bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamma-ray sources like V407 Cygni in symbiotic stars
Authors: Lü Guoliang , Zhu Chunhua , Wang Zhaojun , Huo Wensheng , Yang Yuangui 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Using a simple accelerating model and an assumption that γ-rays originate from p–p collisions for a π0 model, we investigate γ-ray sources like V407 Cygni in symbiotic stars. The upper limit of their occurrence rate in the Galaxy is between 0.5 and 5 yr−1, indicating that they may be important sources of high-energy γ-rays. The maximum energies of the accelerated protons mainly distribute around 1011eV, and barely reach 1015eV. The novae occurring in D-type SSs with ONe white dwarfs and long orbital periods are good candidates for γ-ray sources. Due to a short orbital period which results in a short acceleration duration, the nova occurring in symbiotic star RS Oph cannot produce γ-ray emission like that in V407 Cygni.
Hyperfine excitation of CN by He
Authors: Lique F. , Kłos J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Modelling of molecular emission spectra from interstellar clouds requires the calculation of rates for excitation by collisions with the most-abundant species. We calculate hyperfine structure resolved excitation rate coefficients of the cyano radical (CN) by He. State-to-state rate coefficients between the 37 lowest hyperfine levels of CN were calculated for low temperatures in the range 5–30 K. The new rate coefficients will help significantly in the interpretation of the CN emission lines observed with current and future telescopes, and enable this molecule to become a powerful astrophysical tool.
Changes in spatial and temporal distribution and vocal behavior of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) during multiship exercises with mid‐frequency sonar
Authors: McCarthy Elena , Moretti David , Thomas Len , DiMarzio Nancy , Morrissey Ronald , Jarvis Susan , Ward Jessica , Izzi Annamaria , Dilley Ashley 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe number and distribution of vocalizing groups of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) were analyzed before, during, and after multiship mid‐frequency active sonar operations at the US Navy's Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the Bahamas. Groups of foraging animals were isolated by detecting their echolocation clicks using an array of bottom‐mounted hydrophones. Two data sets were evaluated consisting of 115 and 240 h of acoustic data in May 2007 and 2008, respectively. Vocal activity was observed to decline during active sonar exercises and increase upon cessation of sonar transmissions in both data sets. Vocal activity did not recover to preexposure levels in the postexposure time period in 2007 nor in the initial postexposure period in the 2008 data set. Clicks detected during sonar operations were generally found to be on the periphery of the hydrophone field and vocal durations declined for those groups that remained on the range in that time period. Receive levels were calculated for several vocal groups of whales and indicated that animals continued to forage when exposed to sonar at levels as high as 157 dB re: μPa.
Respiratory hygiene practices by the public during the 2009 influenza pandemic: an observational study
Authors: Barry Tasmin , Manning Stephanie , Lee Mei S. , Eggleton Russell , Hampton Simon , Kaur Jasveen , Baker Michael G. , Wilson Nick 
Published: February 2011

Please cite this paper as: Barry et al. (2011) Respiratory hygiene practices by the public during the 2009 influenza pandemic: an observational study. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(5), 317–320.Aims  To describe the public use of respiratory hygiene behaviours during the 2009 influenza pandemic and to test the feasibility of an observational method.Methods  Respiratory behaviour was systematically observed at three public settings during August 2009 in the capital city of New Zealand (Wellington). Data on each coughing or sneezing event were collected.Results  A total of 384 respiratory events were observed, at a rate of 0·8 cough/sneeze per observed‐person‐hour. Around a quarter of respiratory events (27·3%) were uncovered, and there was infrequent use of the responses recommended by health authorities (i.e., covering with a tissue or handkerchief at 3·4% and covering with elbow or arm at 1·3%). Respiratory event rates were higher in all settings that were ‘high flow’ (for people movement) compared to ‘low flow’ settings. Uncovered events were more common among people at the hospital entrance versus the hospital café [risk ratio (RR) = 7·8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1·1–52·6] and when a person was located within 1 m of others (RR = 1·5, 95% CI: 1·1–1·9).Observing respiratory hygiene was found to be feasible in all of the selected public locations. There was good agreement between observing pairs about whether or not respiratory events occurred (inter‐observer correlation = 0·81) and for uncovered versus covered events (total Cohen’s kappa score = 0·70).Conclusions  It was feasible to document respiratory hygiene behaviour in public urban settings during a influenza pandemic. Respiratory hygiene advice was not being adequately followed by this population towards the end of the first wave of the pandemic.
Coordination Assembly and Characterization of Red‐Emitting Europium (III) Organic/Inorganic Polymeric Hybrids
Authors: Li Ying , Chian Wei , Wang Xia , Sha Wentian , Zhang Yiwen , Jiang Wenkai 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNovel luminescent ternary organic–inorganic–polymeric hybrid material has been assembled by Eu3+ complex incorporating into poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The functionalized silylated precursor PDC‐Si derived from PDC (2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid chloride) behaves as the coordination units of Eu3+ ion. The organic polymer was introduced into the system by directly dissolving PMMA in solution of Eu(PDC‐Si)3 complex and N‐N‐Dimethyl Formamide (DMF) with subsequent addition of tetraethoxysilane to promote hydrolysis and condensation. The structure and photophysical properties of the resulting hybrids are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy and photoluminescence spectra. The luminescence quantum yield was calculated based on the emission spectra and luminescence lifetimes. XRD reveals its amorphous structure. Efficient energy transfer process occurs between PMMA and Eu3+, and replacement of water molecule by PMMA in the first coordination sphere was confirmed by comparing with the binary hybrid.
Successful Combined Therapy with Tamoxifen and Lithium in a Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation‐Induced Mania Model
Authors: Armani Fernanda , Andersen Monica L. , Andreatini Roberto , Frussa‐Filho Roberto , Tufik Sergio , Fernandes Galduróz José Carlos 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYBackground: Previous studies have suggested that manic states and sleep deprivation could contribute to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) through protein kinase C (PKC) signaling abnormalities. Moreover, adjunctive therapy has become a standard strategy in the management of BD patients who respond poorly to current pharmacological treatments. Aim: Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of PKC inhibition by tamoxifen both separately or in combination with lithium, in paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD)‐induced hyperactivity, one facet of mania‐like behavior. Materials & Methods: Adult male C57BL/6J mice were randomly distributed (n = 7/group) in 24‐h PSD or control groups and injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with vehicle, lithium (50, 100, or 150 mg/kg) or tamoxifen (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg – experiment 1). In a second experiment, mice were injected i.p. with vehicle or a combination of subeffective doses of lithium and tamoxifen. Animals were subjected to a protocol based on repetitive PSD conditions, followed by assessment of locomotion activity in the open‐field task. Results: PSD significantly increased locomotor activity in both experiments. These behavioral changes were prevented by a treatment with lithium or tamoxifen, or a combined treatment with both lithium and tamoxifen. Discussion: Therefore, our findings suggest that lithium and tamoxifen exert reversal effects against PSD‐induced hyperactivity in mice. Conclusion: Furthermore, tamoxifen as an adjunct to lithium therapy provides support for an alternative treatment of individuals who either do not respond adequately or cannot tolerate the adverse effects associated with therapeutic doses of lithium.
Muscarinic Receptors: Their Roles in Disorders of the Central Nervous System and Potential as Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Scarr Elizabeth 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYPhylogenetically, acetylcholine is an ancient neurochemical. Therefore, it is not surprising that cholinergic neurons project extensively throughout the central nervous system, innervating a wide range of structures within the brain. In fact, acetylcholine is involved in processes that underpin some of our most basic central functions. Both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor families, which mediate cholinergic transmission, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurological disorders. The question that remains to be definitively answered is whether or not these receptors are viable targets for the development of future therapeutic agents.
MicroRNA, epigenetic machinery and lung cancer
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Xi Yaguang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and over 80% of lung cancer patients are classified as having non‐small cell lung cancer. Although there have been technological advancements in the early detection and standard treatment of lung cancer, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and is chemoresistant to most available drugs. A number of studies have demonstrated that microRNA is able to modulate various tumorigenic processes, including progression and metastasis, in various mechanisms. In this review we examine the most recent achievements in microRNA and lung cancer treatment and summarize the research progress on the reciprocal regulation between microRNA and epigenetic modifications, as both have been intensively studied in lung cancer. Epigenetic modifications on the human genome regulate gene and microRNA expression at the transcriptional level; inversely, microRNA can also transcriptionally cleave and/or translationally repress the expression of several key enzymes involved in epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and histone modification. Better understanding of reciprocal regulation between microRNA and epigenetic modifications will underlie the development of novel microRNA orientated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies relating to lung cancer in the near future.
Morphometric analysis of conformational changes in hepatic venous system after right lobe living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Takahashi Masanori , Fukumoto Takumi , Kido Masahiro , Tsuchida Shinobu , Takebe Atsushi , Kuramitsu Kaori , Komatsu Shohei , Yamada Isamu , Hori Yuichi , Ku Yonson 
Published: February 2011

Aim:  After living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), the graft liver regenerates to the standard liver volume. However, little is known about the influence of this phenomenon on the hepatic venous system.Methods:  Fourteen right lobe LDLT without the middle hepatic vein were included in this study. Computed tomography before and 1 month after LDLT was performed to measure the inflow angle of the right hepatic vein (RHV), the aspect ratio of the inferior vena cava (IVC), the coordinate position of IVC and diameter of RHV. In addition, the regeneration index (RI) was determined on each liver segment.Results:  RHV showed a clockwise rotation at early postoperative months, the average increase of the inflow angle being 14.5 ± 15.6 (mean ± standard deviation) degrees. IVC was shifted from right to left with a deformity to a long oval shape on horizontal sections. The center of IVC moved dorsally at an average of 0.55 ± 0.77 cm and leftward at an average of 0.82 ± 0.89 cm. Diameter of RHV decreased at an average of 0.65 ± 0.39 cm at its root. The extent of liver regeneration was more prominent in the posterior segment as compared to the anterior segment, the average RI values being 1.65 ± 0.65 and 1.17 ± 0.44, respectively (P < 0.05). Hepatic vein outflow block (HVOB) was encountered in two patients with a marked conformational deformity observed in the hepatic venous system at early postoperative months after LDLT.Conclusion:  After right lobe LDLT, the hepatic venous system exhibits a profound conformational change, which most likely plays a role in the onset of HVOB.
Higher discontinuation and lower survival rates are likely in elderly Japanese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma receiving sorafenib
Authors: Morimoto Manabu , Numata Kazushi , Kondo Masaaki , Hidaka Hisashi , Takada Juichi , Shibuya Akitaka , Kobayashi Satoshi , Ohkawa Shinichi , Okuse Chiaki , Morita Satoshi , Taguri Masataka , Tanaka Katsuaki 
Published: February 2011

Aim:  Sorafenib is approved for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan; however, its tolerability and efficacy in elderly patients with HCC have not been clarified. We aimed to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of sorafenib with increasing age.Methods:  As part of a retrospective, multicenter cohort study conducted between May 2009 and February 2010, patients with advanced HCC received 400 mg sorafenib twice daily (standard dosage) or once daily (half‐dosage) until disease progression or treatment intolerance.Results:  The mean age of the enrolled patients (n = 76) was 70.3 years, and 24 of them were ≥75 years old. The prognostic factors for survival were age < 75 years, performance status score zero, α‐fetoprotein level < 1000 ng/mL, des‐gamma‐carboxy prothrombin level < 1000 ng/mL, and treatment duration ≥ 1 month. The median treatment duration and overall incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were not statistically different with increasing age. However, subgroup analysis revealed that treatment discontinuation because of ADRs was more frequent among the ≥75‐year‐old patients (41.7%) than among the <75‐year‐old ones (15.0%) with the standard dosage (P = 0.047); this trend was not observed among those who received the half‐dose regimen.Conclusions:  Sorafenib has modest efficacy and acceptable toxicity in younger (<75 years) patients with HCC; however, elderly patients experience some side effects when it is administered at the standard dosage.
Urinary bile acid sulfate levels in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Miura Ryo , Tanaka Atsushi , Takikawa Hajime 
Published: February 2011

Aim:  Urinary bile acids are mainly conjugated with sulfuric acid. In a previous work, we demonstrated that the levels of urinary sulfated bile acids (USBA) and serum total bile acids (TBA) were correlated very well and also that USBA was considered to be a more useful indicator of hepatic fibrosis than TBA in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐related liver diseases. In the current study we aimed to confirm these finding in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), a prototypic cholestatic liver disease.Methods:  Urinary sulfated bile acids were measured using an automatic assay kit in 50 patients with PBC, of whom 11 were diagnosed as having cirrhosis. We obtained specimens before ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) administration in four patients, and during UDCA in 46 patients. The correlations between USBA and various laboratory tests were studied.Results:  The median USBA level was 67.9 µmol/g creatinine in PBC; 27.7 without cirrhosis and 210.3 with cirrhosis (P = 0.001). The number of PBC patients with elevated USBA was significantly higher than those with elevated TBA (82% vs. 56%). This significance was remarkable especially in early stages, non‐cirrhotic patients (77% vs. 49%). USBA level was well correlated with TBA (rs = 0.72), and negatively correlated with platelet (rs = −0.34) and albumin (rs = −0.31).Conclusion:  Urinary sulfated bile acids and TBA are well correlated, and together with the findings that USBA is not affected by meals, USBA is considered to be more beneficial and convenient than TBA for earlier detection of fibrosis in PBC.
Respiratory Disease in Neonatal Cloned Calves
Authors: Brisville A.C. , Fecteau G. , Boysen S. , Dorval P. , Buczinski S. , Blondin P. , Smith L.C. 
Published: February 2011

Background: Numerous clinical abnormalities occur in cloned calves during the neonatal period.Objectives: Describe respiratory diseases affecting cloned calves.Animals: Twenty‐five cloned Holstein calves.Methods: Retrospective clinical study of the cloned calves born at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Saint‐Hyacinthe, QC.Results: Records of 31 cloned calves were reviewed. Twenty‐five records were included. Four stillborn calves and 2 calves euthanized at birth were excluded. Twenty‐two calves suffered from respiratory diseases. Nineteen calves received intranasal oxygen treatment (INO). They were tachypneic (78 breaths per minute) and 5 of them were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg). Two of 19 calves remained hypoxemic despite INO. Thirteen calves were weaned from INO after a median of 70 hours and were discharged at a median of 5 days of age. Nine calves required ventilatory support: 3 from birth and 6 after INO. Five were successfully weaned from the ventilator after a median of 32 hours and were discharged at a median of 8 days of age. Three calves died and 1 was euthanized because of respiratory disease. Necropsy revealed atelectasis, pulmonary congestion, and alveolar damages.Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Respiratory disease occurs frequently in cloned calves. The most frequent abnormality is hypoxemia because of V/Q mismatch. It is possible to successfully support these calves by INO and mechanical ventilation.
Mortality in North American Dogs from 1984 to 2004: An Investigation into Age‐, Size‐, and Breed‐Related Causes of Death
Authors: Fleming J.M. , Creevy K.E. , Promislow D.E.L. 
Published: February 2011

Background: Anecdotal beliefs and limited research suggest variable patterns of mortality in age, size, and breed cohorts of dogs. Detailed knowledge of mortality patterns would facilitate development of tailored health‐maintenance practices and contribute to the understanding of the genetic basis of disease.Hypothesis/Objectives: To describe breed‐specific causes of death in all instances of canine mortality recorded in the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB)a between 1984 and 2004. We hypothesized that causes of death, categorized by organ system (OS) or pathophysiologic process (PP), would segregate by age, body mass, and breed.Animals: 74,556 dogs from the VMDB for which death was the outcome of the recorded hospital visit.Methods: Retrospective study. Causes of death from abstracted VMDB medical records were categorized by OS and PP and analyzed by age, breed, and breed‐standard mass of dog.Results: Causes of death, categorized by OS or PP, segregated by age, breed, and breed‐standard mass. Young dogs died more commonly of gastrointestinal and infectious causes whereas older dogs died of neurologic and neoplastic causes. Increasing age was associated with an increasing risk of death because of cardiovascular, endocrine, and urogenital causes, but not because of hematopoietic or musculoskeletal causes. Dogs of larger breeds died more commonly of musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal causes whereas dogs of smaller breeds died more commonly of endocrine causes.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Not all causes of death contribute equally to mortality within age, size, or breed cohorts. Documented patterns now provide multiple targets for clinical research and intervention.
Chemoprotective effect of the tetrahydrofuran lignan grandisin in the in-vivo rodent micronucleus assay
Authors: Valadares Marize C , de Oliveira Júnior Luiz Marcos , de Carvalho Flávio S , Andrade Lorenna V S , dos Santos Alexandre P , de Oliveira Valéria , de Souza Gil Eric , Kato Massuo J 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objectives
The chemoprotective effect of the tetrahydrofuran lignan grandisin against DNA damage induced by cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) has been evaluated using the in vitro rodent micronucleus assay.

Methods
The effects of a daily oral administration of grandisin (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg) for five days before exposure to cyclophosphamide on the frequency of micronucleus in the bone marrow of normal mice exposed and unexposed to cyclophosphamide were investigated (n = 5 per group). Electrochemical measurements were applied to investigate whether the antimutagenic effects of grandisin could be, at least in part, a consequence of its or its metabolite's antioxidant properties.

Key findings
Grandisin did not show mutagenic effects on the bone marrow cells of exposed mice. On the other hand, the oral administration of grandisin (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg) per day reduced dose-dependently the frequency of micronucleus, induced by cyclophosphamide, in all groups studied. Cyclic voltammograms showed two peaks for a grandisin metabolite, which were absent for grandisin.

Conclusions
Under the conditions tested herein, this study has shown that mice treated with grandisin presented, in a dose-dependent manner, a protective effect against cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenicity. This effect could be, at least in part, associated to grandisin bioactivation. These data open new perspectives for further investigation into the toxicology and applied pharmacology of grandisin.
Formulation development and systematic optimization of solid lipid nanoparticles of quercetin for improved brain delivery
Authors: Dhawan Sanju , Kapil Rishi , Singh Bhupinder 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objective
This study aims at formulating solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of quercetin, a natural flavonoid with established antioxidant activity, for intravenous administration in order to improve its permeation across the blood–brain barrier into the CNS, and eventually to improve the therapeutic efficacy of this molecule in Alzheimer's disease.

Methods
The SLNs of quercetin were formulated using Compritol as the lipid and Tween 80 as the surfactant through a microemulsification technique, and optimized employing a 32 central composite design (CCD). Selection of the optimized SLN formulation, using brute-force methodology and overlay plots, was based on its efficiency of entrapping quercetin inside the lipophilic core, particle size, surface charge potential and ability of the SLNs to release the entrapped drug completely. The optimized formulation was subjected to various in-vivo behavioral and biochemical studies in Wistar rats.

Key findings
The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of less than 200 nm, 85.73% drug entrapment efficiency and a zeta potential of 21.05 mV. In all the in-vivo behavioral and biochemical experiments, the rats treated with SLN-encapsulated quercetin showed markedly better memory-retention vis-à-vis test and pure quercetin-treated rats.

Conclusions
The studies demonstrated successful targeting of the potent natural antioxidant, quercetin, to brain as a novel strategy having significant therapeutic potential to treat Alzheimer's disease.