bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of contaminant transport towards a partially penetrating extraction well in an anisotropic aquifer
Authors: Chen Jui‐Sheng , Wu Chia‐Lun , Liu Chen‐Wuing 
Published: March 2010

AbstractInstallation of a partially penetrating well (PPW) in which only a portion of the well casing is screened is becoming more common because it is very often the case that only a portion of the vertical thickness of the aquifer is contaminated. In this study, we present a mathematical model describing the contaminant transport towards a PPW. To construct the model, the radial and vertical components of the pore water velocity are first computed using an analytical solution for the steady‐state drawdown distribution near a PPW. Next, the obtained radial and vertical components of the pore water velocity are incorporated into a three‐dimensional axially symmetrical advection–dispersion equation in cylindrical coordinates from which the solute transport equation is derived. The Laplace transformed finite difference technique is then adopted to solve the governing equation. The case that contaminant plume is distributed only over the lowermost 20% vertical thickness of the aquifer is considered for simulation. Breakthrough curves at the extraction well and the total mass removal of the contaminant by pumping are both obtained to illustrate how the aquifer remediation using a PPW is affected by various site‐specific hydrogeological parameters. Results demonstrate that the use of the PPW can effectively remove the contaminant only for the aquifer that has a large hydraulic conductivity anisotropy ratio and a small longitudinal dispersivity. The fully penetrating well performs equally or better than the PPW for an aquifer with large longitudinal dispersivity. Moreover, the temporal evolution of the contaminant plume is depicted to gain further insight into the contaminant transport towards a PPW affected by various hydrogeological parameters. The mathematical model presented herein provides a useful tool for designing an effective and efficient pump‐and‐treat system using a PPW. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative assessment of structural and biological properties of biomimetically coated hydroxyapatite on alumina (α‐Al2O3) and titanium (Ti‐6Al‐4V) alloy substrates
Authors: Kapoor Renu , Sistla Pavana Goury , Kumar Jerald Mahesh , Raj T. Avinash , Srinivas G. , Chakraborty Jui , Sinha Mithlesh K. , Basu Debabrata , Pande Gopal 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPrevious reports have shown the use of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and related calcium phosphate coatings on metal and nonmetal substrates for preparing tissue‐engineering scaffolds, especially for osteogenic differentiation. These studies have revealed that the structural properties of coated substrates are dependent significantly on the method and conditions used for coating and also whether the substrates had been modified prior to the coating. In this article, we have done a comparative evaluation of the structural features of the HAp coatings, prepared by using simulated body fluid (SBF) at 25°C for various time periods, on a nonporous metal substrate titanium–aluminium–vanadium (Ti‐6Al‐4V) alloy and a bioinert ceramic substrate alpha‐alumina (α‐Al2O3), with and without their prior treatment with the globular protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). Our analysis of these substrates by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry showed significant and consistent differences in the quantitative and qualitative properties of the coatings. Interestingly, the bioactivity of these substrates in terms of supporting in vitro cell adhesion and spreading, and in vivo effects of implanted substrates, showed a predictable pattern, thus indicating that some coated substrates prepared under our conditions could be more suitable for biological/biomedical applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Application of different strain regimes in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional adipose tissue–derived stem cell cultures induces osteogenesis: Implications for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Diederichs Solvig , Böhm Stefanie , Peterbauer Anja , Kasper Cornelia , Scheper Thomas , van Griensven Martijn 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMechanical strain has become an important tool in tissue engineering for progenitor cell differentiation. Furthermore, it is used to enhance the mechanical properties of engineered tissue constructs. Although strain amplitude and frequency are well investigated and optimal values are known; application of various strain schemes regarding duration and repetition are not described in literature. In this study, we therefore applied singular and repetitive cyclic strain (1 Hz, 5%) of 15 min short‐time strain and longer strain durations up to 8 h. Additionally, a gradually increasing strain scheme starting with short‐time strain and consecutive elongated strain periods was applied. The cultivation surface was planar silicone on one hand and a three‐dimensionally structured collagen I mesh on the other hand. Adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells and an osteogenic model cell line (MG‐63) were exposed to these strain regimes and post‐strain cell viability, osteogenic marker gene expression, and matrix mineralization were investigated. Upregulation of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and BMP‐2/4 revealed that even short‐time strain can enhance osteogenic differentiation. Elongation and repetition of strain, however, resulted in a decline of the observed short‐time strain effects, which we interpret as positively induced cellular adaptation to the mechanically active surroundings. With regard to cellular adaptation, the gradually increasing strain scheme was especially advantageous. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Nanosized TiO2 synthesis by EbCDAB microemulsion
Authors: Jian Z. , Fang J. , Peng F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Microemulsion is the easiest and cleanest of the popular methods of synthesizing nanomaterial. This work investigated the possibility of forming a single‐phase microemulsion using ethanediyl‐α,β‐bis (cetyldimethylammonium bromide), termed EbCDAB, in a n‐hexanol/water system, and looked for the best scale of microemulsion to synthesize TiO2 to give the best cleaning of organic pollution.RESULTS: Results confirm that EbCDAB, n‐hexanol and water form a microemulsion system, and this system is an effective way to synthesize nanoparticles of TiO2. Photo catalysis experiments showed sample E6−3 to be the best catalyst, and it decomposed 82% of Methyl Orange (10 mg L−1) in 60 min under UV‐light irradiation. E6−3 had 1.4 times higher activity than the commercial P25. Analyses using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermographic differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC) and Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FT‐IR), showed that particles of E6−3 were of size around 11 nm and of anatase phase.CONCLUSION: The best microemulsion was found to have weight ratio n‐hexanol:EbCDAB:water of 6:3:1. At this ratio, TiO2 nanoparticles were easily produced. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of the process parameters for the removal of boron from drinking water by electrocoagulation—a clean technology
Authors: Vasudevan Subramanyan , Sheela Sagayaraj Margrat , Lakshmi Jothinathan , Sozhan Ganapathy 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: There are a number of articles related to removal of boron by electrocoagulation using aluminium electrodes, but there are fewer articles describing the use of magnesium as the anode material. The main disadvantage of aluminium electrodes is the residual aluminium present in the treated water due to cathodic dissolution, which can create health problems. In the case of magnesium electrodes, there is no such disadvantage. This paper presents the results of studies on the removal of boron using magnesium and stainless steel as anode and cathode, respectively.RESULTS: Results show that a maximum removal efficiency of 86.32% was achieved at a current density of 0.2 A dm−2 and pH of 7 using magnesium as the anode and stainless steel as the cathode. The adsorption of boron fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, suggesting monolayer coverage of adsorbed molecules. The adsorption process follows second‐order kinetics. Temperature studies showed that adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous in nature.CONCLUSIONS: The magnesium hydroxide generated in the cell remove the boron present in the water and reduced to a permissible level and making it drinkable. The process scale up results was consistent with the results obtained from the laboratory scale, showing the robustness of the process. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Observer variability in the sonographic evaluation of thyroid nodules
Authors: Park Chang Suk , Kim Sung Hun , Jung So Lyung , Kang Bong Joo , Kim Jee Young , Choi Jae Jung , Sung Mi Suk , Yim Hyeon Woo , Jeong Seung Hee 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective.Inter‐ and intraobserver variabilities in the description and diagnostic categorization of sonographic (US) features of thyroid nodules were evaluated.Methods.The current study was conducted on 72 malignant nodules and 61 benign nodules. The US findings for each thyroid nodule were analyzed twice at a 6‐week interval by five radiologists. The analyses were in accordance with the guidelines proposed bythe Thyroid Study Group of the Korean Society of Neuroradiology and Head and Neck Radiology (TSGKSNRHNR). Inter‐ and intraobserver variabilities were calculated using Cohen's kappa statistics. The sensitivity, specificity, positive‐predictive value, and negative‐predictive value in the assessment of the diagnostic accuracy using these guidelines were calculated.Result.The interobserver agreement was fair to substantial for US features and categorization. Of the US features of the thyroid nodules, internal content (solid versus cystic) showed substantial agreement (k= 0.64). There was moderate agreement with regard to shape, echogenicity, calcification, and diagnostic categories (k = 0.42, 0.57, 0.55, and 0.55, respectively). There was fair agreement for margin, echotexture, and capsule invasion (k = 0.34, 0.26, and 0.32, respectively). With regard to intraobserver agreement, there was moderate to substantial agreement for all US features except for echotexture and capsule invasion, which showed fair agreement. In particular, there was moderate to almost perfect agreement for the diagnostic category. The sensitivity, specificity, positive‐predictive value, and negative‐predictive value were 65.3%–81.9%, 60.7%–68.9%, 69.7%–73.8%, and 66.6%–75.5%, respectively.Conclusion.There were high degrees of inter‐ and intraobserver agreement using the “Guidelines for diagnostic thyroid ultrasonography,” of the TSGKSNRHNR in the description and categorization of thyroid nodules. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Adenovirus retargeting to surface expressed antigens on oral mucosa
Authors: van Zeeburg Hester J. T. , van Beusechem Victor W. , Huizenga Aafke , Haisma Hidde J. , Korokhov Nick , Gibbs Susan , René Leemans C. , Brakenhoff Ruud H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundHead and neck squamous cell carcinomas develop in preneoplastic mucosal fields that can extend over several centimeters in diameter. Most of these fields are microscopically recognized as dysplasias. These fields are often not adequately treated and might cause local relapse. Previous investigations demonstrated that mouthwash therapy with oncolytic adenoviruses appears to be a good option for the treatment of these fields, although, at present, with limited efficacy.MethodsImmunohistochemistry on normal and preneoplastic mucosa was applied to determine the expression levels of the coxsackie adenoviral receptor (CAR) and a few surface antigens that might allow retargeting: Ly‐6D, CD44v6 and K928. Monoclonal antibodies directed against these surface antigens were used for retargeting of adenoviruses in model experiments with organotypic cultures of mucosal epithelium. A bispecific single chain antibody was constructed against both the adenoviral knob and Ly‐6D.ResultsImmunohistochemical staining revealed that CAR is present only at a low level in the basal layers of the oral mucosa of both normal and dysplastic lesions. By contrast, Ly‐6D, CD44v6 and K928 were abundantly expressed and Ly‐6D even on the most superficial layers. Monoclonal antibodies against Ly‐6D and CD44v6 were shown to enhance infection in an organotypic cell culture by one log. Based on these observations, we constructed a bispecific single chain antibody against Ly‐6D and adenovirus fiber knob, and showed that this engineered molecule allows efficient CAR‐independent infection.ConclusionsRetargeting of oncolytic adenovirus to other surface molecules might improve the efficacy of virotherapy of preneoplastic fields in the oral mucosa. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodistribution and safety assessment of AAV2‐GAD following intrasubthalamic injection in the rat
Authors: Fitzsimons Helen L. , Riban Veronique , Bland Ross J. , Wendelken Jennifer L. , Sapan Christine V. , During Matthew J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe steps necessary to translate promising new biological therapies to the clinic are poorly documented. For gene therapy, there are unique aspects that need to be addressed in biodistribution studies. Notably, the spread of the vector beyond the intended target cells or tissue may result in persistent unwanted biological activity or unpredictable biological events; thus, it is critical to evaluate the risks associated with viral vector‐mediated gene transfer prior to embarking on human clinical trials.MethodsIn the present study, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of vector biodistribution throughout the brain, blood and major organs of rats that had been injected via the subthalamic nucleus with recombinant adeno‐associated virus (AAV) expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In addition, behavioral and histological analyses were also performed.ResultsAAV genomes were not detected in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, and did not disseminate to organs outside of the brain in the majority of animals. In the brain, an average of 97.3% of AAV2‐GAD genomes were restricted to the area of the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN). There were no discernable effects of AAV2‐GAD on general health, and a behavioral assessment of the animals did not reveal any alteration in general behavior, exploration, locomotion or motor symmetry.ConclusionsThe present study met Food and Drug Administration requirements, in addition to efficacy and toxicity studies in rodents and nonhuman primates, to support and supplement a Phase II clinical trial invloving the gene transfer of AAV2‐GAD to the human STN for the potential therapy of Parkinson's disease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A qualitative analysis of mock jurors' deliberations of linkage analysis evidence
Authors: Charron Angelina , Woodhams Jessica 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEvidence about a suspect's behavioural similarity across a series of crimes has been presented in legal proceedings in at least three different countries. Its admission as expert evidence, whilst still rare, is becoming more common thus it is important for us to understand how such evidence is received by jurors and legal professionals. This article reports on a qualitative analysis of mock jurors' deliberations about expert linkage analysis evidence. Three groups of mock jurors (N = 20) were presented with the prosecution's linkage analysis evidence from the USA State v. Fortin I murder trial and expert evidence for the defence constructed for the purposes of the study. Each group was asked to deliberate and reach a verdict. Deliberations were video‐recorded and subject to thematic content analysis. The themes that emerged were varied. Analysis suggested that the mock jurors were cautious of the expert evidence of behavioural similarity. In some cases they were sceptical of the expert. They articulated a preference that expert opinion be supported using statistics. Additional themes included jurors having misconceptions concerning what is typical offender behaviour during rape which suggests there is a need for expert linkage analysis evidence regarding behavioural similarities and the relative frequencies of crime scene behaviours. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRI‐guided procedures in various regions of the body using a robotic assistance system in a closed‐bore scanner: Preliminary clinical experience and limitations
Authors: Moche Michael , Zajonz Dirk , Kahn Thomas , Busse Harald 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPurpose:To present the clinical setup and workflow of a robotic assistance system for image‐guided interventions in a conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environment and to report our preliminary clinical experience with percutaneous biopsies in various body regions.Materials and Methods:The MR‐compatible, servo‐pneumatically driven, robotic device (Innomotion) fits into the 60‐cm bore of a standard MR scanner. The needle placement (n = 25) accuracy was estimated by measuring the 3D deviation between needle tip and prescribed target point in a phantom. Percutaneous biopsies in six patients and different body regions were planned by graphically selecting entry and target points on intraoperatively acquired roadmap MR data.Results:For insertion depths between 29 and 95 mm, the average 3D needle deviation was 2.2 ± 0.7 mm (range 0.9–3.8 mm). Patients with a body mass index of up to ≈30 kg/m2 fitted into the bore with the device. Clinical work steps and limitations are reported for the various applications. All biopsies were diagnostic and could be completed without any major complications. Median planning and intervention times were 25 (range 20–36) and 44 (36–68) minutes, respectively.Conclusion:Preliminary clinical results in a standard MRI environment suggest that the presented robotic device provides accurate guidance for percutaneous procedures in various body regions. Shorter procedure times may be achievable by optimizing technical and workflow aspects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:964–974. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single breath‐hold assessment of ventricular volumes using 32‐channel coil technology and an extracellular contrast agent
Authors: Parish Victoria , Hussain Tarique , Beerbaum Philip , Greil Gerald , Nagel Eike , Razavi Reza , Schaeffter Tobias , Uribe Sergio 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the feasibility of a single breath‐hold 3D cine balanced steady‐state free precession (b‐SSFP) sequence after gadolinium diethylenetriamine penta‐acetic acid (Gd‐DTPA) injection for volumetric cardiac assessment.Materials and Methods:Fifteen adult patients routinely referred for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) underwent quantitative ventricular volumetry on a clinical 1.5T MR‐scanner using a 32‐channel cardiac coil. A stack of 2D cine b‐SSFP slices covering the ventricles was used as reference, followed by a single breath‐hold 3D cine balanced SSFP protocol acquired before and after administration of Gd‐DTPA. The acquisition was accelerated using SENSE in both phase encoding directions. Volumetric and contrast‐to‐noise data for each technique were assessed and compared.Results:The 3D cine protocol was accomplished within one breath‐hold (mean acquisition time 20 sec; spatial resolution 2.1 × 2.1 × 10 mm; temporal resolution 51 msec). The contrast‐to‐noise ratio between blood and myocardium was 234 determined for the multiple 2D cine data, and could be increased for the 3D acquisition from 136 (3D precontrast) to 203 (3D postcontrast) after injecting Gd‐DTPA. In addition the endocardial definition was significantly improved in postcontrast 3D cine b‐SSFP. There was no significant difference for left and right ventricular volumes between standard 2D and 3D postcontrast cine b‐SSFP. However, Bland–Altman plots showed greater bias and scatter when comparing 2D with 3D cine b‐SSFP without contrast.Conclusion:3D cine b‐SSFP imaging of the heart using 32 channel coil technology and spatial undersampling allows reliable volumetric assessment within a single breath‐hold after application of Gd‐DTPA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:838–844. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast three‐dimensional dual echo dixon technique improves fat suppression in breast MRI
Authors: Le‐Petross Huong , Kundra Vikas , Szklaruk Janio , Wei Wei , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Ma Jingfei 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPurpose:To compare qualitative and quantitative measures of the contrast‐enhanced dual‐echo Dixon technique with the commonly used standard three‐dimensional (3D) gradient echo (spectrally selective fat suppression) technique (SS‐FS) in breast MRI exams (bMRI).Materials and Methods:A total of 19 women, with prescheduled bMRI exam, were recruited to our study between 2006 and 2008. Dixon and standard SS‐SF techniques were used on both breasts of each patient. Image quality was rated in five categories: fat suppression quality, fat suppression uniformity, lesion margin clarity, lesion visibility, and axillary visibility. For quantitative assessment, we calculated the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) of lesion to breast, SNR efficiency, and CNR efficiency.Results:Of 19 patients evaluated, 13 had a primary breast malignancy and 6 had benign lesions or negative exams. Dixon images were rated higher in four of five qualitative categories (P < 0.0001) and required a shorter scan time. Dixon images yielded significantly higher SNR (43.8) and CNR (40.1) values than did 3DGRE images (SNR = 34.8, CNR = 25.3; P < 0.05). SNR efficiency (36.30) and CNR efficiency (33.79) values for Dixon images were also higher than were 3DGRE images (SNR efficiency =25.7, CNR efficiency = 19.1; P < 0.05).Conclusion:Dixon images were superior to the standard SS‐SF images in both qualitative and quantitative assessment of 19 bMRI exams. The Dixon technique could replace standard SS‐SF technique in bMRI exam, after our findings have been confirmed in future studies with a larger sample size. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:889–894. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational simulations and experimental studies of 3D phase‐contrast imaging of fluid flow in carotid bifurcation geometries
Authors: Marshall Ian 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the use of computational fluid dynamic (CFD)‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) simulations to predict the image appearance and velocity measurement of fluid flow in human carotid bifurcation geometries, and to compare the results with images from experimental MRI studies.Materials and Methods:Simulated particle paths were calculated from available CFD datasets of normal and moderately stenosed carotid bifurcation geometries. An MRI simulator based on the spin isochromat method was used to generate images corresponding to a 3D phase‐contrast sequence with velocity encoding in three orthogonal directions. The resulting images were compared qualitatively with experimental MRI scans of the corresponding physical models.Results:The simulations predicted the main features observed in experimental studies, such as the low image intensity in regions of complex flow and the position and bright appearance of the jet in the stenosed bifurcation. Simulated velocity images also agreed well with experimental results. The effects of sequence parameters such as repetition time (TR) and echo time (TE) were readily demonstrated by the simulations.Conclusion:CFD‐based MRI simulations can be used to predict the appearance of MRI images of regions of physiological flow, and may be useful in the development of improved pulse sequences for flow measurement. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:928–934. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.