bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of temperature on the flow field in a continuous rotating annular electrophoresis column
Authors: Carmichael Gregory R. , Zingher Harry L. , Datta Ravindra , Yoshisato Randall A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of a non‐uniform temperature profile on the flow field in a continuous rotating annular electrophoresis column is investigated. The momentum balance equation is solved for packed as well as unpacked columns using a centered‐difference finite difference technique with a known temperature profile. The packed column analysis utilizes a parallel annular channel model similar to the capillary channel model used in packed bed columns. Results indicate that the changes in density and viscosity as result of the temperature variation have a significant effect on the flow field. Effects of voltage gradient and column geometry are also discussed.
Colloid stabilization by polyelectrolytes. Application to decontamination processes of nuclear reactors
Authors: Baumgartner Erwin , Torok John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe redeposition of colloidal magnetite particles can reduce the effectiveness of the chemical decontamination of nuclear reactors. Sodium salts of the following anionic polyelectrolytes were evaluated as particle stabilizers: polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, poly (methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride), sulfonated polymers. A cationic polyelectrolyte, a polyamine, was also evaluated. An active and an inactive oxidized carbon steel sample were treated in the same experimental set‐up with the decontaminating reagent and with or without the polyelectrolyte. Activity pick‐up by the inactive sample was measured. When no polyelectrolyte was added, 15% of the Co‐60 activity was redeposited. With polyelectrolyte addition in the 5–450 mg kg−1 range, the Co‐60 activity redeposition ranged from 8.5 down to 0.8%. Polyacrylic acid was the most effective reagent. The transfer of the magnetite outer oxide crystals from the active to the inactive surfaces was identified on SEM micrographs.
Removal of copper and cadmium from hydrometallurgical leach solutions by fluidised bed electrolysis
Authors: Boyanov Boian S. , Donaldson John D. , Grimes Susan M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA fluidised bed cell which consists of a bed of inert glass beads, in which are immersed expanded mesh electrodes, is used to provide high ion transfer conditions making it possible to recover metals efficiently from dilute solutions. The use of the cell in the removal of Cu and Cd from dilute solutions is described, and the effects of cathode density, pH, time, type of electrode, distance between the electrodes and presence of other ions in solutions studied. These investigations are then extended to examine the electrolysis of solutions obtained by leaching a copper—zinc calcine.
Rate and mechanism of divalent metal transport through supported liquid membrane containing di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid as a mobile carrier
Authors: Huang Ting‐Chia , Juang Ruey‐Shin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate and mechanism of copper, cobalt, nickel and zinc transport through a supported liquid membrane containing di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid as a mobile carrier were studied, respectively. The permeation rate equations have been derived taking into account aqueous film diffusion, interfacial chemical reaction and membrane diffusion as simultaneous controlling steps. The possible rate‐controlling steps were estimated by comparing the relative values of the three successive resistances. The measured permeation rates of zinc agreed well with the proposed mechanism in this study.
Mycelial and extracellular inulinases from Fusarium oxysporum grown on aqueous extract of Cichorium intybus roots
Authors: Gupta Anil K. , Nagpal Bela , Kaur Narinder , Singh Rangil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMycelial as well as extracellular inulinase (2,1‐β‐D‐fructan fructanohydrolase, ED 3.2.1.7) were produced by Fusarium oxysporum grown on the aqueous extract of Cichorium intybus roots. At 12 days growth of fungus, 86% of this enzyme activity was observed in the medium. The enzymes were partly purified by Sephadex G‐100 column chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature for mycelial and extracellular inulinases were 5.8 and 6.2; and 30°C and 37°C, respectively. The energy of activation for extracellular inulinase was 40.1 kJ mol−1. The molecular weight of both inulinases was about 300 000. High concentrations of inulin did not protect the activity of inulinase against rising temperature. The enzymes did not release oligomers or sucrose from inulin, indicating that they are primarily exo‐acting. The inulinases hydrolysed sucrose and raffinose, but had no effect on melezitose and maltose. Compared with inulinases from other sources, the extracellular and mycelial inulinases have very low Km (Michaelis–Menten constant) values (16.7 and 20 μmol dm−3, respectively) for inulin.
Microscopic observation of Sudan Black B staining to monitor lipid production by microbes
Authors: Thakur M. S. , Prapulla S. G. , Karanth N. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn experimental investigations on the improvement of yields and productivities of lipids from oleaginous micro‐organisms in fermenters, a bottleneck is the speedy determination of the extent of accumulation of the intracellular lipids. The use of Sudan Black B for staining and direct observation under the microscope enables the rapid observation of the qualitative status of lipid production in the cells. A change in the colour of the stain from dark to light blue observed during the course of the fermentation has been found to be related to a change in the extent of unsaturation of the lipids.
Leaching of MnO2 with mixed non‐aqueous solvent dimethyl sulfoxide–sulfur dioxide
Authors: Raisoni Prafulla R. , Dixit Sharad G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElectrolytic manganese dioxide is dissolved in the mixed non‐aqueous solvent dimethyl sulfoxide–sulfur dioxide (DMSO–SO2) to form manganese disulfate as a final product. Sulfur dioxide does not change the oxidation state of the metal cations in DMSO–SO2 solvent. However, oxidation of sulfur(IV) to sulfur(VI) is possible. The complete MnO2 dissolution occurs in 50 min at a stirring speed of 650 rpm, pH 1, 0.2% solids concentration, 35 × 44 mesh particle size, and 36°C. IR and FTIR evidence has been presented in favor of the formation of SO, S2O, (CH3)2S+ as intermediate species for the proposed mechanism. In the mixed non‐aqueous solvent system the kinetics of leaching is controlled by a mass transport process. The equation 1–⅔α–(1–α)2/3 = kt fits the experimental data very well. This is further supported by scanning electron micrographs, which show a product layer formation on the surface of the MnO2 particle, and by the dependence of k on 1/r.
High activity copper catalyst for one‐step conversion of methanol to methyl formate at low temperature
Authors: Rao V. Madhusudhan , Shankar V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDehydrogenation of methanol on copper catalysts supported on SiO2 and modified by Cr2O3 was studied in the temperature range of 200 to 270°C. The chief product of reaction was methyl formate together with carbon monoxide and traces of formaldehyde.It was found that very high and sustained activity could be achieved by the method adopted for preparation of the catalysts. The unused catalyst was completely amorphous, but in catalyst samples used for long periods of time the presence of crystallites in the size range 50 to 65 Å was observed.Nearly 80% of theoretically obtainable conversion of methanol to methyl formate was achieved in laboratory scale tubular reactor. A catalyst containing Cu:Cr2O3:SiO2 = 5.0:5.90:7.0 prepared by the method described proved to be very active at low temperatures, giving 41% conversion to methyl formate at 230°C for long periods of use. No interaction between the active component and the support was noticeable.Addition of chromia improved the catalyst texture and stability. When nickel was present in quantities less than 1.25%, it acted as a promoter and gave improved performance.
Prediction of kLa in conventional stirred fermenters
Authors: Moresi Mauro , Patete Michele 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this work values of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficients (kLa) were determined (by means of the sulphite oxidation technique) in a series of 8‐ to 1000‐dm3 stirred fermenters over a wide range of superficial air velocities and impeller rotational speeds. In spite of the great scale‐up ratios, very different operating conditions and geometric dissimilarity, it was possible to develop an acceptable correlation of data (the average error being 17.5%) utilising the gassed power consumption and aeration rate per unit volume as key parameters. Since such a correlation succeeded in reconstructing mass transfer rates even in 2.25‐m3 stirred fermenters, it would seem possible to rely on it to allow approximate, but acceptable prediction of kLa values in large size multiple‐impeller fermenters even when geometric similarity in scaling‐up is not maintained.
Prediction of liquid circulation velocity in airlift reactors with biological media
Authors: Chisti Yusuf , Moo‐Young Murray 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is developed and demonstrated for the prediction of liquid circulation velocity in airlift bioreactors operating with pseudoplastic fluids, including mould suspensions. The method is based on a combination of a recently developed energy balance over airlift loops with analytical expressions for shear stress in turbulent or laminar flow of non‐Newtonian fluids. The procedure enables, an a priori calculation of pseudoplastic fluid circulation in airlift devices for design purposes.
Effects of light on the electrical output of bioelectrochemical fuel‐cells containing Anabaena variabilis M‐2: Mechanism of the post‐illumination burst
Authors: Tanaka Kazuko , Kashiwagi Noriko , Ogawa Teruo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBioelectrochemical fuel‐cells containing Anabaena variabilis M‐2 and 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (HNQ) produced electricity in the dark. The current output was increased substantially in the light and a burst of the output current occurred upon darkening. There is a linear relationship between the coulombic output in the burst and the preceding light period. Photosynthetic O2 evolution with HNQ as an electron acceptor and the light‐induced generation of the output current were completely inhibited by 1 × 10−4 mol dm−3 carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) but 4 × 10−5 mol dm−3 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU) inhibited these activities only by 30–40%. Thus, HNQ accepts electrons mainly at the site between photosystem 2 reaction center and QB protein. In the presence of CCCP, the current output was decreased upon illumination and the burst occurred upon darkening. These results suggested that the source of electrons in the burst is a substance(s) accumulated within the Anabaena cells during the light period as a result of inactivation of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of producing output current in the dark.
Interfacial effects in a multistage mixer–settler operation
Authors: Horng Jiin‐Shiung , Lu Daluh , Hoh Ying‐Chu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA pilot‐scale mixer–settler with twenty‐one stages was used to investigate the interfacial tension change during extraction cycle for the complicated system: NdCl3–SmCl3–EuCl3–GdCl3–TbCl3–DyCl3–HCl– 1MD2EHPA–kerosene. Interfacial tension, total rate earth (TRE) concentrations in both phases, aqueous acidities, and organic entrainment in the raffinate, etc., were measured for each stage. Murphree stage efficiencies based on organic phase were calculated and related to the interfacial tension profiles. In general, the lower the interfacial tension, the higher the stage efficiency observed. For the extraction section, the stage efficiency ranged from 80%–100%, but for stripping (including scrubbing) section, it varied from 100%–15%. For high acidic stripping agent, 5MHCl, the relatively lower stage efficiency might be due to the protonation of the acidic extractant, therefore the interfacial resistance increased significantly. From the information of stage efficiency, mass transfer direction, and interfacial tension versus solute concentration etc., the Marangoni effect could be used to explain the interfacial phenomena of this complicated extraction system. The results of real stream tests in this investigation will be useful in future plant design.
Cyclohexane dehydrogenation on a nickel catalyst: Kinetics and catalyst fouling
Authors: Al‐Ayed Omar S. , Kunzru Deepak 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe main reaction and deactivation kinetics of cyclohexane dehydrogenation in the presence of hydrogen has been investigated at atmospheric pressure over a nickel kieselguhr catalyst in the temperature range 583–623 K. The rate of reaction for the fresh catalyst increased with increasing temperature, cyclohexane and hydrogen partial pressures whereas it decreased with an increase in the benzene partial pressure. The experimental data could be adequately modelled by a power law rate expression. The catalyst activity decreased with run time due to catalyst fouling by coke deposition. The rate of deactivation was independent of cyclohexane partial pressure, increased with increasing benzene concentration and decreased with increasing hydrogen partial pressure. It is postulated that coke is most likely formed by the successive dehydrogenation of benzene.
Efficiency of natural oils as antifoaming agents in bioprocesses
Authors: Vardar‐Sukan F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effectiveness and efficiency of nine different natural oils were investigated using simulated fermentation media and several dimensionless coefficients were derived to provide a means for quantitative comparison. Furthermore, correlations between the physical and chemical properties of natural oils and of media and foam‐suppression efficiencies of natural oils were sought. It was concluded that the effectiveness of a natural oil in foam suppression greatly varies with the type of medium.
A process development for the bundling crystallization of aspartame
Authors: Kishimoto Shin'ichi , Naruse Masayoshi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is known that rod‐like crystals of aspartame, in which several needle crystals appear to be bundled together (bundle‐like crystals), have remarkably improved physical properties compared to the crystals obtained from a conventional stirred crystallizer.A crystallization process for obtaining bundle‐like crystals has been developed for manufacturing practice. The conditions to obtain the bundle‐like crystals are that crystallization must be carried out without stirring, with a high initial concentration of aspartame so that the amount of precipitated solid after cooling is about 10 g litre−1 or more, and with rapid cooling to produce high supersaturation. A new type of crystallizer was developed for large‐scale crystallization under these conditions. The pilot plant work was carried out in a 400‐litre crystallizer, and it has been demonstrated that the crystallization process is technically possible and economically successful in the large‐scale manufacturing of aspartame.
Methanogenic fermentation of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sawdust: Enhancement by physicochemical pretreatment
Authors: Abdul‐Halim Kanaan K. , Balba M. Talaat M. , Senior Eric 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe three major polymeric components of Scots Pine sawdust–lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose–represent potential substrates for methanogenic fermentation although, in the absence of physicochemical pretreatment, low digestibility was demonstrated even after protracted incubation (18 months). Acid (H2SO4) and alkali (NaOH) pretreatments mediated different effects although, in general, the rates and percent solubilisations increased with concentration, temperature, pressure and time, either singly or in combination. Individual methanogenic fermentations with the hydrolysates and residual solids showed that although 3.3% more methane resulted from the H2SO4 hydrolysate than the corresponding NaOH hydrolysate, in total, 7% more methane was generated from the two alkali fractions than from the corresponding acid fractions.The results thus exemplified that choice of a specific physicochemical strategy must be made in conjunction with the expected yield from the selected fraction(s).
A study of sintering of magnesium oxide obtained from sea‐water
Authors: Petric Nedjeljka , Petric Bartul , Bogdanić Neven , Mirošević‐Anzulović Meri , Tkalčeć Emilija , Martinac Vanja 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe process of sintering of magnesium oxide obtained from sea‐water is studied.The sample thickening stage in the isothermal sintering is determined to establish the manner of pore elimination in the process.The process of isothermal sintering of magnesium oxide is described mathematically to obtain a better insight into the process, in terms of a function giving the best possible correspondence between theoretical and experimental data.
Mass‐transfer parameters in rotating‐disc contactors: Influence of column diameter
Authors: Korchinsky Walter J. , Ismail Ayham M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperimental data from rotating‐disc contactors of two diameters (7.6 and 21.9 cm) have been processed using the forward‐mixing model to generate continuous‐phase mass‐transfer and axial‐dispersion coefficients. The mass‐transfer coefficients were found to be correlated through power input. Axial‐disperion effects in the smaller column were too small to allow accurate prediction and comparison with larger‐column values. Only disc speed was proved to have a significant influence on the small‐column results, whereas the larger‐column coefficients also depended on flow rate and the distributor used to control drop size.
Influence of thermal treatment on the porosity and surface characteristics of basic zirconium sulphate
Authors: Gimblett F. Gareth R. , Hussain Asiah 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen adsorption and mercury intrusion methods have been employed to study the influence of thermal treatment over the temperature range 25–800°C on the development of porosity in basic zirconium sulphate. Such treatment leads to the progressive development of mesoporosity in the solid associated with the elimination of bidentate ligands.All the basic sulphates outgassed at temperatures within the above range exhibit low‐pressure hysteresis in their nitrogen adsorption isotherms as well as a diminution in crystallinity. It is suggested that this indicates a reorganisation at the molecular level brought about by thermal treatment. Not only does this cause the breakdown of the sheet‐like structure of the original solid with the consequent loss of its long‐range crystalline order, but it also leads to the development of mesoporosity in the interstices between the small crystallites generated by such molecular disintegration.
Production of mannitol by Penicillium strains
Authors: Hendriksen H. V. , Mathiasen T. E. , Adler‐Nissen J. , Frisvad J. C. , Emborg C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEleven different strains of Penicillium were screened for production of mannitol. All strains produced both mannitol and glycerol. Some of the strains also produced arabitol and/or erythritol in lower amounts. The highest amount of mannitol (43 g dm−3) was produced by Pencillium scabrosum IBT JTER 4, and the highest combined yield of mannitol and glycerol (65 g dm−3) was obtained with Pencillium aethiopicumIBT MILA 4 when grown on 150 g dm−3 sucrose and 20 g dm−3 yeast extract. These yields are comparable to yields obtained with Aspergillus strains after a considerable optimization effort. It is thus likely that biotechnological production of mannitol may benefit from the development of suitable Penicillium strains.
Genetic manipulation of laboratory and farm animals
Authors: Bulfield Grahame 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe development of genetic manipulation in laboratory and farm animals is reviewed. The particular problems of the use of these techniques for modulating commercially important characteristics in farm animals is discussed in detail. The potential hazards of genetic manipulation techniques are evaluated from the view of the welfare of the animals involved and the hazards to other animals and man from the release of transgenic animals into animal breeding practice.
The release of genetically engineered plants and microorganisms
Authors: Beringer John E. , Bale Mark J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGenetically manipulated plants, animals and microorganisms are being released into the environment for research purposes and will soon be released commercially in large numbers. Mankind has considerable experience of the release of unmanipulated organisms and will need to base regulatory procedures for manipulated species on this experience and knowledge of gene transfer and stability. In this article some problems that might be posed by genetically manipulated organisms are discussed.
Prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Bobrow Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCongenital or genetic disorder may be diagnosed early in fetal life, allowing parental choice as to the continuation of the pregnancy. There are general low cost/low risk screening procedures, and more precisely targetted diagnostic procedures. The techniques used include ultrasound, chromosome and biochemical analysis. The range of diagnosable disorders has been greatly extended by the advent of DNA‐based gene analysis techniques. Ethical and emotional issues are of considerable and continuing importance. The hazards of prenatal diagnosis are misdiagnosis, misinterpretation, and misapplication, and no qualitatively different issues have been introduced by the advent of new biotechnologies.
Bioengineering of hepatitis B vaccines
Authors: Zuckerman Arie J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been said that ‘never in the history of human progress has a better and cheaper method of preventing illness been developed than immunisation’. This is well illustrated by the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI), which in developing countries is now preventing nearly a million deaths annually from measles, pertussis, and neonatal tetanus, and for which there is a commitment by the WHO and UNICEF to protect all children by immunisation by the end of the decade. This enormous undertaking will be facilitated by the rapid advances in molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology, in the understanding of immunological mechanisms and by the production and application of monoclonal antibodies so that the structure and location of important antigenic determinants or epitopes can be determined. Chemical synthesis of oligopeptides has been simplified, and computer programmes and X‐ray crystallography provide the tools for the determination of three‐dimensional structure of proteins, so that the structure and location of important antigenic determinants or epitopes can be predicted.These techniques have opened the way to the improvement of existing vaccines and to the development and production of new vaccines against infections for which vaccines are not available.New vaccines under development include vaccines against hepatitis B, hepatitis A, malaria, vaccines for typhoid, cholera, rotavirus infection and other diarrhoeal diseases, leprosy, rabies, fertility regulating vaccines and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Securing safety
Authors: Vere D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo secure safety it is essential to know risks and to understand them. There are many problems in understanding risks related to drug effects. These include problems at the scientific level and among the community. The latter includes the singular problem that the general understanding of risk is of one kind, whereas the legal understanding of it is different. Examples are given and discussed of difficulties at each of these levels and some analysis made of ethical duty on the part of research workers, manufacturers and society at large in relation to each of them.