bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intentional cutmarks on an early mesolithic human calvaria from Margaux Cave (Dinant, Belgium)
Authors: Toussaint Michel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMargaux Cave (Belgium) yielded a Pre‐Boreal Early Mesolithic burial covered by what resembled a burial mound. The hundreds of human bones excavated belonged to 7 to 10 adult females. Among these bones, the CR3 cranium presents numerous cutmarks on both zygomatic processes, on the frontal squama and along the two coronal sutures, as well as on the left part of the posterior cranium. The cutmarks on the zygomatic processes correspond to the removal of the mandible while those on the top of the forehead and the occipital may result from the removal of the scalp. Therefore, these cutmarks may be interpreted as part of a mortuary ritual. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surnames in Bolivia: A study of the population of Bolivia through isonymy
Authors: Rodriguez‐Larralde Alvaro , Dipierri José , Gomez Emma Alfaro , Scapoli Chiara , Mamolini Elisabetta , Salvatorelli Germano , De Lorenzi Sonia , Carrieri Alberto , Barrai Italo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn Bolivia, the Hispanic dual surname system is used. To describe the isonymic structure of Bolivia, the surname distribution of 12,139,448 persons registered in the 2006 census data was studied in 9 districts and 112 provinces of the nation, for a total of 23,244,064 surnames. The number of different surnames found was 174,922. Matrices of isonymic distances between the administrative units (districts and provinces) were constructed and tested for correlation with geographic distance. In the 112 provinces, isonymic distances were correlated with geographic distance (r = 0.545 ± 0.011 for Euclidean, 0.501 ± 0.012 for Nei's, and 0.556 ± 0.010 for Lasker's distance). The multiple regression of the surname effective number (α), equivalent to the allele effective number in a genetic system, was nonsignificant on latitude and longitude; however, it was highly significant and negative on altitude (r = −0.72). Because the Andes extend from north to south in west‐central Bolivia, random inbreeding was lowest in the eastern districts, and highest in mountainous western Bolivia. Average α for the provinces was 122 ± 2; for the districts, it was 216 ± 29, and for the whole of Bolivia it was 213. The geographical distribution of α in the provinces is compatible with the settlement of subsequent groups of migrants moving from east and north toward the center and south of Bolivia. The relative frequency of indigenous surnames is correlated positively with altitude. This suggests that the country was populated by recent low‐density demic diffusion over a low‐density indigenous population. This may have been a common phenomenon in the immigration to tropical South America. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Species co‐occurrence patterns and dietary resource competition in primates
Authors: Kamilar Jason M. , Ledogar Justin A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDiamond (Assembly of species communities. In: Cody ML, Diamond JM, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities. Cambridge: Belknap. p 342–444 (1975)) argued that interspecific competition between species occupying similar niches results in a nonrandom pattern of species distributions. In particular, some species pairs may never be found in the same community due to competitive exclusion. Rigorous analytical methods have been developed to investigate the possible role that interspecific competition has on the evolution of communities. Many studies that have implemented these methods have shown support for Diamond's assembly rules, yet there are numerous exceptions. We build on this previous research by examining the co‐occurrence patterns of primate species in 109 communities from across the world. We used EcoSim to calculate a checkerboard (C) score for each region. The C score provides a measure of the proportion of species pairs that do not co‐occur in a set of communities. High C scores indicate that species are nonrandomly distributed throughout a region, and interspecific competition may be driving patterns of competitive exclusion. We conducted two sets of analyses. One included all primate species per region, and the second analysis assigned each species to one of four dietary guilds: frugivores, folivores, insectivores, and frugivore‐insectivores. Using all species per region, we found significantly high C scores in 9 of 10 regions examined. For frugivores, we found significantly high‐C scores in more than 50% of regions. In contrast, only 23% of regions exhibited significantly high‐C scores for folivores. Our results suggest that communities are nonrandomly structured and may be the result of greater levels of interspecific competition between frugivores compared to folivores. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential visibility of treponemal disease in pre‐Columbian stratified societies: Does rank matter?
Authors: Smith Maria Ostendorf , Betsinger Tracy K. , Williams Leslie Lea 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTreponemal disease is known to be associated with the compromised community health of permanent village settlement. This association explains its high visibility in the village‐based, arguably chiefdom level, agriculturalist societies of late prehistoric (AD 1300–1600) North America. Within chiefdom‐level societies, health differences have often been demonstrated between mortuary‐defined “elite” and “nonelite” individuals. This theoretically should predict status‐based differences in treponemal disease visibility. The prediction is tested in a five‐site osteological sample (N = 650) from the Dallas phase (AD 1300–1550), a simple mortuary‐defined two‐tiered presumptive chiefdom level maize agriculturalist socioeconomic context from lower east Tennessee. The Dallas phase results affirm a general pre‐Colombian North American pattern of no sex differences and display comparable adult to subadult frequencies. The study also reveals that given a sufficient sample size, “elites” do indeed exhibit a significantly lower frequency of tertiary stage treponemal disease. This can be attributed to better baseline health, which has been previously demonstrated in this sample. It may also be affected by the mortuary inclusion of achieved status individuals whose good health may have facilitated sociopolitical advancement. Another pattern that emerged is an apparent young adult age bias in disease visibility. This suggests that tertiary treponemal disease morbidity may either directly or synergistically factor in early adult age at death. Future research will address the veracity of this association. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human deciduous mandibular molar incremental enamel development
Authors: Mahoney Patrick 
Published: August 2010

AbstractQuantitative studies of incremental markings retained within human enamel have reconstructed the duration and rate (crown and cusp formation times, initiation and completion, daily enamel secretion rates) of permanent tooth development. This approach has provided one way of estimating human age‐at‐death, and facilitated comparative dental studies of primate evolution. Similar applications from deciduous enamel are inhibited because developmental reconstructions from incremental markings for these teeth are less frequently reported in the literature. This study quantified the duration and rate of enamel development for mesial (protoconid, metaconid) and distal cusps (hypoconid, entoconid) for first (dm1) and second (dm2) deciduous mandibular molars from an archaeological sample of modern human juveniles. Crown formation time can be calculated from the dm1 protoconid because growth initiates and completes in this cusp, and from the dm2 protoconid combined with the final period of hypoconid growth. The dm1 postnatal crown formation time included the time taken for the tubercle of Zuckerkandl to develop, and differed slightly compared to radiographic methods. The majority of dm1 protoconid cuspal (occlusal region) enamel formed before birth. The dm2 entoconid enamel formed mainly after birth. Birth reduced daily enamel secretion rates, changed the visibility of incremental markings, and disrupted enamel growth for 3 to 8 days. Findings presented here can contribute to age‐at‐death estimates for human infants aged 13‐postnatal months or less, and should facilitate comparisons of primate deciduous incremental enamel development in an evolutionary context. Regression equations are included so that cuspal formation time can be estimated from enamel thickness. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of JC virus DNA in blood and urine from natalizumab‐treated patients
Authors: Rudick Richard A. , O'Connor Paul W. , Polman Chris H. , Goodman Andrew D. , Ray Soma S. , Griffith Nancy M. , Jurgensen Stephanie A. , Gorelik Leonid , Forrestal Fiona , Sandrock Alfred W. , Goelz Susan E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectiveAnalyses were conducted to determine the clinical utility of measuring JC virus (JCV) DNA in blood or urine of natalizumab‐treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients to predict the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).MethodsA total of 12,850 blood and urine samples from nearly 1,400 patients participating in natalizumab clinical trials were tested for JCV DNA using a commercially available quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. A subset of these samples was also tested using a more sensitive qPCR assay developed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).ResultsAt the time natalizumab dosing was suspended, JCV DNA was detected in plasma by the commercial assay in 4 of 1,397 (0.3%) patients; the NIH assay confirmed these positive samples and detected JCV DNA in an additional 2 of 205 (1%) patients who tested negative with the commercial assay. None of these 6 JCV DNA positive patients developed PML. In a 48‐week study testing the safety of natalizumab redosing, JCV DNA was detected in plasma of 6 of 1,094 (0.3%) patients, none of whom developed PML. Urine at baseline and week 48 was assessed in 224 patients; 58 (26%) were positive at baseline, and 55 (25%) were positive after 48 weeks of natalizumab, treatment. JCV DNA was not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from any of these 1,094 patients before or after natalizumab treatment. In 5 patients who developed PML, JCV DNA was not detected in blood at any time point before symptoms first occurred.InterpretationMeasuring JCV DNA in blood or urine with currently available methods is unlikely to be useful for predicting PML risk in natalizumab‐treated MS patients. Ann Neurol 2010
Anti‐JC virus antibodies: Implications for PML Risk Stratification
Authors: Gorelik Leonid , Lerner Michaela , Bixler Sarah , Crossman Mary , Schlain Brian , Simon Kenneth , Pace Amy , Cheung Anne , Chen Ling Ling , Berman Melissa , Zein Fairuz , Wilson Ewa , Yednock Ted , Sandrock Alfred , Goelz Susan E. , Subramanyam Meena 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectiveA study was undertaken to establish an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect JC virus (JCV)‐specific antibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and to evaluate its potential utility for identifying patients at higher or lower risk (ie, risk stratification) of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).MethodsA 2‐step assay for detecting and confirming the presence of anti‐JCV antibodies in human serum and plasma was developed and demonstrated to be both sensitive and specific. ELISA cutpoints were statistically established using sera from >800 MS patients from natalizumab clinical studies. Subsequently, this assay was used to determine the presence of anti‐JCV antibodies in natalizumab‐treated PML patients where serum samples were collected 16‐180 months prior to the diagnosis of PML.ResultsIn our evaluation of natalizumab‐treated MS patients, 53.6% tested positive for anti‐JCV antibodies, with a 95% confidence interval of 49.9 to 57.3%. The false‐negative rate of the ELISA was calculated to be approximately 2.5%, with an upper 1‐sided confidence limit of 4.4%. Notably, we observed anti‐JCV antibodies in all 17 available pre‐PML sera samples, which was significantly different from the 53.6% seropositivity observed in the overall MS study population (p < 0.0001).InterpretationThis 2‐step assay provides a means to classify MS patients as having detectable or not detectable levels of anti‐JCV antibodies. The finding that all 17 of the pre‐PML samples that were available tested seropositive, and none tested seronegative, warrants further research on the clinical utility of the anti‐JCV antibody assay as a potential tool for stratifying MS patients for higher or lower risk of developing PML. Ann Neurol 2010
Ni(OAc)2: a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of enaminone and enamino ester derivatives under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Liu Ju‐Yan , Cao Gai‐E , Xu Wei , Cao Jie , Wang Wei‐Lu 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNi(OAc)2 was found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of β‐enamino ketones or esters from β‐dicarbonyl compounds and amines under solvent‐free conditions. The reusability of the catalyst was successfully examined without noticeable loss of its catalytic activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis and mechanistic studies of ruthenium and osmium on synthesis of anthranilic acids
Authors: Karthikeyan P. , Jagadeesh Rajenahally V. , Sree Sandhya Y. , Puttaswamy  , Nithya P. , Senthil Kumar S. , Bhagat P.R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRuthenium, osmium and ruthenium + osmium catalyzed synthetic methodology was developed for the synthesis of anthranilic acids from indoles in good to excellent yields using bromamine‐B in alkaline acetonitrile–water (1:1) at 313 K. Detailed catalysis studies of ruthenium, osmium and the mixture of both were carried out for the synthetic reactions. The positive synergistic catalytic activity of Ru(III) + Os(VIII) was observed to a large extent with the activity greater than the sum of their separate catalytic activities. Detailed kinetic and mechanistic investigations for each catalyzed reactions were carried out. The kinetic pattern and mechanistic picture of each catalyzed reaction were found to be different for each catalyst and to obey the underlying rate laws:

where, x, y < 1. The reactions were studied at different temperatures and the activation parameters were evaluated for each catalyzed reaction. Under the identical set of experimental conditions, the kinetics of all the three catalyzed reactions were compared with uncatalyzed reactions, revealing that the catalyzed reactions were 6‐ to 42‐fold faster. The catalytic efficiency of aforementioned catalysts followed the order: Ru(III) + Os(VIII) > Os(VIII) > Ru(III). This trend may be attributed to the different d‐electronic configuration of the catalysts. The proposed mechanisms and the rigorous kinetic models derived give results that fit well with the experimental data in each catalyzed reaction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transfer hydrogenation of citral to citronellol with Ru complexes in the mixed solvent of water and polyethylene glycol
Authors: Cheng Haiyang , Liu Ruixia , Hao Jianmin , Wang Qiang , Yu Yancun , Cai Shuxia , Zhao Fengyu 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe transfer hydrogenation of citral to citronellol was studied with [RuCl2(benzene)]2 catalyst in a mixed solvent of water and polyethylene glycol (H2OPEG). The influence of several important factors including hydrogen source, solvent, temperature and active species is discussed. Under the present conditions, citronellol was produced with an extremely high selectivity above 90%. The Ru complexes could be immobilized in the H2OPEG phase well and separated from organic products successfully. Moreover, a stable catalytic activity was obtained after the first run, although the decomposition of Ru complexes occurred during the recycling processes. The selectivity to citronellol decreased but kept a stable level about 60% in the recycling runs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Periodic mesoporous organosilica grafted palladium organometallic complex: efficient heterogeneous catalyst for water‐medium organic reactions
Authors: Huang Jianlin , Zhang Fang 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWater‐medium organic reactions were studied over periodic mesoporous silica (PMO) containing Pd(II) organometallic complex. This heterogeneous catalyst was achieved by Pd(II) compound coordinated with the PPh2‐ligand onto the pore surface of phenylene‐bridged PMO support. This catalyst displayed ordered mesoporous channels, which ensured the high dispersion of Pd(II) active sites and the convenient diffusion of reactant molecules into the pore channels. Meanwhile, the phenyl group in the pore wall of PMO could enhance the surface hydrophobicity which promoted the adsorption of organic reactant molecules on the catalyst in aqueous environment. As a result, this elaborated catalyst exhibited comparable activity and selectivity with the corresponding PdCl2(PPh3)2 homogeneous catalyst in the water‐medium organic reactions, and could be used repeatedly, showing a good potential in industrial applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies of symmetrically and non‐symmetrically benzyl‐ or p‐cyanobenzyl‐substituted N‐Heterocyclic carbene–silver complexes
Authors: Patil Siddappa , Deally Anthony , Gleeson Brendan , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Paradisi Francesca , Tacke Matthias 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFrom the reaction of 1H‐imidazole (1a), 4,5‐dichloro‐1H‐imidazole (1b) and 1H‐benzimidazole (1c) with p‐cyanobenzyl bromide (2), symmetrically substituted N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) [(3a–c)] precursors, 1‐methylimidazole (5a), 4,5‐dichloro‐1‐methylimidazole (5b) and 1‐methylbenzimidazole (5c) with benzyl bromide (6), non‐symmetrically substituted N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) [(7a–c)] precursors were synthesized. These NHCprecursors were then reacted with silver(I) acetate to yield the NHC‐silver complexes [1,3‐bis(4‐cyanobenzyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene] silver(I) acetate (4a), [4,5‐dichloro‐1,3‐bis(4‐cyanobenzyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene] silver(I) acetate (4b), [1,3‐bis(4‐cyanobenzyl)benzimidazole‐2‐ylidene] silver(I) acetate (4c), (1‐methyl‐3‐benzylimidazole‐2‐ylidene) silver(I) acetate (8a), (4,5‐dichloro‐1‐methyl‐3‐benzylimidazole‐2‐ylidene) silver(I) acetate (8b) and (1‐methyl‐3‐benzylbenzimidazole‐2‐ylidene) silver(I) acetate (8c) respectively. The four NHC‐precursors 3a–c, 7c and four NHC–silver complexes 4a–c and 8c were characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The preliminary antibacterial activity of all the compounds was studied against Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli, and Gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus using the qualitative Kirby‐Bauer disc‐diffusion method. All NHC–silver complexes exhibited medium to high antibacterial activity with areas of clearance ranging from 4 to 12 mm at the highest amount used, while the NHC‐precursors showed significantly lower activity. In addition, all NHC–silver complexes underwent preliminary cytotoxicity tests on the human renal‐cancer cell line Caki‐1 and showed medium to high cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 53 ( ± 8) to 3.2 ( ± 0.6) µM. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heck coupling reaction using monomeric ortho‐palladated complex of 4‐methoxy‐ benzoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane under microwave irradiation
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Karami Kazem , Tavakoli Ghazal 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe activity of [Pd(C6H4CH2 NH2‐κ2‐C‐N)PPh3MOBPPY]OTf complex, A (MOBPPY = 4‐methoxybenzoylmethylenetriphenyl‐ phosphoraneylide), was investigated in the Heck–Mizoroki CC cross‐coupling reaction under conventional heating and microwave irradiation conditions. The complex is an active and efficient catalyst for the Heck reaction of aryl halides. The yields were excellent using a catalytic amount of [Pd(C6H4CH2 NH2‐κ2‐C‐N)PPh3MOBPPY]OTf complex in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) at 130 °C and 600 W. In comparison to conventional heating conditions, the reactions under microwave irradiation gave higher yields in shorter reaction times. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of propylene carbonate from carbon dioxide using trans‐dichlorotetrapyridineru‐ thenium(II) as catalyst
Authors: Bu Zhanwei , Wang Zhiqiang , Yang Lirong , Cao Shaokui 
Published: August 2010

Abstracttrans‐Dichlorotetrapyridineruthenium(II) [trans‐RuCl2(py)4] was synthesized and the structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray crystallography. Highly efficient formation of propylene carbonate (PC) from carbon dioxide and propylene oxide was achieved by using a catalyst system composed of trans‐RuCl2(py)4 and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide under mild conditions (4h, 80 °C, 3.0 MPa). PC was obtained in nearly 100% selectivity without the formation of a polymer. The catalyst could be recycled constantly many times without any significant loss of its catalytic activity. On the basis of the results, a mechanism for the reaction was proposed. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and efficient protection of alcohols and phenols, and deprotection of trimethylsilyl ethers catalyzed by a cerium‐containing polyoxometalate
Authors: Yadollahi Bahram , Mirkhani Valiollah , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Karimian Davud 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHerein, we want to report a simple and convenient way for protection‐deprotection of alcohols in the presence of ammonium decatungstocerate(IV) {(NH4)8[CeW10O36]·20H2O} as catalyst under ambient temperature in CH3CN. Using 0.002 mmol of the catalyst, various alcohols and phenols were transformed easily to the corresponding TMS ethers in excellent yields. In the second part, various TMS ethers were successfully converted to the parent hydroxyl compounds in the presence of the ammonium decatungstocerate(IV) catalyst. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analytical study on settling of non‐spherical particles
Authors: Jalaal M. , Ganji D.D. , Ahmadi G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe clarification of the unsteady falling movement of immersed bodies in fluids occurs in several natural situations and many manufacturing processes, e.g. particulate processing and two‐phase solid–liquid applications. In this paper, the acceleration motion of a spherical particle in an incompressible Newtonian environment has been studied for a wide range of Reynolds numbers using a drag coefficient as defined by Chien [S.F. Chien. SPE Drill. Complet., 1994; 9, 281]. The governing equation is strongly nonlinear due to nonlinear nature of the drag coefficient. An analytical mathematical procedure is performed to express an expression for velocity of the particle during the acceleration motion using variational iteration method. Therefore, both the acceleration and position of the particle were easily obtained. The equation of motion was solved in a general form and also for some realistic solid–liquid combinations. The effects of particle sphericity and continuous‐phase viscosity were investigated for different practical situations, where the results satisfactorily describe the settling behavior of the particle. The results were compared with a numerical method and very good agreement was obtained. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the current mathematical method and presents a simple approach for this type of problem, where the derived expression can be used in different numerical and analytical surveys. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.