bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditioning hardwood-derived pre-pulping extracts for use in fermentation through removal and recovery of acetic acid using trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO)
Authors: Um Byung-Hwan , Friedman Benjamin , van Walsum G. Peter 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Extraction characteristics are shown for trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) dissolved in alkane for recovery of acetic acid from dilute water solution and hardwood-derived hemicellulose extracts. The recovery of acetic acid with TOPO is significantly influenced by the pH in the aqueous phase and lightly affected by temperature. In a one-stage extraction, 76.0% of the acetic acid could be extracted below pH 3. The yield of fractional extractions increase with increasing TOPO concentration in alkane and with increasing acetic acid concentration in the aqueous phase. It was found that for dilute extractions carried out at 70°C and pH 1, the solvent extraction is effective at 37% TOPO in alkane (w/w) and that little improvement is realized by further increases in TOPO concentration. Partition coefficients for green liquor and hot water extracts ranged between 2.0 and 2.5 at the tested conditions. Fermentation of hemicellulose extracts that had been treated with TOPO for removal of acetic acid was tested to determine whether TOPO processing resulted in any positive or adverse affects on the microbial activity. Fermentation of TOPO-treated green liquor hemicellulose extract with Pichia stipitis resulted in improved ethanol production relative to untreated extract. Accordingly, placement of TOPO extraction after hydrolysis and prior to fermentation is optimal for acetic acid recovery and maintenance of fermentation rates.
Advancing the dynamic mechanical analysis of biomass: comparison of tensile-torsion and compressive-torsion wood DMA
Authors: Chowdhury Sudip , Fabiyi James , Frazier Charles E. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In an effort to advance the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of very small biomass specimens, and/or specimens having poor mechanical integrity, the functional equivalent of pendulum-torsion (tensile-torsion) DMA was compared to parallel-plate compressive-torsion DMA. The solvent-saturated lignin glass transition in yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) was generally similar determined by both modes; however, direct data comparisons should be avoided or carefully considered. First-heat glass transition temperatures (T
gs) were relatively similar; however, specimen densification elevated subsequent cooling-mode T
gs by 5–8°C in compressive-torsion. Both modes revealed a first-heat tan δ shoulder; it was more prominent and had grain dependency in compressive-torsion. Below fiber saturation, subambient tensile-torsion DMA was superior; compressive-torsion resulted in an anomalous response, obscuring subambient secondary relaxations. With these differences and limitations in mind, compressive-torsion offers specific advantages. Solvent-submersion studies are simplified because solvent cups are easily devised for torsional rheometers. Specimens lacking mechanical integrity are more easily analyzed. Heavily biodegraded spruce (Picea sp.) was analyzed in the solvent-submersion mode as fibrous mats and the different actions of Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta were revealed. Very small specimens are easily analyzed in compressive-torsion; tissue maturity effects were revealed in minute sections of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) stems. Applied appropriately, parallel-plate compressive-torsion DMA will provide new research opportunities.
Evaluating the Performance of Helmet Linings Incorporating Fluid Channels
Authors: Stewart D. , Young L. R. , Goel R. , Christou G. , Gilchrist M. D. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Performance advantages of incorporating fluid channels into a foam made of DERTEXDERTEX Corporation, Southfield, MI, USA. VN600 (vinyl nitrile) are evaluated. This foam has the potential to replace the traditional foam material of helmet liners, like expanded polystyrene (EPS). The experiments involved dropping a certified size E headform vertically onto a flat, solid anvil. Elastically deformable and resilient VN foam outperformed EPS during all impacts. Incorporating a viscous aqueous solution of 30 % by weight glycerin into 3/8 in. (0.95 cm) diameter channels machined through VN foam, reduced the peak headform acceleration by 12 % on first impact compared to VN foam samples without fluid channels. The reduction was 17 % when compared to EPS foam samples. The duration of the first impact increased by 27 % over EPS, significantly lowering the associated head injury criterion values. Repeated impact testing demonstrated an increasing performance advantage of incorporating fluid channels. Samples incorporating 30 % glycerin solution reduced the peak headform acceleration after six impacts by 50 % as compared to EPS.
Die Rezeption Ernst Moritz Arndts in Deutschland 1909/10 - 1919/20 - 1934/35
Authors: Vordermayer Thomas 
Published: October 2010

Vorspann
Ist Ernst Moritz Arndt ein Vorbild? Ein Rätsel ist er allemal. Seine Person und sein OEuvre sind umstritten – die Debatten der vergangenen Jahre haben dies regelmäßig gezeigt –, obwohl doch sein Werk weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten ist. Und ganz unterschiedliche Lager haben ihn wie selbstverständlich für sich in Anspruch genommen – auch die alte Bundesrepublik und die DDR, obwohl Arndt doch vor 1945 eindeutig als Projektionsfläche nationalistischer Sehnsüchte diente. Möglicherweise steht der Name Arndt ja eher für einen Mythos als für einen Menschen aus Fleisch und Blut. Umso schärfer stellt sich daher in seinem Fall die Frage nach seiner Wirkungsgeschichte.
Alfred Andersch abgehört. Kriegsgefangene Anti-Nazis im amerikanischen Vernehmungslager Fort Hunt
Authors: Römer Felix 
Published: October 2010

Vorspann
Abgehört – die Protokolle der Lauschangriffe auf gefangene Wehrmachtsgeneräle im britischen Lager Trent Park haben jüngst für Aufsehen gesorgt. Doch nicht nur Offiziere wurden vernommen und belauscht. Die US-Army schleuste Tausende „einfache“ Soldaten durch ihr Vernehmungslager Fort Hunt, unter ihnen den Schriftsteller Alfred Andersch und einige seiner Weggefährten. Die amerikanischen Dossiers geben neue Einblicke in ihre Biographien und Mentalitäten.
Decoupling of Host–Symbiont–Phage Coadaptations Following Transfer Between Insect Species
Authors: Chafee Meghan E , Zecher Courtney N , Gourley Michelle L , Schmidt Victor T , Chen John H , Bordenstein Sarah R , Clark Michael E , Bordenstein Seth R 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Transferring endosymbiotic bacteria between different host species can perturb the coordinated regulation of the host and bacterial genomes. Here we use the most common maternally transmitted bacteria, Wolbachia pipientis, to test the consequences of host genetic background on infection densities and the processes underlying those changes in the parasitoid wasp genus Nasonia. Introgressing the genome of Nasonia giraulti into the infected cytoplasm of N. vitripennis causes a two-order-of-magnitude increase in bacterial loads in adults and a proliferation of the infection to somatic tissues. The host effect on W. pipientis distribution and densities is associated with a twofold decrease in densities of the temperate phage WO-B. Returning the bacteria from the new host species back to the resident host species restores the bacteria and phage to their native densities. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a host–microbe genetic interaction that affects the densities of both W. pipientis and bacteriophage WO-B. The consequences of the increased bacterial density include a reduction in fecundity, an increase in levels of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), and unexpectedly, male-to-female transfer of the bacteria to uninfected females and an increased acceptance of densely infected females to interspecific mates. While paternal inheritance of the W. pipientis was not observed, the high incidence of male-to-female transfer in the introgressed background raises the possibility that paternal transmission could be more likely in hybrids where paternal leakage of other cytoplasmic elements is also known to occur. Taken together, these results establish a major change in W. pipientis densities and tissue tropism between closely related species and support a model in which phage WO, Wolbachia, and arthropods form a tripartite symbiotic association in which all three are integral to understanding the biology of this widespread endosymbiosis.
System-Level Analysis of Genes and Functions Affecting Survival During Nutrient Starvation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Gresham David , Boer Viktor M , Caudy Amy , Ziv Naomi , Brandt Nathan J , Storey John D , Botstein David 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAn essential property of all cells is the ability to exit from active cell division and persist in a quiescent state. For single-celled microbes this primarily occurs in response to nutrient deprivation. We studied the genetic requirements for survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae when starved for either of two nutrients: phosphate or leucine. We measured the survival of nearly all nonessential haploid null yeast mutants in mixed populations using a quantitative sequencing method that estimates the abundance of each mutant on the basis of frequency of unique molecular barcodes. Starvation for phosphate results in a population half-life of 337 hr whereas starvation for leucine results in a half-life of 27.7 hr. To measure survival of individual mutants in each population we developed a statistical framework that accounts for the multiple sources of experimental variation. From the identities of the genes in which mutations strongly affect survival, we identify genetic evidence for several cellular processes affecting survival during nutrient starvation, including autophagy, chromatin remodeling, mRNA processing, and cytoskeleton function. In addition, we found evidence that mitochondrial and peroxisome function is required for survival. Our experimental and analytical methods represent an efficient and quantitative approach to characterizing genetic functions and networks with unprecedented resolution and identified genotype-by-environment interactions that have important implications for interpretation of studies of aging and quiescence in yeast.
Intrinsic Characteristics of Neighboring DNA Modulate Transposable Element Activity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Esnault Caroline , Palavesam Azhahianambi , Pilitt Kristina , O'Brochta David A 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Identifying factors influencing transposable element activity is essential for understanding how these elements impact genomes and their evolution as well as for fully exploiting them as functional genomics tools and gene-therapy vectors. Using a genetics-based approach, the influence of genomic position on piggyBac mobility in Drosophila melanogaster was assessed while controlling for element structure, genetic background, and transposase concentration. The mobility of piggyBac elements varied over more than two orders of magnitude solely as a result of their locations within the genome. The influence of genomic position on element activities was independent of factors resulting in position-dependent transgene expression (“position effects”). Elements could be relocated to new genomic locations without altering their activity if ≥500 bp of genomic DNA originally flanking the element was also relocated. Local intrinsic factors within the neighboring DNA that determined the activity of piggyBac elements were portable not only within the genome but also when elements were moved to plasmids. The predicted bendability of the first 50 bp flanking the 5′ and 3′ termini of piggyBac elements could account for 60% of the variance in position-dependent activity observed among elements. These results are significant because positional influences on transposable element activities will impact patterns of accumulation of elements within genomes. Manipulating and controlling the local sequence context of piggyBac elements could be a powerful, novel way of optimizing gene vector activity.
Downregulation of Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Trafficking in Obesity
Authors: McQuaid Siobhán E. , Hodson Leanne , Neville Matthew J. , Dennis A. Louise , Cheeseman Jane , Humphreys Sandy M. , Ruge Toralph , Gilbert Marjorie , Fielding Barbara A. , Frayn Keith N. , Karpe Fredrik 
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE
Lipotoxicity and ectopic fat deposition reduce insulin signaling. It is not clear whether excess fat deposition in nonadipose tissue arises from excessive fatty acid delivery from adipose tissue or from impaired adipose tissue storage of ingested fat.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To investigate this we used a whole-body integrative physiological approach with multiple and simultaneous stable-isotope fatty acid tracers to assess delivery and transport of endogenous and exogenous fatty acid in adipose tissue over a diurnal cycle in lean (n = 9) and abdominally obese men (n = 10).

RESULTS
Abdominally obese men had substantially (2.5-fold) greater adipose tissue mass than lean control subjects, but the rates of delivery of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were downregulated, resulting in normal systemic NEFA concentrations over a 24-h period. However, adipose tissue fat storage after meals was substantially depressed in the obese men. This was especially so for chylomicron-derived fatty acids, representing the direct storage pathway for dietary fat. Adipose tissue from the obese men showed a transcriptional signature consistent with this impaired fat storage function.

CONCLUSIONS
Enlargement of adipose tissue mass leads to an appropriate downregulation of systemic NEFA delivery with maintained plasma NEFA concentrations. However the implicit reduction in adipose tissue fatty acid uptake goes beyond this and shows a maladaptive response with a severely impaired pathway for direct dietary fat storage. This adipose tissue response to obesity may provide the pathophysiological basis for ectopic fat deposition and lipotoxicity.
Separation of surfactant functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes via free solution electrophoresis method
Authors: Scheibe Blazej , Rümmeli Mark , Borowiak-Palen Ewa , Kalenczuk Ryszard 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This work presents the application of the free solution electrophoresis method (FSE) in the metallic / semiconductive (M/S) separation process of the surfactant functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The SWCNTs synthesized via laser ablation were purified through high vacuum annealing and subsequent refluxing processes in aqua regia solution. The purified and annealed material was divided into six batches. First three batches were dispersed in anionic surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium cholate (SC) and sodium deoxycholate (DOC). The next three batches were dispersed in cationic surfactants: cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), benzalkonium chloride (BKC) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). All the prepared SWCNTs samples were subjected to FSE separation process. The fractionated samples were recovered from control and electrode areas and annealed in order to remove the adsorbed surfactants on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) surface. The changes of the van Hove singularities (vHS) present in SWCNTs spectra were investigated via UV-Vis-NIR optical absorption spectroscopy (OAS).
Cross-Cultural Differences in Knee Functional Status Outcomes in a Polyglot Society Represented True Disparities Not Biased by Differential Item Functioning
Authors: Deutscher Daniel , Hart Dennis L. , Crane Paul K. , Dickstein Ruth 
Published: October 2010

Background
Comparative effectiveness research across cultures requires unbiased measures that accurately detect clinical differences between patient groups.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to assess the presence and impact of differential item functioning (DIF) in knee functional status (FS) items administered using computerized adaptive testing (CAT) as a possible cause for observed differences in outcomes between 2 cultural patient groups in a polyglot society.

Design
This study was a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data.

Methods
We evaluated data from 9,134 patients with knee impairments from outpatient physical therapy clinics in Israel. Items were analyzed for DIF related to sex, age, symptom acuity, surgical history, exercise history, and language used to complete the functional survey (Hebrew versus Russian).

Results
Several items exhibited DIF, but unadjusted FS estimates and FS estimates that accounted for DIF were essentially equal (intraclass correlation coefficient [2,1]&gt;.999). No individual patient had a difference between unadjusted and adjusted FS estimates as large as the median standard error of the unadjusted estimates. Differences between groups defined by any of the covariates considered were essentially unchanged when using adjusted instead of unadjusted FS estimates. The greatest group-level impact was &lt;0.3% of 1 standard deviation of the unadjusted FS estimates.

Limitations
Complete data where patients answered all items in the scale would have been preferred for DIF analysis, but only CAT data were available.

Conclusions
Differences in FS outcomes between groups of patients with knee impairments who answered the knee CAT in Hebrew or Russian in Israel most likely reflected true differences that may reflect societal disparities in this health outcome.
Anatomical landmarks and skin markers are not reliable for accurate labeling of thoracic vertebrae on MRI
Authors: Shabshin Nogah , Schweitzer Mark E. , Carrino John A. 
Published: October 2010

Background: Numbering of the thoracic spine on MRI can be tedious if C2 and L5–S1 are not included and may lead to errors in lesion level. Purpose: To determine whether anatomic landmarks or external markers are reliable as an aid for accurate numbering of thoracic vertebrae on MRI. Material and Methods: Sixty-seven thoracic spine MR studies of 67 patients (30 males, 37 females, age range 18–83 years) were studied, composed of 52 consecutive MR studies and an additional 15 MRI in which vitamin E markers were placed over the skin. In the 52 thoracic MR examinations potential numbering aids such as the level of the sternal apex, pulmonary artery, aortic arch, and osseous or disc abnormalities were numbered on both cervical localizer (standard of reference) and thoracic sagittal images. The additional 15 examinations in which vitamin E markers were placed over the skin were evaluated for consistency in the level of the markers on different sequences in the same exam. Results: The sternal apex level ranged from T2 to T5 [T3 in 28/51 patients (55%), T2 in 10/51 (20%)]. The aortic arch level ranged from T2 to T4 [T4 in 18/48 (38%) and T3 in 17 (35%)]. Pulmonary artery level ranged from T4 to T6–7 disc [T5 in 20/52 patients (38%) and T6 in 14/52 (27%)]. In 3 of 12 patients who had abnormalities in a vertebral body or disc as definite point reference, the non-localizer image mislabeled the level. In 11/15 (73%) patients with vitamin E markers that were placed over the upper thoracic spine, the results showed consistency in the level of the markers in relation to the reference points or consistent inter-marker gap between the sequences. Conclusion: There are only two reliable ways to accurately define the levels if no landmarking feature is available on the magnet. The first is by including C2 in the thoracic sequence of a diagnostic quality, and the second is by using an abnormality in the discs or vertebral bodies as a point of reference.
Sonographic characteristics of breast cancers detected by supplemental screening US: Comparison with breast cancers seen on screening mammography
Authors: Cho Nariya , Moon Woo Kyung , Chang Jung Min , Yi Ann , Koo Hye Ryoung , Han Boo-Kyung 
Published: October 2010

Background: Supplemental screening ultrasonography (US) in addition to mammography can help detect early breast cancers in women with dense breasts and other risk factors. It is crucial to understand the imaging features of US-detected cancer to identify them in screening population. Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the US features and final assessments of breast cancers detected by supplemental screening US in comparison with cancers seen on screening mammography. Material and Methods: The study included 80 women (mean age 46 years, range 31–65 years) with 80 breast cancers detected by supplemental screening US. Another 80 women (mean age 52 years, range 33–77 years) with 80 breast cancers seen on screening mammography were included for a control group. US features and final assessments were classified according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) without knowledge of the method of detection, or mammographic or histologic findings. Results of the two groups were compared. Results: Breast cancers detected by supplemental screening US were more frequently found to have the following features: an oval shape (21% [17/80] vs 10% [8/80], P = 0.013), a circumscribed margin (13% [10/80] vs 4% [3/80], P = 0.043), an abrupt interface (79% [63/80] vs 53% [42/80], P < 0.001), and no posterior acoustic (70% [56/80] vs 53% [42/80], P = 0.023) or surrounding tissue (79% [63/80] vs 28% [22/80], P < 0.001) changes. For the final assessment, 93% (74/80) of US-detected cancers and 60% (48/80) of cancers seen on mammography were classified as a category 4, while 3% (2/80) of US-detected cancers and 38% (30/80) of cancers seen on mammography were category 5. Conclusion: Compared with breast cancers seen on screening mammography, breast cancers detected by supplemental screening US tend to have less malignant US features, although most (95%) of them were classified as category 4 or 5.
Le sujet de l'observance. L'expérience de l'accès aux traitements antirétroviraux de l'infection à VIH en Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Delaunay Karine , Vidal Laurent 
Published: October 2010

El sujeto de la observancia de los tratamientos.
La experiencia del acceso a los tratamientos antiretrovirales
de la infección al VIH en Costa de Marfîl
En el contexto del acceso a los tratamientos antiretrovirales del sida en Costa de Marfil, el proposito de este artículo es poner en relación las posiciones y las actitudes de los pacientes, de los profesionales de la salud y del sistema cuando se trata de permitir y mejorar la obedencia a un trata- miento complejo y que trae esperanzas. La cuestión del precio de los tratamientos parece particularmente central : constituye una preocupación importante de los enfermos que desaira las relaciones con los familiares y sugiere las estrategias — objeto de una atención — puestas en obra por los profesionales de la salud para seleccionar a los que disfrutaran de un tratamiento. Participando de un sistema que favoreció un modo de acer- carse a la previsión de la observancia por los enfermos — cuyo efecto puede ser, al contrario, la falta de observancia — esta cuestión del precio es emblemática de discursos y prácticas morales dentro de la relacion terapéutica.