bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use and exchange of aquatic resources relevant for food and aquaculture: common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Jeney Zsigmond , Jian Zhu 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis review describes the genetic resources of common carp relevant for food through fisheries and aquaculture. Common carp is naturally distributed in a large part of Asia and Europe and has been introduced worldwide and is reputed to have been cultured for centuries. Its status in Asia and Europe is discussed in detail. The rich diversity of carp in Asian aquaculture is described, with an emphasis on China, the largest producer in the world. In Central and Eastern Europe common carp is the most important ‘freshwater species’, and 60 ‘national’ and 25 ‘foreign’ strains are described in the most recent Catalogue of Carp Breeds (Bogeruk 2008). There are different systems for the management and conservation of carp genetic diversity depending on the level of state involvement, and these systems are described for selected countries/regions, such as China and central and eastern European countries. The latter countries are in a current ‘transition period’ and a tendency of ‘state‐withdrawal’ is evident. However, it is not yet clear whether the market alone is able/ready to take over the responsibility and cost of the management and conservation of carp genetic diversity.
Use of Aspiration Method for Collecting Brain Samples for Rabies Diagnosis in Small Wild Animals
Authors: Iamamoto K. , Quadros J. , Queiroz L. H. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryIn developing countries such as Brazil, where canine rabies is still a considerable problem, samples from wildlife species are infrequently collected and submitted for screening for rabies. A collaborative study was established involving environmental biologists and veterinarians for rabies epidemiological research in a specific ecological area located at the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The wild animals’ brains are required to be collected without skull damage because the skull’s measurements are important in the identification of the captured animal species. For this purpose, samples from bats and small mammals were collected using an aspiration method by inserting a plastic pipette into the brain through the magnum foramen. While there is a progressive increase in the use of the plastic pipette technique in various studies undertaken, it is also appreciated that this method could foster collaborative research between wildlife scientists and rabies epidemiologists thus improving rabies surveillance.
Low Rate of Methicillin‐resistant Coagulase‐positive Staphylococcal Colonization of Veterinary Personnel in Hong Kong
Authors: Boost M. V. , So S. Y. C. , Perreten V. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryElevated rates of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage have been reported in veterinary personnel, suggesting an occupational colonization risk. Hong Kong veterinary personnel (n = 150) were sampled for coagulase‐positive staphylococci (CPS) nasal colonization. Risk factors for colonization were assessed by questionnaire. Isolates were identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. All CPS isolates were investigated for mecA carriage, SCCmec type and PVL genes. Two subjects were colonized with methicillin‐resistant CPS: one with MRSA (spa type t002 (CC5), SCCmec type II) and one with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) (MLST type ST71, SCCmec type II‐III). MLST type ST71 S. pseudintermedius strain is the predominant MRSP clone circulating in dogs in Europe and in Hong Kong. The low MR‐CPS colonization rate may be associated with low levels of large animal exposure or low rates of MRSA colonization of companion animals in Hong Kong. Colonization with non‐aureus CPS, which may cause human infection, must also be considered in veterinary personnel.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Rabies Viruses from Burkina Faso, 2007
Authors: De Benedictis P. , Sow A. , Fusaro A. , Veggiato C. , Talbi C. , Kaboré A. , Dundon W. G. , Bourhy H. , Capua I. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryGenetic characterization of 32 canine rabies viruses circulating in Burkina Faso in 2007 identified two clades both belonging to the Africa 2 lineage. Sequence homology data suggest that transboundary spread is the most likely means of introduction, highlighting an evolving epidemiological situation.
Epidemiological Study ofToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Ovine Breeding
Authors: Zedda M. T. , Rolesu S. , Pau S. , Rosati I. , Ledda S. , Satta G. , Patta C. , Masala G. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryAn outbreak of toxoplasmosis occurring in a typical farm of 524 ovines was monitored for 1 year after the occurrence of 31 abortions. Abortion events involved 7.2% of 430 pregnant sheep. Presence of antibodies toToxoplasma gondiiin sheep sera was investigated by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). A total of 422 ewes were bled four times during the year, and an epidemiological analysis was performed on all serology data collected in this subgroup. The prevalence of IgG positives ranged from 31.52% (133/422) at the first sampling to 62.56% (264/422) at the fourth sampling. Incidence of IgG antibodies was 38.75% at the second sampling, 14.92% at the third and 29.28% at the fourth sampling. At the beginning of the study, prevalence was 70.7% in primiparous sheep and 20.9% in sheep older than 5 years; at the third sampling, prevalence was stable at 70% in pluriparous sheep. The mean prevalence of IgM antibodies was 14.87%. A total of 147 out of all 524 ovines of the flock tested positive for IgM in more than one sampling. After an initial positivity, 60 sheep tested negative for IgG at the following serological controls (4 between the first and the second sampling, 30 between the second and the third and 28 between the third and the fourth sampling). One stray cat was positive for IgG, with a titre of 1 : 320. Moreover, one of the farmers was also positive, with a titre of 1 : 160 for IgG. A positive PCR result forT. gondiiDNA was also observed in aliquots of grain and pellets taken from feed stocks amassed inside the sheds without protection, suggesting that an adequate management of the farm might be useful, if not essential, for controllingT. gondiioutbreaks in ovine flocks.
Cryptosporidium Recovered from Musca domestica, Musca sorbens and Mango Juice Accessed by Synanthropic Flies in Bahirdar, Ethiopia
Authors: Fetene T. , Worku N. , Huruy K. , Kebede N. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThe study was conducted to determine the role of house flies, Musca domestica and Musca sorbens to carry Cryptosporidium species in natural environment and filth flies potential for contamination of food item they visited using acid‐fast stain technique. Cryptosporidium was identified from flies collected in dairy cow barns, butchery, market and defecating grounds. Musca domestica captured from dairy cow barns and M. sorbens from defecating ground were found carrying more oocyst of Cryptosporidium parvum. Oocyst load per fly for M. domestica and M. sorbens was 5.84 and 3.42, respectively. Flies’ population dynamics in each month had little relation to the monthly oocyst frequency, r = 0.06 and 0.02 for M. domestica and M. sorbens, respectively. Cryptosporidium species oocysts were isolated from frozen mango juice, which filth flies visited in dairy farm barn. Load of oocysts in the mango juice was dependent on time contact of flies with mango juice and more oocysts were recovered (P < 0.05) in mango juice samples accessed by filth flies for longer period. Role of filth flies to carry and deposit Cryptosporidium species oocyst for development of food‐borne cryptosporidiosis is signified.
On the probabilities of local behaviors in abelian field extensions
Authors: Wood Melanie Matchett 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFor a number fieldKand a finite abelian groupG, we determine the probabilities of various local completions of a randomG-extension ofKwhen extensions are ordered by conductor. In particular, for a fixed prime℘ofK, we determine the probability that℘splits intorprimes in a randomG-extension ofKthat is unramified at℘. We find that these probabilities are nicely behaved and mostly independent. This is in analogy to Chebotarev’s density theorem, which gives the probability that in a fixed extension a random prime ofKsplits intorprimes in the extension. We also give the asymptotics for the number ofG-extensions with bounded conductor. In fact, we give a class of extension invariants, including conductor, for which we obtain the same counting and probabilistic results. In contrast, we prove that neither the analogy with the Chebotarev probabilities nor the independence of probabilities holds when extensions are ordered by discriminant.
Symmetry Properties in the Symmetry-Breaking of Nonsmooth Dynamical Systems
Authors: Ageno Alessio , Sinopoli Anna 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the block simply supported on a harmonically moving ground is assumed as a system well representing a typical nonsmooth dynamical behavior. The aim of the work is to carry out the existence conditions of asymmetric responses; an analysis that comes first in any stability investigation. By using simple definitions belonging to the symmetry group theory, it is possible to completely clarify the relationships between the various initial conditions that allow simple asymmetric responses, and to develop tools, which will be very useful in the stability analysis of more complex asymmetric responses.
Recombination between
ccrC
Genes in a Type V (5C2&5) Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) of
Staphylococcus aureus
ST398 Leads to Conversion from Methicillin Resistance to Methicillin Susceptibility
In Vivo
Authors: Chlebowicz Monika A. , Nganou Kristelle , Kozytska Svitlana , Arends Jan P. , Engelmann Susanne , Grundmann Hajo , Ohlsen Knut , van Dijl Jan Maarten , Buist Girbe 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Various types of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) are known to confer methicillin resistance on the human pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
. Such cassettes are not always stably maintained. The present studies were aimed at identifying the mechanism underlying the
in vivo
conversion of methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) to methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(MSSA) derivatives as encountered in two patients suffering from pneumonia and an umbilicus infection, respectively. All MRSA and MSSA isolates identified belong to multilocus sequence type (MLST) 398, have
spa
type t034, and are Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive. Sequencing of 27,616 nucleotides from the chromosomal SCC
mec
insertion site in
orfX
to the
hsdR
gene for a restriction enzyme revealed a type V (5C2&5) SCC
mec
. Sequence comparisons show that parts of the cassette are highly similar to sequences within SCC
mec
elements from coagulase-negative staphylococci, indicating a possible common origin. The cassette investigated contains
ccrC
-carrying units on either side of its class C2b
mec
gene complex.
In vivo
loss of the
mec
gene complex was caused by recombination between the recombinase genes
ccrC1
allele 8 and
ccrC1
allele 10.
In vitro
, the SCC
mec
was very stable, and low-frequency MRSA-to-MSSA conversion was only observed when MRSA isolates were cultivated at 41°C for prolonged periods of time. In this case also, loss of the
mec
complex was due to
ccrC
gene recombination. Interestingly, the MRSA and MSSA isolates studied displayed no detectable differences in competitive growth and virulence, suggesting that the presence of the intact type V (5C2&5) SCC
mec
has no negative bearing on staphylococcal fitness under the conditions used.
Ineffectiveness of Tigecycline against Persistent
Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Barthold Stephen W. , Hodzic Emir , Imai Denise M. , Feng Sunlian , Yang Xiaohua , Luft Benjamin J. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of a new first-in-class antibiotic, tigecycline (glycylcycline), was evaluated during the early dissemination (1 week), early immune (3 weeks), or late persistent (4 months) phases of
Borrelia burgdorferi
infection in C3H mice. Mice were treated with high or low doses of tigecycline, saline (negative-effect controls), or a previously published regimen of ceftriaxone (positive-effect controls). Infection status was assessed at 3 months after treatment by culture, quantitative
ospA
real-time PCR, and subcutaneous transplantation of joint and heart tissue into SCID mice. Tissues from all saline-treated mice were culture and
ospA
PCR positive, tissues from all antibiotic-treated mice were culture negative, and some of the tissues from most of the mice treated with antibiotics were
ospA
PCR positive, although the DNA marker load was markedly decreased compared to that in saline-treated mice. Antibiotic treatment during the early stage of infection appeared to be more effective than treatment that began during later stages of infection. The viability of noncultivable spirochetes in antibiotic-treated mice (demonstrable by PCR) was confirmed by transplantation of tissue allografts from treated mice into SCID mice, with dissemination of spirochetal DNA to multiple recipient tissues, and by xenodiagnosis, including acquisition by ticks, transmission by ticks to SCID mice, and survival through molting into nymphs and then into adults. Furthermore, PCR-positive heart base tissue from antibiotic-treated mice revealed RNA transcription of several
B. burgdorferi
genes. These results extended previous studies with ceftriaxone, indicating that antibiotic treatment is unable to clear persisting spirochetes, which remain viable and infectious, but are nondividing or slowly dividing.
Influence of Alpha-1 Glycoprotein Acid Concentrations and Variants on Atazanavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Infected Patients Included in the ANRS 107 Trial
Authors: Barrail-Tran A. , Mentré F. , Cosson C. , Piketty C. , Chazallon C. , Gérard L. , Girard P. M. , Taburet A. M. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTAtazanavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor with high protein binding in human plasma. The objectives were first to determine thein vitrobinding characteristics of atazanavir and second to evaluate whether plasma protein binding to albumin and alpha-1 glycoprotein acid (AAG) influences the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir in HIV-infected patients. For thein vitrostudy, atazanavir protein binding characteristics were determined in AAG- and albumin-containing purified solutions. Atazanavir was found to bind AAG on a high-affinity saturable site (association constant, 4.61 × 105liters/mol) and albumin on a low-affinity nonsaturable site. For thein vivostudy, blood samples from 51 patients included in trial ANRS 107—Puzzle 2 were drawn prior to drug intake at week 6. For 10 patients included in the pharmacokinetic substudy, five additional blood samples were collected during one dosing interval at week 6. Atazanavir concentrations were assayed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Albumin concentrations, AAG concentrations, and phenotypes were also measured in these patients. Concentrations of atazanavir were modeled using a population approach. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination best described atazanavir pharmacokinetics. Atazanavir pharmacokinetic parameters and their interindividual variabilities were as follows: absorption rate constant (ka), 0.73 h−1(139.3%); apparent clearance (CL/F), 13.3 liters/h (26.7%); and apparent volume of distribution (V/F), 79.7 liters (27.0%). Atazanavir CL/Fdecreased significantly when alanine aminotransferase and/or AAG levels increased (P< 0.01). The ORM1*S phenotype also significantly increased atazanavirV/F(P< 0.05). Thesein vivoresults indicate that atazanavir pharmacokinetics is moderately influenced by its protein binding, especially to AAG, without expected clinical consequences.
International Spread and Persistence of TEM-24 Is Caused by the Confluence of Highly Penetrating
Enterobacteriaceae
Clones and an IncA/C
2
Plasmid Containing Tn
1696
::Tn
1
and IS
5075
-Tn
21
Authors: Novais Ângela , Baquero Fernando , Machado Elisabete , Cantón Rafael , Peixe Luísa , Coque Teresa M. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

TEM-24 remains one of the most widespread TEM-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) among
Enterobacteriaceae
. To analyze the reasons influencing its spread and persistence, a multilevel population genetics study was carried out on 28 representative TEM-24 producers from Belgium, France, Portugal, and Spain (13
Enterobacter aerogenes
isolates, 6
Escherichia coli
isolates, 6
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates, 2
Proteus mirabilis
isolates, and 1
Klebsiella oxytoca
isolate, from 1998 to 2004). Clonal relatedness (XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] and
E. coli
phylogroups) and antibiotic susceptibility were determined by standard procedures. Plasmid analysis included determination of the incompatibility group (by PCR, hybridization, and/or sequencing) and comparison of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns. Characterization of genetic elements conferring antibiotic resistance included integrons (classes 1, 2, and 3) and transposons (Tn
3
, Tn
21
, and Tn
402
). Similar PFGE patterns were identified among
E. aerogenes
,
K. pneumoniae
, and
P. mirabilis
isolates, while
E. coli
strains were diverse (phylogenetic groups A, B2, and D). Highly related 180-kb IncA/C
2
plasmids conferring resistance to kanamycin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides were identified. Each plasmid contained defective In0-Tn
402
(
dfrA1
-
aadA1
,
aacA4
, or
aacA4
-
aacC1
-
orfE
-
aadA2
-
cmlA1
) and In4-Tn
402
(
aacA4
or
dfrA1
-
aadA1
) variants. These integrons were located within Tn
21
, Tn
1696
, or hybrids of these transposons, with IS
5075
interrupting their IR
tnp
and IR
mer
. In all cases,
bla
TEM-24
was part of an IS
5075
-ΔTn
1
transposon within
tnp

1696

, mimicking other genetic elements containing
bla
TEM-2
and
bla
TEM-3
variants. The international dissemination of TEM-24 is fuelled by an IncA/C
2
plasmid acquired by different enterobacterial clones which seem to evolve by gaining diverse genetic elements. This work highlights the risks of a confluence between highly penetrating clones and highly promiscuous plasmids in the spread of antibiotic resistance, and it contributes to the elucidation of the origin and evolution of TEM-2 ESBL derivatives.
Miltefosine Efficiently Eliminates
Leishmania major
Amastigotes from Infected Murine Dendritic Cells without Altering Their Immune Functions
Authors: Griewank Klaus , Gazeau Caroline , Eichhorn Andreas , von Stebut Esther 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

As a treatment for leishmaniasis, miltefosine exerts direct toxic effects on the parasites. Miltefosine also modulates immune cells such as macrophages, leading to parasite elimination via oxidative radicals. Dendritic cells (DC) are critical for initiation of protective immunity against
Leishmania
through induction of Th1 immunity via interleukin 12 (IL-12). Here, we investigated the effects of miltefosine on DC in
Leishmania major
infections. When cocultured with miltefosine for 4 days, the majority of
in vitro
-infected DC were free of parasites. Miltefosine treatment did not influence DC maturation (upregulation of major histocompatibility complex II [MHC II] or costimulatory molecules, e.g., CD40, CD54, and CD86) or significantly alter cytokine release (IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], or IL-10). Further, miltefosine DC treatment did not alter antigen presentation, since unrestricted antigen-specific proliferation of CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells was observed upon stimulation with miltefosine-treated, infected DC. In addition, miltefosine application
in vivo
did not lead to maturation/emigration of skin DC. DC NO
−
production, a mechanism used by phagocytes to rid themselves of intracellular parasites, was also unaltered upon miltefosine treatment. Our data confirm prior studies indicating that in contrast to, e.g., pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine functions independently of the immune system, mostly through direct toxicity against the
Leishmania
parasite.
High Concentration of Raltegravir in Semen of HIV-Infected Men: Results from a Substudy of the EASIER-ANRS 138 Trial
Authors: Barau Caroline , Delaugerre Constance , Braun Joséphine , de Castro Nathalie , Furlan Valérie , Charreau Isabelle , Gérard Laurence , Lascoux-Combe Caroline , Molina Jean-Michel , Taburet Anne-Marie 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Raltegravir concentrations and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in semen samples from 10 treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients were measured after 24 weeks of raltegravir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Semen and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were below 100 copies/ml and 50 copies/ml, respectively, in all samples. The median raltegravir concentrations in semen samples (
n
= 10) and in plasma samples (
n
= 9) drawn simultaneously were 345 (range, 83 to 707) ng/ml and 206 (range, 106 to 986) ng/ml, respectively. The median semen-to-plasma ratio of raltegravir concentration was 1.42 (range, 0.52 to 6.66), indicating good although variable levels of drug penetration of raltegravir in the seminal compartment.
Possible interactions between dietary fibres and 5-aminosalicyclic acid
Authors: Henriksen Camilla , Hansen Steen , Nordgaard-Lassen Inge , Anderson Jens Rikardt , Madsen Pia 
Published: December 2009

Background: Potentially, a binding of 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA) to dietary fibres could reduce the systemic absorption and increase the intraluminal amount. The purposes of the study were to investigate if: (1) dietary fibres can bind 5-ASA in vitro, and (2) consumption of dietary fibres is related to disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) treated with 5-ASA. Methods: In vitro: 15 g of Ispaghula Husk, wheat bran, citrus-pectin, or wheat flour were incubated in a 37°C buffered solutions of 5-ASA (1 g/l) for 3 hours at pH 6 and 7. The concentrations of 5-ASA were determined before and after the incubation using HPLC. In vivo: patients with UC were interviewed two to three times during 6 months. The fibre consumption was estimated and related to the disease activity (CAI, CRP, Faecal-calprotectin) and quality of life (IBDQ). Results: In vitro: 5-ASA was bound to Ispaghula Husk (5.3-10.0 mg/g) and wheat bran (4.6-5.5 mg/g), and to a minor degree to citrus-pectin. No differences were found in relation to pH. In vivo: 29 patients completed the scheduled interviews. No significant changes in fibre consumption were observed over time; however, patients consuming a diet high in fibre (>20 g/ day) had significantly lower CRP (p <0.01) and faecal-calprotectin (p <0.01) than those consuming less fibre (<20 g/dg). Conclusions: Patients with a high intake of fibre had a lower disease activity than those with low intake. Ispaghula Husk bound 5-ASA in vitro, independent of pH. The effect might be clinically relevant in patients with UC treated with 5-ASA.