bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining the Origins of the Iliofemoral, Ischiofemoral, and Pubofemoral Ligaments of the Hip Capsuloligamentous Complex Utilizing Computer Navigation
Authors: Nam Denis , Osbahr Daryl C. , Choi Daniel , Ranawat Anil S. , Kelly Bryan T. , Coleman Struan H. 
Published: August 2011

Purpose To use computer navigation software to investigate the specific origins of the hip capsuloligamentous complex. Methods Six fresh frozen cadaver hips were anatomically landmarked utilizing a three-dimensional computer navigation system. The acetabular origins of the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments were statically digitized. Computer software was used to create a 180° (6:00) meridian line positioned over the midpoint of the acetabular notch, and to present the results in a clocklike manner in hours and minutes (00:00) and also degrees relative to the 12 o'clock position. Results The iliofemoral ligament origin starts at 17° (±31°) from the 12 o'clock position, or 12:35 (±1:02) in hours and minutes, and ends at 69° (±13°) or 2:18 (±0:25), spanning a mean distance of 52° (±19°). The ischiofemoral ligament has the broadest origin, starting at 262° (±12°) or 8:44 (±0:24), and ending at 353° (±17°) or 11:45 (±0:14), spanning a mean distance of 90° (±6°). The pubofemoral ligament origin is the smallest, starting at 121° (±5°) or 4:02 (±0:11), and ending at 163° (±9°) or 5:27 (±0:18), spanning a mean distance of 42° (±5°). The iliofemoral ligament origin demonstrates the greatest anatomic variability with regards to its location and its size ( p = 0.002). Conclusion This study demonstrates that there is significant variability in the size and location of the iliofemoral ligament origin versus the pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments. Level of Evidence Level IV anatomic cadaveric study. See the guidelines online for a complete description of level of evidence.
Prader–Willi syndrome and autism spectrum disorders: an evolving story
Authors: Dykens Elisabeth M. , Lee Evon , Roof Elizabeth 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPrader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is well-known for its genetic and phenotypic complexities. Caused by a lack of paternally derived imprinted material on chromosome 15q11–q13, individuals with PWS have mild to moderate intellectual disabilities, repetitive and compulsive behaviors, skin picking, tantrums, irritability, hyperphagia, and increased risks of obesity. Many individuals also have co-occurring autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), psychosis, and mood disorders. Although the PWS 15q11–q13 region confers risks for autism, relatively few studies have assessed autism symptoms in PWS or directly compared social, behavioral, and cognitive functioning across groups with autism or PWS. This article identifies areas of phenotypic overlap and difference between PWS and ASD in core autism symptoms and in such comorbidities as psychiatric disorders, and dysregulated sleep and eating. Though future studies are needed, PWS provides a promising alternative lens into specific symptoms and comorbidities of autism.
Cleanability Improvement of Cotton Fabrics Through Their Topographical Changes Due to the Conditioning with Cellulase Enzyme
Authors: Calvimontes A. , Lant N. J. , Dutschk V. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this study, topographical changes of woven cotton fabrics conditioned with a cellulase enzyme during several wash–dry cycles are systematically studied. A recent study of cellulase enzyme effect on cellulose films has proven that this substance selectively attacks amorphous regions of cellulose, consisting of small hills in a matrix of flat crystalline regions. In another study, topographical changes caused by cotton treatment with cellulase by conditioning while washing were analysed on three different length scales in order to interpret their cooperation on water and oil absorption mechanisms and, hence, on the cleanability of cotton fabrics stained with liquid–solid, liquid and solid soils. In the present study, we emphasise the micro‐topographical changes resulting from several wash–dry cycles by the application of mathematical methods to quantify the changes of yarn micro‐surfaces. As a result, we present a conceptual model that describes how the topographical effect of washing and conditioning by cellulase enzyme improves the cleanability of woven plain cotton fabrics.
Nerve growth factor‐mediated neuronal plasticity in spinal cord contributes to neonatal maternal separation‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in rats
Authors: Tsang S.W. , Zhao M. , Wu J. , Sung J.J.Y. , Bian Z.‐X. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractVisceral hyperalgesia is a multifactorial gastrointestinal disorder which featured with alterations of abdominal motility and/or gut sensitivity, and is believed to be triggered by environmental stressor or psychological factors. However, its etiology remains incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether nerve growth factor (NGF)‐mediated neuronal plasticity is involved in neonatal maternal separation (NMS)‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats, and whether NGF antagonist can attenuate or block such development. In our experiments, animals subjected to NMS were developed with visceral hyperalgesia at age of 8 weeks. The threshold for visceral pain among these NMS rats was remarkably lowered than that of the normal handling (NH) rats; however, the expression levels of NGF, c‐fos, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), Substance P, and tyrosine kinases A (TrkA) were notably elevated in lumbosacral spinal cord and/or dorsal root ganglion (DRG) when comparing to those of the NH rats. Further, as intra‐peritoneal administration of NGF (10 μl at 1 μg/kg/day) was given to NH rats during neonatal period, effects that comparable to NMS induction were observed in the adulthood. In contrast, when NMS rats were treated with NGF antagonist K252a (10 μl/day from postnatal days 2–14), which acts against tyrosine kinases, the neonatal stress‐induced down‐shifted visceral pain threshold was restored and neuronal activation, specifically NGF and neuropeptide production, was attenuated. In conclusion, our data strongly suggest that NGF triggers neuronal plasticity and plays a crucial role in NMS‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in which NGF antagonism provides positive inhibition via blocking the tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkA.
Measuring Care and Comfort in Children With Cerebral Palsy: The Care and Comfort Caregiver Questionnaire
Authors: Hwang Miriam , Kuroda Maxine M. , Tann Beverley , Gaebler‐Spira Deborah J. 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the psychometric properties of the Care and Comfort Caregiver Questionnaire (CareQ), which was developed to measure the perceived effort of caregivers in providing care for children with moderate to severe cerebral palsy (CP).DesignCross‐sectional data collection from a representative sample of a large racially/ethnically diverse geographic region.SettingOutpatient CP clinics at a metropolitan rehabilitation institution.ParticipantsA total of 100 primary caregivers of children with CP whose Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels were III‐V.MethodsThe CareQ was administered to primary caregivers of children with CP. Internal consistency of the CareQ and its 3 domains (Personal Care, Positioning/Transfers, and Comfort) were evaluated with the Cronbach α. Construct validity of the CareQ was evaluated by its correlation with the Pediatric Functional Independence Measure (WeeFIM). Associations between CareQ scores and child and caregiver characteristics were assessed.ResultsMean CareQ scores for children with GMFCS levels III, IV, and V were 30.6, 42.8, and 45.1, respectively (P < .01). The Cronbach α was 0.90 for total CareQ and 0.93, 0.80, and 0.82 for its Personal Care, Positioning/Transfers, and Comfort domains, respectively. Total CareQ and WeeFIM scores were negatively correlated (r = −.22; P = .03). Total CareQ scores were positively correlated with the child's age (r = .38; P < .01) and with body weight (r =.37; P < .01); however, no caregiver characteristics were associated with CareQ scores.ConclusionsThe CareQ is a concise and internally consistent measure of difficulty of care as perceived by caregivers of children whose GMFCS levels were III‐V. Further investigation should include assessment of responsiveness of the CareQ to changes in the child's functional status over time and/or with rehabilitation interventions.
Sharing sovereignty for policy outcomes
Authors: Mikler John 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAfter the hyperglobalists declared the demise of the nation state in the early 1990s, more sober and qualified analysis soon followed by authors defending its continued relevance. They stressed that states remain central actors in international politics even if they must share their sovereignty with non-state actors. Much of the debate dominating the globalisation literature now revolves around the extent to which states and non-state actors share authority, and how they do this, rather than whether one possesses it and the other does not. Rather than saying that regulation is now driven by non-state actors, that authority for policy-making has moved from the public to the private sector, or that regardless of states’ regulatory preferences the market is in charge, the contributions in this issue explore some of the many ways in which state and market actors share authority for policy outcomes.
Dissimilar control of momentum and heat transfer in a fully developed turbulent channel flow
Authors: Hasegawa Y. , Kasagi N. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA wide range of applicability of the Reynolds analogy between turbulent momentum and heat transport implies inherent difficulty in diminishing or enhancing skin friction and heat transfer independently. In the present study, we introduce suboptimal control theory for achieving a dissimilar control of enhancing heat transfer, while keeping the skin friction not increased considerably in a fully developed channel flow. The Fréchet differentials clearly show that the responses of velocity and temperature fields to wall blowing/suction are quite different, due to the fact that the velocity is a divergence-free vector field while the temperature is a conservative scalar field. This essential difference allows us to achieve dissimilar control even in flows where the averaged momentum and energy transport equations have an identical form. It is also found that the resultant optimized mode of control input exhibits a streamwise travelling-wave-like property. By exploring the phase relationship between the travelling-wave-like control input and the velocity and thermal fields, we reveal that such control input contributes to dissimilar heat transfer enhancement via two different mechanisms, i.e. direct modification of the coherent components of the Reynolds shear stress and the turbulent heat flux, and indirect effects on the incoherent components, through modification of the mean velocity and temperature profiles. Based on these results, a simple open-loop strategy for dissimilar control is proposed and assessed.
Linear and nonlinear stability of floating viscous sheets
Authors: Pfingstag G. , Audoly B. , Boudaoud A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe study the stability of a thin, Newtonian viscous sheet floating on a bath of denser fluid. We first derive a general set of equations governing the evolution of a nearly flat sheet, accounting for geometrical nonlinearities associated with moderate rotations. We extend two classical models by considering arbitrary external body and surface forces; these two models follow from different scaling assumptions, and are derived in a unified way. The equations capture two modes of deformation, namely viscous bending and stretching, and describe the evolution of thickness, mid-surface and in-plane velocity as functions of two-dimensional coordinates. These general equations are applied to a floating viscous sheet, considering gravity, buoyancy and surface tension. We investigate the stability of the flat configuration when subjected to arbitrary in-plane strain. Two unstable modes can be found in the presence of compression. The first one combines undulations of the centre-surface and modulations of the thickness, with a wavevector perpendicular to the direction of maximum applied compression. The second one is a buckling mode; it is purely undulatory and has a wavevector along the direction of maximum compression. A nonlinear analysis yields the long-time evolution of the undulatory mode.
Stretching of viscous threads at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Wylie Jonathan J. , Huang Huaxiong , Miura Robert M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe investigate the classical problem of the extension of an axisymmetric viscous thread by a fixed applied force with small initial inertia and small initial surface tension forces. We show that inertia is fundamental in controlling the dynamics of the stretching process. Under a long-wavelength approximation, we derive leading-order asymptotic expressions for the solution of the full initial-boundary value problem for arbitrary initial shape. If inertia is completely neglected, the total extension of the thread tends to infinity as the time of pinching is approached. On the other hand, the solution exhibits pinching with finite extension for any non-zero Reynolds number. The solution also has the property that inertia eventually must become important, and pinching must occur at the pulled end. In particular, pinching cannot occur in the interior as can happen when inertia is neglected. Moreover, we derive an asymptotic expression for the extension.
Linear stability analysis of capillary instabilities for concentric cylindrical shells
Authors: Liang X. , Deng D. S. , Nave J.-C. , Johnson Steven G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMotivated by complex multi-fluid geometries currently being explored in fibre-device manufacturing, we study capillary instabilities in concentric cylindrical flows of $N$ fluids with arbitrary viscosities, thicknesses, densities, and surface tensions in both the Stokes regime and for the full Navier–Stokes problem. Generalizing previous work by Tomotika ($N= 2$), Stone & Brenner ($N= 3$, equal viscosities) and others, we present a full linear stability analysis of the growth modes and rates, reducing the system to a linear generalized eigenproblem in the Stokes case. Furthermore, we demonstrate by Plateau-style geometrical arguments that only axisymmetric instabilities need be considered. We show that the $N= 3$ case is already sufficient to obtain several interesting phenomena: limiting cases of thin shells or low shell viscosity that reduce to $N= 2$ problems, and a system with competing breakup processes at very different length scales. The latter is demonstrated with full three-dimensional Stokes-flow simulations. Many $N\gt 3$ cases remain to be explored, and as a first step we discuss two illustrative $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow} \infty $ cases, an alternating-layer structure and a geometry with a continuously varying viscosity.
On the coherent structures and stability properties of a leading-edge separated aerofoil with turbulent recirculation
Authors: Kitsios V. , Cordier L. , Bonnet J.-P. , Ooi A. , Soria J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe present study is motivated by a need to produce stability modes to assist in the understanding and control of unsteady separated flows. The flow configuration is a NACA 0015 aerofoil with laminar leading-edge separation and turbulent recirculation. In previous water tunnel experiments, this flow configuration was measured in an unperturbed (uncontrolled) separated state, and a harmonically perturbed (controlled) reattached state. This study presents numerical data of the unperturbed case, and recovers stability modes to describe the evolution of perturbations in this environment. The unperturbed flow is numerically generated using large eddy simulation. Its temporal properties are quantified via a Fourier analysis of the velocity time history at selected points in space. The leading-edge shear layer instability is characterized by instantaneous vortex structures, and the bluff body shedding is illustrated by proper orthogonal decomposition modes. Statistical measures of the velocity field agree well with the water tunnel measurements. Finally a stability analysis is undertaken using a triple decomposition to distinguish between the time averaged field, the unsteady scales of motion, and a coherent wave (perturbation). This analysis identifies that perturbations in the region immediately downstream of the separated shear layer have the highest spatial growth rates. The associated frequency is of the order of the sub-harmonic of the shear layer instability.
Multiple helical modes of vortex breakdown
Authors: Sørensen J. N. , Naumov I. V. , Okulov V. L. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractExperimental observations of vortex breakdown in a rotating lid-driven cavity are presented. The results show that vortex breakdown for cavities with high aspect ratios is associated with the appearance of stable helical vortex multiplets. By using results from stability theory generalizing Kelvin’s problem on vortex polygon stability, and systematically exploring the cavity flow, we succeeded in identifying two new stable vortex breakdown states consisting of triple and quadruple helical multiplets.
MAXIMAL SUBSETS OF PAIRWISE NONCOMMUTING ELEMENTS OF SOMEp-GROUPS OF MAXIMAL CLASS
Authors: FOULADI S. , ORFI R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLetGbe a group. A subsetXofGis a set of pairwise noncommuting elements ifxy≠yxfor any two distinct elementsxandyinX. If |X|≥|Y| for any other set of pairwise noncommuting elementsYinG, thenXis said to be a maximal subset of pairwise noncommuting elements. In this paper we determine the cardinality of a maximal subset of pairwise noncommuting elements for somep-groups of maximal class. Specifically, we determine this cardinality for all 2 -groups and 3 -groups of maximal class.
Dacryolith in an unusual case of epiphora: open or endoscopic approach?
Authors: Gadepalli C , Malik V , Inkster C , Lobo C 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIntroduction:Dacryoliths are concretions formed in the lacrimal sac from cellular debris and proteins, which may calcify and cause further obstruction of the nasolacrimal pathway. Dacryoliths are often underlying contributors in cases of intermittent or chronic dacryocystitis (i.e. nasolacrimal sac inflammation, characterised by epiphora, pain, erythema, sac dilation and lacrimal punctum swelling).Objective:We report an unusual case of dacryolith resulting in obstructive epiphora, managed via an endonasal endoscopic approach.Method:Case report and literature review pertaining to dacryolith.Results:A 54-year-old man attended the multidisciplinary nasolacrimal clinic due to recurrent epiphora. Obstructive epiphora secondary to chronic dacryocystitis was diagnosed. He underwent endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. Intra-operatively, a large dacryolith was found to be the cause of epiphora.Conclusion:Dacryolith is an unusual cause of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. This case highlights this unusual cause, and the relevant diagnostic investigations. This case also illustrates successful endonasal endoscopic management, rather than an external, open approach.
Biofilm formation on bone-anchored hearing aids
Authors: Monksfield P , Chapple I L C , Matthews J B , Grant M M , Addison O , Reid A P , Proops D W , Sammons R L 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective:To investigate microbiological biofilm contamination of retrieved bone-anchored hearing aids.Materials and methods:Nine failed, retrieved bone-anchored hearing aids and 16 internal screws were examined by scanning electron microscopy. A fixture from a failing implant, which had been removed and disassembled under aseptic conditions, was cultured. Finally, an internal screw from a new, unimplanted fixture was examined by scanning electron microscopy.Results:Debris was seen on the fixture and abutment of all bone-anchored hearing aids, and on the heads of the 16 internal screws. On eight screws, biofilm extended down the shaft to the threads, where it was several micrometres thick. Culture of a failing fixture yielded staphylococcus. The new, unimplanted fixture internal screw showed evidence of scratching and metallic debris on the threads, which may interfere with close fitting of the screw and subsequently facilitate microleakage.Conclusion:There may be a link between internal microbial contamination and failure of bone-anchored hearing aids.
Diversity of zooxanthellae from corals and sea anemones after long-term aquarium culture
Authors: Hartle-Mougiou Katherine , D'Angelo Cecilia , Smith Edward G. , Burt John , West Paul , Wiedenmann Jörg 
Published: August 2011

Aquarium systems allow technically sophisticated experiments that promise new opportunities to answer urgent questions about reef coral biology, for instance assessing the responses to decreasing environmental pH and/or increased temperatures. Over recent years, long-term culture and (predominantly asexual) propagation of corals has become possible in such systems. At present however, only limited data are available that clarify whether or not responses of the coral holobiont are dominated by the acclimatization to life in captivity or continue to reflect, for example, taxonomic differences seen in nature. We studied the diversity of the symbiotic algae in corals and sea anemones after long-term aquaculture by analysis of their small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA gene. A field sample ofAcropora clathratafrom the Arabian Gulf which was used as a control contained clade C zooxanthellae. The aquarium corals also harboured clade C symbionts, but sequencing of the SSU DNA suggested that the analysed animals host different subclades. A prevalence of clade C is also found among corals from the Indo-Pacific region, the origin of most of the aquarium samples. An individual of the temperate sea anemoneAnemonia sulcata (viridis)contained clade A symbionts, similar to those found in nature, even after nearly 10 years of co-culture with sea anemones(Entacmaea quadricolor)and corals hosting clade C symbionts. The results indicate that the specific host–symbiont association occurring in nature appears to persist over >2 years timescales in captivity, with no mixing of symbionts between hosts maintained in the same aquarium or apparent selection of stress-tolerant symbiont strains such as clade D.
A host-endoparasite network of Neotropical marine fish: are there organizational patterns?
Authors: BELLAY SYBELLE , LIMA DILERMANDO P. , TAKEMOTO RICARDO M. , LUQUE JOSÉ L. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYProperties of ecological networks facilitate the understanding of interaction patterns in host-parasite systems as well as the importance of each species in the interaction structure of a community. The present study evaluates the network structure, functional role of all species and patterns of parasite co-occurrence in a host-parasite network to determine the organization level of a host-parasite system consisting of 170 taxa of gastrointestinal metazoans of 39 marine fish species on the coast of Brazil. The network proved to be nested and modular, with a low degree of connectance. Host-parasite interactions were influenced by host phylogeny. Randomness in parasite co-occurrence was observed in most modules and component communities, although species segregation patterns were also observed. The low degree of connectance in the network may be the cause of properties such as nestedness and modularity, which indicate the presence of a high number of peripheral species. Segregation patterns among parasite species in modules underscore the role of host specificity. Knowledge of ecological networks allows detection of keystone species for the maintenance of biodiversity and the conduction of further studies on the stability of networks in relation to frequent environmental changes.