bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of three treatments for bovine endometritis
Authors: Sheldon I. M. , Noakes D. E. 
Published: October 2010

Three commercial preparations for the treatment of bovine endometritis were compared: an intrauterine infusion of 1500 mg oxtytetracycline hydrochloride solution, an intramuscular injection of 500 μg cloprostenol (a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2α), and an intramuscular injection of 3 mg oestradiol benzoate/500.kg estimated bodyweight. A total of 300 cases of endometritis were treated, of which 225 involved first, 67 involved second, and eight involved third or subsequent treatments. The overall success rate of treatment was 68 per cent. Oxytetracycline was successful in 73 per cent of cases, cloprostenol in 67 per cent and oestradiol in 63 per cent of cases. There was no significant difference between the success rates of the treatments, except for cows with mild endometritis in which oxytetracycline was more successful than oestradol (86 v 66 per cent, P<0.05). Mild cases were treated more successfully than moderate cases (78 v 61 per cent, P<0.01), and more successfully than severe cases (78 v 44 per cent, P<0.001). Prostaglandin F2α was more successful if the milk progesterone concentration was >7 ng/ml at the time of treatment (P<0.05). The presence of a smelly discharge at the time of treatment reduced the success rate by 17 per cent (P<0.02). The treatment to conception interval for all successful treatments of endometritis by prostaglandin F2α was 18.1 days shorter than for oestradiol (68.3 v 86.4 days, P<0.02), and the interval for oxytetracycline was 16.2 days shorter than for oestradiol (70.2 v 86.4 days, P<0.05).
Clinical efficacy and safety of propofol or ketamine anaesthesia in dogs premedicated with medetomidine
Authors: Hellebrekers L. J. , van Herpen H. , Hird J. F. R. , Rosenhagen C. U. , Sap R. , Vainio O. 
Published: October 2010

Combinations of medetomidine with either propofol or ketamine were compared for the sedation and induction of anaesthesia in dogs undergoing a variety of surgical (60 per cent) and non.surgical (40 per cent) procedures. Eighty.four dogs were used at four sites. Medetomidine was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 1000 μg/m2body surface area 10 to 15 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia by the administration of propofol (n = 44) or ketamine (n = 40) dosed to effect. The dogs became sedated by medetomidine after a mean (sd) time of 6.7 (5.4) minutes, and their heart rates and respiration rates decreased. Sixteen of the dogs suffered an adverse effect, 13 of them vomited. Anaesthesia was induced by the intravenous administration of propofol (2.1 [0.7] mg/kg) or ketamine (3.7 [1.9] mg/kg), and further doses of the anaesthetic were given, depending on the length of the operation, once in 17 per cent, twice in 11 per cent and three or more times in 24 per cent of the cases. The heart rate of the dogs anaesthetised with ketamine was significantly higher than that of the dogs anaesthetised with propofol, but there were no other significant physiological differences. There were 11 adverse side.effects in the ketamine group compared with five in the propofol group and they were generally more severe. The quality of the recovery from anaesthesia was considered to be smooth in 89 per cent of the propofol group but in only 63 per cent of the ketamine group.
Anthelmintic induced congenital malformations in sheep embryos using netobimin
Authors: Navarro M. , Cristofol C. , Carretero A. , Arboix M. , Ruberte J. 
Published: October 2010

Benzimidazole compounds have teratogenic effects in domestic and experimental animals. In this study, 14 Manchega ewes were treated orally, under controlled conditions, with 20 mg netobimin (a prodrug of a benzimidazole compound) per/kg bodyweight on the 17th day of pregnancy. Congenital malformations and abortions affected 60 per cent of the lambs. The main malformations were skeletal and renal, but vascular malformations were observed for the first time. The abnormalities were investigated using radiological, dissection and vascular injection techniques, and associations among them were recorded. The anomalies are discussed in terms of embryological considerations.
Preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): an update
Authors: Wells G. A. H. , Hawkins S. A. C. , Green R. B. , Austin A. R. , Dexter I. , Spencer Y. I. , Chaplin M. J. , Stack M. J. , Dawson M. 
Published: October 2010

Further preliminary observations are reported of an experiment to examine the spread of infectivity and the occurrence of pathological changes in cattle exposed orally to infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Calves were dosed at four months of age and clinically monitored groups were killed sequentially from two to 40 months after inoculation. Tissues were collected for bioassay, for histopathological examinations and for the detection of PrP. Previous reported observations have included the presence of infectivity in the distal ileum of cattle killed after six to 18 months, the earliest onset of clinical signs in an exposed animal after 35 months, and diagnostic histopathological changes in the brain, in association with clinical disease, after 36, 38 and 40 months. In spite of the relative inefficiency of the bioassay of scrapie‐like agents across a species barrier the new observations confirm that the onset of clinical signs and pathological changes in the central nervous system (CNS) occur at approximately the same time. The earliest pathological change, the presence of abnormal PrP 32 months after inoculation, coincided with the earliest detected infectivity in the CNS and occurred shortly before there was evidence of typical spongiform changes in the brain 36 months after inoculation. Infectivity has now been demonstrated in the peripheral nervous system, in the cervical and thoracic dorsal root ganglia 32 to 40 months after inoculation and in the trigeminal ganglion 36 and 38 months after inoculation. At the time of writing evidence of infectivity in other tissues is confined to the distal ileum, not only after six to 18 months but also after 38 and 40 months, but these findings may be supplemented by the results of further mouse assays. Nevertheless, they are in general agreement with current knowledge of the pathogenesis of scrapie.
South American camelids in the United Kingdom: population statistics, mortality rates and causes of death
Authors: Davis R. , Keeble E. , Wright A. , Morgan K. L. 
Published: October 2010

A survey of the health of South American camelids in the United Kingdom was carried out between December 1992 and June 1993; 123 members of the British Camelid Owners and Breeders Association and 19 non‐members were sent questionnaires and usable responses were received from 84 (59 per cent). In total 689 camelids were included, and in 1992, 66 per cent were llama, 21 per cent alpaca and 13 per cent guanaco. Their ages ranged from less than six months to over 10 years, with animals aged two to five years constituting the largest proportion. The mortality rates between 1990 and 1992 were 2.7 to 3.3 per cent for llama, 3.5 to 6.9 per cent for alpaca and 0 to 11.4 per cent for guanaco. The highest mortality was in animals less than six months and more than 10 years old; 4 to 11 per cent of llama deaths and 17 to 33 per cent of alpaca deaths were in animals aged less than six months and a high proportion of these occurred during the first week of life. In the cases for which a cause was reported, accidents and injury accounted for 20 per cent of llama deaths, and perinatal deaths accounted for 22 per cent of alpaca deaths. A third of the deaths were reported as being of unknown cause, and a veterinary diagnosis was reported in less than half of the cases. These data suggest that attention to the environment and housing conditions of llama, the neonatal care of alpaca and improvements in diagnosis are priorities for reducing the mortality and improving the health of South American camelids in the UK.
Solvent extraction as an adjunct to rendering: the effect on BSE and scrapie agents of hot solvents followed by dry heat and steam
Authors: Taylor D. M. , Fernie K. , McConnell L. , Ferguson C. E. , Steele P. J. 
Published: October 2010

The study was designed to determine the effect on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie agents of the solvent extraction processes used in the past by British renderers. The raw material was mouse spleen infected with either the 22A strain of scrapie agent or the 301V strain of BSE agent. Samples were exposed to hexane, heptane, petroleum spirit or perchlorethylene at the relevant temperatures for the appropriate times. Control samples were exposed to the same range of temperatures for the same range of times in saline. Other samples were exposed to the hot solvents, followed by treatment with dry heat at 100°C for 30 minutes and steam at 100°C for 30 minutes. Further samples were exposed only to the dry heat and steam cycles. No single complete process was significantly more effective than any of the others, and they all produced only slight inactivation, less than one log on average for both strains of agent. The average degree of inactivation produced by exposure to hot saline was generally comparable to that produced by exposure to the hot solvents. This was also true for the samples exposed only to dry heat and steam compared with those exposed to hot solvent before treatment with dry heat and steam, and suggests that the slight inactivation was caused by the heat rather than by the solvents. It is concluded that the solvent extraction processes used by renderers in Britain had little capacity to inactivate BSE and scrapie agents.
Retrospective survey of allergen immunotherapy in canine atopy
Authors: Nuttall T. J. , Thoday K. L. , van den Broek A. H. M. , Jackson H. A. , Sture G. H. , Halliwell R. E. W. 
Published: October 2010

The clinical records of 277 cases of canine atopy treated with specific allergen immunotherapy were reviewed. A good response was defined as control with immunotherapy either alone or with topical agents, a partial response as control with immunotherapy and other systemic agents, and a poor response as no perceived benefit and the immunotherapy discontinued. The mean follow‐up period was 29.2 months (range 10 to 85 months). Ninety‐one cases (33 per cent) were lost to follow‐up or failed to comply with the therapeutic protocol. Of the remaining 186 cases, 40 (21.5 per cent) had a good response to immunotherapy, 74 (39.8 per cent) had a partial response, and 72 (38.7 per cent) had a poor response. Immunotherapy was therefore of long‐term benefit in 114 dogs (61.3 per cent). No significant differences in response rates were associated with the breed or sex of the dog, or the age of onset of the disease, or with the type or number of allergens included in a vaccine. Dogs which had clinical signs for more than 61 months before immunotherapy had a significantly poorer response rate (23.5 per cent, P<0.05). In‐house cases had a significantly better response rate (95.2 per cent, P<0.05) than externally managed cases.
Laryngeal rhabdomyoma in a golden retriever
Authors: Clercx C. , Desmecht D. , Michiels L. , McEntee J. , Hardy N. , Henroteaux M. 
Published: October 2010

A three‐year‐old male golden retriever had had progressive dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, stridor, and a modified bark for five months. A mass 2 cm in diameter was present dorsal to the right side of the larynx. Histological examination revealed cross‐striations in some elongated cells, consistent with a diagnosis of rhabdomyoma, a diagnosis which was confirmed by positive immunohistochemical staining for myoglobin and desmin. The mass could not be removed without total laryngectomy and a permanent tracheostomy and the dog was euthanased.
Subclinical laminitis in dairy cows: use of severity of hoof lesions to rank and evaluate herds
Authors: Smilie R. H. , Hoblet K. H. , Eastridge M. L. , Weiss W. P. , Schnitkey G. L. , Moeschberger M. L. 
Published: October 2010

Thirteen high‐yielding Holstein herds in Ohio were ranked according to the prevalence and severity of lesions associated with subclinical laminitis (pododermatitis aseptica diffusa). One hundred and seventy‐three first lactation cows, most of them in their first 100 days of lactation, and 30 pregnant heifers were assessed. The lesions evaluated were yellow waxy discoloration of the sole, haemorrhage of the sole, separation of the white line, and erosion of the heel. Each herd consisted of more than 100 lactating cows and all the herds were producing over 8500 kg of milk per cow on a rolling herd average basis. The lactating cows were housed in cubicles and maintained in concrete yards. The lesions associated with subclinical laminitis were prevalent among the 13 herds, but when each category of lesion was considered independently, significant differences in prevalence and severity were detected among the herds. These differences suggest that it may be possible to make changes in herd management which may influence the prevalence of lesions.
Male tortoiseshell cats in the United Kingdom
Authors: Leaman T. , Rowland R. , Long S.E. 
Published: October 2010

A questionnaire concerning the coat colour and sex of cats being vaccinated or neutered was sent to 2585 veterinary practices; 393 (15.2 per cent) were returned and information was obtained about 9816 cats. Of 4598 males, 20 were recorded as tortoiseshell (0.43 per cent). The frequency of the orange gene was 19.7 per cent, assuming that male tortoiseshell cats had two X chromosomes. The chromosome complement and/or gonadal histology of 14 male tortoiseshell cats is described. Cytogenetic analysis of 11 animals revealed six with a 38,XX/38,XY complement, two with 39,XXY, two with 38,XX, and one with a 38,XY complement.
Ovarian and hormonal responses of cows to treatment with an analogue of gonadotrophin releasing hormone and prostaglandin F2α
Authors: Peters A. R. , Ward S. J. , Warren M. J. , Gordon P. J. , Mann G. E. , Webb R. 
Published: October 2010

Blood samples were taken from 11 cows and their ovaries were scanned by ultrasound at least daily. Around day 5 of an induced cycle, they were injected with 10 pg buserelin, an analogue of gonadotrophin releasing hormone, and on day 12 they received 0.5 mg cloprostenol, an analogue of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Two days later six of the cows (the treated group) received a second injection of 10 μg buserelin, but the remaining fve received no further treatment (control group). The dominant, that is, the largest follicle in each cow disappeared after the first buserelin injection and was replaced by a new one which grew synchronously in all the cows until after the treatment with PGF2α. Ovulation occurred significantly earlier after PGF2α in the treated group than in the control group (72 to 96 hours v 96 to 120 hours; P<0.05). Plasma progesterone concentrations then increased more rapidly in the treated group than in the control group and were significantly higher on days 3 and 4 after ovulation (P<0.05).
Dynamic adrenal function testing in eight dogs with hyperadrenocorticism associated with adrenocortical neoplasia
Authors: Norman E. J. , Thompson H. , Mooney C. T. 
Published: October 2010

The results of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation and low‐dose dexamethasone suppression tests (LDDST) were evaluated retrospectively in eight dogs with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism arising from functional adrenocortical tumours, and compared with the results from 12 dogs with confirmed pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). The post‐ACTH cortisol concentration in the dogs with adrenocortical tumours ranged from 61 to 345.6 nmol/litre (median 251.5 nmol/litre) and they were within the reference range (150 to 450 nmol/litre) in five and unexpectedly low (<150 nmol/litre) in three dogs. Both the basal and post‐ACTH cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in the dogs with adrenocortical neoplasia than in the dogs with PDH. Eight hours after the LDDST, only two of six dogs with adrenocortical tumours had a cortisol concentration above 30 nmol/litre, and the median resting, three, and eight‐hour cortisol concentrations were 31.5, 23.0, and 22.7 nmol/Aitre respectively. There was no significant cortisol suppression during the LDDST, although interpretation was complicated by the low cortisol concentrations, but two dogs showed a pattern of apparent suppression. Two dogs with adrenal tumours showed a diagnostically significant increase in 17‐OH‐progesterone concentration in response to ACTH although their cortisol concentrations did not increase greatly. These results differ from previous reports of the response of functional adrenal tumours to dynamic endocrine tests.
Clindamycin hydrochloride and clavulanate‐amoxycillin in the treatment of canine superficial pyoderma
Authors: Littlewood D. , Lakhani K. H. , Paterson S. , Wood J. L. N. , Chanter N. 
Published: October 2010

A masked, randomised, controlled clinical trial for the treatment of canine superficial pyoderma was undertaken. Dogs with a clinical diagnosis of superficial pyoderma, supported by bacterial culture were admitted to the trial and randomly assigned to treatment with either clindamycin hydrochloride at 5.5 mg/kg twice daily or clavulanate‐amoxycillin at 12.5 mg/kg twice daily. After 21 days the animals were re‐assessed, and therapy was continued for a further 21 days in the dogs with persistent lesions if bacterial culture demonstrated continued sensitivity. Twenty‐nine dogs were treated with clindamycin hydrochloride and 27 with clavulanate‐amoxycillin. Complete cure was obtained after three weeks in 17 (59 per cent) of the clindamycin‐treated cases, but in only eight (30 per cent) of the clavulanate‐amoxycillin treated group. Clindamycin was significantly more effective than clavulanate‐amoxycillin for the treatment of superficial pyoderma in dogs.
Clinical and radiographic findings compared with urodynamic findings in neutered female dogs with refractory urinary incontinence
Authors: Nickel R. F. , Vink‐Noteboom M. , Van Den Brom W. E. 
Published: October 2010

Possible correlations were investigated between the clinical and urodynamic findings in 77 neutered female dogs with urinary incontinence refractory to standard medical management. The clinical data used in the analysis were age, bodyweight, breed, the characteristics of the dribbling of urine and whether it developed before or after neutering, the type of response to previous treatments, signs of polyuria/polydipsia, and the results of urinalysis and culture. In 50 of the dogs, a standardised contrast radiographic examination was made to locate the neck of the bladder and to assess the morphology of the bladder. These findings were analysed for their correlation with the results of multichannel urethral pressure profilometry and diuresis cysto‐urethrometry. Logistic regression analysis revealed that neither the clinical nor the radiographic findings could predict any of the abnormal urodynamic findings. Fundional abnormalities of the bladder, such as a low compliance, detrusor instability, or a low bladder capacity may therefore be particularly difficult to detect in dogs with urinary incontinence.
Experimental cross‐infections with Ehrlichia phagocytophila and human granulocytic ehrlichia‐like agent in cows and horses
Authors: Pusterla N. , Pusterla J. B. , Braun U. , Lutz H. 
Published: October 2010

Four cows and four horses were infected experimentally with Ehrlichia phagocytophila, the cause of tickborne fever in ruminants, and with human granulocytic ehrlichia‐like agent, a recently discovered species that infects people, horses and dogs in the USA and Europe. They were infected in either order, 30 days apart, to investigate serological cross‐reactivity within the E phagocytophila genogroup. The course of infection was assessed by routine clinical, haematological, serological and polymerase chain reaction (PcR) examinations. Two of the cows infected with E phagocytophila and two of the horses infected with granulocytic ehrlichia‐like agent, developed characteristic signs of ehrlichiosis. When the same animals were infected with their heterologous ehrlichial isolate 30 days later, they did not develop clinical signs of disease. The infection of the other two cows with human granulocytic ehrlichia‐like agent and the other two horses with E phagocytophila, resulted in asymptomatic seroconversion. When the same animals were infected with their homologous ehrlichial isolate 30 days later, they remained asymptomatic and had normal haematological results and negative PCRS until the end of the monitoring period, 60 days after the first infection. In these animals, there was an increase in antibody titre after the second infection which was interpreted as a specific immune response, and as a reactivation of the immune response to the first infection.
Evaluation of clomipramine as an adjunct to behavioural therapy in the treatment of separation‐related problems in dogs
Authors: Podberscek L. , Hsu Y. , Serpell J. A. 
Published: October 2010

Forty‐nine dogs showing signs of separation‐related problems were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group A (15 dogs) received a placebo twice daily; group B (17 dogs) received clomipramine at 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg twice daily; and group C (17 dogs) received clomipramine at 1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg twice daily. All the dogs also received behavioural therapy. Their owners were required to complete questionnaires about their dog's behaviour initially, and one, four and eight weeks after the treatment with clomipramine began. Bipolar ratings scales were used to monitor the frequencies of ‘general’ ‘attachment‐related’ and ‘separation‐related’ behaviours. Kruskal‐Wallis tests and Kendall Rank correlations were used to determine any initial differences between the treatment groups, and the association between the initial scores and behavioural changes after one week of treatment with clomipramine. Extended Mantel‐Haenszel statistics were used to evaluate the effects of clomipramine treatment versus the placebo, and Page's test was used to assess the effectiveness of behavioural therapy on its own. There were no significant differences in the demographic characteristics of the owners of the dogs assigned to the three groups. The dogs differed slightly in age between groups, and the dogs in the two clomipramine‐treated groups were reported as showing problems at a significantly earlier age than those in the placebo group. Clomipramine treatment had a sustained suppressive effect on the dogs' general activity levels, and a more modest suppressive effect on their attachment‐related tendency to want much physical contact with their owners. The typical signs of separation‐related behaviour problems were not significantly affeced by treatment with clomipramine, but behavioural therapy on its own was highly effective in reducing behavioural problems.
Oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the uterine wall of bitches with cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra
Authors: Dhaliwal G. K. , England G. C. W. , Noakes D. E. 
Published: October 2010

Fresh samples of uterine wall and peripheral plasma were obtained from 13 bitches of different breeds when they were treated for cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra by ovariohysterectomy. The plasma samples were assayed for progesterone and 17β‐oestradiol, and the tissue samples were examined histopathologically and for the presence of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by an immunocytochemical method. The immunoreactivity was scored semiquantitatively, taking into account both the intensity and distribution of the specific staining of the receptors, by using a simplified scoring system. The scores for both oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the glandular epithelium were much lower, and in the endometrial stroma a mean (sd) score for oestrogen receptors was 46.0 (44.7) compared with 0 in comparable endometrial tissues from normal bitches at the same stage of the oestrous cycle.