bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of 170 cases of congenital TB reported in the literature between 1946 and 2009
Authors: Peng Wansheng , Yang Juan , Liu Enmei 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroductionCongenital tuberculosis is a rare disease. The mortality is very high. Through a review of our own cases and the world literature, we describe clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis of this disease.MethodsA total of 170 subjects with congenital tuberculosis that 6 cases identified by the authors and 164 cases identified in other case series were included in this study. All patients were diagnosed according to Cantwell's criteria. The data were analyzed using SPSS, version 17.0 spss.ResultsThere were 70 premature babies among the 170 infants with congenital tuberculosis. The average onset age was 20 days. The mothers of 162 patients were diagnosed as having active tuberculosis during pregnancy or after parturition. Nonspecific signs and symptoms were found in these 170 cases, such as fever, respiratory distress, and hepatosplenomegaly, etc. Abnormal chest radiographs were found in 133 infants, of whom 83 cases showed miliary tuberculosis and multiple pulmonary nodules. Sixty‐eight infants died from among the 169 cases. The mortality dropped to 21.7% after treatment with anti‐tuberculosis medication. The blood leukocyte count (P < 0.001), anti‐tuberculosis treatment (P < 0.001), age of onset (P = 0.004), and presence of intracranial lesions (P < 0.001) affected the prognosis of congenital tuberculosis.ConclusionsThe majority of infants with congenital tuberculosis onset within 2–3 weeks after delivery had no specific manifestations. Anti‐tuberculosis medication could reduce the mortality. The age of onset, presence of intracranial lesions, anti‐tuberculosis treatment, specific image performances and leukocyte count were related to the prognosis of congenital tuberculosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46: 1215–1224. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling the Microstructure of Energetic Materials with Realistic Constituent Morphology
Authors: Jackson Thomas L. , Hooks Daniel E. , Buckmaster John 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this article, we present a strategy for packing realistic crystals, critical for mesoscale simulations, and predictions. The current packing code uses a dynamic algorithm, with crystal shapes represented by level sets, to create appropriate packs of the microstructure for an energetic material. Crystal shapes include the nitramines HMX, RDX, PETN, and CL20. Two series of packs are considered: a bidisperse pack with size ratio 1 : 0.3 and a polydisperse pack. We also construct equivalent packs of spheres for comparison purposes. Higher‐order statistics are computed and compared. We show that the second‐order statistics are essentially independent of particle shape when the packing fraction is held constant. The second‐order statistics do, however, depend on the polydispersity.
Explosives Based on Diaminourea
Authors: Fischer Niko , Klapötke Thomas M. , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDiaminourea (DAU, 1) is synthesized by the reaction of dimethylcarbonate with hydrazine hydrate. DAU was protonated using nitric as well as perchloric acid yielding diaminouronium nitrate (2), diaminouronium dinitrate monohydrate (3) and diaminouronium perchlorate (4). The bis‐perchlorate salt could not be isolated due to its high hygroscopicity. Explosives 2–4 were fully characterized using X‐ray diffraction, NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The sensitivities towards impact (2: 9 J, 3: >40 J, 4: 2 J), friction (2: 288 N, 3: >360 N, 4: 5 N) and electrical discharge (2: 0.60 J, 3: 0.50 J, 4: 0.30 J) were investigated using Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung (BAM) methods and a small scale electrostatic discharge device. The detonation parameters of 2 and 3 were computed using the EXPLO5.04 code with the X‐ray densities as well as calculated (CBS‐4 M) energies of formation as input values.
Investigation of long wavelength green InGaN lasers on c‐plane GaN up to 529 nm continuous wave operation
Authors: Müller Jens , Strauß Uwe , Lermer Teresa , Brüderl Georg , Eichler Christoph , Avramescu Adrian , Lutgen Stephan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe present analysis of the experimentally determined gain coefficients g0 for green InGaN lasers with pulsed wavelengths from 495 to 526 nm. Variable facet coating as well as variable cavity length method are used to deduce the dependency of g0 on wavelength. From the experimental data we found that better laser performance at shorter wavelengths correlates with higher material gain. Therefore, lasers at 504 nm reach wall plug efficiencies (WPE) up to 5.3% at 50 mW cw output power, while lasers with 525 and 529 nm show a WPE up to 3 and 2.3%, respectively. The WPE for longer wavelengths is limited due to thermal rollover in cw operation.
Selected optical properties of core/shell ZnMnTe/ZnO nanowire structures
Authors: Gas Katarzyna , Janik Elżbieta , Zaleszczyk Wojciech , Dynowska Elżbieta , Kutrowski Mirosław , Kamińska Agnieszka , Morhange Jean‐François , Wachnicki Łukasz , Wojciechowski Tomasz , Hołyst Robert , Godlewski Marek , Guziewicz Elżbieta , Wojtowicz Tomasz , Szuszkiewicz Wojciech 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe report here on selected optical properties of core/shell Zn1−xMnxTe/ZnO nanowires (NWs). The Zn1−xMnxTe cores of the investigated structures (containing from 3.5 to 7% of Mn) were grown by the MBE technique using gold‐catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid mechanism. Polycrystalline ZnO shells coating Zn1−xMnxTe NWs were overgrown by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. Core/shell NWs were then examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering, and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The lines characteristic of the ZnO band edge emission and the intra‐Mn2+ transition were observed in the PL spectra. Modification of the Raman spectra of as‐grown Zn1−xMnxTe samples induced by the ZnO shell is demonstrated and discussed.
Initial stages of growth of iron on silicon for spin injection through Schottky barrier
Authors: Dash Saroj Prasad , Carstanjen Heinz Dieter 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe characterization of ferromagnet‐semiconductor interfaces with monolayer (ML) depth resolution is an important issue in the development of spin injection devices. In this article, highly resolved depth distributions of Fe have been measured during the initial stages of growth of Fe on Si (100) at room temperature by in situ high‐resolution Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Extensive in‐diffusion of Fe has been observed even for the coverage of 0.0325 ML of Fe. At this coverage the Si crystal structure is apparently still conserved. Every second Si layer is depleted of Fe, thus giving rise to compositional oscillations of Fe. At higher coverages strong interdiffusion occurs resulting in the formation of silicides at the interface. Even at 9.2 ML of Fe coverage, no pure Fe layers were observed.
Modelling photooxidation of CdSe‐ZnS nanocrystals
Authors: Kohary K. , Gibson G. A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe model the blueshift of the photoluminescence spectra of CdSe‐ZnS nanocrystals under ultraviolet irradiation. The model is based on photo‐assisted oxygen diffusion into the CdSe nanocrystal structure, which is believed to have a primary role in the observed blueshift of the photoluminescence peak wavelength by reducing the confinement core radius of the exciton wavefunction inside the CdSe nanocrystal core. We compare the predictions of this model with experimental data (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acousto‐optic materials for special applications with ultra‐short optical pulses
Authors: Maák Pál , Veress Máté , Rózsa Balázs , Szipőcs Róbert , Richter Péter 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe report here new acousto‐optic designs dedicated for applications in the edge of today's research: generation and spatially scanning of highly stable femtosecond laser pulse trains possibly with variable repetition rate, to provide optimal circumstances for a variety of applications: pump‐probe experiments, laser spectroscopy, laser microscopy. The design of new interaction geometries and device configurations serves the fulfillment of criteria like minimization of material and angular dispersion and maximization of diffraction efficiency, acoustic bandwidth and optical phase stability. We summarize experimental results obtained during pulse picking a femtosecond optical pulse train, actively stabilizing a laser oscillator with 20 MHz pulse repetition rate and implementing an acousto‐optic scanner for two‐photon laser microscope using dedicated devices with parameters optimized for the given application (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Template‐assisted fabrication and characterization of photoluminescent polymer nanopillars
Authors: Palacios Raquel , Formentín Pilar , Santos Abel , Martínez‐Ferrero Eugenia , Ferré‐Borrull Josep , Pallarès Josep , Marsal Lluís F. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPhotoluminescent nanopillars are fabricated by replication from nanoporous anodic alumina via template wetting using polymer from different chemical families: polyfluorenes, PPV derivatives and thiophenes. The experimental process entails infiltration of a polymeric solution into the pores of the template with an average pore diameter of 225 nm and a pore depth of 500 nm. The geometric features of the resulting structures are characterized with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The influence of nanostructure in the photophysical properties of the polymer is investigated by UV‐Vis absorbance and photoluminescence measurements. Polarized Raman spectroscopy characterization is also performed in order to study the different polymer conformation into the nanoporous template. The nanopillars obtained are interesting in many applications such as nanostructured solar cells and polymer light emitting diodes. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical study with rovibrational and dipole moment calculation of sextet states of the CrCl molecule
Authors: Alaa Hamdan , Mahmoud Korek 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe potential energy curves have been investigated for the 13 lowest sextet electronic states in the
$ \ ^{ 2{\rm s} + 1} \bigwedge \ ^{(\pm )}$
representation below 53,000 cm−1 of the molecule CrCl via CASSCF and MRCI (single and double excitation with Davidson correction) calculations. The harmonic frequency ωe, the internuclear distance re, the rotational constant Be, the electronic energy with respect to the ground state Te, and the permanent dipole moment μ have been calculated. By using the canonical functions approach, the eigenvalues Ev, the rotational constant Bv, and the abscissas of the turning points rmin and rmax have been calculated for the considered electronic states up to the vibrational level v = 16. Nine electronic states have been studied theoretically here for the first time. The comparison of these values with the theoretical and experimental results available in the literature shows a good agreement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Effect of Sampling Methods on N Detection in High Nitrogen Steel
Authors: Li Jichao , Chu Shaojun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe effect of sampling methods on the detection of N content in the high nitrogen steel (HNS) was studied by variance analysis method. In the experiments, two kinds of samples (rod sample and chip sample) were chosen. It was showed that when the N content was in the range of 0.06%∼0.4%, the results obtained by two methods were almost the same, indicating that both were suitable to identify the N in the steel. However, when the N content was higher than 0.4%, the result obtained using chips as sample was lower than that using rod. The N2 bubble in the rod sample might cause error since it didn't comprise the N content. Hence, the N content could be reflected more accurately by the chip samples. Based on the difference of N content detected by two methods, the shrinkage rate was analyzed theoretically and found to be inversely proportional to the pressure of N2 bubbles in steel.
Regression test suite prioritization using system models
Authors: Tahat Luay , Korel Bogdan , Harman Mark , Ural Hasan 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYDuring regression testing, a modified system is often retested using an existing test suite. Since the size of the test suite may be very large, testers are interested in detecting faults in the modified system as early as possible during this retesting process. Test prioritization attempts to order tests for execution so that the chances of early detection of faults during retesting are increased. The existing prioritization methods are based on the source code of the system under test. In this paper, we present and evaluate two model‐based selective methods and a dependence‐based method of test prioritization utilizing the state‐based model of the system under test. These methods assume that the modifications are made both on the system under test and its model. The existing test suite is executed on the system model and information about this execution is used to prioritize tests. Execution of the model is inexpensive as compared with execution of the system under test; therefore, the overhead associated with test prioritization is relatively small. In addition, we present an analytical framework for evaluation of test prioritization methods. This framework may reduce the cost of evaluation as compared with the framework that is based on observation. We have performed an empirical study in which we compared different test prioritization methods. The results of the empirical study suggest that system models may improve the effectiveness of test prioritization with respect to early fault detection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenethyl isothiocyanate promotes immune responses in normal BALB/c mice, inhibits murine leukemia WEHI‐3 cells, and stimulates immunomodulations in vivo
Authors: Tsou Mei‐Fen , Tien Ni , Lu Chi‐Cheng , Chiang Jo‐Hua , Yang Jai‐Sing , Lin Jing‐Pin , Fan Ming‐Jen , Lu Jang‐Jih , Yeh Su‐Peng , Chung Jing‐Gung 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEnhanced cruciferous vegetable consumption is associated with the reduction of cancer incidence as shown in epidemiological studies. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), one of the important compounds in cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to induce apoptosis in many types of human cancer cell lines, but there is no available information addressing the effects on normal and leukemia mice in vivo. The purpose of this study is to focus on the in vivo effects of PEITC on immune responses of normal and WEHI‐3 leukemia BALB/c mice in vivo. Influences of PEITC on BALB/c mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with WEHI‐3 cells and normal mice were investigated. In normal BALB/c mice, PEITC did not affect the body weight when compared to the olive oil treated animals. Moreover, PEITC promoted phagocytosis by macrophages from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and peritoneal cavity, increased the levels of CD11b and Mac‐3, decreased the level of CD19 and promoted natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity, but it did not alter the level of CD3. Also, PEITC enhanced T cell proliferation after concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation. Otherwise, PEITC increased the body weight, but decreased the weight of liver and spleen as compared to the olive oil‐treated WEHI‐3 leukemia mice. PEITC also increased the level of CD19, decreased the levels of CD3 and Mac‐3 rather than influence in the level of CD11b, suggesting that the differentiation of the precursor of macrophages and T cells was inhibited, but the differentiation of the precursor of B cells was promoted in leukemia mice. Furthermore, PEITC enhanced phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages from PBMC and peritoneal cavity, and also promoted the NK cell cytotoxic activity in comparison with the group of leukemia mice. Based on these observations, the biological properties of PEITC can promote immune responses in normal and WEHI‐3 leukemia mice in vivo. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
Retinoic acid influences the embryoid body formation in mouse embryonic stem cells by induction of caspase and p38 MAPK/JNK‐mediated apoptosis
Authors: Huang Fu‐Jen , Lan Kuo‐Chung , Kang Hong‐Yo , Lin Pin‐Yao , Chan Wen‐Hsiung , Hsu Yu‐Cheng , Liu Yen‐Chih , Huang Ko‐En 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAlthough all‐trans retinoic acid (RA), the oxidative metabolite of vitamin A, is essential for normal development, high levels are teratogenic in many species. RA results in immediate effects on the preimplantation embryo and on blastocyst development in vitro and in vivo. To further elucidate the cellular mechanisms of early postimplantation embryo development induced by RA, we present an embryonic cell line, B5, as a candidate system for the investigation of these processes. We used undifferentiated ES cells as the model, which is from the undifferentiated status to differentiated status [embryoid body (EB) formation] mimicking postimplantation embryo development (egg‐cylinder stage of embryo formation) to clarify the cellular mechanism of action of RA in the implanted blastocysts and cell apoptosis following the series of exposures to differing RA concentrations. Using an in vitro model, we identified the impact of RA on undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells, including inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell apoptosis. JNK, P‐38 and caspase activation were shown in the nature of RA‐triggered apoptotic signaling in ES cells. The carry‐on influences of RA on the ES cell were shown in the formation of EB from the pretreated ES cells. RA resulted in apparent impact on undifferentiated ES cells in vitro, with increased numbers of apoptotic cells initially and inhibited cell proliferation, which led to decreased size of EB. The process of EB formation (mimicking the early postimplantation embryo development) is regulated by RA‐induced apoptosis through the activation of caspase and P38 MAPK/JNK pathway. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
Influence of increasing temperature and salinity on herbicide toxicity in estuarine phytoplankton
Authors: DeLorenzo Marie E. , Danese Loren E. , Baird Thomas D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEcological risk assessments are, in part, based on results of toxicity tests conducted under standard exposure conditions. Global climate change will have a wide range of effects on estuarine habitats, including potentially increasing water temperature and salinity, which may alter the risk assessment of estuarine pollutants. We examined the effects of increasing temperature and salinity on the toxicity of common herbicides (irgarol, diuron, atrazine, and ametryn) to the phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta. Static 96‐h algal bioassays were conducted for each herbicide under four exposure scenarios: standard temperature and salinity (25°C, 20 ppt), standard temperature and elevated salinity (25°C, 40 ppt), elevated temperature and standard salinity (35°C, 20 ppt), and elevated temperature and elevated salinity (35°C, 40 ppt). The endpoints assessed were algal cell density at 96 h, growth rate, chlorophyll a content, lipid content, and starch content. Increasing exposure temperature reduced growth rate and 96‐h cell density but increased the cellular chlorophyll and lipid concentrations of the control algae. Exposure condition did not alter starch content of control algae. Herbicides were found to decrease growth rate, 96 h cell density, and cellular chlorophyll and lipid concentrations, while starch concentrations increased with herbicide exposure. Herbicide effects under standard test conditions were then compared with those observed under elevated temperature and salinity. Herbicide effects on growth rate, cell density, and starch content were more pronounced under elevated salinity and temperature conditions. To encompass the natural variability in estuarine temperature and salinity, and to account for future changes in climate, toxicity tests should be conducted under a wider range of environmental conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
Inhibition of PP2A and the consequent activation of JNK/c‐Jun are involved in tributyltin‐induced apoptosis in human amnionic cells
Authors: Zhang Yali , Liang Jing , Sun Lijun , Guo Zonglou , Xu Lihong 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTributyltin (TBT), a highly toxic environmental contaminant, has been shown to induce mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis in several mammalian cells. However, the upstream signal transduction pathways involved in TBT‐induced apoptosis are still not fully elucidated. In this study, the protein phosphatase (PP) 2A, microtubule organization, and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including JNK, p38 and their downstream transcription factors, c‐Jun and ATF‐2, respectively, were investigated in human amnionic cells treated by TBT. Furthermore, the activation of procaspase‐3 after blocking either one of these MAPK pathways was also observed. The results showed that TBT effectively induced apoptosis characterized by caspase‐3 activation. In apoptotic cells, the inhibition of PP2A activity and microtubule depolymerization was detected. Additionally, JNK and p38, as well as their downstream targets, c‐Jun and ATF‐2, were activated. Moreover, a JNK inhibitor, but not p38 inhibitor, significantly reduced caspase‐3 activation. It can be concluded that the inhibition of PP2A may (1) play as a role in the activation of JNK and c‐Jun and the concomitant promotion of microtubule depolymerization and (2) lead to the activation of caspase‐3 in TBT‐induced apoptotic cells. The results of this study suggest a critical role of PP2A in the TBT toxicity mechanism. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
A Prospective Study of Religiousness and Psychological Distress Among Female Survivors of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
Authors: Chan Christian S. , Rhodes Jean E. , Pérez John E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis prospective study examined the pathways by which religious involvement affected the post‐disaster psychological functioning of women who survived Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The participants were 386 low‐income, predominantly Black, single mothers. The women were enrolled in the study before the hurricane, providing a rare opportunity to document changes in mental health from before to after the storm, and to assess the protective role of religious involvement over time. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that, controlling for level of exposure to the hurricanes, pre‐disaster physical health, age, and number of children, pre‐disaster religiousness predicted higher levels of post‐disaster (1) social resources and (2) optimism and sense of purpose. The latter, but not the former, was associated with better post‐disaster psychological outcome. Mediation analysis confirmed the mediating role of optimism and sense of purpose.