bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating “fire-smart” forest stands and landscapes
Authors: Fernandes Paulo 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWildland fire is an important feature of the Mediterranean Basin. Past fire incidence has been limited by landscape diversity and the intensity of biomass use. Fire activity and the meteorological component of fire danger have increased during the last decades, but the fire regime modification was primarily fuel-driven, i.e. caused by changes in land cover and land use. Fire-smart forests and landscapes are resistant to fire spread and resilient to its occurrence. In cultural landscapes where fires are seldom allowed to spread "fire smartness" is attained through proactive management by either treating fuels in fire-prone vegetation types or decreasing the importance of those vegetation types in the landscape. The presentation overviews these subjects as they relate to Mediterranean Europe and discusses them in the frame of climate change. Fire-smart landscapes are obtained by area-wide fuel treatments and by fuel type conversion, rather than by fuel isolation. The spatial features of fuel management are critical, as random patterns can mitigate the effects of wildfire locally but have no impact on its growth. Proactive management should concentrate on expanding (i) less flammable forest types, and (ii) vegetation types that are resilient regardless of flammability, the latter being the preferred option.
An ultra-low energy (30–200 eV) ion-atomic beam source for ion-beam-assisted deposition in ultrahigh vacuum
Authors: Mach Jindřich , Šamořil Tomáš , Voborný Stanislav , Kolíbal Miroslav , Zlámal Jakub , Spousta Jiří , Dittrichová Libuše , Šikola Tomáš 
Published: August 2011

The paper describes the design and construction of an ion-atomic beam source with an optimized generation of ions for ion-beam-assisted deposition under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The source combines an effusion cell and an electron impact ion source and produces ion beams with ultra-low energies in the range from 30 eV to 200 eV. Decreasing ion beam energy to hyperthermal values (≈101 eV) without loosing optimum ionization conditions has been mainly achieved by the incorporation of an ionization chamber with a grid transparent enough for electron and ion beams. In this way the energy and current density of nitrogen ion beams in the order of 101 eV and 101 nA/cm2, respectively, have been achieved. The source is capable of growing ultrathin layers or nanostructures at ultra-low energies with a growth rate of several MLs/h. The ion-atomic beam source will be preferentially applied for the synthesis of GaN under UHV conditions.
Long‐Term and Interannual Dynamics of Walleye and Yellow Perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron
Authors: Ivan Lori N. , Höök Tomas O. , Thomas Michael V. , Fielder David G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWalleye Sander vitreus and yellow perch Perca flavescens are well‐studied, ecologically important fish species that co‐occur in a wide range of systems and experience complex interactions; on the one hand, they are physiologically and ecologically similar and therefore may respond analogously to environmental variation, while on the other hand they interact antagonistically as competitors, predators, and prey. In Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, walleyes and yellow perch have supported a combination of commercial and recreational fisheries and have been exposed to a series of ecosystem‐level stressors and management actions that may have impacted these populations via multiple pathways. We used dynamic factor analysis and correlation analysis of walleye and yellow perch annual fall trawl catch data to elucidate the overall trends in walleye and yellow perch populations in Saginaw Bay. The results suggest that walleyes and yellow perch trend differently; while the relative abundance of age‐0–2 walleyes generally increased and their mean length decreased from 1980 to 2008, the trends in yellow perch abundance and length differed among the young‐of‐year, yearling, and age‐2 age‐classes. Moreover, interannual negative associations between yellow perch relative abundance and mean size are suggestive of compensatory, density‐dependent control on growth, while similar evidence is lacking for walleyes. Correlation analyses indicate that walleye year‐class strength is set by the fall of age 0, while the age at which recruitment is set for yellow perch is less clear and may not occur until the fall of age 1. Thus, we suggest that future studies evaluating environmental determinants of year‐class strength in Saginaw Bay evaluate age‐0 walleyes and age‐1 yellow perch. Finally, while age‐0 yellow perch and age‐0 walleyes appear to respond similarly to annual environmental conditions, the recent increase in walleye abundance and decrease in the mean size of age‐0 yellow perch may have contributed to the reduced abundance of adult yellow perch via walleye predation and overwinter mortality.
Reproductive Development and Related Observations during the Spawning Migration of Hickory Shad
Authors: Murauskas J. G. , Rulifson R. A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHickory shad Alosa mediocris were sampled for two consecutive years in coastal North Carolina at various points of their ascent in salt water, brackish water, and freshwater to examine reproductive development and related variables during the spawning migration. Fish averaged 3 years of age; however, the proportion of repeat spawners and the proportion of individuals in older age‐classes were greater for females than for males, and females were larger than males of the same age. Nearly all fish had identifiable food items in their stomachs early in migration. Feeding decreased significantly as fish entered freshwater, and energy reserves became depleted with movements upstream. Reproductive development was positively correlated with inland movements, as indicated by increases in the gonadosomatic index and oocyte size and based on histological examination. Separate oocyte size‐classes were observed within the same individuals, and postovulatory follicles were also present; these observations indicate that hickory shad are batch spawners with indeterminate fecundity and group‐synchronous development of oocytes. Postspawn females with yolked oocytes were captured while feeding in the estuary after the reproductive season. Migratory timing was similar in both years, and a strong positive correlation between water temperature and fish movements was evident. Results indicate that reproductive development in migrating hickory shad is significantly related to size, age, energy reserves, geographic location, and time of year. This information contributes to a better understanding of the relatively unstudied hickory shad and serves as a basis for further research on alosine fishes in the eastern United States.
Ontogenetic Diet Comparison of Atlantic Cod and White Hake Occurring at Historically Low Population Abundances
Authors: Hanson John Mark 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAbundances of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and white hake Urophycis tenuis have dropped to historically low levels in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Stomach samples were collected during late summer 2001 and 2002 to compare ontogenetic diet patterns at a time when food presumably was not limiting. White hake had a narrow diet and showed an abrupt ontogenetic diet change: fish less than 35 cm total length (TL) consumed benthic invertebrates (sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa, gammarid amphipods, or polychaetes), while those at least 35 cm TL preyed mainly on Atlantic herring Clupea harengus. Atlantic cod had a broad diet initially dominated by benthic and pelagic invertebrates (Arctic argid Argis dentata, Aesop shrimp Pandalus montagui, Eualus spp., mysids, northern propeller clams Cyrtodaria siliqua, and polychaetes). Fish (mainly Atlantic herring, capelin Mallotus villosus, and small demersal species) were gradually incorporated into the Atlantic cod diet but did not comprise more than 50% of prey biomass until the cod reached a length of 50–60 cm TL. The incidence of cannibalism was low for both fishes. Diet overlap was low between all sizes of Atlantic cod and white hake but was high between adjacent size‐classes of Atlantic cod and for all size‐classes of white hake greater than 35 cm TL (where Atlantic herring comprised more than 70% of prey biomass).
Can a submaximal exercise test predict peak exercise performance in dancers?
Authors: Vissers Dirk , Roussel Nathalie , Mistiaen Wilhelm , Crickemans Bram , Truijen Steven , Nijs Jo , De Backer Wilfried 
Published: August 2011

AbstractProfessional dancers are artistic athletes who require high aerobic conditioning to perform at their best. Moreover, high aerobic conditioning may control overtraining and prevent injuries. A submaximal exercise test that is easy to administer and allows prediction of maximal oxygen consumption in dancers would be a powerful tool for coaches, physiotherapists, and sports medicine physicians to screen physical fitness and evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise training. In the present study, the values recorded for a submaximal exercise test called the Aerobic Power Index were compared with peak aerobic power values in 44 dance students. The Aerobic Power Index proved to be an acceptable submaximal field test for evaluating aerobic power and predicting peak oxygen consumption in dancers.
Bilateral deficit in power production during multi‐joint leg extensions
Authors: Dickin D. Clark , Sandow Ron , Dolny Dennis G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the presence of the bilateral deficit both as a function of overall and individual joint power. Most studies addressing the deficit have assessed force; however, in most sporting events maximal power is more important than maximal force production. To address this, in the current study we assessed the bilateral deficit for multi‐joint movements as measured by overall lower extremity and individual joint power. We assessed power production using an isokinetic machine permitting both unilateral and bilateral leg extensions. Several significant effects and interactions between the contraction type (unilateral, bilateral, alternating unilateral), side of the body, lower extremity joint, and percentage of a 1‐RM load were revealed. All interactions were between the lower extremity joints (hip, knee, ankle) and involved the contraction protocol (P=0.001), the percentage of 1‐RM load (P=0.0002), and the side of the body (P=0.0003). Taken together, the results indicate that the bilateral deficit is manifested using a measure of power, but more importantly, the deficit has differential implications based on the overall resistance, and various joints involved in the movement. In conclusion, a reduction in power generation was evidenced for both simultaneous contractions of the leg extensors as well as reciprocal contractions. With reduced contributions from the knee joint during bilateral and reciprocal contractions, combined with past research demonstrating differential activation of mono‐articular knee joint muscles, evidence for reduced contributions from the peripheral nervous system are suggested based on the results of this study.
Recurrent Autonomic Dysreflexia due to Chronic Aortic Dissection in an Adult Male with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Vaidyanathan Subramanian , Hughes Peter L. , Oo Tun , Soni Bakul M. 
Published: August 2011

Autonomic dysreflexia is a hypertensive clinical emergency for persons with spinal cord injury at T-6 level or above.Recurrentautonomic dysreflexia is uncommon in spinal cord injury patients and is usually caused by noxious stimuli that cannot be removed promptly, e.g., somatic pain, abdominal distension. A 61-year-old man, who sustained tetraplegia at C-5 (ASIA-A) 38 years ago, was admitted with chest infection. Computerised tomography (CT) of the chest showed the ascending aorta to measure 4 cm in anteroposterior diameter; descending thoracic aorta measured 3.5 cm. No dissection was seen. Normal appearances of abdominal aorta were seen. He was treated with noninvasive ventilation, antibiotics, and diuretics. Nineteen days later, when there was sudden deterioration in his clinical condition, CT of the pulmonary angiogram was performed to rule out pulmonary embolism. This showed no pulmonary embolus, but the upper abdominal aorta showed some dissection with thrombosis of the false lumen. Blood pressure was controlled with perindopril 2 mg, once a day, doxazosin 4 mg, twice a day, and furosemide 20 mg, twice a day. Since this patient did not show clinical features of mesenteric or lower limb ischaemia, the vascular surgeon did not recommend subdiaphragmatic aortic replacement.This patient subsequently developed recurrent episodes of autonomic dysreflexia. Each acute episode of dysreflexia was controlled by nifedipine given sublingually in doses varying from 5 to 20 mg. No inciting cause for autonomic dysreflexia could be found other than chronic aortic dissection. This patient’s medication was then changed to doxazosin 8 mg, twice a day, and sustained-release nifedipine 10 mg, twice a day, which helped to prevent recurrent autonomic dysreflexia.Chronic aortic dissection is a very rare cause forrecurrentautonomic dysreflexia in ageing spinal cord injury patients. When the inciting cause for dysreflexia is not amenable for treatment, recurrent dysreflexic episodes can be prevented by pharmacotherapy with an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent (doxazosin) and sustained-release nifedipine.
Characterizing ProstivaTMRF Treatments of the Prostate for BPH with Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI
Authors: Huidobro Christian , Larson Benjamin , Mynderse Samuel , Myers James J. , Busel David , Acevedo Cristian , Larson Thayne R. , Mynderse Lance A. 
Published: August 2011

Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) is an accepted and effective therapy for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). ProstivaTM(Medtronic, Shoreview, MN) is the newest-generation device, which includes a new needle design and radio frequency (RF) generator. This device creates temperatures of 120°C and necrotic lesions in less than 2.5 min. Using previously described techniques, we analyzed dynamic, gadolinium-enhanced MRIs to characterize the ablative properties of the new ProstivaTMRF device.Ten men with LUTS due to BPH were treated with the standard ProstivaTMmanufacturer–recommended protocol. The bladder neck and lateral lobes received treatment based on prostate volume and prostatic urethral length. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI sequences were obtained prior to and 1 week post-treatment. Analyze® software (Mayo Clinic Biomedical Imaging Resource, Rochester, MN) was used to evaluate MRIs. New gadolinium defects were seen in all patients following ProstivaTMtreatments. All lesions coalesced within the prostate. No defects were seen beyond the prostate, and the urethra was spared in all patients. The mean volume of necrosis was 7.56 cc, representing a mean of 11.28% of total prostate volume.Dynamic, gadolinium-enhanced MRIs demonstrate new vascular defects representing necrosis caused by ProstivaTMRF therapy of the prostate. The standard ProstivaTMRF protocol produces lesions that coalesce to create larger lesions in the bladder neck and lateral lobes. Compared to the TUNA® Precision PlusTMdevice, the ablative lesions appear comparable while produced with a shorter burn time.
Chyluria after Partial Nephrectomy: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kim Ronald J. , Joudi Fadi N. 
Published: August 2011

We report a case of 61-year-old male who presented with chyluria after partial nephrectomy. During workup for appendicitis, an incidental exophytic renal mass was revealed on CT scan. The patient ultimately underwent uncomplicated open partial nephrectomy. Postoperatively, his JP drain output turned milky white with urine remaining clear. JP fluid analysis was consistent with lymph. At 3 weeks postsurgery, his drain output decreased, but his urine turned milky white. Urinalysis confirmed fat in the urine. CT imaging revealed chyloma/urinoma with extravasation. The patient was initially treated conservatively, with a medium-chain fatty acid diet and then ureteral stenting. His stent was eventually removed and his chlyuria resolved 14 weeks later.In nonendemic countries, nonparasitic chyluria is exceedingly rare and postsurgical chyluria even more so. We review the sequelae of untreated disease and surgical options for intractable chyluria not responsive to conservative management.In non-endemic countries, non-parasitic chyluria is exceedingly rare, and post surgical chyluria even more so. We review the sequelae of untreated disease and surgical options for intractable chyluria not responsive to conservative management.
Prostate Cancer
Authors: Eggener Scott 
Published: August 2011

Prostate cancer continues to be a significant public health issue worldwide, particularly in countries where men have life expectancies long enough to clinically manifest the disease. In many countries, it remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality.Although significant progress has been made over the past few decades, many elements regarding the diagnosis and management of patients with prostate cancer remain enigmatic. In this Prostate Cancer special issue, our expert authors present and examine clinically relevant topics and look ahead to future research.
Structural analysis of MHC alleles in an RSV tumour regression chicken using a BAC library
Authors: Suzuki K. , Kobayashi E. , Yamashita H. , Uenishi H. , Churkina I. , Plastow G. , Hamasima N. , Mitsuhashi T. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThe chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC‐B locus) has a strong association with resistance and susceptibility to numerous diseases. We have found a B haplotype designated WLA that associated with the regression of tumours caused by Rous sarcoma virus J strain (RSV‐J). Haplotype WLA was identical to the regressive B6 haplotype when partial genotyping was performed (Poultry Science, 89, 2010, 651). We then constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library from a WLA homozygote chicken to evaluate the structure of this regression haplotype and compared it to those of the B6 haplotype. Comparison between WLA and B6 above 59 kb within the 167 kb, including 14 genes from BG1 to BF2, revealed 75 SNPs and 14 indels. However, several genes were identical between WLA and B6, including the BF1 and BF2 genes, which encode a class I molecule previously suggested to be related to the regression phenotype. The BLB2 gene encoding the MHC class II beta chain showed the greatest diversity, with 19 non‐synonymous SNPs. A comparison of WLA and B6 haplotpyes that are associated with tumour regression and RIRa and B24 haplotypes associated with tumour progression suggests that DMA1, DMA2, BRD2, TAPBP and BLB2 genes are not involved in the intensity of RSV J tumour regression.
Intraoperative squash cytology: accuracy and impact on immediate surgical management of central nervous system tumours
Authors: Krishnani N. , Kumari N. , Behari S. , Rana C. , Gupta P. 
Published: August 2011

N. Krishnani, N. Kumari, S. Behari, C. Rana and P. Gupta  Intraoperative squash cytology: diagnostic accuracy and its impact on immediate surgical management of central nervous system tumoursObjective:  To assess the diagnostic accuracy of squash cytology, reasons for deferment, disagreement and partial agreement, and assess its impact on immediate surgical management of central nervous system tumours.Study design:  All cases of squash cytology received from January 2007 to July 2010 were reviewed and correlated with final histopathological diagnoses. Deferments, disagreements and partial disagreements were reviewed to look for possible reasons. The impact of disagreements and partial agreements on immediate surgical management was evaluated in consultation with neurosurgeons.Results:  Overall accuracy (including complete and partial agreement) for squash smear diagnosis of 334 cases was 94.9% while complete agreement was 79.9%, excluding deferred cases. Disagreement was seen in 17 cases and 31 cases were deferred for final histopathology diagnosis. Good correlation was seen in astrocytoma, meningioma, schwannoma, medulloblastoma, pituitary adenoma and metastatic carcinoma, whereas poor correlation was seen in oligodendroglioma, ependymoma and lymphoma. Among 17 cases with disagreement and 50 cases with partial agreement, an adverse impact on immediate surgical management was found in six (35.3%) cases and one (2.0%) case, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of squash for diagnosis of neoplastic lesions were 98.7% and 87.5%, respectively.Conclusion:  Squash cytology is a rapid, reliable, simple technique for intraoperative consultation in neurosurgical practice with high overall accuracy. Causes causing an adverse impact on surgical management were rare and potential avoidable reasons for them were identified.
Virion glycosylation governs integrity and infectivity of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
Authors: Fridholm H , Everitt E 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe possible importance of the O‐linked glycosylation in virion stability and infectivity of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) was analysed. Enzymatic treatment with O‐glycosidase of radiolabelled virions under different ionic conditions, to allow for possible alternative exposure of glycosidic enzyme cleavage sites, did not alter the specific infectivity of virions re‐isolated after rate‐zonal centrifugation in glycerol gradients. As an alternative method to assess the significance of carbohydrates in IPNV integrity, periodate oxidation in the presence of an aldehyde quencher was chosen. Following re‐isolation of viruses, a 3–5 10log‐unit reduction in specific infectivity was revealed and, at higher concentrations, a total disruption or virion aggregation was observed. The loss of infectivity of intact virions was not because of a lack of attachment to cells. Additionally, re‐evaluation of reading values from UV‐spectra of purified IPNV yielded a specific infectivity of 3 × 1011 TCID50‐units mg−1 of protein and a ratio of 40 virions per TCID50‐unit in the CHSE‐214 cell system.
Establishment and characterization of a new cell line derived from kidney of grouper, Epinephelus akaara (Temminck & Schlegel), susceptible to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV)
Authors: Gong J , Huang Y , Huang X , Ouyang Z , Guo M , Qin Q 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA marine fish cell line derived from the kidney of red‐spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara, designated as EAGK was established and characterized. The EAGK cells multiplied well in Leibovitz’s L‐15 medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum at 25 °C and have been subcultured for more than 90 passages. Karyotyping, chromosomal typing and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genotyping analysis revealed that EAGK had a modal diploid chromosome number of 82 and was a fibroblast cell line originated from grouper. A severe cytopathic effect was observed in EAGK cells incubated with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), but not with soft‐shelled turtle iridovirus, viral nervous necrosis virus or spring viraemia of carp virus. SGIV replication was further confirmed by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and virus titre determination. Bright fluorescence was observed after transfection with fluorescent protein reporter plasmids, indicating that EAGK cells can be used to identify gene functions in vitro. In addition, the cell organelles including mitochondria and endoplasm reticulum changed and aggregated around virus factories after SGIV infection, suggested that the EAGK cell line could be an important tool for investigation of iridovirus–host interactions.