bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social networks, social capital and chronic illness self-management: a realist review
Authors: Vassilev Ivaylo , Rogers Anne , Sanders Caroline , Kennedy Anne , Blickem Christian , Protheroe Joanne , Bower Peter , Kirk Sue , Chew-Graham Carolyn , Morris Rebecca 
Published: October 2010

Background: Existing literature on the design of interventions and health policy about self-management have tended to focus on individual-centred definitions of self-care and there is growing recognition of the need to extend consideration beyond individual factors, which determine self-care, to examine wider influences such as the health service, the family and the wider social context. Aims: To explore the theoretical and empirical links between social networks, social capital and the self-care practices associated with chronic illness work and management in the context of people’s everyday lives. Method: A realist review method was used to search and appraise relevant quantitative and qualitative literature. Findings: The review findings indicate that social networks play an important part in the management of long-term conditions. We found that social networks tend to be defined narrowly and are primarily used as a way of acknowledging the significance of context. There is insufficient discussion in the literature of the specific types of networks that support or undermine self-care as well as an understanding of the processes involved. This necessitates shifting the emphasis of self-care towards community and network-centred approaches, which may also prove more appropriate for engaging people in socially and economically deprived contexts.
Interethnic diversity of NAT2 polymorphisms in Brazilian admixed populations
Authors: Talbot Jhimmy , Magno Luiz Alexandre V , Santana Cinthia VN , Sousa Sandra MB , Melo Paulo RS , Correa Ronan X , Di Pietro Giuliano , Rios-Santos Fabrício 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundN-acetyltransferase type 2 (Nat2) is a phase II drug- metabolizing enzyme that plays a key role in the bioactivation of aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Its relevance in drug metabolism and disease susceptibility remains a central theme for pharmacogenetic research, mainly because of its genetic variability among human populations. In fact, the evolutionary and ethnic-specific SNPs on theNAT2gene remain a focus for the potential discoveries in personalized drug therapy and genetic markers of diseases. Despite the wide characterization ofNAT2SNPs frequency in established ethnic groups, little data are available for highly admixed populations. In this context, five commonNAT2SNPs (G191A,C481T,G590A,A803Gand G857A) were investigated in a highly admixed population comprised of Afro-Brazilians, Whites, and Amerindians in northeastern Brazil. Thus, we sought to determine whether the distribution ofNAT2polymorphism is different among these three ethnic groups.ResultsOverall, there were no statistically significant differences in the distribution ofNAT2polymorphism when Afro-Brazilian and White groups were compared. Even the allele frequency of191A, relatively common in African descendents, was not different between the Afro-Brazilian and White groups. However, allele and genotype frequencies ofG590Awere significantly higher in the Amerindian group than either in the Afro-Brazilian or White groups. Interestingly, a haplotype block betweenG590AandA803Gwas verified exclusively among Amerindians.ConclusionsOur results indicate that ethnic admixture might contribute to a particular pattern of genetic diversity in theNAT2gene and also offer new insights for the investigation of possible newNAT2gene-environment effects in admixed populations.
Genomic organization and evolution of the Atlantic salmon hemoglobin repertoire
Authors: Quinn Nicole L , Boroevich Keith A , Lubieniecki Krzysztof P , Chow William , Davidson Evelyn A , Phillips Ruth B , Koop Ben F , Davidson William S 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
The genomes of salmonids are considered pseudo-tetraploid undergoing reversion to a stable diploid state. Given the genome duplication and extensive biological data available for salmonids, they are excellent model organisms for studying comparative genomics, evolutionary processes, fates of duplicated genes and the genetic and physiological processes associated with complex behavioral phenotypes. The evolution of the tetrapod hemoglobin genes is well studied; however, little is known about the genomic organization and evolution of teleost hemoglobin genes, particularly those of salmonids. The Atlantic salmon serves as a representative salmonid species for genomics studies. Given the well documented role of hemoglobin in adaptation to varied environmental conditions as well as its use as a model protein for evolutionary analyses, an understanding of the genomic structure and organization of the Atlantic salmon α and β hemoglobin genes is of great interest.

Results
We identified four bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) comprising two hemoglobin gene clusters spanning the entire α and β hemoglobin gene repertoire of the Atlantic salmon genome. Their chromosomal locations were established using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and linkage mapping, demonstrating that the two clusters are located on separate chromosomes. The BACs were sequenced and assembled into scaffolds, which were annotated for putatively functional and pseudogenized hemoglobin-like genes. This revealed that the tail-to-tail organization and alternating pattern of the α and β hemoglobin genes are well conserved in both clusters, as well as that the Atlantic salmon genome houses substantially more hemoglobin genes, including non-Bohr β globin genes, than the genomes of other teleosts that have been sequenced.

Conclusions
We suggest that the most parsimonious evolutionary path leading to the present organization of the Atlantic salmon hemoglobin genes involves the loss of a single hemoglobin gene cluster after the whole genome duplication (WGD) at the base of the teleost radiation but prior to the salmonid-specific WGD, which then produced the duplicated copies seen today. We also propose that the relatively high number of hemoglobin genes as well as the presence of non-Bohr β hemoglobin genes may be due to the dynamic life history of salmon and the diverse environmental conditions that the species encounters.
Data deposition: BACs S0155C07 and S0079J05 (fps135): GenBank GQ898924; BACs S0055H05 and S0014B03 (fps1046): GenBank GQ898925
Instability of chromosome number and DNA methylation variation induced by hybridization and amphidiploid formation between Raphanus sativus L. and Brassica alboglabraBailey
Authors: Li Xuanli , Guo Weiwei , Wang Bing , Li Xiangsong , Chen Honggao , Wei Lihua , Wang Yanjie , Wu Jiangsheng , Long Hong 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Distant hybridization can result genome duplication and allopolyploid formation which may play a significant role in the origin and evolution of many plant species. It is unclear how the two or more divergent genomes coordinate in one nucleus with a single parental cytoplasm within allopolyploids. We used cytological and molecular methods to investigate the genetic and epigenetic instabilities associated with the process of distant hybridization and allopolyploid formation, measuring changes in chromosome number and DNA methylation across multiple generations.

Results
F1 plants from intergeneric hybridization between Raphanus sativus L. (2n = 18, RR) and Brassica alboglabra Bailey (2n = 18, CC) were obtained by hand crosses and subsequent embryo rescue. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to identify the F1 hybrid plants. The RAPD data indicated that the hybrids produced specific bands similar to those of parents and new bands that were not present in either parent. Chromosome number variation of somatic cells from allotetraploids in the F4 to F10 generations showed that intensive genetic changes occurred in the early generations of distant hybridization, leading to the formation of mixopolyploids with different chromosome numbers. DNA methylation variation was revealed using MSAP (methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism), which showed that cytosine methylation patterns changed markedly in the process of hybridization and amphidiploid formation. Differences in cytosine methylation levels demonstrated an epigenetic instability of the allopolyploid of Raphanobrassica between the genetically stable and unstable generations.

Conclusions
Our results showed that chromosome instability occurred in the early generations of allopolyploidy and then the plants were reverted to largely euploidy in later generations. During this process, DNA methylation changed markedly. These results suggest that, epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in intergeneric distant hybridization, probably by maintaining a genetic balance through the modification of existing genetic materials.
Polymorphisms of XRCC4 are involved in reduced colorectal cancer risk in Chinese schizophrenia patients
Authors: Wang Yang , Wang Lei , Li Xingwang , Liu Baocheng , Zhao Qingzhu , Chen Peng , Wang Ti , Li Tao , Ji Jue , Yang Fengping , Wang Quan , Wang Jinfen , Xiao Yanzeng , Xu Yifeng , Feng Guoyin , Peng Zhihai , He Lin , He Guang 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundGenetic factors related to the regulation of apoptosis in schizophrenia patients may be involved in a reduced vulnerability to cancer. XRCC4 is one of the potential candidate genes associated with schizophrenia which might induce colorectal cancer resistance.MethodsTo examine the genetic association between colorectal cancer and schizophrenia, we analyzed five SNPs (rs6452526, rs2662238, rs963248, rs35268, rs2386275) covering ~205.7 kb in the region of XRCC4.ResultsWe observed that two of the five genetic polymorphisms showed statistically significant differences between 312 colorectal cancer subjects without schizophrenia and 270 schizophrenia subjects (rs6452536, p = 0.004, OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.44-0.86; rs35268, p = 0.028, OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.05-2.26). Moreover, the haplotype which combined all five markers was the most significant, giving a globalp= 0.0005.ConclusionsOur data firstly indicate that XRCC4 may be a potential protective gene towards schizophrenia, conferring reduced susceptibility to colorectal cancer in the Han Chinese population.
Residential self-selection bias in the estimation of built environment effects on physical activity between adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Boone-Heinonen Janne , Guilkey David K , Evenson Kelly R , Gordon-Larsen Penny 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Built environment research is dominated by cross-sectional designs, which are particularly vulnerable to residential self-selection bias resulting from health-related attitudes, neighborhood preferences, or other unmeasured characteristics related to both neighborhood choice and health-related outcomes.

Methods
We used cohort data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (United States; Wave I, 1994-95; Wave III, 2001-02; n = 12,701) and a time-varying geographic information system. Longitudinal relationships between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) bouts and built and socioeconomic environment measures (landcover diversity, pay and public physical activity facilities per 10,000 population, street connectivity, median household income, and crime rate) from adolescence to young adulthood were estimated using random effects models (biased by unmeasured confounders) and fixed effects models (within-person estimator, which adjusts for unmeasured confounders that are stable over time).

Results
Random effects models yielded null associations except for negative crime-MVPA associations [coefficient (95% CI): -0.056 (-0.083, -0.029) in males, -0.061 (-0.090, -0.033) in females]. After controlling for measured and time invariant unmeasured characteristics using within-person estimators, MVPA was higher with greater physical activity pay facilities in males [coefficient (95% CI): 0.024 (0.006, 0.042)], and lower with higher crime rates in males [coefficient (95% CI): -0.107 (-0.140, -0.075)] and females [coefficient (95% CI): -0.046 (-0.083, -0.009)]. Other associations were null or in the counter-intuitive direction.

Conclusions
Comparison of within-person estimates to estimates unadjusted for unmeasured characteristics suggest that residential self-selection can bias associations toward the null, as opposed to its typical characterization as a positive confounder. Differential environment-MVPA associations by residential relocation suggest that studies examining changes following residential relocation may be vulnerable to selection bias. The authors discuss complexities of adjusting for residential self-selection and residential relocation, particularly during the adolescent to young adult transition.
The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa
Authors: Ryan Joseph F , Pang Kevin ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Mullikin James C , Martindale Mark Q , Baxevanis Andreas D 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe much-debated phylogenetic relationships of the five early branching metazoan lineages (Bilateria, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Placozoa and Porifera) are of fundamental importance in piecing together events that occurred early in animal evolution. Comparisons of gene content between organismal lineages have been identified as a potentially useful methodology for phylogenetic reconstruction. However, these comparisons require complete genomes that, until now, did not exist for the ctenophore lineage. The homeobox superfamily of genes is particularly suited for these kinds of gene content comparisons, since it is large, diverse, and features a highly conserved domain.ResultsWe have used a next-generation sequencing approach to generate a high-quality rough draft of the genome of the ctenophoreMnemiopsis leidyiand subsequently identified a set of 76 homeobox-containing genes from this draft. We phylogenetically categorized this set into established gene families and classes and then compared this set to the homeodomain repertoire of species from the other four early branching metazoan lineages. We have identified several important classes and subclasses of homeodomains that appear to be absent fromMnemiopsisand from the poriferanAmphimedon queenslandica. We have also determined that, based on lineage-specific paralog retention and average branch lengths, it is unlikely that these missing classes and subclasses are due to extensive gene loss or unusually high rates of evolution inMnemiopsis.ConclusionsThis paper provides a first glimpse of the first sequenced ctenophore genome. We have characterized the full complement ofMnemiopsishomeodomains from this species and have compared them to species from other early branching lineages. Our results suggest that Porifera and Ctenophora were the first two extant lineages to diverge from the rest of animals. Based on this analysis, we also propose a new name - ParaHoxozoa - for the remaining group that includes Placozoa, Cnidaria and Bilateria.
Association of TNFAIP3 interacting protein 1, TNIP1 with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Japanese population: a case-control association study
Authors: Kawasaki Aya , Ito Satoshi , Furukawa Hiroshi , Hayashi Taichi , Goto Daisuke , Matsumoto Isao , Kusaoi Makio , Ohashi Jun , Graham Robert R , Matsuta Kunio , Behrens Timothy W , Tohma Shigeto , Takasaki Yoshinari , Hashimoto Hiroshi , Sumida Takayuki , Tsuchiya Naoyuki 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Introduction
TNFAIP3 interacting protein 1, TNIP1 (ABIN-1) is involved in inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation by interacting with TNF alpha-induced protein 3, A20 (TNFAIP3), an established susceptibility gene to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent genome-wide association studies revealed association of TNIP1 with SLE in the Caucasian and Chinese populations. In this study, we investigated whether the association of TNIP1 with SLE was replicated in a Japanese population. In addition, association of TNIP1 with RA was also examined.

Methods
A case-control association study was conducted on the TNIP1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7708392 in 364 Japanese SLE patients, 553 RA patients and 513 healthy controls.

Results
Association of TNIP1 rs7708392C was replicated in Japanese SLE (allele frequency in SLE: 76.5%, control: 69.9%, P = 0.0022, odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.74). Notably, the risk allele frequency in the healthy controls was considerably greater in Japanese (69.9%) than in Caucasians (24.3%). A tendency of stronger association was observed in the SLE patients with renal disorder (P = 0.00065, OR 1.60 [95%CI 1.22-2.10]) than in all SLE patients (P = 0.0022, OR 1.40 [95%CI 1.13-1.74]). Significant association with RA was not observed, regardless of the carriage of human leukocyte antigen DR β1 (HLA-DRB1) shared epitope. Significant gene-gene interaction between TNIP1 and TNFAIP3 was detected neither in SLE nor RA.

Conclusions
Association of TNIP1 with SLE was confirmed in a Japanese population. TNIP1 is a shared SLE susceptibility gene in the Caucasian and Asian populations, but the genetic contribution appeared to be greater in the Japanese and Chinese populations because of the higher risk allele frequency. Taken together with the association of TNFAIP3, these observations underscore the crucial role of NF-κB regulation in the pathogenesis of SLE.
An ELISA-based high throughput protein truncation test for inherited breast cancer
Authors: Lim Mark J , Foster Gabriel J , Gite Sadanand , Ostendorff Heather P , Narod Steven , Rothschild Kenneth J 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most diagnosed and second leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. female population. An estimated 5 to 10 percent of all breast cancers are inherited, caused by mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1/2). As many as 90% of all mutations are nonsense mutations, causing a truncated polypeptide product. A popular and low cost method of mutation detection has been the protein truncation test (PTT), where target regions of BRCA1/2 are PCR amplified, transcribed/translated in a cell-free protein synthesis system and analyzed for truncated polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and autoradiography. We previously reported a novel High Throughput Solid-Phase PTT (HTS-PTT) based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format that eliminates the need for radioactivity, SDS-PAGE and subjective interpretation of the results. Here, we report the next generation HTS-PTT using triple-epitope-tagged proteins and demonstrate, for the first time, its efficacy on clinical genomic DNA samples for BRCA1/2 analysis.

Methods
Segments of exons 11 of BRCA1/2 open reading frames were PCR amplified from either blood derived genomic DNA or cell line mRNA. PCR primers incorporate elements for cell-free transcription/translation and epitope tagging. Cell-free expressed nascent proteins are then antibody-captured onto the wells of a microtiter plate and the relative amount of truncated polypeptide measured using antibodies against the N- and C-terminal epitope tags in an ELISA format.

Results
100% diagnostic sensitivity and 96% specificity for truncating mutations in exons 11 of BRCA1/2 were achieved on one hundred blood-derived clinical genomic DNA samples which were previously assayed using the conventional gel based PTT. Feasibility of full gene coverage for BRCA1/2 using mRNA source material is also demonstrated.

Conclusions
Overall, the HTS-PTT provides a simple, quantitative, objective, low cost and high throughput method for analysis of truncating mutations as an alternative to gel based PTT for BRCA analysis. The technology is readily accessible to virtually any laboratory, with the only major instrumentation required being a PCR thermocycler and a basic micro-well plate reader. When compared to conventional gel based PTT, the HTS-PTT provides excellent concordance.
Making Music and Masculinity in Vagrancy’s Shadow: Race, Wealth, and Malandragem in Post-Abolition Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Hertzman Marc A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This article discusses strategies which Afro-Brazilian men used to distance themselves from demeaning assumptions and stereotypes attached to slavery and vagrancy in Rio de Janeiro. The piece focuses on the first 50 years after abolition (1888) but also shows how the ideologia da vadiagem—a set of ideas and stereotypes which defined black, poor, and mixed-race men and women as lazy and inferior—cast a long shadow deep into the twentieth century. The primary lens is the music market, which, beginning around the turn of the century, provided one of the earliest and most public venues in which black men were judged as members of a free society. Some musicians played samba and a number used malandragem, the lifestyle and ethos of flashy, masculine, malandro hustler figures, to cater to audience desires and also to distinguish themselves from caricatures of sickly, weak vadios (vagrants or idlers). Other artists rejected malandragem or only embraced it selectively, instead preferring a more toned-down “professional” look and demeanor meant to secure dignity and respect for themselves, their music, and the communities for which they served as figureheads. Eduardo das Neves, Moreno, Donga, Pixinguinha, Brancura, and Ismael Silva are among the musicians discussed here. By interpreting malandragem as a response to the ideologia da vadiagem, and as one of many identities and strategies employed by black entertainers, the article provides unique insights about the relationship between race, class, gender, and sexuality and a new way to understand the long-term effects of slavery and related assumptions about race and masculinity in Brazil.
Three Component Reaction of Arynes with Cyclic Ethers and Active Methines: Synthesis of ω-Trichloroalkyl Phenyl Ethers
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Fukuzaki Yuta , Nojima Akiko , Sou Ayumi , Hino Haruna , Matsunaga Nahoko , Nagahora Noriyoshi , Shioji Kosei , Yokomori Yoshinobu 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Synthesis of ω-chlorinated alkyl phenyl ethers by tandem reaction of arynes with cyclic ethers and active methines was achieved. Reaction of benzenediazonium 2-carboxylate with tetrahydropyran or tetrahydrofuran in refluxing chloroform afforded 6,6,6-trichlorohexyl phenyl ether or 5,5,5-trichloropentyl phenyl ether in 40% and 61% yields, respectively. When dichloroacetonitrile was used as a reactant, 5,5-dichloro-5-cyanopentyl phenyl ether was obtained in 61% yield. While benzenediazonium carboxylate did not react with epoxides, reaction of benzyne derived from 2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl triflate with epoxides afforded 3,3,3-trichloropropyl phenyl ethers in good yields as isomeric mixtures. The reaction of oxetanes with benzyne was also reported.
Synthesis of Bis(phenazasiline) Compounds and Their Application for TFT as a Model of Phenazasiline-Containing Polymers
Authors: Hayashi Hideki , Murase Makoto , Koizumi Take-aki , Ohara Koya , Miyabayashi Takeshi , Kojima Masahiko 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
New bis(phenazasiline) compounds were prepared and a thin film transistor (TFT) device containing bis(phenazasiline) derivatives was fabricated. The bis(phenazasiline)s, prepared from 2-bromo-8-methylphenazasiline, were effective materials for TFT. Obtained bis(phenazasiline) derivatives were considered to be model compounds of phenazasiline-containing polymers in the prediction of TFT properties.
Binding Properties of Calixarene-based Cofacial Bisporphyrins
Authors: Tsuge Akihiko , Kunimune Toshiyuki , Ikeda Yutaka , Moriguchi Tetsuji , Araki Koji 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Calixarene-based porphyrins in which the calixarene scaffold is connected with porphyrin units by an alkyl chain as a spacer have been prepared. Porphyrin with ethano bridge exhibits extremely high affinity (109 M−1) for diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO).