bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nation's water picture
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The nation's water picture improved somewhat in the north central and northeastern United States during May, but below normal water resources conditions persist in the Southeast and parts of the Midwest, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.USGS hydrologists said May streamflow averaged well below normal—within the lowest 25% of record—at half of the 162 key index stations reporting from across the country. These extreme low flows were reported in all or parts of 33 states and were concentrated in a wide band from Virginia west through Tennessee and south to Florida and Mississippi.
Langley Medal awarded
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Robert Thomas Jones, senior scientist at the Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif., was awarded the distinguished Langley Medal by the Smithsonian Institution for his ‘extensive contributions in theoretical aerodynamics, particularly with regard to development of the swept wing, supersonic area rule and, more recently, the oblique wing.’ Jones is an internationally acclaimed expert on aerodynamics, optics, and biomechanics as well as an applied mathematician, astronomer, inventor, author, and violin maker.The Langley award has been given to just 16 recipients since it was established 73 years ago. Past recipients include Wilbur and Orville Wright, Charles Lindbergh, and Richard Byrd. Named for Samuel Pierpont Langley, aeronautical pioneer and third secretary of the Smithsonian, the medal honors ‘especially meritorious investigations in the field of aerospace science.’
Nominations for new VGP award sought
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

At the 1981 Spring Meeting in Baltimore, the VGP Executive Committee voted to establish a VGP Award. The guidelines for the award are as follows:The award is to be given for a single outstanding contribution to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology made during the preceding 5 years. The contribution may be: (1) a single outstanding paper published in any journal; (2) a series of papers which, taken together, constitute an outstanding contribution; and (3) any other contribution that the Selection Committee considers worthy. The award will be accompanied by a suitable certificate, with the recipient's name and year of award, signed by the president of the VGP Section.
Membership growth high
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

AGU's membership increased by 114.5% during the last 20 years—from 6200 members in 1960 to 13,300 in 1980—while the number of all natural and physical scientists grew 94.2%. The figures are from a survey of the membership growth pattern of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), seven affiliated organizations, and six AAAS sections.Members of AAAS more than doubled (growth of 111.9%) between 1960 and 1980, the survey showed. The biological sciences section had the biggest growth spurt (up 776.5%), and the mathematics section had the smallest (up 4.3%).
Looking for a change of climate? Computers make long‐time comparisons possible
Authors: Posey C. J. 
Published: October 2011

With the increasing mobility of our population, climate is becoming more of a factor in deciding where to look for a new job or a good place for retirement. If a new location turns out to be no improvement, the young can try another one. The elderly must be more careful. The place they liked best during vacations may not be so good during the rest of the year.By noticing news media reports of temperatures and precipitation, one can gain some idea of the weather at various locations in the United States. To take into account the many other elements that affect individual preferences, trial residence for a whole year would seem to be necessary (difficult to arrange for most of us). Even this might not be enough, for there are both good years and bad years everywhere.
Gulf of Mexico Model confirmed
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A model of the origin and evolution of the Gulf of Mexico has been substantially confirmed by core samples taken from the Gulf floor by the Glomar Challenger, according to Richard T. Buffler of the University of Texas at Austin and Wolfgang Schlager of the University of Miami, co‐chief scientists of the research vessel's leg 77.Analysis of samples taken from six sites in the southeastern area of the Gulf shows that the Gulf of Mexico originated in much the same way and almost simultaneously with the North Atlantic Ocean. Until recently, the Gulf's origin did not fit the commonly accepted model of ocean evolution, explained Buffler.
Space telescope shaped and polished
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Shaping and polishing of the 94‐inch‐diameter (2.4‐m) primary mirror for the Space Telescope has been completed at the Danbury, Connecticut, facility of the Perkin‐Elmer Corp. The mirror surface has been completed to a perfection that deviates, at any point on the surface, less than one‐millionth of an inch from an ideally perfect surface. The primary mirror is the main optical component of the Optical Telescope Assembly (OTA), a major element of the Space Telescope.The 12‐ton unmanned telescope will be placed in circular Earth orbit by the space shuttle in early 1985 and will have an initial altitude of 600 km, putting it well above the interfering haze of Earth's atmosphere. It will enable an investigator to collect data seven times farther into space than now possible—as much as 14 billion light‐years—and to observe some 350 times more volume of visible space. The telescope will be able to see stars and galaxies which are as much as 50 times fainter than can now be observed from Earth‐based telescopes.
WINDSAT: Space wind sensor to be tested
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A new wind sensor system is being tested on a mesa north of Boulder, Colo., by a team led by Freeman Hall of the Wave Propagation Laboratory. If the tests are successful, a more advanced version of the system may be tried out late in this decade on the Space Shuttle. The system's ultimate destiny would be aboard a proposed satellite called WINDSAT.Global wind measurements are a vital but missing link in efforts to improve long‐range weather forecasting. Present upper‐air wind measurements, mostly by instrumented balloons, are too limited, and there is a need for an extended method.
Highlights: Spring Council Meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Council members present at the May 24, 1981, meeting were Keiiti Aki, Steven Burges (for Jim Wallis), Peter S. Eagleson, E. R. Engdahl, Charles E. Helsley, James R. Heirtzler, Carl Kisslinger, Leslie H. Meredith, Chris N. K. Mooers, Norman F. Ness, Marcia M. Neugebauer, James J. O'Brien, Richard Rapp, Carl Sagan, James C. Savage, Joseph V. Smith, Fred Spilhaus, Donald L. Turcotte, James A. Van Allen, J. Tuzo Wilson, and Jay Winston (for Elmar R. Reiter until his arrival at 6:50 P.M.). David Strangway, representing the Canadian Geophysical Union, and Peter Steinhauser, representing the European Geophysical Society, were special observers at the meeting. Council meetings are open, and a number of section secretaries, committee chairmen, journal editors, and other members attended. The following major actions were adopted by the Council:The experiment of publishing oceanography and lower‐atmosphere papers in JGR Green issues alternate to those containing upper‐atmosphere papers will be continued through 1982. From preliminary indications the experiment seems to be working, but a full year of data, including a renewal cycle, is needed to assess the success of the experiment. Final decision will be made prior to the 1983 dues notices.
AGU awards the Twentieth Presentation of the James B. Macelwane Award to Ronald J. Prinn, David Southwood, and Donald J. Weidner
Authors: Walker James C. G. , Cicerone Ralph J. , Prinn Ronald G. , Russell Christopher T. , Southwood David , Ahrens Thomas J. , Weidner Donald J. 
Published: October 2011

Mr. President, ladies, and gentlemen: We are honoring tonight a young scientist who combines an unusually broad knowledge of the chemistry and dynamics of planetary atmospheres with a healthy skepticism regarding established dogma and a marvelous ability to shrug off the displeasure of established dogmatists.Ron Prinn's theoretical research has significantly influenced our understanding of the terrestrial stratosphere as well as the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter. Since 1980, when he joined the Department of Meteorology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he has been a leading participant in collaborative efforts to develop numerical models of the stratosphere combining comprehensive chemistry with realistic dynamics. Such models have been a rich source of controversy in our continuing efforts to predict man's potential impact on the ozone layer. Prinn's work on the chemistry of sulfur gases in the atmosphere of Venus, published in 1973 and 1975, foreshadowed the explosive growth of interest in the sulfur chemistry of the terrestrial atmosphere. By delimiting conditions for the predominance of either sulfur or sulfuric acid in the clouds of Venus, his work provided a basis for the interpretation of Pioneer Venus data. It was Prinn who suggested that the spectacular dark markings on ultraviolet images of Venus are caused by sulfur. More recently he has discussed the contribution of phosphorus to the color of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. Not forsaking the mother planet, he is currently engaged in efforts to determine from field measurements whether there is any truth in the well‐established theory that freon, methyl chloroform, and nitrous oxide are chemically inert in the troposphere.
An investment in AGU—A comment from a federal scientist
Authors: Ostenso Ned A. 
Published: October 2011

In our country, progress in the geophysical sciences has been closely interwoven with progress of the many geophysical activities within the federal government. Substantial numbers of geophysicists traditionally have found their life's work in the ranks of the federal service, where they pursue scientific advancement in their field of work, in laboratory research, and in the management of geophysical science programs.To this large body of scientists the American Geophysical Union has always been a helpful and needed scientific organization. Access to high‐quality journals is undoubtedly 1985 the most useful and cherished AGU benefit provided to the federal employees. Next in importance may be the many, many benefits that come by participation in the AGU scientific meetings. This is followed by opportunities afforded federal scientists to serve in policy and administrative roles on the committees and council of the Union. These AGU benefits, and many more not enumerated here, can bring an abundance of national recognition, intellectual maturity, and self‐esteem to federal scientists, thus encouraging us to become better scientists and more proficient employees.
Peru earthquake prediction update
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Brian Brady of the U.S. Bureau of Mines has altered his prediction that three major earthquakes will rock Lima, Peru, this summer (Eos, March 31). He had predicted that a magnitude 7.5–8.0 event would occur on or about June 28, followed by a magnitude 9.2 event (Kanamori scale) on or about August 10, and a magnitude 9.9 event on or about September 16. No such earthquake occurred in June.Without the occurrence of the first quake, the other two ‘are very improbable,’ Brady told Eos. He communicated the update in a personal letter to Alberto Giesecke, the retired head of the Peruvian Geophysical Institute. Brady said he has not made a substitute specific prediction.
Ganymede: Cat's Cradle of the Ices
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The Jovian satellite Ganymede is composed of ice and silicate minerals. According to a recent analysis (Nature, 292, 225–227, 1981) by French geochemists J. P. Poirier, C. Satin, and J. Peyronneau of the University of Paris, the ice forms of Ganymede may have undergone a complex pressure‐temperature history. The mechanism proposed solid state convection of high‐pressure phases of H20 driven by heat from radioactive decay of U, Th, and K contained in Ganymede's ‘hard rocks.’ Poirier and his colleagues describe the geologic history of Ganymede as a passage of the ices, from Ice 1 to Ice 8, through the web of phase boundaries in pressure‐temperature space.Viscosity is the clue, it seems. Poirier et al. made visual observations with a ruby‐window, high‐pressure apparatus positioned for viewing under a microscope. Tap water contained in the sample chamber was frozen directly to Ice 6 by the application of pressure alone, at room temperature. Poirier et al. observed the Ice 6 crystals growing, and then undergoing a creep‐flow process over a period of 17 minutes or so, along a superimposed pressure gradient. The Ice 6 crystals were photographed and their positions noted by precise markers.
Geobarometers clarify crustal doubling
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Two University of Chicago geochemists report what they believe is confirming evidence for the crustal‐doubling theory. The theory, which could explain the great height of the Himalayas, says that parts of several continents were once buried to a depth of 35 km, the entire thickness of the earth's crust.Robert C. Newton, professor of geology, and Dexter Perkins III, a postdoctoral research associate, report in an article in the July 15 Nature that they have developed geobarometers, or formulas, that relate the compositions of minerals in rock to the pressure at which the rock crystallized. By determining the pressure, they can calculate the depth at which the rocks were formed. Newton and Perkins base their work on granulite rocks (found in Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia), which contain pyroxenes, plagioclase, garnet, and quartz. Thermodynamic measurements, taken over a period of years by Newton and Ole J. Kleppa, a physical chemist at Chicago, were used to derive the geobarometers.
Bachelor's Degree Salary Report
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

An update on salary offers to graduating college seniors indicates sharp increases for those with bachelor's degrees in engineering and science, according to the College Placement Council.Students majoring in petroleum engineering draw the top offers: $26,652 per annum, an 11.8% increase; some offers even topped $30,000 per year! Second‐ranked chemical engineering, at $24,360, experienced a 12.7% gain. Since the July 1980 report, increases in average salary offers for the 11 bachelor's level engineering disciplines ranged from 10% to 14%.
NOAA starts oceanographpy publication
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A new NOAA publication entitled Oceanographic Monthly Summary began in January. The publication, edited by Steve Auer, replaced two other NOAA periodicals, Gulfstream and Fishing Information, and it will attempt to disseminate the monthly oceanographic information in a more timely and efficient manner than did the other two publications.Oceanographic Monthly Summary contains 15 sea surface temperature (SST) analyses, 3 oceanographic thermal feature analyses, and a Bering Sea/North Slope ice analysis. The SST analyses include monthly means, anomalies, and yearly changes for the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the Gulf of Mexico in both 2 and 1 degrees latitude/longitude scales. The ocean feature analyses show and describe the monthly activity of the Gulf Stream system and its associated eddies for the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico aswell as other observed thermal features for the western U.S. coast. The Bering Sea/North Slope ice analysis describes sea ice age, thickness, and coverage for the region.The National Weather Service and the National Earth Satellite Service jointly sponsor the publication.
Arctic ice core: Clue to ancient climates
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

An international team of researchers recently drilled 2,037 m to bedrock in the Greenland Ice Sheet and extracted the longest ice core ever retrieved in the arctic region, according to information from the National Science Foundation. The core, from a site called Dye 3 in southeastern Greenland, will enable scientists to learn more about the climates and environments that existed during the past 100,000 years. The cores will be examined for traces of repetitive climate cycles; from these studies, projections may be made on future climate.The Dye 3 drilling project is the second one in which bedrock was reached in Greenland. In 1966, a 1,387 m core was extracted at the Camp Century site in northwestern Greenland. A longer core (2,164 m) was obtained in Antarctica at Byrd Station.
Research planned for marginal ice zones
Authors: Muench Robin , Untersteiner Norbert 
Published: October 2011

World interest in and awareness of the polar regions has developed at an accelerated pace over the past decade. This interest has stemmed from a variety of factors, including increased resource utilization, increased use of polar seas as shipping corridors, and a growing realization that sea ice must be incorporated into any viable global climate prediction scheme. In the 1970s this interest led to implementation of such programs as the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) and the Arctic Data Buoy Programs, all of which addressed oceanographic and sea ice problems in the central Arctic Basin.The more difficult, and possibly more significant, problems remain, however, those concerning the variable extents of the sea ice fields in both hemispheres. These variations occur with the greatest intensity in the marginal ice zones, where the floating ice, oceans, and atmospheres are in continual physical contact and dynamic interaction. This realization led the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1974 to recommend commencement of theoretical and field programs that would address marginal ice zone problems by the late 1970s. Similar recommendations were adopted by the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) a few years following the NAS statement. Most recently, the World Meteorological Organization has reiterated the significance of the marginal ice zones in influencing climate and has recommended implementation of a study program.
Ariane: NASA's European rival
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The successful test launch of two three‐quarter ton satellites in the European Space Agency's (ESA) Ariane rocket last June firmly placed ESA in competition with NASA for the lucrative and growing satellite launching market. Under the auspices of the private (but largely French‐government financed) Arianespace company, ESA is already attracting customers to its three‐stage rocket by offering low costs.According to recent reports [Nature, 292, pp. 785 and 788, 1981], Arianespace has been able to win several U.S. customers away from NASA, including Southern Pacific Communications, Western Union, RCA, Satellite Television Corporation, and GTE. Nature [292, 1981] magazine in an article entitled ‘More Trouble for the Hapless Shuttle’ suggests that it will be possible for Ariane to charge lower prices for a launch than NASA, even with the space shuttle.
Galileo mission to Jupiter
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Jupiter has been visited four times: by Pioneers 10 and 11 in 1973 and 1974 and Voyagers 1 and 2 in 1979. Data from those missions will be expanded by the Galileo mission in 1985, which will be the first entry probe into Jupiter's atmosphere. Galileo will also include an orbiting observatory that will provide long‐term detailed studies of the entire Jupiter system.Components for the Galileo spacecraft, which consists of the orbiter and the entry probe, are nearing completion. The development model for the heat shield on the probe recently passed tests at the NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. NASA says that approximately 95% of the flight parts have been delivered, and the design for the two parts of the spacecraft and the mission are nearing completion.
Adopted: A practical salinity scale
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Unesco/ICES/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards has recommended the adoption of a Practical Salinity Scale, 1978, and a corresponding new International Equation of State of Seawater, 1980. A full account of the research leading to their recommendation is available in the series Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science.The parent organizations have accepted the panel's recommendations and have set January 1, 1982, as the date when the new procedures, formulae, and tables should replace those now in use.
SMM detects new reactions in solar flares
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

A gamma ray and neutron spectrometer instrument built at the University of New Hampshire under direction of Edward L. Chupp has detected several important new kinds of emissions from solar flares. The instrument was launched Feb. 14, 1980 on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite. Chupp reports that during a major flare on June 21, 1980, his experiment made the first clear observations of neutrons reaching the earth from a solar flare.Neutrons are neutral subatomic particles created in nuclear reactions with flares. Free neutrons decay spontaneously into protons and electrons in about 15 minutes, so only very high speed neutrons can reach the earth at all, as light takes about 8 minutes to reach the earth from the sun. In the June 21 flare an intense burst of gamma rays, lasting about 1 minute, was followed by a 20‐min stream of neutrons. This particular flare was probably the most intense to occur during this solar cycle.
Graduate enrollment in oceanography
Authors: Hollister Charles D. , Sclater John G. 
Published: October 2011

Excellent job opportunities exist for well‐trained Ph.D. graduates in marine geology, geophysics, chemistry, dynamical‐physical oceanography, and oceanographic engineering.This was one conclusion the deans of various schools of oceanography reached at a conference that included deans from Dalhousie University, Florida State University, the University of Hawaii, the University of Miami, Oregon State University, the University of Rhode Island, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Texas A & M University, the University of Washington, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography. The results of this effort, combined with some of our own notions, form the basis of this short report. We hope that these thoughts will serve as a discussion base for more in‐depth reflections.
Salt disposal effects found small
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Brine discharges into the Gulf of Mexico averaging more than 600,000 barrels per day for the past year have had ‘few significant effects‘ on the marine environment off the Texas coast, according to a preliminary analysis by scientists and engineers at the Texas A&M University. The brine, 8 times saltier than the surrounding seawater, is produced when salt from underground deposits on shore is dissolved and pumped into the Gulf as part of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program.Lead by Roy Hann, Jr., of the Texas Engineering Experiment Station, the team is analyzing discharge from Bryan Mound at Freeport, Tex., and from the West Hackberry site near Cameron, La. After a year of discharge off Freeport, the researchers found ‘no brine‐caused differences in sediment temperatures and bottom‐water dissolved‐oxygen levels which accompany increased salinity,’ Hann said. In addition, overall compositions of fish and shrimp remained stable.