bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behandlung der Tabakabhängigkeit
Authors: Kufeld Claudia , Bühringer Gerhard 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Rauchen ist ein Risikofaktor für verschiedene gesundheitliche Schädigungen und vorzeitige Todesfälle. In Deutschland sind 35,8% der erwachsenen Männer und 27,8% der Frauen aktuelle Raucher (30-Tage Prävalenz), davon rauchen 36,6% täglich 20 Zigaretten und mehr (Baumeister et al., 2008). Viele Raucher äußern den Wunsch, mit dem Rauchen aufzuhören, jedoch gelingt dies in Eigeninitiative langfristig nur einem kleinen Teil (Hughes et al., 2003). Derzeit stehen verschiedene wirksame Möglichkeiten der Hilfen für die Tabakentwöhnung zur Verfügung, die im Folgenden kurz dargestellt werden.
Essstörungen - Formen, Verbreitung und Risikofaktoren
Authors: Zeeck Almut 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Essstörungen (Magersucht und Bulimie) betreffen vor allem Mädchen und junge Frauen und haben gravierende Folgen auf körperlicher, psychischer und sozialer Ebene. In ca. 50-60% der Fälle kommt es zu Heilungen und in ca. 15-20% zu chronischen Verläufen. Die Magersucht geht mit einer 10fach erhöhten Mortalität einher. Prävention, Früherkennung und frühen therapeutischen Intervention kommt daher eine große Bedeutung zu.
Glücksspielsucht: Problemausmaß, Risikofaktoren und Spielerschutz
Authors: Hayer Tobias , Meyer Gerhard 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Epidemiologische Befunde zeigen, dass in Deutschland 252.000 bis 640.000 Personen mit einer Glücksspielproblematik leben. Bei Männern und Personen jüngeren Alters ist das Risiko für die Entwicklung glücksspielbezogener Belastungen erhöht. Die Einführung des Glücksspielstaatsvertrages bedeutet einen grundsätzlich zu begrüßenden Paradigmenwechsel in Sachen Spielerschutz. Allerdings besteht regulatorischer Nachbesserungsbedarf, vor allem aufgrund der Ausklammerung des gewerblichen Automatenspiels.
Vitamin D–vitamin K interaction: effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum percentage undercarboxylated osteocalcin, a sensitive measure of vitamin K status, in Danish girls
Authors: O'Connor Eibhlís , Mølgaard Christian , Michaelsen Kim F. , Jakobsen Jette , Cashman Kevin D. 
Published: May 2010

There is some evidence for a nutritional interaction between vitamin D and vitamin K status. We have recently reported that serum percentage undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC; a marker of vitamin K status) was inversely correlated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration (reflective of vitamin D status) in healthy Danish girls (aged 11–12 years), in line with a similar relationship reported in elderly women. While the causal nature of the relationship between vitamin D status and serum %ucOC has been tested in studies of elderly women, it has not been investigated in children. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that improving vitamin D status significantly lowers serum %ucOC. Serum samples from sixty-seven healthy Danish girls (aged 11–12 years), who participated in a 12-month double-blind, placebo-controlled, vitamin D3intervention trial were used for the present study. These girls were a subset of subjects which began and finished the intervention during wintertime, thus avoiding the influence of seasonality on vitamin D status. A total of thirty-three and thirty-four of the girls had been randomised to treatment with 10 μg vitamin D3per d and placebo, respectively, for 12 months. Total osteocalcin and the fraction of ucOC in serum (via enzyme-immunoassay) as well as serum 25(OH)D (via HPLC) were assessed at baseline and end-point. Vitamin D3supplementation significantly increased serum 25(OH)D (21·6 %;P < 0·002) but had no effect on serum %ucOC (P>0·8). In conclusion, the findings of the present intervention study in young girls suggest that vitamin D supplementation does not affect serum %ucOC, a marker of vitamin K status.
Immune-modulating efficacy of a polyphenol-rich beverage on symptoms associated with the common cold: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multi-centric clinical study
Authors: Schütz Katrin , Saß Matthias , de With Axel , Graubaum Hans-Joachim , Grünwald Jörg 
Published: May 2010

In the present study, the immune-modulating efficacy of a polyphenol-rich beverage on symptoms associated with the common cold was evaluated. For this purpose, ninety-eight patients reporting common cold symptoms that began no longer than 24 h before the study intervention were randomly assigned to consume either the test beverage or placebo twice per d for 10 d. The severity of the disease was expressed as the total score of the five cold symptoms ‘general feeling of sickness’, ‘headache and/or joint aches’, ‘sore throat and/or difficulty swallowing’, ‘hoarseness and/or cough’ and ‘stuffy nose/sniffle’. Consequently, the decrease from 10·2 (sd3·1) points at the beginning to 2·1 (sd2·7) points by the end of the study in the verum group demonstrated a clear improvement, whereas in the placebo group only a reduction from 10·5 (sd3·0) to 6·3 (sd3·8) points could be observed. The mean difference between the groups (primary efficacy criterion) of 3·9 points was highly significant (P < 0·01). At the end of the study there were highly significantly (P < 0·01) more patients in the verum group complaint free than in the placebo group (secondary efficacy criterion). In addition to these self-reported values, several local findings of the physical examination were also significantly improved in the verum group.
POLITICS AND PREACHING: CHIEFLY CONVERTS TO THE NAZARETHA CHURCH, OBEDIENT SUBJECTS, AND SERMON PERFORMANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: CABRITA JOEL 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTTwentieth-century Natal and Zululand chiefs' conversions to the Nazaretha Church allowed them to craft new narratives of political legitimacy and perform them to their subjects. The well-established praising tradition of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Zulu political culture had been an important narrative practice for legitimating chiefs; throughout the twentieth century, the erosion of chiefly power corresponded with a decline in chiefly praise poems. During this same period, however, new narrative occasions for chiefs seeking to legitimate their power arose in Nazaretha sermon performance. Chiefs used their conversion testimonies to narrate themselves as divinely appointed to their subjects. An alliance between the Nazaretha Church and KwaZulu chiefs of the last hundred years meant that the Church could position itself as an institution of national stature, and chiefs told stories that exhorted unruly subjects to obedience as a spiritual virtue.
Ideas, tradition and norm entrepreneurs: retracing guiding principles of foreign policy in Blair and Chirac's speeches on Iraq
Authors: BRATBERG ØIVIND 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe significance of ideas to foreign policy analysis remains contested, despite a plethora of empirical studies applying ideational frameworks. Drawing on social constructivism, this article proposes a causal understanding where ideas derived from tradition define the political space for contemporary debates and effect foreign policy behaviour. This ideational approach is substantiated by a historical study of guiding principles in British and French foreign policy, which establish a set of baseline expectations for the analysis of Tony Blair and Jacques Chirac's speeches on Iraq. The empirical study shows that whereas Chirac largely stayed within a French ideational framework, Blair applied a more complex combination of ideas from both traditions. Conceptualising Blair as an aspiring (but ultimately unsuccessful) norm entrepreneur is a fruitful interpretation of this role.
Arabidopsis GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE1 Plays a Crucial Role in Leaf Responses to Intracellular Hydrogen Peroxide and in Ensuring Appropriate Gene Expression through Both Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathways
Authors: Mhamdi Amna , Hager Jutta , Chaouch Sejir , Queval Guillaume , Han Yi , Taconnat Ludivine , Saindrenan Patrick , Gouia Houda , Issakidis-Bourguet Emmanuelle , Renou Jean-Pierre , Noctor Graham 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Glutathione is a major cellular thiol that is maintained in the reduced state by glutathione reductase (GR), which is encoded by two genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; GR1 and GR2). This study addressed the role of GR1 in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) responses through a combined genetic, transcriptomic, and redox profiling approach. To identify the potential role of changes in glutathione status in H2O2 signaling, gr1 mutants, which show a constitutive increase in oxidized glutathione (GSSG), were compared with a catalase-deficient background (cat2), in which GSSG accumulation is conditionally driven by H2O2. Parallel transcriptomics analysis of gr1 and cat2 identified overlapping gene expression profiles that in both lines were dependent on growth daylength. Overlapping genes included phytohormone-associated genes, in particular implicating glutathione oxidation state in the regulation of jasmonic acid signaling. Direct analysis of H2O2-glutathione interactions in cat2 gr1 double mutants established that GR1-dependent glutathione status is required for multiple responses to increased H2O2 availability, including limitation of lesion formation, accumulation of salicylic acid, induction of pathogenesis-related genes, and signaling through jasmonic acid pathways. Modulation of these responses in cat2 gr1 was linked to dramatic GSSG accumulation and modified expression of specific glutaredoxins and glutathione S-transferases, but there is little or no evidence of generalized oxidative stress or changes in thioredoxin-associated gene expression. We conclude that GR1 plays a crucial role in daylength-dependent redox signaling and that this function cannot be replaced by the second Arabidopsis GR gene or by thiol systems such as the thioredoxin system.
Comparison between in vitro qualities of platelets washed with commercially available additive solutions and those washed with M‐sol
Authors: Hirayama J. , Azuma H. , Fujihara M. , Akino M. , Homma C. , Kato T. , Ikeda H. 
Published: May 2010

Background and Objectives  We previously developed a novel additive solution (M‐sol) with a high ability to preserve the in vitro qualities of platelets (PLTs) in washed PLTs Here, we compared the ability of M‐sol with that of commercially available additive solutions (ASs) to preserve the in vitro qualities (pH, mean PLT volume, %disc, P‐selectin, %hypotonic shock response and aggregation) of PLTs at a low plasma concentration.Materials and Methods  The platelet concentrate was divided into two equal aliquots (control group and test group). After centrifugation of both groups and removal of as much supernatant as possible, the pellet of the control group was resuspended in M‐sol and those of the test group were resuspended in other ASs, and subsequently stored in polyolefin bags with agitating at 20–24°C.Results  Compared with those stored in M‐sol, the qualities of PLTs stored in PAS‐B (alternative name; PAS‐II or T‐sol), PAS‐ C (alternative name; PAS‐III or Intersol) or Plasma Lyte were degraded as early as 24 h after washing. The qualities of PLTs stored in PAS‐D (alternative name; Composol PS) or PAS‐E (alternative name; PAS‐IIIM or SSP+) were comparable to that of those stored in M‐sol 24 h after washing; however, the qualities had deteriorated 72 h after washing.Conclusions  At a low plasma concentration (5% or less), the M‐sol showed a higher ability to preserve PLTs than the five ASs studied here. Although PAS‐D and PAS‐E are available as an AS for short‐term storage of washed PLTs, M‐sol is thought to be preferable for longer storage.
Evaluating a strain energy fatigue method using cyclic plasticity models
Authors: SHAHROOI S. , METSELAAR I. H. , HUDA Z. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTFor the development of constitutive equations that describe the behaviour of materials under cyclic plastic strains, different kinds of formulations can be adopted. Recently, an energy‐based fatigue damage parameter has been developed to present energy‐fatigue life curves using a calculation of the total strain energy. In this study, the damage criterion is examined by calculation of the plastic strain energy from stress–strain hysteresis loops in the cyclic plasticity models under condition of multi‐axial fatigue. These cyclic plasticity models are the Garud multi‐surface model and the Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model. The models are briefly explained and the general features of their computational procedure are presented. Then, the hysteresis loops of these models will be obtained and the fatigue lives are predicted and compared to experimental data by the ratio of predicted life to experimental life. Consequently, a weighting factor on shear plastic work is presented to decrease the life factors.
Over‐expression of specific HvCslF cellulose synthase‐like genes in transgenic barley increases the levels of cell wall (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucans and alters their fine structure
Authors: Burton Rachel A. , Collins Helen M. , Kibble Natalie A. J. , Smith Jessica A. , Shirley Neil J. , Jobling Stephen A. , Henderson Marilyn , Singh Rohan R. , Pettolino Filomena , Wilson Sarah M. , Bird Anthony R. , Topping David L. , Bacic Antony , Fincher Geoffrey B. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryCell walls in commercially important cereals and grasses are characterized by the presence of (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucans. These polysaccharides are beneficial constituents of human diets, where they can reduce the risk of hypercholesterolemia, type II diabetes, obesity and colorectal cancer. The biosynthesis of cell wall (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucans in the Poaceae is mediated, in part at least, by the cellulose synthase‐like CslF family of genes. Over‐expression of the barley CslF6 gene under the control of an endosperm‐specific oat globulin promoter results in increases of more than 80% in (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan content in grain of transgenic barley. Analyses of (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan fine structure indicate that individual CslF enzymes might direct the synthesis of (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucans with different structures. When expression of the CslF6 transgene is driven by the Pro35S promoter, the transgenic lines have up to sixfold higher levels of (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan in leaves, but similar levels as controls in the grain. Some transgenic lines of Pro35S:CslF4 also show increased levels of (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucans in grain, but not in leaves. Thus, the effects of CslF genes on (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan levels are dependent not only on the promoter used, but also on the specific member of the CslF gene family that is inserted into the transgenic barley lines. Altering (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan levels in grain and vegetative tissues will have potential applications in human health, where (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucans contribute to dietary fibre, and in tailoring the composition of biomass cell walls for the production of bioethanol from cereal crop residues and grasses.
Ergodic Retractions for Families of Asymptotically Nonexpansive Mappings
Authors: Saeidi Shahram 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe prove some theorems for the existence of ergodic retractions onto the set of common fixed points of a family of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. Our results extend corresponding results of Benavides and Ramírez (2001), and Li and Sims (2002).
Existence of Fixed Points of Firmly Nonexpansive-Like Mappings in Banach Spaces
Authors: Aoyama Koji , Kohsaka Fumiaki 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to obtain some existence theorems related to a hybrid projection method and a hybrid shrinking projection method for firmly nonexpansive-like mappings (mappings of type (P)) in a Banach space. The class of mappings of type (P) contains the classes of resolvents of maximal monotone operators in Banach spaces and firmly nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert spaces.
Incidence, Correlates, and Outcomes of Acute, Hospital-Acquired Anemia in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Salisbury Adam C. , Alexander Karen P. , Reid Kimberly J. , Masoudi Frederick A. , Rathore Saif S. , Wang Tracy Y. , Bach Richard G. , Marso Steven P. , Spertus John A. , Kosiborod Mikhail 
Published: May 2010

Background—
Anemia is common among patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction and is associated with poor outcomes. Less is known about the incidence, correlates, and prognostic implications of acute, hospital-acquired anemia (HAA).

Methods and Results—
We identified 2909 patients with acute myocardial infarction who had normal hemoglobin (Hgb) on admission in the multicenter TRIUMPH registry and defined HAA by criteria proposed by Beutler and Waalen. We used hierarchical Poisson regression to identify independent correlates of HAA and multivariable proportional hazards regression to identify the association of HAA with mortality and health status. At discharge, 1321 (45.4%) patients had HAA, of whom 348 (26.3%) developed moderate-severe HAA (Hgb <11 g/dL). The incidence of HAA varied significantly across hospitals (range, 33% to 69%; median rate ratio for HAA, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.23, adjusting for patient characteristics). Although documented bleeding was more frequent with more severe HAA, fewer than half of the patients with moderate-severe HAA had any documented bleeding. Independent correlates of HAA included age, female sex, white race, chronic kidney disease, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, acute renal failure, use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, in-hospital complications (cardiogenic shock, bleeding and bleeding severity), and length of stay. After adjustment for GRACE score and bleeding, patients with moderate-severe HAA had higher mortality rates (hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 2.98 versus no HAA) and poorer health status at 1 year.

Conclusions—
HAA develops in nearly half of acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations among patients treated medically or with percutaneous coronary intervention, commonly in the absence of documented bleeding, and is associated with worse mortality and health status. Better understanding of how HAA can be prevented and whether its prevention can improve patient outcomes is needed.
The Staff of Jesus in Early Christian Art
Authors: Lee M. Jefferson 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWhen surveying examples from Christian art of the third and fourth centuries, a viewer will invariably encounter the puzzling image of Jesus performing miracles holding a staff or wand. Theologians, art historians, and even the current pope have interpreted Christ’s miracle-working implement as a symbol denoting Jesus as a philosopher or a magician. However, the most reasonable explanation of the staff can be discovered by examining the only other two staff-bearers featured in the corpus of early Christian art: Moses and Peter. Miracles and the figures who wrought them were the primary currency of faith in late antiquity. Such an emphasis is readily apparent in early Christian texts. This article will demonstrate the emphasis on miracles in early Christian art by focusing on the peculiar iconographic feature of the staff. The staff in Christian art of the third and fourth centuries is not evocative of magic, philosophy, or any other non-Christian influence. Instead, the staff is meant to recall the miracle worker Moses and to characterize Jesus and Peter as the “New Moses” of the Christian faith.
Prospero’s Exile and the Tempest of the English Reformation
Authors: Edmondson Todd 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAs one of Shakespeare’s most compelling and dynamic creations, Prospero, the protagonist of The Tempest, has long been a source of scholarly interest. This essay attempts to situate the image of Prospero in the specific religious context of Shakespeare’s world. Prospero’s exile and his return can be understood more fully by looking at it through the lens of the English Reformation, in particular the situation in which Roman Catholics and their clergy found themselves under the reigns of Elizabeth and James. As with Prospero, a complex web of factors led to the persecution of the Roman Catholic Church in England; and, like Prospero, the clergy of that Church faced difficult questions about the relationship between supernatural and temporal power, questions that would ultimately decide their place in a new order.
Catholic Predilections in the Poetics of Gerard Manley Hopkins and Seamus Heaney
Authors: Jiong Liu 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSeamus Heaney has reiterated the importance of Gerard Manley Hopkins in shaping his own poetic voice. This essay studies the way Hopkins’s and Heaney’s poetics are related to their Catholic formation. While their sacramental approaches to language and their ideas of grace and self-discipline result in similar linguistic and formal features in their poems, the two poets’ different understandings of the temporality of the world/Word also gives rise to the contrast between Hopkins’s poetic rendering of dynamic, variegated existence and Heaney’s vision of a realm of “verbless” purity. Based on an understanding of the world as everoccurring Incarnation, Hopkins’s poems often foreground a dialogic, transgressive element, trying to capture the vivifying principle of the Word, whereas Heaney’s anxiety to override the contingencies of time gradually lures him to a visionary space where time is momentarily suspended and actions frozen.
Implicit Racism among Norwegian Missionaries: A Case Study on the Description of Africans by Olav Guttorm Myklebust
Authors: Bakke Odd Magne 
Published: May 2010

AbstractResearchers into the history of missions who have studied Norwegian missionaries in Zululand from the 1850’s onward claim that, in contrast to the racism of their contemporaries, there is no trace of racism to be found among the missionaries. A case study on the description of the Africans by Olav Guttorm Myklebust, a missionary in South Africa who later became a well-known missiologist and a founding member of the International Association for Mission Studies, this article draws attention to some problems entailed in this position and nuance the issue. Although his intention is to give a friendly and balanced portrait of the Africans, Myklebust largely ends up reproducing and confirming traditional stereotypes. Examples include the understanding that Africans are governed by emotions, that they have little aptitude for logical and rational thinking, and that they are like children. These stereotypes formed part of a colonial ideology that legitimated the idea that the Africans were mentally, socially, and culturally inferior to the Europeans.Should Myklebusts’ description of the Africans, be called racist? He clearly breaks with biological and essentialist theories of race. If however, we take our starting point in broader and more recent definitions of racism, which emphasize the function of a discourse, of processes, and of behavioral patterns with regard to establishing and maintaining asymmetrical relationships of power, the conclusion is that his representation of the Africans contains elements that should be classified as racist.