bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Haplorchinae (Looss 1899) Poche 1926 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)
Authors: Chen H. T. 
Published: June 2009

1. A detailed historical account of the subfamily Haplorchinae is given. The systematic position of the various species in this group is critically reviewed. The subfamily Haplorchinae and the genus Haplorchis are accepted as valid while Monorchotreminae and Monorchotrema as synonyms.2. Three species of Haplorchis are found in Kwangtung Province, namely, H. pumilio (Looss 1896), H. taichui (Nishigori 1924), and H. yokogawai (Katsuta 1932).3. Throughout the work emphasis is laid on the acetabular spines or hooks which are considered to be the only recognisable constant structure practical enough for specific diagnosis.4. It is believed that there are only four valid species of Haplorchis, namely, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, H. taichui, and H. milvi. The validity of H. milvi, however, is in question. H. cahirinus and H. anguillarum do not fit into the diagnosis of the subfamily Haplorchinae, while H. microrchia and H. taihokui fall into synonymy with H. taichui and H. pumilio respectively.5. A key for the identification of the known species is given.
Symbiotic Bacteria in a Blood-sucking Insect, Rhodnius Prolixus Stål. (Hemiptera, Triatomidae)
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: June 2009

A bacterial organism is described which occurs constantly in Rhodnius prolixus. It is present in the unfed newly hatched insect inside the cells at the cardiac end of the mid-gut. Some days after feeding, the bacteria are set free into the cavity of the gut and multiply in the undigested blood in the stomach. They are ultimately digested in the intestine.Morphologically they resemble diphtheroid bacilli in being highly pleomorphic and in giving rise to thread-like forms in old cultures.Preliminary experiments with Lucilia larvae by Dr R. P. Hobson, suggest that when blood is infected by this micro-organism it contains “vitamin B” and becomes an adequate diet for insect growth.These observations support the view that symbiotic organisms in exclusively blood-sucking insects provide an endogenous source of vitamin.
The Rickettsia,Wolbachia pipientis(gen. et sp.n.) and Associated Inclusions of the Mosquito,Culex pipiens
Authors: Hertig Marshall 
Published: June 2009

The invariable presence of a rickettsia in the gonads of the mosquito,Culex pipiens, is confirmed. This rickettsia is found in the cytoplasm of every germ cell in both sexes at all stages of development from larva to adult. No other species of mosquito is known to be similarly infected.The morphology of the organism shows the following features. In addition to “typical rickettsiae”, i.e. minute rods and coccoids which multiply by binary fission, there is a variety of other forms which are interpreted as a series of stages, usually in the following sequence: small coccoids become enlarged, and instead of dividing by binary or multiple fission, undergo a condensation of their stainable substance into points or rods which ultimately appear as various combinations of sharply curved rods and coccoids retained as in a matrix within the body of the original or “parent” coccoid. As the matrix disappears, they become the irregularly curved forms and compact aggregations of “daughter” forms characteristic of this rickettsia.The pathological germ cells previously noted in the testis by cytologists were found to occur in both sexes at all stages, and to be apparently the result of infection with this rickettsia.The problem of classifying the rickettsiae is discussed. The similarity of the rings and curved forms of various rickettsiae to corresponding forms, as yet little studied, in other groups of organisms is pointed out.The nameWolbachia pipientis(gen. et sp.n.) is proposed for the rickettsia ofCulex pipiens.Large, homogeneous or granular cell inclusions with an affinity for neutral red, termedNR bodies, were found in the gonad wall of nearly every specimen ofCulex pipiens, but were not found inC. territans. They resemble the inclusion bodies of certain viruses and at times closely simulate masses of rickettsiae, but are apparently distinct from the species here described. Their nature is unknown but their appearance and behaviour are consistent with their being living agents or the manifestations thereof. A degenerative process, in which NR bodies replace primary ovarian follicles in whole or in part, is described.Inoculation and cultivation experiments resulted negatively for both rickettsiae and NR bodies.
On a New Type of Respiratory Interrelation between an Insect (Chalcid) Parasite and its Host (Coccidae)
Authors: Thorpe W. H. 
Published: June 2009

1. The life history ofEncyrtus (Comys) infelix(Embleton), a hymenopterous parasite belonging to the chalcid family Encyrtidae, is described. It parasitisesSaissetia hemisphaerica, a member of the subfamily Lecaniinae (Homoptera Coccidae). Its respiratory relationships with the host are of a quite extraordinary character.2. The egg is provided with a hollow stalk which is left protruding from the posterior dorsal body wall of the host. The first three larval instars are metapneustic, the spiracles being placed at the tip of a pair of long caudal processes which are inserted in the hollow stalk. It has been proved that these spiracles are open and in actual communication with the atmospheric air, which enters through the pedicel.3. The fourth and fifth larval instars are amphipneustic and the manner of respiration is entirely changed. The caudal processes degenerate and finally break away. The fourth instar larva turns round in the scale insect and becomes invested with a closely fitting transparent membraneous sheath produced by the phagocytes and fine tracheal branches of the host. This process appears to be merely a special case of the type of phagocytic activity which normally gives rise to the basement membranes and “connective tissue” membranes; such membranes are particularly conspicuous and well developed inSaissetia. The sheath becomes attached in an extraordinary manner to the main lateral tracheal trunks of the host in four (or six) places in the neighbourhood of the larval spiracles. This process is described in detail. It has been proved by an injection technique that an actual connection is established between the lumen of the host trachea and the cavity of the sheath. Bubbles of gas appear inside the sheath close to the points of attachment and near the spiracles of the larva which are thus put into functional communication with the tracheal system of the host.4. While the production of the sheath might under certain circumstances be of value to the host the development of tracheal attachments appears to be of value to the parasite alone. The conclusion that the whole structure is an adaptation for the respiration of the parasite seems inescapable. A theory is tentatively put forward to account for the stimulation of the host tracheal epithelium by a sudden physiological change in the tension of the respiratory gases in the region of the parasite spiracles.5. References to similar instances among the Chalcids are briefly reviewed. It is suggested that the “puparia” which have been described in the case of one or two other Chalcidoidea may be found to arise in the same way.
Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke,Fasciola hepaticaL. I. Survivalin vitro
Authors: Stephenson William 
Published: June 2009

1. In an alkaline inorganic solution containing borate, no bacterial disintegration of tissues occurs in a week.2. Survival is prolonged by adding sugars to this solution, but not by the addition of bile salt or peptone. Monosaccharides are more effective than disaccharides, and both may enter the worm through its body wall.3. The effect of variations in certain physicochemical conditions was studied. Wide ranges of osmotic pressure, of the K/Naratio, and of the Ca/Na ratio, have little effect on the worms. The optimum pH is c. 8.4, and t h e optimum temperature c. 36° C. Approximately anaerobic conditions decrease the survival time.4. The effect of various bactericides, bacteriostatics and anthelmintics upon the worm were investigated in a preliminary manner. Many bactericides are toxic, certain anthelmintics are not. Survival is prolonged by 1/5000 trypan blue.5. A satisfactory medium for large-scale ‘culturing’ is: NaCl 150 mM., KC1 10 mM., CaCl21 mM., borax 6 mM., glucose 30 mM. (pH 8.6). In this the worms survive for c. 60 hr. at a temperature of 36° C.
Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke,Fasciola hepaticaL. II. Feeding
Authors: Stephenson William 
Published: June 2009

1. The adults ofFasciola hepaticafeed mainly, if not exclusively, on blood.2. The oxyhaemoglobin of the blood is converted to haemoglobin, and then to acid haematin, thepH of the empty gut being about 6·4.3. The blood is concentrated by the removal of fluid, and haemolysis eventually occurs in the lumen of the gut. Some of the haematin is absorbed by the epithelial cells, and the remainder is concentrated as faeces.4. The gut epithelium is responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption, but there is little evidence that the major changes in its appearance are associated with particular phases of this process.5. Attempts at increasing survival timesin vitroby using blood as food have failed to date because of bacterial contamination.
Observations on Trichostrongylus tenuis Infestation in Domestic and Game Birds in the United States
Authors: Cram Eloise B. , Cuvillier Eugenia 
Published: June 2009

Clinical trichostrongylosis, caused by T. tenuis in the caeca, previously known in epizootic form among gallinaceous birds in Great Britain, is here reported for the first time in this country, in native domestic geese in the District of Columbia and in imported pheasants in Michigan.In cultures made from caecal contents of infected pheasants, eggs hatched in 36–38 hours; the infective larval stage might be reached as early as the sixth day (fourth day after hatching). Moisture being present, migrating larvae, retracted within the cuticular sheath, resisted an average temperature of about −3° C. (range +3° to −20° C.) for 4 months, proving infective for a bird host at the end of that period. The chicken, turkey and guinea-fowl were successfully infected with cultures derived from pheasants; attempts to infect the duck and pigeon with cultures from pheasants, and to infect the duck with cultures from geese, were unsuccessful. Development to adults in bird hosts took place in a minimum of 7 days after infection; the size of adults varied in different birds, being greater in the chicken than in the pheasant, and still greater in the turkey. In early stages of infection diarrhoea from the caeca, with passage of mucus and blood, occurred; later all discharge from the caeca ceased. The pathological picture was that of acute typhlitis, with the trichostrongyles lying in close contact with or penetrating the mucosa. Reinfection being prevented, symptoms were of fairly short duration, and the infestation tended to die out in about 2 months.
On two new species of Giardia parasitic in Indian mammals
Authors: Abraham Rajender 
Published: June 2009

Two new species of Giardia are described: G. wenyoni sp.nov., from the duodenum of slender loris, Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus, and G. dasi sp.nov. from the duodenum of palm-civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus.The distinguishing features of G. wenyoni are (measurements in microns): range of length 12·0–20·0, average 15·6; range of breadth 5·5–11·5, average 8·8; ratio of length to breadth 1·7; distance from anterior end to centre of nucleus 4·5; centre of nucleus to ends of lateral shields 7·0; ends of lateral shields to posterior end 3·6; breadth across centre of nucleus 7·7; length of the sucker 6·2; the ratio of body length to the length of sucker 2·5. The nuclei do not lie parallel to the axostyles. Each nucleus contains chromatin granules along the periphery.G. dasi is distinguished by its dimensions which are (in microns): range of length 11·8–20·0, average 15·5; range of breadth 5·0–12·5, average 7·2; ratio of length to breadth 2·1; distance from anterior end to centre of nucleus 4·7; centre of nucleus to ends of lateral shields 6·0; ends of lateral shields to posterior end 5·4; breadth across the centre of nucleus 6·6; length of the sucker 6·0; the ratio of body length to length of sucker 2·5. Chromatin granules are present in the form of a ring in the centre of the nucleus. The most characteristic feature of this organism is the presence of certain large granules in the cytoplasm.
The sensory physiology of the human lousePediculus humanus corporisde Geer (Anoplura)
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: June 2009

(i) Sensory responsesThe reactions of the body louse to temperature, humidity, smell, contact and light have been tested in an arena divided into two halves.Temperature. A temperature of 29–30° C. is preferred before 32° C. or 27° C. As the alternative temperature rises above 32° C. or falls below 27° C. the avoidance becomes increasingly strong. Different individuals vary in sensitivity.These results are in accordance with those observed in a linear gradient of temperature, in which the lice collect chiefly in the region from 28 to 31° C.The response is always to air temperature; there is no response to radiant heat from objects at 20–45° C.Humidity. The louse is generally indifferent to humidity over the range from 10 to 60 or 75%r.h.Higher humidities are avoided. But when offered two humidities the choice is greatly influenced by the conditions experienced by the louse in the immediate past; it avoids any change; hence different individuals may show quite different responses. Moreover, when offered the choice of very moist air (95 %r.h.or over) and very dry (47 %r.h.or under) the louse becomes more readily adapted to the moist air and begins to avoid the dry.Smell. The louse prefers cloth that has been in contact with human skin to clean cloth or cloth smelling of dog or rabbit. The smell of other lice and of their excreta is also attractive. Many substances serve as repellents; a refined petroleum with a very faint odour has been chiefly used for the experiments.Contact. When offered smooth and rough materials the louse chooses the latter. It moves more rapidly on smooth materials and does not come to rest so readily. It shows little response to air currents unless very strong, when they are avoided.Light. The movements of the louse are arrested or retarded by sudden exposure to a bright light, and sometimes it may show avoiding movements. But the movement of the louse towards dark places is mainly a response to directed light received by the horizontally placed eyes. Slight differences in the light received from different directions exert a much greater effect if the louse is exposed to a low level of general light intensity.The movement of the louse towards relatively small dark objects is probably a manifestation of the same response.
The effect of temperature upon the hatching of the eggs of Pediculus humanus corporis de Geer (Anoplura)
Authors: Leeson H. S. 
Published: June 2009

The hatching of the eggs of Pediculus humanus corporis De Geer is influenced by temperature.High temperatures accelerate and low temperatures delay development.The lowest constant temperature at which eggs will hatch is 24° and the highest 37°.At 24° eggs begin to hatch on the seventeenth day and continue hatching until the twenty-first. At 37° eggs hatch on the sixth and seventh days. The temperature at which eggs hatch in the shortest time is 35° and the time 5 days. At these extremes many eggs are killed so that the percentages of successful hatches are very low. Eggs are killed by 2 days' exposure to 39°.Temperatures at which the maximum number of eggs hatch he between 29 and 32°. In this range of “favourable” temperatures, up to 97% of successful hatches may be recorded. The incubation period is from 7 to 11 days. This is a convenient range of temperatures for laboratory purposes and gives largest numbers in a reasonably short time.Newly deposited eggs will not hatch if kept for 14 days at 23° or for shorter periods at lower temperatures, until at 8° exposure for 7 days is sufficient to ensure that all eggs are dead.If partially developed eggs are exposed to temperatures of 15° or lower, development ceases. If they are restored to a favourable temperature within 7 days, development is resumed and some of the eggs will hatch.Older eggs which have almost reached hatching point at a “favourable” temperature hatch if transferred to temperatures as low as 18°. They do not hatch at 15° or lower if kept at such temperatures for at least 9 days.
The physiology of digestion in larvae ofGastrophilus equi
Authors: Roy D. N. 
Published: June 2009

The results of the study on the digestion ofGastrophiluslarvae may be summarized as follows:(1) Pepsin-like enzymes are totally absent.(2) The salivary glands secrete a proteolytic enzyme, which has no effect on the digestion of casein, gelatine and fibrin, but acts on milk alone.(3) The midgut is capable of secreting amylolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes.(4) The body fluid contains a strong reducing substance.(5) The body fluid, as was shown by Khemnitz (1914), contains an amylolytic enzyme which is also capable of converting glycogen into glucose.(6) Free glycogen and glucose circulate in the body fluid of the larva during the prepupal and possibly the pupal stage also.(7) The larva ofGastrophilusdoes not feed on blood, but lives on the fluid material partly digested by its host in the stomach.(8) For this reason the horses do not show any symptoms even when there is a heavy infestation.
East Coast fever; its transmission by ticks in Kenya Colony
Authors: Fotheringham W. , Lewis E. Aneurin 
Published: June 2009

1. Investigations into some of the problems associated with African East Coast fever and its vectors have been undertaken: and although these are, as yet, incomplete we consider them of sufficient interest to warrant their publication at this stage.2. The present position regarding the distribution of certain tick species in relation to East Coast fever in Kenya is briefly reviewed; and outbreaks of what may be peculiar forms of the disease in sporadic areas are mentioned.3. It is thought that the passage of Theileria parva through different species of ticks might throw light on some sporadic outbreaks of the disease and on the peculiar character of some of the cases encountered.4. Transmission by nymphae and adults of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, by adults of R. evertsi and R. simus is confirmed. Experiments with R. sanguineus, R. pulchellus and Amblyomma variegatum were negative.5. Exposure of infective nymphae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus to different degrees and conditions of temperature prove that the ticks remain infective after being subjected to 4–6° C., and 8–10° C. for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Exposure to different alternating temperatures for similar periods had no effect on the virulence of the parasite. The ticks exposed to warm temperatures (35–38° C,) did not survive to the same extent as those exposed to cold temperatures. Ticks that survived for 1 week transmitted the disease.6. Animals that ultimately recover from artificial infection may show a mild thermal reaction during the short course of the disease without showing typical clinical symptoms. In such cases diagnosis is frequently difficult, and Koch's bodies may be rare.7. The association of Hyalomma spp. with many different diseases is briefly dealt with; and it is shown that Hyalomma impressum near planum P. Sch. is capable of transmitting East Coast fever in the nymphal and the adult stages after the larvae and nymphae respectively have fed on an infected animal. The parasite does not pass through the egg. H. impressum near planum is common in most parts of Kenya Colony.
Studies with Eperythrozoon parvum Splitter, 1950
Authors: Seamer John 
Published: June 2009

1. The staining and morphology of E. parvum were characteristic of the genus Eperythrozoon. The diameter of the organism was approximately 250 mμ.2. Visible eperythrozoa disappeared in 20 min. from infected blood incubated at 56° C., and in 12 hr. at 37° C. They persisted for several days at room temperature.3. E. parvum was preserved for short periods at 5° C. and for longer periods at −30 and −79° C.4. Splenectomized early-weaned piglets were experimentally infected by the parenteral and oral routes, and by means of the pig louse Haematopinus suis.5. The mean prepatent period of 103 primary infections in splenectomized pigs was 9·7 days. Patent infections sometimes persisted for at least 36 days. One pig remained a carrier of E. parvum for 23 months.6. A severe anaemia occurred in splenectomized piglets affected with E. parvum, but intact piglets were apparently unaffected.7. E. parvum was susceptible in vivo to neoarsphenamine and oxytetracycline, but not to sulphadimidine, penicillin or streptomycin.
New species and new records of Argasidae from Israel. Observations on the rudimentary scutum and the respiratory system of the larvae of the Argasidae
Authors: Theodor O. , Costa M. 
Published: June 2009

1. The dorsal plate which probably represents a rudimentary scutum in some Argasid larvae is discussed and described.2. The respiratory system of the larvae of some species of Argas and Ornithodorus is described.3. The systematic position of the lahorensis group of the genus Ornithodorus is discussed and the use of the name Alveonasus with an emended diagnosis for this group is suggested.4. Ornithodorus procaviae n.sp. is described. Two other probably new species are described provisionally, but not named.5. New records for other species of Argasidae in Israel are given.
The functional anatomy of the cysticercoid of Choanotaenia crassiscolex (Linstow 1890) (Dilepididae) from the digestive gland of Oxychilus cellarius (Müll) (Stylommatophora), with some observations on developmental stages
Authors: Rawson Dilys , Rigby Joyce E. 
Published: June 2009

1. Four stages in the development of Choanotaenia crassiscolex are described with the help of five text figures and one plate.2. The functional anatomy of the cysticercoid is given with the help of diagrams.3. The identification is based on comparisons with material at the British Museum of Natural History, South Kensington, London, and comparison is made with earlier records in Table 1.4. The unusual cyclophyllidean scolex is discussed and tentative suggestions and queries concerning the general form of the early cysticercoid are put forward.5. An attempt is made to determine more precisely than has hitherto been done for cysticercoids, the relationship of parasite and host.
Diapause and metamorphosis of the blowfly,Lucilia sericataMeig
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth 
Published: June 2009

1. Diapause inLucilia sericatais caused by unfavourable conditions during the larval or prepupal period.2. Diapausing prepupae usually contain a higher proportion of dry matter than do normal individuals.3. Diapause occurs because the corpus allatum (Weismann's ring) is not producing the necessary hormone.4. Diapause is ended when prepupae are removed from sand to empty tubes. Probably the corpus allatum is stimulated by a nervous reaction; the reaction is not due to an increase in the rate of metabolism.5. Low temperatures (5° C.) do not affect the hormone, but high ones (35–37° C.) destroy it.6. Prepupae ofLucilia sericatahave salivary glands which are dilated to nearly a quarter the body size. The contents serve as a store of water during diapause.7. Diapausing prepupae after desiccation drink water and return to their original body weight. The water increases the volume of blood in circulation, and the blood controls the size of the adult produced.8. Diapause in nature enables the species to survive unfavourable conditions.