bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in performance on two grape cultivars within and among populations of grape Phylloxera from wild and cultivated habitats
Authors: Hawthorne D. J. , Via S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWhen an indigenous insect becomes a pest, comparisons of performance of pest and non‐pest populations on crop plants and of genetic variation in that performance may provide insight into the evolution of pest populations. To measure such genetic variation, 8–15 clones of the grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliaeFitch) were collected from wild grapevines in each of 3 geographically isolated sites (populations) and from commercial vineyards in northern California. A complete life table was made for clonal replicates from populations collected from wild grapevines on each of two commercial grape cultivars, the susceptibleVitis vinifera(L.) cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon, and the phylloxera‐resistant rootstock ‘AxR# 1’. Variation in mean performance on these two hosts was partitioned among clones within collection sites and among sites. Performance measures included an individual analog to the intrinsic rate of increase (r), age at first oviposition, fecundity in the first ten days of reproduction, total fecundity, and longevity. The overall performance of phylloxera from the wild grapevines on the resistant cultivar AxR# 1 was greater than or equal to that on the susceptible cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. There was significant variation among clones within populations from wild grapes in the rate of increase on ‘AxR# 1’ and marginally significant clonal variation in some of the component parameters. There was no significant variation among clones within populations on ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and no significant differences between populations on either crop in any trait.In a second experiment we compared the relative performance of 15–17 clones from wild grapevines and from commercial vineyards when reared on ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘AxR# 1’. Phylloxera from commercial vineyards had much higher overall performance on ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ than did phylloxera from the wild grapevines. Phylloxera from the commercial vineyard also had higher performance on ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ than on ‘AxR’ l' but the performance of the phylloxera from wild and commercial grapes did not differ on ‘AxR# 1’.Our results show that there is genetic variation in traits related to performance on a resistant root‐stock within these indigenous non‐pest populations of phylloxera, but not among them. The pattern of performance of pest and non‐pest populations on two commercial cultivars suggests that current levels of phylloxera performance on crop cultivars are the result of adaptation to those cultivars which has occurred while phylloxera has been associated with viticulture. Implications of these results for understanding the recent adaptation of phylloxera to ‘AxR# 1’ in California are also discussed.
Reproduction and resource utilization of the ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus mutilatus, in field and experimental populations
Authors: Kajimura H. , Hijii N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe reproduction process of the ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus mutilatus (BLANDFORD) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was examined by successive censuses of field populations and by artificial rearing experiments. The reproductive strategy is discussed in relation to utilization of fungal resources, the amount of which was evaluated by total gallery length (main gallery and side galleries) for the field populations or fungal area in the laboratory. Fecundity of mother adults increased with the expansion of gallery systems for cultivating their associated fungi. The number of offspring also depended on the amount of fungal resource, whereas the variation of female body size within a brood was not affected by the fungal amount. The body size apparently declined with delay in larval feeding period expressed as the order of pupation and eclosion in the field and with decreasing fungal area per larva in the laboratory. These results suggested that the combination of resource‐dependent oviposition by a mother beetle and dominant resource utilization by earlier‐hatched individuals in a brood can contribute to the efficient production of larger females when resources are limited.
Population and individual polyphagy in the grasshopper Taeniopoda eques during natural foraging
Authors: Howard Jerome J. , Raubenheimer David , Bernays Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDietary patterns of free‐foraging individuals of the polyphagous grasshopper Taeniopoda eques Burmeister (Romaleidae) were studied at three desert grassland sites in southern Arizona. At the population level this species was highly polyphagous at all sites, but showed evidence of selectivity in terms of frequency of feeding relative to frequency of contacts with resources. Most feeding bouts were very short, suggesting that most plants were relatively unpalatable. Both diet diversity and the mean length of feeding bouts varied among the study sites, primarily because highly preferred resources and plant tissues were not encountered with equal frequency at all sites. Individual insects were highly polyphagous. Dietary overlap calculations showed that insects at a given site generally consumed diets less similar than the resources they contacted. This result does not support the idea that all insects preferred the same subset of resources. Most differences in diet among individuals were probably due to environmental heterogeneity, but factors such as sequence of encounter, compensatory feeding on complementary resources, and intrinsic differences in preference may also have contributed to variation in diets.
Effect of different narcosis procedures on initiating oviposition of prediapausing Bombus terrestris queens
Authors: Tasei J.N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFour experiments aimed at the stimulation of starting oviposition were carried out with bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris L.) from colonies belonging to the ecotype of Central Western France and reared in a glasshouse. After mating, queens were narcotized with carbon dioxide, confined singly in small boxes (11 times 5 × 4.5 cm) and kept in a dark room at 28–29 °C and 60%‐65% r.h. They were fed on a sugar solution and a pollen‐syrup mixture. No effects were discernible if the narcosis was applied 20 to 30 days after mating instead of 5 days, nor if the queens were submitted to a 4 to 5 day period at 34 °C following narcosis. Survival rates ranged from 65% to 68%. If the queens were reared under fluorescent tubes (L8:D16) after narcosis the mean delays to egg‐laying were significantly reduced compared to a dark treatment (21 days instead of 39), as was their variability (s.e. = 1.6 day instead of 3.1 days). The survival rates were respectively 73% and 67%. Under the same photoperiod (L8:D16) the CO2 narcosis repeated at a 24h interval had the same efficacy whether its duration was 10 min or 5 min. The delays to egg‐laying were respectively 20 days (s.e = 1.5) and 25 days (s.e. = 4.8) with survival rates close to 73%. Egg‐laying could also be induced in non‐narcotized queens with a survival rate of 54% and delays to oviposition close to those of queens narcotized 2 times 10 min.
Increase in activity density and species number of carabid beetles in cereals as a result of strip‐management
Authors: Lys Jon‐Andri , Zimmermann Manfred , Nentwig Wolfgang 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn 1990 and 1991, we monitored the abundance of a carabid community in a 8 ha winter cereal field. The field was subdivided by five 1.5 m wide weed‐strips leaving 12, 24 and 36 m between the strips. In 1990 significantly higher activity densities and number of species were found in the strips. In 1991, however, both number of species and activity densities of ground beetles in the weed‐strips and the cereal parts in between were similar. In 1991, activity density in cereal parts between weed‐strips was significantly higher than in a bordering control area. Most of the activity densities of all 23 abundant species were significantly higher in the strip‐managed area than in the control area. Furthermore, the number of species in the strip‐managed area was higher. In addition, most sampling dates (1990 and 1991) revealed a significant negative regression between activity density and distance from the first strip, i.e. width of the cereal parts between the strips. Strip‐management seems to be a way to increase ground beetle densities considerably by providing better food supplies and more suitable overwintering sites.
‘Osmotic pump‘ feeding by coreids
Authors: Miles P. W. , Taylor G. S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSpecies of Coreidae (Heteroptera) cause ‘water soaked’ lesions in their food plants. Such insects typically feed from parenchyma in and surrounding vascular tissues and also cause acropetal wilting and necrosis of small diameter shoots. Feeding by Mictis profana (Fabr.) in South Australia on the shoots of Acacia iteaphylla F. Muell. ex Benth. was found to cause a local, concurrent increase in both water content and free amino acid concentration, consistent with phloem unloading. Coreids, unlike other groups of phytophagous Heteroptera, secrete a salivary sucrase (α‐D‐glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.48) as probably the sole salivary carbohydrase, and tissues attacked by M. profana showed more sucrose hydrolysing activity than unattacked. The salivary enzyme is postulated to cause unloading of solutes into the apoplast due to the osmotic effects of conversion of endogenous sucrose to glucose and fructose, allowing the insect to suck the leaked contents of many cells from a single locus. The term ‘osmotic pump feeding’ is proposed for such a process. In demonstrations of its feasibility, infiltration of shoots with mixtures of glucose and fructose stoichiometrically equivalent to isosmotic sucrose increased the amounts of tissue sap and amino acid that could be sucked from the tissues; similarly, invertase and 1 M sugars forced into the extracellular space of stem sections increased the amino acids offloaded into the bathing solutions.
Comparison of the effect of hydroxamic acids from wheat on five species of cereal aphids
Authors: Givovich Arturo , Niemeyer Hermann M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFeeding behaviour of five species of cereal aphids in wheat seedlings differing in hydroxamic acid (Hx) levels, was monitored via electrical penetration graphs (EPG). Aphid species could be grouped as sensitive to the feeding deterrent effect of Hx in the seedlings (Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, and Metopolophium dirhodum) or insensitive to them (Rhopalosiphum maidis). However, when feeding behaviour was studied in artificial diets containing Hx, all species were equally sensitive to Hx. The behaviour of R. maidis was further compared with that of R. padi through detailed EPG analysis. It was found that the insensitivity of R. maidis to Hx in seedlings may be due to a feeding strategy avoiding contact with the compounds by decreasing the number of cellular punctures in live tissues other than sieve elements during its way to the phloem.
Behavioral differences between hawthorn‐origin and apple‐origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies in patches of host trees
Authors: Luna Ivan G. , Prokopy Ronald J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe compared patterns of patch residence and oviposition of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) females that originated as larvae from hawthorn or apple trees and were released into patches of host trees containing hawthorn or apple fruit in an open field. There were no detectable differences between hawthorn‐origin females in patches of hawthorns and apple‐origin females in patches of apples in numbers of females observed on food, fruit or foliage or in numbers of eggs laid in fruit during the course of the 7‐h experimental period. Apple‐origin females in patches of hawthorns behaved similarly to hawthorn‐origin females in patches of hawthorns. In contrast, hawthorn‐origin females in patches of apples differed significantly from apple‐origin females in patches of apples. The former were observed on fruit only 40% as often and laid only 20% as many eggs before departing a patch. Our findings support the hypothesis of G. L. Bush that R. pomonella flies of hawthorn and apple origin represent distinct host races.
Hypersensitive response of wheat to the Hessian fly
Authors: Grover Paul B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Say) larvae are able to obtain food from their host plant without inflicting mechanical damage to the plant surface, apparently by secreting substances which elicit release of nutrients from plant cells surrounding the feeding site. Cells of fully susceptible plants retain their normal appearances, while in resistant plants extensive areas of cellular collapse occur. These responses indicate that hypersensitivity is the basis of wheat's resistance to the Hessian fly. The fly's feeding mechanism more closely resembles that of a pathogen than of a phytophagous insect; correspondingly, both the genetic relationship and resistance mechanism of the host plant to the parasite are of the sorts commonly associated with bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Reproduction and survival of the predatory bug Orius albidipennis on various arthropod prey
Authors: Chyzik R. , Klein M. , Ben‐Dov Y. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe daily rate of oviposition, fecundity, survival and adult longevity of Orius albidipennis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were studied in the laboratory in Israel. These parameters were compared on three arthropod prey species: the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch; the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman; and eggs of the almond moth, Ephestia cautella Walker. The fecundity and survival on the thrips diet (217.2 eggs/female and 98.7%, respectively) and on moth eggs (184.1 eggs/female and 84.6%, respectively) were significantly higher than on the spider mite diet (110.9 eggs/female and 40.4%, respectively). Female longevity was significantly higher on Ephestia eggs (63.0 days) than on thrips (45.1 days) and mites (35.1 days). There were no significant differences in male longevity among the three diets (57.5, 64.1 and 54.5 days, respectively).
Breeding behaviour, relatedness and sex‐investment ratios inLeptothorax tuberumFabricius
Authors: Pearson B. , Raybould A. F. , Clarke R. T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe ant speciesLeptothorax tuberumwas shown to be predominantly monogynous. Queens usually mate once only but some nests may have a multiply‐mated queen or are partially or serially polygynous. As expected from these results, within nest relatedness between workers and between workers and alate queens was found to be high. Almost fifty percent of nests had no nest queen which may indicate high queen mortality, queens leaving to found new nests or nest fragmentation. Observed female investment frequencies (IFo) were not significantly different from those expected on the basis of worker control of sexual production and the relatedness estimates of workers to alate queens and workers to males calculated from isozyme data (IFE). These values were not consistent with queen control. There was no evidence for lower IFos in queenless nests nor for higher IFos in larger nests classified by worker number. When nests were classified by sexual productivity, however, there was a strong rank correlation between productivity and female bias. This is the first study of an ant species to test observed IF against expected IF calculated without inferring between caste relatedness from worker data or pooling of data from different castes.
The effect of host nutrition on growth and development of the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens
Authors: Harvey Jeffrey A. , Harvey Ian F. , Thompson David J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe investigated the effect of host (Plodia interpunctella; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) nutritional status on development of the solitary endoparasitoid, Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Parasitoids from 3rd (L3) instars reared on a deficient diet during early parasitism took longer to develop and suffered higher mortality than those reared from hosts fed ad libitum although there was not a significant difference in the size of eclosing wasps from the two groups. L5 hosts reared at high density produced smaller parasitoids, which developed more rapidly than those reared from hosts from low density containers, although mortality was higher in the latter.In a separate experiment we starved groups of 10–20 hosts (parasitized as L3) daily beginning on the 4th day after parasitism, to determine the host developmental stage required for successful parasitoid development to eclosion. Parasitoid survivorship increased with length of host access to food, while the egg‐to‐adult parasitoid development time increased throughout the experiment. Parasitoid size decreased with increasing periods of host starvation. The successful emergence of Venturia depends upon Plodia reaching the size normally attained in the mid‐5th instar, or 50–70% of the mass of healthy late 5th instars. Our results show that when earlier instars are parasitized, host growth is essential for successful parasitoid development to eclosion. Furthermore, they suggest that, for many koinobionts, host suitability may be greatly influenced by feeding rate and food quality.
Further observations on the correlation between attractiveness of honey bee brood cells to Varroa jacobsoni and the distance from larva to cell rim
Authors: Boot Willem J. , Driessen Ronald G. , Calis Johan N. M. , Beetsma Joop 
Published: April 2011

AbstractVarroa jacobsoni Oudemans (Acari: Varroidae) was studied with respect to invasion into different types of honeybee, Apis mellifera L., brood cells. Different cell types were obtained by shortening and elongating of cells, grafting worker larvae into drone cells and vice versa. The type of cell strongly affected the number of mites per cell, and the attractive period of the cells to the mites. The type of cell also affected the distance from larva to cell rim preceding cell capping. When this distance was larger in comparison to control cells of the same age, the attractive period of the brood cells was shorter and vice versa. Since in all cell types the distance from larva to cell rim continuously decreased preceding cell capping, this negative correlation is in agreement with the hypothesis that there is a critical larva‐rim distance under which brood cells are attractive to mites. Then, the length of the attractive period of brood cells depends on the moment this critical distance is reached. The distribution of mites over different cell types in turn results from differences in the attractive period.
Effects of emperor moth larval secretions, hemolymph, and components on microorganisms and predators
Authors: Deml R. , Dettner K. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe biological significance of the caterpillar scolus secretions, hemolymph, and compounds of four emperor moth species (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) has been investigated by means of different biological tests and behavioral observations: 1. Larval body fluids and several components (e.g., phenylacetaldehyde) were shown to inhibit growth of certain bacteria but not of fungi. 2. Larval body fluids deter ants from feeding, evidently due to the strong behavior‐modifying activity of several compounds therein. 3. Larval body fluids and whole caterpillars produce feeding‐avoidance in model bird species. The findings suggest that these defensive mechanisms effectively protect saturniid caterpillars from pathogens and predators in nature.
Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the epipharyngeal sensilla of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Asaoka K. , Shibuya T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOne pair of gustatory sensilla was found on the epipharynx of Bombyx mori larvae, and some morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the epipharyngeal sensilla were investigated. They are sensilla coeloconica composed of a small papilla with a pore at the tip and a swelling of cuticle encircling the papilla. Three bipolar neurons innervate each sensillum. One neuron is an inositol receptor which responds to inositol only. Another cell responds with action potentials of relatively large amplitude to some feeding deterrent substances, such as strychnine nitrate. The thresholds of these cells for inositol and strychnine nitrate are approximately 10−4 M and 10−7 M, respectively. At least two kinds of spikes can be observed when these sensilla are stimulated with some salts and acids. Dose‐response relationships and time courses of responses to inositol and strychnine nitrate were also examined in this study.
Exploitation of Intestinal Colonization‐Inhibition Between Salmonella Organisms for Live Vaccines in Poultry – Potential and Limitations
Authors: Methner U. , Haase A. , Berndt A. , Martin G. , Nagy B. , Barrow P. A. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryImmunization represents one of the most important methods to increase the resistance of chickens against Salmonella infection. In addition to the development of an adaptive immune response, oral administration of live Salmonella strains to day‐old chicks provides protection against infection within hours by intestinal colonization‐inhibition. For the exploitation of this phenomenon, practical information on colonization‐inhibition between Salmonella organisms is needed. Colonization‐inhibition capacity between Salmonella strains from serogroups B, C1, C2, D and G was assessed in chickens. The most profound level of intestinal colonization‐inhibition occurred between isogenic strains. Inhibition between strains of the same serovar was greater than that between strains of different serovars. The degree of inhibition between different serovars was not sufficiently high to identify a single strain which might inhibit a wide range of other Salmonella organisms. However, as Salmonella Enteritidis is the dominant serovar in poultry in many countries and because of the profound colonization‐inhibition within this serovar there is a considerable potential to exploit this phenomenon in the development of novel live S. Enteritidis vaccines. Treatment of young chicks with mixtures of different Salmonella serovars resulted not only in a very strong growth inhibition of the isogenic strains but also in a substantial inhibition of heterologous serovars. The potential of mixtures of heterologous Salmonella strains as a ‘Salmonella Inhibition Culture’ and as a ‘live Salmonella vaccine’ should be further explored.
A Correlation for
Confined Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer
Authors: Chan Mark
Aaron , Yap Christopher
R. , Ng Kim Choon 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This study presents a generalized confined boiling correlation applicable for various working fluids and operating conditions. A dimensionless parameter, Bond number, has been incorporated into the correlation to include the effects of confinement in the ebullition process of boiling. The proposed correlation is compared with an existing correlation based on their capability in predicting confined boiling data from the literature. A phenomenon of heat transfer coefficient stagnation is found for boiling in narrow spaces despite an increase in heat flux. Results show that the proposed correlation entails an excellent agreement with experimental data, and the predictions have a reasonably low mean absolute error of 17.3% for the entire database.