bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Logics, Mechanism and Knowable Consistency
Authors: Kaså Martin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn a paper published in 1975, Robert Jeroslow introduced the concept of anexperimental logicas a generalization of ordinary formal systems such that theoremhood is a(or in practice) rather than. These systems can be viewed as (rather crude) representations of axiomatic theories evolving stepwise over time. Similar ideas can be found in papers byPutnam (1965) andMcCarthy and Shapiro (1987).The topic of the present article is a discussion of a suggestion by Allen Hazen, that these experimental logics might provide an illuminating way of representing “the human mathematical mind”. This is done in the context of the well‐known Lucas‐Penrose thesis. Though we agree that Jeroslow's model has some merit in this context, and that the Lucas‐Penrose arguments certainly are less than persuasive, some semi‐technical doubts are raised concerning the alleged impact of experimental logics on the question of knowable self‐consistency.
Cytotoxicity of flowable resin composite on cultured human periodontal ligament cells compared with mineral trioxide aggregate
Authors: Trichaiyapon Vorapun , Torrungruang Kitti , Panitvisai Piyanee 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAim:  To investigate the cytotoxicity of three flowable resin composites that potentially useful as retrograde filling materials, compared with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).Methods:  Ten standard cylinder discs were used for each of the tested materials: Tetric Flow, Filtex Flow, Aeliteflo, and MTA, which were prepared under aseptic conditions. Cytotoxicity of eluates from all materials after 1–4 days’ immersion in culture medium and direct contact cytotoxicity were evaluated using cultured human periodontal ligament cells (PDLC). The colorimetric (3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and scanning electron microscope of cell morphology (direct contact only) were used.Results:  No eluates of set materials demonstrated cytotoxicity at any concentration or elution time. Freshly‐mixed MTA was cytotoxic in direct contact, but not set MTA. Freshly‐mixed Aeliteflo was also cytotoxic, as was set material up to 2 days’ elution. With morphological assessment, some differences were seen among resin composites, but all changes were rated as slight using the International Standard Organization criteria.Conclusions:  Of all of the materials tested, Tetric Flow showed the least cytotoxic effects on PDLC. Further research is needed to determine the clinical usefulness of flowable composites as retrograde filling materials.
Genetic analysis of body color phenotypes in the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster: supporting evidence through laboratory-selected dark and light strains
Authors: Parkash Ravi , Ramniwas Seema , Kajla Babita 
Published: April 2012

In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830, abdominal melanisation varies in a quantitative manner, but little attention has been paid to the genetic basis of different phenotypic classes and their ecological significance in the wild populations. Laboratory-selected darker and lighter body color strains were used for determining the genetic basis of body color phenotypes. Based on such genetic characterization, we interpreted body color variation of wild flies collected along a latitudinal gradient. Our results are interesting in several respects. First, laboratory selection produced lighter females and also lighter males, in contradiction of the well-known sexual dimorphism in D. melanogaster. The laboratory-selected darker and lighter strains showed lack of phenotypic plasticity, whereas F1flies from reciprocal crosses showed significant levels of phenotypic plasticity. Second, for both sexes, F2phenotypic classes resulting from reciprocal crosses between selected darker and lighter strains fit a two-locus model with a stronger maternal effect in males than in females. Third, changes in continuously varying abdominal melanisation of wild-caught flies were sorted into phenotypic bins of body color phenotypic classes and such data on geographical populations of D. melanogaster are consistent with climatic selection. Thus, we may suggest that for ecological genetic studies, greater emphasis should be laid on the analysis of bins of phenotypic classes of body melanisation in laboratory and wild populations of D. melanogaster.
Interpopulation variation in predator avoidance behavior of a freshwater snail to the same predator
Authors: Levri Edward P. , Dubensky Andrea N. , Mears Ashley S. , Opiela Carol A. 
Published: April 2012

The New Zealand mud snail ( Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Grey, 1843)) responds to the presence of predatory fish by moving to a safer environment. These experiments attempted to determine if predator detection by the snail results in specific responses to light and (or) gravity by the snail and if snails respond more or less to fish from their native lake compared with fish from a foreign lake. Snails and fish (Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, 1975) were collected from lakes Alexandrina and Peorua from the South Island of New Zealand. Snails were placed in behavioral chambers and tested for their responses to the direction of light, vertical orientation with respect to gravity, and rate of movement in light and dark conditions. Snails from each lake were exposed to one of three treatments: plain water, water from fish from Lake Alexandrina, and water from fish from Lake Peorua. Results showed no effect of direction of light on behavior. Snails from Lake Alexandrina were not found to alter their up or down movements in response to the detection of fish. However, snails from Lake Peorua moved down more in response to fish from their own lake than fish from Lake Alexandrina or no fish. Both snail populations increase their speed in the light more when detecting Alexandrina fish compared with Peorua fish and no fish. Both snail populations show some evidence of enhanced response to local predator populations. Interestingly, different behavioral mechanisms appear to be responsible for the avoidance behaviors in each population.
Movements, overwintering, and mortality of hatchling Diamond-backed Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) at Jamaica Bay, New York
Authors: Muldoon K.A. , Burke R.L. 
Published: April 2012

As with other turtles, the postemergent movements, overwintering behaviours, and survivorship of hatchling Diamond-backed Terrapins ( Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepff, 1793)) are poorly known, but anecdotal reports suggest that they may spend more time on land than most aquatic turtles. We investigated this behaviour using drift fences with pitfall traps on the island of Ruler’s Bar, Jamaica Bay, New York, fall 2006 to spring 2008. We captured 324 live hatchling Terrapins, 95 were recaptured at least once, and we found 43 dead. After emergence from nests in the fall, most hatchlings moved upland away from the water; this pattern was reversed in the spring. Hatchling body sizes shrank during winter, probably owing to desiccation, and hatchlings were more likely to move on warmer days and days without precipitation. We recaptured some hatchlings on land as long as 9 months after emergence. As a result, hatchling M. terrapin were seen on land from April to December, well outside fall and spring during which they emerge from nests, and we found strong evidence that hatchling M. terrapin overwinter on land outside their nests. One important nest predator (raccoons, Procyon lotor (L., 1758)) was also an important hatchling predator, as were Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)). Future work should investigate the terrestrial microhabitats used by hatchling M. terrapin, and management should protect hatchlings during this life stage.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Induced Neovascularization Rescues Cardiac Function But Not Adverse Remodeling at Advanced Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Gordon Oren , Gilon Dan , He Zhiheng , May Dalit , Lazarus Alon , Oppenheim Amit , Keshet Eli 
Published: April 2012

Objective—
Proangiogenic therapy is a promising avenue for the treatment for chronic heart failure and a potentially powerful modality for reversing adverse cardiac remodeling. There is a concern, however, that adverse remodeling might enter an irreversible stage, and become refractory to treatments. The present study aims to determine whether neovascularization therapy is feasible at end stage heart failure and its capacity to reverse adverse cardiac remodeling during progressive disease stages.

Methods and Results—
Using a conditional transgenic mouse system for generating escalating levels of myocardium-specific vascular deficit and resultant stepwise development of heart remodeling, we show that left ventricular dilatation and fibrosis precede ventricular hypertrophy, but that interstitial fibrosis is progressive and eventually results in heart failure. Vascular endothelial growth factor–mediated neovascularization was efficient even at the end stage of disease, and rescued compromised contractile function. Remarkably, remodeling was also fully reversed by neovascularization during early and late stages. Adverse remodeling could not be rescued, however, at the end stage of the disease, thus defining a point of no return and indentifying a critical level of fibrosis as the key determinant to be considered in intended reversal.

Conclusion—
The study supports the notion of a restricted golden time for remodeling reversal but not for vascular endothelial growth factor–induced neovascularization, which is feasible even during advanced disease stages.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Involved in Cardiac Damage and Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Mice
Authors: Kassan Modar , Galán Maria , Partyka Megan , Saifudeen Zubaida , Henrion Daniel , Trebak Mohamed , Matrougui Khalid 
Published: April 2012

Objective—
Cardiac damage and vascular dysfunction are major causes of morbidity and mortality in hypertension. In the present study, we explored the beneficial therapeutic effect of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibition on cardiac damage and vascular dysfunction in hypertension.

Methods and Results—
Mice were infused with angiotensin II (400 ng/kg per minute) with or without ER stress inhibitors (taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid and 4-phenylbutyric acid) for 2 weeks. Mice infused with angiotensin II displayed an increase in blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis associated with enhanced collagen I content, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) activity, and ER stress markers, which were blunted after ER stress inhibition. Hypertension induced ER stress in aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA), enhanced TGF-β1 activity in aorta but not in MRA, and reduced endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation and endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in aorta and MRA. The inhibition of ER stress significantly reduced TGF-β1 activity, enhanced endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation, and improved EDR. The inhibition of TGF-β1 pathway improved EDR in aorta but not in MRA, whereas the reduction in reactive oxygen species levels ameliorated EDR in MRA only. Infusion of tunicamycin in control mice induced ER stress in aorta and MRA, and reduced EDR by a TGF-β1–dependent mechanism in aorta and reactive oxygen species–dependent mechanism in MRA.

Conclusion—
ER stress inhibition reduces cardiac damage and improves vascular function in hypertension. Therefore, ER stress could be a potential target for cardiovascular diseases.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Mediated Downregulation of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Drives Pathological Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling in a Mouse Model of Heart Failure
Authors: Meissner Anja , Yang Jingli , Kroetsch Jeffrey T. , Sauvé Meghan , Dax Hendrik , Momen Abdul , Noyan-Ashraf M. Hossein , Heximer Scott , Husain Mansoor , Lidington Darcy , Bolz Steffen-Sebastian 
Published: April 2012

Background—
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling is a central regulator of resistance artery tone. Therefore, S1P levels need to be tightly controlled through the delicate interplay of its generating enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 and its functional antagonist S1P phosphohydrolase-1. The intracellular localization of S1P phosphohydrolase-1 necessitates the import of extracellular S1P into the intracellular compartment before its degradation. The present investigation proposes that the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator transports extracellular S1P and hence modulates microvascular S1P signaling in health and disease.

Methods and Results—
In cultured murine vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and isolated murine mesenteric and posterior cerebral resistance arteries ex vivo, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (1) is critical for S1P uptake; (2) modulates S1P-dependent responses; and (3) is downregulated in vitro and in vivo by tumor necrosis factor-α, with significant functional consequences for S1P signaling and vascular tone. In heart failure, tumor necrosis factor-α downregulates the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator across several organs, including the heart, lung, and brain, suggesting that it is a fundamental mechanism with implications for systemic S1P effects.

Conclusions—
We identify the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator as a critical regulatory site for S1P signaling; its tumor necrosis factor-α–dependent downregulation in heart failure underlies an enhancement in microvascular tone. This molecular mechanism potentially represents a novel and highly strategic therapeutic target for cardiovascular conditions involving inflammation.
Minimalist C/case
Authors: Sigurðsson Halldór Ármann 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article discusses A-licensing and case from a minimalist perspective, pursuing the idea that argument NPs cyclically enter a number of A-relations, rather than just a single one, resulting in event licensing, case licensing, and φ-licensing. While argument case commonly reflects Voice-v relations, canonical A-movement is driven by higher elements, either in the C-T system or in a superordinate v-system (in ECM constructions). In addition, there is a distinction to be drawn between the triggering of A-movement, by for example C, and the licensing of the landing site, by for instance T, C-probing leading to tucking-in into Spec,T. Much of the evidence presented comes from quirky case constructions in Icelandic and from ECM and raising constructions in Icelandic and English. It is argued that T in ECM constructions inherits φ-licensing from the matrix vφ, regardless of the case properties of vφ.
Remapping Arab Narrative and Sexual Desire in Salwā al-Naʿīmī’s Burhān al-ʿasal (The Proof of the Honey)
Authors: Al-Samman Hanadi 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The return to the pre-modern tradition of erotic literature in The Proof of the Honey is a deliberate act of unearthing the archives to reclaim the lost corporal memory of the Arabs, and to locate narrative, sexual, and diasporic desires on the Arab world’s cultural map. More than simply an escape from censorship, listening to the archives reflects a rejection of Western theoretical and literary frameworks. In the process of such an endeavor, the author makes a concerted effort to go beyond the fragmentation, the contestation, and the binaries of postcolonial and feminist articulations, and to shun the West’s prescribed role for the native informant. As the Arabic language and libido are resurrected, so is the belief in a more autonomous and secure Arab self.
False But Significant: The Development of Falsity in Religious Cognition in Light of the Holism of the Mental
Authors: Levy Gabriel 
Published: April 2012

AbstractI elaborate the idea first proposed by Hans Penner that religious language is patently false in a rereading of Donald Davidson’s essay, “What Metaphors Mean.” I explore a Davidsonian paradigm concerning the semantics of superhuman agents. Religious language is meaningful because it is patently false or trivially true. Patency entails a breakdown at the surface that runs counter to the normative meaning of words. Since no special form of cognition or semantics is necessary to account for religious language, following Nancy Frankenberry’s argument about how metaphor and religious language are used, I explore the possibility that false reasoning is a kind of costly signal. Finally I suggest that literacy alters this matrix because it focuses attention on the literal instantiation of sentences in the form of inscriptions, thus exaggerating the role of false reasoning in relation to religion.
Enthalpy Transfer across the Air–Water Interface in High Winds Including Spray
Authors: Jeong Dahai , Haus Brian K. , Donelan Mark A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Controlled experiments were conducted in the Air–Sea Interaction Saltwater Tank (ASIST) at the University of Miami to investigate air–sea moist enthalpy transfer rates under various wind speeds (range of 0.6–39 m s−1 scaled to equivalent 10-m neutral winds) and water–air temperature differences (range of 1.3°–9.2°C). An indirect calorimetric (heat content budget) measurement technique yielded accurate determinations of moist enthalpy flux over the full range of wind speeds. These winds included conditions with significant spray generation, the concentrations of which were of the same order as field observations. The moist enthalpy exchange coefficient so measured included a contribution from cooled reentrant spray and therefore serves as an upper limit for the interfacial transfer of enthalpy. An unknown quantity of spray was also observed to exit the tank without evaporating. By invoking an air volume enthalpy budget it was determined that the potential contribution of this exiting spray over an unbounded water volume was up to 28%. These two limits bound the total enthalpy transfer coefficient including spray-mediated transfers.
Evaluation of Hydrometeor Phase and Ice Properties in Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations of Tropical Deep Convection Using Radiance and Polarization Measurements
Authors: van Diedenhoven Bastiaan , Fridlind Ann M. , Ackerman Andrew S. , Cairns Brian 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Satellite measurements are used to evaluate the glaciation, particle shape, and effective radius in cloud-resolving model simulations of tropical deep convection. Multidirectional polarized reflectances constrain the ice crystal geometry and the thermodynamic phase of the cloud tops, which in turn are used to calculate near-infrared reflectances so as to constrain the simulated ice effective radius, thereby avoiding inconsistencies between retrieval algorithms and model simulations. Liquid index values derived from Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances (POLDER) measurements indicate only ice-topped clouds at brightness temperatures (BTs) lower than −40°C, only liquid clouds at BT &gt; −20°C, and both phases occurring at temperatures in between. Liquid index values calculated from model simulations generally reveal too many ice-topped clouds at BT &gt; −20°C. The model assumption of platelike ice crystals with an aspect ratio of 0.7 is found consistent with POLDER measurements for BT &lt; −40°C when very rough ice crystals are assumed, leading to an asymmetry parameter of 0.74, whereas measurements indicate more extreme aspect ratios of ~0.15 at higher temperatures, yielding an asymmetry parameter of 0.84. MODIS-retrieved ice effective radii are found to be 18–28 μm at BT &lt; −40°C, but biased low by about 5 μm owing primarily to the assumption of pristine crystals in the retrieval. Simulated 2.13-μm reflectances at BT &lt; −40°C are found to be about 0.05–0.1 too large compared to measurements, suggesting that model-simulated effective radii are 7–15 μm too small. Two simulations with contrasting ice nucleation schemes showed little difference in simulated effective radii at BT &lt; −40°C, indicating that homogeneous nucleation is dominating in the simulations. Changes around −40°C in satellite observations suggest a change in cloud-top ice shape and/or size in natural deep convection possibly related to a change in the freezing mechanism.
The 1960s Drought and the Subsequent Shift to a Wetter Climate in the Catskill Mountains Region of the New York City Watershed*
Authors: Seager Richard , Pederson Neil , Kushnir Yochanan , Nakamura Jennifer , Jurburg Stephanie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The precipitation history over the last century in the Catskill Mountains region that supplies water to New York City is studied. A severe drought occurred in the early to mid-1960s followed by a wet period that continues. Interannual variability of precipitation in the region is related to patterns of atmospheric circulation variability in the midlatitude east Pacific–North America–west Atlantic sector with no link to the tropics. Associated SST variations in the Atlantic are consistent with being forced by the anomalous atmospheric flow rather than being causal. In winter and spring the 1960s drought was associated with a low pressure anomaly over the midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean and northerly subsiding flow over the greater Catskills region that would likely suppress precipitation. The cold SSTs offshore during the drought are consistent with atmospheric forcing of the ocean. The subsequent wet period was associated with high pressure anomalies over the Atlantic Ocean and ascending southerly flow over eastern North America favoring increased precipitation and a strengthening of the Northern Hemisphere storm track. Neither the drought nor the subsequent pluvial are simulated in sea surface temperature–forced atmosphere GCMs. The long-term wetting is also not simulated as a response to changes in radiative forcing by coupled models. It is concluded that past precipitation variability in the region, including the drought and pluvial, were most likely caused by internal atmospheric variability. Such events are unpredictable and a drought like the 1960s one could return while the long-term wetting trend need not continue—conclusions that have implications for management of New York City’s water resources.
Application of Artificial Neural Networks on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclogenesis Potential Index in Climate Change
Authors: Yip Zheng Ki , Yau M. K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A methodology using artificial neural networks is presented to project twenty-first-century changes in North Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) genesis potential (GP) in a five-model ensemble of global climate models. Two types of neural networks—the self-organizing maps (SOMs) and the forward-feeding back-propagating neural networks (FBNNs)—were employed. This methodology is demonstrated to be a robust alternative to using GCM output directly for tropical cyclone projections, which generally require high-resolution simulations. By attributing the projected changes to the related environmental variables, Emanuel’s revised genesis potential index is used to measure the GP. Changes are identified in the first (P1) and second (P2) half of the twenty-first century. The early and late summer GP decreases in both the P1 and P2 periods over most of the eastern half of the basin and increases off the East Coast of the United States and the north coast of Venezuela during P1. The peak summer GP over the region of frequent TC genesis is projected to decrease more substantially in P1 than in P2. Vertical wind shear (850–200 hPa), temperature (600 hPa), and potential intensity are the most important controls of TC genesis in the North Atlantic basin (NAB) under the changing climate.