bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unexpected Multipotency of Melanoblasts Isolated from Murine Skin
Authors: Motohashi Tsutomu , Yamanaka Katsumasa , Chiba Kairi , Aoki Hitomi , Kunisada Takahiro 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Melanoblasts, precursor of melanocytes, are generated from the neural crest and differentiate into melanocytes during their migration throughout the entire body. The melanoblasts are thought to be progenitor cells that differentiate only into melanocyte. Here, we show that melanoblasts, even after they have already migrated throughout the skin, are multipotent, being able to generate neurons, glial cells, and smooth muscle cells in addition to melanocytes. We isolated Kit-positive and CD45-negative (Kit+/CD45−) cells from both embryonic and neonate skin by flow cytometry and cultured them on stromal cells. The Kit+/CD45− cells formed colonies containing neurons, glial cells, and smooth muscle cells, together with melanocytes. The Kit+/CD45− cells expressed Mitf-M, Sox10, and Trp-2, which are genes known to be expressed in melanoblasts. Even a single Kit+/CD45− cell formed colonies that contained neurons, glial cells, and melanocytes, confirming their multipotential cell fate. The colonies formed from Kit+/CD45− cells retained Kit+/CD45− cells even after 21 days in culture and these retained cells also differentiated into neurons, glial cells, and melanocytes, confirming their self-renewal capability. When the Kit signal was inhibited by the antagonist ACK2, the Kit+/CD45− cells did not form colonies that contained multidifferentiated cells. These results indicate that melanoblasts isolated from skin have multipotency and self-renewal capabilities.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Rotational Resistance of Surface-Treated Mini-Implants
Authors: Kim Seong-Hun , Lee Shin-Jae , Cho Il-Sik , Kim Seong-Kyun , Kim Tae-Woo 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the stability and resistance to rotational moments of early loaded sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) mini-implants and those of machined-surface implants of the same size and shape.
Materials and Methods: A randomized complete block design was used in 12 skeletally mature male beagle dogs. Ninety-six orthodontic mini-implants were tested. Two types of implants were used: some had SLA surface treatment and some had machined surfaces without coating. After 3 weeks of healing, rotational moments of 150 g were applied. The success rates, maximum torque values, angular momentum, and total energy absorbed by the bone were compared. All values were subjected to mixed-model analysis to evaluate the influence of surface treatment, rotational force direction, and site of implantation.
Results: The maximum insertion torque and angular momentum of SLA implants were significantly lower than those of machined implants (P = .034, P = .039). The SLA implants had a significantly higher value for total removal energy than the machined implants (P = .046). However, there were no significant differences in total insertion energy, maximum removal torque, and removal angular momentum between the 2 groups. There was no significant difference between clockwise and counterclockwise rotation in all measurements.
Conclusion: SLA mini-implants showed relatively lower insertion torque value and angular momentum and higher total energy during removal than the machined implants, suggesting osseointegration of the SLA mini-implant after insertion.
Cytotoxicity of Silver Solder Employed in Orthodontics
Authors: Freitas Maria Perpétua Mota , Oshima Hugo Mitsuo S. , Menezes Luciane M. , Machado Denise C. , Viezzer Christian 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that the silver soldering employed in orthodontics is not cytotoxic for fibroblasts.
Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was performed using a culture of mice fibroblasts (lineage NIH/3T3), divided into four groups (n = 10 each): control, negative control (stainless steel archwire), positive control (amalgam disks), and test group (silver soldering). After cell culture in complete Dulbecco modified eagle medium and achievement of confluence in 80%, the suspension was added to the plates of 24 wells containing the specimens and incubated in an oven at 37°C for 24 hours. The plates were analyzed on an inverted light microscope, photomicrographs were obtained, and the results were recorded as response rates based on modifications of the parameters of Stanford according to the size of the diffusion halo of the toxic substance and quantity of cell lysis.
Results: The results revealed a maximum response rate for the silver soldering group, as well as severe inhibition of cell proliferation and growth, more round cells with mostly darkened and granular aspects, suggesting lysis with cell death. A similar response was seen in the positive control group.
Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. The silver soldering used in orthodontics represents a highly cytotoxic material for the cells analyzed.
Additional Evidence That Transaldolase Exchange, Isotope Discrimination During the Triose-Isomerase Reaction, or Both Occur in Humans
Authors: Basu Rita , Chandramouli Visvanthan , Schumann William , Basu Ananda , Landau Bernard R. , Rizza Robert A. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether deuterium enrichment on carbons 5 and 3 (C5/C3) in plasma glucose is influenced by processes other than gluconeogenesis and, if so, whether these processes are altered by type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this study, 10 obese diabetic and 10 obese nondiabetic subjects were infused intravenously with [3,5-2H2] galactose enriched at a C5-to-C3 ratio of 1.0 as well as the enrichment of deuterium on C5 and C3 of plasma glucose, measured with nuclear magnetic resonance using the acetaminophen glucuronide method.

RESULTS
The ratio of deuterium enrichment on C5 and C3 of glucose was &lt;1 (P &lt; 0.001) in all of the diabetic and nondiabetic subjects, resulting in a means ± SE C5-to-C3 ratio that did not differ between groups (0.81 ± 0.01 vs. 0.79 ± 0.01, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
That the C5-to-C3 glucose ratio is &lt;1 indicates that transaldolase exchange, selective retention of deuterium at the level of the triose-isomerase reaction, or both occur in humans. This also indicates that the net effect of these processes on the C5-to-C3 ratio is the same in people with and without type 2 diabetes. The possible effects of transaldolase exchange or selective retention of deuterium (or tritium) at the level of the triose-isomerase reaction on tracee labeling and tracer metabolism should be considered when the deuterated water method is used to measure gluconeogenesis or [3-3H] glucose is used to measure glucose turnover in humans.
Population characteristics and neuter status of cats living in households in the United States
Authors: Chu Karyen , Anderson Wendy M. , Rieser Micha Y. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Objective—To gather data on cats living in US households, document their neuter status, and identify demographic characteristics associated with neuter status.
Design—Cross-sectional, random-digit-dial telephone survey.
Sample Population—1,205 adults in the continental United States contacted between April 24, 2007, and May 14, 2007.
Procedures—Information was gathered by means of computer-assisted telephone interviews. Multivariate logit analysis was used to identify demographic characteristics significantly associated with neuter status.
Results—383 of 1,205 (31.8%) respondents reported having at least 1 cat at the time of the survey, yielding an estimated population of 82.4 million cats living in 36.8 million US households. Overall, 680 of 850 (80.0%) cats were reportedly neutered. Of the 371 neutered female cats, 303 (81.7%) had reportedly been neutered before having any litters. Proportion of cats that were neutered differed significantly across annual family income groups, with 96.2% (231/240) of cats in households with annual family incomes ≥ $75,000 being neutered, 90.7% (231/254) of cats in households with annual family incomes between $35,000 and $74,999 being neutered, and only 51.4% (123/239) of cats in households with annual family incomes < $35,000 being neutered.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that a high percentage (80.0%) of cats living in households in the United States were neutered and that annual family income was the strongest predictor of whether cats in the household were neutered. The present study did not attempt to address stray and feral cats, which represent a substantial but unknown percentage of the total US cat population.
Use of a rectus abdominis muscle flap to repair urinary bladder and urethral defects in a dog
Authors: Savicky Roman S. , Jackson Andrew H. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Case Description—An 11-month-old female dog was evaluated because of a 3- to 4-day history of stranguria and hematuria.
Clinical Findings—Rectal and vaginal examination and abdominal radiography revealed a large (4 × 2 cm), firm, ovoid object in the area of the pelvic inlet, between the vagina and colon.
Treatment and Outcome—Surgical exploration revealed an abscess and moderate amount of seropurulent fluid in the left caudal abdominal quadrant. A large urethrolith (3.7 × 2.0 × 1.5 cm) was evident in the proximal portion of the urethra. The urethrolith was associated with a 3 × 1-cm area of necrosis in the ventral aspect of the proximal portion of the urethra and a 3 × 3-cm area of necrosis in the area of the bladder trigone. The necrotic areas were débrided, and the defect was repaired with an axial pattern flap constructed from the rectus abdominis muscle. During a follow-up examination 2.5 years after surgery, the dog was clinically normal with no history of urinary incontinence. During rigid cystoscopy, the ure-thral mucosa appeared grossly normal, and there was no evidence of stricture.
Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that axial pattern flaps constructed from the rectus abdominis muscle flap may be useful in reconstructing large urinary bladder and urethral defects.
Chronic cor pulmonale secondary to pulmonary atherosclerosis in an African Grey parrot
Authors: Sedacca Cassidy D. , Campbell Terry W. , Bright Janice M. , Webb Brett T. , Aboellail Tawfik A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Case Description—A 20-year-old sexually intact female African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) was evaluated to determine the cause of lethargy, hyporexia, weight loss, and persistent ascites of 21 days' duration.
Clinical Findings—Physical examination revealed a markedly distended abdomen and systolic heart murmur. Thoracic radiography revealed cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly. Doppler echocardiography revealed severe eccentric and concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle with systolic dysfunction, moderate regurgitation through the right atrioventricular valve, a substantial increase in estimated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, hepatic venous congestion, and coelomic effusion. A clinical diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale was established.
Treatment and Outcome—The parrot was initially stabilized by use of coelomocentesis. During the next month, the parrot was treated by administration of furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, benazepril, and pimobendan. The parrot appeared to be responding well to treatment but was found dead in its cage 35 days following initial examination. Postmortem examination revealed substantial atherosclerosis of the large pulmonary arteries, with lesions extending into the medium-size arteries. Pulmonary atherosclerosis was suspected as a cause of the severe pulmonary hypertension.
Clinical Relevance—Although atherosclerosis most commonly affects the systemic and coronary arteries of parrots, sclerotic changes within the pulmonary vasculature should be considered as a possible cause of pulmonary hypertension and as a differential diagnosis for right-sided congestive heart failure in psittacine species.
The effect of Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress on the Development and Progress of Vascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Čolak Emina , Majkić-Singh Nada 
Published: April 2009

The effect of Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress on the Development and Progress of Vascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes
Oxidative stress is the result of increased production of free radicals, which impair the cell function and cause many pathological conditions and diseases. The development of diabetes, its course and complications are closely associated with an imbalance in pro-antioxidative cell state and change of redox potential. Prolonged exposure to hyperglycemia is currently considered the major factor of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Atherosclerosis is the cause of about 80% of mortality in diabetics, and over 75% of all hospitalized diabetic patients have associated cardiovascular complications. Hyperglycemia induces different vascular tissue damage at the cellular level, which potentially accelerates the atherosclerotic processes. The most significant mechanisms responsible for acceleration of atherosclerotic processes in diabetic patients are: a) non-enzymatic protein and lipid glycosylation which interferes with normal function, in the way that it deranges molecular conformation, impairs enzymatic function, reduces the capacity of breakdown and interferes with recognition of protein structures by receptors; b) interaction of glycosylated proteins with their receptors resulting in induction of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory reactions; c) polyol pathway; d) hexosamine pathway and e) activation of protein kinase C and impaired growth factor expression.
Monte Carlo calculations of epithermal and fast neutron dose in a human head model for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Authors: Tyminska Katarzyna 
Published: April 2009

Monte Carlo calculations of epithermal and fast neutron dose in a human head model for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy is a very promising form of cancer therapy, consisting in irradiating a stable isotope of boron (10B) concentrated in tumor cells with a low energy neutron beam. This technique makes it possible to destroy tumor cells, leaving healthy tissues practically unaffected. In order to carry out the therapy in the proper way, the proper range of the neutron beam energy has to be chosen.
In this paper we continue the earlier started calculations of the optimum energy range for BNCT, taking into account the absorbed dose from fast neutrons.
Evaluation of the potential in radiation dose reduction for full-field digital mammography
Authors: Kasch Kay-Uwe , Moftah Belal 
Published: April 2009

Evaluation of the potential in radiation dose reduction for full-field digital mammography
This study evaluates the image quality for different radiation doses in full-field digital mammography (FFDM). The potential of dose reductions is evaluated for both, the transition from screen-film mammography (SFM) to FFDM as well as within FFDM due to the optimization of exposure parameters.
Exposures of a 4.5 cm breast phantom rendering different contrasts as well as bar patterns were made using a FFDM system (GE Senographe 2000D). For different kVp and mAs settings as well as different target/filter combinations chosen for the above exposures, average glandular dose (AGD), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and modulation transfer function (MTF) were determined. To benchmark the results, relative change of AGD was evaluated against SNR, CNR and MTF. Eventually, the results were normalized to AGD's rendered by settings typically used in today's clinical routine.
For standard settings (automatic mode), both FFDM and SFM deliver approximately the same AGD of about 2.2 mGy. From that, AGD reduction can be substantial in FFDM if only SNR and high contrast CNR are considered. In this case, reduction of up to 40% can be achieved in a wide kVp range if switching from the standard target/filter combination Mo/Rh to Rh/Rh. However, if low contrast CNR is to remain unchanged, dose reduction is practically impossible. The change of peak voltage and target/filter material had no influence on MTF.
Assuming current CNR requirements as standards, significant dose reduction in FFDM cannot be achieved. Only by compromising low contrast CNR levels AGD of up to 40% can be saved at current standards of SNR and high contrast CNR.
Sequence of distinct microyielding stages of the monocrystalline nickel-base superalloy CMSX-6 at high temperatures
Authors: Reichstein S. , Kraft S. , Mughrabi H. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The microyielding behaviour of the monocrystalline nickel-base superalloy CMSX-6 has been studied experimentally in tensile tests up to small strains at 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C and by transmission electron microscopy of the deformed specimens. Inspection of the microyielding stress-strain curve with highly resolved plastic strain showed four distinct stages of deformation at the lowest temperature (900 °C) but not at the two higher temperatures. By considering the superposition of the external stress with the original coherency stresses and with the deformation-induced internal stresses and by inspection of the electron micrographs, these deformation stages could be assigned to successive dislocation glide processes in the horizontal and vertical -channels and, finally, in the ′-particles.
Comparison of damage development depending on the local microstructure in low alloyed Al-TRIP-steels, IF steel and a DP steel
Authors: Imlau Julia , Bleck Wolfgang , Zaefferer Stefan 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A study of the microstructural effects on the void initiation and crack growth in aluminium alloyed TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) steels has been conducted. Understanding of this microstructural dependency of the crack development is necessary to increase the failure limit and the energy absorption rate of the material.
Different microstructures in terms of phase volume fractions and spatial arrangement of these phases have been obtained by annealing. Additionally, different austenite stabilities, both geometrically as well as chemically based, have been obtained. First the macroscopic mechanical properties are linked to the microstructure. Furthermore, different characteristic prestraining levels are subsequently correlated to the microstructural damage evolution by observation of the samples with backscatter electron diffraction-based orientation microscopy in a high resolution scanning electron microscope.
The experiments result in a prediction of the most critical microstructural parameters when high damage tolerance is needed.
Recrystallization initiated by low-temperature grain boundary motion coupled to stress
Authors: Cahn John W. , Mishin Yuri 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
We propose a new mechanism of recrystallization of cold-deformed metals. During the cold deformation, some of the high-angle grain boundaries are moved by the applied stresses, producing low-curvature bulges and leaving almost defect-free regions behind. The driving force for this motion is very high and can be comparable to the yield stress of the material. Upon subsequent heating without applied stresses, such moved boundaries can continue to move without encountering an energy barrier (which is typical of most nucleation models) under the much smaller driving force arising from the stored energy difference across the boundary.
Linear measures for polyhedral networks
Authors: Glicksman Martin E. , Rios Paulo R. , Lewis Daniel J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Linear measures, including the average caliper, and mean width, are capable of correlating the geometric properties of polyhedral grains, including their boundary areas, volumes, and face curvatures. These measures also permit prediction of curvature-mediated grain growth rates and provide an important connection between kinetic behavior, grain size, and shape. Linear measures can be calculated exactly by using a topological representation of space-filling network grains via a special set of regular polyhedra, termed average N-hedra. These calculations yield exact comparisons of linear measures with polyhedral geometric properties and growth kinetics of well-annealed polycrystalline materials subjected to normal grain growth.
Deformation modes and anisotropy in magnesium alloy AZ31
Authors: Hutchinson Bevis , Barnett Matthew R. , Ghaderi Alireza , Cizek Pavel , Sabirov Ilchat 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A strongly textured sheet of magnesium alloy AZ31 has been subjected to tensile testing at temperatures between ambient and 300 °C. Structures have been examined by optical and transmission electron microscopy and also by atomic force microscopy to quantify surface displacements seen at grain boundaries. Plastic anisotropy varies strongly with test temperature as was observed previously by Agnew and Duygulu. The present findings do not support the view that crystallographic <c + a> becomes a major contributor to deformation at higher temperatures. Rather, the material behaviour reflects an increasing contribution from grain boundary sliding despite the relatively high strain rate (10– 3 s– 1) used in the mechanical tests.
Grain-boundary source/sink behavior for point defects: An atomistic simulation study
Authors: Millett Paul C. , Aidhy Dilpuneet S. , Desai Tapan , Phillpot Simon R. , Wolf Dieter 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The grain-boundary source and sink strengths for both vacancies and self-interstitials have been determined for columnar nanocrystalline structures of Mo using molecular-dynamics simulation. The microstructures, which are initialized to contain either an over-saturation or under-saturation of one particular point defect species (either vacancies or self-interstitials), are subjected to isothermal annealing at high homologous temperatures (T > 0.75Tm) while the point-defect concentrations are monitored throughout. We clearly observe an exponential approach of the point-defect concentrations to equilibrium, in agreement with classical rate theory. These observed approaches to equilibrium yield grain-boundary source/sink strengths that correlate with analytical solutions that depend solely on the grain size. Finally, we find that grain boundary sinks have an approximately equal affinity, or bias, to vacancies and self-interstitials.
High temperature magnetic strengthening in iron-based alloys: Magnetic effects on deformation and fracture, revisited
Authors: Watanabe Tadao 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe importance of magnetic effects upon mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials, discussed by Zener almost a half century ago, has been revisited in order to stimulate researchers' interest in this research subject. It is shown that effects of magnetism and magnetic transformation can affect creep deformation, tensile deformation and ductility in α-Fe-based solid solution binary alloys in the ferromagnetic state. The magnetic alloy strengthening observed in the ferromagnetic state has been quantitatively described and discussed by using a new parameter related to magnetic properties of solute atoms such as Co, Cr and solvent Fe. The prospect of future application of the magnetic strengthening is given for high temperature materials with excellent strength, ductility and thermal stability.
Concentration phase transition associated with grain boundary segregation in systems with restricted solubility
Authors: Bokstein Boris , Rodin Alexey 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A new model of grain boundary segregation in systems with restricted solubility is proposed. The model is based on the following assumption: As soon as the solute concentration in the grain boundary achieves the bulk solubility limit, embryos of compounds appear in the grain boundary. The composition of these embryos corresponds closely with the nearest phase in the grain according to the phase diagram. The appropriate segregation isotherm taking into account these embryos demonstrates the concentration phase transition which shows itself as a jump in grain boundary concentration. The location and the height of this jump are discussed.