bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraordinary Structural Reconstruction of Nanolaminated Ta2FeC MAX Phase for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Performance
Authors: Zhu Shuairu , Li Youbing , Yang Mei , Xu Hongwei , Cheng Lijuan , Fang Fei , Huang Qing , Ying Binwu 
Published: May 2024

AbstractRenewable energy technologies, such as water splitting, heavily depend on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Nanolaminated ternary compounds, referred to as MAX phases, show great promise for creating efficient electrocatalysts for OER. However, their limited intrinsic oxidative resistance hinders the utilization of conductivity in Mn+1Xn layers, leading to reduced activity. In this study, a method is proposed to improve the poor inoxidizability of MAX phases by carefully adjusting the elemental composition between Mn+1Xn layers and single‐atom‐thick A layers. The resulting Ta2FeC catalyst demonstrates superior performance compared to conventional Fe/C‐based catalysts with a remarkable record‐low overpotential of 247 mV (@10 mA cm−2) and sustained activity for over 240 h. Notably, during OER processing, the single‐atom‐thick Fe layer undergoes self‐reconstruction and enrichment from the interior of the Ta2FeC MAX phase toward its surface, forming a Ta2FeC@Ta2C@FeOOH heterostructure. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, this study has found that the incorporation of Ta2FeC@Ta2C not only enhances the conductivity of FeOOH but also reduces the covalency of Fe─O bonds, thus alleviating the oxidation of Fe3+ and O2−. This implies that the Ta2FeC@Ta2C@FeOOH heterostructure experiences less lattice oxygen loss during the OER process compared to pure FeOOH, leading to significantly improved stability. These results highlight promising avenues for further exploration of MAX phases by strategically engineering M‐ and A‐site engineering through multi‐metal substitution, to develop M2AX@M2X@AOOH‐based catalysts for oxygen evolution.
Ultrahigh Heat/Fire‐Resistant, Mechanically Robust, and Closed‐Loop Chemical Recyclable Polycarbonate Enabled by Facile Bond Dissociation Energy Modulation
Authors: Xiao Xiang‐Xin , Zhang Qin , Bai Tong‐Yu , Chen Zi‐Xun , Wang Zi‐Ni , Bai Jun‐Hao , Chen Li , Liu Bo‐Wen , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPlastics serve as an essential foundation in contemporary society. Nevertheless, meeting the rigorous performance demands in advanced applications and addressing their end‐of‐life disposal are two critical challenges that persist. Here, an innovative and facile method is introduced for the design and scalable production of polycarbonate, a key engineering plastic, simultaneously achieving high performance and closed‐loop chemical recyclability. The bisphenol framework of polycarbonate is strategically adjusted from the low‐bond‐dissociation‐energy bisphenol A to high‐bond‐dissociation‐energy 4,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl, in combination with the incorporation of polysiloxane segments. As expected, the enhanced bond dissociation energy endows the polycarbonate with an extremely high glow‐wire flammability index surpassing 1025 °C, a 0.8 mm UL‐94 V‐0 rating, a high LOI value of 39.2%, and more than 50% reduction of heat and smoke release. Furthermore, the π‐π stacking interactions within biphenyl structures resulted in a significant enhancement of mechanical strength by as more as 37.7%, and also played a positive role in achieving a lower dielectric constant. Significantly, the copolymer exhibited outstanding closed‐loop chemical recyclability, allowing for facile depolymerization into bisphenol monomers and the repolymerized copolymer retains its high heat and fire resistance. This work provides a novel insight in the design of high‐performance and closed‐loop chemical recyclable polymeric materials.
Design of Multifunctional Electrocatalysts for ORR/OER/HER/HOR: Janus Makes Difference
Authors: Yang Xinyu , Lin Long , Guo Xiangyu , Zhang Shengli 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMultifunctional electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have broad application prospects; However, realization of such kinds of materials remain difficulties because it requires the materials to have not only unique electronic properties, but multiple active centers to deal with different reactions. Here, employing density functional theory (DFT) computations, it is demonstrated that by decorating the Janus‐type 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) of TaSSe with the single atoms, the materials can achieve multifunctionality to catalyze the ORR/OER/HER/HOR. Out of sixteen catalytic systems, Pt‐VS (i.e., Pt atom embedded in the sulfur vacancy), Pd‐VSe, and Pt‐VSe@TaSSe are promising multifunctional catalysts with superior stability. Among them, the Pt‐VS@TaSSe catalyst exhibits the highest activity with theoretical overpotentials ηORR = 0.40 V, ηOER = 0.39 V, and ηHER/HOR = 0.07 V, respectively, better than the traditional Pt (111), IrO2 (110). The interplays between the catalyst and the reaction intermediate over the course of the reaction are then systematically investigated. Generally, this study presents a viable approach for the design and development of advanced multifunctional electrocatalysts. It enriches the application of Janus, a new 2D material, in electrochemical energy storage and conversion technology.
Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten von Verteilrohrleitungen
Authors: Unterweger Harald , Ecker Alexander , Langwieser Martin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractStählerne Druckrohrleitungen von (Pump‐)Speicherkraftwerken weisen unmittelbar vor dem Krafthaus sog. Verteilrohrleitungen (VRL) auf, um das Triebwasser aus dem Hauptrohr auf mehrere Abzweigrohre (Stichrohre) zu verteilen, die dann weiter zur Turbine oder Pumpe führen. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die Ergebnisse eines kürzlich abgeschlossenen zweijährigen Forschungsprojekts zum Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten von Verteilrohrleitungen zusammen, das federführend von der TU Graz, Institut für Stahlbau bearbeitet wurde. Anhand nichtlinearer Systemberechnungen mit elastischem sowie elastisch‐plastischem Materialverhalten an räumlichen 3D‐FE‐Modellen konnte das reale Tragverhalten von VRL analysiert werden. Es zeigte sich, dass stählerne VRL unerwartet hohe plastische Tragreserven aufweisen. Daher können die bisher als sehr kritisch angesehenen Lagersetzungen im Bereich von VRL nun günstiger beurteilt werden. Eine realitätsnahe Beurteilung der Ermüdungsgefährdung mit dem Strukturspannungskonzept erlaubt auch eine Fokussierung auf wenige maßgebende Bereiche bei Bestandsanlagen, in Hinblick auf gezielte Inspektions‐ und Monitoringmaßnahmen. Weiter erfolgte auch die Beurteilung der Treffsicherheit der in der Vergangenheit üblichen Vorgehensweise bei der System‐ und Spannungsberechnung in Form der Kombination eines globalen Stabmodells mit lokalen 3D‐FE‐Modellen der einzelnen Abzweiger, verglichen mit einer globalen 3D‐FE‐Berechnung der gesamten VRL.
Photoelectromagnetic multimode triggered phase change materials for thermotherapy
Authors: Li Yang , Yu Han , Liu Panpan , Diao Xuemei , Feng Yuhao , Jiang Yu , Chen Xiao 
Published: May 2024

AbstractNeither pristine phase change materials (PCMs) nor metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) can be driven by optical/electrical/magnetic triggers for multiple energy conversion and thermal storage, which cannot satisfy the requirements of multi‐scenario applications. Herein, a three‐dimensional interconnected forest‐type array carbon network anchored by Co nanoparticles serving as optical/electrical/magnetic multimode triggers was developed through in situ growth of two‐dimensional MOF nanosheet arrays on pre‐carbonized melamine foam and subsequent high‐temperature carbonization. After the encapsulation of polyethylene glycol, the resulting composite PCMs simultaneously integrate fascinating photothermal, electrothermal, magnetothermal conversion and storage for personal thermotherapy. Benefiting from the synergistic enhancement of forest‐type array carbon heterostructure and Co nanoparticles, composite PCMs exhibit high thermal/electrical conduction and strong full‐spectrum absorption capacities. Resultantly, low‐energy photoelectric triggers are sufficient to drive high‐efficiency photothermal/electrothermal conversion and storage of composite PCMs (93.1%, 100 mW/cm2; 92.9%, 2.5 V). Additionally, composite PCMs also exhibit excellent encapsulation stability without liquid phase leakage, long‐term thermal reliability and multiple energy conversion and storage stability after multiple cycles. The proposed photoelectromagnetic multimode triggers are aimed to inspire innovation and accelerate major breakthroughs in advanced responsive composite PCMs toward multiple energy utilization and personal thermotherapy.
An ontology‐based digital test and evaluation master plan (dTEMP) compliant with DoD policy
Authors: Gregory Joe , Salado Alejandro 
Published: May 2024

AbstractTest and evaluation (TE) planning is a critical part of systems engineering. However, it has not received as much attention from digital engineering efforts as early‐stage design and analysis. Digital engineering has the potential to reduce the risk and effort associated with TE, while leveraging existing digital capabilities to add value. One aspect in particular that may benefit from such attention is the Department of Defense's Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP). The purpose of the TEMP is to identify the key processes with respect to the TE of a product, and to specify the roles and responsibilities of key personnel and organizations. Concerns have been raised regarding the document‐based nature of the TEMP and the increased risk and reduced reward that this entails. In this paper, we investigate the potential benefits of digitalizing the TEMP and outline an incremental approach for achieving this. We also present a set of ontologies, collectively known as the Digital TEMP (dTEMP), and investigate potential benefits and limitations by applying the dTEMP to an example test program.
An updated phylogeny of Ainsliaea (Asteraceae: Pertyoideae) and its implications for classification and habit evolution
Authors: Zhang Cai‐Fei , Tian Jing , Cheng Yue‐Hong , Peng Shuai , Chen You‐Sheng , Gao Tian‐Gang , Hu Guang‐Wan , Wang Qing‐Feng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAinsliaea is an Eastern Asian genus with approximately 50 species, and is characterized by two main habit types or leaf arrangements: rosulate with leaves aggregated at the stem base or pseudo‐verticillate with leaves clustered above the stem base. Most species of Ainsliaea have been classified into two sections, A. sect. Ainsliaea and sect. Aggregatae, respectively, based on their habit type. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies have challenged existing infrageneric classifications for Ainsliaea, and the systematic value of habit needs to be re‐evaluated because the habits of some key species were described differently, leading to taxonomic controversies on infrageneric classifications and species delimitations. To address these issues, this study reconstructed a more comprehensive phylogeny of Ainsliaea with two more samples of the highly variable A. lancifolia and a new sampling of A. nana. Habit variations in Ainsliaea were observed both in the field and in herbarium collections, and habit evolution was reconsidered based on the updated phylogeny. The phylogenetic analysis highly supports that A. uniflora and A. lancifolia form the first‐ and the second‐earliest diverging lineages in Ainsliaea, respectively; A. nana, recently rediscovered by us after more than 60 years, constitutes a distinct lineage sister to a large clade with all leaves aggregated above the stem base; and A. pertyoides forms another large clade with the rosulate‐leaf species. The latter three species have distinct habits: A. lancifolia with leaves sparsely alternate along the stem but often reduced to a basal rosette in rheophytic environments, A. nana with leaves aggregated at and also above the same stem base, and A. pertyoides with rosulate leaves when young. Thus, two new sections, A. sect. Alternae sect. nov. and A. sect. Intermediae sect. nov., are proposed to accommodate A. lancifolia and A. nana, respectively, and A. pertyoides is reasonably kept in A. sect. Ainsliaea. The results of this study provide insights into the evolution of habits in Ainsliaea and suggest that the traditional classification based solely on habit may not accurately mirror the evolutionary history of the genus. The newly proposed A. sect. Alternae and sect. Intermediae reflect a more natural classification of Ainsliaea and provide a framework for future studies on the evolution and ecology of the genus. Combining evidence from phylogeny and morphology, a conspectus of the genus and taxonomic updates for A. lancifolia, A. nana and A. pertyoides are provided. Overall, this study highlights the importance of combining molecular and morphological data to accurately classify and understand the evolutionary history of plant groups.
Irrigation scheduling needs to consider both plant‐available water and soil aeration requirements
Authors: Pragg Beaulah , Deepagoda T. K. K. Chamindu , Cameron Keith , Di Hong , Clough Timothy J. , Carrick Sam 
Published: May 2024

AbstractGlobal food production relying on irrigated agriculture accounts for >70% of the global freshwater withdrawal. A thorough understanding of soil–water characteristics (SWCs) and critical soil–water values in the soil and subsoil is important for effective management of irrigated water. A critical soil–water “window” for plants is generally taken as the plant‐available water window without considering diffusion‐dominated soil aeration as a co‐requisite. This study examined SWC curves in vadose soil profiles (up to 1.5‐m depth) in eight pasture soils. The soil moisture measurements were made over matric potentials ranging from −1 to −1500 kPa using tension table and pressure plate apparatus. The van Genuchten model was used to parameterize the measured SWC curve, while the Millington‐Quirk model was used to derive soil–gas diffusivity from measured soil physical properties. We defined critical soil–water windows considering the threshold values for both plant‐available water and soil–gas diffusivity to ensure water and aeration corequisites for plant growth. The results clearly distinguished depth‐dependent regimes of gravitational, plant‐available, and unavailable water in selected profiles and their responses to soil structural changes across the depth. In some of the observed soil profiles, only 30%–60% of the plant‐available water window was able to be utilized by plants because the remainder existed under soil conditions where soil aeration was inadequate for plant growth, emphasizing the importance of considering both the plant's water and aeration requirements during irrigation scheduling. Further, the infiltration profiles in two selected soils under simulated irrigation highlighted the importance of a priori knowledge of the soil structure in deeper soil layers for scheduling irrigation.
Compositionality in perception: A framework
Authors: Lande Kevin J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPerception involves the processing of content or information about the world. In what form is this content represented? I argue that perception is widely compositional. The perceptual system represents many stimulus features (including shape, orientation, and motion) in terms of combinations of other features (such as shape parts, slant and tilt, common and residual motion vectors). But compositionality can take a variety of forms. The ways in which perceptual representations compose are markedly different from the ways in which sentences or thoughts are thought to be composed. I suggest that the thesis that perception is compositional is not itself a concrete hypothesis with specific predictions; rather it affords a productive framework for developing and evaluating specific empirical hypotheses about the form and content of perceptual representations. The question is not just whether perception is compositional, but how. Answering this latter question can provide fundamental insights into perception.This article is categorized under:
Philosophy > Representation
Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Management of intraspecific aggression in two bull giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. rothschildi)
Authors: Harley Jessica J. , Tracey Roann , Stanley Christina R. , Banks Lindsay 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMaintaining nonbreeding individuals in zoological collections may sometimes necessitate housing bachelor groups. In turn, intact cohabiting males may express increased intraspecific agonistic behaviors, and management intervention may be indicated. Where castration is deemed inappropriate (e.g., future breeding, or anesthesia and surgery‐related risk), the immune contraceptive gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) is increasingly used as an alternative. When intraspecific aggression (sparring) in two bull giraffes housed as a bachelor pair at Knowsley Safari, UK, escalated in frequency and intensity (despite management interventions), further mediation was warranted to moderate sparring behaviors. The Ex situ Program recommendation was for one giraffe, the (slightly) older, outwardly mature (darker, strong musth) individual, to be treated with the GnRH vaccine Improvac® (Zoetis). To gauge the efficacy of vaccination, behavioral observations were conducted during each vaccination phase to identify changes in the frequency of sparring behaviors. In addition, fecal samples were collected by keepers and sent to Chester Zoo's Endocrine Diagnostic Laboratory for analysis to compare androgen levels between the pre‐ and postvaccination phases. Testicular atrophy was investigated using both visual inspection and photographic images. The GnRH vaccine Improvac® initially appeared to be associated with reduced aggressive behaviors in the two bull giraffes. Sparring behaviors decreased in frequency after each vaccination phase, although these did not significantly diminish until phase 4. Physiological markers were inconclusive as testosterone concentrations varied throughout the phases, although levels remained low after the fourth vaccination phase. Approximately 8 months following the initial vaccination with Improvac®, the unvaccinated bull exhibited heightened aggression, resulting in physical aggression and injury to the vaccinated bull. As a result, both bulls are now on an Improvac® vaccination schedule, which has enabled them to remain housed together as a bachelor pair.
Race, Class, and Student Choice: Negotiating Competing Rationalities
Authors: Hensby Alexander , Adewumi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The previous chapter established the white-BAME attainment gap as a longstanding trend in UK universities, one that intersects with, but is not reducible to, class and educational background. This chapter focuses on BAME student choice in higher education. Though one of the more well-trodden paths in attainment gap research, previous studies have been sometimes guilty of taking a deficit approach which undervalues the personal narratives and motivations which may guide and constrain BAME student action. This chapter uses survey and interview data to explore students’ core decision-making: why study at university, which university, and which degree programme. This reveals the cultural and social capital at students’ disposal, foregrounding higher education as a key instrument for social mobility. Qualitative accounts importantly highlight differences between first- and second-generation immigrant narratives, which in turn shape students’ motivations for, and adaptation to, university study.
Becoming a Higher Education Student: Managing Expectations and Adapting to Independent Learning
Authors: Hensby Alexander , Adewumi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the BAME students’ adaptation to university learning and experience of studying for a degree. Survey and interview data capture the pressures many students feel to ‘make good’ on their parents’ sacrifices and investment in education by achieving a first-class degree result. However, these expectations come into conflict with the transition from college as universities expect students to adapt as proactive independent learners while tacitly and unreflexively reproducing social norms of whiteness. Resultant feelings of racial and class unbelonging self-protection see independent learning effectively repurposed as self-reliance for BAME students. Though some are able to accumulate and deploy forms of Black cultural capital to claim racial agency within a predominantly white learning environment, others seek to build forms of bonding capital through the establishing of peer networks. These can help students collectively accrue knowledge while managing the pressures to achieve academically.
The Role of Motivation in Student Engagement and Attainment
Authors: Earl Stephen R. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Self-determination theory (SDT) foregrounds the role of individual agency and the provision of students’ basic psychological experiences for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. This is particularly helpful as a means of moving away from a ‘deficit’ reading of white-BAME and A-level-BTEC awarding gaps, and towards a framework which focuses on how university institutions can best respond to the needs of their students. This chapter uncovers specific differences in the motivational experiences of distinct student groups and offers new psychological and social insights into attainment disparities. Notably, lower feelings of relatedness at university emerged as a distinct issue for Black African students, whereas BTEC students reported higher levels of amotivation and stress which was accompanied by a lack of competence satisfaction. Findings point to unique motivational experiences for different student groups which may help inform institutionally wide initiatives to better accommodate students’ cultural norms and educational needs.
Academic Advising in the Massified University: Facilitating Meaningful Staff–Student Interactions
Authors: Hensby Alexander , Naylor Louise 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the contemporary role and purpose of academic advisers as a resource for sharing academic capital and developing institutional belonging. Drawing on interviews with staff and students, Hensby and Naylor find that massification has inhibited the establishing of meaningful staff–student interactions. With students able to access specialist support from a range of professional services comparatively little attention has been paid to redrawing and promoting the adviser’s role and value. Meanwhile, systemic issues reinforce a perception among students from BAME and ‘non-traditional’ backgrounds that academic staff are remote and unapproachable. Moreover, recalling findings from chapter 3, reluctance to approach staff further fuels student misconceptions about the ‘self-reliant’ independent learner. The chapter argues for the importance of academic advising as a resource for engaging with minority students’ experience of university. The authors identify strategies and resources that can facilitate meaningful interactions and foster effective independent learning for students.