bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verbindungs‐ und Befestigungstechnik im Metallleichtbau – Anforderung und Herausforderung an mechanische Verbindungselemente
Authors: Ladwein Thomas Maria 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBauelemente des Metallleichtbaus sind in der Regel dünnwandige Bauteile aus Stahl oder Aluminium, welche untereinander oder mit Bauteilen aus Holz zu verbinden sind. Den zunehmenden Anforderungen durch bauaufsichtliche Vorgaben, sich verändernde Umweltbedingungen und komplexere Anwendungen entsprechen die Hersteller von Verbindungselementen durch Optimierung bestehender Produkte oder durch Neuentwicklungen. Ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit zeigt der nachfolgende Artikel einen kurzen Überblick über den Stand der Technik auf.Assembling and fixing systems for light metal constructions – Demand and challenge on connection device.Lightweight metal components are usually thin‐walled parts made of steel or aluminium, which are to connect among themselves or with components made of wood. The increasing demands by building requirements, changing environmental conditions and more complex applications, the manufacturers of fasteners have to adapt these requirements by optimization of existing products or new developments. Without claiming to be exhaustive, the following article gives a brief overview of the state of the art.
25 Jahre IFBS – Industrieverband für Bausysteme im Metallleichtbau
Authors: Podleschny Ralf 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDer Metallleichtbau in Deutschland hat sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten zu einem wichtigen Wirtschaftszweig entwickelt. Konstruktionen aus Trapez‐, Kassetten‐ und Wellprofilen sowie Sandwichelementen sind aus der modernen Industrie‐ und Gewerbearchitektur nicht mehr weg zu denken. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Industrie vor nunmehr 25 Jahren einen Interessenverband, den Industrieverband für Bausysteme im Metallleichtbau (IFBS) gegründet, um die Metallleichtbauweise zu fördern und die Qualität der Gebäudehülle aus Metall zu steigern. Der IFBS ist inzwischen Regelsetzer für die Fachregeln des Metallleichtbaus und anerkannter Partner in allen Fragen rund um Dach und Wand aus Metall.25 years of IFBS – an association for construction systems for light metal construction.The light metal construction in Germany has developed into an important branch of industry in the past few decades. Modern industrial and commercial architecture would be unimaginable without structures consisting of trapezoidal, cassette and corrugated profiles, as well as sandwich panels. Against this background the industry founded an association – the IFBS – 25 years ago in order to promote light metal construction methods and improve the quality of the metal shell of the building. Today the IFBS makes the technical rules for light metal construction and is a recognised partner for all questions associated with roofs and walls made of metal.
Rheological Characteristics of Halberd Wheat Starch
Authors: Tako Masakuni , Tamaki Yukihiro , Teruya Takeshi , Konishi Teruko , Shibanuma Kiyoshi , Hanashiro Isao , Takeda Yasuhito 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe non‐Newtonian behavior and dynamic viscoelasticity of Halberd wheat starch (23.0% amylose content) pastes were determined with a rheogoniometer. The flow curves, at 25°C, of Halberd starch pastes showed plastic behavior at concentrations of more than 4.0%. The shear viscosity of the starch pastes decreased gradually with an increase in temperature at concentrations less than 4.0%, but remained constant at a concentration of 5.0%. The storage modulus of the starch pastes increased with increasing concentration and remained high during increase in temperature up to 80°C. Almost the same storage modulus was observed upon addition of urea (4.0 M) to the paste at low temperature (0°C), and the modulus stayed at a large value with increase in temperature up to 60°C, which was estimated to be a transition temperature; then it decreased rapidly with further temperature increase. A transition temperature of 60°C was also observed in the dynamic viscosity. A very large storage modulus and dynamic viscosity were observed in alkaline solution (0.05 M NaOH) at low temperature (0°C), both quantities decreased slightly with increase in temperature up to 25°C, which was estimated to be a transition temperature, then decreased rapidly with further increase in temperature. A possible intermolecular hydrogen bonding between amylose and amylopectin molecules is proposed.
A Rapid In‐vitro Digestibility Assay Based on Glucometry for Investigating Kinetics of Starch Digestion
Authors: Sopade Peter A. , Gidley Michael J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe potential of glucometry in in‐vitro starch digestion was investigated for developing a rapid procedure to understand kinetics of digestion. A hand‐held glucometer, intended for testing of plasma glucose levels, was used for the assay of glucose released by the combined action of α‐amylase and amyloglucosidase on a range of starch substrates. The glucometer was sensitive to glucose concentrations in water, and its readings were independent of pH (7.7 and 3.9) and temperature (37°C and 25°C) of the glucose solution, but dependent on lactose and maltose concentrations. Neither fructose nor sucrose affected the readings. Digested starch calculated from the glucometer was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from that calculated from spectrophotometry. Particle size of substrate, sample formulation, grain genotype, and processing affected the glucometer readings as expected from how these factors influence starch digestibility. Corrections are required when samples containing lactose and maltose prior to in‐vitro digestion analysis are studied. The developed rapid procedure can be used to collect large numbers of data points per sample per analysis for better understanding the kinetics of starch digestion, and increased confidence level in modelling the digestogram. The glucose detection method is robust and could be adapted for non‐laboratory use. Single‐point data can also be extracted from digestograms for comparative analysis.
Dextran–doxorubicin/chitosan nanoparticles for solid tumor therapy
Authors: Bisht Savita , Maitra Amarnath 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChemotherapy is a major therapeutic approach for the treatment of localized and metastasized cancers. Whereas potent chemotherapeutic agents seem promising in the test tube, clinical trials often fail due to unfavorable pharmacokinetics, poor delivery, low local concentrations, and limited accumulation in the target cell. The pathophysiology of the tumor vasculature and stromal compartment presents a major obstacle to effective delivery of agents to solid tumors. Poor perfusion of the tumor, arterio‐venous shunting, necrotic and hypoxic areas, as well as a high interstitial fluid pressure work against favorable drug uptake. Thus, targeted drug delivery using long‐circulating particulate drug carriers such as hydrogels of controlled size (<100 nm diameter) holds immense potential to improve the treatment of cancer by selectively providing therapeutically effective drug concentrations at the tumor site [through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect] while reducing undesirable side effects. This review focuses on the progress of targeted delivery of nanoparticulated anticancer drug such as doxorubicin chemically conjugated with dextran and encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles to solid tumor with reduced side effect of drug. Regulated particle size and long circulation of these hydrogel nanoparticles in blood help them accumulate in tumor tissue through EPR effect as evident from the significant regression of the tumor volume. The cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin can be minimized by coupling the drug with dextran and encapsulating it in chitosan nanoparticles. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease
Piperazinium, Ethylenediammonium or 4,4′‐Bipyridinium Halocuprates(I) by CuII/Cu0 Comproportionation
Authors: Redel Engelbert , Fiederle Michael , Janiak Christoph 
Published: May 2009

Abstract1‐Dimensional halocuprate(I) chains [(Cu2X4)2–]n (= [(CuX2)–]n, X = Cl, Br, I) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions through in‐situ reduction of CuIIX2 with FeIIX2 or as phase pure materials through comproportionation of CuIIX2 or CuIIO with Cu0 metal in the presence of the respective aqueous hydrogen halide HX and a templating amine. Chains of trans edge‐sharing tetrahedra are obtained with piperazinium or ethylenediammonium dications, while the 4,4′‐bipyridinium dication gave chains of cis edge‐sharing tetrahedra. Two monoprotonated piperazinium groups act as cationic ligands (Hpipz+) towards copper atoms in a molecular [Cu4(μ‐Br6)(Hpipz)2] cluster. Electrical crystal conductivities of the halocuprate [(Cu2X4)2–]n (= [(CuX2)–]n) chains (X = Cl, Br, I) are around 10–8 S·cm–1 at room temperature.
A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Nucleophilic Substitution at a Pentacoordinated Silicon Atom
Authors: Bassindale Alan R. , Parker David J. , Taylor Peter G. , Turtle Robert 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA model system for the exploration of nucleophilic substitution at a pentacoordinate silicon centre is reported. The degenerate nucleophilic exchange of free N‐methylimidazole (NMI) with coordinated NMI in a chiral pentacoordinate silicon compound, 4, has been studied by dynamic NMR spectroscopy. In 4 the axial ligands are N‐methylimidazole and an intramolecularly‐coordinated and chelating oxygen atom of an amido group. The equatorial ligands are N‐CH2, Ph and Me. Two competing mechanisms for the nucleophilic substitution at silicon have been distinguished from the data. One mechanism takes place with retention of configuration at silicon and is zeroth order in added nucleophile. This is interpreted as involving rate limiting dissociation of the N‐methylimidazole followed by rapid re‐association of another NMI molecule. The other mechanism takes place with both inversion and retention of configuration at silicon but is also of zeroth order in added nucleophile. A mechanism for this reaction in which the O‐Si coordination is lost in the rate‐determining step is consistent with the data. In this particular example there is no evidence for a mechanism in which pentacoordinate silicon is attacked to give a hexacoordinate intermediate or transition state.
Impact of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery on Survival
Authors: Christou Nicolas V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBariatric surgery is the only reliable treatment that offers sustained, long‐term weight loss. This results in cure or improvement in almost all of the obesity‐associated diseases and translates into reduction in the relative risk of death or increased longevity of the operated morbidly obese population. Since the treatment of obesity‐associated conditions is very costly, bariatric surgery also results in significant reductions in healthcare costs with a return on investment of 3 years. It is not just weight loss, it is health gain.
Cancer Genetics Service Interest in Women with a Limited Family History of Breast Cancer
Authors: Somers Tamara J. , Michael Julie C. , Klein William M. P. , Baum Andrew 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWomen with a limited family history of breast cancer may be interested in cancer genetics information although their objective risk of breast cancer may not indicate routine referral to cancer genetics services. This study examined factors related to interest and use of cancer genetics services in a community sample of women with a limited family history of breast cancer (N = 187) who had no previous contact with cancer genetics services. Participants provided demographic information and ratings of perceived risk, cancer distress, attitudes, and intentions to initiate cancer genetics services. Participants were given information about a cancer genetics clinic that served women having concerns about their breast cancer risk. Women were contacted within 6 weeks and 8 months following their study appointment. Six weeks following their study appointment, 25% of women had initiated cancer genetics services. Eight months following their study appointment, 18% of women reported having completed a cancer genetics service appointment. Baseline intentions independently predicted both initiation at 6 weeks and appointment at 8 months. Cancer distress was positively associated with cancer genetics service initiation and appointment. Results suggest that some women with a limited family history of breast cancer are interested in seeking out cancer genetics information. Women with a limited family history of breast cancer may benefit from the availability of cancer genetics information provided through primary healthcare settings.
Possible causal factors of structural chromosome aberrations in intracytoplasmic sperm injection of the mouse
Authors: Tateno Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIncidence of structural chromosome aberrations in mouse one‐cell embryos produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with mature epididymal spermatozoa were influenced by sperm incubation medium and time. When spermatozoa were incubated in bicarbonate‐buffered TYH for ≤0.5 h, the embryo aberration rates were significantly higher than in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos. However, after the incubation of spermatozoa in the same medium for ≥2 h, the aberration rates were close to the IVF embryo level. When spermatozoa were incubated in bicarbonate‐buffered mCZB, hepes‐buffered H‐TYH and H‐mCZB, and phosphate‐buffered PB1, the increased incidences of aberrations were observed at any incubation time. In the case of sperm incubation in H‐TYH, H‐mCZB and PB1, the aberration rates increased in a time‐dependent manner. Chromosome aberrations generated by ICSI were transmissible to offspring. On the other hand, the aberration rate in embryos derived from testicular spermatozoa was independent of the medium type and incubation time. Thus, the incubation media appears to have no effect on sperm chromatin. TYH can effectively induce capacitation and acrosome reaction, while H‐TYH, H‐mCZB and PB1 never induce these spermatozoal events. It is probable that the cholesterol‐rich plasma membrane and intact acrosome injected into the ooplasm affect sperm chromatin remodeling, thus resulting in the generation of chromosome damage in ICSI embryos.
Perinatal audit using the 3‐delays model in western Tanzania
Authors: Mbaruku Godfrey , van Roosmalen Jos , Kimondo Iluminata , Bilango Filigona , Bergström Staffan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo audit intrapartum fetal and early neonatal deaths of infants weighing ≥ 2000 g in a regional hospital in western Tanzania.MethodsThe 3‐delays methodology was applied to a cohort of perinatal deaths from July 2002 to July 2004.ResultsThe overall perinatal mortality rate in the hospital was 38 per 1000 live births, and in just over half of these cases the birth weight was ≥ 2000 g. The leading clinicopathologic causes of death were birth asphyxia (19.0%), prolonged or obstructed labor (18.5%), antepartum hemorrhage (11.5%), and uterine rupture (9.0%). First delays occurred in 19.0% of the cases, second delays occurred in 21.5%, and third delays occurred in 72.5%.ConclusionFor women who delivered in this hospital, most of the substandard care occurred after admission to the health facility. The improvement of institutional health care may have a significant impact on the decision to attend health institutions and, thereby, reduce first delays.
The functional neuroanatomy of blood-injection-injury phobia: a comparison with spider phobics and healthy controls
Authors: Caseras X. , Giampietro V. , Lamas A. , Brammer M. , Vilarroya O. , Carmona S. , Rovira M. , Torrubia R. , Mataix-Cols D. 
Published: May 2009

BackgroundMost neuroimaging studies of specific phobia have investigated the animal subtype. The blood-injection-injury (BII) subtype is characterized by a unique biphasic psychophysiological response, which could suggest a distinct neural substrate, but direct comparisons between phobia types are lacking.MethodThis study compared the neural responses during the presentation of phobia-specific stimuli in 12 BII phobics, 14 spider (SP) phobics and 14 healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).ResultsSubjective ratings showed that the experimental paradigm produced the desired symptom-specific effects. As in many previous studies, when viewing spider-related stimuli, SP phobics showed increased activation in dorsal anterior cingulate and anterior insula, compared to BII phobics and healthy controls. However, when viewing images of blood-injection-injuries, participants with BII phobia mainly showed increased activation in the thalamus and visual/attention areas (occipito-temporo-parietal cortex), compared with the other two groups. The degree of provoked anxiety and disgust by phobia-relevant images was strongly associated with activation in several common regions across the two phobia groups (thalamus, cerebellum, occipito-temporal regions) but only correlated with activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and the anterior insula in the SP phobics.ConclusionsThese results suggest partially distinct neurobiological substrates of animal and BII phobias and support their current classification as two distinct subtypes in the DSM-IV-TR. Further research is needed to better understand the precise neurobiological mechanisms in BII phobia and particularly the fainting response.
Early vocabulary development in Mandarin (Putonghua) and Cantonese
Authors: TARDIF TWILA , FLETCHER PAUL , LIANG WEILAN , KACIROTI NIKO 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTParent report instruments adapted from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) examined vocabulary development in children aged 0 ; 8 to 2 ; 6 for two Chinese languages, Mandarin (n=1694) and Cantonese (n=1625). Parental reports suggested higher overall scores for Mandarin- than for Cantonese-speaking children from approximately 1 ; 4 onward. Factors relevant to the difference were only-child status, monolingual households and caregiver education. In addition to the comparison of vocabulary scores overall, the development of noun classifiers, grammatical function words common to the two languages, was assessed both in terms of the age and the vocabulary size at which these terms are acquired. Whereas age-based developmental trajectories again showed an advantage for Beijing children, Hong Kong children used classifiers when they had smaller vocabularies, reflecting the higher frequencies and greater precision of classifier use in adult Cantonese. The data speak to the importance of using not just age, but also vocabulary size, as a metric by which the acquisition of particular linguistic elements can be examined across languages.
Distribution and structure of efferent synapses in the chicken retina
Authors: LINDSTROM S. H. , NACSA N. , BLANKENSHIP T. , FITZGERALD P. G. , WELLER C. , VANEY D. I. , WILSON MARTIN 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe visual system of birds includes an efferent projection from a visual area, the isthmo-optic nucleus in the midbrain, back to the retina. Using a combination of anterograde labeling of efferent fibers, reconstruction of dye-filled neurons, NADPH-diaphorase staining, and transmission electron microscopy, we have examined the distribution of efferent fibers and their synaptic structures in the chicken retina. We show that efferent fibers terminate strictly within the ventral retina. In two completely mapped retinas, only 2 fibers from a total of 15,359 terminated in the dorsal retina. The major synapse made by each efferent fiber is with a single efferent target amacrine cell (TC). This synapse consists of 5–25 boutons of 2μm diameter, each with multiple active zones, pressed into the TC soma or synapsing with a basketwork of rudimentary TC dendrites in the inner nuclear layer (INL). This basketwork, which is sheathed by Muller cell processes, defines a private neuropil in the INL within which TCs were also seen to receive input from retinal neurons. In addition to the major synapse, efferent fibers typically produce several very thin processes that terminate nearby in single small boutons and for which the soma of a local amacrine cell is one of the likely postsynaptic partners. A minority of efferent fibers also give rise to a thicker process, terminating in a strongly diaphorase-positive ball about 5μm in diameter.
Parvalbumin-immunoreactive amacrine cells of macaque retina
Authors: KLUMP KATHRYN E. , ZHANG AI-JUN , WU SAMUEL M. , MARSHAK DAVID W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA number of authors have observed amacrine cells containing high levels of immunoreactive parvalbumin in primate retinas. The experiments described here were designed to identify these cells morphologically, to determine their neurotransmitter, to record their light responses, and to describe the other cells that they contact. Macaque retinas were fixed in paraformaldehyde and labeled with antibodies to parvalbumin and one or two other markers, and this double- and triple-labeled material was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In their morphology and dendritic stratification patterns, the parvalbumin-positive cells closely resembled the knotty type 2 amacrine cells described using the Golgi method in macaques. They contained immunoreactive glycine transporter, but not immunoreactive γ-aminobutyric acid, and therefore, they use glycine as their neurotransmitter. Their spatial density was relatively high, roughly half that of AII amacrine cells. They contacted lobular dendrites of AII cells, and they are expected to be presynaptic to AII cells based on earlier ultrastructural studies. They also made extensive contacts with axon terminals of OFF midget bipolar cells whose polarity cannot be predicted with certainty. A macaque amacrine cell of the same morphological type depolarized at the onset of increments in light intensity, and it was well coupled to other amacrine cells. Previously, we described amacrine cells like these that contacted OFF parasol ganglion cells and OFF starburst amacrine cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that one function of these amacrine cells is to inhibit the transmission of signals from rods to OFF bipolar cells via AII amacrine cells. Another function may be inhibition of the OFF pathway following increments in light intensity.
Expression of calcium-binding proteins in cerebellar- and inferior olivary-projecting neurons in the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali of pigeons
Authors: IWANIUK ANDREW N. , PAKAN JANELLE M.P. , GUTIÉRREZ-IBÁÑEZ CRISTIÁN , WYLIE DOUGLAS R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the avian brain, the optokinetic response is controlled by two retinal-recipient nuclei: the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) of the accessory optic system and the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (LM). Although considered sister nuclei because of their similar response properties and function, there are both similarities and differences with respect to efferent projections and neurochemistry. Both nBOR and LM project to the cerebellum (Cb) directly as mossy fibers but also indirectly via the inferior olive (IO). In a previous report, we showed that the cerebellar- and inferior olivary-projecting neurons in nBOR of pigeons differentially express the calcium-binding proteins calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV). Both CR and PV are expressed in the somata of LM neurons, although the latter is not as prevalent, and whether expression of CR and PV reflects cerebellar and IO projections is not known. In this report, by combining retrograde neuronal tracing from the Cb and IO with fluorescent immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression of these calcium-binding proteins in the pigeon LM. Half (52%) of the cerebellar-projecting neurons were CR+ve, but only 15% were PV+ve. Almost all (>95%) these PV+ve cells also expressed CR. In contrast, few of the IO-projecting neurons expressed CR or PV (≤5%). This is strikingly similar to what we observed in nBOR and reveals that calcium-binding protein expression is concordant with projection patterns in two nuclei that share similar functions.