bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Add‐on laser tailored selective emitter solar cells
Authors: Röder T. C. , Eisele S. J. , Grabitz P. , Wagner C. , Kulushich G. , Köhler J. R. , Werner J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn elegant laser tailoring add‐on process for silicon solar cells, leading to selectively doped emitters increases their efficiency η by Δη = 0.5% absolute. Our patented, scanned laser doping add‐on process locally increases the doping under the front side metallization, thus allowing for shallow doping and less Auger recombination between the contacts. The selective laser add‐on process modifies the emitter profile from a shallow error‐function type to Gaussian type and enables excellent contact formation by screen printing, normally difficult to achieve for shallow diffused emitters. The significantly deeper doping profile of the laser irradiated samples widens the process window for the firing of screen printed contacts and avoids metal spiking through the pn‐junction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of polycrystalline silicon wafers for solar cells sliced with novel fixed‐abrasive wire
Authors: Watanabe N. , Kondo Y. , Ide D. , Matsuki T. , Takato H. , Sakata I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor slicing crystalline silicon ingots, we have developed a novel fixed‐abrasive wire where diamond grit is fixed onto a bare wire by resin bonding. The properties of the wafers sliced using a multi‐wire saw with the fixed‐abrasive wire have been investigated. When compared with the wafers sliced with the loose‐abrasive wire, the slicing speed is improved by approximately 2.5‐fold and the thicknesses of saw‐damage layers are reduced by more than a factor of two. Polycrystalline silicon solar cells have been fabricated for the first time utilizing the wafers sliced with the fixed‐abrasive wire, and the cells with the saw‐damage etching depth of 7 µm have shown photovoltaic properties comparable to those prepared using the wafers sliced with the loose‐abrasive wire and subsequently etched to remove the damage layers up to 15 µm. It has been clarified that wafer slicing using the fixed‐abrasive wire is promising as a next‐generation slicing technique for fabrication of solar cells, particularly thin silicon cells where the wafer thicknesses approach or become less than 150 µm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative life‐cycle energy payback analysis of multi‐junction a‐SiGe and nanocrystalline/a‐Si modules
Authors: Kim H.C. , Fthenakis V.M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDespite the publicity of nanotechnologies in high tech industries including the photovoltaic sector, their life‐cycle energy use and related environmental impacts are understood only to a limited degree as their production is mostly immature. We investigated the life‐cycle energy implications of amorphous silicon (a‐Si) PV designs using a nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si) bottom layer in the context of a comparative, prospective life‐cycle analysis framework. Three R&D options using nc‐Si bottom layer were evaluated and compared to the current triple‐junction a‐Si design, i.e., a‐Si/a‐SiGe/a‐SiGe. The life‐cycle energy demand to deposit nc‐Si was estimated from parametric analyses of film thickness, deposition rate, precursor gas usage, and power for generating gas plasma. We found that extended deposition time and increased gas usages associated to the relatively high thickness of nc‐Si lead to a larger primary energy demand for the nc‐Si bottom layer designs, than the current triple‐junction a‐Si. Assuming an 8% conversion efficiency, the energy payback time of those R&D designs will be 0.7–0.9 years, close to that of currently commercial triple‐junction a‐Si design, 0.8 years. Future scenario analyses show that if nc‐Si film is deposited at a higher rate (i.e., 2–3 nm/s), and at the same time the conversion efficiency reaches 10%, the energy‐payback time could drop by 30%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different radical initiation techniques of hydrosilylation reactions of multiple bonds in water: thermal and photochemical initiation
Authors: Calandra Julia , Postigo Al , Russo Diana , Nudelman Norma Sbarbati , Tereñas Juan José 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe classical radical‐based hydrosilylation reaction of organic compounds bearing CC multiple bonds is usually carried out in organic solvents and is herein presented in water with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates. Thermal and photochemical initiations are used to accomplish the radical‐induced hydrosilylation reaction of CC multiple bonds in water with tris(trimethylsilyl)silane ((Me3Si)3SiH). Photochemical radical initiation in the absence of a chemical radical precursor other than the silane is found to be a very efficient and convenient method to induce the hydrosilylation reaction of CC multiple bonds of organic compounds with (Me3Si)3SiH in water. This new alternate radical‐based methodology studied in water is confronted with the classical radical thermal initiation of hydrosilylation reactions triggered through the thermal decomposition of azo compounds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The polarisability potential as a steric index
Authors: Camacho Cristopher , Mata‐Segreda Julio F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe acid‐catalysed hydrolysis of carboxylic esters is the reference chemical reaction used for the empirical evaluation of steric effects. In this work, the polarisability potential (Hehre, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 1711–1712) is identified as quantum‐mechanical size of substituent groups. Correlation is found between this quantity and reactivity features of the reference reaction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen‐linked carbazole‐containing fluorescent polymers
Authors: Takagi Koji , Takao Hidenobu , Nakagawa Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have prepared four light‐emitting polymers bearing a chromophore composed of carbazole and fluorene by the Suzuki coupling polycondensation. Two nonconjugated polymers (P3CzBFXy and P2CzFXy) had a chromophore tethered by the p‐xylylene spacer, whose connection point between carbazole and fluorene in addition to the number of fluorene unit was systematically changed to investigate the emission wavelength and intensity. The red‐shifted absorption and emission maximum wavelengths together with the improved fluorescence quantum yield of polymers P3CzBFXy and P2CzFXy indicate that the increment of the number of para‐connected benzene rings included in the chromophore effectively extends the conjugation length. The fact that polymer P3CzBFXy has longer wavelength absorption and emission spectra also indicates the interaction of the carbazole nitrogen lone pair with the oligophenylene moiety. Other two polymers P3CzFPy and P3CzFPym having the heterocycle directly bound to the carbazole nitrogen were prepared to know the character of the carbazole nitrogen lone pair and their influence on the fluorescence behavior. The fluorescence spectra of polymer P3CzFPym bearing the pyrimidine ring gradually red‐shifted in conjunction with the decrease of fluorescence quantum yield on going from toluene solution to CHCl3 solution because of the intramolecular charge transfer at the excited state. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3729–3735, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of functionalized water soluble cationic poly(ester amide)s
Authors: Pang Xuan , Wu Jun , Reinhart‐King Cynthia , Chu Chih‐Chang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new family of positively charged, water soluble and functional amino acid‐based poly(ester amide)s (Arg‐AG PEA) consisting of four building blocks (L‐Arginine, DL‐2‐Allylglycine, oligoethylene glycol, and aliphatic diacid) were synthesized by the solution copolycondensation. Functional pendant carbon–carbon double bonds located in the DL‐2‐allylglycine unit were incorporated into these Arg‐AG PEAs, and the double bond contents could be adjusted by tuning the feed ratio of L‐arginine to DL‐2‐allylglycine monomers. Chemical structures of this new functional Arg‐AG PEA family were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The thermal property of these polymers was investigated; increasing the methylene chain in both the amino acid and diacid segments resulted in a reduction in the polymer glass‐transition temperature. All these cationic Arg‐AG PEAs had good solubility in water and polar organic solvents. The cytotoxity of Arg‐AG PEAs was evaluated by 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. These preliminary MTT results indicated that Arg‐AG PEAs were nontoxic to bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3758–3766, 2010
Synthesis and application of molybdenum (III) complexes bearing weakly coordinating anions as catalysts of isobutylene polymerization
Authors: Diebl Bernd E. , Li Yang , Cokoja Mirza , Kühn Fritz E. , Radhakrishnan Narayanan , Zschoche Stefan , Komber Hartmut , Yeong Hui Yee , Voit Brigitte , Nuyken Oskar , Hanefeld Phillip , Walter Hans‐Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcetonitrile ligated molybdenum (III) complexes of the structure [MoCl(NCCH3)5]2+ bearing different weakly coordinating anions [B(C6F5)4]− (WCA a), [B{C6H3(m‐CF3)2}4]− (WCA b) and [(C6F5)3B‐C3H3N2‐B(C6F5)3]− (WCA c) were applied as homogeneous catalysts of the polymerization of isobutylene. High monomer conversions were obtained in short reaction times (<30 min). The molecular weight of the resulting polyisobutylene is nearly independent of parameters such as temperature, solvent, monomer concentration, but is strongly influenced by the type of WCA and by chain transfer reactions which were observed in these systems. Highly reactive low molecular weight polyisobutylenes (Mn < 2000 g/mol) were obtained with a high content of exo double bond end groups as shown by 1H NMR analysis. Furthermore, experiments were performed to reduce the isomerization of these exo end groups into other internal double bonds by varying the polymerization parameters. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3775–3786, 2010
Synthesis of an amphiphilic polymer having hydrophobic acetal and hydrophilic pyrrolidone moieties and its application to persisting release of aldehyde as a pro‐fragrance
Authors: Wang Yanmei , Morinaga Hisatoyo , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA polymer having acetal moiety in the side chain was synthesized by a reaction of 1,3‐diol structure of poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐N‐vinylpyrrolidone) and octanal. The hydrophobicity of the resulting acetal moiety and the hydrophilicity of the pyrrolidone moiety allowed the polymer to exhibit amphiphilicity. The polymer released octanal by hydrolysis of the acetal side chains under acidic conditions. The release of octanal was enhanced by the increased hydrophilicity of the polymer because of the presence of pyrrolidone moiety. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3816–3822, 2010
Synthesis of heterocyclic monomers via Reissert chemistry
Authors: Gibson Harry W. , Brumfield Kimberly K. , Grisle Roger A. , Hermann Christine K. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemistry of Reissert compounds has been used to synthesize activated difluorotetraketone monomers containing two coupled isoquinolyl moieties, linked at either the 1,1′‐ or 4,4′‐positions. These monomers offer routes to novel families of poly(heteroarylene ether)s. New 4,4′‐coupled bis(Reissert compound) 9 containing 4,4′‐diketo moieties failed to afford the desired difluorotetraketo monomer upon attempted rearrangement. However, analogous bis(Reissert compound) 19 containing 4,4′‐dibenzyl units did so, via aldehyde condensation, hydrolysis of the intermediate ester and oxidation of the four benzylic moieties to keto groups; thus the novel difluorotetraketone monomer 10 was prepared. Novel bis(Reissert compound)s 24, 28, and 35 were synthesized from diacid chlorides and 4‐(p‐fluorobenzyl)isoquinoline. Rearrangement of 24 to the diketone 29, followed by oxidation of the 4‐benzyl moieties resulted in difluorotetraketone monomer 30 containing a 1,1′‐linked bisisoquinoline. The 1,1′‐linked bis(isoquinolylfluorodiketo) monomer 38, isomeric with 10, was prepared from 4‐(p‐fluorobenzyl) Reissert compound 36 by condensation with terephthaldehyde, ester hydrolysis to diol 37, and oxidation. In the course of this effort, a number of new isoquinoline Reissert compounds were synthesized as model systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3856–3867, 2010
Photo‐crosslinked fluorinated thin films from azido‐functionalized random copolymers
Authors: Al Akhrass Samer , Damiron Denis , Carrot Géraldine , Drockenmuller Eric 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRandom copolymers of styrene, p‐azidomethylstyrene and 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecyl methacrylate were prepared in two steps involving nitroxide‐mediated radical copolymerization and azidation reaction and further characterized by 1H and 19F NMR, size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Ultrathin films of these azidomethyl‐functionalized fluorinated random copolymers, with thicknesses ranging from 20 to 100 nm, were spin coated onto Si substrates and then crosslinked by ultraviolet irradiation resulting in smooth and insoluble crosslinked fluorinated polymer mats. The surface properties of the supported thin films were investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. These tailored photo‐crosslinked coatings afford a versatile control and homogenization of the wetting properties of different organic and inorganic substrates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3888–3895, 2010
(2‐Hydroxy isobutyric) acid containing poly(glycolic acid): Structure–properties relationship
Authors: Soccio Michelina , Lotti Nadia , Finelli Lara , Gazzano Massimo , Munari Andrea 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPoly(glycolic acid) (PGA) and a series of novel random copolymers of PGA containing 2‐hydroxyisobutyrric acid (PGAPHIB) (HIB unit content from 1.5 to 7.4 mol %) were synthesized and characterized in terms of chemical structure and molecular weight. Afterward, the polyesters were examined by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The copolymers, which displayed a better thermal stability than PGA, at room temperature appeared as semicrystalline materials: the main effect of copolymerization was a lowering in the amount of crystallinity and a decrease of the melting temperature with respect to homopolymer PGA. Baur's equation described well the Tm‐composition data. X‐ray diffraction measurements allowed the identification of the PGA crystalline structure in all cases. After melt quenching, semicrystalline samples were obtained with the exception of PGAPHIB7.4 copolymer. The introduction of HIB units decreased the crystallization rate compared with pure PGA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1901–1910, 2010
Bound fractions of methacrylate polymers adsorbed on silica using FTIR
Authors: Krisanangkura Piyawan , Packard Alyssa M. , Burgher Jacqueline , Blum Frank D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe H‐bonding of carbonyl groups on a series of methacrylate polymers with silanols on fumed silica was studied with transmission FTIR. The set included poly(alkyl methacrylates) with alkyl groups, (n‐CnH2n+1) of n = 1, 2, 4, and 12 and poly(benzyl methacrylate). Shifts in the vibrational frequencies for bound carbonyl groups (of ∼20 cm−1 lower than those found in the bulk) were observed in the adsorbed polymer samples. A series of samples with different adsorbed amounts (varying from 0.5 to 2.0 mg m−2) of each polymer was prepared to determine the effect of the side chain on the H‐bonding. The fractions of bound carbonyls, p, for each of the methacrylate polymers studied, were calculated from a model based on the ratios of the absorption coefficients of the bound to free carbonyl resonances, X (= αb/αf). The X values were determined from linear regressions of the ratios of the free to bound carbonyl intensities as a function of the amounts of adsorbed polymer, Mt. The bound fractions, p, were observed to decrease with increase in adsorbed amounts and with increase in the lengths of the side chains of the methacrylate polymers, except for poly(lauryl methacrylate) (PLMA). PLMA has a very low glass transition temperature (Tg) and is likely rubbery on the surface, whereas the other polymers are likely glassy at ambient temperature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1911–1918, 2010
Automated ‘X‐Y’ robot for peptide synthesis with microwave heating: application to difficult peptide sequences and protein domains
Authors: Malik Leila , Tofteng A. Pernille , Pedersen Søren L. , Sørensen Kasper K. , Jensen Knud J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrecise microwave heating has emerged as a valuable method to aid solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). New methods and reliable protocols, as well as their embodiment in automated instruments, are required to fully use this potential. Here we describe a new automated robotic instrument for SPPS with microwave heating, report protocols for its reliable use and report the application to the synthesis of long sequences, including the β‐amyloid 1‐42 peptide. The instrument is built around a valve‐free robot originally developed for parallel peptide synthesis, where the robotic arm transports reagents instead of pumping reagents via valves. This is the first example of an ‘X‐Y’ robotic microwave‐assisted synthesizer developed for the assembly of long peptides. Although the instrument maintains its capability for parallel synthesis at room temperature, in this paper, we focus on sequential peptide synthesis with microwave heating. With this valve‐free instrument and the protocols developed for its use, fast and efficient syntheses of long and difficult peptide sequences were achieved. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase II monitoring of multivariate multiple linear regression profiles
Authors: Eyvazian M. , Noorossana R. , Saghaei Abbas , Amiri Amirhossein 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn certain cases, the quality of a process or a product can be effectively characterized by two or more multiple linear regression profiles in which response variables are correlated. This structure can be modeled as multivariate multiple linear regression profiles. When linear profiles are monitored separately, then correlation between response variables is ignored and misleading results could be expected. To overcome this problem, the use of methods that consider the multivariate structure between response variables is inevitable. In this paper, we propose four methods to monitor this structure in Phase II. The performance of the methods is compared through simulation studies in terms of the average run length criterion. Furthermore, a method based on likelihood ratio approach is developed to determine the location of shifts and a numerical simulation is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Finally, the use of the methods is illustrated by a numerical example. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal process adjustment by integrating production data and design of experiments
Authors: Li Jing , Xie Hairong , Jin Jionghua 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes a method to improve the process model estimation based on limited experimental data by making use of abundant production data and to achieve the optimal process adjustment based on the improved process model. The proposed method is called an Estimation‐adjustment (EA) method. Furthermore, this paper proves three properties associated with the EA, which guarantee the feasibility and effectiveness of using EA for integrating production and experimental data for optimal process adjustment. Also, the paper develops a sequential hypothesis testing procedure for implementing the EA. The properties and implementation of the EA are demonstrated in a cotton spinning process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the treatment of singularities of the Watson Hamiltonian for nonlinear molecules
Authors: Scivetti Iván , Kohanoff Jorge , Gidopoulos Nikitas I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe applicability of the Watson Hamiltonian for the description of nonlinear molecules—especially triatomic ones—has always been questioned, as the Jacobian of the transformation that leads to the Watson Hamiltonian, vanishes at the linear configuration. This results in singular behavior of the Watson Hamiltonian, giving rise to serious numerical problems in the computation of vibrational spectra, with unphysical, spurious vibrational states appearing among the physical vibrations, especially in the region of highly excited states. In this work, we analyze the problem and propose a simple way to confine the nuclear wavefunction in such a way that the spurious solutions are eliminated. We study the water molecule and observe an improvement compared with previous results. We also apply the method to the van der Walls molecule XeHe2. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Fighting botnets with economic uncertainty
Authors: Li Zhen , Liao Qi , Blaich Andrew , Striegel Aaron 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBotnets have become an increasing security concern in today's Internet. Since current technological defenses against botnets have failed to produce results, it has become necessary to think about different strategies. Given that money is perhaps the single determining force driving the growth in botnet attacks, we propose an interesting economic approach to take away the root cause of botnet, i.e., the financial incentives. In this paper, we model botnet‐related cyber crimes as a result of profit‐maximizing decision‐making optimization problem from the perspective of botmasters. By introducing theuncertaintylevel created by thevirtual bots, we make determining the optimal botnet size infeasible for the botnet operators, and consequently the botnet profitability can fall dramatically. The theoretical model presented here has a large potential to fight off botnet‐related attacks of varying revenue patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal experimental design
Authors: Fedorov Valerii 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAfter a short historical introduction, the properties and numerical methods are the focal point of discussion. Construction of discrete and adaptive designs demand more extended exposition and are beyond the scope of this article but the information about the corresponding publications is provided. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Statistical Models > Linear ModelsStatistical Models > Classification Models
mRNA 3′ end processing and more—multiple functions of mammalian cleavage factor I‐68
Authors: Ruepp Marc‐David , Schümperli Daniel , Barabino Silvia M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe formation of defined 3′ ends is an important step in the biogenesis of mRNAs. In eukaryotic cells, all mRNA 3′ ends are generated by endonucleolytic cleavage of primary transcripts in reactions that are essentially posttranscriptional. Nevertheless, 3′ end formation is tightly connected to transcription in vivo, and a link with mRNA export to the cytoplasm has been postulated. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge about the two types of mRNA 3′ end processing reactions, cleavage/polyadenylation and histone RNA processing. We then focus on factors shared between these two reactions. In particular, we discuss evidence for new functions of the mammalian cleavage factor I subunit CF Im68 in histone RNA 3′ processing and in the export of mature mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. WIREs RNA 2011 2 79–91 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.35This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
RNA Export and Localization > Nuclear Export/Import