bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary association analysis of TLR9 gene polymorphisms and immune parameters in an Italian Holstein calves population
Authors: Catalani Elisabetta , Nardone Alessandro , Barone Antonino , Scicluna Maria Teresa , Autorino Gian Luca , Caprioli Andrea , Lacetera Nicola 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
This preliminary study was aimed at evaluating the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) gene and some immunological parameters in a population of Italian Holstein calves.

Methods
The study was carried out in a commercial farm on 68 Holstein calves aging about 6 months. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and genotyped for nine SNPs on TLR9. Immunological parameters considered were the immunoglobulin (Ig) G titers against bovine herpesvirus 1, and the proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogens. For the association study, only results relative to the SNP located in the promoter region have been discussed.

Results
Among the nine SNPs expected, only eight were detected. Considering the SNP located in the promoter region, all three possible genotypes were observed, and their distribution was as follows: genotype a (n=34), b (n=19), and c (n=8). On the basis of their response to vaccine, calves were categorized as low (L, n=8), medium (M, n=45) and high responders (H, n=8). Although no significant association was found between genotypes and L, M or H categories, the genotype estimated as the less represented within the population (c) had no calves categorized as H, the highest frequency of L (25%), and mean values of IgG lower (P < 0.005) compared to genotype b. Furthermore, IgG titers were positively correlated with responses of PBMC to mitogens.

Conclusions
Genotype c appeared to be “non advantageous” in terms of immune response. It was characterized by the presence of the mutation in homozygosity and, not surprisingly, it was the most rare genotype in the population. Larger studies are necessary in order to confirm these observations.
Identification of parental line specific effects of MLF2 on resistance to coccidiosis in chickens
Authors: Hong Yeong Ho , Kim Eui-Soo , Lillehoj Hyun S 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background

MLF2 was the candidate gene associated with coccidiosis resistance in chickens. Although single marker analysis supported the association between MLF2 and coccidiosis resistance, causative mutation relevant to coccidiosis was not identified yet. Thus, this study suggested segregation analysis of MLF2 haplotype and the association test of the other candidate genes using improved data transformation.

Results
A haplotype probably originated from one parental line was found out of 4 major haplotypes of MLF2. Frequency of this haplotype was 0.2 in parental chickens and its offspring in 12 families. Allele substitution effect of the MLF2 haplotype originated from a specific line was associated with increased body weight and fecal egg count explaining coccidiosis resistance. Nevertheless Box-Cox transformation was able to improve normality; association test did not produce obvious different results compared with analysis with log transformed phenotype.

Conclusion
Allele substitution effect analysis and classification of MLF2 haplotype identified the segregation of haplotype associated with coccidiosis resistance. The haplotype originated from a specific parental line was associated with improving disease resistance. Estimating effect of MLF2 haplotype on coccidiosis resistance will provide useful information for selecting animals or lines for future study.
Whole genome analysis of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Angus cattle using Bayesian threshold models
Authors: Kizilkaya Kadir , Tait Richard G , Garrick Dorian J , Fernando Rohan L , Reecy James M 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), also known as pinkeye, is characterized by damage to the cornea and is an economically important, lowly heritable, categorical disease trait in beef cattle. Scores of eye damage were collected at weaning on 858 Angus cattle. SNP genotypes for each animal were obtained from BovineSNP50 Infinium-beadchips. Simultaneous associations of all SNP with IBK phenotype were determined using Bayes-C that treats SNP effects as random with equal variance for an assumed fraction (π=0.999) of SNP having no effect on IBK scores. Bayes-C threshold models were used to estimate SNP effects by classifying IBK into two, three or nine ordered categories. Magnitudes of genetic variances estimated in localized regions across the genome indicated that SNP within the most informative regions accounted for much of the genetic variance of IBK and pointed out some degree of association to IBK. There are many candidate genes in these regions which could include a gene or group of genes associated with bacterial disease in cattle.
Expression of trypanotolerance in N’Dama x Boran crosses under field challenge in relation to N’Dama genome content
Authors: Orenge Caleb , Munga Leonard , Kimwele Charles , Kemp Steve , Korol Abraham , Gibson John , Hanotte Olivier , Soller Morris 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Animal trypanosomosis in sub-Saharan Africa is a major obstacle to livestock based agriculture. Control relies on drugs with increasing incidence of multiple-drug resistance. A previous mapping experiment in an F2 population derived from the indigenous trypanotolerant N’Dama cattle crossed to susceptible (Kenya)-Boran cattle under controlled challenge, uncovered a number of trypanotolerance QTL (T-QTL). The present study was to determine expression of N’Dama trypanotolerance in a backcross to the Boran under conditions of field challenge, and whether chromosomal regions associated with trypanotolerance in the F2 experiment showed similar effects in the BC population.

Methods
192 backcross animals to the Boran were produced in six batches from June 2001 to December 2006. At one year of age animals were moved to the field and exposed to natural challenge over about one year in Southwest Kenya (Narok). The animals were individually recorded weekly for body weight, packed cell volume, parasitaemia score, and drug treatments, and were genotyped using 35 microsatellite markers spanning 5 chromosomes found in the F2 study to harbour T-QTL.

Results
The F1 were most trypanotolerant, Boran least, and BC intermediate. Females showed distinctly higher trypanotolerance than males. There was a positive correlation in the BC population between trypanotolerance and number of N’Dama origin marker alleles. QTL mapping revealed T-QTL distributed among all five targeted chromosomes, corresponding in part to the results obtained in the F2 experiment.

Conclusions
N’Dama origin trypanotolerance is expressed in a BC population under field conditions in proportion to N’Dama origin marker alleles. Consequently, marker assisted selection in such populations may be a means of increasing trypanotolerance, while retaining the desirable productive qualities of the recurrent parent.
Comparison of DNA methylation levels of repetitive loci during bovine development
Authors: Kaneda Masahiro , Akagi Satoshi , Watanabe Shinya , Nagai Takashi 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
DNA methylation of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotide controls gene expression and dramatically changes during development. Its pattern is disrupted in cloned animals suggesting incomplete reprogramming during somatic cell nuclear transfer (the first reprogramming). However, the second reprogramming occurs in the germ cells and epigenetic errors in somatic cells of cloned animals should be erased. To analyze the DNA methylation changes on the spermatogenesis of bulls, we measured DNA methylation levels of three repetitive elements in blastocysts, blood and sperm.

Methods
DNA from PBLs (peripheral blood leukocytes), sperm and individual IVF (in vitro fertilized) and parthenogenetic blastocysts was isolated and bisulfite converted. Three repetitive elements; Satellite I, Satellite II and art2 sequences were amplified by PCR with specific pairs of primers. The PCR product was then cut by restriction enzymes and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis for determining the DNA methylation levels.

Results
Both Satellite I and Satellite II sequences were highly methylated in PBLs, whereas hypo-methylated in sperm and blastocysts. The art2 sequence was half methylated both in PBLs and sperm but less methylated in blastocysts. There was no difference in DNA methylation levels between IVF and parthenogenetic blastocysts.

Conclusions
These results suggest that there is a dynamic change of DNA methylation during embryonic development and spermatogenesis in cattle. Satellite I and Satellite II regions are methylated during embryogenesis and then de-methylated during spermatogenesis. However, art2 sequences are not de-methylated during spermatogenesis, suggesting that this region is not reprogrammed during germ cell development. These results show dynamic changes of DNA methylation levels during bovine embryogenesis, especially genome-wide reprogramming in germ cells.
Deciphering the genetic control of innate and adaptive immune responses in pig: a combined genetic and genomic study
Authors: Flori Laurence , Gao Yu , Oswald Isabelle P , Lefevre François , Bouffaud Marcel , Mercat Marie-José , Bidanel Jean-Pierre , Rogel-Gaillard Claire 
Published: June 2011

AbstractImproving animal robustness and resistance to pathogens by adding health criteria in selection schemes is one of the challenging objectives of the next decade. In order to better understand the genetic control of immunity in French Large White pigs, we have launched a program combining genetic and genomic studies not focussing on any particular pathogen. Animals recorded for production traits were scored for a wide range of immunity parameters three weeks after vaccination againstMycoplasma hyopneumoniae: i) total white blood cells and lymphocyte counts and proportions of various leucocyte subsets including cells harbouring IgM, γδTCR, CD4/CD8, CD16/CD2 and CD16/CD172a/MHCII, ii) innate immune response parameters (phagocytosis andin vitroproduction of IL1B, IL6, IL8, TNF, IL12 and IFNαafter blood stimulation), iii) adaptive immune response parameters (lymphocyte proliferation,in vitroproduction of IL2, IL4, IL10 and IFNγ after blood stimulation, total IgG, IgA, IgM and specific IgG levels) and iv) two acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein and haploglobin). Across traits, heritability estimates reached 0.4 on average (se=0.1) and 42 of the 54 measured parameters showed moderate to high heritabilities (≥0.2), confirming that many parameters are under genetic control and could be included in selection protocols. Functional analyses revealed that the blood transcriptome is informative for part of the immunity traits and should provide relevant phenotypic information to better characterize some immunity traits.
Contribution of the genetic background to the immune response of broilers vaccinated or challenged with LPAI H9N2
Authors: Vervelde Lonneke , de Geus Eveline , Jansen Christine , Heller Dan E 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
The knowledge on the immune responses to LPAI is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune responses of two divergently selected lines of broilers, a line responding with high antibody response to antigens (HH), and a line responding with low antibody titers (LL) to antigen.

Methods
Day old chicks from each line were divided in two groups, one vaccinated with inactivated H9N2 vaccine and one non-vaccinated. At 21 days of age all the chicks were challenged with field isolate of H9N2, 1X106.5 ELD50 per chick by drops to the eye, nose and beak. Twenty four hours and 14 days post challenge (PC), the chickens were weighed blood spleen and lungs were taken and leukocytes were isolated. The leukocytes were stained with monoclonal antibodies for surface markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. We used Elispot assay to identify the number of antibody producing cells in each of the organs. mRNA was extracted using TRIsol reagent in order to assess the cytokine production level by qRT-PCR using the SYBR green methods.

Results
Our results showed that LL-vaccinated group gained more weight than any of the other group. Using IDEXX kit, no antibody titers could be identified in vaccinated chicks 21 days post vaccination while 14 days PC vaccinated HH chickens demonstrated the highest average antibody titers. LL vaccinated chickens demonstrated higher average antibody titer than non-vaccinated LL. Using the Elispot assay no difference were found between the groups either cells producing IgA, IgM or IgY beside of a high number of IgY producing cells in the lungs of vaccinated HH birds.

Conclusions
Further data on leukocytes subpopulations using flow cytometry, cytokines production (IFNγ, IL-6, IL-18, IL-2 and IL-4) isotype specific antibody responses and number and functionality of NK cells are in process.
Down-regulation of promoter methylation level of CD4 gene after MDV infection in MD-susceptible chicken line
Authors: Luo Juan , Yu Ying , Zhang Huanmin , Tian Fei , Chang Shuang , Cheng Hans H , Song Jiuzhou 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackgroundMarek’s disease virus (MDV) is an oncovirus that induces lymphoid tumors in susceptible chickens, and may affect the epigenetic stability of theCD4gene. The purpose of this study was to find the effect of MDV infection on DNA methylation status of theCD4gene differed between MD-resistant (L63) and –susceptible (L72) chicken lines.MethodsChickens from each line were divided into two groups with one group infected by MDV and the other group as uninfected controls. Then, promoter DNA methylation levels of theCD4gene were measured by Pyrosequencing; and gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative PCR.ResultsPromoter methylation of theCD4gene was found to be down-regulated in L72chickens only after MDV infection. The methylation down-regulation of theCD4promoter is negatively correlated with up-regulation ofCD4gene expression in the L72spleen at 21 dpi.ConclusionsThe methylation fluctuation and mRNA expression change ofCD4gene induced by MDV infection suggested a unique epigenetic mechanism existed in MD-susceptible chickens.
Porcine type I interferons: polymorphic sequences and activity against PRRSV
Authors: Sang Yongming , Rowland Raymond RR , Blecha Frank 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Type I interferons (IFN) are a heterogeneous group of cytokines central to innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses. We have recently reported that porcine type I IFNs comprise at least 39 functional genes with diverse antiviral activity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Here we report that potential cytokine polymorphisms exist in several genes of porcine type I IFNs.

Results
We have detected more than 100 potential polymorphic mutations, which include nucleotide substitutions and deletions, within the coding regions of porcine type I IFNs. Approximately 50% of the nucleotide changes were mutations that resulted in non-conserved amino acid substitution, as well as deletions that produced frame shifts in the open reading frames (ORFs). We have identified more than 20 polymorphic mutants that showed alterations in anti-PRRSV and anti-vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) activity in vitro. In particular, some mutations in IFN-α2, IFN-α3, IFN-α8, IFN-α12 and IFN-ω5 significantly altered the antiviral activity of expressed proteins in comparison to the wild-type or variant with more similarity to the wild-type.

Conclusions
Multiple polymorphic isoforms potentially exist within subtypes of the porcine type I IFN family. Polymorphic mutations are more common in multiple-member subtypes than single-member subtypes, and most are found within the IFN-α subclass. Some polymorphic isoforms have altered amino acid composition and shifted ORFs, which show significantly different antiviral activity in vitro.
Acid polishing of lead glass
Authors: Ward Jonathan A , Fowler Andrew C , O’Brien Stephen BG 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Purpose
The polishing of cut lead glass crystal is effected through the dowsing of the glass in a mixture of two separate acids, which between them etch the surface and as a result cause it to be become smooth. In order to characterise the resultant polishing the rate of surface etching must be known, but when this involves multicomponent surface reactions it becomes unclear what this rate actually is.

Methods
We develop a differential equation based discrete model to determine the effective etching rate by means of an atomic scale model of the etching process.

Results
We calculate the etching rate numerically and provide an approximate asymptotic estimate.

Conclusions
The natural extension of this work would be to develop a continuum advection-diffusion model.
Fluid-fiber-interactions in rotational spinning process of glass wool production
Authors: Arne Walter , Marheineke Nicole , Schnebele Johannes , Wegener Raimund 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe optimal design of rotational production processes for glass wool manufacturing poses severe computational challenges to mathematicians, natural scientists and engineers. In this paper we focus exclusively on the spinning regime where thousands of viscous thermal glass jets are formed by fast air streams. Homogeneity and slenderness of the spun fibers are the quality features of the final fabric. Their prediction requires the computation of the fluid-fiber-interactions which involves the solving of a complex three-dimensional multiphase problem with appropriate interface conditions. But this is practically impossible due to the needed high resolution and adaptive grid refinement. Therefore, we propose an asymptotic coupling concept. Treating the glass jets as viscous thermal Cosserat rods, we tackle the multiscale problem by help of momentum (drag) and heat exchange models that are derived on basis of slender-body theory and homogenization. A weak iterative coupling algorithm that is based on the combination of commercial software and self-implemented code for flow and rod solvers, respectively, makes then the simulation of the industrial process possible. For the boundary value problem of the rod we particularly suggest an adapted collocation-continuation method. Consequently, this work establishes a promising basis for future optimization strategies.
Susceptibility to tuberculosis is associated with TLR1 polymorphisms resulting in a lack of TLR1 cell surface expression
Authors: Uciechowski Peter , Imhoff Heidi , Lange Christoph , Meyer Christian G , Browne Edmund N , Kirsten Detlef K , Schröder Anja K , Schaaf Bernhard , Al-Lahham Adnan , Reinert Ralf René , Reiling Norbert , Haase Hajo , Hatzmann Adelheid , Fleischer Daniela , Heussen Nicole , Kleines Michael , Rink Lothar 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTHuman TLR1 plays an important role in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our aim was to analyze the association of the loss of TLR1 surface expression and TLR1 SNPs with susceptibility to TB. TLR1neg and TLR1pos cells from healthy individuals were identified by flow cytometry and compared by sequencing. TLR1 expression was measured using quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting. TLR1 SNP analyses of healthy individuals and TB patients from EU-C and Ghana were performed, and association of the TLR1 genotypes with increased risk of developing TB was statistically evaluated. Lack of TLR1 surface expression accompanied by impaired function was strongly associated with TLR1 SNP G743A. Genotyping of EU-C controls and TB patients revealed an association of TLR1 743A/1805G alleles [OR 2.37 (95% CI 1.13, 4.93), P=0.0219; OR 2.74 (95% CI 1.26, 6.05), P=0.0059] as well as TLR1neg 743AA/1805GG versus TLR1pos genotypes 743AG/1805TG [OR 4.98 (95% CI 1.64, 15.15), P=0.0034; OR 5.70 (95% CI 1.69, 20.35), P=0.0015] and 743AG + GG/1805TG + TT [OR 3.54 (95% CI 1.29, 9.90), P=0.0086; OR 4.17 (95% CI 1.52, 11.67), P=0.0025] with increased susceptibility to TB. No association of G743A with TB was found in Ghana as a result of a low frequency of genotype 743AA. Our data gain new insights in the role of TLR1 in M. tuberculosis defense and provide the first evidence that TLR1 variants are associated with susceptibility to TB in a low-incidence country.
Synthesis and Aminolysis of 2,4-Dinitrophenyl and 5-Nitropyridine N-Hydroxy Oxime Derivatives
Authors: Khattab Sherine N , Hamed Ezzat Awad , Albericio Fernando , El-Faham Ayman 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The 2,4-dinitrophenoxy derivatives 12–16 and the 5-nitro-2-pyridyloxy derivatives 18–22 were prepared. The products were identified by elemental analysis, IR, and NMR. The reaction of 12–16 and 18–22 with morpholine as nucleophile in CH3CN occurs through nucleophilic aromatic substitutions to give N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)morpholine (23) and N-(5-nitro-2-pyridyl)morpholine (24) respectively. Spectrophotometric measurements of the kinetics of these reactions in CH3CN at a range of temperatures indicated that they are not morpholine-catalyzed. The Brønsted-type plots for the reactions of 12–16 and 18–22 with morpholine are linear with slopes, β12–16 = −1.58 ± 0.1 and β18–22 = −1.15 ± 0.25 respectively. The relative rate constants compared to the least reactive substrate, as well as the low negative β values, supported that the decomposition of the zwitterionic intermediate is a slow process. The low activation parameters (ΔH# and ΔS#) are in accordance with the proposed transition state (T#). The expulsion of RO− anion in the rate-determining step is assisted by intramolecular hydrogen-bonding with the ammonio-hydrogen present in the intermediate T#.
Reductive Glutathione-Responsive Molecular Release Using Water-Soluble POSS Network Polymers
Authors: Tanaka Kazuo , Ohashi Wataru , Kitamura Narufumi , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We describe in the manuscript reductive glutathione (GSH)-responsive molecular release using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) network polymers. A series of the POSS network polymers with the different crosslinking ratios containing disulfide linkers were synthesized, and molecular encapsulation by the polymers was executed. We found that the POSS polymers encapsulated the molecules in aqueous solutions. On the contrary, the reduced polymers hardly retained the guest molecules. By using the change of the encapsulation ability of the polymers via reduction, we demonstrated that the dye-loaded network polymers released the encapsulated molecules. Finally, we were able to detect GSH with intercellular concentration by the increase of the intensity of fluorescence emission.
Enantioselective Copper-Catalyzed 1,4-Addition of Dialkylzincs to Enones Followed by Trapping with Allyl Iodide Derivatives
Authors: Kawamura Kenjiro , Fukuzawa Hitomi , Hayashi Masahiko 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Enantioselective copper-catalyzed 1,4-addition of dialkylzincs to enones proceeded in the presence of 0.1 mol % of Cu(OTf)2 and 0.25 mol % of an N,N,P-ligand containing a quinoline moiety to afford the corresponding conjugated adducts in 99% ee. The intermediate zinc enolates were trapped with substituted allyl iodides to give disubstituted ketones with high diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity.