bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Required Operational Capabilities to Connect Operational and Technical Requirements
Authors: ADAMS KENNETH M. , KOTT KEN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOne of the fundamental challenges facing an engineering development team is to understand the operational objectives and goals of a system and how it will be applied in real‐world situations. The Navy currently uses Required Operational Capabilities and the Projected Operating Environment (ROC/POE) to define and measure the training needs and operational capabilities for a ship class once it has been introduced into fleet service. We show how the ROC/POE can be used as an upfront engineering tool to translate the CG(X) concept of operations into mission‐based operational needs and objectives, which then drive the system definition, architecture, and design. The analysis of these missions in a holistic fashion will enable the Navy to fully understand the behavior of the ship, control costs, and reduce the risk of failing to meet warfighter needs.
Modeling and Simulation of Notional Future Radar in Non‐Standard Propagation Environments Facilitated by Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Modeling
Authors: MARSHALL ROBERT E. , THORNTON WILLIAM D. , LEFURJAH GEORGE , CASEY TIMOTHY S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNormal near surface radio‐frequency (RF) propagation in the littorals across the land–sea boundary is rare due to the land–sea temperature difference, coastline shape, ground cover, urban density, coastal topography, and soil moisture content. The resulting frequent existence of coastal non‐standard vertical profiles of refractivity and the resulting RF propagation has a profound impact on the performance of Navy ship‐borne radars operating within 100 nm of the shore. In addition, these non‐standard RF propagation conditions are spatio‐temporally inhomogeneous. These spatial and time dependent propagation conditions and the resulting radar engineering implications cannot be revealed by a single vertical profile of refractivity taken near the ship borne radar. The results from single profile analysis techniques provide no spatiotemporal information and may lead to overly conservative radar design. Mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) is a rapidly maturing technology with a strong operational Navy history that can provide a vertical profile of refractivity every 1 km in the battle space and every hour, up to 48 h, in the future. The Sensor Division at NSWCDD has applied mesoscale NWP for the last 2 years to better understand the performance of prototype radar in realistic four‐dimensional (4D) coastal environments. Modern RF parabolic equation models are designed to model specific radar designs and to employ 3D refractivity fields from mesoscale NWP models. This allows for a radar design to be tested in realistic littoral non‐standard atmospheres produced by stable internal boundary layers, sea breeze events, and the more rare sub‐refractive events. Mesoscale NWP is currently qualitative for this purpose, but a research and development program focused on sea testing of prototype radars is described with the purpose of developing a more quantitative mesoscale NWP technology to support radar acquisition, testing, and operations.
Navy Radar Trades at the Ship Interface
Authors: WHITE JAMES W. , BILLUPS AMY 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe next generation radar suite will include a radar that has sensitivity far greater than shipboard radars in use today. Most likely the radar will be a multi‐faced, solid state, phased array system with each array consisting of thousands of individual radiating elements powered by transmit/receive (T/R) modules. It will likely need to be large, and the demands it makes on ship services will be unprecedented. Its electrical power demands could be larger than the total ship's load for present‐day ships. Array size could significantly impact topside design. This paper examines top‐level radar system design choices and illustrates the trends in the ship impact of those choices. Radar design options considered are aperture size and shape, coolant operating temperature, number of array faces, and power system architecture. These design options have an effect on the radar system's weight, footprint, power demand, and cooling load. The effects on ship design can be significant. The ship impact analyses consider a radar system that includes ship‐provided equipment such as electrical power distribution equipment and chill water plants. An analysis of radar systems, all with the same performance, shows that radar system power demand can change by as much as four megawatts for a notional surface combatant depending upon the radar designer's configuration choices. Radar system weight can vary by more than 100 metric tons. There is a cubic relationship between T/R module power and array face area for a constant sensitivity radar system. This relationship is examined to show that there is often a choice of T/R module power that minimizes radar ship impact. The exact choice of T/R module power depends upon the customer's preferences, the manufacturer's capabilities, and choice of vendors. This paper does not convey any official US government position or US Navy endorsement of any particular radar architecture or design approach.
Combat System Application of Change‐Tolerant Technology: Using Rules Engine for Decision Automation
Authors: PAYNE CATHERINE L. , SCHMID MARK E. , SHAPTER BARBARA A. , TAYLOR BRIAN T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAdvances in threats, geopolitical developments, and commercial technologies continually challenge combat system stability because they constantly create new demands and therefore requirements for the system. Because the life cycle of major Department of Defense (DoD) systems can last decades, long‐fielded systems in particular are vulnerable to requirements creep. One technique to mitigate the impact requirements volatility can have on a system is through the implementation of technologies that have been developed to allow the system to adapt while minimizing the effect of change on the system as a whole. This paper investigates the application of one such technology—Rules Engine—to the Decision Automation domain of two Navy combat systems. This paper also proposes modifications to the systems engineering process given that using change‐tolerant technologies affects the way a system can be developed and maintained.
Methods for Naval Ship Concept and Propulsion Technology Exploration in a CGX Case Study
Authors: STROCK JUSTIN , BROWN ALAN 
Published: April 2009

Abstract In response to the Fiscal Year 2006 National Defense Authorization Act, the US Navy conducted an alternative propulsion study (APS) for surface combatants and amphibious warfare ships. The study looked at current and future propulsion technology and propulsion alternatives for three sizes of warships. In their analyses they developed 23 ship concepts, seven of which were considered medium surface combatants (MSCs). The report to Congress was based on cost analyses and operational effectiveness analyses of these variants. Their conclusions did not consider a true representative sample of feasible, non‐dominated designs in the design space. This paper revisits the APS for a fossil‐fueled MSC. It applies automated design methods with a variety of design tools, including the Advanced Ship and Submarine Evaluation Tool (ASSET), a simplified ship synthesis model (SSSM), and Model Center (MC) to improve the APS approach. It examines a range of power and propulsion alternatives using operational profiles and requirements similar to the APS in a notional MSC (CGXBMD). The automated process and tools presented in this paper provide a rational and thorough method to search a design space for non‐dominated concepts. These non‐dominated concepts represent the best basis for assessing technologies over a range of possibilities considering effectiveness, cost and risk. This automated approach and new tools are evaluated in the context of a CGXBMD case study. A number of conclusions relative to APS propulsion technologies are made. Most support the APS results.
A pilot study of the use and perceived utility of a scale to assess clinical dental teaching within a UK dental school restorative department
Authors: Woolley S. , Emanuel C. , Koshy B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIntroduction:  Feedback on individual teaching performance gives an important contribution and support to the reflective practices of educators. Unfortunately, feedback is an infrequent exercise provided to dental teachers about their teaching practices. The Effective Clinical Dental Teaching (ECDT) scale has been used previously to assess clinical teachers, but has not been used within the UK.Methods:  This study looks at the use of the ECDT scale in the setting of a UK dental school, as a method of feedback collection and delivery in seven domains of clinical teaching. The ECDT was used to evaluate the teaching of 16 clinical teachers by dental undergraduates, and to investigate the opinions of these clinical teachers and clinical dental students about the utility of this scale.Results:  The study identified that there was a disparity between self and student perception of teaching. The total ECDT scores ranged from a minimum of 55% 66.6/125 to a maximum of 90% 113.8/125, with a mean group score of 73% 91.6/125. Most clinicians evaluated by students scored above 3/5 for all teaching domains, although there appeared to be significant differences between the four teacher groups. The majority of staff and students were in favour of the use of such a scale to support the progression and development of teaching styles.Conclusion:  The ECDT scale is a useful tool for highlighting the areas of strength and deficiency within clinical dental teaching. Its use may complement peer review for individual teachers and identify future topics for staff development sessions. Further research is recommended to identify the individual strengths and weaknesses that different types of teacher may bring to curriculum teaching.
Career choice and attitudes towards dental education amongst dental students in Japan and Sweden
Authors: Karibe H. , Kawakami T. , Suzuki A. , Warita S. , Ogata K. , Aoyagi K. , Agholme M. B. , Dahllöf G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify and compare the perspectives of dental students towards their career choice and dental education in Japan and Sweden. One hundred and fourteen dental students from the Nippon Dental University, Japan and 43 dental students from the Karolinska Institutet, Sweden participated in this study. Information was derived from a self‐answered questionnaire consisting of five items for career choice and six items for dental education. Chi‐square test and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test were used for comparison. Significant differences were detected for 10 questionnaire items between the two countries. Regarding motivation towards the career choice, 44% of Swedish students indicated interpersonal motives related to helping other people, whereas 32% of Japanese students indicated expectations of their family in the dental profession. As future career options, 64% of Japanese and 47% of Swedish students planned to work as general dentists. More Swedish students (37%) preferred specialisation than Japanese students (17%). Nearly three‐quarters of the Swedish students were satisfied with the teaching faculty of their school, whilst only 32% of the Japanese students indicated content. The perspectives of dental students were different in Japan and Sweden. This study provides a description of the perspectives of Japanese and Swedish dental students and enables better understanding of career decision and dental curriculum issues.
Evaluation of a virtual anatomy course for clinical undergraduates
Authors: Durham J. A. , Brettell S. , Summerside C. , McHanwell S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim:  To implement and evaluate a series of interactive clinically applied anatomy tutorials for final year dental undergraduate students.Methods:  A 6‐week voluntary virtual program of tutorials for final year dental undergraduates, with pre‐ and post‐tutorial testing, was evaluated using a priority sequence model (QualQuan). A purposive sample (n = 15) was taken of the year group (n = 69) and the initial qualitative phase in depth interviews were carried out until data saturation (n = 13). The emergent recurrent themes from the qualitative data were then phrased into a variety of non‐leading questions. These questions were issued in the form of an anonymous electronic questionnaire to the whole student body.Results:  There was a good uptake of the tutorials with 84% of the students accessing at least one tutorial before sitting their final examinations. A response rate of 70% was achieved for the quantitative evaluative questionnaire phase of the study. Overall perceptions of the course were favourable although a number of modifications were suggested. These included a more concise presentation of the mainstream tutorial text with hyper links to more detailed content. Students also indicated a desire for more line diagrams. These changes, it was suggested, would help with the on‐line readability of the tutorials. The primary focus for the students’ learning appeared to be provided by the pre‐ and post‐tutorial tests even though explicit learning outcomes were provided for each tutorial.Conclusion:  This study demonstrates that a well‐designed virtual course can help to vertically integrate, and make clinically relevant, one of the basic sciences underpinning dental surgery. It has shown that formative assessment acts as a powerful tool to focus student attention and direct student learning. This leads to the conclusion that formative assessments have to be designed with as much care and attention as summative assessments.
Red bacterial complex is associated with the severity of chronic periodontitis in a Thai population
Authors: Wara‐aswapati N , Pitiphat W , Chanchaimongkon L , Taweechaisupapong S , Boch JA , Ishikawa I 
Published: April 2009

Background:  The distribution of periodontal pathogens differs in various geographic locations and racial/ethnic groups. This study investigated the microbiological features of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients in Thailand.Methods:  Subgingival plaque samples from 20 non‐periodontitis subjects, 20 patients with mild CP, and 20 patients with moderate to severe CP were examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.Results:  In the moderate to severe CP patients, there was high prevalence of P. gingivalis (95%), T. forsythia (95%), T. denticola (80%), as well as the red complex (coexistence of all three species at the same lesion) (75%). A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in only 35% of the patients in this study group. P. gingivalis was detected in as high as 45% of the non‐periodontitis controls. CP and disease severity were significantly related to the presence of T. forsythia together with T. denticola and the red complex. The red complex was not found in any non‐periodontitis site.Conclusion:  Red complex bacteria were predominant periodontal pathogens of the moderate to severe form of CP in this Thai population. The presence of T. forsythia together with T. denticola, and the red complex species at the same site were significantly associated with the disease severity.
A comparative study of four rotary NiTi instruments in preserving canal curvature, preparation time and change of working length
Authors: Vahid Alavieh , Roohi Neda , Zayeri Farid 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this ex vivo study was to compare working time, working length changes and shaping effects using ProTaper, ProFile, FlexMaster and Mtwo rotary instruments. A total of 96 mesiobuccal roots of the first maxillary molars were prepared using these instruments. Using pre and post‐radiographs, canal curvature and working length were measured. In addition, the time required for canal preparation was recorded. Data was statistically analysed using one‐way anova and Duncan's post‐hoc tests. ProTaper significantly lessened the canal curvature (P < 0.001), and Mtwo rotary instruments took significantly less instrumentation time (P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the four groups in changing working lengths (P = 0.081). According to the results of the study, the Mtwo rotary instruments required significantly less instrumentation time, and the ProTaper significantly changed the canal curvature.
New foundations of cost–benefit analysis
Authors: Adler Matthew , Posner Eric A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article responds to the criticisms of New Foundations of Cost–Benefit Analysis that appeared in a review by Amy Sinden, Douglas A. Kysar, and David M. Driesen. We argue that their criticisms are either based on misunderstandings of our approach or are too demanding, in the sense that no reasonable decision procedure would satisfy them. We illustrate this second argument by demonstrating that their preferred approach – feasibility analysis – has little to recommend it.
Responsive regulation at the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority: An empirical assessment of assumptions underlying the theory
Authors: Mascini Peter , Wijk Eelco Van 
Published: April 2009

AbstractResponsive regulation usually boils down to the assumption that enforcers should not shift to coercing before it has become clear that persuading does not work. This presupposes that it is possible to determine what the correct enforcement style is, that enforcers can apply the most suitable style, and that enforcers control the negative unintended consequences of their conduct. We have studied the applicability of these presuppositions at the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority by way of observations, interviews, and a survey. The applicability of all three presuppositions has proven problematic; enforcement agents apply different styles in comparable cases; they are impeded in applying the most appropriate style; and they do not control the perverse consequences of their conduct because regulatees tend to perceive it as more coercive than intended by inspectors. Our findings are not unique to this inspectorate and hence raise questions about the applicability of the theory of responsive regulation.
Exchangeability, Correlation, and Bayes' Effect
Authors: O'Neill Ben 
Published: April 2009

Summary We examine the difference between Bayesian and frequentist statistics in making statements about the relationship between observable values. We show how standard models under both paradigms can be based on an assumption of exchangeability and we derive useful covariance and correlation results for values from an exchangeable sequence. We find that such values are never negatively correlated, and are generally positively correlated under the models used in Bayesian statistics. We discuss the significance of this result as well as a phenomenon which often follows from the differing methodologies and practical applications of these paradigms – a phenomenon we call Bayes' effect.
Homer Sarasohn and American Involvement in the Evolution of Quality Management in Japan, 1945–1950
Authors: Fisher Nicholas I. 
Published: April 2009

Summary The history of Quality Management, and of the role of Statistics in Quality Management, is inextricably bound to the reconstruction of Japan immediately following the Second World War, and then to developments in the United States over three decades later. Even though these periods are, in societal history, just moments ago, yet there is profound lack of agreement about what was actually done, and who should be recognized for their contributions. This paper draws on historical materials recently made publicly available in order to clarify what actually took place between 1946 and 1950, and in particular the contribution of a remarkable engineer, Homer Sarasohn.
Oral Health Self‐Care Behaviors of Rural Older Adults
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Bell Ronny A. , Anderson Andrea M. , Chen Haiying , Savoca Margaret R. , Kohrman Teresa , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Objectives: This analysis describes the dental self‐care behaviors used by a multiethnic sample of older adults and delineates the associations of self‐care behaviors with personal characteristics and oral health problems. Methods: A cross‐sectional comprehensive oral health survey conducted with a random, multiethnic (African‐American, American Indian, white) sample of 635 community‐dwelling rural adults aged 60 years and older was completed in two rural southern counties. Results: Rural older adults engage in a variety of self‐care behaviors, including the use of over‐the‐counter (OTC) medicine (12.1 percent), OTC dental products (84.0 percent), salt (50.9 percent), prayer (6.1 percent), and complementary therapies (18.2 percent). Some gender and ethnic class differences are apparent, with greater use by women of OTC medicine and salt and greater use by African‐Americans and American Indians of OTC medicine and OTC dental products. The use of dental self‐care behaviors appears to be driven by need. Those reporting oral pain, bleeding gums, and dry mouth have greater odds of engaging in most of the dental self‐care behaviors, including the use of complementary therapies. Conclusions: The major factor leading to the use of self‐care behaviors is need. Although oral pain does increase the use of self‐care behaviors, so do bleeding gums and dry mouth. Research and practice should address self‐care behaviors used for oral health problems in addition to pain. Investigators should expand analysis of dental self‐care behavior and the relationship of self‐care behavior to the use of professional services. Further research also should explore the use of complementary therapies in dental self‐care.
Performing Gender in Augustan Criticism and Pope's To a Lady
Authors: JONES TOM 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis piece explores the performance of gender in literary criticism of the period 1660‐1740 and in Pope's To A Lady. Arguing that the use of gendered terms in literary criticism is part of the performance of gender, the essay draws on Judith Butler's work. The essay traces the use of explicitly and implicitly gendered terms in literary criticism in order to suggest the gender value assigned to particular technical aspects of verse. The essay closes with a reading of To a Lady which argues that the poem explores the relationship between the ideas of female inconstancy and male artistic virtue.
‘Mi Li’ Revisited: Horace Walpole and the Idea of China
Authors: NASH PAUL 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSome time in the early 1780s Horace Walpole wrote a Chinese fairy tale to amuse himself and to entertain a young girl of his acquaintance. Named ‘Mi Li’ after its protagonist, it was printed in 1785, together with five others, under the title Hieroglyphic Tales. The tale is a satire, directed at the East India Company's pursuit of profit and Britain's transforming mercantile–colonial enterprise after the American revolutionary war. This paper represents an effort to understand ‘Mi Li’ within the context of contemporary ideas about China and English attitudes towards a wider world.
Performing the Woman of Sensibility: Suzanne Curchod Necker and the Hospice de Charité
Authors: BOON SONJA 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper explores the problematic relationship between feminine propriety and public female ambition by examining the ways in which the well‐known salonnière and philanthropist, Suzanne Curchod Necker, deployed the principles of normative femininity – womanly propriety founded upon the values of modesty, sensibility, charity and above all, domesticity – as a masquerade, not only to propel herself into the public sphere of ideas, but also and perhaps more significantly, through her leadership of the experimental Hospice de Charité, to acquire significant political influence.