bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The place of suxamethonium in pediatric anesthesia
Authors: RAWICZ MARCIN , BRANDOM BARBARA W. , WOLF ANDREW 
Published: August 2010

SummarySuxamethonium is a drug that promotes very strong views both for and against its use in the context of pediatric anesthesia. As such, the continuing debate is an excellent topic for a ‘Pro–Con’ debate. Despite ongoing efforts by drug companies, the popular view still remains that there is no single neuromuscular blocking drug that can match suxamethonium in terms of speed of onset of neuromuscular block and return of neuromuscular control. However, with this drug the balance of benefit vs risk and side effects are pivotal. Suxamethonium has significant adverse effects, some of which can be life threatening. This is particularly relevant for pediatric anesthesia because the spectrum of childhood diseases may expose susceptible individuals to an increased likelihood of adverse events compared with adults. Additionally, the concerns related to airway control in the infant may encourage the occasional pediatric anesthetist to use the drug in preference to slower onset/offset drugs. In the current environment of drug research, surveillance and licensing, it is debatable whether this drug would achieve the central place it still has in pediatric anesthesia. The arguments for and against its use are set out below by our two international experts, Marcin Rawicz from Poland and Barbara Brandom from USA. This will allow the reader an objective evaluation with which to make an informed choice about the use of suxamethonium in their practice.
The anterior to midaxillary line between the 4th or 5th intercostal space (Buelau position) is safe for the use of thoracostomy tubes in preterm and term infants
Authors: EIFINGER FRANK , LENZE MIRIAM , BRISKEN KATRIN , WELZING LARS , ROTH BERNHARD , KOEBKE JÜRGEN 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjectives:  Thoracostomy tubes are widely used in neonatology. Complications occurred significantly more frequently in infants, especially neonates, than in adults. Principally, the access is the modified Buelau position which takes place in the anterior axillary line at the 4th or 5th intercostal space above the margin of the ribs.Aim:  This study seeks to determine the characteristics and topographic conditions of the anatomical structures at the ventral and lateral thoracic wall in the preterm and term neonate.Background:  Fifteen formalin‐fixed stillborns were prepared (nine male, six female, 28–43 weeks gestational age).Methods/Materials:  The anatomical preparation involved the complete thoracic wall region.Results:  In all preparations, a venous vessel was detected at the lateral wall and was identified as v. thoracoepigastrica without accompanying artery. Arteria (a.) and vena (v.) thoracica interna were regularly found close to the sternal plate on both sides between rib and fascia. With increasing gestational ages the course of the v. thoracoepigastrica varied significantly between the left and right thoracic wall. It was demonstrated that the v. thoracoepigastrica regularly arose within the abdominal or thoracic subcutaneous fat and drained into the v. subclavia. The variance between its course was almost 5–12 mm to the lateral or medial side. At both thoracic sides, no other organs or organ structures except lung parenchyma could be detected when using the Buelau position.Conclusions:  The anterior to midaxillary line between the 4th or 5th intercostal space (Buelau position) is safe for the use of thoracostomy tubes in preterm and term infants.
Insufflation vs intubation during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children
Authors: HOFFMANN CLIFFORD O. , SAMUELS PAUL J. , BECKMAN EILEEN , HEIN ELIZABETH A. , SHACKLEFORD T. MICHAEL , OVERBEY EVELYN , BERLIN RICHARD E. , WANG YU , NICK TODD G. , GUNTER JOEL B. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjectives:  We compared adverse airway events during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in children managed with insufflation vs intubation.Background:  Optimum airway management during EGD in children remains undecided.Methods/materials:  Following IRB approval and written informed parental consent, children between 1 and 12 years of age presenting for EGD were randomized to airway management with insufflation (Group I), intubation/awake extubation (Group A), or intubation/deep extubation (Group D). All subjects received a standardized anesthetic with sevoflurane in oxygen. Using uniform definitions, airway adverse events during and after EGD recovery were recorded. Categorical data were analysed with Chi‐square contingency tables or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.Results:  Analyzable data were available for 415 subjects (Group I: 209; Group A: 101; Group D: 105). Desaturation, laryngospasm, any airway adverse event, and multiple airway adverse events during EGD were significantly more common in subjects in Group I compared to those in Groups A and D. Complaints of sore throat, hoarseness, stridor, and/or dysphagia were more common in subjects in Groups A and D. Analysis of confounders suggested that younger age, obesity, and midazolam premedication were independent predictors of airway adverse events during EGD.Conclusions:  Insufflation during EGD was associated with a higher incidence of airway adverse events, including desaturation and laryngospasm; intubation during EGD was associated with more frequent complaints related to sore throat. As our results show that insufflation during EGD offers no advantage in terms of operational efficiency and is associated with more airway adverse events, we recommend endotracheal intubation during EGD, especially in patients who are younger, obese, or have received midazolam premedication.
Metabolic changes during major craniofacial surgery
Authors: CHOI ARNWALD Y. S. , AHMAD NARGIS S. , De BEER DAVID A. H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjectives:  The purpose of this study was to document the degree and duration of perioperative metabolic disturbance during major craniofacial surgery in children.Aim:  The aim was to quantify the degree and duration of perioperative metabolic disturbance and to determine the relationship between the metabolic changes and the duration of surgery and total volume of blood and colloid given during surgery.Background:  These patients have the potential for massive blood loss and significant metabolic acidosis. Routine perioperative monitoring includes the serial measurement of base deficit (BD) as a marker of metabolic disturbance.Methods/Materials:  All patients undergoing elective major craniofacial surgery were prospectively studied over a 10‐month period. BD from arterial blood gas analysis was measured at standardized intervals during the perioperative period. The duration of surgery and total volume of blood and colloid given intraoperatively were used as covariates in a multiple regression analysis.Results:  Maximum recorded BD ranged from −3 to −20 (median −9). Median time taken to return to normal was 9.25 h (range 0–18 h). Median duration of significant BD was 3.8 h (range 0–20 h).Conclusions:  Children undergoing major craniofacial surgery develop a varying degree of perioperative metabolic acidosis persisting for several hours. The maximum BD appears to be related to the amount of intraoperative blood loss and replacement rather than duration of surgery. As it is difficult to predict the extent and duration of metabolic acidosis for an individual patient, this study confirmed our current practice that all patients should be admitted to a neurosurgical high‐dependency unit postoperatively for overnight monitoring.
Host migration impacts on the phylogeography of Lyme Borreliosis spirochaete species in Europe
Authors: Vollmer Stephanie A. , Bormane Antra , Dinnis Ruth E. , Seelig Frederik , Dobson Andrew D. M. , Aanensen David M. , James Marianne C. , Donaghy Michael , Randolph Sarah E. , Feil Edward J. , Kurtenbach Klaus , Margos Gabriele 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe geographic patterns of transmission opportunities of vector‐borne zoonoses are determined by a complex interplay between the migration patterns of the host and the vector. Here we examine the impact of host migration on the spread of a tick‐borne zoonotic disease, using Lyme Borreliosis (LB) spirochaetal species in Europe. We demonstrate that the migration of the LB species is dependent on and limited by the migration of their respective hosts. We note that populations of Borrelia spp. associated with birds (Borrelia garinii and B. valaisiana) show limited geographic structuring between countries compared with those associated with small mammals (Borrelia afzelii), and we argue that this can be explained by higher rates of migration in avian hosts. We also show the presence of B. afzelii strains in England and, through the use of the multi‐locus sequence analysis scheme, reveal that the strains are highly structured. This pattern in English sites is very different from that observed at the continental sites, and we propose that these may be recent introductions.
Mind the gap: how do climate and agricultural management explain the ‘yield gap’ of croplands around the world?
Authors: Licker Rachel , Johnston Matt , Foley Jonathan A. , Barford Carol , Kucharik Christopher J. , Monfreda Chad , Ramankutty Navin 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAim  As the demands for food, feed and fuel increase in coming decades, society will be pressed to increase agricultural production – whether by increasing yields on already cultivated lands or by cultivating currently natural areas – or to change current crop consumption patterns. In this analysis, we consider where yields might be increased on existing croplands, and how crop yields are constrained by biophysical (e.g. climate) versus management factors.Location  This study was conducted at the global scale.Methods  Using spatial datasets, we compare yield patterns for the 18 most dominant crops within regions of similar climate. We use this comparison to evaluate the potential yield obtainable for each crop in different climates around the world. We then compare the actual yields currently being achieved for each crop with their ‘climatic potential yield’ to estimate the ‘yield gap’.Results  We present spatial datasets of both the climatic potential yields and yield gap patterns for 18 crops around the year 2000. These datasets depict the regions of the world that meet their climatic potential, and highlight places where yields might potentially be raised. Most often, low yield gaps are concentrated in developed countries or in regions with relatively high‐input agriculture.Main conclusions  While biophysical factors like climate are key drivers of global crop yield patterns, controlling for them demonstrates that there are still considerable ranges in yields attributable to other factors, like land management practices. With conventional practices, bringing crop yields up to their climatic potential would probably require more chemical, nutrient and water inputs. These intensive land management practices can adversely affect ecosystem goods and services, and in turn human welfare. Until society develops more sustainable high‐yielding cropping practices, the trade‐offs between increased crop productivity and social and ecological factors need to be made explicit when future food scenarios are formulated.
ET come home: potential evapotranspiration in geographical ecology
Authors: Fisher Joshua B. , Whittaker Robert J. , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAim  Many macroecological analyses are based on analyses of climatological data, within which evapotranspiration estimates are of central importance. In this paper we evaluate and review the use of evapotranspiration models and data in studies of geographical ecology to test the likely sensitivity of the analyses to variation in the performance of different metrics of potential evapotranspiration.Location  Analyses are based on: (1) a latitudinal transect of sites (FLUXNET) for 11 different land‐cover types; and (2) globally gridded data.Methods  First, we review the fundamental concepts of evapotranspiration, outline basic evapotranspiration models and describe methods with which to measure evapotranspiration. Next, we compare three different types of potential evapotranspiration models – a temperature‐based (Thornthwaite type), a radiation‐based (Priestley–Taylor) and a combination (Penman–Monteith) model – for 11 different land‐cover types. Finally, we compare these models at continental and global scales.Results  At some sites the models differ by less than 7%, but generally the difference was greater than 25% across most sites. The temperature‐based model estimated 20–30% less than the radiation‐based and combination models averaged across all sites. The combination model often gave the highest estimates (22% higher than the radiation‐based model averaged across all sites). For continental and global averages, the potential evapotranspiration was very similar across all models. However, the difference in individual pixels was often larger than 150 mm year−1 between models.Main conclusions  The choice of evapotranspiration model and input data is likely to have a bearing on model fits and predictions when used in analyses of species richness and related phenomena at geographical scales of analysis. To assist those undertaking such analyses, we provide a guide to selecting an appropriate evapotranspiration model.
Using biodiversity deconstruction to disentangle assembly and diversity dynamics of understorey plants along post‐fire succession in boreal forest
Authors: Azeria Ermias T. , Bouchard Mathieu , Pothier David , Fortin Daniel , Hébert Christian 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAim The study aims to decipher the co‐occurrence of understorey plant assemblages and, accordingly, to identify a set of species groups (diversity deconstruction) to better understand the multiple causal processes underlying post‐fire succession and diversity patterns in boreal forest.Location North‐eastern Canadian boreal forest (49°07′–51°44′ N; 70°13′–65°15′ W).Methods Data on understorey plant communities and habitat factors were collected from 1097 plots. Species co‐occurrence was analysed using null model analysis. We derive species groups (i.e. biodiversity deconstruction) using the strength of pairwise species co‐occurrences after accounting for random expectation under a null model and cluster analyses. We examine the influence of a set of spatiotemporal environmental variables (overstorey composition, time‐since‐fire, spatial location and topography) on richness of species groups using Bayesian model averaging, and their relative influence through hierarchical partitioning of variance.Results Understorey plant assemblages were highly structured, with co‐occurrence‐based classification providing species groups that were coherently aggregated within, but variably segregated between, species groups. Group richness models indicate both common and distinct responses to factors affecting plant succession. For example, Group 2 (e.g.Rhododendron groenlandicumandCladina rangiferina) showed concurrent contrasting responses to overstorey composition and was strongly segregated from Groups 3 (e.g.Clintonia borealisandMaianthenum canadense) and 4 (e.g.Epilobium angustifoliumandAlnus rugosa). Groups 3 and 4 showed partial similarity, but they differed in their response to time‐since‐fire, drainage and latitude, which were more important for Group 1 (e.g.Ptilium crista‐castrensisandEmpetrum nigrum). A single successional model based on total richness masked crucial group‐level relationships with factors that we examined, such as latitude.Main conclusions By demonstrating the co‐occurrence structure and linking to causal factors, the results from this study characterize both common and distinct responses of understorey plants to biophysical attributes of sites, and potential interspecific interactions, behind non‐random assemblage structure during post‐fire succession. A biodiversity deconstruction approach could offer a concise and explicit framework to gain a better understanding of the complex assembly of ecological communities during succession.
Assessing the effect of prevalence on the predictive performance of species distribution models using simulated data
Authors: Santika Truly 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAim  The proportion of sampled sites where a species is present is known as prevalence. Empirical studies have shown that prevalence can affect the predictive performance of species distribution models. This paper uses simulated species data to examine how prevalence and the form of species environmental dependence affect the assessment of the predictive performance of models.Methods  Simulated species data were based on various functions of simulated environmental data with differing degrees of spatial correlation. Seven model performance measures – sensitivity, specificity, class‐average (CA), overall prediction success, kappa (κ), normalized mutual information (NMI) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) – were applied to species models fitted by three regression methods. The response of the performance measures to prevalence was then assessed. Three probability threshold selection methods used to convert fitted logistic model values to presence or absence were also assessed.Results  The study shows that the extent to which prevalence affects model performance depends on the modelling technique and its degree of success in capturing dominant environmental determinants. It also depends on the statistic used to measure model performance and the probability threshold method. The response based on κ generally preferred models with medium prevalence. All performance measures were least affected by prevalence when the probability threshold was chosen to maximize predictive performance or was based directly on prevalence. In these cases, the responses based on AUC, CA and NMI generally preferred models with small or large prevalence.Main conclusions  The effect of prevalence on the predictive performance of species distribution models has a methodological basis. Relevant factors include the success of the fitted distribution model in capturing the dominant environmental determinant, the model performance measure and the probability threshold selection method. The fixed probability threshold method yields a marked response of model performance to prevalence and is therefore not recommended. The study explains previous empirical results obtained with real data.
Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data
Authors: Giri C. , Ochieng E. , Tieszen L. L. , Zhu Z. , Singh A. , Loveland T. , Masek J. , Duke N. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAim  Our scientific understanding of the extent and distribution of mangrove forests of the world is inadequate. The available global mangrove databases, compiled using disparate geospatial data sources and national statistics, need to be improved. Here, we mapped the status and distributions of global mangroves using recently available Global Land Survey (GLS) data and the Landsat archive.Methods  We interpreted approximately 1000 Landsat scenes using hybrid supervised and unsupervised digital image classification techniques. Each image was normalized for variation in solar angle and earth–sun distance by converting the digital number values to the top‐of‐the‐atmosphere reflectance. Ground truth data and existing maps and databases were used to select training samples and also for iterative labelling. Results were validated using existing GIS data and the published literature to map ‘true mangroves’.Results  The total area of mangroves in the year 2000 was 137,760 km2 in 118 countries and territories in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Approximately 75% of world's mangroves are found in just 15 countries, and only 6.9% are protected under the existing protected areas network (IUCN I‐IV). Our study confirms earlier findings that the biogeographic distribution of mangroves is generally confined to the tropical and subtropical regions and the largest percentage of mangroves is found between 5° N and 5° S latitude.Main conclusions  We report that the remaining area of mangrove forest in the world is less than previously thought. Our estimate is 12.3% smaller than the most recent estimate by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. We present the most comprehensive, globally consistent and highest resolution (30 m) global mangrove database ever created. We developed and used better mapping techniques and data sources and mapped mangroves with better spatial and thematic details than previous studies.
Exploring the ‘public goods game’ model to overcome the Tragedy of the Commons in fisheries management
Authors: Kraak Sarah B M 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn situations of declining or depleted fish stocks, exploiters seem to have fallen prey to the Tragedy of the Commons, which occurs when the maximisation of short‐term self‐interest produces outcomes leaving all participants worse off than feasible alternatives would. Standard economic theory predicts that in social dilemmas, such as fishing from a common resource, individuals are not willing to cooperate and sacrifice catches in the short term, and that, consequently, the resource is overharvested. However, over the last decades, a multitude of research has shown that humans often achieve outcomes that are ‘better than rational’ by building conditions where reciprocity, reputation, and trust help to overcome the temptations of short‐term self‐interest. The evolution of the natural human tendency to cooperate under certain conditions can be explained, and its neuro‐physiological and genetic bases are being unravelled. Nevertheless, fisheries management still often deploys top‐down regulation and economic incentives in its aim to regulate fisher behaviour, and under‐utilizes the potential for spontaneous responsible fisher behaviour through setting conditions that enhance natural cooperative tendencies. Here I introduce this body of knowledge on how to overcome the Tragedy of the Commons to the audience of fisheries scientists, hoping to open up novel ways of thinking in this field. I do this through a series of thought experiments, based on actual published experiments, exploring under what conditions responsible and cooperative fisher behaviour can be expected. Keys include reputation‐building and indirect reciprocity, face‐to‐face communication, knowledge on the state of the resource, and self‐decision on rules and sanctions.
Narratives in managers’ corporate finance decisions
Authors: Coleman Les , Maheswaran Krishnan , Pinder Sean 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article uses the extended case method to explore senior executives’ corporate finance decisions. We quantified firm’s finance practices using a mail survey, and then – to resolve puzzles in managers’ decision processes – conducted face‐to‐face interviews with chief finance officers of large listed firms. The interviews identified six themes as consistent influences on finance decisions: pressures imposed by clienteles; constraints on resources; risk management; heuristics; real options; and sustainability. We conclude that managers are logical and rational in their decisions, but employ a wider range of criteria than assumed in conventional finance theories.