bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pressure‐response relationships in stream ecology: introduction and synthesis
Authors: FRIBERG NIKOLAI 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. The articles in this Special Issue on pressure‐response relationships in stream ecology cover a range of pressures including acidification, excess loading of metals, nutrients and organic matter to stream ecosystems and changes in riparian and catchment land use. Impacts on the biota (macroinvertebrates), ranging from single species to community responses, are addressed over a multitude of spatial scales using large data sets.2. The majority of articles are based on monitoring data compiled as part of the EU‐funded project REBECCA, but the Special Issue also includes articles from outside Europe (US and New Zealand) as well of studies using other data sources.3. Results from the six articles gave new insights of relevance to water managers and documented that large‐scale monitoring can be an asset to freshwater science. The large data sets enable a range of analytical approaches that single out important patterns in highly variable data.: importance of humic substances in reducing the negative impact of low pH; impact of very low levels of BOD (<2 mg L−1); higher sensitivity of trait‐based metrics compared with identity‐based metrics and importance of catchment and riparian vegetation for the ecological quality of streams.3. We advocate an increased use of monitoring and survey data in addressing questions relevant to scientist and end‐users, but issues relating to especially data quality should be considered. In future, the use of these data could increase knowledge exchange between the scientific community and managers with the ultimate aim of improving our freshwater resources.
Cost effective prediction of the eutrophication status of lakes and reservoirs
Authors: CATHERINE A. , MOUILLOT D. , ESCOFFIER N. , BERNARD C. , TROUSSELLIER M. 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. Eutrophication is a serious threat in many parts of the world, and identifying the environmental factors that determine the spatial distribution of eutrophicated waterbodies as well as the development of management tools is a challenge.2. In this study, data from the Ile‐de‐France region were analysed to determine if catchment scale environmental variables could predict concentrations of chlorophyll a (used as a proxy for eutrophication status) of artificial lakes and reservoirs.3. General additive models (GAM) and random forest models (RF) displayed greater predictive power than generalised linear models, indicating the importance of non‐monotonic relationships. Using RF modelling, very high predictive accuracy was achieved for both continuous and binomial (eutrophic or not) response variables (continuous: R2 = 0.715; binomial: kappa = 0.764, 89% of waterbodies were accurately predicted). The better predictive power and robustness of RF versus GAM was attributed to the formers ability to better handle complex interactions between predictors and to account for threshold effects.4. Our results confirmed the close link between the water quality of lakes and reservoirs and the characteristics of their catchments. Moreover, we also showed that (i) simple (e.g. linear and/or monotonic) relationships between catchment land use and water quality were only found for sub‐regional datasets, and (ii) land use needs to be considered in association with complementary environmental variables (hydromorphological variables) to best assess its impact on water quality.
Palatability of macrophytes to the invasive freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata: differential effects of multiple plant traits
Authors: WONG PAK KI , LIANG YAN , LIU NGA YING , QIU JIAN‐WEN 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. By selective grazing, invasive grazers can alter macrophyte‐herbivore relationships in shallow freshwater bodies. Evaluating the palatability of macrophytes and understanding the determinants of plant palatability can help predict grazing impact. In no‐choice feeding assays, we tested the palatability of 21 species of freshwater macrophytes to the invasive freshwater apple snail Pomacea canaliculata.2. Daily feeding rate varied greatly with plant species, ranging from 1.1 to 22% of snail body mass. We assessed six plant properties and examined their correlation with feeding rate. Total nitrogen content was positively related, and C:N ratio and dry matter content (DMC) negatively related, to snail feeding rate. There was no significant correlation between snail feeding rate and plant phenolic content, but the feeding rate on Myriophyllum aquaticum (the plant with the highest phenolic content) was very low.3. We repeated the feeding assays for 15 species that were not palatable as fresh leaves with reconstituted plant tissues formed by mixing ground up dried leaves with agar. The feeding rate still differed greatly among macrophyte species. Phragmites australis and Vallisneria natans (two species with the highest DMC) were eaten much more as reconstituted plant than as fresh leaves, indicating that structure (i.e. DMC) may be important in their defence against snail herbivory. For two plants (M. aquaticum and Alternanthera philoxeroides) that had moderate amounts of nitrogen/phosphorus but were consumed very little as fresh and reconstituted tissues, we incorporated their extracts into a palatable agar‐based food. The extracts from both species greatly reduced snail feeding rate, indicating the presence of chemical defences in these two species.4. These results indicated that feeding was affected by several plant traits. The snail favoured plants with a high nitrogen content and avoided plants with a high DMC. Only a few plants possessed chemical feeding deterrents that were effective against this snail. Given the invasive spread of P. canaliculata in Asia, ecologists and managers should consider plant palatability when selecting plants for use in wetland restoration and when predicting the impact of further invasion by this species.
A comparison of two techniques for the removal of calcium hydroxide from root canals
Authors: Balvedi R. P. A. , Versiani M. A. , Manna F. F. , Biffi J. C. G. 
Published: June 2010

Balvedi RPA, Versiani MA, Manna FF, Biffi JCG. A comparison of two techniques for the removal of calcium hydroxide from root canals. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 763–768, 2010.AbstractAim  To compare the ability of two irrigant regimens to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) mixed with different vehicles from root canal walls.Methodology  The root canals of 92 freshly extracted bovine incisor teeth were prepared with a step‐back technique and randomly assigned into two experimental groups (n = 40), whilst the remaining teeth (n = 12) served as positive and negative controls. In each experimental group, ten teeth were assigned to each CH preparation: G1 – CH powder; G2 – CH + saline solution; G3 – CH + polyethylene glycol (PEG); G4 – CH + PEG + camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CPMC). The negative control did not receive CH placement, and the positive control received the intracanal dressing, but no subsequent removal. After 7 days, the CH was retrieved using manual or passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). The roots were grooved longitudinally and split into halves. Images of each half of the canal were acquired by a digital camera, and the percentage of CH coated surface area in relation to the surface area of each third of the canal was calculated. The results were statistically analysed with anova with post hoc Tukey test with the null hypothesis set as 5%.Results  Remnants of medicament were found in all experimental groups. The positive control group had complete coverage of the canal walls with CH in contrast to the negative control (P < 0.001). Considering the cervical and middle thirds, the percentage of CH retention in G1 was significantly lower using PUI (26.6% and 32.2%, respectively) than the manual (38.7% and 46.1%, respectively) technique (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between G2, G3 and G4 in all thirds and the experimental groups at the apical third (P > 0.05).Conclusions  Neither syringe injection nor PUI methods were efficient in removing the inter‐appointment root canal medicaments. Remnants of medicament were found in all experimental groups regardless of the vehicle used.
Ex vivo cytotoxicity of a new calcium silicate–based canal filling material
Authors: Zhang W. , Li Z. , Peng B. 
Published: June 2010

Zhang W, Li Z, Peng B.
Ex vivo cytotoxicity of a new calcium silicate–based canal filling material. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 769–774, 2010.AbstractAim  To evaluate the biocompatibility of iRoot SP root canal filling material to L929 mouse fibroblasts.Methodology  Specimens of iRoot SP, AH Plus and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) were prepared for direct contact using the Millipore filter diffusion test, as well as extracts in MTT assay. Mouse fibroblasts (L929) were used as toxicity targets. Differences in cytotoxicity between fresh and set specimens and between root canal material extracts were determined by t‐test. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results  In the filter diffusion test, iRoot SP was slightly cytotoxic when tested as a fresh mixture and not cytotoxic in a set condition tested after 24 h. AH Plus was rated moderately cytotoxic when tested as a fresh mixture and slightly cytotoxic in a set (24 h) condition. MTA was noncytotoxic in both a fresh or set state. AH Plus was significantly more toxic than iRoot SP and MTA (P < 0.05). In addition, iRoot SP was significantly more toxic than MTA (P < 0.05). In the MTT assay with set specimens, extracts of iRoot SP and MTA were noncytotoxic, whilst extracts of AH Plus were rated as slightly cytotoxic. AH Plus was significantly more toxic than iRoot SP and MTA (P < 0.05).Conclusion  AH Plus root canal sealer was significantly more toxic to L‐929 cells than MTA and iRoot SP. iRoot SP had intermediate toxicity.
The impact of different viewing conditions on radiological file and working length measurement
Authors: Orafi I. , Worthington H. V. , Qualtrough A. J. E. , Rushton V. E. 
Published: June 2010

Orafi I, Worthington HV, Qualtrough AJE, Rushton VE. The impact of different viewing conditions on radiological file and working length measurement. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 600–607, 2010.AbstractAim  To determine the effect of different viewing conditions and observer experience upon the accuracy of file and working length measurements using analogue intra‐oral radiographs.Methodology  Twenty‐five observers from a range of clinical backgrounds examined working length analogue periapical radiographs of 30 extracted teeth. Each participant measured both file (FL) and working length (WL) on each of the radiographs using three different viewing conditions consisting of a viewing box, a viewing box with film masking and a viewing box with film masking and ×2 magnification. Statistical analysis was conducted to derive interobserver reliability by intraclass correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression models were fitted to compare the mean differences between the joint consensus between specialists and estimated values for file length and working length for each of the three viewing conditions.Results  Multiple regressions models were fitted and found significant differences between the use of the viewing box alone and a viewing box with masking (FL P = 0.001; WL P < 0.001) and the use of the viewing box alone and with a viewing box employing masking and magnification (FL P < 0.001; WL P = 0.002). Intraclass correlation coefficient showed a high level of agreement between all observers; however, no statistically significant differences were found between the five observers groups for either mean file length or working length values.Conclusions  The results of this study are in agreement with National and European guidelines, which recommend the use of a viewing box, magnification and masking for radiographic interpretation.
Estuarine crocodiles ride surface currents to facilitate long‐distance travel
Authors: Campbell Hamish A. , Watts Matthew E. , Sullivan Scott , Read Mark A. , Choukroun Severine , Irwin Steve R. , Franklin Craig E. 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. The estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the world’s largest living reptile. It predominately inhabits freshwater and estuarine habitats, but widespread geographic distribution throughout oceanic islands of the South‐east Pacific suggests that individuals undertake sizeable ocean voyages. 2. Here we show that adult C. porosus adopt behavioural strategies to utilise surface water currents during long‐distance travel, enabling them to move quickly and efficiently over considerable distances. 3. We used acoustic telemetry to monitor crocodile movement throughout 63 km of river, and found that when individuals engaged in a long‐distance, constant direction journey (>10 km day−1), they would only travel when current flow direction was favourable. Depth and temperature measurements from implanted transmitters showed that they remained at the water surface during travel but would dive to the river substratum or climb out on the river bank if current flow direction became unfavourable. 4. Satellite positional fixes from tagged crocodiles engaged in ocean travel were overlaid with residual surface current (RSC) estimates. The data showed a strong correlation existed between the bearing of the RSC and that of the travelling crocodile (r2 = 0·92, P < 0·0001). 5. The study demonstrates that C. porosus dramatically increase their travel potential by riding surface currents, providing an effective dispersal strategy for this species.
Growth responses of neotropical trees to logging gaps
Authors: Herault Bruno , Ouallet Julia , Blanc Lilian , Wagner Fabien , Baraloto Christopher 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. Modelling growth strategies among tropical trees is an important objective in predicting the response of tree dynamics to selective logging and in gaining insights into the ecological processes that structure tree communities in managed tropical forests. 2. We developed a disturbance index to model the effects of distance to and area of logging gaps on stem radial growth rates. This index was tested using census data of 43 neotropical tree species, representing a variety of life‐history strategies and developmental stages, from a selectively logged forest at Paracou, French Guiana. Growth strategies were analyzed in light of two indicators: the inherent species growth rate (when disturbance index is null) and the species reaction (change in growth rate) to logging gaps. 3. Across species, the predicted inherent growth rates in unlogged forest ranged from 0·25 to 6·47 mm year−1, with an average growth of 2·29 mm year−1. Ontogenetic shifts in inherent growth rate were found in 26 of the 43 species. 4. Species growth response to logging gaps varied widely among species but was significantly positive for 27 species. The effect of ontogeny on growth response to logging was retained for 14 species, and species with inherent fast growth rate (5 mm year−1) responded less to logging gap disturbances than did species with slow inherent growth (1 mm year−1). 5. Functional traits explained 19–42% of the variation in the inherent growth rate and in species’ response across all developmental stages. Whereas maximum diameters and seed mass were strong predictors of inherent growth rate, maximum height, wood density, mode of germination and stem architecture were additionally involved in tree growth response. 6. Synthesis and applications: This study provides a necessary framework for developing predictive post‐logging growth models for the thousands of species comprising tropical forests and is sufficiently general to apply to a broad range of managed tropical forests.
Pollination services decline with distance from natural habitat even in biodiversity‐rich areas
Authors: Carvalheiro Luísa G. , Seymour Colleen L. , Veldtman Ruan , Nicolson Susan W. 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. There is considerable evidence for the negative impacts of habitat alteration on pollinators in highly disturbed regions of the world. However, it remains unclear whether these findings reflect a global crisis for crop pollination. Understanding the extent to which world agriculture is endangered by pollinator decline is essential if the economic valuation of nature is to be used to promote conservation. 2. We assess the susceptibility to pollinator limitation of one of the most important tropical and subtropical fruit crops, mango Mangifera indica L., commonly planted in a region of South Africa located between two large biodiversity‐rich protected natural areas. We conducted flower visitor surveys, exclusion experiments and spatial analysis of flower visitation and fruit production patterns. 3. Our results show that both ants and flower visitors were effective pollinators of mango, the latter significantly declining (in abundance and species richness) with distance to natural habitat while ants were not affected. Neither the absence of pesticides nor the supplementation of flower visitors by using managed honeybees served to offset these negative impacts. Food‐web data suggest that maintaining diversity of flower resources within farmland can help maintain pollinator communities. 4. Moreover, models based exclusively on pollinator abundance underestimated the negative effect of distance from natural habitat on production (42% less at 500 m from natural habitat). As soil nutrient levels and water content are regularly measured and corrected in all study sites, these results suggest that pollinator diversity may also be important. 5. Synthesis and applications. This study provides one of the first examples of marked pollination limitation in farms surrounded by well‐protected natural habitat. For mango farming to be sustainable, it is essential to limit contiguous growth of farmland and consider practices that restore the complexity of plant‐pollinator networks within farms, for example through the creation and maintenance of pollinator‐friendly areas. By highlighting the economic gains of adopting pollinator‐friendly practices in agriculture, this work contributes to a growing body of studies that reveal that making farmland more suitable for pollinators benefits both agriculture and nature conservation.
Assessing the impact of nurse and allied health professional consultants: developing an activity diary
Authors: Humphreys Ann , Richardson Janet , Stenhouse Elizabeth , Watkins Mary 
Published: June 2010

Aims.  To construct and test an activity diary designed to measure the impact and explore the activities of nurse and allied health professional consultants in relation to each speciality and function of the role.Background.  This was part of a funded feasibility study to assess the contribution of nurse and allied health professional consultants.Design.  This was an exploratory study.Method.  Thematic analysis of guided discussions with five nurse consultants and one physiotherapy consultant identified activities which were used to construct an activity diary. The activities were grouped under the four pillars or functions of the consultant role; expert practice, leadership, research and education. Participants recorded their activities in a diary over a one‐week period.Conclusion.  Results suggest that with some modification, this activity diary could be used to capture the impact, complexity and diversity of activities of the consultant role.Relevance to practice.  Advanced practice roles are essential to the healthcare workforce of the future. This tool provides a method for measuring the contribution and complexity of the consultant role.
An evaluation of the impact of the recommendations of the Chief Nursing Officer’s (England) Review of Mental Health Nursing in Mental Health Trusts and Universities in England: findings from stage one, an e‐survey
Authors: Baker John , Playle John , Nelson Pauline , Lovell Karina 
Published: June 2010

Objectives.  To establish a national picture of the implementation of these recommendations in both trusts and higher education institutions.Background.  The Chief Nursing Officer for England Review of Mental Health Nursing made 17 key recommendations to improve mental health nursing. Subsequent publications aimed to help implement these recommendations.Design.  An e‐survey.Methods.  The survey was based on the Chief Nursing Officer review recommendations and guidance. Participants: all relevant trusts who deliver mental health services (n = 68) and higher education institutions who deliver pre‐registration mental health nursing education (n = 50) in England.Results.  A total of 42 trusts (63·6%) and 40 higher education institutions (80%) completed the survey. The survey indicates that the Chief Nursing Officer review has stimulated some activity in all organisations who responded. Eleven of the recommendations were ranked similarly by trusts and higher education institutions. There were statistically significant differences between trusts and higher education institution priorities in four areas, inpatient care, evidence‐based interventions, multidisciplinary team working and recruitment and retention.Conclusions.  The findings of the survey demonstrate that all organisations have made some progress in the implementation of the Chief Nursing Officer recommendations. Trusts and higher education institutions broadly agree on the importance of each of the Chief Nursing Officer recommendations, with the exception of four items. A range of factors was identified by respondents that were perceived as facilitators and barriers to the implementation of the Chief Nursing Officer review.Relevance to clinical practice.  This article contains findings that are highly relevant for current and future clinical practice in mental health. Despite some progress, clear differences between higher education institutions and trusts are apparent. It is important that these differing perspectives are acknowledged and resolved to improve healthcare provision. Both trusts and higher education institutions reported difficulty with engaging service users and carers. A range of factors are identified that act as facilitators and barriers to the implementation of healthcare policy.
Describing dialogue between persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities and direct support staff using the scale for dialogical meaning making
Authors: Hostyn I. , Daelman M. , Janssen M. J. , Maes B. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  The dialogical approach of meaning making forms a rich and renewing theoretical perspective to study communication between presymbolic communicators and their interaction partners. The aim of this study is to investigate whether an observation scale based on the dialogical theory, the Scale for Dialogical Meaning Making (S‐DMM), has potential to describe these communicative interactions.Methods  Eighteen videotaped observations of persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities and their support staff were coded using the S‐DMM and a consensus‐rating procedure.Results  Sufficient inter‐rater agreement and an acceptable range in scores confirm the usefulness of the S‐DMM. Strong sub‐scale intercorrelations were identified. The quantitative scores and the qualitative arguments supporting the ratings, demonstrate how the S‐DMM aids to significantly describe staff–client dialogue.Conclusions  Using the S‐DMM to describe dialogue with persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities appears to be promising. The value of the S‐DMM and its consensus‐rating procedure are reflected upon and discussed with regard to implications for research and practice.