bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity of immunoglobulin E‐encoding transcripts in sinus mucosa of subjects diagnosed with non‐allergic fungal eosinophilic sinusitis
Authors: Levin M. , Tan L. W. , Baker L. , Wormald P.‐J. , Greiff L. , Ohlin M. 
Published: March 2011

Cite this as: M. Levin, L. W. Tan, L. Baker, P.‐J. Wormald, L. Greiff and M. Ohlin, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 811–820.SummaryBackground
The role of allergy in the aetiopathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains controversial. For example, in some cases with sinus fungal infections allergy can be demonstrated by standard tests. In other cases, such signs can be absent despite elevated levels of IgE‐positive cells in sinus tissue and the presence of IgE and eosinophils in the sinus mucous.Objective
To define the nature of molecular diversity in antibodies of the IgE isotype at the site of local inflammation in subjects diagnosed with non‐allergic fungal eosinophilic sinusitis (NAFES).Methods
The local occurrence and sequence characteristics of IgE‐encoding transcripts in NAFES patients were investigated and compared with sequences found in subjects diagnosed with CRS featuring systemic allergy. These sequences have also been compared with other reported IgE‐encoding transcriptomes.Results
IGHV genes derived from major subgroups 1, 3, 4 and 5 and a diverse set of IGHD and IGHJ genes were shown to create the IgE repertoire in patients diagnosed with NAFES and CRS. The average lengths of the third hypervariable loop in these populations were 15.8 and 14.6 residues. The sequences showed evidence of extensive somatic hypermutation (mutation frequency: NAFES, 6.4±3.2%; CRS, 7.0±4.4%) with substitutions targeted to complementarity‐determining regions. These sequence collections thus show extensive similarities to those found in other polyclonal Ig repertoires including those encoding IgE.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
We conclude that sinus IgE‐encoding transcripts in subjects diagnosed with NAFES show evidence of conventional IgE responses and we suggest that allergens with characteristics of classical antigens should be investigated for a role in the local response occurring in NAFES. This investigation illustrates that assessment of local immunity might be an important diagnostic tool in conditions like NAFES with no systemic signs of allergy to identify or rule out an allergic component of the patient's disease.
Inactivating calcium‐sensing receptor mutations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Frank‐Raue Karin , Leidig‐Bruckner Gudrun , Haag Christine , Schulze Egbert , Lorenz Angela , Schmitz‐Winnenthal Hubertus , Raue Friedhelm 
Published: March 2011

SummaryObjective  Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is characterised by autonomous secretion of PTH from enlarged parathyroid glands leading, in most patients, to asymptomatic hypercalcaemia. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by inactivating mutations in the calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) gene; it is characterised by lifelong and usually asymptomatic hypercalcaemia. Establishing the correct diagnosis is important because surgery can be curative in HPT, but ineffective in FHH. There is overlap in the diagnostic criteria for the two disorders and some patients carrying inactivating mutations in the CaSR gene, which is suggestive of FHH, also have HPT with hyperplastic parathyroid glands or adenomas.Design and patients  CaSR gene mutations were analysed and clinical and biochemical parameters evaluated in 139 consecutive outpatients presenting with hypercalcaemia and suspected of having HPT.Results  Six different mutations of the CaSR gene were found in eight patients. In four patients, classical FHH was suspected based on clinical and biochemical results and was confirmed by the CaSR mutations. In the other four patients, HPT was diagnosed based on the biochemical profile or symptoms; in these four patients, the parathyroids were operated on and single adenomas were histologically confirmed. In all four patients, serum calcium decreased postoperatively; and in three patients, serum calcium normalised postoperatively. The CaSR mutations in these patients were R25X, E250K and Q926R.Conclusion  The coexistence of HPT and FHH in four of 139 patients suggests a pathogenetic role of CaSR mutations in HPT. Despite also having a CaSR mutation, these patients benefited from parathyroid surgery.
Effects of pre‐emulsifying fat/oil on meat batter stability, texture and microstructure
Authors: Youssef Mohamed K. , Barbut Shai , Smith Alexandra 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe effects of pre‐emulsified beef fat and canola oil (CO) (25%) with Tween 80 (T‐80) or sodium caseinate (SC) were studied in beef meat batters prepared at three protein levels (9%, 12% and 15%). Raising meat protein level to 15% resulted in low emulsion stability of products prepared with CO. Using pre‐emulsified beef fat with Tween 80 (BF‐T80) showed significantly higher fat and water losses at all protein levels. There were no differences in fat and water losses between pre‐emulsified beef fat and CO when SC was used at the 9% and 12% protein levels compared to the controls (non pre‐emulsification). Light microscopy revealed fat globule coalescence in the CO meat batters prepared with 15% protein and BF‐T8 treatments, as well as formation of fat channels and more protein aggregation; both resulted in lower emulsion stability. Using SC to emulsify fat/oil produced a finer dispersion of fat globules compared to all the other treatments.
Plasma pharmacokinetics, pulmonary distribution, andin vitroactivity of gamithromycin in foals
Authors: BERGHAUS L. J. , GIGUÈRE S. , STURGILL T. L. , BADE D. , MALINSKI T. J. , HUANG R. 
Published: March 2011

Berghaus, L. J., Giguère, S., Sturgill, T. L., Bade, D., Malinski, T. J., Huang, R. Plasma pharmacokinetics, pulmonary distribution, andin vitroactivity of gamithromycin in foals.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 59–66.The objectives of this study were to determine the plasma and pulmonary disposition of gamithromycin in foals and to investigate thein vitroactivity of the drug againstStreptococcus equisubsp.zooepidemicus(S. zooepidemicus) andRhodococcus equi. A single dose of gamithromycin (6 mg/kg of body weight) was administered intramuscularly. Concentrations of gamithromycin in plasma, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells, and blood neutrophils were determined using HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry detection. The minimum inhibitory concentration of gamithromycin required for growth inhibition of 90% ofR. equiandS. zooepidemicusisolates (MIC90) was determined.Additionally, the activity of gamithromycin against intracellularR. equiwas measured. Mean peak gamithromycin concentrations were significantly higher in blood neutrophils (8.35 ± 1.77 μg/mL) and BAL cells (8.91 ± 1.65 μg/mL) compared with PELF (2.15 ± 2.78 μg/mL) and plasma (0.33 ± 0.12 μg/mL). Mean terminal half‐lives in neutrophils (78.6 h), BAL cells (70.3 h), and PELF (63.6 h) were significantly longer than those in plasma (39.1 h). The MIC90forS. zooepidemicusisolates was 0.125 μg/mL. The MIC of gamithromycin for macrolide‐resistantR. equiisolates (MIC90 = 128 μg/mL) was significantly higher than that for macrolide‐susceptible isolates (1.0 μg/mL). The activity of gamithromycin against intracellularR. equiwas similar to that of azithromycin and erythromycin. Intramuscular administration of gamithromycin at a dosage of 6 mg/kg would maintain PELF concentrations above the MIC90forS. zooepidemicusand phagocytic cell concentrations above the MIC90forR. equifor approximately 7 days.
Historical introgression and the role of selective vs. neutral processes in structuring nuclear genetic variation (AFLP) in a circumpolar marine fish, the capelin (Mallotus villosus)
Authors: COLBECK GABRIEL J. , TURGEON JULIE , SIROIS PASCAL , DODSON JULIAN J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe capelin (Mallotus villosus) is a widespread marine fish species for which previous work has identified geographically distinct mtDNA clades, the frontiers of which are well within adult and larval dispersal capabilities. Here, we use AFLPs to test for the presence of nuclear gene flow among clades. In addition, we evaluate genetic structuring within one clade, the Northwest Atlantic (NWA). We found that each of the mtDNA clades corresponds with a unique nuclear DNA genetic cluster. Within the NWA clade, we detected individuals with small but significant amounts of genetic ancestry from other clades, likely due to historical introgression. Further support for historical introgression comes from analyses of variance in locus‐specific differentiation, which support introgression between some clades and divergence without gene flow between others. Within the NWA, we identified two genetic clusters that correspond to sites in geographically adjacent areas. However, these clusters differ primarily at ‘outlier’ loci, and a genetic subdivision (K = 2) was not supported by genetic clustering programs using neutral loci. Significant neutral FST differentiation was found only between sites that otherwise differed at outlier loci. Thus, these populations may be in the initial stages of ‘isolation by adaptation’. These results suggest strong between‐clade reproductive isolation despite opportunities for gene flow and support the hypothesis that selection can contribute to divergence in otherwise ‘open’ systems.
Genome‐wide association mapping identifies the genetic basis of discrete and quantitative variation in sexual weaponry in a wild sheep population
Authors: JOHNSTON SUSAN E. , McEWAN JOHN C. , PICKERING NATALIE K. , KIJAS JAMES W. , BERALDI DARIO , PILKINGTON JILL G. , PEMBERTON JOSEPHINE M. , SLATE JON 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUnderstanding the genetic architecture of phenotypic variation in natural populations is a fundamental goal of evolutionary genetics. Wild Soay sheep (Ovis aries) have an inherited polymorphism for horn morphology in both sexes, controlled by a single autosomal locus, Horns. The majority of males have large normal horns, but a small number have vestigial, deformed horns, known as scurs; females have either normal horns, scurs or no horns (polled). Given that scurred males and polled females have reduced fitness within each sex, it is counterintuitive that the polymorphism persists within the population. Therefore, identifying the genetic basis of horn type will provide a vital foundation for understanding why the different morphs are maintained in the face of natural selection. We conducted a genome‐wide association study using ∼36 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and determined the main candidate for Horns as RXFP2, an autosomal gene with a known involvement in determining primary sex characters in humans and mice. Evidence from additional SNPs in and around RXFP2 supports a new model of horn‐type inheritance in Soay sheep, and for the first time, sheep with the same horn phenotype but different underlying genotypes can be identified. In addition, RXFP2 was shown to be an additive quantitative trait locus (QTL) for horn size in normal‐horned males, accounting for up to 76% of additive genetic variation in this trait. This finding contrasts markedly from genome‐wide association studies of quantitative traits in humans and some model species, where it is often observed that mapped loci only explain a modest proportion of the overall genetic variation.
Implementation of the Chinese national microscopy centre policy: health facility survey in Shandong Province
Authors: Wei Xiaolin , Zou Guanyang , Zhang Hongmei , Walley John , Liu Zhimin , Newell James , Sun Qiang , Li Renzhong 
Published: March 2011

SummaryObjective  In compliance with Chinese national policy, Shandong province set up microscopy centres (MCs) in one‐third of all township hospitals where sputum smear microscopy is performed. We assessed the centres’ performance and any factors influencing it.Methods  A cross‐sectional, structured, facility‐based questionnaire survey was conducted in 2006, collecting data from all 113 counties with established MCs as well as tuberculosis (TB) routine reporting data from the county TB dispensary.Results  One hundred and thirteen of 142 counties in Shandong had established 497 MCs. The centres identified 3.3% of smear‐positive patients in the province. Sixty‐six percentage of MCs did not identify any patients with TB; only 5% identified more than 10. Poor performance arose from low quality of staff training in township hospitals, but inappropriate geographical provision of services was the main cause of low additional case finding.Conclusion  The MC policy did not achieve its goal of improving TB case finding in Shandong.
Physical destruction of the sprouting ability of Elytrigia repens rhizome buds
Authors: MELANDER B , MATHIASSEN S K , NØRREMARK M , KRISTENSEN E F , KRISTENSEN J K , KRISTENSEN K 
Published: March 2011

Melander B, Mathiassen SK, Nørremark M, Kristensen EF, Kristensen JK & Kristensen K (2011). Physical destruction of the sprouting ability of Elytrigia repens rhizome buds. Weed Research51, 469–477.SummaryElytrigia repens is a perennial grass that spreads mainly by rhizomes. It is controlled by repeated post‐harvest cultivations in organic cropping in Scandinavia. However, post‐harvest tillage is undesirable, because of the need for retaining nutrients in the cropping systems. There is a need to look for solutions where E. repens can be controlled over a short duration to allow replanting of the soil. New technologies are required, and one aspect is to look for methods that can destroy the sprouting ability of E. repens rhizome buds. We investigated both the effect of heating using hot water and mechanical crushing by pressure, on the sprouting ability of exposed rhizome buds. The effect of temperatures <70°C was inversely related to exposure time, while 70°C or more gave a complete bud kill irrespective of heat duration. Rhizome buds responded to increasing mechanical stress in a sigmoid manner, similar to other studies with physical stresses, but with no support for a symmetric point of inflection. A 80–95% bud kill was attained within a range of 3.5–9.5 Newton per mm rhizome length, depending on the rhizome ecotype. According to energy calculations made, crushing rhizome buds appears far more promising than thermal destruction.
ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation in children
Authors: Tydén Gunnar , Kumlien Gunilla , Berg Ulla B. 
Published: March 2011

Tydén G, Kumlien G, Berg UB. ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation in children.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 502–504. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  We designed a new protocol to enable safe ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation. The new protocol utilizes antigen‐specific immunoadsorption rather than unspecific plasma exchange to remove existing anti A/B antibodies and rituximab rather than splenectomy to prevent rebound of antibodies. Sixty patients have so far been successfully transplanted with this protocol and 10 of those have been children. When compared with ABO‐compatible transplantations, we could not find any differences in success rate, renal function, or adverse events.
Glucosinolates in the new oilseed crop meadowfoam: natural variation in Section Inflexae of Limnanthes, a new glucosinolate in L. floccosa, and QTL analysis in L. alba
Authors: Velasco Pablo , Slabaugh Mary B. , Reed Ralph , Kling Jennifer , Kishore Venkata K. , Stevens Jan F. , Knapp Steven J. 
Published: March 2011

With 5 figures and 4 tablesAbstractMeadowfoam, an oilseed crop grown in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, was developed from Limnanthes alba (Benth.), an herbaceous winter annual native to the west coast of North America. Meadowfoam oil is valued for unique properties attributed to the predominance of very long‐chain fatty acids and desaturation at the Δ5 position. Seed meal remaining after commercial oil extraction contains intact glucosinolates and has potential pesticidal properties owing to isothiocyanate and nitrile glucosinolate derivatives. We identified and quantitated seed glucosinolates in four species of Section Inflexae of Limnanthes to assess variation for this trait in primary and secondary gene pools of cultivated meadowfoam. Glucosinolate content in seeds ranged from 30 to 204 μmol/g dry weight. Only glucolimnanthin (3‐methoxybenzyl glucosinolate) was detected in L. alba, L. montana and L. gracilis, but L. floccosa contained glucolepigramin (3‐hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate) as well as glucolimnanthin. Two QTL affecting seed glucosinolate content were identified in an inter‐subspecific BC1 population derived from a cross between L. alba subsp. alba and L. alba subsp. versicolor.
Identifying genetic complexity of 6H locus in barley conferring resistance to Pyrenophora teres f. teres
Authors: Gupta Sanjiv , Li Chengdao , Loughman Robert , Cakir Mehmet , Westcott Sharon , Lance Reg 
Published: March 2011

With 2 figures and 4 tables AbstractNet type net blotch (NTNB) is an important barley disease in Australia and elsewhere, inducing significant yield reduction. ‘WPG8412’ was resistant against Australian NTNB isolates 97NB1 and NB73, whereas ‘Pompadour’ and ‘Stirling’ showed differential responses to these isolates. Using these lines, three F1‐derived double haploid populations that comprised 194 double haploid lines (DHLs) of ‘WPG8412’ ×‘Stirling’, 116 DHLs of ‘WPG8412’ × ‘Pompadour’ and 206 DHLs of ‘Pompadour’ × ‘Stirling’ were tested against these two isolates. Bimodal segregation indicated a major gene for resistance was operative: in ‘WPG8412’ × ‘Stirling’ against 97NB1; in ‘WPG8412’×‘Pompadour’ against NB73; and in ‘Pompadour’ × ‘Stirling’ against either of the isolate. This major gene was mapped using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers on chromosome 6H in the centromeric region in all three populations. This work demonstrated that 6H region controlling NTNB is a complex locus, where at least three alleles or closely linked genes are possible in these parents against these isolates. This is a first report of 6H complexity for NTNB resistance against Australian isolates.
Role of brain orexin in the pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Okumura Toshikatsu , Nozu Tsukasa 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Orexins are neuropeptides that are localized in neurons within the lateral hypothalamic area and regulate feeding behavior. The lateral hypothalamic area plays an important role in not only feeding but the central regulation of other functions including gut physiology. Accumulating evidence have shown that orexins acts in the brain to regulate a wide variety of body functions including gastrointestinal functions.Method:  The purpose of this review is to summarize relevant findings on brain orexins and a digestive system, and discuss the pathophysiological roles of the peptides with special reference to functional gastrointestinal disorders.Results:  Exogenously administered orexin or endogenously released orexin in the brain potently stimulates gastric acid secretion in pylorus‐ligated conscious rats. The vagal cholinergic pathway is involved in the orexin‐induced stimulation of acid secretion, suggesting that orexin‐containing neurons in lateral hypothalamic area activates neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus in medulla oblongata, followed by increasing vagal outflow, thereby stimulating gastric acid secretion. In addition, brain orexin stimulates gastric motility, pancreatic secretion and induce gastroprotective action. On the other hand, brain orexin is involved in a number of physiological functions other than gut physiology, such as control of sleep/awake cycle and anti‐depressive action in addition to increase in appetite.Conclusions:  From these evidence, we would like to make a hypothesis that decreased orexin signaling in the brain may play a role in the pathophysiology in a part of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders who are frequently accompanied with appetite loss, sleep disturbance, depressive state and the inhibition of gut function.
Gene, environment, and brain‐gut interactions in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Fukudo Shin , Kanazawa Motoyori 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe genetic predisposition and influence of environment may underlie in the pathogenesis and/or pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This phenomenon, gene x environment interaction together with brain‐gut interactions is emerging area to be clarified in IBS research. Earlier studies focused on candidate genes of neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factors. Among them, some studies but not all studies revealed association between phenotypes of IBS and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)‐related genes, noradrenaline‐related genes, and cytokine genes. Recent prospective cohort study showed that genes encoding immune and adhesion molecules were associated with post‐infectious etiology of IBS. Psychosocial stressors and intraluminal facotrs especially microrbiota are keys to develop IBS. IBS patients may have abnormal gut microbiota as well as increased organic acids. IBS is disorder that relates to brain‐gut interactions, emotional dysregulation, and illness behaviors. Brain imaging with or without combination of visceral stimulation enables us to depict the detailed information of brain‐gut interactions. In IBS patients, thalamus, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and brainstem were more activated in response to visceral stimulation than controls. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone and 5‐HT are the candidate substances which regulate exaggerated brain‐gut response. In conclusion, gene x environment interaction together with brain‐gut interactions may play crucial roles in IBS development. Further fundamental research on this issue is warranted.
Visceral sensation and irritable bowel syndrome; with special reference to comparison with functional abdominal pain syndrome
Authors: Nozu Tsukasa , Okumura Toshikatsu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjective and Background:  Stress‐induced visceral hypersensitivity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but not in functional abdominal pain syndrome (FAPS). We examined rectal sensation in those patients.Methodology:  Experiment 1: Rectal thresholds of pain (PT) and maximum tolerance were assessed by barostat with ramp distention before and after repetitive rectal painful distention (RRD). Experiment 2, PT was measured in basal state and after intravenous CRF (100 µg) or vehicle, together with or without RRD. Experiment 3: Three phasic distentions at physiological range were randomly loaded. The subjects were asked to mark the visual analogue scale (VAS) in reference to subjective intensity of sensation.Results:  Experiment 1: Majority of IBS patients showed rectal hypersensitivity before RRD in contrast to FAPS. All IBS patients developed hypersensitivity after RRD, however, none of the FAPS patients did. RRD significantly reduced both thresholds in IBS (n = 7) but did not change in controls (n = 14) and FAPS (n = 6). Experiment 2: PT was not modified by RRD in placebo group (n = 6), while it was significantly reduced in CRF‐treated group (n = 5). On the other hand, CRF (n = 5) or vehicle (n = 5) without RRD did not alter PT. Experiment 3: The VAS ratings were increased in IBS (n = 7) but significantly decreased in FAPS (n = 6) as compared to controls (n = 14).Conclusions:  RRD‐induced rectal hypersensitivity seems to be reliable marker for IBS, and CRF may contribute to this response. FAPS patients may have hyposensitivity to non‐noxious physiological distention, suggesting FAPS has different pathogenesis from IBS.