bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metastases of the Pelvis: Does Resection Improve Survival?
Authors: Ruggieri Pietro , Mavrogenis Andreas F. , Angelini Andrea , Mercuri Mario 
Published: June 2011

Limited data are available to compare the outcome of wide en bloc resection and curettage for pelvic metastases. Previous studies have reported that curettage is associated with high mortality and decreased survival compared to wide resection and have justified consideration of a radical surgical approach to achieve pain palliation and tumor control. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of curettage/marginal resection compared to wide en bloc resection for patients with pelvic metastases. The hypothesis was that wide resection does not improve survival even in patients with solitary pelvic metastases.
Between 1985 and 2009, twenty-one patients with pelvic metastases were treated with wide resection (12 patients) and curettage/marginal resection (9 patients) and adjuvants. Sixteen patients had solitary pelvic metastases. At a mean of 28 months (range, 2–152 months), we found no difference in survival to death or local recurrence with wide en bloc resection compared to curettage or marginal resection, even in patients with solitary pelvic metastases. The overall survival to death and local recurrence was 30% and 47% at 60 months, respectively. Survival to death of patients treated with wide resection was 18% at 60 months compared to 62% at 60 months of patients treated with curettage/marginal resection; no difference in survival to death between wide resection and curettage/marginal resection was observed even in patients with solitary pelvic metastases. Survival to local recurrence of patients treated with wide en bloc resection was 67% at 36 months compared to 26% at 36 months of patients treated with curettage/marginal resection; this was also not statistically significant. One patient treated with wide resection for a solitary pelvic metastasis had a postoperative complication.
Bipolar Clavicular Dislocation
Authors: Argintar Evan , Holzman Michael , Gunther Stephen 
Published: June 2011

Bipolar clavicular dislocation rarely occurs. Although referred to by several different names (panclavicular dislocation, bifocal clavicle dislocation, traumatic floating clavicle, and periarticular clavicle dislocation), knowledge regarding appropriate treatment of this condition is limited. Conservative therapy remains the gold standard in asymptomatic individuals. In younger individuals with higher functional demands, or individuals with persistent pain or instability, open reduction with internal fixation of the acromioclavicular joint has also proven successful. In situations with continued medial instability, internal fixation can be used at both the acromioclavicular joint and sternoclavicular joint.
Chronic bipolar dislocation may require total claviculectomy, especially when chronic dislocation has led to nonviable acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint viability. This article presents a chronic case of bipolar dislocation treated by complete claviculectomy.
Treatment of Focal Osteochondral Defects of the Acetabulum With Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation
Authors: Krych Aaron J. , Lorich Dean G. , Kelly Bryan T. 
Published: June 2011

To our knowledge, treatment of focal osteochondral defects of the acetabulum with osteochondral allograft transplantation has not been described. As with osteochondral lesions of other weight-bearing surfaces, these defects may lead to disabling pain and early degenerative changes. In older patients who fail nonoperative treatment, hip arthroplasty is a reliable option to obtain pain relief and restore function. However, in young and active patients, it may be advantageous to restore joint congruity biologically. The clinical success of osteochondral allograft transplantation in the femoral condyles has been well-documented, with over 25 years of experience. We propose similar treatment principles in the hip joint.
This article presents the cases of a 24-year-old woman (patient 1) and a 32-year-old man (patient 2) with hip pain and dysfunction secondary to a focal osteochondral defect of the acetabulum. Both were treated with osteochondral allograft transplantation to the defect using a dowel technique. A magnetic resonance image at 18 months in both cases demonstrated incorporation of the allograft bone into the host acetabulum. At 24 months in patient 1 and 42 months in patient 2, radiographs showed no progressive osteoarthritis. Both patients’ Hip Outcome Scores were 100 points each.
Osteochondral allografts allow large areas to be resurfaced without donor site morbidity, and these grafts provide an immediate functional joint surface. Although it has not been proven in terms of long-term follow-up, we believe that osteochondral allograft transplantation for focal osteochondral defects of the acetabulum in young, active patients is a feasible option to restore joint congruity.
L’état de nature, modèle et miroir de la guerre civile
Authors: Grangé Ninon 
Published: June 2011

Intervenant sur l’« état de nature comme modèle et miroir de la guerre civile », Ninon Grangé s’interroge sur l’oxymoron que constitue le couple barbarie/cité au nom d’un recouvrement de la politique par l’humanisation. La guerre civile complexifie les rapports politiques et n’est pas une régression dans la mesure où, contrairement à l’état de nature, il ne s’agit pas d’une hypothèse d’étude de nature fictionnelle : à ce titre elle est un arrêt plus qu’une rupture, une anomalie, un envers, un dérèglement du modèle de l’État qui, selon Hobbes, ne s’édifie pas contre la guerre mais contre la guerre civile (les conflits perpétuels entre les États relevant d’une sorte d’état de nature des républiques). Guerre et guerre civile posent le problème d’une permanence de l’état de nature au cœur même de l’état social. Le mode de sortie de ce paradoxe peut être perçu dans la question de l’amnistie (qui consiste à « ne pas rappeler les malheurs » selon l’étymologie grecque) comme nouveau départ de l’histoire et abolition de la distance entre les ennemis.
A la recherche d’une définition des institutions de la liberté.
Authors: GAILLE-NIKODIMOV Marie 
Published: June 2011

Cet article explore une dimension essentielle, et jusqu’à présent peu analysée, du langage machiavélien : les métaphores médicales et parmi celles-ci, plus spécialement les termes et expressions qui lui permettent d’énoncer ses thèses majeures sur l’ordre institutionnel propre à la liberté. L’enquête sur les sources de la théorie médicale en vigueur au tournant du 16ème siècle – le présocratique Alcméon de Crotone, le corpus hippocratique tel qu’il est transmis par Galien – montre à la fois l’importance du vocabulaire médical pour Machiavel (les métaphores médicales ne sont donc en aucun cas de simples ornements) et les libertés qu’il prend à l’égard de cette source dans la formulation de ses idées politiques. L’analyse de cet usage oriente la réflexion vers une analyse du statut de l’idée de constitution mixte chez Machiavel : les institutions de la liberté correspondent-elles à cet idéal antique, formulé en Grèce, puis appliqué à la réalité romaine par Polybe, Cicéron et Denys d’Halicarnasse. En réalité, à travers sa pensée du conflit civil, Machiavel s’éloigne de manière radicale du modèle de la constitution mixte.
La qualification de l’ennemi chez Emer de Vattel
Authors: Senellart Michel 
Published: June 2011

Michel Senellart partant de la lecture de Vattel (1714-1767) pose la question de l’« Étatisation de la guerre » et de la « qualification de l’ennemi », centrales pour réfléchir sur l’humanisation de la guerre fondée moins sur la définition du type de guerre que sur celle de ceux contre qui on se bat, ce qui permet le maintien d’un lien entre jus in bello et jus ad bellum. Les lectures divergentes de Vattel faites par Schmitt et par Bluntschli conduisent à poser le problème de la place des États dans les lois de la guerre, le second défendant la création d’une législation supranationale, au nom d’une logique de paix et de respect du droit des gens, alors que le second considère une telle instance supra étatique comme un des facteurs de « barbarisation » de la guerre car elle criminalise l’ennemi et brouille la distinction traditionnelle entre « ennemi » et « brigand ». M. Senellart conclut son intervention en posant que la vraie distinction n’est peut-être pas celle qui différencie normativisme (Bluntschli) et décisionnisme (Schmitt) mais celle qui oppose conception républicaine (reconnaissant une légitimité au peuple en armes) et conception étatiste, d’où une distinction possible entre ennemi actif et ennemi passif.
De Grotius à Srebrenica. La violence et la régulation de la violence dans l’espace yougoslave : réflexions critiques sur l’archéologie de la balkanisation
Authors: Krulic Joseph 
Published: June 2011

Joseph Krulic intervenant sur la logique de longue durée des affrontements dans les Balkans récuse le lieu commun des « haines ancestrales » au profit d’une analyse des violences de longue durée entre les communautés, mais aussi à l’intérieur des communautés (notamment en Serbie), à partir de l’examen du système international et d’une comparaison entre périodes de calme et périodes de troubles. Il a manqué dans l’espace balkanique une double régulation traditionnelle de la violence : d’une part, la régulation impériale après la guerre de Trente Ans instaurant la paix comme non-guerre et instituant une guerre légale et limitée entre États ; d’autre part, la régulation par le droit par l’intermédiaire de la conjonction des théories de la souveraineté et de la raison d’État assurant un monopole étatique de la violence doublé d’un processus de « civilisation » (selon les théories de Norbert Elias). J. Krulic définit ainsi la balkanisation comme un effet d’un mélange de violence sociétale, de résidu d’empire, de déficit d’État et de prolifération étatique.
Le Léviathan dans la doctrine de l’État de Thomas Hobbes : sens et échec du décisionnisme politique
Authors: Tuchscherer Emmanuel 
Published: June 2011

Présenté en 1938, le Der Leviathan de Carl Schmitt clos un ensemble de réflexions que le juriste et politologue allemand a consacré au décisionnisme politique. Au long de son commentaire sur Hobbes, Schmitt aboutit toutefois à un résultat inattendu. Naguère loué comme « le cas classique de la pensée décisionniste », Hobbes s’est métamorphosé à son insu en « ancêtre spirituel » de l’État législateur et libéral-constitutionnel. Schmitt a trouvé chez son allié le plus précieux les germes d’une pensée qu’il n’a cessé d’éreinter sous toutes ses formes, qu’on la décline dans sa version techniciste, positiviste, constitutionnaliste bourgeoise et libérale, individualiste ou pluraliste. C’est en ce sens que le Der Leviathan résume à bien des égards le sens et l’échec du décisionnisme politique.
4-1BB Triggering Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Modulating the Balance between Th17 and Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Kim Young H. , Choi Beom K. , Shin Su M. , Kim Chang H. , Oh Ho S. , Park Sang H. , Lee Don G. , Lee Myoung J. , Kim Kwang H. , Vinay Dass S. , Kwon Byoung S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Agonistic anti–4-1BB Ab is known to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 4-1BB triggering typically leads to the expansion of CD8+ T cells, which produce abundant IFN-γ, and this in turn results in IDO-dependent suppression of autoimmune responses. However, because neutralization of IFN-γ or depletion of CD8+ T cell only partially abrogates the effect of 4-1BB triggering, we sought to identify an additional mechanism of 4-1BB–triggered suppression of autoimmune responses using IFN-γ- or IFN-γR–deficient mice. 4-1BB triggering inhibited the generation of Th17 cells that is responsible for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction and progression, and increased Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, particularly among CD4+ T cells. This was not due to a direct effect of 4-1BB signaling on CD4+ T cell differentiation: 4-1BB signaling not only reduced Th17 cells and increased Treg cells in wild-type mice, which could be due to IFN-γ production by the CD8+ T cells, but also did so in IFN-γ–deficient mice, in that case by downregulating IL-6 production. These results show that although secondary suppressive mechanisms evoked by 4-1BB triggering are usually masked by the strong effects of IFN-γ, 4-1BB signaling seems to modulate autoimmune responses by a number of mechanisms, and modulation of the Th17 versus Treg cell balance is one of those mechanisms.
The Interaction between IL-18 and IL-18 Receptor Limits the Magnitude of Protective Immunity and Enhances Pathogenic Responses following Infection with Intracellular Bacteria
Authors: Ghose Purnima , Ali Asim Q. , Fang Rong , Forbes Digna , Ballard Billy , Ismail Nahed 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The binding of IL-18 to IL-18Rα induces both proinflammatory and protective functions during infection, depending on the context in which it occurs. IL-18 is highly expressed in the liver of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice following lethal infection with highly virulent Ixodes ovatus ehrlichia (IOE), an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes acute fatal toxic shock-like syndrome. In this study, we found that IOE infection of IL-18Rα−/− mice resulted in significantly less host cell apoptosis, decreased hepatic leukocyte recruitment, enhanced bacterial clearance, and prolonged survival compared with infected WT mice, suggesting a pathogenic role for IL-18/IL-18Rα in Ehrlichia-induced toxic shock. Although lack of IL-18R decreased the magnitude of IFN-γ producing type-1 immune response, enhanced resistance of IL-18Rα−/− mice against Ehrlichia correlated with increased proinflammatory cytokines at sites of infection, decreased systemic IL-10 production, increased frequency of protective NKT cells producing TNF-α and IFN-γ, and decreased frequency of pathogenic TNF-α–producing CD8+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of immune WT CD8+ T cells increased bacterial burden in IL-18Rα−/− mice following IOE infection. Furthermore, rIL-18 treatment of WT mice infected with mildly virulent Ehrlichia muris impaired bacterial clearance and enhanced liver injury. Finally, lack of IL-18R signal reduced dendritic cell maturation and their TNF-α production, suggesting that IL-18 might promote the adaptive pathogenic immune responses against Ehrlichia by influencing T cell priming functions of dendritic cells. Together, these results suggested that the presence or absence of IL-18R signals governs the pathogenic versus protective immunity in a model of Ehrlichia-induced immunopathology.
Different NK Cell Developmental Events Require Different Levels of IL-15 Trans-Presentation
Authors: Lee Gilbert Aaron , Liou Yae-Huei , Wang Szu-Wen , Ko Kai-Liang , Jiang Si-Tse , Liao Nan-Shih 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
NK cell development requires IL-15, which is “trans-presented” to IL-15Rβγ on NK cells by IL-15Rα on other cells. In this study, we report that different levels of IL-15 trans-presentation are required for different NK cell developmental events to reach full maturation status. Because the IL-15Rα intracellular domain has the capacity to recruit signaling molecules, we generated knockin and transgenic (Tg) mice that lack the intracellular domain to assess the role of the IL-15 trans-presentation level independent of the function of this domain. The level of IL-15Rα on various cells of these mice follows the order WT &gt; Tg6 &gt; knockin &gt; Tg1 ≥ knockout. Bone marrow (BM)–derived dendritic cells prepared from these mice induced Stat5 phosphorylation in NK cells. The level of phospho-Stat5 correlated with the level of IL-15Rα on BMDCs, thus offering the opportunity to study quantitative effects of IL-15 trans-presentation on NK cell development in vivo. We found that NK cell homeostasis, mature NK cell differentiation, and acquisition of Ly49 receptor and effector functions require different levels of IL-15 trans-presentation input to achieve full status. All NK cell developmental events examined were quantitatively regulated by the IL-15Rα level of BM-derived and radiation-resistant accessory cells, but not by IL-15Rα of NK cells. We also found that IL-15Rα of radiation-resistant cells was more potent than IL-15Rα of BM-derived accessory cells in support of stage 2 to stage 3 splenic mNK differentiation. In summary, each examined developmental event required a particular level of IL-15 trans-presentation by accessory cells.
CD8+ T Cells Primed in the Periphery Provide Time-Bound Immune-Surveillance to the Central Nervous System
Authors: Young Kevin G. , MacLean Susanne , Dudani Renu , Krishnan Lakshmi , Sad Subash 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAfter vaccination, memory CD8+ T cells migrate to different organs to mediate immune surveillance. In most nonlymphoid organs, following an infection, CD8+ T cells differentiate to become long-lived effector-memory cells, thereby providing long-term protection against a secondary infection. In this study, we demonstrated that Ag-specific CD8+ T cells that migrate to the mouse brain following a systemic Listeria infection do not display markers reminiscent of long-term memory cells. In contrast to spleen and other nonlymphoid organs, none of the CD8+ T cells in the brain reverted to a memory phenotype, and all of the cells were gradually eliminated. These nonmemory phenotype CD8+ T cells were found primarily within the choroid plexus, as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid-filled spaces. Entry of these CD8+ T cells into the brain was governed primarily by CD49d/VCAM-1, with the majority of entry occurring in the first week postinfection. When CD8+ T cells were injected directly into the brain parenchyma, cells that remained in the brain retained a highly activated (CD69hi) phenotype and were gradually lost, whereas those that migrated out to the spleen were CD69low and persisted long-term. These results revealed a mechanism of time-bound immune surveillance to the brain by CD8+ T cells that do not reside in the parenchyma.
Au@Hg Nanoalloy Formation Through Direct Amalgamation: Structural, Spectroscopic, and Computational Evidence for Slow Nanoscale Diffusion
Authors: Mertens Stijn F. L. , Gara Matthew , Sologubenko Alla S. , Mayer Joachim , Szidat Sönke , Krämer Karl W. , Jacob Timo , Schiffrin David J. , Wandlowski Thomas 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDynamic core–shell nanoparticles have received increasing attention in recent years. This paper presents a detailed study of Au–Hg nanoalloys, whose composing elements show a large difference in cohesive energy. A simple method to prepare Au@Hg particles with precise control over the composition up to 15 atom% mercury is introduced, based on reacting a citrate stabilized gold sol with elemental mercury. Transmission electron microscopy shows an increase of particle size with increasing mercury content and, together with X‐ray powder diffraction, points towards the presence of a core–shell structure with a gold core surrounded by an Au–Hg solid solution layer. The amalgamation process is described by pseudo‐zero‐order reaction kinetics, which indicates slow dissolution of mercury in water as the rate determining step, followed by fast scavenging by nanoparticles in solution. Once adsorbed at the surface, slow diffusion of Hg into the particle lattice occurs, to a depth of ca. 3 nm, independent of Hg concentration. Discrete dipole approximation calculations relate the UV–vis spectra to the microscopic details of the nanoalloy structure. Segregation energies and metal distribution in the nanoalloys were modeled by density functional theory calculations. The results indicate slow metal interdiffusion at the nanoscale, which has important implications for synthetic methods aimed at core–shell particles.
Alternating Copolymers of Cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene and Thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione for High‐Performance Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Li Zhao , Tsang Sai‐Wing , Du Xiaomei , Scoles Ludmila , Robertson Gilles , Zhang Yanguang , Toll Floyd , Tao Ye , Lu Jianping , Ding Jianfu 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA series of alternating copolymers of cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene (CPDT) and thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD) have been prepared and characterized for polymer solar cell (PSC) applications. Different alkyl side chains, including butyl (Bu), hexyl (He), octyl (Oc), and 2‐ethylhexyl (EH), are introduced to the TPD unit in order to adjust the packing of the polymer chain in the solid state, while the hexyl side chain on the CPDT unit remains unchanged to simplify discussion. The polymers in this series have a simple main chain structure and can be synthesized easily, have a narrow band gap and a broad light absorption. The different alkyl chains on the TPD unit not only significantly influence the solubility and chain packing, but also fine tune the energy levels of the polymers. The polymers with Oc or EH group have lower HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy levels, resulting higher open circuit voltages (Voc) of the PSC devices. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 5.5% and 6.4% are obtained from the devices of the Oc substituted polymer (PCPDTTPD‐Oc) with PC61BM and PC71BM, respectively. This side chain effect on the PSC performance is related to the formation of a fine bulk heterojunction structure of polymer and PCBM domains, as observed with atomic force microscopy.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclic Thioureas via Mannich Reaction and Concise Synthesis of Highly Optically Active Methylthioimidazolines: Discovery of a More Potent Antipyretic Agent
Authors: Jiang Xianxing , Wang Yiqing , Zhang Gen , Fu Dan , Zhang Futing , Kai Ming , Wang Rui 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDrug lead synthesis by the rapid construction of chiral molecular complexity around the biologically relevant framework using a highly efficient strategy is a key goal of organic synthesis. Herein, a highly efficient and convenient strategy that allows the rapid synthesis of highly optically active methylthioimidazolines through the novel rosin‐derived thiourea‐catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of cyclic thioureas with high levels of enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity (up to 99% ee, and 20:1 dr) via Mannich reaction is described fior the first time. Several of the new methylthioimidazolines showed extremely promising antipyretic activity in the development of neuroinflammation through preliminary biological studies. Additionally, to gain a better understanding of the structural stability‐activity relationships, explicit molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in water at room temperature and at body temperature were investigated.