bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent changes in precipitation, ITCZ convection and northern tropical circulation over North Africa (1979–2007)
Authors: Fontaine Bernard , Roucou Pascal , Gaetani Marco , Marteau Romain 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article focuses on some recent changes observed in the Tropics with special emphasis on the African monsoon region using high‐resolution gridded precipitation from the Climatic Research Unit (period 1979–2002), outgoing longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and atmospheric reanalyses from the Climate Prediction Center (NCEP‐DOE2, period 1979–2007). The results show a rainfall increase in North Africa since the mid‐90s with significant northward migrations of rainfall amounts, i.e. + 1.5° for the 400 mm July to September isohyets, whereas deep convection has significantly increased and shifted northward. The subsidence branch of the northern meridional overturning has also been reinforced and shifted by 1° latitude northward in winter. At larger scale, an unambiguous reorganisation of the circulation with increasing subsidence in high troposphere over the Mediterranean and increasing ascendance in the African Intertropical Convergence Zone in northern summer has been noticed in the meridional cell overturning. After 1993–1994, the migration of the Saharan heat low towards northwest has been more marked (+1° to + 2° in latitude; − 1° to − 2° in longitude), whereas its centre intensified at the peak of the tropical rainy season (+10 gpm thickness in the 700–925 hPa layer). These changes are associated with significant reinforcements of the southwesterly low‐level winds and Tropical Easterly jet and with a northward shift of the African Easterly jet. Analyses of Global Circulation Model outputs issued from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (A1B scenario and from forced experiments on the ARPEGE‐climat (Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle) and Atmospheric Global Circulation Model show that at least part of these changes could be due to the recent warming observed in the Mediterranean/Saharan region. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
A new tool for monthly precipitation analysis in Spain: MOPREDAS database (monthly precipitation trends December 1945–November 2005)
Authors: González‐Hidalgo Jose Carlos , Brunetti Michele , de Luis Martín 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA new monthly precipitation database has been developed for conterminous provinces in Spain by exploiting the total amount of data available at Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET, formerly INM). The new MOPREDAS (monthly precipitation database of Spain) database has been constructed by using all 6821 original data series that have been recorded for at least 10 years. These provide a total of 2670 complete, homogeneous series for the period 1946–2005, and are the most complete and extensive monthly precipitation dataset available in Spain at present. MOPREDAS has been created with the aim of analysing the behaviour of precipitation in the conterminous provinces of Spain, and to help validate the downscaling of climate models on a detailed spatial level. To this end, the station data were also interpolated on a regular grid, at 1/10 of degree of resolution, over the whole Spain.Trend analysis confirms great spatial and temporal variability in the behaviour of precipitation across Spain. The monthly precipitation trends vary from month to month, from coherent spatial trend patterns in March, June (both with a general and significant negative trend) and October (general positive trends), to highly regionalized trend patterns in July (with positive trends in north‐west and mainly negative in the remainder), February and April (positive and negative trends in the south‐east, respectively). These results suggest that both global and local factors affect the spatial distribution of trends in the Iberian Peninsula. Mountain ranges seem to be the most significant geographical factor in determining the spatial distribution of monthly trends on a detailed, sub‐regional spatial scale. These results show that it is possible to accurately delineate the areas affected by different precipitation trends if a dense spatial database is available. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Separation of purine and pyrimidine bases and nucleosides by hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Authors: Marrubini Giorgio , Mendoza Bolivar Enrique Castillo , Massolini Gabriella 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe separation of 12 model compounds chosen among purine and pyrimidine bases and nucleosides was studied by using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). The compounds investigated were small molecules with relevant properties for biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. The mixture of pyrimidines and purines was applied on a ZIC®‐HILIC 150×2.1 mm, 5 μm, and two TSKgel Amide‐80 150×2.0 mm, 5 μm and 3 μm particle size columns. The retention of the analytes was studied by varying ACN%, ammonium formate concentration, pH, and column temperature. The results obtained confirmed the elution order of nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides based on their hydrophobicity. The retention mechanism of the columns was studied considering the models used for describing partitioning and surface adsorption. The influence on retention of chromatographic conditions (ACN%, salt concentration, pH, and temperature) was described and discussed for both columns. The optimization of the conditions studied allowed to assess a gradient method for the separation of the 12 analytes. The developed method is a valuable alternative to existing methods for the separation of the compounds concerned.
Immobilization of 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamates of cellulose and amylose onto silica gel using (3‐glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane as linker
Authors: Tang Shouwan , Ikai Tomoyuki , Tsuji Masashi , Okamoto Yoshio 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamates of cellulose and amylose were effectively immobilized onto plain silica gels as chiral packing materials (CPMs) for HPLC by means of intermolecular polycondensation of triethoxysilyl groups introduced with (3‐glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane. The immobilization and chiral recognition abilities of the obtained CPMs prepared with different amounts of (3‐glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane were investigated. In addition, the solvent compatibilities of the immobilized‐type CPMs were examined with eluents containing chloroform and THF. When these eluents were used, for most of the tested racemates, the chiral resolving abilities of the obtained CPMs were improved.
The early postoperative course of surgical sleep apnea patients
Authors: Rotenberg Brian , Hu Amanda , Fuller John , Bureau Yves , Arra Ian , Sen Mithu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Recent guidelines from the American Society of Anesthesiologists recommended postoperative monitoring for most patients undergoing surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). These guidelines, however, are largely based on retrospective literature and expert opinion. The appropriate level of postoperative monitoring remains controversial. Our objective was to prospectively document the early postoperative course of patients undergoing OSA surgery.Study Design:Prospective cohort study.Methods:One hundred twenty‐one patients (age 43.9 ± 13.5 years, 79.8% male) with sleep‐study proven OSA (apnea‐hypopnea index 31.9 ± 22.7) who were undergoing surgery for OSA at our tertiary care center were recruited from 2007 to 2009. Outcome measures were: 1) incidence of respiratory complications requiring nursing intervention, 2) level of postoperative blood oxygen saturation divided into three groups: mean oxygen saturation in recovery room (SpO2recovery), mean oxygen saturation in step‐up unit (SpO2step‐up), and lowest oxygen saturation over the 24 hour period (SpO2minimum). These results were then compared to the benchmark literature.Results:The overall incidence of nursing intervention in response to a respiratory complication (3.4%) was significantly less than expected (P < .002). Mean SpO2recovery was 92.9 ± 3.2%, SpO2step‐up was 95.9 ± 1.6%, and SpO2minimum was 92.8 ± 3.1%. No variables were identified as being predictive of any of the outcome measures.Conclusions:The incidence of respiratory events requiring intervention in the early postoperative course of OSA patients was low (3.4%). Routine postoperative inpatient monitoring may not be required in many cases. Laryngoscope, 2010
Postoperative morbidity after different types of selective neck dissection
Authors: Teymoortash Afshin , Hoch Stephan , Eivazi Behfar , Werner Jochen Alfred 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Although selective neck dissection (SND) is an oncologically efficient procedure for the N0 neck, its functional results are discussed controversially. The aim of the present study was to analyze the frequency of morbidity related to SND.Study Design:Retrospective single‐institution series.Methods:The clinical data of 98 patients who had undergone unilateral SND of different dimensions and neck levels were analyzed. Radiotherapy was carried out in 37 (37.8%) patients. Functional and aesthetic results were evaluated in the context of aftercare consultation in 52 patients. The contralateral side of each patient served as the control. The mean follow‐up period was 2.6 (0.5–9.1) years.Results:SND‐related complications arose in two out of 50 patients (4%) with dissection of level IV in terms of an injury of the thoracic duct. Ten (19.2%) patients showed persistent slight lymph edema, and 34 (65.4%) patients noticed cervical incision sensibility disturbances after at least 6 months. Concerning head, neck, and shoulder function, no significant side differences were noticed by 31 (82%) patients for arm abduction, 32 (84%) for head rotation, and 30 (79%) for lateral head inclination. Subjectively, 50 (96.2%) patients had no restriction in head, neck, and shoulder movement after SND. Concerning the aesthetic results, only one (2%) patient was subjectively not satisfied.Conclusions:SND of different dimensions and neck levels shows low incidence of surgical complications and acceptable functional and aesthetic results. Laryngoscope, 2010
Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for the period 2005–2006
Authors: Harvey David J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N‐ and O‐linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI–MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate–protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:1–100, 2011
Motor behavior abnormalities in drug‐naïve patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Peralta Victor , Campos Maria S. , De Jalón Elena García , Cuesta Manuel J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPrevalence and correlates of primary motor abnormalities in schizophrenia are presently ill defined. This study was aimed at examining the prevalence, syndromic structure, external correlates, and response to antipsychotic medication of a broad array of primary motor abnormalities. Two‐hundred antipsychotic‐naive patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were examined for motor abnormalities using the Modified Rogers Scale. Thirty‐one motor signs were subjected to factor analysis, and the resulting factors examined for association with a number of risk factors, clinical and psychopathological variables. One‐hundred and eighty‐nine patients were reassessed for motor abnormalities after completing a 4‐week trial with antipsychotic medication. Prevalence rates for at least one motor sign and syndrome at baseline were 66% and 40%, respectively. Motor signs clustered together into seven clinically interpretable factors: abnormal involuntary movements, hypokinesia, retarded catatonia, echo‐phenomena, excited catatonia, catalepsy, and parkinsonism. All motor domains but parkinsonism were inter‐related. Abnormal involuntary movements were associated with variables indicating both neurodevelopmental dysfunction and illness severity, and most motor domains were closely related to negative or disorganization symptoms. Change scores in motor domains after treatment with antipsychotic medication indicated improvement for abnormal involuntary movements, hypokinesia, retarded catatonia, excited catatonia and echophenomena, and worsening for parkinsonism. It is concluded that primary motor dysfunction is a prevalent and heterogeneous condition of schizophrenia. Motor abnormalities segregate into various syndromes, which have different clinical correlates and a differential response pattern to antipsychotic medication. It is hypothesized that the existence of a differential dopaminergic dysfunction in the nigroestriatal circuitry is responsible for the generation of those motor domains that improve and worsen with antipsychotic drugs. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Computational homogenization for adhesive and cohesive failure in quasi‐brittle solids
Authors: Verhoosel Clemens V. , Remmers Joris J. C. , Gutiérrez Miguel A. , de Borst René 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA computational multiscale framework is proposed that incorporates microstructural behaviour in a macroscale discrete fracture model. Homogenization procedures are derived for both adhesive and cohesive failure on the macroscale and are implemented in an FE2‐setting. The most important feature of the homogenization procedure is that it implicitly defines a traction‐opening relation for the macroscale fracture model. The representativeness of the micro models is studied using a one‐dimensional example, which shows that in the softening regime the proposed multiscale scheme behaves different from a bulk homogenization scheme. These results are also observed in a numerical simulation for a micro model with a periodic microstructure. Numerical simulations further demonstrate the applicability of the method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distributional impact of in‐kind public benefits in European countries
Authors: Paulus Alari , Sutherland Holly , Tsakloglou Panos 
Published: March 2010

AbstractInternational comparisons of inequality based on measures of disposable income may not be valid if the size and incidence of publicly provided in‐kind benefits differ across the countries considered. The benefits that are financed by taxation in one country may need to be purchased out of disposable income in another. We estimate the size and incidence of in‐kind or “noncash” benefits from public housing subsidies, education, and health care for five European countries using comparable methods and data. Inequality in the augmented income measure is dramatically lower than in disposable income, with the effects of the three components varying in importance across countries. Adapting equivalence scales to take proper account of differences in needs for health care and education across population members reduces the scale of the effect, but does not eliminate it. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Asset‐based measurement of poverty
Authors: Brandolini Andrea , Magri Silvia , Smeeding Timothy M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPoverty is generally defined as income or expenditure insufficiency, but the economic condition of a household also depends on its real and financial asset holdings. This paper investigates measures of poverty that rely on indicators of household net worth. We review and assess two main approaches followed in the literature: income–net worth measures and asset‐poverty. We provide fresh cross‐national evidence based on data from the Luxembourg Wealth Study. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Estimating the potential effects of poverty reduction policies
Authors: Zedlewski Sheila , Giannarelli Linda , Wheaton Laura 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStates require a measure of poverty that captures all family resources net of taxes and nondiscretionary expenses and uses thresholds reflecting current needs in the state to assess the well‐being of families under current and alternative policies. This paper describes the implementation of a poverty measure for the State of Connecticut based on the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences, and it describes the potential antipoverty effects of changes in child care, adult education, and child support policies. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges in implementing a modern poverty measure and in simulating policy alternatives. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Influence of the rubbery phase on the crystallinity and thermomechanical properties of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)/elastomer blends
Authors: Calvão Patrícia S , Chenal Jean‐Marc , Gauthier Catherine , Demarquette Nicole R , Dos Santos Amilton M , Cavaille Jean Yves 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPoly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a very promising biopolymer. In order to improve its processability and decrease its brittleness, PHB/elastomer blends can be prepared. In the work reported, the effect of the addition of a rubbery phase, i.e. ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) or poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB), on the properties of PHB was studied. The effects of rubber type and of changing the PHB/elastomer blend processing method on the crystallinity and physical properties of the blends were also investigated. For blends based on PHB, the main role of EPDM is its nucleating effect evidenced by a decrease of crystallization temperature and an increase of crystallinity with increasing EPDM content regardless of the processing route. While EPDM has a weak effect on PHB glass transition temperature, PVB induces a marked decrease of this temperature thank to its plasticizer that swells the PHB amorphous phase. A promising solution to improve the mechanical properties of PHB seems to be the melt‐processing of PHB with both plasticizer and EPDM. In fact, the plasticizer is more efficient than the elastomer in decreasing the PHB glass transition temperature and, because of the nucleating effect of EPDM, the decrease of the PHB modulus due to the plasticizer can be counterbalanced. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of a 6‐week, co‐taught literacy unit on preservice special educators' literacy‐education knowledge
Authors: Pufpaff Lisa A. , Yssel Nina 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFor special education preservice teachers to be prepared to assist students with disabilities to achieve their maximum potential in literacy, an innovative, co‐taught literacy unit was implemented within existing methods courses. The intensive, 6‐week unit was created to prepare all candidates in both mild interventions and severe interventions licensure programs to meet the literacy needs of diverse learners. The curriculum was designed around the National Reading Panel's five critical components of reading (phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension) in addition to the topics of emergent literacy and writing. Pre‐ and posttests were administered, revealing a significant growth in participant knowledge related to literacy assessment and instruction. Implications for future efforts to improve literacy outcomes for students with disabilities by improving teachers' knowledge and skills related to literacy instruction are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vocabulary use during storybook reading: Implications for children with augmentative and alternative communication needs
Authors: Da Fonte M. Alexandra , Pufpaff Lisa A. , Taber‐Doughty Teresa 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStorybook‐reading interactions are a critical component of emergent literacy, contributing to later development of conventional literacy skills. Children with augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) needs must be provided with appropriate vocabulary to actively participate in storybook interactions in a manner similar to that of their typically developing peers. This study examined vocabulary used by typically developing kindergartners while being read a storybook. Words used by the kindergartners were compared to vocabulary on premade, commercially available storybook communication displays marketed for individuals with AAC needs. Results revealed that vocabulary on commercially available communication displays did not include the words used most frequently by the kindergartners. Results suggest that practitioners who use commercially available communication displays may need to modify the materials to provide children with AAC needs sufficient vocabulary to enhance their participation during storybook‐reading interactions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of Plastic Bonded Explosive (PBX) Formulations Based on RDX, Aluminum, and HTPB for Underwater Applications
Authors: Kumar Adapaka S. , Rao Vepakomma B. , Sinha Rabindra K. , Rao Alapati Subhananda 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAluminized high explosives are known to give better underwater performance. All explosive formulations for underwater targets are filled into warheads and shells by casting method. TNT, a high explosive is used as casting medium due to its lower melting point. Plastic bonded explosives are fast replacing TNT‐based high explosive formulations for the reasons that they are more insensitive and low vulnerable explosives with better shelf life. Few aluminized plastic bonded explosive formulations based on RDX, aluminum, and HTPB have been processed, varying the aluminum content from 0 to 35% and evaluated underwater. The present paper discusses the experimental methodology adopted to evaluate the above formulations for their ballistic parameters, viz., peak over pressure and impulse. Explosion bulge tests have been conducted with each explosive formulation and extent of bulge in test plates is presented and compared with a standard underwater explosive, viz., HBX‐3.