bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes of Petrov glacier and its proglacial lake in the Akshiirak massif, central Tien Shan, since 1977
Authors: Engel Zbyněk , Šobr Miroslav , Yerokhin Sergei A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA combination of remotely sensed data, field mapping, bathymetric survey and geophysical soundings is used to describe the recent changes in the terminal area of Petrov glacier, the largest glacier in the Akshiirak massif, central Tien Shan. According to our results, three periods of accelerated glacier retreat (1977-80, 1990-95 and 2008-09) can be distinguished since 1977. The largest recession occurred in 1990-95 when the glacier retreated by 54 ± 8ma-1. Accelerated glacier retreat affected the enlargement rate of Petrov lake, which increased by 0.04-0.1 km2 a-1 and by 1.3-2.2 × 106m3a-1 in the last three decades. Since 1995, the mean annual retreat rate of the lake-calving northern glacier section has been up to three times higher than the retreat rate of the land-terminating southern section. The calving flux ranged from 2.5 to 4.6 × 106m3a-1 in 2003-09, resulting in a total glacier mass loss of (17.7 ± 0.4) × 106m3. The calving terminus of Petrov glacier was >65 m thick in 2009 according to ground-penetrating radar measurements.
Modelling the delivery of supraglacial meltwater to the ice/bed interface: application to southwest Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Clason Caroline , Mair Douglas W.F. , Burgess David O. , Nienow Peter W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe transfer of surface-generated meltwater to the subglacial drainage system through full ice thickness crevassing may lead to accelerated glacier velocities, with implications for ice motion under future climatic scenarios. Accurate predictions of where surface meltwater accesses the ice/bed interface are therefore needed in fully coupled hydrodynamic ice-sheet models. We present a spatially distributed modelling routine for predicting the location and timing of delivery of surface-derived meltwater to the ice/bed interface through moulins and supraglacial lake drainage. The model is explained as it is applied to the Croker Bay glacial catchment of Devon Ice Cap, Canada. The formation of moulins, drainage of lakes, and the transfer of meltwater through the full ice thickness are modelled for the 2004 and 2006 ablation seasons. Through this case study we assess the model’s sensitivity to degree-day factors, fracture toughness, tensile strength and crevasse width, and confirm that parameters influencing the rate at which water fills a crevasse are the most significant controls on the ability of a crevasse to reach the bed. Increased surface melt production, therefore, has the potential to significantly influence the spatial and temporal transfer of meltwater through surface-to-bed connections in a warmer climate
La communauté thérapeutique ? Oui, mais pas tout de suite !
Authors: Demange Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2012

Résumé Pour expliquer l’origine et la permanence de la dimension communautaire ainsi que des notions, parfois très anciennes, d’auto-organisation et/ou d’autosupport, sans doute faut-il explorer les filiations qui existent entre les différentes applications institutionnelles actuelles et l’histoire des groupes, que ce soit au sein des mouvements religieux, mutualistes, associatifs ou coopératifs et plus généralement à travers toutes les formes d’auto-organisation qui ont pu se développer au cours des siècles. L’on soulignera l’influence majeure du mouvement de la psychothérapie institutionnelle concernant l’approche groupale et communautaire en France. Quel impact cette longue histoire peut-elle avoir sur le devenir des communautés thérapeutiques ? Existe-t-il réellement un espace culturel et politique pour développer des projets spécifiques de prise en charge communautaire en France ? Cet article propose une revue historique du phénomène ainsi que des pistes de réflexion.
Fenêtres ouvertes sur la clinique
Authors: Loyer Barbara 
Published: March 2012

Résumé M’inspirant de l’ouvrage de Jean-Bertrand Pontalis : Fenêtres (2000), j’ai souhaité partager mon expérience en tant que psychologue au sein d’une Communauté Thérapeutique. Il s’agit d’ouvrir quelques fenêtres sur la clinique auprès de toxicomanes accueillis avec ce mode de prise en charge spécifique encore méconnu en France, lieu de vie autant qu’outil thérapeutique. Au travers de ce témoignage d’une clinique qui mêle pratique individuelle et groupale et qui nécessite une attention particulière portée aux mouvements institutionnels, j’ai tenté d’appréhender une relation thérapeutique à la personne dépendante qui œuvre dans les espaces interstitiels et quotidiens comme dans les dispositifs classiques (entretiens d’évaluation, suivis psychologiques individuels, groupe de parole, médiations thérapeutiques).
Philosophie des 12 étapes des Alcooliques Anonymes en Amérique du Nord : aspects critiques et psychosociaux
Authors: Suissa Amnon Jacob 
Published: March 2012

Résumé Les revues de littérature en Amérique du Nord démontrent qu’un nombre significatif d’intervenants sociaux œuvrant dans le champ des dépendances provient des regroupements AA (Alcooliques Anonymes). Dans la mesure où le discours fondé sur les 12 étapes exerce une influence considérable dans la conception du phénomène des dépendances d’une part, et des interventions à privilégier, d’autre part, plusieurs questions interpellent les intervenants sociaux. Quels sont les fondements du discours AA qui permettent l’actualisation des comportements de dépendance pour les rendre plus acceptables au plan social, voire plus désirables ? Quelles sont les finalités sociales de ces regroupements ? Dans quelle mesure les références aux AA sont-elles compatibles avec les valeurs du DPA (développement du pouvoir d’agir) des personnes ? À partir d’une analyse sociale critique, l’auteur propose d’explorer les alternatives dans la dissémination de ce discours prônant un certain déterminisme (une fois dépendant, toujours dépendant). Cet article souhaite sensibiliser les intervenants sociaux en leur permettant de développer un argumentaire scientifique alternatif à la médicalisation des problèmes sociaux de dépendance.
The English Origins of Geotourism (as a Vehicle for Geoconservation) and Their Relevance to Current Studies
Authors: A. Hose Thomas 
Published: March 2012

This paper contextualises the recognition of the geotourism concept. It stresses the underpinning geoconservation purpose that drove its development in England. It notes the multidisciplinary nature of geotourism research. It provides a summary of the development of early modern geoconservation in England as a necessary precursor to the inception, recognition and development of geotourism. It notes the evolving geotourism research approach and its impact on its understandings, definitions and models; the whole is contextualised within the framework of special interest tourism. The interaction between geotourism and geoparks is considered. A new geotourism definition is provided and a plea made for its original rationale and observations to be included in studies elsewhere in Europe.
Ozil IP torsional mode versus combined torsional/longitudinal microcoaxial phacoemulsification
Authors: Helvacioglu Firat , Tunc Zeki , Yeter Celal , Oguzhan Hasan , Sencan Sadik 
Published: March 2012

Purpose. To compare the safety and efficacy of microcoaxial phacoemulsification surgeries performed with the Ozil Intelligent Phaco (IP) torsional mode and combined torsional/longitudinal ultrasound (US) mode using the Infiniti Vision System (Alcon Laboratories). Methods. In this prospective randomized comparative study, 60 eyes were assigned to 2.2-mm microcoaxial phacoemulsification using the Ozil IP torsional mode (group 1) or combined torsional/longitudinal US mode (group 2). The primary outcome measures were US time (UST), cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), longitudinal and torsional ultrasound amplitudes, mean operation time, mean volume of balanced salt solution (BSS) used, and surgical complications. Results Both groups included 30 eyes. Mean UST, CDE, and longitudinal and torsional ultrasound amplitudes in group 1 were 1 minute 15±34.33 seconds, 8.74±5.64, 0.43±0.74, and 25.56±8.56, respectively, and these parameters in group 2 were 1 minute 40±51.44 seconds, 9.28±5.99, 3.64±1.55, and 3.71±1.34, respectively. UST and longitudinal amplitudes were found to be significantly low in group 1 (p<0.001, p<0.001), whereas torsional amplitude was found to be significantly high in this group (p=0.001). Mean volumes of BSS used in groups 1 and 2 were 63.30±18.00 cc and 84.50±28.65 cc, respectively (p=0.001). Conclusions. The Ozil IP torsional mode may provide more effective lens removal than the combined torsional/longitudinal US mode with a lower UST and volume of BSS used.
Just War as Compromise Rethinking Walzer's Position on Realism
Authors: King Mark D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn Just and Unjust Wars, Michael Walzer draws on the work of classical just war theorists such as Augustine and Vitoria to offer a principled antidote to the moral realism that often dominates popular debate about war ethics. The understanding of role morality on which Walzer bases his modern account of just war theory differs in subtle but significant ways from that of his classical predecessors, however, and because of this he is not entirely successful in challenging the realist positions of Thucydides and Hobbes. While Augustine and Vitoria argue that the innocence of soldiers for ad bellum violations is contingent on limited knowledge, Walzer conceives of this innocence as an absolute derived from their occupation of the role of soldier. For this reason, Walzer's account of just war theory functions more as a compromise between principles and realism than a true ethical alternative.
High‐Throughput Screening Assay for Embryoid Body Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Outten Joel T. , Gadue Paul , French Deborah L. , Diamond Scott L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSerum‐free human pluripotent stem cell media offer the potential to develop reproducible clinically applicable differentiation strategies and protocols. The vast array of possible growth factor and cytokine combinations for media formulations makes differentiation protocol optimization both labor and cost‐intensive. This unit describes a 96‐well plate, 4‐color flow cytometry–based screening assay to optimize pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols. We provide conditions both to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, and to utilize flow cytometry to distinguish between them. This assay exhibits low inter‐well variability and can be utilized to efficiently screen a variety of media formulations, reducing cost, incubator space, and labor. Protocols can be adapted to a variety of differentiation stages and lineages. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 20:1D.6.1‐1D.6.13. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Amniotic Membrane: Separation of Amniotic Mesoderm from Amniotic Epithelium and Isolation of Their Respective Mesenchymal Stromal and Epithelial Cells
Authors: Barbati Antonella , Grazia Mameli Maria , Sidoni Angelo , Di Renzo Gian Carlo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe human amniotic membrane (hAM) or amnion contains two principal types of cells: amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) and amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs), located in two distinct regions: the epithelium and the stromal layer. Emerging evidence suggests that both of them retain multipotent/pluripotent characteristics, making the amniotic membrane a promising and very attractive source of cells for regenerative medicine. Therefore, the isolation of hAECs and hAMSCs has recently received great interest; they can be released by differential enzymatic digestion and various procedures have been reported; however, significant contamination of hAMCs with hAECs and vice versa frequently occurs. This unit describes an efficient and rapid method to separate, mechanically, amniotic mesoderm from amniotic epithelium in order to obtain, after subsequent enzymatic digestions, purified population of hAMCs and hAECs. In this way, the cells can be cultured or investigated for other aims avoiding additional procedures related to their purification. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 20:1E.8.1‐1E.8.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Derivation of Cerebellar Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Erceg Slaven , Lukovic Dunja , Moreno‐Manzano Victoria , Stojkovic Miodrag , Bhattacharya Shomi S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHere we provide a protocol for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) into cerebellar neurons using a novel defined culture method. This protocol is based on the application of inductive signaling factors involved in the early patterning of the cerebellar region of the neural tube, followed by the application of factors responsible for cerebellar neuron specification. Human pluripotent stem cells are induced to form spherical embryonic‐like structures called embryoid bodies (EBs) and neuroepithelial tube‐like rosettes using defined chemical conditions. In the presence of FGF, Wnt, and RA signaling factors the rosettes were specified to OTX2‐expressing cells. Further specification of derived cells involves application of BMP factors involved in early development of granule cell progenitors, followed by mitogens and neurotrophins. It typically takes 5 weeks to generate the functional cerebellar granule neurons. This protocol is feeder‐free, applies human recombinant factors, and produces high yield of desired neurons. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 20:1H.5.1‐1H.5.10. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
AfricanUnion
Authors: Süderbaum Fredrik 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe African Union (AU) was created in 2002 as a successor to the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which was in need of revitalization. Since its inception in 1963 the OAU had been the primary forum for debating African unity and cooperation. All independent states in Africa have assumed membership of the AU (53 in total), except Morocco which withdrew in the mid 1980s due to the entry of Western Sahara.
A
genda 21
Authors: Evans Bob 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Agenda 21 refers to the program adopted by 178 national governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, commonly known as the Earth Summit) held in Rio de Janeiro on June 14, 1992. The title reflects both the item number of the Summit agenda, and the intention to look forward to the next millennium. Agenda 21 may be regarded as an ambitious “blueprint” for securing global sustainable development:
Aging
Authors: Powell Jason L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAs we look forward into the mid twenty‐first century, demographers forecast dramatic increases in cultural diversity of the general population of the globe, which will also be reflected in increasingly aging populations. Globalization is a complex phenomenon that includes increased human interconnectedness facilitated by new information technologies and huge volumes of trade, capital, people, and cultures flowing across national borders, and an evermore integrated global economy. Globalization can be experienced as structural forces impinging on our daily lives, as the creation of new spaces and connectivity between locales, and also as ideological resources. Globalization as both an analytical tool and social practice throws into flux the policies and practices of individual nationstates to address social, economic, and political issues for older people, focusing on pensions and health and social care. It highlights how research needs to move from being state‐centered to research that acknowledges global forces and the impact of globalization on aging.
Agro‐Fuels
Authors: McMichael Philip 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Social movement critics rename biofuels (e.g., corn, sugar, palm oil, and jatropha) as
agro‐fuels
, in recognition of their problematic environmental and social consequences. Whereas proponents claim the “biofuels transition” represents the development of an alternative green fuel, critics charge that agro‐fuels deepen the ecological footprint of industrial agriculture, and displace food crops. The 2007–08 food crisis focused attention on the contribution of agro‐fuels to food price inflation, with UN food rights
rapporteur
, Jean Ziegler, stating they were a “crime against humanity.” Estimates of the impact of biofuels on food prices varies – from an estimate by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of10 percent, through 30 percent by the International Monetary Fund, to the World Bank's estimate of 65–75 percent. Whatever the figure, the world's poor are deeply affected by the fuel/food competition, most notably in its inflation of one of their most basic needs: cooking oil, a major component of which is palm oil, now a profitable agro‐fuel. The Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) predicts that industrial biofuels will account for one‐third of the rise of food prices over the next decade. And to meet global energy demand, agro‐fuels will require one‐third more land than currently cultivated, even though the International Energy Agency calculates that with other renewables, industrial biofuels will supply no more than 9 percent of the world's global energy consumption by 2030.
Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Vaillant Gabriela Gonzalez 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Authoritarianism can be understood both as a political regime and an ideological construct. The term has also been employed to refer to certain psychological traits. As a political regime, authoritarianism can be defined as a form of government that monopolizes authority over the state without guaranteeing political pluralism or defense of civil liberties and with little or no accountability to the population. In order to enforce exclusive claim over power, authoritarian regimes revert to unconstitutional or illegitimate means such as the use of force, censorship, or infusion of fear. The idea of authoritarianism emerges in sharp opposition to the concept of democracy and it is often presented as its negative. Even though authoritarian regimes were the norm prior to modernity, “authoritarianism” first came to be employed as a concept at the end of the nineteenth century, becoming popularized only after World War I (the gradual emergence of the Rule of Law as a governing principle). Etymologically, the word “authoritarianism” comes from the Latin
auctor
, meaning leader or master.
Authoritarian
can be employed as an adjective and as a noun.
Autonomist Social Movements
Authors: Monteagudo Graciela 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Autonomism is a set of theories and group practices strongly influenced by Marxism, situationism, poststructural and postmodern philosophies, that have been founded on and have contributed to the rise of social movements in different parts of the world, including most prominently Italy, Mexico, and Argentina. Autonomist movements are not aimed at state power, but rather engage in non‐capitalist social practices independent from the market, the state, trade unions, and conventional political parties. Their initiatives and practices build communities which are not only independent from the market but also explicitly stress the importance of participants' affects and personal connections.
Banking
Authors: Polillo Simone 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCastells sees in the new finance‐ and service‐driven capitalism a “brand of capitalism [that] is essentially different from its historical predecessors. It has two fundamental features: it is global, and it is structured to a large extent around a network of financial flows” (2000: 502). And given the increasing ability of international finance capital and of more local banking actors to wrest the control of money away from nation‐states, economic geographer Cohen predicts a multiplication of currencies within national territorial jurisdictions (2004).
Blogs
Authors: Maratea R. J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Web logs (Blogs) are periodically updated online journals structured in the form of postings or individual entries of commentary that represent a scrolling record of the author's thoughts. Current estimates suggest that there are approximately 20 million actively operated blogs. While professional journalists author some of these forums, blogging has attained notoriety by providing a conduit for “citizen journalism,” wherein ordinary individuals express their views in public arenas void of mainstream media oversight.
Bologna Process
Authors: Münch Richard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn 1999 the ministers of education from 29 European countries met at the University of Bologna, Italy, and decided to create a common European space of higher education. Ten years later, in 2009, 46 countries were included in this process. In 2001 the European Commission, advocating the advancement of European integration, joined this bold project. Bologna stands for the medieval tradition of scholars and students wandering about and exchanging ideas across Europe. This small elite, communicating in Latin as its common language, pioneered in creating a first European space of higher education. The universities affiliated to each other across Europe were the centers of the emerging European culture, which was based on the rediscovery of Hellenistic philosophy and Roman law.
Brands
Authors: Arviddson Adam 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGlobal brands are brands that expose a coherent identity across diverse cultural and geographical contexts. While the number and importance of global brands have increased with the most recent, neoliberal wave of globalization, the phenomenon is not new in itself. Brands were already an important element to the “first” wave of globalization of 1870–1913. Building on superior productive capacity and new advertising and marketing skills that had developed in a growing domestic consumer market, British brands like Pear's Soap were successful in colonial markets as well as in continental Europe and the United States. In the interwar years, the development of an American consumer society relied on new capacities for “Fordist” mass production: a consolidating cultural industry centered on radio, cinema, and the press, and new management and marketing practices along with market research and consumer psychology. In particular, there was a consolidation of American advertising practices; advertising underwent a “scientific turn” and began to rely more on systematic theories and models and less on intuition and artistic whim. These tendencies gave a growing strength to American brands like Lux Soap or Lucky Strike cigarettes. Aided by Hollywood cinema – where actors were often featured as “live” advertisements for branded consumer goods – and by the global expansion of American advertising agencies like J. Walter Thompson, these brands began to make inroads into European and, to some extent, Asian markets by the 1920s. For example, until the proclamation of “autarchy” in 1935, American brands had a discrete presence in fascist Italy and Coca‐Cola was consumed in Nazi Germany. They were sold against the backdrop of a globalizing American media culture, centered on cinema and jazz music, where commodities like cigarettes and bubble gum could achieve new, transnational meanings as part of an alluringly modern American way of life. During the postwar years, the global diffusion of American brands and of the American consumer culture of which they were part would be a key component of the processes of “Americanization,” whereby the United States built up a cultural “soft‐power” in the so‐called “free world” that remained in a position of relatively uncontested hegemony at least until the onset of the Vietnam War.