bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A life of fear: Sex workers and the threat of HIV in Uganda
Authors: Schoemaker Juan , Twikirize Janestic 
Published: January 2011

Schoemaker J, Twikirize J. A life of fear: sex workers and the threat of HIV in UgandaThe way individuals perceive their risk to certain threats influences their adoption of preventive behaviour. This study explored sex workers' perception of risk of HIV infection within the context of other serious threats. The study was carried out in Kampala, Uganda, using peer ethnography. Sex workers were well aware of their risk of HIV infection but this risk was eclipsed by other more immediate and frightening threats. Sex workers' willingness to gamble with HIV is explained by the fact that their existence is already very dangerous, and taking risks is an inherent part of their trade. Decriminalising sex work could make their lives somewhat safer, motivating them to better protect themselves, but this is unlikely to happen in Uganda. Attempting to enforce some coercive control mechanisms would not work, given the pervasive corruption in law enforcement and the judiciary, the institutions that would be responsible for implementing such control.
Nuclear Argonaute 2 regulates adipose tissue‐derived stem cell survival through direct control of miR10b and selenoprotein N1 expression
Authors: Kim Bong Sun , Jung Jin Sun , Jang Jin Hwa , Kang Kyung Sun , Kang Soo Kyung 
Published: January 2011

SummaryArgonaute 2 (Ago2) has a leading function in miRNA‐induced RNA silencing, a conserved gene regulatory mechanism in cells and organisms. miRNAs are critical for stem cell self‐renewal, development, and other functions. Here, we report that nuclear Ago2, by binding to a specific region of functional genes, directly controls adipose tissue–derived stem cell (ATSC) survival in response to a critical dose of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated oxidative cell damage or senescence. The role of nuclear Ago2 has not been previously reported. Here, we show that human ATSCs in which Ago2 was downregulated underwent apoptosis. Silencing of Ago2 in ATSCs significantly induces upregulation of miR10b and miR23b expression. These miRNAs directly interfere with ROS‐scavenging gene expression, such as TXNL1 and GPX3. Upregulation of miR10b and miR23b is sufficient to induce ATSC cell apoptosis via p38 MAPK phosphorylation and caspase 3 activation. In addition, Ago2 overexpression or interference by miR10b and miR23b expression in ATSCs partially rescued H2O2/ROS‐mediated apoptotic cell death by upregulating the expression of TXNL2, JUNK, caspase‐3, and cytochrome C. Nuclear Ago2‐mediated miR10b and miR23b downregulation also allows cells to escape senescence, which results in telomerase reverse transcriptase, stemness overexpression, and improved self‐renewal and differentiation through Wnt5a/β‐catenin activation. Argonaute 2 expression is critical for stem cells to escape senescence by downregulating miR10b and miR23b. The Ago2‐binding gene selenoprotein N1 (SEPN1) was also effectively involved in ATSC survival and self‐renewal through ROS‐mediated p38 MAPK inactivation.
Crossing Borders: Linking Environmental and Genetic Developmental Factors
Authors: JOLES JAAP A. 
Published: January 2011

Please cite this paper as: Joles (2011). Crossing Borders: Linking Environmental and Genetic Developmental Factors. Microcirculation 18(4), 298–303.AbstractBesides the impact of direct environmental factors, the occurrence of non‐communicable adult disease is determined by non‐genetic and genetic developmental factors. The broad developmental categories, developmental programing and genetic variation are often viewed as being independent of each other. The object of this review, focusing on hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, is to identify interaction between genetic and non‐genetic developmental factors influencing risk factors that can contribute to the occurrence of non‐communicable adult disease.
Change in the frequency of HRT use from 2000 to 2005 and reasons to discontinue: follow‐up of a normal cohort in Finland
Authors: JALAVA‐BROMAN JAANA , MÄKINEN JUHA , OJANLATVA ANSA , JOKINEN KIRSI , SILLANMÄKI LAURI , RAUTAVA PÄIVI 
Published: January 2011

Abstract Objective. To examine frequencies of the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in a follow‐up cohort of women aged 57–61 years in 2005 and to discover reasons why the women who used HRT in 2000 discontinued it. Design. Questionnaire survey. Setting. Five‐year cross‐sectional follow‐up study. Sample. Cohort of 52‐ to 56‐year‐old Finnish women. Methods. Single‐ and multi‐predictor model analyses. Main Outcome Measures. Frequency of HRT users and quitters and reasons behind the discontinuation. Results. Altogether, 35.9% of the women aged 57–61 years used HRT in 2005. Main reasons for the initial use of HRT among users and among those who discontinued included the perceived experience of severe climacteric symptoms as well as maintenance of health and prevention of mostly cardiovascular diseases. Main reasons to discontinue HRT included desire to stay without medication, side‐effects, reaction to recent controversial findings in ‘HRT publications’ and fear of cancer. Those women who used but discontinued HRT had used it for less time than those who continued. Women who discontinued were older and initially started using HRT to maintain health. Neither the severity of climacteric symptoms nor reporting on positive or negative effects prior to starting use had influence on the women's discontinuance of HRT. Conclusions. The use of HRT was still frequent in Finland in 2005 despite the impact of controversial research results from the early 2000s. For those who discontinued HRT, these reports played an important role.
Physical measurement and evaluation of skin color changes under normal condition and post‐ultraviolet radiation: a comparison study of Chromameter CM 2500d and Maxmeter MX18
Authors: Tian Yan , Wang Y. X. , Gu W. J. , Zhang P. , Sun Y. , Y. E.  , Liu W. 
Published: January 2011

Objective: To compare the data correlation between two kinds of instruments, Chromameter CM2500d and Maxmeter MX18, in the measurement of skin color changes under normal condition and post‐ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Method: The data points of Chromameter CM2500d are based on L*a* values, while Maxmeter MX18 are based on M and E values, in order to compare the data correlation between these two kinds of instruments in skin color measurement on both non‐exposed and exposed sites. In addition, an evaluation of the correlation of post‐UV irradiation between these two instruments was conducted. Four different kinds of parameters post‐UV radiation were measured including minimal erythema dose (MED), immediate pigmentation dose (IPD), minimal persistent pigmentation dose (MPPD) and repeated UV radiation. The following UV radiation dosages were applied as Day 1=1.0 MED, Day 2=0.5 MED and Day 3=0.5 MED for repeated UV radiation, of which the erythema and pigmentation changes were recorded.Result: Chromameter CM2500d and Maxmeter MX18 showed good data correlation when measuring both non‐exposed and exposed sites on normal skin. L* values were affected more easily by UV‐induced erythema than M values on skin color changes after 1 MED and repeated UV exposures. IPD, MPPD and the pigmentation data showed good correlations with the measurement of the intensive erythema formation induced by repeated UV exposures. a* value was shown to be equally effective as E value with skin erythema measurements in response to various MEDs. However, increased erythema induced by repeated UV radiations was able to reduce the correlations between a* and E values. On the other hand, a* and E were shown to be equally effective in recording the erythema change courses after strong erythema responses post‐UV radiations.Conclusion: This comparative study showed that the data correlations between the two kinds of instruments were different depending on measurement conditions. Both Chromameter CM2500d and Maxmeter MX18 instrumental measurement results should be carefully evaluated by experimental conditions.
Expression of selected genes escaping from X inactivation in the 41, XXY* mouse model for Klinefelter’s syndrome
Authors: Werler Steffi , Poplinski Andreas , Gromoll Jörg , Wistuba Joachim 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim: We hypothesized that patients with Klinefelter’s syndrome (KS) not only undergo X inactivation, but also that genes escape from inactivation. Their transcripts would constitute a significant difference, as male metabolism is not adapted to a ‘female‐like’ gene dosage. We evaluated the expression of selected X‐linked genes in our 41, XXY* male mice to determine whether these genes escape inactivation and whether tissue‐specific differences occur.Methods: Correct X inactivation was identified byXistexpression. Relative expression of X‐linked genes was examined in liver, kidney and brain tissue by real‐time PCR in adult XXY* and XY* males and XX females.Results: Expression of genes known to escape X inactivation was analysed. Relative mRNA levels ofPgk1(control, X inactivated), and the genesEif2s3x,Kdm5c,Ddx3xandKdm6aescaping from X inactivation were quantified from liver, kidney and brain.Pgk1mRNA expression showed no difference, confirming correct X inactivation. In kidney and liver, XXY* males resembled the female expression pattern in all four candidate genes and were distinguishable from XY* males. Contrastingly, in brain tissue XXY* males expressed all four genes higher than male and female controls.Conclusion: Altered expression of genes escaping X inactivation probably contributes directly to the XXY* phenotype.
Undergraduate geriatric education through community service learning
Authors: Brondani Mario A. , Chen Alex , Chiu Angela , Gooch Simon , Ko Kevin , Lee Kevin , Maskan Arash , Steed Brett 
Published: January 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00444.xUndergraduate geriatric education through community service learningIntroduction:  Despite the exponential growth of the elderly population worldwide, geriatric education has been a formal component of only a few dental schools’ curricula.Objective:  To describe the geriatric community service learning (CSL) component of the professionalism and community service (PACS) module, and to explore a CSL project carried out by a group of first year dental students at a long‐term care facility.Methods:  A literature review was performed to present and describe the CSL component of the PACS module. Students’ personal reflections were used to illustrate some of the joys and challenges of experiencing a long‐term care facility environment.Results:  The newly developed PACS module combines community service learning with the long‐term care experience. Students develop, apply and evaluate an educational health promotion activity in a long‐term care facility.Conclusions:  The PACS module has encouraged students to acquire comprehensive knowledge and awareness of the needs and dynamics of a long‐term care as they collaboratively interacted with personnel from the facility to develop their projects. The authors would like to engage other schools in discussing the need to integrate community‐based geriatric education into their dental curricula.
Prudence, Commitments and Intertemporal Conflicts
Authors: HUCKFELDT VAUGHN 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTypical justifications of prudence are based on the fact that we are temporally extended agents who remain numerically identical over time. After showing that prudential considerations should instead be based on our identity at a particular time, I outline a normative context for prudential reasons, based on a present commitment to temporal neutrality. I then consider how contingency in the content of a present commitment to temporal neutrality provides a flexible context that can help to resolve current debates about whether agents are required to maximize value, maximin value, minimax loss or are required to conform to any of a host of other options on how to adjudicate various types of conflict between present and future values.
Linguistic Know‐How: The Limits of Intellectualism
Authors: TSAI CHENG‐HUNG 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn “Knowing How”, Jason Stanley and Timothy Williamson (2001) propose an intellectualist account of knowledge‐how, according to which all knowledge‐how is a type of propositional knowledge about ways to act. In this article, I examine this intellectualist account by applying it to the epistemology of language. I argue that (a) Stanley and Williamson mischaracterize the concept of knowledge‐how in the epistemology of language, and (b) intellectualism about knowledge of language fails in its explanatory task. One lesson that can be drawn from this case study is that Stanley and Williamson's intellectualism is limited in its explanatory scope and power insofar as it cannot explain the knowledge of language, which is usually conceived as knowledge‐how and as non‐propositional in character. Their intellectualist claim that all knowledge‐how is knowledge‐that should be withdrawn.
Gender differences in teachers’ perceptions of students’ temperament, educational competence, and teachability
Authors: Mullola Sari , Ravaja Niklas , Lipsanen Jari , Alatupa Saija , Hintsanen Mirka , Jokela Markus , Keltikangas‐Järvinen Liisa 
Published: January 2011

Background. Student's temperament plays a significant role in teacher's perception of the student's learning style, educational competence (EC), and teachability. Hence, temperament contributes to student's academic achievement and teacher's subjective ratings of school grades. However, little is known about the effect of gender and teacher's age on this association.Aims. We examined the effect of teacher's and student's gender and teacher's age on teacher‐perceived temperament, EC, and teachability, and whether there is significant same gender or different gender association between teachers and students in this relationship.Sample. The participants were population‐based sample of 3,212 Finnish adolescents (M= 15.1 years) and 221 subject teachers.Methods. Temperament was assessed with Temperament Assessment Battery for Children – Revised and Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey batteries and EC with three subscales covering Cognitive ability, Motivation, and Maturity. Data were analyzed with multi‐level modelling.Results. Teachers perceived boys’ temperament and EC more negatively than girls’. However, the differences between boys and girls were not as large when perceived by male teachers, as they were when perceived by female teachers. Males perceived boys more positively and more capable in EC and teachability than females. They were also stricter regarding their perceptions of girls’ traits. With increasing age, males perceived boys’ inhibition as higher and mood lower. Generally, the older the teacher, the more mature he/she perceived the student.Conclusions. Teachers’ ratings varied systematically by their gender and age, and by students’ gender. This bias may have an effect on school grades and needs be taken into consideration in teacher education.
Correlation between Steric Substituent Constants and Thermal Cycloreversion Reactivity of Diarylethene Closed-Ring Isomers
Authors: Kitagawa Daichi , Sasaki Kyohei , Kobatake Seiya 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Two kinds of diarylperfluorocyclopentenes having 5-phenyl-2-propyl-3-thienyl and 2-isobutyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl group as the aryl groups were newly synthesized, and the thermal stability of their closed-ring isomers was investigated. The bulkiness of the substituent (R) at the reacting positions in photochromic diarylethenes plays an important role in the thermal cycloreversion reactivity of the photogenerated closed-ring isomers. The steric substituent constant was introduced to investigate the relationship between the steric hindrance of the substituent R and the thermal cycloreversion reactivity. We employed three steric substituent constants, Es(R), Esc(R), and v(R) values. We found that there is a good correlation between the Esc(R) value and the thermal cycloreversion reactivity. Furthermore, the Es(CH2R) value has also a good correlation with the thermal cycloreversion reactivity, while Es(R) has no correlation. These results indicate that the steric hindrance has an effect on the thermal cycloreversion and there is no hyperconjugation of the α-hydrogen on the 2-substituent on the thiophene ring. Moreover, the activation energy was also found to be related to the steric substituent constant. These findings would give a new useful strategy to design novel diarylethenes having desired thermal stability.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Hollow Polyaniline Spheres with Nonsulfonated Polystyrene Latex Template
Authors: Sun Cheng , Sheng Dongmei 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Monodisperse hollow polyaniline nanospheres with controlled surface smoothness were synthesized by in situ polymerization of aniline monomers adsorbed on a carboxyl-functionalized polystyrene surface through electrostatic interactions.
A Facile Synthesis of NiO Nanosheet with High-energy (111) Surface
Authors: Zhu Kake , Hua Weiming , Wang Xingyi 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
NiO nanosheet with high-energy (111) polar surface was prepared in high yield under mild conditions using nickel acetate tetrahydrate as starting material via thermal decomposition of intermediate Ni(OH)(OCH3). The NiO(111) nanosheet is far more active than conventional NiO for ethylbenzene dehydrogenation.
Change in Crystal Structure of LiNi0.8Co0.19Cu0.01O2 Cathode during Charge of Coin Cell Observed by Ex Situ Time-of-flight Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Idemoto Yasushi , Tsukada Yuta , Kitamura Naoto , Hoshikawa Akinori , Ishigaki Toru 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In the present study, we performed a new ex situ analysis of the change in the crystal structure of a cathode containing the composite material in a coin cell during the charge–discharge cycle. Time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction with Rietveld refinement was used to analyze the crystal structure of LiNi0.8Co0.19Cu0.01O2 produced by solid-phase synthesis, both for the powder and a cathode before and after charging. The powder and the cathode had similar crystal structure parameters before charging. The results obtained demonstrate that crystal structure analysis by neutron diffraction is possible for a cathode containing 8.5 mg of active material. The results also showed that it is possible to quantitatively determine the Li composition, Li/Ni cation mixing amount, (Ni,Co,Cu)–O6 octahedral distortion, and small quantities of the second phase component in the cathode before and after charging.
Subnanoscale Size Effect of Dendrimer-encapsulated Pd Clusters on Catalytic Hydrogenation of Olefin
Authors: Maeno Zen , Kibata Takayuki , Mitsudome Takato , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Dendrimer-encapsulated subnano Pd clusters catalyze selective hydrogenation of 1,3-cyclooctadiene to cyclooctene. The catalytic activity increases with the size of the subnano Pd clusters. The activity of the threefold hollow sites of the subnano Pd clusters plays an important role in the hydrogenation reaction.
Iranian Clinical Nurses' Coping Strategies for Job Stress
Authors: Jannati Yadollah , Mohammadi Rakhshandeh , Seyedfatemi Naeimeh 
Published: January 2011

Iranian Clinical Nurses' Coping Strategies for Job Stress: Yadollah Jannati, et al. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran—ObjectivesSince the existence of work‐related stressors is inevitable in nurses' workplace, nurses usually use a variety of coping strategies which can be called cognitive, affective, and behavioral techniques. In this study, we aimed to explore the coping strategies employed by the Iranian clinical nurses in depth.MethodsThis work was a qualitative study using Straus and Corbin's grounded theory approach focusing on the process of coping with job stress used by Iranian clinical nurses.ResultsThe results of the present qualitative study indicate that the core category was “on the route to coping” which contained six categories comprising work management, self‐control, emotional, spiritual, cognitive, and interactional strategies.ConclusionsWe conclude that in nursing it is inevitable that different kinds of strategies are used to cope with the many stressors. The conceptual model emerging from the data indicate that nurses are engaged in a dynamic process of struggling to cope with job stressors. In fact, they are “on the route to coping” with the job stressors. Considering the high level of stress in the nursing profession, the indings of this study have implications for both hospital managers and Iranian clinical nurses.
Frequent Accesses to Totally Implanted Vascular Ports in Pediatric Oncology Patients are Associated with Higher Infection Rates
Authors: Gapany Christophe , Tercier Stéphane , Diezi Manuel , Clement Chantal , Lemay Katy , Joseph Jean-Marc 
Published: January 2011

Purpose Totally implanted vascular (TIVA) ports are used in children for repeated blood samples or intravenous treatments. We have recently published a prospective evaluation of surgical incidents and early complications associated with these devices. This work is the final part of the same study, assessing late complications over a follow-up of 2 yrs. Methods From January 2006 to January 2008, children older than 1 yr of age with a diagnosis of solid or blood cell malignancy were included. Insertion technique and care of the device were standardized. Every manipulation was prospectively recorded by specialized nurses. Obstruction was documented clinically. When bacteremia was suspected, routine central and peripheral blood cultures were drawn. Results Forty-five consecutive patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age at the time of the procedure was 8.5 yrs. There was no catheter-related infection within the first 4 weeks post-surgery. No device had to be removed because of infection or obstruction during follow-up. Frequent accesses to the port (≥3 per day over a 10–day period) were associated with an 8–fold risk of infection. Conclusion Insertion and use of TIVA devices were frequently associated with complications. No device had to be removed because of infection or obstruction over the follow-up period, although no prophylactic antibiotic agent was used. Restrictive use of antibiotics may prevent opportunistic infection. Frequent access to the device was significantly associated with line infection (odds ratio=8.43). No risk factor was identified for obstruction which occurred at a rate of 5.3 per 10,000 accesses.