bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporation and migration of phosphorus species within anodic films on an Al‐W alloy
Authors: Garcia‐Vergara S. J. , Molchan I. S. , Zhou F. , Habazaki H. , Kowalski D. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of tungsten species on the incorporation and migration of phosphorus species within anodic alumina is investigated. The study employs barrier anodic films, formed on a sputtering‐deposited Al‐15at.%W alloy in phosphate electrolytes. The films consist of either an outer tungsten‐containing region and an inner tungsten‐free region, or a tungsten‐containing region only. Phosphorus species are shown to migrate inward in the tungsten‐containing alumina more slowly than in the tungsten‐free alumina. In contrast, the outward migration of tungsten species is relatively unaffected by the presence of phosphorus species. The relevance of the results to the use of tungsten tracers for the study of porous film growth is discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of flame‐retardant lamellar Mg(OH)2 thin films on citric acid‐treated cotton fabrics
Authors: Mao Qinghui , Zhang Linping , Huang Dehui , Wang Dan , Huang Yang , Xu Hong , Cao Huantian , Mao Zhiping 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreparation and characterization of lamellar magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) thin films on cotton fabrics are reported in this paper. Mercerized cotton fabrics were treated with citric acid, so carboxyl groups were introduced to the surface of the fabrics. Mg(OH)2 seeds were first adsorbed on the citric acid‐treated cotton fabrics and then Mg(OH)2 thin films grew on the fabric through secondary growth method. Kinetics and isotherm studies found that the adsorption of Mg(OH)2 seeds on citric acid‐treated cotton fabrics followed pseudo second‐order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. This indicated that Mg(OH)2 seeds adsorption was monolayer chemical adsorption driven by electric attraction between positively charged Mg(OH)2 seeds and COO− ions on the cotton fiber surface. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM characterizations of the Mg(OH)2 thin films covered cotton fabrics found that standing flaky Mg(OH)2 crystals formed a shell of porous but continuous network on cotton fabric surface. Owing to the Mg(OH)2 thin film covering, the fabric had fireproof property, lower thermal conductivity and higher optical absorbance in the UV, Vis and IR regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study of microstructure and tribological behavior of TiC/a‐C:H and a‐C:H coatings in a sand‐dust environment
Authors: Qi Jianwei , Wang Liping , Yan Fengyuan , Xue Qunji 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTiC/a‐C:H and a‐C:H nanocomposite coatings were prepared on AISI 440C steel substrates using magnetron sputtering process. A comparative study was made on their composition and microstructure by Raman spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The tribological properties of two types of carbon‐based coatings were investigated by pin‐on‐disc tribometer under the sand‐dust conditions concerning the influence of applied load, amount of sand and sand particle sizes. The results show that these carbon‐based coatings exhibited high tribological performance with low friction coefficient and wear rate under the sand‐dust environments. However, the TiC/a‐C:H coatings exhibit relatively higher fluctuant friction coefficient as well as higher wear rate in comparison with the a‐C:H coatings under sand‐dust environments. The formation of nanocrystalline hard TiC phase distributed in amorphous carbon matrix decreased the residual stress but significantly increased the hardness and Young's modulus of TiC/a‐C:H coatings, and consequently caused a relatively higher abrasive and fatigue wear loss under the sand‐dust conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ageing of vinyl emulsion paints—an atomic force microscopy study
Authors: de Sá M. H. , Eaton Peter , Ferreira Joana L. , Melo M. J. , Ramos Ana M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a morphological study of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) based films, either cast from polymer solutions or aqueous emulsions, which are widely used in modern and contemporary art, namely as binding media. Different vinyl films were prepared: single polymer, unpigmented and TiO2‐pigmented emulsion films, and subjected to accelerated light ageing. The evaluation of the surface changes of these films, over 3500 hours irradiation under a Xenon lamp (λ≥ 300 nm), was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The samples studied have suffered minor surface changes and revealed pronounced photostability. The AFM results obtained indicate that the most relevant morphological changes that occurred over time were primarily related to the exudation of surfactants, present in the vinyl emulsions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro/nanotribological behaviors of ionic liquid nanofilms with different functional cations
Authors: Zhao Wenjie , Wang Liping , Bai Mingwu , Xue Qunji 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour kinds of molecularly thin films of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) with different functional cations were prepared on silicon substrates by dip‐coating method. Thermal stability of the RTILs was evaluated using Mettler thermal gravity analysis (TGA) in a nitrogen atmosphere. Chemical compositions of the RTIL nanofilms were examined by means of multifunctional XPS. Nanoscaled adhesion and friction forces between the films and AFM tip were measured by FFM whereas the morphologies of the films were also investigated. Microscaled friction and wear behaviors between the films and Si3N4 ball were further measured by the microtribometer. The micro/nanotribological behaviors of different RTIL films were comparatively investigated and discussed in terms of functional cations of the RTILs molecules. Results in this paper revealed that the functional cations of the RTIL films significantly affected their tribological behaviors both in micro‐ and nanoscales. The corresponding micro/nanotribological mechanism of the tested ultrathin RTIL films under the test conditions was consequently proposed based on the experimental results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
D & TOF‐SIMS failure analysis of P‐buried layer from BiCMOS transistors
Authors: Budri Thanas , Sehgal Akshey , Arsenault Scott , Klatt Jeffrey , Noort Wibo Van , Ruby Scott , Ramdani Jamal , Allard Paul , Schnieders Albert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractD & TOF‐SIMS instruments are used in conjunction with other analytical techniques in order to identify the sources of metallic contamination and particle‐type defects. In this paper D & ToF‐SIMS are used to identify metals in the P‐type buried layer of BiCMOS transistors and eliminate them in order to improve the overall device performance and process yield. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Considerations of the intermediate oxides via XPS elemental quantitative analysis for the thickness measurements of ultrathin SiO2 on Si
Authors: Liu Fen , Zhao Zhijuan , Zhao Liangzhong , Wang Hai 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thicknesses of intermediate oxides at the interface between ultrathin SiO2 and Si substrates have been measured via XPS elemental quantitative analysis for some SiO2/Si(100) and SiO2/Si(111) samples with the silicon oxide thickness less than 2 nm. The measurements involve XPS determination of the Si relative atomic ratio, calculation of Si atomic densities for the intermediate oxide, etc. and then the intermediate oxide thicknesses and the number of monolayers are obtained by referencing the thickness data from two international comparisons for these samples. The results show that the thickness of the intermediate oxides is in the range 0.14–0.16 nm with an average value of 0.15 nm. The number of monolayers for the intermediate oxides at the interface is less than one monolayer with an average value of 0.60. In the present work, there are a series of approximations. By making these approximations many parameters, including L and R0, used in the conventional calculation method are removed to give a simpler equation, which is valid when the thicknesses of SiO2 overlayer and the intermediate oxides are very small. This, therefore, appears to be a simple and quick method to obtain approximate oxide thicknesses of modest accuracy. The present work does not in any way replace or improve on Eqns (2–6) cited in the text. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating health risk models
Authors: Whittemore Alice S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInterest in targeted disease prevention has stimulated development of models that assign risks to individuals, using their personal covariates. We need to evaluate these models and quantify the gains achieved by expanding a model to include additional covariates. This paper reviews several performance measures and shows how they are related. Examples are used to show that appropriate performance criteria for a risk model depend upon how the model is used. Application of the performance measures to risk models for hypothetical populations and for US women at risk of breast cancer illustrate two additional points. First, model performance is constrained by the distribution of risk‐determining covariates in the population. This complicates the comparison of two models when applied to populations with different covariate distributions. Second, all summary performance measures obscure model features of relevance to its utility for the application at hand, such as performance in specific subgroups of the population. In particular, the precision gained by adding covariates to a model can be small overall, but large in certain subgroups. We propose new ways to identify these subgroups and to quantify how much they gain by measuring the additional covariates. Those with largest gains could be targeted for cost‐efficient covariate assessment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating diagnostic accuracy of genetic profiles in affected offspring families
Authors: Carayol Jerome , Tores Frédéric , König Inke R. , Hager Jörg , Ziegler Andreas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiagnostic accuracy of a genetic test involving multiple disease genes is evaluated using sensitivity and specificity. For estimation, data from both affected and unaffected subjects are required. For early onset diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), only data from families with affected offspring are available. To enable estimation of specificity when no data for unaffected offspring are available (single affected offspring, SAO, data), we combine the pseudocontrol method of Cordell and Clayton (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2002; 70:124–141) with the approach of DeLong et al. (Biometrics 1985; 41:947–958) in a logistic regression model for disease outcome with a risk score (RS) constructed from genotype information as prognostic variable. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) is then computed using the non‐parametric Mann–Whitney method. Extensive simulation studies show that, analogous to other approaches utilizing pseudocontrols, the resulting estimates of AUC using SAO data are slightly conservative when compared with the estimates computed using the full population‐based data. The method is illustrated using data from a study of ASD. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Burnout and risk of regional musculoskeletal pain—a prospective study of apparently healthy employed adults
Authors: Melamed Samuel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMusculoskeletal pain (MP) is highly prevalent in the working population, often resulting in chronic disability. Work stress has been shown to be important in the aetiology of MP. Burnout is a unique affective response to chronic exposure to stress and might predict subsequent development of MP. To date, however, all studies in this area have been based on a cross‐sectional design, which prevents determining the direction of causality. This prospective study tested the extent to which baseline levels of burnout predict the onset of regional neck/shoulder and/or low back pain, in apparently healthy individuals. The participants were composed of 650 employed men and women who underwent follow‐up for 3–5 years. During the follow‐up period, 116 workers (17.8%) developed musculoskeletal pain. Logistic regression results indicated that burnout symptoms were associated with a 1.67‐fold increased risk of MP [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14–1.87], even after adjusting for possible confounding variables (such as white‐ or blue‐collar jobs). Those exhibiting high burnout levels, compared with others, showed higher relative risk of MP [odds ratio (OR) = 2.45, 95%CI = 1.35–4.45]. It was concluded that burnout might be a risk factor for the development of musculoskeletal pain in apparently healthy individuals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do burnout and insomnia predict each other's levels of change over time independently of the job demand control–support (JDC–S) model?
Authors: Armon Galit 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn past research, the job demand control–support (JDC–S) model was found to predict both burnout and insomnia. Recent evidence suggests that burnout and insomnia are reciprocally associated with each other across time. The objective of this study was to test whether there is an additive effect of burnout on subsequent changes in insomnia over and above the effect of the JDC–S model, and the reverse causation hypothesis expecting insomnia to have an additive effect on subsequent levels of burnout. Subjects were 3,235 apparently healthy employed adults who completed questionnaires during a periodic health examination at two points of time, Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2), about 18 months apart. Depressive symptomatology, body mass index, age, gender, follow‐up duration and T1 levels of the criterion were controlled. As hypothesized, the results indicate that T1 insomnia predicts the T1–T2 change in burnout over and above the influence of the T1 JDC–S model, and further that T1 burnout predicts the T1–T2 change in insomnia over and above the influence of the T1 JDC–S model. The results suggest that burnout and insomnia may adversely affect one another even in workers with low job strain. Several possible mechanisms of the link between JDC–S model, burnout and insomnia are suggested. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Burnout versus work engagement in their effects on 24‐hour ambulatory monitored cardiac autonomic function
Authors: van Doornen Lorenz J. P. , Houtveen Jan H. , Langelaan Saar , Bakker Arnold B. , van Rhenen Willem , Schaufeli Wilmar B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBurnout has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This relationship may be mediated by a stress‐related disruption in cardiac autonomic activity. The aim of the present study was to assess cardiac autonomic activity (sympathetic and parasympathetic) during a working day in burned out managers. Thirty burned out, 29 healthy control and 29 engaged managers (a psychologically contrasting group) were identified using the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐General Survey (MBI‐GS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Twenty‐four‐hour ambulatory measurements were carried out during a regular workday and the subsequent night. Pre‐ejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were used as measures of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, respectively. Contrary to expectations, the burned out, engaged and control groups did not differ in cardiac sympathetic and cardiac parasympathetic activity, or heart rate. Thus, burnout does not seem to be associated with an unfavourable cardiac autonomic profile. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The temporal relationship between burnout and prolonged fatigue: a 4‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Leone Stephanie S. , Huibers Marcus J. H. , Knottnerus J. André , Kant IJmert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBurnout and prolonged fatigue have hardly been compared empirically despite their similarities. Knowledge on how these conditions influence each other in time is limited, although this could have implications for (the timing of) intervention. This study examined the temporal relationship between burnout and prolonged fatigue Four‐year prospective follow‐up data from the Maastricht Cohort Study were used for this study. After selection, 11,710 of the 12,140 participants could be included. Measures included the Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey and the Checklist Individual Strength. Data were analysed using Cox regression analysis, generalized estimating equation analysis and multinomial regression analysis. Adjustments at baseline were made for burnout or prolonged fatigue score, age, gender, education and absenteeism at baseline. Burnout at baseline was associated with an increased risk of subsequent prolonged fatigue (hazard ratio (HR) 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–1.53) and prolonged fatigue was associated with an increased risk of subsequent burnout (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.44–1.89). When burnout and prolonged fatigue influence each other in time, they tend to co‐occur rather than replace each other. Burnout and prolonged fatigue seem to influence each other in the manner of a ‘downward spiral’. Recognizing and correctly identifying fatigue complaints related to burnout and/or prolonged fatigue at an early stage seems important, as early intervention could prevent the conditions from co‐occurring and avert a worsening of outcome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yeast Models of Human Mitochondrial Diseases
Authors: Barrientos Antoni 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model for gaining insights into the molecular basis of human mitochondrial disorders, particularly those resulting from impaired mitochondrial metabolism. Yeast is a very well characterized system and most of our current knowledge about mitochondrial biogenesis in humans derives from yeast genetics and biochemistry. Systematic yeast genome‐wide approaches have allowed for the identification of human disease genes. In addition, the functional characterization of a large number of yeast gene products resident in mitochondria has been instrumental for the later identification and characterization of their human orthologs. Here I will review the molecular and biochemical characterization of several mitochondrial diseases that have been ascribed to mutations in genes that were first found in yeast to be necessary for the assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The usefulness of yeast as a model system for human mitochondrial disorders is evaluated.
Impedance of Helicobacter pylori Lipopolysaccharide Interference with Gastric Mucin Synthesis by Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor γ Activation Involves Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/ERK Pathway
Authors: Slomiany Bronislaw L. , Slomiany Amalia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a critical role in the regulation of the expression of genes associated with inflammation. In this study, we report that PPARγ activation leading to the impedance of H. pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibitory effect on gastric mucin synthesis occurs with the involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Using gastric mucosal cells in culture, we show that activation of PPARγ with a specific synthetic agonist, ciglitazone, prevents in a dose‐dependent fashion (up to 90.2%) the LPS‐induced reduction in mucin synthesis, and the effect is reflected in a marked decrease in the LPS‐induced apoptosis (72.4%), NO generation (80.1%), and the expression of NOS‐2 activity (90%). The impedance by ciglitazone of the LPS‐induced reduction in mucin synthesis was blocked by wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3K and PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK. Both inhibitors, moreover, caused further enhancement in the LPS‐induced NO generation and countered the inhibitory effect of ciglitazone on the LPS‐induced upregulation in NOS‐2. Our findings point to PI3K and ERK as mediators of PPARγ agonist effect leading to the impedance of H. pylori LPS inhibition on gastric mucin synthesis.
Identifying critical junctures in learning in a college course on evolution
Authors: Trowbridge John E. , Wandersee James H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this research study was to (a) describe how concept mapping can be used as an integral instructional strategy for teaching a college course on evolution, (b) evaluate the utility of incorporating concept mapping in a college course on evolution, (c) determine whether students' concept maps reveal “critical junctures” in learning as the course unfolds, and (d) assess the impact of concept mapping on students' study practices and on students' understanding of course content. Key findings include: (a) Critical junctures in learning evolution can be identified by monitoring the degree of concordance of superordinate concepts appearing on the class set of concept maps submitted after each of the course lectures; (b) students who made concept maps reported spending an average of 37% more study time on this college biology course than on their previous biology courses; and (c) the use of “seed concepts,” “micromapping,” a standard concept map format, and a standard concept map checklist made the strategy feasible for the instructor to implement and for the student to adopt. A concept map performance index formulas was also developed for this research study in order to assess students' overall mapping performance.
Evolution in secondary school biology textbooks of the PRC, the USA, and the latter stages of the USSR
Authors: Swarts Frederick A. , Roger Anderson O. , Swetz Frank J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe presentations of evolutionary theory in 13 prominent, secondary‐school biology textbooks—3 Chinese, 8 American, and 2 Soviet—were examined using the methods of content analysis. For each book, the amount of text devoted to each of 80 evolutionary topics was assessed. Such word counts were enumerated not only for the main narrative, but also for eight supplemental components (illustrations, marginal information, appendixes, etc.). Pronounced differences in topic emphasis among the 13 textbooks and systematic trends between countries are discussed. The strong emphasis on evolution in the USSR textbooks is impressive, but these textbooks also neglect some major themes, and they devote considerable text to certain concepts of an erroneous or dubious nature. The PRC (People's Republic of China) textbooks fail to introduce a considerable number of topics that are prominent in the other two systems. The eight USA textbooks exhibit great diversity in terms of total evolutionary content, number of themes treated, and which topics are emphasized. Unlike the USSR and PRC textbooks, the USA books position a vast amount of evolutionary content (26.5%‐55.8%) within components outside the main narrative. The evolutionary text of USA editions is dispersed throughout and is presented surprisingly early. Several individual themes that proved particularly revealing are examined, including human evolution, law of recapitulation, evolution and religion, evidences of evolution, punctuated equilibria, and artificial selection.