bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Washington Consensus Revisited
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDuring the latter part of the 1980s and the start of the 1990s, policymakers formulated the so-called ‘Washington consensus,’ which is derived from ten agreed fields by powerful financial institutions, administrative policymaking authorities, and academic professionals. This proposal asserted that a strongly grounded financial policy together with the absence of government intervention (which eradicates the regulations that prohibit healthy competition in the market) and the promotion of free trade, will diminish economic stagnation. Even if such restructuration originally addressed the difficulties of Latin America, these were used by several states to deal with their structural dilemmas. Despite the positive impact of this policy reform in the introduction, incorporation, and general acceptance of postsocialist thought, lack of essential elements are classified in this chapter.
From Recovery to Sustained Growth
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPolicies referring to the transition from government intervention to a free market system and from stabilisation to sustained growth can never come into being without the help of adequate state involvement. Although markets have the natural capacity to move toward equilibrium, some imperfections and crisis tend to be unmanageable. Due to this, the importance of government interference is reviewed in this chapter, including its equity, growth potential, and capacity. However, there are two concerns that must be addressed about the government's further engagement in the economy. First, the chapter looks at the dependable approach to maintain long-term development with the occurrence of trivial external shocks. And second, if crisis happen due to externalities, then an automatic mechanism that brings distortions into their normal set-ups must be employed.
Quality issues in palliative and supportive care
Authors: Ahmedzai Sam H. , Hunt John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the quality issues found in palliative and supportive care. It distinguishes the two main areas that are important for palliative care: ‘quality of life’ of patients and their carers and ‘quality of care’ delivered by services. Some of the issues of quality discussed in this chapter include the theoretical considerations on measuring quality and the aspects of quality that are considered ‘right’.
Education in palliative care
Authors: Davie Emma , Noble Bill 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses education in palliative care and the need to include the patients. It looks at the user involvement in interprofessional learning and in a communication skills course, as well as including bereaved people as users. The chapter discusses the different experiences of loss and reflects on involving users as part of palliative care education. It shows that the relationship between patients, students, and their teachers is potentially one of equal partnership, because the students and teachers need the patients as much as the patients need the doctors, nurses, and other trained health workers.
Bereavement care
Authors: Relf Marilyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses bereavement care, which is composed mostly of providing support to family members after bereavement. One important factor in the delivery of bereavement care is the ability to listen accurately to what people say about their experiences. The chapter looks at a number of other factors which influence the way that people hear and respond to the voices of bereaved people. It also argues that listening to other people is not a neutral activity, and what people say is filtered through lenses provided by conceptual frameworks, personal experiences of loss, and the quality of communication skills.
Conclusion: thoughts of a palliative care user
Authors: Broughton Fiona 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views of a palliative care user. It presents her thoughts on becoming a palliative care user and provides a firsthand experience of palliative care. It is important to note that the view expressed in the chapter are merely one of many, and that the things the palliative care user in question considers important or relevant may be different to another user.
Roots, traditions, and philosophy
Authors: Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter aims to stimulate the members of the palliative care profession to think and reconsider its celebrated thoughts and insights, including the weaknesses of palliative care in terms of its philosophy and patient care. It offers criticisms and reconstructive points for the improvement of the future of palliative care in the twentieth century, and suggests directions in which palliative care should evolve while retaining its nature as a distinct specialty. The chapter aims to return the now intrusive palliative care into its original simplicity and philosophy as they was formulated by Cicely Saunders. Discussion in the first section of the chapter focuses on the general framework, roots, and traditions of palliative care. It critically considers the main concepts of palliative care, such as quality of life, dignity, autonomy, and human rights. The second section discusses the main types of intervention in palliative care, such as life-prolonging and symptom-control treatments, spiritual and psychosocial care, and resuscitation and advanced statements. The last section summarizes the positive points discussed in the previous sections and builds on them, in order to construct a positive philosophy that may be used for the improvement of the future of palliative care.
Quality of life
Authors: Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines whether the concept of quality of life has been helpful in the field of palliative care, evaluating whether there exists a shared and common concept of quality of life between physicians, patients, and their families. It discusses the possible means of assessing the quality of life through measurement or through the provisions of qualitative information on specific treatments, and also discusses whether the improvement of life in the palliative setting affects the manner of decision making of the individuals and patients involved. The chapter also considers the capacity of palliative care to improve the quality of life more than the conventional services and alternative models of treatment it offers. It also evaluates the alternative aim of palliative care if quality of life is rejected as the main objective of palliation.
Critique and reconstruction: some suggestions for a better way
Authors: Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter aims to summarize the positive suggestions discussed in the previous chapters. It also aims to develop some suggestions, to illustrate how palliative care can enhance and improve other specialties, and to suggest a short philosophy statement that can counter the weaknesses of the WHO statement. The chapter begins with a discussion on palliative care as a specialty. Other topics and issues discussed herein include: the Asklepian model of holistic care, Asklepian acceptance and spirituality, hope and truth-telling, patient–professional relationship, and professional development.
Basic Assumptions of German Historiography
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the so-called German exceptionalism, focusing on the view that German history is different from the rest of Western Europe. It explains that most German historians believed that the exceptionalism argument is linked to the supposed failure or absence of bourgeois revolution in German history and its consequences for the country's future political development. It suggests that the bourgeoisie's failure to conquer the pre-industrial traditions of authoritarianism has left Germany vulnerable to the future, particularly the internal strains of a modernizing society.
Introduction
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis section discusses the factors that contribute to the changes experienced by the European banking industry, such as disintermediation, economic instability in international markets, deregulation in industrialized countries, and the creation of the European market in 1992. It considers the gradual integration of Eastern Europe into the economic system of the European Community as another factor of considerable interest. The chapter emphasizes that this book aims to describe the principal forces of change in the European banking industry and analyse the strategies of the more influential enterprises operating in this sector. It points out that the behaviour of 25 commercial banks in five European countries has been studied to achieve this objective and reports that the analysis is based mainly on information obtained from interviews with bank directors and documentation made public by the banks themselves.
The German Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the core of the German financial system and analyses the performance of German banks by looking at the Deutsche Bundesbank, the German central bank whose prudence in managing monetary policy and financial deregulation has fostered financial innovation in West Germany. It explains that it is possible to distinguish between two large groups of banks – the first is the group of universal banks which make up three-quarters of the sector's total business and includes three types of firms: commercial banks, savings banks, and credit cooperatives; the second group consists of those banks that offer more specialized services: mortgage banks, specialized banks, and postal-banking services. The chapter shows the dominance of universal banks over specialized banks, from the point of view of credit investment and shareholder assets, and adds that the comparative number of branches also confirms this.
The British Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides a structural overview of the British financial system. It notes that the UK has a long tradition as a premier financial centre and that this is a result not only of British political leadership at the international level in the nineteenth century, but also of the liberal approach to financial regulation. However, the chapter notes that the downturn of the economy and the rise of other international financial centres have caused London to lose some of its prominence. It indicates that the financial industry's importance to the British economy is the financial institutions' contribution to foreign exchange revenue in the balance of payments, and points out that the strong presence of foreign firms has unquestionably contributed to London's role as an international financial centre.
The Value-Creation Process in Banking
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the consequences of the determinant forces that have affected the evolution of the banking industry at the firm level. It explains that, in effect, the greater degree of rivalry in the sector, deregulation, and the increasing power of suppliers and buyers of funds, have significant consequences with regard to banks's results, and influence in one way or another their strategic choices. Thus, a decline in the margin of intermediation should be compensated by either an increase in other income from non-financial products, a reduction of capital costs, or a higher level of lending to maintain or improve profitability.
Changes in the Banking Industry and the Challenge of 1992
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter intends to pinpoint two aspects of this process of change in the banking industry. It notes that the first makes reference to the recommendation to the governments in preparation for the process of banking universalization and the concentration of the industry. The chapter explains that this point is crucial, since financial authorities' definitions of legal framework and operating norms condition to a great extent banking activity. The second aspect relates to the transformation of the banking industry and the subsequent urgency of respective corporate strategies.
Resilience and bereaved children: helping a child to develop a resilient mind-set following the death of a parent
Authors: Stokes Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines a variety of factors that can help a bereaved child to develop a resilient mind-set. These interrelated factors come from within the individual child, their parents, and their community. This chapter discusses resilience in relation to children with a focus on the cognitive processes involved in building a resilient mind-set and identifies the spectrum of risk factors that can complicate a child's response to a parental death.
Resilience and creativity
Authors: Hartley Nigel 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of creativity in resilience in the palliative care setting. It discusses the common knowledge that many famous artists create in order to survive and highlights the stories regarding a myriad of great artworks relating their creation to the darkest of times for their creators. Examples of these are the second piano Concerto of Serge Rachmaninov and Vincent Van Gogh's paintings. This chapter suggests that this same process of creative thinking can be applied to cope with a loss, trauma, or bereavement.
The Drafting of the Convention by the Governments of the Council of Europe (February–November 1950)
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter addresses the drafting of the ECHR by the governments of the Council of Europe. It starts with an examination of the approach to the ECHR taken by the Committee of Ministers in late 1949, and then looks at the work of the Committee of Legal Experts and the Conference of Senior Officials. It then turns to how the drafting of the ECHR proceeded when before the Committee of Ministers, and the important compromise that was made as regards the right of individual petition. A further section examines how the Convention was viewed by academics and others when it was opened for signature in 1950 and in the years after. The mood was one of disappointment and frustration at the lack of achievement. In the final section the theme is the ambivalent nature of the ECHR as it stood in 1950: was it merely a collective pact against totalitarianism or was it a European Bill of Rights?
The Convention’s Evolution 1973–1976: The Awakening of the ‘Sleeping Beauty’
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the situation of the Convention in the mid-1970s, when there were growing tensions between the British government and the Strasbourg Commission. It begins by examining how a number of States accepted the Convention's optional clauses over 1973–4. It then turns to the growing frustration seen at Whitehall with respect to the approach to interpretation of the ECHR adopted by the European Commission of Human Rights. The chapter then gives an in-depth examination of the Commission's handling of the case of Golder v United Kingdom, which proved to be a landmark in Strasbourg jurisprudence. Golder was referred to the Court by the UK government and the chapter examines the debates that were presented to the Court as to the proper approach to the interpretation of the Convention. The judgment in Golder v United Kingdom is examined in detail, and the approach to interpretation adopted in cases immediately following is also examined. The final section of this chapter addresses the British approach to the ECHR through the 1980s and early 1990s, in the aftermath of the Golder case.
Reflecting on the Convention’s Evolution (From a Safeguard against Totalitarianism to Europe’s Bill of Rights)
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter builds upon previous chapters, and is reflective in its approach. It begins by examining the views of Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, the ‘British’ judge on the Court in the late 1970s. He was hostile to the idea that the ECHR might be developed into a European Bill of Rights and took a very restrictive view as to the scope of Convention rights. The remainder of the chapter describes how this view of the Convention was never accepted by the Strasbourg institutions. It does so by reflecting on the early perspectives on the ECHR as demonstrated by the Convention institutions and by key spokespersons for the institutions such as Sir Humphrey Waldock and Pierre-Henri Teitgen. It looks at how the Convention was viewed ‘at Strasbourg’ from the late 1970s onwards, when it became clearer to see that the Convention was regarded there as destined to become Europe's Bill of Rights.
After 1998: The Challenges Facing the ‘New’ European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins by discussing the crisis of workload that has faced the new European Court of Human Rights since 1998. It then identifies new trends in the case law since that year, serious violations of human rights, post ‘enlargement’ case law, and repetitive violations of the Convention. The third part of the chapter assesses how the Strasbourg Court has adapted to meet these new challenges, which includes an analysis of its general working methods, and of new initiatives such as the pilot judgment procedure. It discusses the process of formal reform of the Convention, the relevant section chronicling the work of the Evaluation Group, the drafting of Protocol 14, the 2004 ‘reform package’, and the Group of Wise Persons. Russia's delayed ratification of Protocol 14 is discussed. Finally, the Interlaken Declaration of 2010 is examined.
‘Shopping is a Place to Go’: Fashion, Shopping, and Advertising
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
British historians who have addressed consumerism have identified fashion as a key transformation of the 18th century, and as significant to the British as it was to the French. Fashion theory focuses not on the unique product, but on collections, imitation, seriality, ornament, and commodity groupings. The fashion of these products was conveyed through astute attention to advertising. The illustrated commercial trade catalogue and the trade card allowed producers and merchants to picture their goods, not just in isolation, but in association with other complementary products, and in settings and literary contexts conveying good taste. This particular group of new consumer goods led the way in innovative selling.
Introduction
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book provides a history of new consumer goods. Three sections of the book, ‘Luxury, Quality and Delight’, ‘How it was Made’, and ‘A Nation of Shoppers’, explore the cultural discourse and invention of the new goods, their manufacture and marketing, and who consumed them and how. The chapter tells the stories and analyses the historical development that led from a global trade in Eastern luxuries in the sixteenth to 18th centuries to a new global trade in British new consumer goods by the end of the 18th century.
Has a Trinitarian God Deceived Us?
Authors: Hasker William 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter defends Social Trinitarianism (ST) by responding to some of Dale Tuggy's criticisms. After describing Tuggy's primary objections in some detail, it challenges some of the methodological assumptions that seem to motivate Tuggy's concerns and engages Tuggy's claim that ST would amount to a case of malevolent divine deception. By taking seriously the concept of ‘progressive revelation’, and the development of doctrine, it concludes that Tuggy's main problem with Social Trinitarianism is more illusory than substantial.
Relative Identity and the Doctrine of the Trinity
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing the doctrine of relative identity (RI) in some detail. It then identifies and describes two versions of the relative identity strategy — the pure RI strategy and the impure RI strategy. It briefly discusses the standard criticisms of the RI strategy. It also presents the objections to that strategy. The chapter argues that invoking the pure doctrine of relative identity as a solution to the problem of the Trinity implies that the difference between the divine persons is theory-dependent, thus forcing either modalism or anti-realism — two equally unpalatable alternatives. It concludes that the RI solution to the problem of the Trinity, taken as a stand-alone solution to that problem, is unsuccessful.
National Cascades
Authors: Laitin David D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues that when it comes to national identities, we are not in competition with our neighbours but rather in coordination with them. Coordination among large numbers of people, however, is not easy to accomplish, even if all the people agree on a preferred outcome. Thus, the role of ethnic entrepreneurs. It is the social reality of interdependent choice and the desire for coordination that makes nations seem natural—since they represent votes that are very difficult to reverse. But at certain historical moments change can be rapid, as in a cascade. The tipping model illustrates both the sense of permanence and the fragility of national identifications. More important, it illustrates that the primordial image of society, where class is dynamic due to opportunities for social mobility while nationality is static without any expectations of cultural mobility, is flawed.
Exploiting Globalization Drivers and Potential
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter addresses the following questions: Should a company develop a global customer management (GCM) programme? How can it determine whether to do so? What are the potential benefits and costs? It begins by examining four types of drivers of GCM: customer drivers, financial drivers, market drivers, and technology drivers. It then discusses what managers need to do to attain the benefits from the four types of drivers.
Empowering Global Account Managers
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAfter selecting which accounts are to be global, the next key choice is who should be the manager for each account. The global account manager (gam) is the most important person in the account relationship. Therefore, it is important to have a clear view of what the responsibilities of the gam will be, and make sure these are known to all involved. Furthermore, it is important to know what characteristics a good gam should have, and choose a person who has these characteristics. This chapter discusses the most common responsibilities and characteristics of a gam.
Winning with Critical Success Factors
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe previous chapters discussed many different features that affected the success of global account management (GAM). In addition, these covered how to use these features to progress from a GAM programme to a more beneficial global customer management (GCM) programme. This final chapter combines the most important of these features into an overview of the most important critical success factors. They fall into four main areas: the infrastructure of the company and the GCM programme; GCM roles; the relationship with the customer; and an integrated approach.