bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Gets a Seat at the Table? A Framework for Understanding the Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Peace Negotiations
Authors: Lanz David 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWho gets a seat at the table and who does not is an important consideration for successful peacemaking. However, current research does not provide sufficient guidance for understanding the politics of participation in peace negotiations. This article develops a conceptual framework for understanding these dynamics. Its central theme is that the inclusion or exclusion of a given actor in peace negotiations is affected by two independent factors. One factor pertains to the practical requirements of the peace process and addresses the following question: does the participation of a given actor augment the chance of reaching a sustainable peace settlement? The other factor relates to the normative dimension of peace talks: is the participation of a given actor consistent with the values of international mediators and sponsors of peace negotiations? The article argues that the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion result from the interplay of these two factors. The most straightforward situation for mediators is when practical requirements and international norms are mutually reinforcing. Difficulties arise from scenarios where practical effectiveness and norms contradict each other. This is the case when the involvement of a given person (or group) is imperative in terms of the peace process, but difficult to justify politically because this person has committed terrorist acts or is indicted by an international court.
Microstates in Negotiations beyond the Nation-State: Malta, Cyprus and Luxembourg as Active and Successful Policy Shapers?
Authors: Panke Diana 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMalta, Cyprus and Luxembourg are sovereign states with less than one million inhabitants and, consequently, are often referred to as “microstates.” This article inquires into the negotiation activities and conditions for success of microstates in negotiations beyond the nation-state. It develops a set of hypotheses on negotiation activity and on negotiation success and tests them qualitatively by drawing on the example of day-to-day negotiations in the European Union. Luxembourg is considerably more active than Malta and Cyprus. This is due to differences in domestic coordination practices (performance and cooperation between lead ministries and Permanent Representations), as well as different negotiation styles (proactive vs. reactive). Microstates can be influential, if they actively participate in negotiations for issues of high importance and if they select effective strategies in the given setting. Thus, microstates can sometimes turn into successful shapers of law beyond the nation-state ‐ despite their slimmer administrations, fewer staff and ‐ on average ‐ negligible bargaining power.
Beyond the Meeting: How Community Activists Construe Idea Transfer from Intercommunity Encounters ‐ The Cases of Northern Ireland and Kosovo
Authors: Ploss Katharina 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntercommunity dialogue encounters are a crucial tool for constructive conflict resolution. This research examines grassroots dialogue encounters with regard to the societal position of the participants, as well the situation ‘on the ground’ as influential to the transfer process. Interviews in Northern Ireland and Kosovo with community activists stressed the effectiveness of personal characteristics of dialogue participants when it came to transfer. Moreover, the readiness ‐ affected by socio-economic conditions as well as external/secondary conflict parties ‐ of the peer group to listen to its participant seemed fundamental.
Dutch Courts Safeguarding Rights under the EEC-Turkey Association Law. Case Note on District Court Rotterdam Judgments of 12 August 2010, and District Court Roermond Judgment of 15 October 2010
Authors: Tezcan-Idriz* Narin 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTwo District Courts in the Netherlands found the obligation to integrate imposed on some categories of third-country nationals by the Law on Integration (Wet Inburgering), to be incompatible with the standstill and non-discrimination provisions of the EEC-Turkey Association Law. In their judgments the courts followed the guidance provided by the case-law of the Court of Justice and resolved the cases accordingly. In the current political climate, where immigration issues are hotly debated, these judgments were not welcomed by the government and the municipal authorities involved in the cases. The judgments were immediately taken to appeal to the Centrale Raad van Beroep (the Administrative High Court).
Introduction Eastern Indonesia under Reform: The Global, the National and the Local
Authors: Bräuchler Birgit , Erb Maribeth 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe boundaries of what has constituted “Eastern Indonesia” have shifted depending on the historical, cultural, political, or economic context. We review various ways that Eastern Indonesia has been understood, to overview the different ways of delineating and approaching this fascinating part of Indonesia in order to introduce this special issue. The intention of this special issue, however, is not to attempt to clearly define Eastern Indonesia once and for all, but to open up via these various historical and contemporary concerns with Eastern Indonesia, new ways of grappling with this region in the present Post-Suharto era. The current social and political transformations offer a great deal of opportunity to reflect on the way global and national flows of people, money, notions of governance and religious ideas, are so crucial to understanding and making sense of the current dynamics in the region. By focusing our attention on how these global and national influences intersect with the local, we want to bring out how they are appropriated and manipulated by local communities; at the same time they may undermine and transform what is taking place at the local level.
Re-Considering Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Fox James J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEastern Indonesia has been a region of international interest since its identification as a source of spices and rare woods. This paper considers ideas of sovereignty held by both Portuguese and Dutch at the time of European contact. It traces the consequence of the application of these ideas to the development of forms of governance in eastern Indonesia: in particular, the concept of indirect rule that began with contracts of trade fostered by the Dutch East India Company. Such contacts with local rulers or community representatives provided the basis for later colonial rule and contributed to specific social identities that remain prominent to the present. These historically established social identities continue to underpin various efforts at establishing local autonomy.
Marginal Governance in the Time of Pemekaran: Case Studies from Sulawesi and West Papua
Authors: McWilliam Andrew 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOne of the outcomes of the radical decentralisation policies accompanying political reform and democratisation in Indonesia is a sustained administrative programme known by the term pemekaran, or a ‘blossoming’ of new administrative and budgetary units that extend to the farthest corners of the nation. This paper explores aspects and impacts of the pemekaran process as it unfolds in two remote corners of Indonesia, namely the sub-district of Routa in Konawe Regency of Southeast Sulawesi and the newly-established district of Bintuni in the swamp lands of Bintuni Gulf, West Papua. In both regions the strategic possibilities that accompany pemekaran have fostered a vibrant local politic based around appeals to established patterns of landed authority. But the logic of pemekaran can lead to fragmentation and confusion over jurisdictional authority. Critics argue that the process dilutes capacity and political authority. Supporters acknowledge the limits but applaud the extension of development funding into areas which otherwise would remain isolated and impoverished. The paper explores some of the dimensions of this debate and the role of pemekaran in shaping local experience on the margins of the state.
Kings on Stage: Local Leadership in the Post-Suharto Moluccas
Authors: Bräuchler Birgit 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn 2007, village kings from all over the Moluccan province gathered in Ambon city and founded a pan-Moluccan raja forum called Majelis Latupati Maluku (MLM). The association is meant to unite traditional leadership, re-integrate Moluccan society and build an effective interface to the regional government. Decisive were two factors: firstly, the inter-religious violence that had torn Moluccan society apart required neutral means to (re)unify the Moluccan people and prevent further conflict; and secondly, the decentralisation laws passed in post-Suharto Indonesia were meant to re-empower the local level by legalising the revival and reconstruction of local political structures and the comeback of traditional leaders, such as the raja, in the Moluccas. These village kings attracted tremendous attention all of a sudden and great hopes are placed in them both from the top, as well as from the bottom. This article aims to discuss the enormous challenges the MLM faces by analysing current developments and looking into the historical dimension of the raja and the MLM. This includes critical reflections on questions of representation, the interface between tradition (adat) and politics, the notion of an inventive adaptation of so-called traditional institutions to new requirements and the potential of the raja and the MLM as means for peace.
Philo’s Perception of the Roman Empire
Authors: Berthelot Katell 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPhilo’s perception of Rome is less positive than has generally been argued. Although Philo appreciated the pax romana and the religious freedom generally enjoyed by Jews in the Roman Empire, he was nevertheless critical of Rome. In particular, he rejected the idea that the Roman empire was the outcome of divine providence and would last forever. He opposed the spiritual kingship of Israel to the worldly and transitory dominion of Rome. Moreover, he expected Roman rule to fade away in the end, and Israel to blossom as no other nation ever had in the past.
Inscriptions, Synagogues and Rabbis in Late Antique Palestine
Authors: Millar Fergus 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe numerous works of “rabbinic” literature composed in Palestine in Late Antiquity, all of which are preserved only in medieval manuscripts, offer immense possibilities for the historian, but also present extremely perplexing problems. What are their dates, and when did each come to be expressed in a consistent written form? If we cannot be sure about the attribution of sayings to individual named rabbis, how can we relate the material to any intelligible period or social context? In this situation, it is natural and right to turn to contemporary evidence, archaeological, iconographic and epigraphic. The primary archaeological evidence is provided by the large (and increasing) number of excavated synagogues. But, it has been argued, rabbinic texts are not centrally concerned with synagogues or the congregations which met in them. So perhaps “rabbinic Judaism” and “synagogal Judaism” are two separate systems. Alternatively, the epigraphic evidence attests individuals who are given the title “rabbi,” and these inscriptions, on stone or mosaic, include some which derive from synagogues. But perhaps “rabbi,” in this context, was merely a current honorific term, and these are not the “real” rabbis of the texts? It will be argued that this distinction is gratuitous, and that in any case the largest and most important synagogue-inscription, that from Rehov, both is “rabbinic” in itself and mentions rabbis as religious experts.
Emanation et création: le motif du manteau de lumière revisité
Authors: Costa José 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn many texts, the rabbis of Antiquity interpreted Ps 104:2 (“He covereth Himself with light as with a garment”) with reference to the first light. Three great scholars were interested by these commentaries: V. Aptowitzer, A. Altmann and G. Scholem. Hovewer, none of them has taken into account all the texts concerned. A comparison of all existing versions makes possible a reevaluation of the already proposed models and shed new light on four essential topics: a double structure which explains the origin of light in two different ways (the garment explanation and the place of the Temple explanation), two groups of texts, one which deals with the apparition of light, the other with the creation of the world from light, the relation between emanation and creation and the esoteric/mystic dimension of the texts. The articulation between emanation and creation which characterizes explicitly the latest versions and maybe also the ancient ones, comes from Hellenistic Judaism. It anticipates the similar concerns of the medieval Jewish philosophers and mystics or may be contemporary with them.
Syphilis, Sex, and Marriage in Early Modern Spain
Authors: Berco Cristian 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAlthough scholarship on the early modern syphilis epidemic has greatly increased our understanding of the medical, institutional, and individual responses to this illness, little is known about patients’ familial and personal lives beyond the hospital walls. Examining patients treated at Toledo’s Hospital de Santiago in the mid-seventeenth century, this article analyzes their attitudes towards sexuality and marriage as they lived with chronic venereal disease. Produced in a post-Tridentine context that ideally emphasized individual control of sexual sin, the hospital and notarial records patients left behind reveal ambivalence towards sexuality and marriage. Not only did competing messages on sexuality affect patients who displayed expressive sexual lives under specific circumstances, but only those who engaged communal networks, socioeconomic position, and medical assumptions on sexuality and disease successfully managed to marry.
The Holy Spirit as Agent, not Activity: Origen’s Argument with Modalism and its Afterlife in Didymus, Eunomius, and Gregory of Nazianzus
Authors: Radde-Gallwitz Andrew 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn the latter half of the fourth century, Didymus the Blind, Eunomius of Cyzicus, and Gregory of Nazianzus all responded to the position that the Holy Spirit is merely an activity of God, and not a substantial reality. Heretofore, those who held this position have remained unidentified in modern scholarship. In this article, it is argued that the fourth-century arguments derive directly from an authentic fragment (number 37) of Origen’s Commentary on John, in which Origen argues against some form of modalism, perhaps Sabellianism. Origen’s use of John 3:8 together with 1 Corinthians 12:11 became decisive for later theologians in ascribing agency to the Spirit. Despite their obvious differences, Didymus, Eunomius, and Gregory follow Origen in viewing it as imperative to speak of the Spirit as a substantial reality in order to preserve the scriptural portrayal of the Spirit as active. Accordingly, this article provides testimony to the diverse legacy of Origen in the fourth century, as well as to the function of ‘substance’ language in fourth-century doctrinal disputes.
Preserving the Divine: ατο- Prefixed Generative Terms and the Untitled Treatise in the Bruce Codex
Authors: Muehlberger Ellen 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn Greek literature from antiquity, there is a set of terms formed from verbs of origination or generation and prefixed with ατο-, which are represented primarily in three types of literature prior to the fifth century: in the surviving fragments from Numenius, in apologetic histories which incorporate oracular statements about first gods, and in the reports about and examples of Sethian literature. By considering the range of transliterated words in the Coptic Untitled Treatise based upon ατο- prefixed generative terms from Greek, we can discern several of the traditions that underlie this text’s multiple, often competing, narratives about the structure and population of the divine world. Many of those traditions are also recorded in apologetic histories, and comparison with these shows that the Untitled Treatise is an example of a different mode of historical writing, one which is preservationist rather than explicitly persuasive.
A New Link between Origen and the Gospel of Thomas: Commentary on Matthew 14,14
Authors: Grosso Matteo 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this short note a previously unrecognized parallel to a Thomas saying in Origen’s work is presented: in a paragraph of the Commentary on Matthew 14,14 dense with biblical quotations, a remembrance of the same logion recorded in Gos. Thom. 62,1 emerges. This piece of evidence might be included in the dossier concerning the relationship between Origen and the Gospel of Thomas, on which recent scholarship has turned its attention.
Envy and Anger at the World’s Creation and Destruction in the Treatise without Title ‘On the Origin of the World’ (NHC II,5)
Authors: Crislip Andrew 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe passion of envy in the Nag Hammadi Treatise without Title has been noted by scholars for four decades. The present essay approaches the use of the competitive emotions in the Treatise without Title with a sensitivity to ancient conceptions of the passions, and thus clarifies the role of envy. The Treatise without Title links the passion of envy with anger, an emotional concatenation that is found elsewhere in Jewish and Christian emotional thought, and this emotional concatenation drives the action in three core episodes: the origin of the world from the shadow, the engendering of Death by Yaltabaoth, and the final destruction of the gods of chaos and the prime parent. By reading the emotions in the Treatise thusly, the structuring role of envy is clarified, and long debated elements (i.e. the descent of “bile” into the world, and the mutual destruction of the archons) are explained.
Recording and Identifying European Frontier Deaths
Authors: Grant Stefanie 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMigrant deaths at EU maritime borders have more often been seen in the context of national border control, than in terms of migrant protection and human rights. The 2009 Stockholm Programme accepted the need for action to avoid tragedies at sea, and to ‘record’ and ‘identify’ migrants trying to reach the EU. But it did not specify how this should be done. There are parallels between these migrant deaths, and deaths which occur in conflict and humanitarian disaster. The principles of human rights and humanitarian law which apply in these situations should be developed to create legal and policy frameworks for use in the case of migrants who are missing or who die on EU sea frontiers. The purpose would be to enable evidence of identity to be preserved, to protect the rights of families to know the fate of their relatives, and to create common national and international procedures.
Language and Knowledge Tests for Permanent Residence Rights: Help or Hindrance for Integration?
Authors: Böcker Anita , Strik* Tineke 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMore and more Member States require immigrants from outside the EU to pass language or knowledge-of-society tests in different stages of the immigration and integration process. This article focuses on the application of this requirement as a condition for obtaining a permanent residence permit or the EU long-term resident status. It is based on an international comparative study that included seven Member States with integration conditions (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom). The article analyses the reasons behind the introduction of language and knowledge tests for applicants for a permanent residence permit or the EU long-term resident status in these Member States. Secondly, it examines the effects of the tests on the integration process of third-country nationals admitted for non-temporary stay. Finally, it discusses the legal constraints posed by EU and international law.
The Privatization of Control over Labour Migration in the Netherlands: In Whose Interest?
Authors: de Lange* Tesseltje 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMigration control has become subject to ‘privatization’ and is more often than not in the form of internal control, such as for example with employer sanctions. This privatization has taken place through coercive and permissive state action. Coercive state action is the implementation of employer sanctions. It is demonstrated how the drive for efficiency and the consequences of the implementation of employer sanctions in the Netherlands in the sphere of private law create a disaggregation between the state and society. In addition to their influence on contracts and civil law suits, employer sanctions in the Netherlands have created a system of private policing. Another form of privatization is the more permissive form of state action entailing the approval by the state of certain employers. These employers are entitled to fast-track and simple procedures, mainly for highly skilled migrant workers, in exchange for acts of migration control. The question is in whose interest these privatizations are taking place. It is argued that the consequences of privatization, however efficient it may be, may in the end not necessarily be in the interest of the nation-state.
Continuity and Development in Roman Catholic Ecclesiology
Authors: Wood Susan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAn overview of the conceptualizations of the Catholic Church from the theology of Bellarmine to contemporary understanding of the church as communion shows both continuity and development from one concept to the next rather than an abrupt change to a new model that discards the model preceding it. This essay examines the church as perfect society, church as mystical body, church as sacrament, church as people of God, and church as communion, demonstrating that the various conceptualizations represent development, balance, correction, and a deeper penetration in the understanding and articulation of the prior conceptualizations. The church as body of Christ develops the spiritual and Christological dimension of the church as society. The church as sacrament offers a way of differentiating between Christ and the church while at the same time retaining the close correlation between the two. The church as people of God introduces historical consciousness into the definition of the church. The church as communion synthesizes the strong sacramental and spiritual identity of the church with its organizational structure.