bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OVERCOMING THE MARITAL PRESUMPTION*
Authors: Jacobs Melanie B. 
Published: April 2012

Parentage law is heavily influenced by the number “two.” The traditional paradigm of one mother and one father, especially a married mother and father, has been a bedrock of Western society. In recent decades, however, the traditional two parent paradigm has started to erode and courts have responded. For example, some courts have held that a child can have two legal parents of the same sex. In other cases, a child has been deemed to have just one legal parent and yet in others, even three legal parents. These cases highlight shifts within the law of parentage that have occurred as the nuclear family has decreased in prominence and as the use of assisted reproductive technologies has changed the ways in which families are created. I have previously advocated for the expansion of legal parentage to persons not traditionally considered a legal parent, such as the lesbian partner of a legal mother. I have also suggested that, in limited circumstances, courts consider conferring legal parentage in more than two adults who are raising a child including recognizing that a child might have two fathers. In my home state of Michigan, the traditional two parent paradigm is firmly entrenched as illustrated, in part, by the state's strict marital presumption, which does not permit a putative father the ability to challenge the husband's paternity. About one‐fifth of U.S. jurisdictions have a similarly strict marital presumption. In this short essay, I criticize the lingering marital presumption and use the critique to illustrate broader inconsistencies within the law of parentage. I also make some modest suggestions for parentage law reform.Key Points for the Family Law Community:
Family law should embrace changing family forms and recognize more than two legal parents for some children.
The marital presumption, while historically expedient, should be replaced with an intent and function based assumption of parentage.
Beach Morphodynamics in Australia 1970s–2010
Authors: SHORT ANDREW D. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA seminal publication by Wright and Thom on coastal morphodynamics followed by a detailed yet expansive range of beach field experiments resulted in the publication of Wright and Short, which presented a fresh morphodynamic approach to the study of beaches. The development of the morphodynamic approach to coastal systems had its origin at Louisiana State University in the 1960–1970s, where Thom, Wright, and Short were students during this period. On their respective returns to Australia in the 1970s, they utilised the vast Australian coastal environment to apply this approach across a wide range of coastal settings and time frames developing the now universal wave‐dominated beach model, followed later by tide‐modified and tide‐dominated beach models, as well as a fresh approach to dunes, barriers, estuaries, and the shoreface. This paper reviews the emergence of the morphodynamic approach in Australia and its subsequent impacts.
Prevalence and severity of dental caries among American Indian and Alaska Native preschool children
Authors: Phipps Kathy R. , Ricks Timothy L. , Manz Michael C. , Blahut Patrick 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectives: To describe the Indian Health Service (IHS) oral health surveillance system and the oral health status of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) children aged 1‐5 years.Methods: A stratified probability sample of IHS/tribal sites was selected. Children were screened by trained examiners at community‐based locations including medical clinics, Head Start, preschools, kindergarten, and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Data collection was limited to the primary dentition and included number of teeth present plus number of teeth with cavitated lesions, restorations, and extracted because of decay. Number of molars with sealants and urgency of need for dental care data were also obtained. Statistical analyses were performed with SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Sample weights were used to produce population estimates based on selection probabilities.Results: A total of 8,461 AI/AN children 12‐71 months of age were screened at 63 IHS/tribal sites, approximately 7 percent of the estimated IHS user population of the same age. Overall, 54 percent of the children had decay experience, 39 percent had untreated decay, 7 percent had primary molar sealants, 36 percent needed early or urgent dental care, and 6 percent needed urgent dental care. The mean of decayed, missing, or filled teeth was 3.5 (95 percent confidence interval, 3.1‐3.9). The prevalence of decay experience increased with age; 21 percent of 1‐year‐olds and 75 percent of 5‐year‐olds had a history of caries. When stratified by IHS area, there were substantial differences in the oral health of preschool children.Conclusions: The results confirm that in the United States, AI/AN children served by IHS/tribal programs are one of the racial/ethnic groups at highest risk of caries.
Inflammasome polymorphisms confer susceptibility to sporadic malignant melanoma
Authors: Verma Deepti , Bivik Cecilia , Farahani Ensieh , Synnerstad Ingrid , Fredrikson Mats , Enerbäck Charlotta , Rosdahl Inger , Söderkvist Peter 
Published: April 2012

SummaryGenetic variants of NLRP3 and NLRP1 are known to modulate levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1β. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of NLRP3/NLRP1 polymorphisms with susceptibility and clinical features of malignant melanoma in a Swedish case–control study. Common variants in NLRP3/NLRP1 were investigated in sporadic malignant melanoma patients and healthy controls followed by analysis using logistic regression. NLRP3 variant (rs35829419) was significantly more common in male patients than in controls (OR, 2.22; CI, 1.27–3.86). Upon stratification, significant association with nodular melanoma was observed (OR, 2.89; CI, 1.33–6.30), which intensified in male patients (OR 4.03, CI 1.40–11.59). The NLRP1 variant (rs12150220) was significantly more common in fair‐skinned female patients (OR, 1.85; CI, 1.04–3.33) and showed strong associations with nodular melanoma (OR, 6.03; CI, 1.33–25). Our data suggest that NLRP3/NLRP1 polymorphisms are associated with melanoma susceptibility; these findings warrant validation in other independent populations.
Light on the Horizont: biologicals in Behçet uveitis
Authors: Hazirolan Dicle , Stübiger Nicole , Pleyer Uwe 
Published: April 2012

Abstract.Relapsing ocular involvement is one of the major manifestations in Behçet disease (BD). When ocular BD is left untreated, it often results in blindness in <5 years. Combining systemic corticosteroids with cyclosporine A and other conventional immune modulating agents has been the only choice for treatment. More recently, the introduction of ‘biologics’ seems to be an effective therapy in patients affected with BD, especially in those with ocular disease. Our purpose was to survey the current knowledge regarding the biological therapeutic approaches for Behçet uveitis. We focused on the most commonly used biological agents: ‘tumor necrosis factor‐alpha antagonists’ and ‘interferon alpha’. We attempted to compare the effectiveness of these two biologicals and tried to balance on the pros and cons of these agents in clinical practice. The impressive efficacy of both approaches in sight‐threatening BD argues for their expanding role. Earlier introduction of these agents in the course of disease may prevent irreversible structural damage and may result in improved long‐term prognosis.
Bone marrow cells and CD117‐positive haematopoietic stem cells promote corneal wound healing
Authors: Sel Saadettin , Schilling Ulf M. , Nass Norbert , Simm Andreas , Garreis Fabian , Knak Matthias , Storsberg Joachim , Kaiser Maja , Kalinski Thomas , Ehrich Dirk , Bredehorn‐Mayr Timm , Paulsen Friedrich 
Published: April 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  The present study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of topically applied bone marrow (BM) cells and CD117‐positive haematopoietic stem (CD117+) cells on alkali‐induced corneal ulcers.Methods:  Bone marrow cells and CD117+ cells were isolated from syngenic mice and labelled with an intracellular cell tracer. Defined corneal wounds were produced in 89 eyes of syngenic mice and allowed to partially heal in vivo for 6 hr. The alkali‐burned eyes were enucleated 6 hr postinjury and randomly divided into three groups. Control group (33 eyes) was incubated with medium only. The treatment groups received either BM cells (30 eyes) or CD117+ cells (26 eyes) suspended in medium. Re‐epithelialization process of corneal defects was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed and statistically analysed. The corneas were examined by histological and immunohistochemical methods.Results:  We found that the re‐epithelialization of corneal wounds in both treatment groups was significantly accelerated as compared to the control group. During the follow‐up period (85 hr), the corneal transparency was comparable in all groups. Morphological investigations of corneas from control and treatment group showed no evident differences in the phenotype of the regenerated epithelium. Additionally, corneas in the treatment groups were devoid of donor‐derived BM cells and CD117+ cells, respectively.Conclusions:  This study provides evidence that topical application of BM cells or CD117+ cells can be used to reconstruct corneal surfaces. Because neither BM cells nor CD117+ cells were integrated into the corneal epithelium, we suggest that soluble factors could be responsible for the positive effect of BM cells and CD117+ cells on corneal wound healing.
Optimal Dosages of Fluoxetine in the Treatment of Hypoxic Brain Injury Induced by 3‐Nitropropionic Acid: Implications for the Adjunctive Treatment of Patients after Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Zhu Bing‐Gen , Sun Yan , Sun Zhi‐Qi , Yang Guang , Zhou Cheng‐Hao , Zhu Rong‐Shen 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARY AimThe serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (Flx) has tried to treat patients suffered acute ischemic stroke because of its possible neuroprotective actions. However, besides the neuroprotective effect, Flx at high concentration also induces some actions in contradiction to neuroprotection in the brain. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Flx presents neuroprotective effect against 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NP)‐induced hypoxic brain injury, and what is the most suitable dosage of Flx.MethodsMouse model was established by subacute systemic administration of 3‐NP. Rotarod and pole tests were used to evaluate motor deficit. The oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage were assessed respectively by measuring malondialdehyde and 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine content in brain homogenates.ResultsAccording to measurements in the rotarod test, 7 days pretreatment plus 5 days treatment of Flx at low (2.5 mg/kg/day) and, to a lesser degree, medium (5 mg/kg/day) doses exerted a rapid and strong protection against the neurotoxicity induced by 3‐NP, whereas Flx at high dose (10mg/kg/day) showed a much late and light effect. Similarly, in the pole test, Flx at 2.5 mg/kg/day had the strongest protective effects. Again, only Flx administration at 2.5 mg/kg/day canceled out the enhancement of malondialdehyde and 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine in striatum following 3‐NP neurotoxication.ConclusionsFlx attenuated the motor deficits induced by 3‐NP in a dose‐dependent manner. In contrary to the high dose, Flx at the lower doses had a more remarkable effect against 3‐NP insult, similar to acute ischemic stroke.
Effect of Intravesical Prostatic Protrusion on the Characteristics of Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Change after 12‐Week Drug Medication: A Prospective Analysis
Authors: PARK Hyoung Keun , CHOO Gwoan Youb , CHUNG Hong , PAICK Sung Hyun , KIM Hyeong Gon , KIM Hong Sup , LHO Yong Soo , HONG Woo Sung , YANG Sang‐Kuk 
Published: April 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify whether intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) is related to the characteristics of voiding symptoms improvement after drug treatment in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.Methods: Ninety male patients with more than 30 g prostate volume were prospectively enrolled. All patients were evaluated with International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), uroflowmetry, postvoid residual urine (PVR), prostate volume and IPP measurement by transrectal ultrasound. Treatment response was evaluated again by IPSS after 12 weeks of medication. We evaluated the correlation of IPP and IPSS, quality of life (QoL) score, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) and PVR, and compared IPPS and IPSS subscale score change between the IPP and non‐IPP groups.Results: IPP was significantly correlated with total IPSS, voiding/storage symptom subscore and PVR. IPP was inversely correlated with Qmax. IPP showed a significant correlation with storage symptoms after an adjustment of prostate volume. After 12 weeks of medication, the IPP group showed persistently high storage symptoms than the non‐IPP group.Conclusion: BPH patients with IPP showed less improvement of storage symptoms after 12 weeks of medication. This study suggests that IPP may be a possible cause of intractable storage symptoms in early treatment.
Negative affect among undergraduates: Why are higher levels reported by Asian students?
Authors: Found Andrew , Cheong Hoi Ieng , Duarte Carlos 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroductionThe higher level of negative affect reported by Asian undergraduates was investigated in relation to a range of demographic and other factors.MethodsA survey of 279 Chinese undergraduates in Macau measured negative affect using the Chinese version of the short form of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS‐21).ResultsHigh levels of negative affect among Asian respondents were confirmed. No significant difference related to gender, year of study and origin (local to Macau or from Mainland China) was evident. However, living circumstances, difficulties in making friends, language issues, financial concerns and perceived lack of parental support were identified as exerting a significant influence on levels of negative affect.DiscussionThese results indicate a cross‐cultural difference in levels of negative affect with clinical implications.
Rural Community Perspectives on Preparedness and Adaptation to Climate‐Change and Demographic Pressure
Authors: Mayagoitia Laura , Hurd Brian , Rivera José , Guldan Steve 
Published: April 2012

Abstract:This study investigates local‐scale adaptation and long‐run capacity building in acequia communities in Northern New Mexico, where there is a long record of resilience and adaptive capacity spanning more than four centuries. These communities may be particularly vulnerable to current stresses from population growth, changing community composition, and projections of water scarcity that are expected to accompany long‐run climatic changes. This paper uses a survey approach to explore factors and community characteristics that contribute to community adaptation, the level and extent of community preparedness, and the preferred community actions to cope with stresses and disturbances. Key findings suggest that land ownership and acequias’ attachment to water and community have helped these communities cope with environmental and community‐based stresses. Results showed divided opinions regarding the degree of “perceived preparedness” and “perceived vulnerability” to disturbances such as population change and growth, aggressive regional development, economic hardships, and droughts.
Combined Spatial Limitation around Residues 16 and 108 of Plasmodium falciparum Dihydrofolate Reductase Explains Resistance to Cycloguanil
Authors: Vanichtanankul Jarunee , Taweechai Supannee , Uttamapinant Chayasith , Chitnumsub Penchit , Vilaivan Tirayut , Yuthavong Yongyuth , Kamchonwongpaisan Sumalee 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Natural mutations of
Plasmodium falciparum
dihydrofolate reductase (
Pf
DHFR) at A16V and S108T specifically confer resistance to cycloguanil (CYC) but not to pyrimethamine (PYR). In order to understand the nature of CYC resistance, the effects of various mutations at A16 on substrate and inhibitor binding were examined. Three series of mutations at A16 with or without the S108T/N mutation were generated. Only three mutants with small side chains at residue 16 (G, C, and S) were viable from bacterial complementation assay in the S108 series, whereas these three and an additional four mutants (T, V, M, and I) with slightly larger side chains were viable with simultaneous S108T mutation. Among these combinations, the A16V+S108T mutant was the most CYC resistant, and all of the S108T series ranged from being highly to moderately sensitive to PYR. In the S108N series, a strict requirement for alanine was observed at position 16. Crystal structure analyses reveal that in
Pf
DHFR-TS variant T9/94 (A16V+S108T) complexed with CYC, the ligand has substantial steric conflicts with the side chains of both A16V and S108T, whereas in the complex with PYR, the ligand only showed mild conflict with S108T. CYC analogs designed to avoid such conflicts improved the binding affinity of the mutant enzymes. These results show that there is greater spatial limitation around the S108T/N residue when combined with the limitation imposed by A16V. The limitation of mutation of this series provides opportunities for drug design and development against antifolate-resistant malaria.
Impact of First-Line Antifungal Agents on the Outcomes and Costs of Candidemia
Authors: Ha Young Eun , Peck Kyong Ran , Joo Eun-Jeong , Kim Shin Woo , Jung Sook-In , Chang Hyun Ha , Park Kyong Hwa , Han Sang Hoon 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Candida
species are the leading causes of invasive fungal infection among hospitalized patients and are responsible for major economic burdens. The goals of this study were to estimate the costs directly associated with the treatment of candidemia and factors associated with increased costs, as well as the impact of first-line antifungal agents on the outcomes and costs. A retrospective study was conducted in a sample of 199 patients from four university-affiliated tertiary care hospitals in Korea over 1 year. Only costs attributable to the treatment of candidemia were estimated by reviewing resource utilization during treatment. Risk factors for increased costs, treatment outcome, and hospital length of stay (LOS) were analyzed. Approximately 65% of the patients were treated with fluconazole, and 28% were treated with conventional amphotericin B. The overall treatment success rate was 52.8%, and the 30-day mortality rate was 47.9%. Hematologic malignancy, need for mechanical ventilation, and treatment failure of first-line antifungal agents were independent risk factors for mortality. The mean total cost for the treatment of candidemia was $4,743 per patient. Intensive care unit stay at candidemia onset and antifungal switch to second-line agents were independent risk factors for increased costs. The LOS was also significantly longer in patients who switched antifungal agents to second-line drugs. Antifungal switch to second-line agents for any reasons was the only modifiable risk factor of increased costs and LOS. Choosing an appropriate first-line antifungal agent is crucial for better outcomes and reduced hospital costs of candidemia.
A Pharmacodynamic Model of Ganciclovir Antiviral Effect and Toxicity for Lymphoblastoid Cells Suggests a New Dosing Regimen To Treat Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Janoly-Dumenil Audrey , Rouvet Isabelle , Bleyzac Nathalie , Morfin Florence , Zabot Marie-Therese , Tod Michel 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn bone marrow transplantation, the efficacy of ganciclovir in cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease treatment or prophylaxis remains partial. Because its hematological toxicity is dose limiting, optimization of the dosing schedule is required to increase its therapeutic index. The goal of our study was to describe the influence of the ganciclovir concentration and duration of exposure on cell survival and antiviral efficacy. The study was carried outin vitroon cultures of lymphoblastoid cells infected or not with the CMV AD169 reference strain and exposed to ganciclovir at different concentrations for 1, 2, 7, or 14 days. The data were analyzed by a mathematical model that allowed a quantitative characterization of ganciclovir pharmacodynamics and its variability. Simulations of the model were undertaken to determine the optimal concentration profile for maximizing the ganciclovir therapeutic index. Ganciclovir had very little toxic and antiviral effect, even at 20 mg liter−1, when the duration of exposure was ≤7 days. A biologically significant effect was observed only with a 14-day exposure. Complete inhibition of viral replication was obtained at 20 mg liter−1. The utility function, assuming equal weights for antiviral effect and toxicity, showed that maximal utility was reached around 10 mg liter−1. The optimal ganciclovir concentration profile consisted of maintaining the concentration at 20 mg liter−1at the intervals 0 to 2 days and 7.58 to 9.58 days and a null concentration at other times. This optimal profile could be obtained by intravenous (i.v.) ganciclovir at 10 mg/kg of body weight twice daily (b.i.d.) at days 1, 2, 8.5, and 9.5 in stem cell transplant patients with normal renal function.
The A Subunit of Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Functions as a Mucosal Adjuvant and Promotes IgG2a, IgA, and Th17 Responses to Vaccine Antigens
Authors: Norton Elizabeth B. , Lawson Louise B. , Mahdi Zaid , Freytag Lucy C. , Clements John D. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTEnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) produces both heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins and is a major cause of diarrhea in infants in developing countries and in travelers to those regions. In addition to inducing fluid secretion, LT is a powerful mucosal adjuvant capable of promoting immune responses to coadministered antigens. In this study, we examined purified A subunit to further understand the toxicity and adjuvanticity of LT. Purified A subunit was enzymatically active but sensitive to proteolytic degradation and unable to bind gangliosides, and even in the presence of admixed B subunit, it displayed low cyclic AMP (cAMP) induction and no enterotoxicity. Thus, the AB5 structure plays a key role in protecting the A subunit from proteolytic degradation and in delivering the enzymatic signals required for secretion. In contrast, the A subunit alone was capable of activating dendritic cells and enhanced immune responses to multiple antigens following intranasal immunization; therefore, unlike toxicity, LT adjuvanticity is not dependent on the AB5 holotoxin structure or the presence of the B subunit. However, immune responses were maximal when signals were received from both subunits either in an AB5 structure or with A and B admixed. Furthermore, the quality of the immune response (i.e., IgG1/IgG2 balance and mucosal IgA and IL-17 secretion) was determined by the presence of an A subunit, revealing for the first time induction of Th17 responses with the A subunit alone. These results have important implications for understanding ETEC pathogenesis, unraveling immunologic responses induced by LT-based adjuvants, and developing new mucosal vaccines.