bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POST-AVICENNAN LOGICIANS ON THE SUBJECT MATTER OF LOGIC: SOME THIRTEENTH- AND FOURTEENTH-CENTURY DISCUSSIONS
Authors: El-Rouayheb Khaled 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn the thirteenth century, the influential logician Afḍal al-Dīn al-Khūnajī (d. 1248) departed from the Avicennan view that the subject matter of logic is “second intentions”. For al-Khūnajī, the subject matter of logic is “the objects of conception and assent”. His departure elicited intense and sometimes abstruse discussions in the course of subsequent centuries. Prominent supporters of Khūnajī's view on the subject matter of logic included Kātibī (d. 1277), Ibn Wāṣil (d. 1298) and Taftāzānī (d. 1390). Defenders of Avicenna's view included Ṭūsī (d. 1274), Samarqandī (d. 1303) and Quṭb al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 1365). This article presents the outline of the development of this discussion down to the end of the fourteenth century and attempts to reconstruct the major arguments of both sides.
A chronology of early Mars climatic evolution from impact crater degradation
Authors: Mangold N. , Adeli S. , Conway S. , Ansan V. , Langlais B. 
Published: February 2012

The degradation of impact craters provides a powerful tool to analyze surface processes in the Martian past. Previous studies concluded that large impact craters (20–200 km in diameter) were strongly degraded by fluvial erosion during early Martian history. Our goal is to study the progression of crater degradation through time with a particular emphasis on the craters with alluvial fans and on the relative chronology of these craters. The geometric properties of 283 craters of >20 km in diameter were analyzed in two highlands of Mars, north of Hellas Planitia, and south of Margaritifer Terra, both known to contain craters with alluvial fans. Three classes were defined from morphology: strongly degraded craters with fluvial landforms and without ejecta (type I), gently degraded craters with fluvial landforms and preserved ejecta (type II), and fresh craters with ejecta and no fluvial landforms (type III). Our main result is that the type II craters that present alluvial fans have characteristics closer to fresh craters (type III) than degraded craters (type I). The distinctive degradation characteristics of these classes allowed us to determine a temporal distribution: Type I craters were formed and degraded between ∼4 Gyr and ∼3.7 Gyr and type II craters with alluvial fans were formed between Early Hesperian and Early Amazonian (∼3.7 to ∼3.3 Gyr). This chronology is corroborated by crosscutting relationships of individual type II craters, which postdate Late Noachian valley networks. The sharp transition at ∼3.7 Gyr suggests a quick change in climatic conditions that could correspond to the cessation of the dynamo.
The effect of teacher‐led interventions on social and emotional behaviour in primary school children: a systematic review
Authors: Whear R. , Thompson‐Coon J. , Boddy K. , Ford T. , Racey D. , Stein K. 
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this article is to clarify the role of teacher training initiatives aimed at improving social, emotional and behavioural outcomes of primary school aged children through improved classroom management. Systematic searches were conducted using a range of electronic databases from inception up to September 2011. Included studies were controlled trials that described training provided to teachers in classroom management techniques designed to improve primary school children's behavioural and social outcomes. Study selection and appraisal of quality were carried out by two researchers and a narrative synthesis was carried out. A total of 14 studies were included involving 8 interventions. Results show that statistically significant effects are limited, with only 20 outcomes showing significant effects in the desired direction. Effect sizes ranged from g = −0.17 (95%CI: −0.32, −0.02) to g = 1.88 (95%CI: 0.55, 3.21). Overall, the programmes indicate an improvement in some outcomes of interest. However, further research into the implementation and comparative effectiveness of such programmes is needed before implications for educational policy and practice can be established.
A conserved two‐component regulatory system, PidS/PidR, globally regulates pigmentation and virulence‐related phenotypes of Burkholderia glumae
Authors: KARKI HARI SHARAN , BARPHAGHA INDERJIT KAUR , HAM JONG HYUN 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYBurkholderia glumae is a rice pathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial panicle blight. Some strains of this pathogen produce dark brown pigments when grown on casamino‐acid peptone glucose (CPG) agar medium. A pigment‐positive and highly virulent strain of B. glumae, 411gr‐6, was randomly mutagenized with mini‐Tn5gus, and the resulting mini‐Tn5gus derivatives showing altered pigmentation phenotypes were screened on CPG agar plates to identify the genetic elements governing the pigmentation of B. glumae. In this study, a novel two‐component regulatory system (TCRS) composed of the PidS sensor histidine kinase and the PidR response regulator was identified as an essential regulatory factor for pigmentation. Notably, the PidS/PidR TCRS was also required for the elicitation of the hypersensitive response on tobacco leaves, indicating the dependence of the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) type III secretion system of B. glumae on this regulatory factor. In addition, B. glumae mutants defective in the PidS/PidR TCRS showed less production of the phytotoxin, toxoflavin, and less virulence on rice panicles and onion bulbs relative to the parental strain, 411gr‐6. The presence of highly homologous PidS and PidR orthologues in other Burkholderia species suggests that PidS/PidR‐family TCRSs may exert the same or similar functions in different Burkholderia species, including both plant and animal pathogens.
Identification and comparison of microRNAs from skeletal muscle and adipose tissues from two porcine breeds
Authors: Li Hong‐Yi , Xi Qian‐Yun , Xiong Yuan‐Yan , Liu Xiao‐Long , Cheng Xiao , Shu Gang , Wang Song‐Bo , Wang Li‐Na , Gao Ping , Zhu Xiao‐Tong , Jiang Qing‐Yan , Yuan Li , Zhang Yong‐Liang 
Published: February 2012

SummaryMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small regulatory RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level. Although an increasing number of porcine miRNAs recently have been identified, research has yet to identify the full repertoire of miRNAs in pig skeletal and adipose tissues and their differences between breeds. We extracted small RNA from skeletal muscle and adipose tissues of Landrace and Lantang pigs, and the expression of a total of 184 known porcine miRNAs (113 from Solexa sequencing and 171 from miRNA chip hybridization) as well as 521 novel miRNA candidates was detected. Moreover, 20 miRNAs were selected randomly from the 184 miRNAs and analysed by quantitative real‐time PCR to confirm the aforementioned results. In the skeletal muscle tissues, 21 miRNAs were up‐regulated in Lantang and another 33 were highly expressed in Landrace pigs. In the adipose tissues, 25 miRNAs were down‐regulated in Lantang and another 23 were lowly expressed in Landrace pigs. miRNA divergence between tissues was also detected in this study. Ten miRNAs were highly expressed in the skeletal muscle tissue in comparison with adipose tissue, and another 10 miRNAs exhibited the opposite expression profile. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of the miRNAs in muscle and adipose tissues, the 10 miRNAs with the most divergent expression profiles were functionally categorized using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Most of the miRNAs strongly corresponded to myogenesis and adipogenesis processes. In addition, 84 of the 521 miRNA candidates were potentially porcine‐specific miRNAs. This study adds new valuable information to comparative miRNA profiles of skeletal muscle and adipose tissues in porcine species. The great diversity of miRNA composition and expression levels both between breeds and between tissues suggests that a complex regulatory network exists in porcine subcutaneous fat development.
Range‐edge genetic diversity: locally poor extant southern patches maintain a regionally diverse hotspot in the seagrass Zostera marina
Authors: DIEKMANN ONNO E. , SERRÃO ESTER A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractRefugial populations at the rear edge are predicted to contain higher genetic diversity than those resulting from expansion, such as in post‐glacial recolonizations. However, peripheral populations are also predicted to have decreased diversity compared to the centre of a species’ distribution. We aim to test these predictions by comparing genetic diversity in populations at the limits of distribution of the seagrass Zostera marina, with populations in the species’ previously described central diversity ‘hotspot’. Zostera marina populations show decreased allelic richness, heterozygosity and genotypic richness in both the ‘rear’ edge and the ‘leading’ edge compared to the diversity ‘hotspot’ in the North Sea/Baltic region. However, when populations are pooled, genetic diversity at the southern range is as high as in the North Sea/Baltic region while the ‘leading edge’ remains low in genetic diversity. The decreased genetic diversity in these southern Iberian populations compared to more central populations is possibly the effect of drift because of small effective population size, as a result of reduced habitat, low sexual reproduction and low gene flow. However, when considering the whole southern edge of distribution rather than per population, diversity is as high as in the central ‘hotspot’ in the North Sea/Baltic region. We conclude that diversity patterns assessed per population can mask the real regional richness that is typical of rear edge populations, which have played a key role in the species biogeographical history and as marginal diversity hotspots have very high conservation value.
Ecological drift and local exposures drive enteric bacterial community differences within species of Galápagos iguanas
Authors: LANKAU EMILY W. , HONG PEI‐YING , MACKIE RODERICK I. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDiet strongly influences the intestinal microbial communities through species sorting. Alternatively, these communicates may differ because of chance variation in local microbial exposures or species losses among allopatric host populations (i.e. ecological drift). We investigated how these forces shape enteric communities of Galápagos marine and land iguanas. Geographically proximate populations shared more similar communities within a host ecotype, suggesting a role for ecological drift during host colonization of the islands. Additionally, evidence of taxa sharing between proximate heterospecific host populations suggests that contemporary local exposures also influence the gut community assembly. While selective forces such as host‐bacterial interactions or dietary differences are dominant drivers of intestinal community differences among hosts, historical and contemporary processes of ecological drift may lead to differences in bacterial composition within a host species. Whether such differences in community structure translate into geographic variation in benefits derived from these intimate microbial communities remains to be explored.
Current and future techniques in the evaluation of dysphagia
Authors: Kuo Paul , Holloway Richard H , Nguyen Nam Q 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDysphagia is common in the general population, and is generally due to either mechanical obstruction or dysmotility. Patient demographics and symptom evaluation are often useful in determining the likely cause, and guide subsequent investigation and management. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is usually caused by neurological conditions where treatment options are limited. Conversely, many of the esophageal causes of dysphagia are amenable to therapy. Gastroscopy is often the first test of choice, given its diagnostic and therapeutic potential, especially when mechanical causes are concerned. Esophageal motor function can be assessed by a variety of techniques, ranging from radiology such as barium swallow, to dedicated motility tests such as manometry and impedance monitoring. The choice of test relies on the clinical indication and the results should be interpreted in conjunction with the patients' symptoms. High‐resolution manometry with topography is now the new benchmark for motility studies. Several new techniques for motility testing have also become available, such as esophageal ultrasound and functional lumen imaging probe, but are currently limited to the research setting.
Putting the brakes on a cycle: bottom‐up effects damp cycle amplitude
Authors: Bell James R. , Burkness Eric C. , Milne Alice E. , Onstad David W. , Abrahamson Mark , Hamilton Krista L. , Hutchison William D. 
Published: February 2012

Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 310–318AbstractPest population density oscillations have a profound effect on agroecosystem functioning, particularly when pests cycle with epidemic persistence. Here, we ask whether landscape‐level manipulations can be used to restrict the cycle amplitude of the European corn borer moth [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)], an economically important maize pest. We analysed time series from Minnesota (1963–2009) and Wisconsin (1964–2009) to quantify the extent of regime change in the US Corn Belt where rates of transgenic Bt maize adoption varied. The introduction of Bt maize explained cycle damping when the adoption of the crop was high (Minnesota); oscillations were damped but continued to persist when Bt maize was used less intensely (Wisconsin). We conclude that host plant quality is key to understanding both epidemic persistence and the success of intervention strategies. In particular, the dichotomy in maize management between states is thought to limit the spatial autocorrelation of O. nubilalis.
Screening: mapping medicine’s temporal spaces
Authors: Armstrong David 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the history of population screening through an analysis of contemporary medical journals. The term was first used in the modern sense in the inter‐war years to describe the school health examination which sought to identify the early signs of disease and abnormality, a strategy which was extended to new recruits during the Second World War. After the war, screening began to target those illnesses in the civilian population which had a clear temporal trajectory, especially ‘chronic’ illnesses. Since the 1980s, enthusiasm for population screening has declined within the medical community: opportunistic screening has seemed more appropriate for diseases with multifactorial aetiology, and those programmes which have survived have been increasingly challenged through an expanding analysis of their potential harms. In identifying the early precursors of clinical disease in apparently normal populations, however, screening heralded the emergence of a new form of clinical practice concerned with the surveillance of ‘healthy’ patients within the context of new temporal spaces of illness.
Edema Associated with Long‐Term Valproate Therapy
Authors: Ettinger Alan , Moshe Solomon , Shinnar Shlomo 
Published: February 2012

Summary Scattered reports of facial and limb edema have been reported, predominantly in the context of valproate (VPA)‐induced hepatic injury. We report seven Patients with edema associated with long‐term VPA therapy in the absence of hepatic disease.RÉSUMÉIl existe quelques observations isolées d'oedème facial ou d'oedème des membres, avant tout dans un contexte d'hépatopathie induite par le valproate. Les auteurs rapportent 7 patients présentant un oedème sous traitement chronique par valproate, en l'absence de toute altération hépatique.RESUMENSe han publicado algunos informes de edema facial y de extremidades que aparecen predominantemente en el contexto de lesiones hepáticas inducidas por el Valproate. Publicamos 6 casos de pacientes con edema asociado a una terapia prolongada con valproate en ausencia de enfermedad hepática.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGVereinzelt wurde bisher über Gesichts‐ und Extremitäten‐Oedeme berichtet, vornehmlich im Zusammenhang mit Valproat induzierter Leberschädigung. Wir berichten über 7 Patienten mit Oedemen bei Langzeit‐Valproattherapie ohne Leberstörung.
Estimating emergence sequences of permanent teeth in Flemish schoolchildren using interval‐censored biplots: a graphical display of tooth emergence sequences
Authors: Cecere Silvia , Leroy Roos , Groenen Patrick J. F. , Lesaffre Emmanuel , Declerck Dominique 
Published: February 2012

Cecere S, Leroy R, Groenen PJF, Lesaffre E, Declerck D. Estimating Emergence Sequences of Permanent Teeth in Flemish Schoolchildren using Interval‐Censored Biplots: a graphical display of tooth emergence sequences. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40 (Suppl. 1): 49–55. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –
Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the pattern of emergence of permanent teeth using nonparametric techniques.
Materials and methods:  Data were obtained from the Signal‐Tandmobiel® project, a 6‐year prospective dental study conducted in Flanders (Belgium) in which 4468 primary school children born in 1989 were annually examined. A new exploratory method for interval‐censored data, the IC‐biplot, was applied to estimate individual sequences of emergence. In addition, the method renders a nice graphical representation of both children and teeth in the plane where the individual sequences of emergence can easily be visualized. On the basis of the estimated individual sequences, their corresponding prevalences were calculated.
Results:  The study revealed that between 7 and 13 different sequences of emergence can be expected depending on gender and quadrant. The prevalences of the most frequent sequences in girls varied from 35% to 85% depending on the quadrant, while in boys they varied from 28% to 32%. Most sequences in the maxilla start with 6‐1‐2 and in the mandible with 1‐6‐2.
Conclusions:  The IC‐biplot is a flexible procedure that allows an easy visualization of the pattern of emergence of permanent teeth. Rank orders derived from the IC‐biplot confirm rank orders suggested earlier in the literature.
Influence of smoking on interleukin‐1beta level, oxidant status and antioxidant status in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis patients before and after periodontal treatment
Authors: Toker Hulya , Akpınar Aysun , Aydın Huseyin , Poyraz Omer 
Published: February 2012

Toker H, Akpınar A, Aydın H, Poyraz O. Influence of smoking on interleukin‐1beta level, oxidant status and antioxidant status in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis patients before and after periodontal treatment. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 572–577. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of smoking on the relationship between interleukin‐1 (IL‐1β) and oxidation in patients with periodontitis and response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy.Material and Methods:  Data were obtained from 30 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (15 smokers and 15 nonsmokers) and from 10 periodontally healthy controls. IL‐1β level, total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were recorded in gingival crevicular fluid. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival and plaque indices and bleeding on probing were also measured. The gingival crevicular fluid and clinical parameters were recorded at baseline and 6 wk after periodontal treatment.Results:  The study showed statistically significant improvement of clinical parameters in both smokers and nonsmokers after periodontal treatment. Moreover, the baseline IL‐1β levels were significantly higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers (p < 0.05). After periodontal treatment, the IL‐1β levels were significantly reduced in both smokers and nonsmokers (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in TOS and TAS between periodontitis patients and healthy controls at baseline and 6 wk after periodontal treatment. The level of IL‐1β in gingival crevicular fluid was positively correlated with TOS in both smokers and nonsmokers.Conclusions:  Periodontal treatment improved the clinical parameters in both smokers and nonsmokers. The results confirm that periodontal therapy has an effect on IL‐1β levels in gingival crevicular fluid, but not on TOS and TAS.
Combined effect of anterior malocclusion and inadequate lip coverage on dental trauma in primary teeth
Authors: Bonini Gabriela C. , Bönecker Marcelo , Braga Mariana M. , Mendes Fausto M. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract –  Objectives:  The main objective of this study was to investigate whether the interaction of malocclusion (open bite or increased overjet) combined with inadequate lip coverage strengthens its association with traumatic dental injury (TDI) in the primary teeth of preschool children compared to the presence of malocclusion alone.Subjects and methods:  A cross‐sectional survey was conducted with 376 children aged 36–59 months who attended the National Day of Children’s Vaccination. Presence of TDI, tooth discoloration, and sinus tract were evaluated in the children. Variables associated with occlusion were also evaluated. A Poisson regression analysis was performed to verify the association between the explanatory variables and TDI as well as possible interactions among the variables. Then, the prevalence ratio was calculated.Results:  The prevalence of TDI was 27.7%. The maxillary central incisor was the most affected tooth, without differences between the right and left sides. Boys had more dental trauma than girls (P = 0.04). The most common TDI was crown fracture restricted to the enamel (58.4%). Children with a combination of anterior open bite or increased overjet and inadequate lip coverage presented a higher prevalence of TDI than when the malocclusions were presented alone (P < 0.05). The same trends were observed when we included, in the final adjusted model, increased overjet instead of open bite.Conclusions:  Anterior malocclusions of primary teeth such as increased overjet and anterior open bite are statistically significantly associated with dental trauma only when inadequate lip coverage is also present.