bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbiology and Antibiotic Management of Orbital Cellulitis
Authors: Seltz L Barry , Smith Jesse , Durairaj Vikram D , Enzenauer Robert , Todd James 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVES:
Orbital infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus may be increasing. Because Staphylococcus aureus infections have important treatment implications, our objective was to review the microbiology and antibiotic management of children hospitalized with orbital cellulitis and abscesses.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
This study was a retrospective chart review of all patients admitted to a tertiary care children's hospital between 2004 and 2009 with orbital infections confirmed by a computed tomography scan. Patients with preceding surgery or trauma, anatomic eye abnormalities, malignancy, immunodeficiency, or preseptal infections were excluded.

RESULTS:
There were 94 children with orbital infections. A true pathogen was recovered in 31% of patients. The most commonly identified bacteria was the Streptococcus anginosus group (14 of 94 patients [15%]). Staphylococcus aureus (1 patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) was identified in 9% of patients. Combination antimicrobial agents were frequently used (62%), and vancomycin use increased from 14% to 57% during the study period. Patients treated with a single antibiotic during hospitalization (n = 32), in contrast to combination therapy (n = 58), were more likely to be discharged on a single antibiotic (P &lt; .001). Twenty-five (27%) patients were discharged on combination antibiotics. Thirteen (14%) patients were discharged on intravenous therapy.

CONCLUSIONS:
The Streptococcus anginosus group is an emerging pathogen in pediatric orbital infections. Although methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was uncommon, patients frequently received vancomycin and combination antibiotics. A simplified antibiotic regimen may help limit the development of resistant organisms and facilitate transition to an oral agent.
Interventions to Improve Parental Communication About Sex: A Systematic Review
Authors: Akers Aletha Y. , Holland Cynthia L. , Bost James 
Published: February 2011

CONTEXT:
The relative effectiveness of interventions to improve parental communication with adolescents about sex is not known.

OBJECTIVE:
To compare the effectiveness and methodologic quality of interventions for improving parental communication with adolescents about sex.

METHODS:
We searched 6 databases: OVID/Medline, PsychInfo, ERIC, Cochrane Review, Communication and Mass Media, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. We included studies published between 1980 and July 2010 in peer-reviewed English-language journals that targeted US parents of adolescents aged 11 to 18 years, used an experimental or quasi-experimental design, included a control group, and had a pretest/posttest design. We abstracted data on multiple communication outcomes defined by the integrative conceptual model (communication frequency, content, skills, intentions, self-efficacy, perceived environmental barriers/facilitators, perceived social norms, attitudes, outcome expectations, knowledge, and beliefs). Methodologic quality was assessed using the 11-item methodologic quality score.

RESULTS:
Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. Compared with controls, parents who participated in these interventions experienced improvements in multiple communication domains including the frequency, quality, intentions, comfort, and self-efficacy for communicating. We noted no effects on parental attitudes toward communicating or the outcomes they expected to occur as a result of communicating. Four studies were of high quality, 7 were of medium quality, and 1 was of lower quality.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our review was limited by the lack of standardized measures for assessing parental communication. Still, interventions for improving parent-adolescent sex communication are well designed and have some targeted effects. Wider dissemination could augment efforts by schools, clinicians, and health educators.
Newborns With Sonographically Dysplastic and Potentially Unstable Hips: 6-Year Follow-up of an RCT
Authors: Brurås Kari Røine , Aukland Stein Magnus , Markestad Trond , Sera Francesco , Dezateux Carol , Rosendahl Karen 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the long-term outcome of early abduction splinting versus active sonographic surveillance in newborns with mildly dysplastic hips.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Between 1997 and 2003, 128 newborns with mildly dysplastic and potentially unstable hips on ultrasound (43° ≤ α-angle &lt; 50°) were randomly assigned to immediate abduction treatment or sonographic surveillance. All were invited for a radiographic follow-up at 6 years. The radiographs were analyzed by a single radiologist masked to the randomization allocation, and markers of hip dysplasia (acetabular index, center-edge angle of Wiberg) and avascular necrosis were reported.

RESULTS:
Eighty-three participants (65%) agreed to participate in the follow-up (42 participants from the treatment group). The mean acetabular index was 14.7° (SD: 5.6°) for the treatment group and 13.9° (SD: 3.9°) for the control group (mean difference: −0.8° [95% confidence interval: −2.9° to 1.3°]). Values were within normal ranges for age for all participants except for 1 female subject from the treatment group. The mean center edge was 26.6° for those treated and 26.4° for the active surveillance group (mean difference: −0.3° [95% confidence interval: −2.5° to 2.0°]). None had markers suggestive of avascular necrosis.

CONCLUSIONS:
We found no difference in radiographic outcome at 6 years of age between children allocated to initial splintage for 6 weeks and those offered active sonographic surveillance. The delayed acetabular ossification or persistent dysplasia seen in a third of infants from both groups at 1 year of age had completely resolved in all but 1 of the female subjects from the treatment group.
Lack of Effect from a Previous Single Dose of Nevirapine on Virologic and Immunologic Responses After 6 Months of Antiretroviral Regimens Containing Either Efavirenz or Lopinavir‐Ritonavir
Authors: Dlamini Judith N. , Hu Zonghui , Somaroo Harsha , Highbarger Helene C. , Follmann Dean A. , Dewar Robin L. , Pau Alice K. 
Published: February 2011

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of a previous single dose of nevirapine given to prevent mother‐to‐child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on virologic and immunologic measures after 6 months of an antiretroviral regimen containing either efavirenz or lopinavir‐ritonavir.Design. Retrospective subgroup analysis of data from the Phidisa II trial.Setting. Six South African research clinics.Patients. A total of 394 women with HIV who completed 6 months of combination antiretroviral regimen containing either efavirenz or lopinavir‐ritonavir as part of the Phidisa II trial.Measurements and Main Results. During the screening process for the Phidisa II study, 478 women were asked about previous nevirapine use: 392 women (82%) were nevirapine naïve, and 86 (18%) had received nevirapine. During the study, patients received either an efavirenz‐based or lopinavir‐ritonavir‐based antiretroviral regimen. After 6 months of treatment, virologic (HIV RNA levels) and immunologic (CD4+ cell count) responses were measured. These data were compared between women with or without previous nevirapine exposure, and between women who received efavirenz versus lopinavir‐ritonavir. After 6 months of treatment, 394 women (324 nevirapine naïve, 70 exposed to nevirapine) had follow‐up HIV RNA results. Two hundred twenty‐seven (70.1%) of the nevirapine‐naïve patients and 48 (68.6%) of the nevirapine‐exposed patients achieved HIV RNA levels lower than 400 copies/ml (p=0.89), with CD4+ cell count increases of 115.5 and 120.4 cells/mm3, respectively (p=0.67). Among the nevirapine‐exposed women, 27 (75%) of 36 efavirenz‐treated and 21 (61.8%) of 34 lopinavir‐ritonavir‐treated patients had HIV RNA levels lower than 400 copies/ml at 6 months (p=0.31).Conclusion. In this retrospective analysis of a small cohort, previous exposure to a single dose of nevirapine did not affect virologic outcomes after 6 months of either an efavirenz‐based or lopinavir‐ritonavir‐based antiretroviral regimen. As efavirenz is one of the first‐line combination antiretroviral therapies administered in Africa, it remains an option for women who received single‐dose nevirapine.
Relationships among common measures of student performance and scores on the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Authors: Danielson Jared A. , Wu Tsui-Feng , Molgaard Laura K. , Preast Vanessa A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine relationships among several common measures of performance prior to and during veterinary school (ie, Graduate Record Examination [GRE] scores, undergraduate grade point average [UGPA], Qualifying Examination [QE] scores, overall grade point average during veterinary school [VGPA], and scores for the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination [NAVLE]).
Design—Longitudinal retrospective study.
Sample Population—192 students from the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine and 152 students from the University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine.
Procedures—Student UGPA, VGPA, and GRE score data were gathered during the normal admissions and academic processes. The QE was administered as a low-stakes examination at both institutions for the purposes of curricular assessment. Scores on the NAVLE were provided with student permission by the National Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners. Path analysis was used to explore hypothesized relationships among variables.
Results—GRE scores and UGPA predicted NAVLE scores indirectly through QE scores and VGPA, whereas QE scores and VGPA directly predicted NAVLE scores. The resulting models explained 58% to 62% of the variance in NAVLE scores, with QE score being the strongest predictor.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that for veterinary school students, GRE scores, UGPA, VGPA, and QE scores could be used to predict scores on the NAVLE. This suggests that these measures could prove useful to veterinary schools when admitting students or preparing them for the NAVLE.
Detection of innocent systolic murmurs by auscultation and their relation to hematologic and echocardiographic findings in clinically normal Whippets
Authors: Bavegems Valérie C. , Duchateau Luc , Polis Ingeborgh E. , Van Ham Luc M. , De Rick André F. , Sys Stanislas U. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine murmur prevalence by auscultation of 105 apparently healthy Whippets without signs of cardiac disease, to determine the origin of these murmurs, and to evaluate the influence of sex, type of pedigree (ie, bred for showing or racing), and training on these murmurs.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—105 client-owned Whippets.
Procedures—All dogs were auscultated by the first author and underwent a complete physical and cardiological examination, together with a hematologic assessment. Several RBC variables and echocardiographic variables were compared between dogs with or without a murmur at the level of the aortic valve.
Results—44 of 105 (41.9%) dogs had no murmur. A soft systolic murmur was present with point of maximal intensity at the level of the aortic valve in 50 (47.6%) dogs, at the level of the pulmonic valve in 8 (7.6%) dogs, and at the level of the mitral valve in 3 (2.9%) dogs. No significant differences were found in heart rate, rhythm, murmur presence, point of maximal intensity, and murmur grade between males and females, between dogs with race- and show-type pedigrees, or between dogs in training and not in training. Dogs with a murmur at the level of the aortic valve had a significantly higher aortic and pulmonic blood flow velocity and cardiac output, compared with dogs without a murmur.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Whippets have a high prevalence of soft systolic murmurs in the absence of any structural abnormalities, which fit the description of innocent murmurs. No influence of sex, pedigree type, or training was found on the occurrence of these murmurs in Whippets.
Identification of risk factors for septic peritonitis and failure to survive following gastrointestinal surgery in dogs
Authors: Grimes Janet A. , Schmiedt Chad W. , Cornell Karen K. , Radlinksy Mary Ann G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Objective—To identify risk factors for failure to survive and development of septic peritonitis following full-thickness gastrointestinal incision in dogs.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—Dogs that underwent gastrointestinal surgery from 1998 through 2007 at the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital.
Procedures—Medical records of dogs undergoing a full-thickness gastrointestinal incision were reviewed, and information regarding dog history, clinicopathologic findings, surgery characteristics, and outcome was collected.
Results—Records for 197 dogs (225 surgeries) were evaluated. In 35 (16%) surgeries, the dogs died prior to hospital discharge. After 28 (12%) surgeries, dogs developed septic peritonitis. For 45 (20%) surgeries, dogs had preoperative septic peritonitis; of those, approximately a third resulted in continued septic peritonitis (17/45; 38%) or death (15/45; 33%). Of the 180 surgeries performed in dogs lacking preoperative septic peritonitis, 11 (6%) resulted in development of septic peritonitis and 20 (11 %) resulted in death. When all surgeries were considered, common risk factors for development of septic peritonitis included preoperative septic peritonitis, low preoperative serum albumin and plasma protein concentrations, and intraoperative hypotension. Presence of a foreign body was a protective factor.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Multiple factors were associated with failure to survive and development of septic peritonitis after gastrointestinal surgery in dogs. Aggressive perioperative attempts to increase protein concentrations and intraoperative surgical strategies to decrease the chance of a poor outcome may be indicated in dogs with risk factors identified in this study.
On Writing and Handwriting
Authors: Kučera Miloš 
Published: February 2011

On Writing and Handwriting
Writing is often considered secondary to the spoken language, as it is only coded sound-by-sound. But other scholars have demonstrated that writing is similar to ‘arithmetic’: a cognitive structuring, a shift to the meta-level (‘for the eye’). Handwriting (referred to here as the cursive writing in the sense of joined up handwriting, of ‘écriture liée’) differs from writing (in the first analysis): it has its own grammar composed of paradigmatic gestemes and tracemes and its own syntagmatic rules that connect them. In emotional terms, handwriting is designed to provide a special pleasure by its own drive (instinct, ‘Trieb’). But there is also cognitive aspect to it: the rapidity and fluidity of a cursive writing could be (in professional writing, for instance) more important (at the climax of the creative process) than it being legible for all eternity. The project of the new handwriting reform for Czech schools, abolishing the liaison between letters, is shown to be a modern and technically simplified form of calligraphy.
Functional Literacy in People's Lives
Authors: Rabušicová Milada , Oplatková Pavla 
Published: February 2011

Functional Literacy in People's Lives
The paper presents the results of a qualitative study into the lives of people with inadequate functional literacy skills. The data were collected through a biographical interview with a respondent whose characteristics correspond to those of a hypothetical person likely to exhibit signs of low functional literacy. The characteristics, such as gender, age, parental education achievements and job history, of this hypothetical person have been derived from the results of research into adult functional literacy undertaken in the Czech Republic in 1998-International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS). The analysis of the qualitative data focuses on three domains of the respondent's life, namely her family life, her school years, and her life style. The paper identifies the coping strategies used by the respondent in her everyday life.
International Survey in Eight Countries about Teachers and Teaching Profession
Authors: Chistolini Sandra 
Published: February 2011

International Survey in Eight Countries about Teachers and Teaching Profession
An international team of experts from Belgium, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey and the USA employed a questionnaire to identify the deontology of teachers from infant to secondary school in eight countries. The survey was implemented between 2004 and 2007. The socio-cultural concept of Verstehen (understanding) as described in the work of Max Weber, points to the clear significance of being a teacher at this time in history. Qualitative and quantitative analysis allow for an understanding that the teacher is exactly that, in any context. The ideal typology of the teacher is the result of training at a university level and working in the school system. Phenomenal differentiations characterise the various situations and broaden the perspective of the study, including an identification of the shared features of the profession. The strong, common core is the responsibility towards fellow teachers balanced out by a weak, yet common note of regret regarding the scant social prestige of being a teacher. There seems to be a lack of communication between the personal and social aspects involved in shaping the professional identity. The social image of teachers weighs heavily on their professional status due to the inevitable political implications it results in and the considerable effect on institutional behaviour. Teachers listen, but they are not heard; teachers are committed, but remain unrecognised; teachers evaluate, but are evaluated in turn. The issue of the social importance of the profession of teachers in our societies emerges as a crucial point in the perspective of educating young generations.
Repair of Radiographic Joint Damage Following Treatment with Etanercept in Psoriatic Arthritis Is Demonstrable by 3 Radiographic Methods
Authors: EDER LIHI , CHANDRAN VINOD , GLADMAN DAFNA D. 
Published: February 2011

Objective.Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is characterized by varied radiographic features. We describe a patient with PsA with severe radiographic damage that improved significantly following treatment with etanercept. The improvement was documented by several methods of radiographic assessment.Methods.Etanercept was introduced in September 2005. Radiographs of the hands and feet were read using 3 methods: the modified Steinbrocker method, the van der Heijde (vdH) modification of the Sharp method, and the Ratingen scoring system.Results.In July 2009, radiographs of the hands and feet showed improvement in erosion score and joint space narrowing, while bony proliferation remained the same [43 by modified Steinbrocker, 26 by the vdH Sharp score (12 for erosions and 14 for joint space narrowing), and 56 by the Ratingen (18 for erosion and 38 for proliferation].Conclusion.The 3 radiographic methods were useful in demonstrating improvement in joint scores. The modified Steinbrocker method, which is the simplest, was able to reveal improvement in our patient.
Incitant salarial, contrôle hiérarchique et comportement productif. Analyse à partir d'un panel cylindré d'entreprises de la branche exploitation forestière du Gabon
Authors: Zomo Yebe Gabriel 
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’objet de la présente réflexion était d’appréhender le comportement productif d’un panel cylindré d’entreprises de la branche exploitation forestière du Gabon pour améliorer la politique forestière. À cette fin, nous estimons d’une part, une frontière de production tenant compte des facteurs traditionnels, capital et travail, et des incitants managériaux, salaire et contrôle hiérarchique et mesurons les niveaux d’inefficience technique qui en découlent par entreprise, d’autre part. Nos résultats montrent que les incitants managériaux ont un effet positif sur la production. En réduisant les inefficiences, ils constituent une alternative crédible à la politique fiscale. Codes JEL : C23, L52, H32
Analyse séquentielle de l'innovation pérenne
Authors: Lamairé Lucien 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Les séquences de cet article analysent les rapports entre un contexte économique et la variable innovation d’ajustement ou de création. Elles soulignent aussi l’extrême importance, les enjeux et les espoirs mis dans « l’innovation pérenne » , souvent nommée innovation de rupture, pour satisfaire les attentes du 21 e siècle. Très difficile à produire et devant mettre en œuvre les fonctionnalités profondes du cerveau , son développement appelle une « science de l’innovation » . La séquence « endogène » est justement une propositionnelle suggérant l’importance des potentialités innovantes contenues dans la nature humaine. Codes JEL : O31, O32, C9
Économie de la contribution et innovation sociétale
Authors: Béraud Philippe , Cormerais Franck 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Cet article s’intéresse à l’économie de la contribution, qui constitue une nouvelle manière de comprendre les activités économiques. L’émergence d’une économie de la contribution est non seulement un changement mais aussi une réponse alternative au capitalisme du consommateur. L’économie de la contribution est impliquée dans le champ des technologies relationnelles de l’internet, des systèmes locaux d’innovation et du tiers secteur. D’un point de vue méthodologique, la compréhension de l’économie de la contribution nécessite de définir la signification de la valeur sociétale, de l’innovation sociétale et de la création collective. Codes JEL : A13, D 46, D 62, D 63, L 86, Z 13
À la frontière du parti : jeux d'inclusion et d'exclusion d'une chercheuse chez les Frères musulmans égyptiens
Authors: Vannetzel Marie 
Published: February 2011

Résumé La position singulière de l’organisation des Frères musulmans, « illégale mais tolérée » et située à la frontière du parti politique , conditionne fortement la relation d’enquête qui se situe elle-même sur une frontière particulièrement instable , oscillant entre procédés d’inclusion et d’exclusion. Outre les effets du contexte international, la situation de « clandestinité ouverte » dans laquelle se trouve l’organisation implique une gestion fluctuante du secret, et contraint à une renégociation permanente de la relation d’enquête, dont l’enjeu n’est pas tant la conquête du statut de chercheur que la construction de ce statut dans l’interaction et la redéfinition de l’objet de recherche.
Gérer les relations d'enquête en terrains imbriqués
Authors: Bué Nicolas 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Enquêter « dans » des terrains imbriqués et concurrentiels expose le chercheur à différents obstacles et risques, dont l’ « enclicage ». C’est à cette question qu’est consacré cet article, à partir d’une expérience de recherche longue à dominante ethnographique sur une coalition pluripartisane de gouvernement local. La comparaison des réceptions de l’enquête dans les différents sites investigués (la coalition et les partis qui la composent) permet de dévoiler partiellement la structure et les enjeux d’une telle configuration : outre qu’elles correspondent globalement aux positions occupées, ces réactions dévoilent l’importance de l’étiquette partisane, de la distance aux alliés, du secret ou encore des représentations des acteurs. L’expérience d’enquête s’avère ainsi en elle-même une voie de connaissance du milieu étudié.