bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In the Aftermath of Haiti's Earthquake: A Discussion of Lessons Learned
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: February 2010

The 12 January 2010 earthquake in Haiti brought massive devastation to that country (see Figure 1). In this week's issue of Eos, three noted seismologists respond to questions from Eos senior writer Randy Showstack in a news roundtable format.Paul Mann, senior research scientist with the Institute for Geophysics at the University of Texas at Austin, has just returned from Haiti, where he and a colleague worked on a fault rupture survey; they plan to conduct an offshore fault survey soon. Glen Mattioli, professor of geosciences at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, has been part of a team conducting a Global Positioning System (GPS) survey of Haiti to measure ground deformation following the earthquake and to install a number of continuous GPS sites to examine after slip, viscoelastic relaxation, and the time return to interseismic deformation (see Figure 2). Work by Mann, Mattioli, and their colleagues has been supported through a U.S. National Science Foundation Rapid Response Research ( RAPID) proposal grant provided to Purdue University, with Eric Calais serving as principal investigator. Carol Prentice, a seismologist with the U.S. Geological Survey's Earthquake Hazards Team, has been conducting paleoseismic research on the active faults in the Caribbean region since 1991, including projects on Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, and Jamaica.
Comparative metaproteomics reveals ocean-scale shifts in microbial nutrient utilization and energy transduction
Authors: Morris Robert M , Nunn Brook L , Frazar Christian , Goodlett David R , Ting Ying S , Rocap Gabrielle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Bacteria and Archaea play critical roles in marine energy fluxes and nutrient cycles by incorporating and redistributing dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients in the oceans. How these microorganisms do this work at the level of the expressed protein is known only from a few studies of targeted lineages. We used comparative membrane metaproteomics to identify functional responses of communities to different nutrient concentrations on an oceanic scale. Comparative analyses of microbial membrane fractions revealed shifts in nutrient utilization and energy transduction along an environmental gradient in South Atlantic surface waters, from a low-nutrient gyre to a highly productive coastal upwelling region. The dominant membrane proteins identified (19%) were TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs), which are known to utilize a proton motive force to transport nutrients across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The ocean-wide importance of TonB-dependent nutrient acquisition in marine bacteria was unsuspected. Diverse light-harvesting rhodopsins were detected in membrane proteomes from every sample. Proteomic evidence of both TBDTs and rhodopsins in the same lineages suggest that phototrophic bacterioplankton have the potential to use energy from light to fuel transport activities. We also identified viral proteins in every sample and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase proteins in the upwelling region, suggesting that Archaea are important nitrifiers in nutrient-rich surface waters.
A Novel Role for Arabidopsis Mitochondrial ABC Transporter ATM3 in Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis
Authors: Teschner Julia , Lachmann Nicole , Schulze Jutta , Geisler Mirco , Selbach Kristina , Santamaria-Araujo Jose , Balk Janneke , Mendel Ralf R. , Bittner Florian 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is a prosthetic group required by a number of enzymes, such as nitrate reductase, sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. Its biosynthesis in eukaryotes can be divided into four steps, of which the last three are proposed to occur in the cytosol. Here, we report that the mitochondrial ABC transporter ATM3, previously implicated in the maturation of extramitochondrial iron-sulfur proteins, has a crucial role also in Moco biosynthesis. In ATM3 insertion mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, the activities of nitrate reductase and sulfite oxidase were decreased to ∼50%, whereas the activities of xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase, whose activities also depend on iron-sulfur clusters, were virtually undetectable. Moreover, atm3 mutants accumulated cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate, the first intermediate of Moco biosynthesis, but showed decreased amounts of Moco. Specific antibodies against the Moco biosynthesis proteins CNX2 and CNX3 showed that the first step of Moco biosynthesis is localized in the mitochondrial matrix. Together with the observation that cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate accumulated in purified mitochondria, particularly in atm3 mutants, our data suggest that mitochondria and the ABC transporter ATM3 have a novel role in the biosynthesis of Moco.
Interplay between the NADP-Linked Thioredoxin and Glutathione Systems in Arabidopsis Auxin Signaling
Authors: Bashandy Talaat , Guilleminot Jocelyne , Vernoux Teva , Caparros-Ruiz David , Ljung Karin , Meyer Yves , Reichheld Jean-Philippe 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Intracellular redox status is a critical parameter determining plant development in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Thioredoxin (TRX) and glutathione are key regulators of redox homeostasis, and the TRX and glutathione pathways are essential for postembryonic meristematic activities. Here, we show by associating TRX reductases (ntra ntrb) and glutathione biosynthesis (cad2) mutations that these two thiol reduction pathways interfere with developmental processes through modulation of auxin signaling. The triple ntra ntrb cad2 mutant develops normally at the rosette stage, undergoes the floral transition, but produces almost naked stems, reminiscent of the phenotype of several mutants affected in auxin transport or biosynthesis. In addition, the ntra ntrb cad2 mutant shows a loss of apical dominance, vasculature defects, and reduced secondary root production, several phenotypes tightly regulated by auxin. We further show that auxin transport capacities and auxin levels are perturbed in the mutant, suggesting that the NTR-glutathione pathways alter both auxin transport and metabolism. Analysis of ntr and glutathione biosynthesis mutants suggests that glutathione homeostasis plays a major role in auxin transport as both NTR and glutathione pathways are involved in auxin homeostasis.
Systematic review: the association between obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma – epidemiological evidence
Authors: SAUNDERS D. , SEIDEL D. , ALLISON M. , LYRATZOPOULOS G. 
Published: February 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 1051–1063SummaryBackground  Evidence increasingly implicates obesity as an independent risk factor for different cancers. We examined such evidence for hepatocellular carcinoma.Aim  To review the effect of increased levels of body mass index on hepatocellular carcinoma risk.Methods  We reviewed systematically the literature examining the association between increased body mass index and hepatocellular carcinoma risk. For each identified study, relevant data were extracted and appraised.Results  Ten cohort studies (>90 million person‐years), one nested case‐control study (244 cases) and two case‐control studies (494 cases) were identified. Of the cohort studies, 75% of person‐years related to North Americans, 15% to East Asians, and 10% to Europeans. Three cohort studies adjusted for alcohol consumption, only one cohort study adjusted for hepatitis infection status. Seven cohort studies found a positive association between obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and hepatocellular carcinoma risk (relative risks ranging from 1.4 to 4.1); two reported no association; and one reported a significant inverse association for a population subgroup (relative risk = 0.7, 95% confidence interval: 0.5–0.9).Conclusion  Although most studies did not adjust for confounders and most data relate to a single world region, the overall evidence is suggestive of an increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk in obese and overweight individuals.
Single‐point isotope measurements in blood cells and plasma to estimate the time since diet switches
Authors: Klaassen Marcel , Piersma Theunis , Korthals Harry , Dekinga Anne , Dietz Maurine W. 
Published: February 2010

Summary 1. Understanding ecological phenomena often requires an accurate assessment of the timing of events. To estimate the time since a diet shift in animals without knowledge on the isotope ratios of either the old or the new diet, isotope ratio measurements in two different tissues (e.g. blood plasma and blood cells) at a single point in time can be used. For this ‘isotopic‐clock’ principle, we present here a mathematical model that yields an analytical and easily calculated outcome. 2. Compared with a previously published model, our model assumes the isotopic difference between the old and new diets to be constant if multiple measurements are taken on the same subject at different points in time. Furthermore, to estimate the time since diet switch, no knowledge of the isotopic signature of tissues under the old diet, but only under the new diet is required. 3. The two models are compared using three calibration data sets including a novel one based on a diet shift experiment in a shorebird (red knot Calidris canutus); sensitivity analyses were conducted. The two models behaved differently and each may prove rather unsatisfactory depending on the system under investigation. A single‐tissue model, requiring knowledge of both the old and new diets, generally behaved quite reliably. 4. As blood (cells) and plasma are particularly useful tissues for isotopic‐clock research, we trawled the literature on turnover rates in whole blood, cells and plasma. Unfortunately, turnover rate predictions using allometric relations are too unreliable to be used directly in isotopic‐clock calculations. 5. We advocate that before applying the isotopic‐clock methodology, the propagation of error in the ‘time‐since‐diet‐shift’ estimation is carefully assessed for the system under scrutiny using a sensitivity analysis as proposed here.
Parasites can cause selection against migrants following dispersal between environments
Authors: MacColl Andrew D. C. , Chapman Sonia M. 
Published: February 2010

Summary1. The potential for selection against migrants to promote population divergence and speciation is well established in theory, yet there has been relatively little empirical work that has explicitly considered selection against migrants as a form of reproductive barrier, and its importance in the accumulation of reproductive isolation between populations has been overlooked until recently.2. Parasites often differ between environments and can be an important source of selection on hosts, yet their contribution to population divergence in general, and selection against migrants in particular, is poorly understood.3. Selection against migrants might be reduced if organisms escape parasitism when they disperse (natural enemy release). Alternatively, parasites could increase selection against migrants if, when they disperse, organisms encounter parasites to which they are poorly adapted.4. Here we test experimentally the contribution that parasites could make to selection against migrants in the adaptive radiation of three‐spined sticklebacks. These fish have repeatedly colonized freshwater environments from marine ones, and this has repeatedly lead to rapid speciation.5. We use transplant experiments of lab‐raised fish to simulate dispersal, and antihelminthic treatment to show that ancestral‐type marine sticklebacks contract higher burdens of novel parasites when introduced to freshwater, than in saltwater, and suffer a growth cost as a direct result.6. Susceptibility to parasites and their detrimental effect is less in derived, freshwater fish from evolutionarily young populations, possibly as a result of selection for resistance.7. Our results support a role for parasites in selection against migrants and population diversification. They do not support the hypothesis of ‘natural enemy release’.
Characterization of enamel in primary teeth by optical coherence tomography for assessment of dental caries
Authors: MAIA ANA. M. A. , FONSÊCA DÉBORAH D. D. , KYOTOKU BERNARDO B. C. , GOMES ANDERSON S. L. 
Published: February 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 158–164 Background.  Caries is a disease that affects both primary and permanent dentitions, therefore new methods of caries diagnosis need to be tested on primary teeth as well as on permanent teeth.Aim.  This study reports the application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to characterize sound dental structure and detect natural caries of human primary teeth.Design.  Six primary teeth were sectioned into thin slices (∼1.5 mm), and analysed perpendicular to the enamel surface by two home‐made OCT systems operating around 1280 and 840 nm. The generated images were compared with histology as the gold standard.Results.  We demonstrated the efficacy of the OCT technique to measure the depth of the enamel layer, whose result was statistically compared with histology (P = 0.823; P > 0.05) with good agreement. We also determined, through measurement of contrast values, an increase in backscattered intensity of the order of two to three times between sound and caries regions.Conclusions.  We employed OCT generated images to characterize the enamel layer. The technique showed great potential to be used on paediatric dentistry clinical on early caries detection with no pain, as it is a noninvasive method.
Factors increasing the caries risk of second primary molars in 5‐year‐old Dutch children
Authors: ELFRINK Marlies E. C. , SCHULLER Annemarie A. , VEERKAMP Jaap S. J. , POORTERMAN Jan H. G. , MOLL Henriette A. , Ten CATE Bob (J) M. 
Published: February 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 151–157 Background.  Caries is still a prevalent condition in 5‐year‐old children. At present, knowledge regarding some aetiological factors, like deciduous molar hypomineralization (DMH), is limited.Aim.  To investigate aetiological factors both directly and indirectly associated with caries in second primary molars.Design.  Of 974 children invited to participate in the study, 386 children were examined clinically with visual detection of caries. Only carious lesions determined to have reached the dentine were recorded. Information about tooth brushing frequency, education level of the mother, and country of birth of mother and child, was collected by means of a multiple‐choice questionnaire. Parents of 452 children filled in the questionnaire. Complete clinical and questionnaire data were available for 242 children. Statistical analysis of the effect of the independent variables was undertaken using the Pearson’s chi‐squared test.Results.  Deciduous molar hypomineralization (P = 0.02) and the country of birth of the mother (P < 0.001) were positively associated with caries prevalence.Conclusions.  Deciduous molar hypomineralization and the country of birth of the mother play a role in the prevalence of dental caries. These aetiological factors associated with childhood dental caries need to be investigated further in longitudinal clinical trials.
Trends in dental caries in 1‐ to 4‐year‐old children in a Brazilian city between 1997 and 2008
Authors: BÖNECKER MARCELO , MACHADO ARDENGHI THIAGO , BUTINI OLIVEIRA LUCIANA , SHEIHAM AUBREY , MARCENES WAGNER 
Published: February 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 125–131 Objective.  The objective of this study was to assess trends in dental caries prevalence and severity in 1‐ to 4 year‐old children living in Diadema, Brazil, over a 11‐year period, from 1997 to 2008.Methods.  In 2008 an epidemiological oral health survey was carried out and the results on caries were compared with five cross‐sectional studies carried out using the same methods and criteria in 1997, 1999, 2002, 2004, and 2006 in the same city. In all surveys, children were randomly selected from those attending a National Day of Children’s Vaccination. Calibrated dentists carried out the clinical examination using WHO criteria. Caries trends were assessed by time‐lag analysis. In total, 5348 children were examined in the six surveys over the 11‐year period.Results.  Time‐lag analysis showed a marked and statistically significant decline in the prevalence (χ2 for trends: P < 0.001) and severity (Kruskal–Wallis: P < 0.001) of dental caries between 1997 and 2008.Conclusion.  In conclusion, the last cohort of preschool children in Diadema had much better dental caries status than those in 1997.
Dentinogenesis imperfecta in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: a clinical and ultrastructural study
Authors: MAJORANA ALESSANDRA , BARDELLINI ELENA , BRUNELLI PIER CARLO , LACAITA MARIAGRAZIA , CAZZOLLA ANGELA PIA , FAVIA GIANFRANCO 
Published: February 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 112–118 Aim.  The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) from both a clinical and histological point of view, particularly clarifying the structural and ultrastructural dentine changes.Design.  Sixteen children (6–12 years aged) with diagnosis of OI were examined for dental alterations referable to DI. For each patient, the OI type (I, III, or IV) was recorded. Extracted or normally exfoliated primary teeth were subjected to a histological examination (to both optical microscopy and confocal laser‐scanning microscopy).Results.  A total of ten patients had abnormal discolourations referable to DI: four patients were affected by OI type I, three patients by OI type III, and three patients by OI type IV. The discolourations, yellow/brown or opalescent grey, could not be related to the different types of OI. Histological exam of primary teeth showed severe pathological change in the dentin, structured into four different layers. A collagen defect due to odontoblast dysfunction was theorized to be on the base of the histological changes.Conclusions.  There is no correlation between the type of OI and the type of discolouration. The underlying dentinal defect seems to be related to an odontoblast dysfunction.
Density as an explanatory variable of movements and calf survival in savanna elephants across southern Africa
Authors: Young K. D. , Van Aarde R. J. 
Published: February 2010

Summary 1. Southern Africa’s ‘elephant problem’ is often attributed to an overabundance of elephants (Loxodonta africana) in conservation areas. Paradoxically, the African elephant is listed as ‘vulnerable’ (IUCN Redlist) despite occupying a large geographical range and numbering about 600 000. How densities influence elephant populations is therefore important for conservation management decisions, particularly because a move towards non‐equilibrium management of savannas implies a need for elephant populations to fluctuate in response to variation in intrinsic (demographic) and extrinsic (resource) factors. 2. A study on one of the world’s largest elephant populations demonstrated that population regulation is driven by a spatial response to water availability, environmental stochasticity and density. The challenge remains to identify the demographic and behavioural variables that drive density dependence. 3. We evaluated whether the movements of elephant family groups from 13 populations across a wide resource gradient were explained by variability in primary productivity, rainfall and population density. We then assessed whether density‐related movements explained variability in juvenile survival, hence inferring a spatially driven behavioural mechanism that may explain density‐dependent population growth. We also analysed whether management actions modified this mechanism. 4. In the dry season, daily‐displacement distances (DDDs) increased non‐linearly with density, and declined with increased vegetation productivity and previous wet season rainfall. In the wet season, DDDs were primarily explained by vegetation productivity. 5. The survival of weaned calves (4–7 years) decreased with increasing dry season DDDs, but this did not hold for suckling calves (1–3 years) or sub‐adults (8–11 years). 6. Fences and supplementary water modified the shape and strength of relationships between DDDs and densities, vegetation productivity and rainfall and negated the relationships between DDDs and weaned calf survival. 7. We suggest that density dependence in weaned calf survival is driven by the response of dry season roaming activities of family groups to variations in density, rainfall and the distribution of food. Fences and supplementary water that alter this mechanism may contribute to the relatively high population growth rates of some populations.
A phylogeographical study of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis Schmidt
Authors: Penna Antonella , Fraga Santiago , Battocchi Cecilia , Casabianca Silvia , Giacobbe Maria Grazia , Riobó Pilar , Vernesi Cristiano 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAim  Ostreopsis is a benthic and epiphytic dinoflagellate producing potent toxins widespread in tropical and warm temperate coastal areas world‐wide. We tested the hypothesis that as it is benthic, it would show distinct biogeographical patterns in comparison with planktonic species. Here, we analyse sequence variability in ribosomal DNA markers to provide the first phylogeographical study of this toxic benthic dinoflagellate.Location  Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean.Methods  Ribosomal DNA sequence data from partial nuclear LSU (D1/D2 domains) and 5.8S genes and non‐coding internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were obtained from 82 isolates of Ostreopsis species, collected at 26 localities throughout the world. Molecular sequence data were analysed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for phylogenetic inference. A statistical parsimony network was obtained based on concatenated LSU and 5.8S rDNA–ITS region sequences of the Mediterranean/Atlantic Ostreopsis cf. ovata isolates to infer haplotype distribution over their geographical range. Light epifluorescence microscopy analyses were performed on cultured and field Ostreopsis material for taxonomic identification, while laboratory experiments for encystment induction were carried out on selected O. cf. ovata isolates. Toxin assays of Ostreopsis species isolates were carried out using the haemolytic‐based method.Results  Analyses based on single and concatenated ribosomal genes gave substantially similar results. The rDNA phylogeny revealed different clades corresponding to different species within the genus Ostreopsis. In the species O. cf. ovata, different genetic lineages were correlated with macrogeographical distribution. A network of haplotypes inferred from the Atlantic and Mediterranean isolates of O. cf. ovata revealed that these two areas might host a single panmictic population. The Atlantic/Mediterranean population of O. cf. ovata was differentiated considerably from the Indo‐Pacific populations. Other species of Ostreopsis were found, but they turned out to be restricted to just one of the two main warm‐water oceanic basins, the Mediterranean/Atlantic and the Indo‐Pacific.Main conclusions  Ostreopsis cf. ovata was found to be widely dispersed throughout the coastal areas of tropical and some warm temperate seas. In the Atlantic/Mediterranean region it may constitute a panmictic population that is highly distinct from Indo‐Pacific populations. Ostreopsis cf. siamensis was found only in the Mediterranean Sea, and strains identified as Ostreopsis lenticularis and Ostreopsis labens were found only in the Indo‐Pacific region.