bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Application of Chrome Dyes to Nylon Textiles
Authors: HAFITELD H. B. , SHABINO D. N. 
Published: July 2010

A laboratory study of the behaviour of chrome dyes on nylon textiles is described. Sufficient experimental evidence has been obtained to provide a general picture of the mechanism governing their application. This included measurement of the absorption of potassium dichromate by undyed nylon and by nylon dyed with chrome dyes. By measurement of the reflectance ourves of chrome–dyed nylon the rate of formation of the chromium complex within the nylon has been determined. Evidence has been obtained which suggests that the groups in nylon responsible for the absorption of dye are responsible also for the absorption of dichromate ions. In heavy dyeings, where these groups are praotioally saturated by the dye, the absorption of dichromate is partly effected by reduction of the dichromate within the nylon by formic acid, a reaotion which produces further absorption of dichromate due to the alteration in charge from the dichromate anion to the chromic cation. This reduction mechanism appears to be catalysed by the dye.The various methods of dyeing nylon with chrome dyes are critically discussed, and recommendations are made for the application of these dyes to nylon textiles.
The Production of Pictorial Effects in Textile Printing
Authors: Yelland N. W. 
Published: July 2010

As occasionally required, photographs, pictures, etc. could be reproduced by printing on textiles in colour or monochrome, if means could be found to engrave intaglio rollers so that they would print precisely the required graduated density of colour at each point of the surface. Experiments are described which were made to ascertain what colour‐tones are produced by various strengths of engraving of two possible types– (i) intaglio half‐tone (graduated cell‐area) and (ii) photogravure (graduated depth of etching). Tone values were obtained by calculation from refleetometer measurements on the prints.Photogravure grounds could give smoother quality of tone, being potentially less subject to producing thread‐moiré effects than is half‐tone, but they are less easy to control in practice. Means are described for making intaglio half‐tone dot positive films to produce the required tone‐rendering with any given combination of cloth and printing colour. The apparatus employs for half‐tone conversion a form of halftone screen in which every aperture is a microscopic lens, in combination with a light‐source which is regulated to control the radial distribution of light in the half‐tone dots.A typical experiment is described to ascertain what gamut of mixture‐colours can be obtained in three‐colour printing on textiles when the colours fall on in the wet state. The Munsell colour‐atlas was used for approximate colorimetry in this experiment.Images in monochrome and in three colours can also be produced on cloth by direct photography from suitable sets of negatives or diapositives.
The Irgalan Dyes‐Neutral‐dyeing Metal‐complex Dyes
Authors: Schetty Guido 
Published: July 2010

Dedicated to the late F. L. Goodall, M.Sc, F.R.I.C., F.S.D.C., Joint Managing Director of The Geigy Company Ltd., Manchester, who was President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists during 1953–1954.Mr. Goodall took a very keen interest in the field of neutral‐dyeing metal‐complex dyes, which have recently become very popular, and he enriched and enlarged this field by his own dyeing experiments and ideas. His was the special merit of recognising for the first time the particularly favourable behaviour of Irgalan dyes, which, from the application point of view, is fundamentally different from that of the metal‐free milling dyes.As one of the initiators of the present work, he helped with the drafting of this paper in the spring of 1954. “Unfortunately, owing to his very sudden and early death, he did not live to see the completion of this paper.The chemistry of chromium‐complex dyes is discussed in relation to dyeing properties on wool, with particular reference to the problem of avoiding skittery dyeing arising from differences between individual wool fibres. The structural features required for dyes to give non‐skittery dyeings under neutral conditions are deduced, and it is shown how these researches resulted in the production of the Irgalan (Gy) dyes.
II–The Effect of Liquor Ratio on Direct Dyeing
Authors: ARMFIELD W. , BOULTON J. , CRANK J. 
Published: July 2010

Package dyeing has been carried out on a laboratory apparatus with a number of dyes, each in 6 and 20 volumes, with enough sodium chloride added at the commencement of dyeing to give roughly the same final exhaustion at the two liquor ratios for any particular dye. After 30 min., with the same rate of flow, the 6‐vol. dyeing was always more level than the corresponding 20‐vol. dyeing.Special consideration is given to a class C dye which without added salt has a very high exhaustion in low volumes, due to the salt contained in the dye. Here also the 6‐vol. dyeing was more level than the 20‐vol. dyeing after 30 min., although the former package was more than twice as heavily dyed. These observations have been confirmed by dyeing commercial viscose rayon cakes on a laboratory cake‐dyeing machine with single dyes and mixtures.The advantage gained by working in low volumes is shown to be due to an increase in the dyebath cycle rate, and an expression is given showing the relationship of this to yarn weight and rate of flow. The variation in yarn weight in bulk cake‐dyeing is considered in so far as it affects liquor ratio and dyebath cycle rate.In the second part of the paper the results are examined in the light of a theoretical model of package dyeing previously described. It is found that, when certain parameters are chosen to give a fit with measured skein‐dyeing curves, the main conclusions about package dyeing based on the experimental results are substantiated by the model. At the same time, more information is provided on the rate of exchange of dyes between liquor and yarn within the package, and on the influence of the three basic parameters on which package‐dyeing behaviour depends.
The Dyeing of Acrylic Fibres
Authors: KELLETT H. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Midlands Region, held at the Kings Head Hotel, Loughborough, on 9 November 1966, Mr D. O. Douglas in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on 10 November 1966, Miss E. Smith in the chair; and of the London Region, held in the Rooms of the Royal Society, Burlington House, London, on 3 March 1967, Mr R. F. York in the chairThe present position in the dyeing of acrylic fibres is reviewed. Methods of control that assist in the batchwise production of level dyeings are discussed. Recent developments in continuous processing are reviewed and the dyeing of modacrylic fibres is mentioned.
Colour Measurement — Present Position and Future Developments
Authors: Coates E. 
Published: July 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘The Next Fifty Colourful Years’, held by the Huddersfield Region at Huddersfield College of Technology, on 18 October 1968, Mr G. England in the chairThe contributions to colour theory and colour measurement which have been made during the last 50 years and which led directly to some industrial end‐use are reviewed briefly. Some of the more important applications are discussed and the associated difficulties for extension of use are outlined. The requirements for automated, colour‐monitored dyeing processes are considered generally.
Automation—a User's View
Authors: PARK J. 
Published: July 2010

The basic parameters and bulk dyeing factors which must be controlled to obtain a high degree of reproducibility in dyeing are discussed. This objective can be largely achieved by manual systems. It is essential that high reproducibility is obtained before automation is considered since automation is only of real value if labour costs can be decreased significantly.An automated system for package dyeing of yarn is discussed briefly and the effect of such a system on management philosophy is described. In the light of practical experience, the steps necessary to develop an automated dyehouse and a proposed system are described.
Package Dyeing of Acrylic Fibre Yarn: Important Parameters which Influence Level Dyeing
Authors: HEANE D. G. , HILL T. C. , PARK J. , SHORE J. 
Published: July 2010

Flow rate, ramp (constant rate of temperature rise), and package density are recognized to be particularly important for obtaining uniform uptake in the package dyeing of acrylic fibre yarns. This paper is concerned with the contribution of these three parameters to levelness in this system. An attempt is made to define empirical mathematical relationships between these variables and the observed rate of dyeing, in order to be able to specify those values of these parameters which would be expected to give rise to unlevel dyeings.Linear relationships were found between these parameters and the rate of exhaustion per circulation of the dyebath, expressed either as the overall rate or as separate rates for the two successive stages of the exhaustion process (attributed to adsorption at the surface of the fibre and diffusion into the interior). The equations relating rate of exhaustion to package density, ramp and the reciprocal of the rate of liquor flow can be combined into a single equation. This enables the relative effects of these variables to be calculated. For example, the equation can be used to decide which combination of ramp and flow rate will give a pre–determined rate of exhaustion by a package of given density. In a similar way, the corresponding equation relating the instrumental criterion of degree of unlevelness to package density, ramp and rate of flow forms a convenient means of predicting the effects that these three variables will have on the possibility that unlevel dyeing will occur.
Synthesis and Application of Some New Reactive Chlorohydrin Dyes
Authors: FARAG AHMED A. , MAHMOUD HASSAN S. , SALEM A. GHONEIM , SALEH M. SALAH E. , HASSAN M. SHAWKIM. , GEMEI MERVAT 
Published: July 2010

Azo and phthalocyanine dyes carrying the chlorohydrin group, as the precursor of the reactive epoxy group, were prepared using new catalyzed reactions. The reactive group is attached to the coupling component in some cases and to the diazonium component in other cases. A phthalocyanine dye carrying two reactive groups was also synthesized.The dyeing of cotton, wool and multifibre fabrics was studied, under different dyeing conditions. Various techniques of dyeing and printing were used. Exhaustion and padding methods were investigated for dyeing, and direct, reserve and discharge methods for printing. One–stage and two–stage procedures were employed for both printing and dyeing.It was found that the chlorohydrin reactive dyes prepared in the present work could be applied by nearly all known methods of dyeing and printing on cotton, wool, viscose rayon, nylon and acrylic fibres. The dyeings obtained had satisfactory fastness properties and showed fairly good dye fixation on the substrate.
Foam Dyeing and Printing of Carpets
Authors: Dawson T. L. 
Published: July 2010

This paper was presented to the West Riding Region on 9 October 1980, and to the Huddersfieid Region on 3 February 1981.Foam application of dyes by printing or continuous methods offers potential savings in materials and energy, faster production and the possibility of ‘no wash–off processes. Factors affecting the composition and mechanical conditions required to produce stable foams have been examined in the laboratory and these foams have been applied to nylon carpets by rotary screen, horizontal pad, doctor roller and slots. Rates of fixation in steam of some acid dyes on nylon appear to be significantly faster using the foam application (ca. 50% pick–up) method compared with conventional methods (300–400% pick–up).
The Polymorphism of C.I. Pigment Yellow 5
Authors: Whitaker A 
Published: July 2010

Department of Physics Brunei University Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 3PHBy interpretation of X‐ray diffraction patterns it has been found that C. I. Pigment Yellow 5 (α‐[1‐hydroxy‐ethylidene\acetanilide‐α‐azo‐\2′;‐nitrobenzene]) is dimorphic, both forms being available commercially. The single‐crystal data and X‐ray powder pattern are reported for one form (termed α) and the powder pattern has been indexed from the single‐crystal unit cell dimensions. The second form (β) has only been obtained as a powder, and the powder pattern is reported. This form changes to the α‐form by recrystallisation from toluene.
The Effect of Treatment with Perchloroethylene on the Abrasion Resistance of Wool Fabric
Authors: Rippon J A , Leeder J D 
Published: July 2010

The Martindale flat‐abrasion resistance (MAR) of lightweight wool worsted fabric is improved by treatment with non‐polar chlorinated solvents, including perchloroethylene. The rate at which the improvement is obtained with perchloroethylene is temperature dependent, but the optimum effect is obtained only by prolonged extraction, even at high temperature (e.g. 2 h at 80°C). A small increase in MAR is, however, obtained by solvent scouring in a commercial dry cleaning machine at 30–35°C.The improvement in MAR induced by treatment with perchloroethylene has been shown to involve extraction of internal lipids. The most likely source of the lipids is the cell membrane complex; their removal is believed to improve MAR because of a subsequent increase in intercellular adhesion.The improvement in MAR obtained by perchloroethylene treatment is stable to mild finishing procedures, but the magnitude of the improvement is decreased by dyeing at the boil. However, except for samples dyed at pH values less than pH 3, the MAR values of the solvent‐treated samples are higher than the values for the untreated and dyed‐only material.
Changing Patterns in Medication Use with Increasing Probability of Death for Older Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Shaffer Thomas , Simoni‐Wastila Linda , Toler Wendy , Stuart Bruce , Doshi Jalpa A. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether use of symptom relief drugs (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics, opioid analgesics, sleep aids) rises and use of two commonly prescribed classes of chronic medications (statins and osteoporosis drugs) falls with greater probability of death for older Medicare beneficiaries.DESIGN: Pooled cross‐sectional study.SETTING: Noninstitutionalized older Medicare population in 2000 to 2005.PARTICIPANTS: Community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older (N=20,233).MEASUREMENTS: Use of medications measured according to dichotomous flags; intensity of use by annual medication fills. Annual probability of death modeled using logistic regression and stratified into seven groups with predicted probabilities of death that range from less than 5% to greater than 50%. Prevalence of use and intensity (mean prescription fills per month) were computed for each class of medication.RESULTS: For symptom relief medications, there is relatively constant use with increasing probability of death, along with greater intensity of use. For the two chronic medications, there was a monotonic decrease in use but at a relatively constant intensity. Decline in statin use ranged from 34.4% in the lowest mortality stratum to 17.6% for those in the highest (P<.001). Use of osteoporosis drugs fell from 10.4% to 6.6% over the same range (P<.001).CONCLUSION: Greater intensity of use of symptom relief medications with increasing probability of death is consistent with hypothesized use. The different profile for chronic medications suggests that the time to benefit is being considered regarding therapy initiation, which results in lower use.
Relationship between an increased serum kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and atherosclerotic parameters in hemodialysis patients
Authors: KATO Akihiko , SUZUKI Yuzo , SUDA Takafumi , SUZUKI Masako , FUJIE Michio , TAKITA Takako , FURUHASHI Mitsuyoshi , MARUYAMA Yukitaka , CHIDA Kingo , HISHIDA Akira 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEssential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) is mainly catabolized by indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase, which leads to the formation of kynurenine (Kyn). In this study, we reexamined whether an increased indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase activity, as estimated by the Kyn/Trp ratio (μM/mM), is associated with atherosclerotic parameters in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Serum Trp and Kyn were measured in 243 HD patients by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. We measured carotid artery intima‐medial thickness, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity, ankle‐brachial pressure index, and the cardio‐ankle vascular index. Log‐transformed Kyn/Trp ratio was significantly correlated with log‐transformed time on HD (ρ=0.28, P<0.01), log‐transformed highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (ρ=0.20, P<0.01), and peripheral total lymphocyte count (ρ=−0.13, P<0.05). A significant association was found between log‐transformed Kyn/Trp ratio and mean carotid artery intima‐medial thickness (ρ=0.18, P<0.01). Mean carotid artery intima‐medial thickness was significantly higher in the lowest quartile of Kyn/Trp ratio (<165) (0.62±0.12 mm) when compared with the highest quartile (≥304) (0.68±0.15 mm) (P<0.01). Ankle‐brachial pressure index was lower in the second quartile (1.01±0.20), the third quartile (1.01±0.19), and the fourth quartile (1.03±0.15) compared with that in the first quartile (1.09±0.13) (P<0.05). It follows from these findings that the Kyn/Trp ratio increases with time on HD, and is associated with advanced atherosclerotic changes in chronic HD patients.
Sense of coherence and oral health in dentate adults: findings from the Finnish Health 2000 survey
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Watt Richard G. , Sheiham Aubrey , Suominen‐Taipale Anna L. , Uutela Antti , Vehkalahti Miira M. , Knuuttila Matti , Kivimäki Mika , Tsakos Georgios 
Published: July 2010

Bernabé E, Watt RG, Sheiham A, Suominen‐Taipale AL, Uutela A, Vehkalahti MM, Knuuttila M, Kivimäki M, Tsakos G. Sense of coherence and oral health in dentate adults: findings from the Finnish Health 2000 survey. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 981–987. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01604.x.AbstractAim: To assess the relationship between sense of coherence (SOC) and oral health, and the role of oral health‐related behaviours in this relationship.Materials and Methods: This is a cross‐sectional study of 5401 dentate adults who participated in the nationally representative Health 2000 Survey in Finland. The survey gathered information on SOC, demographic characteristics, education, income, pre‐existing diabetes, daily smoking, dental attendance, toothbrushing frequency and sugar intake frequency. Oral health was assessed through clinical outcomes, such as number of teeth, number of decayed teeth and extent of periodontal pockets and perceived oral health.Results: A strong SOC was related to having more teeth, fewer decayed teeth, lower extent of periodontal pockets and good perceived oral health after adjustment for confounders, such as demographic and socioeconomic factors (all p0.003). These associations were attenuated but remained significant after further adjustment for potential mediators (oral health‐related behaviours), except for the association of SOC with the extent of periodontal pockets, which was fully accounted for by pre‐existing diabetes, oral health‐related behaviours and dental plaque (p=0.549).Conclusion: SOC is positively associated with various aspects of adult oral health, in part because of the better oral health‐related behaviours among people with a strong SOC.
Some Physico‐Chemical Factors Influencing the Binding of Sulfonamides to Human Albumin in vitro
Authors: Ågren Allan , Elofsson Rune , Nilsson Sten‐Ove 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Thirteen sulfa drugs have been investigated. Their degree of binding to human serum albumin has been studied in vitro at varying pH. It was found that the degree of binding increased remarkably near the pKa value. A drug with a low pKa has a comparatively high degree of binding at physiological pH whereas a drug with a high pKa has a low degree of binding at this pH. It is shown that a good fit of experiments at a number of pH values is obtained when a modified Scatchard equation is used:
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This shows that the uncharged species is hardly bound at all. The variation in binding ability among similar ions also depends on the hydrophobic bonds, which are correlated to the partition coefficient of the drug between octanol and water. A quantum mechanical approach has started which shows a correlation between degree of binding and distribution of electronic charge within the drug molecules. Some data are presented.
Changes Produced in the Male Genital Organs of Rabbits and Dogs by 2,6‐cis‐Diphenylhexamethylcyclo‐tetrasiloxane (KABI 1774)
Authors: Nicander Lennart 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The drug. 2,6‐cis‐diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, was administered daily per os to rabbits (2 mg/kg body weight in soybean oil) for 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days, and to dogs (10 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg) for 40 days. Light and electron microscope studies were made on the testis, epididymis and accessory genital glands. In rabbits, cell death was seen in the epididymis, especially in the middle caput after 2, 5 and 10 days. Longer treatment also caused marked atrophy of the epididymal duct epithelium, and some atrophy of the accessory genital glands. After 15 days, spermatozoa no longer showed the morphological maturation changes that normally take place in the caput epididymidis, and the fine structure of the epididymal epithelium suggested a return to prepuberal conditions. After 20 days, spermatozoa in the the cauda epididymidis were dead. The seminiferous tubules showed arrested spermatogenesis followed by degeneration of all spermatids and many spermatocytes between 15 and 25 days. Some ultrastructural changes of the Leydig cell cytoplasm occurred after 10 days, before spermatogenesis was disturbed.In dogs, the effect on the seminiferous epithelium varied from arrested spermatogenesis to complete degeneration of most germ cells. The interstitial cells showed atrophy, shrinkage of the nucleus, and marked loss of the specialized cytoplasmic ultrastructure. The epididymis showed some cell death and very marked epithelial atrophy. The prostate gland showed marked epithelial atrophy, with a few areas also displaying epithelial metaplasia.These observations are compatible with the concept that the cyclotetrasiloxane compound has an antigonadotropic action, but an additional direct antiandrogenic effect on the epididymis may also be involved.
Combined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of metoprolol in the cat and the dog
Authors: Borg Karl Olof , Carlsson Enar , Ek Lars , Johansson Rustan 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The correlation between the plasma concentration of metoprolol and the reduction of the heart rate response to isoprenaline in anaesthetized cats and exercise tachycardia in conscious dogs was studied.There was a linear relation between the logarithm of the plasma concentration and the pharmacological effect in both species. This relation was independent of the dose level and in the dog it was also found to be independent of the route of administration.The half‐life of the elimination of metoprolol in plasma was 1.3 hours in the anaesthetized cat and about 1.7 hours in the dog. The ratio between equipotent oral and intravenous doses in the dog was about 3:1 which is in agreement with the bioavailability of metoprolol in this species.