bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of in situ polymerization conditions of methyl methacrylate on the structural and morphological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(acrylonitrile‐g‐(ethylene‐co‐propylene‐co‐diene)‐g‐styrene) PMMA/AES Blends
Authors: de Carvalho Fabiana Pires , Gonçalves Maria do Carmo , Felisberti Maria Isabel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this study, the structural and morphological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(acrylonitrile‐g‐(ethylene‐co‐propylene‐co‐diene‐g‐styrene) (PMMA‐AES) blends were investigated with emphasis on the influence of the in situ polymerization conditions of methyl methacrylate. PMMA‐AES blends were obtained by in situ polymerization, varying the solvent (chloroform or toluene) and polymerization conditions: method A—no stirring and air atmosphere; method B—stirring and N2 atmosphere. The blends were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that the PMMA‐AES blends are immiscible and present complex morphologies. This morphology shows an elastomeric dispersed phase in a glassy matrix, with inclusion of the matrix in the elastomer domains, suggesting core shell or salami morphology. The occlusion of the glassy phase within the elastomeric domains can be due to the formation of graft copolymer and/or phase inversion during polymerization. However, this morphology is affected by the polymerization conditions (stirring and air or N2 atmosphere) and by the solvent used. The selective extraction of the blends' components and infrared spectroscopy showed that crosslinked and/or grafting reactions occur on the elastomer chains during MMA polymerization. The glass transition of the elastomer phase is influenced by morphology, crosslinking, and grafting degree and, therefore, Tg depends on the polymerization conditions. On the other hand, the behavior of Tg of the glassy phase with blend composition suggests miscibility or partial miscibility for the SAN phase of AES and PMMA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Fabrication and characterization of homogeneous composites of polypropylene and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Jeon Jong‐Hwan , Lee Seung‐Hwa , Lim Jung‐Hyurk , Kim Kyung‐Min 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe polypropylene‐grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PP‐MWCNTs) were produced from the reaction of PP containing the hydroxyl groups and MWCNTs having 2‐bromoisobutyryl groups. The PP‐MWCNTs had a significantly rougher surface than the original MWCNTs. PP‐MWCNTs had PP layers of thickness 10–15 nm on the outer walls of the MWCNTs. PP/PP‐MWCNT composites and PP/MWCNT composites were prepared by solution mixing in o‐xylene. Unlike PP/MWCNT composites, PP‐MWCNTs were homogeneously dispersed in the PP matrix. As a consequence, the thermal stability and conductivity of PP/PP‐MWCNT composites were dramatically improved even if only 1 wt % of PP‐MWNTs was added to the PP matrix. The good miscibility of PP and PP‐MWCNTs plays a critical role in the formation of the homogeneous composites and leads the high thermal stability and conductivity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Flax‐fabric‐reinforced arylated soy protein composites: Brittle‐matrix behavior
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Anandjiwala Rajesh D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBiocomposites were successfully prepared by the reinforcement of soy protein isolate (SPI) with different weight fractions of woven flax fabric. The flax‐fabric‐reinforced SPI‐based composites were then arylated with 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐hydroxyethanoic acid (DPHEAc) for 4 h to obtain arylated biocomposites. A new method was proposed to determine the amount of carbon dioxide evolved during the arylation of the soy protein in the presence of DPHEAc. Characterizations of the arylated and nonarylated biocomposites were done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results indicate that the arylated soy‐protein‐based composites exhibited mechanical behavior like brittle‐matrix composites, which differentiated them from nonarylated soy‐protein‐based composites, which showed mechanical behavior similar to polymer–matrix composites. In the arylated composites, there was clear evidence of a stick–slip mechanism, which perhaps dominated and, therefore, prevented easy deformation of the reinforced film. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed cracks in the arylated soy protein composites when they were subjected to tensile tests. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Auswirkungen aus dem neuen Verkehrslastmodell nach DIN EN 1991‐2/NA bei Betonbrücken
Authors: Maurer Reinhard , Arnold Andreas , Müller Matthias 
Published: November 2011

AbstractStahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonbrücken werden derzeit in Deutschland auf Grundlage der DIN‐Fachberichte 101 “Einwirkungen auf Brücken” und 102 “Betonbrücken” berechnet, bemessen und konstruiert. Bereits in naher Zukunft werden diese Regelwerke durch die europäischen EN Normen mit den zugehörigen nationalen Anhängen abgelöst. Im Rahmen dieser Umstellung wird das Lastmodell nach DIN EN 1991‐2/NA für die Verkehrslasten von Straßenbrücken eingeführt. Nachfolgend werden die Auswirkungen auf die Bemessung von Betonbrücken aus dem neuen Lastmodell für Verkehrslasten aufgezeigt, bei dem die Lasten gegenüber dem bisherigen Lastmodell 1 nach DIN‐Fachbericht 101 deutlich angehoben sind.Effects from the new load‐model according to DIN EN 1991‐2/NA on the design of concrete bridgesGerman concrete bridges are currently designed and detailed on the basis of DIN‐Fachbericht 101 “actions on bridges” and DIN‐Fachbericht 102 “concrete bridges”. In near future concrete bridges will be designed and detailed according to the European EN standards. At the same time a new load model with increased traffic loads according to DIN EN 1991‐2/NA will be used. In the following the influences from the new load model on the design of concrete bridges are demonstrated.
Fügung schlanker Bauteile
Authors: Sobek Werner , Mittelstädt Jan , Kobler Martin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDie Minimierung des Ressourcenverbrauchs von Betonbauteilen ist ein wichtiger Schritt hin zu einem nachhaltigen Bauwesen. Die Reduktion des Massenverbrauchs durch Anwendung neuartiger High‐Tech‐Materialien erfordert hierbei gleichsam die Entwicklung von Konstruktionsweisen, die die Aspekte eines recyclingfähigen Konstruierens in den Vordergrund stellen. Die Verwendung von ultrahochfestem Beton (UHPC) ermöglicht durch seine materiellen Eigenschaften die Herstellung von vorgefertigten, dünnwandigen und gestalterisch ansprechenden Bauteilen. Anforderungen an das Fügen und Verbinden solcher Bauteile auf der Baustelle treten hinsichtlich der Montage, Demontage, des Recyclings sowie der Fugenzugänglichkeit und des Toleranzausgleichs auf. Die Autoren präsentieren – unter Berücksichtigung der zuvor genannten Anforderungen – eine Füge‐ und Verbindungstechnik für vorgefertigte, dünnwandige Bauteile aus ultrahochfestem Faserfeinkornbeton (UHFFB) mittels Implantaten. Die Entwicklung der Implantate, erste experimentelle Untersuchungen sowie eine Übersicht der generellen Anforderungen an das recyclinggerechte Konstruieren werden im Kontext des ressourcenschonenden Bauens und Konstruierens dargestellt.Joining of thin walled elements. Investigations on the introduction of compressive forces by the use of implantsReducing the environmental impact of concrete structures is a significant step for a sustainable building industry. Mass reduction due to an application of high‐tech material combined with a focus on design for recyclability of structural elements requires the development of new construction methods. The use of Ultra‐ High‐Performance Concrete (UHPC) with its advantageous properties allows for the construction of thin walled, prefabricated elements and aesthetically pleasant structures. Requirements for the assembly, disassembly and therefore recyclability as well as the compensation of tolerances and the accessibility of the gap between joined structural elements have to be taken into account for joining prefabricated elements on site. The authors present a construction method under consideration of the aforementioned requirements for joining thin, prefabricated elements made of Ultra‐High‐Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) by the use of implants. The implant development, first results of experimental investigations and a general outline on the design for assembly and disassembly will be given in the context of recyclable and sustainable structures.
Early intraperitoneal metabolic changes and protease activation as indicators of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Ansorge C , Regner S , Segersvärd R , Strömmer L 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Ischaemia and local protease activation close to the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis (PJA) are potential mechanisms of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) formation. To provide information on the pathophysiology of POPF, intraperitoneal microdialysis was used to monitor metabolic changes and protease activation close to the PJA after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).

Methods
In patients who underwent PD, intraperitoneal metabolites (glycerol, lactate, pyruvate and glucose) were measured by microdialysis, and lactate and glucose in blood were monitored, every 4 h for 5 days, starting at 12.00 hours on the day after surgery. Trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) was measured in microdialysates as a marker of protease activation.

Results
Intraperitoneal glycerol levels and the ratio of lactate to pyruvate were higher after PD and glucose levels were lower in seven patients who later developed symptomatic POPF than in eight patients with other surgical complications (OSC) and 33 with no surgical complications (NSC) (all P &lt; 0·050). TAP was detected at a concentration greater than 0·1 µg/l in six of seven patients with POPF, two of eight with OSC and two of 33 with NSC. Intraperitoneal lactate concentrations were higher than systemic levels in all patients on days 1 to 5 after surgery (P &lt; 0·001). In patients with POPF, high intraperitoneal lactate concentrations were observed without systemic hyperlactataemia.

Conclusion
Early in the postoperative phase, patients who later developed clinically significant POPF had higher intraperitoneal glycerol concentrations and lactate/pyruvate ratios, and lower glucose concentrations in combination with a TAP level exceeding 0·1 µg/l close to the PJA, than patients who did not develop POPF. Copyright © 2011 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerosol Emissions from Outdoor Firework Displays
Authors: Dutschke A. , Lohrer C. , Kurth L. , Seeger S. , Barthel M. , Panne U. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe results of investigations on the emission of particulate matter from three outdoor firework displays are presented. During these events, possibly harmful and toxic aerosol emissions were measured. Aerosols in the size range from 30 to 450 nm were detected. The maxima in the observed particle size distribution were between 80 and 175 nm, and the highest value determined was ∼1.3 · 106 particles per cm3, while the highest mass concentration was approximately 1.8 mg m–3. The time‐averaged particle mass concentration did, however, not exceed 0.7 mg m–3 (over 15 min).
Optimal Designs of Multiple Dividing Wall Columns
Authors: Gómez‐Castro F. I. , Rodríguez‐Ángeles M. A. , Segovia‐Hernández J. G. , Gutiérrez‐Antonio C. , Briones‐Ramírez A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSince the optimal design of dividing wall columns (DWC) is a highly nonlinear and multivariable problem, an appropriate solving tool is required. In this paper a multi‐objective genetic algorithm with restrictions is considered to design columns with dividing walls. Also, a methodology is proposed for sizing the DWC. The proposed design methodology allows achieving appropriate designs for columns with two dividing walls. As expected, the physical structures that allow the use of one or two dividing walls are not so different from each other and, as a consequence, the difference in the total annual costs for both systems depends mainly on the energy requirements.
Hybrid Technologies for the Remediation of Diesel Fuel Polluted Soil
Authors: Pazos M. , Alcántara M. T. , Rosales E. , Sanromán M. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDiesel fuel may be released into soil due to anthropogenic activities, such as accidental spills or leaks in underground storage tanks or pipelines. Since diesel fuel is mainly composed of hydrophobic organic compounds, it has low water solubility. Therefore, treating contaminated areas with conventional techniques is difficult. In this study, electrokinetic treatment of soil contaminated with diesel fuel was carried out. Two different hybrid approaches to pollutant removal were tested. A surfactant was used as a processing fluid during electrokinetic treatment to increase desorption and the solubility of diesel fuel. Additionally, a hybrid technology combining a Fenton reaction and electrokinetic remediation (EK‐Fenton) was tested in an attempt to generate favorable in situ degradation of pollutants. The efficiency of each treatment was determined based on diesel fuel removal. After 30 days of treatment, the highest removal of diesel fuel was found to be achieved with the EK‐Fenton process.
Optimum Coagulant from Acacia mearnsii de Wild for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Sánchez‐Martín J. , Beltrán‐Heredia J. , Dávila‐Acedo M. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA novel coagulant agent from Acacia mearnsii de Wild tannin extract was characterized for removal of the anthraquinonic colorant Alizarin Violet 3R and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. This coagulant is the result of a previous optimization study. The influence of operative variables such as temperature, coagulant dosage, initial pollutant content, and pH was investigated. The new coagulant demonstrates a high affinity for dye and surfactant and is efficient within a wide range of working conditions. While the temperature does not affect the coagulant ability, an acidic pH seems to increase the contaminant removal from aqueous solutions. Implementation in a pilot plant confirms the feasibility of this coagulant not only at lab scale, but also at higher level.
Modeling of Gas‐Particle Turbulent Flow in Spout‐Fluid Bed by Computational Fluid Dynamics with Discrete Element Method
Authors: Ren B. , Zhong W. , Jin B. , Yuan Z. , Lu Y. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGas and solid turbulent flow in a cylindrical spout‐fluid bed with conical base were investigated by incorporating various gas‐particle interaction models for two‐way coupling simulation of discrete particle dynamics. The gas flow field was computed by a k‐ϵ two‐equation turbulent model, the motion of solid particles was modeled by the discrete element method. Drag force, contact force, Saffman lift force, Magnus lift force and gravitational force acting on individual particles were considered in the mathematical models. Calculations on the cylindrical spout‐fluid bed with an inside diameter of 152 mm, a height of 700 mm, a conical base of 60° and the ratio of void area of 3.2 % were carried out. Based on the simulation, the gas‐solid flow patterns at various spouting gas velocities are presented. Besides, the changes in particle velocity, particle concentration, collision energy, particle and gas turbulent intensities at different proportions of fluidizing gas to total gas flow are discussed.
Behavior of Elongated Liquid Jets in Viscous Liquid‐Liquid‐Systems
Authors: Sellerberg M. , Walzel P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe stability of jets in elongational flow is exploited to obtain thin threads before breakup. Fine drops can be generated in suitable geometries with comparably large ducts. The examination deals with the stability of liquid threads simultaneously extended with the continuous phase in convergent flow. Breakup limits and regimes are discussed.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Deuteration of Alcohols at the β‐Carbon Position with Deuterium Oxide
Authors: Tse Sunny Kai San , Xue Peng , Lau Christy Wai Sum , Sung Herman H. Y. , Williams Ian D. , Jia Guochen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA convenient method for regioselective H/D exchange between D2O and alcohols at the β‐carbon position using the catalytic system [(p‐cymene)RuCl2]/ethanolamine/KOH is described. This method is applicable for deuteration of both primary and secondary alcohols. The H/D exchange reactions proceed through an oxidation/modification/reduction reaction sequence. Alcohols are first temporarily oxidized to carbonyl compounds by the hydrogen transfer catalyst. The carbonyl compounds then undergo deuteration at the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group by keto–enol tautomerization in the presence of D2O and a catalytic amount of base. The deuterated carbonyl compounds are then reduced to produce deuterated alcohols. In support of the reaction mechanism, a well‐defined bimetallic ruthenium complex was isolated from the reaction of [{(p‐cymene)RuCl2}2] with ethanolamine. The activity of this complex is similar to that of [{(p‐cymene)RuCl2}2]/ethanolamine.
Design, Synthesis and Characterisation of Guanosine‐Based Amphiphiles
Authors: Simeone Luca , Milano Domenico , De Napoli Lorenzo , Irace Carlo , Di Pascale Antonio , Boccalon Mariangela , Tecilla Paolo , Montesarchio Daniela 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA small library of sugar‐modified guanosine derivatives has been prepared, starting from a common intermediate, fully protected on the nucleobase. Insertion of myristoyl chains and of diverse hydrophilic groups, such as an oligoethylene glycol, an amino acid or a disaccharide chain, connected through in vivo reversible ester linkages, or of a charged functional group provided different examples of amphiphilic guanosine analogues, named G1–G7 herein. All of the sugar‐modified derivatives were positive in the potassium picrate test, showing an ability to form G‐tetrads. CD spectra demonstrated that, as dilute solutions in CHCl3, distinctive G‐quadruplex systems may be formed, with spatial organisations dependent upon the structural modifications. Two compounds, G1 and G2, proved to be good low‐molecular‐weight organogelators in polar organic solvents, such as methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile. Ion transportation experiments through phospholipid bilayers were carried out to evaluate their ability to mediate H+ transportation, with G5 showing the highest activity within the investigated series. Moreover, G3 and G5 exhibited a significant cytotoxic profile against human MCF‐7 cancer cells in in vitro bioassays.
Allylsilanes in “Tin‐free” Oximation, Alkenylation, and Allylation of Alkyl Halides
Authors: Rouquet Guy , Robert Frédéric , Méreau Raphaël , Castet Frédéric , Landais Yannick 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTin‐free oximation, vinylation, and allylation of alkyl halides have been developed by using allylsilanes as di‐tin surrogates. Initiation of the radical process with a peroxide provides the silyl radical, which can abstract a halogen from the corresponding alkyl halide. The resulting carbon‐centered radical then adds to various acceptors, including a sulfonyloxime, a vinylsulfone, and an allylsulfone, leading to formation of the desired products along with the corresponding allylsulfone resulting from the reaction of the PhSO2 radical with the allylsilane precursor. Better results were generally obtained with methallylsilane 1 b than with 1 a. This observation was rationalized by invoking the higher nucleophilicity of 1 b and the faster β‐fragmentation of the corresponding β‐silyl radical intermediate. Calculation of the energy barrier for the β‐fragmentation of a series of β‐silyl radicals at the DFT level supported this hypothesis. Finally, a second version of these oximation and vinylation reactions, based on the utilization of 3‐tris(trimethylsilyl)silylthiopropene, was devised, affording the desired oximes and olefins in reasonable yields. This strategy allowed the title reaction to be performed under milder conditions (AIBN, benzene, 80 °C), as a result of the easier β‐fragmentation of the CS bond as compared with the CSi bond.
Ionic Liquids Containing the Triply Negatively Charged Tricyanomelaminate Anion and a B(C6F5)3 Adduct Anion
Authors: Voss Karsten , Becker Martin , Villinger Alexander , Emel'yanenko Vladimir N. , Hellmann Robert , Kirchner Barbara , Uhlig Frank , Verevkin Sergey P. , Schulz Axel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRoom‐temperature ionic liquids containing the triply charged tricyanomelaminate (tcmel) ion [C3N6(CN)3]3− were synthesized. The 1‐methyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (MMIm), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (EMIm), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (BMIm) salts of the tricyanomelaminate ion have glass transition temperatures (−6, −20, and −30 °C) similar to those found for the analogous monomeric dicyanoamide salts. They are thermally stable up to over 200 °C and dissolve in polar organic solvents. Addition of B(C6F5)3 to M3[tcmel] (M=Na, MMIm, EMIm, BMIm) yields salts containing the very voluminous adduct ion [C3N6{CN⋅B(C6F5)3}3]3− (tcmel_3B). The solid‐state structure of [MMIm]3[tcmel] shows only long cation⋅⋅⋅anion contacts but in large number, while the solid‐state structure of [Na(THF)3]3[tcmel_3B]⋅1.76 THF displays strong interactions of the sodium cation with the amido nitrogen atoms of the anion. Hence this adduct anion cannot be regarded as a weakly coordinating anion. A similar situation is found for the MMIm salt, [MMIm]3[tcmel_3B]⋅ 2.66 CH2Cl2, in which weak hydrogen bonds with the acidic proton of the MMIm ion are observed. On the basis of computations the energetics, structural trends, and charge transfer of adduct anion formation were studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Optical Properties of Indium Arsenic(III) Oxide Halides: In2(As2O5)Cl2 and In4(As2O5) (As3O7)Br3.
Authors: Jiang Xiao‐Ming , Xu Zhong‐Ning , Zhao Zhong‐Yan , Guo Sheng‐Ping , Guo Guo‐Cong , Huang Jin‐Shun 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe structures of the new title compounds (IV) (triclinic, space group P$\bar 1$, Z = 2) and (VI) (P$\bar 1$, Z = 2) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionothermal Synthesis and Structure Analysis of an Open‐Framework Zirconium Phosphate with a High CO2/CH4 Adsorption Ratio.
Authors: Liu Lei , Yang Jiangfeng , Li Jinping , Dong Jinxiang , Sisak Dubravka , Luzzatto Marisa , McCluster Lynne B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe new open‐framework zirconium phosphate [(EtNH3)8(H2O)8] [Zr32P48O176F8(OH)16] with unusual 7‐ring channels is synthesized from ZrOCl2, H3PO4, and HF in a mixture of ethylammonium chloride and oxalic acid as a deep‐eutectic solvent (autoclave, 180 °C, 4 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Ca10Ge16B6O51 and Cd12Ge17B8O58: Two Types of New 3D Frameworks Based on BO4 Tetrahedra and 1D [Ge4O12]n Chains.
Authors: Xu Xiang , Hu Chun‐Li , Kong Fan , Zhang Jian‐Han , Mao Jiang‐Gao 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSingle crystals of the title compounds are prepared by solid state reaction of CaCO3 or CdCO3, GeO2, and H3BO3 (Pt crucible, 980—1080 °C, 10—20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Two Germanide Hydride Phases Grown in Calcium‐Rich Flux: Use of Interstitial Elements for Discovery of New Phases.
Authors: Lang David A. , Latturner Susan E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLiCa7Ge3H3 (I) and LiCa11Ge3OH4 (II) are prepared by the reaction of Ge and CaH2 in a Ca/Li flux (1323 K, 2 h; 50% yield for (I) and 20% yield for (II)).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Properties of Yb5Ni4Ge10.
Authors: Peter Sebastian C. , Rayaprol Sudhindra , Francisco Melanie C. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSingle crystals of the new title compound are prepared from the elements in liquid In (alumina crucible, N2, 1000 °C, 5 h; annealing at 850 °C, 48 h; <95% yield based on Yb).