bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BEING KIKUYU IN MERU: CHALLENGING THE TRIBAL GEOGRAPHY OF COLONIAL KENYA
Authors: PARSONS TIMOTHY 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTFaced with a confusing range of fluid ethnicities when they conquered Kenya, colonial officials sought to shift conquered populations into manageable administrative units. In linking physical space to ethnic identity, the Kenyan reserve system assumed that each of these ‘tribes’ had a specific homeland. Yet the reserves in the central Kenyan highlands soon became overcrowded and socially restive because they could not accommodate population growth and private claims to land for commercial agriculture. Although colonial officials proclaimed themselves the guardians of backward tribal peoples, they tried to address this problem by creating mechanisms whereby surplus populations would be ‘adopted’ into tribes living in less crowded reserves. This article provides new insights into the nature of identity in colonial Kenya by telling the stories of two types of Kikuyu migrants who settled in the Meru Reserve. The first much larger group did so legally by agreeing to become Meru. The second openly challenged the colonial state and their Meru hosts by defiantly proclaiming themselves to be Kikuyu. These diverse ways of being Kikuyu in the Meru Reserve fit neither strict primordial nor constructivist conceptions of African identity formation. The peoples of colonial Kenya had options in deciding how to identify themselves and could assume different political and social roles by invoking one or more of them at a time and in specific circumstances.
Competitions for Resources: Partition's Evacuee Property and the Sustenance of Corruption in Pakistan
Authors: CHATTHA ILYAS 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper explores the part that the redistribution of evacuee property—the property abandoned by departing Hindus and Sikhs during the mass migrations after Partition—played in the institutionalization of corruption in Pakistan. By drawing on hitherto unexplored sources, including Pakistan's Rehabilitation Department papers, local police files and court records, it highlights the schemes of illegal appropriation, misappropriation, and paints a wholly convincing portrait of the scramble for millions of rupees worth of abandoned property in the towns and countryside of West Punjab. It shows how politicians, bureaucrats, powerful local notables and enterprising refugee groups grabbed properties, mainly by bribing officers charged with allocating them to incoming refugees, or by utilizing their personal contacts. The paper argues that the fierce competition for resources and temptations for evacuee property encouraged the emergence of a ‘corruption’ discourse which not only contributed to an atmosphere that was detrimental to democratic consolidation in the early years of Pakistan's history, but also justified later military intervention. This not only adds to the empirical knowledge of Partition and its legacies, but also makes a significant contribution towards our understanding of the transitional state in Pakistan.
BAYESIAN META-ANALYSIS ON MEDICAL DEVICES: APPLICATION TO IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATORS
Authors: Youn Ji-Hee , Lord Joanne , Hemming Karla , Girling Alan , Buxton Martin 
Published: April 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study is to describe and illustrate a method to obtain early estimates of the effectiveness of a new version of a medical device.Methods: In the absence of empirical data, expert opinion may be elicited on the expected difference between the conventional and modified devices. Bayesian Mixed Treatment Comparison (MTC) meta-analysis can then be used to combine this expert opinion with existing trial data on earlier versions of the device. We illustrate this approach for a new four-pole implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) compared with conventional ICDs, Class III anti-arrhythmic drugs, and conventional drug therapy for the prevention of sudden cardiac death in high risk patients. Existing RCTs were identified from a published systematic review, and we elicited opinion on the difference between four-pole and conventional ICDs from experts recruited at a cardiology conference.Results: Twelve randomized controlled trials were identified. Seven experts provided valid probability distributions for the new ICDs compared with current devices. The MTC model resulted in estimated relative risks of mortality of 0.74 (0.60–0.89) (predictive relative risk [RR] = 0.77 [0.41–1.26]) and 0.83 (0.70–0.97) (predictive RR = 0.84 [0.55–1.22]) with the new ICD therapy compared to Class III anti-arrhythmic drug therapy and conventional drug therapy, respectively. These results showed negligible differences from the preliminary results for the existing ICDs.Conclusions: The proposed method incorporating expert opinion to adjust for a modification made to an existing device may play a useful role in assisting decision makers to make early informed judgments on the effectiveness of frequently modified healthcare technologies.
TRANSFERABILITY OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT REPORTS IN LATIN AMERICA: AN EXPLORATORY SURVEY OF RESEARCHERS AND DECISION MAKERS
Authors: Pichon-Riviere Andres , Augustovski Federico , García Martí Sebastián , Sullivan Sean D. , Drummond Michael 
Published: April 2012

Introduction: HTA agencies, especially in developing countries, are under resourced and unable to conduct the desired amount of assessments. Adapting HTA reports (HTAs) from other jurisdictions is an alternative for saving resources.Objectives: To explore HTA transferability experiences in Latin-America and Caribbean (LAC): are decision makers (DMs) using HTAs from other jurisdictions? Are researchers adapting HTAs when developing local reports? How useful is the information found in HTAs from other jurisdictions?Methods: Web-based survey sent to 13031 HTA researchers and DMs.Results: We received 671 responses from 19 countries. DMs reported using HTAs from other jurisdictions to guide decisions in the majority of the situations: 52.6 percent HTAs from outside LAC (e.g., Europe), 23.1 percent from other LAC countries, and only 24.3 percent HTAs from their own countries. 63 percent of researchers reported using HTAs from other jurisdictions. Usefulness scored significantly higher for HTAs from other jurisdictions as compared to local HTAs (7.1 versus 6.0 in a 1–10 scale; p < .01). Both DMs and researchers considered the information regarding safety and effectiveness more applicable than the information on social aspects, or economic evaluation. Barriers that limit transferability had significantly different scores for HTAs from other LAC countries as compared to those from regions outside LAC (i.e., poor methodological quality 6.7 versus 5.3, different epidemiological context 6.0 versus 7.4; all p < .01).Conclusions: HTAs from outside the region are commonly used. However, DMs and researchers agreed that HTAs from LAC had the greatest potential for transferability, provided that barriers such as poor methodological quality could be overcome.
The special issue: agent-based computational economics—overview
Authors: Marks Robert E. , Vriend Nicolaas J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe Knowledge Engineering Review is an outstanding journal in Computer Science. The guest editors and contributors to this Special Issue are economists. Why is this so? In recent years, there has been a growing dialogue between economists and computer scientists, to our mutual benefit. The Special Issue is devoted to nine papers in which economists survey aspects of the field of agent-based computational economics models, and in some cases report on new findings in several areas of application. As such, we hope it has something to offer both computer scientists and economists.
Analysis and synthesis: multi-agent systems in the social sciences
Authors: Marks Robert E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAlthough they flow from a common source, the uses of multi-agent systems (or ‘agent-based computational systems’––ACE) vary between the social sciences and computer science. The distinction can be broadly summarized as analysis versus synthesis, or explanation versus design. I compare and contrast these uses, and discuss sufficiency and necessity in simulations in general and in multi-agent systems in particular, with a computer science audience in mind.
Evolution of market heuristics
Authors: Anufriev Mikhail , Hommes Cars 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe time evolution of aggregate economic variables, such as stock prices, is affected by market expectations of individual investors. Neoclassical economic theory assumes that individuals form expectations rationally, thus forcing prices to track economic fundamentals and leading to an efficient allocation of resources. However, laboratory experiments with human subjects have shown that individuals do not behave fully rationally but instead follow simple heuristics. In laboratory markets, prices may show persistent deviations from fundamentals similar to the large swings observed in real stock prices.Here we show that evolutionary selection among simple forecasting heuristics can explain coordination of individual behavior, leading to three different aggregate outcomes observed in recent laboratory market-forecasting experiments: slow monotonic price convergence, oscillatory dampened price fluctuations, and persistent price oscillations. In our model, forecasting strategies are selected every period from a small population of plausible heuristics, such as adaptive expectations and trend-following rules. Individuals adapt their strategies over time, based on the relative forecasting performance of the heuristics. As a result, the evolutionary switching mechanism exhibits path dependence and matches individual forecasting behavior as well as aggregate market outcomes in the experiments. Our results are in line with recent work on agent-based models of interaction and contribute to a behavioral explanation of universal features of financial markets.
Use of a telescopic system for transcatheter radiofrequency perforation and balloon valvotomy in infants with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum
Authors: Bondanza Sara , Derchi Maria , Tuo Giulia , Zannini Lucio , Marasini Maurizio 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum is a complex congenital heart disease with great morphological variability. Approximately two-thirds of patients may be suitable for transcatheter pulmonary valvotomy. We reviewed our experience in the use of two different percutaneous approaches to evaluate the impact on fluoroscopy time and morbidity of a new technique to perform transcatheter radiofrequency perforation and valvotomy in newborns with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum.Methods and ResultsIn all, 31 patients underwent radiofrequency perforation of the pulmonary valve. The first 14 infants were treated using a 5 French Judkins right coronary catheter, which was manoeuvred directly underneath the atretic pulmonary valve (Group A). The others were treated using a telescopic system consisting of Northstar Lumax Flex and White Lumax Guiding Catheters (Cook; Group B). In both groups, after radiofrequency perforation of the pulmonary valve, a 0.014-inch superfloppy guidewire was advanced into the descending aorta and balloon dilations were performed. Required fluoroscopy time was significantly lower in Group B (48.5 ± 28.1 versus 24.9 ± 14.4 minutes, respectively; p < 0.01). A higher incidence of unfavourable events including the need for early surgery was found in Group A.ConclusionIn our experience, telescopic catheter proved to be a valid option able to decrease the fluoroscopy time of percutaneous radiofrequency perforation of pulmonary valve and consequently patients’ exposure to procedure-related risks.
Evaluation of cardiac functions with Doppler echocardiography in children with Down syndrome and anatomically normal heart
Authors: Al-Biltagi Mohammed , Serag Amany R. , Hefidah Mohammed M. , Mabrouk Maaly M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo study the cardiac functions in Down syndrome children who did not have structural cardiac lesion by conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography.Materials and methodsA total of 85 children with Down syndrome without anatomic heart disease and 50 normal control children were subjected to the assessment of right and left ventricular functions by both two-dimensional and tissue Doppler echocardiography.ResultsChildren with Down syndrome had significantly higher left ventricular ejection fraction detected by two-dimensional echocardiography and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction detected by tissue Doppler than observed in the controls. In addition, children with Down syndrome also had right ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunctions. Children with Down syndrome had significantly higher pulmonary artery systolic pressure than the control children. There was no significant difference in the cardiac functions between children with non-disjunction Down syndrome and those with the translocation type.ConclusionDespite an apparently normal heart, children with Down syndrome may have silent disturbed cardiac functions, which may be detected by two-dimensional or tissue Doppler echocardiography. This may have an important clinical implication, especially before involving Down syndrome children in surgery or strenuous exercise.
EXPONENTIAL AND CHARACTER SUMS WITH MERSENNE NUMBERS
Authors: BANKS WILLIAM D. , FRIEDLANDER JOHN B. , GARAEV MOUBARIZ Z. , SHPARLINSKI IGOR E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe give new bounds on sums of the form ∑ n≤NΛ(n)exp (2πiagn/m) and ∑ n≤NΛ(n)χ(gn+a), where Λ is the von Mangoldt function, m is a natural number, a and g are integers coprime to m, and χ is a multiplicative character modulo m. In particular, our results yield bounds on the sums ∑ p≤Nexp (2πiaMp/m) and ∑ p≤Nχ(Mp) with Mersenne numbers Mp=2p−1, where p is prime.
Bayesian prediction of disability insurance frequencies using economic indicators
Authors: Donnelly C. , Wüthrich Mario V. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe use economic indicators to improve the prediction of the number of incurred but not recorded disability insurance claims, assuming that there is a link between the number of claims and the chosen economic indicators. We propose a Bayesian model where we model the claims development in three directions: along incurred periods, recording lag periods and calendar periods. A stochastic model of the economic indicators is incorporated into the calendar period development direction. Thus we allow for the impact of the economic environment on the number of claims. Applying the proposed model to data, we illustrate how the inclusion of economic indicators affects the prediction of the number of incurred but not recorded disability claims.
Prospective Observational Study of Imatinib Therapy in Japanese Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Long-term Follow-up and Second Malignancy
Authors: Kanda Tatsuo , Ishikawa Takashi , Hirota Seiichi , Yajima Kazuhito , Kosugi Shin-ichi , Ohashi Manabu , Suzuki Satoshi , Mashima Yasuoki , Ajioka Yoichi , Hatakeyama Katsuyoshi 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Objective
Limited data are available concerning long-term results of imatinib therapy in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. We aimed to clarify the long-term outcomes of imatinib therapy in Japanese patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Methods
A prospective, observational study of imatinib therapy for unresectable and metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors was conducted in our institution. Imatinib was initiated at a dose of 400 mg daily and continued until disease progression. Safety, efficacy and long-term tolerability and survival were evaluated in an intent-to-treat population. The median follow-up period in this study was 68 months.

Results
Seventy patients were enrolled between December 2001 and December 2009. Treatment-related Grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 49 patients (70.0%). Although 14 patients required adverse effect management with hospitalization, only 5 patients (7.1%) withdrew from the treatment owing to imatinib intolerance. The tumor response and clinical benefit rates were 61.4 and 85.7%, respectively. Thirty-seven patients (52.9%) maintained the treatment at 400 mg daily imatinib, whereas 33 patients (47.1%) had their dose reduced to 300 mg daily or less. The overall survival rate at 5 years was 60.9% and the median survival time was 70 months. The median progression-free survival time of all the 70 enrolled patients was 30 months. Seven patients (10.0%) suffered from second malignancies, including three patients with genitourinary carcinomas.

Conclusions
Despite the need for dose reduction, the long-term results of imatinib therapy for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors were good in Japanese patients. Physicians should pay attention to the occurrence of second malignancies during imatinib therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients.
Recovery as an integrative paradigm in mental health
Authors: Slade Mike , Davidson Larry 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The term ‘recovery’ is at the heart of a debate about the core purpose of mental health services. It is a contested term, with at least two meanings. We call these two meanings recovery from mental illness, or ‘clinical recovery’, on the one hand, and being in recovery with a mental illness, or ‘personal recovery’, on the other (Davidson and Roe, 2007). Each meaning is underpinned by a set of values, and creates role expectations for mental health professionals. We begin by differentiating these two meanings.
Treated and untreated prevalence of mental disorders: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Authors: Wang Philip S. , Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola , AlHamzawi Ali Obaid , Alonso Jordi , Andrade Laura Helena , Angermeyer Matthias C. , Borges Guilherme , Bromet Evelyn J. , Bruffaerts Ronny , Bunting Brendan , Caldas de Almeida José Miguel , Florescu Silvia , Girolamo Giovanni de , Graaf Ron de , Gureje Oye , Haro Josep Maria , Hinkov Hristo Ruskov , Hu Chi-yi , Karam Elie G. , Kovess Viviane , Lee Sing , Levinson Daphna , Ono Yutaka , Petukhova Maria , Posada-Villa José , Sagar Rajesh , Seedat Soraya , Wells J. Elisabeth , Kessler Ronald C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are leading causes of disability worldwide, accounting for 37 % of all healthy life years lost from disease (Lopez et al., 2006). They are among the most disabling conditions even in low-income countries, where detection of emotional problems and access to treatment are lowest. Although efficacious and tolerable treatments for these disorders are increasingly available, even economically-advantaged societies experience competing priorities and budgetary constraints (Tasman et al., 2003). Knowing how to provide effective treatment is consequently a worldwide imperative (Hu, 2003). Unfortunately, most countries suffer from a lack of data to guide decisions, absent or competing visions for resources, and near constant pressures to cut insurance and entitlements (Mechanic, 1994).
How can countries redesign their mental health care systems and optimally allocate resources? A first step is to document the services currently being used as well as the extent and nature of unmet needs for treatment. A second step may be to conduct cross-national comparisons of service use and unmet needs in countries with different mental health care systems. Such comparisons have the potential to help uncover optimal financing, national policies, and delivery systems for the care of mental disorders. Unfortunately, few cross-national studies of such differences are available (Bijl et al., 2003; Kessler et al., 1997).
For these reasons, WHO established the WMH Survey Initiative in 1998 (Demyttenaere et al., 2004 ). Coordinated surveys of the prevalence of mental disorders, their severity, impairments, and treatments have been implemented and analysed in 24 developing and developed countries. The current report describes the levels, types, and adequacy of mental health service use in these countries. We also examine unmet needs for treatment among strata defined by the seriousness of mental disorders. Finally, we identify sociodemographic correlates of unmet needs for treatment to guide the design and targeting of future resources, policies, and interventions.
The global burden of mental disorder
Authors: Prince Martin 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The World Health Organization’s global burden of disease (GBD) estimates provide evidence on the relative impact of health problems worldwide (Murray and Lopez, 1996; World Health Organization, 2006). Patterns of morbidity seem to be globalizing with non-communicable diseases rapidly becoming the dominant causes of ill health in all developing regions except Sub-Saharan Africa. Within this wider health transition, the GBD report showed for the first time the true scale of the contribution of mental disorders, this revelation attributed to the use of the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), the sum of years lived with disability (YLD), and years of life lost (YLL) as a single integrated measure of disease burden. Neuropsychiatric conditions (comprising, in descending order of DALY contribution: mental disorders, substance and alcohol use disorders, other neuropsychiatric disorders, dementia, mental retardation, migraine, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis) account for 14 % of all DALYs and 28 % of all DALYs attributed to non-communicable disease (Murray and Lopez, 1996; World Health Organization, 2006). They are the chief contributor to burden among the non-communicable diseases, more than either cardiovascular disease (22 % of non-communicable disease DALYs) or cancer (11 %). Proportionately, mental disorders account for just 9 % of the burden in low-income countries, compared with 18 % in middle-income and 27 % in high-income countries. This is because the burden of communicable, perinatal, and maternal conditions remains high in many low- and low–middle-income countries, swelling the denominator. However, the absolute burden of mental disorder as indicated by per capita DALYs does not vary much between world regions.