bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa armigera in the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Armes Nigel J. , Jadhav Deepak R. , DeSouza Kenneth R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae were collected from field crops and wild hosts in India, Nepal and Pakistan from 1991 to 1995, and ninety eight laboratory cultures established. Cypermethrin, fenvalerate, endosulfan, quinalphos, monocrotophos and methomyl insecticides were topically applied to 30–40 mg, first laboratory generation larvae and resistance determined from log dose probit bioassays. Significant levels of cypermethrin and fenvalerate resistance were found in all field strains, demonstrating that resistance to at least some pyrethroids is now ubiquitous in H. armigera populations in the Indian subcontinent; cypermethrin and fenvalerate resistance levels ranged from 5– to 6500–fold and 16– to 3200–fold respectively. Pyrethroid resistance levels were highest in the intensive cotton and pulse growing regions of central and southern India where excessive application of insecticide is common. In all field strains assayed, pre-treatment with the metabolic synergist piperonyl butoxide (pbo), resulted in significant suppression of pyrethroid resistance. However, in nearly all cases, full suppression of resistance was not achieved. This residual non-pbo-suppressible resistance was most likely due to a nerve-insensitivity resistance mechanism. Pbo-insensitive resistance was highest in regions of India where insecticides were frequently applied to cotton and legume crops. In some regions where insecticides were heavily overused, a second high order nerve-insensitivity mechanism (possibly a Super -Kdr type mechanism), may have been present. Incipient endosulfan resistance (1–28-fold), was present throughout India, Nepal and Pakistan. Low to moderate levels of resistance (2–59–fold), were reported to the phosphorothionate group organophosphate, quinalphos, in India and Pakistan, but there was no evidence of significant resistance (0.4–3–fold), to the phosphate group organophosphate, monocrotophos, under our bioassay conditions between 1993 and 1994. H. armigera strains collected in Nepal in 1993 and 1994 were susceptible to quinalphos, but by 1995, 4–5–fold resistance was detected. It is probable that much of the resistance to pyrethroid, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in the Indian subcontinent can be attributed to an inherited or inducible mixed function oxidase complex. Non-pbo-suppressible resistance becomes significant in regions and periods in the season when insecticide selection pressure on resistant H. armigera larvae on cotton and legume crops is very high.
Response of strains of housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to commercial bait formulations in the laboratory
Authors: Learmount Jane , Chapman Paul A. , Morris Alan W. , Pinniger David B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField strains of housefly collected from animal units were exposed to the insecticide baits, Golden Malrin and Alfacron in laboratory cage tests. Flies were exposed to each bait alone in no-choice tests and to the bait plus sugar in choice tests. Golden Malrin was generally effective against the strains tested in no-choice tests; the lowest recorded knockdown after exposure for 48 h was 82%. Eight strains, however, gave a reduced knockdown when exposed in choice tests (between 60 and 87%). Golden Malrin was ineffective against one strain in choice tests with 7% knockdown at 48 h. With Alfacron 12 strains exhibited knockdown responses between 57 and 87% at 48 h in no-choice tests. In choice tests, 17 strains gave knockdown responses of less than 50% at 48 h. Correlation coefficients were calculated for results from cage tests and levels of resistance to the active ingredients assessed using topical application and feeding test methods. There was a positive correlation between cage and feeding test results. Correlation was, however, less significant with choice test results than with no-choice results. There was no correlation between cage test and topical results. It is suggested that behavioural resistance was responsible for the reduced responses shown by some strains in choice tests compared to no-choice tests. The results demonstrate the importance of using a laboratory method which allows for behavioural differences when monitoring for resistance to insecticides formulated as baits. Behavioural differences in housefly strains should be considered when testing the efficacy of new bait formulations. It is also suggested that insecticide baits should not be used continuously and exclusively to control houseflies in intensive animal units.
The Pattern of Glossina morsitans Communities
Authors: Jackson C. H. N. 
Published: July 2009

Tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans Westw.) were marked and released at Daga-Iloi, in Tanganyika on four or, usually, six days weekly for over 15 months, at 75 catching points situated 100 yards apart on an “octagonal spiral” whose successive rings were separated by 250 yards. Outer “spirals” were also traversed occasionally.The country was hilly and dominated by woodland of Brachystegia tamarindoides, broken by more open grassland with Combretum on the one hand and by thicketed ravines on the other. The ungulate animals included zebra, buffalo, bushbuck, roan antelope, hartebeest, reedbuck, duiker, wart-hog and bushpig, with very occasional elephant, rhinoceros, waterbuck and klipspringer. Baboons and Cercopithecus monkeys were also present. Spoors of the ungulates were recorded on the daily rounds: bushbuck were most common about the ravines, but in general the ungulates tended to be most common in the open grassland with Combretum.G. morsitans was most numerous in tall Brachystegia woodland where the slope was moderate, and where open grasslands were not too far away. Thicketed ravines were avoided. The highest apparent densities were observed on the outer “spirals”, perhaps because of disturbance on the inner one traversed almost every day.During the rains, well-marked concentrations of flies occurred in certain parts of the Brachystegia woodland, and these re-formed in the second year. The hungriest flies were always found outside the Brachystegia, and hunger was higher in the dry season. Hunger was measured objectively by the proportion of non-teneral males alighting head-upwards on members of the catching party, which hungry flies mostly do.There was a negative correlation between numbers of flies and numbers of ungulates, and a positive correlation between the numbers of ungulates and hunger of the flies. This is in accordance with the feeding-ground theory, and is very generally observed with G. morsitans in East Africa. Certain movements of individual flies also accorded with the theory, against which, however, the suggestion has now been made that flies caught in the putative feeding grounds have not ventured out into them until attracted there by the sight of the catching party. This suggestion is to some extent countered by quotations from previous work, but it deserves further thought, and carefully planned experiments.Passage of large herds of buffalo through portions of the “spiral” were not apparently accompanied by mass movements of flies, even when the animals passed by day and many flies fed on them.
Insect Infestation of West African Produce imported into Britain
Authors: Howe R. W. , Freeman J. A. 
Published: July 2009

An analysis is made of the records of inspections for infestation by insects of cargoes imported into Britain from West Africa. The exporting territories extend from Angola to Senegal but the bulk of cargoes were produce of the four British colonies.The ready spread of insects from one cargo to another causes infestation to be similar for all cargoes but a few species are especially associated with a particular crop. Groundnuts in shell are normally shipped alone and therefore relatively protected from cross-infestation.The three major cargoes are cocoa, palm kernels and groundnuts which form four-fifths of the inspected shipments. Fifteen other kinds of produce are also considered.Twelve species were found on more than ten per cent. of cargoes of cocoa beans. Of these five were probably acquired from groundnuts and one from palm kernels by cross-infestation. Ephestia cautella (Wlk.), Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) (from groundnuts), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Necrobia rufipes (Deg.) (from palm kernels) and Araecerus fasciculatus (Deg.) all infested over 40 per cent. of cargoes.The fluctuations of infestation year by year are examined, and it is shown that these are similar for all the species acquired from groundnuts except T. castaneum. Variations in frequency of other species appear to be unrelated.
Responses of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to host odours and convection currents using an olfactometer bioassay
Authors: Eiras Alvaro E. , Jepson P. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe responses of female Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) to a variety of stimuli were studied using an olfactometer bioassay. Mosquitoes responded significantly to convection currents produced by a human hand. The addition of water vapour to convection currents enhanced significantly the mosquitoes' response. Lactic acid, either alone or in combination with water vapour or/and convection currents however, did not increase the response level. Sweat extract elicited higher response than convection currents, water vapour and lactic acid. Human hands elicited significantly higher responses than any other stimuli. The presence of active chemicals other than lactic acid in human odour extract is discussed.
Effects of contamination with wild-type males, virgin females or mated females, on the stability of the T:Y(ωp†)30C genetic sexing strain of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Kafu A.A. , Busch-Petersen E. , Wood R.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe T:Y(ωp†)30c genetic sexing strain of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), which is designed to generate males with brown (wild-type) pupae and females with white pupae, was contaminated artificially in a series of population experiments, to investigate the pattern of breakdown of the strain. The frequency of brown female pupae increased whether contamination was with males, unmated females or mated females, but the frequency of white male pupae increased only after male or mated female contamination. Contamination with either sex, mated or unmated, caused a rise in the overall frequency of brown pupae. A fitness advantage of the ωp† gene, when not attached to the Y chromosome, seemed to be indicated. The sex ratio became distorted in favour of females after contamination with females, mated or unmated, but not after male contamination which caused a temporary increase in males. The experiments revealed evidence of a low frequency of natural recombination between ωp† and the translocation breakpoint on the Y chromosome, shown by the appearance of a small number of white males that could not be attributed to the experimental procedure. These findings are shown to be relevant in determining whether wild type contamination has taken place in mass rearing of this strain for sterile male release.
Spatial sampling of insects, plant parts and insect attacks in the soil of potato crops
Authors: Matthiessen J.N. , Learmonth S.E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method was devised for spatial sampling within the soil in potato crops where the soil insects African black beetle, Heteronychus arator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and whitefringed weevil, Graphognathus leucoloma (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are pests. The number and position of potato plant parts, the soil insects, and their attacks on potatoes were defined within the hilled-up soil profile of sections of the planting rows. Neither potato tubers, nor insects nor insect attacks were uniformly distributed. Tubers occurred mainly in the middle of the hill, while the insects contrasted in their distribution in the soil. Most of the damaging H. arator adults and larvae occurred in upper middle areas; the damaging G. leucoloma larvae occurred deeper and were more damaging on the under-side of tubers. The method provides a means of simultaneously sampling soil insect populations in a crop and obtaining a direct assessment of their damage and the effectiveness of control measures.
Notes on the Variegated Grasshopper, Zonocerus Variegatus, L., in Nigeria
Authors: Golding F. D. 
Published: July 2009

The object of the present paper is to describe the results of some cage experiments with Zonocerus variegatus, L., carried out at Ibadan between March 1932 and December 1937.The cages used for the breeding experiments were about 2-05 metres in height and were filled with soil to a depth of about 51 cm. The upper part of each cage was made of wire gauze and had a cubic capacity of about 1-43 cubic metres (154 cm. high by 102 cm. by 91 cm.). The grasshoppers were fed on the leaves of sweet cassava (Manihot utiHssima) and water was sprinkled on the food.
Surgical inhibition of ovulation and gestation in the tsetse flyGlossina austeniNewst. (Dipt., Glossinidae)
Authors: Foster Woodbridge A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo determine whether the brain medial neurosecretory cells (MNC) provide a hormone regulating ovulation and larviposition in females ofGlossina austeniNewst., the effects of MNC ablations, sham operations, MNC implantations, and MNC extract injections were investigated. Ablation almost always inhibited ovulation and interfered with larval development and larviposition; it did not appreciably influence blood feeding, digestion or egg maturation. However, surgical brain trauma and even general stress also inhibited ovulation in control flies to some extent, though inhibition was more frequent and prolonged after greater trauma or incisions closer to MNC. A similar relationship existed between proximity of incisions to MNC and success of larval development and larviposition. MNC implants and extracts failed to induce ovulation in ablated flies. Most evidence indicates that MNC ablation affects ovulation and larviposition, not by removing a source of stimulatory hormone, but by interfering with nervous pathways necessary either for hormone release at some other site or for direct stimulation of the reproductive tract musculature.
Mating disruption of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with Shin Etsu twist-tie ropes in Israel
Authors: Nakache J. , Dunkelblum E. , Kehat M. , Anshelevich L. , Harel Miriam 
Published: July 2009

AbstractShin Etsu twist-tie ropes containing the spiny bollworm (Earias insulana(Boisduval)) pheromone were tested for mating disruption in a cotton field in Israel during 1991. Two applications of the Shin Etsu rope formulation (1000 ropes/ha), containing 50 mg pheromone per rope, effectively disrupted mating of E. insulana, reduced damage to cotton bolls, and minimized the number of chemical treatments needed. The success of the mating disruption, which lasted for more than 3.5 months, was indicated by the following: 1. Reduction of trap catches in the pheromone-treated plot as compared with the control plot (commercially treated with insecticides). 2. Lower infestation of cotton bolls in the pheromone-treated as compared with the control plot. 3. Over 90% reduction in mating success in the pheromone-treated plot, as indicated by the number of mating pairs collected at night in the two plots. 4. Reduced number of insecticidal treatments applied in the pheromone-treated plot. The release rate of the pheromones was monitored by periodical gas chromatography analyses of the remaining pheromone in ropes. The half lives of the E. insulana and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) formulations were similar, with t1/2=45-60 days. In Israel, E. insulana and P. gossypiella infest cotton fields almost simultaneously and are controlled by the same insecticides. Therefore, the control of E. insulana with pheromones is essential in order to give reasonable meaning to the commercial application of pheromones for the control of P. gossypiella, as is practised today in many cotton fields. The present study indicates that control of E. insulana by the mating disruption technique is viable.
Larval responses of three vegetable root fly pests of the genus Delia (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) to plant volatiles
Authors: Ross K.T.A. , Anderson M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarval responses of Delia radicum (Linnaeus), D. floralis (Fallén) and D. antiqua (Meigen) to plant volatiles were measured using a behavioural assay. Larvae were attracted to their host-plant, but non host-plants either had no effect or were repellent. Testing of individual secondary plant volatiles indicated that larvae were attracted to secondary plant volatiles from their host-plant, but were neither attracted nor repelled by secondary plant volatiles from non host-plants. A general plant volatile did not have this effect.
Electrophoretic study of five aphid parasitoid species of the genus Aphidius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), including evidence for reproductively isolated sympatric populations and a cryptic species
Authors: Atanassova P. , Brookes C.P. , Loxdale H.D. , Powell W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFour polymorphic enzymes (PEP, PGI, PGM and IDH) were separated from adult individuals of five aphid parasitoid species of the genus Aphidius Nees (A. ervi Haliday, A. microlophii Pennacchio & Tremblay, A. eadyi Starý, Gonzalez & Hall, A. picipes Nees and A. urticae Haliday) using horizontal cellulose acetate plate electrophoresis. These markers were used to investigate the genetic relationships, including reproductive isolation and host adaptation/specificity, in laboratory and field populations. Samples were collected from the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and/or the nettle aphid, Microlophium carnosum (Buckton) in the UK and Bulgaria between 1991 and 1994. Whilst all loci discriminated between some species, PGM discriminated all five species, one species (A. eadyi) bearing two unique alleles (PGMa and PGMc). Aphidius microlophii (from nettle aphid) and A. ervi (from pea aphid), which are difficult to separate morphologically, possessed unique PGM alleles – PGMb and PGMe, respectively. Both parasitoids occur sympatrically, and whilst hybrids heterozygous for PGM were produced in the laboratory (PGMb,e), such genotypes were not observed in the field populations sampled. Hence, the species appear to be reproductively isolated. Most parasitoid populations studied showed mean heterozygote deficiencies per locus (homozygote excess) compared with Hardy-Weinberg expectations. In particular, A. eadyi bearing PGMa alleles were always homozygous whilst additionally, many were homozygous for another allele, PGIb. This is evidence for the existence of one or more morphologically-indistinguishable ‘cryptic’ species occurring sympatrically within European field populations. A dendrogram of relatedness was produced following calculation of Nei's genetic identity coefficient, I from the parasitoid population allele frequency data. All species showed very high similarity between populations at the intraspecific level (>0.9), but fewer interspecific similarities (0.23–0.63). These values compare well with previously published values for Aphidius populations and for other insects.
Host size-dependent sex allocation behaviour in a parasitoid: implications forCatolaccus grandis(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) mass rearing programmes
Authors: Heinz K.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn often encountered problem associated with augmentative and inundative biological control programmes is the high cost of producing sufficient numbers of natural enemies necessary to suppress pest populations within the time constraints imposed by ephemeral agroecosystems. In many arrhenotokous parasitoids, overproduction of males in mass-rearing cultures inflates costs (per female) and thus limits the economic feasibility of these biological control programmes. Within the context of existing production technologies, experiments were conducted to determine if the sex ratio ofCatolaccus grandis(Burks), an ectoparasitoid of the boll weevilAnthonomous grandisBoheman, varied as a function of boll weevil larval size. Results from natural and manipulative experiments demonstrate the following behavioural characteristics associated with C.grandissex allocation behaviour: (i) femaleC. grandisoffspring are produced on large size hosts and male offspring are produced on small hosts; (ii) whether a host is considered large or small depends upon the overall distribution of host sizes encountered by a female parasitoid; and (iii) female parasitoids exhibit a greater rate of increase in body size with host size than do male parasitoids. The observed patterns cannot be explained by sex-specific mortality of immature parasitoids developing on the different host size categories. In subsequent experiments, laboratory cultures ofC. grandisexposed daily to successively larger sizes ofA. grandislarvae produced successively greater female biased offspring sex ratios, cultures exposed daily to successively smaller sizes of host larvae produced successively greater male biased offspring sex ratios, and cultures exposed daily to equivalent host size distributions over time maintained a uniform offspring sex ratio. By increasing the average size ofA. grandislarval hosts exposed toC. grandisby 2.5 mg per day in mass rearing cultures, the percentage of male progeny can be reduced from 33% to 23% over a period of four consecutive exposure days.
The effect of leguminous plant species onCallosobruchus maculatus(Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its egg parasitoidUscana lariophaga(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: van Huis A. , de Rooy M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe performance of the egg parasitoidUscana lariophagaSteffan was studied when reared on eggs of the bruchid storage pest,Callosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius) developing in seeds of cowpea, chickpea and pigeonpea. The beetle laid more and larger eggs on pigeonpea than on cowpea and chickpea, indicating that there was not a trade-off between number and size of the eggs. The bruchid larvae reared on pigeonpea exhibited a longer development time and a higher mortality than those reared on cowpea and chickpea. The resulting males weighed less than those reared on cowpea and chickpea. The trichogrammatidU. lariophagaparasitized more eggs whenC. maculatuswas reared on chickpea than when reared on the other hosts. Parasitoid larvae developed slowest and had the highest mortality in eggs ofC. maculatusreared on pigeonpea compared to those reared on cowpea and chickpea; the sex ratio (% of females) of the resulting adults was also higher. The high mortality and long development time ofC. maculatusreared on pigeonpea indicated that this legume was less favourable toC. maculatusthan chickpea or cowpea. This was probably also true for the parasitoid since the mortality was higher and development longer in eggs ofC. maculatusreared on pigeonpea compared to those reared on cowpea and chickpea. Therefore, when host eggs were larger and of lower nutritional quality, the proportion of female egg parasitoids was greater.
The biology and host specificity of Pareuchaetes aurata aurata (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), a ‘new association’ biological control agent for Chromolaena odorata (Compositae)
Authors: Kluge R.L. , Caldwell P.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPareuchaetes aurata aurata (Butler) from Chromolaena jujuensis in northern Argentina was tested as a biological control candidate for the composite weed C. odorata. The larvae feed voraciously and complete their development on C. odorata. The host-plant feeding range of P. a. aurata is limited to the genus Chromolaena. It is suggested that the egg-laying behaviour of P. a. aurata, which scatters its eggs around the base of the host-plant, will help to overcome the problem of ant predation which prevented the establishment of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros, which lays its eggs in batches, in South Africa. Any possible benefits of the new association between P. a. aurata and C. odorata may also contribute to the success of this biological control programme.