bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cisplatin resistance induced by decreased apoptotic activity in non‐small‐cell lung cancer cell lines
Authors: Cetintas Vildan B. , Kucukaslan Ali S. , Kosova Buket , Tetik Aslı , Selvi Nur , Cok Gursel , Gunduz Cumhur , Eroglu Zuhal 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe have investigated defective steps in apoptosis that might account for the development of resistance. For this purpose, A549 and Calu1 NSCLC (non‐small‐cell lung cancer) cell lines were treated with cisplatin to obtain resistant sub‐lines. Gene expression profiles and the phosphorylation status of the BAD (Bcl‐2/Bcl‐XL‐antagonist, causing cell death) protein were determined for each cell line. Cell death and cytochrome c release were analysed after treating cell lines with their appropriate cisplatin doses. Gene expression of BAD, Bid, caspases 4 and 6 were clearly decreased in the resistant cell lines, and the differential phosphorylation status of BAD also seemed to play a role in the development of cisplatin resistance. Since this is a new cisplatin‐resistant Calu1 cell line, it is noteworthy that DNA fragmentation, apoptotic cell ratio and cytochrome c levels were most decreased in the CR‐Calu1 cell line.
The Origins of the Cultural Revolution
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis is the final volume in a trilogy which examines the politics, personalities, economics, culture, and international relations of China from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. The book uses a multitude of new Chinese sources to answer the question: Why did Chairman Mao Zedong launch the Cultural Revolution which plunged China into chaos and almost destroyed its Communist Party? This book begins with the great famine of the early 1960s, which resulted in tens of millions of deaths, setting in train a series of emergency measures which increasingly divided Mao from his comrades-in-arms. The Chairman's anger that they were prepared to adopt ‘capitalist’ methods to rescue the country was sharpened by his belief that Moscow was denouncing his revolutionary diplomacy because the Soviet leadership had gone capitalist and sold out to the ‘imperialist’ West. From 1961 to 1966, the increasingly urgent question for Mao was how to prevent a similar revolutionary deterioration in China. The Cultural Revolution, in which tens of thousands of loyal party veterans were publicly disgraced to make way for a supposedly more leftist generation of Red Guards, was his answer. Ironically, after it all ended with Mao's death, one survivor, Deng Xiaoping, was so appalled at the destructiveness of the Chairman's final cataclysm that he actually did turn to capitalism to revive the country.
The Dispute over Collectivization
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the dispute among Chinese political leaders on the issue of whether or not to bring in further drastic modifications of the structures of the rural collectivization in order to stimulate agriculture. Most political leaders believed that this was probably the central issue of Chinese politics for Mao Zedong. One of the major conflicts in the collectivization issue occurred in the East China province of Anhui under the leadership of Zeng Xisheng.
War in the Himalayas, Crisis in the Caribbean
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the impact of the war in the Himalayas and the crisis in the Caribbean region on the government policy of Chinese leader Mao Zedong. It suggests that the dual of Kang Sheng in Mao's campaign against revisionism at home and abroad symbolized the close relationship between Chinese domestic and foreign policy. It contends that Mao considered the Chinese revolution to be part of a worldwide series of events, and that he was particularly concerned about the implications of Soviet revisionism for Chinese domestic politics.
Symbol, Allegory, Causality, and the Phenomenal Flux
Authors: Prunty Wyatt 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores the shift in Robert Lowell’s poetry. It argues that the shift was more dialectical than an act of abandonment, meaning that the significance of his later poetics was in reference to what had preceded it. It then discusses how, in its second phase, Lowell’s poetry coincides in certain important ways with some of the proposals made by the phenomenologist Husserl in his Cartesian Meditations. It shows that Lowell did not copy Husserl’s method. He simply arrived at a point in his life which presented him with many of the same problems Husserl had encountered in a less personal way earlier in this century; and in large part Lowell developed modes of thought in response to those problems that were similar to the modes that Husserl had already described.
Southern Crossing
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book represents an abridgement of previous work, Promise of the New South, which tells the history of the American South between the 1870s and the 1900s. It offers a glimpse into a society undergoing the sudden confrontation with the promises, costs, and consequences of modern life. Ranging from the Georgia coast to the Tennessee Mountains, from the power brokers to tenant farmers, the book depicts a land of startling contrasts—a time of progress and repression, of new industries and old ways. It takes us from remote Southern towns, revolutionized by the spread of the railroads, to the statehouses where Democratic “Redeemers” swept away the legacy of Reconstruction; from the small farmers, trapped into growing nothing but cotton, to the new industries of Birmingham; from abuse and intimacy in the family to tumultuous public meetings of the prohibitionists. It explores every aspect of society, politics, and the economy, detailing the importance of each in the emerging New South. Here is the local Baptist congregation, the country store, the tobacco-stained second-class railroad car, the rise of Populism. Central to the entire story is the role of race relations, from alliances and friendships between blacks and whites to the spread of Jim Crow laws and disenfranchisement. The book weaves all these details into the contradictory story of the New South, showing how the region developed the patterns it was to follow for the next fifty years.
Alliances
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the alliances formed by the people of the New South. Of particular importance was the Patrons of Husbandry with almost a quarter of a million members. They were also known as the Grange. Some of their most active offshoots were the Agricultural Wheel and the Brothers of Freedom from Arkansas which later joined to form the group called the Wheel. Other groups were formed called the Farmer's Alliance and Knights of Labor which became dominant alliances during that time. This chapter discusses the effects that these alliances had on the New South. Farmers wielded more power due to such alliances. The newspapers had a big hand in aiding alliances by publishing the reforms and statements of importance, thus, making it foremost in the minds of the members.
Faith
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Religious faith and language permeated every aspect of life in the New South. From politics to courtship and even child-rearing, religion provided the backbone for dealing with the issues of life. Southerners worshipped in a lot of ways. Some people were Southern Baptist and others were Southern Methodist. However, there also were Lutherans, Quakers, and even Jews. This chapter discusses the hardships experienced by churches during that time, mostly financial but sometimes social. The Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians were stricter in their beliefs while the Protestants were seen as more lax. However church membership dwindled as time went by as a result of disagreements between the members and other social factors such as population movement. Discipline inside the churches was also affected by a variety of factors such as stronger law enforcement or growing tolerance for the world among young members.
Antislavery and Antidespotism: 1760–1771
Authors: Peabody Sue 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter contains the description of events that elapsed between the Admiralty's ordinance of 1762 and the 1777 Police des Noirs. This period is a crucial period for slavery in France. First, the number of blacks suing for their freedom in the Paris Admiralty Court increased radically. Second, some of the renowned authors adopted the metaphor of slavery to defy the excesses of monarchic government in France. The political context in which the lawsuits and discourse propagated was radicalized from 1770 to 1774 when Louis XV's chancellor Maupeou instituted a series of dramatic judicial reforms. A judicial memoire by Henrion de Pansey on behalf of the slave Roc circulated extensively, linking the injustice of Roc's slavery to the influence of Maupeou on the king.
Coda: “Speaking from the Grave”
Authors: Lowry Richard S. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Twain puts in Life on the Mississippi (1883) that writers are “manacled servants of the public.” During the last decade of his life, the intention in making his autobiography was to escape the manacles of his reading audience. In other words, this last work was his final attempt to put down his pen and stop writing. The result was to give its maker complete freedom in composition. Mark Twain wanted to preserve this freedom and guarantee that this was true by allowing his autobiography to be published after his death. He then starts his autobiography addressing the reader that they should keep in mind that he is “speaking from the grave.” He ends his final installment with his account of the Whittier Birthday banquet.
Printers and Publishers: The Merchants of Venice
Authors: Bernstein Jane A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractVenice offered an ideal center for the printing of books. It boasted the best and most advanced distribution system in the world. The first book was not printed in Venice until 1469 when a German immigrant named Johannes de Spira obtained a five-year monopoly from the Venetian Senate. Printing became a boom industry, in which many competed but few survived. One of them, the Frenchman Nicolas Jenson, became the most celebrated publisher in Venice during this period. Jenson and Johannes de Spira's firm, now headed by Johannes's brother Wendelin and by Johannes de Colonia, formed two syndicates that dominated the industry.
Liberalism and the Jews: Historical Affinities, Contemporary Necessities
Authors: Walzer Michael 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief account of the forms of liberalism that have historically been most attractive to the Jews. Liberal politics is characterized by two sets of commitments: first, to individual freedom, civil liberty, religious toleration, and a pluralist society; second, to social justice, the welfare state, and the idea of mutuality or solidarity that, however attenuated in the modern world, underlies welfarist commitments. The relevant liberalism is that of the New Deal and the Great Society. In theoretical terms, it is the liberalism of John Stuart Mill and John Dewey. It is strongly individualist but not libertarian. Most Jews have supported commitments to both liberty and justice for a long time. Historically, the religious culture of the Jews is no more a liberal culture than is that of Catholics, say, or Muslims. However, liberalism as one knows it today is among the Jews, a product of emancipation—or, more precisely, of emancipation in exile.
French Jews: Between Citizenship and Community
Authors: Birnbaum Pierre 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Since the time of the French Revolution, the French state, regarding itself as the sole source of rationality, has looked with ill favor on all forms of community organization that could cast doubt on the wholehearted allegiance of its citizens. It is in this new context that the status of French Jewry today should be considered. From the time of the French Revolution, Jews in France traditionally had a special relationship with the state that had emancipated them in accordance with its own principles of liberty and equality, displaying an enthusiastic allegiance to this “strong” state that had not only brought them citizenship so quickly but had ensured a protective public order. In the view of many historians, French Judaism illustrates the way in which emancipation provided a fertile soil for assimilation and the emergence of “Israelites” devoted to the republican state and increasingly detached from their internal communal ties.
Ahad Haʼam: The Politics of Sublimation
Authors: Shapira Anita 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the biographies on Ahad Haʼam, along with an in-depth philosophical portrait of the Zionist thinker. The first to appear was Yosef Goldstein's Ahad Haʼam. Yehiel Alfred Gottschalk soon followed suit, and a year later, Steven Zipperstein. Ahad Haʼam is not credited with any breakthroughs or sensational innovations, and he was more adept at negation than at construction. One of the elements missing in all three volumes is an analysis of Ahad Haʼam's attitude toward non-Jews. Throughout his writings, he conveys a sense of estrangement from the gentile world. For Ahad Haʼam, the Arab in Palestine functions as a yardstick for assaying the ethical tenor of the Zionist enterprise—a litmus test of how Jews behave when they are in power. All three authors deal (though not at great length) with the question of Ahad Haʼam's relevance today.
Magic Explained Away
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWesterners who arrive in Banaras, a city in India, to conduct research, study music, or just live among Indians, waste no time in shedding the outer signs of their Western identity in favor of kurtas and pajamas. During the past century, the phenomenon of magic, which is dispersed more widely than even religion, has been attacked from various quarters. On the one side have been the detractors who deny the very experience that practitioners claim to undergo. On the other side are the sympathizers who accept some magical claims but have found scientific reasons to make magic unexceptional. The experience of magical events rests first and foremost on the sensory perception that all elements in the world are interrelated, not in a mystical union, but in a tapestry of natural interactions. The subjective attitude is the only valid way of considering magic; it is called the “magical experience,” or “consciousness.” Magic should be thought of as the nonverbal power of sound or as the eloquence of touch.
New Science, Old Magic
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSociological and symbolical interpreters of magic singlemindedly ignore the occult questions that magic raises. The social sciences simply have no methods for inspecting extraordinary causal claims, which they regard as superfluous to the real purpose of magic. Any effort to verify or falsify occult claims would simply sidetrack the researcher from the proper manner of understanding magical phenomena. Hard scientists, who like to tinker with ideas, are more likely to take the boasts of magicians literally, if only for the sake of exposing their fakery. Recently, a new trend in medical and physical research has begun to regard magic both literally and sympathetically as an area worthy of serious study. This chapter looks at a few representative ideas and asks whether such new science projects explain magic, or explain it away. It examines the relatively new field of medical anthropology, and more specifically medical ecology, magical healing and folk healing, and psychoneuroimmunology.
The Magical Experience
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMagical experience results from the way the participants—not just primitive hunters—are “linked” to their world. If no direct wiring (physiological link) can be found, then magic must be purely mental: a language or belief. But if the participants are “hooked up” through a natural equivalent to the fiber-optic wiring of a virtual reality machine, then magic is far more than a cultural artifact—perhaps a bridge between physiology and psychology. Metaphorically speaking, humans are still “wired” to their physical environment in a variety of ways. One may speak of “hard wiring”—the physical dependence on an environment—and “soft wiring”—the perceptual orientation. One side of the debate goes by the name “computationalism,” or the top-down theory of perception. The second position, called ecological or bottom-up theory, lends itself to the more adventuresome position espoused here: that the biological function of the senses determines the nature of magic to a large extent. Magical experience—the perception of interrelatedness evoked by magical rites—seems to transcend the distinction between culture and nature, mind and body.
The Insider's View
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFreed and Freed recently published an immense study of ghosts in Northern India. Their work, and similar projects in other areas of the world, draws on ethnography, medical anthropology, historical and textual analyses, psychology, and ecology to explain ghosts and exorcism. But these formidable scholarly efforts are no longer interested in one simple question that interests many lay readers: Where is the magic? Hinduism in India developed into a rich tapestry of distinct cultures embodying a few central themes. Numerous cults and traditions existed side by side, permeating each other on some levels and coexisting peacefully or antagonistically on other levels. The healing procedure practiced by exorcists varies from patient to patient and takes on the form of a simple pūjā at several junctures. The term tantra, which literally means “loom” or doctrine in the sense of woven ideas, is as old as India's earliest recorded history.
Ghosts and People with No Boundaries
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIndividuality, as the distinguished French sociologist Louis Dumont has shown, is a modern Western notion we must avoid tagging onto Indians. Relationship and bonding are the basic facts of social and psychological life, and they find expression in whom one can marry, touch, or share food with. Even the religious ideas about the destiny of the individual—karma—is permeated by the reality of interrelationships. Karma demonstrates, on a philosophical level, that human actions can dissolve as the separation between people disappears. This is precisely what makes Banaras fertile soil for the magical experience. But the traditional situation is rapidly changing in urban India, and the same bonds of karma (and purity) that tie people to their relatives can also set them completely apart from strangers. The interrelationships between individuals in traditional societies such as Banaras manifest themselves in a variety of phenomena such as the “open person” and the ever present danger of ghosts of departed relatives. Elderly men and women come from all over India to await their death in Banaras.
The Tools of Magic
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe voices of magicians are rich with sacred power that is renowned as mantra. Magicians accept the fact that mantra encompasses manifest and hidden divine forces and holds recoiled magical efficacies that are released by experts. Magical sounds are hardly limited to India, of course. “Abracadabra” and “hocus pocus” have become synonymous with magic itself. Just as the mantra is ubiquitous in India, spells, charms, and incantations are everywhere else around the world. The act of reciting or chanting—word meanings aside—must be explained by reference to a general theory. A reductive explanation, like James Frazer's imitative principle, must be applied to this strange, though universal, human behavior. The majority of those who practice magical healing in Banaras regard mantra as the most powerful tool in their bag. Objects used in magical rites in Banaras range from water and stones to clay and metal pots, hammers, string, amulets made of numerous types of objects, and paper.
The Mothers of the Believers in the Qur'an
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Qur'an particularly addresses the Prophet's wives on a number of occasions; many other revelations are connected with members of their group in the Hadith literature. The honorific epithet “Mothers of the Believers” was revealed in a late Medinan verse. Muhammad's consorts play a significant role in the Qur'an-as-process. Their reception of specific divine guidance endows them with special dignity. In this manner, the Prophet's wives emerge within the Qur'anic context as examples of the principle of ethical individualism. The women's obedience to censure became the basis of their noble status.
Composition in Black and White
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
George Schuyler, a black journalist, and Josephine Cogdell, a blond, blue-eyed Texas heiress, believed that intermarriage would “invigorate” the races. Their daughter, Philippa Duke Schuyler, became the embodiment of this theory. Able to read and write at the age of two and a half, a pianist at four, and a composer by five, Philippa was often compared to Mozart. During the 1930s and 1940s she graced the pages of Time magazine and The New Yorker. Philippa soon became the inspiration for a generation of African-American children. But as an adult she dropped out of sight. Philippa had been rejected by the American classical music elite and was forced to find an audience abroad, where she flourished as a performer and composer. She traveled widely, performing for kings, queens, and presidents and took on a second career as an author and foreign correspondent. But behind the glamour Philippa was an outcast, “I am a beauty—but I'm half colored … so I'm always destined to be an outsider,” she wrote in her diary. In a last attempt to reclaim an identity, she began to “pass” as Caucasian. At the age of thirty five Philippa finally began to embark on a racial catharsis but, on 9 May 1967, while on an unauthorized mission of mercy, she died in a helicopter crash over the waters of war-torn Vietnam. This book is the first authorized biography of Philippa Schuyler and it draws on previously unpublished letters and diaries.
Miscegenation
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter takes up the story on January 6, 1928, the day of the wedding of George and Josephine. George came home at two o'clock in the afternoon on that day since the bureau closed at four, but Josephine was not ready and she had to hurry. George and Josephine went to the subway station and took an express down to the Municipal Building. Then they went in to be married by the justice of the peace, and they were the last couple to be married that day.
George Schuyler, Investigative Reporter
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In 1930, when Philippa was conceived by Josephine, George Putnam, the publisher of the New York Evening Post, asked George Schuyler to go to Liberia for a secret mission. At that time, there were some reports that a new form of slavery had sprung up in Africa. In Liberia, boys were being sold to work on Spanish plantations and there were some allegations that the president and highest Liberian officers were involved. George spent weeks in the forest gathering information and by early April of that year, George caught malaria at the mountain town of Sublima. He had been totally out of touch with Josephine, who was pregnant with Philippa. He was again called for another secret mission, NACCP's journal, resulting his absence on the first or second birthday of her daughter.