bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overwintering survival and spring emergence in Meligethes aeneus: effects of body weight, crowding, and soil treatment with Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Hokkanen H. M. T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHigh overwintering mortality was recorded for Meligethes aeneus in the field in Finland, ranging from 85 to 98% depending on the source of the overwintering population. The main factor explaining variation in survival was the body weight of the beetles in the autumn: only the heaviest beetles survived. Body weight, on the other hand, was influenced by treatment of the rape field soil with Beauveria bassiana, resulting in a 50% decrease in winter survival compared with the reference. The soil treatment did not appear to have direct mortality effects (pathogenesis) on the beetle neither in the summer nor in the winter, and there was no apparent effect on survival of crowding of the insects at the overwintering site. Density dependence in overwintering survival of M. aeneus may function through the availability of pollen food in the autumn, and intraspecific competition for it. Treatment of the rape field soil with B. bassiana may be a feasible way to increase the winter mortality and to lower the pollen beetle populations, but requires further research.
Oviposition behaviour of Drosophila subobscura and its parasitoid Asobara tabida in the laboratory
Authors: Prophetou‐Athanasiadou D. , Hodgson P. J. , Kouloussis N. , Jones T. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAt 18 °C, adult Asobara tabida emerge 21 days after oviposition within the host; Drosophila subobscura emerges 18 days after oviposition. The relatively short pre‐oviposition period of adult A. tabida (4 days), compared to that of D. subobscura (4–8 days) results in the generation times of both host and parasitoid being approximately similar. A yeast source is necessary for D. subobscura females to mature their eggs; female flies will not oviposit on patches without a yeast source. While surface roughness is an important characteristic for maximum D. subobscura oviposition, A. tabida oviposition, and consequent levels of parasitism, is enhanced by coating patches with a skin of active yeast. When presented with a multi‐patch environment, experienced and inexperienced female wasps showed no significant difference in their level of attack.
Analyse comportementale des interactions entre la fourmi Tapinoma simrothi et le puceron Toxoptera aurantii
Authors: Dartigues D. 
Published: April 2011

RésuméCette note constitue une approche comportementale de la relation entre Tapinoma simrothi Krausse. et Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de F.). Les fourmis sont plus attirées par les jeunes larves groupées et les aphides aptères. Ce phénomène est analogue quel que soit le degré de familiarisation des aphides aux fourmis ou l'âge des ouvrières. Les fourmis sollicitent plus longtemps les aphides non familiarisés (ceux qui déféquent le moins). Les jeunes ouvrières sont moins actives que les ouvrières pourvoyeuses âgées. Ces résultats sont associés dans notre discussion avec ceux préalablement obtenus, dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales, concernant l'excrétion des aphides. Même si la liaison dans le temps entre ces deux espèces paraît assez faible, la stratégie mise en oeuvre par les fourmis dans la récolte du miellat semble cohérente au regard de la biologie de ces insectes.AbstractBehavioural analysis of the interactions between the ant Tapinoma simrothi and the aphid Toxoptera aurantiiThis note constitutes a behavioural approach to the relationship between Tapinoma simrothi Krausse and Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de F.). The ants are more attracted by groups of young larvae and apterous aphids. This phenomenon is analogous whatever the degree of familiarization of aphids with ants or the age of antworkers. The ants sollicit longer the unfamiliarized aphids (those which defecate least). Young antworkers are less effective than old foraging antworkers. These results are connected in our discussion with those obtained beforehand, under similar experimental conditions, concerning aphid excretion. Although the connection in time between these two species appears rather weak, the strategy brought into play by the ants in the gathering of honeydew seems coherent with the biology of these insects.
Effects of the cytolytic seed protein enterolobin on coleopteran and lepidopteran insect larvae
Authors: Sousa M. V. , Morhy L. , Richardson M. , Hilder V. A. , Gatehouse A. M. R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEnterolobin, a novel 55 KDa cytolytic and inflammatory protein from Enterolobium contortisiliquum seeds, was tested for its toxic effects on larvae of the coleopteran Callosobruchus maculatus and the lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis. Bioassays performed with enterolobin incorporated into artificial seeds showed that the phytocytolysin was toxic to larvae of C. maculatus, causing 70% mortality at a concentration of 0.01% (w/w) and 100% mortality at 0.025%. The protein proved to be innocuous to larvae of S. littoralis. In vitro proteolysis studies using larval gut enzymes, analysed on SDS‐PAGE, showed that only S. littoralis proteases could digest enterolobin, suggesting that the insect's digestive proteases were able to inactivate the cytolysin before it could exert any toxic effect; C. maculatus proteases, on the other hand, were unable to hydrolyse enterolobin. The mechanism of toxicity of enterolobin did not appear to involve any damage to the microvilli of the epithelial gut cells of C. maculatus as shown by electron microscopy. Some tentative hypotheses are considered in order to explain the toxic mechanism of action of enterolobin towards C. maculatus.
Evolution de la diapause du psylle du poirier Cacopsylla pyri dans les conditions naturelles
Authors: Lyoussoufi A. , Gadenne C. , Rieux R. , D'arcier F. Faivre 
Published: April 2011

RésuméDans la région d'Avignon, la forme hivernale de Cacopsylla pyri (L.) apparaît dans la nature au cours de la lère décade de septembre. Ses émergences se poursuivent jusqu'en janvier et même au‐delà. Le sex‐ratio de la population, d'abord élevé, reste voisin de 1 puis décroît à la mi‐janvier avec la mortalité plus précoce des mâles. Les femelles traversent une longue période d'immaturité au cours de laquelle leurs ovaires se développent lentement. La diapause ne semble pas rallonger préférentiellement un stade ovarien et son achèvement n'apparaît pas non plus s'effectuer à un stade plutôt qu'à un autre. L'accouplement n'est pas assujetti à l'achèvement de la diapause des femelles d'hiver. Ces dernières ne s'accouplent cependant pas avec les mâles d'été encore présents en automne.SummaryDiapause development of the pear psylla, Caco‐psylla pyri (L.) under natural conditionsIn the Avignon area, the winter‐form of the pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri (L.), appears during the first 10 days of September. Adults continue to emerge throughout the winter until January and even later. The sex‐ratio is at first high, stabilizes at about 1 and then decreases in mid‐January with the precocious mortality of males. Throughout winter, immature ovaries of winter‐form females undergo a slow but constant development. Diapause does not prolong any particular ovarian stage and its completion seems to occur at any stage. The mating process is not strictly linked with the completion of diapause of winter‐form females. However, the latter do not mate with males of the summer‐form which are still present in autumn.
Age‐dependent foraging behaviour and host‐instar preference of the aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus cardui
Authors: Weisser Wolfgang W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractForaging behaviour and host‐instar preference of young and old females of the solitary aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus cardui Marshall (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), were studied in the laboratory. The analysis of interactions between parasitoids and different stages of Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis Scop. (Homoptera: Aphididae) revealed that encounter rates between aphids and parasitoid females and defence reactions of the aphids influenced the degree to which a particular aphid age class is parasitized. Encounter rates between hosts and parasitoid females depended on the foraging pattern of the parasitoid, which varied with age. In mixed aphid colonies patch residence time increased with parasitoid age. Furthermore, younger parasitoids (≤ 1 day old) laid more eggs into second and third instars, while older parasitoids (≥ 4 days old) did not show distinct host instar preferences. It is suggested that the oviposition behaviour of L. cardui is influenced by the physiological state, i.e. the age of the wasp.
Larval secretions and food odors affect orientation in female Plodia interpunctella
Authors: Phillips Thomas W. , Strand Michael R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSubstrates contaminated by wandering fifth instar larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) elicit oviposition by conspecific female moths, and larval rearing diet enhances oviposition and also induces upwind flight. Two‐choice oviposition assays determined that four‐day‐old gravid female P. interpunctella preferred to lay eggs on dishes containing cornmeal‐based rearing diet compared to empty dishes. Pieces of cheesecloth contaminated by fifth instar larvae elicited more oviposition than untreated cheesecloth or dishes with food. The combination of larval contamination and food was preferred over food only or larval contamination only in both two‐ and four‐choice experiments. The factor(s) in larval contamination responsible for eliciting oviposition in female moths was extracted in hexane, confirming that organic semiochemicals are responsible for the effect. The oviposition‐eliciting activity of larval contamination was retained on cheesecloth for up to 30 days following treatment with larvae, suggesting the active component(s) is stable and of low relative volatility. In two‐choice windtunnel bioassays female moths initiated flight only when rearing food was present in one of the treatments, and they displayed the highest landing responses to a combination of larval contamination and food. Earlier work on P. interpunctella and related pyralid species found that larval contamination due to secretions from the mandibular glands acted as both a spacing pheromone for wandering larvae and as a kairomone for host‐seeking parasitoid wasps. The present study suggests that the same or a similar secretion acts as an oviposition‐eliciting pheromone for conspecific females.
High variation in host adaptation among clones of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum on peas, Pisum sativum
Authors: Sandström Jonas 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe performance of one clone of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), was assessed on 37 different cultivars and species of Pisum L. In addition, random samples of 36 pea aphid clones collected on alfalfa and clover were tested on a selection of five Pisum sativum L. cultivars. Aphid performance was evaluated in terms of the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) during the first five days of life or other life history variables. The MRGR of the first‐mentioned pea aphid clone differed little between cultivars. No significant differences in MRGR were found between wild and cultivated Pisum species or between modern and old P. sativum cultivars. There was considerable variation in host adaptation among the 36 pea aphid clones within each sampled field. The pea aphid clones showed no consistent pattern in performance on four of the five pea cultivars i.e. there was a significant pea aphid genotype — pea genotype interaction. On one of the cultivars all clones performed well. Pea aphid clones collected from red clover generally performed relatively poorly on pea cultivars, in contrast to the pea aphid clones collected on alfalfa. There was no difference in performance between the two pea aphid colour forms tested. Possible reasons for the high variation and the observed adaptation patterns are discussed. The fact that all clones were collected in two adjacent fields indicates that A. pisum shows high local intraspecific variability in terms of host adaptation.
Identification of volatile compounds from fungus‐infected date fruit that stimulate upwind flight in female Ectomyelois ceratoniae
Authors: Cossé Allard A. , Endris Julia J. , Millar Jocelyn G. , Baker Thomas C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFour volatile compounds emitted from fungus‐infected date fruit, Phoenix dactylifera L., were identified using coupled gas chromatographic‐electroantennographic recordings, coupled gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analysis, electroantennographic assays of synthetic standards, and wind tunnel bioassays. These compounds were ethyl hexanoate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and 2‐phenylethanol. Wind tunnel bioassays showed that ethyl hexanoate was capable of stimulating upwind flight and landing on the source by mated female carob moths, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller). Addition of both ethanol and acetaldehyde to ethyl hexanoate resulted in an increase in attraction to a level similar to that found for date fruits. No such effect was noted for additions of 2‐phenylethanol at the dosages tested. In this study, it appears that ethyl hexanoate is a dominant olfactory stimulant and attractant for mated female carob moths, and represents a novel compound with regard to previously identified lepidopteran host odor attractants.
Two tachinid species discriminate between parasitized and non‐parasitized hosts
Authors: López Rolando , Ferro D. N. , Van Driesche R. G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe abilities of Myiopharus doryphorae (Riley) and M. aberrans (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae) to discriminate between parasitized and non‐parasitized Colorado potato beetle (host) Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae, were investigated under laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory experiments showed that both Myiopharus species have a significantly greater frequency for larvipositing in non‐parasitized hosts over parasitized ones. Direct field observations of larvipositional behavior of both Myiopharus species over three growing seasons showed effective restraint from larviposition into parasitized hosts, while larviposition into non‐parasitized ones occurred readily. Avoidance of previously‐parasitized hosts occurred after the larvipositing flies briefly landed on host larvae without attempting to insert the larvipositor.The low levels of superparasitism which occurred in the caged experiments and in the field appeared to be due to a breakdown of the larvipositing parasitoids' restraint when they met only parasitized hosts or when many parasitoids competed for reduced numbers of hosts late in the season.
In vitro rearing of Exorista larvarum on tissue culture‐based diets
Authors: Bratti Alessandro , Coulibaly Amadou Konotié 
Published: April 2011

AbstractExorista (= Tachina) larvarum (L.) (Diptera, Tachinidae), a polyphagous parasitoid that attacks Lymantria dispar L. and Hyphantria cunea (Drury), was reared in vitro from egg to adult on four tissue culture media‐based diets (TMM‐FH, SCHNEIDER'S, EX‐CELL 400, and SF‐900). The kind of tissue culture media in the diets did not influence the adult yield (34 to 55%) and puparium weight (26–27 mg). Adult yield and the puparium weight of E. larvarum developed on TNM‐FH and SCHNEIDER'S‐based diets containing different amounts of Galleria mellonella pupal extract (PE) (0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5%), were lower on diets without PE. In diets without PE development times from oviposition to adult emergence, were shorter on TNM‐FH (19 days) than on SCHNEIDER'S‐based diet (25–26 days). The adults that developed on artificial diets were able to parasitize the factitious host G. mellonella and produce viable progeny. The results demonstrate that E. larvarum is the most promising parasitoid ever studied for in vitro mass production.
Local dispersal of male Helicoverpa zea
Authors: Culin Joseph D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLocal dispersal of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) males as they emerged following the F1 and F2 generations in dent corn was examined in a 4 km diam. area in South Carolina, USA. Males were marked at artificial nectar feeding stations using RbCl, and recovered in traps baited with a synthetic pheromone. Effects of nocturnal boundary layer winds, crop pattern at the pheromone traps, and crop pattern between the marking area and pheromone traps were examined. Local movement of captured male moths was predominantly downwind in both flights in both years of the study. Crop pattern at the traps had no effect on capture of marked moths. During some flights, flowering crops between the marking area and traps had a negative effect on the number of marked moths captured.
Comparison of biological and demographic parameters for Mononychellus progresivus and Oligonychus gossypii on cassava: influence of temperature
Authors: Bonato O. , Baumgärtner J. , Gutierrez J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe effect of five constant temperatures (16, 22, 26, 31 and 36 °C) on biological (survival and duration of developmental stages, fecundity and longevity of females, sex‐ratio) and demographic parameters (Ro, G, rm and Δ) of the two main phytophagous mites that attack cassava in Africa, Mononychellus progresivus Doreste and Oligonychus gossypii (Zacher), was studied in the laboratory. Experiments were performed simultaneously on the two mite species reared on the same cassava variety (1M20) under controlled conditions: 70 ± 10% r.h. and 12L:12D. The lower thermal threshold was 13 °C for M. progresivus and 11 °C for O. gossypii. Both species developed in the range from 22 to 36 °C. The shortest development time was obtained at 31 °C for both species; it was 7.2 days for M. progresivus and 8.2 days for O. gossypii. Maximum fecundity of both species was recorded at 26 °C with 42.1 eggs for M. progresivus and 36.3 eggs for O. gossypii The highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was obtained at 31 °C for both species with 0.289 and 0.214 for M. progresivus and O. gossypii, respectively.
A sex pheromone component novel to the Geometridae identified from Epirrita autumnata
Authors: Zhu J. W. , Löfstedt C. , Philipp P. , Francke W. , Tammaru T. , Haukioja E. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract(Z,Z,Z)‐1, 3, 6, 9‐Heneicosatetraene was identified as a sex pheromone component of Epirrita autumnata (Borkhausen), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection revealed one active peak‐from female pheromone gland extracts. The chemical identification of the compound was based on gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, chemical micro‐reactions and unambiguous synthesis. In a field test, a rubber septum loaded with 3000 μg of this compound showed highest attraction of male E. autumnata moths compared to lower doses and the control. The attraction of males to a 300 μg bait was equivalent to that obtained using live virgin females.
Communication disruption of male Agrotis segetum moths with one or several sex pheromone components
Authors: Svensson M. , Bengtsson M. , Löfqvist J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAttraction of male Agrotis segetum Dennis & Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to sex pheromone traps in fields, which were treated with one or three pheromone components was investigated. Small plots of 1/4 ha size were treated with synthetic pheromone, released by 25 evenly dispersed latex rubber tube dispensers. The dispensers were loaded with either 500 μg Z5‐10:OAc (50 mg/ha), or 1000 μg Z7‐12:OAc (100 mg/ha), or a 3‐component mixture consisting of 500 μg Z5‐10:OAc + 1000 μg Z7‐12:OAc + 1000 μg Z9‐14:OAc. Pheromone traps were placed both within and outside of the treated area in a cross design, with an intertrap spacing of 15 m. Release rates from disruption dispensers were measured in the laboratory after being exposed in the field. The release rates of the components were estimated to be 0.44, 0.11, and 0.06 μg/h/dispenser for Z5‐10:OAc, Z7‐12:OAc and Z9‐14:OAc, respectively. The highest effect of disruption was achieved by the three‐component blend, resulting in a significant suppression of trap catches extending 5 m outside of the treated area. The Z5‐10:OAc treatment resulted in reduced trap catches inside the treated area, but the effect did not extend outside. Z7‐12:OAc alone did not result in any significant reduction in trap catch. The results indicate that different mechanisms may explain the disruptive effect of the treatments and that the single pheromone components are not as effective as the three‐component blend.
The use of triflumuron on sugar‐baited targets for autosterilization of the housefly, Musca domestica
Authors: Howard J. J. , Wall R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA target system, capable of delivering an effective transovarial dose of the chitin synthesis inhibitor triflumuron to the house fly Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), is described. A single 15 × 5 cm polyester target, dipped in triflumuron 10% suspension concentrate (s.c.) and 50% W/V sucrose solution and suspended in 30 × 30 × 30 cm cages of approximately 400 adult M. domestica for 24 h, reduced mean egg hatch to 47%. Egg hatch was reduced to 35% by allowing flies access to similar targets for 7 d. Exposure to triflumuron also interrupted the developmental cycle at the larval stage. After adult M. domestica had been exposed for 24 h to a target baited with 10% triflumuron s.c. and a 50% W/V sucrose solution, only 6% of eclosed larvae pupariated; longer exposure times prevented any pupariation. However, beyond pupariation, there appeared to be no further effect of triflumuron. The age of the flies at first exposure also affected the extent of the ovicidal and larvicidal effects induced, younger adults being more susceptible. However, effects were shown to decrease with time after exposure to triflumuron. A target dosed with 3% triflumuron s.c. resulted in a greater ovicidal effect than a target dosed with 10% triflumuron, suggesting that the higher doses were detected and elicited some negative response from the flies. Effects on females via the treatment of males were demonstrated. The results suggest that utilization of sugar‐baited targets dosed with a low concentration of triflumuron may be a useful step in the development of autosterilizing systems for house fly control.