bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zur Frage der Unterflursicherung nichtstationärer Stallmistzwischenlagerung mit Bentonit oder Stroh
Authors: Dewes Thomas , Petersen Andreas , Schmitt Liliane 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn einem über das Winterhalbjahr 93/94 eingerichteten Zwischenlager aus Rindermist wurde die Eignung von Bentonit und Stroh zur Sicherung des Bodens vor eindringenden Stofffrachten geprüft. Während der 185tägigen Lagerung sickerten 250 g Nt (davon 68% als NH4+) und 695 g K+/m3 Mist aus. Diese Stofffrachten drangen in den Boden ein, wobei im Bodenwasser mit zunehmender Tiefe abnehmende NH4+‐N und K+‐Konzentrationen, aber zunehmende, jedoch unbedenkliche NO3−‐N‐Konzentrationen festgestellt wurden. Unter den mit Bentonit gesicherten Prüfgliedern waren die NH4+‐N‐ und K+‐Konzentrationen im Bodenwasser immer deutlich geringer als unter den Prüfgliedern mit Stroh bzw. unter denen ohne Unterflursicherung. Beide Kationen wurden in hohem Maße in der Bentonit‐Schicht sortiert, was günstige Voraussetzungen für deren Rückführung in den Betriebskreislauf bot. Im Boden unter der Stroh‐Schicht war vor allem der Nmin−Gehalt vermindert. Dies könnte durch eine mikrobielle Rückbindung von Stickstoff aufgrund des hohen C‐Angebotes erklärt werden.
Effects of gypsum and Zn on uptake ratios of Na, K and growth‐yield of rice grown on a coastal saline soil
Authors: Khan H. R. , Ahmed I. U. , Blume H.‐P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSalinity reduced (reduction below control = RBC) grain yield of rice by 80 and 98% at 8 and 16 mS/cm levels of saline irrigation, respectively, below tap water (0.6 mS/cm). The adverse effect of salinity was more pronounced on grain yield (98% RBC at 16 mS/cm) than on straw yield (84% RBC). The combined application of gypsum and Zn at the rates of 160 and 5 kg/ha produced 49, 45, and 41% more grain yield above controls at 0.6, 8, and 16 mS/cm levels of salinity, respectively. The length of panicles, percentage of filled grains, and 1000‐grain weight, protein concentrations of the rice grains, sum of Ca, Mg and K concentrations were reduced due to imposition of saline irrigation, but gypsum and Zn treatments significantly improved these parameters even at the highest (16 mS/cm) salinity stress. The combined application of gypsum and Zn was found to be effective to increase the protein concentrations in rice grains by 2–4% and to increase total concentrations of Ca, Mg and K, but reduced the Na/K ratios in plant tissues by 29.13, and 12% at 0.6, 8, and 16 mS/cm salinity, respectively, suggesting that the application of gypsum and Zn in parallel with irrigation of saline soils, would be effective to reduce the adverse effects of high Na/K ratios as well as to improve growth, yield, and nutritional balance in rice.
Aggregation indices to characterize structural breakdown of dry soil samples by air slaking
Authors: Roth Christian H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to develop a simple test to assess air slaking effects on structural breakdown of dry soils and with the help of the test, to verify whether observations made by Gath (1995) on artificial soil samples are also valid for undisturbed soil samples. The proposed slaking test and the derived aggregation indices allow for an indirect assessment of the effect of air slaking. It is possible to use the test as a means of grouping soil structure with respect to slaking susceptibility. Thus, soil samples with clay contents < 10% and granular or weakly coherent structure are practically completely dispersed upon immersion. Soils with > 30% clay are well aggregated in angular blocks and prisms, and slaking will stop at a microaggregate level. Loess soils, which usually have a range of 10 to 30% clay content and coherent to subangular blocky structure show an intermediate behaviour. Finally, the results obtained here using undisturbed soil samples are in line with those obtained by Gäth (1995), indicating that at a given water content rate of water uptake as influenced by hydraulic conductivity, sample size and bulk density is a major factor controlling effects of air slaking. However, when comparing samples of different origin, increase in clay content is the principal factor that reduces slaking effects.
Schätzrahmen für die effektive Durchwurzelungstiefe mehrschichtiger Böden
Authors: Schrey Heinz Peter 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDie Kennwerte für die effektive Durchwurzelungstiefe in der Boden‐ kundlichen Kartieranleitung (4. Auflage) gelten nur für homogene Böden. Als Ergänzung dazu wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das die effektive Durchwurzelung mehrschichtiger Böden auf Basis derselben Kennwerte berechnet. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dieses Verfahren als Standard in die Methodenbanken der Fachinformationssysteme Bodenkunde einzustellen.
Thiamine (vitamin B1) seed treatment enhances germination and seedling growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) exposed to soaking injury
Authors: Neumann Günter , Azaizeh Hassan Ahmad , Marschner Horst 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSeed treatment with thiamine mononitrate significantly increased germination rate of bean (Phasenius vulgaris L.) seedlings germinated at high soil moisture levels and low night‐temperature (5° C). Beneficial effects of thiamine applications on germination were also observed in soil‐free germination tests when the seeds were submerged in water for 1–4 d at 18°C. Optimum response was achieved at thiamine concentrations of 3 mM, applied during the first 24 h of imbibition. As an early response to the thiamine treatment, vital staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride revealed a lower proportion of damaged tissue of the embryonic axes. In later stages of seedling development, thiamine seed treatment resulted in a lower proportion of abnormal seedlings with malformations of the shoot apex and of the primary leaves. The beneficial effect of thiamine was more pronounced when the temperature during submergence was kept at 25° C compared to 5° C. There was no response to thiamine applications when the germinating seeds were exposed to low temperature treatments only. The thiamine effect could be mimicked by raising the osmotic potential of the incubation medium, indicating a relationship to soaking injuries. The results suggest that normal seedling development may be impaired by thiamine deficiency in the embryonic tissue induced by soaking injury, whereas low temperatures are not involved as a stress‐factor.
Amount and chemical element content of rhizomorphs in the stemflow and throughfall areas of beech stands on different soil types
Authors: Turcsányi Gábor , Siller Irén , Führer Ernõ , Kovács Margit , Penksza Károly , Büttner Sarolta , Figeczky Gábor , Dudás Judit , Mihály Botond 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRhizomorphs of Armitlaria mellea Karst s.l. were collected in the stemflow and throughfall areas of beech stands on four soil types in Hungary in order to compare their chemical element contents. The amount of rhizomorphs found in the samples increased with decreasing pH of the soil types as well as with decreasing pH caused by the influence of stemflow water. Least rhizomorphs were collected in the Ranker, whereas most were found in the stemflow areas of the pod‐ zolized Brown Earth. Rhizomorph and beech root samples, collected for comparison, showed highly significant differences in their chemical element contents. Rhizomorphs contained less B, Fe. Ga, Li, Mg, Mn, Ti and V, but more Cd, Co, P, Pb, Si and Zn in all soil types than comparable beech root samples. Remarkable was the high Pb content of rhizomorphs, which is not characteristic of mushroom fruiting bodies collected in unpolluted areas.
The chemical composition of soil organic matter in classical humic compound fractions and in bulk samples — a review
Authors: Beyer Lothar 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn the present paper new findings in soil organic matter (SOM) research were reviewed with regard to non‐aromatic species in order to make evident the recent conception about the chemical nature of humic matter structure. The main purpose of this paper was to unravel the manifold information of SOM investigations in order to characterize the classical humic matter fractions (fulvic acids, humic acids, humins) and bulk soil samples. Such common state‐of‐the‐art information is missing in current SOM literature. In addition we focus on improvements in SOM research due to the application of the new instrumental methods such as NMR and pyrolysis‐MS and its problems of analysis.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different forest soils: Mineral horizons
Authors: Guggenberger Georg , Pichler Martin , Hartmann Robert , Zech Wolfgang 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the behavior of PAH in mineral soil horizons of different forest soils (Allersdorf, All: Inceptisol, mull humus type; Geisberg, Geis: Entisol, mull; Hohe Matzen, HoM: Spodosol, mor). At the mor site, the highest PAH loading was observed in the forest floor (HoM L to Oh, ΣX 20 PAH: 829 g ha−1), whereas at the mull sites the humified mineral soil horizons were the main sink for PAH (All aAxh, Σ 20 PAH: 522 g ha−1). In all soils, there was a significant PAH translocation into subsoil horizons (Σ 20 PAH in the subsoil: 76–195 g ha−1).In order to delineate possible transport mechanisms, double‐logarithmic relationships were established between the translocation of the distinct PAH from the surface soil to the subsoil and the PAH's Kow values. The data suggested that transport of low‐molecular PAH into the subsoil was primarily a function of the water solubility of each compound. In the biologically active All and Geis soils, high‐molecular PAH were translocated independently from their Kow value, and particle‐bound transport probably by soil burrowing animals was assumed to control translocation of the penta‐ and hexacyclic PAH. In contrast, at HoM transfer of high‐molecular PAH increased with increasing hydrophobicity, suggesting dissolved organic matter (DOM)‐mediated transport of PAH.Fractionation of soil into a floatable fraction and into sand‐ (20–2000 μm), silt‐ (2–20 μm), coarse clay‐ (0.2–2 μm), and fine claysized (< 0.2 μm) separates revealed that more than 80% of the PAH loading could be assigned to silt‐ and coarse clay‐sized separates, irrespective of the soil's texture (loamy sand to silty clay loam). Silt generally showed the highest Corg−related PAH concentrations. PAH profiles (relative proportion of each PAH on the sum of 20 PAH) revealed increasing proportions of high‐molecular, more refractory PAH from the floatables and the sand‐sized separates to the finer particles, corresponding with an increasing degree of SOM alteration in the same direction. At HoM, depth gradients of high‐molecular PAH suggested co‐transport of penta‐ and hexacyclic PAH with DOM and subsequent co‐sorption selectively to the silt‐ and coarse‐clay sized separates of the Bsh horizon.
Mathematical models to study the kinetics of potassium release from swell‐shrink soils of Central India in relation to their mineralogy
Authors: Rao Ch. Srinivasa , Pal D. K. , Takkar P. N. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEmploying four mathematical models (first‐order, parabolic‐diffusion, Elovich and zero‐order), kinetics of potassium desorption from eight soils with and without cropping were studied to evaluate their ability in explaining K release from soils. The decline in the soil test K in cropped soils over original soils was drastic in easily desorbable forms compared to that of strongly held forms like 3 M H2SO4 K. Results showed that parabolic diffusion as well as first‐order kinetic equation explained the K release data well for both original and K depleted (cropped) soils. Elovich and zero‐order equations were not suitable to describe the kinetic data. However, zero‐order equation explained K release data better in case of K‐depleted soils as compared to original soils. Soils with higher initial K contents registered higher release rate constants. Over the entire period of cropping the range of release rate (b) decreased from 1.26 to 1.53 × 10−2 to values ranging from 1.12 to 1.30 × 10−2 h−1. In contrast, the first‐order equation, parabolic diffusion showed higher b values for cropped soils as they represent the diffusion gradient. Mica and its biotite content in both silt and clay fractions showed significant correlation (r) with b values. Similarly with the rate of K release, clay content of soils maintained significant r whereas the silt content did not.
Structural modifications of the apoplast and their potential impact on ion uptake
Authors: Peterson Carol A. , Cholewa Ewa 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNutrient ions entering the plant root from the soil solution, whether directly or through mycorrhizal fungi, first encounter the apoplast, a chemically complex compartment. The movement of ions in unmodified walls occurs in water‐filled channels (diameter about 10 nm) and is influenced by electrical charges. Some positive charges occur in the wall, but the majority are negative. The permeability of the wall is variable, depending on its age and whether or not it has been further modified. Very young walls are less permeable than older walls, and the permeability of mature walls may be reduced by suberin and/or lignin deposits. It is not clear whether or not the other two main wall‐modifying substances, mucilages and condensed tannins, also significantly reduce wall permeability. Casparian bands, which consist of suberin and lignin within radial and transverse walls, occur in the endodermis and exodermis. These layers form continuous cylinders within the root so that ion movement into the entire areas they surround is prevented. An important corollary is that Casparian bands dictate which cells are accessed by the soil solution and thus are in a position to absorb ions. It is postulated that a Casparian band‐like modification also occurs in the walls of cork cells, based on observations of their impermeability to dyes. Suberin can occur in the form of lamellae which are deposited on all walls of endodermal, exodermal and cork cells. Unlike the Casparian bands, these lamellae limit movement between the apoplast and plasmalemma surface of the individual cells in which they occur. Condensed tannins, an addition to the walls of tree roots which results in them becoming brown, appear to function as antimicrobial agents rather than as permeability barriers. Further research is needed to investigate the structure of both unmodified and modified walls in a variety of species and under a variety of growing conditions.
Heavy metal contamination of soils in Northern Slovakia
Authors: Lobe Ingo , Wilcke Wolfgang , Kobža Jozef , Zech Wolfgang 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEnvironmental damages like forest decline in Northern Slovakia could be a result of long‐distance transport of pollutants with the dominating north‐west winds. On 10 sites, primarily in the northbound upper slopes of west‐east oriented mountain ranges in Northern Slovakia, the extent of the heavy metal contamination in soils along a north‐south transect was examined. Oi, Oe, Oa, A, and B horizons were sampled and the total concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined. The ranges of heavy metal concentrations in the forest floor were higher than reported for comparable samples from Bavarian soils except for Zn (Cd: 0.65–1.77; Cr: 12–40; Cu: 19–41; Ni: 8–24; Pb: 70–187; Zn: 31–92 mg kg−1), in the mineral soil the concentrations were lower. The depth distribution of the metal concentrations indicated a contamination with Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The concentration differences between forest floor and mineral soil tended to be higher at the northern than at the southern sites for Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, indicating a long‐distance transport from the north. Correlation and principal component analyses of the total metal concentrations revealed three groups: Cu, Pb, and Zn inputs mainly seemed to result from long‐distance transport from the north, Cr and Ni inputs additionally from local sources. Cd probably had its origin mainly in local sources. This result was further confirmed by the grouping of the sites when clustered.
Changes in nitrogen supply along transects from farmland to calcareous grassland
Authors: Neitzke Mechthild 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this study nutrient supply along transects from farmland to calcareous grasslands was investigated. The aim was to assess a gradient in nutrient supply parallel to the change in species composition. Net nitrogen mineralization was measured under field conditions and in a laboratory incubation experiment. The seasonal course of net N mineralization was determined by the increase of soil temperature in spring and changes in soil moisture during summer. In the farmland soils fertilization was also an important factor. Annual net N mineralization was highest in the moderately acid soils of the Rosenberg on the Lower Devonian schist. It was lowest in the soils of the transect near Erdorf on limestone. Two transects on dolomite took an intermediate position. At all study sites net N mineralization and the mineral nitrogen contents were higher in the peripheral zones of the calcareous grasslands than in the centre of the grasslands. In the base‐rich soils of the three transects on limestone and dolomite annual net N mineralization varied in the calcareous grasslands between 4.6 and 61 mg/kg, in the peripheral zones between 35 and 190 mg/kg and in the farmland between 117 and 350 mg/kg. In the base‐poor soils of the transect on Rosenberg it was 96 mg/kg in the calcareous grassland, 115–130 mg/kg in the boundary zone and 165 mg/kg in the meadow. It is presumed that the increase in nitrogen supply was caused by nutrient input from the adjacent farmland.
Preoperative serum value of sialyl Lewis X predicts pathological nodal extension and survival in patients with surgically treated small cell lung cancer
Authors: Iwata Takashi , Nishiyama Noritoshi , Nagano Koshi , Izumi Nobuhiro , Tsukioka Takuma , Chung Kyukwang , Hanada Shoji , Inoue Kiyotoshi , Kaji Masahide , Suehiro Shigefumi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground and objectivesWe investigated various tumor markers in patients with surgically treated small cell lung cancer (SCLC) to identify the markers closely correlated to pathological staging and to predict survival by retrospective analyses.MethodsReviewing database records between 1990 and 2007 revealed 36 patients with SCLC, that were grouped according to clinical and pathological stages. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for serum levels of various tumor makers to predict the pathological stage. The cut‐off value was calculated from the ROC curve of the significant marker. Survival in patient groups divided by the new cut‐off value was calculated.ResultsSerum levels of various tumor makers were not significantly different between the pathological stage groups, except for serum sialyl Lewis X (SLX). ROC curve of SLX was significantly correlated to pathological stages (P = 0.0136). The calculated SLX cut‐off value was 25.1 U/ml, with 80% sensitivity and 70% specificity. Five‐year survival of patients selected by this new cut‐off was 82.5%, whereas that with the standard cut‐off (38.0 U/ml) was 55.9%.ConclusionsSerum SLX values were associated with pathological stage and survival after surgery in SCLC patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:818–824. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cold Atmospheric Plasma for Surface Disinfection
Authors: Li Yang‐Fang , Shimizu Tetsuji , Zimmermann Julia L. , Morfill Gregor E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new design evolved from the surface microdischarge electrode system has been developed for the application of surface disinfection. Having the electrode encapsulated in a dielectric surface the plasma is produced directly on the surface of the electrode which therefore becomes disinfected. Experiments with bacteria were carried out and results show that the surface can be disinfected within 30 s with typical operating conditions. Even sterilization appears possible in a reasonable time. Possible applications of this electrode design are discussed for regular disinfection of work surfaces, laboratory benches, etc.magnified image
Understanding pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthetase deficiency: clinical, molecular, functional, and expression studies, structure‐based analysis, and novel therapy with arginine
Authors: Martinelli Diego , Häberle Johannes , Rubio Vicente , Giunta Cecilia , Hausser Ingrid , Carrozzo Rosalba , Gougeard Nadine , Marco‐Marín Clara , Goffredo Bianca M. , Meschini Maria Chiara , Bevivino Elsa , Boenzi Sara , Colafati Giovanna Stefania , Brancati Francesco , Baumgartner Matthias R. , Dionisi‐Vici Carlo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractΔ1‐Pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) catalyzes the first two steps of ornithine/proline biosynthesis. P5CS deficiency has been reported in three families, with patients presenting with cutis/joint laxity, cataracts, and neurodevelopmental delay. Only one family exhibited metabolic changes consistent with P5CS deficiency (low proline/ornithine/citrulline/arginine; fasting hyperammonemia). Here we report a new P5CS‐deficient patient presenting the complete clinical/metabolic phenotype and carrying p.G93R and p.T299I substitutions in the γ‐glutamyl kinase (γGK) component of P5CS. The effects of these substitutions are (1) tested in mutagenesis/functional studies with E.coli γGK, (2) rationalized by structural modelling, and (3) reflected in decreased P5CS protein in patient fibroblasts (shown by immunofluorescence). Using optical/electron microscopy on skin biopsy, we show collagen/elastin fiber alterations that may contribute to connective tissue laxity and are compatible with our angio‐MRI finding of kinky brain vessels in the patient. MR spectroscopy revealed decreased brain creatine, which normalized after sustained arginine supplementation, with improvement of neurodevelopmental and metabolic parameters, suggesting a pathogenic role of brain creatine decrease and the value of arginine therapy. Morphological and functional studies of fibroblast mitochondria show that P5CS deficiency is not associated with the mitochondrial alterations observed in Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase deficiency (another proline biosynthesis defect presenting cutis laxa and neurological alterations).
The System of Administered Trade as a Defense Mechanism in Preprotectorate Morocco
Authors: Ponasik Diane Skelly 
Published: December 2011

The system of administered trade has been quoted in the literature as an effective mechanism to insure trade between economically unequal countries while protecting the less-developed states from any real contact with more developed areas (see Polanyi et al. 1957, esp. Arnold: 1957,154–187).Using the example of the traditional state of Morocco, this paper seeks to demonstrate that administered trade was not an effective safeguard against commerce with technologically advanced countries, and in fact, that the system itself contained features which, rather than protecting traditional countries, actually contributed to their conquest by more technologically advanced ones.