bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate social responsibility and sustainability reporting on the Internet
Authors: Morhardt J. Emil 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAll material related to environmental and social performance on the corporate internet sites of 454 Fortune Global 500 and Fortune 1000 companies in 25 industrial sectors was analyzed using the Pacific Sustainability Index. Maximum scores for individual sectors were 20–75 percent of the total possible, highest in the largest and most environmentally sensitive sectors and ranging generally linearly, as shown by plotting score versus rank, down to nearly zero in every sector. None of the variation in score is explained by corporate revenue in the Asian and European firms in this sample (revenues greater than about $9 billion), but there is a very weak correlation between score and revenue for American firms of this size, and a stronger one when Fortune 1000 companies (all American) with revenues smaller than this are included, suggesting that, as corporate size reaches a certain threshold, sustainability reporting becomes independent of it. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Stereocontrolled Cyclic Nitrone Cycloaddition Strategy for the Synthesis of Pyrrolizidine and Indolizidine Alkaloids
Authors: Brandi Alberto , Cardona Francesca , Cicchi Stefano , Cordero Franca M. , Goti Andrea 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of polyhydroxylated indolizidines and pyrrolizidines belonging to the class of iminosugars, endowed with a vast and assorted biological activity, can be achieved in a straightforward manner by a general strategy consisting of a highly stereoselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of polyhydroxylated pyrroline‐N‐oxides followed by simple transformations of the isoxazolidine adducts. The strategy allows the complete control of the relative and absolute stereochemistry of the numerous stereogenic centers decorating these compounds.
Rice Husk Ash as a Low Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Methylene Blue and Congo Red in Aqueous Phases
Authors: Chowdhury Anirban K. , Sarkar Anupam D. , Bandyopadhyay Amitava 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdsorption is of significant importance for effluent treatment, especially for the treatment of colored effluent generated from the dyeing and bleaching industries. Low cost adsorbents have gained attention over the decades as a means of achieving very high removal efficiencies to meet effluent discharge standards. The present article reports on batch investigations for color removal from aqueous solutions of Methylene Blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as an alternative low cost adsorbent. The performance analysis was carried out as a function of various operating parameters, such as initial concentration of dye, adsorbent dose, contact time, shaker speed, interruption of shaking and ionic concentration. Performance studies revealed that a very high percentage removal of color was achievable for both dyes. The maximum percentage removal of MB was 99.939%, while 98.835% removal was observed for CR. These percentage removals were better than existing systems. Detailed data analysis indicated that adsorption of MB followed the Temkin isotherm, while CR followed the Freundlich isotherm. These isotherms were feasible within the framework of experimentation. Batch kinetic data, on the other hand, indicated that pseudo second order kinetics governed adsorption in both cases. Sensitivity analysis further indicated that the effects of initial dye concentration, shaker speed, pH and ionic strength had no noticeable effect on the percentage dye removal at equilibrium. Batch desorption studies revealed that 50% acetone solution was optimum for CR, while desorption of MB varied directly with acetone concentration.
Design and verification of peripheral control circuits in Esterel
Authors: Singh S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe present a case study showing how an existing concurrent programming language can be used to produce either efficient control‐oriented circuits or embedded software from the same description. This description is also amenable to fully automatic formal verification and can be used to produce pairs of reconfigurable components which can be dynamically scheduled into either hardware or software resources. By using an existing concurrent language we increase the productivity because we can make use of readily available tools for debugging, analysis and verification. We believe that a language and a system that generates good software and hardware is a promising starting point for helping mainstream software developers target future manycore systems which will comprise a mixture of software and hardware components as well as provide a valuable technique for producing interchangeable reconfigurable components for run‐time reconfigurable FPGAs. Copyright © 2007 S. Singh. [Correction made here after
initial online publication]
Spatiotemporal Kinetics in Solution Studied by Time‐Resolved X‐Ray Liquidography (Solution Scattering)
Authors: Kim Tae Kyu , Lee Jae Hyuk , Wulff Michael , Kong Qingyu , Ihee Hyotcherl 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInformation about temporally varying molecular structure during chemical processes is crucial for understanding the mechanism and function of a chemical reaction. Using ultrashort optical pulses to trigger a reaction in solution and using time‐resolved X‐ray diffraction (scattering) to interrogate the structural changes in the molecules, time‐resolved X‐ray liquidography (TRXL) is a direct tool for probing structural dynamics for chemical reactions in solution. TRXL can provide direct structural information that is difficult to extract from ultrafast optical spectroscopy, such as the time dependence of bond lengths and angles of all molecular species including short‐lived intermediates over a wide range of times, from picoseconds to milliseconds. TRXL elegantly complements ultrafast optical spectroscopy because the diffraction signals are sensitive to all chemical species simultaneously and the diffraction signal from each chemical species can be quantitatively calculated from its three‐dimensional atomic coordinates and compared with experimental TRXL data. Since X‐rays scatter from all the atoms in the solution sample, solutes as well as the solvent, the analysis of TRXL data can provide the temporal behavior of the solvent as well as the structural progression of all the solute molecules in all the reaction pathways, thus providing a global picture of the reactions and accurate branching ratios between multiple reaction pathways. The arrangement of the solvent around the solute molecule can also be extracted. This review summarizes recent developments in TRXL, including technical innovations in synchrotron beamlines and theoretical analysis of TRXL data, as well as several examples from simple molecules to an organometallic complex, nanoparticles, and proteins in solution. Future potential applications of TRXL in femtosecond studies and biologically relevant molecules are also briefly mentioned.
Clinical evaluation of a simple image cytometer for CD4 enumeration on HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Li Xiao , Breukers Christian , Ymeti Aurel , Pattanapanyasat Kovit , Sukapirom Kasama , Terstappen Leon W. M. M. , Greve Jan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground:Affordable, easy‐to‐use, and reliable CD4+ T lymphocyte enumeration systems are needed in resource‐constrained settings to monitor HIV.Methods:A simple image cytometer was used to count fluorescently labeled CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes from CD3 immunomagnetically selected cells on blood specimens of 460 HIV‐1‐infected patients in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Results were compared with flow cytometry (FCM).Results:CD4+ T lymphocyte counts by image cytometer were comparable (R ≥ 0.97) with those by the FACSCount and the FACScan with a bias of 7.3 and 9.1%, respectively. At very low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts (≤50/μl) some over‐count outliers were observed by the FACScan and image cytometer when compared with the FACSCount. For CD8 enumeration, the image cytometer showed a good correlation (R = 0.96) and a consistent undercount (∼17%) when compared with the FACSCount.Conclusions:Evaluation of the image cytometer for CD4 and CD8 enumeration demonstrated comparable results with FCM on a population of HIV‐1‐infected patients. The image cytometer is a good alternative method for point‐of‐care settings in resource‐constrained countries. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society
High density DNA array analysis reveals distinct genomic profiles in a subset of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Belinsky Martin G. , Skorobogatko Yuliya V. , Rink Lori , Pei Jianming , Cai Kathy Q. , Vanderveer Lisa A. , Riddell David , Merkel Erin , Tarn Chi , Eisenberg Burton L. , von Mehren Margaret , Testa Joseph R. , Godwin Andrew K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) generally harbor activating mutations in KIT or platelet‐derived growth facter receptor (PDGFRA). Mutations in these receptor tyrosine kinases lead to dysregulation of downstream signaling pathways that contribute to GIST pathogenesis. GISTs with KIT or PDGFRA mutations also undergo secondary cytogenetic alterations that may indicate the involvement of additional genes important in tumor progression. Approximately 10–15% of adult and 85% of pediatric GISTs do not have mutations in KIT or in PDGFRA. Most mutant adult GISTs display large‐scale genomic alterations, but little is known about the mutation‐negative tumors. Using genome‐wide DNA arrays, we investigated genomic imbalances in a set of 31 GISTs, including 10 KIT/PDGFRA mutation‐negative tumors from nine adults and one pediatric case and 21 mutant tumors. Although all 21 mutant GISTs exhibited multiple copy number aberrations, notably losses, eight of the 10 KIT/PDGFRA mutation‐negative GISTs exhibited few or no genomic alterations. One KIT/PDGFRA mutation‐negative tumor exhibiting numerous genomic changes was found to harbor an alternate activating mutation, in the serine‐threonine kinase BRAF. The only other mutation‐negative GIST with significant chromosomal imbalances was a recurrent metastatic tumor found to harbor a homozygous deletion in chromosome arm 9p. Similar findings in several KIT‐mutant GISTs identified a minimal overlapping region of deletion of ∼0.28 Mbp in 9p21.3 that includes only the CDKN2A/2B genes, which encode inhibitors of cell‐cycle kinases. These results suggest that GISTs without activating kinase mutations, whether pediatric or adult, generally exhibit a much lower level of cytogenetic progression than that observed in mutant GISTs. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural representation of anxiety and personality during exposure to anxiety‐provoking and neutral scenes from scary movies
Authors: Straube Thomas , Preissler Sandra , Lipka Judith , Hewig Johannes , Mentzel Hans‐Joachim , Miltner Wolfgang H.R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSome people search for intense sensations such as being scared by frightening movies while others do not. The brain mechanisms underlying such inter‐individual differences are not clear. Testing theoretical models, we investigated neural correlates of anxiety and the personality trait sensation seeking in 40 subjects who watched threatening and neutral scenes from scary movies during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Threat versus neutral scenes induced increased activation in anterior cingulate cortex, insula, thalamus, and visual areas. Movie‐induced anxiety correlated positively with activation in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, indicating a role for this area in the subjective experience of being scared. Sensation seeking‐scores correlated positively with brain activation to threat versus neutral scenes in visual areas and in thalamus and anterior insula, i.e. regions involved in the induction and representation of arousal states. For the insula and thalamus, these outcomes were partly due to an inverse relation between sensation seeking scores and brain activation during neutral film clips. These results support models predicting cerebral hypoactivation in high sensation seekers during neutral stimulation, which may be compensated by more intense sensations such as watching scary movies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New school in liver development: Lessons from zebrafish #
Authors: Chu Jaime , Sadler Kirsten C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
There is significant overlap in the genes and pathways that control liver development and those that regulate liver regeneration, hepatic progenitor cell expansion, response to injury, and cancer. Additionally, defects in liver development may underlie some congenital and perinatal liver diseases. Thus, studying hepatogenesis is important for understanding not only how the liver forms, but also how it functions. Elegant work in mice has uncovered a host of transcription factors and signaling molecules that govern the early steps of hepatic specification; however, the inherent difficulty of studying embryogenesis in utero has driven developmental biologists to seek new systems. The rapidly developing vertebrate zebrafish is a favorite model for embryology. The power of forward genetic screens combined with live real-time imaging of development in transparent zebrafish embryos has highlighted conserved processes essential for hepatogenesis and has uncovered some exciting new players. This review presents the advantages of zebrafish for studying liver development, underscoring how studies in zebrafish and mice complement each other. In addition to their value for studying development, zebrafish models of hepatic and biliary diseases are expanding, and using these small, inexpensive embryos for drug screening has become de rigueur. Zebrafish provide a shared platform for developmental biology and translational research, offering innovative methods for studying liver development and disease. The story of hepatogenesis has something for everyone. It involves transcriptional regulation, cell-cell interaction, signaling pathways, control of cell proliferation and apoptosis, plus morphogenic processes that sculpt vasculature, parenchymal cells, and mesenchyme to form the multifaceted liver. Decades of research on liver development in mice and other vertebrates offer valuable lessons in how the multipotent endoderm is programmed to form a functional liver. Of equal importance are insights that have illuminated the mechanisms by which hepatic progenitors are activated in a damaged liver, how the adult liver regenerates, and, possibly, the basis for engineering liver cells in vitro for cell transplantation to sustain patients with liver failure. Moreover, processes that are key to liver development are often co-opted during pathogenesis. Therefore, reviewing hepatogenesis is informative for both basic and translational researchers. In this review, we bring to light the many advantages offered by the tropical freshwater vertebrate zebrafish (Danio rerio) in studying hepatogenesis. By comparing zebrafish and mice, we highlight how work in each system complements the other and emphasize novel paradigms that have been uncovered using zebrafish. Finally, we highlight exciting efforts using zebrafish to model hepatobiliary diseases. (Hepatology 2009.)
An electromyographic investigation of asymmetric lifting and moving of a load: III. Models for determining muscle activity based on anthropometric characteristics
Authors: Das Biman , Mabaleka Godfrey 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRegression models for six muscles, the left and right iliocostalis, the left and right erector spinae, and the left and right external oblique, were developed for asymmetry and height effects for floor and knuckle lifts. The models were based on participant anthropometric and other measures. Stepwise regression was performed for developing the prediction models. The models developed were discrete in terms of specific height and asymmetry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mortality in a long‐term follow‐up after treatment of CIN
Authors: Kalliala Ilkka , Dyba Tadeusz , Nieminen Pekka , Hakulinen Timo , Anttila Ahti 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAfter treatment of the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) cervical cancer incidence remains elevated at least for 20 years. Whether the overall or cervical cancer mortality after treatment of CIN is elevated is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the long‐term survival and cause‐specific mortality among women treated for CIN. The study population consisted of 7,104 women treated for CIN between 1974 and 2001 and 35,437 individually matched controls. The follow‐up of mortality was based on nationwide registries and closed at death, emigration or December 31, 2005. The possible differences in mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazard model. With follow‐up time of approximately 630,000 woman‐years, overall 2,781 deaths were observed, 530 among women treated for CIN and 2,251 among reference population (HR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.3). Mortality from any cancer (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.7), lung cancer (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.8–4.1) and HPV‐related anogenital cancer (HR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1–8.6) was higher among CIN patients, but mortality from cervical cancer was not (HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.3–4.0). Elevated cervical cancer incidence after treatment of CIN, documented earlier, did not predict elevation in cervical cancer mortality. This suggests high effectiveness of CIN management. Most of the excess mortality observed among CIN patients was due to increased risk of other cancers. These long‐term mortality patterns should be considered when planning and evaluating the management of CIN lesions and related cervical or other cancer prevention activity.
Expression of microRNA‐221 is progressively reduced in aggressive prostate cancer and metastasis and predicts clinical recurrence
Authors: Spahn Martin , Kneitz Susanne , Scholz Claus‐Jürgen , Stenger Nico , Rüdiger Thomas , Ströbel Philipp , Riedmiller Hubertus , Kneitz Burkhard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEmerging evidence shows that microRNAs (miR) are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers, including prostate carcinoma (PCa). Little information is available regarding miR expression levels in lymph node metastasis of prostate cancer or the potential of miRs as prognostic markers in this disease. Therefore, we analyzed the global expression of miRs in benign, hyperplastic prostate tissue (BPH), primary PCa of a high risk group of PCa patients, and corresponding metastatic tissues by microarray analysis. Consistent with the proposal that some miRs are oncomirs, we found aberrant expression of several miRs, including the downregulation of miR‐221, in PCa metastasis. Downregulation of miR‐221 was negatively correlated with the expression of the proto‐oncogen c‐kit in primary carcinoma. In a large study cohort, the prostate‐specific oncomir miR‐221 was progressively downregulated in aggressive forms of PCa. Downregulation of miR‐221 was associated with clinicopathological parameters, including the Gleason score and the clinical recurrence during follow up. Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazard models showed that miR‐221 downregulation was linked to tumor progression and recurrence in a high risk prostate cancer cohort. Our results showed that progressive miR‐221 downregulation hallmarks metastasis and presents a novel prognostic marker in high risk PCa. This suggests that miR‐221 has potential as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in PCa.
Incidence and outcome of acquisition of human papillomavirus infection in women with normal cytology—A population‐based cohort study from Taiwan
Authors: Chao Angel , Chang Chee‐Jen , Lai Chyong‐Huey , Chao Fang‐Yu , Hsu Yi‐Hsien , Chou Hung‐Hsueh , Huang Huei‐Jean , Jung Shih‐Ming , Lin Cheng‐Tao , Cheng Hui‐Hsin , Huang Chu‐Chun , Yang Jung‐Erh , Chang Ting‐Chang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLittle is known about acquisition of human papillomavirus (HPV) and its outcome among older women with negative HPV testing and normal cytology. A longitudinal 3‐yr follow‐up of nested‐cohort subjects (n = 8825) from a population‐based cervical cancer screening study whose Pap and HPV tests were negative at baseline were conducted. Every active HPV‐negative (n = 413) participant had 12‐mo follow‐ups of Pap smear and HPV testing. Colposcopy was performed if either HPV‐positive or cytology was abnormal. The cytology and histology information of the remaining subjects (passive HPV‐negative, n = 8412) was obtained from national registry database. Median age of participants was 45 yr (range, 30–73 yr). The incidence of new acquisition was 4.2/100 woman‐years. The 3‐yr cumulative total HPV acquisition rate was 11.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.1–14.1). Increased number of sexual partners (≥2 vs. 1) of the participant was associated with risk of acquisition (odds ratio [OR]: 5.0, 95% CI: 2.0–12.6) by multivariate analysis. Three cases of ≥ cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 were identified in 3‐yr follow‐up in active HPV‐negative subjects. HPV genotypes in the dysplastic tissue were actually present at baseline samples after reanalysis. From the passive HPV‐negative group, only 1 case progressed to CIN2 probably after HPV acquisition. Negative Pap and HPV tests assured a very low risk of developing ≥ CIN2 within 3 yr despite incident HPV infection.
Sequential BMP‐2/BMP‐7 delivery from polyester nanocapsules
Authors: Yilgor P. , Hasirci N. , Hasirci V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a nanosized, controlled growth factor release system to incorporate into tissue engineering scaffolds and thus activate the cells seeded in the scaffold. Nanocapsules of poly(lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were loaded with the bone morphogenetic proteins BMP‐2 and BMP‐7, respectively, and with bovine serum albumin (BSA), the model protein. BSA‐loading efficiency and release kinetics were used to determine the most appropriate nanocapsule pair to achieve the delivery of growth factors in a sequential manner, as occurs in natural processes. BSA‐encapsulation efficiency was highest when the polymer concentration used in the preparation of PLGA and PHBV nanocapsules was 10% (w/v) (84.75% and 16.72%, respectively). Release of BSA was faster from PLGA than it was from PHBV. Based on the encapsulation efficiency and release data, 10% PLGA and 10% PHBV nanocapsules were chosen to provide the early BMP‐2 and later BMP‐7 release, respectively. Simultaneous, sequential delivery and individual release of the BMPs were studied for 7, 14, and 21 days, using rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Individual BMP‐2 release suppressed cell proliferation while providing higher alkaline phosphatase activity with respect to BMP‐7. The sequential delivery of BMP‐2 and BMP‐7 provided slightly lower proliferation than did simultaneous delivery, but the highest alkaline phosphatase activity of all indicated a synergistic effect on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells caused by the use of the two growth factors in a sequential fashion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010