bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric nursing as ‘different’ care: experience of Iranian mental health nurses in inpatient psychiatric wards
Authors: ZAREA K. , NIKBAKHT‐NASRABADI A. , ABBASZADEH A. , MOHAMMADPOUR A. 
Published: March 2012

Accessible summary
Mental health nurses are engaged with mentally ill patients; therefore, they often experience struggles in controlling those who are problematic, and are concerned with the safety and basic needs of all their patients.
There is an altruistic perspective among Iranian psychiatric nurses, who incorporate the love of humanity to grow closer to God.
A competent psychiatric nurse is a nurse who has reached a level of self‐control, is intuitive and self‐aware, and holds a holistic perspective of patients.
Nurses are challenged by specific issues and difficulties that are rooted in social, cultural and organizational properties.
AbstractPatients with mental illness require unique and specific care. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of nurses, who provide such care for mentally ill people, within the context of Iranian culture. This hermeneutic phenomenological study was carried out in a university‐affiliated hospital in an urban area of Iran. We interviewed 10 mental health nurses to capture in detail their experiences in psychiatric units, and the approach developed by Diekelmann et al. was employed to analyse the data. Four themes and five sub‐themes were identified: ‘being engaged with patients’ (sub‐themes: ‘struggle for monitor/control’, ‘safety/security concerns’, ‘supporting physiological and emotional needs’), ‘being competent’, ‘altruistic care’ and ‘facing difficulties and challenges’ (sub‐themes: ‘socio‐cultural’ and ‘organizational challenges’). The results provide valuable insights and greater understanding of the professional experiences of psychiatric nurses in Iran, and indicate the need for a stable and responsible organizational structure for those nurses who are expected to manage patient care in psychiatric wards.
The patient's view of quality in psychiatric outpatient care
Authors: LUNDQVIST L.‐O. , AHLSTRÖM G. , WILDE‐LARSSON B. , SCHRÖDER A. 
Published: March 2012

Accessible summary
This paper describes Swedish outpatients' perception of the quality of psychiatric care they received. A large number of patients (1340) from 15 outpatient clinics participated in the study.
A newly developed and tested questionnaire, the Quality in Psychiatric Care – Out‐Patient, was used.
The patients' highest ratings were for Encounter (staff–patient interaction), the lowest were for Discharge. Most notably, quality of care was rated higher by women, older people, those with a partner, those with a lower educational level and those who were gainfully employed. In relation to the visit to the clinic, higher quality of care was associated with shorter waiting time, better information and meeting with fewer professions. Older people and those gainfully employed reported better mental health. The longer the waiting time and the greater the number of professions met, the poorer mental health was reported.
The conclusion was that although a majority of the patients rated the quality of outpatient care as high, aspects of it remain unsatisfactory. The Quality in Psychiatric Care – Out‐Patient offers an easy way to assess patients' perception of the quality of care they receive as an outpatient and has a useful role to play in quality‐assurance evaluations.
AbstractThe influence of demographic characteristics on patients' ratings of the quality of psychiatric outpatient care has been given little attention in research. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the quality of psychiatric care among outpatients and investigate demographic and clinical factors associated with the way in which this quality is perceived. A sample of 1340 outpatients from 15 general adult psychiatric clinics in Sweden completed the Quality in Psychiatric Care – Out‐Patient (QPC–OP), with a response rate of 71%. The patients' highest ratings were for Encounter; the lowest were for Discharge. Most notably, quality of care was rated higher by women, older people, those with a partner, those with a lower educational level and those who were gainfully employed. In regard to visits to the clinic, higher quality of care was associated with shorter waiting time, better information and fewer professions encounters. Older people and those gainfully employed reported better mental health. Thus the QPC–OP was associated with both demographic and clinical factors. In particular, ‘wanting to come back to the clinic’ was the single strongest predictor of quality.
The plant defensin RsAFP2 induces cell wall stress, septin mislocalization and accumulation of ceramides in Candida albicans
Authors: Thevissen Karin , de Mello Tavares Patricia , Xu Deming , Blankenship Jill , Vandenbosch Davy , Idkowiak‐Baldys Jolanta , Govaert Gilmer , Bink Anna , Rozental Sonia , de Groot Piet W. J. , Davis Talya R. , Kumamoto Carol A. , Vargas Gabriele , Nimrichter Leonardo , Coenye Tom , Mitchell Aaron , Roemer Terry , Hannun Yusuf A. , Cammue Bruno P. A. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe antifungal plant defensin RsAFP2 isolated from radish interacts with fungal glucosylceramides and induces apoptosis in Candida albicans. To further unravel the mechanism of RsAFP2 antifungal action and tolerance mechanisms, we screened a library of 2868 heterozygous C. albicans deletion mutants and identified 30 RsAFP2‐hypersensitive mutants. The most prominent group of RsAFP2 tolerance genes was involved in cell wall integrity and hyphal growth/septin ring formation. Consistent with these genetic data, we demonstrated that RsAFP2 interacts with the cell wall of C. albicans, which also contains glucosylceramides, and activates the cell wall integrity pathway. Moreover, we found that RsAFP2 induces mislocalization of septins and blocks the yeast‐to‐hypha transition in C. albicans. Increased ceramide levels have previously been shown to result in apoptosis and septin mislocalization. Therefore, ceramide levels in C. albicans membranes were analysed following RsAFP2 treatment and, as expected, increased accumulation of phytoC24‐ceramides in membranes of RsAFP2‐treated C. albicans cells was detected. This is the first report on the interaction of a plant defensin with glucosylceramides in the fungal cell wall, causing cell wall stress, and on the effects of a defensin on septin localization and ceramide accumulation.
Prevalence and associated psychosocial factors of increased hand hygiene practice during the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic: findings and prevention implications from a national survey in Taiwan
Authors: Miao Yen‐Yu , Huang Jiun‐Hau 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjective  To investigate increased hand hygiene practice in response to the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) and its associated psychosocial factors in the Taiwanese general population.Methods  A national telephone survey using random digit dialing was conducted on October 28–30, 2009 in Taiwan, resulting in a final sample of 1079 participants aged 15 or older.Results  Seventy‐seven per cent reported that they increased hand hygiene practice during the pH1N1 epidemic. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that increased hand hygiene practice was associated with health beliefs that pH1N1 was more transmissible than avian influenza (OR = 1.42); that pH1N1 was slightly more severe in Taiwan compared with other countries (OR = 1.59); that handwashing was very effective in preventing pH1N1 (OR = 3.12), and that handwashing after contact with possibly pH1N1‐contaminated objects/surfaces was not very difficult (OR = 2.14) or not difficult at all (OR = 2.49).Conclusions  These findings suggest that future campaigns to promote preventive health behaviour in the public should consider communicating evidence‐based information concerning the effectiveness of the recommended preventive behaviour, comparing the emerging epidemic with prior local outbreaks, and not overplaying the seriousness of the disease with fear tactics.
Altered expression of melanocortin‐1 receptor (MC1R) in a yellow‐coloured wild raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)
Authors: Han Jae‐Ik , Yang Hyun , Jeung Eui‐Bae , Na Ki‐Jeong 
Published: March 2012

Background –  The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene plays a key role in determining coat colour in mammals by controlling the proportion of eumelanin and pheomelanin granules. Wild raccoon dogs have a mixed coat colour, with black to brown and grey hairs.Hypothesis/Objectives –  The study was performed to identify the cause of the variant yellow coat colour in a wild raccoon dog.Animals –  A wild raccoon dog that showed coat colour change to yellow and four wild‐type raccoon dogs that showed normal coat colour were included.Methods –  To identify the cause of the variant yellow coat colour, we examined the sequence of the MC1R gene and its expression at the mRNA and protein levels.Results –  The coding region of the MC1R gene of this raccoon dog comprised 954 bp, the same as for wild‐type raccoon dogs and domestic dogs. By comparing the gene with that in the wild‐type raccoon dog, a 2 bp deletion was detected in the 5′‐untranslated region, positioned 152 bp upstream of the start codon. However, there was no significant difference in the mRNA expression level. The yellow raccoon dog revealed a significantly decreased MC1R protein level compared with the wild‐type raccoon dogs, indicating an increase in pheomelanin synthesis.Conclusions and clinical importance –  These results suggest that the variant coat colour in the yellow raccoon dog was associated with decreased MC1R function.
Desflurane‐induced and ischaemic postconditioning against myocardial infarction are mediated by Pim‐1 kinase
Authors: STUMPNER J. , SMUL T. M. , REDEL A. , HILZ T. , TISCHER‐ZEITZ T. , EISENBARTH H. , SCHICK M. A. , KEHL F. , ROEWER N. , LANGE M. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundAnaesthetic‐induced (APOST) and ischaemic postconditioning (IPOST) against myocardial infarction are mediated via phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase/Akt. Pim‐1 kinase is acting downstream of Akt and has recently been demonstrated to enhance cardiomyocyte survival. We tested the hypothesis that both APOST and IPOST are mediated by Pim‐1 kinase.MethodsPentobarbital‐anaesthetized male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 45‐min coronary artery occlusion (CAO) and 3‐h reperfusion. Animals received either no intervention, the Pim‐1 kinase inhibitor II (10 μg/g intraperitoneally) or its vehicle dimethy sulfoxide (10 μl/g intraperitoneally). Three minutes prior to the end of CAO, 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration desflurane was administered for 18 min alone or in combination with Pim‐1 kinase inhibitor II. IPOST was induced by three cycles of each 10‐s ischaemia/reperfusion, and animals received either IPOST alone or in combination with Pim‐1 kinase inhibitor II. Infarct size was determined with triphenyltetrazolium chloride and area at risk with Evans blue. Protein expression of Pim‐1 kinase, Bad, phospho‐BadSer112 and B‐cell lymphoma 2 was determined using Western immunoblotting analysis.ResultsInfarct size in control animals (CON) was 46 ± 3%. Dimethylsulfoxide (47 ± 3%) and Pim‐1 kinase inhibitor II (44 ± 5%) did not significantly reduce infarct size. Desflurane (16 ± 2%*; *P < 0.05 vs. CON) and IPOST (21 ± 2%*) significantly reduced infarct size compared with CON. Inhibition of Pim‐1 kinase abolished desflurane‐induced postconditioning (46 ± 4%) and IPOST (44 ± 5%). Western blot analysis revealed that only desflurane enhances phosphorylation of Bad at serine 112 that was abrogated by Pim‐1 kinase inhibitor II.ConclusionThese data suggest that Pim‐1 kinase mediates both desflurane‐induced postconditioning and IPOST in mice.
Post‐Natal Growth in the Rat Pineal Gland: A Stereological Study
Authors: Erbagci H. , Kizilkan N. , Ozbag D. , Erkilic S. , Kervancioglu P. , Canan S. , Gumusburun E. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe purpose was to observe the changes in a rat pineal gland using stereological techniques during lactation and post‐weaning periods. Thirty Wistar albino rats were studied during different post‐natal periods using light microscopy. Pineal gland volume was estimated using the Cavalieri Method. Additionally, the total number of pinealocytes was estimated using the optical fractionator technique. Pineal gland volume displayed statistically significant changes between lactation and after weaning periods. A significant increase in pineal gland volume was observed from post‐natal day 10 to post‐natal day 90. The numerical density of pinealocytes became stabilized during lactation and decreased rapidly after weaning. However, the total number of pinealocytes continuously increased during post‐natal life of all rats in the study. However, this increment was not statistically significant when comparing the lactation and after weaning periods. The increase in post‐natal pineal gland volume may depend on increment of immunoreactive fibres, capsule thickness or new synaptic bodies.
Meta‐analysis of the relationship between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and end‐stage renal disease in patients with diabetic nephropathy
Authors: YU ZE‐YAN , CHEN LI‐SHENG , ZHANG LEI‐CHANG , ZHOU TIAN‐BIAO 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTAims:  Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major cause for end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and the pathogenesis for DN developing into ESRD is not clear at present. Results from published studies on the relationship between angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphism and ESRD risk in DN patients are still conflicting. This meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the association between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and ESRD risk in DN patients.Methods:  Association studies were identified from the databases of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library on 1 October 2011, and eligible investigations were identified and synthesized using the meta‐analysis method. Results were expressed using odds ratios (OR) for dichotomous data and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated.Results:  Twelve studies reporting the relation between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and ESRD risk in DN patients were identified. In overall populations, there was a notable association between D allele or DD genotype and ESRD susceptibility (D: OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11–1.56, P = 0.002; DD: OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.25–2.21, P = 0.0004). In the sub‐group analysis according to ethnicity, D allele or DD genotype was associated with ESRD risk in Asians. In Caucasians, the association of DD genotype with ESRD risk was observed, but the D allele was not. Furthermore, ACE I/D gene polymorphism was associated with ESRD risk in patients with DN due to diabetes mellitus type 2, but the association was not found for patients with DN due to diabetes mellitus type‐1.Conclusions:  Our results indicate that D allele or DD homozygous is associated with the ESRD susceptibility in DN patients. However, more investigations are required to further this association.
Timing of gazes in child dialogues: a time‐course analysis of requests and back channelling in referential communication
Authors: Sandgren Olof , Andersson Richard , Weijer Joost van de , Hansson Kristina , Sahlén Birgitta 
Published: March 2012

Abstract  Background: This study investigates gaze behaviour in child dialogues. In earlier studies the authors have investigated the use of requests for clarification and responses in order to study the co‐creation of understanding in a referential communication task. By adding eye tracking, this line of research is now expanded to include non‐verbal contributions in conversation.Aims: To investigate the timing of gazes in face‐to‐face interaction and to relate the gaze behaviour to the use of requests for clarification.Methods & Procedures: Eight conversational pairs of typically developing 10–15 year olds participated. The pairs (director and executor) performed a referential communication task requiring the description of faces. During the dialogues both participants wore head‐mounted eye trackers. All gazes were recorded and categorized according to the area fixated (Task, Face, Off). The verbal context for all instances of gaze at the partner's face was identified and categorized using time‐course analysis.Outcomes & Results: The results showed that the executor spends almost 90% of the time fixating the gaze on the task, 10% on the director's face and less than 0.5% elsewhere. Turn shift, primarily requests for clarification, and back channelling significantly predicted the executors’ gaze to the face of the task director. The distribution of types of requests showed that requests for previously unmentioned information were significantly more likely to be associated with gaze at the director.Conclusions & Implications: The study shows that the executors’ gaze at the director accompanies important dynamic shifts in the dialogue. The association with requests for clarification indicates that gaze at the director can be used to monitor the response with two modalities. Furthermore, the significantly higher association with requests for previously unmentioned information indicates that gaze may be used to emphasize the verbal content. The results will be used as a reference for studies of gaze behaviour in clinical populations with hearing and language impairments.
The cost of policy simplification in conservation incentive programs
Authors: Armsworth Paul R. , Acs Szvetlana , Dallimer Martin , Gaston Kevin J. , Hanley Nick , Wilson Paul 
Published: March 2012

Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 406–414AbstractIncentive payments to private landowners provide a common strategy to conserve biodiversity and enhance the supply of goods and services from ecosystems. To deliver cost‐effective improvements in biodiversity, payment schemes must trade‐off inefficiencies that result from over‐simplified policies with the administrative burden of implementing more complex incentive designs. We examine the effectiveness of different payment schemes using field parameterized, ecological economic models of extensive grazing farms. We focus on profit maximising farm management plans and use bird species as a policy‐relevant indicator of biodiversity. Common policy simplifications result in a 49–100% loss in biodiversity benefits depending on the conservation target chosen. Failure to differentiate prices for conservation improvements in space is particularly problematic. Additional implementation costs that accompany more complicated policies are worth bearing even when these constitute a substantial proportion (70% or more) of the payments that would otherwise have been given to farmers.
Creating the socially marginalised youth smoker: the role of tobacco control
Authors: Frohlich Katherine L. , Mykhalovskiy Eric , Poland Blake D. , Haines‐Saah Rebecca , Johnson Joy 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe discuss how the tobacco control discourse on youth smoking in Canada appears to be producing and constituting socially marginalised smokers. We analyse material from a study on social inequalities in Canadian youth smoking. Individual interviews were conducted in 2007 and 2008 with tobacco control practitioners specialising in youth smoking prevention in British Columbia and Quebec. We found that the discourse on youth smoking is creating a set of divisive practices, separating youths who have a capacity for self‐control from those who do not, youths who are able to make responsible decisions from those who are not – with these distinctions often framed as a function of social class. Youths who smoke were not described simply as persons who smoke cigarettes but as individuals who, through their economic and social marginalisation, are biologically fated and behaviourally inclined to be smokers. This ‘smokers’ risk’ discourse obscures the social structural conditions under which people smoke and reproduces the biological and behavioural reductionism of biomedicine. The collision of risk and class in the discourse on poor youth who smoke may not only be doubly burdening but may intensify social inequalities in youth smoking by forming subcultures of resistance and risk‐taking.
Consent to Neoliberal Hegemony through Coercive Urban Environmental Governance
Authors: PERKINS HAROLD A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMilwaukee County, Wisconsin was renowned for its investment in 6,000 hectares of public parks. However, park system budgets were slashed, its unionized work force diminished and its infrastructure required hundreds of millions of dollars in repairs. How did this transition occur? This article uses Antonio Gramsci's work on the integral state to argue capital interests and middle‐class property owners are ideologically opposed to raising taxes to pay for government services. This coalition elected a County Executive who had their consent to carry out a fiscally austere agenda. The County parks employee union resisted this action; therefore the County Executive used layoffs to publicly coerce the remaining parks employees to capitulate to wage and benefit reductions. The Parks Director, acting as the ethical state's intellectual, in turn built civil sector capacity for market‐based environmental governance to justify fewer paid employees. Residents who value their neighborhood parks consent to volunteer in them for fear they may be lost entirely. Volunteering, however, plays into coercive market‐based logic that further reduces the need for unionized employees. These strategies result in the maintenance of a few spectacular parks while many others deteriorate.RésuméLe comté de Milwaukee dans le Wisconsin, connu pour avoir investi dans 6000 hectares de parcs publics, a vu les budgets de son maillage vert (Park System) amputés, sa main‐d'œuvre syndiquée réduite, et son infrastructure réclamer des centaines de millions de dollars de réparations. Comment décrire cette évolution? À partir du travail d'Antonio Gramsci sur ‘l'État intégral’, on peut avancer que les intérêts du capital et les propriétaires des classes moyennes sont idéologiquement opposés à toute augmentation de taxes pour financer des services publics. Cette coalition a élu un chef de l'exécutif du comté sur la promesse d'un plan d'austérité fiscale. Face à la résistance du syndicat des employés des parcs, il a eu recours à des licenciements pour contraindre les autres employés des parcs à accepter un recul de leurs salaires et avantages. Le directeur des Parcs, en intellectuel de l'État de droit, a alors bâti une capacité civique en matière de gouvernance environnementale axée sur le marché pour justifier les réductions de personnel rémunéré. Les habitants, attachés aux parcs de leur quartier, ont consenti à y travailler gratuitement par crainte de les voir disparaître. Ce bénévolat entre dans une logique de marché coercitive qui réduit encore le besoin en employés syndiqués. En fin de compte, quelques parcs impressionnants sont préservés, mais beaucoup d'autres dégénèrent.