bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Paternalism
Authors: Buckley F. H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Cognitive paternalism would impeach choices which are misshaped by our judgment heuristics, instincts, or emotions. An important empirical literature at the border of psychology and economics suggest that we are often led astray by biases of one sort or another, and that in such cases we might attend to the paternalist to set us straight. This kind of paternalism was enormously popular in the last twenty years, but now seems to have been oversold. Our judgment heuristics are much more sophisticated and accurate than might at first appear, in the empiricist's laboratory. Apart from this, the cognitive paternalist who imposes fetters on choices will be affected by his own set of biases, notably the hindsight bias in which things just had to turn out the way they did. Because of this he is too likely to assume that decisions were poorly made.
Happiness
Authors: Buckley F. H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new empirical literature on what makes people happy would argue for paternalism if it could be shown that people don't know how to make themselves better off. Such studies do indeed suggest that we overwork. We seem to be on a “hedonic treadmill”, in which we always return to the same base set-point of happiness. We might get more goods, but as that happens we always want more and are never satisfied. Moreover, one person's success is offset by the envy this provokes in others. However, there is little reason to think this argues for paternalism. The empirical evidence is ambiguous, and the societies with the greatest personal freedom are also the happiest ones.
Private Perfectionism
Authors: Buckley F. H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The perfectionist would enforce moral choices. He need not seek to “make men moral”, in the sense of reforming their characters, so long as he steers people away from immoral choices. Anti-perfectionists are called neutralists. While perfectionists and neutralists might differ greatly on the enforcement of morality, in practice they tend to converge. Liberal perfectionists would influence our choices in unobtrusive ways, for example by subsidizing favoured causes such as museums. And conservative neutralists would oppose state-enforced morality because they think they're more likely to be on the losing side. The space between American perfectionists and neutralists is thus much smaller than one would suppose, if all one did was listen to the shrill debate between partisans on both sides.
Conclusion
Authors: Buckley F. H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book's argument. It begins by redefining liberalism and a liberal, the latter which is defined as one who believes that people's preferences are prima facie worthy of respect. It is down to the paternalist or perfectionist to tell people why freedom should be curtailed. The book has examined different arguments for interfering with people's preferences. The book's main thesis is that a balance between paternalist and antipaternalist arguments, and perfectionist and antiperfectionalist arguments is needed.
Innovation for the 21st Century
Authors: Carrier Michael A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In recent years, innovation has been threatened by the United States legal system. Much of the blame can be attributed to the antitrust and intellectual property (IP) laws. This book seeks to encourage a reversal of this trend, offering ten revolutionary proposals, from pharmaceuticals to peer-to-peer software, to help foster innovation. The book illustrates the benefits of improving the patent system and incorporating innovation into copyright and antitrust law. It also dips into a rich business literature to import ideas on “disruptive innovation” and “user innovation.” The book replaces the 20th-century view that the IP and antitrust laws are in conflict with a new 21st-century framework that treats them as collaborators. It also offers a comprehensive framework for the patent, copyright, and antitrust laws to promote innovation.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Carrier Michael A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with an overview of patent and copyright law, offering a synthesis of the elements most important for innovation. It then explores justifications for intellectual property (IP). It asks whether IP is necessary by examining other incentives for innovation. Finally, it traces dangers of IP protection such as monopoly loss, innovation bottlenecks, and harms to disruptive and user innovation.
Pioneering Peer-to-Peer and Other Disruptive Dual-Use Technologies
Authors: Carrier Michael A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines dual-use technologies such as the VCR, computer, CD burner, iPod, TiVo, and peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing. It discusses the case of Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, in which the Supreme Court held that the manufacturer of the Betamax VCR was not liable for contributory copyright infringement. Given the importance of P2P software to current dual-use debates, the chapter introduces the technology and three judicial treatments of it (Napster, Aimster, and Grokster). It shows that the tradeoff between innovation and creativity is not as intractable as most courts and scholars have previously thought. The reason is that innovation, but not creativity, is drastically threatened by the selected test. The chapter introduces three dangers facing innovation: (i) an innovation asymmetry downplays new technologies' future benefits and overemphasizes copyright owners' present losses; (ii) an error-costs asymmetry reveals that a technology's abandonment has a far more drastic effect than its wrongful continuation; and (iii) a litigation asymmetry ensnares small technology makers in a web of complex tests and unaffordable lawsuits. The chapter explores the benefits of P2P technology, including distribution, the “long tail,” and promotion, and it's potentially serving as a counterbalance to the Google search engine and cloud computer. The chapter concludes by recommending a return to the Sony test, as this would foster innovation.
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act: From Pirates to User Innovators
Authors: Carrier Michael A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which prevents the circumvention of technological measures controlling access to copyrighted works. It begins by tracing the role that reverse engineering has played in the software industry as a matter of technology and law. It then introduces the DMCA's text and legislative history. It explores the most important cases that have applied the statute to competition-related issues, and examines the review process that the Copyright Office has conducted in granting new exemptions from liability. The chapter concludes with a proposal that seeks to remedy the anticompetitive use of the DMCA. Just to pick one example, such a proposal could reduce the price of ink in printer toner cartridges.
Biotechnology Dilemma 1: Patented Research Tools and Experimental Use
Authors: Carrier Michael A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Research tools used by scientists are essential for innovation in the biotechnology industry. In recent years, the patenting of such tools has skyrocketed with many scholars and organizations lamenting this development. They have focused, in particular, on reduced access to research tools and an “anticommons” characterized by multiple patentees exercising rights to exclude. This chapter addresses the question of whether scientists are able to use patented research tools. It argues that industry and academia have forged a relationship that, at least at the present time, has displaced the need for changes to the law. The chapter offers three proposals that could be implemented if the situation changes. First is to protect “experimentation” on the invention, which uses the invention to study its technology or design around the patent. Second, it offers an amendment to the Bayh–Dole Act (which encouraged the commercialization of nonprofit inventions) that would require universities and nonprofit institutions to reserve the right to use the invention for non-commercial research. Third, it recommends empirical study of user innovation among research tool innovators.
Conclusion
Authors: Carrier Michael A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This concluding chapter synthesizes the benefits of treating the IP and antitrust laws together in seeking to foster innovation. It recounts the wide swath of the economy and expanse of cutting-edge innovation topics covered by the proposals. It shows how the recommendations rescue Congress's intent, and recaps the nuance and practical nature of the proposals. It underscores the global appeal of the topics and analysis of the laws of Australia, China, the EU, India, Japan, and Korea. Finally it shows how the book seeks to carve out a greater role for innovation in copyright, patent, and antitrust law.
Modernism and the Ordinary
Authors: Olson Liesl 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe book overturns conventional accounts of the modernist period as primarily drawn toward the new, the transcendent, and the extraordinary. The book shows how modernist writers were preoccupied, instead, with the unselfconscious actions of everyday life, even in times of political crisis and war. Experiences like walking to work, eating a sandwich, or mending a dress were often resistant to shock, and these daily activities presented a counter-force to the aesthetic of heightened affect with which the period is often associated. The book examines works by Joyce, Woolf, Stein, Stevens, Proust, Beckett, and Auden alongside the ideas of philosophers such as Henri Bergson and William James. The book shows how these writers responded to the difficulty of representing the ordinary without defamilarizing it or making it transcendent. The book also connects this problem to earlier modes of literary realism on both sides of the Atlantic, and situates modernism’s preoccupation with ordinary experience within the major historical events of the period, especially the two world wars. Ultimately, the book reveals the non-transformative power of the ordinary as one of modernism’s most compelling attributes: day-to-day experience comes to stand not as an impediment to the creative life, but as a satisfaction with the material rather than the spiritual, the local rather than the exotic, the constant rather than the unknown, and the democratic rather than the privileged.
Virginia Woolf and the “Cotton Wool of Daily Life”
Authors: Olson Liesl 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter first explores how Woolf associates the ordinary with prose rather than with poetry—a distinction that emphasizes how the genres were becoming less distinct, as both aimed to represent the “dirty work” typically associated with prose. The chapter then examines the significance of what Woolf calls “the cotton wool of daily life” in relationship to literary realism. Particularly in Mrs. Dalloway, daily life lies at the heart of Woolf’s representation of character. The novel also turns to the ordinary as an alternative to the trauma associated with the First World War. The chapter proceeds to show how the ordinary becomes an enduring fixation for Woolf in her subsequent novels. Her ambivalent use of “facts” in fiction is an ordinary style, as she herself implies in her long essay “Phases of Fiction,” an essay that reveals Woolf’s strong attachment to novelists who satisfy a reader’s need to believe in a recognizable world. Her determined disassociation from the Edwardians, whose work is entrenched in materialist facts, is considered in context of her admiration for many older novelists whose use of facts she emulates as a means of achieving the ordinary.
Tangential Cell Movements During Early Telencephalic Development
Authors: De Carlos Juan A. , García-Moreno Fernando 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which neurons are generated from the ventricular zone in the forebrain and migrate to their destinations in the cerebral cortex. Topics covered include radial migration, tangential migration, labelling techniques, and Cajal–Retzius cells. It is argued that the complexity added to the initial model of cortical development comes from the abundant populations recently discovered that use tangential migration. In turn, this reflects the intricate pattern of tangential movements during early telencephalic development. Although it was initially believed to be of little importance, this type of migration is fundamental during the earliest developmental stages.
Genetic Control of Cajal–Retzius Cell Development
Authors: Miquelajáuregui Amaya , Varela-Echavarría Alfredo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses recent evidence on the genetic factors controlling Cajal–Retzius (C-R) cell production, differentiation, and migration during corticogenesis. Topics covered include genetic determinants of C-R cell differentiation, routes of C-R cell migration, and subtypes of C-R cells generated by distinct progenitor domains. It is shown that C-R cells are a heterogeneous population formed by distinct subtypes generated in different focal sites at pallial and subpallial locations that migrate toward the dorsal pallium following stereotyped routes. C-R cell subtypes differ not only in their place of origin and migratory routes but also in their gene expression profile.
Development of the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Authors: Swanson Larry W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by outlining the structure-function organization of the adult paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). It then reviews some highlights of what has already been learned about its pre- and postnatal development, with an eye toward providing a conceptual framework for broader experimental examination of molecular mechanisms underlying the progression from differentiated neuroepithelium to adult three-dimensional structure, axonal connections, and function. Topics discussed include what neuroepithelial region that generates the PVH, when PVH neurons are born, relationship between PVH and supraoptic nucleus development, and the relationship between developing PVH and pituitary.
Alzheimer’s Disease–Related Mechanisms of Neuronal Dysfunction and Degeneration: Studies in Human Cortical Neurons
Authors: Busciglio Jorge , Deshpande Atul 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews recent work illustrating the utilization of human cortical neurons for the study of molecular mechanisms of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau-related neuronal degeneration relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD). It shows that the emerging view of multiple Aβ species capable of deleterious effects at multiple levels co-existing in AD will require a refined therapeutic strategy to address Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity. A specific and complex pattern of tau isoform expression has been observed in human cortical neurons (HCN), which may play a critical role in the development of human tauopathies.
Aberrant Cells and Synaptic Circuits in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Patients
Authors: Cepeda Carlos , André Véronique M. , Yamazaki Irene , Kleiman-Weiner Max , Fisher Robin S. , Vinters Harry V. , Levine Michael S. , Mathern and Gary W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses studies on the properties of abnormal cells and synaptic circuits in pediatric cortical dysplasia (CD). It provides a working hypothesis concerning how CD tissue may be able to generate epileptic discharges. CD pathogenesis probably involves partial failure of events occurring during later phases of corticogenesis resulting in incomplete cortical development. The timing of these events during cortical development would explain the different forms of CD. Developmental alterations during the late second or early third trimester would account for severe CD with numerous dysmorphic and cytomegalic cells (CDII Type A and B), whereas events occurring closer to birth after the subplate has nearly degenerated would explain mild CD (CD Type I). As a consequence, subplate and radial glial degeneration and transformation would be prevented, giving the appearance of abnormal dysmorphic cells in the postnatal human brain. Failure of late cortical maturation could explain the presence of thickened, abnormally placed gyri with indistinct cortical gray-white matter junctions in postnatal CD tissue.
Functional Architecture of Directional Tuning in the Primate Motor Cortex During 3D Reaching
Authors: Merchant Hugo , Naselaris Thomas , Zarco Wilbert , Bartolo Ramón , Prado Luis , Pérez Oswaldo , Méndez Juan Carlos 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe primary motor cortex (M1) maintains a dynamic representation of higher-order features of movement, most notably the direction of reaching. In fact, almost half of the cells in the arm region of the motor cortex show an orderly variation in activity as a function of the movement direction, with a peak of activity in their preferred direction (PD), and progressively lower rates for movements farther and farther away from the PD. This orderly variation of cell activity is characterized by the directional tuning curve that can be approximated by a cosine function. This chapter addresses the question: What are the anatomical bases for directional tuning? The micro- and macro-anatomical architecture of directional tuning in the motor cortex are discussed.
Embodied Visions
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book provides analysis of how human biology, as well as human culture, determines the ways films are made and experienced. This new approach is called “bioculturalism.” The book shows how important formats, such as films for children, romantic films, pornography, fantasy films, horror films, and sad melodramas, appeal to an array of different emotions that have been ingrained in the human embodied brain by the evolutionary process. The book also discusses how these biological dispositions are molded by culture. It explains why certain themes and emotions fascinate viewers all over the globe at all times, and how different cultures invest their own values and tastes in the universal themes.The book further uses the breakthroughs of modern brain science to explain central features of film aesthetics and to construct a general model of aesthetic experience, the PECMA flow model, which explains how the flow of information and emotions in the embodied brain provides a series of aesthetic experiences. The combination of film theory, cognitive psychology, neurology, and evolutionary theory provides explanations for why narrative forms are appealing and how and why art films use different mental mechanisms than those that support mainstream narrative films, as well as how film evokes images of inner, spiritual life and feelings of realism.Embodied Visions provides a new synthesis in film and media studies and aesthetics that combines cultural history with the long history of the evolution of our embodied brains.
Introduction
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter advocates an embodied approach to studying the film experience because mind and body is a functional totality, and it argues that film studies and other fields within the humanities would benefit greatly by cooperating with the sciences, especially evolutionary studies and cognitive and neurological science. It describes an approach called bioculturalism that combines scientific research on the embodied human mind with cultural analysis; it further discusses why the neglect of the biological aspects of humans has led to problematic research in film studies and the humanities in general, and some of the reasons that the humanities have been hostile to science and to Darwinism. It discusses how central features of films are molded by emotions and cognitive structures that evolved in prehistoric Pleistocene hunter-gatherer societies, and demonstrates why those social constructionist descriptions of films that take language and discourse as their models miss how basic aspects of the film experience take place in nonlinguistic perceptual, emotional, and muscular parts of the embodied brain. It finally provides an overview of the content of the book.
Universalism, Cultural Variation, and Children’s Film
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that cultural diversity and cultural development are compatible with the assumption of a biological human nature that provides human universals. It shows that children’s films are shaped both by innate emotional needs and cognitive constraints and by specific cultural norms, using examples from Finding Nemo, Spirited Away, Lassie, Bambi, and others. It refutes the blank slate theory of the human mind—the strong version of culturalism—and also the arguments for strong biologism. It discusses the mechanisms of cultural variation and also those that promote cultural stability and universality, including a discussion of functional bundles of universally salient story elements. The effect of some of these mechanisms on genre patterns is illustrated, and an alternative, functionalist explanation is provided to Altman’s postmodern genre theory. Finally, the chapter argues against monolithic theories that claim that given periods or cultures—for instance “modernity”—can be characterized by means of homogeneous features, proposing instead that cultures are time-spaces in which many different forms exist and interact, so that heterogeneity is not a property of modernity, but typical of culture in general.
Character Simulation and Emotion
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe chapter discusses how viewers simulate films, for instance by means of mirror neurons that induce viewers to simulate characters, and discusses the different theories about how we experience other minds. It analyzes how film viewing activates visual, acoustic, and emotional brain modules that are sealed off from higher mental mechanisms that evaluate the reality of visual input. The brain’s basic mode is to believe in and to simulate fictional and mediated worlds and characters, whereas higher-order cognitive functions try to diminish or suspend this basic belief. The chapter discusses several modes of film experience, from distanced observation to immersion. It argues that the problem with many rival theories of film viewing compared with a simulation theory is that they rely on erroneous ideas of how we experience everyday life and provide impoverished descriptions of the viewer’s experience. These theories rely on third-person emotions such as pity and admiration and exclude how films induce central first-person emotions such as love, hate, and fear.
The Experience of Audiovisual Realism
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter analyzes what viewers experience as real and argues that the feeling of realism is only loosely linked to what is actually real. It describes the explicit or tacit feelings that label the reality status of perceptions, cognitions, and actions, and shows that such feelings are shorthand tags for the way in which brain circuits evaluate the reality status of experiences in order to decide whether the embodied brain can act, “go,” or not. The go-signal is feelings of realism and the stop-signal is feelings of unrealness; physical or mental actions in fictions provide realism, and documentary representations may provide a lyrical and “unrealistic” feelings if they do not afford actions. The author discusses different types of realism: perceptual realism in contrast to categorical realism, which deals with what is generally and abstractly real; and discusses those types of realism that mimic direct reporting and use perceptual imperfections to warrant that this is a real, unstaged representation. Last, the chapter discusses the psychological reasons that films portraying negative experiences are traditionally more often called realistic than those that portray positive events, and why postmodern skepticism toward realism is unwarranted.