bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Electrocautery Probes in Arthroscopic Removal of Apical Sesamoid Fracture Fragments in 18 Standardbred Horses
Authors: Bouré Ludovic , Marcoux Marcel , Laverty Sheila , Lepage Olivier M. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To develop a technique for arthroscopic excision of apical sesamoid fracture fragments using electrocautery probes.Animals or Sample Population—A total of 18 Standardbred horses.Methods—Arthroscopic removal of apical sesamoid fracture fragments using both hook and loop electrocautery probes was performed on 18 Standardbred horses. The fracture fragments were approached using either an ipsilateral (3) or contralateral (15) arthroscopic triangulation technique. Distension of the metacarpo‐ (metatarso)‐phalangeal joints was achieved using a 1.5% glycine solution. Under arthroscopic guidance, both the suspensory and intersesamoidean ligament attachments to the abaxial and the axial margins of the apical fragment were transected using a hook electrocautery probe. Subsequently, the palmar (plantar) soft tissue attachments to the apical fragment were transected with a loop electrocautery probe. Once freed of soft tissue attachments, the apical fragment was removed with Ferris‐Smith intervertebral disc rongeur. The arthroscopic portals were closed in a routine manner.Results—Horse ages ranged from 2 to 8 years (median, 2.5 years). Eighteen apical sesamoid fracture fragments were removed from the left (8) and right (8) hind limbs and the left (1) and right (1) forelimbs. Apical fragments occured in 15 lateral and 3 medial proximal sesamoid bones. No major complications occurred during or after surgery. The electrocautery probes permitted an easy and precise dissection of all soft tissue attachments to the apical sesamoid fracture fragments in all horses. Follow‐up time was 7 to 44 months (median, 26 months); 10 of 14 horses returned to racing. Seven of nine horses that raced before surgery raced again and three of five that had not raced before surgery, raced afterwards.Conclusion—Arthroscopic excision of apical sesamoid fracture fragments can be accomplished arthroscopically using electrocautery probes.Clinical Relevance—Arthroscopic electrosurgery is an efficient and safe alternative for intra‐articular dissection in horses.
Biodegradable Drug Delivery Systems for Gentamicin Release and Treatment of Synovial Membrane Infection
Authors: Cook V.L. , Bertone A.L. , Kowalski J.J. , Schwendeman S.P. , Ruggles A.J. , Weisbrode S.E. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—This study investigated two biodegradable drug delivery systems (BDDS) for elution of gentamicin and elimination of synovial membrane infection.Study Design—The effect of BDDS on control and infected synovial explants was determined.Animals or Sample Population—Synovial explants from four adult equine cadavers.Methods—First, BDDS were placed in phosphate buffered saline for 14 days. Eluent was tested for gentamicin concentration (G) and bioactivity. Second, synovial explants were divided into four groups (n = 14/group): Group 1 (control); Group 2 (infected control) 405 cfuStaphylococcus aureusadded at 6 hours; Group 3 (antibiotic BDDS [Ab‐BDDS]) Ab‐BDDS added at 24 hours; Group 4 (infected Ab‐BDDS) 405 cfuS. aureusadded at 6 hours, Ab‐BDDS added at 24 hours. Both types of Ab‐BDDS were used (n = 7/type/group). Explants were incubated in standard medium for 4 days. Medium was cultured and analyzed for (G) and hyaluronic acid concentration (HA). Explants were analyzed for viability and morphologic changes.Results—The Ab‐BDDS released >500 μg/mL of active gentamicin for 10 days. In Group 3, infection was eliminated within 24 hours, but histologic scores did not return to normal. Viability was significantly reduced by infection, but if eliminated, viability tended to return to normal. In Group 3, the Ab‐BDDS had no significant effect on viability or (HA). Histopathologic scores were significantly higher for infected synovium. Infection, even if treated, significantly reduced (HA).Conclusions—Both Ab‐BDDS eliminated infection within 24 hours. However, synovial morphology, viability and function did not return to normal.Clinical Relevance—The Ab‐BDDS may be useful for treatment of synovial membrane infection.
Arthroscopic Subchondral Bone Plate Microfracture Technique Augments Healing of Large Chondral Defects in the Radial Carpal Bone and Medial Femoral Condyle of Horses
Authors: Frisbie D.D. , Trotter G.W. , Powers B.E. , Rodkey W.G. , Steadman J.R. , Howard R.D. , Park R.D. , McIlwraith C.W. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To evaluate the effect of arthroscopic subchondral bone microfracture on healing of large chondral defects in horses.Study Design—Short‐ (4 months) and long‐term (12 months) in vivo experimental chondral defect model.Animals—10 horses, aged 2 to 5 years.Methods—Each horse had a 1 cm2full‐thickness chondral defect created in both radial carpal bones and both medial femoral condyles. One carpus and one femoral condyle of each horse had the subchondral bone plate under the defect perforated using an orthopedic awl. All horses were exercised, five horses were evaluated after 4 months and five horses after 12 months. Gross, histologic, and histomorphometric examination of defect sites and repair tissues was performed, as was collagen typing of the repair tissue.Results—On gross observation a greater volume of repair tissue filled treated defects (74%) compared with control defects (45%). Histomorphometry confirmed more repair tissue filling treated defects, but no difference in the relative amounts of different tissue types was observed. There was an increased percentage of type II collagen in treated defects compared with control defects and evidence of earlier bone remodeling as documented by changes in porosity.Conclusions—In full‐thickness chondral defects in exercised horses, treatment with subchondral bone microfracture increased the tissue volume in the defects and the percentage of type II collagen in the tissue filling the defects when compared to nontreated defects.Clinical Relevance—No negative effects of the microfracture technique were observed and some of the beneficial effects are the basis for recommending its use in patients cases with exposed subchondral bone.
The Effect of Knotting Method on the Structural Properties of Large Diameter Nonabsorbable Monofilament Sutures
Authors: Huber Douglas J. , Egger Erick L. , James Susan P. 
Published: October 2010

Objective— To evaluate the effect of knotting method on the mechanical properties of large diameter nonabsorbable monofilament suture materials.Study Design— In vitro mechanical evaluation.Methods— A conventional square knot was compared with the surgeon's knot, sliding half‐hitch, and clamped square knot. Knotted suture loops were created in a uniform manner and acutely tensioned to failure (20 mm/min loading rate; n = 20 per knot type for each material). Stiffness, yield, and failure characteristics of USP #2 nylon, #2 polybutester, #2 polypropylene, 27 kg test monofilament nylon fishing line, and 27 kg nylon leader material were evaluated.Results— Compared with a conventional square knot, a surgeon's knot decreased stiffness for #2 polypropylene, 27 kg fishing line, and 27 kg leader (P < .05). A sliding half‐hitch weakened all materials except 27 kg leader (P < .05). Clamping the first throw of a square knot increased the stiffness of 27 kg leader loops (P < .05).Conclusions— Based on clinically relevant parameters (stiffness and yield), knotting method had no effect on #2 nylon and #2 polybutester. The surgeon's knot is not recommended for #2 polypropylene and 27 kg fishing line and leader material. A sliding half‐hitch decreased the yield of leader material. Clamping the first throw of a square knot had no adverse effects on acute properties of tested materials; it increased the stiffness for leader material.Clinical Relevance— Knotting method does influence the structural properties of suture materials and should be considered when tying knots under tension.
In VitroEffects of Epidermal Growth Factor or Insulin‐Like Growth Factor on Tenoblast Migration on Absorbable Suture Material
Authors: Jann H.W. , Stein Larry E. , Slater Donna A. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To determine the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) on tenoblast migration on absorbable suture material using anin vitromodel.Study Design—Anin vitroevaluation of tenoblast migration.Animal or Sample Population—Segments of the long digital flexor tendon were obtained from Cobb chickens (9–11 weeks old) immediately after the birds were euthanatized.Methods—Tissue culture explants of tendons containing absorbable suture material were treated with either EGF or IGF. Tenoblast migration was assessed daily using an inverted microscope equipped with bright field and phase optics. Tenoblast migration was assessed according to the following criteria: time of first cell appearance, percent of explant interfaces producing cells, migration distance, and terminal migration index at 120 and 168 hours.Results—EGF had a stimulatory effect on tenoblast migration for cells originating from the endotenon interfaces. No significant effect was noted on migration distance for cells originating from epitenon interfaces. A stimulatory effect on the percentage of interfaces producing cells and a significant decrease in time of first cell appearance were also observed after EGF treatment. IGF‐stimulated cell migration distance for epitenon interfaces but this stimulatory effect did not occur at a higher concentration. IGF was inhibitory to percent of epitenon and endotenon interfaces producing cells but decreased time of first cell appearance at low concentration.Conclusions—Using anin vitromodel, EGF had a stimulatory effect on tenoblast migration. IGF was stimulatory at low concentration levels but inhibitory at a higher concentration. Increased migration distance was observed for endotenon interfaces after EGF treatment and for epitenon interfaces after IGF treatment.Clinical Relevance—EGF or IGF might enhance tendon repair if they could be delivered to the repair site. Incorporation of EGF or IGF into suture material would allow slow release and prolonged exposure of migrating tenoblasts to growth factors.
AnIn VitroComparison of Hollow Ground and Trocar Points on Threaded Positive‐Profile External Skeletal Fixation Pins in Canine Cadaveric Bone
Authors: Marti Juan M. , Roe Simon C. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To compare the microstructural damage created in bone by pins with lathe‐cut and rolled‐on threads, and to determine the peak tip temperature and damage created by positive‐profile external fixator pins with either hollow ground (HG) or trocar (T) tips during insertion.Study Design—An acute, in vitro biomechanical evaluation.Sample Population—Twenty‐seven canine tibiae.Methods—Lathe‐cut thread design with T point (LT‐T), rolled‐on thread design with T point (RT‐T), and rolled‐on thread design with HG point (RT‐HG) pins were evaluated. Twenty pins of each type were inserted under constant drilling pressure into 12 canine tibiae (12 diaphyseal and 8 metaphyseal sites per pin type). Peak pin tip temperature, drilling energy, end‐insertional pin torque, and pullout force were measured for each pin. For the histologic study, five pins of each type were inserted into cortical and cancellous sites in 15 additional tibiae. Entry and exit damage, and thread quality were assessed from 100 micron histologic sections by using computer‐interfaced videomicroscopy.Results—T‐tipped pins reached higher tip temperature in both diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone compared with HG‐tipped pins. RT‐T pins had higher pullout strength (diaphyseal) and end‐insertional torque compared with other combinations. No differences in drilling energy or insertional bone damage was found between the three pin types (P< .05).Conclusions—T‐tipped pins mechanically outperformed HG‐tipped pins. Pin tip and thread design did not significantly influence the degree of insertional bone damage.Clinical Relevance—T‐tipped pins may provide the best compromise between thermal damage and interface friction for maximizing performance of threaded external fixator pins.
Low‐Intensity Laser Light‐Induced Closure of a Chronic Wound in a Dog
Authors: Lucroy Michael D. , Edwards Benjamin F. , Madewell Bruce R. 
Published: October 2010

Objective— To describe the application of low‐intensity laser light for treatment of a chronic, full‐thickness skin wound in a dog.Study Design— Case report.Animals— An 8‐year old, castrated Whippet.Methods— The wound was irradiated on the awake patient with 630 nM wavelength, nonthermal red light once daily for 4 consecutive days. Changes in wound surface area were measured by computer analysis of digital images of the wound.Results— The wound diminished in size during the course of laser treatments and was completely healed by day 21. No post‐treatment complications occurred.Conclusions— Low‐intensity laser light may be useful for treatment of chronic skin wounds in dogs.
Warming With a Forced Air Warming Blanket Minimizes Anesthetic‐Induced Hypothermia in Cats
Authors: Machon Roslyn G. , Raffe Marc R. , Robinson Elaine P. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To evaluate the effectiveness of a forced‐air warming blanket (FAWB) in minimizing anesthetic‐induced hypothermia in cats, and to examine the relationship between esophageal and other estimates of body temperature during skin surface warming.Study Design—Prospective, randomized cross‐over trial.Animals—Eight adult domestic shorthair cats (four males and four females) weighing 2.3 to 4.5 kg.Methods—Each cat was anesthetized with halothane in oxygen on four occasions and covered with a modified FAWB. Air delivered to the cats by the FAWB was warmed to approximately 43°C. Each trial lasted 90 minutes and was divided into two consecutive 45‐minute periods, during which the FAWB was activated or inactivated thus creating four treatment trials: off/off, on/off, on/on, off/on. Measurements of body temperature from the caudal esophagus, deep rectum, toe‐web, and tympanic membrane were recorded at regular intervals throughout each trial and compared.Results—A steady decline in body temperature was observed throughout each trial. Mean body temperature in the cats receiving continual skin surface warming (on/on) was significantly higher than in those receiving no active warming (off/off) and those receiving delayed warming (off/on), from 45 minutes onwards. By 90 minutes, the mean body temperature of cats warmed continuously was 0.9°C higher than in those with no active warming. Notable differences in body temperature were detected between all measurement sites, with the exception of esophagus versus rectum. Rectal and esophageal temperatures did not differ at any time point. Tympanic membrane temperatures measured with either device were lower than esophageal temperatures.Conclusions—The modified FAWB was effective in minimizing the degree of hypothermia experienced in cats anesthetized with halothane for 90 minutes. Deep rectal temperature was an accurate reflection of esophageal temperature in these cats.Clinical Relevance—Forced air warming blankets may prove successful in minimizing anesthetic‐induced hypothermia in cats.
Nd:YAG Laser–Assisted Modified Forssell's Procedure for Treatment of Cribbing (Crib‐Biting) in Horses
Authors: Delacalle Jorge , Burba Daniel J. , Tetens Joanne , Moore Rustin M. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To report an neodymium:yttrium‐aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser‐assisted modified Forssell's surgical technique and outcome for treatment of cribbing (crib‐biting) in horses.Study design—Retrospective clinical study.Animals—Ten adult horses with stereotypic cribbing behavior.Methods—Data were obtained from medical records and telephone conversations with owners, trainers, and veterinarians. Surgical technique involved an approximately 34‐cm ventral median skin incision starting rostral to the larynx and extending caudally. A 10‐cm section of the ventral branch of the spinal accessory nerve was removed, using an Nd:YAG laser at 25 W and continuous pulse with a contact, sculpted‐fiber tip. After neurectomy, approximately 34‐cm sections of the paired omohyoideus and sternothyrohyoideus muscles were removed starting 2 cm rostral to the ventral aspect of the larynx, at the basihyoid bone, using the Nd:YAG laser.Results—Median horse age was 7 years (range, 1 to 11 years). Median surgical time was 90 minutes (range, 75 to 130 minutes). Long‐term outcome (range, 7 to 72 months) was available for all horses. None of the horses had cribbing behavior after surgery, and all returned to their previous use. Four horses had complications (two of which were unrelated to the surgical site), but all recovered fully.Conclusion—The successful outcome we obtained is better than reported previously using a modified Forssell's technique.Clinical relevance—Surgical treatment for cribbing by Nd: YAG laser‐assisted myectomy and neurectomy resulted in an excellent prognosis for resolution of the stereotypical behavior with minimal complications.
Changes in the Local Regulation of Insulin‐Like Growth Factors I and II and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐Binding Proteins in Osteoarthritis of the Canine Stifle Joint Secondary to Cruciate Ligament Rupture
Authors: Fernihough Janet K. , Innes John F. , Billingham Michael E. J. , Holly Jeff M. P. 
Published: October 2010

Objectives—To investigate changes in concentrations of insulin‐like growth factors I (IGF‐I) and II (IGF‐II) and the expression of IGF‐binding proteins (IGFBP) in synovial fluids from dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA) of the canine stifle joint secondary to cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture.Study Design—Prospective study with synovial fluid sampling from diseased and contralateral unaffected joints at 0, 1.5, and 5 months.Sample Population—Eleven dogs with unilateral CCL deficiency, with unaffected contralateral joints.Methods—IGF‐I and IGF‐II concentrations in synovial fluids were estimated by radioimmunoassay at 0, 1.5, and 5 months; Western ligand blotting was performed for intact IGFBPs at 0, 1.5, 5, and 9 months. Both stifle joints were radiographed at 0, 7, and 13 months.Results—The IGF system is altered after CCL rupture and during development of early OA. Mean IGF‐I and IGF‐II concentrations in index stifle joints at study entry were 201.6 μg/mL and 345.7 μg/mL, respectively, compared with 57.7 μg/mL and 79.4 μg/mL, respectively, for contralateral joints. Index joint IGF concentrations increased after surgical treatment and then declined, although they remained higher than contralateral joints. Index joints had increases in IGFBP‐3 and –4, and a decrease in IGFBP‐2 expression compared with contralateral joints.Conclusions—Although IGF concentrations are increased in canine OA, alterations in IGFBP profiles may limit the tissue availability of IGF.Clinical Relevance—Manipulation of the IGF system may provide an opportunity for novel treatments of OA in dogs.
In Vitro Effects of Osteotomy Angle and Osteotomy Reduction on Tibial Angulation and Rotation During the Tibial Plateau‐Leveling Osteotomy Procedure
Authors: Wheeler Jason L. , Cross Alan R. , Gingrich Wade 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To determine the effect of osteotomy angle, reduction technique, and tibial plateau rotation angle on angular and rotational limb deformities.Study Design—Geometric comparison using bone models.Methods—Rotational osteotomies were made in the proximal metaphysis of artificial tibias at 0°, 10°, 20°, −10°, and −20° from perpendicular with respect to either the proximodistal and craniocaudal tibial axes. Negative‐numbered angles represented osteotomies made from distal to proximal or caudal to cranial. Changes in tibial angulation and torsion were measured using a 3‐dimensional digitizing instrument at tibial plateau rotation angles from 0° to 30° at 5° increments. Two osteotomy reduction techniques were used: complete osteotomy reduction and alignment of the medial cortex. The mean of 5 measurements of torsional and angular tibial deformity for each of the 9 osteotomy orientations in each reduction technique group was obtained.Results—All had increasing angular and rotational deformity as tibial plateau rotation angle increased. In the medially aligned cortex group, all tibias had valgus deformity, and 8 of 9 tibias were internally rotated. In the reduced osteotomy group, minimal angular deformity was seen in tibias with osteotomy variation along the proximodistal axis; however, tibias with osteotomy variation along the craniocaudal axis had angular deformity ranging from 6.0° of varus deformity to 14.3° of valgus deformity. Rotational deformity was affected similarly by osteotomy variation along either axis. Reduction technique had greater affect on angular and rotational deformity than osteotomy angle variation.Clinical Relevance—These results suggest that osteotomy reduction may play a greater role in angular and rotational deformity than osteotomy angle, although extreme osteotomy angles should be avoided. To decrease the severity of deformity, we recommend that the osteotomy be made perpendicular to the craniocaudal and proximodistal axes and be completely reduced with less regard for alignment of the medial cortex.
Radiation Synovectomy With Holmium‐166 Ferric Hydroxide Macroaggregate in Equine Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Joints
Authors: Mäkelä Olli , Sukura Antti , Penttilä Pirkko , Hiltunen Jukka , Tulamo Riitta‐Mari 
Published: October 2010

Objectives—To evaluate the effects of radiation synovectomy (RSYN) with holmium‐166 ferric hydroxide macroaggregate (Ho‐166 FHMA) on synovium and synovial fluid in normal metacarpo‐ and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses and to determine intraarticular distribution of radioactivity after Ho‐166 FHMA treatment.Study Design—Either Ho‐166 FHMA or nonradioactive Ho‐165 FHMA was injected into metacarpo‐ or metatarsophalangeal joints.Animals—Six adult mixed‐breed horses without any clinical evidence of metacarpo‐ or metatarsophalangeal joint disease.Methods—Joints were injected with a single high dose of Ho‐166 FHMA (mean, 1,000 MBq/joint) or a nonradioactive Ho‐165 FHMA preparation (controls). Clinical examination, arthroscopy, synovial fluid analyses, and histologic studies were performed to detect effects of RSYN. Scintigraphy was used to localize intraarticular distribution of Ho‐166 FHMA.Results—Ho‐166 FHMA treatment induced joint inflammation leading to regional edema, effusion, and scar tissue formation. Scintigraphy revealed the highest intensity of radioactivity in the proximal plantar joint pouch, at which the Ho‐166 FHMA treatment caused multifocal necrosis. In the dorsal joint pouch, however, arthroscopic study and histologic analysis showed very little effect of RSYN. There was no regeneration of synovium evident within 2 months. Synovial fluid protein concentration was significantly (P< .01) elevated, and some residual radioactivity remained for 5 days after Ho‐166 FHMA injection.Conclusions—Injection of a single high dose of Ho‐166 FHMA caused multifocal necrosis of synovium and deep, soft‐tissue injury in equine fetlock joints.Clinical Relevance—Inflamed equine joints with synovial lining hyperplasia could benefit from Ho‐166 FHMA‐induced radiation synovectomy if excessive scar tissue formation can be avoided.