bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood respiratory symptoms and mental health problems: The role of intergenerational smoking
Authors: Goodwin Renee D. , Seeley John R. , Lewinsohn Peter M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of youth smoking, parental cigarette smoking and parental anxiety/depressive disorders in the relationship between respiratory symptoms and mental health problems among youth.Working HypothesisAdjusting for both parental smoking and parental anxiety/depressive disorders in the association between respiratory symptoms and mental health problems among young persons will significantly reduce the strength of the observed relationship.Study DesignProspective cohort study.Patient‐Subject SelectionData were drawn from a school‐based sample of 1709 young persons in Oregon.MethodologyPhysical and mental health data were collected on youth.ResultsRespiratory symptoms were associated with significantly increased odds of mental health problems among youth. After adjusting for youth smoking, the relationship between respiratory symptoms and depressive disorders was no longer statistically significant. The relationships between respiratory symptoms and anxiety and depressive disorders were no longer significant after adjusting for parental smoking. Parental anxiety/depressive disorders did not appear to influence these relationships.ConclusionsThese results provide initial evidence that exposure to parental smoking may play a role in the observed co‐occurrence of respiratory and mental health problems in youth, and youths' own smoking appears to influence the link with depressive disorders, but not anxiety disorders. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:195–201. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tropospheric degradation of ethylene glycol monovinyl and divinyl ethers: A mechanistic and kinetic study
Authors: de la Luz Alexander Pérez , Iuga Cristina , Alvarez‐Idaboy Juan Raúl , Ortíz Elba , Vivier‐Bunge Annik 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this work, we have performed a theoretical study on the mechanisms and kinetics of the •OH initiated oxidation of selected ethylene glycol vinyl ethers, using quantum chemistry and computational kinetics methods. We have found that the main reaction path is the •OH‐addition to vinyl double bonds, and especially to the vinyl terminal carbon atom. Branching ratios for addition at C1 are larger than 94%. Although divinyl ethers could be expected to react approximately twice as fast as monovinyl ethers, it was found that, in fact, •OH rate constants of monovinyl and divinyl ethers are very similar, in agreement with experimental results. This effect is attributed to the sharing of the oxygen lone pairs effect, when the molecule contains two vinyl groups. Thus, in EGMVE, the vinyl group is more reactive than the one in divinyl ethers. The energy of its highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is closer to that of the OH radical, thus favoring the interaction with the single occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) of the radical. Negative activation enthalpies are obtained for the three molecules studied, implying that the rate constant decreases as temperature increases. This anti‐Arrhenius behavior is commonly observed in •OH addition to alkenes. An excellent correlation is observed between experimental and calculated rate constants. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Miniature release events of glutamate from hippocampal neurons are influenced by the dystonia‐associated protein torsinA
Authors: Kakazu Yasuhiro , Koh Jin‐Young , Iwabuchi Sadahiro , Gonzalez‐Alegre Pedro , Harata N. Charles 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTorsinA is an evolutionarily conserved AAA+ ATPase, and human patients with an in‐frame deletion of a single glutamate (ΔE) codon from the encoding gene suffer from autosomal‐dominant, early‐onset generalized DYT1 dystonia. Although only 30–40% of carriers of the mutation show overt motor symptoms, most experience enhanced excitability of the central nervous system. The cellular mechanism responsible for this change in excitability is not well understood. Here we show the effects of the ΔE‐torsinA mutation on miniature neurotransmitter release from neurons. Neurotransmitter release was characterized in cultured hippocampal neurons obtained from wild‐type, heterozygous, and homozygous ΔE‐torsinA knock‐in mice using two approaches. In the first approach, patch‐clamp electrophysiology was used to record glutamate‐mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in the presence of the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) and absence of GABAA receptor antagonists. The intervals between mEPSC events were significantly shorter in neurons obtained from the mutant mice than in those obtained from wild‐type mice. In the second approach, the miniature exocytosis of synaptic vesicles was detected by imaging the unstimulated release of FM dye from the nerve terminals in the presence of TTX. Cumulative FM dye release was higher in neurons obtained from the mutant mice than in those obtained from wild‐type mice. The number of glutamatergic nerve terminals was also assessed, and we found that this number was unchanged in heterozygous relative to wild‐type neurons, but slightly increased in homozygous neurons. Notably, in both heterozygous and homozygous neurons, the unitary synaptic charge during each mEPSC event was unchanged. Overall, our results suggest more frequent miniature glutamate release in neurons with ΔE‐torsinA mutations. This change may be one of the underlying mechanisms by which the excitability of the central nervous system is enhanced in the context of DYT1 dystonia. Moreover, qualitative differences between heterozygous and homozygous neurons with respect to certain synaptic properties indicate that the abnormalities observed in homozygotes may reflect more than a simple gene dosage effect. Synapse 66:807–822, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atomic Structures of $$ [0\bar{1}10] $$ Symmetric Tilt Grain Boundaries in Hexagonal Close-Packed (hcp) Crystals
Authors: Wang Jian , Beyerlein Irene J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation and interface defect theory are used to determine the relaxed equilibrium atomic structures of symmetric tilt grain boundaries (STGBs) in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystals with a
$$ [0\bar{1}10] $$
tilt axis. STGBs of all possible rotation angles θ from 0 deg to 90 deg are found to have an ordered atomic structure. They correspond either to a coherent, defect-free boundary or to a tilt wall containing an array of distinct and discrete intrinsic grain boundary dislocations (GBDs). The STGBs adopt one of six base structures,
$$ P_{B}^{(i)} $$
, i = 1, …, 6, and the Burgers vector of the GBDs is related to the interplanar spacing of the base structure on which it lies. The base structures correspond to the basal plane (θ = 0 deg,
$$ P_{B}^{(1)} $$
); one of four minimum-energy, coherent boundaries,
$$ (\bar{2}111),\;(\bar{2}112),\;(\bar{2}114) $$
, and
$$ (\bar{2}116)\;\left( {P_{B}^{(2)} - P_{B}^{(5)} } \right) $$
; and the
$$ \left( {11\bar{2}0} \right) $$
plane (θ = 90 deg,
$$ P_{B}^{(6)} $$
). Based on these features, STGBs can be classified into one of six possible structural sets, wherein STGBs belonging to the same set i contain the same base boundary structure
$$ P_{B}^{(i)} $$
and an array of GBDs with the same Burgers vector
$$ b_{\text{GB}}^{(i)} $$
, which vary only in spacing and sign with θ. This classification is shown to apply to both Mg and Ti, two metals with different c/a ratios and employing different interatomic potentials in simulation. We use a simple model to forecast the misorientation range of each set for hcp crystals of general c/a ratio, the predictions of which are shown to agree well with the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for Mg and Ti.
Wars that Make States and Wars that Make Nations: Organised Violence, Nationalism and State Formation in the Balkans
Authors: Malešević Siniša 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSince the beginning of the 19th century the Balkans has been a synonym for aggressive nationalism and unbridled violence; the two phenomena traditionally understood to be the key obstacles for its social development. This paper contests such views by arguing that it was the absence of protracted warfare and coherent nationalist doctrines that distinguishes the history of South Eastern Europe from the rest of the continent. Drawing critically on bellicose historical sociology and modernist theories of nationalism - with a spotlight on the work of Charles Tilly and Ernest Gellner. Drawing critically on bellicose historical sociology and modernists theories of nationalism the paper makes a case that it was not the abundance of nationalism and organised violence but rather their historical scarcity that proved decisive for the slow pace of social development in the Balkans.
Beyond Methodological Individualism: Social Scientific Studies of Rational Practice
Authors: Wettersten John 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStandard versions of the sociology of rational practice assume justificationist theories of rationality: all rational beliefs are justified and rational individuals do not believe any non-justified statements. This theory appears to some to offer the possiblity of finding “deeper” insights into social behavior: some actions presented by actors as “rational” can, in fact, be explained as non-justified and, therefore, as mere consequences of prestige and/or power conflicts. When, however, it turns out that no theories can be justified, then all theories are irrational. This leads to relativism. The possibility, that we may profitably construct alternative theories of rationality is, in contrast, raised nearly uniquely by fallibilist theories of rationality. In order to take advantage of this, an alternative to the dominant methodological individualist theory of rational action is needed and possible. According to this alternative, rational action consists of problem-solving within institutional contexts without justification. Such a non-relativist sociology of rational practice can be enlightening and useful. Differing institutional contexts offer differing standards of rationality.
Use of the pre‐operative shuttle walk test to predict morbidity and mortality after elective major colorectal surgery
Authors: Nutt C. L. , Russell J. C. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryHigh‐risk surgery is performed in every acute hospital. These patients often have increased peri‐operative risk related to their poor cardiorespiratory reserve. Formal risk assessment is recommended for such patients; cardiopulmonary exercise testing is a well established triage tool, but is unavailable in many hospitals. We investigated whether a simple exercise test could predict postoperative outcome using a prospective trial of 121 patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery. Each patient completed a shuttle walk test and was followed up for 30 days after surgery. There was one postoperative death (0.8%), with 53 patients (44%) developing complications. The mean (SD) shuttle walk test distance was significantly different between patients who suffered complications and those who did not (276.6 (134.5) vs 389.6 (138.9) m, respectively; p < 0.001). A cut‐off distance of 250 m had a specificity of 0.88 and a sensitivity of 0.58 to predict postoperative complications. Patients unable to complete a shuttle walk test above this cut‐off distance were three times more likely to have a postoperative morbidity. We conclude that the shuttle walk test can help identify patients who are at increased peri‐operative risk.
Linking aquatic and terrestrial food webs – Odonata in boreal systems
Authors: SEIFERT LINDA I. , SCHEU STEFAN 
Published: May 2012

Summary1. It is increasingly realised that aquatic and terrestrial systems are closely linked. We investigated stable isotope variations in Odonata species, putative prey and basal resources of aquatic and terrestrial systems of northern Mongolia during summer.2. In permanent ponds, δ13C values of Odonata larvae were distinctly lower than those of putative prey, suggesting that body tissue comprised largely of carbon originating from isotopically light carbon sources. Presumably, prey consumed during autumn and winter when carbon is internally recycled and/or methanotrophic bacteria form an important basal resource of the food web. In contrast, in a temporary pond, δ13C values of Odonata larvae were similar to those of putative prey, indicating that their body carbon originated mainly from prey species present.3. Changes in δ15N and δ13C values between larvae and adults were species specific and reflected differential replacement of the larval isotopic signature by the terrestrial diet of adult Odonata. The replacement was more pronounced in Odonata species of permanent ponds than in those of the temporary pond, where larvae hatched later in the year. Replacement of larval carbon varied between tissues, with wings representing the larval isotopic signature whereas thoracic muscles and eggs reflected the δ15N and δ13C values of the terrestrial diet of adults.4. The results suggest that because of their long larval development, Odonata species of permanent ponds carry the larval signature, which is partly replaced during their terrestrial life. Terrestrial prey forms the basis for egg production and thus the next generation of aquatic larvae. In temporary ponds, in contrast, Odonata species rely on prey from a single season, engage in a prolonged aquatic phase and hatch later, leaving less time to acquire terrestrial prey resources for offspring production. Stable isotope analysis provided important insights into the food webs of the waterbodies and their relationship to the terrestrial system.
Long‐term fitness consequences of high yolk androgen levels: sons pay the costs
Authors: Ruuskanen Suvi , Doligez Blandine , Pitala Natalia , Gustafsson Lars , Laaksonen Toni 
Published: May 2012

Summary1. Early growth conditions, for example hormonal environment during embryonic development, may have long‐lasting effects on behaviour and phenotype, with subsequent fitness consequences. Yolk androgens have been shown to affect various offspring traits in the short‐term, but fitness consequences for either offspring or parents, a prerequisite for studying the adaptiveness of this maternal effect, are poorly known in the wild.2. We experimentally elevated yolk androgen levels of whole clutches in a wild population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) and investigated the long‐term effects of yolk androgens on offspring local recruitment, parental return rate, and timing and success of breeding in both parents and offspring in the breeding season(s) following the manipulation.3. Yolk androgen elevation lowered the local recruitment rate of male, but not female offspring, but had no effect on any breeding parameters of offspring of either sex. Furthermore, yolk androgen elevation of the clutch had no effect on the return rate or any breeding parameters of the parents.4. Our results indicate that high yolk androgen levels may impose a potential direct fitness cost for male offspring, but no long‐lasting additional indirect fitness costs for parents (direct costs of transferring androgens to eggs not considered). Such a sex‐specific cost on offspring could constrain yolk androgen deposition and select for sex‐specific deposition mechanisms.5. As yolk androgen levels in this population are heritable, our results on long‐term fitness effect of yolk androgens support the idea that hormone‐mediated maternal effects may evolve under selection and thereby affect evolutionary processes.
Managed relocation as an adaptation strategy for mitigating climate change threats to the persistence of an endangered lizard
Authors: Fordham Damien A. , Watts Michael J. , Delean Steven , Brook Brook W. , Heard Lee M.B. , Bull C.M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe distributional ranges of many species are contracting with habitat conversion and climate change. For vertebrates, informed strategies for translocations are an essential option for decisions about their conservation management. The pygmy bluetongue lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis, is an endangered reptile with a highly restricted distribution, known from only a small number of natural grassland fragments in South Australia. Land‐use changes over the last century have converted perennial native grasslands into croplands, pastures and urban areas, causing substantial contraction of the species' range due to loss of essential habitat. Indeed, the species was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1992. We develop coupled‐models that link habitat suitability with stochastic demographic processes to estimate extinction risk and to explore the efficacy of potential climate adaptation options. These coupled‐models offer improvements over simple bioclimatic envelope models for estimating the impacts of climate change on persistence probability. Applying this coupled‐model approach to T. adelaidensis, we show that: (i) climate‐driven changes will adversely impact the expected minimum abundance of populations and could cause extinction without management intervention, (ii) adding artificial burrows might enhance local population density, however, without targeted translocations this measure has a limited effect on extinction risk, (iii) managed relocations are critical for safeguarding lizard population persistence, as a sole or joint action and (iv) where to source and where to relocate animals in a program of translocations depends on the velocity, extent and nonlinearities in rates of climate‐induced habitat change. These results underscore the need to consider managed relocations as part of any multifaceted plan to compensate the effects of habitat loss or shifting environmental conditions on species with low dispersal capacity. More broadly, we provide the first step towards a more comprehensive framework for integrating extinction risk, managed relocations and climate change information into range‐wide conservation management.
Distribution and speciation in marine intertidal tardigrades: testing the roles of climatic and geographical isolation
Authors: Faurby Søren , Jørgensen Aslak , Kristensen Reinhardt M. , Funch Peter 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAim  To analyse the importance of climatic and geographical isolation in determining the patterns of speciation and distribution of species within the tardigrade genus Echiniscoides.Location  Marine intertidal zone, globally.Methods  DNA was extracted from 465 individual tardigrades from 48 localities world‐wide. The tardigrades were divided into clusters using several distance‐based criteria. The phylogeny of these clusters was estimated with Bayesian analyses. The relationships between genetic distance and substrate, climate, and geographical distance were tested with a new improved Mantel test which incorporates phylogenetic uncertainties by analysing the raw tree data instead of the averaged tree.Results  Approximately 40 clusters, each probably corresponding to species, were recovered from the genetic analysis; the number of clusters fluctuated depending on the criterion used for cluster delimitation. Each cluster had a limited temperature range and all clusters were confined to single oceans under all realistic criteria for cluster delimitation. Apart from a tropical cluster, each cluster occurred only in one hemisphere. Occurrence on different substrata was not correlated with genetic distance between clusters. Both geographical distance and climate were correlated with genetic distance; however, the correlation between geographical and genetic distance disappeared when the non‐independence of climatic and geographical distance were controlled for.Main conclusions  The distribution of individual species of Echiniscoides is limited by climate and geographical distance. Distance does not appear to be a major factor influencing phylogeny in this genus, but ecological speciation along a temperature gradient appears to be important.
Alternative interactions define gyrase specificity in the CcdB family
Authors: De Jonge Natalie , Simic Mario , Buts Lieven , Haesaerts Sarah , Roelants Kim , Garcia‐Pino Abel , Sterckx Yann , De Greve Henri , Lah Jurij , Loris Remy 
Published: May 2012

SummaryToxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are small operons associated with stress response of bacteria. F‐plasmid CcdBF was the first TA toxin for which its target, gyrase, was identified. Plasmidic and chromosomal CcdBs belong to distinct families. Conserved residues crucial for gyrase poisoning activity of plasmidic CcdBs are not conserved among these families. Here we show that the chromosomal CcdBVfi from Vibrio fischeri is an active gyrase poison that interacts with its target via an alternative energetic mechanism. Changes in the GyrA14‐binding surface of the Vibrio and F‐plasmid CcdB family members illustrate neutral drift where alternative interactions can be used to achieve the same functionality. Differences in affinity between V. fischeri and F‐plasmid CcdB for gyrase and their corresponding CcdA antitoxin possibly reflect distinct roles for TA modules located on plasmids and chromosomes.
Diagnostic evaluation of patients with nonimmediate cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast media
Authors: Torres M. J. , Gomez F. , Doña I. , Rosado A. , Mayorga C. , Garcia I. , Blanca‐Lopez N. , Canto G. , Blanca M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundNonimmediate hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast media (CM) are common. Allergological evaluation is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and to find a tolerated alternative. The aim of this study was to establish the role of skin testing and the drug provocation test (DPT) in the diagnosis of nonimmediate reactions to CM.MethodsSkin intradermal testing and patch testing with delayed readings were carried out with different CM (iobitridol, iomeprol, iodixanol, iohexol, ioversol, iopramide and ioxaglate). Single‐blind placebo‐controlled DPT was carried out in those cases with a negative skin test. In seven cases, a skin biopsy was obtained from positive skin tests and positive DPT.ResultsOf the 161 subjects evaluated, 34 (21.1%) were skin‐test positive, 21 (50%) to Iomeprol, 7 (16.7%) to Iodixanol, 5 (11.9%) to Iobitridol, 4 (9.5%) to Ioxaglate, 3 (7.1%) to Iohexol and 1 (2.4%) to Iopramide. DPT was positive in 44 cases (34.6%) that were skin‐test negative, 38 (76%) to Iodixanol, 8 (16%) to Iomeprol and 4 (8%) to Iohexol. Of 78 cases (48.4%) with confirmed hypersensitivity, 34 (43.6%) were identified by skin testing and 44 (56.4%) by DPT. Skin biopsies showed a perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrate, mainly in the dermis, with higher levels of CD4 than CD8 T lymphocytes, with expression of activation markers and skin homing receptors.ConclusionPatients with nonimmediate reactions to CM were identified by skin testing in 43.6% and by DPT in 56.4%. The method to confirm the diagnosis differed depending on the CM involved.