bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐dose intravenous levetiracetam for acute seizure exacerbation in children with intractable epilepsy
Authors: Depositario‐Cabacar Dewi T. , Peters Jurriaan M. , Pong Amanda W. , Roth Julie , Rotenberg Alexander , Riviello James J. , Takeoka Masanori 
Published: February 2010

SummaryWe review our experience with high‐dose intravenous levetiracetam (IV‐LEV) for acute seizure exacerbations in nine children with medically intractable epilepsy. All children had acute repetitive seizures—while on chronic antiepileptic drugs—that either led to hospitalization (eight) or occurred during hospitalization (one), and received doses of IV‐LEV of 150 mg/kg/day or greater, with a mean dose of 228 ± 48 mg/kg/day. Eight of nine children had resolution of the acute repetitive seizures. Seizure frequency was reduced to less than baseline in seven children (seizure‐free in two, ≥80% reduction in four, and 50% reduction in one). Except for one child with increased seizures, IV‐LEV was well tolerated in all children without complications.
Duration of red blood cell storage and survival of transfused patients (CME)
Authors: Edgren Gustaf , Kamper‐Jørgensen Mads , Eloranta Sandra , Rostgaard Klaus , Custer Brian , Ullum Henrik , Murphy Edward L. , Busch Michael P. , Reilly Marie , Melbye Mads , Hjalgrim Henrik , Nyrén And Olof 
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Disquieting reports of increased complication and death rates after transfusions of red blood cells (RBCs) stored for more than 14 days prompted us to perform an observational retrospective cohort study of mortality in relation to storage time.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a cohort study utilizing data on all recipients of at least one RBC transfusion in Sweden and Denmark between 1995 and 2002, as recorded in the Scandinavian Donations and Transfusions (SCANDAT) database. Relative risks of death in relation to storage time were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for several possible confounding factors.RESULTS: After various exclusions, 404,959 transfusion episodes remained for analysis. The 7‐day risk of death was similar in all exposure groups, but a tendency for a higher risk emerged among recipients of blood stored for 30 to 42 days (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97‐1.12), compared to recipients of blood stored for 10 to 19 days. With 2‐year follow‐up, this excess remained at the same level (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.08). No dose‐response pattern was revealed and no differential effect was seen when the analyses were restricted to recipients of leukoreduced units only.CONCLUSION: Although a small excess mortality was noted in recipients of the oldest RBCs, the risk pattern was more consistent with weak confounding than with an effect of the momentary exposure to stored RBCs. It seems, thus, that any excess mortality conferred by older RBCs in the combined Swedish and Danish transfusion recipient population is likely less than 5%, which is considerably smaller than in the hitherto largest investigation.
Parvovirus B19 infection transmitted by transfusion of red blood cells confirmed by molecular analysis of linked donor and recipient samples
Authors: Yu Mei‐ying W. , Alter Harvey J. , Virata‐Theimer Maria Luisa A. , Geng Yansheng , Ma Li , Schechterly Cathy A. , Colvin Camilla A. , Luban Naomi L.C. 
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Extremely high viremic levels of parvovirus B19 (B19V) can be found in acutely infected, but asymptomatic donors. However, reports of transmission by single‐donor blood components are rare. In this prospective study, paired donor‐recipient samples were used to investigate the transfusion risk.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Posttransfusion plasma or blood samples from recipients were tested for B19V DNA by polymerase chain reaction, generally at 4 and 8 weeks, and for anti‐B19V immunoglobulin (Ig)G by enzyme immunoassay, at 12 and 24 weeks. To rule out infection unrelated to transfusion, pretransfusion samples and linked donor's samples for each B19V DNA–positive recipient were assayed for B19V DNA and anti‐B19V IgG and IgM. To confirm transmission, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed.RESULTS: A total of 14 of 869 (1.6%) recipients were B19V DNA positive, but only 1 of 869 (0.12%; 95% confidence interval, 0.0029%‐0.6409%) was negative for B19V DNA and anti‐B19V IgG before transfusion and seroconverted posttransfusion. This newly infected patient received 5 × 1010 IU B19V DNA in one red blood cell (RBC) unit from an acutely infected anti‐B19V–negative donor in addition to RBCs from three other donors that cumulatively contained 1320 IU of anti‐B19V IgG. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that sequences from the linked donor and recipient were identical (Genotype 1), thus establishing transfusion transmission.CONCLUSIONS: The 0.12% transmission rate documented here, although low, could nonetheless result in hundreds or thousands of infections annually in the United States based on calculated confidence limits. Although most would be asymptomatic, some could have severe clinical outcomes, especially in neonates and those with immunocompromised or hemolytic states.
Unilateral digital clubbing in a hemodialysis patient
Authors: ROOZBEH Jamshid , SAGHEB Mohammad Mehdi , YAVARI Vahideh , BASTANI Bahar , RAEESJALALI Ghanbar A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe present an unusual case of a chronic hemodialysis patient with moderate diffuse acrocyanosis and prominent unilateral clubbing of his right hand fingers, with classic physical features of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The patient's left hand, which had a functioning arteriovenous fistula, did not show any evidence of clubbing. We briefly discuss the different theories in regards to the pathogenesis of clubbing, and the potential role of arteriovenous fistula in preventing its occurrence.
The path to a paradigm shift in hemodialysis
Authors: HODGE Melville H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAbout 1 out of 4 American conventional dialysis patients die in the first year and 3 out of 5 die within 5 years with no favorable trend in sight. Largely ignored in practice is the evidence accumulated over decades that longer, more frequent dialysis can immediately slash this grim result in half or more. Pierratos has called for a paradigm shift—a disruptive change—in dialysis practice from conventional treatment to daily nocturnal dialysis, performed at home, to realize this dramatic improvement. We examine here how such a paradigm shift might be brought about and suggest that changes in 3 perspectives must occur. First, new dialysis guidelines must be recast from the old goal of minimally adequate to a new goal of best possible. Second, the body of dialysis research must be interpreted through the lens of best possible patient survival and well being, and the near‐impossibility of demonstrating dialysis survival advantage through randomized clinical trials must be acknowledged. Finally, dialysis modality must be seen as, most importantly, a survival and well‐being choice, not merely a “Lifestyle” choice; hence, it must be the nondelegatable responsibility of the physician, not dialysis center personnel, to advise and prescribe. Many old perspectives, which might stand in the way of this sorely needed paradigm shift are also examined. These old perspectives make up a fabric of excuses that has delayed—and, if not discarded, will continue to delay—progress toward a survival and well‐being outlook for dialysis patients just as favorable as might be achieved through kidney transplant.
A Causal Model Theory of the Meaning of Cause, Enable, and Prevent
Authors: Sloman Steven , Barbey Aron K. , Hotaling Jared M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe verbs cause, enable, and prevent express beliefs about the way the world works. We offer a theory of their meaning in terms of the structure of those beliefs expressed using qualitative properties of causal models, a graphical framework for representing causal structure. We propose that these verbs refer to a causal model relevant to a discourse and that “A causes B” expresses the belief that the causal model includes a link from A to B. “A enables/allows B” entails that the model includes a link from A to B, that A represents a category of events necessary for B, and that an alternative cause of B exists. “A prevents B” entails that the model includes a link from A to B and that A reduces the likelihood of B. This theory is able to account for the results of four experiments as well as a variety of existing data on human reasoning.
Sunk‐Cost Effects on Purely Behavioral Investments
Authors: Cunha, Jr Marcus , Caldieraro Fabio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAlthough the sunk‐cost effect is a well‐documented psychological phenomenon in monetary investments, existing literature investigating behavioral investments (e.g., time, effort) has not replicated this effect except when such investments relate to monetary values. The current explanation for this discrepancy proposes that purely behavioral sunk‐cost effects are unlikely to be observed because they are difficult to book, track, and balance in a mental account. Conversely, we argue that, through an effort‐justification mechanism, people account for the amount of behavioral resources invested when selecting an alternative, in which case they may fall prey to purely behavioral sunk‐cost effects. The results of two experiments support this prediction. Because many decisions involve behavioral investments, behavioral sunk‐cost effects should be pervasive psychological phenomena.
Lexical and Sublexical Units in Speech Perception
Authors: Giroux Ibrahima , Rey Arnaud 
Published: February 2010

Abstract Saffran, Newport, and Aslin (1996a) found that human infants are sensitive to statistical regularities corresponding to lexical units when hearing an artificial spoken language. Two sorts of segmentation strategies have been proposed to account for this early word‐segmentation ability: bracketing strategies, in which infants are assumed to insert boundaries into continuous speech, and clustering strategies, in which infants are assumed to group certain speech sequences together into units (Swingley, 2005). In the present study, we test the predictions of two computational models instantiating each of these strategies i.e., Serial Recurrent Networks: Elman, 1990; and Parser: Perruchet & Vinter, 1998 in an experiment where we compare the lexical and sublexical recognition performance of adults after hearing 2 or 10 min of an artificial spoken language. The results are consistent with Parser’s predictions and the clustering approach, showing that performance on words is better than performance on part‐words only after 10 min. This result suggests that word segmentation abilities are not merely due to stronger associations between sublexical units but to the emergence of stronger lexical representations during the development of speech perception processes.
Indirect Evidence and the Poverty of the Stimulus: The Case of AnaphoricOne
Authors: Foraker Stephani , Regier Terry , Khetarpal Naveen , Perfors Amy , Tenenbaum Joshua 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIt is widely held that children’s linguistic input underdetermines the correct grammar, and that language learning must therefore be guided by innate linguistic constraints. Here, we show that a Bayesian model can learn a standard poverty‐of‐stimulus example, anaphoricone, from realistic input by relying on indirect evidence, without a linguistic constraint assumed to be necessary. Our demonstration does, however, assume other linguistic knowledge; thus, we reduce the problem of learning anaphoriconeto that of learning this other knowledge. We discuss whether this other knowledge may itself be acquired without linguistic constraints.
Causal‐Based Property Generalization
Authors: Rehder Bob 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA central question in cognitive research concerns how new properties are generalized to categories. This article introduces a model of how generalizations involve a process of causal inference in which people estimate the likely presence of the new property in individual category exemplars and then the prevalence of the property among all category members. Evidence in favor of this causal‐based generalization (CBG) view included effects of an existing feature’s base rate (Experiment 1), the direction of the causal relations (Experiments 2 and 4), the number of those relations (Experiment 3), and the distribution of features among category members (Experiments 4 and 5). The results provided no support for an alternative view that generalizations are promoted by the centrality of the to‐be‐generalized feature. However, there was evidence that a minority of participants based their judgments on simpler associative reasoning processes.
An Empirical and Computational Investigation of Perceiving and Remembering Event Temporal Relations
Authors: Lu Shulan , Harter Derek , Graesser Arthur C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEvents have beginnings, ends, and often overlap in time. A major question is how perceivers come to parse a stream of multimodal information into meaningful units and how different event boundaries may vary event processing. This work investigates the roles of these three types of event boundaries in constructing event temporal relations. Predictions were made based on how people would err according to the beginning state, end state, and overlap heuristic hypotheses. Participants viewed animated events that include all the logical possibilities of event temporal relations, and then made temporal relation judgments. The results showed that people make use of the overlap between events and take into account the ends and beginnings, but they weight ends more than beginnings. Neural network simulations showed a self‐organized distinction when learning temporal relations between events with overlap versus those without.
Argumentation and Explanation in Conceptual Change: Indications From Protocol Analyses of Peer‐to‐Peer Dialog
Authors: Asterhan Christa S. C. , Schwarz Baruch B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this paper we attempt to identify which peer collaboration characteristics may be accountable for conceptual change through interaction. We focus on different socio‐cognitive aspects of the peer dialog and relate these with learning gains on the dyadic as well as the individual level. The scientific topic that was used for this study concerns natural selection, a topic for which students’ intuitive conceptions have been shown to be particularly robust. Learning tasks were designed according to the socio‐cognitive conflict instructional paradigm. After receiving a short instructional intervention on natural selection, paired students were asked to collaboratively construct explanations for certain evolutionary phenomena while engaging in dialectical argumentation. Two quantitative coding schemes were developed, each with a different granularity. The first assessed discrete dialog moves that pertained to dialectical argumentation and to consensual explanation development. The second scheme characterized the dialog as a whole on a number of socio‐cognitive dimensions. Results from analyses on the dyadic as well as the individual level revealed that the engagement in dialectical argumentation predicted conceptual learning gains, whereas consensual explanation development did not. These findings open up new venues for research on the mechanisms of learning in and from peer collaboration.
Learning to Attend: A Connectionist Model of Situated Language Comprehension
Authors: Mayberry Marshall R. , Crocker Matthew W. , Knoeferle Pia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEvidence from numerous studies using the visual world paradigm has revealed both that spoken language can rapidly guide attention in a related visual scene and that scene information can immediately influence comprehension processes. These findings motivated the coordinated interplay account (Knoeferle & Crocker, 2006) of situated comprehension, which claims that utterance‐mediated attention crucially underlies this closely coordinated interaction of language and scene processing. We present a recurrent sigma‐pi neural network that models the rapid use of scene information, exploiting an utterance‐mediated attentional mechanism that directly instantiates the CIA. The model is shown to achieve high levels of performance (both with and without scene contexts), while also exhibiting hallmark behaviors of situated comprehension, such as incremental processing, anticipation of appropriate role fillers, as well as the immediate use, and priority, of depicted event information through the coordinated use of utterance‐mediated attention to the scene.
Conceptual Hierarchies in a Flat Attractor Network: Dynamics of Learning and Computations
Authors: O’Connor Christopher M. , Cree George S. , McRae Ken 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe structure of people’s conceptual knowledge of concrete nouns has traditionally been viewed as hierarchical (Collins & Quillian, 1969). For example, superordinate concepts (vegetable) are assumed to reside at a higher level than basic‐level concepts (carrot). A feature‐based attractor network with a single layer of semantic features developed representations of both basic‐level and superordinate concepts. No hierarchical structure was built into the network. In Experiment and Simulation 1, the graded structure of categories (typicality ratings) is accounted for by the flat attractor network. Experiment and Simulation 2 show that, as with basic‐level concepts, such a network predicts feature verification latencies for superordinate concepts (vegetable<is nutritious>). In Experiment and Simulation 3, counterintuitive results regarding the temporal dynamics of similarity in semantic priming are explained by the model. By treating both types of concepts the same in terms of representation, learning, and computations, the model provides new insights into semantic memory.
Labels as Features (Not Names) for Infant Categorization: A Neurocomputational Approach
Authors: Gliozzi Valentina , Mayor Julien , Hu Jon‐Fan , Plunkett Kim 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA substantial body of experimental evidence has demonstrated that labels have an impact on infant categorization processes. Yet little is known regarding the nature of the mechanisms by which this effect is achieved. We distinguish between two competing accounts: supervised name‐based categorization and unsupervised feature‐based categorization. We describe a neurocomputational model of infant visual categorization, based on self‐organizing maps, that implements the unsupervised feature‐based approach. The model successfully reproduces experiments demonstrating the impact of labeling on infant visual categorization reported inPlunkett, Hu, and Cohen (2008). It mimics infant behavior in both the familiarization and testing phases of the procedure, using a training regime that involves only single presentations of each stimulus and using just 24 participant networks per experiment. The model predicts that the observed behavior in infants is due to a transient form of learning that might lead to the emergence of hierarchically organized categorical structure and that the impact of labels on categorization is influenced by the perceived similarity and the sequence in which the objects are presented. The results suggest that early in development, say before 12 months old, labels need not act as invitations to form categories nor highlight the commonalities between objects, but they may play a more mundane but nevertheless powerful role as additional features that are processed in the same fashion as other features that characterize objects and object categories.
The Wind Chilled the Spectators, but the Wine Just Chilled: Sense, Structure, and Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Hare Mary , Elman Jeffrey L. , Tabaczynski Tracy , McRae Ken 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAnticipation plays a role in language comprehension. In this article, we explore the extent to which verb sense influences expectations about upcoming structure. We focus on change of state verbs likeshatter, which have different senses that are expressed in either transitive or intransitive structures, depending on the sense that is used. In two experiments we influence the interpretation of verb sense by manipulating the thematic fit of the grammatical subject as cause or affected entity for the verb, and test whether readers’ expectations for a transitive or intransitive structure change as a result. This sense‐biasing context influenced reading times in the postverbal regions. Reading times for transitive sentences were faster following good‐cause than good‐theme subjects, but the opposite pattern was found for intransitive sentences. We conclude that readers use sense‐contingent subcategorization preferences during on‐line comprehension.
Specialization Effect and Its Influence on Memory and Problem Solving in Expert Chess Players
Authors: Bilalić Merim , McLeod Peter , Gobet Fernand 
Published: February 2010

AbstractExpert chess players, specialized in different openings, recalled positions and solved problems within and outside their area of specialization. While their general expertise was at a similar level, players performed better with stimuli from their area of specialization. The effect of specialization on both recall and problem solving was strong enough to override general expertise—players remembering positions and solving problems from their area of specialization performed at around the level of players 1 standard deviation (SD) above them in general skill. Their problem‐solving strategy also changed depending on whether the problem was within their area of specialization. When it was, they searched more in depth and less in breadth; with problems outside their area of specialization, the reverse. The knowledge that comes from familiarity with a problem area is more important than general purpose strategies in determining how an expert will tackle it. These results demonstrate the link in experts between problem solving and memory of specific experiences and indicate that the search for context‐independent general purpose problem‐solving strategies to teach to future experts is unlikely to be successful.
The Role of Color in Human Face Detection
Authors: Bindemann Markus , Burton A. Mike 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSignificant advances have been made in understanding human face recognition. However, a fundamental aspect of this process, how faces are located in our visual environment, is poorly understood and little studied. Here we examine the role of color in human face detection. We demonstrate that detection performance declines when color information is removed from faces, regardless of whether the surrounding scene context is rendered in color. Furthermore, faces rendered in unnatural colors are hard to detect, suggesting a role beyond simple segmentation. When faces are presented such that half the surface is colored appropriately, and half unnaturally, performance declines. This suggests that observers are not simply using the presence of skin color “patches” to detect faces. Rather, our data suggest that detection operates via a face template combining diagnostic color and face‐shape information. These findings are consistent with color‐template approaches used in some computer‐based face detection systems.