naive DR-CD45RA+ Tregs was reduced significantly in the presence of pre-eclampsia and in the presence of preterm labour necessitating preterm delivery (PL). Interestingly, its percentage of DRhigh+CD45RA- and DRlow+CD45RA- Tregs was increased significantly in pregnancies affected by pre-eclampsia, while PL was accompanied by a significantly increased percentage of DR-CD45RA- and DRlow+CD45RA- Tregs. The suppressive activity of the total Treg cell pool was diminished in both patient collectives. Hence, our findings propose that pre-eclampsia and PL are characterized by homeostatic changes in the composition of the total Treg pool with distinct Treg subsets that were accompanied by a significant decrease of its suppressive activity.
Use of cone beam computed tomography in the diagnosis, planning and follow up of a type III dens invaginatus case
Authors: Vier‐Pelisser F. V. , Pelisser A. , Recuero L. C. , Só M. V. R. , Borba M. G. , Figueiredo J. A. P. 
Published: October 2011

Vier‐Pelisser FV, Pelisser A, Recuero LC, Só MVR, Borba MG, Figueiredo JAP. Use of cone beam computed tomography in the diagnosis, planning and follow up of a type III dens invaginatus case. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 198–208, 2012.AbstractAim  To present the case of a maxillary left lateral incisor with Oehlers’ type III dens invaginatus in which cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used as an adjunctive resource in the diagnosis as well as in the planning and 2‐year follow‐up of the nonsurgical/surgical treatment.Summary  The tooth had two root canals: a primary (main) canal with vital pulp that appeared to be closed apically and an invaginated canal that was necrotic, wide‐open at the portal of exit and associated with a large chronic periapical lesion extending to the apex of the maxillary left central incisor. Radiographic tracking of a sinus tract in the labial gingiva of the affected tooth with a gutta‐percha point revealed its origin to be the invagination. The CBCT scans revealed that the periapical radiolucency was significantly larger than seen radiographically as well as an increased thickness of the buccal cortical plate. Conventional root canal treatment of the primary canal was undertaken. As nonsurgical access to the invaginated canal was not possible, endodontic surgery was performed for curettage of the lesion, root‐end cavity preparation using ultrasonic tips and root canal filling with white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). CBCT scanning after 17 months and clinical and radiographic follow‐up after 24 months revealed complete periapical repair and absence of symptoms.Key learning points
The combination of nonsurgical and surgical treatments produced periapical repair in a tooth with type III dens invaginatus with two root canals.
CBCT may aid the diagnosis as well as the management plan and follow‐up of teeth with this developmental anomaly.
Male reproductive success increases with alliance size in Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)
Authors: Wiszniewski Joanna , Corrigan Shannon , Beheregaray Luciano B. , Möller Luciana M. 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Determining the extent of variation in male mating strategies and reproductive success is necessary to understand the fitness benefits of social and cooperative behaviour.2. This study assesses the reproductive success of male Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins in a small embayment population where different behavioural strategies of males have previously been identified. Parentage for 44 sampled calves was examined using 23 microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial DNA marker. Our candidate parent pool of 70 males and 64 females contained individuals sampled from both the embayment and adjacent coastal populations.3. A moderate level of polygyny was detected in our sample. We assigned paternity of 23 calves to 12 males at the strict 95% confidence level and an additional nine calves to two males at the 80% confidence level. The majority (92%) of successful males were identified as residents to the embayment, and 46% of offspring were located within the same social group or community as their father.4. Our results suggest that the size of alliances was the best predictor of reproductive success for males in this population, while the strength of association among allied males, alliance stability and male ranging patterns had little influence. In line with predictions for male alliances formed between unrelated individuals, we found that reproductive skew within alliances was not large.5. Together, our genetic and behavioural analyses demonstrate that alliance formation between male dolphins is a successful strategy to enhance reproductive output.
Genetics of resistance to downy mildew in Brassica oleracea and breeding towards durable disease control for UK vegetable production
Authors: Vicente J. G. , Gunn N. D. , Bailey L. , Pink D. A. C. , Holub E. B. 
Published: October 2011

Downy mildew resistance was previously identified from screening a Brassica oleracea collection against two standard UK isolates of Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Sources of resistance were chosen from this material and developed further in this study by generating doubled haploid (DH) and inbred lines. Seedlings from the new lines were tested for resistance to a larger collection of H. parasitica isolates collected in 2001–2002 and 2007–2008 from the main broccoli and cauliflower production regions of the UK. Three lines (derived from borecole or summer cabbage) were broadly resistant to the pathogen isolates. Three of the remaining lines exhibited strong isolate‐specific resistance; several examples of weak or basal level of resistance to some isolates were observed. A new H. parasitica variant collected in 2008 was virulent in the broadly resistant lines, but was avirulent in a line with narrow specificity of resistance. The F2 and BC1 seedlings derived from outcrossing each of the three broadly resistant lines to susceptible broccoli and cauliflower lines segregated in a manner indicating that the resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene. No susceptibility was observed amongst F2 seedlings derived from intercrossing the three resistant lines, indicating that they all share the same or closely linked broad‐spectrum resistance gene(s). DH lines were produced from F1 plants, and resistant plants were further backcrossed to produce broccoli and cauliflower‐like lines that could be useful pre‐breeding material. A combination of resistance from lines with broad and narrow specificity is recommended for controlling downy mildew in UK brassica production.
Novel p.M96T variant of NRL and shRNA‐based suppression and replacement of NRL mutants associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Hernan I , Gamundi MJ , Borràs E , Maseras M , García‐Sandoval B , Blanco‐Kelly F , Ayuso C , Carballo M 
Published: October 2011

Hernan I, Gamundi MJ, Borràs E, Maseras M, García‐Sandoval B, Blanco‐Kelly F, Ayuso C, Carballo M. Novel p.M96T variant of NRL and shRNA‐based suppression and replacement of NRL mutants associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.Mutations in the gene encoding the transcription factor neural retina leucine zipper (NRL) are known to cause autosomal dominant (adRP) or recessive (arRP) retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In an adRP Spanish family, we detected a novel sequence variation (c.287T>C) in the NRL gene that results in the p.M96T protein change. A functional test of the ability of NRL, in conjunction with cone‐rod homeobox (CRX), to transactivate a human rhodopsin (RHO) promoter was used to evaluate the pathogenic mechanisms of NRL. We found upregulation of the RHO promoter by p.M96T protein similar to that shown by other missense NRL mutations that cause adRP. Affected RP patients of the family carry the nucleotide change, although two other family members that also carry the c.287T>C variation remain asymptomatic. This result complicates the genetic counselling of the family.The pathogenic mechanisms associated with adRP NRL mutations appear to be caused by a gain of function. To suppress the negative effect of an NRL mutant, the suppression and replacement strategy seems to be the most suitable therapeutic approach capable of overcoming the mutational heterogeneity associated with NRL‐linked adRP. Thus, we evaluated this methodology in the NRL gene for the first time.