bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What's Wrong with the British Constitution?
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In this provocative new study, Iain McLean argues that the traditional story of the British constitution does not make sense. It purports to be both positive and normative: that is, to describe both how people actually behave and how they ought to behave. In fact, it fails to do either; it is not a correct description and it has no persuasive force. The book goes on to offer a reasoned alternative. The position that still dominates the field of constitutional law is that of parliamentary sovereignty (or supremacy). According to this view, the supreme lawgiver in the United Kingdom is Parliament. Some writers in this tradition go on to insist that Parliament in turn derives its authority from the people, because the people elect Parliament. An obvious problem with this view is that Parliament, to a lawyer, comprises three houses: monarch, Lords, and Commons. The people elect only one of those three houses. This book aims to show, contrary to the prevailing view, that the United Kingdom exists by virtue of a constitutional contract between two previously independent states. Professor McLean argues that the work of the influential constitutional theorist A. V. Dicey has little to offer those who really want to understand the nature of the constitution. Instead, greater understanding can be gleaned from considering the ‘veto plays’ and ‘credible threats’ available to politicians since 1707. He suggests that the idea the people are sovereign dates back to the seventeenth century (may be fourteenth century in Scotland), but has gone underground in English constitutional writing. He goes on to show that devolution and the United Kingdom's relationship with the rest of Europe have taken the United Kingdom along a constitutionalist road since 1972, and perhaps since 1920. He concludes that no intellectually defensible case can be made for retaining an unelected house of Parliament, an unelected head of state, or an established church. This book will be an essential reading for political scientists, constitutional lawyers, historians, politicians, and the like.
Should health gains by children be given the same value as health gains by adults in an economic evaluation framework?
Authors: Petrou Stavros 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Evidence suggesting that a unit of health gain by a child is not of equal value to a unit of health gain by an adult would suggest that age should be considered as an important criterion in health care resource allocation decisions. This chapter focuses on whether units of health gain, and specifically quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gains, should be given the same value for children as for adults. It begins by presenting empirical evidence from the revealed preference and stated preference literature on the economic value of health outcomes for children and adults. This is followed by a discussion of methodological issues that require consideration when valuing health gains by children using preference-based techniques. Finally, a future research agenda in this area is outlined.
LOT 2
Authors: Fodor Jerry A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis book presents a new development of the famous Language of Thought hypothesis, which has since the 1970s been at the centre of interdisciplinary debate about how the mind works. The book defends and extends the groundbreaking idea that thinking is couched in a symbolic system realized in the brain. This idea is central to the representational theory of mind which has been established as a key reference point in modern philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science. The foundation stone of our present cognitive science is Turing's suggestion that cognitive processes are not associations but computations; and computation requires a language of thought. This book offers a more cogent presentation and a fuller explication of a distinctive account of the mind, with various intriguing new features. The central role of compositionality in the representational theory of mind is revealed: most of what we know about concepts follows from the compositionality of thoughts. The book shows the necessity of a referentialist account of the content of intentional states, and of an atomistic account of the individuation of concepts. Not least among the new developments is the book's identification and persecution of pragmatism as the leading source of error in the study of the mind today.
Concept Pragmatism: Declined and Fell
Authors: Fodor Jerry A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere is a recent vogue in the philosophical literature for reviving the definition construct in an altered version with ‘definitions-in-use’ playing the role of definitions-tout-court. This definition-in-use story deserves close scrutiny if only because it raises some Very Large Questions about the individuation of concepts and about what it is to have one, and about relations between natural-language semantics and logic. This chapter discusses this in some detail, starting with a word or two about old-style definitions just to remind readers of the background.
Nativism
Authors: Fodor Jerry A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe author acknowledges that there is something wrong with the argument in LOT 1; namely, that its conclusion is too weak and the offending empirical assumption — that quotidian concepts are mostly primitive — is superfluous. What he should have said is that it is true and a priori that the whole notion of concept learning is per se confused. This chapter starts with a brief review of the LOT 1 argument, and then amends it. It considers what it shows about the status of nativism. Prolepsis: it does show that there is something radically incoherent about the thesis that concepts can be learned. But it does not quite follow that any concepts are innate.
Advanced Statistical Mechanics
Authors: McCoy Barry M 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This book begins where elementary books and courses leave off and covers the advances made in statistical mechanics in the past fifty years. The book is divided into three parts. The first part is on general theory which includes a summary of the basic principles of statistical mechanics; a presentation of the physical phenomena covered and the models used to discuss them; theorems on the existence and uniqueness of partition functions; theorems on order; and critical phenomena and scaling theory. The second part is on series and numerical methods which includes derivations of the Mayer and Ree–Hoover expansions of the low density virial equation of state; Groeneveld's theorems; the application to hard spheres and discs; a summary of numerical studies of systems at high density; and the use of high temperature series expansions to estimate critical exponents for magnets. The third part covers exactly solvable models which includes a detailed presentation of the Pfaffian methods of computing the Ising partition function, magnetization, correlation functions, and susceptibility; the star-triangle (Yang–Baxter equation); functional equations and the free energy for the eight-vertex model; and the hard hexagon and chiral Potts models. All needed mathematics is developed in detail and many open questions are discussed. The goal is to guide the reader to the current forefront of research.
Remaking Global Order
Authors: Casarini Nicola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRelations between the European Union (EU) and China have grown at a sustained pace across the board in recent times, transforming the relationship from one of previous neglect into a matter of global strategic significance. This book offers an examination of the evolution of contemporary EU—China relations in the economic, technological, and high politics dimensions, including implications of the high‐tech and security‐related elements of the relationship (space and satellite navigation cooperation; advanced technology transfers; arms sales, including the proposal to lift the EU arms embargo on China) for the United States and its East Asian allies. The analysis of EU—China relations is placed in the context of evolving dynamics in transatlantic relations on the one hand, and East Asia's major powers' changing security perceptions on the other. With this approach, this study intends to provide the reader with a better understanding of the global significance acquired by Sino—European relations, while also raising the question as to whether, and to what extent, the promotion of EU space and defence interests in China has made the EU a novel strategic factor in East Asia. This book contributes to current debates on the emerging global order, including discussions of how European and Chinese policy makers would perceive the post‐Cold War international system, evaluate the place and role of their countries in it, and appraise the policies to be adopted to maintain global competitiveness in key strategic industrial sectors and increase political autonomy in an international environment characterized by US primacy.
4 Techno‐Political Partnership
Authors: Casarini Nicola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyses the main reasons provided by Chinese and EU policy makers for the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership since Autumn 2003. It includes discussions of how policy makers in Europe and China would perceive the post‐Cold War international system, evaluate the place and role of their countries in it, and appraise the policies to be adopted to maintain global competitiveness in key strategic industrial sectors. This chapter employs the IR notion of soft balancing to explain behaviour by some powerful EU political and corporate elites to fashion — beneath the rhetoric about strategic partnership — a techno‐political linkage with China aimed to achieve three things: (a) counter a perceived US preponderance in the technologically‐advanced aerospace and defence sectors; (b) increase scientific, technological, and political autonomy from Washington; and (c) foster the emergence of a world order characterized by multiple poles of influence.
5 Space Cooperation
Authors: Casarini Nicola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines EU—China space and satellite navigation cooperation, including the strategic implications of this form of collaboration for the United States. This chapter traces the process leading to the EU—China political agreement on the joint development of Galileo (the EU‐led global navigation satellite system alternative to the dominant US Global Positioning System) and examines the reaction of US policy makers concerned that this form of international collaboration would support China in upgrading its space capabilities and power projection in the region precisely at a time when the Pentagon would perceive Beijing as a potential space competitor. This chapter asks the following: Why did the EU invite China to cooperate in the joint development of Galileo? What would EU and Chinese policy makers like to achieve with this kind of cooperation? And what would be the strategic implications for the United States and its East Asian allies?
6 The Chinese Arms Embargo Affair
Authors: Casarini Nicola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the debate surrounding the proposal — (officially put forward in Autumn 2003) to lift the EU arms embargo imposed on China in June 1989, after the crackdown on students in Tiananmen Square. Alongside EU—China space cooperation, the proposal to lift the arms ban is the other initiative which has attracted most of the attention, and the concern, of the United States and its East Asian allies. This chapter presents the positions in favour and against the lifting, the current technical provisions regulating European arms sales to China, and the strong opposition to the lifting by the United States and its East Asian allies (in particular Japan and Taiwan). This chapter delves into the analysis of the different connections made by EU policy makers on the one hand and American, Japanese, and Taiwanese on the other, in the period 2003–5, regarding China's rise and East Asia's strategic balance.
7 The EU and East Asia's Strategic Balance
Authors: Casarini Nicola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter traces the process leading to the emergence of changing perceptions of the EU in East Asia following the establishment of an EU—China techno‐political linkage and the proposal to lift the EU arms embargo on China. The first part examines Europe's traditional involvement in East Asian security affairs, including the Taiwan question and cross‐Strait relations. In the second part, this chapter analyses the novelty represented by the promotion of EU space and defence interests in China, including its impact on a regional environment characterized by the security dilemma and balance of power logic. This chapter concludes with a discussion on whether, and to what extent, the promotion of EU space and defence interests in China coupled with the peculiar characteristics of East Asia's international system has made the EU to be perceived as a novel strategic factor in the region.
8 Global Concert of Democracies?
Authors: Casarini Nicola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the evolution of the EU's foreign and security policy towards China and East Asia, including EU realignment on the position of the United States following the shelving of the proposal to lift the Chinese arms embargo in Summer 2005. This chapter discusses the reasons for this policy realignment and whether (and to what extent) the EU has started to adopt some form of containment vis‐à‐vis China. The second part of this chapter examines the prospects — put forward by some US and Japanese scholars and policy makers — for the emergence of a global concert of democracies that would contain authoritarian countries such as China, discussing the likelihood, and feasibility, for the Europeans to join such a concert. This chapter concludes with an examination of the similarities, and the differences, among the core liberal—democratic nations (United States, Europe, and Japan) on how to deal with a rising China.
The Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF): Theory, Critiques, and Policy Implications
Authors: Pidgeon Nick , Henwood Karen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the social amplification of risk framework (SARF) proposed by Kasperson et al. (1988). Their thesis is that certain aspects of hazard events and their portrayal in mediated and other sources interact with psychological, social, institutional, and cultural processes in ways that might attenuate (decrease) or amplify (increase) perceptions of risk and, through this, shape behaviour. There is considerable evidence now that risk attenuation and intensification phenomena have occurred in America and Europe in recent years, raising the question of whether the SARF might inform our understanding of basic risk communication processes and lead to improved practice in health communication and in related areas such as environmental policy.
The interpretation of topical indefinites as direct and indirect aboutness topics
Authors: Ebert Cornelia , Hinterwimmer Stefan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Interpretation of Topical Indefinites as Direct and Indirect Aboutness Topics’ by Cornelia Ebert and Stefan Hinterwimmer deals with the interpretation of sentences that contain indefinite DPs marked as topics. It has often been observed that topical indefinites can be interpreted in either of the following ways: (i.) they receive widest scope (in episodic sentences); (ii.) they are interpreted generically (in sentences with generic tense); (iii.) they induce so‐called Quantificational Variability Effects (in the presence of adverbial quantifiers). These three observations have not been systematically related to each other so far. The contribution of the paper consists in showing that the three readings that are in principle available to topical indefinites can be based on a single underlying principle, which is responsible for the interpretive effect of topicality in the context of adverbial quantifiers and generic operators as well as in combination with determiner quantifiers.
Biased questions, intonation, and discourse
Authors: Reese Brian , Asher Nicholas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn chapter 7 ‘Biased questions, intonation, and discourse’, Brian Reese and Nicholas Asher explore how the intonation contributes to what is said through an examination of a particular sentence type, focusing on interrogative constructions that give rise to biased questions. The authors examine three kinds of interrogative construction, tag questions, negative polar questions and what they call ‘emphatic focus questions’. After a critical review of past approaches, it is argued that prosody and information from the syntax/semantics interface combine in these constructions to produce complex speech acts consisting of both an assertion and a question. It is also argued that the study of such interrogative forms sheds light on the complex interaction between prosodic and lexical and compositional semantic information.
2 The Quest for Democratization
Authors: Eriksen Erik O. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter first briefly addresses the legitimation problems of the Union and the concept of legitimacy. What does it mean and what are the implications for the political theory of the Union? On the basis of the contention that citizens must be offered justification for the exercise of political power that has convincing force in light of standards that are accessible to them, a distinction is made between democracy as a legitimation principle and as an organizational principle. The first gives rise to a deliberative concept of democracy, while the latter points us to some institutional prerequisites that constitute the yardstick for addressing the actual democratic deficits of the Union.
3 Democratic Legitimacy Through Deliberation?
Authors: Eriksen Erik O. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter enquires into what model of deliberative democracy can account for post-national legitimacy. This has to do with the relationship between an epistemic and a participatory account of democratic legitimacy. The question is whether the quality of the debate and rational and fair outcomes bear the burden of legitimation, or if the political process based on equal rights, including universal suffrage, elections, majority vote, representation and the like, is the main constituent of democratic legitimacy. It is contended that legitimacy requires institutions and that government or the state is an enabling condition for justice. Thus, it is argued, what is needed is an alternative conception of democratic legitimacy, based on the notion of a working agreement.
Chapter 8 Government or Transnational Governance?
Authors: Eriksen Erik O. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the prospects for democratizing transnational governance structures and asks whether democracy can be disassociated from government. Hierarchical government is increasingly supplanted by policy networks, epistemic communities and committees, and other arrangements for common problem‐solving. The exercise of authority is no longer exclusively governmental as the generation of norms takes place transnationally via practices of governance in spontaneous coordination processes, in committees and networks. The White Paper on European Governance suggests networking and partnership models of integration as a means to bring the EU closer to its citizens. These may help in rationalizing policymaking and implementation but, it is contended, do not contribute much to close the legitimacy gap. On the contrary, their effects on legitimacy may be perverse. The chapter examines the strengths and weaknesses of transnational governance and reconceptualizes government as opposed to both governance and state‐based perspectives on post‐national democracy.
Chapter 9 A State‐less Government
Authors: Eriksen Erik O. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWhat form of democracy is needed in the post‐national configuration? The EU is not a state and its power is limited. However, although the member states hold the means of legitimate violence in reserve, the EU has achieved competences and capabilities similar to authoritative government. The point of government is not state in its collectivistic, nationalistic reading, but democratic institutions. A non‐state entity can amount to government in so far as it performs the functions of authorized jurisdictions. In line with this, the Union can be considered as a state‐less government that finds part of its justification as a regional subset of a larger cosmopolitan order. The legitimacy requirement of such a governmental order must be different from that of a fully authorized power‐wielding polity. Nevertheless, due to the democratic deficit, it is not possible to establish the conditions under which a process of public justification is deemed legitimate.
Chapter 9 Reforming the German Civil Servant Pension Plan
Authors: Maurer Raimond , Mitchell Olivia S. , Rogalla Ralph 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the risks and rewards of moving from an unfunded defined benefit pension system to a funded plan for civil servants in Germany, allowing for alternative portfolio mixes using a Monte Carlo framework and a Conditional Value at Risk metric. The authors identify an investment strategy for plan assets that will minimize worst-case pension costs; this turns out to be 22 percent in equities, 47 percent in bonds, and 31 percent in real estate. The authors show that moving toward a funded pension system for German civil servants can be beneficial to both taxpayers and civil servants.
The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Idea of the Library in the Ancient World takes the reader not just to Alexandria, the home of the famed library of Greco‐Roman antiquity, but far beyond it. Reading across antiquity from the fifth century BCE to the ninth century CE with Photius, the Byzantine scholar, this study recognizes that ‘library’ in antiquity comes in various forms and shapes. It can be a building with books, but it can also be individual people and individual books themselves. Its functions in antiquity are also numerous. The library is an instrument of power, of memory, of which it has various modes; it is an articulation of a political ideal, an art gallery, a place for social intercourse. The book indirectly raises issues about the contemporary library as a collection and in this way it demonstrates that antiquity offers insight into the topics that the library now raises.
The Birth ofaLibrary
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChapter 1 looks at the narratives concerning the formation of the library in the ancient world. It shows how authors demonstrate that successive libraries always trace their origins to the same prior bodies of texts so that there appears to have been only one library that is constantly expanded in antiquity. It also considers how the formation of the library is associated with political or intellectual power, with ruling individuals, or with wars and conquest.
Library Catalogues: From Literary Description to Literary Self‐Description
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChapter 2 examines the ways in which the library was catalogued so that people would know where to find things in a body of works and in individuals' works. It traces this impulse back to statements in poetry about the contents of a work, to the catalogues in Alexandria, and, finally, to tables of contents in subsequent works such as those of Pliny and Aulus Gellius.