bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A qualitative investigation of individuals’ experiences and expectations before and after completing a trial of commercial weight loss programmes
Authors: Herriot A. M. , Thomas D. E. , Hart K. H. , Warren J. , Truby H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectives  To investigate the previous dieting experiences and expectations of individuals enrolled in a randomized trial of four commercial weight loss programmes and post‐intervention to compare experiences across the diet groups.Aim  The purpose of this study was to enhance the understanding of why subjects volunteered to take part in a weight loss trial and also to ascertain their views on each of the diets tested.Methods  Focus groups containing both men and women were undertaken at baseline prior to randomization, and diet specific focus groups were held post‐intervention. All group discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim and analysed for emerging themes using the long‐table approach.Results  The main intrinsic motivators to enroling in the study were a current lack of self‐esteem and confidence. The opportunity to take part in an academic study was also a motivator. Motivation and increasing efficacy were cited commonly among those who had successfully lost (or at least not gained) weight. The ‘pros’ identified for each of the commercial diets tested in the trial were in line with each of the diet’s promotional materials; the ‘cons’ varied between groups.Conclusion  In this study, reducing health risks was not the main motivator for people deciding to lose weight. Increasing intrinsic sense of worth gained by losing weight and continued motivation appear to be related to success. The differing experiences of people undertaking each of the four diets suggest that matching diet regimen to individual is important.
Disordered eating cognitions and behaviours among slimming organization competition winners
Authors: Green G. C. , Buckroyd J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Long‐term success in weight loss treatments for obesity is elusive. The most widely used approach after diet books is slimming clubs. A percentage of members achieve dramatic and lasting weight losses. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of binge eating and unhealthy eating‐related thought patterns among a group of highly successful weight losers.Methods  Sixty‐five slimming competition winners self reported their weight history and eating habits in a semi‐structured questionnaire. The Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) and the Emotional Eating Scale (EES) were also administered.Results  Despite substantial weight loss (mean = 38%, SD = 10%) and widespread maintenance of losses, participants evidenced high levels of dietary restraint and weight, shape and eating overconcern. Emotional eating levels were significantly higher than those seen in noneating disordered populations on two of three subscales. Seventy‐one per cent also reported bingeing in the past 3 months.Conclusions  Commercial slimming organizations should engage with broader psychological and behavioural features of obesity, including bingeing and eating‐related cognitive patterns.
Environmental and personal correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption in low income, urban Mexican children
Authors: Pérez‐Lizaur A. B. , Kaufer‐Horwitz M. , Plazas M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground Epidemiological evidence suggests that populations with high fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption have a lower risk for childhood obesity, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. There are no studies that address the correlates of FV intake in Mexican children; therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the frequency of FV consumption by children in Mexico City’s low income state schools and their personal (preferences, expectancy, knowledge and self‐efficacy) and environmental (accessibility and person in charge of cooking at home) correlates.Methods A validated questionnaire to assess accessibility, expectancy, self‐efficacy, preference and knowledge; and a 2‐day dietary recall were used to assess the FV intake and its correlates in 327 children. Statistical analysis included chi‐square and stepwise logistic regression.Results Average consumption of FV was once a day with a higher proportion of girls consuming FV 3 or more times per day (15.2% versus 6.7%;P < 0.01). The environmental factors that influenced a higher consumption of FV were the mother being responsible for cooking at home (P < 0.02) and accessibility to FV (P < 0.01); whereas the personal factors were self‐efficacy (P < 0.05) and preference (P < 0.03) to vegetables.Conclusion Correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption in children from Mexico City’s State Schools were being female and accessibility to fruits and vegetables. Home and school environments are decisive for the children to increase FV consumption. Creative ways to encourage FV consumption in boys should be explored. These factors should be considered when designing programmes aimed at increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables in children.
An observational study of screening for malnutrition in elderly people living in sheltered accommodation
Authors: Harris D. G. , Davies C. , Ward H. , Haboubi N. Y. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground Elderly people are particularly at risk of malnutrition. There is no consensus regarding the optimal malnutrition screening test for elderly people and little is known about the prevalence of malnutrition in elderly people living in sheltered housing.Method An observational study comparing sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the followingscreeningmeasures in elderly people living in sheltered accommodation: body mass index, mid‐arm circumference, albumin, haemoglobin, lymphocyte count, cholesterol and the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). A dietitian assessment was used as the gold standard to establish whether there was a risk of malnutrition.Results Of 100 people recruited (31 male and 69 female with average age 79.3 years) ten were categorized at risk by the dietitian assessment. The MUST score was the most sensitive and specific screening measure (100% and 98% respectively) with a negative predictive value of 1. The sensitivity and specificity of the other measures were: MNA 80% and 90%, mid‐arm circumference 70% and 99%, BMI 60% and 90%, albumin 30% and 77%, haemoglobin 50% and 61%, lymphocyte count 20% and 86%, low cholesterol 30% and 90%.Conclusions Ten per cent of elderly people in sheltered housing are at risk of malnutrition. The MUST screening tool is a sensitive and specific method of identifying those requiring further nutritional assessment.
Food portion weights in primary and secondary school lunches in England
Authors: Davies O. Howell , Suleiman S. , Nicholas J. , Bradbury J. , Msebele S. , Prior G. , Hall L. , Wreford S. , Jarvis L. , McGee A. , Poulter J. , Nelson M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  National Nutritional Standards for school lunches were reintroduced in 2001, and included guidance on portion sizes for primary schools. For the first time since 1997, nationally representative data on school food portion sizes in England have been collected using direct assessment rather than reported portion sizes.Methods  Food portions were weighed directly in foods served in nationally representative samples of primary and secondary school meals. Results were grouped by food or food group.Results  The number of portions weighed was 7975 in primary schools and 3354 in secondary schools. Individual portion weights were grouped by food or food group to yield mean, median, SD and inter‐quartile range. For a given food or food group, the number of portions weighed varied from 5 to 210 portions in primary schools and between 5 and 194 portions in secondary schools.Conclusions  The results provide a good representation of typical portion weights for different foods and food groups in primary and secondary schools in England. Portion size is one factor that determines nutrient intake. New standards for school lunches are both nutrient and food‐based. Guidance on portion weights will help to ensure that pupils consume the correct balance of foods to obtain the recommended nutrient intake. The present findings complement and extend existing guidance on portion sizes for pupils in schools in England and Scotland.
Plasma pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in cats
Authors: SMITH S.A. , KRAFT S.L. , LEWIS D.C. , FREEMAN L.C. 
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the dispositions of S‐warfarin and R‐warfarin in normal cats following intravenous and oral administrations of racemic warfarin. Citrated blood samples were collected from 10 cats prior to and at times 5, 15, and 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h following a single intravenous bolus of 0.5 mg/kg of racemic warfarin. After a 21‐day washout period, samples were then similarly collected in three groups of four cats for 120 h following oral administration of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg racemic warfarin. S‐warfarin and R‐warfarin were detected using a high‐performance liquid chromatography assay validated for cat plasma. Drug concentration–time curves were subjected to non‐compartmental analysis.Median pharmacokinetic parameters associated with the intravenous administration of 0.5 mg/kg racemic warfarin were as follows:t1/2 (S:28.2, R:18.3 h), area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC; S:33.0, R:24.6 h*μg/mL), area under the moment curve (AUMC; S:1889, R:527.8 h*h*μg/mL), and mean residence time (MRT; S:38.7, R:20.9 h). For each parameter, S‐warfarin was significantly different from R‐warfarin (P<0.05). Warfarin was absorbed rapidly after oral administration, and the dosage did not affect the time to maximum concentration (S:0.87, R:0.75 h). Oral dosage significantly influenced maximum plasma concentration (ng/mL, S:1267, R:1355 at 0.5 mg/kg; S:614.9, R:679.4 at 0.25 mg/kg; S:250.5, R:367.6 at 0.1 mg/kg),AUC(h*μg/mL, S:45.12, R:30.91 at 0.5 mg/kg; S:22.98:, R:18.99 at 0.25 mg/kg; S:3.922, R:3.570 at 0.1 mg/kg) andAUMC(h*h*μg/mL, S:2135, R:1062 at 0.5 mg/kg; S:943.1, R:599.9 at 0.25 mg/kg; S:132.2, R:59.03 at 0.1 mg/kg), but nott1/2 (S:23.5, R:11.6 h) nor MRT (S:26.3, R:13.5 h). Both warfarin enantiomers were highly (>96.5%) protein‐bound. Quantitation of the warfarin content in commercially available tablets indicated an unequal distribution of the drug throughout the tablet.
Comparison of plasma pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of ceftiofur sodium in cattle after a single intramuscular or subcutaneous injection
Authors: Brown S. A. , Chester S. T. , Speedy A. K. , Hubbard V. L. , Callahan J. K. , Hamlow P. J. , Hibbard B. , Robb E. J. 
Published: September 2010

Ceftiofur sodium, a broad‐spectrum cephalosporin, is active against gram‐positive and gram‐negative pathogens of veterinary importance. This study was designed to compare the bioequivalence of the sodium salt in cattle after a single intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous dose (s.c.) of 2.2 mg ceftiofur equivalents/kg body weight. The criteria used to evaluate bioequivalence were (1) the area under the curve from time of injection to the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the assay (AUC0‐LOQ), and (2) time concentrations remained above 0.2 μg/mL (t>0.2).Twelve crossbred beef cattle were enrolled in a three‐period, two‐treatment crossover trial, with a minimum 2‐week washout period between doses of 2.2 mg ceftiofur equivalents/kg. Blood samples were collected serially for up to 72 h post‐injection. Plasma samples were then analyzed using a validated assay that measures ceftiofur, and all desfuroylceftiofur‐related metabolites, by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as the stable derivative, desfuroylceftiofur acetamide.A maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 13.9±3.55 μg/mL was observed from 0.67−2.0 h after i.m. administration, whereas aCmax of 13.6±3.85 μg/mL was observed from 0.67–3.0 h after s.c. administration. TheAUC0‐LOQ was 108±35.0 μg · h/mL after i.m. dosing, compared with 105±29.8 μg · h/mL after s.c. dosing. The pre‐established criterion for equivalence of theAUC0‐LOQ for the i.m. and s.c. routes of administration was satisfied. Thet>0.2 was 49.2±8.55 h after i.m. administration, compared with 47.0±9.40 h after s.c. administration. The pre‐established criterion for equivalence of thet>0.2 for i.m. and s.c. administration was satisfied.The equivalence ofAUC0‐LOQ andt>0.2 for i.m. and s.c. administration of 2.2 mg ceftiofur equivalents (CE)/kg doses of ceftiofur sodium suggest similar therapeutic efficacy and systemic safety for the two routes of administration.
The anatomy of the penis of a Sperm Whale (Physeter catodon L., 1758)
Authors: Bland Keith P. , Kitchener Andrew C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe normal anatomy of the distal part of the Sperm Whale penis is described from an adult male that stranded in the Firth of Forth, Scotland in 1997. However this individual had experienced a blockage and subsequent rupture of the penile urethra that probably led to its death, so that the structure of the basal part of the penis was obscured. The anatomy of the Sperm Whale penis is similar to that of most other cetaceans that have been examined.
The Yellow‐necked Mouse Apodemus flavicollis in Britain: status and analysis of factors affecting distribution
Authors: Marsh Aidan C. W. , Poulton Simon , Harris Stephen 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA national survey of the Yellow‐necked Mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) in Britain was undertaken by The Mammal Society. The live‐trapping study sampled small mammal populations from 168 deciduous woodlands in autumn 1998. Within their range, Yellow‐necked Mice were widespread in deciduous woodland and were more abundant than Wood Mice in 15% of the woodlands sampled. These trapping records, as well as records solicited from local recorders, record centres and individuals, supplemented the existing distribution map, confirming the general pattern, but with minor extensions to some range borders.Yellow‐necked Mice were found in woodland of all ages, but were more common in woods of ancient origin than in younger woodland. Woodland size was not important in determining the presence or abundance of Yellow‐necked Mice, but they were more often absent from woods more than 2 km from neighbouring substantial woodland.The presence of Yellow‐necked Mice did not affect the relative abundance of Wood Mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). However, the decline in the proportion of breeding male Wood Mice at the end of the main breeding season was more marked in those woods that also contained Yellow‐necked Mice. Where their ranges overlapped, Bank Voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) were less abundant where Yellow‐necked Mice were also present.The distribution of the Yellow‐necked Mouse was explored with respect to a number of climatic, soil and habitat variables. Maximum summer temperature was the most significant variable explaining distribution, although woodland cover variables also contributed. Soil moisture and pH, mean rainfall and winter temperature parameters did not predict Yellow‐necked Mouse distribution. Low summer temperature may limit Yellow‐necked Mouse distribution through its impact on tree seed production and diversity. Climatic change leading to a rise in summer temperature might encourage range expansion by Yellow‐necked Mice, if their other habitat requirements are met.
Recent volcanism and mitochondrial DNA structuring in the lizard Gallotia atlantica from the island of Lanzarote
Authors: BLOOR P. , KEMP S. J. , BROWN R. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe phylogeography of the lacertid lizard Gallotia atlantica from the small volcanic island of Lanzarote (Canary Islands) was analysed based on 1075 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence (partial cytochrome b and ND2) for 157 individuals from 27 sites (including three sites from neighbouring islets). Levels of sequence divergence were generally low, with the most distant haplotypes separated by only 14 mutational steps. MtDNA divergence appears to coincide with formation of the middle Pleistocene lowland that united formerly separate ancient islands to form the current island of Lanzarote, allowing rejection of a two‐island model of phylogeographical structure. There was evidence of large‐scale population expansion after island unification, consistent with the colonization of new areas. A nested clade phylogeographical analysis (NCPA) revealed significant phylogeographical structuring. Two‐step and higher‐level clades each had disjunct distributions, being found to the east and west of a common area with a north–south orientation that extends between coasts in the centre‐east of the island (El Jable). Other clades were almost entirely restricted to the El Jable region alone. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses were used to separate ongoing gene flow from historical associations. These supported the NCPA by indicating recent (75 000–150 000 years ago) east–west vicariance across the El Jable region. Lava flows covered El Jable and other parts of the central lowland at this time and likely led to population extinctions and temporary dispersal barriers, although present‐day evidence suggests some populations would have survived in small refugia. Expansion of the latter appears to explain the presence of a clade located between the eastern and western components of the disjunct clades. Direct relationships between mtDNA lineages and morphology were not found, although one of two morphological forms on the island has a disjunct distribution that is broadly concordant with east–west components of the phylogeographical pattern. This work demonstrates how recent volcanic activity can cause population fragmentation and thus shape genetic diversity on microgeographical scales.
Selection on domestication traits and quantitative trait loci in crop–wild sunflower hybrids
Authors: BAACK ERIC J. , SAPIR YUVAL , CHAPMAN MARK A. , BURKE JOHN M. , RIESEBERG LOREN H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe strength and extent of gene flow from crops into wild populations depends, in part, on the fitness of the crop alleles, as well as that of alleles at linked loci. Interest in crop–wild gene flow has increased with the advent of transgenic plants, but nontransgenic crop–wild hybrids can provide case studies to understand the factors influencing introgression, provided that the genetic architecture and the fitness effects of loci are known. This study used recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from a cross between crop and wild sunflowers to assess selection on domestication traits and quantitative trait loci (QTL) in two contrasting environments, in Indiana and Nebraska, USA. Only a small fraction of plants (9%) produced seed in Nebraska, due to adverse weather conditions, while the majority of plants (79%) in Indiana reproduced. Phenotypic selection analysis found that a mixture of crop and wild traits were favoured in Indiana (i.e. had significant selection gradients), including larger leaves, increased floral longevity, larger disk diameter, reduced ray flower size and smaller achene (seed) mass. Selection favouring early flowering was detected in Nebraska. QTLs for fitness were found at the end of linkage groups six (LG6) and nine (LG9) in both field sites, each explaining 11–12% of the total variation. Crop alleles were favoured on LG9, but wild alleles were favoured on LG6. QTLs for numerous domestication traits overlapped with the fitness QTLs, including flowering date, achene mass, head number, and disk diameter. It remains to be seen if these QTL clusters are the product of multiple linked genes, or individual genes with pleiotropic effects. These results indicate that crop trait values and alleles may sometimes be favoured in a noncrop environment and across broad geographical regions.
Contrasting demographic history and phylogeographical patterns in two Indo‐Pacific gastropods
Authors: CRANDALL ERIC D. , FREY MELISSA A. , GROSBERG RICHARD K. , BARBER PAUL H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMarine species with ranges that span the Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA) exhibit a range of phylogeographical patterns, most of which are interpreted in the context of vicariance between Indian and Pacific Ocean populations during Pliocene and Pleistocene low sea‐level stands. However, patterns often vary among ecologically similar taxa, sometimes even within genera. This study compares phylogeographical patterns in two species of highly dispersive neritid gastropod, Nerita albicilla and Nerita plicata, with nearly sympatric ranges that span the Indo‐Pacific. Mitochondrial COI sequences from > 1000 individuals from 97 sites reveal similar phylogenies in both species (two divergent clades differing by 3.2% and 2.3%, for N. albicilla and N. plicata, respectively). However, despite ecological similarity and congeneric status, the two species exhibit phylogeographical discordance. N. albicilla has maintained reciprocal monophyly of Indian and Pacific Ocean populations, while N. plicata is panmictic between oceans, but displays a genetic cline in the Central Pacific. Although this difference might be explained by qualitatively different demographic histories, parameter estimates from three coalescent models indicate that both species have high levels of gene flow between demes (2Nem > 75), and share a common history of population expansion that is likely associated with cyclical flooding of continental shelves and island lagoons following low sea‐level stands. Results indicate that ecologically similar, codistributed species may respond very differently to shared environmental processes, suggesting that relatively minor differences in traits such as pelagic larval duration or microhabitat association may profoundly impact phylogeographical structure.
Variation in symbiont distribution between closely related coral species over large depth ranges
Authors: FRADE P. R. , DE JONGH F. , VERMEULEN F. , VAN BLEIJSWIJK J. , BAK R. P. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSymbiotic algae in coral species distributed over a large depth range are confronted with major differences in light conditions. We studied the genetic variation of Symbiodinium in the coral genus Madracis over depth (5–40 m) and at two different colony surface positions. Using polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis ITS2 nuclear ribosomal DNA analyses, we consistently identified three symbiont genotypes with distributions that reveal patterns of host specificity and depth‐based zonation. ITS2 type B7 Symbiodinium is the generalist type, occurring in all zooxanthellate Madracis corals and at all depths. Type B13 is restricted to the shallow water specialist Madracis mirabilis. Type B15 is typical of deep reef environments and replaces B7 in the depth generalist Madracis pharensis. Contrasting with variation over depth, we found strong functional within‐colony uniformity in symbiont diversity. Relating symbiont distributions to measured physical factors (irradiance, light spectral distribution, temperature), suggests depth‐based ecological function and host specificity for Symbiodinium ITS2 types, even among closely related coral species.