bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Progress of Nymphal Development in Pest Grasshoppers (Acrididae) of Western Canada
Authors: Putnam L. G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEach of the three grasshopper species, Camnula pellucida, Melanoplus bilituratus and M. bivittatus, spent approximately 13, 17, 19, 22 and 29% of total time in nymphal development in the successive five instars. These proportions appeared similar at each of the six rearing temperatures 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100°F. The times required for total nymphal development at these temperatures were 53, 36, 28½, 23½, 18 and 17 days, respectively. It was estimated that, for the grasshoppers to complete nymphal development and attain sexual maturity in time to have a reasonably good chance of successful reproduction, their integrated temperature experience for 12-hour days should be not less than 95°F. Whereas the apparent mid-point of nymphal development in terms of morphogenesis is midway through the third instar in the typical five-instar grasshoppers, the midpoint of time spent at constant temperatures is near the end of the third instar. C. pellucida appears unable to complete nymphal development at a temperature as low as 75°F.; the Melanoplus species, however, can complete development at this temperature, but with reduced survival.
The Tachinids of Trinidad V. Siphosturmiines and Masiphyiines
Authors: Thompson W. R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with the Trinidad species included by C. H. T, Town send (Manual of Myiology, IV) in his tribe Masiphyiini. The evidence given supports the separation by Reinhard of the genus Siphosturmia Coc). and allies from Masiphya B. B. and allies. Four new species have been described in genera recognized by previous authors. Three new genera, each with a new species, have been described. Of these, one (Masiphyoidea) is certainly allied to Masiphya, but the affinities of the others (Pseudomasiphya and Mystacomyoidea) are open to doubt with the data available at present.
Evolution and Adaptation of Larval Characters in the Tortricidae
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA true understanding of the evolution of the morphological characters of the tortricid larva, and hence of the phylogeny of the species, requires study of early as well as late instars. The characters of the first instars of about 20 species are compared with those of later instars. Postembryological changes and their significance are discussed for the head, the coronal suture, the ocelli, the spinneret, the body, the spiracle, the anal shield, the anal fork, the crochets, the integument and sclerotized areas, and the setae. Characters of the primitive larva are postulated, and it is concluded that this larva probably lived in a protected habitat, mining some part of its host plant, and had a convenient exit from which it could eject the frass. The evolution of some of the tortricid tribes as indicated by larval characters is also tentatively suggested: the Olethreutinae could have evolved from the Tortricinae as a result of the suppression «f the anal fork on the primordial tortricid ancestor; the reappearance of the fork not too long after its suppression resulted in the Olethreutini, and its continued suppression resulted in the Eucosmini and Laspcyresiini. The Archipini and Sparganothini appear to be the most specialized of the tribes examined of the Tortricinae, and the Laspeyresiim the most specialized of the Olethreutinae, with Laspeyresia Hbn. group 1 possibly being among the most recently evolved in the Tortricidae.The inferences in this paper are drawn from: examination of the setal arrangements of a few first instars, the chaetotaxy of which is presumed to be an expression of the phylogenetic past of the larva; the fundamental setal arrangements on those larvae that, in late instars, show undoubted structural specialization; deductions as to the original arrangements of setae on the posterior abdominal segments by comparison with that on the primitive middle abdominal segments; the structural changes that occur between early and late instars and between generalized and specialized larvae; and lastly, a knowledge of the life histories of some of the species examined.It is hoped that the discussion supporting these inferences will enable us to better understand (a) the changes occurring in larval characters not included here, (b) the phylogeny of other tribes of the Tortricidae, and (c) the larval structural changes and phylogeny of other families in the Microlepidoptera.
Biology of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins, in the East Kootenay Region of British Columbia.: III. Interaction between the Beetle and its Host, with Emphasis on Brood Mortality and Survival
Authors: Reid R. W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractStudies were made on the distribution and survival of the mountain pine beetle over the lower stem of lodgepole pine. The relationship between density of attack and subsequent total length of egg galleries was examined as was the relationship between number of exit holes and number of emerging beetles. The influence on brood survival of tree diameter, density of egg galleries, moisture content of the outer sapwood, lethal temperatures, resinosis in the subcortical region, predators, and parasites is described. Survival is compared between broods established during different flights in the same year. The optimum weather conditions for brood survival are discussed.
ThegilvariusGroup ofAspilatesTreitschke (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThegilvariusgroup of the genusAspilatesis revised. Thirteen species are recognized, of whichA.kozhantchikovi, Siberia,A.forbesi, northern Canada, andA.elwesi, northwestern China, are described as new. Four of the species are purely Nearctic, eight purely Palaearctic, and one is Amphiberingian. Six additional subspecies are recognized, of which the following are described as new:A.aberratus assiniboiarius, prairies of Canada;A.orciferarius baffinensis, Baffin Island;A.o.churchillensis, Churchill, Man.; andA.o.occidentalis, Yukon and Alaska.A.sibiricusDjakonov is sunk as a doubtfully valid subspecies ofA.tayloraeCurtis and the latter is distinguished specifically fromA.orciferarius.
Some Ichneumonid-Sarcophagid Interactions in the Gypsy Moth Porthetria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Campbell Robert W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFour ichneumonid species, Itoplectis conquisitor (Say), Pimpla pedalis Cress., Theronia atalantae (Poda), and Theronia hilaris (Say), were seen attacking the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), in the Town of Glenville, Schenectady County, New York. These species stung and killed many more host pupae than they successfully parasitized (success here being measured by the development of an ichneumonid offspring within the host). The ratio between the total number of hosts stung by ichneumonids and the number of ichneumonid offspring emerging was different for each of the three primary ichneumonids studied, ranging from 4 to 1 for T. atalantae to more than 200 to 1 for I. conquisitor.The sarcophagids associated with the gypsy moth, although apparently parasitic, are largely scavengers. Their attacks almost always follow those of ichneumonids. Since the sting by an ichneumonid kills the host but is not always discernible, the number of pupae containing sarcophagid larvae has been used to, indicate the true effects of ichneumonids on the host population.
The New Tribe Athyreini and Its Included Genera (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupinae)
Authors: Howden Henry F. , Martinez Antonio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe new tribe Athyreini is established in the subfamily Geotrupinae, family Scarabaeidae. The genus Athyreus MacLeay is delimited and three new genera, Pseudoathyreus, Parathyreus and Neoathyreus, are proposed.
Carabids Collected in a DDT-sprayed Peach Orchard in Ontario (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: Herne D. H. C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAt least 25 species of Carabidae were caught in pitfall traps in a DDT-sprayed Ontario peach orchard, the commonest being Pterostichus melanarius (Ill.). Harpalus pennsylvanicus (Dej.), Agonoderus lecontei Chd., Amara (Curtonotus) pennsylvanica Hayw., Anadaptus sanctaecrucis (F.) and Anisodactylus rusticus Say. Fewer P. melanarius were caught in plots where foliar sprays of DDT were used most recently, but a rather large and varied population of carabids persisted in all plots despite the application of DDT for as long as ten years.
Taxonomy of Cocoons and Puparia, and their Contents, of Canadian Parasites of Some Native Diprionidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma 
Published: January 2010

AbstractParasites of the sawfliesNeodiprion abbotii(Leach),N.abietis(Harr.),N.lecontei(Fitch),N.nanulus nanulusSchedl,N.pinetum(Nort.),N.pratti banksianaeRoh.,N.swaineiMidd., and theN.virginianaRoh. complex are separated by using characters of the parasite remains in the host cocoons from which the parasites emerged. Characteristics of the cast skin of the last larval instar of 11 species are described and illustrated in this paper; the remaining 29 species were described and illustrated in earlier papers (Finlayson, 1960a, 1960b, 1962). Keys are given to separate the species of the generaExenterusandLamachusthat attack the above hosts, using characters of the cast skin of the last larval instar.
Dynamic Programming, “Look Ahead Programming”, and the Strategy of Insect Pest Control
Authors: Watt Kenneth E. F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMany problems in the management of renewable natural resources are extremum problems: we wish to maximize fish yield from a lake, tree yield from a forest, or minimize insect pest survival, for example. Such problems can be handled better by dynamic programming than classical analysis, because of the large number and the complex nature of constraints imposed on such systems. However, a priori arguments and analysis of biological time series show that such renewable natural resources do not constitute Markov processes, since state changes from t to t + 1 are dependent on the state: at t − 1 as well as the state at t. Therefore, before making a decision about the optimal strategy at t, we must explore the future consequences of the strategy at t + 1 and t + 2. This paper reports computer experiments on strategy evaluation procedures, using dynamic programming and modified dynamic programming with two-stage “look-ahead”. The data used to develop the model came from 60 years of observations on weather conditions and insect pest populations at Magdeburg, Germany. The general conclusion from this work is that the selection of most appropriate strategy for a biological management problem should he determined by the structure of the problem. Sometimes, “one-stage look-ahead” gave the lowest value for the criterion function, and sometimes “two-stage look-ahead” was optimal. The two types of programming always yielded lower cumulative defoliation than the method now used: killing as many pests as feasible whenever “pest” densities are reached.
A Comparison of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and R. fitchii (Sand.) as Vectors of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
Authors: Smith Harvey C. , Richards W. R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlthough Rhopalosiphum padi L. was common on cereals and Gramineae in Ontario, only a small number of R. fitchii (Sand.) were found on one grass plant in 1961. Fundatrigeniae of R. padi from Prunus virginiana L. and of R. fitchii from Crataegus spp. and Malus spp. were transferred to oats and wheat on which alienicolae of R. padi multiplied rapidly, but R. fitchii very slowly. R. fitchii transmitted all but one of the isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) that R. padi transmitted to Clintland 60 oats, but fewer test plants became infected, the incubation period for symptom development was longer and symptoms were less severe when R. fitchii was the vector. Both species infected more test plants after a 5-day than after a 2-day acquisition feed on the virus source. It appears that R. padi, a common and efficient vector of BYDV, has frequently been mistaken for R. fitchii which is not common on cereals and not a highly efficient vector.A dosage concept is proposed to explain differences in vector efficiencies of R. padi and R. fitchii. It is also suggested that strains of BYDV become ’adapted’ to transmission by a vector species.
Note on Oviposition in Plant Stems by Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Pickford R. , Taylor M. E. 
Published: January 2010

Most species of grasshoppers in North America appear to lay their eggs in soil or among grass roots. A variation of this habit was reported in Manitoba by Criddle (1933) who states that Chloealtis conspersa Harr. and Neopodismopsis abdominalis (Thom.) oviposit exclusively in decaying wood or in dung.Recently, a few stems of sweet clover, Melilotus alba Desv., and Russian thistle, Salsola kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch, that contained insect eggs, were sent to the Saskatoon Research Station by A. Vadeboncoeur of Val Marie in southwestern Saskatchewan. These eggs were laid in the pithy centres of the stems in groups of eight or nine (Fig. 1). According to the sender, the clover had been cut during the summer and the thistle was about two years old. Both were lying in the ditch on the railroad right-of-way. At our request, Mr. Vadeboncoeur sent in a few more infested stems. From a total of about 10 samples it seems evident that oviposition in plant stems is typical of the grasshopper involved. The exact egg-laying procedure is difficult to visualize in view of the small diameter of the pith (approximately 3 mm.), and the lack of any sign of penetration through the side of the stem. Inserting its abdomen into the narrow stem and depositing the eggs 25 to 30 mm. from the cut end of the stem must have involved considerable gymnastic manoeuvring by the female grasshopper.
A Revision of the Genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) VII. The Subgenus Eurylophella
Authors: Allen Richard K. , Edmunds George F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe fourteen species of the subgenus Eurylophella are reviewed with accounts of each species including complete synonymies, synoptic descriptions of nymphs and adults, and distribution. Illustrated keys for nymphs and adults and distribution maps are presented for each species. Ephemerella bieoloroides McDunnough is regarded as a synonym of E. verisimilis McDunnough. Ephemerella doris and E. trilineata Berner are of questionable status, being either closely allied to or identical with E. temporalis; and the relationship of E. lithuanica Kazlauskas to E. karelica is uncertain.
Synopsis of the genus Orius Wolff in America north of Mexico (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFour species of Orius Wolff, a Holarctic genus, are known from the Nearctic region. Orius insidiosus (Say) is known from midwestern and eastern United States and eastern Canada, while O. tristicolor (White), shown here to be a valid species, is transcontinental in North America. O. minutus (L.), a common species in the Palaearctic region, is known from western North America. O. pumilio (Champ.) occurs in Florida. The distinguishing characteristics of the species are given, and a key is provided.
Insecticide Tests on the Douglas-Fir Cone Midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote
Authors: Koerber Thomas W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThree insecticides — lindane, dieldrin, and Sevin — were tested for control of the Douglas-fir cone midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). They were applied to infested duff samples at the rate of 1.5 pounds of insecticide in 15 gallons of diesel oil per acre. Lindane was the most effective, causing a 98.5% reduction in the number of midges emerging from the duff. Dieldrin also caused a significant reduction in emergence, but Sevin was no more effective than diesel oil alone.The results of this test suggest that oil-based sprays applied to the duff before the cone midges emerge might give satisfactory control more consistently than the water-based sprays which are usually applied to the trees. The test procedure would avoid the timing and formulation problems involved in treating developing cones on the trees.
The Status of Bessa harveyi (Tnsd.) (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Turnock W. J. , Melvin J. C. E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe taxonomic status, life history, distribution and hosts of Bessa harveyi (Tnsd.) are discussed. In its development on the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), a partial second generation of parasite adults emerges after the host larvae have completed feeding. Alternate hosts are scarce and rarely parasitized so that there is little or no successful reproduction by these adults.
A Note on Synchronized Emergence in Gomphus vastus Walsh (Odonata: Gomphidae)
Authors: Johnson Clifford 
Published: January 2010

An ecological classification of dragonfly species into spring and summer types was proposed by Corbet (1954). Much of the basis for the classification rests with the pattern and period of adult emergence. Since little information of this type is known for North American species, the following observations are reported.On May 20, 1962, I spent several hours collecting Baisaeschna janata and Didymops transversa along the New River, two miles north of McCoy, Virginia. A search was made at that time for odonate exuviae. None were found. I returned to the site at 9:30 a.m. the following day. The vegetation, tree trunks, rocks and detritus along the river were clustered with exuviae, all apparently of Gomphus vastus. Several thousand individuals must have emerged from that general area of the river. As an example of the density, 230 cast skins were counted along one 20-foot stretch of the river bank. Some individuals had transformed directly on the sand banks and others at a height of seven feet.
Occurrence of Pissodes terminalis Hopp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canada: Life History, Behaviour, and Cytogenetic Identification
Authors: Drouin J. A. , Sullivan C. R. , Smith S. G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHopping’s P. terminalis, which attacks the elongating terminal shoots of lodgepole pine in California, similarly attacks lodgepole pine in the Yukon and northern British Columbia. Cytologically it is unique, and on this basis, although phenotypically variable, it is demonstrated to occur on jack pine in Saskatchewan. Cytogenetic analysis proves it to be a hybrid species, thus accounting for both its internal cytological and external morphological polymorphism. Its fundamental taxonomic characteristics, determinable only in living specimens, comprise an unparalleled sexual dimorphism of chromosome complements and a restriction in breeding to current growth of lodgepole and jack pines.After this article had been sent to press, we learned that G. R. Hopping (in "Lodgepole Pine in Alberta", Department of Forestry Bulletin 127, p. 84, 1962) had already discovered P. terminalis infesting lodgepole pine near Mercoal, Alta., in 1949.
Note on Strains of the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), Resistant to the Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides in Western Newfoundland
Authors: Morris Ray F. 
Published: January 2010

In October, 1960, growers in the Robinsons-St. Davids area of Newfoundland reported that aldrin and heptachlor no longer protected rutabagas and cabbage adequately from attack by the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché).In 1961, an experiment was conducted in the area, at Jeffreys, to determine if strains resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbons had developed. Six plots, each containing 58 cabbage plants, were set up on June 13 in an area heavily infested with the maggot in the previous years. The insecticides, rates of application, and results obtained are shown in Table I. All treatments were applied two days after transplanting and concentrated in the soil around the stems of the plants.
Sugar-Beet Root Aphid, Pemphigus betae Doane (Homoptera: Aphididae), in Southern Alberta
Authors: Harper A. M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn southern Alberta the fundatrix of P. betae hatches from the overwintered egg in late April and early May and feeds on an emerging leaf of P. angustifolia or P. balsamifera, forming a gall. In the gall it produces alate fundatrigeniae, which migrate from the poplars to beets and produce apterous alienicolae. This form of the aphid reduces both yield and sugar content of beet roots. During the summer several generations of alienicolae are produced. In the fall most of the alienicolae produce sexuparae. These migrate from beets to poplars, where they produce males and oviparae. Each fertilized ovipara lays a single egg on the bark of a poplar tree. The species may overwinter as eggs on the poplars or as alienicolae in the soil. The egg has an obligatory diapause that is terminated by exposure to low temperature. The fungatrigeniae migrate from late June to mid-August and the sexuparae from early September to late October. The potential reproductive capacities of the fundatrix, fundatrigenia, sexupara, and ovipara averaged 163, 13, 6, and 1, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions 20 aphids (alienicolae) produced 9,000 in 6 weeks when the soil temperature was maintained at 27 °C. Below 15 °C. the rate of reproduction was low and death was caused by exposure to 30 °C. for 6 weeks. The most important predators of P. betae were the anthocorid A. antevolens, the flies S. bigelowi, L. pemphigae and T. glabra, and a coccinellid Scymnus sp.
A New Subgenus and Species of Fullawaya Essig (Homoptera, Aphididae) from Populus tremuloides Michx.
Authors: MacGillivray M. E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this paper a new species of Fullawaya Essig is described. The genus is broken down to include subgenera Neopterocomma H.R.L. and Pseudopterocomma new subgenus. The species Fullawaya saliciradicis Essig and Pterocomma braggi (Gillette and Palmer) are discussed.
Problems in Naming the Setae of Lepidopterous Larvae
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSome problems in the use of the nomenclatorial systems devised by Hinton (1946) and Mutuura (1956) for identification of the setae of lepidopterous larvae are discussed, and it is evident that our knowledge of setal origins in the larvae of this order are still far from complete.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane in a perovskite membrane reactor with multi‐step oxygen insertion
Authors: Czuprat Oliver , Werth Steffen , Caro Jürgen , Schiestel Thomas 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA membrane reactor incorporating a hollow fiber with successive parts of oxygen permeable and passivated surface segments has been developed and was used for the oxidative dehydrogenation (DH) of propane. This membrane geometry allows a controlled oxygen feeding into the reactor over its axial length. In the oxidative DH, the thermodynamic limitation of propane DH can be overcome. By using this novel hollow fiber membrane reactor with a Pt/Sn/K DH catalyst, oxygen separation and propene formation could be established even at temperatures as low as 625°C with long‐term stability. Combining the hollow fiber membrane and the DH catalyst, the highest propene selectivity of 75% was observed at a propane conversion of 26% and 625°C whereas the best propene yield of 36% was obtained at 675°C (48% propene selectivity). The performance of this reactor is evaluated by applying various reaction conditions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010