bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft‐sediment deformation structures in Cretaceous non‐marine deposits of southeastern Gyeongsang Basin, Korea: Occurrences and origin
Authors: Kang Hee‐Cheol , Paik In Sung , Lee Ho Il , Lee Jeong Eun , Chun Jong‐Hwa 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA variety of soft‐sediment deformation structures formed during or shortly after deposition occurs in the Cretaceous Seongpori and Dadaepo Formations of the southeastern Gyeongsang Basin exposed along coastal areas of southeastern Korean Peninsula for 0.5–2 km. These are mostly present in a fluvial plain facies, with interbedded lacustrine deposits. In this study, the features of different kinds of soft‐sediment deformation structures have been interpreted on the basis of sedimentology of structure‐bearing deposits, comparison with normal sedimentary structures, timing and mechanism of deformation, and triggering mechanisms. The soft‐sediment deformation structures can be classified into four morphological groups: (i) load structures (load casts, ball‐and‐pillow structures); (ii) soft‐sediment intrusive structures (dish‐and‐pillars, clastic dykes, sills); (iii) ductile disturbed structures (convolute folds, slump structures); and (iv) brittle deformation structures (syndepositional faulting, dislocated breccia). The most probable triggering mechanisms resulting in these structures were seismic shocks. These interpretations are based on the following field observations: (i) location of the study area within tectonically active fault zone reactivated several times during the Cretaceous; (ii) deformation structures confined to single stratigraphic levels; (iii) lateral continuity and occurrences of various soft‐sediment deformation structures in the deformed level over large areas; (iv) absence of depositional slope to indicate gravity sliding or slumping; and (v) similarity to the structures produced experimentally. The soft‐sediment deformation structures in the study areas are thus interpreted to have been generated by seismic shocks with an estimated magnitude of M > 5, representing an intermittent record of the active tectonic and sedimentary processes during the development and evolution of two formations from the late Early Cretaceous to the Late Cretaceous.
Does Foreign Portfolio Investment Reach Small Listed Firms?
Authors: Knill April M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBecause investors generally choose to invest in large firms when investing internationally, it is not immediately obvious whether small listed firms would benefit from foreign portfolio investment. A capital infusion of this form could either serve to alleviate constrained capital markets or make large firms stronger, increasing competition and crowding out small firms. In this paper, I examine the impact of foreign portfolio investment on the capital issuance behaviour of small listed firms. I find that foreign portfolio investment (scaled by gross domestic product) is associated with an increased probability of small firm security issuance in all nations, regardless of property rights development. Evidence suggests that the mechanism by which this occurs is a freeing up of capital in domestic markets when large firms utilise foreign investment directly. Long‐term debt levels increase in nations where property rights are more developed, suggesting that foreign portfolio investment may reach small firms through the banking channel as well in these nations. The banking channel results, however, are somewhat sensitive to the definition of foreign portfolio investment.
THE USES OF WALTER: WALTER BENJAMIN AND THE COUNTERFACTUAL IMAGINATION
Authors: WURGAFT BENJAMIN ALDES 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTMany authors, both scholarly and otherwise, have asked what might have happened had Walter Benjamin survived his 1940 attempt to escape Nazi‐occupied Europe. This essay examines several implicitly or explicitly “counterfactual” thought experiments regarding Benjamin's “survival,” including Hannah Arendt's influential “Walter Benjamin: 1892–1940,” and asks why our attachment to Benjamin's story has prompted so much counterfactual inquiry. It also explores the larger question of why few intellectual historians ask explicitly counterfactual questions in their work. While counterfactuals have proven invaluable for scholars in diplomatic, military, and economic history, those writing about the history of ideas often seem less concerned with chains of events and contingency than some of their colleagues are—or they attend to contingency in a selective fashion. Thus this essay attends to the ambivalence about the category of contingency that runs through much work in intellectual history. Returning to the case of Walter Benjamin, this essay explores his own tendency to pose “what if?” questions, and then concludes with an attempt to ask a serious counterfactual question about his story. The effort to ask this question reveals one methodological advantage of counterfactual inquiry: the effort to ask such questions often serves as an excellent guide to the prejudices and interests of the historian asking them. By engaging in counterfactual thought experiments, intellectual historians could restore an awareness of sheer contingency to the stories we tell about the major texts and debates of intellectual history.
NEUROSCIENCE AND THE FALLACIES OF FUNCTIONALISM
Authors: Reddy William M. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTSmail's On Deep History and the Brain is rightly critical of the functionalist fallacies that have plagued evolutionary theory, sociobiology, and evolutionary psychology. However, his attempt to improve on these efforts relies on functional explanations that themselves oversimplify the lessons of neuroscience. In addition, like explanations in evolutionary psychology, they are highly speculative and cannot be confirmed or disproved by evidence. Neuroscience research is too diverse to yield a single picture of brain functioning. Some recent developments in neuroscience research, however, do suggest that cognitive processing provides a kind of “operating system” that can support a great diversity of cultural material. These developments include evidence of “top‐down” processing in motor control, in visual processing, in speech recognition, and in “emotion regulation.” The constraints that such a system may place on cultural learning and transmission are worth investigating. At the same time, historians are well advised to remain wary of the pitfalls of functionalism.
LET MANY FLOWERS BLOOM
Authors: Martin Raymond 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIn this rich and sensible assessment of historians' practice and prospects, Allan Megill focuses on the obligation that historians have to support their accounts with evidence. He does this, first, by illustrating the difference between real and merely claimed evidence and, then, by giving an analysis of the underlying nature of evidence in historical accounts. Turning later to the question of how historians and their public should feel about diminishing unity (fragmentation) in historiography and the practices that generate it, Megill explains the sources of fragmentation and then argues that it doesn't matter whether historians are doing the same thing and/or doing it in the same way. What matters, rather, is whether they are doing interesting things and doing them well.
Genetic Variation in Financial Decision‐Making
Authors: CESARINI DAVID , JOHANNESSON MAGNUS , LICHTENSTEIN PAUL , SANDEWALL ÖRJAN , WALLACE BJÖRN 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIndividuals differ in how they construct their investment portfolios, yet empirical models of portfolio risk typically account only for a small portion of the cross‐sectional variance. This paper asks whether genetic variation can explain some of these individual differences. Following a major pension reform Swedish adults had to form a portfolio from a large menu of funds. We match data on these investment decisions with the Swedish Twin Registry and find that approximately 25% of individual variation in portfolio risk is due to genetic variation. We also find that these results extend to several other aspects of financial decision‐making.
Short Sellers and Financial Misconduct
Authors: KARPOFF JONATHAN M. , LOU XIAOXIA 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTWe examine whether short sellers detect firms that misrepresent their financial statements, and whether their trading conveys external costs or benefits to other investors. Abnormal short interest increases steadily in the 19 months before the misrepresentation is publicly revealed, particularly when the misconduct is severe. Short selling is associated with a faster time‐to‐discovery, and it dampens the share price inflation that occurs when firms misstate their earnings. These results indicate that short sellers anticipate the eventual discovery and severity of financial misconduct. They also convey external benefits, helping to uncover misconduct and keeping prices closer to fundamental values.
Luck versus Skill in the Cross‐Section of Mutual Fund Returns
Authors: FAMA EUGENE F. , FRENCH KENNETH R. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTThe aggregate portfolio of actively managed U.S. equity mutual funds is close to the market portfolio, but the high costs of active management show up intact as lower returns to investors. Bootstrap simulations suggest that few funds produce benchmark‐adjusted expected returns sufficient to cover their costs. If we add back the costs in fund expense ratios, there is evidence of inferior and superior performance (nonzero true α) in the extreme tails of the cross‐section of mutual fund α estimates.
An Intravascular Ultrasound Analysis in Women Experiencing Chest Pain in the Absence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Substudy from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute–Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE)
Authors: KHUDDUS MATHEEN A. , PEPINE CARL J. , HANDBERG EILEEN M. , BAIREY MERZ C. NOEL , SOPKO GEORGE , BAVRY ANTHONY A. , DENARDO SCOTT J. , McGORRAY SUSAN P. , SMITH KAREN M. , SHARAF BARRY L. , NICHOLLS STEVEN J. , NISSEN STEVEN E. , ANDERSON R. DAVID 
Published: October 2010

Aims:
Using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), we sought to characterize coronary morphology in women with chest pain without major epicardial obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). We have previously observed an unexpectedly high rate of adverse outcomes among women with chest pain and normal or insignificant obstructive CAD. Information about the presence and characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis in these women could provide insight into the mechanisms related to increased risk, as well as improved diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
Methods:
Women (n = 100) with suspected ischemia without obstructive CAD (>50% stenosis) underwent IVUS of a left coronary segment with measurements by a core lab masked to clinical and angiographic findings.
Results:
Angiograhic core lab analysis found 69.6% of patients had no (≤20%) and 30.4% had minimal (20–<50%) CAD. IVUS segmental images were interpretable by the core lab in 92 women, with 19 (21%) having no atherosclerosis (intimal‐medial thickness <0.5 mm). In the remaining 73 women (79%), percent atheroma volume was 27 ± 8% and mean maximum plaque thickness was 0.53 ± 0.22 mm. Thirty‐eight women with atherosclerosis (53%) had ≥30% of interrogated vessel involved. The average vessel involvement was 40%, and the maximum plaque thickness was 1.27 mm. The number of risk factors strongly correlated with percent atheroma volume (r = 0.53, P < 0.0001) and percent vessel involvement (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001), with the strongest independent predictor of both being age. Remodeling was assessed in 59/73 women (81%), and 73% had evidence of positive remodeling.
Conclusions:
In symptomatic women without significant luminal obstructive CAD, we observed a high prevalence of atherosclerosis with positive remodeling and preserved lumen size. These findings may help explain increased risk and emphasize need for improved diagnostic and treatment options for women with concealed CAD. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:511–519)
River bed features affect the riverine distribution of two amphidromous Rhinogobius species
Authors: Tamada K. 
Published: October 2010

Tamada K. River bed features affect the riverine distribution of two amphidromous Rhinogobius species. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 23–32. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Nest‐use patterns of two amphidromous gobies, Rhinogobius sp. LD (large dark type) and CB (cross‐band type), were studied along the course of the Aizu River, Japan. Males of both species build and defend nests under stones. Adult distributions of the two gobies do not overlap in this river. LD is more predominant in the upper reaches than CB. The stone size on the river bed in the region inhabited by LD was larger than that in the region inhabited by CB. LD was found to have larger body size, larger nest stones, egg clusters and egg numbers than CB. Laboratory nest choice experiments showed that LD selects larger nests than CB. This trend can be explained by a size‐assortative nest preference across these species. The longitudinal distribution of stone size seems to affect upstream migration and reproduction of these species.
Fathers’ involvement in Swedish child health care – the role of nurses’ practices and attitudes
Authors: Massoudi Pamela , Wickberg Birgitta , Hwang C Philip 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAim:  To investigate how nurses in Swedish child health care perceived working with fathers, and to what extent they offered support to, and included fathers in clinical encounters.Methods:  A random sample of all nurses in Swedish child health care, 499 nurses, were asked to complete a postal questionnaire. The response rate was 70%. Data were analysed with content analysis, the chi‐square test and logistic regression models.Results:  Almost all of the nurses found working with fathers positive. Fathers’ participation in child health care was much lower than that of mothers’. Almost 90% of the nurses estimated that it rarely came to their attention that a father was distressed, and less than one of five nurses had offered supportive counselling to any distressed father in the previous year. Nurses with regular supervision on mental health issues and nurses with a paediatric specialization were more likely to offer supportive counselling to fathers. Approximately 50% of the nurses had an ambivalent attitude towards fathers’ caring capacity when compared to that of mothers.Conclusions:  Fathers received less support from child health nurses, and many nurses were ambivalent about fathers’ caring abilities. Methods need to be developed to involve both parents in child health care.
Association of an SNP marker in exon 24 of a class 3 phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PIK3C3) gene with production traits in Duroc pigs
Authors: HIROSE Kensuke , TAKIZAWA Tatsuya , FUKAWA Kazuo , ITO Tetsuya , UEDA Masayuki , HAYASHI Yoichi , TANAKA Kazuaki 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTA C↔T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on exon 24 of the porcine class 3 phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PIK3C3) gene is considered a possible genetic marker for selecting backfat (BF) thickness and carcass fat, although only one study has published results on its effects by performing experiments on a single resource family. We analyzed the association of this PIK3C3 polymorphism with production traits in 739 Duroc pigs. The C allele frequency was 67.9% in our study population. PIK3C3 polymorphism showed significant effects on average daily weight gain (ADG), BF thickness, intermuscular fat content (IMF), and the size of the loin eye muscle area (EMA). The C alleles increased ADG, BF and IMF, and decreased EMA. The predicted differences in traits between the homozygous pigs of the C and T alleles were 40 g/day for DG, 1.2 mm for BF, 0.44% for IMF, and 1.6 cm2 for EMA. Furthermore, the statistical models for estimating the breeding values of each trait had lower Akaike's information criterion values when adding PIK3C3 genotype information. We therefore confirmed that the polymorphism in PIK3C3 (C2604T) has the potential to be a genetic marker for production traits in Duroc pigs.
Monitoring the Expression of Maize Genes in Developing Kernels under Drought Stress using Oligo‐microarray
Authors: Luo Meng , Liu Jia , Lee R. Dewey , Scully Brian T. , Guo Baozhu 
Published: October 2010

Abstract Preharvest aflatoxin contamination of grain grown on the US southeastern Coast Plain is provoked and aggravated by abiotic stress. The primary abiotic stress is drought along with high temperatures. The objectives of the present study were to monitor gene expression in developing kernels in response to drought stress and to identify drought‐responsive genes for possible use in germplasm assessment. The maize breeding line Tex6 was used, and gene expression profiles were analyzed in developing kernels under drought stress verses well‐watered conditions at the stages of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 d after pollination (DAP) using the 70 mer maize oligo‐arrays. A total of 9 573 positive array spots were detected with unique gene IDs, and 7 988 were common in both stressed and well‐watered samples. Expression patterns of some genes in several stress response‐associated pathways, including abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, were examined, and these specific genes were responsive to drought stress positively. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction validated microarray expression data. The comparison between Tex6 and B73 revealed that there were significant differences in specific gene expression, patterns and levels. Several defense‐related genes had been downregulated, even though some defense‐related or drought responsive genes were upregulated at the later stages.
What Is Ontological Realism?
Authors: Jenkins C.S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to clarify what metaontological realism, as discussed in contemporary metaontological literature, amounts to. Although metaontological debates are of relatively long standing, the terms ‘realism’ and ‘anti‐realism’ have only recently come to be regularly applied to metaontological positions. The new usage is not fully stable. This paper aims to: (1) distinguish three key claims associated with the term ‘realism’ in metaontology, and give some initial reasons why it is important to be very clear about the differences between these claims; (2) argue that the three ‘realist’ claims are independent of one other; and (3) argue that the label ‘ontological realism’ is best attached to just one of the three claims, namely the claim that the facts of ontology are objective.
Characteristics of Oil Sources from the Chepaizi Swell, Junggar Basin, China
Authors: Luofu LIU , Jun KUANG , Ping WANG , Zhijun CHEN , Weibin WANG , Yande ZHAO , Lin WU , Jun JIN , Weili WANG , Jianghui MENG , Jieli ZHOU , Guodong LIU 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:So far there has been no common opinion on oil source of the Chepaizi swell in the Junggar Basin. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the pathway system and trend of hydrocarbon migration, and this resulted in difficulties in study of oil‐gas accumulation patterns. In this paper, study of nitrogen compounds distribution in oils from Chepaizi was carried out in order to classify source rocks of oils stored in different reservoirs in the study area. Then, migration characteristics of oils from the same source were investigated by using nitrogen compounds parameters. The results of nitrogen compounds in a group of oil/oil sand samples from the same source indicate that the oils trapped in the Chepaizi swell experienced an obvious vertical migration. With increasing migration distance, amounts and indices of carbazoles have a regular changing pattern (in a fine linear relationship). By using nitrogen compounds techniques, the analyzed oil/oil sand samples of Chepaizi can be classified into two groups. One is the samples stored in reservoir beds of the Cretaceous and Tertiary, and these oils came from mainly Jurassic source rock with a small amount of Cretaceous rock; the other is those stored in the Jurassic, Permian and Carboniferous beds, and they originated from the Permian source. In addition, a sample of oil from an upper Jurassic reservoir (Well Ka 6), which was generated from Jurassic coal source rock, has a totally different nitrogen compound distribution from those of the above‐mentioned two groups of samples, which were generated from mudstone sources. Because of influence from fractionation of oil migration, amounts and ratios of nitrogen compounds with different structures and polarities change regularly with increasing migrating distance, and as a result the samples with the same source follow a good linear relationship in content and ratio, while the oil samples of different sources have obviously different nitrogen compound distribution owing to different organic matter types of their source rocks. These conclusions of oil source study are identical with those obtained by other geochemical bio‐markers. Therefore, nitrogen compounds are of great significance in oil type classification and oil/source correlation.
A framework for assessing threats and benefits to species responding to climate change
Authors: Thomas Chris D. , Hill Jane K. , Anderson Barbara J. , Bailey Sallie , Beale Colin M. , Bradbury Richard B. , Bulman Caroline R. , Crick Humphrey Q. P. , Eigenbrod Felix , Griffiths Hannah M. , Kunin William E. , Oliver Tom H. , Walmsley Clive A. , Watts Kevin , Worsfold Nicholas T. , Yardley Tim 
Published: October 2010

Summary1. Current national and international frameworks for assessing threats to species have not been developed in the context of climate change, and are not framed in a way that recognises new opportunities that arise from climate change.2. The framework presented here separates the threats and benefits of climate change for individual species. Threat is assessed by the level of climate‐related decline within a species’ recently occupied (e.g. pre‐1970s) historical distribution, based on observed (e.g. repeat census) and/or projected changes (e.g. modelled bioclimate space). Benefits are assessed in terms of observed and/or projected increases outside the recently occupied historical range.3. Exacerbating factors (e.g. small population size, low dispersal capacity) that might increase levels of threat or limit expansion in response to climate change are taken into consideration within the framework. Protocols are also used to identify levels of confidence (and hence research and/or monitoring needs) in each species’ assessment.4. Observed and projected changes are combined into single measures of expected decline and increase, together with associated measures of confidence. We weight risk classifications towards information that is most certain. Each species is then placed in one of six categories (high risk, medium risk, limited impact, equivalent risks & benefits, medium benefit, high benefit) reflecting whether climate change is expected (or has been observed) to cause net declines or increases in the region considered, based on the balance of benefits and threats.5. We illustrate the feasibility of using the framework by applying it to (i) all British butterflies (N = 58 species) and (ii) an additional sample of British species: 18 species of plants, bats, birds and beetles.6. Synthesis. Our framework assesses net declines and increases associated with climate change, for individual species. It could be applied at any scale (regional, continental or global distributions of species), and complements existing conservation assessment protocols such as red‐listing. Using observed and projected population and/or range data, it is feasible to carry out systematic conservation status assessments that inform the development of monitoring, adaptation measures and conservation management planning for species that are responding to climate change.