bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socio-Legal Factors Influencing US and EU Law and Policymaking
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractQuestions of how and why the EU and the US are responding to climate change and what socio-political factors drive these choices remain underexplored. To better understand convergences and divergences in EU and US climate change strategies, this chapter examines five categories of factors that influence climate change law and policy-making in Europe and America, including: (1) systems of governance; (2) risk perception and notions of precaution; (3) the roles of media and civil society; (4) modes of capitalism; (5) notions of equity. The objective of this analysis is not to undertake an exhaustive review of each of these topics, all of which have generated a rich body of literature. Rather, the goal of this chapter is to outline how each of these fundamental factors shapes transatlantic climate debate and highlight points requiring further enquiry.
‘Narrower Circuits’
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter concentrates on a single, representative metrical system from Roman lyric poetry — the sapphic stanza — and traces its use through Catullus, Horace, and Statius. In Statius we find that the form carries with it the associations of its most prolific user, Horace, but still retains a tangibly ‘Sapphic’ quality, recalling the archaic Greek poet whose name it carried. In Catullus the evocation of Sappho is more obvious, the adoption of her signature metre in 51 accompanying a version of a sapphic poem, but the power of delivering the demolition of that affection, the iambic Poem 11, in sapphics has not been appreciated. Horace's sapphics play an important role in his self-positioning within the broad lyric field, in particular in poems such as Odes 1.12 and 4.2 where comparison and contrast with Pindar are in play. But the ability of the sapphic stanza to imply humility and lower aspirations is discernible in other odes as well, a number of which are analysed here.
The Dactylic Hexameter and its Detractors
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the benchmark metre in ancient poetry, the heroic hexameter. Three poetic forms embodying a contradiction of the epic ethos embodied by the hexameter are considered: saturnians, satirical hexameters, and elegiacs. Saturnians, the celebratory medium displaced by hexameters by Ennius, are probed for their capacity to convey resistance to the hellenization represented by hexameters, and similar implications attach to Lucilius' decision to adopt the hexameter as the default form for satire, but a hexameter which is a travesty of the magnificent vehicle of epic: later satirists offer interesting twists to this combative relationship with their own form. Finally, elegy has an ambivalent relationship with epic hard-wired into it by the uneasy combination of a dactylic hexameter and pentameter in the elegiac couplet, and poetry by a range of elegiac poets is used to show the creative potential of this metrical combination.
Conclusion
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter offers a summary of the salient conclusions of the preceding chapters, with special attention to metre as an arena for Roman negotiation of their relationship to Greece, and the peculiar physicality of the Roman conception of metre, related (it is suggested) to its status as an import and as the object of academic study. The hope is expressed that the book, at the very least, will make dismissal of the metrical dimension of a poetic artefact no longer tenable.
Eric Partridge's Dictionaryof Slang and Unconventional English
Authors: Julie Coleman 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Eric Honeywood Partridge dominated British slang lexicography from the post-war period until long after his death in 1979. This chapter examines his Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English in its various editions and abridged forms, exploring its relationship to earlier dictionaries and identifying changes in methodology through time. It also considers the 1984 edition, edited by Paul Beale after Partridge's death.
Legacies of Empire and Declarations of Independence: Dictionaries of the Slang of Newer Nations
Authors: Julie Coleman 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Several slang glossaries were produced in Australia during this period, addressing some of the same concerns as the British glossaries about immigration and equality. Dictionaries of New Zealand and Canadian slang concern themselves with identifying a national slang, distinctive from that used by Australia and the United States. Dictionaries of Nigerian slang attempt to document linguistic creativity and to create a unifying non-standard language.
Dictionaries of Crime and Incarceration
Authors: Julie Coleman 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Unlike glossaries from earlier periods, these concentrate on the language used by criminals inside prison. Stripped of their glamour, criminals are revealed as either brutal and thuggish or deserving of pity. The disproportionate incarceration of African-Americans is evident in vocabulary overlaps with Chapter 7. The language of lesbians is better represented here than in Chapter 9.
Mean‐field theories
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The present chapter explains the mean-field approximation, the Landau theory, the infinite-range model, and the Bethe approximation, and shows that all these (mean-field) theories are essentially equivalent to each other. The Landau theory is a phenomenological approach that uses the concept of symmetry and the order parameter, a measure of the breaking of that symmetry, as fundamental collective degrees of freedom. Also described are the Landau theory of tricritical behaviour, correlation functions, the limit of applicability of the mean-field theory, known as the Ginzburg criterion, and dynamic critical phenomena. Mean-field theories yield the exact critical exponents for dimensions larger than the upper critical dimension, and their solutions provide a reasonable starting point for more advanced methods including the renormalization group.
Renormalization group and scaling
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Mean-field theory is usually taken as a first step toward understanding critical phenomena, providing an overview that reveals qualitative behaviour of physical quantities. However, it is necessary to proceed beyond the mean-field theory to better understand the situation, both qualitatively and quantitatively, when fluctuations play vital roles leading to exponents that cannot be explained by dimensional analysis, thus introducing anomalous dimensions. The present chapter explains the basic concepts of the renormalization group and scaling theory, which allow us to analyze critical phenomena with fluctuations systematically taken into account. The essential step in a renormalization group calculation consists of establishing recursion relations between the parameters defining the Hamiltonian of the system. These recursion or renormalization group equations define a flow with well-defined fixed points. Details other than the values of the relevant operators have no influence on the critical exponents and this represents universality.
Statistical field theory
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Statistical-mechanical systems often involve discrete elementary degrees of freedom such as spins in the Ising model. Field theories, on the other hand, have continuous fields, defined over the whole space-time or part of it, as fundamental degrees of freedom. These two seemingly different descriptions of physical phenomena can be related close to the critical point. The present chapter summarizes how the description by continuous fields emerges from discrete degrees of freedom in a more systematic manner than in previous chapters. The phenomenological Landau-Ginzburg approach, based on the concept of order parameter, is expanded to generate effective field theories. The important roles of symmetry and topology are also elucidated in some detail. Also shown are some of the important consequences of having a broken-symmetry phase, such as long-range order, the emergence of Nambu-Goldstone modes when the symmetry involved is continuous, and topological defects.
Duality
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Exact solutions of model systems are the most reliable source of information. However, there are not many model systems that can be exactly solved and, consequently, many approximate schemes such as series expansions have been developed. It is sometimes possible, though, to extract exact information without directly solving those model systems. Arguments using duality transformations make it possible to derive the exact location of the phase transition point and the exact value of the energy at the transition point when the model is self dual. Duality not only determines the exact location of the transition point of the two-dimensional Ising model and related models but also is useful to rewrite the $XY$ model into a different form, the Villain model and its dual, which reveals new physical aspects of the system. Classical and quantum dualities can be related by certain mappings and Fourier transformation is at the root of such deep results.
Numerical methods
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter introduces a few typical numerical methods used in modern studies of phase transitions and critical phenomena in spin systems. The first section describes the stochastic dynamics of a generic system with discrete degrees of freedom following the master equation. This section serves as a theoretical basis for the Monte Carlo method that includes the heat bath and Metropolis algorithms of configuration updates. Another useful numerical technique is the transfer matrix method, described in the last section, and which is applied for numerically exact evaluation of the free energy and related physical quantities.
Building on the Tradition
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMost current thinking about language change is directly linked to ideas from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter shows how the neogrammarian concept of synchronic regularity tested and improved the techniques of reconstruction in Chapter 2. By highlighting the concerns of the past and reviewing the accomplishments that became the building blocks of modern historical linguistics, this chapter offers contemporary discussions of such past problems as Grassmann's Law, Grimm's Law, Verner's Law, and the Indo‐European consonants. An Appendix briefly sketches standard Proto‐Indo‐European phonology for the novice.
Natural Processes
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe difficult issue of what is natural in different components of the grammar is addressed. A few phonetic processes recognized as natural in several models are word‐final devoicing, the irreversible change of [s] to [h], excrescence, assimilation, and palatalization. The Universality of the Sonority Hierarchy is upheld and its consequences for change are explored. In the interaction between semantics and other domains, the polarity principle (markedness vs faithfulness) and probable examples of Avoid homophony are adduced. Natural syntactic processes are introduced along with potential examples of natural morphology, e.g. loss of exception marks, Watkins' Law, and corrections of mirror‐principle violations. Iconicity of exponents with the syntactic computation is relevant only to cumulative (not substitutive) morphology and is at best an optimality condition.
Vowel Shifts and the Middle English Vowels
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe old hypotheses of teleology and equilibrium are illusions. Shifts do not fill holes to create symmetrical systems. Rather, sounds shift by phonetically and perceptually motivated mechanisms, and the selection of those changes is constrained (at least) by prototype perception. Perceptual space accounts for chain shifts better than system dependence or the idea that all vowel changes are independent. Tensed vowels are instrumentally more peripheral than non‐tensed and can rhyme with them. This provides a valuable clue to the Early Middle English vowels. The Ormulum [c12], which contextually writes VC for long vowels and VCC for short, rarely distinguishes the Old English long vowels from short vowels in open syllables. Instrumental evidence invites the hypothesis that open syllable lengthening had begun and that the old and new long vowels rhymed, so could be written the same way.
Introduction
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Positional correlations and linearization changes mark the transition to morphology and syntax. On most theoretical accounts, morphology is not autonomous, but interacts with at least three other domains: (i) phonology and perception, (ii) the lexicon/culture, and (iii) syntax. The first is treated extensively in Volume I. The second is illustrated with the rise of the feminine gender in Indo‐European, and the third by documentation of the changes from Latin to Romance in the shift from morphological to syntactic coding of reflexive, anticausative, middle, and passive. In morphological change, both inflectional and derivational markers are shown to spread by lexical diffusion. Syntactic change is (micro)parametric and is typically motivated by changes in lexical features combined with morphological attrition and/or principles of efficient computation. The latter are especially important for frequent crosslinguistic changes, including the numerous shifts from lexical to functional content as well as changes within functional categories. The volume closes with the genesis of creole inflectional, derivational, and syntactic categories, involving the interaction of contact phenomena with morphological and syntactic change.
Morphological Change
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The origin and diffusion of two English suffixes are treated. The first is 3sg. ‐s, which is not of Scandinavian origin but resulted from generalization of ‐s from is to has to other irregular monosyllabic verbs, to which ‐s was restricted in Early Modern English, and finally to regular verbs. The second study is deadjectival ‐en, which expanded under Norse contact in northeast England. Novel English verbs were created by semantic analogy to the Nordic models, which imposed a set of constraints: monosyllabic base, trochaic foot structure, and root‐final obstruent. A brief comparison with the spread of other affixes reveals that derivational and inflectional formatives spread by lexical diffusion. General utility and extralinguistic factors determine the rapidity of the spread and the degree of productivity.
The History of English DO
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Do underwent four main structural reanalyses. The first (merger in v) took do from a causative verb to a factual/evidential auxiliary. There was also a semantically empty variant that became more frequent as V‐to‐T movement was gradually lost over the period from c15 to ca.1730. The second reanalysis was to an interrogative marker [ca.1600]. Initially, do occurred only in questions with evidential semantics, but in yes‐no questions had multiple motivations. The third reanalysis was to Cinque's highest Mood/Modal categories (epistemic, evidential, evaluative, and speech act). The fourth reanalysis was restriction to verum focus and Force/Illocution (Mood speech act). All of these changes illustrate reanalysis to higher functional positions, in this case to the highest universal functional categories proposed by Rizzi and Cinque.
The Development of Creole Categories
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Creoles emerge via relexification of one or more substrate languages, with grammatical categories from substrates, superstrates, and internal changes. Creoles exhibit a striking typological similarity and attest only a subset of possible parametric variation. No creole has ergative syntax, referential null pronouns, person‐number agreement, V‐to‐T movement, syntactic clitics, or V2. Considering the long history of some, constant exposure to the superstrates, and the fact that ordinary internal changes and grammaticalizations are well attested, the number of creole features that persist is remarkable. The highly complex tense‐mood‐aspect systems develop from the same core elements albeit from different source languages: future go/va; past bin/te; perfect don /fin(i)/kaba; etc. The innovation of functional categories, complementizers, and voice structures reflects universal clausal architecture. Since some structures, like passive, antedate the borrowing of an exponent, relabeling of substrate categories is not all that is needed to account for the development of creoles.
3 Theories of Nations and the World of Late Antiquity
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter is a counterpoint to the previous chapter. It focuses on the centrifugal effects of Christianity on regional identity, looking at this in the context of the wider Roman‐Empire and the problem of Romanisation, Using a theoretical framework drawn from literature on modern nationalism in eastern Europe and the Arab world, this short chapter examines the clustering and separation of identities in the Roman world, taking Jews and Samaritans as case studies, before looking at Edessa and Syriac‐speakers in detail.
5 The Julian Romance
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The final three chapters examine the disparate ways in which Edessene and Suryoyo identities evolved in the course of the Christological controversies of the fifth and sixth centuries. This chapter discusses the Edessene Julian Romance, a hagiographical history written in the sixth century about the fourth‐century reign of Julian the apostate. Unlike the Doctrina, this text presents Edessa as the donation of Constantine to Christ, and expresses Edessa's special position in much more Roman terms. In this text, the history ofJulian's reign is invoked to undermine Edessa's sixth‐ century opponents, Antioch and Constantinople and to assert the conditional nature of imperial authority. If Edessa belonged to Christ, then the emperor's right to the allegiance of the city depended on his orthodoxy, lest the city be rules by ‘a friend of the Jews’.
Introducing the Sinai Model for Reducing Health Disparities and Improving Health
Authors: Whitman Steven , Shah Ami M. , Benjamins Maureen R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the events and lessons that led to the development of the Sinai Model for Reducing Health Disparities and Improving Health. The methods and experiences described in this book provide a useful model for how to systematically pursue health improvements in vulnerable communities and simultaneously achieve greater health equity.
A History of the Movement to Address Health Disparities
Authors: Dell Jade L. , Whitman Steven 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins with a review of health disparities in the time of slavery and during the Reconstruction era, the desegregation of health care, and federal health programs and policies. It then discusses the health status of minority people, the Healthy People movement, and the use of the Using Healthy People paradigm to measure health disparities in real time.
Sinai’s Improving Community Health Survey
Authors: Shah Ami M. , Whitman Steven 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn response to growing inequities in health, the Sinai Health System conducted a survey that has altered the way public health data are used in Chicago. The Sinai Urban Health Institute (SUHI), a member of the Sinai Health System, partnered with several community organizations, residents, and local leaders to complete one of the largest, most comprehensive door-to-door health surveys in Chicago, titled Sinai's Improving Community Health Survey (Sinai Survey). This chapter describes how the survey was conducted, presents selected key findings, and describes how these results were disseminated.
The Jewish Community Health Survey of Chicago: Methodology and Key Findings
Authors: Benjamins Maureen R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter summarizes findings from the groundbreaking Jewish Community Health Survey. Overall, the findings indicate that the individuals in this community were as healthy (or healthier) than the average residents of Chicago or the United States; however, many serious health concerns still exist for both adults and children. Perhaps the most striking health problems involve weight. In fact, it was discovered that more than half of all adults and children were overweight. In addition, elevated rates of hypertension, disability, and depression were apparent. The current survey was also instrumental in collecting local data on other health-related behaviours and experiences.
Disproportionate Impact of Diabetes in a Puerto Rican Community of Chicago
Authors: Whitman Steven , López José E. , Rothschild Steven K. , Delgado Jaime 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe prevalence of diabetes in adults in the United States has been steadily increasing from 4.9% in 1990 to 6.1% in 2004. Diabetes prevalence is higher in U.S. non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic Whites, and Puerto Ricans have a particularly high prevalence of diabetes. This chapter first presents data describing the diabetes epidemic in the Humboldt Park/West Town (HP/WT) area of Chicago. It then discusses how the community took ownership of these data and their implications, disseminated them widely, and converted the bad news of the data and the energy of the community into funding for an intervention, which is now in place. This intervention offers an opportunity to reverse the terrible damage being wrought by diabetes in the community and also to shift the ideological manner in which community-based interventions are considered. Finally, the chapter offers some observations and implications.
Pediatric Asthma in Black and Latino Chicago Communities
Authors: Margellos-Anast Helen , Gutierrez Melissa A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAsthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by the swelling and narrowing of the lung airways. Although asthma can be a detrimental disease if not managed properly, it can be controlled via the proper use of medications, trigger avoidance, early recognition of symptoms, and appropriate and timely response to symptoms. When asthma is well-controlled, people with asthma and their families can live healthy and productive lives. This chapter discusses how local-level data pertaining to the prevalence and effects of paediatric asthma in six diverse Chicago communities led to culturally appropriate action to improve asthma outcomes among children living in some of the city's most affected communities.
Humboldt Park
Authors: Martin Molly , Ballesteros Juana 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Sinai's Improving Community Health Survey found that Puerto Rican children had the highest asthma prevalence rate of all groups. Twenty-one percent of Puerto Rican children had diagnosed asthma while another 13% had a positive asthma screen for a potential total asthma burden of 34%. This chapter discusses the lack of specific interventions that target Puerto Rican children, establishment of the Greater Humboldt Park Community of Wellness, and the asthma experience in Humboldt Park as a model of community-based participatory research.