bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rain day frequency and mean daily rainfall intensity as determinants of total rainfall over the eastern Orange free state
Authors: Harrison M. S. J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSummer rainfall totals over the eastern Orange Free State are described in terms of number of days of rain and of mean rainfall per rain day. Variations in rainfall may be considered to result from frequency changes in an objectively‐chosen subset of significant rain days. It is demonstrated, through the use of the equation y = αx exp (βx) (where x and y are the cumulative percentages of the number of rain days and of the rainfall respectively), that increases in mean rainfall per rain day result from an increased number of, and increased intensity of rain on, the heaviest rain days. Some implications of these findings for studies of atmospheric circulation changes and for weather modification are discussed.
Recent studies on Carpathian Meteorology and climatology
Authors: Obrebska‐Starkel Barbara 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper reviews the themes of the XIth, XIIth, and XIIIth International Conferences on Carpathian Meteorology. Numerous significant papers related to the following problems are presented:
impact of the mountains upon meteorological processes in the boundary layer of the atmosphere and the modelling of these processes;
hydrodynamic and synoptic methods of weather analysis and forecasting in mountainous regions;
climatic characteristics of the Carpathians and their application in practice;
secular climatic changes in the Carpathians.
Asymptotic analysis, regularisation and stable numerical solutions for heavily loaded line EHL contacts
Authors: Kudish Ilya I. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAn analytical analysis of a line thermal EHL contact under heavily loaded conditions is proposed. The analysis is based on regular matched asymptotic expansions. In particular, a case of relatively small ratio of rolling and sliding frictional stresses is considered. The problem is reduced to an analogue of the isothermal EHL problem by eliminating lubricant temperature from the problem formulation. The further asymptotic and numerical analysis is very similar to the case of the isothermal EHL problem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Some Sharp Reversed Hölder and Hardy Type Inequalities
Authors: Bergh Jöran , Burenkov Victor , Persson Lars Erik 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe discuss some reversed Hölder inequalities yielding for functions on R+ satisfying one or two conditions of quasi‐monotonicity. All cases of equality are pointed out. By using these results and some recent results by the present authors (see [3]), we prove some new reversed inequalities of Hardy type for quasi‐monotone functions. In some cases we obtain the best constants and all cases of equality are obtained. Some applications, open questions and the relations to other similar results are pointed out.
Spaces with Almost Strictly Totally Positive Bases
Authors: Carnicer J. M. , Peña J. M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn spline spaces there are often totally positive bases possessing a strong property called almost strictly total positivity. In this paper, it is proved that, for totally positive bases of continuous functions B, the following concepts are equivalent: (i) B is almost strictly totally positive, (ii) B satifies a Schoenberg‐Whitney Theorem, (iii) The functions in B are locally linearly independent. Some classical examples of almost strictly totally positive bases are given, completing the knowledge of their properties known in the mathematical literature. Some criteria to know the existence of almost strictly totally positive bases are also derived.
Enhancing African meteorological services with MDD
Authors: Sear C. B. , Griggs D. J. , Wooster M. , Williams J. B. , Budgen P. , Trigg S. N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFour Meteorological Data Distribution (MDD) systems were installed in African meteorological services in late 1992. The PC‐based systems are inexpensive and are intended to he sustainable technology. The MDDs were well received and in each country the MDD immediately enhanced the local information base, improving the quantity of station data available as well as providing processed products. The MDDs have enabled the recipient meteorological departments to improve the services they offer to government, to aviation and to the public. The Natural Resources Institute (NRI) is now working with local users to develop further applications. The future of MDD in Africa is not yet clear. MDD may be integrated into multi‐tasking workstations but such technology may not yet be appropriate for small meteorological services.
High‐performance computing MRI simulations
Authors: Stöcker Tony , Vahedipour Kaveh , Pflugfelder Daniel , Shah N. Jon 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA new open‐source software project is presented, JEMRIS, the Jülich Extensible MRI Simulator, which provides an MRI sequence development and simulation environment for the MRI community. The development was driven by the desire to achieve generality of simulated three‐dimensional MRI experiments reflecting modern MRI systems hardware. The accompanying computational burden is overcome by means of parallel computing. Many aspects are covered that have not hitherto been simultaneously investigated in general MRI simulations such as parallel transmit and receive, important off‐resonance effects, nonlinear gradients, and arbitrary spatiotemporal parameter variations at different levels. The latter can be used to simulate various types of motion, for instance. The JEMRIS user interface is very simple to use, but nevertheless it presents few limitations. MRI sequences with arbitrary waveforms and complex interdependent modules are modeled in a graphical user interface–based environment requiring no further programming. This manuscript describes the concepts, methods, and performance of the software. Examples of novel simulation results in active fields of MRI research are given. Magn Reson Med 64:186–193, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Four‐dimensional spectral‐spatial RF pulses for simultaneous correction of B1+ inhomogeneity and susceptibility artifacts in T2*‐weighted MRI
Authors: Yang Cungeng , Deng Weiran , Alagappan Vijayanand , Wald Lawrence L. , Stenger V. Andrew 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSusceptibility artifacts and excitation radiofrequency field B1+ inhomogeneity are major limitations in high‐field MRI. Parallel transmission methods are promising for reducing artifacts in high‐field applications. In particular, three‐dimensional RF pulses have been shown to be useful for reducing B1+ inhomogeneity using multiple transmitters due to their ability to spatially shape the slice profile. Recently, two‐dimensional spectral‐spatial pulses have been demonstrated to be effective for reducing the signal loss susceptibility artifact by incorporating a frequency‐dependent through‐plane phase correction. We present the use of four‐dimensional spectral‐spatial RF pulses for simultaneous B1+ and through‐plane signal loss susceptibility artifact compensation. The method is demonstrated with simulations and in T2*‐weighted human brain images at 3 T, using a four‐channel parallel transmission system. Parallel transmission was used to reduce the in‐plane excitation resolution to improve the slice‐selection resolution between two different pulse designs. Both pulses were observed to improve B1+ homogeneity and reduce the signal loss artifact in multiple slice locations and several human volunteers. Magn Reson Med 64:1–8, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Image restoration and spatial resolution in 7‐tesla magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lohmann Gabriele , Bohn Stefan , Müller Karsten , Trampel Robert , Turner Robert 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA good spatial resolution is essential for high precision segmentations of small structures in magnetic resonance images. However, any increase in the spatial resolution results in a decrease of the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). In this article, this problem is addressed by a new image restoration technique that is used to partly compensate for the loss in SNR. Specifically, a two‐stage hybrid image restoration procedure is proposed where the first stage is a Wiener wavelet filter for an initial denoising. The artifacts that will inevitably be produced by this step are subsequently reduced using a recent variant of anisotropic diffusion. The method is applied to magnetic resonance imaging data acquired on a 7‐T magnetic resonance imaging scanner and compared with averaged multiple measurements of the same subject. It was found that the effect of image restoration procedure roughly corresponds to averaging across three repeated measurements. Magn Reson Med 64:15–22, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bank and corporation Taxes in Massachusetts
Authors: Long Henery F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUnder the present federal statute (Sec. 5219) authorizing the states to tax national banks, the states are given three optional methods of bank taxation. Under the second of these options, which MAssachusetts has chosen, a tax may be laid on the “net income” of national banks at the same rate assessed upon other financial corporations provided such rate shall not be higher than the highest of the rates assessed upon mercantile, manufacturing and business corporations. When this option is taken advantage of by a stae the question is raised, how shall net income be defined and what rate is to be applied The banks and the mercantile, manufacturing and busingess corporaions mut be treated alike so that there are many difficulties inteh way of legislative and tax authorities. The following statemnet by the Massachusetts commissioner of corporations and taxation throws a great deal of light oonthe decision which was reached at the recent session of the MAssachusetts General Court.
Volatile compounds with characteristic odour in moso‐bamboo stems (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex Houz. De ehaie)
Authors: Takahashi Toshiyuki , Mizui Kohji , Miyazawa Mitsuo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIntroduction – Moso‐bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is well known as an edible shoot in Asia, and the stems of moso‐bamboo are used as tableware due to its characteristic odour. Despite the pleasant odour of bamboo stems, no detailed analysis of the volatile compounds has been reported.Objective – To clarify the potent odourants contributing to the characteristic aroma of the bamboo, the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) method was performed through gas chromatography olfactometry (GC‐O) analysis. In addition, relative flavour activity (RFA) was calculated, in which both the flavor dilution (FD) factor and weight percentage of each compound are involved.Results – Eighty‐nine compound in bamboo stems oil were identified by GC and GC‐MS. The main components of the oil were palmitic acid (16.5%), (E)‐nerolidol (10.2%) and indole (8.1%). In sensory analysis, 18 aroma‐active compounds were detected by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The most intense aroma‐active compounds were eugenol (sweet, clove‐like, green) and (E)‐2‐nonenal (green).Conclusion – The results of the sniffing test, RFA and FD factor indicated that (E)‐2‐nonenal and eugenol were estimated to have a bamboo‐like aroma, and aldehyde compounds, such as a phenylacetaldehyde (floral) and C9–C10 unsaturated aldehydes, make the aroma of bamboo. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of two bioactive diterpenic acids from Copaifera glycycarpa oleoresin by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography
Authors: De Souza P. A. , Rangel L. P. , Oigman S. S. , Elias M. M. , Ferreira‐Pereira A. , De Lucas N. C. , Leitão G. G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIntroduction – Phytochemical and biological studies carried out on Copaifera species showed that their oleoresins and isolated compounds have various biological activities.Objective – The aims of this work were (i) to analyse the Copaifera oleoresin by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, (ii) to isolate the diterpenic acids from this oleoresin by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) and (iii) to determine the rhodamine 6G Pdr5p activity of these acids.Methodology – HSCCC was used for the preparative separation of the diterpenes. Spectroscopic methods were used to establish their identity.Results – The gas chromatogram of the oleoresin showed approximately 30 compounds. The two major ones, kaur‐16‐en‐18‐oic and polyalthic acids, were isolated in high purity. Kaur‐16‐en‐18‐oic acid exhibited the highest rodomine 6G Pdr5p activity among the tested compounds.Conclusion – HSCCC was shown to be a quick and effective tool in the isolation and purification of diterpenes from Copaifera oleoresin. This is the first report on the use of HSCCC for the fractionation of an oleoresin from Copaifera and the isolation of diterpenes therein. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Down syndrome screening using first‐trimester combined tests and contingent use of femur length at routine anomaly scan
Authors: Salomon Laurent J. , Chevret Sylvie , Bussieres Laurence , Ville Yves , Rozenberg Patrick 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the contingent use of femur length (FL) at routine mid‐trimester scan in screening for Down syndrome (DS) in women having previously undergone first‐trimester screening with disclosure of risk estimates.MethodsData from a prospective screening trial for DS in a population of 21 492 women with 80 observed DS were used. The performance of a contingent screening strategy based on adding short FL (FL < 5th percentile) as a soft marker in women at intermediate first‐trimester risks was evaluated through simulated data.ResultsIn our population, the median (25th–75th percentile) maternal age was 30.7 years (28.0–33.9; range: 18.0–46.3). The median (25th–75th percentile) gestational age at ultrasound examination was 12 weeks 3 days (12 weeks and 12 weeks 6 days; range: 11 weeks to 13 weeks 6 days). Contingent screening allowed an improvement in screening performance. For example, using a first‐trimester risk cut‐off of 1/100 and an intermediate‐risk population within (1/1000, 1/100) for the search of FL, a sensitivity (Se) of 88.4% at a 3% false‐positive rate (FPR) was reached. With a cut‐off of 1/200 and an intermediate‐risk population within (1/1000, 1/200), screening would allow an Se of 92.3% at a 4% FPR.ConclusionsContingent screening could be used following first‐trimester combined screening followed by second‐trimester ultrasound soft markers. This could identify indications for early invasive testing in the highest risk cases and would allow efficient and simple ultrasound‐based screening in the second trimester. This would provide an 88.4% Se for a 3% FPR, at no additional cost as compared to first‐trimester combined screening and routine mid‐trimester scan. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characteristics of semipolar InN (112l) films grown on yttria stabilized zirconia substrates
Authors: Fujii Tomoaki , Kobayashi Atsushi , Ohta Jitsuo , Oshima Masaharu , Fujioka Hiroshi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe report on the growth of semipolar InN ($11\overline {2} l$) films on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. We found that the growth orientation can be precisely controlled by utilizing the tendency for the epitaxial relationships of InN [0001] || YSZ [111] and InN [$11\overline {2} 0$] || YSZ [$1\overline {1} 0$] to be maintained. The full‐width at half‐maximum of the $11\overline {2} 6$ X‐ray rocking curves for an InN ($11\overline {2} 7$) film varies from 0.61 to 0.46° depending on the X‐ray angle of incidence.
Ab initio calculation of second harmonic generation in solids
Authors: Hübener Hannes , Luppi Eleonora , Véniard Valérie 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAn ab initio formalism for the calculation of macroscopic second order responses within the time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) framework is presented. The linear Dyson‐like equation of TDDFT is generalized to second order and the resulting microscopic response is related to the macroscopic non‐linear susceptibility. The macroscopic relations are obtained considering Maxwell's equations and the non‐linear relation between the microscopic and macroscopic field. Some approximations have to be made to account for many body effects. The impact of the several levels of approximation on the second harmonic spectrum is illustrated for the example of bulk AlAs in the zincblende structure.
On the forcing of planetary‐scale Rossby waves by Antarctica
Authors: James I. N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe propagation of Rossby waves forced at high latitudes into middle and low latitudes is studied using the barotropic vorticity equation on the sphere. Ray tracing theory indicates that fundamental differences exist between the response of an atmosphere initialized with typical northern hemisphere winter flow and typical southern hemisphere winter flow to such a forcing, with a substantial response more likely for the southern hemisphere case. Integrations with a fully nonlinear barotropic model confirm this suggestion and indicate that away from the local forcing region, linear theory provides a good description of the response. The most notable feature in the steady solutions is a split of the mid‐latitude jet close to New Zealand. The location of this split coincides well with a region where blocking is observed to be prevalent in the southern hemisphere.
Tropical forecasting at ECMWF: The influence of physical parametrization on the mean structure of forecasts and analyses
Authors: Tiedtke M. , Heckley W. A. , Slingo J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe period 1984–1985 has seen a dramatic improvement in the quality of the ECMWF operational forecasts for tropical regions. This improvement is discussed in terms of the model changes during this period. Revisions include the introduction of a parametrization of shallow cumulus convection, modifications to the parametrization of deep cumulus convection, a new cloud scheme, and an increase in horizontal resolution with a change in spectral truncation from T63 to T106. Impact of the various model changes is assessed through a set of forecast experiments and through parallel 10‐day forecasts over a 20‐day period. The results show that the improvements in tropical forecasts are mainly through the reduction of systematic errors in response to a more realistic tropical diabatic forcing. The impact of these changes on the analyses is also assessed. This is shown to be substantial, particularly for the thermal state.
Atmospheric boundary‐layer structure over the Mediterranean during a Tramontane event
Authors: Flamant C. , Pelon J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObservations of the unstable atmospheric boundary layer were made over the Mediterranean by the airborne backscatter lidar LEANDRE I during a cold air outbreak related to a Tramontane event. These measurements performed during the Pyrénées Experiment show a development of the internal boundary‐layer over the sea influenced by the atmospheric flow‐perturbation caused by the vicinity of the Pyrénées. A one‐dimensional model is used to analyse the internal boundary‐layer growth in relation with mixed‐layer temperature, specific humidity, surface fluxes and vertical velocity. It includes bulk formulae for surface‐flux determination taking into account surface and mixed‐layer values of these parameters. Transfer coefficient values are obtained which are smaller than those computed in the model of Stage and Businger (1981). Results obtained using nomograms of mean column‐heating computed by Chou and Atlas (1982) lead, in the case of the Pyrénées Experiment to overestimated surface‐fluxes. Comparison with our model reveals that the discrepancy originates from the higher heat‐transfer coefficient values used by Chou and Atlas. Model results are compared to lidar and in‐situ data (internal thermal boundary‐layer growth, temperature, specific humidity, average fluxes) and excellent agreement is obtained. The comparison between model results and lidar data shows that the growth rate of the internal thermal‐boundary‐layer is very sensitive to the vertical velocity w̄, which is not the case for surface fluxes. Comparisons between measured and modelled parameters thus allow the derivation of an estimation of the vertical‐velocity field in the vicinity of the Pyrénées. It is finally shown that a simplified equation could be used to estimate surface buoyant heat‐flux far from the shoreline during such cold air outbreaks provided accurate correction of vertical velocity impact on internal thermal‐boundary‐layer growth can be achieved.
Cross‐tropopause transport in the extratropical northern winter hemisphere, diagnosed from high‐resolution ECMWF data
Authors: Siegmund P. C. , van Velthoven P. F. J. , Kelder H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe upward and downward mass fluxes of air across the tropopause, defined as the 3.5 potential vorticity unit (PVU) surface, are diagnosed for the extratropical northern hemisphere, using high spatial and temporal resolution (0.5° latitude and longitude, 31 levels, 3‐hourly) circulation data for January 1994 from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts.The diagnosed net cross‐tropopause transport is 0.35 × 1017 kg for January 1994 (downward) for the area north of 28°N. This net transport is smaller than that across the 2.5 and 1.5 PVU surfaces, and larger than the ‘downward control’ result. This indicates that the net downward transport across the tropopause is a combination of transport from the upper stratosphere to the troposphere, and transport from the lower stratosphere to the troposphere. The latter transport indicates the existence of a circulation in which air is transported from the subtropical upper troposphere to the upper troposphere at middle and higher latitudes via the lower stratosphere without ever reaching the upper stratosphere.The diagnosed ‘local’ and ‘instantaneous’ cross‐tropopause fluxes (i.e. the fluxes at the smallest resolved scales) are, on average, about 40 times as large as their area and time‐mean values. This confirms the existence of a relatively large bidirectional exchange in the extratropics between the lower stratosphere and the troposphere.The diagnosed local and instantaneous cross‐tropopause flux do not notably change if the horizontal and temporal resolution of the circulation data are decreased to 1° and 6 h. A further resolution decrease to 3.75° and 12 h, however, generally leads to quite different results for the local and instantaneous flux. The diagnosed zonal and monthly mean fluxes are not very sensitive to the latter resolution decrease, except at subpolar and subtropical latitudes. This small sensitivity in a large range of latitudes indicates that fluxes across the tropopause, which are quite concentrated on the small scales, are nonetheless irrelevant for the global mass budgets of the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Dual formulation of four‐dimensional variational assimilation
Authors: Courtier Philippe 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA duality between two formulations of variational assimilation, three‐dimensionsal (3D‐Var) and the Physicalspace Statistical Analysis System (PSAS), is presented. It is shown that their conditioning is identical. the temporal extension of 3D‐Var leads to 4D‐Var. the temporal extension of PSAS, 4D‐PSAS, is achieved using an algorithm inspired by the representer technique but without the explicit computation of the representers. Assuming the model is perfect, both 4D‐Var and 4D‐PSAS are equivalent in terms of results produced and cost. Assuming the model is not perfect, the equivalence is preserved, but in 4D‐Var it is necessary to increase the size of the control variable while 4D‐PSAS remains almost unchanged. In duality, 4D‐Var remains almost unchanged by an increase in the number of observations used, whereas the size of the control variable in PSAS depends directly on this number.