bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elements of Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Phase transitions and critical phenomena have consistently been among the principal subjects of active studies in statistical physics. The simple act of transforming one state of matter or phase into another, for instance by changing the temperature, has always captivated the curious mind. This book provides an introductory account on the theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena, a subject now recognized to be indispensable for students and researchers from many fields of physics and related disciplines. The first five chapters are very basic and quintessential, and cover standard topics such as mean-field theories, the renormalization group and scaling, universality, and statistical field theory methods. The remaining chapters develop more advanced concepts, including conformal field theory, the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, the effects of randomness, percolation, exactly solvable models, series expansions, duality transformations, and numerical techniques. Moreover, a comprehensive series of appendices expand and clarify several issues not developed in the main text. The important role played by symmetry and topology in understanding the competition between phases and the resulting emergent collective behaviour, giving rise to rigidity and soft elementary excitations, is stressed throughout the book. Serious attempts have been directed toward a self-contained modular approach so that the reader does not have to refer to other sources for supplementary information. Accordingly, most of the concepts and calculations are described in detail, sometimes with additional/auxiliary descriptions given in appendices and exercises. The latter are presented as the topics develop with solutions found at the end of the book, thus giving the text a self-learning character.
Phase transitions and critical phenomena
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
As an introduction to the physics of phase transitions and critical phenomena, this chapter explains a number of basic and fundamental ideas such as phases, phase transitions, phase diagrams, universality, and critical phenomena. Especially important is the concept of order parameter, a quantity that measures the degree of asymmetry in the broken symmetry phase. Intuitive accounts are given to the concepts of coarse-graining, and scale and renormalization group transformations, which are powerful, systematic tools to analyze critical behaviour of macroscopic systems. Also explained are several spin and lattice gas model systems, on the basis of which phase transitions and critical phenomena will be studied.
Kosterlitz-Thouless transition
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
As the spatial dimensionality $d$ decreases, fluctuations become larger and the stability of the low-temperature ordered state deteriorates. The dimensionality where long-range order disappears is known as lower critical dimension. For instance, the Ising model in one dimension does not display long-range order at finite temperatures, however in two dimensions Peierls argument explains why the same model has an ordered phase below a certain critical temperature. If the basic variables and symmetries are continuous as in the $XY$ and Heisenberg models, the (long-range) ordered state at any finite temperature disappears already in two dimensions. This is the result of Mermin-Wagner's theorem. The $XY$ model nevertheless undergoes an unusual phase transition without an onset of long-range order in two dimensions, which is known as the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Gauge or local symmetries cannot spontaneously be broken as elucidated by Elitzur's theorem when applied to lattice gauge theories.
Exact solutions and related topics
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Only a limited number of models of phase transitions and critical phenomena can be solved exactly. These examples nevertheless play important roles in many aspects including the verification of the accuracy of approximation theories such as the mean-field theory and renormalization group. Mathematical methods to solve such examples are interesting in their own right and constitute an important subfield of mathematical physics. In particular the exact solution of the two-dimensional Ising model occupies an outstanding status as one of the founding studies of the modern theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena. The present chapter shows simple but typical examples of exact solutions of classical spin systems such as the one-dimensional Ising model with various boundary conditions, the n-vector model, the spherical model, the one-dimensional quantum $XY$ model, and the two-dimensional Ising model. An account on the Yang-Lee theory will also be given as a set of basic rigorous results on phase transitions.
Introduction
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis non‐introductory treatise examines topics involving change in different components of the grammar from the perspectives of theory, acquisition, variation, and motivation. Traditional concerns, such as variation and lexical diffusion or the interaction of sound change and analogy are investigated for their impact on contemporary issues. Analogy can lead to systematic repair by increasing regularity in phonology as well as in other parts of the grammar. The interaction of articulatory and perceptual factors is discussed. Naturalness in different components of the grammar is argued to have implications for expected changes, including denaturalization, whereby phonetic conditioning yields to phonological and morphological operations (or constraints) and environments. Alterations of syllable timing within metrical feet and words have consequences for contemporary theory and ideas of change. The volume closes with vowel shifts and their motivation.
How Language Change is Investigated
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMethods of documenting language history are developed. Since changes do not come equipped with analysis, the main task is to analyze the different stages of the language and motivate the change(s). This requires assessment of probable errors in the textual tradition. If reconstruction is involved, it is also necessary to ascertain what is reasonably projected back to the protolanguage and what must be parallel innovations in the daughter languages. Since successive grammars must be acquired, this chapter discusses the need for adequate theories of grammar (several models are discussed) and acquisition. A theory of change is not needed because the constituent units of change (cognition, perception, acquisition, selection, grammars) have their own principles.
Reconstructing Language History
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSince all language history is reconstructed in varying degrees, methodology is of paramount importance. Four methods are discussed: (1) internal reconstruction from synchronic alternations; (2) comparative reconstruction based on corresponding forms in related languages/dialects; (3) historical reconstruction from the interpretation of older documents and cultural history; and (4) apparent time, based on a synchronic crosscut of variation across multiple generations. Models of representing language affiliation include waves, cladograms, and phylogenetic and other networks. Extensive borrowing and hybridization are the major inhibiting factors in reconstruction and tracing linguistic affiliation through time.
Analogy and Systematic Repair
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAttempts at constraining analogy and predicting correct outputs are examined. Although analogy is to some extent constrained by the language system in which it operates, any links the mind/brain can make will produce valid analogies. Cases in which the output is grammatically constrained and predictable are treated as systematic repair. The problem with analogy as a generalized model is that it is impossible to constrain from overgenerating. A more abstract view of analogy is tantamount to admitting that grammars have more abstract properties, which proponents of generalized analogy deny. Systematic morphological repair takes several forms, including morphologization, and sometimes results in a morphological split.
Motivations of Language Change
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMotivations of Language Change. Various factors motivate change in different components of the grammar and lexicon. Contact is a major catalyst, being the epitomous alteration of the triggering experience. A contact or socially motivated change can have different properties from one that is functionally motivated or whose origin is abductive in nature, e.g. reanalysis, which always involves a surface ambiguity. This permits the acquirer only certain options for an analysis, but the one selected must still be motivated. Like all other changes, unless categorically prompted or externally sanctioned, reanalyses need not be realized as language changes, which prompts a discussion of the interacting tensions between continuity and innovation. The second half of the chapter treats Danish‐English contact in northeast England and the death of Anglo‐French in medieval England.
Inverted Operations
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTo avoid some token of speech perceived as negative by an emulated segment of the population, speakers alter proper forms in hypercorrection, e.g. pseudocorrective replacement, inversion. Alleged examples of the latter are drawn from non‐rhotic varieties of English and their histories. An inversion account is difficult because hypercorrection and limited generalization resulted in arbitrary constraints at a subsequent synchronic stage. Better examples of inverted operations are the loss and acquisition of segmental contrast (phonemicization). The latter generally correlates with lexicalization of contrast and can prompt lexical diffusion of a new phoneme. The flipside of these reversals of the effects of phonetic change is the regularization of an analogical or lexical diffusional change to make it more phonological.
Denaturalized Phonetic Processes
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractClassic sound change begins in phonetic environments but rapidly gives way to more abstract (phonological, morphological, etc.) conditioning. Extension to broader contexts can initially yield complication but ultimately allow for greater regularity in a different domain. This chapter treats a specific type of denaturalization that involves a split between basic and derived strings. This includes generalization at a morpheme boundary, within a morphological category, as well as examples not so restricted. The former include assimilation in Finnish participles and compensatory lengthening in the Ancient Greek aorist. The latter include the Sanskrit ruki‐rule, assibilation in Finnish, and alternations between aspirate and voiced stop in Ancient Greek.
Tempo and Mora in Phonological Change
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWords of more than two syllables tend toward moraic balance, while even those are subject to the acceleration processes that yield triplet formation. Triplets tend to shorten to disyllables, which in Ancient Greek, where all disyllables are stable, acquire duple timing when not inhibited by semantic or morphological considerations. This mora‐preference hierarchy is applied to the solution of problems in sound change, particularly in Latin, Greek, and Germanic. Stressed open syllable lengthening can be ranked higher than disyllabism. Different rankings follow from the instability engendered by competing processes. This unified account sheds light on problems as diverse as word localization in poetry, syncope, iambic shortening, monosyllabic lengthening, trisyllabic contraction, and even some consonantal changes, such as assibilation in Ancient Greek, Hittite, and Finnish. Finally, implications are adduced for optimality of the trochaic foot.
The Feminine Gender in Indo‐European
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Cultural input in inflection is expected because (i) syntax is projected from the lexicon and (ii) the lexicon is the interface between the grammar and the culture which shapes the lexicon. Gender systems constitute a minority type of classifier that occur in clusters of adjacent or nearby languages. Parallels for the irradiation of gender from a single word to other words of the same semantic or mythic content suggest a solution for the origin of the feminine gender in Indo‐European. The older common gender : neuter system split in such a way that the collective became feminine by irradiation and the old common gender form became masculine by opposition. This occurred first on *‐o‐ stem nouns and adjectives and gradually spread to other nouns and pronouns by way of an agreement system.
The Mediopassive: Latin to Romance
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter documents the changes from Latin to Romance in the coding of reflexive, anticausative, middle, and passive. The last three had the same morphological form in Early Latin, but until recently in Romance the first three have had the same syntactic expression. The Latin ‐r forms were triggered by altering the argument structure so that some argument could not be saturated in syntax. Reflexive sē forms replaced the ‐r forms in different structures at different times. The replacement began in the ergative verbs where ‘I sank myself’ had a bound anaphor in contrast to the lack of agentivity in the type ‘the ship sank itself’ , reanalyzed as an anticausative with reflexive merged in a projection for derived imperfectivity. Subsequently, the sē construction replaced the ‐r forms in certain other structures, and finally the middle and impersonal, but not the passive (within Latin, at least).
Syntactic Change
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Differences in syntactic projection result from changes in lexical features, e.g. by reanalysis. In West Greenlandic factives, subject‐to‐object raising was lost along with the Agree relation that accompanied the edge/EPP feature. Factives also figure prominently in the reanalysis of Latin quod ‘which; because’ to a complementizer ‘that’. Copular deontics originate as passives. In Latin and English, the nominative/accusative case ambiguity of neuters permitted reanalysis to active structures. With non‐neuters, the passive was retained in English and took the new passive infinitive. English preposition doubling (the teacher to whom I gave the book to) is a hypercorrection formalized as failure of copy‐remnant deletion. Split ergativity in Pašto and the Northern Group of Kurdish evolved from frequent use of the perfect passive with an agent phrase that had (quirky) subject properties since Old Persian. The predilection for nominalizations in the Eskimo‐Aleut family is responsible for several chronological layers of ergativity.
Combating Childhood Obesity through a Neighborhood Coalition
Authors: Becker Adam B. , Christoffel Katherine Kaufer , Morales Miguel Angel , Rodríguez José Luis , López José E. , Longjohn Matt 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the Community Organizing for Obesity Prevention in Humboldt Park (CO-OP HP). One of CO-OP HP's first strategies was to collect more data about obesity and health in Humboldt Park. The data obtained helped the emerging CO-OP HP Steering Committee define initiatives to promote healthy eating and physical activity for children and families in Humboldt Park. The data revealed many barriers community members faced when making choices about food and activity. The evolution of CO-OP HP, CO-OP HP intervention strategies, evaluation of CO-OP HP, and lessons learned from CO-OP HP are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter first sets out the main purpose of the book, which is to dismantle the myth that transformed pagan nobles from the arrogant, philistine land-grabbers most of them were into fearless champions of senatorial privilege, literature lovers, and aficionados of classical (especially Greek) culture as well as the traditional cults. It then discusses the supposed pagan revival spearheaded by the aristocracy of Rome and the idea of a pagan opposition. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
From Constantius to Theodosius
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses why Gratian changed his policy toward Roman paganism, Gratian's repudiation of the ancient pagan title of pontifex maximus, Theodosius and the cults of Rome, Theodosius's anti-pagan legislation, Eugenius and the state cults, and Proiectus and the “temple of Hercules”. It argues that there is no serious evidence that Eugenius revoked or modified in any way the anti-pagan measures of either Gratian or Theodosius.
Priests and Initiates
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMuch of the evidence for the religious affiliations of pagan aristocrats comes from inscribed dedications—more indeed than most people probably realize. In simpler times it was taken for granted that inscriptions provided a peculiarly uncomplicated sort of evidence, bare facts not mediated by human art or bias. However, few facts are bare. This chapter examines what sort of monuments these dedications were inscribed on, where they were erected, by whom, and with what purpose. Topics discussed include Roman priesthoods, “oriental” cults, Bloch's thesis that it was oriental rather than state cults that inspired political resistance to Christianity, the taurobolium, and the decline of the priestly colleges.
Other Christian Verse Invectives
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines three other anti-pagan poems in hexameter verse that date from the same time and place, give or take a decade: the Carmen ad quendam senatorem (CAS) mistakenly ascribed to Cyprian; the Carmen ad Antonium (CAA) preserved among the poems of Paulinus of Nola, though certainly not by him; and, most elaborate of all, the two books of Prudentius's Contra Symmachum (CS).
The “Pagan” Literary Revival
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThere is no question that the 4th century saw a revival of Latin literature. After the nadir of the 3rd century there was only one way to go. But in much of the modern literature it has been widely characterized as a pagan revival and associated with the aristocracy of late 4th-century Rome, reacting to the threat of Christianity. However, this chapter argues that this is perhaps the single most serious obstacle to a true understanding of this important development.
Correctors and Critics II
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues that the hundreds of corrected literary papyri from Hellenistic and early imperial times without signed subscriptions suggest that it was not untill the 4th century that they first appeared. Subscriptions in Latin manuscripts earlier than this were surely likewise normally unsigned. With the exception of Statilius Maximus's edition of Cicero, the only Latin subscriptions that can be dated earlier than the 4th century document the work of professional calligraphers, not correctors. What mattered was not who corrected the manuscript, but simply the fact that the job had been done, and that could be discovered from a bare di (orthōthē) or emendavi.
Greek Texts and Latin Translation
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe question asked in this chapter is not just whether aristocrats like Praetextatus, Symmachus, and Flavian “knew” Greek, but how much and what sort of Greek they knew. Did they have an easy firsthand familiarity with the Greek literary classics? It argues that there is simply no basis for the assumption that Praetextatus, Flavian, and Symmachus were well-informed and devoted students of Porphyry, where they found an intellectual underpinning for their pagan convictions. Given their social preeminence in Rome and the traditional priesthoods this brought them, inevitably they were in some sense leaders of what passed for a pagan party in late 4th-century Rome. But there is no reason to believe that they were in any sense its intellectual leaders.
TheAnnalesof Nicomachus Flavianus I
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the lost Annales of Nicomachus Flavianus, which many scholars believe to be the most important and influential pagan history of the late 4th-century West. According to some, an imperial history from Augustus to the death of Gratian (383); according to others the whole of Roman history, from the foundation of Rome right down to the fall of the usurper Maximus in 388. It is argued that virtually nothing is known about Flavian's Annales. Not a single word survives. Not a single reference in any literary text of any sort or date. This supposedly so important and influential work is known from just two epigraphic dedications: one by his grandson, Nicomachus Dexter, revealing no more than a work called Annales dedicated to Theodosius; the other from the base to the statue erected in the family house on the Caelian Hill by his grandson-in-law Memmius Symmachus ca. 402.
TheAnnalesof Nicomachus Flavianus II
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFor a variety of reasons Flavianus's lost Annales simply cannot play the role for which it has increasingly often been cast in recent years. But both Bleckmann and Paschoud insist that their argument for an ultimate Latin source for the Byzantine tradition is entirely independent of its identification as Flavian's Annales. Paschoud himself has of late begun to berate his critics for their failure to realize that this identification is no more than a distraction and a detail. The real issue is the necessity of postulating a lost Latin history—the identification of which as Flavian's Annales remains “seductive and plausible.” This chapter asks whether it is possible that we do in fact need to postulate a lost Latin history of the 4th century.
Classical Revivals and “Pagan” Art
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines evidence for a pagan reaction in the art as well as the literature of the late 4th century. It looks at the contorniates (bronze medallions produced in the city of Rome from the mid-4th to the late 5th century), high-quality silver plate, ivory work, and manuscript illumination. It argues that there was no general classical revival in late 4th-century Rome—certainly nothing that can be associated with pagan rather than Christian members of the elite.
TheHistoria Augusta
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Historia Augusta (HA), a corpus of imperial biographies from Hadrian to Carinus (117–285) that purports to be the work of six different writers, all otherwise wholly unknown, all purportedly writing between ca. 305 and 325. The HA is also alleged to be a covert attack on Christianity, a product of the “pagan reaction” at Rome in or soon after 395. Not only is the HA full of errors, absurdities, and manifestly forged documents, it cites as authorities no less than thirty-five otherwise unknown and for the most part surely bogus historians and biographers. But it was not until 1889 that Dessau branded the entire work a forgery, written by a single author at the end of the 4th century.