bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'abus de pouvoirs du mandataire en droit civil québécois
Authors: Fabien Claude 
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this article is to study the rules governing the phenomenon of mandatories abusing their powers, under Quebec Civil Code. It also reviews the rules proposed by the Civil Code Revision Office in its 1971 and 1976 Reports on the contract of Mandate and in its 1976 Report on administration of property of others. It shows that on many issues the Office has chosen a rather conservative approach and decided to stick to time-proven rules. It also flags the areas where the Office advocates new rules, with appropriate comments.
The article is divided in two parts, the first one dealing with the scope of abuse of powers, the second with its effects. Part one asks « When does a mandatory abuse his powers ? » and answers by distinguishing between the wrongful exercise of mandatory's actual powers and the exercise, right or wrong, of non-existant powers. Part two then asks « What are the effects of abuses of powers ? » and deals on one hand with the liability towards third parties of both mandators and mandatories, and on the other hand with the liability of mandatories towards their mandators.
The interest of part one lies mainly with the distinction it makes between two types of abuses of powers and with the analysis of the remarkable contribution of the Report on administration of the property of others into the field of Mandate. Part two derives its interest from the study of rules aimed at protecting third parties against abuses of powers of mandatories, and from testing the relevance of distinguishing between two types of abuses of powers.
One conclusion, among others, emerges from this article. Mandators are fully liable towards third parties when mandatories abuse their powers by using them wrongfully. Conversely mandators are not liable when mandatories abuse their powers by using non-existant powers, although this principle suffers exceptions numerous enough to constitute a genuine regime of protections for third parties against self-empowered mandatories. The article suggests however that Quebec Law could go one step further by improving protection of third parties under the existing notion of apparent mandate, especially for those dealing with companies.
L'immixtion et la trop grande expertise du propriétaire, cause d'exonération de responsabilité des architectes et des entrepreneurs sous l'article 1688 C.C.
Authors: Rivet Michèle 
Published: July 2012

In May 1977, the Supreme Court of Canada gave an authoritative judgment on the interpretation of article 1688 of the Civil Code dealing with the liability of the builder and the architect. In Davie Shipbuilding Ltd v. Cargill Grain Company Ltd and The Foundation Company of Canada Ltd, the court established a new method of rebutting the presumption of liability resulting from the article. Indeed, the Supreme Court found that where the owner intervened during the construction and was more qualified than the contractors in charge of the work to judge its quality, he could not invoke the presumption resulting from article 1688 C.C. and was responsible for any loss.
The case is not an easy one — questions of law and facts are not simple in this dispute involving more than eleven million dollars.
Les langues officielles au Canada
Authors: Brun Henri , Tremblay Guy 
Published: July 2012

This article is a summary of the law governing official languages in Canada. The paper also concentrates on present controversial issues raised by judicial pronouncements on the Official Languages Act and on section 133 of the B.N.A Act.
The first section studies the « constitutional » aspect of the question of official languages in Canada, as to whether the relevant provisions are considered to be entrenched or not. Special emphasis is placed on the scope and effect of section 133 as interpreted so far. Federal and provincial legislative powers with respect to languages are then discussed, as well as the inapplicability of section 93 of the B.N.A. Act. Finally, the main constitutional proposals relating to linguistic rights are outlined.
The next two sections deal with federal and provincial legislation and their judicial application. At the federal level, the Official Languages Act and its apparent weaknesses attract particular attention. At the provincial level, a survey is taken of Quebec's successive Acts respecting languages, and « Bill 101 » is especially considered in relation to the Charter of human rights and freedoms.
The conclusion is that the unsatisfactory state of the law of official languages in Canada may well drag on if general agreement is not reached on a renewed federation.
Le douaire en droit coutumier ou la déviation d'une institution
Authors: Castelli Mireille D. 
Published: July 2012

Dower was a rather peculiar institution of the old French customary law that, according to some, still subsists in modern Quebec law.
At first blush, dower seems to be in complete opposition to the main thrust of old French law, whose primary- concern for the protection of lineage allowed hardly any right to be created in favour of spouses. Indeed, dower granted to the wife important rights, bearing on the husband's biens propres, i.e. property coming from his lineage or not included in the community and therefore normally entitled to the strictest protection. The wife's rights consisted in a usufruct on one-half of the husband's bien propres. Considering both the basis and the extent of those rights, therefore, dower appears as a most unusual provision in favour of the wife.
The advantages of dower were, however, more apparent than real. This comes out clearly when one examines the rights of children under the dower, as well as the manner in which the institution was transformed. Dower then appears as a mere reduction of the rights of full ownership previously vested in the wife. Such reduction favoured the children, who emerged as the main beneficiaries of dower. They were the owners of the property upon which bore the wife's usufruct. And their rights were safeguarded as against every other party, including their mother and father, as well as the latter's creditors.
The history of dower therefore illustrates the manner in which legal institutions may be transformed to suit changing ideas and mores.
Perspective historique de la rédaction des lois au Québec
Authors: Bonenfant Jean-Charles 
Published: July 2012

Ce texte est la transcription d'un exposé donné par le professeur Bonenfant le 26 septembre 1977, soit dix jours à peine avant son décès, à l'occasion d'un colloque international sur la rédaction législative. On peut donc le considérer comme son testament scientifique en ce qui concerne la légistique, discipline à laquelle il portait depuis plusieurs années un vif intérêt. Sa riche expérience des institutions parlementaires faisait de lui un observateur très écouté du récent renouvellement des techniques législatives au Québec.
Prononcé à partir de simples notes, cet exposé conserve, tel que nous le publions, tout le jaillissement et le mordant qui caractérisaient le discours de notre collègue. Ceux qui l'ont côtoyé y retrouveront la chaleur, l'enthousiasme et la profonde sagesse qu'il apportait à la vie de notre Faculté. C'est donc aussi pour son intérêt humain que nous tenions à faire figurer ce texte dans ce recueil d'hommages.
Il convient de remercier le Conseil de la langue française, organisateur de ce colloque, qui a assuré la transcription et la mise en forme de cette conférence, et nous a aimablement autorisés à le reproduire.
Le droit de recours de l'entrepreneur contre l'ingénieur ou l'architecte à la lumière d'arrêts récents de la Cour suprême
Authors: Rousseau-Houle Thérèse 
Published: July 2012

This paper surveys recent Supreme Court decisions dealing with the relationship between building contractors and architects or engineers participating in the same project. Normally, the agreement between the owner and the architect or the owner and the engineer vests no rights in the building contractor. The latter may only sue the architect or the engineer on an extra-contractual basis. Proceedings may then take the form of a recursory action, where the contractor, having been held jointly and severally liable towards the owner, attempts to have the architect or engineer take their share of liability. Alternatively, proceedings could be taken on the basis of a delict, in cases where negligence is alleged by the contractor against the architect or engineer.
The Supreme Court seems inclined to view the problem from a contract perspective, and to restrict opportunities to sue on the basis of a delict.
Les réactions de la doctrine à la création du droit par les juges en droit administratif
Authors: Lemieux Pierre 
Published: July 2012

This paper surveys the outlook and statements of Quebec and Canadian legal scholars and judges on issues of administrative law. It attempts to determine whether scholarly writings merely describe the existing state of the law, or whether they play a creative role in pointing for the courts the way in which law should develop towards an ideal model.
To this end, an assessment is first made of the creative power of judges when interpreting the law and of the reactions of scholars to this. Then, an attempt is made to show affinities between judges' and scholars' outlook in cases where an administrative decision conflicts with individual rights or liberties.
The paper concludes that while most public law writing in Canada and Quebec usually reads as a restatement of current case law, recent works show an increasing tendency towards independent, critical legal thinking.
La réaction de la doctrine à la création judiciaire en droit pénal
Authors: Jodouin André 
Published: July 2012

This article is a survey of the attitudes of legal writers concerning judicial creation. A number of articles, studies and case comments in the areas of mens rea, duress and drunkenness are canvassed in order to determine their authors' views on the legitimacy of the rules established by courts in the above areas. Judicial creation often involves departures from traditional legal reasoning; the attitude of legal writers towards these departures is also studied. Finally, it is sought to establish the views of the doctrine on the characteristics and qualities which judicial creation should present.
A number of points emerge from the study : attitudes towards judicial creation are generally favorable. The legitimacy of the creative role is most often taken for granted. As regards judicial reasoning, departures from stare decisis are generally seen as valid ; less unanimity is reached on departures from traditional rules of construction. There does not appear to be any perceptible difference between the attitudes of common law and civilian writers on judicial creation except on the point of rules of construction, where civilians seem somewhat more inclined to traditional views. In all cases, it was found difficult to determine the philosophical perspectives of the writers although these would normally be expected to have a strong bearing on the issue oj judicial creativity.
L'interaction des techniques de rédaction et des techniques d'interprétation des lois
Authors: Bisson Alain-François 
Published: July 2012

That there is an interaction effect between legislative drafting techniques and judicial methods for the interpretation of statutes is beyond question. But what really lies behind that interaction is a sort of tug of war between two opponents, legislator and judge, each obsessed with the other and each driven by the other to dig in his heels and resist at all costs, regardless of the caricature they may make of their respective roles. The presumed hostility of judges to the labours of the legislator leads to petty drafting techniques which, in turn, leave judges with a feeling of the legislator's hostility towards them, thus resulting in interpretation techniques which, if not altogether negative, clearly indicate the judges' distrust of the legislator.
This vicious circle must be broken and a return made to broader conceptions of legal interpretation. The judges, no doubt, have their part to play in the task of reconciliation. But no real progress can be made if the legislator does not first set the proper example in taking the honourable and calculated risk of expressing himself in simple and open language. The recent change in drafting techniques, at least in certain classes of statutes, is an encouraging sign in that regard.
Les groupements d'intérêt économique
Authors: Guyon Yves 
Published: July 2012

Collaboration between different business enterprises has become a must in our days of financial, technical and commercial complexity. It is highly encouraged by governments and businessmen. The traditional legal techniques known and frequently used in Canada appear however to be inadequate in some cases.
The French legislator has innovated in the field by creating, in 1967, the legal framework of the Groupement d'intérêt économique (G.I.E.) The G.I.E. is an institution that has the separate legal entity of the corporation while maintaining the joint, several and illimited liability of the partners. The G.I.E. is all the way neutral. It is not aimed to generate direct profits for itself or the partners but allows the involved partners to have a better overall performance.
Since 1967, over 9000 G.I.E. have been created in France to cover fields as different as the Airbus joint venture, communal maintenance services, research publicity or marketing department, buying or export offices, etc.
This article, written by a leading academic, discusses the different legal aspect of the G.I.E. and explains the pros and cons of the institution.
Of William O. Douglas, his Autobiography and Other Things
Authors: Hudon Edward G. 
Published: July 2012

Cet article porte sur la vie et l'autobiographie du juge William O. Douglas de la Cour suprême des États-Unis.
Le juge Douglas fut successivement, pendant sa longue carrière, professeur de droit, membre, puis président de la Securities and Exchange Commission et juge de la Cour suprême où il siégea plus longtemps qu'aucune autre personne. Il exerça une influence considérable sur le développement du droit constitutionnel américain.
Botaniste amateur, coureur des bois, écrivain et voyageur dans le monde entier, ses intérêts dépassaient de loin le droit. Les deux volumes de son autobiographie racontent les événements de sa vie pendant laquelle il connut aussi bien la pire des pauvretés que le plus fantastique des succès.
Les nouveaux moyens de paiement ont-ils besoin d'un cadre juridique spécifique : l'expérience française
Authors: Delahaie Henri , Grissonnanche André 
Published: July 2012

Payment by delivery of a sum of money or by another common type of negotiable instrument is regarded in practice as an obsolete way of settling debts. It is being gradually replaced by a product of modern technology often called « electronic money ». This phenomenon may call for a new juridical framework. Serious consideration is given to the matter in the following article which, in the process, affords us a glimpse of its treatment under French law.
Le Bundesrat. La protection des intérêts des Länder selon la Loi fondamentale allemande
Authors: Bothe Michael 
Published: July 2012

After dealing with the West German Bundersrat in a double-chamber system, the author, following the Basic Law of the country, depicts the varied powers of this Chamber. The participation of the Bundersrat in federal legislation is examined through its suspensive veto over every bill adopted by the first chamber — the Bundestag. The Bundersrat also has the power to approve certain categories of Bills.
The participation of the Bundersrat in the federal administration, contentious powers and the nomination process are ideas also developed in this article. The author examines the political role of the Chamber and shows that the Bundersrat has a counterbalancing effect between the Bundestag and the federal government. The importance of the roles of the parties in developing the political position of the Bundersrat is also discursed herein.
Professor Bothe concludes by saying that the Bundersrat is an important element of West German cooperative federalism and wonders if exporting this institution to Canada would be a wise move.
L'irrecevabilité du projet de modification de l'article 96 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867
Authors: Pépin Gilles 
Published: July 2012

In this paper, the author demonstrates that section 96 of the Constitution Act, 1867 is a source of political tensions. The « rules of the game » in construing section 96 are well known but are neither clear nor precise. The government has proposed a section 96B which should be relevant today as well as in the next century, but the new section should not be an obstacle to necessary changes in the judicial and administrative systems. Nevertheless, the new section 96B runs the risk of replacing one constitutional problem by another one.
If section 96B was to be enforced, the Legislature could give any judicial function, old or new, to an « authority other than a court », subject to judicial control of the function. By writing an amendment to section 96, consideration must be given to sections 97 to 101, which are also part of the « Judicature » Chapter in the Constitution Act, 1867.
In keeping with the author's thinking, some changes may be made to present law, which would be preferable to the proposed amendment.
The Proposed Section 96B : An Ill-Conceived Reform Destined to Failure
Authors: Macdonald Roderick A. 
Published: July 2012

L'objet de cette étude est d'identifier la véritable fin de l'amendement proposé par le gouvernement. L'article 96B prétend-il détruire l'hégémonie des cours supérieures ? Le but recherché par cet article est-il de permettre aux provinces de créer un vaste réseau de tribunaux spécialisés ? Le seul effet de l'article 96B serait-il d'imposer une barrière au pouvoir de surveillance des cours supérieures ?
L'article 96B semble déficient et mal rédigé. La promulgation de cet amendement entraînerait une multiplication de tribunaux inférieurs dont la structure laisserait à désirer en plus d'encourager une vaste distribution de juridictions ainsi qu'une délégation subjective de pouvoirs. Même si l'on croit que l'article 96B(2) protège les attributs distinctifs des cours supérieures, la porte est néanmoins ouverte aux provinces pour exploiter l'amendement. Il en découlerait une politisation accrue des cours supérieures.
Les articles 96 à 101 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 ne procurent pas une garantie constitutionnelle de l'indépendance judiciaire. L'auteur, après avoir étudié l'amendement 96B, conclut qu'il ne peut être considéré sérieusement comme étant une solution valable aux problèmes soulevés par ces articles.
La reconnaissance du caractère spécifique du commerce agricole à travers la prise en compte des considérations liées à la sécurité alimentaire dans l’Accord sur l’agriculture
Authors: Parent Geneviève 
Published: July 2012

La reconnaissance d’un caractère propre au commerce agricole est au coeur des débats entourant les négociations multilatérales de Doha sur l’agriculture au sein de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC).
D’un point de vue théorique, l’intérêt de cette question réside dans le fait qu’elle se situe dans la vague de changement qui déferle sur l’OMC. En effet, depuis un certain temps, les limites et les théories qui sous-tendent l’existence de l’OMC sont mises à l’épreuve. Parmi les questionnements que soulève cette situation, plusieurs s’interrogent à propos du champ d’action de l’OMC et des incidences de la libéralisation des échanges sur des sujets importants tels que la sécurité alimentaire ainsi que les pratiques agricoles et alimentaires traditionnelles. Les divergences d’opinions des États Membres quant à la manière de traiter les produits agricoles au sein de l’Accord sur l’agriculture sont des symptômes de cette remise en question.
La poursuite du processus de libéralisation des échanges agricoles dépend de la possibilité qu’ont les Membres de l’OMC de prendre en considération la spécificité de leur agriculture dans le contexte de leurs politiques nationales. Les négociations actuelles sont donc de première importance pour encadrer et faire progresser cette reconnaissance.
Cependant, la reconnaissance du caractère multifonctionnel de l’agriculture, proposée par bon nombre de Membres, nous semble une avenue trop vaste qui ouvre la porte à des possibilités de contournement des engagements déjà en place. D’autre part, la vision prônée par les États-Unis et le Groupe de Cairns, selon laquelle les produits agricoles doivent subir une libéralisation calquée sur celle des produits industriels, est trop réductrice et ne permet pas une prise en considération efficace de la spécificité du commerce agricole.
L’avenue appropriée et réaliste pour atteindre cet objectif est de faire fond sur les acquis de l’Accord sur l’agriculture et de les développer afin qu’ils assurent une prise en compte efficace des considérations autres que d’ordre commercial liées à la sécurité alimentaire.
Les logiques d’action collective d’associations regroupant des travailleurs indépendants
Authors: D’Amours Martine 
Published: July 2012

La croissance de la proportion des travailleurs indépendants au sein de la main-d’oeuvre, ainsi que les nouvelles caractéristiques de ces travailleurs, expliquent sans doute qu’on ait vu naître des associations vouées à leur promotion, à leur défense ou à leur représentation. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser l’action collective organisée mise en oeuvre par des associations regroupant des travailleurs indépendants, du point de vue des logiques d’action qu’elles introduisent et des nouvelles règles qu’elles contribuent à créer dans le champ des relations industrielles. Après avoir exposé le cadre analytique et la méthodologie de recherche, nous présentons et illustrons cinq logiques d’action idéal-typiques : entrepreneuriale, syndicale classique, syndicale élargie, professionnelle et des normes minimales universelles.Chacune de ces logiques introduit dans le champ des relations industrielles un nouveau problème ou une nouvelle réalité, qu’il s’agisse de travailleurs indépendants pour lesquels une entité, qui n’a pas le statut légal d’employeur, contrôle des pans importants de la prestation de travail, de travailleurs mobiles qui font affaire avec plusieurs donneurs d’ouvrage, voire exercent plusieurs métiers; de travailleurs professionnels qui évoluent hors de l’orbite du système qui régule les professions reconnues, et finalement de travailleurs précaires, faussement désignés comme autonomes.Chacune mobilise une identité particulière, qui souvent diffère des identités traditionnelles en relations industrielles. Chacune finalement intervient au moins partiellement pour transformer les règles du jeu. Si certaines plaident pour le maintien ou du renforcement des règles actuelles, qui définissent le travailleur indépendant comme un entrepreneur, d’autres favorisent l’extension à certains groupes de travailleurs indépendants de la protection offerte aux salariés par les lois du travail, alors que d’autres encore promeuvent la mise en place de nouvelles règles, visant la négociation à l’échelle sectorielle de conditions minimales de travail pour des entrepreneurs indépendants.D’autres recherches seraient nécessaires pour mieux appréhender l’impact de ces nouveaux acteurs et de ces nouvelles règles sur les conditions de travail des indépendants, sur les acteurs traditionnels du champ des relations industrielles et sur le modèle de représentation collective.