bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The seasonal biology ofSitona discoideusGyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an introduced pest of New Zealand lucerne
Authors: Goldson S. L. , Frampton E. R. , Barratt B. I. P. , Ferguson C. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSitona discoideusGylh., an introduced pest of lucerne in New Zealand, exhibits univoltine, aestivatory seasonality in Canterbury and Otago, with each generation appearing in late December. Some two weeks after the December emergence of adults, flights to aestivation sites commenced. These sites were commonly remote from the lucerne stands and included such places as under stones or at the base of trees, fence posts, etc. At the commencement of aestivation, the indirect flight muscles atrophied rapidly, only to redevelop some 6–8 weeks later when autumnal post-aestivatory return flights to lucerne began. During the winter,S. discoideusfed on lucerne foliage and became reproductively mature. By October, age-related adult mortality had begun, and for about two weeks in December no adult weevils were present at all in one Canterbury site. In Otago, there was a distinct generation overlap of 2–3 weeks. The eclosion of new generation weevils was closely synchronised; it is suggested that this may have been the product of differential egg development and egg-laying temperature thresholds and a high fourth instar and pupal develoment threshold. Synchronised emergence of adults tended to accentuate the problem of defoliation caused by their feeding.
An infra-red remote sensing system for the active detection and automatic determination of insect flight trajectories (IRADIT)
Authors: Schaefer G. W. , Bent G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA non-technical description is given of a new, powerful, low cost field system (Infra-red Active Determination of Insect Flight Trajectories or IRADIT) for detailed and automatic remote sensing studies of natural insect flight behaviour. The special requirements and difficulties of the detection problem are defined. A series of examples of field devices and techniques are presented to illustrate the key factors of the optical sensing and tracking of insects in flight. In the finally adopted IRADIT system, flying insects are differentially illuminated, under all natural light conditions, by an intense beam of pulsed near-infra-red radiation and detected using a shuttered image intensifier linked with a video camera operating at a rate of 50 frames per second. Immediate fully-automatic determination of the flight trajectories of several simultaneously detected insects was achieved, at this same high rate and in the presence of sky background photon noise, by processing the video signals with electronic circuits and a microcomputer. Flight trajectories are influenced by the local wind, whose vector must be subtracted to study insect flight behaviour. This was achieved by the use of a specially developed sensitive three-vector vane anemometer, providing digital data to the microcomputer at a minimum rate of 5 Hz. In tests of the prototype IRADIT-anemometer system in the field, insects with wing area of only 1·5 mm2 and flying against the midday sky were readily tracked at ranges up to 15 m. A range of at least 100 m is expected for nocturnal moth tracking.
Latitudinal and seasonal changes of nocturnal illumination with a hypothesis about their effect on catches of insects in light-traps
Authors: Bowden John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn account is given of changes in nocturnal illumination at the spring and autumn equinoxes and summer and winter solstices at latitudes between 50 and 60°N. A Relative Trap Index (RTI) was devised to describe changes in light-trap effectiveness and used to adjust catches of Noctuidae and Geometridae for change in trap effectiveness caused by seasonal and latitudinal change in nocturnal illumination at latitudes between 50 and 58°N. When so adjusted, catches were frequently larger in northern than in southern latitudes, not smaller as unadjusted catches show. It is clear that unless light-trap catches are adjusted to allow for changes of illumination, comparisons over time and space, particularly those which involve assumptions about sample constancy, are suspect. Because of the large differences in RTI that may exist between northern and southern traps, particularly in summer and between the summer solstice and other times, it may be necessary to use different light sources at different times of year to maintain a consistent trap sample.
Sex ratio distortion inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewstead (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Rawlings P. , Maudlin I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA laboratory colony ofGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. originating from Nigeria exhibits an excess of females over males. The sex ratio distortion of more than two females to one male was studied by the maintenance of individual flies. Five males sired more than ten daughters without producing any sons when mated to several females, whilst other males fathered approximately equal numbers of male and female offspring; there was no evidence for selective abortion of male embryos. The presence of these ‘distorter’ males, which produce only female offspring, was found to cause the sex ratio distortion. The results are discussed with reference to data from the field which indicate that this genetic aberration is not confined to the laboratory; possible implications for chemical control programmes are assessed.
Genetic studies of malathion resistance in Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Lines J. D. , Ahmed M. A. E. , Curtis C. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCrosses of Sudanese strains of Anopheles arabiensis Patt. resistant and susceptible to malathion indicated that the resistance was incompletely dominant. The results of tests of male progeny of successive backcrosses agreed well with the hypothesis of control of the resistance by a single gene. However, the results from females suggested the additional involvement of a sex-limited modifier. Tests of mixtures initiated with a 1:1 ratio of resistant and susceptible first-instar larvae gave little evidence for selective mortality during the larval stage. However, the mortalities in tests on malathion recorded among adults emerging on successive days from these mixtures, and also from F2 and backcross progenies, indicated that the development of the resistant larvae was significantly faster than that of the susceptible ones. The fact that this occurred in the F2 and backcross progenies indicates that it may be due to a pleiotropic effect of the resistance gene, but it is pointed out that results from much more prolonged backcrossing would be necessary to rule out the possible effects of linked genes.
Comparative biology of some Cicadulina species and populations from various climatic zones in Nigeria (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Okoth V. A. O. , Dabrowski Z. T. , Emden H. F. Van 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSignificant differences in nymphal development period and fecundity were observed between five populations of Cicadulina mbila (Naudé) and C. triangula Ruppel from three climatic zones in Nigeria: rain forest (Ibadan), southern part of Sudan savanna (Kadawa, Kano) and the Jos Plateau. The C. triangula population that is used in mass rearing for resistance screening at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, developed much more rapidly than the wild C. triangula population from Ibadan. Similarly, the C. mbila population from the Kadawa Irrigation Scheme, Kano, developed more rapidly than the population from the Jos Plateau. All Cicadulina populations were 3–4 times as prolific on pearl millet as on maize, sorghum or the grass Digitaria exilis. The IITA colony of C. triangula was significantly more fecund than C. mbila. It is clear that Cicadulina species and populations with high reproductive potential would be most suitable for mass rearing for resistance screening to the maize streak virus disease.
An automatic sticky trap for aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) that segregates the catch daily
Authors: Rohitha B. H. , Stevenson B. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn automatic sticky trap for aphids which segregates each day's catch is described. The trap is driven by a mechanical clock which operates for seven days. Each day, a yellow-coloured drum covered with a sticky coated transparent cellulose acetate sheet is automatically exposed and the one for the previous day stored in a holding cylinder.
The effect of larval phase on flight performance of African armyworm moths, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Woodrow K. P. , Gatehouse A. G. , Davies D. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe characteristics of the high and low density forms of noctuid moths, including Spodoptera exempta (Walker), exhibiting a density-dependent phase polyphenism have frequently been discussed in relation to migration. However, the only previous (unpublished) demonstration of an effect of larval phase on adult flight performance, using a tethered-flight technique, was invalidated by the recent discovery that the principal determinant of flight potential in S. exempta is genetic. When the incidence of prolonged flight was measured in moths derived from genetically-matched (full-sib) samples, there was a clear increase in long flights by females derived from the high-density gregaria phase larvae compared with those from solitaria phase larvae. The reasons for the apparent absence of a similar effect in males is not clear, but it is possible that the tethered-flight technique provides a less reliable index of flight capacity in this sex. The characteristics and significance of phase polyphenism in migratory noctuids are discussed. It is suggested that, in S. exempta and possibly some other comparable species, the high-density phase is adapted to accelerate re-dispersal after populations become concentrated, in order to escape the detrimental consequences of high larval densities.
Studies on low temperature survival, reproduction and development in scottish clones of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) susceptible and resistant to organophosphates
Authors: Pozarowska Barbara J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInvestigation of 16 Scottish clones of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and four of Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) indicated that anholo-and androcyclic clones were predominant. A high incidence of organophosphorus resistance was found in androcyclic clones of M. persicae, but there was no indication of such resistance in A. solani. At 5°C as compared to 20°C, reproduction was decreased and development of nymphs was slower in both species. In addition, the pre-reproductive period and nymphal development time of A. solani were longer than those of M. persicae. Clonal differences in M. persicae at 5°C could not be related to origin, annual cycle or level of organophosphorus resistance, however A. solani clones from the west of Scotland may have been less affected by this temperature than those from the east. The lower limit of reproduction and development in both species was near 2°C. Neither adult survival nor fecundity of clones at this temperature were related to annual cycle, origin or organophosphorus resistance, but anholocyclic M. persicae nymphs survived longer at 2°C than holo- or androcyclic nymphs. A. solani adults survived significantly longer than those of M. persicae. M. persicae survived sub-zero temperatures better than A. solani. In neither species could percentage survival be related to stage of development, gut contents, presence or absence of wings, annual cycle, origin or organophosphorus resistance. Acclimation did, however, increase percentage survival.
The migration of Nilaparvata lugens (stål) (delphacidae) and other hemiptera associated with rice during the dry season in the Philippines: a study using radar, visual observations, aerial netting and ground trapping
Authors: Riley J. R. , Reynolds D. R. , Farrow R. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe migratory flight behaviour of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), other delphacid and cicadellid pests of rice and some of their heteropteran predators was investigated during the dry-season crop in an irrigated rice-growing area of the Philippines. A combination of radar (including an X-band and a newly-developed Q-band system (8 mm wavelength)), aerial netting, ground trapping and visual observations was used to determine diel changes in aerial density and composition of arthropods in flight over the study site. The most abundant migrant caught in the aerial nets was Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (a mirid predator of N. lugens), with Nephotettix spp. and Nilaparvata lugens the next most abundant species. Flight activity in all migrants was found to be very largely confined to periods of about 30 min at dusk and dawn, with minimal activity at other times of the day and night. Migration distance in the dusk flight was generally limited to 6–30 km, depending on wind speed, and the dawn migration covered shorter distances due to the lighter winds. Small numbers of rice cicadellids and delphacids including N. lugens were occasionally detected later in the night, and these may have had the potential to migrate longer distances.
Seasonal abundance, diel biting activity and parity of Aedes polynesiensis marks and A. samoanus (Grünberg) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Samoa
Authors: Samarawickrema W. A. , Sone Fola , Cummings R. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe seasonal abundance, biting cycle, age composition and survival of females of Aedes polynesiensis Marks and A. samoanus (Grünberg), the major vectors of subperiodic bancroftian filariasis, were studied in Samoa. A. polynesiensis density was low during the high rainfall months and increased immediately following them. A. samoanus density showed no clear relation to rainfall. A. polynesiensis was active throughout the day, with peaks indoors and out at 08.00–09.00 h and 16.00–18.00 h. The nulliparous and parous populations showed similar patterns of activity. The biting cycles of 2-parous and 3- plus 4-parous females were asymmetric with time. A. samoanus was active throughout the night, with highest activity at 23.00– 01.00 h. A minor peak at 19.00–20.00 h was more pronounced among older females than among younger ones. Night biting by A. polynesiensis and day biting by A. samoanus were rare. The parous proportion of A. polynesiensis ranged from 36·3 to 59·5% and the epidemiologically significant 3- plus 4-parous proportion ranged from 1·0 to 6·7%. The parous proportion of A. samoanus was 37·9–49·7% and the 3- plus 4-parous proportion 1·4–2·6%. The proportions found to be parous in both vectors were generally higher in the cool than the warm season, suggesting higher daily survival during that period.
Insecticide tolerance of pregnant females of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Riordan E. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFemales of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) caught in Nigeria were treated topically with acetone or different doses of insecticides. None was fed after treatment. Flies later larvipositing were considered to have been pregnant and those neither aborting nor larvipositing as nonpregnant. Pregnant flies were 1·3 times as heavy as non-pregnant ones. Relative tolerances were assessed by comparing LD50s. For organochlorines (DDT, dieldrin and endosulfan), pregnant females were 2·5—4 times as tolerant as non-pregnant ones, doubtless due to diversion of insecticideinto lipid-rich larval food during late pregnancy. Data for pregnant flies did not indicate any increased tolerance of organophosphates (malathion, fenitrothion, tetrachlorvinphos and pirimiphos-methyl), possibly due to the low lipid solubility of these insecticides.Pregnant and non-pregnant females were equally tolerant of the pyrethroid Sumithrin ((lR)-cis-trans-isomer of phenothrin); accelerated larviposition prevented diversion of insecticide into in utero larvae. Pregnant females were 2·6 times as tolerant of tetramethrin (pyrethroid) as non-pregnant ones. Twenty-five per cent, of flies treated with acetone or low insecticide-doses larviposited, but the results indicated that larviposition was inhibited by high doses of most insecticides, which killed before larviposition, and, noticeably, by intermediate doses of some pyrethroids (fenvalerate, permethrin and deltamethrin), probably causing prolonged paralysis of uterine and larval muscles. The results did not indicate there was raised tolerance of fenvalerate, permethrin or deltamethrin among pregnant females, but calculations including assumed pregnant ones (unrecognized due to inhibited larvipositions) suggested that pregnant females were 2·5–5·5 times as tolerantas non-pregnant ones. Other investigations showed that flies surviving for several days after treatment with pyrethroids can feed and thrive; if this allows time for the reversalof delayed larviposition, then pregnant females could be significantly more tolerant of some pyrethroids than non-pregnant ones.
Effects of the malathion-bait mixture used on citrus to control Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on the Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), and its parasitoid Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: Cohen Ephraim , Podoler Haggai , El-Hamlauwi Muhamad 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExamples of Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) from which the scale covers had been removed, were about six times as sensitive to malathion as intact insects (LC50s of 0·09% and 0·55%, respectively). These results indicate that the scale cover probably absorbed part of the insecticide. Immature stages of the external parasitoid Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach on C. aonidum were not affected by 0·13% malathion applied to the host. However, adults of the parasitoid, which were extremely susceptible, were exposed before or during emergence to lethal levels of the insecticide present in the host scale cover. The findings are discussed in the light of the adverse effects of malathion-bait sprays applied against Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) on beneficial insects, and failures of biological control of scale pests on citrus in Israel.
The population ecology of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya. I. Feeding behaviour and activity patterns
Authors: Turner D. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInvestigations into feeding behaviour and activity patterns, basically by biconical trap sampling, were carried out as part of a study of the population ecology and dynamics of Glossina pallidipes Austen in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Host-preference determinations from blood-meal analyses showed that over 80% of feeds constantly derived from bushbuck, buffalo and bushpig, in roughly equal proportions. Activity cycles in relation to feeding and pregnancy, investigated by mark-release-recapture and physiological methods, indicated four-day feeding intervals for males and three-day ones for females. The periodicity was more variable in males, and in females was contingent upon reproductive events, with feeding mainly taking place just before the in-utero moult of the second-instar larva to the third instar, just after larviposition and again at a more variable time during pregnancy. Comparisons of nutritional status from size, weight, and fat and haematin levels showed that flies from thicket had consistently greater fat reserves than flies from Acacia woodland and conifer plantation. No seasonal differences were found, nor any relationships between other variables. Based on hourly sample data, both sexes showed unimodal diel activity patterns, but with clear differences. Activity was most closely correlated with temperature, to a lesser extent with saturation deficit and least with light intensity, and better correlations were obtained with females than males. Diel activity patterns in both sexes were also age-related, and from the close similarity found between male and virgin female activity patterns it was inferred that male activity around traps was partly sexually oriented. Using electric screens in conjunction with biconical traps, comparisons between flies attracted to traps and those actually caught showed that traps were relatively more efficient in catching males than females, but captures were representative of the active population in terms of age and pregnancy.
Protein requirements for oogenesis in the Australian bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Hayles L. , Matthiessen J. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFemales of Musca vetustissima Walker in the first ovarian cycle and of a wide range of body size were fed a range of measured quantities of protein-rich liver exudate. For a given amount of exudate, a greater proportion of large flies than of small ones matured oocytes; for a given size of fly, the proportion that matured oocytes increased with the amount of exudate ingested. Additionally, large flies matured more oocytes on less exudate than did small flies, which had fewer ovarioles.
Effect of temperature on the toxicity of S-bioallethrin andcypermethrin to susceptible and kdr-resistant strains of Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)
Authors: Scott Jeffrey G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe toxicity of two pyrethroid insecticides, S-bioallethrin and cypermethrin, was investigated over time at 12, 25 and 31°C in susceptible and kdr resistant strains of Blattella germanica (L.). Both strains showed a negative temperature coefficient (i.e., greater kill with decreasing temperature) for S-bioallethrin. The susceptible strain had a negative temperature coefficient for knockdown, but a positive temperature coefficient for mortality towards cypermethrin. The resistant strain had a negative temperature coefficient towards cypermethrin at all times. Resistance to S-bioallethrin was generally greatest at 25°C initially, although the difference between temperatures and the level of resistance diminished with time. Resistance to cypermethrin was significantly less at 12°C than at 25 or 31°C.
Dispersion patterns and sequential sampling plans for Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in cowpeas
Authors: Salifu A. B. , Hodgson C. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe within-plant dispersion characteristics of Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) on cowpeas were determined in studies in Nigeria. Iwao's regression procedure and Taylor's power law analysis were used to determine the relationship between the mean and variance of thrips counts. Both methods showed that adult thrips were randomly distributed within cowpea plants at initial low populations. At later high densities, Iwao's method provided a better fit of the population dispersion of larvae and adults and showed that both were aggregated. The negative binomial best described this aggregation at high population densities. Sequential count plans suitable for pest management surveys were developed using critical stop lines derived from Iwao's regression procedure and Taylor's power law, but the latter was found to require less effort to achieve the same level of precision. There was a functional relationship between the variance and mean of untransformed population counts, and the suitability of transformation functions is discussed.