bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Tctex‐1 regulatory element that directs expression to neural stem/progenitor cells in developing and adult brain
Authors: Tseng Yun‐Yu , Gruzdeva Natalia , Li Aiqun , Chuang Jen‐Zen , Sung Ching‐Hwa 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPrevious studies showed that Tctex‐1 immunoreactivity is selectively enriched in the germinal zones of adult brain. In this report we identify a regulatory region of the Tctex‐1 gene that is capable of directing transgenic expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter that recapitulates the spatial and temporal expression pattern of endogenous Tctex‐1. This construct specifically targeted expression to the nestin+/Pax6+/GLAST+ radial glial cells and Tbr2+ intermediate progenitors when the reporter construct was delivered to developing mouse neocortex via in utero electroporation. Characterization of mice transgenically expressing GFP under the same regulatory element showed that the GFP expression is faithful to endogenous Tctex‐1 at the subgranular zone (SGZ) of dentate gyrus, ventricular/subventricular zone of lateral ventricles, and ependymal layer of 3rd ventricle of adult brains. Immunolocalization and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation studies of adult SGZ in four independent mouse lines showed that Tctex‐1:GFP reporter selectively marks nestin+/GFAP+/Sox2+ neural stem‐like cells in two mouse lines (4 and 13). In two other mouse lines (17 and 18), Tctex‐1:GFP is selectively expressed in Type‐2 and Type‐3 transient amplifying progenitors and a small subset of young neuronal progeny. The P/E‐Tctex‐1 reporter mouse studies independently confirmed the specific enrichment of Tctex‐1 at adult SGZ stem/progenitor cells. Furthermore, these studies supported the notion that an analogous transcriptional program may be used to regulate neurogenesis in embryonic cerebral cortex and adult hippocampus. Finally, the genomic sequences and the reporter mouse lines described here provide useful experimental tools to advance adult neural stem cell research. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3327–3342, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple neuropeptides in the Drosophila antennal lobe suggest complex modulatory circuits
Authors: Carlsson Mikael A. , Diesner Max , Schachtner Joachim , Nässel Dick R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe fruitfly, Drosophila, is dependent on its olfactory sense in food search and reproduction. Processing of odorant information takes place in the antennal lobes, the primary olfactory center in the insect brain. Besides classical neurotransmitters, earlier studies have indicated the presence of a few neuropeptides in the olfactory system. In the present study we made an extensive analysis of the expression of neuropeptides in the Drosophila antennal lobes by direct profiling using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry and immunocytochemistry. Neuropeptides from seven different precursor genes were unambiguously identified and their localization in neurons was subsequently revealed by immunocytochemistry. These were short neuropeptide F, tachykinin related peptide, allatostatin A, myoinhibitory peptide, SIFamide, IPNamide, and myosuppressin. The neuropeptides were expressed in subsets of olfactory sensory cells and different populations of local interneurons and extrinsic (centrifugal) neurons. In some neuron types neuropeptides were colocalized with classical neurotransmitters. Our findings suggest a huge complexity in peptidergic signaling in different circuits of the antennal lobe. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3359–3380, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Classic hippocampal sclerosis and hippocampal‐onset epilepsy produced by a single “cryptic” episode of focal hippocampal excitation in awake rats
Authors: Norwood Braxton A. , Bumanglag Argyle V. , Osculati Francesco , Sbarbati Andrea , Marzola Pasquina , Nicolato Elena , Fabene Paolo F. , Sloviter Robert S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn refractory temporal lobe epilepsy, seizures often arise from a shrunken hippocampus exhibiting a pattern of selective neuron loss called “classic hippocampal sclerosis.” No single experimental injury has reproduced this specific pathology, suggesting that hippocampal atrophy might be a progressive “endstage” pathology resulting from years of spontaneous seizures. We posed the alternative hypothesis that classic hippocampal sclerosis results from a single excitatory event that has never been successfully modeled experimentally because convulsive status epilepticus, the insult most commonly used to produce epileptogenic brain injury, is too severe and necessarily terminated before the hippocampus receives the needed duration of excitation. We tested this hypothesis by producing prolonged hippocampal excitation in awake rats without causing convulsive status epilepticus. Two daily 30‐minute episodes of perforant pathway stimulation in Sprague–Dawley rats increased granule cell paired‐pulse inhibition, decreased epileptiform afterdischarge durations during 8 hours of subsequent stimulation, and prevented convulsive status epilepticus. Similarly, one 8‐hour episode of reduced‐intensity stimulation in Long–Evans rats, which are relatively resistant to developing status epilepticus, produced hippocampal discharges without causing status epilepticus. Both paradigms immediately produced the extensive neuronal injury that defines classic hippocampal sclerosis, without giving any clinical indication during the insult that an injury was being inflicted. Spontaneous hippocampal‐onset seizures began 16–25 days postinjury, before hippocampal atrophy developed, as demonstrated by sequential magnetic resonance imaging. These results indicate that classic hippocampal sclerosis is uniquely produced by a single episode of clinically “cryptic” excitation. Epileptogenic insults may often involve prolonged excitation that goes undetected at the time of injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3381–3407, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical neuroanatomy of the dorsal raphe nucleus and adjacent structures of the mouse brain
Authors: Fu Wenyu , Le Maître Erwan , Fabre Veronique , Bernard Jean‐Francois , David Xu Zhi‐Qing , Hökfelt Tomas 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSerotonin neurons play a major role in many normal and pathological brain functions. In the rat these neurons have a varying number of cotransmitters, including neuropeptides. Here we studied, with histochemical techniques, the relation between serotonin, some other small‐molecule transmitters, and a number of neuropeptides in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and the adjacent ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) of mouse, an important question being to establish possible differences from rat. Even if similarly distributed, the serotonin neurons in mouse lacked the extensive coexpression of nitric oxide synthase and galanin seen in rat. Although partly overlapping in the vPAG, no evidence was obtained for the coexistence of serotonin with dopamine, substance P, cholecystokinin, enkephalin, somatostatin, neurotensin, dynorphin, thyrotropin‐releasing hormone, or corticotropin‐releasing hormone. However, some serotonin neurons expressed the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Work in other laboratories suggests that, as in rat, serotonin neurons in the mouse midline DRN express the vesicular glutamate transporter 3, presumably releasing glutamate. Our study also shows that many of the neuropeptides studied (substance P, galanin, neurotensin, dynorphin, and corticotropin‐releasing factor) are present in nerve terminal networks of varying densities close to the serotonin neurons, and therefore may directly or indirectly influence these cells. The apparently low numbers of coexisting messengers in mouse serotonin neurons, compared to rat, indicate considerable species differences with regard to the chemical neuronatomy of the DRN. Thus, extrapolation of DRN physiology, and possibly pathology, from rat to mouse, and even human, should be made with caution. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3464–3494, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Melatonin receptors in the brain of the European sea bass: An in situ hybridization and autoradiographic study
Authors: Herrera‐Pérez Patricia , Del Carmen Rendón Maria , Besseau Laurence , Sauzet Sandrine , Falcón Jack , Muñoz‐Cueto José A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMelatonin is synthesized in the pineal organ and retina of vertebrates and exhibits a clear nocturnal rhythm of secretion. This hormone influences a number of important physiological processes acting through specific transmembrane G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Recently, we have cloned three different melatonin receptors in sea bass belonging to the MT1, MT2, and Mel1c subtypes. In this paper, we have analyzed the central expression of the MT1 gene by in situ hybridization and compared its distribution with the localization of 2‐[125I]‐iodomelatonin binding sites. In situ hybridization and autoradiographic studies provided consistent results. Melatonin receptors were mainly expressed in visually related areas of the sea bass brain, such as the pretectal area, glomerular complex, optic tectum, torus longitudinalis, and thalamus. A conspicuous expression was also detected in neuroendocrine regions including the ventral telencephalon, preoptic area, and hypothalamus. Furthermore, melatonin receptors were evident in the ganglionic cell layer of the cerebellum. The presence of iodomelatonin binding and/or MT1 mRNA‐expressing cells was also observed in the hindbrain, in particular in the oculomotor and trigeminal nuclei and in the reticular formation. Our results suggest an important role of MT1 in the mediation of melatonin actions in visual/light integration, mechanoreception, somatosensation, eye‐body motor coordination, and integrative and neuroendocrine functions. Remarkable differences in the number and distribution of brain nuclei expressing MT1 mRNAs in sea bass and trout, the only fish species analyzed to date, represent another piece of evidence for differences in the organization of the visual and circadian systems observed between salmoniform and perciform teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3495–3511, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular and subcellular localization of the neuron‐specific plasma membrane calcium ATPase PMCA1a in the rat brain
Authors: Kenyon Katharine A. , Bushong Eric A. , Mauer Amy S. , Strehler Emanuel E. , Weinberg Richard J. , Burette Alain C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRegulation of intracellular calcium is crucial both for proper neuronal function and survival. By coupling ATP hydrolysis with Ca2+ extrusion from the cell, the plasma membrane calcium‐dependent ATPases (PMCAs) play an essential role in controlling intracellular calcium levels in neurons. In contrast to PMCA2 and PMCA3, which are expressed in significant levels only in the brain and a few other tissues, PMCA1 is ubiquitously distributed, and is thus widely believed to play a “housekeeping” function in mammalian cells. Whereas the PMCA1b splice variant is predominant in most tissues, an alternative variant, PMCA1a, is the major form of PMCA1 in the adult brain. Here, we use immunohistochemistry to analyze the cellular and subcellular distribution of PMCA1a in the brain. We show that PMCA1a is not ubiquitously expressed, but rather is confined to neurons, where it concentrates in the plasma membrane of somata, dendrites, and spines. Thus, rather than serving a general housekeeping function, our data suggest that PMCA1a is a calcium pump specialized for neurons, where it may contribute to the modulation of somatic and dendritic Ca2+ transients. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3169–3183, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Similarities and differences in the forebrain expression of Lhx1 and Lhx5 between chicken and mouse: Insights for understanding telencephalic development and evolution
Authors: Abellán Antonio , Vernier Baptiste , Rétaux Sylvie , Medina Loreta 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe compared expression of the paralogous LIM‐homeodomain genes Lhx1 and Lhx5 in the developing rostral forebrain of mouse and chicken. Both genes are expressed in similar patterns in the septum, preoptic region, and related areas of the basal telencephalon, including the medial septum/diagonal band nuclei and the medial extended amygdala. In the septum, the expression of Lhx5 and Lhx1 appears to be specifically related to the pallial septum and its derivatives in mouse and chicken, and may produce the glutamatergic neurons observed in the diagonal band/medial septum nuclei. The preoptic area expresses both Lhx1 and Lhx5 in mouse and chicken, and appears to produce γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic cells for the preoptic region and basal telencephalon. In addition, in mouse and chicken Lhx5 is expressed in two extratelencephalic domains that appear to contribute Lhx5‐expressing cells to the basal telencephalon, including the supraoptoparaventricular hypothalamic domain and the eminentia thalami. In contrast, there are striking differences in the pallial expression of Lhx1 and Lhx5 between mouse and chicken. Both genes are expressed in Cajal‐Retzius cells, and Lhx5 is also present in most pallial sources of Cajal‐Retzius cells (including the cortical hem and retrobulbar area) and in the olfactory bulbs in the mouse. In contrast, putative Cajal‐Retzius cells, the retrobulbar area, and the olfactory bulb of chicken do not express the paralog genes cLhx1/cLhx5. Moreover, the cortical hem—although it expresses cLhx5—is very tiny in chicken. We discuss the consequences of these differences in Lhx1/Lhx5 expression between mouse and chicken for pallial/cortical evolution. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3512–3528, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of inputs to rat primary auditory cortex from the suprageniculate nucleus and extrastriate visual cortex
Authors: Smith Philip H. , Manning Karen A. , Uhlrich Daniel J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEvidence indicates that visual stimuli influence cells in the primary auditory cortex. To evaluate potential sources of this visual input and how they enter into the circuitry of the auditory cortex, we examined axonal terminations in the primary auditory cortex from nonprimary extrastriate visual cortex (V2M, V2L) and from the multimodal thalamic suprageniculate nucleus (SG). Gross biocytin/biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) injections into the SG or extrastriate cortex labeled inputs terminating primarily in superficial and deep layers. SG projects primarily to layers I, V, and VI while V2M and V2L project primarily to layers I and VI, with V2L also targeting layers II/III. Layer I inputs differ in that SG terminals are concentrated superficially, V2L are deeper, and V2M are equally distributed throughout. Individual axonal reconstructions document that single axons can 1) innervate multiple layers; 2) run considerable distances in layer I; and 3) run preferentially in the dorsoventral direction similar to isofrequency axes. At the electron microscopic level, SG and V2M terminals 1) are the same size regardless of layer; 2) are non‐γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic; 3) are smaller than ventral medial geniculate terminals synapsing in layer IV; 4) make asymmetric synapses onto dendrites/spines that 5) are non‐GABAergic and 6) are slightly larger in layer I. Thus, both areas provide a substantial feedback‐like input with differences that may indicate potentially different roles. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3679–3700, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recovery of viscerosensory innervation from the dorsal root ganglia of the adult rat following capsaicin‐induced injury
Authors: Gallaher Zachary R. , Larios Rose Marie , Ryu Vitaly , Sprunger Leslie K. , Czaja Krzysztof 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCapsaicin is a neurotoxin selective for C‐ and Aδ‐type neurons. Systemic treatment with capsaicin is known to reduce this subpopulation in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of neonatal rats. To better understand the effects of capsaicin on adult afferent fibers, we examined DRG neurons retrogradely labeled by an i.p. injection of Fast Blue (FB) administered 3, 30, or 60 days after systemic capsaicin treatment (125 mg/kg i.p.). FB labeling in the 12th and 13th thoracic DRG was dramatically reduced 3 and 30 days post capsaicin (50% and 35% of control, respectively). However, the number of retrogradely labeled neurons rose to 65% of control by 60 days post capsaicin. In addition to FB labeling, we quantified the immunoreactivity of NR1, the obligatory N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor subunit, and Nav1.8, a DRG‐specific sodium channel, in FB‐labeled neurons as well as mRNA levels for both proteins in the 5th and 6th lumbar DRG. NR1 immunoreactivity and mRNA expression followed a pattern of early reduction and subsequent partial restoration similar to FB labeling. Nav1.8 immunoreactivity and mRNA expression dropped to approximately 50% of control at 3 days post capsaicin but completely recovered by 60 days. These data strongly support the conclusion that restoration of spinal afferent projections and signaling occurs in adult rats following capsaicin‐induced damage. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3529–3540, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of morphological features of thalamocortical neurons from the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the cat
Authors: Zomorrodi Reza , Ferecskó Alex S. , Kovács Krisztina , Kröger Helmut , Timofeev Igor 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMorphological features of the dendritic arborization can affect neuronal responses and thus the input‐output function of a particular neuron. In this study, morphological data of eight fully reconstructed thalamocortical (TC) neurons from the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of adult cats have been analyzed. We examined several geometrical and topological parameters, which have been previously shown to have a high impact on the neuron firing pattern and propagation of signals in the dendritic tree. In addition to well‐known morphological parameters such as number of dendritic trees (8.3 ± 1.5) and number of branching points (80–120), we investigated the distribution of dendritic membrane area, branching points, geometrical ratio, asymmetry index, and mean path length for all subtrees of the TC neurons. We demonstrate that due to extensive branching in proximal and middle dendritic sections, the maximum value of the dendritic area distribution is reached at 120–160 μm from the soma. Our analysis reveals that TC neurons are highly branched cells and their dendritic branching pattern does not follow Rall's 3/2 power rule; average values at proximal vs. distal dendritic sections were different. We also found that the dendritic branching pattern of each subtree of the cell had a wide range in symmetry index, whereas the mean path length did not show a large variation through the dendritic arborizations. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3541–3556, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential localization of vesicular glutamate transporters and peptides in corneal afferents to trigeminal nucleus caudalis
Authors: Hegarty Deborah M. , Tonsfeldt Karen , Hermes Sam M. , Helfand Helen , Aicher Sue A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTrigeminal afferents convey nociceptive information from the corneal surface of the eye to the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc). Trigeminal afferents, like other nociceptors, are thought to use glutamate and neuropeptides as neurotransmitters. The current studies examined whether corneal afferents contain both neuropeptides and vesicular glutamate transporters. Corneal afferents to the Vc were identified by using cholera toxin B (CTb). Corneal afferents project in two clusters to the rostral and caudal borders of the Vc, regions that contain functionally distinct nociceptive neurons. Thus, corneal afferents projecting to these two regions were examined separately. Dual immunocytochemical studies combined CTb with either calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1), or VGluT2. Corneal afferents were more likely to contain CGRP than SP, and corneal afferents projecting to the rostral region were more likely to contain CGRP than afferents projecting caudally. Overall, corneal afferents were equally likely to contain VGluT1 or VGluT2. Together, 61% of corneal afferents contained either VGluT1 or VGluT2, suggesting that some afferents lack a VGluT. Caudal corneal afferents were more likely to contain VGluT2 than VGluT1, whereas rostral corneal afferents were more likely to contain VGluT1 than VGluT2. Triple‐labeling studies combining CTb, CGRP, and VGluT2 showed that very few corneal afferents contain both CGRP and VGluT2, caudally (1%) and rostrally (2%). These results suggest that most corneal afferents contain a peptide or a VGluT, but rarely both. Our results are consistent with a growing literature suggesting that glutamatergic and peptidergic sensory afferents may be distinct populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3557–3569, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ascending general visceral sensory pathways from the brainstem to the forebrain in a cichlid fish, Oreochromis (Tilapia) niloticus
Authors: Yoshimoto Masami , Yamamoto Naoyuki 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFiber connections of the general visceral sensory centers in the brainstem were studied with tract‐tracing methods in a percomorph teleost, tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. General visceral afferents of the vagal nerve from abdominal viscera terminated bilaterally in the commissural nucleus of Cajal (NCC) and area postrema (AP). The NCC and AP projected bilaterally to the secondary general visceral nucleus (SVN), four diencephalic nuclei (the preglomerular general visceral nucleus [pVN], nucleus of the lateral recess, posterior thalamic nucleus, and lateral tuberal area), preoptic area, and ventral telencephalon (supracommissural, dorsal, and ventral parts) in addition to the glossopharyngeal and vagal lobes and medullary reticular formation. Injections to the SVN resulted in labeled terminals in the forebrain structures that receive fibers from the primary centers and additionally in the diffuse nucleus of the inferior lobe, lateral torus, and inferior subdivision of lateral torus. The present study suggests that the ascending general visceral projections arising from the brainstem centers in teleosts are quite similar to those in mammals and birds. Descending pathways were also notable. In addition to descending projections from the SVN and medullary structures to the primary centers, long descending pathways to the SVN, NCC, and AP were found to originate from the pVN, nucleus of the lateral recess, posterior thalamic nucleus, and preoptic area. The SVN was found to receive fibers from the ventral telencephalon as well. Therefore, the present study indicates that most of the general visceral structures in the forebrain are reciprocally connected with the brainstem centers. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3570–3603, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.