bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trityl Chloride (TrCl): Efficient and Homogeneous Organocatalyst for the Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 14‐Aryl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes by in situ Formation of Carbocationic System
Authors: Zare Abdolkarim , Merajoddin Maria , Abi Fereshteh , Moosavi‐Zare Ahmad Reza , Mokhlesi Mohammad , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Asgari Zhila , Khakyzadeh Vahid , Hasaninejad Alireza , Khalafi‐Nezhad Ali , Parhami Abolfath 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTrityl chloride (triphenylmethyl chloride, TrCl, Ph3CCl) is utilized as an efficient and homogeneous organocatalyst for the synthesis of 14‐aryl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes from β‐naphthol and arylaldehydes under solvent‐free conditions. Moreover, a plausible mechanism is suggested based on the literature and on in situ formation of trityl carbocation with inherent instability during the reaction.
Synthesis of Chiral Ionic Polymers Containing Quaternary Ammonium Sulfonate Structure and their Catalytic Activity in Asymmetric Alkylation
Authors: Parvez Md. Masud , Salam Md. Abdus , Haraguchi Naoki , Itsuno Shinichi 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRepeated reaction between chiral quaternary ammonium dimer and disodium disulfonate gave the ionic polymer, which contains chiral quaternary ammonium sulfonate structure as a repeating unit. This chiral ionic polymer showed an excellent catalytic activity in asymmetric alkylation reaction. With the chiral ionic polymer catalysts, high level of enantioselectivities up to 97% ee were attained.
On the inverse relationship between North American snow extent and North Atlantic hurricane activity
Authors: Yan T. , Pietrafesa L. J. , Bell G. D. , Dickey D.A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe statistically significant inverse relationship is examined between North American snow cover extent during January and North Atlantic hurricane activity during the following hurricane season. To better quantify this relationship the long‐term trend and ENSO years were removed from the data. The lightest January snow‐cover years (LSY) show sharp increases (40–90%) compared to the heaviest January snow‐cover years (HSY) in nearly all measures of Atlantic hurricane activity, including the numbers and duration of hurricanes and major hurricanes, and the average seasonal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index. Approximately, half of the LSY events featured above‐normal hurricane seasons and none were below‐normal, while approximately half of the HSY featured below‐normal hurricane seasons none were above‐normal. Composite analyses indicate the anomalous wintertime snow‐cover extent and Atlantic hurricane activity are linked through their common association with persistent and hemisphere‐wide extratropical circulation anomalies tied to the Arctic Oscillation (AO). The LSY are associated with a positive phase of the AO, along with warmer surface temperatures in both North America and Eurasia, while the HSY are associated with a negative phase of the AO and below‐average continental surface temperatures. One unresolved issue is the extent to which the anomalous snow extent feeds back onto the large‐scale circulation so as to help maintain the wintertime AO patterns through the spring and summer. Another remaining issue is the process(es) by which the extratropical AO signals eventually penetrate into the tropics so as to influence Atlantic hurricane activity. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Characteristics of a phage effective for colibacillosis control in poultry
Authors: Lau Gee Leng , Sieo Chin Chin , Tan Wen Siang , Ho Yin Wan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Colibacillosis is one of the main causes of economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Although antibiotics have been used to control this infection, the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria poses a threat to animal and human health. Phage therapy has been reported as one of the potential alternative methods to control bacterial infections. However, efficient phage therapy is highly dependent on the characteristics of the phage isolated. In the present study the characteristics of a lytic phage, ØEC1, which was found to be effective against the causative agent of colibacillosis in chickens in a previous in vivo study, are reported.RESULTS: Examination by transmission electron microscopy revealed that ØEC1 is a DNA phage belonging to the Podoviridae family. ØEC1 showed an optimum multiplicity of infection of 0.1‐1. The latent period of ØEC1 was 25 min, with a burst size of 200 particles per infected cell. Under the experimental conditions the maximum adsorption rate for ØEC1 was 99.9% within 8 min. ØEC1 demonstrated an optimum phage lytic activity at pH 6‐9 and 25–41 °C.CONCLUSION: These characteristics can serve as a guideline for selection of effective candidates for phage therapy, in this case for collibacillosis control in chickens. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Food systems: New‐Ruralism versus New‐Urbanism
Authors: Azadi Hossein , Van Acker Veronique , Zarafshani Kiumars , Witlox Frank 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThere is a growing debate on whether agricultural land in urban fringes should be maintained or converted to other uses. While ‘pro‐ruralists’ believe agricultural land conversion can threaten food security and cause rural‐urban migration, ‘pro‐urbanists’ find it a necessary change for transition from a primitive agricultural‐based community to an advanced industrial‐based society which has the capacity to create mass productions. New‐Ruralists follow an agricultural‐based development approach that promotes small–medium farming and acknowledges rural lifestyle while New‐Urbanists give a priority to large industrial‐based sectors and encourage urban lifestyle. Given the unlike concerns of different societies, the paper concludes that the approaches might have different priorities in the less developed, developing, and developed world. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Measuring the Socio‐Economic Legacies of Mega‐events: Concepts, Propositions and Indicators
Authors: Li ShiNa , McCabe Scott 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTLegacies have become a key rationale underpinning the bidding process for hosting mega‐events. These long‐term effects are deemed to hold benefits and costs, and measurement is important. However, there is limited theory or empirical evidence on legacy impacts. In this article, the literature on legacies of mega‐events is reviewed and event tourism isolated to develop an interdisciplinary conceptual model to measure tourism legacies, and develop propositions on measurement issues. This paper develops a framework of key indicators, propositions and measures to evaluate socio‐economic legacies, which will support event organizers and decision makers to formulate policies for improving event legacies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemical premotor biomarkers for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Mollenhauer Brit , Zhang Jing 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA biomarker is a biological characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological or pathologic processes or of pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. We reviewed the current status of target protein biomarkers (eg, total/oligomeric α‐synuclein and DJ‐1) in cerebrospinal fluid, as well as on unbiased processes that can be used to discover novel biomarkers. We have also provide ddetails about strategies toward potential populations/models and technologies, including the need for standardized sampling techniques, to pursue the identification of new biochemical markers in the premotor stage of Parkinson's disease in the future. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Are high doses of carbidopa a concern? A randomized, clinical trial in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Brod Lissa S. , Aldred Jason L. , Nutt John G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRecommended doses of carbidopa are 75‐200 mg/day. Higher doses could inhibit brain aromatic amino‐acid decarboxylase and reduce clinical effects. We compared 4‐week outpatient treatments with carbidopa (75 and 450 mg/day) administered with L‐dopa on the subjects' normal schedule. After each treatment phase, subjects had two 2‐hour L‐dopa infusions. The first infusion examined the effects of carbidopa doses administered the preceding 4 weeks, and the second infusion determined the acute effects of the two dosages of carbidopa. The antiparkinsonian effects and L‐dopa and carbidopa plasma concentrations were monitored during the infusions. Twelve subjects completed the study. Carbidopa concentrations were eight times higher after the high‐carbidopa phase. Area under the curve (AUC) for clinical ratings did not differ for the four L‐dopa infusions, although AUC for plasma L‐dopa was modestly increased with 450 mg of carbidopa. Nine subjects reported that the high‐carbidopa outpatient phase was associated with greater response to L‐dopa. Doses of 450 mg/day of carbidopa did not reduce the responses to L‐dopa infusion, extending the safe range of carbidopa to 450 mg/day. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
The significance of defining preclinical or prodromal Parkinson's disease
Authors: Olanow C. Warren , Obeso José A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA body of clinical and pathologic evidence supports the concept that there a pre‐Parkinson state exists prior to the time when Parkinson's disease (PD) can be formally diagnosed. The ability to define a the preclinical or prodromal PD state has many important implications. First, understanding the timing and sequence of pathologic change that occurs in PD could provide important clues as to the etiology and pathogenesis of PD, and provide insight into cell vulnerability factors. Second, defining a population of patients with preclinical PD would provide a potentially important group of subjects for clinical trials attempting to define disease‐modifying therapies. And, finally, being able to determine that a person has PD at an earlier time point than is currently possible would permit the introduction of a putative disease‐modifying therapy at a time when it could have more profound and long‐lasting effects. This paper reviews the clinical significance of defining preclinical PD. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
The Effect of Media on Charitable Giving and Volunteering: Evidence from the “Give Five” Campaign
Authors: Yörük Barış K. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFundraising campaigns advertised via mass media are common. To what extent such campaigns affect charitable behavior is mostly unknown, however. Using giving and volunteering surveys conducted biennially from 1988 to 1996, I investigate the effect of a national fundraising campaign, “Give Five,” on charitable giving and volunteering patterns. The widely advertised Give Five campaign was aimed to encourage people to give 5 percent of their income and volunteer 5 hours a week. After controlling for selection into being informed about the Give Five, I find that people who were informed about the campaign increased their weekly volunteering activity on average by almost half an hour, but their giving behavior was not significantly affected. I discuss the policy implications associated with this result and argue that although the Give Five campaign did not achieve its goal, its impact on volunteering was considerable. © 2012 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
White light emission from amorphous silicon‐oxycarbide materials
Authors: Ishikawa Yukari , Sato Koji , Kawasaki Shinji , Ishii Yosuke , Matsumura Akihiro , Muto Shunsuke 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper reports white photoluminescence (PL) from silicon‐oxycarbide materials. These are oxidized mesoporous carbon silica (MPCS) and thermally treated rice husk. The PL intensities were strong enough to be detected by the naked eye in daylight under ultraviolet light excitation at room temperature. We investigated the structure, composition, and bonding state of fabricated silicon‐oxycarbide materials and found the commonality between the oxidized MPCS and the thermally treated rice husk. Both of them (i) were composed of silica and small amount of carbon, (ii) have porous structure and large surface area over 100 m2/g, and (iii) have a broad infrared absorption band at around 1100 cm−1 related to the strained silica. The origins of white PL are discussed by taking account of the commonality.
Plasmon enhanced light absorption in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells
Authors: Yang Xiaohan , Uddin Ashraf , Wright Matthew 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSilver nanospheres (Ag NSs) buffer layers were introduced via a solution casting process to enhance the light absorption in poly (3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. These Ag NSs, as surface plasmons, could increase the optical electric field in the photoactive layer whilst simultaneously improving the light scattering. As a result, this buffer layer improves the light absorption of P3HT:PCBM blend and consequently improves the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of organic solar cells. In this work, different sizes of Ag NSs plasmon‐enhanced layer were investigated, with the aim of optimizing the performance of devices. UV‐vis spectrometer measurement demonstrates that the total optical absorption of P3HT:PCBM blend films in the spectral range of 350–650 nm is increased by ∼4 and 6% with incorporation of the 20 and 40 nm Ag NSs, respectively. The Jsc was shown to increase by ∼21 and 24% for 20 and 40 nm Ag NSs, respectively. This is due to the extra photogenerated excitons by the plasmonic resonance of Ag NSs. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparing different dynamic stall models
Authors: Holierhoek J.G. , de Vaal J.B. , van Zuijlen A.H. , Bijl H. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe dynamic stall phenomenon and its importance for load calculations and aeroelastic simulations is well known. Different models exist to model the effect of dynamic stall; however, a systematic comparison is still lacking. To investigate if one is performing better than another, three models are used to simulate the Ohio State University measurements and a set of data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames experimental study of dynamic stall and compare results. These measurements were at conditions and for aerofoils that are typical for wind turbines, and the results are publicly available. The three selected dynamic stall models are the ONERA model, the Beddoes–Leishman model and the Snel model. The simulations show that there are still significant differences between measurements and models and that none of the models is significantly better in all cases than the other models. Especially in the deep stall regime, the accuracy of each of the dynamic stall models is limited. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of redox potential in hybridoma cultures: effects on MAb production, metabolism, and apoptosis
Authors: Meneses-Acosta Angélica , Gómez Alfonso , Ramírez Octavio T 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCulture redox potential (CRP) has proven to be a valuable monitoring tool in several areas of biotechnology; however, it has been scarcely used in animal cell culture. In this work, a proportional feedback control was employed, for the first time, to maintain the CRP at different constant values in hybridoma batch cultures for production of a monoclonal antibody (MAb). Reducing and oxidant conditions, in the range of −130 and +70 mV, were maintained in 1-l bioreactors through automatic control of the inlet gas composition. Cultures at constant DOT, in the range of 3 and 300 %, were used for comparison. The effect of constant CRP on cell concentration, MAb production, metabolism of glucose, glutamine, thiols, oxygen consumption, and programmed cell death, was evaluated. Reducing conditions resulted in the highest viable cell and MAb concentrations and thiols production, whereas specific glucose and glutamine consumption rates remained at the lowest values. In such conditions, programmed cell death, particularly apoptosis, occurred only after nutrient exhaustion. The optimum specific MAb production rate occurred at intermediate CRP levels. Oxidant conditions resulted in a detrimental effect in all culture parameters, increasing the specific glucose, glutamine, and oxygen consumption rates and inducing the apoptotic process, which was detected as early as 24 h even when glutamine and glucose were present at non-limiting concentrations. In most cases, such results were similar to those obtained in control cultures at constant DOT.
Mitochondrial proteomics—a tool for the study of metabolic disorders
Authors: Gregersen Niels , Hansen Jakob , Palmfeldt Johan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMitochondria are important for a number of life and death processes, such as energy production, creation of reactive oxygen species, and elicitation of stress responses. These responses range from induction of protein quality control and antioxidant systems to mitochondria elimination and cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are involved in pathologies associated with many diseases, for example metabolic disorders, diabetes, cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases as well as obesity and aging. Mitochondrial proteomics can be a powerful tool in the study of these diseases, especially since it can cover mitochondrial proteins from several metabolic pathways, such as the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and respiratory chain, as well as protein networks involved in stress responses. The mitochondrial proteome can consist of more than 1,000 different proteins. However, it is difficult to define the precise number, since mitochondria are dynamic and difficult to purify, and because an unknown number of proteins possess dual or multiple localization, depending on cell type and physiological conditions. This review describes several quantitative studies of proteins from mitochondria isolated by centrifugation, separated by various methods (e.g., electrophoresis and nanoLC), and analyzed by advanced mass spectrometry. We illustrate the methods by showing that multiple pathways and networks are affected in cells from patients carrying gene variations affecting a mitochondrial protein. The study of cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with ethylmalonic aciduria associated with variations in the genes coding for short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) or ETHE1 are two of the examples. The possibility of obtaining mitochondrial proteomics data from whole cell proteomics studies is also exemplified by the involvement of liver mitochondria in metabolic syndrome.
Expression and Characterization of Recombinant Ecarin
Authors: Jonebring Anna , Lange Ute , Bucha Elke , Deinum Johanna , Elg Margareta , Lövgren Ann 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The snake venom protease ecarin from Echis carinatus was expressed in stable transfected CHO-S cells grown in animal component free cell culture medium. Recombinant ecarin (r-ecarin) was secreted from the suspension adapted Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-S) host cells as a pro-protein and activation to the mature form of r-ecarin occurred spontaneously during continued incubation of the cell culture at 37 °C after death of the host cells. Maximal ecarin activity was reached 7 days or more after cell culture viability had dropped to zero. The best producing CHO-S clone obtained produced up to 7,000 EU ecarin/litre in lab scale shaker cultures. The conversion of different concentrations of both prothrombin and prethrombin-2 as substrates for native and r-ecarin were examined with a chromogenic thrombin substrate. At low concentrations both these proteins were converted into thrombin by the two ecarin preparations with comparable rates. However, with prothrombin concentrations above 250 nM r-ecarin apparently had a two times higher turnover than native ecarin, consistent with the observed rapid complete conversion of prothrombin into thrombin by r-ecarin. With r-ecarin a K
m value of 0.4 μM prethrombin-2 was determined but only a rough estimate could be made of the K
m for prothrombin of 0.9 μM. In conclusion, r-ecarin was identified as a promising candidate for replacement of native ecarin in assays utilizing conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Additional Coralline Algae from the Lower Miocene to Late Holocene Sediments of the Porbandar Group, Gujarat
Authors: Mude Shyam N. , Kundal P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Neogene-Quaternary sediments well exposed in the Porbandar Basin are characterized by coralline algae. The limestone, calc-arenites and marls are the dominant lithology of this sequence. The present paper documents ten species of coralline algae. Among these, the nongeniculate coralline algae are represented by four species and geniculate coralline algae include six species. The sediments yielding this algal flora range in age from the Lower Miocene to Late Holocene.
Shear-driven circulation patterns in lipid membrane vesicles
Authors: Woodhouse Francis G. , Goldstein Raymond E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRecent experiments have shown that when a near-hemispherical lipid vesicle attached to a solid surface is subjected to a simple shear flow it exhibits a pattern of membrane circulation much like a dipole vortex. This is in marked contrast to the toroidal circulation that would occur in the related problem of a drop of immiscible fluid attached to a surface and subjected to shear. This profound difference in flow patterns arises from the lateral incompressibility of the membrane, which restricts the observable flows to those in which the velocity field in the membrane is two-dimensionally divergence free. Here we study these circulation patterns within the simplest model of membrane fluid dynamics. A systematic expansion of the flow field based on Papkovich–Neuber potentials is developed for general viscosity ratios between the membrane and the surrounding fluids. Comparison with experimental results (Vézy, Massiera & Viallat, Soft Matt., vol. 3, 2007, pp. 844–851) is made, and it is shown how such studies could allow measurements of the membrane viscosity. Issues of symmetry-breaking and pattern selection are discussed.