bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Causal Categorization
Authors: Hayes Brett K. , Rehder Bob 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTwo experiments examined the impact of causal relations between features on categorization in 5‐ to 6‐year‐old children and adults. Participants learned artificial categories containing instances with causally related features and noncausal features. They then selected the most likely category member from a series of novel test pairs. Classification patterns and logistic regression were used to diagnose the presence of independent effects of causal coherence, causal status, and relational centrality. Adult classification was driven primarily by coherence when causal links were deterministic (Experiment 1) but showed additional influences of causal status when links were probabilistic (Experiment 2). Children’s classification was based primarily on causal coherence in both cases. There was no effect of relational centrality in either age group. These results suggest that the generative model (Rehder, 2003a) provides a good account of causal categorization in children as well as adults.
Can economic incentives encourage actual reductions in pesticide use and environmental spillovers?
Authors: Skevas Theodoros , Stefanou Spiro E. , Lansink Alfons Oude 
Published: April 2012

AbstractChemical pesticides constitute an important input in crop production. But their indiscriminate use can impact negatively agricultural productivity, human health, and the environment. Recently, attention is focused on the use of economic incentives to reduce pesticide use and its related indirect effects. The aim of this work is to assess the effectiveness of different economic instruments such as taxes and levies in encouraging farmers to decrease pesticide use and their environmental spillovers. A policy simulation model is employed using data from Dutch cash crop producers including two pesticide categories that differ in terms of toxicity and pesticides’ environmental spillovers. Four different instruments were selected for evaluation: pesticide taxes, price penalties on pesticides’ environmental spillovers, subsidies, and quotas. The results of the study indicate that even high taxes and penalties would result in a small decrease in pesticide use and environmental spillovers. Taxes that differentiate according to toxicity do not lead to substitution of high‐ with low‐toxicity pesticides. Subsidies on low‐toxicity products are not able to affect the use of high‐toxicity products. Pesticide quotas are more effective in reducing pesticide use and environmental spillovers.
Long‐term retrospective study of narrow implants for fixed dental prostheses
Authors: Lee Jung‐Seok , Kim Hyun‐Min , Kim Chang‐Sung , Choi Seong‐Ho , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Jung Ui‐Won 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to analyze retrospectively the long‐term survival and success rates of Narrow implants (NIs) placed with various implant systems, and the association with biological and technical complications.Material and methodsIn total, 338 patients (men = 45.6%, women = 54.4%) who received 541 NIs (≤3.5 mm in diameter) for fixed prostheses were enrolled in this retrospective study. The mean marginal bone level (MMBL) change was calculated. Life table analysis with the cumulative survival rate and success rate was calculated, and biological and technical complications were evaluated.ResultsThe annual MMBL change was 0.07 ± 0.20 mm. The 12‐year cumulative survival (success) rates of NIs were 98.1% (91.8%) and 98.5% (93.8%) for the implant‐ and subject‐based analysis, respectively. During the observation period up to 12 years (mean 4.9 years), six implants were lost in the maxilla, whereas three implants were lost in the mandible. Technical complications were more frequent than biological complications. Infection was the most common underlying cause of biological complications and the most frequent technical complication was decementation.ConclusionIn conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that NIs could be used safely for narrow alveolar ridges or narrow mesiodistal spaces on the basis of their high survival rate.
Impact of platform switching on inter‐proximal bone levels around short implants in the posterior region; 1‐year results from a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Telleman Gerdien , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Vissink Arjan , Meijer Henny J. A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAimTo assess the outcome of short implants (8.5 mm) supplied with a conventional platform‐matched implant‐abutment connection or a platform‐switched design.Materials and MethodsEighty patients with one or more missing teeth in the posterior zone were randomly assigned to be treated with implants with either a conventional (control) or a platform‐switched (mismatch 0.35–0.40 mm) implant‐abutment connection (test). Follow‐up visits were conducted 1 month and 1 year after placing the implant crown. Outcome measures were inter‐proximal bone loss, using standardized peri‐apical radiographs, implant survival, clinical parameters and patients' satisfaction.ResultsOne year after loading, inter‐proximal bone loss around test implants (0.51 ± 0.51 mm) was significantly less than around control implants (0.73 ± 0.48 mm) (p = 0.011). Moreover, bone loss was less around 1 versus 2 adjacent implants (p = 0.001), in both the test (0.29 ± 0.36 versus 0.71 ± 0.55 mm) and control (0.46 ± 0.42 versus 0.88 ± 0.45 mm) group. With regard to implant survival, clinical parameters and patients' satisfaction no differences were observed between the test and control group.ConclusionThis study suggested that crestal bone resorption may be reduced by platform switching. One year after loading, inter‐proximal bone levels were better maintained at implants restored according to the platform switching concept.
The role of coaggregation between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum on the host response to mixed infection
Authors: Polak David , Shapira Lior , Weiss Ervin I. , Houri‐Haddad Yael 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAimTo evaluate the role of coaggregation between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum on the virulence of the mixed infection in mice.Materials and methodsInhibition of coaggregation was carried out using lactose. In vitro, inhibition of coaggregation was verified using a coaggregation assay. In vivo, the virulence of the mixed infection, with and without coaggregation, was examined in a model of experimental periodontitis in mice. The local host response to the mixed infection, with or without coaggregation, was examined using the subcutaneous chamber model of infection.ResultsLactose inhibited the coaggregation between P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum at all the tested concentrations (1–0.0625 M). Surprisingly, the addition of lactose to the mixed infection increased the severity of experimental periodontitis (as measured by alveolar bone loss) compared with mixed infection with coaggregating bacteria. The addition of lactose to the mixed infection resulted in mild attenuation of TNFα and IL‐1β levels. In addition, inhibition of coaggregation resulted in inhibition of the phagocytosis of F. nucleatum and augmentation of the phagocytosis of P. gingivalis.ConclusionsThe ability of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum to coaggregate may limit their ability to induce experimental periodontitis in a mixed infection model. Moreover, there is a shift in the phagocytosis pattern of the bacteria with the annulment of coaggregeaiton, with a reduction in F. nucleatum phagocytosis and amplification of P. gingivalis phagocytosis. The increased virulence of the mixed infection without coaggregation may surprisingly lay in the sustention of F. nucleatum in the infected sites.
Initial resuscitation for Australasian Triage Scale 2 patients in a Nepalese emergency department
Authors: Basnet Bibhusan , Bhandari Rabin , Moore Malcolm 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectives: Triage is recognized as important in providing timely care to emergency patients. However, systematic triage is only practised in two EDs in Nepal. The first objective of this study was to assess the performance of one of these departments in seeing triaged patients in a timely fashion. Second, an epidemiological survey of patients presenting to the ED was performed to describe the conditions seen and initial resuscitation undertaken.Methods: We performed a descriptive cross‐sectional study in the ED of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, eastern Nepal where the Australasian Triage Scale (ATS) is used. One hundred and sixty patients triaged as ATS 2 were recruited. The time taken for the duty doctor to see the patient was noted. The presenting problems, vital signs and level of consciousness were measured at presentation. The resuscitation measures were recorded.Results: The mean waiting time was 2.1 ± 1.7 min with a range of 1–10 min, which meets the benchmark for ATS 2. At triage, the most common presenting problems were circulatory shock (23.1%), altered consciousness (21%), respiratory difficulty (16.9%) and poisoning (15%). Oxygen, i.v. fluids and antibiotics were the most common therapies used in the initial resuscitation of patients.Conclusion: Patients triaged as ATS 2 were seen in a timely fashion. Seriously ill patients requiring resuscitation present commonly to this ED. This is a big challenge for junior doctors. Improved training, treatment protocols and equipment are needed to help manage this burden.
Development of competence scale for senior clinical nurses
Authors: AKAMINE Itsuko , UZA Miyoko , SHINJO Masaki , NAKAMORI Eri 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to develop a new scale, the Competence Scale for Senior Clinical Nurses (CS‐SCN), to assess and evaluate senior clinical nurses in hospitals, and to confirm the validity and reliability of the scale.Method:  A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was undertaken at a hospital in Japan, using an anonymous self‐administered questionnaire administered to clinical nurses (n = 374). A useable sample of 218 was achieved, which was used in the analysis. Statistical analysis examined exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, and construct validity.Results:  A five factor solution with 22 items was extracted for nursing competence in senior clinical nurses, which was the interpretable questionnaire. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the indices of fitness supported these results. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.93 for the total score and varied between 0.63 and 0.90 in the five factors. Five factors emerged from an oblique factor analysis, with a cumulative variance of 66.7%: “role accomplishment”; “self‐management”; “research”; “practice and coordination”; and “work implementation”. The five factors had only a moderate correlation (0.30–0.77, P < 0.001) with each other, which indicated construct validity.Conclusion:  The CS‐SCN, a concise scale to measure and evaluate the competence of senior clinical nurses, was developed. Results suggest initial support for the new instrument as a measure of competence of senior clinical nurses, but it must be further refined, tested, and evaluated. Both the validity and reliability of the scale were verified. Future studies using the CS‐SCN might lead to improvement in the competence of senior clinical nurses.
The Etiological Relationship Between Anxiety Sensitivity, Sexual Distress, and Female Sexual Dysfunction is Partly Genetically Moderated
Authors: Burri Andrea , Spector Timothy , Rahman Qazi 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Presence of sexual distress is diagnostic requirement for female sexual dysfunction (FSD). However, previous correlational research indicates that sexual distress in women may be related to general anxiety per se rather than being an outcome of FSD.

Aim
In this exploratory study, we test, for the first time, whether the correlation between anxiety sensitivity, sexual distress, and FSD can be explained by shared genetic and nongenetic factors using multivariate twin modeling.

Methods
Questionnaire data were available on a representative final sample of 930 Caucasian British female twin individuals (119 monozygotic twin pairs, 67 dizygotic twin pairs, and 558 single twins; aged 18–85 years). Validated scales assessed anxiety sensitivity, sexual distress, and FSD and included the Female Sexual Function Index, the Female Sexual Distress Scale, and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index.

Main Outcome Measures
Questionnaire responses were subject to trivariate heritability analyses to assess common genetic and environmental influences underlying specific trait variance and the covariance between the phenotypes.

Results
Heritability for FSD was 28%, 48% for anxiety sensitivity, and 44% for sexual distress. The phenotypic associations among anxiety sensitivity, sexual distress, and FSD were all significant. Trivariate analysis indicated that additive genetic factors accounted for approximately 75% of the covariance between anxiety sensitivity and FSD 35% of the covariance between anxiety sensitivity and sexual distress, and 11% between sexual distress and FSD.

Conclusions
The association between anxiety sensitivity and FSD has a common genetic component. There is a weaker genetic link between anxiety sensitivity and sexual distress and between sexual distress and FSD. These data, while silent on direction of causality, suggest a role for pleiotropic genetic factors influencing anxiety sensitivity and FSD. They also highlight a need to refine the inclusion of distress in classifications of disorders of female sexual functioning.
No snowplough mechanism during the rapid hardening of supermassive black hole binaries
Authors: Baruteau Clément , Ramirez-Ruiz Enrico , Masset Frédéric 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
We present 2D hydrodynamical simulations of the tidal interaction between a supermassive black hole binary with moderate mass ratio and the fossil gas disc where it is embedded. Our study extends previous 1D height-integrated disc models, which predicted that the density of the gas disc between the primary and the secondary black holes should rise significantly during the ultimate stages of the binary's hardening driven by the gravitational radiation torque. This snowplough mechanism, as we call it, would lead to an increase in the bolometric luminosity of the system prior to the binary merger, which could be detected in conjunction with the gravitational wave signal. We argue here that the snowplough mechanism is unlikely to occur. In 2D, when the binary's hardening time-scale driven by gravitational radiation becomes shorter than the disc's viscous drift time-scale, fluid elements in the inner disc get funnelled to the outer disc through horseshoe trajectories with respect to the secondary. Mass leakage across the secondary's gap is thus found to be effective and, as a result, the predicted accretion disc luminosity will remain at roughly the same level prior to merger.
Current guidelines for cervical cancer screening
Authors: Schwaiger Constance , Aruda Mary , LaCoursiere Sheryl , Rubin Richard 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPurpose: To provide evidence‐based information that will guide nurse practitioners in instituting the most current cervical cancer screening recommendations.Data sources: A literature search covering the years 2006 to the present conducted through Medline, CINAHL, and OVID.Conclusions: Human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical infections are highly prevalent among females under 21 years, yet this age group has a low incidence of cervical cancer. For young women, 90% of HPV infections regress in 24 months, and, in longitudinal studies, no invasive cervical cancer was detected. HPV co‐testing is effective for women age 30 and over.Implications for practice: Current scientific evidence supports initiating cervical cancer screening for immunocompetent women at age 21, biennial screening between ages 21 and 29, and HPV DNA co‐testing for women over 30. Nurse practitioners play an important role in integrating the newest guidelines into practice and improving the quality of healthcare regarding women's cervical health and cancer prevention.
Effectiveness of reforestation in erosion mitigation and implications for future sediment yields, East Coast catchments, New Zealand: A review
Authors: Marden Michael 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper argues that reforestation of unstable and degraded parts of the East Coast region, predominantly with exotic pines, has successfully stabilised existing erosion forms and prevented the initiation of new ones. Effectiveness is often assessed by capturing erosion scars on aerial photography taken before and after reforestation and any change in scar size is measured in a geographic information system (GIS). Combined with forest age data, modelled reforestation scenarios indicate that sediment generation from earth flows and shallow landslides would be negligible within eight to 10 years after planting, and if all remaining gullies were to be reforested before 2020, sediment yield could halve by 2030 and remain constant thereafter. In a similar time frame, the risk to infrastructure by sedimentation and flooding would likely decrease.
Identifying the last supper: utility of the DNA barcode library for bloodmeal identification in ticks
Authors: GARIEPY T. D. , LINDSAY R. , OGDEN N. , GREGORY T. R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTicks are among the most important vectors of disease in the Northern Hemisphere, and a better understanding of their feeding behaviour and life cycle is critical to the management and control of tick‐borne zoonoses. DNA‐based tools for the identification of residual bloodmeals in hematophagous arthropods have proven useful in the investigation of patterns of host use in nature. Using a blind test approach, we challenged the utility of the DNA barcode library for the identification of vertebrate bloodmeals in engorged, field‐collected Ixodes scapularis. Universal vertebrate primers for the COI barcode region successfully amplified DNA from the host bloodmeal and only rarely amplified tick DNA. Of the 61 field‐collected ticks, conclusive genus‐ and species‐level identification was possible for 72% of the specimens. In all but two cases, barcode‐based identification of the bloodmeal was consistent with the morphological identification of the vertebrate host the ticks were collected from. Possible explanations for mismatches or ambiguities are presented. This study validates the utility of the DNA barcode library as a valuable and reliable resource for the identification of unknown bloodmeals in arthropod vectors of disease. Future directions aimed at the refinement of these techniques to gain additional information and to improve the amplification success of digested vertebrate DNA in tick bloodmeals are discussed.
Bioenergy production and Skylark (Alauda arvensis) population abundance – a modelling approach for the analysis of land‐use change impacts and conservation options
Authors: Engel Jan , Huth Andreas , Frank Karin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBioenergy production is seen as one way of meeting future energy needs. The growing demand for biomass for energy production induces the cultivation of a few fast growing and high‐yielding energy crops on vast areas of arable land. This land‐use change has been found associated with the reduction of habitat suitability for farmland birds and a decline in farmland biodiversity in general. A large number of studies have assessed the ecological effects of energy crop cultivation at the local scale of a single field. This study focuses on regional landscape changes caused by increased energy crop cultivation, which includes reduction of crop‐type richness and spatial concentration of single crop‐types. We present a spatially explicit ecological model to assess the population‐level consequences of these effects on the abundance of the farmland bird species Skylark (Alauda arvensis). We also investigate the impacts of different land‐use scenarios and aim to identify adaptive conservation options. We show that (1) the impacts of increased energy crop cultivation on Skylark population abundance depend strongly on the landscape structure; (2) impacts could be tolerated as long as a certain minimum level of crop‐type heterogeneity is retained at the landscape level and (3) conservation actions are required and effective especially on landscapes where crop‐field size is large.
The chemokine CXCL12 and the HIV‐1 envelope protein gp120 regulate spontaneous activity of Cajal–Retzius cells in opposite directions
Authors: Marchionni Ivan , Beaumont Michael , Maccaferri Gianmaria 
Published: April 2012

Key points
The CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) modulates spontaneous firing of Cajal–Retzius cells via the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). However, the underlying mechanism(s) are poorly understood. CXCR4 also binds the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120), but the functional effects of this interaction on Cajal–Retzius cell excitability remain unknown.
We show that CXCL12 reduces spontaneous firing in Cajal–Retzius cells by opening a BK‐type calcium‐activated potassium conductance, whereas gp120 increases their excitability via a calcium‐ and chloride‐dependent mechanism.
Our data suggest that, depending on the use of CXCL12 or gp120 as ligands, partial agonism at the CXCR4 receptor generates calcium responses of different strengths, which lead to the recruitment of either calcium‐activated potassium or chloride channels.
We propose that HIV infection disrupts a signalling pathway important for the regulation of the excitability of Cajal–Retzius cells, and alters their functions.
Abstract  Activation of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in Cajal–Retzius cells by CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) is important for controlling their excitability. CXCR4 is also a co‐receptor for the glycoprotein 120 (gp120) of the envelope of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), and binding of gp120 to CXCR4 may produce pathological effects. In order to study CXCR4‐dependent modulation of membrane excitability, we recorded in cell‐attached configuration spontaneous action currents from hippocampal stratum lacunosum‐moleculare Cajal–Retzius cells of the CXCR4‐EGFP mouse. CXCL12 (50 nm) powerfully inhibited firing independently of synaptic transmission, suggesting that CXCR4 regulates an intrinsic conductance. This effect was prevented by conditioning slices with BAPTA‐AM (200 μm), and by blockers of the BK calcium‐dependent potassium channels (TEA (1 mm), paxilline (10 μm) and iberiotoxin (100 nm)). In contrast, exposure to gp120 (pico‐ to nanomolar range, alone or in combination with soluble cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)), enhanced spontaneous firing frequency. This effect was prevented by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 (1 μm) and was absent in EGFP‐negative stratum lacunosum‐moleculare interneurons. Increased excitability was prevented by treating slices with BAPTA‐AM or bumetanide, suggesting that gp120 activates a mechanism that is both calcium‐ and chloride‐dependent. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CXCL12 and gp120 modulate the excitability of Cajal–Retzius cells in opposite directions. We propose that CXCL12 and gp120 either generate calcium responses of different strength or activate distinct pools of intracellular calcium, leading to agonist‐specific responses, mediated by BK channels in the case of CXCL12, and by a chloride‐dependent mechanism in the case of gp120.