bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consultation activities of clinical ethics committees in the United Kingdom: an empirical study and wake-up call
Authors: Whitehead J M , Sokol D K , Bowman D , Sedgwick P 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Objective
To identify the consultation activities of clinical ethics committees (CECs) in the UK and the views of CEC chairpersons regarding such activities.

Methods
An anonymous, password-protected online questionnaire was sent by e-mail to 70 CEC chairpersons. The questionnaire contained 14 items.

Results
Of the 70 CECs contacted, 30 responded (a response rate of 43%). There has been an almost fourfold increase in the number of CECs in the past 7 years. Over half of the CECs that responded had considered three or fewer active cases and three or fewer retrospective cases in the preceding year. Eighty percent of chairpersons felt that the number of active cases considered by their committee was too low. Seventy percent of CECs had rapid response teams. Aside from low consultation caseloads, chairpersons identified a number of concerns, including education and training of members, composition of CECs, low profile and lack of funding and support. Although most respondents believed there is a need for clinical ethics support in the NHS, many noted the limited use of the services, even after efforts to increase the visibility of their CEC.

Conclusion
Despite a sharp increase in the absolute numbers of CECs across the UK, the number of cases considered by the majority of CECs is low. The findings presented here suggest we must reflect on the reasons for such low caseloads and pause to consider whether the committee model is most appropriate for the UK context.
Venous thromoboembolic disease and pregnancy
Authors: Martineau M , Nelson-Piercy C 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Although venous thromboembolism is a preventable and treatable condition, it remains the most common cause of direct maternal death in the UK, with a four-fold increased incidence compared to that of the non-pregnant population. The risk of VTE is apparent from early pregnancy and maximal immediately postpartum. Increasing rates of obesity and maternal age over 35 years are in part responsible for this escalation and are likely to continue to rise exponentially over the next decade. Targeted prophylaxis in those considered at increased risk should be offered antenatally with regular reassessment of individual risk throughout pregnancy. Many of the symptoms attributable to VTE are common in normal pregnancy; therefore a high index of suspicion and a low threshold for objective investigation are important. Unfounded fears concerning the potential adverse effects of ionising radiation on fetal wellbeing often serve to delay investigation and treatment. This article provides an overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of VTE in pregnancy and refers the reader to recent evidence based guidelines.
Sm-Nd data for granitoids across the Namaqua sector of the Namaqua-Natal Province, South Africa
Authors: Pettersson Åsa , Cornell David H. , Yuhara Masaki , Hirahara Yuka 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Sm–Nd data for rocks of granitic composition in an east–west traverse across the Namaqua Sector of the Mesoproterozoic
c
. 1.2 Ga Namaqua–Natal Province of southern Africa provide new evidence about the timing of crustal extraction from the mantle. Recent ion probe zircon dating has shown that, contrary to previous indications that pre-Namaqua basement had been preserved in parts of the Namaqua Sector, the majority of the magmatic rocks were emplaced during the 1.4–1.0 Ga Namaqua tectogenesis and very little U–Pb evidence of older precursors remains. Sm–Nd model ages show that Mesoproterozoic crustal extraction did occur, but was also strong in the Palaeoproterozoic, with local evidence for the existence of Archaean crust. The distribution of model ages generally corresponds with the established terranes, subdivided using lithostratigraphic and structural criteria. The northern part of the Bushmanland Terrane shows early Palaeoproterozoic to Archaean model ages and is clearly different from the southern part, which has Mesoproterozoic model ages. This supports the previously published results of a north–south traverse and justifies the separation of the Garies Terrane from the Bushmanland Terrane, though further subdivisions are not supported. The continuation of the Richtersveld Province east of Pofadder is supported by one sample, and the terrane boundary between the Bushmanland and Kakamas terranes is marked by an abrupt change from Palaeoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic model ages. Model ages for the Kakamas and Areachap terranes do not distinguish them well. They suggest a Mesoproterozoic to late Palaeoproterozoic origin for both terranes, neither of which has a purely juvenile character. The influence of Palaeoproterozoic crust-forming events is clear in the Kaaien Terrane to the east, possibly reflecting reworking of the Kaapvaal Craton. The Namaqua Sector of the Province thus has a history of crustal extraction and evolution which reaches back locally to the Archaean, with major Palaeoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic crust-forming events. This differs from the Natal Sector, which has a largely juvenile character related to a Mesoproterozoic Wilson cycle. Attempts to reconstruct the Mesoproterozoic Supercontinent Rodinia will have to take into account the extensive Nd-isotopic evidence for older crustal events in the Namaqua sector.
Evidence for 2.35 to 2.30 Ga juvenile crustal growth in the northwest Borborema Province, NE Brazil
Authors: dos Santos Ticiano J. S. , Fetter Allen H. , Van Schmus W. Randall , Hackspacher Peter C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

The
c
. 600 Ma Brasiliano Borborema Province of NE Brazil comprises a complex collage of Precambrian crustal blocks cut by a series of continental-scale shear zones. The predominant basement rocks in the province are 2.1–2.0 Ga Transamazonian gneisses of both juvenile and reworked nature. U–Pb zircon and Sm–Nd whole-rock studies of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite basement gneisses in the NW Ceará or Médio Coreaú domain in the northwestern part of the Borborema Province indicate that this represents a continental fragment formed by 2.35–2.30 Ga juvenile crust. This block has no apparent genetic affinity with any other basement gneisses in the Borborema Province, and it does not represent the tectonized margin of the
c
. 2.1–2.0 Ga São Luis Craton to the NW. The petrological and geochemical characteristics, as well as the Nd-isotopic signatures of these gneisses, are consistent with their genesis in an island arc setting. This finding documents a period of crustal growth during a period of the Earth's history which is known for its tectonic quiescence and paucity of crust formation.
The IGCP 509 database system: design and application of a tool to capture and illustrate litho- and chrono-stratigraphic information for Palaeoproterozoic tectonic domains, large igneous provinces and ore deposits; with examples from southern Africa
Authors: Eglington Bruce M. , Reddy Steven M. , Evans David A. D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The IGCP 509 project is collating global information for the Palaeoproterozoic era through the activities of numerous international collaborators. A database system (StratDB) and web interface has been designed to facilitate this process with links to an existing geochronology database (DateView). As a result, all information captured will remain available in a digital format for future researchers. The philosophy and design of the database and some of the outputs available from it are described. One of the principal features of the system is that it facilitates the construction of time–space correlation charts using an innovative application of GIS technology to non-geographic information, which permits users to query a variety of attribute information associated with lithostratigraphic units, metamorphic and deformation episodes associated with user-selected tectonic domains, large igneous provinces and major ore deposits. In the process, much of the manual labour normally associated with the construction of such charts in standard graphical or drafting packages is avoided. Associations between units, deformation, metamorphism, large igneous provinces and ore deposits may become more apparent once linked information is available for querying and investigation. Geochronological information from the DateView database may also be linked to entities stored in StratDB. GIS maps may be linked to the attribute information in StratDB and DateView to construct a variety of time-slice maps or palaeogeographic reconstructions with the same symbology as is used in the time–space correlation charts. This database system will facilitate the dissemination of lithostratigraphic information for many countries to a broader community and will help non-specialists to easily view information for various Palaeoproterozoic tectonic domains. The system is illustrated using a preliminary compilation of information for the Palaeoproterozoic of southern Africa. The correlation charts and time-slice maps provide insights to the geological evolution of this region which emphasize some aspects and correlations which have not previously been extensively considered; for instance, possible correlation of units in the central and western zones of the Limpopo Belt (South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana) with the Magondi Belt of Zimbabwe and its extension into northern Botswana.
The Columbia connection in North China
Authors: Kusky T. M. , Santosh M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

The Archaean and Proterozoic geology, structure and metamorphism of the North China Craton (NCC) reveal that the amalgamated Eastern and Western blocks of the craton collided as a single entity with the Columbia supercontinent at 1.93 Ga, and that the Northern Hebei orogen correlates with the Transamazonian-Eburnian belts of Africa and South America, and the Svecofennian of Baltica. This metamorphic belt preserves evidence for extreme crustal metamorphism with diagnostic ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) assemblages such as sapphirine+quartz, spinel+quartz, high alumina orthopyroxene+sillimanite+quartz and high temperature perthites which record temperatures exceeding 1000 °C and pressure above 12 kbar. The metamorphic
P–T
trajectory is characterized by initial isobaric cooling followed by steep isothermal decompression, defining an overall anticlockwise exhumation history. Electron probe monazite geochronology and precise SHRIMP zircon dating of sapphirine-bearing granulites constrain the timing of the UHT event at
c
. 1.92 Ga, suggesting that the UHT metamorphism coincided with collisional orogenesis as the North China Craton joined the Columbia supercontinent amalgam along the Northern Hebei orogen during the Palaeoproterozoic. Fluid inclusion studies in the UHT rocks provide evidence for the involvement of synmetamorphic pure CO
2
, linking the thermal anomaly and fluid flux to underplated mafic magmas during asthenospheric upwelling. Evidence for probable-plume related mafic magmatism is also provided by the extensive mafic dyke swarms cutting the region and elsewhere within the NCC, with geochemical characters testifying to emplacement within rifts that opened up during the extensional collapse of the orogen subsequent to the collisional event. Recognition of the Palaeoproterozoic Columbia suture in the Northern Hebei orogen represents a major paradigm shift, as one popular group of models for the NCC suggests that the Palaeoproterozoic suture resides in an older orogen, the Central Orogenic belt. However, either model for the location of the suture is able to explain metamorphic
P
–
T
–
t
data for crustal thickening at 1.85 Ga, whereas only the model for a Late Archaean collision in the Central Orogenic belt and a Palaeoproterozoic collision in the Northern Hebei orogen can explain the structural, sedimentological, geochronological, and petrological data. The Central Orogenic belt contains several hundred fragments of a
c
. 2.505 Ga ophiolite suite, a contemporaneous 2.5–2.4 Ga foreland basin deposited on 2.7–2.5 Ga passive margin sediments on the Eastern Block, and contains rare evidence for
c
. 2.5 Ga granulite facies metamorphism that was largely overprinted by 1.92–1.85 Ga high-grade assemblages. East-directed 2.5 Ga fold-thrust structures are overprinted by 1.92–1.85 Ga south-directed thrusts associated with large-scale thickening of the craton, succeeded by strike-slip shear zones that slice the orogen into numerous fault-bounded terranes that preserve different levels of exhumation.
The Precambrian Khondalite Belt in the Daqingshan area, North China Craton: evidence for multiple metamorphic events in the Palaeoproterozoic era
Authors: Wan Yusheng , Liu Dunyi , Dong Chunyan , Xu Zhongyuan , Wang Zhejiu , Wilde Simon A. , Yang Yueheng , Liu Zhenghong , Zhou Hongying 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
High-grade pelitic metasedimentary rocks (khondalites) are widely distributed in the northwestern part of the North China Craton and were named the ‘Khondalite Belt’. Prior to the application of zircon geochronology, a stratigraphic division of the supracrustal rocks into several groups was established using interpretative field geology. We report here SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages and Hf-isotope data on metamorphosed sedimentary and magmatic rocks at Daqingshan, a typical area of the Khondalite Belt. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The early Precambrian supracrustal rocks belong to three sequences: a 2.56–2.51 Ga supracrustal unit (the previous Sanggan ‘group’), a 2.51–2.45 Ga supracrustal unit (a portion of the previous upper Wulashan ‘group’) and a 2.0–1.95 Ga supracrustal unit (including the previous lower Wulashan ‘group’, a portion of original upper Wulashan ‘group’ and the original Meidaizhao ‘group’) the units thus do not represent a true stratigraphy; (2) Strong tectono-thermal events occurred during the late Neoarchaean to late Palaeoproterozoic, with four episodes recognized: 2.6–2.5, 2.45–2.37, 2.3–2.0 and 1.95–1.85 Ga, with the latest event being consistent with the assembly of the Palaeoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia; (3) During the late Neoarchaean to late Palaeoproterozoic (2.55–2.5, 2.37 and 2.06 Ga) juvenile, mantle-derived material was added to the crust.
The Lüliang Massif: a key area for the understanding of the Palaeoproterozoic Trans-North China Belt, North China Craton
Authors: Trap P. , Faure M. , Lin W. , Meffre S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

This paper documents the first detailed structural analysis of the Lüliang Massif in the Trans-North China Belt, North China Craton. A nappe, made up of a Terrigeneous and Mafic Unit (TMU) derived from an oceanic basin thrust over gneisses and volcanic-sedimentary rocks, is interpreted as a magmatic arc deposited upon a TTG basement. The nappe is rooted to the west in the Trans-North China Suture that separates the Fuping Block from the Western Block. Nappe stacking, coeval with a top-to-the-SE synmetamorphic D
1
event, is dated around 1890–1870 Ma using chemical U–Th/Pb EPMA datings on monazite and U–Pb LA-ICP-MS dating on zircon. A second D
2
ductile event, characterized by SE-verging folds, reworks the D
1
structures. D
2
is the first event recorded in the late-orogenic sedimentary series that unconformably covers the metamorphic units formed during D
1
. These lithological, structural and geochronological results are correlated with those described in the eastern massifs of Hengshan, Wutaishan and Fuping. The Trans-North China Belt resulted from the collision of the Fuping Block and the Western Block after a westward-directed subduction and subsequent closure of an oceanic basin where the TMU was deposited.
Palaeomagnetism and U-Pb dates of the Palaeoproterozoic Akitkan Group (South Siberia) and implications for pre-Neoproterozoic tectonics
Authors: Didenko Alexei N. , Vodovozov Vladimir Y. , Pisarevsky Sergei A. , Gladkochub Dmitry P. , Donskaya Tatyana V. , Mazukabzov Anatoly M. , Stanevich Arkady M. , Bibikova Elena V. , Kirnozova Tatyana I. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

We present new geochronological and palaeomagnetic results from the late Palaeoproterozoic Akitkan Group in South Siberia. The zircon U–Pb conventional age of the rhyodacite from the upper part of the group is 1863±9 Ma and the age of the dacite from the lower part of the group is 1878±4 Ma. Palaeomagnetic study of sedimentary and some igneous rocks from the upper part of the group isolated a high-temperature characteristic component (D=193°, I=19°, k=51, α
95
=7°) which is supported by two of three applied conglomerate tests. However, the third intra-formational conglomerate test demonstrates a contaminating overprint of uncertain nature for a part of our collection. The analysis of data suggests that this overprint occurred at time when the geomagnetic field's direction was similar to that at the time of the deposition. Therefore the corresponding palaeomagnetic pole (22.5 °S, 97.4 °E, dp=1.5°, dm=2.8°) may be considered as representative for the deposition time. Palaeomagnetic study of the sediments in the lower part of the Akitkan Group isolated a stable primary remanence (D=189°, I=8°, k=111, α
95
=5°) supported by positive intra-formational conglomerate and fold tests. The palaeomagnetic pole (30.8 °S, 98.7 °E, dp =2.5°, dm=5.0°) is nearly coeval with the 1879 Ma Molson B pole from the Superior craton. We used these two poles to compare the relative position of Siberia and the Superior craton in the late Palaeoproterozoic. It is different from their reconstruction around 1000 Ma. This demonstrates their relative movements in the Mesoproterozoic.
Palaeomagnetism of the Salla Diabase Dyke, northeastern Finland, and its implication for the Baltica-Laurentia entity during the Mesoproterozoic
Authors: Salminen J. , Pesonen L. J. , Mertanen S. , Vuollo J. , Airo M.-L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

New palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic results are presented for the 1122±7 Ma Salla Diabase Dyke in NE Finland. A positive baked-contact test proves that the dyke has a primary natural remanent magnetization carried by magnetite. The characteristic remanent magnetization direction (D=42.2°, I=73.9°, k=75.7°, α
95
=4.8°) of 13 sites along the large single dyke provides a virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) position of Plat=71°N, Plon=113°E (A
95
=8.1°). Although secular variation may not have been fully averaged out, the new VGP provides an important result to define the late Mesoproterozoic position of Baltica. The VGP is not close to any known Proterozoic palaeopoles of Baltica, and therefore the pre-Sveconorwegian apparent polar wander path (APWP) of Baltica must be modified. The pre-Sveconorwegian (
c
. 1.3–1.0 Ga) APW swathes of Baltica, Laurentia (including the Logan Loop) and Kalahari cratons show similar shape, but new well-dated palaeomagnetic poles for
c
. 1.25–1.12 Ga interval from these continents are required to test the similarity. The Salla dyke VGP provides hints that the Mesoproterozoic Baltica–Laurentia connection in the Hudsonland supercontinent assembly lasted until 1.12 Ga.
The Second Golden Age of Theosophy in Denmark: An Existential “Template” for Late Modernity? Le second Âge d'Or de la Théosophie au Danemark: Un “Modèle” existentiel pour la Modernité Tardive?
Authors: Pedersen René Dybdal 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBien que la Société Théosophique ait subi, de par le monde, un déclin progressif en matière d'adhérents, au Danemark elle a vu quadrupler leur nombre au cours des vingt dernières années. L'article présente certains des facteurs essentiels qui ont transformé cette religion par ailleurs périclitante en une foi vibrante sur un plan national, faisant ainsi, de nouveau, de la théosophie une source d'inspiration agissant au coeur du nouveau paysage religieux danois. En m'appuyant sur des théories portant sur les rapports sociaux dans la société contemporaine, sur une analyse de revues théosophiques, ainsi que sur une série d'interviews plus ou moins structurés conduits auprès de personnalités officielles importantes à l'intérieur de la Société, je tente de montrer que le fait de tenir compte seulement des tendances théologiques et organisationnelles de la société contemporaine ne rend pas suffisamment compte du récent succès de la Société Théosophique au Danemark. Tout aussi déterminante, en effet, a été l'influence exercée par des facteurs situationnels et par certaines initiatives prises en vue de surmonter des défis variés.
A retrospective 7-years study of aluminum phosphide poisoning in Tehran: opportunities for prevention
Authors: Shadnia S , Sasanian G , Allami P , Hosseini A , Ranjbar A , Amini-Shirazi N , Abdollahi M 
Published: September 2009

The objective of this study was to survey aluminum phosphide (AIP) poisoning in a referral poisoning hospital in Tehran servicing an estimation of 10,000,000 populations. Records of all patients admitted and hospitalized during a period of 7 years from January 2000 to January 2007 were collected and analyzed according to gender, age, cause of intoxication, amount of AIP consumed, route of exposure, time between exposure and onset of treatment, signs and symptoms of intoxication at admission, therapeutic intervention, laboratory tests, and outcome. During the studied years, 471 patients were admitted to the hospital with AIP poisoning; 50% of them were men. The overall case fatality ratio was 31%. The mean age was 27.1 years, and most of the patients were between 20 and 40 years old. Self-poisoning was observed in 93% of cases. The average ingested dose was 5.1 g, and most of the patients (73%) consumed 1–3 tablets of AIP. A wide range of symptoms and signs was seen on admission, but the most common one was cardiovascular manifestations (78.12%). The majority (65%) of patients were from Tehran. Poisoning in spring and winter (34% and 24%, respectively) was more common than other seasons. Gastric decontamination with potassium permanganate, and administration of calcium gluconate, magnesium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, and charcoal were considered for most of the patients. Mean arterial blood pH was 7.23 and bicarbonate concentration was 12.7 mEq/L. One-hundred percent of patients with blood pH <7 died and 100% of patients with blood pH ≥ 7.35 survived. Electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities were noted in 65.6% of cases. There was a significant difference between survival and non-survival according to pH, HCO3 concentration, and EKG abnormality. Even without an increase in resources, there appears to be significant opportunities for reducing mortality by better medical management and further restrictions on the AIP tablets usage. Arterial blood pH seems to be a prognostic factor for the outcome of AIP-poisoned patients.
Cases of pediatric ingestion of celecoxib reported to Texas poison control centers in 2000–2007
Authors: Forrester MB 
Published: September 2009

Little data exist regarding pediatric celecoxib ingestions. This study described the pattern of pediatric celecoxib ingestions reported to poison control centers. Cases were isolated celecoxib ingestions by patients aged 0–5 years during 2000–2007 reported to Texas poison control centers. The distribution of cases was described with respect to demographic and clinical factors. Of the 177 total patients, dose ingested in milligrams was reported for 92 patients. Mean reported dose was 305.5 mg (range 10–2300 mg). Of those 92 cases, distribution by management site was 89.1% on site, 6.5% already at/en route to healthcare facility and 4.3% referred to healthcare facility. Final medical outcome was no effect for 95.7% cases and minor effect for 4.3% cases. Specific clinical effects reported (in only one case each) were rash, abdominal pain, vomiting, agitation/irritability, and drowsiness. All of the pediatric celecoxib ingestions reported to Texas poison control centers resulted in no or minor effect.