bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equine laminitis: Ultrastructural lesions detected in ponies following hyperinsulinaemia
Authors: NOURIAN A. R. , ASPLIN K. E. , MCGOWAN C. M. , SILLENCE M. N. , POLLITT C. C. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Anatomical changes in the hoof lamellar tissue induced by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia have not been described previously. Analysis of the induced lesions may promote understanding of hyperinsulinaemic laminitis pathogenesis and produce clinical benefit.Objectives: To use light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to document hoof lamellar lesions in ponies clinically lame after prolonged hyperinsulinaemia.Methods: Nine clinically normal, mature ponies were allocated randomly to either a treatment group (n = 5) or control group (n = 4). The treatment group received insulin via a modified, prolonged euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique (EHCT) and were subjected to euthanasia when clinical signs of Obelgrade IIlaminitis occurred. The control group was sham treated with an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline and killed at 72 h. Lamellar tissues of the right front feet were harvested and processed for TEM.Results: Lamellae from insulin treated ponies were attenuated and elongated with many epidermal basal cells (EBC) in mitosis. Unlike carbohydrate induced laminitis in horses there was no global separation at the lamellar dermal/epidermal interface among ponies. Sporadic EBC basement membrane (BM) separation was associated with the proximity of infiltrating leucocytes. In 2 ponies, the lamellar BM was thickened. The number of hemidesmosomes/μm of BM was decreased in all insulin treated ponies.Conclusions: Prolonged hyperinsulinaemia causes unique lamellar lesions normally characteristic of acute and chronic laminitis. Lamellar proliferation may be an insulin effect through its mitogenic pathway. Aberrant lamellar mitosis may lengthen and weaken the lamellar, distal phalanx attachment apparatus and contribute to the clinical signs that developed.Potential relevance: The study shows that insulin alone, in higher than normal circulating concentrations, induces profound, changes in lamellar anatomy. Medical control of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia may ameliorate lesions and produce clinical benefit.
Development of a novel equine whole transcript oligonucleotide GeneChip microarray and its use in gene expression profiling of normal articular‐epiphyseal cartilage
Authors: GLÄSER K. E. , SUN Q. , WELLS M. T. , NIXON A. J. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: No large scale equine microarray is available commercially to allow genomic and transcriptional profiling of the majority of genes that would define the genetic basis of equine disease.Objectives: To generate a whole transcript target labelled GeneChip to interrogate the equine transcriptome and validate chip performance using RNA samples derived from organs, articular cells and normal cartilage.Methods: Equine mRNA and selected equine gene sequences derived from perfect cross‐hybridisation of equine RNA on human microarray GeneChips, were used to design a custom equine gene microarray. Sequence data were used as a template for generation of a glass‐slide based 5′‐3′ multiexon‐encompassing gene chip. The microarray was characterised using RNA derived from organs including spleen, liver, brain and kidney, and RNA from cultured chondrocytes, cartilage, synovial tissue and stem cells, employing a whole transcript target labelling assay to sample mRNA across the 5′‐3′ spectrum.Results: The custom microarray simultaneously interrogated over 12,300 equine specific genes. Probing the chip with mixtures of total RNA derived from parenchymatous organs and articular tissues resulted in 61.7 and 62.8% present calls, respectively. This gene chip provided expression information on up to 90% of the key molecules in important signalling, metabolic and development pathways. Cartilage specific matrix genes were abundantly expressed in normal articular cartilage, but surprisingly high levels of collagentypes I, III, VandXI, reflected expression from the epiphyseal layers of maturing articular epiphyseal cartilage.Conclusion: An oligonucleotide microarray with over 12,300 probe sets was generated by uniquely combining a labelling strategy incorporating expressed sequence tags from the entire transcriptome and supplementing selected human sequences that cross‐hybridised with the horse. Validation showed robust performance of the microarray.Potential relevance: This array may be a useful tool to elucidate the pathogenesis of equine diseases.
Effect of a feed/fast protocol on pH in the proximal equine stomach
Authors: HUSTED L. , SANCHEZ L. C. , BAPTISTE K. E. , OLSEN S. N. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Risk factors for the development of gastric squamous ulcers include various management procedures, such as intermittent feed deprivation that can occur during weight management regimens or stall and dry lot confinement.Objectives: To investigate the effect of intermittent feed deprivation relative to continuous feed intake on proximal intragastric pH, specifically in the region of the squamous mucosa of the lesser curvature.Methods: In 6 horses, pH electrodes were placed just inside of the oesophageal sphincter in the stomach for each of two 72 h protocols (A and B) in a randomised, cross‐over design.Protocol Aconsisted of 12 h fed, 12 h fasted, 24 h fed and 24 h fasted, in sequence.Protocol Bconsisted of 72 h fed. During the fed periods of each protocol, horses hadad libitumaccess to coastal Bermuda hay and were fed sweet feed (1 kg, b.i.d.). Horses hadad libitumaccess to water at all times.Results: Proximal intragastric pH was significantly lower duringprotocol A, than duringprotocol B.However, hourly mean pH was significantly different only during the day and evening hours between protocols. Duringprotocol B, mean proximal pH decreased significantly from 03.00 to 09.00 compared to 19.00 to 23.00 h. A moderate positive correlation of hay intake vs. proximal gastric pH could be established.Conclusions: Intermittent feed deprivation decreased proximal gastric pH in horses relative to those horses for which feed was not restricted. However, the effect was only significant when fasting occurred during the day and evening hours, as a nocturnal decrease in pH occurred simultaneously in the fed horses.Potential relevance: Episodes of daytime feed deprivation should be avoided if possible, as proximal gastric acid exposure rapidly increases during such events.
Long‐term prognosis of gastrojejunostomy in foals with gastric outflow obstruction: 16 cases (2001–2006)
Authors: COLEMAN M. C. , SLOVIS N. M. , HUNT R. J. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: It has been suggested that the success of gastric bypass surgery in foals for the treatment of gastric outflow obstruction is poor. However, few reports exist evaluating the long‐term prognosis of these cases.Objectives: To determine the long‐term success of foals, including racing records, surgically treated for gastric outflow obstruction secondary to gastroduodenal ulceration.Methods: Medical records of foals undergoing surgical treatment of gastric outflow obstruction secondary to gastroduodenal ulceration were evaluated for clinical information. Owners, trainers and race records were evaluated regarding long‐term survival and racing success.Results and conclusions: Sixteen foals were included in the study, all treated with a gastrojejunostomy. All foals survived to immediate discharge from the hospital; 8 survived to racing age, with 7 of those entering training and 3 actually racing. Foals that did not survive to racing age had various post operative complications. The success rate for these foals appears somewhat better than that previously reported.Potential relevance: Gastrojejunostomy for the treatment of gastric outflow obstruction, secondary to gastric ulceration, is a valid treatment option for foals.
Validation of a transendoscopic glandular and nonglandular gastric biopsy technique in horses
Authors: RODRIGUES N. L. F. , DORÉ M. , DOUCET M. Y. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: In order to study the evolution of histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in the gastric mucosa of horses with EGUS (equine gastric ulcer syndrome), a feasible, useful, valid and safein vivogastric biopsy technique is required.Objectives: To determine the average gastric mucosal healing time following endoscopic gastric biopsy sampling, and evaluate the feasibility, safety and usefulness of samples obtained by this method for histopathological analysis.Methods: Six mature mares from the Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire research herd were used. Transendoscopic gastric biopsy was performed on Days 0 and 9 using a flexible forceps with oval and fenestrated jaws to obtain gastric mucosal samples from 4 different sites:cardia(C),fundus(F),margo plicatus(MP) and glandular mucosa (GL). A maximum of 4 samples per site was taken and processed routinely for histopathology, evaluated by a pathologist. On Days 1–4 and 9–11 the lesions created by the biopsies were evaluated by gastroscopy. Lesions were evaluated over time based on a score from 0–4, where 4 was the most severe.Results: Biopsy samples could be obtained from all targeted sites except C. No abnormal clinical signs were observed up to 7 days post biopsy. The average biopsy lesion scores decreased significantly with time for all sites. The average lesion score was significantly higher for the MP compared to the other sites at Days 1 and 2. Samples taken from the nonglandular portion of the stomach were considered inadequate for histopathology, while those taken from the glandular mucosa were adequate.Conclusion: The transendoscopic gastric biopsy technique described here is a feasible, safe and useful technique for obtaining samples from the equine gastric glandular mucosa. Although biopsy samples could be obtained from several areas in the nonglandular mucosa, these were very small, took longer to heal and were not considered adequate for histopathological evaluation, and another technique should therefore be validated.
Low quality of evidence for glucosamine‐based nutraceuticals in equine joint disease: Review ofin vivostudies
Authors: PEARSON W. , LINDINGER M. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryNutraceuticals are increasingly applied to the management of equine arthritis and joint disease, particularly those based upon glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate. While the first report of using glucosamine in horses appeared more than 25 years ago, it was not until 1992 that isolated studies began to be reported. Since that time, 15in vivopapers have been published in the equine literature, usually on products already commercially available and often seeking evidence for efficacy. These studies demonstrate an encouraging trend to manufacturers of these products investing in research, but most do not meet a quality standard that provides sufficient confidence in the results reported. This review discusses the entirety of publishedin vivoresearch on glucosamine‐based nutraceuticals (GBN) for horses, including that on Cosequin, Cortaflex, Synequin, Sasha's EQ, Myristol, chondroitin sulphate, glucosamine sulphate and glucosamine hydrochloride; and considers experimental limitations of this research along with their impact on interpretation of results. A quality score was calculated for each paper according to preset quality criteria. A minimum quality standard of 60% was set as the threshold for confidence in interpretation of results. Of the 15 papers reviewed, only 3 met the minimum quality standard. Experimental limitations of each research paper are discussed. It is concluded that the quality of studies in this area is generally low, prohibiting meaningful interpretation of the reported results. New high quality research on GBN for horses is needed and recommendations for future research are discussed.
In vivoeffects of meloxicam on inflammatory mediators, MMP activity and cartilage biomarkers in equine joints with acute synovitis
Authors: de GRAUW J. C. , van de LEST C. H. A. , BRAMA P. A. J. , RAMBAGS B. P. B. , van WEEREN P. R. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Meloxicam is a commonly used nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug in equine practice, but little is known about itsin vivoeffects on joint inflammation and cartilage turnover.Objectives: To study the effects of meloxicam on biomarkers of inflammation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and cartilage biomarkers in joints with experimental synovitis.Methods: In a 2‐period cross‐over study, synovitis was induced at T = 0 h in the L or R intercarpal joint of 6 horses by intraarticular injection of 0.5 ng lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Horses received once daily meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg bwtper os) or placebo starting at post injection hour (PIH) 2, and clinical evaluations as well as blood and synovial fluid (SF) sampling were performed at PIH 0, 8, 24 and 168. Synovial fluid was analysed for prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, substance P, general MMP activity, glycosaminoglycans (GAG), CS846 epitope,type IIcollagen cleavage fragments (C2C) andtype IIcollagen carboxypropeptide (CPII). Concentrations in meloxicam‐ vs. placebo‐treated joints over time were compared using a linear mixed model.Results: Lipopolysaccharide injection caused marked transient synovitis without systemic effects. Meloxicam caused a significant reduction in lameness at PIH 8 and 24 and tended to reduce effusion. In addition, meloxicam significantly suppressed SF prostaglandin E2and substance P release at PIH 8 and bradykinin at PIH 24 compared to placebo treatment. General MMP activity at PIH 8 and 24 was significantly lower in meloxicam‐ vs. placebo‐treated joints, as were GAG, C2C and CPII concentrations at PIH 24.Conclusions: Acute transient synovitis leads to substantial increases in SF biomarkers of inflammation, MMP activity and cartilage turnover, which can be significantly suppressed by meloxicam.Potential relevance: Early oral treatment with meloxicam ameliorates not only clinical signs and joint inflammation in acute synovitis, but may also limit inflammation‐induced cartilage catabolism.
Clinical trial of efficacy of ivermectin pour‐on against gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in silvopasturing horses
Authors: FRANCISCO I. , SÁNCHEZ J. A. , CORTIÑAS F. J. , FRANCISCO R. , MOCHALES E. , ARIAS M. , MULA P. , SUÁREZ J. L. , MORRONDO P. , DÍEZ‐BAÑOS P. , SÁNCHEZ‐ANDRADE R. , PAZ‐SILVA A. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to assess, by a clinical trial, the efficacy of an ivermectin‐based pour‐on treatment against gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in naturally infected horses using 2 groups of mature indigenous Pura Raza Galega grazing mares. Faecal and blood samples were collected individually over a 21 week period. Faeces were analysed by the coprological flotation, sedimentation and migration techniques. Changes in circulating blood cells were monitored over the study period.The administration of the ivermectin suppressed the eggelimination of ascarids and pinworms throughout the study and no strongyle‐eggs were observed in the treatment group between the 3rd and 10th weeks. The numbers of red cells increased significantly after the anthelmintic therapy, and a statistical reduction in circulating leucocytes was recorded. No side effects were observed. The pour‐on ivermectin formulation was highly successful against gastrointestinal nematodes and appears to be a useful therapeutic routine for large groups of horses.
Comparison of radiography and ultrasonography for the diagnosis of osteochondritis dissecans in the equine femoropatellar joint
Authors: BOURZAC C. , ALEXANDER K. , ROSSIER Y. , LAVERTY S. 
Published: August 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions of the femoropatellar (FP) joint are diagnosed routinely by radiography, but lesions located in the trochlear groove or without accompanying subchondral bone changes can be difficult to visualise. Ultrasonography allows evaluation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the FP joint. Objectives: To document the radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of OCD lesions in the equine FP joint, grade ultrasonographic lesions and compare their accuracy in the diagnosis of these lesions. Methods: The medical records of all horses diagnosed with FP OCD between 1995 and 2006 were assessed. Inclusion criteria included availability of both radiographic and ultrasonographic images. Lesion characteristics were evaluated in each trochlear ridge and trochlear groove. For assessment of the accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of both imaging techniques in the diagnosis of OCD, only cases with an arthroscopic or necropsy examination were studied. Results: Twenty‐one horses were included. OCD lesions were diagnosed by radiography (30/32 joints) and ultrasound (32/32 joints). The lateral trochlear ridge (LTR, 91%) and the medial trochlear ridge (MTR, 17%) were involved on radiography. The localisation on ultrasound examination was similar (97% LTR, 25% MTR). All but one lesion seen on radiography were also detected with ultrasound; 2 LTR and 3 MTR lesions, not seen on radiography were diagnosed by ultrasound and confirmed at arthroscopy or necropsy. The specificity was 100% regardless of the site and imaging procedure except for the distal third of the MTR (94% for ultrasound). The sensitivity varied, depending on lesion site. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic tool to diagnose OCD lesions in the FP joint and more sensitive than radiography for lesions affecting the MTR of the distal femur. Clinical relevance: Ultrasound should be considered as a useful adjunct to radiography for diagnosing equine FP OCD, especially in cases of high clinical suspicion but equivocal radiographic findings. Images can be generated immediately when digital radiography is not available, permitting an immediate on‐site diagnosis.
Multicentre, controlled, randomised and blinded field study comparing efficacy of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone in lame horses
Authors: SABATÉ D. , HOMEDES J. , SALICHS M. , SUST M. , MONREAL L. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: In horses, it has been demonstrated that suxibuzone (SBZ) has a lower gastric ulcerogenic effect than phenylbutazone (PBZ). However, no field trials have been reported comparing the efficacy of the drugs in alleviating lameness.Objectives: To compare the therapeutic effect of SBZ to that of PBZ when administered orally in lame horses. Acceptability of both products was also compared.Methods: Lame horses (n = 155) were used in a multicentre, controlled, randomised and double‐blinded clinical trial. Horses were treated orally with either SBZ or PBZ at equivalent therapeutic dosages. PBZ was given to 79 horses at a dose of 4.4 mg/kg bwt/12 h for 2 days, followed by 2.2 mg/kg bwt/12 h for 6 days. SBZ was given to 76 horses at 6.6 mg/kg bwt/12 h for 2 days, followed by 3.3 mg/kg bwt/12 h for 6 days. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated by clinicians in equine practices according to lameness progression throughout the study. Product ingestion was checked daily to evaluate product acceptability.Results: Although SBZ showed a statistically significant tendency to have a better efficacy than PBZ (Odds ratio = 2.7; P = 0.016), significance dissipated once the analysis was adjusted for some imbalanced baseline covariates, confirming that they were actually related to the apparent advantage of SBZ over PBZ. Product acceptability was significantly higher in the SBZ group than in the PBZ group (96.1% vs. 77.2%; P = 0.001).Conclusions: SBZ and PBZ did not show significant differences in alleviating lameness in horses. However, SBZ had better product acceptability when administered orally with some food.Potential relevance: SBZ is a good therapeutic alternative to PBZ in horses since there is no significant difference in alleviating lameness between the 2 therapies.
Pathology of gastritis and gastric ulceration in the horse. Part 1: Range of lesions present in 21 mature individuals
Authors: MARTINEAU H. , THOMPSON H. , TAYLOR D. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Gastric ulceration is now widely recognised as an important disease in high performance horses. Little is known about gastric histopathology in healthy or diseased animals; a comprehensive assessment would enhance interpretation of gross findings through assessment of their accuracy and allow for identification of lesion variety and pathogenesis in different anatomical regions of the stomach.Objectives: To investigate the true extent and variety of gastric lesions in a mixed population of mature horses atpost mortem.Methods: Stomachs were removed from a mixed population of 21 horses atpost mortem.Mucosal abnormalities were recorded in photographic and written form. Representative samples from all gross lesions were taken for histopathology and processed routinely. Special stains including Gram, PAS and Warthin Starry, were used when appropriate. Pathological classification of lesion type using both gross and histological appearances was performed.Results: Classification of lesions within the squamous region included hyperkeratosis, punctate scars, diffuse erosions/ulcerations andmargo injuria;and within the glandular region, hyperaemia, focal erosions and ulcerations. Glandular metaplasia was recognised for the first time in the equine stomach. NoHelicobacter‐like organisms were detected in association with lesion development.Conclusions and potential relevance: This study used gross and histological examination to highlight the large variety of naturally occurring gastric lesions in a mixed population of horses. Analysis of the pathogenesis of lesion development is now possible. Further research regarding the range of pathology in larger, more diverse groups of horses is required.
Spontaneous bilateral ankylosis of the carpometacarpal joint in a Paint Horse
Authors: Oosterlinck M. , Pille F. , Gasthuys F. , Saunders J. H. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryAn 8‐year‐old Paint Horse gelding was evaluated for a persistent left forelimb lameness (grade 4/5), with a hard swelling at the dorsomedial aspect of the carpometacarpal joint, due to osteoarthritis. Previous systemic and local anti‐inflammatory therapy had only a temporary effect. Partial carpal arthrodesis was suggested, but the owner elected for conservative treatment. The horse was confined to a small paddock and received phytotherapeutic supplementation with Harpagophytum procumbens. The lameness gradually resolved but a similar hard swelling developed on the right carpus. Radiographic follow‐up 1.5 years later revealed a spontaneous bilateral ankylosis of the carpometacarpal joint.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the mammary gland in a mare
Authors: Reesink H. L. , Parente E. J. , Sertich P. L. , Engiles J. B. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryMammary tumours are uncommon in mares. Sarcomas of the breast account for less than 1% of all human primary malignancies and, among these types of tumours, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is very rare. This report describes a 6‐year‐old uniparous Paint mare that was presented for investigation of right mammary gland enlargement of 3 weeks' duration. The clinical and histopathological findings in this mare with malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the mammary gland as well as complications of bilateral mastectomy are detailed. At one year follow‐up there were no clinical signs of recurrence.