bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Claussen Jonathan C. , Shi Jin , Diggs Alfred R. , Porterfield D. Marshall , Fisher Timothy S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCNTPropertiesMechanicalElectricalChemical/ElectrochemicalElectrochemical BiosensingCNT‐Based Electrode FabricationAdsorptionCovalent BondingPolymer EntrapmentAligned ArraysNanoelectrodesHybrid (CNT/Metal Nanoparticle) ElectrodesApplicationsNonenzymatic BiosensingNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH)HomocysteineDopamineIndole Acetic Acid (IAA)Enzymatic BiosensingGlucoseGlutamateEthanolConclusions
Carbon Nanotubes for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Gmeiner William H. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Limitations of Current Therapy Options

Developing Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatment

CNTs
: Physical Properties, Manufacture, and Chemical Modifications

Hyperthermia for Cancer Treatment

Current Ablative Technologies

Use of
CNTs
for Hyperthermia Treatment

CNTs
for Drug Delivery

Localization of
CNTs
to Malignant Tissues

Drug Delivery Using
CNTs

Imaging Using
CNTs

CNT
‐Related Toxicity

Summary and Future Perspective

Acknowledgments
Cancer Treatment with Carbon Nanotubes, Using Thermal Ablation or Association with Anticancer Agents
Authors: Harrison Roger G. , Neves Luís F. F. , Prickett Whitney M. , Luu David 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionUse of Nanotubes as Heated ParticlesUse of Anticancer Agents Associated with NanotubesSummaryFuture PerspectiveAcknowledgments
Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy, Including Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (
BNCT
)
Authors: Chakrabarti Amartya , Patel Hiren , Price John , Maguire John A. , Hosmane Narayan S. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Carbon Nanotubes in the Treatment of Cancer

Drug Delivery

Imaging and Probing

Photothermal and Photoacoustic Therapy

BNCT
and Its Development through Nanotechnology

BNCT
: A Brief Overview

Liposomes

Dendritic Macromolecules

Magnetic Nanoparticles

The Role of Carbon Nanotubes in
BNCT

Summary and Future Outlook
Fullerenes in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Sharma Sulbha K. , Huang Ying‐Ying , Mroz Pawel , Wharton Tim , Chiang Long Y. , Hamblin Michael R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPhotodynamic TherapyTraditional PhotosensitizersPhotophysics and Photochemistry inPDTAnticancer Mechanism ofPDTCellular EffectsIn Vivo EffectsAntimicrobial Mechanism ofPDTFullerenes as PhotosensitizersPhotophysics of FullerenesPhotochemistry of FullerenesInteractions of Fullerenes withDNADrug‐Delivery Strategies for FullerenesStrategies to Overcome the Unfavorable Spectral Absorption of FullerenesCovalent Attachment of Light‐Harvesting Antennae to FullerenesTwo‐PhotonPDTAnticancer Effects of FullerenesIn VitroPDTwith FullerenesIn VivoPDTwith FullerenesFullerenes for Antimicrobial PhotoinactivationPhotoinactivation of VirusesPhotoinactivation of Bacteria and Other PathogensSummary and Future PerspectivesAcknowledgments
Towards Self‐Healing Organic Nanogels: A Computational Approach
Authors: Kolmakov German V. , Duki Solomon F. , Yashin Victor V. , Balazs Anna C. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Methodology

Towards Self‐Healing Organic Nanogels

Response of Samples to Tensile Deformation

Stress–Strain Curve

Tensile Strength of Nanogel Samples

Modeling Viscoelastic Nanogel Particles

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers: Promises and Problems
Authors: Torchilin Vladimir P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionEstablished Paradigms: Longevity and TargetabilityPolymers for LongevityLong‐Circulating LiposomesNonliposomal Long‐CirculatingDDSsCombination of Longevity and TargetingStimuli‐Sensitivity and Intracellular TargetingpH‐Sensitive SystemsTemperature‐Sensitive SystemsMagnetically Sensitive SystemsUltrasound‐Sensitive SystemsRedox‐Sensitive SystemsIntracellular Delivery of Pharmaceutical NanocarriersA New Challenge: Theranostics
Synthetic Approaches to Organic Nanoparticles
Authors: Köstler Stefan , Ribitsch Volker 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTypes of Organic Particle and Scope of This ChapterCharacteristics of Organic NanoparticlesMethods of Organic Nanoparticle PreparationTop‐Down Approaches to Organic NanoparticlesReduction of Particle Size by Mechanical ForcesLithographic MethodsBottom‐Up Approaches to Organic NanoparticlesSolution‐Based Bottom‐Up MethodsVapor Condensation‐Based MethodsApplication of Organic NanoparticlesSummary and Future Perspectives
Core–Shell Polymeric Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Haidar Ziyad S. , Tabrizian Maryam 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Core–Shell Nanomaterials of Biomedical Interest

Core–Shell Polymeric Nanoparticles

Biodegradable Core–Shell Polymeric Nanoparticles

Core–Shell Colloids

Surface Properties and Modification Techniques

Biomedical Applications of Core–Shell Polymeric Nanostructures

Bioimaging, Biological, and Cellular Labeling

Cytotoxicity of
QDs

Glucose Monitoring and Biosensing in Diabetes Mellitus

Drug Delivery

Natural Polymer‐Based Drug‐Delivery Systems: Layer‐by‐Layer Self‐Assembly

Synthetic and Composite Drug‐Delivery Systems: Functionalized Nanoshells

Cancer

Miscellaneous Applications

Future Prospects

Acknowledgments
Polymer Nanoparticles and Their Cellular Interactions
Authors: Mailänder Volker , Landfester Katharina 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDuring the past decade, nanoparticles (NPs) and their interaction with human cells have been a focus of many investigations. The main advantages of NPs over other nanoparticulate systems (such as liposomes and micelles) are their increased colloidal stability, chemical resistance, and simple formulation procedures. Progress in the field of understanding and harnessing the interactions of polymeric NPs with different cell types is discussed and reviewed. Attention is focused on NPs synthesized by the miniemulsion process, as this route has proved to be the most versatile for formulating different polymeric materials via this platform technology. Nanomaterials are of interest only if they make use of the specific properties of supramolecular assemblies and nanomaterials, so that hitherto inaccessible effects can be exploited for new applications. Examples for such new properties are superparamagnetism or the high surface area that is valuable for catalysis and adsorption. Although not an effect triggered by quantum mechanics, the uptake of NPs into a wide variety of cells seems to be specific for materials in the range of 50–200 nm. Uptake can be further enhanced by surface modifications (positive or negatively charged side groups of the polymers, amino acids or specific peptides/proteins). Factors such as size, surface properties, cell type and endocytotic pathways enable the optimization of labeling and selection of cells and NPs for applications bothin vitroandin vivo.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Improve Brain Drug Delivery
Authors: Blasi Paolo , Schoubben Aurélie , Giovagnoli Stefano , Rossi Carlo , Ricci Maurizio 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe General Problem of Brain Drug DeliveryBasic Brain PhysiologyBrain Drug‐Delivery StrategiesSolid Lipid Nanoparticles for Brain Drug DeliveryGeneral InformationPhysico‐Chemical Aspects of Lipid Packing andSLNStructureSurfactants andSLNs for Brain TargetingEvidence of Brain Drug AccumulationSLNPotentiality in Brain ImagingToxicity IssuesConcluding Remarks
Controlling the Shape of Organic Nanostructures: Fabrication and Properties
Authors: Al‐Kaysi Rabih O. , Bardeen Christopher J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGiven the rapid advances in the fabrication of nanostructures composed of inorganic materials, scientists have in recent years sought new methods for the fabrication of nanostructures composed of organic molecules. Organic nanostructures are promising for applications ranging from drug delivery to photomechanical actuation. This chapter will survey the methods used for producing organic nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires), with attention focused on the use of hard templates for the fabrication of organic nanostructures with well‐defined shapes and dimensions. The unique properties and applications of these organic nanostructures will be reviewed.
Conducting Polymer Nanowires and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lee Robert , Wanekaya Adam K. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fabrication of Conducting Polymer Nanowires

Surface Modification of Conducting Polymer Nanowires

Assembly/Alignment of Conducting Polymer Nanowires

Biomedical Applications of Conducting Polymer Nanowires

Sensing and Detection

Proteins and Disease Markers

Detection of Bacteria

Detection of Small Molecules

Detection of Heavy‐Metal Ions and Pesticides

Drug Delivery and
DNA
Carriers

Summary and Future Perspectives
Organic Nanowires and Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Jeong Keunsoo , Park Chong Rae 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Organic one dimensional (1‐D) structures such as nanowires (NWs) and nanotubes (NTs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have recently undergone extensive investigation for possible applications in biosensing, photothermal and/or radiofrequency ablation therapy of cancer, and bioimaging. As few data exist on this particular topic, the aim of this chapter is to encompass the state of the art of these peculiar materials, by describing the various fabrication technologies for NWs and NTs, which include self‐assembly, template synthesis, and modification of CNTs. Also described are some representative recent applications of NWs and NTs in biomedical areas, including biosensors, cancer therapy via photothermal and/or radiofrequency ablation, and optical bioimaging. Future research to solve the currently pending problems, and to broaden the application areas of NWs and NTs, are also discussed.
Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation of Porous Barium Titanate with Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coating for Biomedical Application
Authors: Zarkoob Hoda , Ziaei‐Rad Saeed , Fathi Mohammadhossein , Dadkhah Hossein 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNano phase hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramics have gained importance in the biomedical field due to their superior biological properties. In this study, nanostructured HA coating was used to increase the bioactivity of a piezoelectric bioceramic, barium titanate (BT). Early reports on the influence of collagen piezoelectricity in remodeling of bone have attracted many researchers to piezoelectric bioceramics such as BT. Hence; porous BT was used as the matrix of a new bone graft composite and then coated with nanostructured HA. BT ceramic was foamed via a direct foaming method with a spray of polyurethane foam. The surface of the foam voids was coated with HA via sol–gel and dip‐coating methods. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to characterize the prepared coated foam. XRD and TEM analysis showed that the HA coating had a nanostructure with crystallite size of 20–30 nm. SEM images of the prepared samples showed that the HA coating has about 25 µm thickness. The bioactivity of the prepared composite was evaluated in an in vitro study. The variation of Ca2+ and PO43− ions versus time in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution were measured by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis during 1 month and the results showed that the mineralization of calcium phosphate (Ca‐P) on HA coated porous samples was much more than that in non‐coated sample. The SEM micrographs and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) analysis of the samples after 1 month of immersing in SBF confirm that Ca‐P phase (bone‐like apatite) was significantly mineralized on HA coated porous BT samples. It was concluded that the nanostructured HA coating would improve the bioactivity of BT foam.
High‐Sensitivity p–n Junction Photodiodes Based on PbS Nanocrystal Quantum Dots
Authors: Pal Bhola N. , Robel Istvan , Mohite Aditya , Laocharoensuk Rawiwan , Werder Donald J. , Klimov Victor I. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractChemically synthesized nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) are promising materials for applications in solution‐processable optoelectronic devices such as light emitting diodes, photodetectors, and solar cells. Here, we fabricate and study two types of p‐n junction photodiodes in which the photoactive p‐layer is made from PbS NQDs while the transparent n‐layer is fabricated from wide bandgap oxides (ZnO or TiO2). By using a p–n junction architecture we are able to significantly reduce the dark current compared to earlier Schottky junction devices without reducing external quantum efficiency (EQE), which reaches values of up to ∼80%. The use of this device architecture also allows us to significantly reduce noise and obtain high detectivity (>1012 cm Hz1/2 W−1) extending to the near infrared past 1 μm. We observe that the spectral shape of the photoresponse exhibits a significant dependence on applied bias, and specifically, the EQE sharply increases around 500–600 nm at reverse biases greater than 1 V. We attribute this behavior to a “turn‐on” of an additional contribution to the photocurrent due to electrons excited to the conduction band from the occupied mid‐gap states.
Extruded Saloplastic Polyelectrolyte Complexes
Authors: Shamoun Rabih F. , Reisch Andreas , Schlenoff Joseph B. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTough, dense polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with well‐defined cross‐sections are prepared using a laboratory extruder and plasticizing the complexes with salt water. Stoichiometric starting materials yield stoichiometric complexes of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). As an example of this enabling technology, macroscopic tubes of PEC are produced. Microscopy images of cross‐sections of rods, tape, and tubes show a pore volume of less than 10% in the bulk of the extruded complex and fully dense material towards the surface, where the shear is greatest. Thermal gravimetric analysis reveals the expected salt content for PECs doped with NaCl, and a lack of salt for PECs rinsed in water. The fact that doped PECs are transparent suggests they are supersaturated with salt. Residual stress following extrusion is relieved by exposure to solutions of NaCl. Stress relaxation experiments show decreasing equilibrium moduli as a function of increasing salt doping, consistent with prior results on multilayers of the same polymers.
Heat‐integrated distillation columns: Vapor recompression or internal heat integration?
Authors: Harwardt Andreas , Marquardt Wolfgang 
Published: February 2012

AbstractInternally, heat‐integrated distillation columns (HIDiC) and vapor recompression (VRC) constitute alternative design options to provide sustainable distillation processes. However, the design is often based on heuristic rules or the experience of the designer, as no systematic methodology driven by economics has been established so far. The increased complexity of heat‐integrated columns can hardly be dealt with using simulation studies but rather calls for a systematic design procedure. A new design methodology is presented here; it builds on a superstructure, mixed‐integer minimization of total annualized cost of operation and rigorous thermodynamic modeling. Optimal VRC and HIDiC designs are identified for the separation of binary, multicomponent, and nonideal mixtures and benchmarked against conventional distillation column designs. A small number of intermediate heat exchangers is optimal for these HIDiC configurations, eventually reducing to a single heat exchanger similar to VRC. Therefore, VRC designs are often more cost efficient due to simpler equipment. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Data‐based linear Gaussian state‐space model for dynamic process monitoring
Authors: Wen Qiaojun , Ge Zhiqiang , Song Zhihuan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article develops a data‐based linear Gaussian state‐space model for monitoring of dynamic processes under noisy environment. The Kalman filter is introduced for construction of the linear Gaussian state‐space model, and an iterative expectation‐maximization algorithm is used for model parameters learning. With the incorporation of the dynamic data information, a new fault detection and identification approach is proposed. The feasibility and effectiveness of the two monitoring statistics in the new method are theoretically evaluated and further confirmed through two case studies. Furthermore, detailed fault smearing effect analysis of the proposed method is provided and compared with other identification methods. Based on the simulation results of two case studies, the superiority of the proposed method is explored. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Dynamic effects in capillary pressure relationships for two‐phase flow in porous media: Experiments and numerical analyses
Authors: Das Diganta Bhusan , Mirzaei Mahsanam 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWell defined experiments and numerical analyses are conducted to determine the importance of dynamic effect in capillary pressure relationships for two‐phase flow in porous media. Dynamic and quasi‐static capillary pressure‐saturation (Pc‐Sw) and, ∂Sw/∂t‐t curves are determined. These are then used to determine the dynamic effects, indicated by a dynamic coefficient (τ) in the porous domains which establishes the speed at which flow equilibrium (∂Sw/∂t = 0) is reached. τ is found to be a nonlinear function of saturation which also depends on the medium permeability. Locally determined τ seems to increase as the distance of the measurement point from the fluid inlet into the domain increases. However, the functional dependence τ‐Sw follows similar trends at different locations within the domain. We argue that saturation weighted average of local τ‐Sw curves can be defined as an effective τ‐Sw curve for the whole domain which follows an exponential trend too. © 2012 The Authors. AIChE Journal, published by Wiley on behalf of the AIChE. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. AIChE J, 58: 3891–3903, 2012
Skeletal development inPan paniscuswith comparisons toPan troglodytes
Authors: Bolter Debra R. , Zihlman Adrienne L. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFusion of skeletal elements provides markers for timing of growth and is one component of a chimpanzee's physical development. Epiphyseal closure defines bone growth and signals a mature skeleton. Most of what we know about timing of development in chimpanzees derives from dental studies onPan troglodytes. Much less is known about the sister species,Pan paniscus, with few in captivity and a wild range restricted to central Africa. Here, we report on the timing of skeletal fusion for female captiveP. paniscus(n= 5) whose known ages range from 0.83 to age 11.68 years. Observations on the skeletons were made after the individuals were dissected and bones cleaned. Comparisons with 10 female captiveP. troglodytesconfirm a generally uniform pattern in the sequence of skeletal fusion in the two captive species. We also compared theP. paniscusto a sample of three unknown‐aged female wildP. paniscus, and 10 female wildP. troglodytesof known age from the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. The sequence of teeth emergence to bone fusion is generally consistent between the two species, with slight variations in late juvenile and subadult stages. The direct‐age comparisons show that skeletal growth in captiveP. paniscusis accelerated compared with both captive and wildP. troglodytespopulations. The skeletal data combined with dental stages have implications for estimating the life stage of immature skeletal materials of wildP. paniscusand for more broadly comparing the skeletal growth rates among captive and wild chimpanzees (Pan),Homo sapiens, and fossil hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A fully automated data reduction pipeline for the FRODOSpec integral field spectrograph
Authors: Barnsley R.M. , Smith R.J. , Steele I.A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA fully autonomous data reduction pipeline has been developed for FRODOSpec, an optical fibre‐fed integral field spectrograph currently in use at the Liverpool Telescope. This paper details the process required for the reduction of data taken using an integral field spectrograph and presents an overview of the computational methods implemented to create the pipeline. Analysis of errors and possible future enhancements are also discussed (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The color‐magnitude diagram of NGC 2264
Authors: Turner D.G. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractExisting photometry for NGC 2264 tied to the Johnson & Morgan (1953) UBV system is reexamined and, in the case of the original observations by Walker (1956), reanalyzed in order to generate a homogeneous data set for cluster stars. Color terms and a Balmer discontinuity effect in Walker's observations were detected and corrected, and the homogenized data were used in a new assessment of the cluster reddening, distance, and age. Average values of EB – V = 0.075 ± 0.003 s.e. and V0 –MV = 9.45 ± 0.03 s.e. (d = 777 ± 12 pc) are obtained, in conjunction with an inferred cluster age of ∼5.5 × 106 yr from pre‐main‐sequence members and the location of the evolved, luminous, O7 V((f)) dwarf S Mon relative to the ZAMS. The cluster main sequence also contains gaps that may have a dynamical origin. The dust responsible for the initial reddening towards NGC 2264 is no more than 465 pc distant, and there are numerous, reddened and unreddened, late‐type stars along the line of sight that are difficult to separate from cluster members by standard techniques, except for a small subset of stars on the far side of the cluster embedded in its gas and dust and background B‐type ZAMS members of Mon OB2. A compilation of likely NGC 2264 members is presented. Only 3 of the 4 stars recently examined by asteroseismology appear to be likely cluster members. NGC 2264 is also noted to be a double cluster, which has not been mentioned previously in the literature (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Power spectral distribution of the BL Lacertae object S5 0716+714
Authors: Mocanu G.R. , Marcu A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObservational data in the BVRI bands of the variable BL Lacertae object S5 0716+714 are discussed from the point of view of its power spectral distribution (PSD). A model of the type P (f) = βf–1 [1 + (f /δ)α–1]–1 + γ is fitted to the data for four null hypothesis and the Bayesian p parameter for the fits is calculated. Spectral slopes with values ranging from 1.083 to 2.65 are obtained, with medium values for each band of $ \bar \alpha_B $ = 2.028, $ \bar \alpha_V $ = 1.809, $ \bar \alpha_R $ = 1.932 and $ \bar \alpha_I $ = 1.54 respectively. These values confirm conclusions of previous studies, namely that the source is turbulent. Two disk models, the standard prescription of the Shakura‐Sunyaev disk and magnetized disks exhibiting magneto‐rotational instabilities, were discussed. We found that it is unlikely that they explain this set of observational data (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)