bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probiotic attributes ofLactobacillusstrains isolated from food and of human origin
Authors: Gaudana Sandeep B. , Dhanani Akhilesh S. , Bagchi Tamishraha 
Published: January 2010

Lactobacilli isolated from various sources were identified on the basis of 16S–23S rRNA gene intergenic region amplification and subsequent sequencing of the smaller intergenic region. Anin vitroanalysis of probiotic properties including binding, ability to tolerate different concentrations of bile, survival in acidic buffer and antimicrobial activity of four different isolates and two standard strains (Lactobacillus plantarumAmerican Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 8014 andL. rhamnosusGG (LGG)) was carried out. The ability of each isolate to stimulate Caco-2 cells, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and THP-1 cells resulting in immunomodulation of these cells was analysed. IsolatesL. rhamnosusCS25 andL. delbrueckiiM and standard strain ATCC 8014 showed broad antimicrobial activity, and isolates CS25 (percentage of survival 6·9 % at pH 2·5, 5·1 % at pH 2·0) andL. plantarumCS23 (5·7 % at pH 2·5, 4·9 % at pH 2·0) have shown good tolerance to acidic pH. Isolate CS23 showed a good survival (14 %) after 2 h incubation in de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium containing 3 % bile salts. Isolates CS23, CS25 andL. fermentumASt1 could stimulate Caco-2 cells, human PBMC and THP-1 cells for a strong and varied immunomodulatory response in these cells. Though LGG showed poor antimicrobial activity as well as bile and acid tolerance, it was found to be the best binding strain tested. Child faecal isolate CS23 from the present study showed high binding ability (seventeen bacteria/Caco-2), high tolerance to acidic pH and bile salts and significant immunomodulation; therefore it is a good potential probiotic candidate.
Plan of action for the dissemination of the Geneva Conventions
Authors: Cilleuls Jean Des 
Published: January 2010

The report which has been entrusted to us as French co-rapporteur attempts to complete that which we submitted to the International Congress of the Neutrality of Medicine in Time of War, held in Paris on April 6 to 8, 1959.Several weeks later, the Revue Internationale des Services de Santé published directives of action for the dissemination of the Geneva Conventions by Lieutenant-Colonel R. Belvaux of the Belgian Army, as a result of an international enquiry undertaken by the International Committee of Military Medicine and Pharmacy and to which 27 countries had replied.
The Child — Pillar of the Future
Authors: Sicault G. 
Published: January 2010

In its early years the International Union for Child Welfare co-operated closely with the ICRC. Moreover, the Honorary President of the IUCW, Mrs. A. Morier, has, in a previous issue of our Review, recalled the support which Eglantyne Jebb, the founder of the Save the Children International Union, received from the ICRC in 1920.Since then, the Union has extended internationally and today its membership is drawn from many countries. In September 1964 its General Council met in Athens and the theme discussed was: “Investment in Child Welfare—an essential factor in economic and social planning”. On that occasion, Dr. Georges Sicault presented a paper in which he recalled how the “United Nations Children's Fund” (UNICEF) was born, what its activities were and to what extent one can today actively assist the international movement in favour of child welfare. It gives us much pleasure to publish this interesting paper. (Ed.)
Standards of Medical Care and Protection in detention camps
Authors: Boissier Pierre 
Published: January 2010

An international symposium on Medical Care and Protection of Prisoners and Detainees was organized by the Ciba Foundation, in London, from 27 to 30 November 1972. The papers read at the symposium and the discussions which followed related mainly to minimum rules governing the treatment of all detainees, provisions made by various governments regarding hygiene, care, food, etc., and the role of the doctor in that domain. The texts were compiled and assembled in a volume published some time ago.The book contains a study essentially based on the experiences of ICRC delegates which will undoubtedly be of particular interest to readers. It was written by the late Pierre Boissier, and we wish to thank the Ciba Foundation for allowing us to reproduce it. (Ed.)
Henry Dunant
Authors: Gagnebin Bernard 
Published: January 2010

On July 9, 1859, readers of the Journal de Genève could read a heart-rending appeal, coming from Solferino, of which we quote the following passages:For 3 days I have been treating the wounded from Solferino at Castiglione and have cared for more than one thousand men in misery. We have had 40,000 wounded, of which as many Allies as Austrians, involved in this terrible affair. There are not sufficient doctors, and I had to replace them as well as I could with the help of some local women and some prisoners who were in a fit condition.
Nurses in national defense
Authors: Magnussen Ann 
Published: January 2010

The subject I have been asked to discuss is one which has been of great concern to the nursing profession in the United States for many years, but this interest has been accentuated by our recognition of the vulnerability of every part of the world in modern warfare. The nurse has traditionally been the personification of those who care for the sick, and the helpless. Her very presence gives the patients a feeling of security and comfort. The public, the physicians, and the patients expect nurses to have an important role in national defense. Therefore, nurses must be prepared and willing to carry out their responsibilities effectively.Before telling you what we are planning to do to prepare nurses to function adequately in national defense, it will be necessary to review the milieu in which we work as each country has its own framework in which activities are carried out and, therefore, the pattern of action may not be the same for every country. Further, I recognize that there are countries represented here that have had much more experience with the problems inherent in planning for national defense than we have in our country.
The special position of the Red Cross
Authors: Emden A. Van 
Published: January 2010

The Red Cross prevents and alleviates human suffering in time of war as in time of peace, irrespective of class, race, nationality, religion, political beliefs or any other criterion, solely tin the basis of humanitarian principles. This line of conduct has been and still is being followed daily in many different situations, for despite outstanding progress in different spheres and all that has been achieved by modern techniques and growing civilization, present-day society still desperately needs help in relieving human suffering.The Red Cross constantly provides such aid, sometimes discreetly, sometimes in a more spectacular way, but always in accordance with the basic principles governing Red Cross work.
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Boissier Léopold 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on August 8,1963, of the Red Cross Society of Trinidad and Tobago by the International Committee of the Red Cross.The Society applied for recognition in a letter dated July 2, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Decree of May 31,1963, of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago recognizing the Society, together with the text of the Society's Statutes, and a report of its activities.
Recognition of the Upper Volta Red Cross Society
Authors: Boissier Léopold 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on November 1, 1962, of the Upper Volta Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross.This Society applied for recognition in a letter dated August 20, 1962. The application was accompanied by the Upper Volta Government's Decree of July 9, 1962, recognizing the Society, together with the text of the Society's Statutes, and a report of its activities.
The Protection of War Victims under Polish Legislation, up to the end of the 18th Century
Authors: Gorbiel Andrzej 
Published: January 2010

The international law of armed conflict (jus in bello) has undergone a long course of development. Its first traces date from antiquity, but we find a more substantial evolution during the latter part of the Middle Ages.One of the remarkable elements in this development was the «Code of Chivalry». Although this was not a written document, being transmitted only by tradition, it possessed great authority. It prescribed that combat must take place in such a manner as not to compromise the honour of the knight and condemned unnecessary killing and killing by treachery. It required that the vanquished be treated with generosity and that assistance be rendered to the helpless and destitute.
Re-appraisal of the Role of the Red Cross
Authors: Tansley Donald D. 
Published: January 2010

Will the Red Cross survive? Should it survive? Has it really a mission in the world of today? In the world of the 1980s and thereafter? What is that mission? How can Red Cross gear up for it?These questions have been the subject of thoughtful discussion among Red Cross people for some years. In 1972, the International Committee of the Red Cross and the League of Red Cross Societies, in co-operation with the National Societies, decided to take a hard look at the future in the form of a comprehensive examination of the role of the Red Cross.
The Work of the Red Cross in Poland
Authors: Dománska Irena 
Published: January 2010

The year 1969 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Polish Red Cross.In our country the assistance brought by the population and voluntary associations to wounded soldiers originated from a very ancient and fine tradition. It goes back to the time of Kosciuszko's Insurrection and was continued during the national insurrections of 1830 and 1863. Throughout the 120 years and more of Poland's servitude and dismemberment it was extended to those who had been imprisoned for fighting for liberty and justice. One of the organizations of voluntary assistance and first-aid was called the Red Cross Society (1862–1886).
The Military Physician in Captivity
Authors: Reginato E. 
Published: January 2010

In his introductory address at the third International Refresher Course for Junior Medical Officers, Dr. H. Meuli, member of the ICRC, said “No one knows war better than the military medical officer, nor measures its horror, nor hates it more. No one has greater insight into war to enable him to take a stand for peace and against war”. From its very beginnings the Red Cross has been linked to medicine; it was the ICRC which obtained for doctors the means of exercising their profession in war, which are laid down in the Geneva Conventions.It therefore seems appropriate to quote extensively from a communication submitted at the Course by an Italian doctor, bearing moving testimony to the difficulties facing the medical officer, the noble character of his mission and the principles underlying his activity in the prisoner of war camp. These principles were summed up in his conclusion : “Like peace and justice, medicine loses its significance if not accompanied by charity. If it is to stay universal, it must not lose its humanity”. (Ed.).
The Reuniting of Families in Europe during and after the Second World War (II)
Authors: Beckh H. G. 
Published: January 2010

In a previous issue, International Review set out the moral and, for the ICRC, fundamental, reasons spurring it to tackle this problem at the international level. The legal standards were described in general terms, but should now be gone into in greater detail.Not only did the second world war lay waste large areas and virtually destroy economic life; it also left in its wake bitterness and hatred together with fundamental ideological differences. Even the very first attempts at reuniting families demonstrated their pacifying effects. Such reunited families completely forgot the hardships of the wartime and post-war periods and once more looked to the future, starting with the rebuilding of their lives.
Resolutions of International Red Cross Conferences and their implementation by the National Societies
Authors: Perruchoud Richard 
Published: January 2010

Two ideas generally current in the Red Cross on the question of implementation, by the National Societies, of the resolutions adopted during the International Red Cross Conferences are:1. the resolutions are not binding;2. the National Societies apply the resolutions voluntarily and in a satisfactory way.Our purpose here is to examine the exactitude of these two opinions.
The Hiroshima disaster (I)
Authors: Junod Marcel 
Published: January 2010

The physical impact of the atom bomb was beyond belief, beyond all apprehension, beyond imagination. Its psychological impact was appalling.The Japanese military authorities were incapable of suppressing the news. In a few hours, a few days, the survivors told the whole country the incredible story of an incandescent bomb dropped by the Americans and devouring everything in its path.
Youth and peace
Authors: Stubbings Leon 
Published: January 2010

In the beginning…Peace was part of the vision of Henry Dunant when, having seen the human suffering and misery on the battlefield of Solferino, he was inspired to create a humanitarian organization that would aid all people affected by war. His ultimate objective was not merely to relieve the suffering caused by war but to instil in mankind a spirit of peace. He believed that if we instil humanitarian ideas in people, and inspire everyone with a horror of the spirit of vengeance, hatred and destruction, we shall counteract the terrible scourge of war and perhaps avert it completely.The quest for peace has been an integral part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement since its inception. The Movement has many other goals but in pursuing them all it tries to spread the spirit of peace.
International humanitarian law and nuclear weapons
Authors: The Review  
Published: January 2010

On 8 July 1996, the International Court of Justice gave its advisory opinion in response to two enquiries as to the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons. Whilst the Court did not examine in detail the request put forward by the World Health Organization, it did give very close attention to the question presented by the General Assembly:“Is the threat or use of nuclear weapons in any circumstance permitted under international law?”
Incidence and biology of Arcotheres tivelae (Crustacea: Decapoda) in Amiantis umbonella (Bivalvia: Veneridae) on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf, Iran
Authors: Saeedi Hanieh , Ardalan Aria A. 
Published: January 2010

The occurrence of pinnotherid crab Arcotheres tivelae in the bivalve mollusc Amiantis umbonella was investigated for one year on the Bandar Abbas coast (Persian Gulf, Iran). Specimens of A. umbonella were collected monthly from two transects from April 2007 to March 2008 and were investigated for presence of the Arcotheres tivelae. Infestation frequency of A. tivelae was 9.18% in a sample of 893 clams. From a total of 89 specimens of crabs, only eight were male. They were observed in late February and early March, all of them but one in association with female crabs. There was no significant difference between the sexes of the infested clams that pea crabs choose as a host. The mean carapace width of the crab A. tivelae was 7.7 ± 1.7 mm and the mean length of the Amiantis umbonella was 39.84 ± 8.93 mm. Clams in the mid and low tidal zones were more infested. There was no significant relationship between clam length–crab width (R2 = 0.28). The mean fecundity of crabs was 2517 ± 864 eggs. Infection caused a reduction of flesh weight of clams. There was no significant correlation between the frequency of crabs' occurrence and the temporal variability of water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH in different months. This study provides the first report of the distribution of pea crabs A. tivelae in A. umbonella, a new clam host record in Iran.
Social structure of bottlenose dolphins,Tursiops truncatus, in Panama City, Florida
Authors: Bouveroux Th. , Mallefet J. 
Published: January 2010

Social organization is an important attribute of the animal society. We describe the social structure of a bottlenose dolphins population living in Panama City, a seaside resort located on the north-west coast of Florida. Study was conducted with 46 individuals. Dolphins are associated on average half weight index of 0.11. Preferred long-term associations are observed. The proportion of the non-zero association indices suggests that some dolphins seem to avoid others. Associations between and within sex-classes were investigated using only dolphins of known sex and observed at least 4 times. Highly significant differences are found in associations between and within sex-classes (Mantel test,t = 3.7987;P = 1); indeed, male associations are stronger than between inter-sexual associations or between females only. Sociogram of males reveals a complex network with strong associations between pairs or trios that reach up to 0.97, whereas female associations are lower than males. The cluster analysis shows no clear division in the social organization of bottlenose dolphins in Panama City, except for dyads, triads and their multiple networks. The population structure seems to be temporally stable over the study and constant companionships are observed in the dolphin population in Panama City.
Identifying deep-sea megafaunal epibenthic assemblages for use in habitat mapping and marine protected area network design
Authors: Howell K.L. , Davies J.S. , Narayanaswamy B.E. 
Published: January 2010

International efforts are currently being made to establish networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) for the purposes of conservation of marine biodiversity. One of the primary objectives of MPA networks is to achieve representation of all marine biological diversity. Since we do not know the extent of biological diversity nor its distribution and function, we use surrogates to represent biological diversity. At a broad scale, measures of the physical environment are used, however at a fine scale biological assemblages have been shown to provide better representation of known biological diversity. While there are well known descriptions of assemblages for shallow water environments, few such descriptions of deep-sea benthic assemblages have been attempted. This paper provides descriptions of deep-sea epibenthic megafaunal assemblages based on a broad-scale video and stills image survey of the upper bathyal (200–1000 m) regions of the Rockall Trough and eastern Faroe–Shetland Channel. One thousand nine hundred and eighty-seven images were analysed from 139 video transects sampled from Dangaard and Explorer Canyons, Rosemary Bank Seamount, Hatton Bank, Wyville-Thomson Ridge, and the continental slope west and north-west of Shetland. Quantitative data obtained were analysed using cluster analysis and SIMPER analysis in Primer V.6 to identify benthic assemblages and their characterizing species. Thirty-one epibenthic megafaunal assemblages are defined by their characterizing species, and their distribution in terms of site, depth, temperature and substratum type. These 31 ‘biotopes’ provide consistent units for use in biological mapping efforts and assessments of representativeness in MPA network design. To facilitate the incorporation of these biotopes into existing deep-sea classification systems the biotopes have been assigned to broad substratum types. This is consistent with the use of substratum as a surrogate in many existing systems.
Patrones de comercio y flujo de información comercial entre España y América durante el siglo XVIII
Authors: Lamikiz Xabier 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEste trabajo analiza varias transformaciones ocurridas dentro del comercio colonial español antes de la implantación del reglamento de libre comercio de 1778. Primero se muestran los cambios originados en el patrón de comercio a raíz de la adopción en 1739 del sistema de navíos de registro (o registros sueltos) en sustitución del tradicional sistema de flotas. En segundo lugar se examina el papel del correo transatlántico en la configuración de un nuevo patrón de comercio de creciente orientación minorista. Por último se aborda la evolución del flujo de información comercial en el eje Atlántico, destacando el creciente impacto de las modas. Las fuentes documentales utilizadas son principalmente cartas de comerciantes españoles interceptadas por los británicos durante las guerras del siglo XVIII.
Market Power on the Colonial Frontier? Evidence from São Paulo 1800–1840
Authors: Federico Giovanni , Paixao Ricardo 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTEconomists often assume that agricultural markets in history were competitive, and all producers received the same price. In contrast, most agricultural historians deem prices to differ among agents, according to their social status and «power». This paper tests these opposite views with a database of some 12,500 transactions for the São Paulo area in Brazil in the first decades of the 19th century. Prices received by farmers were positively related to total sales, a proxy for the size of the estate, and also to the share on the relevant market, which measures the market power. These results are consistent with the anecdotal evidence about the growing importance of large slave estates which, however, did not wipe out small household farms.
Venezuela's Nascent Oil Industry and the 1932 US Tariff on Crude Oil Imports, 1927–1935
Authors: McBeth Brian S. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAfter a brief description of the initial development of Venezuela's crude oil industry, this paper examines the impact the 1932 US tariff on crude oil imports had on the country. The US tariff on crude oil imports stabilised domestic crude oil prices but prevented consumers from benefting from lower prices in refned petroleum products. The large us international integrated crude oil companies gained from higher crude oil prices for their domestic production while supplying their european markets with mostly cheap crude oil from their newly developed Venezuelan oilfelds. The tariff increased the Venezuelan oil industry's vulnerability to international events because it narrowed the competitive edge it had over domestic us crude oil production. consequently, the Gómez dictatorship in Venezuela at the time became more dependent on the oil companies operating in the country since they could reduce production considerably, or even leave the country as quickly as they entered with a negative impact on government revenues.