bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvements in Door-to-Balloon Time in the United States, 2005 to 2010
Authors: Krumholz Harlan M. , Herrin Jeph , Miller Lauren E. , Drye Elizabeth E. , Ling Shari M. , Han Lein F. , Rapp Michael T. , Bradley Elizabeth H. , Nallamothu Brahmajee K. , Nsa Wato , Bratzler Dale W. , Curtis Jeptha P. 
Published: August 2011

Background—
Registry studies have suggested improvements in door-to-balloon times, but a national assessment of the trends in door-to-balloon times is lacking. Moreover, we do not know whether improvements in door-to-balloon times were shared equally among patient and hospital groups.

Methods and Results—
This analysis includes all patients reported by hospitals to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for inclusion in the time to percutaneous coronary intervention (acute myocardial infarction-8) inpatient measure from January 1, 2005, through September 30, 2010. For each calendar year, we summarized the characteristics of patients reported for the measure, including the number and percentage in each group, the median time to primary percutaneous coronary intervention, and the percentage with time to primary percutaneous coronary intervention within 75 minutes and within 90 minutes. Door-to-balloon time declined from a median of 96 minutes in the year ending December 31, 2005, to a median of 64 minutes in the 3 quarters ending September 30, 2010. There were corresponding increases in the percentage of patients who had times <90 minutes (44.2% to 91.4%) and <75 minutes (27.3% to 70.4%). The declines in median times were greatest among groups that had the highest median times during the first period: patients >75 years of age (median decline, 38 minutes), women (35 minutes), and blacks (42 minutes).

Conclusion—
National progress has been achieved in the timeliness of treatment of patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction who undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
Executive Semantic Processing Is Underpinned by a Large-scale Neural Network: Revealing the Contribution of Left Prefrontal, Posterior Temporal, and Parietal Cortex to Controlled Retrieval and Selection Using TMS
Authors: Whitney Carin , Kirk Marie , O'Sullivan Jamie , Lambon Ralph Matthew A. , Jefferies Elizabeth 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
To understand the meanings of words and objects, we need to have knowledge about these items themselves plus executive mechanisms that compute and manipulate semantic information in a task-appropriate way. The neural basis for semantic control remains controversial. Neuroimaging studies have focused on the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), whereas neuropsychological research suggests that damage to a widely distributed network elicits impairments of semantic control. There is also debate about the relationship between semantic and executive control more widely. We used TMS in healthy human volunteers to create “virtual lesions” in structures typically damaged in patients with semantic control deficits: LIFG, left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), and intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The influence of TMS on tasks varying in semantic and nonsemantic control demands was examined for each region within this hypothesized network to gain insights into (i) their functional specialization (i.e., involvement in semantic representation, controlled retrieval, or selection) and (ii) their domain dependence (i.e., semantic or cognitive control). The results revealed that LIFG and pMTG jointly support both the controlled retrieval and selection of semantic knowledge. IPS specifically participates in semantic selection and responds to manipulations of nonsemantic control demands. These observations are consistent with a large-scale semantic control network, as predicted by lesion data, that draws on semantic-specific (LIFG and pMTG) and domain-independent executive components (IPS).
Deconstructing Events: The Neural Bases for Space, Time, and Causality
Authors: Kranjec Alexander , Cardillo Eileen R. , Schmidt Gwenda L. , Lehet Matthew , Chatterjee Anjan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSpace, time, and causality provide a natural structure for organizing our experience. These abstract categories allow us to think relationally in the most basic sense; understanding simple events requires one to represent the spatial relations among objects, the relative durations of actions or movements, and the links between causes and effects. The present fMRI study investigates the extent to which the brain distinguishes between these fundamental conceptual domains. Participants performed a 1-back task with three conditions of interest (space, time, and causality). Each condition required comparing relations between events in a simple verbal narrative. Depending on the condition, participants were instructed to either attend to the spatial, temporal, or causal characteristics of events, but between participants each particular event relation appeared in all three conditions. Contrasts compared neural activity during each condition against the remaining two and revealed how thinking about events is deconstructed neurally. Space trials recruited neural areas traditionally associated with visuospatial processing, primarily bilateral frontal and occipitoparietal networks. Causality trials activated areas previously found to underlie causal thinking and thematic role assignment, such as left medial frontal and left middle temporal gyri, respectively. Causality trials also produced activations in SMA, caudate, and cerebellum; cortical and subcortical regions associated with the perception of time at different timescales. The time contrast, however, produced no significant effects. This pattern, indicating negative results for time trials but positive effects for causality trials in areas important for time perception, motivated additional overlap analyses to further probe relations between domains. The results of these analyses suggest a closer correspondence between time and causality than between time and space.
Amygdalar Function Reflects Common Individual Differences in Emotion and Pain Regulation Success
Authors: Lapate Regina C. , Lee Hyejeen , Salomons Tim V. , van Reekum Carien M. , Greischar Lawrence L. , Davidson Richard J. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Although the co-occurrence of negative affect and pain is well recognized, the mechanism underlying their association is unclear. To examine whether a common self-regulatory ability impacts the experience of both emotion and pain, we integrated neuroimaging, behavioral, and physiological measures obtained from three assessments separated by substantial temporal intervals. Our results demonstrated that individual differences in emotion regulation ability, as indexed by an objective measure of emotional state, corrugator electromyography, predicted self-reported success while regulating pain. In both emotion and pain paradigms, the amygdala reflected regulatory success. Notably, we found that greater emotion regulation success was associated with greater change of amygdalar activity following pain regulation. Furthermore, individual differences in degree of amygdalar change following emotion regulation were a strong predictor of pain regulation success, as well as of the degree of amygdalar engagement following pain regulation. These findings suggest that common individual differences in emotion and pain regulatory success are reflected in a neural structure known to contribute to appraisal processes.
Population Dynamics of the Western Australian Soldier Crab Mictyris Occidentalis Unno, 2008 (brachyura, Mictyridae) in the Dampier Archipelago — 30 Years of Observations
Authors: Unno J. , Semeniuk V. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe previously undescribed population dynamics of the Western Australian soldier crab, Mictyris occidentalis Unno, 2008, in King Bay, north-western Australia are elucidated, with annual observations and sampling over a 30-year period from 1980 to 2010. This is the longest recorded study of a single inter-tidal brachyuran population and shows long-term persistence of soldier crab populations in stable, sheltered habitats. The life cycle of M. occidentalis follows a cryptic subsurface juvenile and immature adult (= adolescent) phase and an emergent adult phase. Population densities were generally 500 crabs/m2 for the early 1980s, late 1980s, and during the early 2000s. Maximum population densities were high in the mid 1980s (800 crabs/m2). The spatial and temporal variability in the distribution of the population was consistent over the study period. Juvenile recruitment extends for up to 7 months of a given year between May and November with the main influx of juveniles usually in June and occasional minor influxes in August or October. Juvenile recruitment is followed by incremental growth of individuals at a rate of 1 mm/month reaching sexual maturity in the first year at 6.0-6.9 mm carapace length (CL). Adult males are larger than females with a maximum size of 15.0 mm CL compared to 12.0 mm CL, respectively. Ovigerous females are low in numbers throughout most of the year but reach a peak in February. During swarming, M. occidentalis populations partition not only by size class, with surface crabs being adults only and subsurface crabs mainly adult females and juveniles, but also by sex in that swarms are male-dominated in varying ratios.
The Prosecution of Gender-based Crimes at the ICC: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Mouthaan Solange 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe ICC statute incorporates a mandate to implement gender-sensitive measures in its structures and procedures, but trials in progress at present demonstrate that the ICC faces considerable challenges in tackling gender-based crimes consistently. The current Article discusses the fact that gender-based crimes are still under-investigated, under-prosecuted and remain the least condemned crime. In the face of considerable difficulties, not least the absence of guidance on the implementation of its statute in this regard and its limited resources, the ICC must make a firm commitment to the prosecution of gender-based crimes. The Article concludes with an analysis of three specific areas: (i) the necessity for the establishment of institutional arrangements for decision-making about prosecutions and investigations; (ii) the necessity for Member States to demonstrate commitment that such crimes will not be tolerated and (iii) the necessity for gender-based crimes to be expressly identified as international crimes.
Evaluating Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model Predictions of Turbulent Flow Parameters in a Dry Convective Boundary Layer
Authors: Gibbs Jeremy A. , Fedorovich Evgeni , van Eijk Alexander M. J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model predictions using different boundary layer schemes and horizontal grid spacings were compared with observational and numerical large-eddy simulation data for conditions corresponding to a dry atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) over the southern Great Plains (SGP). The first studied case exhibited a dryline passage during the simulation window, and the second studied case was used to examine the CBL in a post-cold-frontal environment. The model runs were conducted with three boundary layer parameterization schemes (Yonsei University, Mellor–Yamada–Janjić, and asymmetrical convective) commonly employed within the WRF model environment to represent effects of small-scale turbulent transport. A study domain was centered over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program SGP site in Lamont, Oklahoma. Results show that near-surface flow and turbulence parameters are predicted reasonably well with all tested horizontal grid spacings (1, 2, and 4 km) and that value added through refining grid spacing was minimal at best for conditions considered in this study. In accord with this result, it was suggested that the 16-fold increase in computing overhead associated with changing from 4- to 1-km grid spacing was not justified. Therefore, only differences among schemes at 4-km spacing were presented in detail. WRF model predictions generally overestimated the contribution to turbulence generation by mechanical forcing over buoyancy forcing in both studied CBL cases. Nonlocal parameterization schemes were found to match observational data more closely than did the local scheme, although differences among the predictions with all three schemes were relatively small.
Global Monsoon, El Niño, and Their Interannual Linkage Simulated by MIROC5 and the CMIP3 CGCMs
Authors: Kim Hyung-Jin , Takata Kumiko , Wang Bin , Watanabe Masahiro , Kimoto Masahide , Yokohata Tokuta , Yasunari Tetsuzo 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
This study evaluates the capability of coupled global climate models (CGCMs) in simulating the prime examples of the forced response (global monsoon) and internal feedback process (El Niño). Emphases are also placed on the fidelity of the year-to-year variability of global monsoon precipitation that is coordinated by the interannual sea surface temperature (SST) fluctuation over the tropics. The latest version of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate 5 (MIROC5) with advanced physical schemes is compared with the two previous versions (MIROC3.2, high- and medium-resolution versions) and with the 20 CGCMs participating in the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). The climatological annual mean and cycles of precipitation and 850-hPa winds, the key components to demarcate the global monsoon domain, are reproduced better in MIROC5 than in MIROC3 versions. As a consequence, the former considerably outperforms the latter and is generally superior to the CMIP3 CGCMs in replicating the intensity and domain of global monsoon precipitation and circulations. These results highlight the importance of the improved physical parameterization in a model. Analyses of the monthly Niño-3 index suggest that the amplitude and periodicity of El Niño are simulated better in MIROC5 than in the MIROC3 versions. Yet the reality of nonlinear ENSO dynamics measured indirectly by the SST asymmetricity over the equatorial Pacific is unsatisfactory in the MIROC family as well as in the majority of the CMIP3 models. The maximum covariance analysis shows that a significant fraction of the interannual global monsoon rainfall variability is in concert with El Niño. The multimodel results reveal that such coupling is robust across the current CGCMs. More importantly, the fidelity of the global monsoon precipitation significantly relies on the realism of tropical SST. Comparison among the MIROC models suggests that improved El Niño is likely attributable to the more realistic Bjerknes feedback loop, which results from the intensified convective activity over the equatorial central Pacific Ocean.
The Role of Bottom Pressure Torques on the Interior Pathways of North Atlantic Deep Water
Authors: Spence Paul , Saenko Oleg A. , Sijp Willem , England Matthew 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Four versions of the same global climate model, one with horizontal resolution of 1.8° × 3.6° and three with 0.2° × 0.4°, are employed to evaluate the role of ocean bottom topography and viscosity on the spatial structure of the deep circulation. This study is motivated by several recent observational studies that find that subsurface floats injected near the western boundary of the Labrador Sea most often do not continuously follow the deep western boundary current (DWBC), in contrast to the traditional view that the deep water formed in the North Atlantic predominantly follows the DWBC. It is found that, with imposed large viscosity values, the model reproduces the traditional view. However, as viscosity is reduced and the model bathymetry resolution increased, much of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) separates from the western boundary and enters the low-latitude Atlantic via interior pathways distinct from the DWBC. It is shown that bottom pressure torques play an important role in maintaining these interior NADW outflows.
African Americans’ Perception of Risk for Diabetes Complications
Authors: Calvin Donna , Quinn Lauretta , Dancy Barbara , Park Chang , Fleming Shirley G. , Smith Eva , Fogelfeld Leon 
Published: August 2011

Purpose The purpose of this exploratory, descriptive, correlational study was to describe the perceived risk for diabetes complications among urban African American adults (18-75 years old) with type 2 diabetes and to explore the interrelationships among illness perception, well-being, perceptions of risk for diabetes complications, and selected physiologic measures of diabetes risk: hemoglobin A1C, blood pressure, and microalbuminuria. Methods Urban African American adults with type 2 diabetes (N = 143) were recruited from 3 Chicago city public health clinics. They completed a demographic survey and 3 instruments: the Risk Perception Survey–Diabetes Mellitus, the 12-item Well-being Questionnaire, and the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire. Physiologic measures included blood pressure, urine for microalbuminuria, and capillary blood for A1C. Results There was low perception of risk for diabetes complications, which was incongruent with the physiologic measures of risk. Less than 33% of participants saw themselves as being at high risk for developing any complications of diabetes, with the exception of vision problems (39%), despite the fact that physiologic measures of risk for diabetes complications were high in this sample. Conclusions Risk perception was associated with well-being, perception of negative consequences, number of symptoms, and negative emotions related to diabetes. Risk perception was not in line with risk, as indicated by physiologic measures; thus, it is necessary to heighten this population’s perception of risk for diabetes complications.
Is Ototopical Nystatin Ototoxic? A Chinchilla Model
Authors: Daniel Sam J. , Sahmkow Sofia , Akinpelu Olubunmi V. 
Published: August 2011

In this prospective controlled animal study, the authors investigated the potential ototoxic effects of ototopical application of nystatin through a tympanostomy tube, using their established chinchilla animal model. Each of the 10 animals used had ventilation tubes inserted in both ears; 1 ear was randomly assigned to receive nystatin suspension, whereas the other ear did not receive any medication, serving as control. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were measured in each animal before application of nystatin and at 45 and 60 days after application. Each cochlea was also processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at the end of the experiment. There was no significant difference in the DPOAEs and SEM appearances of the experimental and control ears over the 60‐day period of the experiment. The authors conclude that transtympanic nystatin did not produce any long‐term ototoxic effects detectable by DPOAEs or SEM.
Parotidectomy by Periauricular Incision
Authors: Petroianu Andy 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveAccording to the literature, periauricular combined with submandibular or cervical incision is used in nearly every parotidectomy. The aim of this study was to present the results of the use of only periauricular incision in parotid surgical procedures.DesignA case series with planned data collection.SettingPatients of the author were operated on at the Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, Brazil.Subjects and MethodsForty‐one consecutive partial or total parotidectomies (27 cases of pleomorphic adenoma, 9 of other benign tumors, 3 of parotid cysts, and 2 of chronic parotiditis) were performed using only periauricular incision.ResultsThe parotid tumors were removed in all cases with no need for any further skin procedures, as the incisions produced a good aesthetic result. All patients presented temporary hypoesthesia in the area that had been operated on for no more than 6 months. Ear discomfort was reported by 18 patients for a short period of time. Local infection occurred in 1 case successfully treated with systemic antibiotics.ConclusionThe results of the present study indicate that periauricular incision is a high‐quality and highly aesthetic option for surgical procedures concerning benign conditions of the parotid gland.
Direct oxymetric peripheral tissue perfusion monitoring during open heart surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass: preliminary experience
Authors: Lonsky V , Svitek V , Brzek V , Kubicek J , Volt M , Horak M , Mandak J 
Published: August 2011

Background: Regional hypoperfusion has been associated with the development of postoperative organ dysfunction in cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Direct tissue oxymetry is a potentially new method for monitoring the quality of the peripheral tissue perfusion during CPB. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of CPB in skeletal muscle oxygenation when measured in the deltoid muscle by direct oxymetry during perioperative period. Method: Seven patients underwent on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Direct oxymetry was performed by an optical cathether introduced into the deltoid muscle. Continuous measurement was made during the surgical procedure and the postoperative period. Mean arterial blood pressure, blood flow during CPB, laboratory markers of tissue hypoperfusion, blood gases and body temperature were also recorded. Results: Interstitial muscle tissue oxygen tension (pO2) decreased after the introduction to anaesthesia and, more significantly, during CPB. After the disconnection from CPB at the end of the operation, the pO2 returned to pre-anaesthetic values. During the first hours after admission of the patients to the intensive care unit, the pO2 progressively decreased, reached a minimum value after four hours, and increased slowly thereafter. There was a significant correlation of pO2 with mean arterial blood pressure and blood flow during that time. Conclusion: The result of this first measurement seems to demonstrate that the standard technique of conducting cardiopulmonary bypass produces low muscle oxygen tension and, thus, little perfusion of skeletal muscle. The data also indicate that both high mean arterial blood pressure and high flow are necessary during CPB to ensure skeletal muscle perfusion. The investigation is continuing.
Multiple extrusion and dilution of nanocomposites and their effect on the mechanical properties
Authors: Hassinger I , Burkhart T 
Published: August 2011

Commercially available TiO2 and BaSO4 nanoparticles were incorporated in polyamide 6 (PA 6) via twin screw extrusion. The primary particle size of these two nanoparticles was 15 nm and 20 nm, respectively. The compounds were manufactured via multiple extrusion and dilution processing steps. The dispersion of the nanoparticles in the matrix was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. The mechanical properties were determined via tensile and bending tests. The toughness was investigated by the Charpy V-notch impact strength test. It was found that for TiO2 fillers a threefold extrusion process is sufficient to realize a dispersion index of 94.4%. BaSO4 fillers were hardly dispersible, ending up with a maximum dispersion index of 71%. Tensile and bending properties are maintained constant, or can be improved with the number of performed extrusion steps. Despite good deagglomeration, impact strength at low concentrations was not improved in case of TiO2, which is probably due to remaining microagglomerates.