bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium assimilation in ruminants on oxalate-rich diet
Authors: Talapatra S. K. , Ray S. C. , Sen K. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY1. In a ration containing paddy straw, the large amount of oxalate ingested does not act in the same way in the ruminant system as has been observed when oxalate-rich spinach is fed to rats. About 10 % of the ingested oxalic acid is recovered in the faeces, and this can be explained as arising out of pre-formed insoluble and unabsorbable calcium oxalate present in paddy straw; the remaining 90%, which is soluble potassium oxalate, does not react with the calcium of the Tation to form unabsorbable calcium oxalate.
The effect of iodinated casein on the basal metabolism of the sheep
Authors: Blaxter K. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY1. The effect of iodinated casein feeding on the respiratory metabolism of the female sheep has been studied, using a spirometer technique with direct analysis of expired air.2. The effect of iodinated casein on basal metabolism was linearly related to the dosage expressed in mg./kg. W0·73. The effect on pulse rate was not linear: there was a greater acceleration at the higher levels.
Cobalt and copper in the nutrition of sheep (1)
Authors: Marston Hedley R. , Lee Hector John , McDonald Ian W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEvidence is provided to prove that the nutritional malady, Coast Disease, which affects sheep de-pastured without change on the shell-sand littoral of South Australia is due solely to the inability of the pastures to provide the quantity of cobalt and copper necessary to fulfil the nutritional requirements of grazing sheep.An experiment started in 1936 in which five evenly matched groups of young cross-bred ewe hoggets were dosed thrice weekly with cobalt, copper, cobalt plus copper, and with cobalt plus copper together with iron, manganese, zinc and nickel is described.
Digestion trials with swine: II. Comparative determinations of the digestibility of dry-fed maize, soaked maize, cooked maize and flaked maize
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest 
Published: March 2009

In Table XII is given a summary of the mean digestion coefficients obtained in the foregoing maize feeding experiments.The figures in Table XII bring out very clearly the effect of preliminary treatment on the digestibility of maize. An inspection of the dry matter digestion coefficients reveals the fact that maize meal possesses the lowest digestibility when fed in the dry condition, a higher value when fed after thorough soaking in water and a higher value still when first submitted to cooking.These facts are in accordance with anticipation; the surprising feature of the results, however, lies in the discovery of the inappreciable extent to which the maize digestibility is raised by soaking or cooking. A relatively low degree of digestibility might justifiably have been anticipated for raw unsoaked maize, since the hard flinty nature of the grain, even after crushing, might render it liable to be excreted in appreciable amount into the faeces without having been much affected by digestive enzymes. This proved by no means to be the case. The effect of thoroughly soaking the grain prior to feeding was merely to raise the digestibility of the maize by 1 per cent, (from 85·9 per cent, to 86·9 per cent.), whilst even efficient cooking only brought about a rise in digestibility from 85·9 to 88·1 per cent., although, as will be noted by reference to an earlier part of this communication, the conditions of the trial were weighted in favour of the cooked meal by using fine meal for cooking and crushed maize for dry-feeding.
An experiment to determine the effects of date of sowing on the yield and quality of harvesting peas 1953–56
Authors: Proctor J. M. 
Published: March 2009

Three sowings of marrowfat peas were made at about 20-day intervals at forty-seven centres in eastern England over 4 years. The sowing period ranged from late February to late April, varying with seasonal conditions. Bird damage caused considerable loss of sowings but satisfactory yield data were obtained from forty-one of the trials.Highest yields were obtained from drillings made in the last 10 days of February. After mid-March each week's delay in sowing resulted in a yield loss of about 3/4 cwt. per acre. Quality fell off slightly from February onwards.Early sowings suffered some loss of plant in tractor wheelings but were negligibly affected by cold weather.Early sowings appear likely to encounter better harvest weather than late sowings and the chances of good harvest weather seem appreciably better in the centre and south of the pea-growing area than in the north. Early sowings mature before the cereal crop, enabling better attention to be given to the pea harvest.It was concluded that the crop should be sown as soon after the middle of February as soil conditions allow.
The nutritive value of stack silage (rye grass and clover)
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest 
Published: March 2009

An account has been given of a digestion trial with sheep which was designed to assess the nutritive value of “sweet” rye grass and clover stack silage. The most noteworthy feature of the results was the appreciable depression of digestibility suffered by the crude protein of the crop as a result of ensilage. A tentative explanation of this effect has been put forward, based on a consideration of the high temperature attained in the stack.In conclusion, the writer would like to state that the silage was made under the direction of his colleague, Arthur Amos, Esq., M.A., and to him thanks are due for permission to use the fodder for the purposes of the feeding trial. The writer also tenders his thanks to Mr G. Thurlbourn for considerable assistance in connection with the analytical work and the care of the animals.
Studies in Soil Cultivation.: V. Rotary Cultivation
Authors: Keen Bernard A. ,   The Staff of the Soil Physics Dept
Published: March 2009

Experiments extending over the four years, 1926–9 inclusive, have been carried out on a heavy and stony loam soil to compare rotary cultivation with normal methods for the production of a seed-bed. The work has been confined to spring-sown crops—swedes and barley—and to spring cultivations.Rotary cultivation gives earlier and better germination of seed, followed by better early growth.In every experiment, however, the final yield has either been no better, or else significantly below that obtained from the plots cultivated in the usual way. The barley crop gives equally good yields under the various soil cultivation treatments; although there is better germination under rotary cultivation, the plants on the remaining plots, having greater root range, throw out more tillers and thus level up the yield. The swede crop did not do so well under rotary cultivation, in spite of better early growth. In the 1926 experiments this was due to an extensive hardening or “capping” of the soil on the rotary cultivation plots but, although this effect was absent in the 1928 experiments, a reduced yield was still obtained.
The Fungicidal Properties of Certain Spray-Fluids. VII
Authors: Goodwin W. , Martin H. , Salmon E. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. The fungicidal properties of solutions containing sulphur in polysulphide form, viz. sodium, potassium, calcium and barium polysulphides, were tested by application to the conidial stage of Sphaerotheca Humuli growing upon young hop leaves in the greenhouse.2. Four samples of sodium polysulphide solutions, two prepared in the laboratory and two commercial products, were examined. When applied with 1 per cent. soft soap as the spreader, solutions containing 0·5 per cent. polysulphide sulphur proved fungicidal. With 0·5 per cent. gelatine as the spreader, fungicidal strength did not begin to be attained until the concentration of polysulphide sulphur reached 0·11 per cent. The results suggest that the nature of the spreader may influence the fungicidal properties of polysulphide sulphur.
Studies on phosphate fixation in Scottish soils. I. The recovery of added phosphate from a soil of the acid igneous group
Authors: Williams E. G. , Stewart A. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. A long-term investigation consisting of field, pot and laboratory experiments has been commenced to study the extent, rate, nature and significance of phosphate fixation in north Scottish soils with the ultimate objects of improving fertilizer practice and standardizing methods for determining readily soluble phosphate.2. Quantities of a phosphate-deficient soil derived mainly from granitic drift were treated with incremental dressings of phosphate and exposed in earthenware pots in the open. The soil had an initial pH of 5·80 and a total phosphate content of 0·250% of which 28% is soluble in constant-boiling HCl solution.3. The recovery of added phosphate by different methods from samples taken after varying periods of exposure has been studied. Data are given for extractions with calcium lactate, acetic acid, potassium bisulphate, citric acid, magnesium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and chloride and sulphate solutions, together with pot experiments and determinations by the Neubauer and aspergillus methods.4. Complete recovery is approached only in strongly acid and strongly alkaline extracts, and about 25% of the added phosphate is very firmly bound by the soil. The solubility varies greatly with the pH of the extracts and is very low at pH values in the region of 5. At lower pH values, however, the nature and concentration of the anions present are also of considerable importance. The results indicate a high capacity for fixing phosphate in difficultly soluble form.
The loss of activity of pyrethrum. II
Authors: Tattersfield F. , Martin J. T. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. The loss of activity of pyrethrum flowers and preparations has been studied.2. The degree of concordance between the content of pyrethrin I, as determined by the acid method, and the insecticidal value of pyrethrinised dusts, before and after exposure to air and artificial illumination, has been statistically examined. The pyrethrin I values, corrected for a small residual amount of extraneous matter, indicate fairly closely the degree of activity of the samples. The loss of pyrethrins on exposure has been traced out quantitatively.3. A comparison was made between two samples of pyrethrum flowers, one rich and the other poor in pyrethrins, in order to determine the degree of concordance between the pyrethrin I content and their toxicity. The pyrethrin I value as determined by the acid method, subject to a small correction, gave a good indication of the relative activities of the samples.
The emergence of ‘weevilled’ beans
Authors: Loveless A. R. , Dillon Weston W. A. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. Treatment of seed beans with an organomercurial dressing has been shown to have little or no effect on growth and yield.2. Experiments have shown that the emergence of ‘weevilled’ beans is markedly less than that of sound beans for both winter and spring sowings.3. It is suggested that the reduced emergence of weevilled beans is due to beetle injury of the seed and not to invasion by soil organisms.
The nutritive value of fodder cellulose from wheat straw. I. Its digestibility and feeding value when fed to ruminants and pigs
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

In this paper are presented the results of an investigation into the composition and digestibility of fodder cellulose. This product was manufactured from wheat straw by the method employed in the making of paper. Wheat straw was boiled with 5·9% caustic soda solution for 7 hr. under a pressure of 70 lb./sq.in. The alkaline liquor was then run off, and the residual cellulose, after being washed with water until free from alkali, was pressed, dried in electric ovens at 100° C. and finally obtained in the form of a coarse meal. It contained, on the basis of dry matter, 79·82% of crude fibre, 16·22% of N-free extractives (mainly xylan), 0·36% of crude protein, 0·49% of other extract and 3·11% of ash. Its content of total cellulose (‘true’ cellulose plus associated cellulosan, as defined by Norman & Jenkins, 1933) amounted to 97·4% on the moisture and ash-free basis.Digestion trials were carried out with both sheep and pigs. The daily ration of the sheep consisted of 800 g. of chaffed meadow hay, 600 g. of fodder cellulose, 100 g. of linseed cake, 60 g. of molasses and 18 g. of a mixture of equal parts of common salt and precipitated tricalcic phosphate. Although the fodder cellulose formed as much as 38% of the total daily food, no difficulty was experienced in securing clean and ready consumption.
The nutritive value of fodder cellulose from wheat straw. II. The utilization of cellulose by growing and fattening pigs
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

The fodder cellulose used in this investigation was prepared from wheat straw by the factory process described in the preceding communication. It was dried and milled, so that the resultant material was light and fluffy in character, with the fibres well frayed. This was considered to be important, since the physical state of the cellulose might exert a considerable influence on the ability of the intestinal bacteria to bring about its fermentation and breakdown.It was shown in the preceding paper that the fodder cellulose, on the basis of dry matter, contains 79·8% of crude fibre, of 85·1% digestibility, and 69·2% of ‘total digestible nutrients’. The present feeding trial has demonstrated that the figure for ‘total digestible nutrients’ obtained from the results of the pig digestion trial is a true measure of the productive value of the fodder cellulose for growth and fattening in bacon pigs, provided that the product is fed in a finely divided condition and in intimate admixture with the meal forming the rest of the ration.
Fertility in southdown sheep
Authors: Nichols J. E. 
Published: March 2009

Data from 26 flocks, involving a total of 5014 pure-bred Southdown ewes, were available for analysis and discussion. For ewes of all ages the proportion giving birth to twins is closely associated with the total yield of lambs, and while barrenness and abortion may to a certain extent be due to the same causes, it is those factors which cause abortion which also affect the yield by reducing the number of single births, rather than the number of multiple births.The low fertility of shearling ewes is due to barrenness through reduced or delayed ovulation.The writer wishes to express his thanks to the breeders who supplied the records of their flocks and particularly to the Honorary Secretary of the Southdown Sheep Society for his help in the collection of these records.
Factors affecting the loss of yield of sugar beet caused by beet yellows virus. II. Nutrition and variety
Authors: Hull R. , Watson Marion 
Published: March 2009

The effect of beet yellows virus on the yield of sugar beet was tested in the presence and absence of various fertilizers and farmyard manure. In general the manorial treatments increased the root and sugar yields of both infected and healthy plants, but the losses caused by infection increased proportionally as the mean yields increased. When the effects of nitrogen, farmyard manure and salt on mean yield were large, the losses caused by infection were increased more than proportionally.The fertilizers had little effect in varying the symptoms of the disease. There was some indication that the red colour associated with some varieties of sugar beet was intensified by deficiency of phosphate and potash.The effect of fertilizers on rate of spread of infection was variable, and again appeared to depend largely upon the magnitude of the fertilizer effects on mean yield. Nitrogen, phosphate and potash occasionally had positive effects, and salt had a fairly consistent negative effect. None of the effects appeared to be of any economic importance.
A new procedure for studying the release and fixation of potassium ions in soil
Authors: Matthews B. C. , Beckett P. H. T. 
Published: March 2009

The relationship between the exchangeable potassium content of a soil and the activity ratio, aK/√(aCa+Mg), of the solution with which it is in ‘instantaneous equilibrium’ is a characteristic of the soil which is independent of the soil: solution ratio or the total electrolyte concentration (up to O·06 M) of the solution. It is unaffected by the transfer of substantial amounts of potassium ions to or from the fixed state. Hence instantaneous equilibrium curves provide a basis against which to measure the changes in exchangeable potassium content due to fixation and release. This procedure has the important advantages that all measurements are made in the solution phase and that the solutions in contact with the soil approximate to the natural soil solution.The technique has been employed successfully in studying the fixation and release of potassium by several widely different soils.The results confirm that fixation or release are determined by the extent to which the soil contains more or less exchangeable potassium than its equilibrium percentage potassium saturation. Seemingly the equilibrium percentage potassium saturation, and hence the equilibrium activity ratio of potassium in the soil solution aK/√(aCa+Mg), is regulated by the amounts or proportions of potassium in the fixed state. The amounts or proportions of potassium in the fixed state may be increased by repeated applications of potassium fertilizers and reduced by continued cropping.
The value of the tenth rib as a sample joint for the estimation of lean, fat and bone in carcasses of East African zebu cattle
Authors: Ledger H. P. , Hutchison H. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Studies of tissues distribution in beef carcasses of East African ‘Boran’ cattle revealed very high correlations between the separable tissue analysis of the full tenth rib sample joint and of the full side.2. A comparative study of tenth rib sample joints, from twelve steers and five cows cut at various positions along the length of the rib showed that the full rib sample gave a higher correlation (r = 0·948), with the full side in respect of all tissues except the subcutaneous fat, than any other sample joint. The subcutaneous fat of the whole side could not be predicted with reliability by the use of any rib sample, the highest correlation (r = 0·558) existing between the half-rib sample and the full side.3. From detailed carcass studies of thirty-two steers and eight cows, including the twelve steers and five cows mentioned above, prediction equations are presented for estimating the percentages of lean, total fat, and butchers' bone in whole carcasses from single complete tenth rib samples. Standard deviations being 1·53% for lean, 1·34% for total fat in steers, 1·13% for total fat in cows and 0·88% for butchers' bone.4. Where X1, X2 and X3 are respectively the percentages of lean, total fat and bone in the sample joint the prediction equations recommended are as follows:For the prediction of lean(i) In carcasses of either sex.(f) Percentage of lean in the carcass = 0·431X1 + 0·475X3 + 33·58 (subject to a standard deviation of 1·53%).For the prediction of total fat(i) In steer carcasses.(d) Percentage total fat in carcass = 0·664X2 − 0·78 (subject to a standard deviation of 1·34%).(ii) In cow carcasses.(e) Percentage of total fat in carcass = 0·641X2 + 0·23 (subject to a standard deviation of 1·13%).For the prediction of bone(i) 100 −(equation (f) +equation (d) or (e)).5. A practical test of the equations referred to in the text is given in Table 4.
Studies on the muscles of meat animals. II. Differences in the ultimate pH and pigmentation of longissimus dorsi muscles from two breeds of pigs
Authors: Lawrie R. A. , Gatherum D. P. 
Published: March 2009

1. Longissimus dorsi muscles from twenty Landrace and twenty Large White pigs of accurately known history, which had been reared under identical conditions at a Progeny Testing Station, and killed at similar weights, were sampled for ultimate pH and colour at the levels of the 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 13th and 15th thoracic, and of the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 6th lumbar, vertebrae.2. The mean ultimate pH at all ten locations in Landrace muscles was invariably lower than at corresponding locations in Large White muscles, the difference being minimal at the level of the 15th thoracic vertebra, but being highly significant overall.3. The scatter of ultimate pH values was markedly different between the breeds at the levels of the 5th and 9th thoracic, and of the 1st and 6th lumbar, vertebrae.4. The mean colour at all locations, except 1st and 5th lumbar vertebrae, was higher in Large White muscles than at corresponding locations in Landrace muscles: the difference was especially marked at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra.5. Only in longissimus dorsi muscles from Landrace pigs were there significant correlations between ultimate pH and colour.
Bulk in animal feeding
Authors: Procter Frank , Wright Norman Charles 
Published: March 2009

1. As a result of soaking in water at body temperature (38° C), foods show variations in swelling ranging from approximately 10 per cent. to 260 per cent.2. The volumes of equal weights of different foods after soaking also vary within wide limits. The percentages of moisture in the soaked foods show corresponding variations, being in some cases as high as those found in roots or green fodder.3. These facts have led the authors to put forward a new conception of “bulk” in assessing the value of a ration.4. Feeding experiments have been carried out to determine how far this factor of bulk is applicable in practice.5. In the case of pigs of 40 to 80 lb. live weight, the bulk occupied by the foods did affect the quantity of food taken.6. With calves, the swelling capacity of the concentrated food did not yield any definite results so far as food consumption was concerned.
The influence of the age of the cow on the yield and quality of the milk
Authors: White Margaret K. , Drakeley T. J. 
Published: March 2009

In a former communication (1) a study has been made of the influence of the stage of lactation on the yield and quality of the milk, and in the following paper a similar investigation has been made of the influence of the age of the cow on the same factors.Mackintosh (2) finds a gradual increase in yield up to the 4th or 5th lactation period, and a decrease after the 7th or 8th; thus a heifer calving at 2¾ to 3 years gives 60–70 per cent. of the amount it will produce as a mature cow; after the second calf it gives 80 per cent. and after the third 90 per cent. Tocher's results (3) show an increase from 85 per cent, of the maximum yield at 3 years to a maximum at 7½ years, and a subsequent fall to 90 per cent. at 12 years of age.
Experiments in the cultivation of the sugar beet crop in the West Midlands during 1927
Authors: Davies W. Morley 
Published: March 2009

Although the experiment described in this paper was undertaken in the first instance to obtain information on local conditions, the results are of general interest as an experiment in the effects of cultivation on the yield and returns of the sugar beet crop. The objects of the experiment were:(a) To make a comparison of the effect on yield of growing the crop on the ridge with growing on the flat.(b) To obtain data on the effect of spacing on the yield.(c) To endeavour to give a financial expression to the results.