bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation to the cavity floor of the light‐cured glass ionomer cement base under a composite restoration
Authors: HOTTA M. , AONO M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe study attempted to assess methods of prevention of the formation of a contraction gap in a cylindrical enamel and dentine cavity. The influence has been investigated of the tensile bond strength of cement/dentine and cement/composite resin and the direct tensile strength during setting of light‐cured glass‐ionomer cements. The interface between composite resin/cement and cement/dentine were viewed and photographed by replica techniques under an SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The most noticeable finding was that an enamel and dentine cavity applicated with light‐ and auto‐cured glass‐ionomer cement generally presented with a small construction gap at the tooth restoration interface. However, the light‐cured glass‐ionomer base (Vitrabond) exhibited significantly better tensile bond strength to dentine and resin performance than the conventional glass‐ionomer tested. This study revealed that there was no clear relationship between the adhesion to dentine and the adaptation to the dentine cavity floor.
Expression and Regulation of the CC‐Chemokine Ligand 20 During Human Tuberculosis
Authors: Lee J. ‐S. , Lee J. ‐Y. , Son J. W. , Oh J. ‐H. , Shin D. ‐M. , Yuk J. ‐M. , Song C. ‐H. , Paik T. ‐H. , Jo E. ‐K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCC‐chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), a unique chemokine ligand of CC‐chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), play roles in various pathologic conditions. However, the characteristic expression profiles of CCL20 during human tuberculosis (TB) have been largely unknown. The present study analyzed the production and regulatory mechanisms of CCL20 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM) from active pulmonary TB patients and healthy controls (HC). The 30‐kDa antigen (Ag) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis actively induced the production of CCL20 by human PBMC and MDM. A comparative analysis revealed that the expression of CCL20 protein was prominently up‐regulated in PBMC, MDM, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (not in sera) from TB patients compared with the corresponding cells or body fluids from HC. Blockade of either tumour necrosis factor‐α or interferon‐γ, but not interleukin‐10, significantly attenuated the CCL20 production. In addition, recombinant CCL20 induced CCR6 expression by CD45RO+ T lymphocytes in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression of CCR6 was significantly increased in CD45RO+ T lymphocytes from TB patients, as compared with those from HC. Pharmacological inhibition studies showed that the 30‐kDa Ag‐induced CCL20 mRNA expression involves mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK; extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and p38)‐ and NF‐κB‐dependent signalling. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that TB patients show the up‐regulated expression of CCL20, which is modulated by proinflammatory cytokines, and through MAPK/NF‐κB‐mediated transcriptional mechanisms. The findings suggest important implications of potential roles of CCL20–CCR6 in immunopathogenesis of TB.
Serotype analysis of Indian patients with HIV infection
Authors: Sehgal S. , Pasricha N. , Jamil S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryHIV infection has established itself in India. Besides Bombay, Madras and Manipur it has assumed epidemic proportions in Punjab, where 24% of seropositives acquired infection through blood products. Preliminary observations on genetic analysis in 13 isolates revealed that the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) of the V3 loop was closely related to the South African isolate. Since serotyping can give reliable information about genotypic prevalence in the population, serotyping in the present study used 5 synthetic peptides (NOF, EL1, MN, IIIB, IND) of African, North American, European and Indian origin. The Indian consensus was derived from genotype analysis of 13 cases. Results of serotype analysis indicated that 82% of patients harboured a strain related to the South African type of HIV‐1. These observations have a sinister significance for designing vaccine strategies for this region.
Use of insecticide‐impregnated targets for the control of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) and trypanosomiasis occurring in cattle in an area of south‐west Ethiopia with a high prevalence of drug‐resistant trypanosomes
Authors: Leak S. G. A. , Peregrine A. S. , Mulatu W. , Rowlands G. J. , D'leteren G. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn the Ghibe valley, south‐west Ethiopia, a tsetse control trial using deltamethrin‐impregnated targets was started in May 1990. The mean relative density of the main vector, Glossina pallidipes, fell from 2.1 flies per trap per day in the 12 months prior to introduction of tsetse control to 0.41 flies per trap per day in the 12 months after tsetse control was initiated. The annual mean prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense infections in cattle fell from 32% in the 2 years before tsetse control to 13% in the 2 years following deployment of targets. The largest reduction occurred in the first quarter of 1991 when the mean monthly trypanosome prevalence was 5%. There was also a decrease of approximately 75% in the estimated rate of relapse of trypanosome infections in cattle after treatment with diminazene aceturate. However, in June 1991, socio‐political disturbances occurred in Ethiopia and were associated with substantial thefts of targets. Following these thefts, the mean relative density of G. pallidipes rose from 0.41 flies per trap per day in the period May 1990‐April 1991, to 1.29 flies per trap per day in the period April 1992‐March 1993. Associated with this rise, the mean trypanosome prevalence in cattle increased from 13% in the period May 1991‐April 1992 to 28% in the period May 1992‐April 1993. This was similar to the mean trypanosome prevalence in cattle during the pre‐control period. Thus, while effective tsetse control methods can be used to reduce the transmission of trypanosomes their long‐term impact is dependent on their sustainability.
Severe falciparum malaria with hyperparasitaemia: management without exchange blood transfusion
Authors: Fontes C. J. F. , Munhoz S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe risk of complication in falciparum malaria is associated with parasite load. Drug therapy alone may be insufficient, and blood exchange transfusion is indicated when more than 10% of erythrocytes are parasitized with concurrent pulmonary, renal, cerebral or haemostatic complications; without complications, when the parasitized erythrocytes exceed 30%. The successful use of conventional malaria therapy without exchange transfusion in a young woman with severe falciparum malaria is reported.
Association of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies with genital contact disease in women in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Azenabor A. A. , Eghafona N. O. 
Published: August 2010

Summary The involvement of Chlamydia trachomatis in genital contact disease was assessed by measuring anti‐chlamydial antibodies in the serum of 780 women aged 16–40 years using the indirect haemagglutination test. These were compared to a control population consisting of 250 consenting housewives visiting General Practice Clinic (GPC) for other medical reasons. Test results showed an overall prevalence of 47% for indirect haemagglutination (IHA) chlamydial antibodies in women with genital contact disease. The average IHA titre was 143.The age group 21–25 years recorded the highest prevalence of 54%, with 55% giving a titre ≤64. The control population gave a prevalence of 12% with no sample recording a titre ≥64. These findings may indicate a need to routinely conduct investigations for chlamydial infection in all cases of genital contact disease in our environment.
Impact of mosquito proofing of night shelters in refugee camps in Kitgum, northern Uganda
Authors: Medlock Jolyon M. , Aryemo Margaret , Bean Jane 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  To test the impact of long‐lasting insecticide‐treated netting, fitted to cover the eaves and ceilings of refugee shelters, on the incidence of nighttime mosquito biting.Method  Entomological surveys in night‐dwelling shelters at three camps for internally displaced persons in Kitgum, Uganda during August and November 2004: The impact of proofing against the nighttime incidence of mosquito biting was assessed through human landing catches and indoor resting catches in proofed and unproofed (control) shelters. Human landing catches were performed inside and outside four proofed and four control shelters at three locations, and indoor resting catches were performed in 37 proofed and 18 control shelters. The difference in biting rates was tested using paired and unpaired t‐tests and multivariate analysis.Results  Most mosquitoes caught during the survey were culicine (97%). The difference in landing rate (mlrph) differentials (outdoor‐indoor) illustrated a significant (t = 3.26, P = 0.004) difference between mlrph between proofed (0.154) and control shelters (−0.110). Mean shelter density (msd) recorded during indoor resting catches was 6.7 times higher in the control shelters than in proofed shelters (P < 0.001). The number of blood‐fed mosquitoes/person/night (bfmpn) was significantly higher (P < 0.001), by a magnitude of 17, in control shelters (one in five individuals receiving a bite) compared with proofed shelters (1 in 83 individuals). A multivariate analysis showed that the difference in biting rates was because of the intervention.Conclusions  The significantly lower mlrph, msd and bfmpn in proofed shelters demonstrate that the mosquito proofing strategies employed do reduce the exposure to mosquito biting in proofed compared with control shelters by a magnitude of 6–17. Although numbers of Anopheline mosquitoes were low, the biting rates of Anophelines were also significantly lower in proofed shelters compared with control shelters. Insecticide‐treated netting appears to significantly reduce the mosquito nuisance‐biting incidence. However, a higher incidence of Anopheline biting may be required to test the effect of proofing on malaria vectors and a subsequent study is therefore recommended.
Evaluation of a mass distribution programme for fine‐mesh impregnated bednets against visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan
Authors: Ritmeijer Koert , Davies Clive , Van Zorge Ruth , Wang Shr‐Jie , Schorscher Judy , Dongu'du Salah Ibrahim , Davidson Robert N. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryDuring an epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in eastern Sudan, Médecins Sans Frontières distributed 357 000 insecticide‐treated bednets (ITN) to 155 affected villages between May 1999 and March 2001. To estimate the protective effect of the ITN, we evaluated coverage and use of ITN, and analysed VL incidence by village from March 1996 to June 2002. We provided ITN to 94% of the individuals >5 years old. Two years later, 44% (95% CI 39–48%) of nets were reasonably intact. Because ITN were mainly used as protection against nuisance mosquitoes, bednet use during the VL transmission season ranged from <10% during the hot dry months to 55% during the beginning of the rainy season. ITN were put up from 9 to 11 p.m., leaving children unprotected during a significant period of sandfly‐biting hours after sunset. Regression analysis of incidence data from 114 villages demonstrated a significant reduction of VL by village and month following ITN provision. The greatest effect was 17–20 months post‐intervention, with VL cases reduced by 59% (95% CI: 25–78%). An estimated 1060 VL cases were prevented between June 1999 and January 2001, a mean protective effect of 27%. Although results need to be interpreted with caution, this analysis indicates a potentially strong reduction in VL incidence following a community distribution of ITN. The effectiveness of ITN depends on behavioural factors, which differ between communities.
Effect of pregnancy on HIV disease progression and survival among women in rural Uganda
Authors: Paal Lieve Van der , Shafer Leigh Anne , Mayanja Billy N. , Whitworth Jimmy A. G. , Grosskurth Heiner 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  To investigate the effect of pregnancy on HIV disease progression and survival among HIV‐infected women in rural Uganda, prior to the introduction of anti‐retroviral therapy (ART).Methods  From a clinical cohort established in 1990, we selected records from HIV‐infected women of reproductive age. We conducted two analyses: (1) all HIV‐infected cases contributing to analysis of CD4 decline, using a linear regression model with random intercepts and slopes; (b) incident cases with known date of seroconversion contributed to analyses of median time to CD4 <200 cells/μl, AIDS and death.Results  A total of 139 women were included in the analysis of CD4 decline. Women who subsequently became pregnant had higher CD4 counts at enrolment and had a slower CD4 decline than those who did not become pregnant. In women who became pregnant, CD4 decline was faster after pregnancy than before (P < 0.0001). The survival analyses showed no significant differences between women who became pregnant and those who did not with respect to median time to CD4 count <200, AIDS or death.Conclusions  The initial comparative immunological advantage possessed by fertile women before they become pregnant is subsequently lost as a result of their pregnancy. Women should be informed about the potential negative effect of pregnancy on their immunological status and should be offered contraception. In resource‐limited settings, women determined to become pregnant should be given priority for ART if eligible.
Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: the effect of new delivery approaches on access and compliance rates in Uganda
Authors: Mbonye Anthony K. , Magnussen Pascal , Bygbjerg I. B. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  To assess whether traditional birth attendants, drug‐shop vendors, community reproductive health workers and adolescent peer mobilizers can administer intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) with sulfadoxine‐pyremethamine to pregnant women, and reach those most at risk of malaria and increase access and compliance to it.Methods  The study was designed to assess new approaches of delivering IPT through these groups and compare it with IPT at health units. The primary outcome measures were: the proportion of adolescents and primigravidae accessed; gestational age at recruitment and the proportion of women who completed two doses of sulfadoxine‐pyremethamine.Results  Two thousand seven hundred and eighty‐five pregnant women (78% of those in the study area) participated. With new approaches, 92.4% of the women received IPT during the second trimester as recommended by the policy, vs. 76.1% at health units, P < 0.0001. Of the women who received two doses of sulfadoxine‐pyremethamine, 39.9% were at health units (control) vs. 67.5% through new approaches (P < 0.0001). Women using the new approaches also accessed IPT early: the mean gestational age when receiving the first dose of sulfadoxine‐pyremethamine was 21.0 weeks vs. 23.1 weeks at health units (P < 0.0001). However, the health units were used by a higher proportion of primigravidae (23.6%vs. 20.0%, P < 0.04), and this was also the case for adolescents (28.4%vs. 25.0%, P < 0.03). This intervention was acceptable with 89.1% of the women at the new approaches intending to use IPT in future.Conclusions  The new approaches increased access to and compliance with IPT. We recommend a review of the policy to allow the provision of IPT through the new approaches.
The effect of health care worker training on the use of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy in rural western Kenya
Authors: Ouma P. O. , Van Eijk A. M. , Hamel M. J. , Sikuku E. , Odhiambo F. , Munguti K. , Ayisi J. G. , Kager P. A. , Slutsker L. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground  In 1998, Kenya adopted intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) with sulphadoxine‐pyrimethamine (SP) for malaria prevention during pregnancy. We conducted a survey in 2002 among women who had recently delivered in the rural neighbouring areas Asembo and Gem and reported coverage of 19% of at least one dose and 7% of two or more doses of SP. Health care workers (HCW) in Asembo were retrained on IPTp in 2003.Objectives  To evaluate if IPTp coverage increased and if the training in Asembo led to better coverage than in Gem, and to identify barriers to the effective implementation of IPTp.Methods  Community‐based cross‐sectional survey among a simple random sample of women who had recently delivered in April 2005, interviews with HCW of antenatal clinics (ANC) in Asembo and Gem.Results  Of the 724 women interviewed, 626 (86.5%) attended the ANC once and 516 (71.3%) attended two or more times. Overall IPTp coverage was 41% for at least one dose, and 21% for at least two doses of SP. In Asembo, coverage increased from 19% in 2002 to 61% in 2005 for at least one dose and from 7% to 17% for two doses of SP. In Gem, coverage increased from 17% to 28% and 7% to 11%, respectively. Interviews of HCW in both Asembo and Gem revealed confusion about appropriate timing, and lack of direct observation of IPTp.Conclusion  Training of HCW and use of simplified IPTp messages may be a key strategy in achieving Roll Back Malaria targets for malaria prevention in pregnancy in Kenya.
Comparison of visual inspection and Papanicolau (PAP) smears for cervical cancer screening in Honduras: should PAP smears be abandoned?
Authors: Perkins R. B. , Langrish S. M. , Stern L. J. , Figueroa J. , Simon C. J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  To compare visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) to Papanicolau (PAP) smears in a community setting in a developing nation.Methods  Women undergoing cervical cancer screening in Honduras received either VIA and PAP smears (VIA/PAP group) or PAP smears alone (PAP‐only group). Local healthcare providers performed PAP screening. A VIA‐trained nurse performed VIA exams. All PAP smears were processed in Honduras. PAP smears from the VIA/PAP group were reviewed in the United States. Women with positive VIA or PAP tests were offered colposcopy. We compared the relative accuracy of PAP smears and VIA and the proportions of women completing follow‐up colposcopy after positive screening tests.Results  In total, 1709 PAP smears were performed including women from both the VIA/PAP and PAP‐only groups. Nine PAP smears were positive (0.5%). Three women completed colposcopy (33%). All three had biopsy‐confirmed dysplasia. In the VIA/PAP group (n = 339), 49 VIA exams were abnormal (14%) and two PAP smears were abnormal when read in Honduras (0.6%). When reviewed in the United States, 14 of the 339 PAP smears were abnormal (4%). Forty women (83%) completed follow‐up colposcopy after a positive VIA exam. Twenty‐three had biopsy‐proven dysplasia. All 23 dysplasia cases had negative PAP smear readings in Honduras; four PAP smears were reclassified as positive in the United States.Conclusions  Although few developing countries can maintain high‐quality PAP smear programmes, many governments and charitable organizations support cervical cancer screening programmes that rely on PAP smears. This study underscores the need to promote alternative technologies for cervical cancer screening in low‐resource settings.
Mortality of sick children after outpatient treatment at first‐level health facilities in rural western Kenya
Authors: Lindblade Kim A. , Hamel Mary J. , Feikin Daniel R. , Odhiambo Frank , Adazu Kubaje , Williamson John , Vulule John M. , Slutsker Laurence 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjectives  (1) To determine whether mortality rates were raised in sick children in the 30 days after visiting first‐level health facilities in an area under demographic surveillance in western Kenya, (2) to identify the types of illnesses associated with increased mortality and (3) to estimate the effectiveness of appropriate treatment.Methods  All sick children (2–59 months of age) who attended one of the seven participating first‐level health facilities from May to August 2003 were identified. A standardized mortality ratio was computed to compare their mortality rate in the 30 days after a sick visit with that of the community under active demographic and health surveillance. A multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards model was used to identify illnesses associated with death and to estimate the protective effectiveness of appropriate treatment for potentially life‐threatening diseases.Results  A total of 1383 eligible children made 1697 sick visits; 33 (2.4%) died within 30 days. Compared with children 2–59 months in the general population, sick children had a 5.3 times greater mortality rate [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8–7.5]. In a multivariate survival analysis, significant risk factors for mortality included age <24 months [Hazard Ratio (HR) 4.4, 95% CI 1.5–12.6], malnutrition (HR 15.5, 95% CI 6.1–39.8), severe pneumonia (HR 12.9, 95% CI 3.0–56.4) and anaemia (HR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5–7.2). Appropriate treatment for a child’s most severe illness reduced mortality by 78% (95% CI 57–89%).Conclusion  We estimate that improvements in diagnosis and appropriate treatment at first‐level health facilities for children 2–59 months could reduce overall under‐5 mortality in the area by 12–14%.
Nutritional status, psychological well‐being and the quality of life of AIDS orphans in rural Henan Province, China
Authors: He Zhonghu , Ji Chengye 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  To assess the influence of orphanhood due to AIDS on children’s nutritional status, psychological well‐being and life quality, and to explore appropriate intervention strategies in China.Methods  In 2005, 186 children aged 8–15 years (93 AIDS orphans and 93 non‐orphans) from a rural area of Henan Province were surveyed in a cross‐sectional and matched pairs study on nutritional status, psychological health and life quality.Results  We found no compelling evidence for poorer nutritional status in orphans. The nutritional status of both orphans and non‐orphans was extremely poor according to the prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting and anaemia. Depression, low self‐esteem and lower quality of life were more frequent in orphans. These differences mainly existed in boys’ groups. No significant differences were found between paternal, maternal and double orphans, or orphans in orphanages or extended families. Regression analysis revealed that orphanhood leads to low self‐esteem and more depression which contributes to lower quality of life and mediates the association between orphanhood and quality of life.Conclusion  The high prevalence of poor nutritional status indicates that basic material needs of children, including AIDS orphans, are not met in rural China. Psychological problems were prominent among orphans and had become the most important contributor of lower life quality. Boys were at least as vulnerable as girls. The living conditions of all children in rural China must be improved; school‐based care and support are crucial and would be a cost‐effective way to improve the overall life quality of AIDS orphans.
Taxonomy and inventory of the cytospecies and cytotypes of the Simulium damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in relation to onchocerciasis
Authors: Post R. J. , Mustapha M. , Krueger A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWe provide an inventory of all named cytoforms of the Simulium damnosum complex (including those which are now considered invalid), along with all inversions that have been recorded (including synonyms and homonyms). There are 55 valid and distinct cytoforms known from the S. damnosum complex making it the largest sibling species complex of any vectors, and probably of any insect or other animal. All cytoforms are listed along with their fixed and diagnostic inversions and country distribution. There are 183 inversions known from the complex as a whole, of which 49% are fixed and/or diagnostic between cytoforms, and the fixed/diagnostic inversions seem to occur disproportionately on chromosome arm 2L.