bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dialogue: The Confucian Critique of Rights-Based Business Ethics
Authors: Bailey Adam D. , Strudler Alan 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Must even Confucian rights skeptics—those who are, on account of their Confucian beliefs, skeptical of the existence of human rights, and believe that asserting or recognizing rights is morally wrong—concede that in the workplace, they are morally obligated to recognize rights? Alan Strudler has recently argued that such is the case. In this article, I argue that because Confucian rights skeptics locate wrongness in inconsistency with the idea of “Confucian community,” Confucian community should be viewed as a moral ideal. I then argue that Confucian rights skeptics ought to act in a manner that is consistent with this ideal, even when the ideal has not yet been realized, just as Kantians ought to act consistently with the Kantian kingdom of ends ideal. Accordingly, contrary to Strudler, I argue that Confucian rights skeptics need not concede that they are morally obligated to recognize rights in the workplace. This conclusion suggests the need for inquiry into the metaphysical foundations of these conflicting views. However, such inquiry is commonly thought to lie beyond the scope of philosophical business ethics proper. I conclude the article by suggesting a number of reasons for business ethicists to consider rejecting the prevalent narrow conception of the scope of the discipline.In this discussion I explore challenges to a particular Confucian system of morality that generally eschews reliance on rights. I argue that such a system may at the same time both assert that there are moral problems with rights and assert that it is acceptable to invoke rights in limited contexts. Adam Bailey has objected that the position I defend is inconsistent. I answer Bailey’s objections.
Probing Individual Layers in Functional Oxide Multilayers by Wavelength‐Dependent Raman Scattering
Authors: Kreisel Jens , Weber Mads C. , Dix Nico , Sánchez Florencio , Thomas Pamela. A. , Fontcuberta Josep 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe integration of functional oxides on silicon requires the use of complex heterostructures involving oxides of which the structure and properties strongly depend on the strain state and strain‐mediated interface coupling. The experimental observation of strain‐related effects of the individual components remains challenging. Here, a Raman scattering investigation of complex multilayer BaTiO3/LaNiO3/CeO2/YSZ thin‐film structures on silicon is reported. It is shown that the Raman signature of the multilayers differs significantly for three different laser wavelengths (633, 442, and 325 nm). The results demonstrate that Raman scattering at various wavelengths allows both the identification of the individual layers of functional oxide multilayers and monitoring of their strain state. It is shown that all of the layers are strained with respect to the bulk reference samples, and that strain induces a new crystal structure in the embedded LaNiO3. Based on this, it is demonstrated that Raman scattering at various wavelengths offers a well‐adapted, non‐destructive probe for the investigation of strain and structure changes, even in complex thin‐film heterostructures.
Temperature Dependence of Viscosity of Polystyrene/Cyclohexane Mixtures of Critical Composition
Authors: Goedel W. A. , Zielesny A. , Belkoura L. , Engels T. , Woermann D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractResults of measurements of the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity of critical mixtures of polystyrene/cyclohexane and polystyrene/cyclohexane‐d12 using a capillary viscometer are reported. The polystyrene had a molar mass of Mw = 4.0 · 105 g mol−1 (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.03). The data are analysed to determine the value of the critical exponent zη of the viscosity and the value of the system specific viscosity parameter Q0. It is found that zη has a value of zη = 0.044 ± 0.005 which is smaller than the theoretically predicted value (zη (theoretically) = 0.054). The system specific viscosity parameter Q0 has the same value for both systems: Q0 = (1.2 ± 0.5) · 106 cm−1. A Q0 value of this order of magnitude leads to non‐critical contributions to the mutual diffusion coefficient near the critical point reaching up to 20%.
Computerunterstützte Knudsenzellen‐Massenspektrometrie: Die thermodynamischen Mischungsfunktionen flüssiger Gold‐Palladium‐Legierungen
Authors: Tomiska Josef , Kopecky Konrad , Neckel Adolf 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThermodynamic investigations on liquid Au—Pd alloys have been performed by means of a computer‐aided mass spectrometer in combination with a high temperature Knudsen cell unit with improved temperature measurement. A further development of the “Algebraic Intensity‐Ratio”‐method (A.I.R.) has been applied for determining the thermodynamic excess functions. T.A.P.‐series (Thermodynamically adapted power series) with three adjustable parameters are used for the algebraic representation of the thermodynamic excess properties. At 1850 K the molar excess Gibbs energy GE is negative (minimum: — 1300 J/mol at 33.9 at.% Pd) nearly over the whole range of concentration, only the alloys with more than 85 at.% Pd show slight positive GE‐values (maximum: 78 J/mol at 93.2 at.% Pd). The molar heats of mixing HE, and the molar excess entropies SE show at 1850 K a similar behaviour. These quantities are mainly negative; slightly positive values occur only for alloys with more than 70 at.% Pd. The minimum HE‐value is —8220 J/mol (28.7 at.% Pd), and the minimum SE‐value is —3.8 J/mol · K (28 at.% Pd). The maximum HE‐value is 1390 J/mol at 88.15 at.% Pd. and the maximum SE‐value is 0.7 J/mol · K (87.5 at.% Pd). At 1850 K the thermodynamic Au‐activities aAu are found to show slight negative deviations from ideality over the whole concentration range. The same behaviour is observed for the Pd‐activities for Pd‐concentrations less than 50 at.‐% Pd. The Pd‐activities of alloys with more than 50 at.‐% Pd show slight positive deviations from Result's law.
Correlation Field Splitting in a Two‐Dimensional Phase: CO2Adsorbed on the NaCl(100) Cleavage Plane
Authors: Heidberg J. , Kampshoff E. , Schönekäs O. , Stein H. , Weiss H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe infrared absorption of CO2adsorbed on the NaCl(100) cleavage plane was studied by means of Fourier transform spectroscopy. At monolayer coverage thev3vibration reveals a doublet structure, while for thev2vibration four absorption bands are observed. The dependence of thev3doublet on the isotope composition of the adsorbate excludes different adsorption sites and demonstrates that correlation field splitting is responsible for the observed spectral features. The two‐fold degeneracy of the bending mode, present in the gas, is lifted due to the adsorption site symmetry C1, and each of the twov2modes splits into a doublet due to the correlation field. From polarization measurements the tilt angle between the CO2molecular axis and the NaCl(100) surface was determined to be ϑ = (27 ± 5)°. A herringbone model for the (2 × 1) adsorbate structure with the two‐dimensional space group pg can explain the observed spectral multiplets.
Nonequilibrium States of a Binary Mixture with Miscibility Gap in the Homogeneous One‐Fluid‐Phase Region: Study of the System 2,6‐Dimethylpyridine/Water with Off‐Critical Compositions Near its Lower Critical Point
Authors: Mayer W. , Woermann D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe temperature of homogeneous 2,6‐dimethylpyridine/water mixtures of off‐critical composition near the lower critical point of the system (|x1 — x1,c| < 0.01; x1, mole fraction of 2,6‐dimethylpyridine) is raised by a fast temperature jump (Joule heating pulse) bringing the system closer to its temperature of phase separation. The delayed increase of intensity of scattered light is measured as function of time at different scattering angles (ϑ = 20°, 30°, 40°) and different temperature differences (Tp — Tf) (TP and Tf, temperature of phase separation and final temperature of the sample after the temperature jump). The measured relaxation curves are single exponentials. The relaxation times decrease with increasing values of |x1 — x1,c|. It is found that for kζr < 0.4 (ζr, correlation length of local concentration fluctuations at Tf; k, absolute value of scattering vector) the structure factor of mixtures of off‐critical composition relaxes as expected on the basis of linear response within the accuracy of the measurements (τhyd/τexp = 1;τhyd, hydrodynamic relaxation time; τexp, experimental relaxation time). For the calculation of τhyd it is assumed that the change of τhyd with composition and temperature is caused only by changes of τf with composition and temperature. The restricted linear model of the critical equation of state is used to obtain τf as function of these variables. The data are used to calculate τhyd.
The Correlation between 35Cl NQR and Sn — CI Bond Length in Tin Compounds
Authors: Storck Peter , Weiss Alarich 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe 35Cl NQR spectra of two complexes of dichlorodimethylstannane, Me2SnCl2 · 2L (L = N,N‐dimethylformamide(I) and dimethyl sulfoxide(II), respectively), have been recorded as a function of temperature between 225 K and 350 K for (I) and between 216 K and 377 K for (II). A correlation between the 35Cl NQR frequencies and Sn — Cl bond lengths was found for 42 tin compounds, where NQR and crystal structure data are known. The correlation can either be described by the linear relation v(35Cl) = −0.42(6) MHz/pm · d(Sn — Cl) + 118(15) MHz (correlation coefficient r = ‐0.937) or by the relation v(35Cl) = 5.3(8) · 108 MHz · pm3 · d−3(Sn — Cl) — 22(5) MHz (r = 0.938). The reliability of the correlation v(35Cl) = f(d(Sn — Cl)) is discussed.
Sedimentation in Suspensions
Authors: Felderhof B. U. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe give a brief review of the theory of sedimentation in suspensions. Ensemble averaging is used to obtain equations relating the average velocity of the scattering particles to the average suspension velocity and the applied forces. A theoretical difficulty due to the long range of the hydrodynamic interactions is overcome by a proper formulation of the constitutive equations on the macroscopic level.
On the Complex‐Scaling Treatment of Ionic Transport in Fluids
Authors: Chatzidimitriou‐Dreismann C. A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA quantum mechanical mechanism causing high ionic conductances in condensed phases is revealed through the application of the Complex Scaling Method into the statistical mechanics of amorphous condensed matter. It is argued that the predicted high conductivities are due to quantum delocalization of the considered ions, which causes their mass interference with the equivalent particles (ions, atoms) in their surroundings. The physical contexts (i) of the H+ and OH− conductivity in aqueous solutions, and (ii) of the ionic conductivity in molten alkali chlorides are considered explicitly. A common mechanism for the well known high conductivities in these systems is presented. Direct connection with existing experimental data is made. A proposed experiment to test the theory is mentioned, and first experimental results verifying the theory are presented.
Neutron Scattering and Dynamics of Simple Liquids
Authors: Gläser W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNeutron scattering is a recent and rapidly developing technique for the study of the structure and dynamics of condensed matter, which offers unique possibilities. Many microscopic properties of disordered systems like liquids which are not directly accessible to other techniques can be investigated by properly designed neutron scattering experiments. — In the present paper, especially the opportunities for enlightening dynamic processes are illustrated with a few examples of recent quasielastic and inelastic scattering experiments on simple liquids.
Structure and Dynamics of Nonaqueous Electrolyte Solutions by Small Angle Neutron Scattering, Brownian Dynamics and Primitive Model Theories
Authors: Kunz Werner , Turq Pierre 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe study of electrolyte solutions by small angle neutron scattering (static) or quasi‐elastic neutron scattering (dynamics) gives new perspectives to the primitive model of electrolytes, for both static and dynamic properties of those systems. Whereas all properties can be interpreted by brownian dynamics, integral equations cannot be used at the present time to get transport coefficients in all cases. As regards the choice of the potentials at the McMillan Mayer level, specific Gurney terms for solvation are not needed for tetraalkyl‐ammonium salts.
Pressure Dependence of Self Diffusion in Some Neat Alkanes and Binary Mixtures
Authors: Vardag T. , Bachl F. , Wappmann S. , Lüdemann H.‐D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe self diffusion coefficients D have been measured for a series of linear and branched alkanes between the melting pressure curve and 450 K at pressures up to 200 MPa. The experiments were performed in a strengthened glass cell by application of the pulsed field gradient technique. — The p, T dependence of the data is described by the rough hard sphere model (Chandler) and by the interacting sphere model (Speedy). — The measurements have been extended to binary mixtures of a long chain alkane (tetradecane) and 4 to 12% w/w methane. The addition of relatively small amounts of the lower alkane enhances significantly the translational mobility and reduces the p. T dependence of the self diffusion coefficients of tetradecane.
Hydration Information from Diffusion Measurements in Transition Metal Salt Solutions
Authors: Price William E. , Woolf Lawrence A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRecent efforts to obtain cation hydration information from tracer diffusion measurements for a number of 2:1 and 3:1 electrolyte systems are described. Hydration within such systems is modelled by considering the water to be present in four different environments: coordinated to the cation, coordinated to the anion, within a loosely bound secondary hydration layer around the cation and in the bulk water environment. In order to estimate the concentration dependence of water diffusion within the bulk environment, a modified Stokes‐Einstein equation, employing the viscosity ratio to a fractional power, was used.
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rates of the Tetrathiafulvalene‐System
Authors: Grampp Günter , Kapturkiewicz Andrej , Jaenicke Walther 
Published: July 2012

AbstractUsing ESR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry the rate constants of homogeneous and heterogeneous electron self exchange in the system TTF/TTF were measured at different temperatures in solvents of different polarities and relaxation times (TTF = tetrathiafulvalene = 2‐(1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene)‐1,3 dithiol). The rate constants were expressed by the preequilibrium encounter model for adiabatic processes. For both reactions the results are discussed in terms of Marcus's theory for the reorganization of ellipsoidal molecules in the overdamped relaxation case. From the experiments the geometric term g = 1/r̄ − 1/d' was derived and compared with model calculations r̄ = mean molecular radius, d' = formal distance between the reactants resp. reactant and image charge). Approximately interaction energies of the reactants (in the homogeneous case) and double layer correction (in the heterogeneous case) can be neglected. Preexponential and activation terms of the rate constants agree satisfactorily with the theory. g(het) is about the tenfold of g(hom). This is explained by an increased d' caused by strong adsorption of the counterions of the supporting electrolyte on the electrode.
Excess Enthalpies for Mixtures of Halogenated Benzenes with 1‐Alcohols at 298.15 K
Authors: Vijayalakshmi T. S. , Naidu P. R. , Ramakrishna M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNew experimental data for excess enthalpies of 1,2‐dichlorobenzene and 1,3‐dichlorobenzene with 1‐heptanol and 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene with 1‐hexanol have been determined at 298.15 K. HE is positive over the whole range of composition in the three mixtures. However, the positive HE values of these mixtures exceed those for the mixtures which included the corresponding alkanes, n‐heptane and n‐hexane respectively. The difference in HE values suggests that the former group of mixtures include an additional factor, viz., break‐up of hydrogen bonds in alcohol aggregates.
Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Dissolved in Pd1‐x Thx and Pd1‐x Zrx (x = 0.05 and 0.08) Solid Solution Alloys
Authors: Ramaprabhu Sundara , Rajalakshmi Natarajan , Weiss Alarich 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPressure‐composition‐temperature hydrogen absorption isotherms in the pressure and temperature ranges 2 ≤ PH2/mbar ≤ 1000 and 473 ≤ T/K ≤ 873 have been determined for the Pd1‐x Thx and Pd1‐x Zrx (x = 0.05 and 0.08) solid solution alloys using a manometric method. The room temperature lattice constant of the alloys investigated increases by the alloying element M. In Pd1‐x Thx, the partial molar enthalpy of hydrogen solution at infinite dilution (ΔH̄0H) becomes more exothermic with increasing xTh whereas, in Pd1‐x Zrx, ΔH̄0H decreases with increasing xZr up to about xZr = 0.05; above xZr = 0.05, the decrease in ΔH̄0H is less. The partial molar excess entropy of hydrogen solution at infinite dilution (ΔS̄E,0H) decreases with increasing xTh and xZr. The correlation of the atomic diameter (dM) of the substituting 4‐valent metal atom (M = Pb, Sn, Zr, Th, and Ce) when dissolved in palladium with ΔH̄0H of the Pd1‐x Mx (x = 0.05 and 0.075) alloys indicates that the electronic states of the Pd1‐x Pbx and Pd1‐x Snx alloys are different from those of the Pd1‐x Mx (M = Zr, Th, and Ce) alloys probably due to the donation of the p‐valence electrons by Sn and Pb when dissolved in palladium.
Non‐Aqueous Oxygen Reduction Electrochemistry of a Transition Metal Chalcogenide Cluster Compound
Authors: Bungs M. , Alonso Vante N. , Tributsch H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractElectrochemical oxygen reduction in non‐aqueous solution was performed with a transition metal cluster compound. A comparable activity of this cluster material with that of the platinum electrode was found in acetonitrile. The selectivity of the cluster material surface with respect to the oxygen reduction was not altered when exposed to a methanol‐containing electrolyte or to a pure methanol solution. These results confirm that limitations of catalytic activity in aqueous solution arise from side reactions leading to the formation of undesired oxidation products. Opportunities for further development of these materials are discussed.
Competition between Solute‐Solvent and Solvent‐Solvent Hydrogen Bonds: Pyridines in Alcohols and in Water
Authors: Siegel G. G. , Huyskens P. L. , Vanderheyden L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPartial enthalpies of mixing of pyridines in methanol, ethanol, 1‐butanol, water and cyclohexane were determined calorimetrically at 25°C. From these data their molar enthalpies of transfer, at infinite dilution, from the inert solvent to the H bonded solvents were calculated. They were compared with the enthalpies of H bond formation between the pyridines and the alcohols in CCl4 and the enthalpies of the selfassociation bonds in the pure liquids. Although in the pure alcohols more than 95% of the molecules are at a given time involved in H bonds with an energy of about 25 kJmol−1 which is markedly larger than the energy of the pyridine‐alcohol bonds in CCl4, the molar enthalpy of transfer of the pyridines from an inert solvent to an H bonded one remains exothermic. A quantitative treatment of the competition between the two types of H‐bonds is presented. It is based on the thermodynamics of mobile order that was recently developed. It leads to an equation that reasonably predicts the transfer enthalpies. According to this treatment the competition reduces the complexation constant by a factor K0AB/(K0AB K0AA), K0AB and K0AA being the stability constants of the H bonds in the absence of competition. In water the exothermic effect is enhanced because the second O ‐ H group of the molecule forms much weaker selfassociation H‐bonds than the first one.
Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Alkane Mixtures
Authors: Fareleira J. M. N. A. , Nieto De Castro C. A. , Pádua A. A. H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe paper is devoted to the study of the applicability to binary mixtures of an extension of the van der Waals model for the description of the thermal conductivity of pure liquid alkanes. This study is based upon recently obtained accurate data for the binary mixtures methane + ethane and n‐heptane + 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane. — A reduced thermal conductivity for the mixtures is defined such that its density dependence is identical to that of the pure components. — Furthermore, a scheme is developed that enables the prediction of the thermal conductivity of the mixtures at any temperature T ≤ 0.7 Tc any pressure, solely from data for the pure components, i.e. without resort to any experimentally adjusted parameters for the mixtures. Such scheme is able to reproduce the available thermal conductivity data for the above mentioned systems with an error of the order of ±2% at a 2σ level (σ being the standard deviation), which is commensurate with the combined uncertainty of the experimental results for the pure components and for the mixtures.
Volume‐Explicit Equation of State and Excess Volume of Mixing of Fused‐Hard‐Sphere Fluids
Authors: Vörtler Horst L. , Nezbeda Ivo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe paper presents a simple analytic volume‐explicit equation of state (EOS) for fluids of hard bodies made up to fused hard spheres (FHS). Application of this EOS to both pure fluids and fluid mixtures (via Amagat's law) provides an accurate description of practically all existing computer simulation data. It is found that deviations from the assumption of ideal mixing are restricted essentially to low densities only; at higher densities small deviations are detected only for quite large volume ratio of molecules while the shape does not seem to play a significant role.
Influence of Ca2+ ‐ and Mg2+ ‐Ions on Model Membranes
Authors: Zorn Reiner , Nimtz Günter 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInvestigations at laboratory fermenters have shown that the nitrification of ammonia salt solutions by bacteriae is obstructed by Ca2+ ‐ or Mg2+ ‐ions in the waste water. This phenomenon is discussed on the base of electrostatic theories of the effect of divalent cations on phospholipid membranes. — In addition, X‐ray diffraction has been used to find possible differences between the actions of CaCl2 and CaSO4. The phase behaviour of CaCl2‐ and CaSO4‐containing samples was found to be the same. Lamellar and disperse phases are observed at same temperatures and same Ca2+ concentrations. So there is no significant difference in the electrostatic charging effect to be expected. But the disperse phases show differences: The thickness of the bilayer is smaller for CaCl2 than for CaSO4. The main part of this reduction is due to the hydrocarbon chain region. Those differences can be explained by an embedment of Cl‐ions into the membrane surface which does not take place with SO2−4 because of its larger size.
Kinetic Investigation of the Fe2+/Fe3+ Reaction in Frozen and Liquid HClO4·5.5H2O
Authors: Borgerding A. , Brost E. , Schmickler W. , Dinan T. , Stimming U. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe Fe2+/Fe3+ redox reaction on platinum is investigated in liquid and frozen HClO4 · 5.5 H2O over a temperature range from 130 — 300 K. The exchange current density follows an Arrhenius law in the liquid and in the solid state. Both the energy of activation and the preexponential factor are higher in the solid state; the exchange current density shows a discontinuous rise as one approaches the freezing point from higher temperatures. In the liquid state, mass transport to the electrode occurs through diffusion of the ions; in the solid state mass transfer is much slower is probably due to electron hopping rather than ion transport.