bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lifecycle of Qaf in Jordan
Authors: Al-Wer Enam , Herin Bruno 
Published: January 2012

Le « cycle de vie » de Qaf en Jordanie Bien que la variable Qaf soit souvent présentée comme « la variable sociolinguistique la mieux étudiée » de l’arabe, force est de constater qu’il persiste, dans notre connaissance de la progression d’une forme A à une forme B de cette variable, des lacunes importantes. Ainsi, le « problème de l’évaluation » (Weinreich et al. 1968) est souvent résolu en faisant appel aux notions de « prestige », de « stigmatisation », de « féminité / masculinité » ou « d’urbain / rural », sans analyse, en amont, des facteurs empiriques qui ont pu conduire à l’émergence de ces valeurs sociales ou de leur évolution. Cet article s’intéresse au « cycle de vie » de la variable Qaf en Jordanie. Il s’appuie sur des données linguistiques recueillies par les auteurs dans plusieurs communes jordaniennes, dont la capitale, Amman, ainsi que sur une analyse des facteurs socioéconomiques et des développements politiques qu’a connus le pays. Il se penche sur les causes ayant conduit à l’émergence de la variation, sur la transition d’un groupe social à l’autre et sur l’enracinement du changement au fur et à mesure de sa progression dans le système social de la communauté. La valeur d’une explication qui fournit une analyse rigoureuse des données linguistiques en relation avec le contexte social réside dans sa généralité. L’objectif de notre analyse est de fournir de telles possibilités de généralisation.
Tissue-Resident Ecto-5′ Nucleotidase (CD73) Regulates Leukocyte Trafficking in the Ischemic Brain
Authors: Petrovic-Djergovic Danica , Hyman Matthew C. , Ray Jessica J. , Bouis Diane , Visovatti Scott H. , Hayasaki Takanori , Pinsky David J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Ectoenzymes expressed on the surface of vascular cells and leukocytes modulate the ambient nucleotide milieu. CD73 is an ecto-5′ nucleotidase that catalyzes the terminal phosphohydrolysis of AMP and resides in the brain on glial cells, cells of the choroid plexus, and leukocytes. Though CD73 tightens epithelial barriers, its role in the ischemic brain remains undefined. When subjected to photothrombotic arterial occlusion, CD73−/− mice exhibited significantly larger (49%) cerebral infarct volumes than wild-type mice, with concordant increases in local accumulation of leukocyte subsets (neutrophils, T lymphocytes, macrophages, and microglia). CD73−/− mice were rescued from ischemic neurologic injury by soluble 5′-nucleotidase. In situ, CD73−/− macrophages upregulated expression of costimulatory molecules far more than wild-type macrophages, with a sharp increase of the CD80/CD86 ratio. To define the CD73-bearing cells responsible for ischemic cerebroprotection, mice were subjected to irradiative myeloablation, marrow reconstitution, and then stroke following engraftment. Chimeric mice lacking CD73 in tissue had larger cerebral infarct volumes and more tissue leukosequestration than did mice lacking CD73 on circulating cells. These data show a cardinal role for CD73 in suppressing ischemic tissue leukosequestration. This underscores a critical role for CD73 as a modulator of brain inflammation and immune function.
Mutation of a Positively Charged Cytoplasmic Motif within CD1d Results in Multiple Defects in Antigen Presentation to NKT Cells
Authors: Shin Jung Hoon , Park Ji-Young , Shin Young Hyun , Lee Hyunji , Park Yoon-Kyung , Jung Sundo , Park Se-Ho 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
CD1d is an MHC class I-like molecule that presents glycolipid Ags to types I and II NKT cells. The YxxI motif in the cytoplasmic tail of CD1d contributes to its intracellular localization to the endolysosomal compartment and is important for Ag presentation to type I NKT cells. In this study, we identified the 327–329RRR motif in CD1d and showed that it is critical for the control of CD1d intracellular trafficking and Ag presentation. The replacement of the arginines in this motif with alanines resulted in the extensive accumulation of CD1d in lysosomes but did not affect the cell surface expression. The defect in its cellular localization was accompanied by defects in Ag presentation to both type I and type II NKT cells. These results demonstrated that the 327–329RRR motif of CD1d is required for proper cellular distribution of CD1d and optimal Ag presentation to both type I and type II NKT cells.
Potently Immunosuppressive 5-Fluorouracil–Resistant Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Completely Remit an Experimental Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Oh Ding Yuan , Cui Peng , Hosseini Hamid , Mosse Jennifer , Toh Ban-Hock , Chan James 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
We treated mice with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to isolate a quiescent and undifferentiated mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) population from the bone marrow. We examined these 5-FU–resistant MSCs (5-FU–MSCs) free from hematopoietic components for CFU fibroblasts (CFU-Fs) and assessed their immunosuppressive potential in vitro and in vivo. We differentiated fibroblastic CFU-Fs (Fibro–CFU-Fs) from mixed CFU-Fs, based on the absence of in situ expression of CD11b and CD45 hematopoietic markers, as well as on their differentiation capacity. Fibro–CFU-Fs were associated with increased numbers of large-sized Fibro–CFU-Fs (≥9 mm2) that displayed enhanced capacity for differentiation into adipogenic and osteogenic mesenchymal lineages. Administration of these 5-FU–resistant CD11b−CD45− MSCs 6 d after myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) immunization completely remitted MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after initial development of mild disease. The remission was accompanied by reduced CNS cellular infiltration and demyelination, as well as a significant reduction in anti-MOG Ab and splenocyte proliferation to MOG. MOG-stimulated splenocytes from these mice showed elevated levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6) and decreased IL-17. Compared with untreated MSCs, 5-FU–MSCs demonstrated potent immunosuppression of Con A-stimulated splenocytes in vitro, even at a 1:320 MSC/splenocyte ratio. Immunosuppression was accompanied by elevated IL-1ra, IL-10, and PGE2. Blocking IL-1ra, IL-10, and PGE2, but not IL-6, heme oxygenase-1, and NO, attenuated 5-FU–MSC–induced immunosuppression. Together, our findings suggested that immunosuppression by 5-FU-MSC is mediated by a combination of elevated IL-1ra, IL-10, and PGE2, anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokines, and decreased IL-17. Our findings suggested that 5-FU treatment identifies a population of potently immunosuppressive 5-FU–MSCs that have the potential to be exploited to remit autoimmune diseases.
Manipulation of CD98 Resolves Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Lian Gaojian , Arimochi Hideki , Kitamura Akiko , Nishida Jun , Li Shigen , Kishihara Kenji , Maekawa Yoichi , Yasutomo Koji 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The interplay of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells targeting autoantigens is responsible for the progression of a number of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate T cell activation is crucial for designing effective therapies for autoimmune diseases. We probed a panel of Abs with T cell-modulating activity and identified a mAb specific for the H chain of CD98 (CD98hc) that was able to suppress T cell proliferation. The anti-CD98hc mAb also inhibited Ag-specific proliferation and the acquisition of effector function by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Injection of the anti-CD98hc mAb completely prevented the onset of cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes in NOD mice. Treatment of diabetic NOD mice with anti-CD98hc reversed the diabetic state to normal levels, coincident with decreased proliferation of CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, treatment of diabetic NOD mice with CD98hc small interfering RNA resolved T1D. These data indicate that strategies targeting CD98hc might have clinical application for treating T1D and other T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
The use of games in health education in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia in infancy: the role of the nurse
Authors: Câmara Marilia Cruz Gouveia , De Sá Barreto Ana Maria , De Sousa Medeiros Ana Priscilla Soares , Albuquerque de Lucena Itala Fernanda , De Moura Jéssica Viviane Silva , Oliveira Tamires De Farias 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the importance of playing during the nursing actions in order to prevent anemia. Method: this is a descriptive review, which had undertaken a literature research of publications of the past ten years. Results: 118 items were found, of which thirteen were selected by choosing items that answered to the purpose of the study, and excluding those that were in English, published for over ten years and that did not address the purpose of the research. . Conclusion: it’s responsibility of the nurse as a health educator, used to encourage this dynamic process in the most timely of its scope of work to try to reduce the number of new cases. Playing as a form of prevention is worthy due to its importance to child development, as is the union of learning and being happy. Descriptors: nursing; play therapy; iron deficiency anemia.RESUMOObjetivo: descrever a importância da brincadeira durante as ações de enfermagem, como forma de prevenção da anemia ferropriva. Método: trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica de caráter descritivo, onde foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico de publicações dos últimos dez anos. Resultados: Foram encontrados 118 artigos, e destes foram selecionados treze escolhendo os artigos que responderam ao objetivo da pesquisa, e excluindo aqueles que estavam em inglês, publicados há mais de dez anos e não tratavam do assunto em questão. Conclusão: Devido a isso cabe ao profissional enfermeiro, como educador em saúde, utilizar dinâmicas que favoreçam este processo nos momentos mais oportunos do seu âmbito de trabalho para tentar reduzir o número de novos casos. A brincadeira como forma de prevenção é de bastante valia por ser fundamental para o desenvolvimento infantil, já que é a união do aprender com o ser feliz. Descritores: enfermagem; ludoterapia; anemia ferropriva.RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la importancia del juego en las acciones de enfermería con el fin de prevenir la anemia. Método: se trata de una revisión de carácter descriptivo, que había llevado a cabo un estudio de la bibliografía de las publicaciones de los últimos diez años. Resultados: encontrados 118 artículos, de los cuales trece fueron seleccionados al elegir los elementos que responde a la finalidad del estudio, excluyendo las que estaban en Inglés, publicado hace más de diez años y no aborda el tema en cuestión. Conclusión: a causa de esto es que la enfermera profesional como educador en salud, que sirve para fomentar este proceso dinámico en el más oportuno de su ámbito de trabajo para tratar de reducir el número de nuevos casos. Jugando como una forma de prevención vale mucho para ser crucial para el desarrollo del niño, como es la unión de aprender a ser feliz. Descriptores: enfermería,; la terapia del juego; anemia por deficiencia de hierro.
Certain Biominerals in Leaves Function as Light Scatterers
Authors: Gal Assaf , Brumfeld Vlad , Weiner Steve , Addadi Lia , Oron Dan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCystoliths are amorphous calcium carbonate bodies that form in the leaves of some plant families. Cystoliths are regularly distributed in the epidermis and protrude into the photosynthetic tissue, the mesophyll. The photosynthetic pigments generate a steep light gradient in the leaf. Under most illumination regimes the outer mesophyll is light saturated, thus the photosynthetic apparatus is kinetically unable to use the excess light for photochemistry. Here we use micro‐scale modulated fluorometry to demonstrate that light scattered by the cystoliths is distributed from the photosynthetically inefficient upper tissue to the efficient, but light deprived, lower tissue. The results prove that the presence of light scatterers reduces the steep light gradient, thus enabling the leaf to use the incoming light flux more efficiently. MicroCT and electron microscopy confirm that the spatial distribution of the minerals is compatible with their optical function. During the study we encountered large calcium oxalate druses in the same anatomical location as the cystoliths. These druses proved to have similar light scattering functions as the cystoliths. This study shows that certain minerals in the leaves of different plants distribute the light flux more evenly inside the leaf.
Best use of cardiac biomarkers in patients with AL amyloidosis and renal failure
Authors: Palladini Giovanni , Foli Andrea , Milani Paolo , Russo Paola , Albertini Riccardo , Lavatelli Francesca , Obici Laura , Perlini Stefano , Moratti Remigio , Merlini Giampaolo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn AL amyloidosis prognosis depends on the severity of heart dysfunction which is best assessed by natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT‐proBNP). However, their clearance relies on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and their concentration increases with renal failure. We evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic performance of NT‐proBNP and BNP in 248 patients with AL amyloidosis with different degrees of renal failure. Patients were grouped according to GFR. Group 1 comprised 109 patients with GFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2, Group 2, 77 subjects with GFR <60 and ≥15 mL/min/1.73 m2, and Group 3, 62 patients with GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2. The ability of natriuretic peptides to detect heart involvement and to predict survival in the three groups was assessed. Decreasing eGFR required higher cutoffs of both NT‐proBNP and BNP for detecting heart involvement and predicting survival. Both natriuretic peptides were independent prognostic markers in Groups 1 and 2, whereas in Group 3 only BNP independently predicted survival. Natriuretic peptides are powerful and useful markers of cardiac dysfunction and prognosis, provided that eGFR is considered in interpreting their clinical meaning. BNP should be preferred in patients with end‐stage renal failure. Am. J. Hematol. 87:465–471, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of high‐molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) by low‐temperature emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate and saponification
Authors: Wang Bin , Bao Xiaoming , Jiang Mengjin , Ye Guangdou , Xu Jianjun 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHigh‐molecular weight (HMW) poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was prepared via an emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) using a redox initiation system in low temperatures, and the subsequent saponification with potassium hydroxide in methanol. The effect of the polymerization conditions on the conversion, molecular weight, and branching degree was investigated. PVA with maximum viscosity‐average degree of polymerization (DP) of 8270 could be prepared by saponification of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), with DP of 10,660 obtained at temperature of 10°C, monomer concentration of 30%, potassium persulfate molar ratio to monomer of 1/2000, agitation speed of 160 rpm. The conversion was above 90%. From the emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization of VAc in low temperature, PVAc with HMW and high linearity was effectively prepared, which might be useful for the preparation of high‐strength and high‐modulus PVA fiber. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Hyperbranched polyols from hydroformylated methyl soyate
Authors: Petrović Zoran S. , Cvetković Ivana , Milić Jelena , Hong DooPyo , Javni Ivan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHydroformylation of methyl soyate produces a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters with zero, one, two, and three hydroxyl groups, the major component being with two hydoxyls (around 50%). Polymerization of methyl esters of hydroxy fatty acids gives a hyperbranched product with a different content of hydroxyl groups depending on the degree of conversion. Molecular weights can be controlled by controlling the degree of conversion but also using monofunctional components. A range of hyperbranched polyols with acceptable viscosities and functionalities, suitable for flexible applications, was obtained by stopping the reaction at varying degrees of conversion. Monte‐Carlo simulation of the polymerization of hydroxylated methyl soyate gave molecular weights and polydispersity which were compared with experimental values. Although hydroxylated methyl soyate contains considerable amounts of mono‐ and difunctional fatty acids, the system produces a physical gel at the highest conversions. This is due to very high molecular weights and was confirmed by experiments and the simulation. The simulation unexpectedly gave lower molecular weights but wider distribution than the experiments. This discrepancy was explained by the combination of experimental difficulties and possible side reactions leading to higher molecular weights. Functionality of polyols determined from gel points at critical NCO/OH ratios was reasonably close to predictions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Investigation on the interpenetrating polymer networks (ipns) of polyvinyl alcohol and poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) hydrogel and its in vitro bioassessment
Authors: Gong Mei , Zhang Li , Zuo Yi , Zou Qin , Wang Yanying , Wang Li , Li Yubao 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) composite hydrogel with interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) was prepared by in situ polymerization and compared with pure PVA hydrogel. The prepared IPN hydrogel was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical property and cell culture were also tested. The results show that PVP can chemically bond with PVA and form uniform blend hydrogel. The content of PVP can affect the structure, crystallinity, glass transition temperature (Tg), and mechanical property of the hydrogel. The Tg of the PVA hydrogel is 2.7°C while the Tg of the IPN hydrogel is −37°C. The IPN hydrogel has lower glass transition temperature, corresponding to better elastic properties, and has better mechanical performance on stretch and compression than PVA hydrogel. The crystallinity (Xc) of PVA hydrogel and IPN hydrogel is 65.3 and 26.3%, respectively. The DMA curves and XPS analysis suggest that PVA and PVP are well miscible on a molecular level in the IPN hydrogel. The cell proliferation trend demonstrates that the addition of PVP has a positive influence on the cell growth and the IPN hydrogel may be used as a promising biomaterial for artificial cartilage substitute. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Temperature‐humidity superposition in diffusion phenomena through polyamidic materials
Authors: Hatzigrigoriou N. B. , Vouyiouka S. N. , Joly C. , Dole P. , Papaspyrides C. D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this work, the diffusivity of three different migrants is investigated in water plasticized polyamides, while changing humidity at a steady temperature, and also in dry polyamides tested at different temperatures close to the glass transition point (Tg). The effect of hydration on the structure and the barrier properties of polyamides are investigated and the results reveal that the diffusion coefficient (D) can be described by a single Williams‐Landel‐Ferry type equation, expressing D as a function of the (T − Tg) parameter. This correlation is found valid regardless the cause of (T − Tg) variation that could be temperature increase or Tg reduction due to water induced plasticization. At the same time, the effect of specific interactions between the polyamidic matrix and the diffusing molecules is also investigated, indicating that such interactions are capable of delaying the diffusion process regardless the temperature increase or the extent of plasticization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Modeling the characteristics of pigment cluster formed foams in coatings and polymer formulations
Authors: Sudduth Richard D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study addressed conceptually the formation of foams in coatings and polymer formulations that are often formed from pigment clusters as a result of not having enough dispersing compound. This study introduced several new models relating to cluster sizes and cluster size distributions that resulted from combinations of existing models in the literature. Critical pigment volume concentration values were evaluated both experimentally and theoretically to try to elucidate new ways to evaluate and control the formation of foams formed from pigment clusters in both coatings and polymer formulations. The control of pigment cluster foams appears to be most easily achieved by minimizing the ultimate critical pigment volume concentration and optimizing the amount of dispersing agent added to the formulation. The ultimate critical pigment volume concentration was proposed to be optimized by blending pigment particles with different particle shapes and different random packing fractions. Minimizing the cluster dispersion coefficient, Cq, was found to be very important to keep the viscosity within controllable limits. Although experimental measurement of the parameters to isolate the clustering concepts introduced in this study may be difficult, it is expected that better quantitative measurement of clustering concepts will eventually prove to be very beneficial to providing improved suspension applications involving pigment cluster foams. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Modifications of kenaf fibers with N‐methylol acrylamide for production of kenaf‐unsaturated polyester composites
Authors: Ren X. , Qiu R. , Li K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractKenaf fiber mats were modified with N‐methylol acrylamide (NMA) solution with either sulfuric acid or p‐toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) as a catalyst. The (unmodified‐kenaf)‐UPE composites and (NMA‐modified‐kenaf)‐UPE composites were obtained by a compression molding process. Orthogonal experiments were used for determination of optimum modification variables for maximizing the flexural strength of the resulting (NMA‐modified‐kenaf)‐UPE composites. Three variables with three levels (NMA usage: 1, 3, and 5 wt %; usage of acid catalyst: 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt %; and oven‐dry temperature for NMA‐treated kenaf fiber mats: 80, 103, and 125°C) for each variable were used in the orthogonal experiments. Modifications of kenaf fibers with TsOH as a catalyst significantly increased the flexural strength. Modifications of kenaf fibers with either sulfuric acid or TsOH as a catalyst significantly enhanced the flexural modulus and significantly reduced the water‐uptake rate of the resulting kenaf‐UPE composites. The improved interfacial adhesion between kenaf fibers and UPE resin was confirmed by characterization of NMA‐modified fibers with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as well as scanning electron microscopy images. The mechanisms for the improved strengths and water‐resistance by the NMA modifications of the kenaf fibers were discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012