bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gigantic Macromastia: Modified Superomedial Pedicle is a Good Solution
Authors: Kanjoor James Roy , Jain Aakansh , Pakkiri Sathya 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background Reduction of very huge breast—gigantic macromastia—is a challenge to breast surgeons in choosing the right procedure to obtain an optimal outcome. The feasibility of a superomedial pedicle (SMP) with some modifications proves to be a good option to achieve a viable nipple areolar complex (NAC) with good size and shape after good resection above 800 g.
Materials and Methods Out of the 35 patients with 70 breast reductions, 15 can be considered gigantic macromastia with reductions above 800 g. A retrospective analysis of 30 breast reductions in these 15 patients from 2010 to 2023 was done. All cases were done using SMP with some modifications. The sternal notch to the nipple, the new NAC site, pedicle length, resection weight, and complications were analyzed. The modifications followed were lowering the new NAC, narrowing the distance between medial and lateral pillar width, medializing the pedicle, and lengthening the vertical limb.
Results There was no total necrosis of the NAC. Partial necrosis occurred in three patients that were managed conservatively and one case of fat necrosis needed debridement. All of them had a good size, shape, and form.
Conclusion SMP is a versatile technique with flexibility to modify the dimensions to get a robust blood supply to the NAC, after obtaining an adequate resection.
Chinese State Capital as a Partner for Resource-Based Structural Transformation? The Belt and Road Initiative and Downstream Linkages in Bolivia and Kazakhstan
Authors: Jepson Nicholas , Baldakova Oyuna 
Published: June 2024

AbstractLee argues that outbound Chinese state capital (CSC) is distinct from global private capital in terms of a greater willingness to accommodate recipient country priorities. This article uses the cases of Kazakhstan and Bolivia to explore this claim in relation to state-led efforts to foster structural transformation via upgrading in extractive industries (lithium and iron/steel in Bolivia, and petrochemicals in Kazakhstan). We focus particularly on attempts to move into domestic downstream processing. The article explores variation in the degree of accommodation with local demands on the part of CSC and proposes an explanatory framework for these differences, grounded in three axes. These are (i) mix of BRI drivers motivating a particular project from the Chinese side (export of industrial surplus, political relations with partner states and/or concern for resource security); (ii) nature of state-capital investment partnership (the mix of Chinese institutions and firms involved in negotiating and implementing the deal, as well as the time horizon implied by contract type); and (iii) a range of local contextual factors such as availability of alternative sources of capital, host state industrial capacities and local political conditions. Further research will be needed to refine and test this framework across other sectors and developmental goals beyond upgrading in extractives.
How to improve tourists’ trust in official tourism destination websites in China—an empirical research based on CV and PASP
Authors: Wei Yingmei , Fan Diwei , Zhang Binyuan , Li Ting , Feng Yuqiang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAn increasing number of Chinese tourists exhibit reluctance in trusting and using Official Tourism Destination Websites (OTDWs). To address this hesitancy, our study developed an integrated framework and structural model based on Hofstede’s cultural values (CV) and perceived administration service power (PASP) to explore methods for enhancing tourists’ trust in OTDWs. This research investigated the impacts of collectivism, low power distance, high context, local distinctiveness, perceived economic management power, perceived tourism management power, perceived benevolence, and perceived integrity on CV and PASP. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze questionnaires completed by 324 Chinese tourists with experience in traveling and using OTDWs. The overall fit of our structural model was acceptable, and the Cronbach’s Alpha values indicated adequate reliability. Findings revealed that tourists’ trust in OTDWs is positively and significantly influenced by collectivism, low power distance, high context, and perceived benevolence. Furthermore, CV positively impacts PASP. Consequently, OTDW management departments should give special attention to collectivism, low power distance, high context, and perceived benevolence to enhance tourists’ trust in OTDWs. The study’s results offer valuable insights for tourism destination managers to understand tourists’ preferences and optimize OTDWs.
Experimental and theoretical studies on self-diffusion in amorphous germanium
Authors: Böckendorf Tim , Kirschbaum Jan , Kipke Felix , Bougeard Dominique , Hansen John Lundsgaard , Larsen Arne Nylandsted , Posselt Matthias , Bracht Hartmut 
Published: June 2024

Self-diffusion in amorphous germanium is studied at temperatures between 325 and 370 °C utilizing amorphous isotopically controlled germanium multilayer structures. The isotope multilayer is epitaxially grown on a single crystalline germanium-on-insulator structure by means of molecular beam epitaxy and subsequently amorphized by self-ion implantation. After heat treatment, the diffusional broadening of the isotope structure is measured with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The temperature dependence of self-diffusion is accurately described by the Arrhenius equation with the activation enthalpy Q = (2.21 ± 0.12)  eV and pre-exponential factor D0=(2.32−2.10+20.79) cm2 s−1. The activation enthalpy equals the activation enthalpy of solid phase epitaxial recrystallization (SPER). This agreement suggests that self-diffusion in amorphous germanium is similar to SPER, also mainly mediated by local bond rearrangements. Classical molecular dynamics simulations with a modified Stillinger–Weber-type interatomic potential yield results that are consistent with the experimental data and support the proposed atomic mechanism.
Tourism Development Opportunities in Post War: A Case of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
Authors: Pathirana M.T. , Bigby B.C. , Scott N. , Gardiner S. 
Published: June 2024

Summary
Sri Lanka’s tourism sector has undergone significant expansion, drawing global travellers with its diverse landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and welcoming locals. Despite setbacks associated with the civil war (1983–2009), the country has actively worked to rebuild its image and position itself as a secure travel destination. Infrastructure investments, including hotels, resorts, and transit networks, have played a crucial role in this development. Post-civil war, Jaffna in Sri Lanka’s Northern Province has emerged as a promising tourism destination. Infrastructure upgrades, such as road renovations and the establishment of an international airport, have been pivotal. Jaffna cultural and natural treasures include the Jaffna Fort, Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil, and the Jaffna Public Library. However, further infrastructure enhancements and tourism professional training are needed for a complete guest experience. Community involvement, infrastructure investments, and effective marketing are essential for Jaffna to thrive as a tourist destination. This case study, based on stakeholder interviews, provides valuable insights for similar post-conflict areas globally, emphasising sustainable development. It serves as a model for collaborative planning, promoting local empowerment while engaging various stakeholders. The unique experiences in Jaffna’s post-civil war recovery make this case study relevant and significant for the broader South Asian and Asia Pacific region. It offers guidance for empowering local communities through tourism revitalisation, focusing on inclusive and sustainable development. The study contributes to tourism research by offering practical lessons applicable to Jaffna and similar regions facing comparable challenges, fostering responsible and equitable tourism growth.

Information
© The Authors 2024
Activity estimates of localised gamma emitting radionuclides using a GR-135 survey meter
Authors: Bewer Brian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
During the operation of high energy accelerators activated materials are commonly created. The activity and isotopes present in these materials must be characterised for their clearance and release from the facility, or to ascertain their duration of stay in a radiological storage area. An activity estimate method using a gamma detecting GR-135 survey meter, which has the ability to collect an energy spectrum, is presented. Using several reference radioactive sources the detection efficiency and dead time of the survey meter were characterised. This information combined with the physical properties of the survey meter, the counting time and the properties of the measured photon energy emissions can be used to calculate an accurate activity estimate for localised activation on accelerator components, or loose contamination on isolated waste materials.
Hybrid simulation of shock interaction with highly nonuniform plasmas
Authors: Meng Fan-qi , Zhang Wen-shuai , Zhang En-hao , Liu Qing-kang , Zhang Xu , Chen Ming-jun , Lin Zi-han , Cai Hong-bo , Zhu Shao-ping 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The impact of capsule imperfections is one of the challenges in achieving reproducible, high-gain ignition of inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The nonuniformities of capsule imperfections, which create instability seeds during the shock propagation, may cause significant performance degradation. A systematic study of the propagation of collisional shock wave in highly nonuniform plasmas is carried out using a hybrid fluid-PIC code, which enables the analysis of electromagnetic fields, ion mixing, and plasma viscosity self-consistently. During shock propagation, it interacts with multiple bubbles and significant material mixing in the nonuniform plasmas are observed. Consequently, the average viscosity of the post-shock plasma in the nonuniform case increases to

1
∼
2

times that of the uniform case. These results provide a better understanding of the possible influence of capsule imperfections in ICF implosions.
A memristive chaotic system with two dimensional offset boosting and extreme multistability
Authors: Li Xiaoxia , Cai Zhuang , Yu Tianyi , He Qianqian , Xu Guizhi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Due to its unique nonlinearity and memory characteristics, memristor is considered one of the most promising partners for designing chaotic systems. In this paper, a memristor is introduced into a nonlinear system to produce complex dynamical behaviors. Symmetric extremely multistability induced by the initial condition of the memristor is observed in the asymmetric system. Attractors are arranged in the phase space by two independent offset boosters, strength cancellation gives birth to various offset boosting patterns. The effective action of the offset controller is reflected in the linear growth of the mean values and the linear shift of the signal diagrams. Moreover, the circuit implementation based on Multisim demonstrates consistency with numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. Finally, the Pseudorandom Number Generator (PRNG), tested through NIST, is developed to validate its high performance in engineering applications.
Improving computational efficiency in DSMC simulations of vacuum gas dynamics with a fixed number of particles per cell
Authors: Sabouri Moslem , Zakeri Ramin , Ebrahimi Amin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The present study addresses the challenge of enhancing computational efficiency without compromising accuracy in numerical simulations of vacuum gas dynamics using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. A technique termed ‘fixed particle per cell (FPPC)’ was employed, which enforces a fixed number of simulator particles across all computational cells. The proposed technique eliminates the need for real-time adjustment of particle weights during simulation, reducing calculation time. Using the SPARTA solver, simulations of rarefied gas flow in a micromixer and rarefied supersonic airflow around a cylinder were conducted to validate the proposed technique. Results demonstrate that applying the FPPC technique effectively reduces computational costs while yielding results comparable to conventional DSMC implementations. Additionally, the application of local grid refinement coupled with the FPPC technique was investigated. The results show that integrating local grid refinement with the FPPC technique enables accurate prediction of flow behaviour in regions with significant gradients. These findings highlight the efficacy of the proposed technique in improving the accuracy and efficiency of numerical simulations of complex vacuum gas dynamics at a reduced computational cost.
Crack growth and fracture mechanics of CuCrFeNiCo high-entropy alloy during tension testing
Authors: Tran Anh-Son , Chu Van-Tuan , Trinh Thanh-Nga , Nguyen Anh-Tuan , Do Xuan-Hung , Tran Thi Thu Huyen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this work, the crack growth and fracture mechanics of CuCrFeNiCo high-entropy alloy (HEA) during tension process are studied through molecular dynamics simulation method. The single-crystalline, nanocrystalline, and twinned-nanocrystalline CuCrFeNiCo HEA samples with an initial crack are prepared. The influences of boundary conditions, crack length and crystallographic orientation are considered in detail. The results indicate that the phase transition from face-centered cubic (FCC) structure into hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure and the appearance of Shockley dislocations are the majority in all samples. The dislocations appear most densely in the twinned-nanocrstalline sample and most sparsely in the single-crystalline sample. The growth of the initial crack combined with the formation and expansion of new cracks along the grain boundaries (GBs) is the determining factor in the fracture mechanics of the CuCrFeNiCo HEA samples. The deformation capacity of the samples with free boundary conditions along the y-axis is better and the plastic deformation process is longer than the samples with periodic boundary conditions along the y-axis. The tensile strength values of the CuCrFeNiCo HEA samples change significantly in the range from 2.61 GPa to 7.75 GPa when changing the simulation conditions. The von Mises stress in the grains is markedly lower than that in the GBs.
Exploring spin photovoltaics in defective armchair phosphorene nanoribbons
Authors: Abbasi Mozhgan , Farghadan Rouhollah 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study explores the spin photovoltaic potential within armchair phosphorene nanoribbons (APNRs) that feature a periodic distribution of monovacancies (MVs) under the influence of light radiation. We investigate spin-semiconducting behavior induced by MV defects by utilizing both the mean-field Hubbard approximation and the self-consistent non-equilibrium Green's function model. This behavior is characterized by localized and anisotropic band structures around the Fermi energy, particularly within the antiferromagnetic phase. The existence of spin-splitting band gaps in defective APNRs not only enables the crafting of spin-optoelectronic nanodevices but also allows for the manipulation of electronic structure behavior with applied electric fields in both the vertical and transverse directions. Notably, the implementation of electric fields, offering tunability in electronic structure, results in varied spin photovoltaic responses encompassing a broad spectrum of photon energies from visible to ultraviolet. This research reveals promising avenues for advancing the field of spin-optoelectronic devices by MVs in APNRs.
Nonlinear gyrokinetic modelling of high confinement negative triangularity plasmas
Authors: Marinoni A. , Austin M.E. , Candy J. , Chrystal C. , Haskey S.R. , Porkolab M. , Rost J.C. , Scotti F. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations correctly predict particle as well as ion and electron energy fluxes of high confinement plasmas with a negative triangularity cross sectional shape, showing that core transport in these plasmas is well described by standard gyrokinetic models. Experimentally inferred power balance fluxes are mostly reproduced within one standard deviation across a wide portion of the minor radius. Experimental conditions are reproduced by ion scale simulations, without the need to include density and temperature profile curvature effects. The experimental case is used as baseline to predict that the non-dimensional confinement scaling in negative triangularity plasmas increases strongly with plasma current while slightly degrading at increasing normalized pressure and decreasing collisionality. Recent experiments showed that low toroidal rotation negatively impacts confinement; consistent with the experiment, simulations predict that low rotational shear significantly affects confinement unless the plasma effective charge is maintained above a minimum level. Core confinement is predicted to significantly degrade in low aspect ratio devices.
Non-linear MHD modelling of transients in tokamaks: a review of recent advances with the JOREK code
Authors: Hoelzl M. , Huijsmans G.T.A. , Artola F.J. , Nardon E. , Becoulet M. , Schwarz N. , Cathey A. , Pamela S.J.P. , Aleynikova K. , Antlitz F. , Bandaru V. , Bergström H. , Bhole A. , Bogaarts T. , Bonfiglio D. , Cipolletta F. , Driessen T. , Edes L. , Futatani S. , Hao G. , Hindenlang F. , Holod I. , Hu D. , Hu S. , Isernia N. , Isliker H. , Kim S.K. , Kong M. , Korving S. , Kos L. , Krebs I. , Lee S.J. , Liang Y.C. , Liang Z. , Liu S.J. , Lu Z.X. , Meier L. , Messfeldt L. , Mitterauer V. , Nikulsin N. , Nkonga B. , Ramasamy R. , Reinking J. , Rogge C. , Rubinacci G. , Särkimäki K. , Smits T. , Sommariva C. , Sparago R. , Strien K. , Szucs M. , Tang W. , van Tongeren J. , Vannini F. , Ventre S. , Villone F. , Wang C. , Wang L. , Wieschollek F. , Wouters F. , Zielinski J. , Zhang H. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Transient magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) events like edge localized modes (ELMs) or disruptions are a concern for magnetic confinement fusion power plants. Research with the MHD code JOREK towards understanding control of such instabilities is reviewed here in a concise way to provide a complete overview, while we refer to the original publications for details. Experimental validation for unmitigated vertical displacement events progressed. The mechanism of vertical force mitigation by impurity injection was identified. Two-way eddy current coupling to CARIDDI was completed. Shattered pellet injection was simulated in JET, KSTAR, ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) and ITER. Benign runaway electron beam termination in JET and ITER was studied. Coupling of kinetic REs to the MHD is ongoing and a virtual RE synchrotron radiation diagnostic was developed. Regarding pedestal physics, regimes devoid of large ELMs in AUG were simulated and predictive JT60-SA simulations are ongoing. For ELM suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs), AUG, ITER and EAST simulations were performed. A free boundary RMP model was validated against experiments. Evidence for penetrated magnetic islands at the pedestal top based on AUG experiments and simulations was found. Simulations of the naturally ELM-free quiescent H-mode in AUG and HL-3 show external kink mode formation prevents pedestal build-up towards an ELM within windows of the edge safety factor. With kinetic neutral particles, high field side high density formation in ITER was simulated and with kinetic impurities, tungsten transport in AUG RMP plasmas was studied. To capture turbulent transport, electro-static full-f particle in cell models for ion temperature gradient and trapped electron modes were established and benchmarked. Application to RMP plasmas shows enhanced turbulence in comparison to unperturbed states. Energetic particle interactions with MHD were studied. Flux pumping that prevents the safety factor on axis from dropping below unity was simulated. First non-linear stellarator applications include current relaxation in l = 2 stellarators, while verification for advanced stellarators progresses.
A sustainability and governance index for assessing the EU’s green hydrogen import options
Authors: Nunez Almudena , Caro Katherine , Goldthau Andreas C 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The European Commission’s REPowerEU plan set the target of importing 10 million tonnes of ‘green’ hydrogen into the European Union (EU) by 2030. Against this backdrop, this paper sets out to assess a central question: which countries can be identified as suitable partners for European green hydrogen imports? Using Germany as a reference case, the article develops a quantitative sustainability and governance index (SGI), assessing five dimensions identified as central to ranking external partners: (i) the political will to scale up a green hydrogen sector; (ii) a country’s integration with the EU/Germany; (iii) its commitment to international engagement and climate targets and policies; (iv) environmental regulatory effectiveness; and, (v) its governance performance. With this, the SGI offers a novel way of thinking about potential EU green hydrogen partnerships. Rather than focusing on the geography of renewables or cost structures underpinning a country’s export potential, the present index captures the extent to which countries may be suitable for green hydrogen partnerships if judged by political and environmental factors. The empirical analysis suggests significant differences between a total of 113 assessed countries as per their overall index ranking, but also the individual dimensions composing the index. This allows drawing conclusions on the policy focus of potential partnerships, taking choices when facing trade-offs regarding individual dimensions, and prioritizing among the latter.
Heat, humidity and health impacts: how causal diagrams can help tell the complex story
Authors: Sivaraj Sidharth , Zscheischler Jakob , Buzan Jonathan R , Martius Olivia , Brönnimann Stefan , Vicedo-Cabrera Ana M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The global health burden associated with exposure to heat is a grave concern and is projected to further increase under climate change. While physiological studies have demonstrated the role of humidity alongside temperature in exacerbating heat stress for humans, epidemiological findings remain conflicted. Understanding the intricate relationships between heat, humidity, and health outcomes is crucial to inform adaptation and drive increased global climate change mitigation efforts. This article introduces ‘directed acyclic graphs’ (DAGs) as causal models to elucidate the analytical complexity in observational epidemiological studies that focus on humid-heat-related health impacts. DAGs are employed to delineate implicit assumptions often overlooked in such studies, depicting humidity as a confounder, mediator, or an effect modifier. We also discuss complexities arising from using composite indices, such as wet-bulb temperature. DAGs representing the health impacts associated with wet-bulb temperature help to understand the limitations in separating the individual effect of humidity from the perceived effect of wet-bulb temperature on health. General examples for regression models corresponding to each of the causal assumptions are also discussed. Our goal is not to prioritize one causal model but to discuss the causal models suitable for representing humid-heat health impacts and highlight the implications of selecting one model over another. We anticipate that the article will pave the way for future quantitative studies on the topic and motivate researchers to explicitly characterize the assumptions underlying their models with DAGs, facilitating accurate interpretations of the findings. This methodology is applicable to similarly complex compound events.