bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE CONTENT OF CYTOCHROME C IN HUMAN MUSCLES
Authors: Åkeson Åke , Biörck Gunnar , Simon Rosemarie 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A quantitative method of determining cytocrome c in human muscles is described.A piece of muscle, about 4 g, is ground with dry ice, homogenized and exhaustively extracted with phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 containing 0.4 M sodium chloride. After being centrifuged at 15,000 × g the supernatant is acidified to pH 4.0 at which pH cytochrome c remains in solution, and a large coloured precipitate is removed by centrifugation. The supernatant is neutralized and all remaining heme groups containing proteins except cytochrome c are precipitated with ammonium sulphate at 60% saturation.The cytochrome c is then determined by spectrophotometry and calculated as mg per 100 g of dry weight, the latter being determined on the original homogenate.In an autopsy material, mainly consisting of elderly patients, the cytochrome c content was found to be about 105 mg per 100 g dry muscle in the left ventricular myocardium, 90 mg in the right ventricular myocardium, 33 mg in the diaphragm and 18 mg in upper thigh muscles. The relation between heart and skeletal muscle was of the order of 6:1. The limited number of subjects studied does not permit any definite conclusions as regards the relationship of the cytochrome c content to other biological or clinical parameters in the material.The values obtained are higher than reported previously (about twice or more), whereas the relations between values for heart, diaphragm and other skeletal muscle seem to be quite similar to those given earlier. Some comments are given to explain the differences.It is thought that this method, as well as that for myoglobin recently reported, may be of value for the study of the physiology and pathology of iron metabolism.
RENAL VASCULAR INVOLVEMENT IN A CASE OF POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATIC A WITH TEMPORAL ARTERITIS
Authors: Tallgren Leif G. , von Knorring Johan 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A case of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis with renal arteriolar involvement is presented. Successive renal biopsies before, during and after steroid therapy showed an active inflammatory process in the renal arterioles visible as an intense PAS‐positive staining of the intimal layer, reversible during steroid therapy and succeeded by increasing fibrotic thickening. Glomerular histological changes associated with the disease were not present. Renal function and urinary findings were normal.It is suggested that the vascular lesions encountered in this case indicate a disseminating arteritis as the underlying disease process. Although renal symptoms and signs in cases of temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica have been reported, no specific vascular lesions reversible by steroid therapy and verified by successive biopsies have, to the authors' knowledge, been described previously.Definite conclusions about the renal vascular lesions in polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis await final confirmation from larger series with renal biopsies.
INCREASED LECITHINASE ACTIVITY AFTER HEPARIN ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Berlin Ragnar , Oldfelt Carl Olof , Vikrot Olle 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The increased lecithinase as well as lipase activity of post‐heparin plasma in comparison with native plasma subjected to incubation is reported. The enzymatic action gives rise to a further increased formation of lysolecithin, a concomitant diminution of lecithin and triglycerides with an appreciable liberation of fatty acids. In spite of the presence in abundance of free fatty acids no further esterification of free cholesterol takes place, in contrast to the considerable decrease of free cholesterol by transesterification from the enzymatically split lecithin when pre‐heparin plasma is subjected to incubation. Possibly an esterification “threshold level” exists in this respect. The effect of a single heparin injection on the lipid metabolism will last for about 3–4 h.Based on the available data from this report and earlier findings the possibility is discussed whether or not the clearing of lipemic plasma can be explained by the consecutive action of a lecithinase and a lipase, the first enzyme transferring the stabilizing surface layer of the chylomicra consisting of phospholipids and cholesterol into a more or less water‐soluble form, and thereafter the second enzyme can act directly on the chylomicron content of triglycerides. An experimental approach to in vitro clearing of lipemic plasma by the two enzyme systems from extraneous sources is discussed.
STUDIES IN SUBJECTS WITH POSITIVE POSTPRANDIAL CLINISTIXr̀ TEST
Authors: Lundquist Ingmar , Nordén Åke , Scherstén Bengt 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. SILA has been determined in two groups of subjects with a non‐diabetic positive Clinistixr̀ test: one with a normal glucose tolerance (“renal glucosuria”), and the other with a high initial blood glucose rise and normal level after 60 min (alimentary glucosuria or “oxyhyperglucemia”).Nineteen males with constant renal glucosuria showed normal fasting SILA. Seven males in this group were studied during oral glucose loading: four subjects showed a low (“diabetic”) SILA response, while three showed a normal response. Three females with constant glucosuria had higher than normal fasting SILA; two of them were studied during oral glucose loading and in both the SILA response was normal.Ninety males with intermittent renal glucosuria had normal fasting SILA, but sixteen females had higher than normal fasting SILA. Of the ninety, twenty were studied during glucose loading: fifteen had a normal SILA response, whereas five had subnormal (“diabetic type”) response.Fourteen males with oxyhyperglucemia had fasting SILA above normal, and three out of four females had increased fasting SILA. The SILA response to glucose was normal in the five males studied, but the insulinogenic index was lower than normal.It is concluded that the high fasting SILA and subnormal “diabetic type” SILA response to glucose loading frequently found in non‐diabetic glucosurics may indicate that non‐diabetic glucosuria in some cases is related to an increased risk of developing diabetes.
EXTRACORPOREAL IRRADIATION OF THE BLOOD AS IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT IN RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Weeke Eva , Andersen Vagn , Sørensen Søren Freiesleben , Bahr Bjarne 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Seventeen consecutive patients in terminal uraemia were treated with extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECI) as pretransplantation immunosuppressive therapy. Eleven patients have received a kidney transplant, and eight of these were treated with ECI after the transplantation too.The transit dose employed was 280–610 rads, the average total dose 54,600 rads. In all patients the lymphocyte concentration in the blood decreased during ECI, on the average to 20% of pretreatment values, or to 290 ± 110/μl. No correlation was observed between transit dose and decrease in lymphocyte concentration.After ECI the lymphocyte counts have remained below 50% of pretreatment values in all patients including those who were not transplanted and therefore did not receive other immunosuppressive therapy (maximum 14 months of observation).Ten patients received a kidney transplant from a related living donor (2 Al match, 6 C match, 2 D match) and one a necrokidney (D or E match). All transplanted patients were treated with azathioprine and prednisone; the dosages employed were relatively small. Two rejection episodes have occurred, both slight and reversible, and renal function is now, 1 to 12 months after transplantation, normal in all.
VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE IN AN ICELANDIC FAMILY
Authors: Jenssony Ólafur , Wallett Leon H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.In a family with von Willebrand's disease thirteen members, eight males and five females, had a history of excessive bleeding. These are from a total of 41 individuals in nine pertinent sibships. Severe symptoms of bleeding predominate in the males, two of whom died from haemorrhage. Typical lesions of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia were found in one female who is considered to be a carrier of the von Willebrand's disease gene. There is a reduced expressivity of the mutant gene, amounting to nonpenetrance in at least some of the female members of the family.The laboratory, clinical and hereditary findings in this family suggest much higher prevalence of the mutant gene than is indicated by clinically affected cases.
THE EFFECT OF CALCITONIN INJECTED INTO HYPERCALCAEMIC AND NORMOCALCAEMIC PATIENTS
Authors: Sørensen O. Helmer , Friis Th. , Hindberg I. , Nielsen S. Pors 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Porcine calcitonin has been purified by the method of Tenenhouse et al. followed by gel filtration. Forty‐five MRC units were injected i.m. or i.v. into seven hypercalcaemic and five normocalcaemic patients. Four control subjects received the vehicle for calcitonin.The serum concentrations and the urinary excretion rates of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, and creatinine were measured at short intervals for three days. The hormone was injected on the second day. Complexed and ionized calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and protein in serum were determined. The calcium turnover and bone formation rate were determined by the technique of Heaney and Whedon using 47Ca.There was a significant hypocalcaemic effect in all patients, most pronounced in the hypercalcaemic group. However, the effect seemed to be better correlated to the bone formation rate than to the degree of hypercalcaemia.A significant decrease in serum magnesium concentration was observed in the hypercalcaemic group. It was difficult to evaluate the effect on serum phosphate because of large diurnal fluctuations. An increased urinary sodium excretion rate after calcitonin administration was registered.
NEPHRONO‐PHTHISIS
Authors: Victorin Lars , Ljungqvist Arne , Winberg Jan , Åkesson Hans Olof 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Eighteen index cases of nephrono‐phthisis have been found and their first‐degree relatives, and in some instances also more remote relatives, have been examined to elucidate the transmission and the variability of the clinical expression of the disease. This examination included analysis of available clinical records, renal function tests in living individuals and histological re‐evaluation of available kidney specimens. The findings suggest that: 1) the disease may appear in succeeding generations; there is some evidence in favor of a dominant autosomal inheritance, although no definite conclusions are drawn concerning the type of transmission; 2) adult patients may exhibit a disease pattern the features of which are difficult to identify both from the clinical and morphological points of view.It is re‐emphasized that “medullary cystic disease” and “familial juvenile nephrono‐phthisis” constitute one and the same disease.
THE CORTICOID, INSULIN AND GROWTH HORMONE RESPONSES TO INTRAVENOUS FRUCTOSE IN MEN AND WOMEN
Authors: Aitken J. M. , Newton D. A. G. , Hall P. E. , Dinwoodie A. J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The corticoid, insulin and growth hormone (HGH) responses to intravenous fructose were studied in 20 men and 12 healthy oophorec‐tomized women, who were given an infusion of 100 mg/kg fructose over a period of five minutes. Blood samples were obtained before the infusion and at intervals for one hour thereafter.Significant rises in plasma corticoid concentration were not observed, but significant falls appeared at one hour in all subjects. Plasma insulin concentrations rose significantly within 10 minutes of the infusion and fell to sub‐fasting values by one hour in the males, but similar changes were not found in the females. Fasting HGH concentrations were significantly higher in the females than in the males and at one hour after fructose these values fell in the former and rose in the latter to a significant degree.In the men the changes in plasma insulin were directly related to the changes in plasma glucose. Changes in plasma corticoid and HGH concentrations were inversely related to the changes in plasma insulin.In the women the above interrelationships were not demonstrable, but both the 30 minute changes in plasma glucose and insulin were found to be directly related to the degree of obesity.These responses to fructose in the men are similar to those induced by glucagon and it is suggested that the initial response to fructose may be the release of glucagon.
EFFECT OF SUCROSE FEEDING ON GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
Authors: Cohen A. M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Feeding high sucrose diets to human volunteers and experimental animals results in impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia and impaired serum insulin‐like activity. Breeding selected rats with impaired glucose tolerance caused by sucrose feeding produces in succeeding generations: diabetes, renal arteriosclerosis, and renal and retinal diabetic‐like angiopathy. The starch‐fed siblings develop none of these changes. The interaction between genetics and sucrose consumption in the production of diabetes mellitus is thus proved.This experimental model explains the development of diabetes in Yemenite Jews immigrating to Israel. In the Yemen, where their diet contained no sucrose, the incidence of diabetes was extremely low. After settling in Israel, where they consumed large amounts of sucrose, the incidence of diabetes has risen.
ALPRENOLOL AND PROPRANOLOL IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Somer Timo , Luomanmäki Kimmo , Frick M. Heikki 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The antihypertensive potencies of propranolol and alprenolol were compared in a series of 16 patients with essential hypertension using a double‐blind crossover technique. The daily dose of propranolol was 160 mg and that of alprenolol 400 mg. This dose ratio of 1: 2.5 was based on evidence of their equipotency in reducing the heart rate response to isoprenaline and physical exercise.Both compounds reduced significantly the blood pressure and heart rate in supine and erect positions. No statistically significant differences were observed between responses to the two tested compounds. The blood pressure reduction was gradual over a period of three months. Roughly half of the patients was restored to normotension. The use of β‐receptor antagonists in the treatment of hypertension is briefly discussed.
THE EFFECT OF PROPRANOLOL ON PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN MILD ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Hansson Lennart , Zweifler Andrew J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Fourteen male patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension have been studied with regard to plasma renin activity (PRA) after acute and prolonged β‐adrenergic blockade with propranolol. Initial PRA was determined after four weeks of placebo treatment. Before propranolol was given PRA rose in response to 10 min of 45° head‐up tilt from 151.7 ng/100 ml/h to 248.7 ng/100 ml/h (p<0.01). After acute administration of propranolol 0.22 mg/kg b.wt. i.v. and following repeated tilt for 10 min PRA only rose to 204.7 ng/100 ml/h (n.s.). Following four weeks of oral propranolol treatment at 160–320 mg daily PRA after tilt was 39.0 ng/100 ml/h. Thus a significant reduction of PRA had taken place (p< 0.005) to a level constituting only 15% of the initial PRA after tilt.The reduction of blood pressure (BP) after four weeks of propranolol treatment was also significant. Diastolic BP was reduced by 19 mmHg(p< 0.001). The changes in BP and tilted PRA were not significantly correlated (r=0.449, p<0.10). These results indicate that propranolol causes a marked reduction of PRA in addition to its hypotensive effect. However, this does not necessarily imply that there is a direct causal relationship between the effect of propranolol on PRA and its effect on BP.
Morphological Effects of Rapeseed Oil in Rats
Authors: ENGFELDT BENGT , BRUNIUS EDVARD 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn long‐term studies covering up to 160 days young Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed diets containing 40 cal% of fat. The fat component consisted of either conventional rapeseed oil, or Canadian rapeseed oil low in erucic acid, or arachis oil. Myocardial fatty accumulation was demonstrated in light microscopic studies throughout the experiments in rats fed conventional rapeseed oil, but the number of fat droplets decreased with time. The controls fed arachis oil showed no fatty accumulation. In the rats fed conventional rapeseed oil focal myocardial lesions appeared after 40 days on the diet. These consisted of histiocytic infiltration, occurrence of macrophages, myolysis, proliferation of fibroblasts and finally scarring. Such foci were found widely spread in the myocardium of these rats. In the experimental groups given Canadian rapeseed oil from the cultivar Oro no histiocytic foci or scarring were observed. Small myocardial lesions were occasionally found in the control rats. These latter findings were observed on serial sections. It was concluded that this type of lesion is a “normal” finding. The number and size of the foci observed in animals fed conventional rapeseed oil (10 % and 2 % (w/w) erucic acid in the diet) indicate, however, that they have to be considered pathological under such circumstances. The pathogenesis of the myocardial alteration is discussed and it is concluded that the long‐chain fatty acids are responsible. No direct proof has been presented that the described events are of importance in human pathophysiology. However, several circumstances pointing in this direction are discussed. It is concluded that on the basis of our present knowledge a pathological effect of erucic acid and its homologues in man cannot be excluded.
Hypertension and the Coummunity
Authors: READER RALPH 
Published: August 2010

Summary. There is now indisputable evidence from therapeutic trials that pharmacologic treatment in symptomatic and pre‐symptomatic subjects can reduce morbidity and mortality from hypertensive disease. Furthermore, there has been a striking fall in national mortality rates from hypertensive diseases. In Australia rates for cerebrovascular disease were rising slowly in the decade befor the introduction of sympatholytic drugs in about 1950. Since then the rate has fallen dramatically. The reversal in trend and its timing, and a consideration of numbers of patients under treatment and the incremental fall in deaths each year are consistent with such a conclusion.Some 15% of adults in many western communities are hypertensive. In Australia, of 36,000 subjects screened, 16.3% had a diastolic blood pressure of 95 mm or greater on two separate visits, or were on hypotensive therapy. Of these 35% were unaware of the condition and 45% were taking therapy. In 11% of those not on treatment, the diastolic pressure was 110 or systolic pressure was 200 or greater.In 1973 the cost of drugs in Australia specified for hypertension was $A13,000,000. In addition $A6,000,000 was spent on diuretics and $A400,000 on beta antagonist drugs (assuming that 40% of the cost of diuretics and 20% of the cost of beta antagonists were prescribed for hypertensive patients). The total drug bill was $A19,000,000.The fall in national mortality rates above suggest that for this annual drug bill, 2,000 lives are now saved each year. If all hypertensives in Australia were on therapy, many more lives would by saved, for an additional cost of drugs of $A17,000,000. The total drug bill for the nation would be $A44,000,000. Other debits would include medical expenses, costs of a national screening progrmme (approximately 60c.per person) and the side effects of therapy. A major problem for health planners if to cut these costs while maintaining the advantages of therapy. Better knowledge of the features and pattern of progression of hypertension in the community is necessary toj permit this, and some aspects of national and internatonal efforts to acquire this knowledge are described.
EFFECTS OF METABOLIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS ON MYOCARDIAL INFARCT SIZE FOLLOWING CORONARY OCCLUSION*
Authors: Maroko Peter R. , Braunwald Eugene 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA number of hemodynamic, pharmacologic and metabolic interventions were found to change the extent of acute ischemic injury of the myocardium and subsequent necrosis following experimental coronary artery occlusion. Reduction in myocardial damage occurred by decreasing myocardial oxygen demands (beta‐adrenergic blocking agents, intra‐aortic balloon counter‐pulsation, external counterpulsation, nitroglycerin, decreasing afterload in hypertensive patients, inhibition of lipolysis, and digitalis in the failing heart); by increasing myocardial oxygen supply either directly (coronary artery reperfusion or elevating arterial pO2), or through collateral vessels (elevation of coronary perfusion pressure by alpha‐adrenergic agonists, intra‐aortic balloon counterpulsation); or by increasing plasma osmolality (mannitol, hypertonic glucose); presumably by augmenting anaerobic metabolism (glucose‐insulin‐potassium, hypertonic glucose); by enhancing transport to the ischemic zone of substrates utilized in energy production (hyaluronidase); by protecting against autolytic and heterolytic damage (hydrocortisone, cobra venom factor, aprotinin). Augmentation of myocardial ischemic damage occurred as a consequence of increasing myocardial oxygen requirements (isoproterenol, glucagon, ouabain, bretylium tosylate, tachycardia); by decreasing myocardial oxygen supply either directly (hypoxia, anemia) or through reduction of collateral flow (hemorrhagic hypotension, minoxidil) or by decreasing substrate availability (hypoglycemia). Pilot studies have been carried out in patients with hyaluronidase, nitroglycerin, intra‐aortic balloon counterpulsation, beta‐blocking agents and Arfonad and have shown that these interventions may also reduce myocardial damage, suggesting that the concept of reduction in infarct size following coronary occlusion is applicable clinically.
Pacemaker wires and electrodes.: A follow‐up study
Authors: GRENDAHL HELGE , SIVERTSSEN EGIL 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. In 362 patients on permanent pacing, a follow up with regard to pacemaker electrode function time and connection to pulse‐generators has been carried out. In 12 patients Elema epicardial electrode were used with an average function time of 3.8 years. 232 Elema EMT 588 endocardial electrodes were used in 216 patients. Average observation time for the electrodes was 3.3 years. Sixty‐eight electrodes have been followed for more than 5 years. Early electrode complications comprise 10 per cent of displacements before implantation of the pulse‐generator and another 6 per cent of electrode displacements within the first 3 months after implantation. Eleven per cent of the electrodes had to be corrected due to high threshold value before implantation and another 6 per cent during the first 3 months after implantation of pulse‐generator.On hundred and fifty‐five unipolar electrodes of the types Cordis, Medtronic, Eletna EMT 282, and Stanium were implanted in 149 patients. Average observation time for the electrodes was 1.2 years. During the first 3 months after pacemaker implant 7 per cent of the electrodes were dislocated, 5 per cent failed due to high threshold value. Three perforations of the right ventricle occurred, without serious complications. Late complications i. e. after 3 months, for the EMT 588 electrode included 4 percent electrode dislocations, 4.5 per cent failure due to high threshold, 3 cases of wire break and 4 defects in the insulation. Many of the late electrode complications were probably caused by replacement operations for pulse‐generators. The most frequent late complications for the conventional unipolar electrode was wire break which occurred in 5 cases.