bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remarkable Improvement in Sensitizing Property of Tetraphenylporphyrincarboxylic Acids as Sensitizers for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells by the Introduction of Trimethylsilyl Groups as Substituents
Authors: Kakiage Kenji , Fujimura Emi , Mine Hiroyuki , Izumizawa Takenori , Katoh Takashi , Yoshimura Kimio , Kyushin Soichiro , Kyomen Toru , Hanaya Minoru 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The effects of the introduction of alkylsilyl groups to porphyrin dyes on their sensitizing property in dye-sensitized solar cells were investigated by using a newly synthesized tetraphenylporphyrincarboxylic acid containing trimethylsilyl groups. The cell with the porphyrin showed higher photovoltaic performance than that with a tert-butyl-containing analog, and the zinc complex of the porphyrin exhibited remarkably high sensitizing performance comparable to N3 dye.
Parametric Model Order Reduction by Matrix Interpolation
Authors: Panzer Heiko , Mohring Jan , Eid Rudy , Lohmann Boris 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
In this paper, a new framework for model order reduction of LTI parametric systems is introduced. After generating and reducing several local original models in the parameter space, a parametric reduced-order model is calculated by interpolating the system matrices of the local reduced models. The main task is to find compatible system representations with optimal interpolation properties. Two approaches for this purpose are presented together with several numerical simulations.
Formation of mixed aggregates between Zn2+and eosinY relevant to the self-assembly of ZnO/eosinY hybrid materials
Authors: Hori Shigeo , Yoshida Tsukasa 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAdsorption behavior of eosinY on ZnO and its complex formation with Zn2+were studied in detail, changing the Zn2+concentration, temperature, and pH of mixed solutions. While eosinY undergoes typical Langmuir type adsorption when the solution contains only eosinY, co-presence of Zn2+lead to a formation of multilayer of eosinY. Red precipitates of mixed aggregates were obtained when ZnCl2was added to a concentrated eosinY solution. Aggregation was further promoted when the temperature was elevated. While increase of pH resulted in a decrease of monolayer adsorption of eosinY in the absence of Zn2+, it promoted the formation of mixed aggregates in its presence. These aggregation behaviors of eosinY reasonably explained the changes of nanostructures of the electrodeposited ZnO/eosinY hybrid thin films.
In Vitro Evaluation of Acellular Dermal Matrix as a Three‐Dimensional Scaffold for Gingival Fibroblasts Seeding
Authors: Maia Luciana P. , Novaes Arthur B. , Souza Sérgio L.S. , Grisi Márcio F.M. , Taba Mário , Palioto Daniela B. 
Published: September 2010

Background: Tissue engineering principles could improve the incorporation of acellular dermal matrix (ADM). The aim of this study is to verify if ADM is a suitable three‐dimensional matrix for gingival fibroblasts and cancerous cells ingrowth, and also if cultured medium conditioned in ADM affect cellular behavior.Methods: Canine gingival fibroblasts (CGF), human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), and murine melanoma cell line (B16F10) were seeded on ADM for up to 14 days. The following parameters were assessed: morphology and distribution of CGF, HGF, and B16F10; CGF and HGF viability; and the effect of ADM conditioned medium (CM) on CGF viability.Results: Epifluorescence revealed that CGF were unevenly distributed on the ADM surface, showing no increase in cell number over the periods of study; HGF formed a monolayer on the ADM surface in a higher number at 14 days (P <0.05); B16F10 exhibited an increase in cell number within 7 days (P <0.05), and were mainly arranged in cell aggregates on the ADM, forming a continuous layer at 14 days. A higher percentage of cells on the ADM surface (P <0.05) compared to inside was observed for all cell types. 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) values indicated higher cell viability in samples cultured with HGF compared to CGF (P = 0.024). A significantly lower cell viability for CGF grown in CM compared to cells grown in non‐CM was observed at 48 and 72 hours (P <0.05).Conclusions: ADM is not suitable as a three‐dimensional matrix for gingival fibroblasts ingrowth. Gingival fibroblasts and highly proliferative cells as B16F10 can only be superficially located on ADM, and CGF are negatively affected by culture medium conditioned in ADM, reducing its viability.
Effect of Prebent Deflection on Lateral Vibration of Stabilized Drill Collars
Authors: Weiping Zhu , Qinfeng Di 
Published: September 2010

Summary
An effective modulation of lateral vibration of a bottomhole assembly (BHA) is that some prebent deflection is made on the lower stabilized section of drill collars. This is because the restorable deflection of a drill collar confined in a borehole depends on the prebent deflection. If the prebend nears the limit that the borehole can contain, there will be no sufficient restorable deflection to produce restoring force for lateral vibration. To understand the nature of this phenomenon, a dynamic model for lateral vibration of a stabilized prebent drill-collar section in an inclined well is presented. The governing nonlinear equations are obtained by using a Lagrangian approach, which are characterized by a prebend-dependent nonlinear bending stiffness term. They also include the effects of clearance/friction of stabilizers with borehole wall, contact friction of drill collar with borehole wall, axial forces from weight-on-bit (WOB) and bit/formation interactions, and hydrodynamic damping of drilling mud. The gyroscopic moments are proved to be negligibly small terms within a range of operating conditions of drilling. Poincaré map bifurcation diagram, phase diagram, Liapunov exponent, and power spectrum analysis are used to evaluate the dynamic behaviors. Simulation results both in a vertical well and in an inclined well show that lateral vibration is sensitive to the prebent deflection in some degree, presenting periodic motion, chaotic motion, or alternating in turn as usual. However, when prebent deflection is more than 87% in a vertical well and more than 45% in a 20°-inclined well (of the average clearance between the drill collar and the borehole), lateral vibration will vanish. Such a characteristic is crucially important for practical applications. For example, we may effectively prevent a drill string in an inclined well from severe whirling motion with a properly designed prebent drill collar.
Advanced Solvent-Additive Processes by Genetic Optimization
Authors: Edmunds Neil , Moini Behdad , Peterson Jeff 
Published: September 2010

Summary
This paper describes the application of a genetic algorithm to the development of a solvent-additive SAGD process. A review of related field projects and key simulation studies is provided, together with a discussion of the pros and cons of potential alkane solvents. Economics and the impact of dynamic and ultimate retention are discussed.
A general conclusion drawn from literature is that optimal solvent application to SAGD will likely involve time variations in both rate and composition of the solvent. This results in an optimization problem that has a large number of dimensions, and is nonlinear. We have found genetic algorithms, which mimic biological evolution, have been found to be extremely effective in addressing such problems. The general methodology of application to solvent additives by Laricina Energy Ltd. is described.
A key product of this effort, optimized for a simple clastic reservoir, is presented. The genetic algorithm produced an operable process, which could be described as a new combination of preexisting concepts. The process offers material improvements in thermal bitumen supply costs, as well as recovery factor. Major reductions in the physical steam/oil ratio (SOR), (and therefore) capital intensity and carbon emissions, are indicated.
Monopoly Pricing under a Medicaid-Style Most-Favored-Customer Clause and Its Welfare Implication
Authors: Klibanoff Peter , Kundu Tapas 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
To control Medicaid's expenditure on prescription drugs, 1990 legislation established a rebate program guaranteeing Medicaid a rebate on each unit purchased by Medicaid participants. The rebate is the difference between the minimum price and the average manufacturer price (minimum price rule) or a proportion of the average manufacturer price (average price rule). We characterize the optimal pricing strategy of a third-degree price discriminating monopolist under these rules. Under the minimum price rule, the minimum price gross of rebate always increases whereas prices gross of rebate in at least some of the markets always decrease. In contrast, under the average price rule, these prices may move in the same direction in all markets, with all increasing in some circumstances and all decreasing in others. We also examine the effects of such provisions on social welfare. We analyze a modified version of our minimum price rule model suitable for applications beyond Medicaid.
Perinatal variables and neonatal outcomes in severely growth restricted preterm fetuses
Authors: Engineer Neelam , Kumar Sailesh 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective. To investigate the impact of severe preterm intrauterine growth restriction on perinatal and neonatal outcomes. Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. Tertiary referral fetal medicine unit in London. Population. A total of 60 pregnancies affected by early onset severe intrauterine growth restriction with fetal abdominal circumference below the third centile and abnormal arterial or venous Dopplers between October 2003 and October 2007, and control cohort of 77 appropriate‐for‐gestational age preterm neonates. Methods. Cases were identified from the departmental databases. The neonatal outcomes in 44 growth restricted survivors were compared with 77 gestation matched appropriate‐for‐gestational age preterm neonates. Main outcome measures. Neonatal morbidity and neonatal mortality. Results. Of the 60 pregnancies affected by severe intrauterine growth restriction, seven were terminated, nine resulted in stillbirth and 44 resulted in live births. The growth restricted neonates had increased odds of developing respiratory distress compromise (odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–6.2) and thrombocytopenia (OR 9.4, 95%CI 2.9–30.8) in comparison to average‐for‐gestational age cohorts. We also noted an increased risk of neonatal sepsis (OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.1–6.0) and necrotising enterocolitis (OR 9.7, 95%CI 1.1–86.0). Sepsis was the major contributing factor towards neonatal mortality in the growth restricted cohorts. Conclusion. Despite intensive fetal surveillance and tertiary level neonatal care, the survival for growth restricted fetuses before 28 weeks gestation remains poor with neonatal outcome predominantly affected by respiratory morbidity, sepsis and metabolic compromise.
Earthquake-induced snow avalanches: I. Historical case studies
Authors: Podolskiy Evgeny A. , Nishimura Kouichi , Abe Osamu , Chernous Pavel A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractStrong ground motions caused by earthquakes can induce catastrophic avalanches. Massive snow avalanching has also been observed on slopes near quarries and underground mines where ground motions are produced by explosives. To address a lack of information regarding seismogenic snow avalanches, we have compiled an inventory to document case histories. For the period 1899–2010, 22 cases are identified worldwide, related to natural or artificial seismicity with magnitudes of 1.9 ≤Mw≤ 9.2 and source-to-site distances of ∼0.2–640 km. In the extreme case, many thousands of simultaneously released large-scale avalanches have been reported. The obtained distribution and variety of parameters are discussed and compared with earthquake-induced landslides and ice avalanches; the results are similar among these three types of failure events, although all data derived from statistical analyses (i.e. non-witnessed cases) represent outliers, suggesting a significant reduction in the threshold magnitudes proposed for landslides. This proposal could be verified by the collection of additional data.
Obligations of the Translators of the Qur'an Towards the Qur'anic Readings
Authors: Tabatabaee S. K. 
Published: August 2010

It is historically established that the readers of the Qur'an read certain Qur'anic phrases or words in various ways. Some of these different readings affect the pronunciation of certain words without changing their meanings, e.g. ‘kufuwan aḥad’ where two readings exist: ‘kufuwan aḥad’ with fā' madmūma and wāw maftūha without hamza and ‘kufu'an aḥad’ with hamz and fā' maḍmūma. Other readings, however, may affect the function of a word in a sentence in terms of the syntactical structure of the sentence and the grammatical function of the word, and the way it is to be parsed. This can be observed in ‘mālik yawn al-dīn’ (Q.1:4) where three readings exist: ‘māliki yawmi'l-dīn’, ‘maliki yawmi'l-dīn’ and ‘malaka yawma'l-dīn’, turning mālik into a past tense verb and rendering the word yawm in the nasb mood. Another example can be found in the Qur'anic phrase ‘bi-mā kānū yakdhibūn’ (Q.2:10) where two readings exist: ‘yakdhibūn’ with yā' maftūḥa and single dhāl, and ‘yukadhdhibūn’ with yā' maḍmūma and doubled dhal. This article will focus on the obligations to be undertaken by the translators of the Qur'an in relation to the latter type of Qur'anic readings.
In Praise of the Word of God: Reflections of Early Religious and Social Concerns in the Fadā'il al-Qur'ān Genre
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: August 2010

Faḍā'il al-Qur'ān is the usual title given to chapters in various ḥadīth compilations or to individual works that deal with the ‘excellences’ or ‘merits’ of the Qur'an. The faḍā'il al-Qur'ān traditions found in common in the standard and non-standard ḥadīth compilations are concerned largely with the memorisation of the Qur'an, its compilation and being written down, its best reciters, and the excellences of certain surahs and āyāt. In the early part of the 3rd/9th century, separate works on faḍā'il al-Qur'ān began to emerge, which covered a wider range of topics. This article establishes that both the religious and the social historian may profitably mine the faḍā'il al-Qur'ān literature for valuable insights into, for example, the position of Qur'an reciters in early Islamic society; early attitudes towards writing conventions in the maṣāhif; modes of recitation; the probity of accepting wages for teaching the Qur'an; and the authoritativeness of oral versus written transmission of the Qur'anic text. A closer examination of the contents of the faḍā'il al-Qur'ān literature also yields valuable insights into the central role of the Qur'an, both as an oral and written text, and of its ‘people’ or its ‘advocates’, the so-called ahi al-Qurān, in the early Muslim community. Our preliminary survey allows us to state that, for some people, the Qur'an as the central sacred text of Islam came to stand in for the pristine, idealised Muslim polity. How certain groups of people chose to define their relation to the Qur'an (as its reciters, bearers, advocates, teachers and explicators of its grammar and language) and what aspect of the Qur'an they chose to emphasise (oral versus written) could then be regarded as a hallmark of their piety and fidelity to the memory of the earliest community under the Prophet and his rightly-guided caliphs. Such an endeavour assumed particular relevance in the merit-conscious society first established by cUmar (d. 24/644), in which people were ranked in terms of their moral excellences according to the principle of sābiqa (‘priority in Islam’), and from which they consequently derived their social standing. Our study, on the one hand, corroborates some of the information already available about the organisation of early Islamic society from other sources; on the other, it nuances and broadens this information. Our line of inquiry also allows us to refine a body of scholarship regarding the origins of the faḍā'il al-Qur'ān traditions, and their nature and the conclusions to be derived from this corpus concerning the attitudes of early Muslims towards the study of the Qur'an.
The Lexical Transfer of Arabic Non-core Lexicon: Sura 113 of the Qur'an – al-Falaq (The Splitting)1
Authors: Fatani Afnan H. 
Published: August 2010

This paper is an attempt to stimulate a more scientific and linguistic approach to Qur'an-translation than has hitherto been undertaken. Various theories of meaning widely employed in semantics are mobilised to illustrate the referential versatility of Arabic non-core lexemes and to highlight the semantic errors of transfer that this versatility generates. Recent advances in the field of descriptive semantics have greatly enhanced our interlingual ability to translate texts, especially the more difficult texts that rely heavily on ‘non-core lexicon’, the formal, learned and less familiar lexemes of a language-system. However, it is clear from a reading of recent research in Arabic linguistics that serious problems still remain for researchers interested in transferring the non-core lexicon of Arabic into English, basically because of the wide range of referential meanings that Arabic non-core lexemes can exhibit. My approach is based on the premise that the referential versatility of Arabic non-core lexicon can be better appreciated when the hidden errors of lexical transfer inscribed in existing target language (TL) texts are exposed and clearly explicated. In order to expose the semantic gaps between source language (SL) and TL lexicon, this study adopts a multi-level or glossed procedure of translation that would more faithfully reproduce the morpho-semantic structure of the SL text.
Clinical Manifestations but not Cytokine Profiles Differentiate Adult-onset Still’s Disease and Sepsis
Authors: RAU MONIKA , SCHILLER MARTIN , KRIENKE STEFAN , HEYDER PETRA , LORENZ HANNES , BLANK NORBERT 
Published: September 2010

Objective.To analyze clinical manifestations, serum ferritin, and serum cytokine levels in patients with adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) or bacterial sepsis and to evaluate their potential use for differential diagnosis.Methods.Twenty-two consecutive patients with the first flare of AOSD and 6 patients with an established diagnosis of AOSD under immunosuppressive therapy were compared with 14 patients with bacterial sepsis. Clinical manifestations were scored in a Pouchot AOSD activity score including elevated serum ferritin levels to obtain a modified Pouchot score. Serum cytokine profiles were analyzed from each patient.Results.The scores of clinical manifestations using a modified Pouchot activity score were significantly higher in patients with active untreated AOSD (mean 5.60 ± 1.93) compared with patients with chronic AOSD (mean 1.16 ± 0.98; p < 0.001) and patients with sepsis (mean 2.38 ± 1.19; p < 0.001). A modified Pouchot score ≥ 4 shows a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 93% for active AOSD. Serum cytokine levels of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and calprotectin were elevated in acute AOSD and sepsis. Significant differences were detected only in patients with sepsis who had higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8. The overlap of the 2 groups limits the use of cytokines for differential diagnosis in individual patients.Conclusion.A modified Pouchot AOSD activity score including elevated serum ferritin levels was more useful to confirm the diagnosis of AOSD compared to patients with sepsis. Elevated serum cytokines correlate with inflammation but are of limited use to differentiate between active AOSD and bacterial sepsis.
LC‐MS/MS Quantitation of Mercapturic Acid Conjugates of Lipid Peroxidation Products as Markers of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Kuiper Heather C. , Stevens Jan F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOxidative stress–induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) leads to the formation of cytotoxic and genotoxic 2‐alkenals. LPO products such as 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal (HNE) and 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal (ONE) have been the subject of many studies due to their association with the development of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. LPO products are excreted in the urine after conjugation with glutathione (GSH) and subsequent metabolism to mercapturic acid (MA) conjugates. Urinary LPO‐MA metabolites are stable end‐product metabolites and have gained interest as non‐invasive in vivo biomarkers of oxidative stress. This protocol describes a method for the quantitative analysis of LPO‐MA metabolites in urine using isotope‐dilution liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Included are protocols for preparation of labeled LPO‐MA conjugates from unlabeled LPO products and deuterium labeled MA. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 45:17.14.1‐17.14.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Gastric Acid Secretion in the Anaesthetized Rat
Authors: Adami Maristella , Coruzzi Gabriella 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe protocols described in this unit are designed to assess the effects of substances on gastric acid secretion by the rat stomach, with the animal under general anesthesia. Both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of compounds can be evaluated and specific mechanisms of action can also be investigated. Acid secretion is induced by substances that directly activate parietal cell receptors (histamine and bethanechol), by indirect stimuli, like 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, by electrical stimulation of vagal nerves, or by the peptide pentagastrin. Reference antisecretory drugs are represented by histamine H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors. This model allows the evaluation of complete dose‐response curves together with a time‐course of the secretory/antisecretory effects. Indirect effects involving activation or inhibition of vagal pathways are evaluated in intact animals by means of electrical vagal stimulation or in vagotomized animals. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 45:21.5.1‐21.5.12. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Tissue Mast Cells
Authors: Kulka Marianna , Metcalfe Dean D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLocated primarily in tissues, mast cells are one of the principal effector cells in allergic inflammation. Mast cells derive from mononuclear precursor cells which undergo their final phase of differentiation in the tissues. Mast cells express a unique set of proteases and display functional diversity depending on the tissue in which they differentiate—a phenomenon often referred to as mast cell heterogeneity. Enzymatic digestion and density centrifugation have often been used to isolate human mast cells from tissues such as lung and skin, frequently resulting in cells with low viability and purity. Here, we describe a protocol that combines gentle enzymatic digestion with positive selection techniques to isolate reasonably viable and substantially enriched preparations of tissue mast cells. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 90:7.25.1‐7.25.11. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.