bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restricted Intravenous Fluid Regimen Reduces the Rate of Postoperative Complications and Alters Immunological Activity of Elderly Patients Operated for Abdominal Cancer: A Randomized Prospective Clinical Trail
Authors: Gao Tao , Li Ning , Zhang Juan‐juan , Xi Feng‐chan , Chen Qi‐yi , Zhu Wei‐ming , Yu Wen‐kui , Li Jie‐shou 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundPerioperative fluid restriction can lead to better clinical outcomes and reduced complications. However, whether perioperative fluid restriction can alter the patient’s postoperative cellular immunity is unknown. Therefore, a randomized, prospective clinical study was designed to determine whether fluid restriction improves immunological outcome in elderly patients who undergo gastrointestinal surgery for cancer removal.MethodsA total of 179 patients aged 65 years or older were recruited for the study and were randomly assigned to receive the restricted fluid regimen (R group) or the standard fluid regimen (S group). Postoperative T‐lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+) frequencies and monocyte HLA‐DR expression was investigated. Perioperative complications and cellular immunity changes were analyzed comparatively between the two groups.ResultsThe restricted intravenous fluid regimen was associated with significantly less postoperative complications (1.5 complications/patient vs. S group: 2.2 complications/patient), especially for infection complications (15% vs. S group: 27%, p = 0.04). Circulating CD3+ T‐cells were suppressed after surgery in both treatment groups, but the cell frequency (cell/μL) was higher in the R group (746 vs. S group: 480 at postoperative day (POD) 2, p = 0.022; 878 vs. 502 at POD 3, p = 0.005; 892 vs. 674 at POD 5, p = 0.042). Similarly, the HLA‐DR expression (% of all T cells) in monocytes were decreased in both groups, but the expression remained higher in the R group (66.20 vs. S group: 51.97 at POD 1, p = 0.029; 68.19 vs. 51.26 at POD 2, p = 0.039; 72.19 vs. 57.45 at POD 3, p = 0.014; 73.92 vs. 60.46 at POD 5, p = 0.036). Multivariate analysis suggested that perioperative CD3+ T cell changes were associated with the development of postoperative complications [odds ratio (OR) = 1.963; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.019–3.782; p = 0.044] and postoperative infections (OR = 3.106; 95% CI 1.302–7.406; p = 0.011).ConclusionsIn elderly gastrointestinal cancer patients, cellular immunity is better preserved by the perioperative fluid restriction regimen. The better preserved cellular immunological function is correlated with a reduced perioperative complications rate.
Urinary AASA excretion is elevated in patients with molybdenum cofactor deficiency and isolated sulphite oxidase deficiency
Authors: Mills Philippa B. , Footitt Emma J. , Ceyhan Serkan , Waters Paula J. , Jakobs Cornelis , Clayton Peter T. , Struys Eduard A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAnalysis of α‐aminoadipic semialdehyde is an important tool in the diagnosis of antiquitin deficiency (pyridoxine‐dependent epilepsy). However continuing use of this test has revealed that elevated urinary excretion of α‐aminoadipic semialdehyde is not only found in patients with pyridoxine‐dependent epilepsy but is also seen in patients with molybdenum cofactor deficiency and isolated sulphite oxidase deficiency. This should be taken into account when interpreting the laboratory data. Sulphite was shown to inhibit α‐aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase in vitro.
Potential Effects of a Species’ Name
Authors: Skawiński Tomasz 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn systematics, the importance of a species’ name is obvious and very considerable — it may even affect the names of other taxa (genera and families). Here, I argue that in some specific circumstances the name of a species may also indirectly play some role in the public understanding of the theory of evolution and creationism — or at least, has the potential to play such a role.
Targeting, Universalism, and Single-Mother Poverty: A Multilevel Analysis Across 18 Affluent Democracies
Authors: Brady David , Burroway Rebekah 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe examine the influence of individual characteristics and targeted and universal social policy on single-mother poverty with a multilevel analysis across 18 affluent Western democracies. Although single mothers are disproportionately poor in all countries, there is even more cross-national variation in single-mother poverty than in poverty among the overall population. By far, the United States has the highest rate of poverty among single mothers among affluent democracies. The analyses show that single-mother poverty is a function of the household’s employment, education, and age composition, and the presence of other adults in the household. Beyond individual characteristics, social policy exerts substantial influence on single-mother poverty. We find that two measures of universal social policy significantly reduce single-mother poverty. However, one measure of targeted social policy does not have significant effects, and another measure is significantly negative only when controlling for universal social policy. Moreover, the effects of universal social policy are larger. Additional analyses show that universal social policy does not have counterproductive consequences in terms of family structure or employment, while the results are less clear for targeted social policy. Although debates often focus on altering the behavior or characteristics of single mothers, welfare universalism could be an even more effective anti-poverty strategy.
International Fertility Change: New Data and Insights From the Developmental Idealism Framework
Authors: Thornton Arland , Binstock Georgina , Yount Kathryn M. , Abbasi-Shavazi Mohammad Jalal , Ghimire Dirgha , Xie Yu 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMany scholars have offered structural and ideational explanations for the fertility changes occurring around the world. This paper focuses on the influence of developmental idealism—a schema or set of beliefs endorsing development, fertility change, and causal connections between development and fertility. Developmental idealism is argued to be an important force affecting both population policy and the fertility behavior of ordinary people. We present new survey data from ordinary people in six countries—Argentina, China, Egypt, Iran, Nepal, and the United States—about the extent to which developmental idealism is known and believed. We ask individuals if they believe that fertility and development are correlated, that development is a causal force in changing fertility levels, and that fertility declines enhance the standard of living and intergenerational relations. We also ask people about their expectations concerning future trends in fertility in their countries and whether they approve or disapprove of the trends they expect. The data show widespread linkage in the minds of ordinary people between fertility and development. Large fractions of people in these six settings believe that fertility and development are correlated, that development reduces fertility, and that declines in fertility foster development. Many also expect and endorse future declines in fertility.
Psychosocial stress at work is associated with increased dementia risk in late life
Authors: Wang Hui‐Xin , Wahlberg Maria , Karp Anita , Winblad Bengt , Fratiglioni Laura 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that high job stress during working life might lead to an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in late life.MethodsA dementia‐free cohort of 913 community dwellers, aged 75+ years, from the Kungsholmen Project, a population‐based follow‐up study carried out in Stockholm, Sweden, was followed up for an average of 6 years to detect incident dementia and AD (third revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Information on the lifespan work activities was collected. Psychological stress at work was estimated for the longest period of occupation as well as for all occupations by using a validated psychosocial job exposure matrix on two dimensions: job control and job demands. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of dementia and AD in relation to different levels of job stress.ResultsLow level of job control was associated with higher multivariate adjusted risk of dementia (HR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2–3.0) and AD (HR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2–3.9). Low level of job demands alone was not significantly associated with increased dementia risk. When the two dimensions were combined into a four‐category job strain model, both high job strain (low control/high demands) and passive strain (both low control and demands) were related to higher risk of dementia and AD as compared with active job strain (both high). Vascular disorders did not mediate the observed associations.ConclusionLifelong work‐related psychosocial stress, characterized by low job control and high job strain, was associated with increased risk of dementia and AD in late life, independent of other known risk factors.
Fornix integrity and hippocampal volume predict memory decline and progression to Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mielke Michelle M. , Okonkwo Ozioma C. , Oishi Kenichi , Mori Susumu , Tighe Sarah , Miller Michael I. , Ceritoglu Can , Brown Timothy , Albert Marilyn , Lyketsos Constantine G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe fornix is the predominant outflow tract of the hippocampus, a brain region known to be affected early in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aims of the present study were to: (1) examine the cross‐sectional relationship between fornix diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements (fractional anisotropy [FA], mean diffusivity [MD], axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity), hippocampal volume, and memory performance, and (2) compare fornix DTI measures with hippocampal volumes as predictors of progression and transition from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to AD dementia.MethodsTwenty‐three mild cognitive impairment participants for whom hippocampal volumetry and DTI were conducted at baseline received detailed evaluations at baseline; 3, 6, and 12 months; and 2.5 years. Six participants converted to AD over the follow‐up period. Fornix and posterior cingulum DTI measurements and hippocampal volumes were ascertained using manual measures. Random effects models assessed each of the neuroimaging measures as predictors of decline on the Mini‐Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating‐sum of boxes, and memory z scores; receiver operating characteristic analyses examined the predictive value for conversion to AD.ResultsThere was a significant correlation between fornix FA and hippocampal volumes. However, only the fornix measurements (FA, MD, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity) were cross‐sectionally correlated with memory z scores. Both fornix FA and hippocampal volumes were predictive of memory decline. Individually, fornix FA and MD and hippocampal volumes were very good predictors of progression, with likelihood ratios >83, and better than 90% accuracy.ConclusionFornix FA both cross‐sectionally correlated with and longitudinally predicted memory decline and progression to AD. Manually drawn region of interest within the fornix shows promise comparable with hippocampal volume as a predictive biomarker of progression, and this finding warrants replication in a larger study.
2012 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures Alzheimer's Association∗
Authors: Thies William , Bleiler Laura 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis report provides information to increase understanding of the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Topics addressed include incidence, prevalence, mortality rates, health expenditures and costs of care, and effect on caregivers and society. The report also explores issues that arise when people with AD and other dementias live alone. The characteristics, risks, and unmet needs of this population are described.An estimated 5.4 million Americans have AD, including approximately 200,000 age <65 years who comprise the younger‐onset AD population. Over the coming decades, the aging of the baby boom generation is projected to result in an additional 10 million people with AD. Today, someone in America develops AD every 68 seconds. By 2050, there is expected to be one new case of AD every 33 seconds, or nearly a million new cases per year, and AD prevalence is projected to be 11 million to 16 million. Dramatic increases in the number of “oldest‐old” (those age ≥85 years) across all racial and ethnic groups are expected to contribute to the increased prevalence of AD.AD is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death in Americans age ≥65 years. Although the proportions of deaths due to other major causes of death have decreased in the last several years, the proportion due to AD has risen significantly. Between 2000 and 2008, the proportion of deaths due to heart disease, stroke, and prostate cancer decreased by 13%, 20%, and 8%, respectively, whereas the proportion due to AD increased by 66%.In 2011, more than 15 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 17.4 billion hours of care to people with AD and other dementias, a contribution valued at more than $210 billion. Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age ≥65 years with AD and other dementias are three times as great as payments for beneficiaries without these conditions, and Medicaid payments are 19 times as great. In 2012, payments for health care, long‐term care, and hospice services for people age ≥65 years with AD and other dementias are expected to be $200 billion (not including the contributions of unpaid caregivers).An estimated 800,000 people with AD (one in seven) live alone, and up to half of them do not have an identifiable caregiver. People with dementia who live alone are exposed to risks that exceed the risks encountered by people with dementia who live with others, including inadequate self‐care, malnutrition, untreated medical conditions, falls, wandering from home unattended, and accidental deaths.
Turbulent mixing in a Richtmyer–Meshkov fluid layer after reshock: velocity and density statistics
Authors: Balakumar B. J. , Orlicz G. C. , Ristorcelli J. R. , Balasubramanian S. , Prestridge K. P. , Tomkins C. D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe properties of turbulent mixing in a Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) unstable fluid layer are studied under the impact of a single shock followed by a reshock wave using simultaneous velocity–density measurements to provide new insights into the physics of RM mixing. The experiments were conducted on a varicose ${\mathrm{SF} }_{6} $ fluid layer (heavy fluid) interposed in air (light fluid) inside a horizontal shock tube at an incident Mach number of 1.21 and a reflected reshock Mach number of 1.14. The light–heavy–light fluid layer is observed to develop a nonlinear growth pattern, with no transition to turbulence upon impact by a single shock (up to $tU/ \lambda = 23. 4$). However, upon reshock, enhanced mixing between the heavy and light fluids along with a transition to a turbulent state characterized by the generation of significant turbulent velocity fluctuations (${\sigma }_{u} / U\ensuremath{\sim} 0. 3$) is observed. The streamwise and spanwise root-mean-squared velocity fluctuation statistics show similar trends across the fluid layer after reshock, with no observable preference for the direction of the shock wave motion. The measured streamwise mass flux ($ \overline{{\rho }^{\ensuremath{\prime} } {u}^{\ensuremath{\prime} } } $) shows opposing signs on either side of the density peak within the fluid layer, consistent with the turbulent material transport being driven along the direction of the density gradient. Measurements of three of the six independent components of the general Reynolds stress tensor (${R}_{ij} = \overline{\rho { u}_{i}^{\ensuremath{\prime} \ensuremath{\prime} } { u}_{j}^{\ensuremath{\prime} \ensuremath{\prime} } } $) show that the self-correlation terms ${R}_{11} $ and ${R}_{22} $ are similar in magnitude across much of the fluid layer, and much larger than the cross-correlation term ${R}_{12} $. Most importantly, the Reynolds stresses (${R}_{ij} $) are dominated by the mean density, cross-velocity product term ($ \overline{\rho } \hspace{0.167em} \overline{{ u}_{i}^{\ensuremath{\prime} } { u}_{j}^{\ensuremath{\prime} } } $), with the mass flux product and triple correlation terms being negligibly smaller in comparison. A lack of homogeneous mixing (and, possibly, a long-term imprint of the initial conditions) is observed in the spanwise turbulent mass flux measurements, with important implications for the simulation and modelling of RM mixing flows.
Immune status is more affected by age than by carotenoid depletion–repletion in healthy human subjects
Authors: Farges Marie-Chantal , Minet-Quinard Régine , Walrand Stéphane , Thivat Emilie , Ribalta Josep , Winklhofer-Roob Brigitte , Rock Edmond , Vasson Marie-Paule 
Published: March 2012

Prospective studies have indicated an age-related impairment of the immune response. Carotenoids have been hypothesised to enhance immune cell function. The aim of the present study was to describe the age-related effects and the impact of in vivo dietary carotenoid depletion and repletion on specific and non-specific immunity. A total of ninety-eight healthy male subjects (aged 20–75 years) received a carotenoid-depleted diet for 3 weeks and were then supplemented daily for 5 weeks with 30 mg β-carotene, 15 mg lycopene and 9 mg lutein. Blood samples were collected at study entry, after depletion and supplementation, and biomarkers of immune status were determined. We found that serum IgA levels were positively correlated with ageing. Lymphocyte phenotyping indicated an increase with age in the memory T-helper cell subpopulation (CD4+CD45RO+) concomitantly with a decrease in naive T-helper cells (CD4+CD45RA+). A significant increase in the natural killer cells subpopulation and a small decrease in B lymphocytes were also observed, especially for the oldest volunteers. From ex vivo cell function exploration, a positive correlation was observed between age and IL-2 production of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Neutrophils' bactericidal activity was significantly impaired with age (from 50 years) and was modulated by carotenoid status. An age effect was found on neutrophils' spontaneous migration but not on directed migration. Immune response in healthy human subjects is mostly affected by age rather than by dietary carotenoid depletion and repletion. Even in carefully selected healthy volunteers, some age-related immune changes occur predominantly from 50 years onwards. This immunosenescence could generate a loss in the immune system adjustment capacity.
Further evidence and reflections on Joseph Elzéar Bernier's 1907 and 1909 sovereignty claims
Authors: Cavell Janice 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTFew aspects of Canada's Arctic sovereignty claims have been more misunderstood than the sector theory, which many writers believe originated with and was put forward on Canada's behalf (whether officially or unofficially) by explorer Joseph Elzéar Bernier. However, several Canadian government officials in the 1920s were both shrewd and accurate in their assessment of Bernier's pretensions. This note focuses on the views of civil servant Oswald Sterling Finnie, as recorded in previously unexamined government documents. In the years following Bernier's retirement from government service in 1925, the explorer embarked on a campaign to win the place in history he felt he deserved, only to be thwarted by Finnie and his colleagues. The note also clarifies the differences between Bernier's 1907 and 1909 sector claims and the official sector claim made in 1925.
A comparative analysis of pausing in child and adult storytelling
Authors: REDFORD MELISSA A. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe goals of the current study were (a) to assess differences in child and adult pausing and (b) to determine whether characteristics of child and adult pausing can be explained by the same language variables. Spontaneous speech samples were obtained from 10 5-year-olds and their accompanying parent using a storytelling/retelling task. Analyses of pause frequency, duration, variation in durations, and pause location indicated that pause time decreased with retelling, but not with age group except when child and adult pausing was considered in its speech and language context. The results suggest that differences in child and adult pausing reflect differences in child and adult language, not in the cognitive resources allocated to language production.
Proficiency and working memory based explanations for nonnative speakers’ sensitivity to agreement in sentence processing
Authors: COUGHLIN CAITLIN E. , TREMBLAY ANNIE 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis study examines the roles of proficiency and working memory (WM) capacity in second-/foreign-language (L2) learners’ processing of agreement morphology. It investigates the processing of grammatical and ungrammatical short- and long-distance number agreement dependencies by native English speakers at two proficiencies in French, and the relationship between their proficiency and WM capacity in French and their sensitivity to agreement violations. Native English speakers at mid- and high proficiencies in French and native French speakers completed an acceptability judgment task, a self-paced reading task, and a WM task in French, and the English speakers also completed a WM task in English. The results showed that whereas all participants performed at ceiling on the acceptability judgment tasks, only the high-level L2 learners and native speakers showed some sensitivity to number agreement violations. For L2 learners, this sensitivity did not vary as a function of the length of the agreement dependency. The results also indicated that L2 learners tended to be more sensitive to agreement violations as their WM memory capacity in French increased. The implications of these results for theories of L2 morphological processing are discussed.
Oral language skills of Spanish-speaking English language learners: The impact of high-quality native language exposure
Authors: GÁMEZ PERLA B. , LEVINE SUSAN C. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relation between young English language learners’ (ELL) native oral language skills and their language input in transitional bilingual education kindergarten classrooms. Spanish-speaking ELLs’ (n= 101) Spanish expressive language skills were assessed using the memory for sentences and picture vocabulary subtests of the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery—Revised. Samples of transitional bilingual education teachers’ (n= 21) speech were recorded and coded for syntactic complexity and vocabulary usage. Results revealed considerable variation in ELLs’ language scores, with overall performance below the normative sample. There was also wide variation in teachers’ speech across classrooms. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that gains in ELLs’ expressive language skills were positively related to the diversity of teachers’ vocabulary and teachers’ syntactic complexity. These findings suggest that the quality of teachers’ language input, not just the quantity of their input, plays a significant role in the language learning trajectories of ELLs.