bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vocal communication in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Soltis Joseph 
Published: May 2009

AbstractResearch on vocal communication in African elephants has increased in recent years, both in the wild and in captivity, providing an opportunity to present a comprehensive review of research related to their vocal behavior. Current data indicate that the vocal repertoire consists of perhaps nine acoustically distinct call types, “rumbles” being the most common and acoustically variable. Large vocal production anatomy is responsible for the low‐frequency nature of rumbles, with fundamental frequencies in the infrasonic range. Additionally, resonant frequencies of rumbles implicate the trunk in addition to the oral cavity in shaping the acoustic structure of rumbles. Long‐distance communication is thought possible because low‐frequency sounds propagate more faithfully than high‐frequency sounds, and elephants respond to rumbles at distances of up to 2.5 km. Elephant ear anatomy appears designed for detecting low frequencies, and experiments demonstrate that elephants can detect infrasonic tones and discriminate small frequency differences. Two vocal communication functions in the African elephant now have reasonable empirical support. First, closely bonded but spatially separated females engage in rumble exchanges, or “contact calls,” that function to coordinate movement or reunite animals. Second, both males and females produce “mate attraction” rumbles that may advertise reproductive states to the opposite sex. Additionally, there is evidence that the structural variation in rumbles reflects the individual identity, reproductive state, and emotional state of callers. Growth in knowledge about the communication system of the African elephant has occurred from a rich combination of research on wild elephants in national parks and captive elephants in zoological parks. Zoo Biol 29:192–209, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning from nature: bottlenose dolphin care and husbandry
Authors: Wells Randall S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe world's longest‐running study of a wild dolphin population, operated by the Chicago Zoological Society since 1989, has focused on the multi‐generational resident community of about 160 bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida, since 1970. Observational and capture‐release research on the biology, behavior, life history, ecology, and health of individually identifiable bay residents of up to 59 years of age and spanning five generations has helped to inform collection managers at the Brookfield Zoo and partner institutions. Age, sex, and genetic compositions of colonies at cooperating institutions have been based on observations of social structure and genetic paternity testing in Sarasota Bay to optimize breeding success. Breeding success, including calf survivorship, is evaluated relative to individual wild dolphin reproductive histories, spanning as many as nine calves and four decades. Individual rearing patterns for wild dolphins provide guidance for determining how long to keep mothers and calves together, and help to define the next steps in the calves' social development. Health assessments provide data on expected ranges of blood, milk and urine values, morphometrics, and body condition relative to age, sex, and reproductive condition. Calf growth can be compared with wild values. Target weights and blubber thicknesses for specific age and sex classes in specified water temperatures are available for wild dolphins, and caloric intakes can be adjusted accordingly to meet the targets. A strength of the program is the ability to monitor individuals throughout their lives, and to be able to define individual ranges of variability through ontogenetic stages. Zoo Biol 28:635–651, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing animal welfare: different philosophies, different scientific approaches
Authors: Fraser David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAttempts to improve animal welfare have commonly centered around three broad objectives: (1) to ensure good physical health and functioning of animals, (2) to minimize unpleasant “affective states” (pain, fear, etc.) and to allow animals normal pleasures, and (3) to allow animals to develop and live in ways that are natural for the species. Each of these objectives has given rise to scientific approaches for assessing animal welfare. An emphasis on health and functioning has led to assessment methods based on rates of disease, injury, mortality, and reproductive success. An emphasis on affective states has led to assessment methods based on indicators of pain, fear, distress, frustration and similar experiences. An emphasis on natural living has led to research on the natural behavior of animals and on the strength of animals' motivation to perform different elements of their behavior. All three approaches have yielded practical ways to improve animal welfare, and the three objectives are often correlated. However, under captive conditions, where the evolved adaptations of animals may not match the challenges of their current circumstances, the single‐minded pursuit of any one criterion may lead to poor welfare as judged by the others. Furthermore, the three objectives arise from different philosophical views about what constitutes a good life—an area of disagreement that is deeply embedded in Western culture and that is not resolved by scientific research. If efforts to improve animal welfare are to achieve widespread acceptance, they need to strike a balance among the different animal welfare objectives. Zoo Biol 28:507–518, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fragile x syndrome and autism: from disease model to therapeutic targets
Authors: Dölen Gül , Bear Mark F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Autism is an umbrella diagnosis with several different etiologies. Fragile X syndrome (FXS), one of the first identified and leading causes of autism, has been modeled in mice using molecular genetic manipulation. These Fmr1 knockout mice have recently been used to identify a new putative therapeutic target, the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), for the treatment of FXS. Moreover, mGluR5 signaling cascades interact with a number of synaptic proteins, many of which have been implicated in autism, raising the possibility that therapeutic targets identified for FXS may have efficacy in treating multiple other causes of autism.
Production of High Oleic Palm Oils on a Pilot Scale
Authors: Ramli Muhamad Roddy , Siew Wai Lin , Cheah Kien Yoo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractRefined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBD POo) with an iodine value (IV) of 62 was chemically interesterified with methyl oleate (MO) at a ratio of 50:50 (w/w). The reaction was carried out at 110 °C in the presence of sodium methoxide as a catalyst using a 100‐kg pilot scale reactor. Randomization between 15 and 30 min resulted in less free fatty acid (FFA) formation and higher oleic content in the interesterified product as compared to longer reaction time of 60–90 min. Sodium methoxide‐catalyzed ester interchange increased the oleic content of the interesterified product to more than 57% from its initial content of 45%. The product obtained also has an IV of more than 75. The interesterified oil was then subjected to dry fractionation in a 200‐kg De Smet jacketed crystallizer at 8 °C to further enhance the oleic content of the liquid olein fraction. The resulted olein had an improved cloud point and higher IV of 81. The solid stearin had a slightly higher IV and oleic content as compared to normal palm stearin. The solid fat content was comparable to normal palm oil. The pilot scale study has proven a successful conversion of laboratory findings to a larger scale production and gave the most realistic information for possible commercialization.
Proteomic Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid by 8-Plex iTRAQ Reveals Potential Biomarker Candidates of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Guerreiro N. , Gomez-Mancilla B. , Williamson B. , Minkoff M. , Guertin S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIntroductionAlzheimer’s disease (AD) poses specific challenges for drug development. It has a slow and variable clinical course, an insidious onset, and symptom expression is only observed when a significant proportion of neurons are already lost.DiscussionDeterminants of clinical course, such as molecular biomarkers, are urgently needed for early detection and diagnosis, or for prognosis and monitoring disease-modifying therapies in stratified patient populations. Due to its proximity to the brain and clinical availability, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is likely to have the highest yield of biomarker potential for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we examined the feasibility of using of an 8-plex isobaric tagging approach, coupled to two-dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight platform, for the discovery of potential biomarker candidates in CSF. Comparative analysis identified a number of statistically significant differences in the level of proteins when comparing AD to nondemented controls. Although the study is statistically underpowered to represent the disease population, the regulation of proteins with involvement in processes such as neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and tissue degeneration and remodeling reflects the ability of our method in providing biologically meaningful CSF biomarkers as candidates for larger scale biomarker verification and validation studies.
The care of the royal tombs in english cathedrals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the case of the effigy of King John at Worcester
Authors: Church S D 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe medieval history of the celebrated tomb of King John at Worcester is now well known. The works of Charles Alfred Stothard at the beginning of the nineteenth century, of William St John Hope in the early years of the twentieth century, and that of Jane Martindale at the end of that century, are highlights along the road of our understanding of the royal effigy in its medieval context. But all the while this work of comprehension was going on, those who had a duty of care over the tomb were engaged in a battle to offload that responsibility. The authorities at Worcester were not alone in wondering who should carry the burden of caring for royal monuments in English cathedrals. As early as 1841, the question of the care of royal tombs in Westminster Abbey had come under Parliamentary scrutiny. The deans and chapters at Canterbury and at Gloucester also sought government subvention for the care of the royal tombs in their cathedrals. The history of this debate about the care of royal sepulchral monuments forms the wider framework for the main theme of this article, which is an examination in detail of the ways in which King John’s tomb at Worcester was treated between 1872 and 1930. It reveals a remarkable story in which a catalogue of disastrous decisions came to give us the tomb and effigy as we have them today. The article concludes with a short discussion of the introduction of the 1990 Care of Cathedrals Measure which established the structures that currently exist (with subsequent amendments) for the preservation of Anglican cathedral churches in use.
Popper's Severity of Test as an intuitive probabilistic model of hypothesis testing
Authors: Poletiek Fenna H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSeverity of Test (SoT) is an alternative to Popper's logical falsification that solves a number of problems of the logical view. It was presented by Popper himself in 1963. SoT is a less sophisticated probabilistic model of hypothesis testing than Oaksford & Chater's (O&C's) information gain model, but it has a number of striking similarities. Moreover, it captures the intuition of everyday hypothesis testing.
Norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes: the evaluation of infection control measures
Authors: FRIESEMA I. H. M. , VENNEMA H. , HEIJNE J. C. M. , de JAGER C. M. , MORROY G. , van den KERKHOF J. H. T. C. , de COSTER E. J. M. , WOLTERS B. A. , ter WAARBEEK H. L. G. , FANOY E. B. , TEUNIS P. F. M. , van der LINDE R. , van DUYNHOVEN Y. T. H. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEffective infection control measures during norovirus outbreaks are urgently needed in places where vulnerable individuals gather. In the present study, the effect of a number of measures was investigated in daily practice. Forty-nine Dutch nursing homes were monitored prospectively for norovirus outbreaks during two winter seasons. A total of 37 norovirus outbreaks were registered. Control measures were most effective when implemented within 3 days after onset of disease of the first patient. Measures targeted at reduced transmission between persons, via aerosols, and via contaminated surfaces reduced illness in staff and in residents. Reducing illness in staff results in fewer costs for sick leave and substitution of staff and less disruption in the care of residents. The effect of control measures on outbreak duration was limited. This is the first intervention study examining the effect of control measures. Further research is needed to extend and refine the conclusions.
Longitudinal patterns of gambling activities and associated risk factors in college students
Authors: Goudriaan Anna E. , Slutske Wendy S. , Krull Jennifer L. , Sher Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate which clusters of gambling activities exist within a longitudinal study of college health, how membership in gambling clusters change over time and whether particular clusters of gambling are associated with unhealthy risk behaviour.Design  Four‐year longitudinal study (2002–2006).Setting  Large, public university.Participants  Undergraduate college students.Measurements  Ten common gambling activities were measured during 4 consecutive college years (years 1–4). Clusters of gambling activities were examined using latent class analyses. Relations between gambling clusters and gender, Greek membership, alcohol use, drug use, personality indicators of behavioural undercontrol and psychological distress were examined.Findings  Four latent gambling classes were identified: (1) a low‐gambling class, (2) a card gambling class, (3) a casino/slots gambling class and (4) an extensive gambling class. Over the first college years a high probability of transitioning from the low‐gambling class and the card gambling class into the casino/slots gambling class was present. Membership in the card, casino/slots and extensive gambling classes were associated with higher scores on alcohol/drug use, novelty seeking and self‐identified gambling problems compared to the low‐gambling class. The extensive gambling class scored higher than the other gambling classes on risk factors.Conclusions  Extensive gamblers and card gamblers are at higher risk for problem gambling and other risky health behaviours. Prospective examinations of class membership suggested that being in the extensive and the low gambling classes was highly stable across the 4 years of college.
Bayes' Theorem to estimate population prevalence from Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores
Authors: Foxcroft David R. , Kypri Kypros , Simonite Vanessa 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTAim  The aim in this methodological paper is to demonstrate, using Bayes' Theorem, an approach to estimating the difference in prevalence of a disorder in two groups whose test scores are obtained, illustrated with data from a college student trial where 12‐month outcomes are reported for the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).Method  Using known population prevalence as a background probability and diagnostic accuracy information for the AUDIT scale, we calculated the post‐test probability of alcohol abuse or dependence for study participants. The difference in post‐test probability between the study intervention and control groups indicates the effectiveness of the intervention to reduce alcohol use disorder rates.Findings  In the illustrative analysis, at 12‐month follow‐up there was a mean AUDIT score difference of 2.2 points between the intervention and control groups: an effect size of unclear policy relevance. Using Bayes' Theorem, the post‐test probability mean difference between the two groups was 9% (95% confidence interval 3–14%). Interpreted as a prevalence reduction, this is evaluated more easily by policy makers and clinicians.Conclusion  Important information on the probable differences in real world prevalence and impact of prevention and treatment programmes can be produced by applying Bayes' Theorem to studies where diagnostic outcome measures are used. However, the usefulness of this approach relies upon good information on the accuracy of such diagnostic measures for target conditions.
A meta‐analysis of marijuana, cocaine and opiate toxicology study findings among homicide victims
Authors: Kuhns Joseph B. , Wilson David B. , Maguire Edward R. , Ainsworth Stephanie A. , Clodfelter Tammatha A. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTAim  To synthesize the results of marijuana, cocaine and opiate drug toxicology studies of homicide victims and examine variation in results across person and setting characteristics.Methods  A meta‐analysis of 18 independent studies identified from an extensive review of 239 published articles that met the inclusion criteria of reporting marijuana, cocaine and/or opiate toxicology test results for homicide victims. A total of 28 868 toxicology test results derived from 30 482 homicide victims across five countries were examined.Results  On average, 6% of homicide victims tested positive for marijuana, 11% tested positive for cocaine, and 5% tested positive for opiates. The proportion of homicide victims testing positive for illicit drugs has increased over time. Age had a strong curvilinear relationship with toxicology test results, but gender differences were not apparent. Hispanic and African American homicide victims were more likely to test positive for cocaine; Caucasians were most likely to test positive for opiates. Cocaine use appeared to be related to increased risk of death from a firearm and was a greater risk factor for violent victimization in the United States than in Newfoundland and Scandinavia.Conclusion  There are relatively few studies of illicit drug toxicology reports from homicide victims that allow for cross‐cultural comparisons. This study provides a basis for comparing future local toxicology test results to estimates from existing research.
The importance of drinking frequency in evaluating individuals' drinking patterns: implications for the development of national drinking guidelines
Authors: Paradis Catherine , Demers Andrée , Picard Elyse , Graham Kathryn 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTAims This paper examines the relationship between frequency of drinking, usual daily consumption and frequency of binge drinking, taking into consideration possible age and gender differences.Participants and design Subjects were 10 466 current drinkers (5743 women and 4723 men) aged between 18 and 76 years, who participated in the GENACIS Canada (GENder Alcohol and Culture: an International Study) study.Setting Canada.Measurements The independent variable was the annual drinking frequency. The dependent variables were the usual daily quantity consumed, annual, monthly and weekly frequency of binge drinking (five drinks or more on one occasion).Findings Logistic regressions show (i) that those who drink less than once a week are less likely than weekly drinkers to take more than two drinks when they do drink; (ii) that the usual daily quantity consumed by weekly drinkers is not related to their frequency of drinking; but that (iii) the risk and frequency of binge drinking increase with the frequency of drinking.Conclusions Given that risk and frequency of binge drinking among Canadians increases with their frequency of drinking, any public recommendation to drink moderately should be made with great caution.
Meta‐analysis: incidence of endoscopic gastric and duodenal ulcers in placebo arms of randomized placebo‐controlled NSAID trials
Authors: YUAN Y.‐H. , WANG C. , YUAN Y. , HUNT R. H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryBackground  The safety of NSAIDs is often evaluated by comparison with placebo in clinical trials.Aim  To investigate the incidence of gastric and duodenal ulcers (GDU) in placebo arms in NSAID trials over the last three decades.Methods  Randomized placebo‐controlled trials of oral NSAIDs from 1975 to 2006 were systematically reviewed. The pooled incidence of GDU in placebo arms was calculated and compared. Meta‐regression was used to identify risk factors related to the incidence of the placebo ulcer at the study level.Results  Thirty‐six studies met inclusion criteria (duration of 6.5 days to 24 weeks). In total, 3.29% GDUs were reported in 36 placebo arms. The incidence of GDU in placebo arms was 0, 4.20% and 3.03% in the studies from 1975–1989, 1990–1999 and 2000–2006 respectively (P > 0.05). Eligible subjects with previous GI events and eligible subjects on co‐therapy with low‐lose aspirin/corticosteroids were associated with the increase in placebo ulcer incidence after adjusting for other factors.Conclusions  The incidence of GDU in placebo arms has not changed significantly over the last three decades, although has decreased in the past 10 years. Studies show that previous GI events and co‐therapy with low‐dose aspirin/corticosteroids were associated with increasing GDU in placebo arms.
Stage‐dependent predation on competitors: consequences for the outcome of a mosquito invasion
Authors: Alto Barry W. , Kesavaraju Banugopan , Juliano Steven A. , Philip Lounibos L. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1.Predator‐mediated coexistence occurs when predation allows competitors to coexist, due to preferential consumption of a superior competitor relative to an inferior competitor. Differences between the native treehole mosquito (Aedes triseriatus) and the co‐occurring Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in anti‐predatory larval behaviours account, in part, for the greater vulnerability of this invasive species to native predatory midge (Corethrella appendiculata). We test the hypothesis that stage‐dependent differences in the sizes ofA. albopictusandA. triseriatuslarvae, relative to the size‐limitedC. appendiculata, contribute to differential consumption and the likelihood of predator‐mediated coexistence of these competitors.2.In all instars, larvae ofA. triseriatuswere larger thanA. albopictusof the same stage. Third and fourth instarC. appendiculataselectively consumed late‐stageA. albopictusin preference to same‐stageA. triseriatus. Small, early‐stage prey larvae did not differ in vulnerability to predation, but large, late‐stage larvae differed significantly in vulnerability to predation, probably owing to size‐limited predation by fourth instarC. appendiculata.This effect was less pronounced for third instarC. appendiculata.3.Prey size, in conjunction with anti‐predatory behavioural responses, alters the probability of predator‐mediated coexistence. A stage‐structured predation model showed that equally vulnerable early stages reduce the range of environmental conditions (productivities) in which predator‐mediated coexistence is possible, increasing the likelihood of both competitive exclusion of the resident species or failure of the invasive to establish. These results underscore the importance of stage‐dependent interspecific differences in predator–prey interactions for determining how predators may affect community composition.