bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cycles and trends in solar irradiance and climate
Authors: Lean Judith L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHow—indeed whether—the Sun's variable energy outputs influence Earth's climate has engaged scientific curiosity for more than a century. Early evidence accrued from correlations of assorted solar and climate indices, and from recognition that cycles near 11, 88 and 205 years are common in both the Sun and climate.1, 2 But until recently, an influence of solar variability on climate, whether through cycles or trends, was usually dismissed because climate simulations with (primarily) simple energy balance models indicated that responses to the decadal solar cycle would be so small as to be undetectable in observations.3 However, in the past decade modeling studies have found both resonant responses and positive feedbacks in the ocean‐atmosphere system that may amplify the response to solar irradiance variations.4, 5 Today, solar cycles and trends are recognized as important components of natural climate variability on decadal to centennial time scales. Understanding solar‐terrestrial linkages is requisite for the comprehensive understanding of Earth's evolving environment. The attribution of present‐day climate change, interpretation of changes prior to the industrial epoch, and forecast of future decadal climate change necessitate quantitative understanding of how, when, where, and why natural variability, including by the Sun, may exceed, obscure or mitigate anthropogenic changes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Climate Forcing
Tyrosinemia type 1 and Angelman syndrome due to paternal uniparental isodisomy 15
Authors: Ferrer‐Bolufer Irene , Dalmau Jaime , Quiroga Ramiro , Oltra Silvestre , Orellana Carmen , Monfort Sandra , Roselló Mónica , De La Osa Alberto , Martinez Francisco 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUniparental isodisomy arises when an individual inherits two copies of a specific chromosome from a single parent, which can unmask a recessive mutation or cause a problem of genetic imprinting. Here we describe an exceptional case in which the patient simultaneously presents tyrosinemia type 1 and Angelman syndrome. The genetic studies showed that the patient presents paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 15, with absence of the maternal homolog. As a consequence of this isodisomy, the patient is homozygous for the mutation IVS12+5G>A in the FAH gene, located in the chromosomal region 15q23‐25, causing tyrosinemia type 1. The mutation was inherited from his father in double dosage, whereas the mother is not a carrier, which implies that the recurrence risk in the family is negligible. On the other hand, the lack of maternal contribution causes Angelman syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a loss of maternal gene expression in chromosome region 15q11‐q13, and more specifically, of the UBE3A gene. This gene shows a tissue‐specific imprinting, and only the maternally derived allele is expressed in certain areas of the brain. We observed through a literature review that uniparental disomy probably occurs more frequently than suspected, although it is more usually detected when the uniparental disomy implies the appearance of a disease because of the gene imprinting or by reduction to homozygosity of a recessive mutation. The conclusion is that uniparental disomy should always be considered when more than one genetic disease mapping to the same chromosome is present in a patient.
Gender, Race, and the Writing of Empire
Authors: Krebs Paula  M. 
Published: December 2009

All of London exploded on the night of May 18, 1900, in the biggest West End party ever seen. The mix of media manipulation, patriotism, and class, race, and gender politics that produced the 'spontaneous' festivities of Mafeking Night begins this analysis of the cultural politics of late-Victorian imperialism. Paula M. Krebs examines 'the last of the gentlemen's wars' - the Boer War of 1899–1902 - and the struggles to maintain an imperialist hegemony in a twentieth-century world, through the war writings of Arthur Conan Doyle, Olive Schreiner, H. Rider Haggard, and Rudyard Kipling, as well as contemporary journalism, propaganda, and other forms of public discourse. Her feminist analysis of such matters as the sexual honor of the British soldier at war, the deaths of thousands of women and children in 'concentration camps', and new concepts of race in South Africa marks this book as a significant contribution to British imperial studies.
Solidarity without the State?
Authors: Leimgruber Matthieu 
Published: December 2009

This book presents the first comprehensive history of the interplay of public and private provision that made the Swiss 'three-pillar' pension system into a model for the World Bank and other pension reformers during the last two decades of the twentieth century. Through a study of business federations', private pension lobbyists' and insurance companies' archives, Matthieu Leimgruber charts the century-long battle waged over the boundaries of state and private pensions. He shows how a distinctive path towards social provision has laid the foundation for a pension fund industry rivalling that of the United States and the United Kingdom. Through this comparative approach Matthieu Leimgruber is also able to question current assumptions about the strict dichotomy between 'Anglo-Saxon' and 'continental' models of welfare provision. This study will appeal to scholars of twentieth-century European history, economic history, political economy and welfare economics.
Clinical features and management of facial nerve paralysis in children: analysis of 24 cases
Authors: Cha H E , Baek M K , Yoon J H , Yoon B K , Kim M J , Lee J H 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the causes, treatment modalities and recovery rate of paediatric facial nerve paralysis.Materials and methods:We analysed 24 cases of paediatric facial nerve paralysis diagnosed in the otolaryngology department of Gachon University Gil Medical Center between January 2001 and June 2006.Results:The most common cause was idiopathic palsy (16 cases, 66.7 per cent). The most common degree of facial nerve paralysis on first presentation was House–Brackmann grade IV (15 of 24 cases). All cases were treated with steroids. One of the 24 cases was also treated surgically with facial nerve decompression. Twenty-two cases (91.6 per cent) recovered to House–Brackmann grade I or II over the six-month follow-up period.Conclusion:Facial nerve paralysis in children can generally be successfully treated with conservative measures. However, in cases associated with trauma, radiological investigation is required for further evaluation and treatment.
Four new species of KudoaMeglitsch, (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from Australia with recommendations for species descriptions in the Kudoidae
Authors: BURGER M. A. A. , ADLARD R. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYKudoid parasites are significant pathogens of marine fish. In the past, specific identification has been difficult due to a paucity of detailed morphological and biological information provided in the original description of some species. However, the introduction of DNA analysis has dramatically improved diagnosis. For morphological characterization, this paper proposes a new set of schematics including additional measurements to give a more thorough description of spore morphology, and provides evidence for uniqueness of 4 new species: Kudoa gunterae n. sp. (from 10 pomacentrid species and 1 apogonid species), K. kenti n. sp. (from 4 pomacentrid species), K. paraquadricornis n. sp. (from 4 carangid species), and K. whippsi n. sp. (from 8 pomacentrid species and 1 apogonid species). Subtle morphological differences found between closely related species were reflected in their genetics, with increased resolution provided by the large subunit, compared with that of the small subunit, of the ribosomal DNA gene region. This article proposes comprehensive requirements for species descriptions within the Kudoidae that incorporate biology, morphology, and genetic sequence.
Development of perception of second language Japanese geminates: Role of duration, sonority, and segmentation strategy
Authors: HARDISON DEBRA M. , SAIGO MIKI MOTOHASHI 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThis study explored the second language perceptual accuracy of Japanese geminates (moraic units) by English-speaking learners at three proficiency levels: beginner (28), low–intermediate (42), and advanced (15). Stimuli included singleton and geminate /t/, /k/, /s/ followed by /a/ or /u/ produced by a native speaker in isolated words and carrier sentences. Results of a forced-choice identification task revealed a significant complex interaction involving all factors. Simple effects tests indicated scores for geminate /s/ followed by /u/ in carrier sentences were significantly lower across proficiency levels. The singleton-geminate contrast for /t, k/ was significant for beginning learners, marginal for low–intermediate, and nonsignificant for advanced. Duration differences did not account for all findings. Greater consonant–vowel sonority difference facilitated perception, enhancing mora boundaries for speech segmentation.
Yoghurt and dairy snacks presented for sale to an Australian consumer: are they becoming less healthy?
Authors: Walker Karen Z , Woods Julie , Ross Jamie , Hechtman Rachel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the nutrient profile of yoghurts and dairy desserts.DesignNutrition information panels and product labels on yoghurts and dairy desserts offered for sale were surveyed in 2005 and 2008 and nutrients analysed by two nutrient profiling systems.SettingA large supermarket in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia.ResultsIn total, 248 and 140 dairy snacks (yoghurt, fromage frais or dairy desserts) were surveyed in 2005 and 2008, respectively. Over this time, median packet size rose significantly (P≤ 0·001). In yoghurts, median energy and total fat content also increased while protein decreased (allP< 0·05). The proportion of ‘full-fat’ products rose from 36 % to 46 %. Because of the addition of sugar, most ‘reduced-fat’ yoghurts had energy content similar to many ‘full-fat’ yoghurts. Overall, the proportion of yoghurts and dairy desserts that were ‘less healthy’ (i.e. displaying one or more ‘red traffic lights’ for high fat, saturated fat, salt and sugar content) rose from 12 % in 2005 to 23 % in 2008. Only 1–2 % could be deemed ‘healthy’ by the most stringent criterion (displaying four ‘green traffic lights’), while 21 % (2005) or 28 % (2008) were ‘healthy’ by a nutrient profiling system that included a score for protein. Sucrose, the most common sweetener, was found in levels up to 29 g/100 g. Claims on packaging mainly related to Ca, fat or protein content. Few labels referred to sugar content.ConclusionsThe deterioration in nutrient quality of yoghurts needs to be redressed.
Non-dieting group interventions for overweight and obese women: what predicts non-completion and does completion improve outcomes?
Authors: Bradshaw Alison J , Horwath Caroline C , Katzer Lisa , Gray Andrew 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine factors which predict non-completion of group non-dieting interventions for overweight women, and to investigate whether completion improves outcomes.DesignFirst, baseline predictors of non-completion were identified; then changes at 10 weeks and 12 months were compared between completers and non-completers of 10-week non-dieting interventions.SettingGeneral community.SubjectsParticipants were 119 women (aged 25–65 years, BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) with at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Participants who attended at least eight of the ten sessions were classified as completers, and non-completers were those who attended fewer than eight sessions. Measures included BMI, blood pressure, psychological distress, lifestyle behaviours and eating self-efficacy.ResultsLogistic regression analyses indicated that women were less likely to be non-completers at non-dieting group programmes if, at baseline, they were more highly educated or had healthier nutrition behaviours (controlling for education). Only healthier nutrition behaviour was negatively associated with non-completion in the final model. Twelve months after the intervention, completers showed significantly greater improvements in body weight (mean change −0·53 kg), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (−6·3 and −4·1 mmHg, respectively), stress management behaviour score (+0·5) and psychotic symptoms score (−0·1) than non-completers (all P < 0·05).ConclusionsHighly educated women already engaging in some healthier lifestyle choices were less likely to be non-completers in non-dieting group programmes. Since important treatment outcomes vary according to attendance, future trials of non-dieting interventions should report the effects of completion on outcomes.
6-n-Propylthiouracil sensitivity and obesity status among ethnically diverse children
Authors: Baranowski Janice C , Baranowski Tom , Beltran Alicia , Watson Kathy B , Jago Russell , Callie Margaret , Missaghian Mariam , Tepper Beverly J 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) sensitivity to BMI while statistically controlling for demographic characteristics in two age groups of children: 9–10 years and 17–18 years (n 1551).DesignCross-sectional design with a multi-ethnic (White, African-American, Hispanic, Other) sample of 813 children aged 9–10 years and 738 children aged 17–18 years. Children were recruited from local elementary and high schools with at least 30 % minority ethnic enrolment. Children’s height, weight and waist circumference were measured along with their PROP taster status. PROP was measured using two paper discs, one impregnated with NaCl (1·0 mol/l) and the other with PROP solution (0·50 mmol/l).ResultsA significant PROP sensitivity by socio-economic status (SES) interaction term (P = 0·010) was detected wherein supertasters had the largest BMI percentile and Z-score, but only among the group with highest SES.ConclusionsThe results suggest that other factors overwhelmed the influence of PROP sensitivity on adiposity in lower-SES groups. The percentage of variance accounted for by the interaction term was about 1 %. Thus, PROP supertasters had the largest BMI percentile and Z-score, but only among the highest-SES group.
As time goes by: Constraint Handling Rules
Authors: SNEYERS JON , VAN WEERT PETER , SCHRIJVERS TOM , DE KONINCK LESLIE 
Published: December 2009

AbstractConstraint Handling Rules (CHR) is a high-level programming language based on multiheaded multiset rewrite rules. Originally designed for writing user-defined constraint solvers, it is now recognized as an elegant general purpose language. Constraint Handling Rules related research has surged during the decade following the previous survey by Frühwirth (J. Logic Programming, Special Issue on Constraint Logic Programming, 1998, vol. 37, nos. 1–3, pp. 95–138). Covering more than 180 publications, this new survey provides an overview of recent results in a wide range of research areas, from semantics and analysis to systems, extensions, and applications.
Exposure to cannabis in popular music and cannabis use among adolescents
Authors: Primack Brian A. , Douglas Erika L. , Kraemer Kevin L. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTBackground  Cannabis use is referenced frequently in American popular music, yet it remains uncertain whether exposure to these references is associated with actual cannabis use. We aimed to determine if exposure to cannabis in popular music is associated independently with current cannabis use in a cohort of urban adolescents.Methods  We surveyed all 9th grade students at three large US urban high schools. We estimated participants' exposure to lyrics referent to cannabis with overall music exposure and content analyses of their favorite artists' songs. Outcomes included current (past 30 days) and ever use of cannabis. We used multivariable regression to assess independent associations between exposures and outcomes while controlling for important covariates.Results  Each of the 959 participants was exposed to an estimated 27 cannabis references per day [correction added on 19 January 2010, after first online publication: 40 has been changed to 27] (standard deviation = 73 [correction added on 19 January 2010, after first online publication: 104 has been changed to 73]). Twelve per cent (n = 108) were current cannabis users and 32% (n = 286) had ever used cannabis. Compared with those in the lowest tertile of total cannabis exposure in music, those in the highest tertile of exposure were almost twice as likely to have used cannabis in the past 30 days (odds ratio = 1.83; 95% confidence interval = 1.04, 3.22), even after adjusting for socio‐demographic variables, personality characteristics and parenting style. As expected, however, there was no significant relationship between our cannabis exposure variable and a sham outcome variable of alcohol use.Conclusions  This study supports an independent association between exposure to cannabis in popular music and early cannabis use among urban American adolescents.
Oxidized low density lipoprotein‐induced transdifferentiation of bone marrow‐derived smooth muscle‐like cells into foam‐like cells in vitro
Authors: Yu Jun , Li Yan , Li Mincai , Qu Zhiling , Ruan Qiurong 
Published: December 2009

SummaryOxidized‐low density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) is believed to contribute to atherogenesis in part by being taken up into smooth muscle cells (SMC) via specific scavenger receptors; however, it is not clear whether ox‐LDL receptor(s) are expressed in bone marrow‐derived smooth muscle‐like cells (SMLCs) and whether they play a role in the process of SMLC development. Therefore, we examined the ox‐LDL‐induced transdifferentiation of SMLCs that is mediated by lectin‐like ox‐LDL receptor‐1 (LOX‐1). Smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPCs) from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated using a tissue‐specific promoter sorting method with a mouse SM22_ promoter (_480 bp)/green fluorescent protein recombinant plasmid. The SMPCs were myocardin+CD105+KDR+CD45−CD34−, but did not express SMC‐specific markers α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), SM22, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM‐MHC) and smoothelin. After long‐term culture with platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB), SMPCs expressed α‐SMA, SM22 and SM‐MHC and differentiated into SMLCs. When SMLCs were incubated with different concentrations of ox‐LDL, LOX‐1 expression on the surface of SMLCs gradually increased with the increase of the ox‐LDL concentration, but myocardin and SMC‐specific marker genes decreased, accordingly. Furthermore, receptor‐mediated endocytosis was enhanced and lipid droplets accumulated in the cytoplasm of SMLCs. A subpopulation of myocardin+CD105+KDR+CD45−CD34− SMPCs exist in BMSCs that can differentiate into SMLCs under induction with PDGF‐BB. Moreover, LOX‐1 contributes to the ox‐LDL‐induced transdifferentiation of bone marrow‐derived SMLCs into foam‐like cells.
Clinical and genetic analysis of 18 pancreatic carcinoma/melanoma‐prone families
Authors: Bartsch DK , Langer P , Habbe N , Matthäi E , Chaloupka B , Sina M , Hahn SA , Slater EP 
Published: December 2009

Bartsch DK, Langer P, Habbe N, Matthäi E, Chaloupka B, Sina M, Hahn SA, Slater EP. Clinical and genetic analysis of 18 pancreatic carcinoma/melanoma‐prone families.Families with both melanoma and pancreatic cancer are extremely rare and some are affected with the autosomal dominant inherited familial atypical multiple mole melanoma‐pancreatic cancer (FAMMM‐PC) syndrome. The phenotypic and genotypic expressions of such pancreatic cancer–melanoma prone families are not well defined. The National Case Collection of Familial Pancreatic Cancer of the Deutsche Krebshilfe includes 110 pancreatic cancer families, 18 of which (16%) show an association of pancreatic cancer and melanoma. These 18 families were analysed regarding their phenotype and the prevalence of germline mutations in the candidate genes CDKN2A, BRCA2, CHEK2, NOD2, ARL11 and Palladin (PALLD). There were two types of families: five families with the FAMMM‐PC phenotype and 13 PC/melanoma families without the multiple mole phenotypes (PCMS). The prevalences of PC and melanoma in the two types of families were similar. The prevalence of other tumour types, especially breast carcinoma, was higher (11%) in PCMS‐ than in FAMMM‐PC families (2.4%, p = 0.02). CDKN2A mutations were identified in 2 of 18 (11%) PCMS families. A cosegregating BRCA2 mutation was detected in one PCMS family without breast cancer. None of the reported germline mutations in the NOD2, Palladin, ARL11 or CHEK2 genes were detected in either type of family. In conclusion, families with an accumulation of PC and melanoma show a large variety of phenotypic expression, which is not always consistent with the FAMMM‐PC phenotype. More PC/melanoma‐prone families need to be analysed to clarify whether such families represent variations of the FAMMM‐PC syndrome or two distinct hereditary cancer syndromes.
The ‘straight to test’ initiative reduces both diagnostic and treatment waiting times for colorectal cancer: outcomes after 2 years
Authors: Mukherjee S. , Fountain G. , Stalker M. , Williams J. , Porrett T. R. C. , Lunniss P. J. ,   (on behalf of Homerton Hospital Colorectal Cancer Multidisciplinary Team)
Published: December 2009

AbstractAim  This study aimed to determine whether a ‘straight to test’(STT) strategy for 2‐week wait (2wk) referrals for suspected colorectal cancer (CRC) reduced the time to diagnosis and treatment for patients with CRC.Method  Consecutive 2‐week referrals for suspected CRC over a period of 2 years from February 2007 were analysed. The times to the first diagnostic test and treatment and the cancers identified were analysed for those going to STT or the outpatient clinic.Results  Of 662 patients having a 2wk referral, 519 (78.4%) were suitable for the hospital colorectal telephone triage service, 121 (18.3%) patients went to STT and 502 (75.8%) were seen in the clinic. Of these 401 (79.8%) underwent diagnostic tests and 25 (6.2%) had CRC and in 12 (2.9%) patients other cancers were detected. In the STT group, 7 (5.8%) patients were diagnosed with CRC. The median time to first diagnostic test was 12 days (IQR 9–13) in the STT pathway, compared with 23 days (17–31) in those seen in the clinic (P < 0.0001). The median time to first treatment was 40 (32–48) days for those via STT, compared to 46 (28–55) days for those seen in the clinic (P = 0.004). A total of 162 CRC were diagnosed during the study period of whom 34 (20.9%) were 2wk referrals (5.1% of all suspected CRC 2 wk referrals), and 14 (2.1%) other cancers were detected via this pathway.Conclusion  STT speeds up the patient pathway by reducing the time to diagnosis and treatment for patients with CRC.