bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pooling as a response to the competing interests in corporate group collapse in Australia
Authors: Wyburn Mary 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThere has always been a problem for company law in effectively responding to the financial collapse of a corporate group. In the past, a range of partial responses have been proposed and some implemented. The 2007 insolvency amendments introduced another partial solution, statutory pooling. This paper discusses the competing interests in a corporate group collapse, how Australian corporate law has so far dealt with group collapse and the implications of the 2007 statutory pooling amendments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detoxification and antioxidant effects of curcumin in rats experimentally exposed to mercury
Authors: Agarwal Rakhi , Goel Sudhir K. , Behari Jai Raj 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCurcumin, a safe nutritional component and a highly promising natural antioxidant with a wide spectrum of biological functions, has been examined in several metal toxicity studies, but its role in protection against mercury toxicity has not been investigated. Therefore, the detoxification and antioxidant effects of curcumin were examined to determine its prophylactic/therapeutic role in rats experimentally exposed to mercury (in the from of mercuric chloride‐HgCl2, 12 µmol kg−1b.w. single intraperitoneal injection). Curcumin treatment (80 mg kg−1b.w. daily for 3 days, orally) was found to have a protective effect on mercury‐induced oxidative stress parameters, namely, lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in the liver, kidney and brain. Curcumin treatment was also effective for reversing mercury‐induced serum biochemical changes, which are the markers of liver and kidney injury. Mercury concentration in the tissues was also decreased by the pre/post‐treatment with curcumin. However, histopathological alterations in the liver and kidney were not reversed by curcumin treatment. Mercury exposure resulted in the induction of metallothionein (MT) mRNA expressions in the liver and kidney. Metallothionein mRNA expression levels were found to decrease after the pre‐treatment with curcumin, whereas post‐treatment with curcumin further increased MT mRNA expression levels. Our findings suggest that curcumin pretreatment has a protective effect and that curcumin can be used as a therapeutic agent in mercury intoxication. The study indicates that curcumin, an effective antioxidant, may have a protective effect through its routine dietary intake against mercury exposure.
Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in growing mice
Authors: Devlin Maureen J , Cloutier Alison M , Thomas Nishina A , Panus David A , Lotinun Sutada , Pinz Ilka , Baron Roland , Rosen Clifford J , Bouxsein Mary L 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effects of caloric restriction (CR) on the skeleton are well studied in adult rodents and include lower cortical bone mass but higher trabecular bone volume. Much less is known about how CR affects bone mass in young, rapidly growing animals. This is an important problem because low caloric intake during skeletal acquisition in humans, as in anorexia nervosa, is associated with low bone mass, increased fracture risk, and osteoporosis in adulthood. To explore this question, we tested the effect of caloric restriction on bone mass and microarchitecture during rapid skeletal growth in young mice. At 3 weeks of age, we weaned male C57Bl/6J mice onto 30% caloric restriction (10% kcal/fat) or normal diet (10% kcal/fat). Outcomes at 6 (n = 4/group) and 12 weeks of age (n = 8/group) included body mass, femur length, serum leptin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) values, whole-body bone mineral density (WBBMD, g/cm2), cortical and trabecular bone architecture at the midshaft and distal femur, bone formation and cellularity, and marrow fat measurement. Compared with the normal diet, CR mice had 52% and 88% lower serum leptin and 33% and 39% lower serum IGF-1 at 6 and 12 weeks of age (p &lt; .05 for all). CR mice were smaller, with lower bone mineral density, trabecular, and cortical bone properties. Bone-formation indices were lower, whereas bone-resorption indices were higher (p &lt; .01 for all) in CR versus normal diet mice. Despite having lower percent of body fat, bone marrow adiposity was elevated dramatically in CR versus normal diet mice (p &lt; .05). Thus we conclude that caloric restriction in young, growing mice is associated with impaired skeletal acquisition, low leptin and IGF-1 levels, and high marrow adiposity. These results support the hypothesis that caloric restriction during rapid skeletal growth is deleterious to cortical and trabecular bone mass and architecture, in contrast to potential skeletal benefits of CR in aging animals. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Establishing rates of karst landscape evolution in the Tropics: a context for the formation of archaeological sites in western Flores, Indonesia
Authors: Westaway Kira E. , Sutikna Thomas , Morwood Michael J. , Zhao Jian‐Xin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTropical landscapes evolve at a rapid rate, creating stepped alluvial terraces, dense basin and cone topographies and multilevel cave systems. An understanding of the rate of landscape evolution is crucial for understanding how landscapes respond to tectonic instability and for reconstructing landscapes that have changed over archaeological timescales. The rate of landscape incision as a proxy for karst landscape evolution in Indonesia, a key region in the path of human dispersal, has been established using the rate of karstification – by estimating a chronology for stages of cave development using thermal ionisation mass spectrometry U‐series dating on flowstones, and the rate of downcutting – by establishing a chronology for a series of alluvial terraces using red thermoluminescence dating. Using these techniques we have determined that the estimated rate of karstification (113 ± 26 mm ka−1) is slower than the average rate of downcutting (305 ± 24 mm ka−1), and the combined rate of landscape incision (217 ± 18 mm ka−1) is slower than the known rate of tectonic uplift for this region derived from raised coral terraces (450 ± 50 mm ka−1). This suggests that rivers are quicker to respond to tectonic instability, but both cave and river systems display a slower rate of incision and karstification than uplift. Correlations between these components of the landscape system reveal a strong, interacting relationship where defined phases of uplift are reflected in the pattern of karstification and cycles of downcutting. An understanding of this relationship has been pivotal in reconstructing the formation and geomorphic history of archaeological caves such as Liang Bua. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrophilic interaction LC combined with electrospray MS for highly sensitive analysis of underivatized amino acids in rhizosphere research
Authors: Dell'mour Madeleine , Jaitz Leonhard , Oburger Eva , Puschenreiter Markus , Koellensperger Gunda , Hann Stephan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAnalysis of underivatized amino acids is challenging regarding the separation as well as the detection of these small polar analytes. Hydrophilic interaction LC using a 2.1×150 mm ZIC® (ZIC, zwitterionic)‐hydrophilic interaction LC from SeQuant as stationary phase with 1% v/v formic acid in water and ACN as eluents was combined with MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode for the separation and the detection of 16 underivatized amino acids. Regression coefficients of eight or seven point calibrations varied from 0.9454 to 0.9993. Absolute LODs and LOQ (on column) were in the fmol range (0.1–12 and 0.4–41 fmol, respectively). A fast screening method of 19 min total runtime has been developed offering applicability to samples from rhizosphere studies – characterized by low analyte concentrations and complex matrices. A successful application to the analysis of tyrosine in samples from soil adsorption experiments is presented as well as an evaluated enrichment procedure for amino acids derived from plant culture in nutrient solution.
Gel Formation and Molecular Characteristics of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Prepared by Free‐Radical Redox Polymerization in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Xu Yingjia , Li Guang , Haraguchi Kazutoshi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe molecular characteristics of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA), prepared by free‐radical polymerization using an aqueous redox initiator and reaction conditions comparable to those used in the synthesis of nanocomposite gels, were investigated by altering the monomer concentration ([NIPA]) and the polymerization temperature (Tp) across the transition temperature (LCST). When Tp<LCST, there is a critical [NIPA] (=n*) above which PNIPA partially forms gels in the absence of a chemical crosslinker, and the gel fraction increases with increasing [NIPA] and decreasing Tp. In the range of n<n*, the molecular weight of soluble PNIPA correlated well with [NIPA]. When Tp>LCST, gels were not formed regardless of [NIPA]. The structure and mechanism of formation of self‐crosslinked PNIPA gels are discussed.magnified image
Promising Optoelectronic Materials: Polymers Containing Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Zhao Qiang , Liu Shu‐Juan , Huang Wei 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAs one of the most promising optoelectronic materials, polymers that contain phosphorescent IrIII complexes have attracted more and more interest in recent years. They are a class of well‐known electroluminescent materials with excellent performance. So far, efficient green‐, red‐, and white‐emitting polymer light‐emitting diodes based on polymers with on‐chain IrIII complexes have been realized successfully. For the realization of this class of polymer material, IrIII complexes (as energy guest) can be introduced into the main‐chain or side‐chain of polymers (as energy host). In this article, we summarize the design principles, synthetic routes, structure–property relationships, and applications in optoelectronic devices of polymers that contain phosphorescent IrIII complexes.magnified image
Mechanism and Modeling of Emulsion Polymerization: New Ideas and Concepts – 2. Modeling Strategies
Authors: Tauer Klaus , Hernandez Hugo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Molecular modeling strategies offer new insights into the mechanism of heterophase polymerization. The capabilities of Brownian dynamic simulations are illustrated by means of studies regarding radical entry and exist as essential steps in emulsion polymerization. Interestingly, the results allow certain generalizations which were not possible with macroscopic deterministic modeling strategies.
Formation of Nonspherical Particles with Uneven Surface in Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and Methacrylic Acid with Nonionic Emulsifier
Authors: Haipu Li , Suzuki Toyoko , Okubo Masayoshi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methacrylic acid with nonionic emulsifier and potassium persulfate as initiator gave nonspherical copolymer particles having uneven surface. The formation was based on the coagulation of byproduct nano‐sized (ca. 35 nm) particles, which were formed throughout the copolymerization until monomer phase disappeared, onto main submicron‐sized (234 ∼ 445 nm) particles.
Preparation of Nylon‐6 Particles in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Minami Hideto , Tarutani Yasunori , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Okubo Masayoshi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Utilizing the thermal stability of ionic liquid, micrometer‐sized Nylon‐6 particles were successfully prepared by hydrolytic polymerization of ε‐caprolactam at high temperature with polyvinyl pyrrolidone as stabilizer in ionic liquids, 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [Bmim][BF4] and N,N‐diethyl‐N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoro‐methanesulfonyl)amide, [DEME][TFSA]. The obtained particles had a unique shape because Nylon‐6 is a crystalline polymer. Viscosity‐average molecular weights of Nylon‐6 prepared in [Bmim][BF4] and [DEME][TFSA] at 180 °C for 48 h were 4200 and 2200, respectively.
Effect of Polymer End Group on the Morphology of Polystyrene/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composite Particles Prepared by the Solvent Evaporation Method
Authors: Tanaka Takuya , Okayama Masaru , Okubo Masayoshi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: The effect of polymer end group on the morphology of polystyrene (PS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composite particles was investigated on the basis of experimental observations and theoretical predictions. Both polymers with potassium persulfate (KPS)‐derived hydrophilic end group(s) and 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN)‐derived hydrophobic end group(s) were synthesized by emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerizations and solution polymerizations, respectively. Composite particles with the same end groups were prepared by release of toluene from PS/PMMA/toluene (1/1/24, w/w/w) droplets dispersed in an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). At a low SDS concentration, when the polymers with KPS‐derived end group(s) were employed, acornlike particles were formed. On the other hand, when the polymers with AIBN‐derived end group(s) were used, particles having a dimple were obtained. The interfacial tensions between toluene solutions of the polymers and SDS aqueous medium were lower for KPS‐derived end group(s) than for AIBN‐derived end group(s), and the difference was much larger for PS phase than PMMA phase. The predicted morphologies obtained from calculation of the minimum total interfacial free energy using the interfacial tensions agreed well with the experimentally observed morphologies in both cases. Moreover, the morphology of PS/PMMA composite particles with different end groups was also examined.
Effect of Deproteinized Methods on the Proteins and Properties of Natural Rubber Latex during Storage
Authors: Nawamawat Kanjanee , Sakdapipanich Jitladda T. , Ho Chee C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Three different methods of deproteinization, i.e. saponification, surfactant washing and enzymatic treatment were employed to unravel the effect of deproteinized on the properties of natural rubber (NR) latex. The cleavage of proteins in NR latex was found to proceed with concomitant formation of low molecular weight polypeptides. This results in a lowering in gel formation of the enzyme‐treated latex, indicating modification of the remaining proteins at the rubber chain‐end. Washing NR latex with surfactant would efficiently reduce and remove proteins from NR latex particles through denaturation and transferring them to the serum phase. The relatively stable gel formed during storage of surfactant‐washed NR latex is an indication of the absence of branch formation of proteins at the rubber molecule terminal. Saponification by strong alkali would hydrolyze the proteins and phospholipids adsorbed on the latex particle surface. The reason of the significantly higher gel formed in saponified NR latex is still not clear. The present study shows that deproteinization treatments result in modification of the proteins at the surface of NR latex particles and also those freely‐suspended in the serum. The cleavage or the denaturation of the rubber proteins during purification by washing has a profound effect on the properties of the deproteinized NR latex upon storage, in particular the thermal oxidative aging properties of the rubber obtained.
Encapsulation of Hemoglobin Using Condensation Reaction of Butylcyanoacetate with Formaldehyde
Authors: Shimizu Hidenobu , Tomizawa Masayo , Wada Risei , Okabe Masaru 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Hemoglobin (Hb)‐encapsulating particles have been prepared in a single step by condensation reaction of butylcyanoacetate (BCNA) with formaldehyde (FA) in Hb aqueous solution. Dimethylamine was used as a base catalyst and then the reaction was performed in 0.1 M HEPES buffer (pH 7.4) at room temperature. Particle composition analysis by extraction indicated that the particles consisted of PBCNA, HEPES and Hb. The content of Hb loaded into the particles monotonously increased with increasing initial Hb concentrations. Almost all Hb molecules in aqueous solution could be recovered as particles. In addition, the encapsulated Hb maintained the oxygen‐carrying capacity similar to native Hb. These results indicate that condensation reaction of BCNA with FA can provide the assembly of Hb molecules in aqueous solution.
Reactive and Highly Submicron Magnetic Latexes for Bionanotechnology Applications
Authors: Elaissari Abdelhamid , Fessi Hatem 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Colloidal particles are largely used in biomedical applications as a solid support, as a carrier, as nanoreactors and as labels for target molecule detection. With the recent development of bionanotechnology, more appropriate colloidal particles should be elaborated. In this direction, new specification are listed in order to develop reactive nanoparticles to be use in microsystems, microfluids and all combined systems in which we can conduct sample preparation, specific capture, purification, concentration and detection in small volume (generally less than 100 µl). Then the aim of this short review is to give to the readers some recent orientations of reactive magnetic latex particles for in vitro bionanotechnology applications.
Functionalized Biodegradable Nano‐ and Microspheres for Medical Applications
Authors: Slomkowski Stanislaw 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: This minireview describes strategies for preparation of biodegradable (from polylactides, and poly(ε‐caprolactone) and from their derivatives) nano‐ and microspheres for medical applications, in particular for drug delivery. In addition to standard methods of particles' formation by emulsification of polymer solution in water‐miscible organic solvent with subsequent solvent evaporation or extraction there are described methods of particles formation by self assembly of polymer macromolecules, by dialysis of polymer solutions in organic water‐miscible solvents carried on against water and by dispersion ring‐opening polymerization of heterocyclic monomers. Strategies for encapsulation of bioactive compounds into nano‐ and microspheres are presented.
A characteristic analysis of fog using GPS‐derived integrated water vapour
Authors: Lee Jaewon , Park Jong‐Uk , Cho Jungho , Baek Jeongho , Kim Hyung Woo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn order to determine the plausibility of GPS‐derived Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) as a fog detector, the relationship between GPS IWV and meteorological observations during fog was studied in a time domain. In this research, it is assumed that fog is a simple function of water vapour and cloud water based on non–precipitation warm cloud in the bulk water–continuity model and that, during fog, the atmosphere over the fog layer is horizontally homogeneous.The case of dense fog was chosen, for which the visibility observed by the human eye (‘synop’) was < 1 km with the regular observation at co–located GPS sites. Preliminary results showed that GPS IWV could detect the microphysical and dynamical process of fog, such as conversion of the water vapour into cloud water and inflow of water vapour into GPS observation sites. Furthermore, it could potentially be found that GPS IWV reflected unceasingly and quantitatively the state of fog after saturation.To mitigate limitations of the temporal resolution and the inaccuracy of ‘synop’ visibility data, a GPS receiver and a visibility meter were operated at the same site simultaneously. This experiment revealed definitively that typical radiation fog was more suitable than other types of fog for detection by GPS IWV.Based on these results, it is suggested that GPS IWV can be considered as a supplementary technique in detecting fog processes and improving fog predictability. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Bedside diagnosis of rippling muscle disease in CAV3 p.A46T mutation carriers
Authors: Sundblom Jimmy , Stålberg Erik , Österdahl Maria , Rücker Franz , Montelius Maria , Kalimo Hannu , Nennesmo Inger , Islander Gunilla , Smits Anja , Dahl Niklas , Melberg Atle 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThirty‐nine members, ages 1 to 67 years, of a Swedish family with rippling muscle disease (RMD) were investigated to assess genotype–phenotype correlations. Clinical, neurophysiological, and muscle morphological examinations were performed. Genetic analysis was performed in 38 individuals. Twenty‐three patients had percussion‐induced muscle mounding (PIMM) and percussion‐induced rapid contractions (PIRC). Rippling and hyperCKemia were not found in all patients. Weakness was minor or absent. The electromyogram showed absence of electrical activity in ripples and PIMM, and muscle biopsy specimens confirmed caveolin‐3 deficiency and absence of caveolae. Genetic analysis revealed a CAV3 c.G136A transition resulting in a p.A46T missense mutation in affected family members. The phenotype in these 23 cases of RMD with this mutation appears to be homogenous, benign, and nonprogressive. The presence of PIMM and PIRC seems to be diagnostic at all ages, whereas the absence of hyperCKemia and rippling does not exclude the diagnosis. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Predicting fatigue during electrically stimulated non‐isometric contractions
Authors: Marion M. Susan , Wexler Anthony S. , Hull Maury L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMathematical prediction of power loss during electrically stimulated contractions is of value to those trying to minimize fatigue and to those trying to decipher the relative contributions of force and velocity. Our objectives were to: (1) develop a model of non‐isometric fatigue for electrical stimulation–induced, open‐chain, repeated extensions of the leg at the knee; and (2) experimentally validate the model. A computer‐controlled stimulator sent electrical pulses to surface electrodes on the thighs of 17 able‐bodied subjects. Isometric and non‐isometric non‐fatiguing and fatiguing leg extension torque and/or angle at the knee were measured. Two existing mathematical models, one of non‐isometric force and the other of isometric fatigue, were combined to develop the non‐isometric force–fatigue model. Angular velocity and 3 new parameters were added to the isometric fatigue model. The new parameters are functions of parameters within the force model, and therefore additional measurements from the subject are not needed. More than 60% of the variability in the measurements was explained by the new force–fatigue model. This model can help scientists investigate the etiology of non‐isometric fatigue and help engineers to improve the task performance of functional electrical stimulation systems. Muscle Nerve, 2010