bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Key performance indicators for inherent safety: Application to the hydrogen supply chain
Authors: Tugnoli Alessandro , Landucci Gabriele , Cozzani Valerio 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe practice of inherent safety in process development and design asks for reliable and systematic assessment tools. In the present study, a novel quantitative approach developed for the inherent safety assessment of process flow diagrams in early design stages is presented. The output of the approach is a metric that quantifies the inherent safety fingerprint of the process scheme by a set of key performance indicators. Physical parameters are used for the quantification of the hazard deriving from materials, process conditions and equipment characteristics. The assessment resorts to the identification and modeling of credible accident consequences on humans and equipment. The adoption of tangible parameters based on consequence modeling yields a clear and sound picture of the inherent safety performance of a design option. An example of application focused on some envisaged options of the hydrogen supply chain (production, distribution, and utilization) is presented. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Safety and chemical engineering education—History and results
Authors: Louvar J. F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) started their Safety and Chemical Engineering Education (SACHE) efforts in 1985. The objective of CCPS's SACHE is to help professors add safety to their chemical engineering courses. This added education is needed because large chemical plant accidents continue to increase every year. The consequences are deaths, injuries, and environmental damage, and there is currently no sign that there will be fewer accidents in the future. The causes are the complexity of chemical processes, the aging of our existing plants, and sizes of our newer plants. Our students and engineers must be especially motivated to prevent these accidents in this complex environment. The ultimate goal of SACHE is to create a “safety culture” in our young professionals by adding elements of safety to the undergraduate curriculum. The idea is that if students are exposed to safety in small quantities throughout their education, then it will become a part of their inherent thinking both as students and when working as professionals. This safety culture will help our future professionals to be positive motivated to design, install, and manage safe plants in this challenging environment. Clearly the detailed education on specific process safety topics is the responsibility of industry; however, the effectiveness of this training will be substantially improved when working with engineers with a positive safety culture. These SACHE efforts include: a) motivating professors regarding the importance of process safety (workshops for professors in a plant environment), b) helping professors add safety to their courses (developing course safety materials), and c) motivating students regarding the importance of process safety (professors using these materials in their classes, AICHE Design Problem Awards, and SACHE Safety Certificates). © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Competitive effects of the exotic Bombus terrestris on native bumble bees revealed by a field removal experiment
Authors: Nagamitsu Teruyoshi , Yamagishi Hiroki , Kenta Tanaka , Inari Naoki , Kato Etsushi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA commercialized bumble bee pollinator (Bombus terrestris) introduced from Europe has colonized in Japan and potentially competes with native bumble bees for food and nest sites. To examine the competitive impacts, a field removal experiment was conducted in an area in northern Japan where B. terrestris has become feral. In 2005 and 2006, totals of 1,511 and 2,978 B. terrestris bees, respectively, were killed in six removal sites. In those 2 years and the pre‐removal year (2004), the bee abundance and worker body size were measured in the six removal sites and seven control sites, and effects of the removal on the measurements were examined using statistical models. In 2005 only, the removal decreased the number of B. terrestris queens and increased that of two native species, B. ardens and B. hypocrita, the tongue length of which overlaps that of B. terrestris. The removal in 2005 affected the worker body size of neither B. terrestris nor any native species. These results show the competitive impacts of exotic B. terrestris on the queen abundance of the native species that are likely to share floral resources with B. terrestris.
Early identification and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Social and fiscal outcomes
Authors: Weimer David L. , Sager Mark A. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that places substantial burdens on those who provide support for family members with declining cognitive and functional abilities. Many AD patients eventually require formal long‐term care services because of the absence, exhaustion, or inability of family members to provide care. The costs of long‐term care, and especially nursing home care, often deplete private financial resources, placing a substantial burden on state Medicaid programs. Current evidence suggests that pharmacological treatments and caregiver interventions can delay entry into nursing homes and potentially reduce Medicaid costs. However, these cost savings are not being realized because many patients with AD are either not diagnosed or diagnosed at late stages of the disease, and have no access to Medicare‐funded caregiver support programs.Methods and ResultsA Monte Carlo cost‐benefit analysis, based on estimates of parameters available in the medical literature, suggests that the early identification and treatment of AD have the potential to result in large, positive net social benefits as well as positive net savings for states and the federal government.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the early diagnosis and treatment of AD are not only socially desirable in terms of increasing economic efficiency, but also fiscally attractive from both state and federal perspectives. These findings also suggest that failure to fund effective caregiver interventions may be fiscally unsound.
Shortest wavelength laser from harmonic generation
Authors: Leuchtag H. Richard 
Published: April 2009

Records for the shortest wavelength at which coherent radiation has been achieved in the search for an x-ray laser system are falling with remarkable speed:
▸ It was only in June that Henry Hutchinson, C. C. Ling and Daniel Bradley (Imperial College, London) reported at the Amsterdam Quantum Electronics Conference that they had extended the range of generation of coherent radiation into the extreme ultraviolet at 570 Å.
▸ After a preliminary paper in August, at the International Conference on the Physics of X-ray Spectra, John Reintjes, Robert Eckardt, Nicholas Karangelen, Raymond Elton and Ronald Andrews of the Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, DC) and Chiao-Yao She of Colorado State University report in a current Letter that they pushed the record down to 532 Å.
▸ Now, at the Tucson meeting of the Optical Society in October, the NRL group reported preliminary results indicating they had reached 380 Å.
Can physics develop reasoning?
Authors: Fuller Robert G. , Karplus Robert , Lawson Anton E. 
Published: April 2009

The life of every physicist is punctuated by events that lead him to discover that the way physicists see natural phenomena is different from the way nonphysicists see them. Certain patterns of reasoning appear to be more common among physicists than in other groups. These include:
▸ focussing on the important variables (such as the force that accelerates the apple, rather than the lump it makes on your head);
▸ propositional logic (“if heat were a liquid it would occupy space and a cannon barrel could only contain a limited amount of heat, but this is contrary to my observations, so…”), and
▸ proportional reasoning (for example, the restoring force of a spring increases linearly with its displacement from equilibrium).
The nuclear fuel cycle: an appraisal
Authors:   Study Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Waste Management
Published: April 2009

For all LWR fuel-cycle options, safe and reliable management of nuclear waste and control of radioactive effluents can be accomplished with technologies that either exist or involve straightforward extension of existing capabilities. However, technical choices, including those for geologic waste disposal, require further delineation of regulatory policies. For normal operation of all fuel-cycle options studied, potential radiation exposures from either wastes or effluents do not appear to limit deployment of nuclear power.
On 25 April at the Washington meeting of The American Physical Society, the principal conclusions and recommendations of a year-long study of nuclear fuel cycles and waste management were released. The study group consisted of a dozen physicists, chemists, engineers and geologists; it was chaired by L. Charles Hebel of the Xerox Corporation and reported through the APS Panel on Public Affairs and a review committee consisting of Hans Frauenfelder (chairman), Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, Theodore L. Cairns and M. Gene Simmons. The study was financed by the National Science Foundation.
Correction
Authors: Hurwitz Harlan Arthur 
Published: April 2009

Unfortunately, due to an inexcusable error of exposition on my part, one of my thoughts was quite understandably misinterpreted in my letters in August (page 70). I refer to the last sentence in the second paragraph, in which I wrote: “But if the court were to presume to instruct the public—ex cathedra, as it were—then it would indeed be foolishly taken in by its false infallibility.” I meant that the court should not delude itself as to its mission or function; not, as the sentence was subsequently edited to demonstrate, that the public would be misled under such circumstances.
Interestingly, both statements are certainly true, in that the infectious assumption of false infallibility would doubtlessly spread from the court to the public in general, because of the former's authority.
Corrections
Authors: Landon R. Ned , Elioff Tom 
Published: April 2009

The March issue (page 45) states that H. Tracy Hall “began working at General Electric's Research and Development Center in 1948 and served as director of research, 1955–67.”
The reference to “director of research” apparently was meant to apply to a position held by Hall at Brigham Young University after he resigned his position at General Electric in August 1955.
C. Guy Suits served as General Electric vice-president and director of research, and as head of the General Electric Research Laboratory, from 1945 until his retirement in 1965. Since that time Arthur M. Bueche has been GE vice-president for research and development, a position that includes responsibility for directing the work of the General Electric Research and Development Center, successor organization to the former Research Laboratory and Advanced Technology Laboratories.
A somewhat misleading statement with regard to the PEP Project appeared in the March issue (page 20), “in-brief” heading, paragraph 2, line 4:
“…ERDA has approved a $28-million contract for the design and construction of housing for research equipment.”
Although less brief for “in brief,” a more accurate statement would be:
“…ERDA has approved a $28-million contract for the design and construction of the PEP conventional facilities. This includes all sitework, the main tunnels for the storage ring-magnet systems (≈1.4 miles in circumference), electrical and mechanical utilities, technical support buildings, and interaction halls (experimental areas) for colliding-beam experiments.”
Two physicists on Capitol Hill
Authors: Cooper Benjamin S. , Werthamer N. Richard 
Published: April 2009

In the 28 May 1973 issue of Physical Review Letters there appeared an unusual “Help Wanted” ad:
“…the Council [of the American Physical Society] at its meeting on 22 April authorized a Congressional Fellowship Program. Funds were appropriated to support up to two APS Congressional Fellows—physicists who will serve for a year in the Offices of Senators, Representatives, or Congressional Committees beginning September 1973. Any physicist who wishes to apply should submit a resume, references, and a statement indicating how his background and interests qualify him for the position…”
Differential Cannabinoid Receptor Expression during Reactive Gliosis: a Possible Implication for a Nonpsychotropic Neuroprotection
Authors: De Filippis Daniele , Steardo Antonio , D'Amico Alessandra , Scuderi Caterina , Cipriano Mariateresa , Esposito Giuseppe , Iuvone Teresa 
Published: April 2009

Activated microglia and astrocytes produce a large number of inflammatory and neurotoxic substances in various brain pathologies, above all during neurodegenerative disorders. In the search for new neuroprotective compounds, interest has turned to marijuana derivatives, since in severalin vitro,in vivo, and clinical studies, they have shown a great ability to control neuroinflammation.Despite the emerging evidence regarding pharmacological activities of cannabinoids, their effective introduction into clinical therapy still remains controversial and strongly limited by their unavoidable psychotropicity. Since the psychotropic effect of cannabinoids is generally linked to the activation of the CB1 receptor on neurons, the aim of our review is to clarify the function of the two cannabinoid receptors on glial cells and the differential role played by them, highlighting the emerging evidence of a CB2-mediated control of neuroinflammation that could liberate cannabinoids from the slavery of their central side effects.
GATA2‐dependent and region‐specific regulation of Gata2 transcription in the mouse midbrain
Authors: Nozawa Daisuke , Suzuki Norio , Kobayashi‐Osaki Maki , Pan Xiaoqing , Engel James Douglas , Yamamoto Masayuki 
Published: April 2009

Transcription factor GATA2 is expressed in numerous mammalian tissues, including neural, hematopoietic, cardiovascular and urogenital systems, and yet it plays important roles in the regulation of tissue‐restricted gene expression. The Gata2 gene itself is also under stringent tissue‐specific control and multiple cis‐regulatory domains have been identified in the Gata2 locus. In this study we sought out and then examined in detail the domains that regulate Gata2 in the midbrain. We identified two discrete domains in the Gata2 promoter that direct midbrain expression; these distal 5H and proximal 2H regulatory domains are located 3.0 and 1.9 kbp, respectively, upstream of the transcriptional initiation site. Importantly, both domains contain GATA factor binding sites. Our analyses further revealed that GATA2 is essential for Gata2 gene expression in the midbrain, whereas GATA3 is not. Both the 2H and 5H domains have the independent ability to activate Gata2 gene expression in the midbrain superior colliculus, whereas the distal‐5H domain is additionally capable of activating Gata2 transcription in the inferior colliculus. These results demonstrate that two distinct regulatory domains contribute to the Gata2 gene expression in the mouse midbrain and that Gata2 midbrain transcription is under positive autoregulation.
A sensitive loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum, causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonids
Authors: Gahlawat S K , Ellis A E , Collet B 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLoop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel technique for nucleic acid amplification with high specificity, sensitivity and rapidity and does not require expensive equipment or reagents. In the present study, we developed and evaluated a LAMP method for the rapid detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum causing the bacterial kidney disease in salmonids. This method was more sensitive than quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Using DNA template extracted from cultured R. salmoninarum, the LAMP method gave an amplification signal from template diluted to 10−8 while the limit of detection of qPCR was10−7. The LAMP method was also highly specific and did not amplify DNA purified from five other Gram‐positive and ‐negative bacterial fish pathogens. The method also worked well using extracts of macrophages infected with R. salmoninarum and kidney material from rainbow trout, which were positive for R. salmoninarum by qPCR and crude R. salmoninarum culture. There was some evidence for inhibitors of the LAMP reaction in the kidney samples, which was overcome by diluting the sample.
Two pathogens of Greenshell™ mussel larvae, Perna canaliculus: Vibrio splendidus and a V. coralliilyticus/neptunius‐like isolate
Authors: Kesarcodi‐Watson A , Kaspar H , Lategan M J , Gibson L 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBacterial pathogens of Greenshell™ mussel (GSM) larvae can cause batch losses during hatchery production. Twenty‐two isolates were screened using a larval bioassay. Two strains were identified as potential pathogens. Phenotypic identification of these strains revealed two non‐reactive Gram‐negative, oxidase positive rods. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified Vibrio splendidus and a V. coralliilyticus/neptunius‐like isolate as pathogens of GSM larvae, with an ability to cause 83% and 75% larval mortality in vitro, respectively, at a concentration of 102 CFU mL−1. Histopathology indicated that the route of infection was via the digestive system. Using healthy larvae as target hosts, Koch’s postulates were confirmed for the two isolates. This is the first report on pathogens of GSM larvae.
Recruitment of CD8+ T cells expressing granzyme A is associated with lesion progression in human cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: FARIA D. R. , SOUZA P. E. A. , DURÃES F. V. , CARVALHO E. M. , GOLLOB K. J. , MACHADO P. R. , DUTRA W. O. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryHuman infection with Leishmania braziliensis leads to the establishment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), characterized by the appearance of skin lesions that progress from nonulcerated to ulcerated forms. Our goal was to characterize the immunological kinetics associated with this progression, comparing the cellular composition, cytokines and granzyme expression between lesions of patients with early (E‐CL) and late stages (L‐CL) of CL. Histopathological analysis showed that lesions from L‐CL had more exuberant inflammatory infiltrate as compared to E‐CL. Although E‐CL and L‐CL lesions were predominantly mononuclear, lesions from E‐CL patients presented higher neutrophil and eosinophil counts than L‐CL. While percentages of CD4+ and of CD68+ cells were slightly higher in L‐CL, a fivefold increase of CD8+ cells was observed in L‐CL, as compared to E‐CL. Moreover, CD8+ T‐cells from L‐CL expressed significantly higher levels of granzyme A than E‐CL. Interestingly, granzyme A expression was positively correlated with intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate in L‐CL but not E‐CL. Lastly, percentages of IFN‐γ+ and IL‐10+ cells were higher in L‐CL as compared to E‐CL, with CD4+ T‐cells and CD68+ monocytes as the main sources of these cytokines, respectively. These results suggest that recruitment of CD8+ granzyme A+ T cells is involved in lesion progression in human CL.
Relative imbalance between T regulatory cells and activated T cells in mice with differential morbidity in chronic Schistosoma mansoni infections
Authors: WATANABE K. , CARTER J. M. , NEELY‐BURNAM M. , COLLEY D. G. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryChronic (20‐week) Schistosoma mansoni infections of CBA/J male mice present as two distinct forms of morbidity. Most mice develop moderate splenomegaly syndrome (MSS) resembling the intestinal form of chronic human schistosomiasis mansoni, while approximately 20% of mice develop hypersplenomegaly syndrome (HSS), more consistent with the severe hepatosplenic form of chronic human schistosomiasis mansoni. Here, we report the relative proportions of natural T regulatory cells (Treg) and activated CD4+ T cells (Tact) for both splenic and granulomatous cell populations of MSS and HSS mice. Proportions of both Treg and Tact are greater in HSS than MSS mice. However, the ratios of Treg to Tact in both splenic and granulomatous cell populations from MSS mice are significantly higher than those of HSS mice. For both HSS and MSS mice, in vitro proliferation of their CD3+ splenic cells induced by soluble egg antigens is inversely correlated with the ratio of Treg to Tact. Also, spleen or granuloma cells from MSS mice produced higher mean levels of IFN‐γ than those from HSS mice. Differential IFN‐γ productive capacities dictated by Treg : Tact ratios may contribute to the development of differential morbidities in this model of chronic experimental schistosomiasis mansoni.
Variation in the gene encoding acetolactate‐synthase in Lolium species and proactive detection of mutant, herbicide‐resistant alleles
Authors: DÉLYE C , BOUCANSAUD K , PERNIN F , LE CORRE V 
Published: April 2009

Summary Lolium species (ryegrasses) are genetically highly variable plants that are both forage crops and major weeds across the globe. As weeds, they rapidly evolve resistance under the selective pressure of acetolactate‐synthase (ALS) inhibitors, the most resistance‐prone herbicide group. Quick and accurate diagnosis is therefore of importance to prevent resistance spread in ryegrass. To develop proactive molecular tools for the detection of mutant, resistant ALS alleles, we assessed variation in the ryegrass ALS gene. Sequencing the full 1929‐bp ALS coding sequence in 59 plants from six distant locations revealed a total of 208 polymorphic nucleotide positions (one every 9.3 nucleotides). The heterogeneous distribution of synonymous and non‐synonymous substitutions along the ALS coding sequence suggested that nucleotide variation of ALS is shaped by purifying and background selection. Using regions of the ALS coding sequence with a low number of polymorphic nucleotide sites, five derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) assays were developed targeting codons crucial for herbicide sensitivity. These enabled the first detection in ryegrass of a Pro‐197‐Thr substitution that confers herbicide resistance. Most assays could also be used to genotype Festuca and Vulpia plants. These dCAPS assays should prove powerful tools for both resistance diagnosis and population genetics studies.
Factors affecting the efficacy of Orobanche cumana chemical control in sunflower
Authors: EIZENBERG H , HERSHENHORN J , EPHRATH J E 
Published: April 2009

SummaryBroomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are root parasites, causing severe damage to vegetable and field crops. Their early in situ detection for efficient control is crucial but difficult, because of their sub‐surface development. Minirhizotron technology enables the in situ observation of host–parasite interactions. The initial underground development of Orobanche cumana on sunflower roots and its control with imazapic were investigated. Imazapic (2.4 g active ingredient ha−1) was applied post‐emergence on sunflower at the eight‐true‐leaf stage, when O. cumana attachments were first observed. No viable or new attachments were detected on roots of the treated sunflower after herbicide application. However, within the same time frame, the already existing O. cumana attachments in the non‐treated controls continued to develop and new attachments appeared. Orobanche cumana shoot emergence was correlated with growing day‐degrees (GDD, d °C). This correlation was quantified by a four‐parameter logistic equation. Control efficacy was affected by depth and number of parasite attachments per minirhizotron camera frame: it was highest in the topmost layer, and decreased with depth and number of attachments. The results obtained in this study emphasise the need to develop a decision support system based on GDD that should be validated under long‐term field conditions.