bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thyroidectomy of the dogfish,Scyllium canicula(L.), and the effect of dogfish thyroid upon the oxygen consumption of rats
Authors: Matty A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySurgical thyroidectomy has been successfully performed on the dogfish,Scyllium canicula, and has been shown to have no signficant effect on the animal's oxygen consumption over a period of 6 weeks.The injection of extracts of dogfish thyroid into adult male white rats results in an increase in the animal's oxygen consumption of the same order as that produced by mammalian thyroid preparations.The significance of these results is discussed in the light of recent investigations of thyroid function in fish.
On the diverse colours ofNereis diversicolor
Authors: Dales R. Phillips , Kennedy G. Y. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe variable colour ofNereis diversicoloris due to variations in the proportion of green, orange and brown pigments. The orange and brown pigments are mainly carotenoids; the green colour is due to biliverdin.Phaeophorbide-aand coproporphyrin III also occur, but both these pigments may be restricted to the gut wall; biliverdin occurs both in the wall of the gut, and in the epidermis and coelomic cells.The biliverdin is formed by the breakdown of the haemoglobin of the blood.Haemoglobin-breakdown takes place in the epidermis on the dorsal side of the body, in the epithelial tissue surrounding the proboscis and in the pygidium. Granules of biliverdin are probably removed by the coelomic cells and conveyed to the gut into which they are excreted.In ripe males, and in females during and after spawning, phagocytosis of the tissues is accompanied by an increased haemoglobin-breakdown with a corresponding accumulation of biliverdin in the body. The green appearance is due not only to an increased amount of biliverdin, but also to a complete extraction of carotenoids from the body-wall.
Blood perfusion of the kidney of Lophius piscatorius L.: II. Influence of perfusion pressure on urine volume
Authors: Brull L. , Cuypers Y. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe urine secretion of the kidneys of Lophius piscatorius perfused with heparinized Lophius blood is very sensitive to perfusion pressure below a critical level, above which it becomes insensitive. The response of the urine flow to pressure takes the form of an exponential curve.The blood flow through the kidneys, while rising slowly at pressures of about 20–30 mm of water, responds arithmetically to pressure above such levels.At present it is impossible to make out whether pressure or blood flow has the greatest influence on secretion.Water secretion in the aglomerular kidney is an active process. The oxygen consumption of the Lophius kidney is unmeasurably low, yet remains a possible factor in secretion.
Studies in the biochemistry of cirripede eggs: II. Changes in lipid composition during development ofBalanus balanoidesandB. Balanus.
Authors: Dawson R. M. C. , Barnes H. 
Published: May 2009

The eggs of two common cirripedes,Balanus balanoidesandB. balanus,have been analysed at different stages of development for their lipid content.Triglyceride and phospholipid are the main lipid components; small amounts of free fatty acids, lipochromes, sterols, and some very non-polar material (possibly hydrocarbon) are also present.Lecithin followed by phosphatidyl ethanolamine make up a large proportion of the phospholipid fraction.The fatty-acid spectrum is similar to that of other marine animals being rich in unsaturated fatty acids of which eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) predominate.Triglyceride is lost during development.Initially some lecithin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine are lost during development, but they accumulate in the late stages.Cardiolipin shows a marked increase in quantity during the late stages; this is presumably associated with increased cellular differentiation.There is a tendency for all the components to approach the values for the adult bodies—taken when lipid reserves are minimal—as the embryos develop.
Experimental studies on the benthic phases of haptophyceae. I. Effects of some experimental conditions on the release of coccolithophorids
Authors: Boney A. D. , Burrows Angela 
Published: May 2009

Benthic phases of aCricosphaera sp. (Plymouth Culture Collection no. 156), and of a coccolithophorid obtained from a filamentous plant found growing in the region of high-water mark at Borth, Cardiganshire, have been subjected to a variety of experimental conditions, and viability assessed in terms of their ability to release again the motile cells.Survival of the benthic cells has been observed in a salinity range of 3–236% with liberation of coccolithophorids directly into the medium at salinities between 3–90 ‰ In the salinity range 90–207% liberation of coccolithophorids was observed on returning the benthic cells to 'normal' sea water after protracted periods of immersion in the media of higher salinities. Benthic cells were found to survive after slow evaporation of the medium and crystallization of the salt around them. Liberation of coccolithophorids has also been obtained after ageing of the culture (e.g. the motile cells have been obtained from an 11-month-old culture). Continued growth of coccolithophorids has been observed at salinities between 6‰. Continued formation of the benthic cells in media of high and low salt concentration resulted in a tendency for the release of coccolithophorids to occur over more restricted salinity ranges.
On the function of the two types of myotomal muscle fibre in elasmobranch fish
Authors: Bone Quentin 
Published: May 2009

There are two main types of muscle fibre in the dogfish myotome. Slow fibres make upabout 18 % of the mass of the myotome, the remainder consisting of fastfibres. The slow and fast fibres have a different pattern of innervation, and differ in such respects as their fat and glycogen contents, and in abundance of mitochondria. The two typesof fibre show different responses to depolarizing agents.Extracellular recordings from the myotomal muscle taken during the swimming of spinal fish show that only slow muscle fibres are active when the fish swims slowly, whereas during vigorous movements, the fast fibres are active. Although both types of fibre contain glycogen, the fast fibres contain only about 50–60 % ofthe amount found in the slow fibres. After a period of vigorous movement, the glycogen levels in the fast fibres fall markedly, whilst those in the slow fibres donot change. The slow fibres contain around 4–5 times the amount of fat found in thefast fibres; after long periods of sustained slow swimming, the fat levels inthe slow fibres fall, and there also may be a slight decrease in the glycogen levels in the slow fibres. Long periods of slow swimming do not alter the glycogen levels found in the fast fibres.
Cadmium accumulation, distribution and metabolism in the gastropodLittorina littorea: the role of metal-binding proteins
Authors: Langston W. J. , Zhou Mingjiang 
Published: May 2009

Cadmium, and its compounds, has been placed on the blacklists of most international pollution conventions by virtue of its toxicity, potential for bioaccumulation and persistence (Taylor, 1983).The ability of many marine molluscs, and in particular gastropods, to accumulate Cd to a high degree in apparently unregulated fashion has led to their frequent use in monitoring programmes. Thus Cd levels in the winkle,Littorina littorea(L.) closely reflect gradients in environmental contamination (Bryanet al. 1983), demonstrating the excellent ‘indicator’ properties of this group.
Blood perfusion of the kidney of Lophius piscatorius L.
Authors: Brull L. , Cuypers Y. , Wilsens L. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYKidneys of Lophius piscatorius L., perfused with heparinized blood, respond to a high tension of CO2 in the blood by a drop in urine flow and in their capacity for concentrating Mg. At the same time, but independently, CO2 reduces the blood flow. Both cyanide and fluoride may stop or reduce water secretion and Mg concentration, according to the concentration used, showing that both these activities are dependent on aerobic processes and presumably on the integrity of the carbohydrate cycle.
A pelagic marine diatom requiring cobalamin
Authors: Droop M. R. 
Published: May 2009

A bacteria-free culture of the important centric diatom Skeletonema costatum has recently been established at Millport, and some exploratory nutritional experiments have been carried out with it. S. costatum is a photo-autotroph whose autotrophy is, apparently, limited to cobalamin (vitamin B12).Details concerning isolation and maintenance of S. costatum differ from those already published (Droop, 1954a, 1955) only in the matter of pH control, a vital factor in the successful culture of this species whose range of tolerance is narrow (pH 7–5–8–5).
Some new supra-littoral Protista
Authors: Droop M. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSix common supra-littoral Protista from the island of Cumbrae are described and details given of their cultivation. Chlorophyceae: Nannochloris oculata n.sp., Brachiomonas submarina var. pulsifera n.var.; Cryptophyceae: Hemiselmis virescens n.sp.; Chrysophyceae: Syracosphaera elongata n.sp., Microglena arenicola n.sp., Mallomonas epithalattia n.sp.
Cercaria turritellaen.sp., A ‘huge-tailed’ monostome larva fromTurritella communisRisso
Authors: Hutton Robert F. 
Published: May 2009

Rothschild (1935) reported that Dr M. V. Lebour drew her attention to a ‘huge-tailed’ monostome which had occurred during 1931 in specimens ofTurritella communiscollected from the Rame Mud, Plymouth. From 1932 to 1934 Rothschild (1935) examined 541 specimens of this gastropod from that locality without finding this larva. During the summer of 1952, the present author examined a number of specimens from the same locality and was also unsuccessful in finding such a larval trematode. However, in November 1952, the monostome described below was found in two of 110Turritellacollected from Cawsand Bay, Plymouth Sound.The author wishes to express his indebtedness to the Director and Staff of the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association for their friendly co-operation and assistance in all phases of this work. The work was carried out while the author was holding a Fulbright Scholarship.METHODSFully developed cercariae were obtained by isolating infeaed specimens ofT. communisin jars of sea water and allowing the cercariae to emerge. Rediae and immature cercariae were obtained by crushing the shells of the hosts. Living specimens as well as permanent preparations were studied. Whole mounts were fixed in sublimate, stained with borax-carmine, and mounted in Canada balsam, or fixed in sublimate or formalin, unstained, and mounted in Faure's medium or in Cristalite (E. Gurr). Serial sections (5 /x) of several cercariae were stained with Ehrlich's haematoxylin and eosin. The orientation of the objects in the desired position at imbedding was achieved by the method of Peterfi (after Romeis, 1948, p. 99). The incidence of infection was determined by crushing the gastropods and examining the digestive glands and gonads under the dissecting microscope.
The functional morphology of the rock-boring lamellibranchPetricola pholadiformisLamarck
Authors: Purchon R. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYLiving specimens ofPetricola pholadiformisLamarck were obtained from Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex.Studies of the principal organ systems were made on the living animal, particular attention being paid to the ciliary feeding and cleansing mechanisms in the mantle cavity, and the ciliary sorting mechanisms within the stomach. The action of the bulbus on the posterior aorta was also studied.A detailed comparison was made betweenP. pholadiformisand all the British species of Pholadidae. Thirty anatomical features were found in whichP. pholadiformisdiffered from all of the Pholadidae, and fourteen features in whichP. pholadiformisresembled one or more species of Pholadidae. It was concluded that these resemblances were purely fortuitous.
A note on the relations of certain parameters following a logarithmic transformation
Authors: Bagenal Mary 
Published: May 2009

The logarithmic transformation has been used in the statistical analysis of certain marine biological data. Parameters calculated from the transformed distributions have been used in the description of the observations, but it appears that some of the mathematical procedures adopted have not been fully understood.Winsor & Clarke (1940) have analysed data from plankton hauls. The problem considered by them was the determination of the variability in numbers of animals caught by repeated hauls through the same body of water. The raw data were characterized by a constant coefficient of variation, i.e. the variability in catch was proportional to the size of the catch. By transformation from the actual numbers caught to their logarithmic values, it was possible to equalize the variances and to apply the method of analysis of variance to esti-mate the variability due to the different sources. Finally, an estimate of the coefficient of variation was obtained from the logarithmic values. Their method of estimation was quoted by Snedecor (1946, p. 451) and was employed by Barnes & Bagenal (1951) in their study of repeated trawl hauls. Barnes & Bagenal also calculated confidence limits for comparison of observations following the method of Silliman (1946) in his work on pilchard eggs. These methods seem to be based on a misunderstanding of the nature of a trans-formation. The formal relation between the variance of such transformed data and the coefficient of variation of the untransformed data follows from the moments of the ‘log-normal’ distribution, given first by Wicksell (1917). From these moments it will be shown that the method given by Winsor & Clarke is mathematically unsound.
A Comparative Study of Some Features of the Biology ofAmphiura FiliformisandAmphiura Chiajei[Ophiuroidea] Considered in Relation to their Distribution
Authors: Buchanan John B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBy comparing the two species ofAmphiurain controlled, directional bottom current flows, clear differences of behaviour can be demonstrated. These differences have been shown to be associated with two quite distinct feeding methods.Amphiura filiformisholds the arms up into the current flow with a rheotactic response to current direction and feeds by trapping both non-living particulate suspended matter and phytoplankton.Amphiura chiajeidoes not show this response and feeds exclusively on deposited matter on the sediment surface. Both species have modifications of the podia associated with the different methods of feeding. Estimates of growth rate, longevity and oxygen uptake suggest thatAmphiura filiformisis a rapidly growing species with a high metabolic rate and food requirement, whereasAmphiura chiajeiis slow growing and long-lived with a low metabolic rate. The environmental requirements of the two species are discussed.
Laminariocolax Tomentosoideson the Isle of Man
Authors: Russell G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYLaminariocolax tomentosoidesis a common epi-endophyte on the I.O.M. Though probably pseudoperennial as an endophyte it produces fertile external filaments only from September to June with a March maximum in size and numbers. It reproduces vegetatively by growing through its host's tissues and asexually by means of zoospores from plurilocular sporangia. In culture, zoospores give rise to fertile plants in 7 days and several generations can be produced in 4 weeks. The offspring bear only plurilocular sporangia. The chromosome number is apparently 16 and the life-history probably a postponed series of diplonts.Laminariocolax tomentosoidesproduces cysts which, in the past, have been mistakenly identified as unilocular sporangia and which are so similar to the ascocysts of Ascocyclus that this genus would seem to be based on a character of little value. Another description of unilocular sporangia in the species is tentatively attributed to infection by a fungus.
A Study of the Diatoms of the Ouse Estuary, Sussex III. The Seasonal Variation in the Littoral Epiphyte Flora and the Shore Plankton
Authors: Hopkins J. T. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAnalyses have been made of some of the constituents of the coastal sea water and the river water, and the results have been correlated with the growth phases of some planktonic diatom species and littoral epiphytes, although for most species the sea-water temperature and light intensity were limiting factors.The factor determining the death of an epiphytic diatom community in the littoral zone has been considered to be the air temperature in conjunction with desiccation and a summary of the limiting temperatures for each of the four substrata is given in Table 7. Table 10 is a summary of all the distribution and temperature records. The heat itself is not lethal in many cases but the desiccation of the epiphyte in the littoral zone is accelerated at higher temperatures. Diatoms in damp situations were found to occur at temperatures which in a dry site were limiting, and further work indicating the relationship between relative humidity and lethal temperatures is needed.The ability of a diatom to survive depends upon the water-retaining ability of the substratum. Chalk and large algae favoured the growth of most solitary epiphytes, and filamentous epiphytes grew particularly well on algae except the filamentous Navicula, which were best suited by chalk. The Achnanthes blue-green community was most frequent on wood. Concrete makes a firm substratum and allows rapid growth in winter but it is easily dried and most diatoms on it are destroyed in the summer.Four diatom genera (Fragilaria, Grammatophora, Biddulphia and Melosira) are able to exist in the epiphyte flora and the shore plankton and the term facultative epiphyte is suggested to describe the behaviour of at least some of the species of these genera.
The Identity of Some Cyphonautes Larvae (Polyzoa)
Authors: Ryland J. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFive cyphonautes are described inNordisches Plankton(Lohmann, 1911).Cyphonautes schneideriandC. borealisare larvae of Membranipora membranacea and represent extremes of variation in the shape of the shell.Cyphonautes balticus, likeC. compressuswhich was very inadequately described, is the larva ofElectra pilosa. The cyphonautes of these two species are the only ones likely to be encountered in the plankton of normally saline European seas.Cyphonautes barroisiis the larva of the brackish-waterElectra crustulenta.Cyphonautes balticusThorson (1946), not Lohmann, is the larva ofM. membranacea.Larval synonymies forM. membranaceaandE. pilosaare given.The use of theCyphonautesnames is undesirable, and those of the polyzoan adults should be employed.
Metamorphic Rocks of the Sea Floor between Start Point and Dodman Point, S.W. England
Authors: Phillips F. C. 
Published: May 2009

As part of the programme of study of the geology of the western approaches initiated at Bristol by Prof. W. F. Whittard (Whittard, 1962) information has been accumulated concerning the distribution and nature of the metamorphic rocks exposed in a series of inliers between Start Point in the east and Dodman Point in the west.Early dredgings in this area were described by Worth (1908). Six core samples and two dredgings of metamorphic rocks are listed by Hill & King (1953). Mica schist in situ is recorded by Holme (1953). Various cruises in R.V. ‘Sarsia’ from 1957 onwards have yielded seventeen cores and further dredged samples. Additional material, collected from the exposed parts of the Eddystone reefs or obtained by diving at critical localities, has become available through the kindness of members of the staff of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth.Sixteen cores and eight dredged samples serve to demarcate an area of schistose rocks, extending some 24 miles from east to west and 7 miles in maximum width from north to south, off the southernmost part of Devon (Fig. 1). These rocks, with an exception to be noted, compare closely with those exposed on land, between Bolt Tail and Start Point, south of a well defined east-west boundary (Ussher, 1904; Tilley, 1923). There are examples of quartz-muscovite-chlorite schists precisely like the Start Mica-schists and Bolt Mica-schists described by Tilley. Albite porphyroblasts, in a rock dredged near East Rutts (Fig. I, 1262) which is transitional to Tilley's ‘schists of composite origin’, show well the contorted swarms of carbonaceous inclusions which he describes (1923, p. 180).
On the Hydroids and MedusaeBougainvillia PyramidataandB. Muscoides
Authors: Edwards C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe hitherto unknown hydroid of the anthomedusaBougainvillia pyramidatahas been found in the Firth of Clyde, and medusae from it have been reared to maturity. The hydroid and the stages of development of the medusa are described and figured, and the species is compared withB. ramosa. The seasonal occurrence and distribution of the medusa are discussed.The hydroidBougainvillia muscoides(M. Sars) has also been found in the Firth of Clyde. Medusae have been reared from it, and a description, with figures, of the stages of development is given. The specimens found in 1901 in this area and described by Browne asThamnitissp. are shown to be young medusae ofB. muscoides.The geographical and bathymetric distribution of the species and the seasonal occurrence of the medusa are described and discussed.
Renaming of Salpingoeca Sensu Grøntved
Authors: Leadbeater B. S. C. 
Published: May 2009

Salpingoeca natans Grentved and 5. spinifera Throndsen have been removed from Salpingoeca James-Clark and made the nomenclatural types of Calliacantha gen.nov., and Bicosta gen.nov., respectively.James-Clark (1876) erected the genus Salpingoeca J.-Clk, 1867 for solitary choanoflagellates with colourless, transparent, thecae.* As for most choanoflagellates the protoplasts possessed a single anterior flagellum surrounded by a hyaline collar which, when viewed with the light microscope, appeared membranous.
On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton XIV. Utilization of Lipid byCalanus HelgolandicusDuring Maturation and Reproduction
Authors: Gatten R. R. , Sargent J. R. , Forsberg T. E. V. , O'Hara S. C. M. , Corner E. D. S. 
Published: May 2009

The abundance of calanoid copepods in marine plankton and their importance as food for certain fishes has prompted numerous studies of their biology, including several concerned with fecundity (Marshall & Orr, 1952; Mullin & Brooks, 1967; Paffenhöfer, 1970). These studies, however, have all involved animals maintained on various diets in the laboratory: data for egg-production byCalanusunder natural conditions in the sea are still needed.To ensure the survival of the young of many animal species to the stage of independent feeding, biochemical energy in the form of lipid is stored within the egg. During a recent survey ofCalanus helgolandicus(Claus) from the English Channel the level of lipid, mainly in the form of wax esters, in Stage V copepodids was found to be substantially greater than that in female adult stages (Gattenet al.1979). The difference was particularly noticeable during spring periods when egg-laying was in progress. This observation indicates a major role for wax esters during the reproduction ofCalanus.The present study seeks to establish the fate of the lipid reserves in Stage V and female adultCalanuswith particular emphasis on the extent to which the size of such reserves can be used as an index of the fecundity of this copepod.