bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of tidal influences in Arnsbergian rhythmites in the Kincardine Basin
Authors: Read W. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Distinctive, vertically accreted rhythmitcs, in which evenly stratified bands of fine-grained silty sandstone alternate with much thinner bands of silty mudstone, overlie the thick marine mudstones above the Orchard and Calmy limestones in the Upper Limestone Group of the Kincardine Basin, east of Stirling. Each sandy band, together with the overlying mudstone band, is thought to represent a tidal bundle, with the sandstones being deposited during the more rapid stages of tidal flow and the mudstones during slack water.
Successive sandstone bands are alternately thick and thin, reflecting dominant and subordinate tides, so that the mudstone bands are grouped into pairs. The rhythmites are similar to some Holocene vertically accreted tidal deposits, but more closely resemble Pennsylvanian tidal rhythmites in the Illinois Basin in which regular neap—spring—neap tidal cycles have been identified.
Marine flooding was unusually widespread and deep during the major transgressions associated with the two limestones. This flooding may have produced wide, funnel-shaped inlets which amplified the tidal range, as well as ponding back rivers and consequently markedly reducing siliciclastic input into the basin.
Tidal processes probably influenced British Carboniferous sedimentation more commonly than has hitherto been supposed.
Geochemistry and provenance of red sandstones in the Upper Proterozoic Torridon Group in Scotland
Authors: Stewart A. D. , Donnellan N. C. B. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Torridon Group consists mainly of alluvial red arkoses (Applecross and Aultbea Formations), over 4 k m thick. The arkoses have average whole rock ratios K/Rb ≈ 320 and La/Th ≈ 3, suggesting source areas on upper continental crust. Palacocurrents and geochemistry point to the Outer Hebrides as the provenance. Scourian amphibolite facies gneisses and Laxfordian granites, like those in the Outer Hebrides today, could have provided most of the arkoses. A small contribution, represented by pebbles, stems from supracrustal metasediments and volcanics not now exposed in Scotland.
The Rb and Sr contents of the feldspars, modelled from double ratio plots of whole rock analytical data, show major changes in source terrain at the Applecross—Aultbea boundary, and elsewhere.
The oldest Applecross sediment in Coigach was little weathered prior to deposition, but plagioclase becomes less abundant upward through the formation and is almost absent 800 m above the base. From this, the initial source area relief is inferred to have been 2—3 km, subsequently decreasing by an order of magnitude. On average all the amphibole and about three-quarters of the plagioclase was removed from the source rocks of the Applecross and Aultbea Formations by weathering before sedimentation.
Late Proterozoic and Late Palaeozoic movement on the Coigach fault in NW Scotland
Authors: Stewart A. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Movement on the NNE-trending Coigach fault in NW Scotland can be dated by reference to the late Proterozoic Stoer and Torridon Groups which it cuts. It behaved as a normal fault in late Stoer Group time, with downthrow to the east. The fault was reactivated after the Cambrian as a listric fault with a downthrow to the west, displacing Torridon Group sediments about 5 km. Roll-over near the fault suggests that it soles out at around 8 km below present sea level. Most of the post-Cambrian movement was probably Devonian or Carboniferous. Mesozoic and later movement was negligible. Other NNE-trending faults on the mainland resemble the Coigach fault in showing large pre-Triassic displacements of the Torridon Group.
Evaporites in the Middle Devonian of the Orcadian basin near Berriedale, Caithness
Authors: Donovan R. N. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A Middle Devonian Old Red Sandstone outlier at Berriedale, Caithness, is interpreted as a low energy, fluvio-lacustrine sequence which was deposited in an embayment on the southwestern margin of the Orcadian basin. The lacustrin e facies contains rare pseudomorphs and crystal casts, probably after gypsum. Replacement minerals are mostly ferroan and non-ferroan calcite but also include chert varieties, pyrite, haematite, siderite, and barite. It is suggested that drusy carbonate pseudomorphous textures are crystal-cast-filling cements, whereas anhedral sparite mosaics record pseudomorph replacement. The complexity of the salt diagenesis is a reflection of an interplay between lake, surface, and ground waters.
Regional geochemical variation across the Iapetus Suture zone: tectonic implications
Authors: Stone P. , Green P. M. , Lintern B. C. , Simpson P. R. , Plant J. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Regional geochemical data from the Southern Uplands of Scotland and the Windermere Group of the English Lake District are assessed in terms of the underlying greywacke-dominated lithostratigraphical units. Stratigraphical (time-related) trends apparent in a number of elements continue from the Southern Uplands, across the Iapetus Suture, into the Windermere Group of the Lake District. The principal geochemical break occurs within the central Southern Uplands coincident with a major strike-parallel fault, the Moffat Valley Lineament. To the north of this structure a late Ordovician to early Silurian back-arc basin sequence has elevated Pb and As levels and feldspar-related element (Rb, K, Sr) abundances compatible with derivation of the greywackes from a granodioritic provenance. The mineralization potential of this sequence is stressed. To the south of the Moffat Valley Lineament a mid to late Silurian foreland basin sequence spans the Iapetus Suture with relatively lower Pb and As levels and feldspar element abundances suggestive of a moderately-evolved provenance. Development of such a foreland basin requires the effective closure of the Iapetus Ocean by the early Wenlock.
Geochemical variations within metavolcanic rocks of the Dalradian Farragon Beds and adjacent formations
Authors: Goodman S. , Winchester J. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A detailed petrological and geochemical study of metavolcanic schists of the Dalradian Argyll Group of the southern Highlands of Scotland reveals the activity of five main centres of volcanicity. Volcanic activity started with the localized eruption of low HFSE tholeiites comprising the Laoigh Metabasites during the deposition of the Ben Lawers Schist protolith in the Daldhu–Fearnate area. Subsequent deposition of the Farragon Beds was characterized by simultaneous eruption from three centres: low HFSE tholeiitic lavas and tuffs were produced in the Ben Vrackie area and in the Farragon area to the SW, while more fractionated high HFSE tholeiites were erupted in the intervening Pitcastle–Derculich area. A final volcanic episode occurred in the NE of the area, where transitional to alkaline basalts were produced during deposition of the Queen’s Hill Gneiss protolith. The composition of these metabasaltic’ rocks is consistent with volcanism in an extensional tectonic regime. The low HFSE contents of some magmas may result from their contamination during a residence time in the lower crust, while the later phase of more alkaline magmatism is consistent with current models of volcanism associated with extensional regimes.
New evidence that the high temperature hornblende-schists below the Shetland ophiolite include basic igneous rocks intruded during obduction of the ‘cold’ ophiolite
Authors: Flinn Derek 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The hornblende-schists associated with the imbricate zones beneath the ophiolite nappes in Shetland include some that were emplaced as igneous intrusions into the base of the serpentinized ultrabasic upper nappe and into the thrust beneath it. These intrusive hornblendic rocks have chilled margins of nearly pure chlorite against the serpentinite, but internally they are composed of such high temperature minerals as brown hornblende, garnet and clinopyroxene. It is concluded that the high-temperature hornblende-schists beneath the ophiolite nappes are not part of a dynamothermal aureole as usually concluded, but the product of a high temperature basic magma derived by adiabatic melting deep in the mantle, which was intruded up the obduction thrust during obduction. This new evidence supports the conclusion drawn in an earlier paper that the ophiolite nappes were already serpentinized and relatively cool when obducted.
Pre-Flandrian slope deformation in the Scottish Highlands: examples from Glen Roy and Glen Gloy
Authors: Peacock J. D. , May F. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Slope deformation at localities in Glen Roy and Glen Gloy became essentially inactive prior to the formation of glacial lake shorelines (Parallel Roads) that are related to the maximum of Loch Lomond Readvance glaciers (10 500–10 000 BP). As such it is distinct from, and predates, differential uplift that has been linked with catastrophic lake drainage, landslip and possible seismic activity. The deformation is tentatively ascribed, first, to stress relief during glacial unloading and, second, to high cleft water pressures associated with the retreat of the main Late Devensian (Dimlington Stadial) ice across the area shortly after 13 000 BP and with permafrost, particularly during the Loch Lomond Stadial (11 000–10 000 BP). Such deformed, but almost featureless slopes may be present elsewhere where topography and structure are favourable: their preservation in Glen Gloy suggests that the upper part of this valley was not glaciated during the Loch Lomond Stadial.
Revision of the late Dinantian sequence in Edinburgh and West Lothian
Authors: Chisholm J. I. , Brand P. J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
An appraisal of exposed sections, mainly in the Water of Leith, and of the faunas collected from them, suggests a reinterpretation of the link between the well-known sequence in the West Lothian oil-shale field and the more fragmentary sections in Edinburgh. The Humbie Shell Bed of West Lothian and the Redhall Marine Band of Edinburgh were formerly supposed to lie respectively above and below the Hailes Sandstone, but are now thought to be the same bed, and to underlie the Hailes Sandstone. The evidence now available suggests that this marine band is the lowest of the Macgregor Marine Bands in the area. Four more marine bands in the underlying sequence in the Water of Leith cannot at present be recognized elsewhere.
The lithostratigraphical units Wardie Shales and Queensferry Beds, as formerly defined, were separated by the Hailes Sandstone, but the revised correlation implies that the sandstone lies within, not below, the Queensferry Beds. These units can no longer be used in their original sense, therefore, and a new stratigraphical nomenclature is proposed. The top of the Wardie Shales, formerly drawn at the base of the Hailes Sandstone, is now taken at the Redhall Marine Band. The strata above the marine band already belong to the Calders Member of the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation, so the term Queensferry Beds becomes redundant, and the Hailes Sandstone becomes a unit within the Calders Member.
Lithostratigraphy of the Dinantian Inverclyde and Strathclyde Groups, Cockburnspath Outlier, East Lothian – North Berwickshire
Authors: Andrews Julian E. , Nabi Ghulam 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A revised lithostratigraphy at member level is proposed for part of the Dinantian (former Calciferous Sandstone Measures) of the Cockburnspath Outlier. Three members, the Eastern Hole, Horse Roads Sandstone and Hurker Members are recognised in the Tyninghame Formation (Inverclyde Group). The Gullane Formation (Strathclyde Group) is divided into the Kip Carle and Heathery Heugh Sandstone Members, and the Aberlady Formation (Strathclyde Group) into the Cove Harbour, Bilsdean, and Longcraig Members. Each member is formally defined, type sections are assigned, and detailed measured sections presented. The members are unambiguous over half of the outlier where they are known at outcrop or in core. Generalized lithofacies interpretations show that these members represent channel sandstone and floodplain-crevasse deposits in a near-coastal fluvial–deltaic environment.
Origin of felsic sheets in the Scourian granulites: new evidence from rare earth elements
Authors: Rollinson Hugh 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Felsic sheets within the Scourian granulites of NW Scotland are shown to be granites, trondhjemites and tonalites. Their origin has been extensively debated. Previously they have been considered to be either a product of anatexis of Scourian gneisses during granulite facies metamorphism, or part of a Scourian igneous complex which predated the granulite facies metamorphism. The trace element geochemistry of the felsic sheets is, however, incompatible with an anatectic origin. It is proposed that the felsic sheets were formed by the partial melting of a mafic source at > 15 kbar and that their origin is linked to that of tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite suites common in Archaean cratons.
Former glacial lakes in the Dee valley: origin, drainage and significance
Authors: Brown Iain M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Detailed geomorphological and sedimentological evidence is presented for a series of ice-marginal lakes in tributary valleys of lower Deeside. They developed during ice-sheet deglaciation due to damming by glacier ice which remained in the main valley. Drainage of these lakes occurred by both marginal and subglacial routes; in the latter case, the sudden outburst may be responsible for anomalously coarse flood deposits found downstream. It is argued that glacial lakes were a much more common feature of the deglacial landscape than recent reviews have suggested and their presence at the ice margin may have glaciological implications, as inferred by the often distinctive landform-sediment assemblages involved.
Middle Devensian ice-proximal gravels at Howe of Byth, Grampian Region
Authors: Hall A. M. , Duller G. , Jarvis J. , Wintle A. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Ice-proximal glaciofluvial gravels at Howe of Byth, Grampian Region, have given luminescence ages of 45 ± 4 and 37±4 ka BP. The gravels were laid down by meltwater draining from an ice margin in the Moray Firth and provide the first firm evidence of extensive glaciation in NE Scotland during the Mid Devensian.
Intra-continental rifting inferred from the major late Carboniferous quartz-dolerite dyke swarm of NW Europe
Authors: Smythe David K. , Russell Michael J. , Skuce Andrew G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The late Carboniferous (Stephanian) quartz-dolerite dyke swarm of northern Britain extends eastwards from the Outer Hebrides on an arcuate trend for up to 200 km from the eastern UK coast, as far as the western margin of the Central Graben. The average trend of the swarm changes by about 45° between its western and eastern extremities. Individual dykes, which are generally up to 30 m wide onshore, attain widths of well over 1 km offshore. Magmatically and spatially, the swarm is closely related to the coeval Oslo Graben volcanic rocks and dykes of southern Norway, which lie on the extrapolation of the arcuate trend. The dyke trends point to a focus of relative tensile stress centred on the West Shetland Shelf region. Finite element modelling of the NW European area corroborates the stress-focusing hypothesis, which we interpret in the context of the major period of intra-continental rifting along the line of the proto North Atlantic (the Rockall Trough, Faeroe–Shetland Trough and eastern Norwegian Sea) at about 300 Ma. The regional distribution of Archaean and Caledonian lithosphere within Pangaea may account for the fact that both the dyke swarm and the Oslo Graben were located in northern Britain and southern Norway, rather than in the Faeroe–Shetland region.
A reassessment of the age and form of the Broadford Gabbro, Isle of Skye: new field evidence from Creag Strollamus
Authors: Johnston D. R. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Broadford Gabbro has been reinterpreted as younger than the Outer Granites of the Eastern Red Hills Centre. Extrusive pyroclastic rocks, on the northern side of Creag Strollamus, are bound below by a weathered surface of one of the Outer Granites and above by a planar contact with the Broadford Gabbro. Other evidence includes chilled margins, back veining and relationships with members of the regional dyke swarm.
It is believed that the Broadford Gabbro has the form of a conformable sheet that has utilised a pre-existing thrust plane. An apparent ‘dyke’ of gabbro extending across the NE shoulder of Creag Strollamus is interpreted as a tabular projection from the sheet. A possible feeder dyke has a NW–SE orientation. parallel to the trend of the regional dyke swarm and to the axis of the Corran Lodge Granite.
Glacial striae and former ice movement: the evidence from Assynt, Sutherland
Authors: Lawson T. J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The mapping of an extensive pattern of glacial striae on quartzite bedrock has enabled the reconstruction of basal flow patterns beneath the Late Devensian ice sheet. There is evidence for an earlier phase of ice movement in certain limited localities, believed to relate to ice build-up. Ice flow beneath a thick ice sheet that covered all but the highest parts of the terrain was followed by a phase in which basal flow was strongly influenced by topography. The ice sheet appears to have been warm-based throughout much of its existence.
Structural analysis of the Dalradian rocks of the Loch Leven area, Inverness-shire
Authors: Ikeda Takeshi 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Two phases of deformation are responsible for the main structure in an area north of Loch Leven, west of Kinlochleven. The first phase of deformation is associated with the formation of schistosity that is sub-parallel to bedding and relates to large scale overturned folds in the stratigraphy, including the Mamore Syncline. The second phase of deformation corresponds to the development of crenulation cleavage that trends NE-SW to east-west throughout the area. The NE-SW trending bedding and the first schistosity in the north are rotated into north-south in the middle and NNW-SSE in the south of the area by this phase of deformation. The Loch Leven Antiform is, thus, attributed to this stage of deformation. The locally developed third phase deformation may relate to the gentle bending of the second phase fold axes.
A Caledonian age for the Kiloran Bay appinite intrusion on Colonsay, Inner Hebrides
Authors: Muir R. J. , Ireland T. R. , Bentley M. R. , Fitches W. R. , Maltman A. J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A sample of hornbendite from the Kiloran Bay intrusion on the island of Colonsay in the Inner Hebrides, previously of uncertain age, has yielded a U-Pb zircon SHRIMP age of 439.0 ± 8.8 Ma (2σ). This age is the same, within error, as the Caledonian Appinite Suite on the Scottish mainland. The distinctive geochemical characteristics of the Appinite Suite, high Mg, K, Cr, Ni, Sr, Ba and the light REE, are faithfully reproduced in the Kiloran Bay intrusion. There are no published Sr and Nd isotopic data for the Appinite Suite, but the Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope systematics of the Kiloran Bay rocks are comparable with the late Caledonian Granites. Proterozoic (1.7 Ga) Nd model ages and inherited zircons indicate the involvement of old crusta material during magma genesis. Correlation of the Kiloran Bay intrusion with the Appinite Suite supports a Colonsay Group–Dalradian Supergroup correlation. However, difficutlies remain in correlating the structural history of the two successions and a stratigraphic link cannot be proven.
Ductile fault rocks and metamorphic zonation in the Dalradian of the Highland Border SW of Stonehaven, Kincardineshire
Authors: Phillips E. R. , Auton C. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
High strain zones, characterized by shear fabrics and mylonites, have been identified within lower amphibolite-grade, coarse granular metasandstones of the Glen Lethnot Grit Formation of the Southern Highland Group (Dalradian) along the Highland Border, south-west of Stonehaven. The rocks comprise part of a polydeformed, regionally metamorphosed, Neoproterozoic sequence, bounded to the north by the post-orogenic Mount Battock Granite (Late Caledonian) and to the south-east by the Highland Boundary Fault Zone. Early regional D1 and D2 structures have been rotated by a major monoform, the Highland Border Downbend (D4), to produce a steeply dipping, downward facing succession. The mylonitic metasand-stones contain a variety of kinematic indicators, including asymmetrical pressure shadows, S-C fabrics, shear bands and an extensional crenulation cleavage, which yield a sense of shear of top-towards-the SE (present structural position). Regional syn- to post-D2 metamorphism resulted in the development of prograde pelitic mineral assemblages which overgrow earlier Dl structures. Mylonitic fabrics within the high strain zones, developed during D2, both deform and are also overgrown by syn- to post-kinematic biotite porphyroblasts. The high strain zones may represent part of a major ductile structure active during the Dalradian D2–D3 tectonothermal event, which contributed to the development of strong metamorphic gradients and narrowing of mineral assemblage zones within the Highland Border.
The Bothkennar Gravel Formation (‘buried gravel layer’) of the Forth Estuary
Authors: Peacock J. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Bothkennar Gravel Formation ‘buried gravel layer’, which is widespread below the Flandrian carse clays (Claret Formation) of the Forth estuary, is interpreted as having been formed chiefly by ice-rafting of sediment from the shore during the Loch Lomond Stadial (11–10 ka BP), and it is proposed that ice-rafting was an important agent of sediment transport and deposition around the Scottish coast at that time. The implications of this hypothesis for the history of sea-level change in the Forth estuary are briefly discussed, and it is suggested that conclusive evidence is lacking for sea levels below OD in the Grangemouth area during the Loch Lomond Stadial.
Sedimentological and micromorphological examination of a Late Devensian multiple diamicton sequence near Moneydie, Perthshire, east-central Scotland
Authors: Menzies J. , van der Meer J. J. M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Re-investigation of a site at Shochie Burn near Moneydie in east-central Scotland suggests that earlier interpretations need to be modified. At this site, in the past, two tills were recognized as indicative of two separate ice advances. Previously, this site was known as a stratotype for the Perth Readvance in eastern Scotland. The evidence for a regional readvance is no longer accepted but the two-till problem remains unexplained. Present investigations suggest that the two tills are part of a large package of sediments deposited as stacked layers of a subglacial deforming bed that have been tectonized by a very short and local ice readvance perhaps of the type that occurs as a winter readvance. Sedimentological and micromorphological evidence points to the tills as not being separate but of the same depositional phase undergoing subglacial deformation and/or local marginal tectonization following subglacial transport in a deforming bed environment resulting in the incorporation of proximal outwash sediments. The till at Shochie Burn exhibits evidence, both at the macro- and microscale, of intense deformation under high porewater pressures that are attributable to the strong plasmic microstructures, fold structures, shear zones, Riedel shears, and of possible submarginal freezing conditions resulting in localized brecciation and foliation structure development. This is the first site in this area to indicate the presence of subglacial deforming bed conditions followed by marginal glaciotectonism, therefore continued research is necessary to establish this modified view of subglacial conditions in this part of Scotland.