bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro evaluation of differences in phase 1 metabolism of ketamine and other analgesics among humans, horses, and dogs
Authors: Capponi Livia , Schmitz Andrea , Thormann Wolfgang , Theurillat Regula , Mevissen Meike 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To investigate cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in metabolism of racemic and S-ketamine in various species and to evaluate metabolic interactions of other analgesics with ketamine.
Sample Population—Human, equine, and canine liver microsomes.
Procedures—An analgesic was concurrently incubated with luminogenic substrates specific for CYP 3A4 or CYP 2C9 and liver microsomes. The luminescence signal was detected and compared with the signal for negative control samples. Ketamine and norketamine enantiomers were determined by use of capillary electrophoresis.
Results—A concentration-dependent decrease in luminescence signal was detected for ibuprofen and diclofenac in the assay for CYP 2C9 in human and equine liver microsomes but not in the assay for CYP 3A4 and methadone or xylazine in any of the species. Coincubation of methadone or xylazine with ketamine resulted in a decrease in norketamine formation in equine and canine liver microsomes but not in human liver microsomes. In all species, norketamine formation was not affected by ibuprofen, but diclofenac reduced norketamine formation in human liver microsomes. A higher rate of metabolism was detected for S-ketamine in equine liver microsomes, compared with the rate for the S-enantiomer in the racemic mixture when incubated with any of the analgesics investigated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Enzymes of the CYP 3A4 family and orthologs of CYP 2C9 were involved in ketamine metabolism in horses, dogs, and humans. Methadone and xylazine inhibited in vitro metabolism of ketamine. Therefore, higher concentrations and diminished clearance of ketamine may cause adverse effects when administered concurrently with other analgesics.
Effect of gastric ulceration on physiologic responses to exercise in horses
Authors: Nieto Jorge E. , Snyder Jack R. , Vatistas Nicholas J. , Jones James H. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To develop a protocol to induce and maintain gastric ulceration in horses and to determine whether gastric ulceration affects physiologic indices of performance during high-speed treadmill exercise.
Animals—20 healthy Thoroughbreds.
Procedures—Each horse was acclimatized to treadmill exercise during a 2-week period. Subsequently, baseline data were collected (day 0) and each horse began an incrementally increasing exercise training program (days 1 through 56). Beginning on day 14, horses were administered omeprazole (4 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h until day 56) or no drug (10 horses/group) and underwent alternating 24-hour periods of feeding and feed withholding for 10 days to induce gastric ulceration. Extent of gastric ulceration was assessed weekly thereafter via gastroscopy. Physiologic indices of performance were measured at days 0 and 56. Gastric ulceration and exercise performance indices were compared within and between groups.
Results—In untreated horses, gastric ulcers were induced and maintained through day 56. Gastric ulcer formation was prevented in omeprazole-treated horses. There were significant interactions between time (pre- and post-training data) and treatment (nonulcer and ulcer groups) for mass-specific maximal O2 consumption (O2max/Mb) and mass-specific maximal CO2 production (CO2max/Mb). Post hoc analysis revealed a difference between groups for O2max/Mb at day 56. Within-group differences for O2max/Mb and CO2max/Mb were detected for omeprazole-treated horses, but not for the horses with ulcers.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, gastric ulcers were induced and maintained by use of alternating periods of feeding and feed withholding in association with treadmill exercise (simulated racetrack training). Gastric ulcers adversely affected physiologic indices of performance in horses.
Mangrove Forest Species Composition and Density in Balok River, Pahang, Malaysia
Authors: Rozainah M. Z. , Mohamad M. R. 
Published: June 2009

Sixteen mangrove species from 10 families, including four associate species, were recorded in 4 study plots along the riverbanks of Balok river, Kuantan and Pahang. Rhizophora apiculata and Xylocarpus granatum appeared in all plots. R. apiculata shows the highest density (819 per ha) followed by R. mucronata (775 per ha). Highest species diversity was recorded in the order of plots located on downstream to the river mouth, based on the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index.Key words: Mangrove; flora; ecology; regeneration; dominance; diversity; Pahang.doi: 10.3126/eco.v13i0.1624Ecoprint (An International Journal of Ecology) Vol. 13, No. 1, 2006 Page: 23-28
A Prospective Study of Lymphatic Filariasis in an Endemic Village of Kapilbastu District, Nepal
Authors: Gupta R. , Lanichhane J. 
Published: June 2009

Lymphatic filariasis is a major problems health problem in Nepal. A prospective study was conducted in Maharajgunj VDC, Kapilbastu district, Nepal with the objective to analyze the epidemiological situation of the disease lymphatic filariasis. A total of 505 blood samples were collected by ear-lobe prick method.Out of 505 blood samples, 50 samples (9.90%) were found to be positive for microfilaria (mf) within age between 3 to 85 years. In the present study the highest endemicity rate was found in the age group 61-70 years and the lowest endemicity rate 6.67% was found in the age group < = 10 years. Illiteracy, poor sanitation , lack of knowledge about the disease and not taking precaution of filariasis , habit of working in the fields till late night and early in the morning, sleeping outdoor without bed-nets, keeping cattle in the same house where they live were identified as risk factors for the disease.Key words: Prevalence; Lymphatic filariasis; Microfilaria; Crude disease rate.doi: 10.3126/eco.v13i0.1626Ecoprint (An International Journal of Ecology) Vol. 13, No. 1, 2006 Page: 29-34
Breeding Biology, Captive Breeding and Fry Nursing of Himped Featherback (<i>Notopterus chilata</i>, Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)
Authors: Hossain Q. Z. , Hossain M. A. , Psrween S. 
Published: June 2009

A study was conducted to observe the captive breeding performance with maturing sages and fry nursing of the threatened indigenous fish species Notopterus chitala at Arabpur fish farm (Longitude 89°12'15" E, Latitude 23°10'30" N), Jessore, Bangladesh during 1998 to 2001. The peak period of ovulation for N. chitala was found from July to August and the fish attained its first maturity at third year of age. Captive breeding is the most effective and basis process in case of N. chitala when cemented tank was used for collection of fertilized eggs, percentage of fertilization and hatching in stead of bamboo pole, plastic barrel, cemented tank and barrel made of tin. In the nursery practices live benthos, hatching of Thai punti and silver carp were used as feed of the spawn but the highest growth and survivability of the fish fry obtained by using Barbodes gonionotus (thai punti) spawn and live Tubifex sp. (benthos).Key Words: Fertilization; hatching; growth; survivabilitydoi: 10.3126/eco.v13i0.1628Ecoprint (An International Journal of Ecology) Vol. 13, No. 1, 2006 Page : 41-47
Cyanophycean Flora 0f Southern Himanchal Pradesh, India
Authors: Dwivedi R. K. , Shukla S. K. , Shukla C. P. , Misra P. K. , Seth M. K. 
Published: June 2009

The present paper deals with 37 taxa, 18 genera, 32 species, 4 varieties and 1 forma explored from southern Himanchal Pradesh of India. These taxa are represented by Microcystis, Chroococcus, Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, Merismopedia, Coelosphaerium, Gomphosphaeria, Stichosiphon, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Pseudanabaena, Cylindrospermum, Anabaena, Nostoc, Nodularia, Fortiea, Calothrix, Anabaenopsis. Out of 37 taxa, 27 are first report from the study area. Key words: Fresh-water, blue-green algae, systematics, southern Himanchal Pradesh, India. doi: 10.3126/eco.v15i0.1939 ECOPRINT 15: 29-36, 2008
Foraging Behaviour of the Himalayan Honeybee (<i>Apis cerana</i> F.) on Flowers of <i>Fagopyrum esculentum</i> M. and its Impact on Grain Quality and Yield
Authors: Singh Madhusudan Man 
Published: June 2009

This paper presents the findings of two studies - one conducted on foraging behaviour of Himalayan honeybee (Apis cerana F.) on flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in November 2001 to 2002 and another on its impact on the grain quality and yield increment of this crop conducted during 2000-2002 under different pollination treatments at Kirtipur, Kathmandu valley. Apis cerana bees started their foraging activities early in the morning (06.14 ± 0.004) and ceased late in the evening (17.28 ± 0.011). Total duration of foraging activity was 10:00 h and the average duration of foraging trip was 4.5 ± 0.14 min. Two peaks of foraging activities were observed between 08.30 to 10.30 (Peak I) and 11.30 to 13.30 O' clock (Peak II). The peak I period was the main foraging period and peak II was the second foraging period, both were very useful from the pollination point of view. After this, Apis cerana activity slowly diminished to a stand still at 17.30 pm. The time spent by Apis cerana on the buckwheat inflorescence at different hours of the day 09.00, 12.00, 15.00 O' clock showed longest (24 ± 3 min) in the morning and it decreased as the afternoon approached. This study revealed that Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set in terms of the total number of grains per plant (169.76 ± 4.10), grain weight (33.03 ± 0.26 g) and grain yield (4.40 ± 0.12 g). It also increased the value of fertility (16.08 ± 0.21) and harvest index (35.32 ± 0.35) when compared with Control pollination/excluding all the insects (CP) and Open pollination (OP) treatment. This is mainly due to greater number of pollinators in the Bee pollination (BP) treatment, their longer duration of foraging and also due to superior pollinating efficiency of Apis cerana bees. Key words: Apis cerana, F. beekeeping, buckwheat, fertility, foraging, harvest index, pollination, Kathmandu valley. doi: 10.3126/eco.v15i0.1940 ECOPRINT 15: 37-46, 2008
On Some Desmids from Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal
Authors: Rai S. K. , Misra P. K. 
Published: June 2009

The present work enumerates a total 26 desmids (Chlorophyta) from ponds and reservoirs in and around Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. They belong to 8 genera i.e. Closterium (4), Euastrum (4), Micrasterias (3), Cosmarium (7), Staurastrum (3), Onychonema (2), Hyalotheca (1), and Desmidium (2). Of these, 11 taxa are new records for Nepal. Genus Onychonema is described here for the first time from Nepal. Key words: Algae, chlorophyta, Desmids, Koshi Tappu, Nepal. doi: 10.3126/eco.v15i0.1942 ECOPRINT 15: 47-58, 2008
Ecology of Spotted Flapshell Turtle, <i>Lissemys punctata</i> (Lacepede, 1788) in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md. Lokman , Sarker Shorab Uddin , Sarker Noor Jahan 
Published: June 2009

Spotted flapshell turtle, Lissemys punctata was found in all types of habitats of Bangladesh. Of the 9 categories of habitats studied, the highest number (17.42%) of the turtle species was found in marshland followed by puddles (17.26%), agriculture fields (17.12%), streams (12.1%), canals (10.54%), tanks (10.39%), derelict ponds (9.18%) and domestic ponds (6.08%). Most of the time the turtle was found in burrowing condition (55.83%), rarely it was observed in feeding (7.2%) condition. The turtle seem to have a considerably higher tolerant in all types of environment, so it may be possible to set-up turtle farm commercially in Bangladesh. Key words: Spotted flapshell turtle, ecology, habitat preference, behavioral patterns. doi: 10.3126/eco.v15i0.1943 ECOPRINT 15: 59-67, 2008
Estimating Carbon Sequestration Rates and Total Carbon Stockpile in Degraded and Non-Degraded Sites of Oak and Pine Forest of Kumaun Central Himalaya
Authors: Jina B. S. , Sah Pankaj , Bhatt M. D. , Rawat Y. S. 
Published: June 2009

We calculated the rates at which CO2 is being sequestered in two different forest types of Himalaya. For our comparative study we took the degraded and non-degraded sites of pine and oak forests in Kumaun Central Himalaya. The Van Panchayats (VPs) or Community Forests are managing the nondegraded forest sites for centuries, and from this research we have come to know that the sequestration of CO2 in these non-degraded forests is significantly greater than the degraded forests. The paper recommends the significance of community forests in both Uttarakhand and the world, and advocates that if we want to fight against global warming, we must encourage the community forests and that the people living in severe poverty in these forest areas who become the unsung heroes in the war against global warming, must be paid in lieu of saving their forests, which ultimately become the sink for increased CO2 worldwide. This business or ‘carbon trading' will indeed evolve as the panacea against the war against global warming. Key words: Carbon sequestration, community forests, Van Panchayats, green house gases, global warming, carbon trading. doi: 10.3126/eco.v15i0.1946 ECOPRINT 15: 75-81, 2008
A noninvasive laser-guided preincision localizer for spine surgery
Authors: Pakzaban Peyman 
Published: June 2009

Object
The design and utilization of a novel device for noninvasive preincision localization of the target spine segment during lumbar spine surgery is presented.

Methods
The device consists of 4 low-energy laser diodes, emitting planar beams, mounted around the perimeter of a ring at right angles to each other. The beams are used to align 2 radiopaque cables hanging off the sides of the patient with the target spine segment and the radiographic source and film. The performance of the device in guiding the placement of the skin incision was prospectively evaluated in 76 consecutive patients undergoing unilateral 1-level microsurgical lumbar laminotomy. Preincision lateral radiographs obtained with the device were compared with postincision localizing radiographs in all patients.

Results
In all patients, the location of the incision guided by the final preincision radiograph was found to precisely overlie the target segment as confirmed by a postincision radiograph, the latter obtained after exposure of the underlying laminae. In no instance was it necessary to extend the incision, modify the surgical trajectory, or repeat the postincision radiograph due to improper incision placement. The device's radiopaque cables were clearly visualized on radiography as they traversed the spine image, regardless of body mass index. The initial preincision radiograph based on the surgeon's estimate of the location of the target site localized the target segment in 58 patients (76.3%) and an adjacent segment in the remaining 18 patients (23.7%). Accuracy of the surgeon's initial estimate of the target site (but not accuracy of the device) was found to be inversely associated with body mass index (p < 0.001), thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer overlying the spine (p < 0.001), and presence of transitional lumbosacral anatomy (p = 0.03).

Conclusions
The localization device presented herein provides accurate noninvasive localization of the target spine segment and guides precise placement of the incision over the target segment during lumbar spine surgery.
An anatomical study of the lumbosacral plexus as related to the minimally invasive transpsoas approach to the lumbar spine
Authors: Benglis David M. , Vanni Steve , Levi Allan D. 
Published: June 2009

Object
Minimally invasive anterolateral approaches to the lumbar spine are options for the treatment of a number of adult degenerative spinal disorders. Nerve injuries during these surgeries, although rare, can be devastating complications. With an increasing number of spine surgeons utilizing minimal access retroperitoneal surgery to treat lumbar problems, the frequency of complications associated with this approach will likely increase. The authors sought to better understand the location of the lumbar contribution of the lumbosacral plexus relative to the disc spaces encountered when performing the minimally invasive transpsoas approach, also known as extreme lateral interbody fusion or direct lateral interbody fusion.

Methods
Three fresh cadavers were placed lateral, and a total of 3 dissections of the lumbar contribution of the lumbosacral plexus were performed. Radiopaque soldering wire was then laid along the anterior margin of the nerve fibers and the exiting femoral nerve. Markers were placed at the disc spaces and lateral fluoroscopy was used to measure the location of the lumbar plexus along each respective disc space in the lumbar spine (L1–2, L2–3, L3–4, and L4–5).

Results
The lumbosacral plexus was found lying within the substance of the psoas muscle between the junction of the transverse process and vertebral body and exited along the medial edge of the psoas distally. The lumbosacral plexus was most dorsally positioned at the posterior endplate of L1–2. A general trend of progressive ventral migration of the plexus on the disc space was noted at L2–3, L3–4, and L4–5. Average ratios were calculated at each level (location of the plexus from the dorsal endplate to total disc length) and were 0 (L1–2), 0.11 (L2–3), 0.18 (L3–4), and 0.28 (L4–5).

Conclusions
This anatomical study suggests that positioning the dilator and/or retractor in a posterior position of the disc space may result in nerve injury to the lumbosacral plexus, especially at the L4–5 level. The risk of injuring inherent nerve branches directed to the psoas muscle as well as injury to the genitofemoral nerve do still exist.
Compartmented Neuron Cultures for Directional Infection by Alpha Herpesviruses
Authors: Curanović Dušica , Ch'ng Toh Hean , Szpara Moriah , Enquist Lynn 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCompartmented neuronal cultures allow experimenters to establish separate fluid environments for neuronal axons and the soma from which they emanate. Physical isolation of cell bodies and axons is achieved by culturing neurons in tri‐chambered Teflon rings. Dissociated ganglia are plated in one end compartment of the trichamber, and axonal growth is guided underneath watertight silicone grease barriers into a separate compartment. Since the axons and cell bodies are located in different compartments, they can be infected and assayed separately. We describe the assembly and use of compartmented neuronal cultures for in vitro study of directional infection of neurons by alpha herpesviruses. Selective application of viral inoculum to only one compartment ensures that the remainder of the neuron is not contaminated by input inoculum. This allows for quantification of viral spread, and unambiguous interpretation of immunofluorescence and electron microscopy images.Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 43:26.4.1‐26.4.23. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
HIV‐1 Interactions with Cells: From Viral Binding to Cell‐Cell Transmission
Authors: Janas Alicia M. , Wu Li 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCharacterization of HIV‐1 interactions with host cells is critical for cell biology studies of HIV‐1. This unit describes a set of methods and protocols to perform quantitative assays of HIV‐1 binding, internalization, infection, and cell‐cell transmission. The protocols include: (1) generating infectious single‐cycle or replication‐competent HIV‐1 stocks, (2) an HIV‐1 binding and internalization assay, (3) HIV‐1 infection of target cells and quantification of viral infection, and (4) HIV‐1 cell‐cell transmission assays. These functional assays provide useful tools to quantitatively study HIV‐1 infection and viral transmission. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 43:26.5.1‐26.5.20. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Obtaining Comparative Genomic Data with the VISTA Family of Computational Tools
Authors: Ratnere Igor , Dubchak Inna 
Published: June 2009

AbstractComparison of DNA sequences from different species is a fundamental method for identifying functional elements, such as exons or enhancers, as they tend to exhibit significant sequence similarity due to purifying selection. Availability of whole‐genome sequences for a constantly growing number of organisms makes identification of such elements within these genomes possible. There are two distinct phases in comparisons of genomic sequences: in the first, the sequences are aligned, and in the second, the resulting alignments are analyzed to find conservation signals that may be indicative of functional regions. Due to the considerable length of alignments, good visual representation techniques are a necessity for effective isolation of regions of interest. The VISTA family of tools provides biomedical investigators with a unified framework for the alignment of long genomic sequences and whole‐genome assemblies, interactive visual analysis of alignments along with functional annotation, and many other comparative genomics capabilities. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 26:10.6.1‐10.6.17. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ChEBI: An Open Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics Resource
Authors: Degtyarenko Kirill , Hastings Janna , de Matos Paula , Ennis Marcus 
Published: June 2009

AbstractChemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) is a freely available dictionary of molecular entities focused on “small” chemical compounds. This unit provides a detailed guide to browsing, searching, downloading, and programmatic access to the ChEBI database. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 26:14.9.1‐14.9.20. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of Trisubstituted Pyrroles from Rhodium‐Catalyzed Alkyne Head‐to‐Tail Dimerization and Subsequent Gold‐ Catalyzed Cyclization
Authors: Peng Hong Mei , Zhao Jing , Li Xingwei 
Published: June 2009

Abstractmagnified imageDimerization of N‐protected propargylic amines in a rather rare head‐to‐tail mode has been achieved under mild conditions with high selectivity using rhodium catalysts. The N‐protecting group could be a sulfonyl, carbamate, or carbonyl functionality and (cyclooctadiene)rhodium chloride dimer/1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene {[Rh(COD)Cl]2/dppf} as well as tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium chloride [Rh(PPh3)3Cl] proved to be active catalysts. In addition, these functionalized gem‐enynes subsequently undergo selective gold(III)‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination to give trisubstituted pyrroles under mild conditions.
Atom‐Efficient, Palladium‐Catalyzed Stille Coupling Reactions of Tetraphenylstannane with Aryl Iodides or Aryl Bromides in Polyethylene Glycol 400 (PEG‐400)
Authors: Zhou Wen‐Jun , Wang Ke‐Hu , Wang Jin‐Xian 
Published: June 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe Stille coupling of tetraphenylstannane with aryl iodides or aryl bromides using the bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride/sodium acetate/polyethylene glycol 400 [PdCl2(PPh3)2/NaOAc/PEG‐400] catalytic system at 100 °C has been developed. The reactions were carried out in an atom‐efficient way, as 4 equivalents of aryl iodides or aryl bromides coupled effectively with 1 equivalent of tetraphenylstannane to furnish 4 equivalents of the corresponding functionalized biaryls in high yields.