bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of injection–meal interval usage and its association with variables of metabolic control in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Müller N. , Kloos C. , Frank T. , Ristow M. , Wolf G. , Müller U. A. 
Published: October 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 223–226 (2011)AbstractObjective  Regular human insulin is usually recommended with an injection–meal interval. It is not known how many patients follow these recommendations and, of those who do, the injection–meal interval remains incompletely studied. We investigated the injection–meal interval in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and the association with metabolic control in routine care.Methods  Four hundred and seventy‐one consecutive patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes were interviewed to determine their injection–meal interval in a university outpatient clinic setting in Germany in 2006. Four hundred and thirty‐three interviews were suitable for analysis (143 Type 1 diabetes, 290 Type 2 diabetes). HbA1c was Diabetes Control and Complications Trial adjusted.Results  Among those with Type 1 diabetes, 27%‘always’, 27%‘sometimes’ and 46%‘never’ used an injection–meal interval. Forty‐three per cent of patients with Type 2 diabetes always used an injection–meal interval, 12% sometimes and 45% never. Among patients with Type 1 diabetes, there was no difference in HbA1c between those who always used an injection–meal interval (n = 39, age 58 years, duration of diabetes 21.1 years, BMI 28.7 kg/m², HbA1c 7.50%/58 mmol/mol) compared with those who never used an injection–meal interval (n = 66, age 47.3 years, duration of diabetes 17.4 years, BMI 27.3 kg/m², HbA1c 7.55%/59 mmol/mol). Among patients with Type 2 diabetes, HbA1c in those who always used an injection–meal interval (n = 124, age 65 years, duration of diabetes 13.8 years, BMI 32.6 kg/m², HbA1c 7.31%/56 mmol/mol) is 0.27% lower compared with those who never used an injection–meal interval (n = 130, age 64.3 years, duration of diabetes 16 years, BMI 32.8 kg/m², HbA1c 7.58%/59 mmol/mol).Conclusion  Nearly half of insulin‐treated patients do not use an injection–meal interval. We found no significant association between adherence to injection–meal interval and HbA1c in patients with Type 1 diabetes, but a slightly lower HbA1c in patients with Type 2 diabetes who always use an injection–meal interval.
Low serum bilirubin concentration in haemodialysis patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Fukui M. , Tanaka M. , Yamazaki M. , Hasegawa G. , Nishimura M. , Iwamoto N. , Ono T. , Imai S. , Nakamura N. 
Published: October 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 96–99 (2011)AbstractAims  Previous studies have implicated reduced serum bilirubin concentrations in the development of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to examine whether bilirubin may explain the high incidence of vascular complications in haemodialysis patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  We compared serum bilirubin concentrations, as well as other known aetiological risk factors for cardiovascular disease, in 206 Type 2 diabetes patients on haemodialysis with those in 741 Type 2 diabetes patients not receiving haemodialysis, and evaluated the association between serum bilirubin concentration and cardiovascular disease incidence.Results  Incidences of cardiovascular disease and systolic blood pressure were higher; however, BMI and serum total cholesterol were lower in haemodialysis patients compared with those in patients without haemodialysis. Serum total (0.30 ± 0.10 vs. 0.74 ± 0.26 mg/dl, 0.005 ± 0.002 vs. 0.013 ± 0.004 mmol/l, P < 0.0001) and indirect (0.17 ± 0.08 vs. 0.70 ± 0.23 mg/dl, 0.003 ± 0.001 vs. 0.012 ± 0.004 mmol/l, P < 0.0001) bilirubin were lower in haemodialysis patients compared with those in patients without haemodialysis. Stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that age (β = 0.109, F = 5.959, P < 0.05), duration of diabetes (β = −0.112, F = 6.048, P < 0.05), sex (β = −0.123, F = 8.623, P < 0.05), cardiovascular disease events (β = −0.099, F = 5.131, P < 0.05) and presence of haemodialysis (β = −0.626, F = 201.727, P < 0.01) were independent factors for serum total bilirubin. Logistic regression demonstrated that age (OR 1.089, 95% CI 1.044–1.136; P < 0.0001), duration of diabetes (OR 1.029, 95% CI 1.001–1.059; P = 0.0423), body mass index (OR 1.115, 95% CI 1.001–1.242; P = 0.0487), habit of smoking (OR 2.445, 95% CI 1.046–5.716; P = 0.0391) and serum total bilirubin (OR 0.192, 95% CI 0.037–0.989; P = 0.0484) were independent factors for cardiovascular disease events.Conclusions  Low serum bilirubin concentration could be one of the important factors for the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetes patients receiving haemodialysis.
A retrospective study of the incidence of diagnosed Type 1 diabetes among children and adolescents in a large health organization in Israel, 2000–2008
Authors: Sella T. , Shoshan A. , Goren I. , Shalev V. , Blumenfeld O. , Laron Z. , Chodick G. 
Published: October 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 48–53 (2011)AbstractAims  To determine the incidence and examine temporal trends of Type 1 diabetes among children aged < 18 years, in a large Israeli health organization.Methods  All incident Type 1 diabetes cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2008 were ascertained from an automated diabetes registry based on members’ electronic records and validated by comparison with the Israel Juvenile Diabetes Register.Results  During the study period, a total of 648 incident cases of Type 1 diabetes were identified. The average annual age‐and‐sex‐standardized incidence was 11.09 per 100 000 person‐years. There was an annual 5.82% (95% CI 1.80–9.98%) rise in incidence, with a greater relative increase in toddlers under 5 years of age. Incidence increased with age and demonstrated seasonal variation. Mean age at onset of diabetes significantly (P = 0.07) decreased from 10.21 years (sd = 4.48) in 2000–2002 to 9.25 years (sd = 4.54) in 2006–2008. Among very young patients (< 5 years), average blood glucose values at diagnosis dropped from 32.4 mmol/l (sd = 9.5) to 19.5 mmol/l (sd = 11.0) over the study period, with little change in average glucose for older children.Conclusions  Incidence of diagnosed Type 1 diabetes continues to increase in Israel at a rate that is high compared with similar American and European populations. At the same time, the clinical presentation of children is changing.
Venture capital funds and the public equity market
Authors: McKenzie Michael D. , Janeway William H. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper considers the relationship between the public equity market and the returns to venture investing using a dataset which is derived from the records of two large limited partners who have been investing in venture capital for almost 30 years. Evidence is found to suggest that market conditions over the investment cycle, and exit conditions at the time of exit in particular, are an important determinant. This paper also investigates whether any other aspects of the venture investment process respond to events in the broader market. While general trends are evident in the venture investment cycle, only the intensity of the investment process is found to respond to events in the public equity market.
Tony Blair's ‘Media’ Speech: The Commentators
Authors: RIDDELL PETER , O'NEILL ONORA , HUTTON WILL , FRANKS SUZANNE , MOORE MARTIN , PURVIS STEWART , TENCH DAN 
Published: October 2010

Tony Blair's speech challenged the media over its standards in his valedictory lecture. Many of his charges about the absence of balance, attacks on motive and a pack mentality stand up, even if some are exaggerated and also applied well before his arrival in 10 Downing Street. Mr Blair's solutions did ot match his critique. What is required is a more self‐questioning media, being held to account on the internet and on specialist blogging sites. Vigorous criticism, requiring justification, is a more credible rout than tighter regulation.Tony Blair's speech on the changing pressures on the media is both interesting and convincing in its diagnosis (although generally reported in ways that did not reveal this). It is less convincing in suggestions for change: the fact that on‐line media will fall under Of‐com, and so under its minimal ‘content regulation’ will have little impact. Effective change could begin with other types of (self or other regulation). Some steps towards change might include minimal requirements for journalists and editors to accept elementary forms of accountability, such as disclosing conflicts of interest and payments made for ‘stories’.The scale of media coverage may be crucial in determining the allocation of aid, yet the attention the media pays to particular causes is arbitrary. Many serious disasters are not reported and as a consequence do not receive adequate aid, so that the victims of the crisis will lose out. Chronic long term problems, like famine, are ignored in favour of ‘sudden emergencies’. Reporting seeks sensation and simple stories which influences the way that aid agencies respond to the media. The complex background to a faraway disaster is often overlooked and not properly reported.Tony Blair's speech describing some of the news media as ‘feral beasts’ contained one paragraph which contained an insight into his views on new media.It was known that the outgoing Prime Minister was uncomfortable with some aspects of new technology but his remarks reveal a wider disappointment with how new media has failed to deliver changes which he had hoped for in political communications.This paper records Mr Blair's problems with new media and argues that by focusing on how the new technologies might provide a better way for politicians to by‐pass the traditional media he has missed the point of their wider benefits.
REASONS FOR ACTION AND PRACTICAL REASONING
Authors: Alvarez Maria 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper seeks a better understanding of the elements of practical reasoning: premises and conclusion. It argues that the premises of practical reasoning do not normally include statements such as ‘I want to ϕ’; that the reasoning in practical reasoning is the same as in theoretical reasoning and that what makes it practical is, first, that the point of the relevant reasoning is given by the goal that the reasoner seeks to realize by means of that reasoning and the subsequent action; second, that the premises of such reasoning show the goodness of the action to be undertaken; third, that the conclusions of such reasoning may be actions or decisions, that can be accompanied by expressions of intention, either in action, or for the future; and that these are justified, and might be contradicted, in ways that are not only peculiar to them (i.e. in ways that diverge from those found in theoretical reasoning), but are distinctively practical, in that they involve reference to reasons for acting and to expressions of intention, respectively.1
WHAT IS THE CONTENT OF AN INTENTION IN ACTION?
Authors: McDowell John 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOn the view proposed, the content of an intention in action is given by what one would say in expressing it, and the proper form for expressing such an intention is a statement about what one is doing: e.g. ‘I am doing such‐and‐such’. By contrast, some think that there are normative or evaluative elements to the content of an intention in action which would be left out of a form that merely stated facts. They think that the appropriate way to express such an intention is a statement about what one should be doing. Davidson, for example, thinks that the statement must essentially be a verdict: that doing such‐and‐such is all‐out desirable. But this is to assume that practical reason is reasoning towards the truth of a proposition, the very mistake which obscures its ‘true character’, as Anscombe correctly points out. Moreover, although Davidson's view helps him account for the possibility of weakness of will, his explanation of the phenomenon is strained and inferior by contrast with the account which the proposed view makes available. The proposed view fits into a broader picture in which intentional action is the exercise of a practical conceptual capacity.
Cognitive deficits in relation to personality type and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction in women with stress‐related exhaustion
Authors: SANDSTRÖM AGNETA , PETERSON JONAS , SANDSTRÖM ERIK , LUNDBERG MATTIAS , NYSTROM INGA‐LILL RHODIN , NYBERG LARS , OLSSON TOMMY 
Published: October 2010

Sandström, A., Peterson, J., Sandström, E., Lundberg, M., Rhodin Nystrom, I.‐L., Nyberg, L. & Olsson, T. (2011). Cognitive deficits in relation to personality type and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction in women with stress‐related exhaustion. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 71–82.Exhaustion caused by long‐term work‐related stress may cause cognitive dysfunction. We explored factors that may link chronic stress and cognitive impairment. Personality, psychiatric screening, and behavior were assessed by self‐reporting measures in 20 female patients (mean age 39.3 years; range 26–53) with a preliminary diagnosis of stress‐related exhaustion and in 16 healthy matched controls. Cognitive performance was investigated with a detailed neuropsychological test battery. Cortisol axis function was assessed by urinary and saliva collections of cortisol, dexamethasone suppression, Synacthen response, and corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) tests. Proinflammatory cytokines were measured. Hippocampal volumes were estimated by magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariate and univariate statistical methods were used to explore putative differences between groups and factors linked to cognitive impairment.Cognitive function clearly differed between groups, with decreased attention and visuospatial memory in the patient group, suggesting frontal cortex/medial temporal cortex‐network dysfunction. Increased harm avoidance and persistence was present among patients, with lowered self‐directedness linked to lower quality of life, increased anxious and depressive tendencies, and experiences of psychosocial stress. Attention was decreased with concomitantly impaired visuospatial memory. The pituitary (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH) response to CRH was decreased in patients, with an increased cortisol/ACTH response to CRH. However, cortisol production rates, diurnal or dexamethasone‐suppressed saliva cortisol levels, and the cortisol response to Synacthen were unaltered. Hippocampal volumes did not differ between groups. These findings suggest that cognitive dysfunction in stress‐related exhaustion is linked to distinct personality traits, low quality of life, and a decreased ACTH response to CRH.
The deletion of the microtubule‐associated STOP protein affects the serotonergic mouse brain network
Authors: Fournet Vincent , Jany Marion , Fabre Véronique , Chali Farah , Orsal Didier , Schweitzer Annie , Andrieux Annie , Messanvi Fany , Giros Bruno , Hamon Michel , Lanfumey Laurence , Deloulme Jean‐Christophe , Martres Marie‐Pascale 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1579–1594.AbstractThe deletion of microtubule‐associated protein stable tubule only polypeptide (STOP) leads to neuroanatomical, biochemical and severe behavioral alterations in mice, partly alleviated by antipsychotics. Therefore, STOP knockout (KO) mice have been proposed as a model of some schizophrenia‐like symptoms. Preliminary data showed decreased brain serotonin (5‐HT) tissue levels in STOP KO mice. As literature data demonstrate various interactions between microtubule‐associated proteins and 5‐HT, we characterized some features of the serotonergic neurotransmission in STOP KO mice. In the brainstem, mutant mice displayed higher tissue 5‐HT levels and in vivo synthesis rate, together with marked increases in 5‐HT transporter densities and 5‐HT1A autoreceptor levels and electrophysiological sensitivity, without modification of the serotonergic soma number. Conversely, in projection areas, STOP KO mice exhibited lower 5‐HT levels and in vivo synthesis rate, associated with severe decreases in 5‐HT transporter densities, possibly related to reduced serotonergic terminals. Mutant mice also displayed a deficit of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, probably related to both STOP deletion and 5‐HT depletion. Finally, STOP KO mice exhibited a reduced anxiety‐ and, probably, an increased helpness‐status, that could be because of the strong imbalance of the serotonin neurotransmission between somas and terminals. Altogether, these data suggested that STOP deletion elicited peculiar 5‐HT disconnectivity.
Rapid microelectrode measurements and the origin and regulation of extracellular glutamate in rat prefrontal cortex
Authors: Hascup Erin R. , Hascup Kevin N. , Stephens Michelle , Pomerleau Francois , Huettl Peter , Gratton Alain , Gerhardt Greg A. 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115,1608–1620.AbstractGlutamate in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a significant role in several mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, addiction and anxiety. Previous studies on PFC glutamate‐mediated function have used techniques that raise questions on the neuronal versus astrocytic origin of glutamate. The present studies used enzyme‐based microelectrode arrays to monitor second‐by‐second resting glutamate levels in the PFC of awake rats. Locally applied drugs were employed in an attempt to discriminate between the neuronal or glial components of the resting glutamate signal. Local application of tetrodotoxin (sodium channel blocker), produced a significant (∼40%) decline in resting glutamate levels. In addition significant reductions in extracellular glutamate were seen with locally applied ω‐conotoxin (MVIIC; ∼50%; calcium channel blocker), and the mGluR2/3agonist, LY379268 (∼20%), and a significant increase with the mGluR2/3antagonist LY341495 (∼40%), effects all consistent with a large neuronal contribution to the resting glutamate levels. Local administration of D,L‐threo‐β‐benzyloxyaspartate (glutamate transporter inhibitor) produced an ∼120% increase in extracellular glutamate levels, supporting that excitatory amino acid transporters, which are largely located on glia, modulate clearance of extracellular glutamate. Interestingly, local application of (S)‐4‐carboxyphenylglycine (cystine/glutamate antiporter inhibitor), produced small, non‐significant bi‐phasic changes in extracellular glutamate versus vehicle control. Finally, pre‐administration of tetrodotoxin completely blocked the glutamate response to tail pinch stress. Taken together, these results support that PFC resting glutamate levels in rats as measured by the microelectrode array technology are at least 40–50% derived from neurons. Furthermore, these data support that the impulse flow‐dependent glutamate release from a physiologically ‐evoked event is entirely neuronally derived.
Voltage‐dependent and ‐independent block of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate receptor channels
Authors: Barygin Oleg I. , Luchkina Natalia V. , Tikhonov Denis B. 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115,1621–1632.AbstractPolyamine‐containing toxins and synthetic dicationic derivatives of adamantane and phenylcyclohexyl selectively antagonize Ca2+‐permeable α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA) receptor channels. These compounds demonstrate voltage‐dependent open‐channel block and are trapped by closed channels. In this study, we describe an alternative mechanism of non‐competitive AMPA receptor inhibition caused by 9‐aminoacridine and some of its derivatives. These compounds exhibit similar potency against Ca2+‐permeable and Ca2+‐impermeable AMPA receptors. The inhibition is largely voltage‐independent, binding and unbinding do not require presence of agonist. We conclude that 9‐aminoacridine binds to a shallow site in the AMPA receptor, which is located above the activation gate. A comparison of three‐dimensional structures of the antagonists suggests that the ‘V‐like’ shape of the hydrophobic headgroup favors voltage‐dependent binding to the deep site in the channel pore, whereas the compounds possessing flat aromatic headgroups preferably bind to the shallow site. The characterization of the novel mechanism of AMPA receptor channel antagonism opens a way to develop a new family of pharmacological agents, which can be of scientific and practical importance.
Constitutive phosphorylation by protein kinase C regulates D1dopamine receptor signaling
Authors: Rankin Michele L. , Sibley David R. 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115,1655–1667.AbstractThe D1dopamine receptor (D1DAR) is robustly phosphorylated by multiple protein kinases, yet the phosphorylation sites and functional consequences of these modifications are not fully understood. Here, we report that the D1DAR is phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) in the absence of agonist stimulation. Phosphorylation of the D1DAR by PKC is constitutive in nature, can be induced by phorbol ester treatment or through activation of Gq‐mediated signal transduction pathways, and is abolished by PKC inhibitors. We demonstrate that most, but not all, isoforms of PKC are capable of phosphorylating the receptor. To directly assess the functional role of PKC phosphorylation of the D1DAR, a site‐directed mutagenesis approach was used to identify the PKC sites within the receptor. Five serine residues were found to mediate the PKC phosphorylation. Replacement of these residues had no effect on D1DAR expression or agonist‐induced desensitization; however, G protein coupling and cAMP accumulation were significantly enhanced in PKC‐null D1DAR. Thus, constitutive or heterologous PKC phosphorylation of the D1DAR dampens dopamine activation of the receptor, most likely occurring in a context‐specific manner, mediated by the repertoire of PKC isozymes within the cell.
Reduced bone mineral density is not associated with significantly reduced bone quality in men and women practicing long‐term calorie restriction with adequate nutrition
Authors: Villareal Dennis T. , Kotyk John J. , Armamento‐Villareal Reina C. , Kenguva Venkata , Seaman Pamela , Shahar Allon , Wald Michael J. , Kleerekoper Michael , Fontana Luigi 
Published: October 2010

SummaryCalorie restriction (CR) reduces bone quantity but not bone quality in rodents. Nothing is known regarding the long‐term effects of CR with adequate intake of vitamin and minerals on bone quantity and quality in middle‐aged lean individuals. In this study, we evaluated body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and serum markers of bone turnover and inflammation in 32 volunteers who had been eating a CR diet (∼35% less calories than controls) for an average of 6.8 ± 5.2 years (mean age 52.7 ± 10.3 years) and 32 age‐ and sex‐matched sedentary controls eating Western diets (WD). In a subgroup of 10 CR and 10 WD volunteers, we also measured trabecular bone (TB) microarchitecture of the distal radius using high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging. We found that the CR volunteers had significantly lower body mass index than the WD volunteers (18.9 ± 1.2 vs. 26.5 ± 2.2 kg m−2; P = 0.0001). BMD of the lumbar spine (0.870 ± 0.11 vs. 1.138 ± 0.12 g cm−2, P = 0.0001) and hip (0.806 ± 0.12 vs. 1.047 ± 0.12 g cm−2, P = 0.0001) was also lower in the CR than in the WD group. Serum C‐terminal telopeptide and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase concentration were similar between groups, while serum C‐reactive protein (0.19 ± 0.26 vs. 1.46 ± 1.56 mg L−1, P = 0.0001) was lower in the CR group. Trabecular bone microarchitecture parameters such as the erosion index (0.916 ± 0.087 vs. 0.877 ± 0.088; P = 0.739) and surface‐to‐curve ratio (10.3 ± 1.4 vs. 12.1 ± 2.1, P = 0.440) were not significantly different between groups. These findings suggest that markedly reduced BMD is not associated with significantly reduced bone quality in middle‐aged men and women practicing long‐term calorie restriction with adequate nutrition.