bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Positional Skin-Surface Pressures in Premature Infants
Authors: Marcellus Lenora 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:To describe the skin-surface pressure distributions and points of maximal pressure that are generated by healthy premature infants in the supine, prone, and right side–lying positions.Design:A descriptive, repeated-measures design.Sample:Four medically stable premature infants of 34 weeks postconceptional age. The mean weight was 2,180 gm, and the mean age was 24.5 days.Results:Similar regions of increased skin-surface pressures were identified for the four infants. Within areas of peak pressure, some sensor cells reached 28–32 millimeters of mercury, which is considered to be the critical compressive pressure for obstruction of nutritive flow to the underlying body tissues. These descriptive results may be a starting point for development of research studies to determine positioning strategies to optimize the skin integrity of premature infants while minimizing unnecessary handling.
Sound Level Exposure of High-Risk Infants in Different Environmental Conditions
Authors: Byers Jacqueline , Waugh W. Randolph , Lowman Linda 
Published: November 2011

Purposes:To provide descriptive information about the sound levels to which high-risk infants are exposed in various actual environmental conditions in the NICU, including the impact of physical renovation on sound levels, and to assess the contributions of various types of equipment, alarms, and activities to sound levels in simulated conditions in the NICU.Design:Descriptive and comparative design.Sample:Convenience sample of 134 infants at a southeastern quarternary children’s hospital.Main Outcome Variable:A-weighted decibel (dBA) sound levels under various actual and simulated environmental conditions.Results:The renovated NICU was, on average, 4–6 dBA quieter across all environmental conditions than a comparable nonrenovated room, representing a significant sound level reduction. Sound levels remained above consensus recommendations despite physical redesign and staff training. Respiratory therapy equipment, alarms, staff talking, and infant fussiness contributed to higher sound levels.Conclusion:Evidence-based sound-reducing strategies are proposed. Findings were used to plan environment management as part of a developmental, family-centered care, performance improvement program and in new NICU planning.
NRP 2006: What You Should Know
Authors: Zaichkin Jeanette 
Published: November 2011

In spring 2006, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Heart Association (AHA) will introduce revised materials for the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). These revisions affect the practice of neonatal resuscitation as well as the administrative components of the NRP. This article cannot address every program revision. Instead, it summarizes what prompted the program changes and then introduces the reader to guideline revisions that affect practice, as well as to changes in NRP tools and resources.The fifth edition of the Textbook of Neonatal Resuscitation is currently in press. The AAP granted permission to use material from the forthcoming edition in this article.
Writing for Publication: Supporting the Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Student
Authors: Trotter Carol , Rasmussen Lynn 
Published: November 2011

THE QUESTION POSED TO PARTICIPANTS AT THE International Academy of Nurse Editors (INANE) was “Why don’t nurses write for publication?” The answer that surfaced throughout the discussions was because nurses never learned why and how to write professional manuscripts.1It is our belief that authorship should be part of the curriculum of every advanced practice nursing (APN) program. Four articles published in this issue ofNeonatal Network® were written by University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) Neonatal Nurse Practitioner (NNP) students as part of their required course work.Neonatal Network® has chosen to highlight these student writers in an effort to encourage all neonatal nurses to consider this opportunity and to encourage faculty to incorporate this activity into their curricula for APNs. Sharing one’s knowledge and expertise is an essential element of advanced nursing practice and provides the opportunity to enhance the science of nursing practice. By writing for publication, students work toward achieving the following recently published Acute Care NP Competencies:2• Integrates research to promote evidence-based practice for patients with acute, critical, and chronic illness.• Participates in formal and informal education provided to other health care professionals to promote positive outcomes during complex acute, critical, and chronic illness.• Contributes to the knowledge base of the health care community through research, presentations, publications, and involvement in professional organizations.• Promotes valuing lifelong learning and evidence-based practice while continually acquiring knowledge and skills needed to address questions arising in practice to improve patient care.
Triage, Not Just for the Emergency Department: A Discussion of the Appropriate Level of Care for the Transitioning Infant
Authors: Allison Beth Ann , Burcin Elizabeth 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDetermining the appropriate placement for infants experiencing a delay in transition or who require more intensive assessment, monitoring, and nursing care can be a challenge. Not all of these infants need to be admitted to the NICU. Since 1994, we have had a triage program to care for these infants. We define triage as a temporary (12 hours or fewer) level of care for monitoring, assessment, and intervention. This level of care is more intensive than in the newborn nursery, but the infant does not require an immediate NICU admission. Caring for these infants presents challenges in staffing, family-centered care, and reimbursement. This article shares information on the evolution of our triage program, its benefits to infants and their families, and how it is integrated into our NICU practices.
Protein C Deficiency
Authors: Kelly Alicia , Pearson Gregory D. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTProtein C (PC) deficiency is a rare but life-threatening bleeding disorder that can present in the immediate neonatal period. This article presents the case of a baby girl with acute and progressive neonatal purpura fulminans as the presenting feature of PC deficiency. Other common complications of this disease include ophthalmic problems and central nervous system (CNS) changes. Management consists of correcting the coagulopathy, intensive wound care including negative-pressure dressings and skin grafting, and supportive care for the ophthalmic and CNS issues. Long-term follow-up consists of lifelong anticoagulant therapy to avoid recurrence of these complications.
BHA and Fluid Rheology Modeling: An Integrated Approach to Solving Complex Unconventional Shale Play Challenges
Authors: Ibrahim Hani , Gidh Yashodhan , Purwanto Arifin , Bits Smith , Visinescu Valentin , SWACO M-I 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Bakken Shale is one of the largest, unconventional crude oil plays in the United States covering as much as 25,000 sq miles in the Williston Basin. The formation underlies portions North Dakota and Montana and is found at depths ranging from 9000ft to 10,500ft. Reserve estimates vary but the United States Geological Survey (USGS) has calculated risked undiscovered resources of up to 4.3 billion barrels of recoverable oil and bbl/cu ft equivalent using current technology. At this time the field is being developed with single, dual and triple-leg horizontal wells with laterals extending 4500ft to 9500ft into the formation.
However, drilling activity in the area has fluctuated as a result of changing oil prices. Accordingly, reducing overall operation costs is essential to the economic feasibility of each drilling project. Because of the significant impact on drilling costs, the correct selection and utilization of drilling equipment including bits, drilling fluids, hydraulics and downhole tools is paramount. To optimize operations, a holistic approach was adopted to create a drilling "road map" utilizing several application software systems. These software tools enable engineers to envision the specific drilling environment and tool/BHA interaction before the bit goes in the hole.
A recent Bakken project included expert drill bit selection, rock mechanics analysis, shock studies, drilling fluids and hydraulics optimization. The directional well plan was optimized with wellbore simulation software. In order to circumvent deficient options prior to and during actual drilling operations, multiple scenarios are simulated using a collection of detailed geological and offset drilling information. These results were studied, analyzed and assessed as the optimum drilling solution prior to submitting them to the operator. Finally, the service provider monitored and implemented the recommended engineered solutions.
The initial results were encouraging: Drilling days on Well 1 were reduced by 30% which represents a cost savings of $572,000USD while achieving the drilling target and delivering a high-quality wellbore. Building on this initial success, second and third wells confirmed the value of holistic optimization saving the operator 13 days ($676,000USD) and 16 days ($832,000USD) of rig time respectively.
An NMR Study on Shale Wettability
Authors: Odusina Elijah , Sondergeld Carl , Rai Chandra 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Shales have become one of the leading unconventional gas resources in the world today, but a detailed understanding of their petrophysical properties still eludes most researchers. Wettability is an important rock property as it affects the recovery and stimulation methods and the quantity of hydrocarbon recovered. We present a study of shale wettability using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to monitor sequential imbibition of brine and oil (dodecane). Mineralogical variations, low permeability and porosity, complex pore structure, and the presence of organics complicate the interpretation of wettability in shale reservoirs and renders conventional approaches useless. The presence of organics has been reported to affect shales by reducing density, altering wettability, increasing porosity, amongst other effects. NMR, a non-destructive technique, has been applied to study wettability in other lithologies; we have applied it to study shale formations. A total of 50 samples were analyzed; 21 core plugs from the Eagle Ford shale, 12 from the Barnett, 11 from the Floyd shale, and 10 from the Woodford shale. Berea sandstone, known to be water-wet was analyzed and provides a calibration standard. Our NMR study confirms that Berea sandstone exhibits water-wet behavior. The shales studied imbibed both brine and oil, and the volume of oil imbibed is influenced by a combination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), thermal maturity, and organic pore volume. The Woodford shale showed more affinity for dodecane compared to the other shales. The T2 NMR signature of the imbibed dodecane occurs mostly at relaxation times ranging from 2–20ms, much faster than its measured bulk relaxation of 1 second, suggesting that surface relaxation dominates the oil response in the shales. The observed brine T2 relaxation peak is predominantly below 1ms range, compared to its measured bulk value of 3 seconds. The shales display mixed wettability, with the organics contributing mainly to the oil-wetness. Exposure to drilling fluids could affect the "as received" wettability state of the cores; this effect needs to be investigated further. We extend our observations to explain the loss of hydraulic fracturing fluid in shale formations. Our study shows that imbibition of fracturing fluid by the formation is a possible cause of high fluid losses during hydraulic fracturing. Additionally, the possibility of estimating microfracture widths from T2 spectra was explored. Fracture widths ranging from 1–10 microns were estimated from the NMR T2 spectra, and this compared favorably with estimates from Micro-CT x-ray images.
Applying Computer Based Precision Drill Pipe Rotation and Oscillation to Automate Slide Drilling Steering Control
Authors: Gillan Colin , Boone Scott , LeBlanc Marc , Picard Randy , Fox Todd 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
While rotary steerable systems (RSS) have become the de facto system of choice in offshore drilling applications where day rates can often approach one million $USD, the choice of the most economic downhole drilling system for the land driller, and the future factory driller, is more complex. In the land market, although the RSS has made considerable technology leaps in the last 5 years in improving build rates and high temperature capabilities, the standard directional bent housing motor continues to dominate the land directional market and provide a viable economic alternative to the RSS. As an engineer from a major energy company once said at an SPE conference, "we look at all projects well to well, and if it was possible to drill it with a regular motor, then we will". Many directional drilling providers and operators will thus continue to use slide drilling for directional projects into the foreseeable future, and if as we maintain, the directional motor can be controlled and managed by a directional driller remote from the rigsite at a data center, then the industry will have made some progress towards automated directional drilling.
Estimation of Fracture Density and Orientation Through Azimuthal Processing and Interpretation of Seismic Data
Authors: Chaveste Alvaro , Hall Mike , Verm Richard , Gaiser Jim 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The determination of fracture density and orientation is important in plays in which reservoir permeability is associated with micro-fractures. In these reservoirs, effective porosity is dependent upon the density of open fractures and permeability has a directivity component associated to the fractures’ orientation. Accurate determination of fracture density and orientation using surface seismic helps, then, in determining locations of good reservoir storability, as well as directional drilling orientation for optimum permeability. The anisotropy of P- and S-wave velocities is commonly associated with the magnitude and orientation of stress fields or open fractures and hence, is the medium through which factures can be characterized using surface seismic data.
A case study in the Marcellus Shale (NE United States) is presented in which PP and PS wide azimuth seismic data, acquired and processed to preserve the amplitude and velocity information of the source-receiver azimuth, are used to compute anisotropic attributes from which a qualitative analysis of fracture density and orientation is done.
The Marcellus Shale is known to have two sets of fractures (joints) associated to different tectonic events. Particular to this play is that one set of joints is perpendicular to the co-located macro-fractures. In this case, although curvature or other geometric attributes reveal the strike of macro-fractures, this does not correspond to the joint sets, which are at sub-seismic resolution. Anisotropy analysis through elliptical inversion of P-wave velocities identifies both sets of micro-fractures and verifies their expected position in relationship to the oroclinal belt and the macro-fractures. Analysis of PS migrated stacks supports these observations.
Investigation of Primary Recovery in Tight Oil Formations: A Look at the Cardium Formation, Alberta
Authors: Ghaderi S. M. , Clarkson C. R. , Kaviani D. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Tight oil formations (permeability &lt;1 mD) in Western Canada have recently emerged as a reliable source of light oil supply owing to the use of multi-fractured horizontal wells. The Cardium Formation, which contains 25% of Alberta’s total discovered light oil (according to Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board), consists of conventional and unconventional (low-permeability or tight) play areas. The conventional play areas have been developed since 1957. Contrarily, the development of unconventional play areas is relatively recent. The lag in development of the unconventional play is due to considerably poorer reservoir properties which increases the risk associated with capital investment. This in turn implies the need for a comprehensive and critical study of the area before planning any development strategy.
This paper presents performance results from the low permeability portions of the Cardium Formation where new horizontal wells have been drilled and stimulated in multiple stages to promote transverse hydraulic fractures. Development of the tight Cardium Formation using primary recovery is considered. The production data of these wells was first matched using a black oil simulator. The calibrated model presented was used for performance perditions based on sensitivity studies and investigations that encompassed design factors such as well spacing, fracture properties, and operational constraints. These simulation sensitivities were used to make economic predictions to assist with optimal design. In conclusion, based on our simulation results, we provide the operators of the Cardium tight portion with some recommendations to optimize both short and long-term profit.
Effective Caprock Determination for SAGD Projects
Authors: Collins P. M. , Walters D. A. , Perkins T. , Kuhach J. D. , Veith E. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In the oil sands of western Canada, caprock integrity has become a central issue in projects using steam injection recovery processes such as SAGD (steam-assisted gravity drainage). Caprocks contain steam and fluids within the reservoir and understanding the integrity of the caprock over the life of the operation is critical in order to ensure a safe and economically viable project.
A multi-disciplinary study was undertaken to evaluate geological facies as potential caprock for Ivanhoe Energy’s Tamarack project. This examination of the historical performance of operating SAGD projects correlated the maximum vertical growth of the steam chamber with geology and the steam-injection operating pressure. The study found that SAGD steam chambers are being constrained by geological facies grading upward to poorer reservoir quality rather than being constrained by shallower, regionally extensive, massive, low-permeability barriers.
Geomechanical reservoir simulations of Ivanhoe Energy’s proposed Tamarack SAGD Project predict that the steam chamber will be similarly constrained as reservoir quality degrades upward. The simulations show the pressure and stress gradients in the formations above the steam chamber as a function of time and operating conditions, allowing for a more accurate assessment of steam containment and the risk for shear and/or tensile failure.
The findings are significant because they confirm that the vertical growth of SAGD steam chambers has been effectively halted by facies consisting of interbedded sands and mudstones. These effective caprock facies have higher fracture pressures than the regionally extensive low permeability barriers because these facies are found at greater depths. The higher fracture pressure justifies a higher maximum operating pressure, with its associated higher reservoir temperatures resulting in much lower bitumen viscosities. As a result, SAGD well productivity and project economics are greatly improved, particularly for shallow SAGD projects.
Case Study of Using Basin Analysis to Evaluate Unconventional Gas Resources in Frontier Basins
Authors: Cheng Kun , Wu Wenyan , Holditch Stephen A. , Ayers Walter B. , McVay Duane A. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
As gas production from conventional gas reservoirs in the United States decreases, the industry is turning more attention to the exploration and development of unconventional gas resources (UGRs). This trend is expanding quickly worldwide. However, unlike in many mature North American basins where significant development of UGRs is now routine, many countries are just turning to UGRs exploration. Insightful resource assessment is important for tapping UGRs in these frontier basins.
To evaluate the UGRs in frontier basins that are underexplored, we developed basin analysis methodology to 1) characterize basins; 2) establish analogs between frontier basins and mature North American basins; 3) estimate conventional and unconventional resources in mature North American basins; and 4) quantitatively predict UGRs in frontier basins by using information from analogous North American basins. This comprehensive basin analysis study not only validates the resource triangle, which is characterized by a large ratio of unconventional TRR (technically recoverable resources) to conventional TRR, but also makes it possible to quantitatively assess unconventional resources in under-explored basins worldwide.
To demonstrate use of basin analysis in evaluating the UGRs of frontier basins, two world hotspots for UGRs exploration were selected as the target basins: Neuquén basin in South America and Berkine basin in North Africa. Recent assessment reports and exploration activities indicate that the two basins have substantial unconventional gas resources. As a case study, basin analysis was used to identify the North American reference basins that are analogous to the Neuquén and Berkine basins, and to characterize the distributions of UGRs in these frontier basins. Furthermore, the quantitatively estimated unconventional TRR were compared with those from EIA (Energy Information Administration) and companies to support the effectiveness of basin analysis results.
Integrated Reservoir and Decision Modeling to Optimize Northern Barnett Shale Development Strategies
Authors: Gong Xinglai , McVay Duane , Bickel Eric , Montiel Luis 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In shale plays, as with all reservoirs, it is desirable to achieve the optimal development strategies, particularly well spacing, as early as possible, without overdrilling. This paper documents a new technology that can aid in determining optimal development strategies in shale reservoirs. We integrate a decline-curve-based reservoir model with a decision model that incorporates uncertainty in production forecasts. Our work extends previous work by not only correlating well spacing and other completion parameters with performance indicators, but also developing an integrated model that can forecast production probabilistically and determine the impact of development decisions on long-term production.
A public data set of 64 horizontal wells in the Barnett shale play in Cooke, Montague and Wise Counties, Texas, was used to construct the integrated model. This part of the Barnett shale is in the oil window and wells produce significant volumes of hydrocarbon liquids. The data set includes directional surveys, completion and stimulation data, and oil and gas production data. Completion and stimulation parameters, such as perforated interval, fluid volume, proppant mass, and well spacing, were correlated with decline curve parameters, such as initial oil rate and a proxy for the initial decline rate, the ratio of cumulative production at 6 months to 1 month (CP6to1), using linear regression. In addition, a GOR model was developed based on thermal maturity and average GOR versus time. Thousands of oil and gas production forecasts were generated from linear regression and GOR models using Monte Carlo simulation, which serve as the input to the decision model. The decision model then determines the impact of well spacing and other completion/stimulation decisions on long-term production performance.
The technology introduced in this paper can be used to help operators in unconventional reservoirs reach optimal spacing and completion strategies earlier in the lives of these reservoirs, which could accelerate production and increase reserves.