bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are differences in guidelines for the treatment of nicotine dependence and non‐nicotine dependence justified?
Authors: Hughes John R. , Weiss Roger D. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTDespite the many similarities between nicotine dependence and other drug dependences, national guidelines for their treatment differ in several respects. The recent national guideline for the treatment of nicotine dependence has (i) less emphasis on detailed assessment; (ii) less emphasis on treatment of psychiatric comorbidity; (iii) less acceptance of reduction of use as an initial treatment goal; (iv) greater emphasis on pharmacological interventions; and (v) less emphasis on psychosocial treatment than national guidelines for non‐nicotine dependences. These treatment differences may occur because (i) nicotine does not cause behavioral intoxication; (ii) psychiatric comorbidity is less problematic with nicotine dependence; (iii) psychosocial problems are less severe with nicotine dependence; and (iv) available pharmacotherapies for nicotine dependence are safer, more numerous and more easily available. However, it is unclear whether these treatment differences are, in fact, justifiable because of the scarcity of empirical tests. We suggest several possible empirical tests.
A genetic linkage map of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), based on AFLP and microsatellite markers
Authors: Li Q. , Chen L. , Kong L. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryWe present the first genetic maps of the sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus), constructed with an F1 pseudo‐testcross strategy. The 37 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations chosen identified 484 polymorphic markers. Of the 21 microsatellite primer pairs tested, 16 identified heterozygous loci in one or other parent, and six were fully informative, as they segregated in both parents. The female map comprised 163 loci, spread over 20 linkage groups (which equals the haploid chromosome number), and spanned 1522.0 cM, with a mean marker density of 9.3 cM. The equivalent figures for the male map were 162 loci, 21 linkage groups, 1276.9 and 7.9 cM. About 2.5% of the AFLP markers displayed segregation distortion and were not used for map construction. The estimated coverage of the genome was 84.8% for the female map and 83.4% for the male map. The maps generated will serve as a basis for the construction of a high‐resolution genetic map and mapping of the functional genes and quantitative trait loci, which will then open the way for the application of a marker‐assisted selection breeding strategy in this species.
Relationships among calpastatin single nucleotide polymorphisms, calpastatin expression and tenderness in pork longissimus1
Authors: Lindholm‐Perry A. K. , Rohrer G. A. , Holl J. W. , Shackelford S. D. , Wheeler T. L. , Koohmaraie M. , Nonneman D. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryGenome scans in the pig have identified a region on chromosome 2 (SSC2) associated with tenderness. Calpastatin is a likely positional candidate gene in this region because of its inhibitory role in the calpain system that is involved in postmortem tenderization. Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in calpastatin were identified and used to genotype a population (n = 1042) of Duroc–Landrace–Yorkshire swine for association with longissimus lumborum slice shear force (SSF) measured at days 7 and 14 postmortem. Three genetic markers residing in the calpastatin gene were significantly associated with SSF (P < 0.0005). Haplotypes constructed from markers in the calpastatin gene were significantly associated with SSF (F‐ratio = 3.93; P‐value = 0.002). The levels of normalized mRNA expression of calpastatin in the longissimus lumborum of 162 animals also were evaluated by real‐time RT‐PCR and were associated with the genotype of the most significant marker for SSF (P < 0.02). This evidence suggests that the causative variation alters expression of calpastatin, thus affecting tenderness. In summary, these data provide evidence of several significant, publicly available SNP markers associated with SSF that may be useful to the swine industry for marker assisted selection of animals that have more tender meat.
Early‐life co‐administration of cockroach allergen and endotoxin augments pulmonary and systemic responses
Authors: Kulhankova K. , George C. L. S. , Kline J. N. , Snyder J. M. , Darling M. , Field E. H. , Thorne P. S. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryBackground
Environmental exposures to cockroach allergen and endotoxin are recognized epidemiological risk factors for the early development of allergies and asthma in children. Because of this, it is important to examine the role of early‐life concurrent inhalation exposures to cockroach allergen and endotoxin in the pathogenesis of allergic airways disease.Objective
We examined the effects of repeated concomitant endotoxin and cockroach allergen inhalation on the pulmonary and systemic immune responses of newborn and juvenile mice.Methods
C3H/HeBFeJ mice were exposed to inhaled endotoxin and cockroach allergen via intranasal instillation from day 2 to 21 after birth, and systemic and pulmonary responses were examined in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue.Results
Cockroach allergen exposures induced pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation, total and allergen‐specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a production, and alveolar remodelling. Co‐exposures with endotoxin and cockroach allergen significantly increased serum IgE and IgG1, lung inflammation, and alveolar wall thickness, and decreased airspace volume density. Importantly, compared with exposures with individual substances, the responses to co‐exposures were more than additive.Conclusions
Repeated inhalation exposures of neonatal and juvenile mice to endotoxin and cockroach allergen increased the pulmonary inflammatory and systemic immune responses in a synergistic manner and enhanced alveolar remodelling in the developing lung. These data underscore the importance of evaluating the effect of multiple, concurrent environmental exposures, and of using an experimental model that incorporates clinically relevant timing and route of exposures.
Concentration of 14,15‐leukotriene C4 (eoxin C4) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
Authors: Ono E. , Mita H. , Taniguchi M. , Higashi N. , Hasegawa M. , Miyazaki E. , Kumamoto T. , Akiyama K. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryBackground
There has been no information about the concentration of 14,15‐leukotriene C4, which is generated by 15‐ and 12‐lipoxygenase and has been recently named eoxin C4, in biological fluids.Objective
To determine the clinical concentrations of eoxin C4 in various respiratory inflammatory diseases, we quantified eoxin C4 in relation to the concentrations of cysteinyl‐leukotrienes (CysLTs) and 15‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15‐HETE) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).Methods
BALF fluid was obtained from patients with a number of inflammatory lung diseases. Eoxin C4 and CysLTs were quantified by enzyme immunoassay in combination with high‐performance liquid chromatography. Eoxin C4 immunoassay does not detect eoxin D4 or eoxin E4. 15‐HETE was quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using 18O‐labeled compounds as an internal standard.Results
The concentration of eoxin C4 (median 1.4, range <1.12–6.7 pg/mL) was significantly lower than that of eoxin C4 or CysLTs (P<0.0001). The concentration of 15‐HETE significantly correlated with those of LTC4 and CysLTs or the number and the percentage of eosinophils in BALF. On the other hand, eoxin C4 concentration did not correlate with eosinophil number or CysLTs concentration in BALF.Conclusions
This is the first study demonstrating the presence of eoxin C4 in human biological fluids. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the pathophysiological role of eoxin C4 in some respiratory inflammatory diseases.
Altered innate immune response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bayas A , Stasiolek M , Kruse N , Toyka K V , Selmaj K , Gold R 
Published: April 2009

Summary
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are of crucial importance in immune regulation and response to microbial factors. In multiple sclerosis (MS), pDCs from peripheral blood showed an immature phenotype, but its role in susceptibility to MS is not determined. Because infectious diseases are established triggers of exacerbations in MS, in this study we have characterized the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and the maturation and functional properties of peripheral blood pDCs from clinically stable, untreated MS patients in response to signals of innate immunity. After stimulation of TLR-9, interferon (IFN)-α production by pDCs was significantly lower in MS (n = 12) compared to healthy controls (n = 9). In an allogenic two-step co-culture assay we found an impaired effect of TLR-9 stimulation on IFN-γ expression of autologous naive T cells in MS patients (n = 4). In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, TLR-9 stimulation with type A CpG ODN resulted in a higher expression of TLR-1, -2, -4, -5 and -8 in MS patients (n = 7) compared with healthy controls (n = 11). These findings suggest an altered innate immune response to microbial stimuli in MS patients and may help understanding of why common infectious agents trigger MS attacks.
T helper type 17-related cytokine expression is increased in the bronchial mucosa of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
Authors: Di Stefano A , Caramori G , Gnemmi I , Contoli M , Vicari C , Capelli A , Magno F , D'Anna S E , Zanini A , Brun P , Casolari P , Chung K F , Barnes P J , Papi A , Adcock I , Balbi B 
Published: April 2009

Summary
There are increased numbers of activated T lymphocytes in the bronchial mucosa of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. T helper type 17 (Th17) cells release interleukin (IL)-17 as their effector cytokine under the control of IL-22 and IL-23. Furthermore, Th17 numbers are increased in some chronic inflammatory conditions. To investigate the expression of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22 and IL-23 and of retinoic orphan receptor RORC2, a marker of Th17 cells, in bronchial biopsies from patients with stable COPD of different severity compared with age-matched control subjects. The expression of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23 and RORC2 was measured in the bronchial mucosa using immunohistochemistry and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The number of IL-22+ and IL-23+ immunoreactive cells is increased in the bronchial epithelium of stable COPD compared with control groups. In addition, the number of IL-17A+ and IL-22+ immunoreactive cells is increased in the bronchial submucosa of stable COPD compared with control non-smokers. In all smokers, with and without disease, and in patients with COPD alone, the number of IL-22+ cells correlated significantly with the number of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the bronchial mucosa. RORC2 mRNA expression in the bronchial mucosa was not significantly different between smokers with normal lung function and COPD. Further, we report that endothelial cells express high levels of IL-17A and IL-22. Increased expression of the Th17-related cytokines IL-17A, IL-22 and IL-23 in COPD patients may reflect their involvement, and that of specific IL-17-producing cells, in driving the chronic inflammation seen in COPD.
Is optimal foraging a realistic expectation in orb‐web spiders?
Authors: EDWARDS WILL , WHYTLAW POPPY A. , CONGDON BRADLEY C. , GASKETT CHRIS 
Published: April 2009

Abstract 1. Explanations for web relocation invoking optimal foraging require reliable differentiation between individual sites and overall habitat quality. We characterised natural conditions of resource variability over 20 days in artificial webs of the orb‐web spider Gasteracantha fornicata to examine this requirement.2. Variability in catch success was high. Day‐to‐day catch success in 90% (18/20) catch sites fitted negative binomial distributions, whereas 10% fitted Poisson distributions. Considered across trap sites (overall habitat), variance in catch success increased proportionally faster than the mean (i.e. Taylor’s Power Law, variance = 0.54mean1.764).3. We compared the confidence intervals for the expected cumulative catch in randomly drawn sequential samples from a frequency distribution representing the overall habitat (based on the parameters for Taylor’s power law) and the frequency distribution of expected cumulative catch within each individual catch site [via randomisation based on the mean and negative binomial exponent (k)].4. In all cases and across all sample sizes, median values for the power to differentiate habitat and catch sites never exceeded 0.2, suggesting that principles involved in optimal foraging, if operating, must be accompanied by a very high degree of uncertainty.5. Under conditions of high resource variability, many days must be spent in a single catch site if movement decisions are based on an ability to differentiate current catch site from overall habitat. Empirical evidence suggests this is never met. This may explain why proximal mechanisms that illicit quickly resolved behavioural responses have been more successful in describing web relocation patterns than those associated with optimal foraging.
Too hot to handle? Phenological and life‐history responses to simulated climate change of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: MUSOLIN DMITRY L. , TOUGOU DAISUKE , FUJISAKI KENJI 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe effect of simulated climate change on Nezara viridula was studied close to the species' northern range limit in Japan. Insects from the same egg masses were reared for 15 months in 10 consecutive series under quasi‐natural (i.e. outdoor) conditions and in a transparent incubator, in which climate warming was simulated by adding 2.5 °C to the outdoor temperature. The warming strongly affected all life‐history and phenological parameters. In the spring, the simulated warming advanced the timing of postdiapause body colour changes and reproduction. In the early summer, it increased egg production and accelerated nymphal development. In the late summer (the hottest season), the effect of the simulated warming was strongly deleterious: nymphs developed slowly, suffered higher mortality and had difficulties during final moulting; the emerged females were smaller, some exhibited abnormal cuticle, produced fewer eggs and had a decreased life span. In the autumn, the warming accelerated nymphal development, resulted in larger female size, affected the timing of the diapause‐associated adult body colour change from green to russet and enhanced preparation for overwintering. Larger females had higher winter survival rate than smaller females. The warming strongly increased survival rate in both size classes and allowed smaller females to reach the same winter survival rate as larger females had under the quasi‐natural conditions. The winter survival also differed between the green and dark‐coloured females under the quasi‐natural, but not under the warming conditions. However, under the warming conditions, green females survived the winter even better than dark‐coloured females did under the quasi‐natural conditions. The warming also shortened the life span of females from the summer generations and prolonged it in those from the autumn generation. It is concluded that even a moderate temperature increase (+2.5 °C) in the future is likely to have a complex influence upon insects, strongly affecting many of their life‐history and phenological parameters.
Debating the greening vs. browning of the North American boreal forest: differences between satellite datasets
Authors: ALCARAZ‐SEGURA DOMINGO , CHUVIECO EMILIO , EPSTEIN HOWARD E. , KASISCHKE ERIC S. , TRISHCHENKO ALEXANDER 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA number of remote sensing studies have evaluated the temporal trends of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI or vegetation greenness) in the North American boreal forest during the last two decades, often getting quite different results. To examine the effect that the use of different datasets might be having on the estimated trends, we compared the temporal trends of recently burned and unburned sites of boreal forest in central Canada calculated from two datasets: the Global Inventory, Monitoring, and Modeling Studies (GIMMS), which is the most commonly used 8 km dataset, and a new 1 km dataset developed by the Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS). We compared the NDVI trends of both datasets along a fire severity gradient in order to evaluate the variance in regeneration rates. Temporal trends were calculated using the seasonal Mann–Kendall trend test, a rank‐based, nonparametric test, which is robust against seasonality, nonnormality, heteroscedasticity, missing values, and serial dependence. The results showed contrasting NDVI trends between the CCRS and the GIMMS datasets. The CCRS dataset showed NDVI increases in all recently burned sites and in 50% of the unburned sites. Surprisingly, the GIMMS dataset did not capture the NDVI recovery in most burned sites and even showed NDVI declines in some burned sites one decade after fire. Between 50% and 75% of GIMMS pixels showed NDVI decreases in the unburned forest compared with <1% of CCRS pixels. Being the most broadly used dataset for monitoring ecosystem and carbon balance changes, the bias towards negative trends in the GIMMS dataset in the North American boreal forest has broad implications for the evaluation of vegetation and carbon dynamics in this region and globally.
Knowing the past to predict the future: land‐use change and the distribution of invasive bullfrogs
Authors: FICETOLA GENTILE FRANCESCO , MAIORANO LUIGI , FALCUCCI ALESSANDRA , DENDONCKER NICOLAS , BOITANI LUIGI , PADOA‐SCHIOPPA EMILIO , MIAUD CLAUDE , THUILLER WILFRIED 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBiological invasions and land‐use changes are two major causes of the global modifications of biodiversity. Habitat suitability models are the tools of choice to predict potential distributions of invasive species. Although land‐use is a key driver of alien species invasions, it is often assumed that land‐use is constant in time. Here we combine historical and present day information, to evaluate whether land‐use changes could explain the dynamic of invasion of the American bullfrogRana catesbeiana(=Lithobathes catesbeianus) in Northern Italy, from the 1950s to present‐day. We usedmaxentto build habitat suitability models, on the basis of past (1960s, 1980s) and present‐day data on land‐uses and species distribution. For example, we used models built using the 1960s data to predict distribution in the 1980s, and so on. Furthermore, we used land‐use scenarios to project suitability in the future. Habitat suitability models predicted well the spread of bullfrogs in the subsequent temporal step. Models considering land‐use changes predicted invasion dynamics better than models assuming constant land‐use over the last 50 years. Scenarios of future land‐use suggest that suitability will remain similar in the next years. Habitat suitability models can help to understand and predict the dynamics of invasions; however, land‐use is not constant in time: land‐use modifications can strongly affect invasions; furthermore, both land management and the suitability of a given land‐use class may vary in time. An integration of land‐use changes in studies of biological invasions can help to improve management strategies.
Temperature adaptation of soil bacterial communities along an Antarctic climate gradient: predicting responses to climate warming
Authors: RINNAN RIIKKA , ROUSK JOHANNES , YERGEAU ETIENNE , KOWALCHUK GEORGE A. , BÅÅTH ERLAND 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSoil microorganisms, the central drivers of terrestrial Antarctic ecosystems, are being confronted with increasing temperatures as parts of the continent experience considerable warming. Here we determined short‐term temperature dependencies of Antarctic soil bacterial community growth rates, using the leucine incorporation technique, in order to predict future changes in temperature sensitivity of resident soil bacterial communities. Soil samples were collected along a climate gradient consisting of locations on the Antarctic Peninsula (Anchorage Island, 67 °34′S, 68 °08′W), Signy Island (60 °43′S, 45 °38′W) and the Falkland Islands (51 °76′S 59 °03′W). At each location, experimental plots were subjected to warming by open top chambers (OTCs) and paired with control plots on vegetated and fell‐field habitats. The bacterial communities were adapted to the mean annual temperature of their environment, as shown by a significant correlation between the mean annual soil temperature and the minimum temperature for bacterial growth (Tmin). Every 1 °C rise in soil temperature was estimated to increase Tmin by 0.24–0.38 °C. The optimum temperature for bacterial growth varied less and did not have as clear a relationship with soil temperature. Temperature sensitivity, indicated by Q10 values, increased with mean annual soil temperature, suggesting that bacterial communities from colder regions were less temperature sensitive than those from the warmer regions. The OTC warming (generally <1 °C temperature increases) over 3 years had no effects on temperature relationship of the soil bacterial community. We estimate that the predicted temperature increase of 2.6 °C for the Antarctic Peninsula would increase Tmin by 0.6–1 °C and Q10 (0–10 °C) by 0.5 units.
Increasing importance of small phytoplankton in a warmer ocean
Authors: MORÁN XOSÉ ANXELU G. , LÓPEZ‐URRUTIA ÁNGEL , CALVO‐DÍAZ ALEJANDRA , LI WILLIAM K. W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe macroecological relationships among marine phytoplankton total cell density, community size structure and temperature have lacked a theoretical explanation. The tiniest members of this planktonic group comprise cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae smaller than 2 μm in diameter, collectively known as picophytoplankton. We combine here two ecological rules, the temperature–size relationship with the allometric size‐scaling of population abundance to explain a remarkably consistent pattern of increasing picophytoplankton biomass with temperature over the −0.6 to 22 °C range in a merged dataset obtained in the eastern and western temperate North Atlantic Ocean across a diverse range of environmental conditions. Our results show that temperature alone was able to explain 73% of the variance in the relative contribution of small cells to total phytoplankton biomass regardless of differences in trophic status or inorganic nutrient loading. Our analysis predicts a gradual shift toward smaller primary producers in a warmer ocean. Because the fate of photosynthesized organic carbon largely depends on phytoplankton size, we anticipate future alterations in the functioning of oceanic ecosystems.