bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Exploration of Empowerment from the Perspective of Young People with Psychosis
Authors: Grealish Annmarie , Tai Sara , Hunter Andrew , Morrison Anthony P. 
Published: September 2011

Evidence suggests that empowerment is central to improving the effectiveness and quality of mental health care. Empowerment includes increased involvement, choice and access to health information for service users. Within the process of empowerment, individuals may better understand their health needs and accordingly improve their prognoses. Despite the widespread use of the term ‘empowerment’ within mental health, there have been no studies examining how young people with psychosis understand and conceptualize the term empowerment or which factors are conductive to them developing a sense of empowerment. This study aims to qualitatively conceptualize empowerment from the perspective of young people aged 14–18 years experiencing psychosis.Individual interviews were conducted with nine young people with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder regarding their understanding and experience of empowerment. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results indicated that young people who have experienced psychosis conceptualized empowerment as being listened to, being understood, taking control and making decisions for themselves. Young people place high importance on experiencing personal empowerment in relation to being users of mental health services and regard being empowered as the most important factor for determining their own recovery. Results also revealed that young people view mental health workers as very variable in their ability and willingness to address and help facilitate empowerment. They also identified daily routine, structure and avoidance of inactivity as additional means of increasing empowerment. The implications for research and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

The way practitioners interact with young people impacts upon their experience of empowerment.
Young people with psychosis equate being listened to with being empowered.
Young people with psychosis, especially when hospitalized, want to develop and use their own coping styles.
Clinicians who give choices and have a sense of humour are valued by young people with psychosis.
Clinicians must consider whose needs are being met when decisions are made for young people with psychosis.
Different copper oxide nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and application for C‐N cross‐coupling catalysis
Authors: Pan Keming , Ming Hai , Yu Hang , Liu Yang , Kang Zhenhui , Zhang Hong , Lee Shuit‐Tong 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCupric oxide and cuprous oxide micro‐/nanomaterials with well‐controlled sizes and morphologies have been synthesized via different crystal growth techniques. Structural and morphological characterizations of these copper oxide micro‐/nanomaterials were performed by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After that, these copper oxide micro‐/nanomaterials were used as catalysts for a typical C‐N cross‐coupling reaction directly. The catalytic results showed that different copper oxide micro‐/nanomaterials had different catalytic activities in C‐N cross‐coupling reaction. The particle size of cupric oxide and the oxidation state of copper played vital roles in the catalytic process. Cupric oxide with small particle size has the best catalytic activity, while cupric oxide with different morphologies has almost the same yields and cuprous oxide has very poor yields. Further, the possible catalytic mechanism for copper oxide nanomaterials catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction was proposed. And the influence of particle size and oxidation state was carefully discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solvent‐Free, Microwave‐Assisted N‐Arylation of Indolines by using Low Palladium Catalyst Loadings
Authors: Basolo Luca , Bernasconi Alice , Borsini Elena , Broggini Gianluigi , Beccalli Egle M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIndoline‐based compounds are abundant in nature, and the indoline skeleton is an often‐encountered scaffold in a range of biologically active alkaloids, pharmaceutically active compounds, and functional molecules (e.g., sensitizers for solar cells). The wide range of uses warrants further interest in the structural modification of this class of compounds. A series of substituted N‐aryl indolines is prepared by a solvent‐free, palladium‐catalyzed procedure. The procedure requires only low loadings of catalyst, uses microwave irradiation, and starts from commercially available substrates. The method proceeds in good yields and in short reaction times with aryl bromides, chlorides, and iodides, also on 2‐substituted indolines. The combination of solvent‐free methods with microwave heating will further increase in importance in the search for more environmentally acceptable synthesis methods.
Hydrogen Sorption from the Mg(NH2)2‐KH System and Synthesis of an Amide–Imide Complex of KMg(NH)(NH2)
Authors: Wang Jianhui , Wu Guotao , Chua Yong Shen , Guo Jianping , Xiong Zhitao , Zhang Yao , Gao Mingxia , Pan Hongge , Chen Ping 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe interaction between KH and Mg(NH2)2 is investigated. Results from temperature‐programmed desorption measurements on samples of [Mg(NH2)2][KH]x (x=0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) indicated that dehydrogenation from [Mg(NH2)2][KH] occurred through a two‐step reaction with an onset temperature as low as 60 °C. Accompanied by hydrogen release, K2Mg(NH2)4 and MgNH successively developed at lower temperatures, whereas KMg(NH)(NH2) developed at higher temperatures. However, when dehydrogenation was conducted under isothermal and near‐equilibrium conditions, a single‐step reaction that led to the formation of KMg(NH)(NH2) was observed. KMg(NH)(NH2) is a new amide–imide complex. The synthesis of KMg(NH)(NH2) can be achieved either by dehydrogenation of the [Mg(NH2)2][KH] mixture or by thermal decomposition of the [K2Mg(NH2)4][Mg(NH2)2] mixture.
Fluorine‐Free Superhydrophobic Microstructured Films Grown by PECVD
Authors: Rouessac Vincent , Ungureanu Andreea , Bangarda Soumia , Deratani André , Lo Chia‐Hao , Wei Ta‐Chin , Lee Kueir‐Rarn , Lai Juin‐Yih 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPlasma‐enhanced (PE)CVD is used to create, in a single step, a superhydrophobic (SH) (water contact angle over 150°) layer starting from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) vapor (i.e., without fluorine) in a low‐frequency, capacitively coupled plasma reactor under low pressure. Several SH microstructures are obtained, depending on experimental parameters (gas pressures, substrate rotation, pulsed glow discharge, plasma duration) deposited on various substrate types. The presented technique can produce thin SH transparent films (below 1 µm) or thicker ones (above 10 µm) to modify the surface of a macroporous hydrophilic membrane in order to render it SH with a water transmembrane pressure close to 2 bar.
Hippo signaling in Drosophila: Recent advances and insights
Authors: Staley Binnaz Kucuk , Irvine Kenneth D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Hippo signaling pathway emerged from studies of Drosophila tumor suppressor genes, and is now appreciated as a major growth control pathway in vertebrates as well as arthropods. As a recently discovered pathway, key components of the pathway are continually being identified, and new insights into how the pathway is regulated and deployed are arising at a rapid pace. Over the past year and a half, significant advances have been made in our understanding of upstream regulatory inputs into Hippo signaling, key negative regulators of Hippo pathway activity have been identified, and important roles for the pathway in regeneration have been described. This review describes these and other advances, focusing on recent progress in our understanding of Hippo signaling that has come from continued studies in Drosophila. Developmental Dynamics 241:3–15, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1,4‐Phenylenediacetate‐Based Ln MOFs – Synthesis, Structures, Luminescence, and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Ren Yan‐wei , Liang Jia‐xin , Lu Jia‐xian , Cai Bo‐wei , Shi Da‐bin , Qi Chao‐rong , Jiang Huan‐feng , Chen Jun , Zheng De 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA series of new isostructural lanthanide MOFs, [Ln2(pda)3(H2O)]·2H2O [Ln = La (1), Ce(2), Pr(3), Nd(4), Sm(5), Eu(6), Gd(7), Tb(8), Dy(9), Ho(10), Er(11), Tm(12), and Yb(13); H2dpa = 1,4‐phenylenediacetate], have been solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single‐crystal (or/and powder) X‐ray diffraction analysis. All the MOFs are isostructural and consist of 1D Ln–COO helixes that are cross‐linked by the –CH2C6H4CH2– spacers of the pda2– anions in a 3D compressed honeycomb‐shaped network with 1D open channels, which accommodate guest and coordinated water molecules. Evacuation of [Ln2(pda)3(H2O)]·2H2O at 200 °C under vacuum generates [Ln2(pda)3], which gives X‐ray powder diffraction patterns consistent with those of [Ln2(pda)3(H2O)]·2H2O. MOFs 6 and 8 show characteristic luminescent properties. Activated [Tb2(pda)3] exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the heterogeneous acetalization of benzaldehyde with methanol. The possibility for easy recycling makes this catalyst a highly promising candidate to address environmental concerns.
Quality evaluation of cold pressed sunflower oils by sensory and chemical analysis
Authors: Bendini Alessandra , Barbieri Sara , Valli Enrico , Buchecker Kirsten , Canavari Maurizio , Toschi Tullia Gallina 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA®) was developed to characterize the sensory quality of a set of 14 cold pressed sunflower oils present on the Italian market. The oils' chemical quality (free acidity, peroxide value, oleic acid, linoleic acid and volatile profile) was also defined. Eighteen sensory descriptors, selected by a trained panel, allowed for thorough profiling of the specimens. Some of the oils were characterized by dominant positive sensory notes typical of cold pressed sunflower oils (sunflower seeds and nutty), some by mild notes of refined sunflower oils, while others by negative sensory attributes (especially rancid/fried oil). The volatile profiles of the samples (by solid phase microextraction – gas chromatographic analysis, SPME‐GC) were well in agreement with the data provided by the sensory judgment: the samples characterized by olfactive and retro‐olfactive notes of sunflower seeds evidenced many terpenic compounds that were practically absent in oils judged as mild ones (similar to neutral refined sunflower oils). Moreover, the samples defined as defective for the presence of rancid/fried oil negative attribute, showed higher amounts of the E‐2‐heptenal, a volatile aldehyde marking lipid oxidation.Practical applications: The QDA® developed in this work is useful for characterization of the sensory quality of commercial cold pressed sunflower oils. The sensory quality appears to discriminate between genuine cold pressed sunflower oils, characterized by positive peculiar notes, and mild samples more similar to the neutral refined sunflower oils or defective samples. The study of the volatile profiles confirms the suitability of the proposed sensory descriptors, while the analysed chemical parameters give an interesting picture of the quality of the commercial sunflower oils, sold as cold pressed.
Biocompatibility of polyethersulfone membranes for cell culture systems
Authors: Azadbakht Mehri , Madaeni Sayed S. , Sahebjamee Foroud 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPolyethersulfone (PES) membranes with high chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability can be used for low‐cost membrane preparation. In this study, PES membranes and cell culture inserts were prepared and optimized for utilization in cell culture systems. Finding new membranes with high performance is a vital step to promote further tissue culture applications. The performances of non‐transparent, transparent PES, and commercial membranes were compared. The structures of the cells and membranes were observed by inverted optical microscopy. The cytocompatibility of PES membranes was evaluated by culturing HepG2 cells, a human liver (carcinoma) cell line. Cell viability and adhesion were evaluated. The biological activity of the cells was determined by measuring the uptake of indocyanine green (ICG) and by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Although the morphology of the non‐transparent and transparent PES membranes was different from that of the commercial membranes, they demonstrated similar performances. The cells showed a round or oval shape and adhered to form 3D aggregates on the membrane. Cellular uptake of ICG was detected, and glycogen storage was identified by PAS staining. The activity of the cells cultured on the PES membranes confirmed the acceptable properties of the prepared membranes. The homemade cell culture inserts showed satisfactory performance compared with the commercial ones.
Aspergillus niger exo‐inulinase purification by three phase partitioning
Authors: Vinoth Kumar Vaidyanathan , Premkumar Manickam Periyaraman , Sathyaselvabala Vasanth kumar , Dineshkirupha Selvaraj , Nandagopal Jagadesh , Sivanesan Subramanian 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInulinase (2, 1‐β‐D‐fructan fructanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.7) hydrolyses inulin into nearly pure fructose, which is an excellent alternative for the production of fructose syrup. Growing inulinase utilization in different industries encourages the search for high benefit/cost ratio purification techniques for such enzymes. Here, we adapted the three‐phase partitioning (TPP) technique for the downstream process of inulinase obtained from Aspergillus niger. TPP is a simple non‐chromatographic process used for purification and concentration of protein. The various conditions required for attaining efficient purification of inulinase were optimized. The optimum conditions for TPP were found to be 30% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation with 1.0 : 0.5 v/v ratio of t‐butanol to crude extract at pH 4.0 and temperature 25°C. The enzyme was purified by 10.2‐fold using two‐step TPP with an overall recovery of 88%. The enzyme's molecular mass was found to be 63.8 kDa by SDS‐PAGE analysis. Terminal hydrolysis fructose units from the inulin show that enzymes are exo‐inulinase. The recovery of purified exo‐inulinase achieved in this work shows the technical viability of enzyme purification by TPP.
Is climate change responsible for changing landslide activity in high mountains?
Authors: Huggel Christian , Clague John J. , Korup Oliver 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTClimate change, manifested by an increase in mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures and by more intense rainstorms, is becoming more evident in many regions. An important consequence of these changes may be an increase in landslides in high mountains. More research, however, is necessary to detect changes in landslide magnitude and frequency related to contemporary climate, particularly in alpine regions hosting glaciers, permafrost, and snow. These regions not only are sensitive to changes in both temperature and precipitation, but are also areas in which landslides are ubiquitous even under a stable climate. We analyze a series of catastrophic slope failures that occurred in the mountains of Europe, the Americas, and the Caucasus since the end of the 1990s. We distinguish between rock and ice avalanches, debris flows from de‐glaciated areas, and landslides that involve dynamic interactions with glacial and river processes. Analysis of these events indicates several important controls on slope stability in high mountains, including: the non‐linear response of firn and ice to warming; three‐dimensional warming of subsurface bedrock and its relation to site geology; de‐glaciation accompanied by exposure of new sediment; and combined short‐term effects of precipitation and temperature. Based on several case studies, we propose that the following mechanisms can significantly alter landslide magnitude and frequency, and thus hazard, under warming conditions: (1) positive feedbacks acting on mass movement processes that after an initial climatic stimulus may evolve independently of climate change; (2) threshold behavior and tipping points in geomorphic systems; (3) storage of sediment and ice involving important lag‐time effects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transport and storage of bed material in a gravel‐bed channel during episodes of aggradation and degradation: a field and flume study
Authors: Pryor Bonnie Smith , Lisle Thomas , Montoya Diane Sutherland , Hilton Sue 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe dynamics of sediment transport capacity in gravel‐bed rivers is critical to understanding the formation and preservation of fluvial landforms and formulating sediment‐routing models in drainage systems. We examine transport‐storage relations during cycles of aggradation and degradation by augmenting observations of three events of channel aggradation and degradation in Cuneo Creek, a steep (3%) gravel‐bed channel in northern California, with measurements from a series of flume runs modeling those events. An armored, single‐thread channel was formed before feed rates were increased in each aggradation run. Output rates increased as the channel became finer and later widened, steepened, and braided. After feed rates were cut, output rates remained high or increased in early stages of degradation as the incising channel remained fine‐grained, and later decreased as armoring intensified. If equilibrium was not reached before sediment feed rate was cut, then a rapid transition from a braided channel to a single‐thread channel caused output rates for a given storage volume to be higher during degradation than during aggradation. Variations in channel morphology, and surface bed texture during runs that modeled the three cycles of aggradation and degradation were similar to those observed in Cuneo Creek and provide confidence in interpretations of the history of change: Cuneo Creek aggraded rapidly as it widened, shallowed, and braided, then degraded rapidly before armoring stabilized the channel. Such morphology‐driven changes in transport capacity may explain the formation of flood terraces in proximal channels. Transport‐storage relations can be expected to vary between aggradation and degradation and be influenced by channel conditions at the onset of changes in sediment supply. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Environmental concentrations of agricultural-use pesticide mixtures evoke primary and secondary stress responses in rainbow trout
Authors: Tierney Keith B , Williams Jessica L , Gledhill Melissa , Sekela Mark A , Kennedy Christopher J 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The present study sought to determine whether environmentally realistic mixtures of agriculturally important pesticides are stressful to fish. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed for 96 h to concentrations of a pesticide mixture found in a waterway that is the focus of salmon restoration efforts (Nicomekl River, BC, Canada). This mixture contained organochlorine, organophosphorus, phenylurea, and triazine classes of pesticides. Fish given a realistic mixture exposure (total concentration, 1.01 µg/L) had increased plasma cortisol concentration, packed red cell volume, hematocrit (Hct), as well as decreased white cell volume, leukocrit (Lct). Similar changes in Hct and Lct were apparent after exposure to a lower concentration (0.186 µg/L). Interestingly, no changes in plasma cortisol concentration, Hct, or Lct were noted after exposure to a higher concentration (13.9 µg/L). This suggests that the exposure likely impaired the mechanisms enabling the stress response. Across all exposures, plasma glucose concentration was related to plasma cortisol concentration, not to pesticide mixture concentration. This suggests that a secondary stress response may be more related to variability in individual primary stress response than to differences in pesticide exposure concentrations. In summary, the present study indicates that salmon living in agrichemical-contaminated waterways may be experiencing stress, and this may pose a threat to their survival. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2602–2607. © 2011 SETAC
Flesh residue concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in farmed and wild salmon from British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Kelly Barry C , Ikonomou Michael G , Higgs David A , Oakes Janice , Dubetz Cory 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The present study reports measured levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in commercial salmon feed (n = 8) and farmed Atlantic, coho, and chinook salmon (n = 110), as well as wild coho, chinook, chum, sockeye, and pink salmon (n = 91). Flesh residue concentrations (ng/g wet weight) of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordanes, chlorobenzenes (CBz) and cyclodiene pesticides (e.g., dieldrin, mirex) were 2 to 11 times higher (p &lt; 0.05) in farmed salmon compared with wild salmon. Concentrations were positively correlated with flesh lipid levels. Farmed Atlantic salmon (12–15% lipid) typically exhibited the greatest OCP burdens compared with other salmon species. However, when expressed on a lipid weight basis, concentrations of OCPs (ng/g lipid weight) in wild salmon, in many cases, exceeded those levels in farmed salmon. Observed interspecies and site-specific variations of OCP concentrations in farmed and wild salmon may be attributed to divergent life history, prey/feed characteristics and composition, bioenergetics, or ambient environmental concentrations. Calculated biomagnification factors (BMF = CF/CD, lipid wt) of OCPs in farmed salmon typically ranged between two and five. Biomagnification of chemicals such as DDTs, chlordanes, and mirex was anticipated, because those compounds tend to exhibit high dietary uptake and slow depuration rates in fish because of relatively high octanol–water partition coefficients (KOWs &gt; 105). Surprisingly, less hydrophobic pesticides such as hexachlorocyclohexanes and endosulfans (KOWs &lt; 105) consistently exhibited a high degree of biomagnification in farmed salmon species (BMFs &gt; 5). This is contrary to previous laboratory and field observations demonstrating fish BMFs less than 1 for low KOW chemicals, because of efficient respiratory elimination of those compounds via gills. The results suggest that ambient seawater concentrations and bioconcentration-driven accumulation may play a key role in the bioaccumulation of these relatively more water-soluble contaminants in farmed salmon. Finally, OCP exposure through consumption of British Columbian salmon is found to be low relative to United States national average per capita total exposure levels and provisional tolerable daily intakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2456–2464. © 2011 SETAC