bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semen quality and semen storage.
Authors: Wishart G. J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Poultry semen quality and semen storage respectively can be considered in terms of the intrinsic components of spermatozoa and seminal plasma and their properties, and of the oviducal sperm-storage systems and their regulation. However, the focus of this chapter is on the technologies for assessing semen quality and for storing semen in vitro. Semen quality is considered as methods for sperm quality evaluation to identify males of different fertilizing abilities. It is shown that sperm quality assays can be used to predict fertilizing ability and to select the 'best breeders' from a flock of chickens or turkeys when artificial insemination is employed. It may also be possible to select for sperm quality traits in breeding programmes. Sperm quality assays have, however, been shown to be poor monitors of the loss of fertilizing ability that occurs in semen during storage. Semen storage is reviewed in terms of cryopreservation, which enables long-term storage of spermatozoa at -196°C, the temperature of liquid nitrogen, and liquid semen storage, usually at lower than ambient temperatures above 0°C for up to 24 or 48 h. The most significant advance in sperm cryopreservation technology is the recent establishment of poultry sperm banks in several countries - the result of an international realization of the rate of loss of poultry breeds and lines. The background to the cryopreservation technology used in these cryobanks is considered with a view to providing an appreciation of the opportunities and limitations of poultry sperm cryopreservation. Liquid semen storage of chicken spermatozoa at temperatures of around 5°C is a well-established, although little-used, technology. Turkey sperm storage is successfully utilized in commercial breeding operations, but the efficiency of such systems in maintaining sperm fertilizing ability in vitro for 24 h pale into insignificance in comparison to the in vivo oviducal storage system, which can maintain fertilizing ability for many weeks.
Nematodes.
Authors: Nyczepir A. P. , Esmenjaud D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter focuses on four major nematode pests of peach: root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), ring (Mesocriconema spp.), root-lesion (Pratylenchus spp.) and dagger (Xiphinema spp.) nematodes. The following aspects are covered: species identification and polymorphism, symptoms, biology, survival and dissemination, economic importance, geographical distribution, host range and management (through biological, cultural and chemical control methods, and host resistance).
Section III. Yams: taxonomy and botany.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the taxonomy, morphology and cytology of yam (Dioscorea spp., including D. alata, D. bulbifera, D. cayenensis, D. rotundata, D. esculenta, D. opposita, D. nummularia, D. pentaphylla, D. transversa and D. trifida) and related species.
Section III. Yams: developmental physiology.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the following aspects of yam (Dioscorea spp., including D. alata, D. nummularia, D. esculenta, D. opposita, D. bulbifera and D. rotundata) developmental physiology: growth cycle (tuber germination, foliage development, tuber bulking, foliage senescence and dormancy); photoperiodism; responses to temperature and water stress; nutritional disorders; and yield potential.
Section IV. Aroids: agronomy.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the following aspects of aroids (mainly Alocasia macrorrhiza, Amorphophallus campanulatus, Colocasia esculenta, Cyrtosperma merkusii and Xanthosoma sagittifolium) agronomy: soil preparation, propagule selection and preparation, crop density and establishment, intercropping, weeding (cultural and chemical weed control methods), fertilizer application and nutrient disorders, and harvesting.
Hectareage, number of trees and production of olive oil and table olives.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Tabulated data on the hectareage and number of olive trees worldwide; the global olive oil production; the olive oil production in the Mediterranean; and the EU production of olive oil are provided. There is a variety of table olives (whole, pitted, sliced, stuffed) and, as observed in the case of olive oil, the production of table olives fluctuates from year to year, due to both weather conditions and the alternate bearing habit of olive trees. When the price of olives for the production of table olives is low, part of the yield is used for oil production. The EU is the largest table olive producer (40%), others being Turkey (13%), the USA (10%), Morocco (8%), Syria (7%) and Egypt (4%).
Flowering, pollination, fertilization and fruiting.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses olive flowering (as affected by climatic change) and pollination. Some models for the prediction of flowering date are presented and the location of flowers within the inflorescence is described. The cytoplasmic sterility and antioxidative enzyme (superoxide dismutase) content of olive pollen are also described. The factors affecting fruit set are given, i.e. number of florets per inflorescence, perfect and pistillate flowers, ovarian size, number and quality of ovules, and temperature.
Oleuropein, olive leaf extract, olive oil and the benefits of the Mediterranean diet to human health.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses the antioxidant and antimicrobial (bacteria and fungi) activities; effect on the protection of low-density lipoprotein from oxidation and on the inactivation of cytochrome P450; and blood pressure-lowering effect of oleuropein. The anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of olive leaf extract is described as well as the role of olive oil in reducing the risk of human cancer (e.g. breast, ovarian, colonic and endometrial cancer), in membrane lipid composition and in cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. The minor components of the Mediterranean diet and its role in cancer prevention are also described.
Biological and integrated olive culture.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Biological (or organic) olive culture is an agricultural management system that reduces significantly the use of chemical fertilizers and phytoprotective materials. The products (fertilizers, phytoprotective materials, biological control agents, and biological traps) permitted for use in biologically cultivated olive orchards are mentioned, and the techniques of cultivation in organic olive growing in terms of soil cultivation and fertilizer application, use of cover crops, weed control, irrigation, pest and disease control and harvesting are described. The application of the integrated management of olive orchards involving the conventional or chemical and ever-bearing olive culture methods is highlighted.
Biotechnological aspects of olive culture.
Authors: Therios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Olive culture was spread to all the various countries of the Mediterranean region accompanying human migration, but in modern times certain changes must be considered in order to face several issues: (i) cultivar identification; (ii) micropropagation; (iii) fruit ripening; (iv) abiotic stress (cold, ozone, water and salinity) tolerance; (v) plant size and architecture; (vi) resistance to pests and diseases; (vii) parthenocarpy; (viii) olive oil quality; (ix) chilling requirements; and (x) self-compatibility, which are discussed in this chapter.
Fruit diseases.
Authors: Prusky D. , Kobiler I. , Miyara I. , Alkan N. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the pathogenicity, symptoms, epidemiology and management (through chemical, biological and cultural control methods, and disease resistance) of anthracnose (caused by Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum acutatum), Alternaria rot (caused by Alternaria alternata), stem-end rots (caused by a variety of fungi) and minor diseases on mango fruits.
Food for endurance - the evidence, with a focus on glycaemic index.
Authors: Little J. P. , Chilibeck P. D. , Bennett C. , Zello G. A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We reviewed the effects of glycaemic index (GI) of carbohydrates, consumed before exercise, on metabolism and performance. A carbohydrate with a high GI results in rapid absorption of glucose and a large and fast rise in blood insulin. A carbohydrate with a low GI results in a slower and smaller rise in blood glucose and insulin levels. Increased insulin levels inhibit fat oxidation and promote carbohydrate oxidation, which may result in faster glycogen depletion when high-GI carbohydrates are consumed before exercise. High-GI carbohydrates may also result in rebound hypoglycaemia, which would leave one with lower than normal blood glucose levels and hinder exercise performance. Most studies of low-versus high-GI carbohydrates consumed before exercise indicate that low-GI carbohydrates confer a better metabolic response (i.e. lower insulin release, increased fat oxidation and decreased glucose oxidation compared with high-GI carbohydrates). Despite this improved metabolic response, intake of low- and high-GI carbohydrates result in similar improvements in exercise performance. In the 20 studies we reviewed, low-GI carbohydrates were more beneficial for improvement in performance in seven studies, high-GI carbohydrates were more beneficial in one study, and there was no difference in performance improvement between carbohydrates of differing GI in 12 studies. We conclude that low-GI carbohydrates result in a more favourable metabolic response compared with high-GI carbohydrates when consumed before exercise, but this does not always result in a greater improvement in exercise performance.
Prf immune complexes of tomato are oligomeric and contain multiple Pto‐like kinases that diversify effector recognition
Authors: Gutierrez Jose R. , Balmuth Alexi L. , Ntoukakis Vardis , Mucyn Tatiana S. , Gimenez‐Ibanez Selena , Jones Alexandra M.E. , Rathjen John P. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryCytoplasmic recognition of pathogen virulence effectors by plant NB‐LRR proteins leads to strong induction of defence responses termed effector triggered immunity (ETI). In tomato, a protein complex containing the NB‐LRR protein Prf and the protein kinase Pto confers recognition of the Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrPto and AvrPtoB. Although structurally unrelated, AvrPto and AvrPtoB interact with similar residues in the Pto catalytic cleft to activate ETI via an unknown mechanism. Here we show that the Prf complex is oligomeric, containing at least two molecules of Prf. Within the complex, Prf can associate with Pto or one of several Pto family members including Fen, Pth2, Pth3, or Pth5. The dimerization surface for Prf is the novel N‐terminal domain, which also coordinates an intramolecular interaction with the remainder of the molecule, and binds Pto kinase or a family member. Thus, association of two Prf N‐terminal domains brings the associated kinases into close promixity. Tomato lines containing Prf complexed with Pth proteins but not Pto possessed greater immunity against P. syringae than tomatoes lacking Prf. This demonstrates that incorporation of non‐Pto kinases into the Prf complex extends the number of effector proteins that can be recognized.
Gray matter, white matter, brain, and intracranial volumes in first‐episode bipolar disorder: a meta‐analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies
Authors: Vita Antonio , De Peri Luca , Sacchetti Emilio 
Published: November 2009

Objectives:  To perform a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the existing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the brain conducted on patients with first‐episode bipolar disorder (BD).Methods:  A systematic search was performed of MRI studies that reported quantitative measurements of brain volumes of first‐episode bipolar patients and healthy controls. Four meta‐analyses were performed for four cerebral regions.Results:  Significant overall effect sizes were demonstrated, with a reduction detected in patients with BD for total intracranial and white matter volumes, but not for gray matter and whole brain volumes.Conclusions:  The available MRI literature indicates that specific structural brain abnormalities are already present in first‐episode bipolar patients. These do not overlap with those emerging from previous meta‐analyses performed in patients with chronic BD. These findings support the hypothesis of different patterns of changes in brain morphology over the time course of bipolar disorder.
Do we need the category of postdeterminer in the NP?1
Authors: Van de Velde Freek 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe structural make‐up of the English NP is a matter of long‐standing debate. In this paper, a closer look is taken at a notably intricate part of it, viz. the determiner, and more specifically where it fuzzily borders on the adjective. It will be argued that any attempt to resolve the indeterminacy issues associated with this boundary needs to take the diachrony of NP syntax as a vantage point. More specifically, it will be claimed that what are often conveniently but somewhat misleadingly called postdeterminers are in fact elements undergoing a diachronic transition from adjective slotfiller to determiner slotfiller. The postdeterminer slot is hence not a stable position.
Completeandsort of: from identifying to intensifying?
Authors: Davidse Kristin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIt is generally assumed that intensifying uses of adjectives and nouns, as inacompletemessandwhatsortof jerk, are a later development of other uses of these elements. This paper investigates the question whether the source of the intensifying uses is formed by descriptive or (primary or secondary) identifying uses, as both hypotheses have been put forward in the literature. It does this by considering two cases, completeandsort of, reconstructing the precise paths of development of their intensifying uses. On the basis of study of diachronic data, it is established thatcompletedeveloped its intensifying meanings from descriptive uses andsort offrom – intensified –quantifier uses. Hence, the hypotheses of unitary paths have to be given up in favour of multiple paths. The question is also considered howcompleteandsort ofdeveloped theintensification scalesinherent in their intensifying meanings. Forcompletetwo shifts are posited: from bounded descriptive to closed‐scale emphasizing (the complete establishment→a complete wreck), and from unbounded descriptive to open‐scale emphasizing uses (God’s complete(‘perfect’)law→a complete knave). Forsortit is argued that its intensifying uses developed from early quantifying complex determiners such asall sort of,a good/great sort of. The unbounded scale of absolute quantification incorporated by these could easily be transformed into the open intensification scale of the intensifying uses.
Differences in the C‐terminus contribute to variations in trafficking between rat and human 5‐HT2Areceptor isoforms: identification of a primate‐specific tripeptide ASK motif that confers GRK‐2 and β arrestin‐2 interactions
Authors: Bhattacharya Aditi , Sankar Shobhana , Panicker Mitradas M. 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem.(2010)112, 723–732.AbstractInternalization and recycling of G‐protein coupled receptors are important cellular processes regulating receptor function. These are receptor‐subtype and cell type‐specific. Although important, trafficking variations between receptor isoforms of different species has received limited attention. We report here, differences in internalization and recycling between rat and human serotonin 2A receptor (5‐HT2AR) isoforms expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells in response to serotonin. Although the human and rat 5‐HT2ARs differ by only a few amino acids, the human receptor takes longer to recycle to the cell surface after internalization, with the additional involvement of β arrestin‐2 and G‐protein receptor kinase 2. The interaction of β arrestin‐2 with the human receptor causes the delay in recycling and is dependent on a primate‐specific ASK motif present in the C‐terminus of the receptor. Conversion of this motif to NCT, the corresponding sequence present in the rat isoform, results in the human isoform trafficking like the rat receptor. Replacing the serine 457 with alanine in the ASK motif of human isoform resulted in faster recycling, although with continued arrestin‐dependent internalization. This study establishes significant differences between the two isoforms with important implications in our understanding of the human 5‐HT2AR functions; and indicates that extrapolating results from non‐human receptor isoforms to human subtypes is not without caveats.
Hypoxia protects neuronal cells from human prion protein fragment‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Seo Jae‐Suk , Seol Jae‐Won , Moon Myung‐Hee , Jeong Jae‐Kyo , Lee You‐Jin , Park Sang‐Youel 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 715–722.AbstractPrion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein PrPSc. Human prion protein fragment, PrP (106–126) (prion protein peptide 106–126), may contain most of the pathological features associated with PrPSc. Hypoxic conditions elicit cellular responses adaptively designed to improve cell survival and have an important role in the process of cell survival. We investigate the effects of hypoxia on PrP (106–126)‐induced apoptosis in the present study. Human neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cells were incubated with varied doses of PrP (106–126) under both normoxic or hypoxic conditions, in order to determine the regulatory effects of hypoxia on PrP (106–126)‐induced apoptosis. The results indicate that hypoxia protects neuronal cells against PrP (106–126)‐induced cell death by activating the Akt signal, which is inactivated by prion proteins, and inhibiting PrP (106–126)‐induced caspase 3 activation. Low oxygen conditions increase the Bcl‐2 protein, which is associated with anti‐apoptotic signals, and recover the PrP (106–126)‐induced reduction in mitochondrial transmembrane potential. This study demonstrates that hypoxia inhibits PrP (106–126)‐induced neuron cell death by regulating Akt and Akt‐related signaling, and it also suggests that prion‐related neuronal damage and disease may be regulated by hypoxia or by hypoxic‐inducing genes.
Diagnostic performance and partition values of exercise electrocardiographic variables in the detection of coronary artery disease – improved accuracy by using ST/HR hysteresis
Authors: Kronander Håkan , Fischer‐Colbrie Werner , Nowak Jacek , Brodin Lars‐Åke , Elmqvist Håkan 
Published: November 2009

SummaryExercise electrocardiography is widely used for initial identification of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study compares the measurements of ST‐segment changes during exercise and during early postexercise recovery in terms of diagnostic discrimination capacity and optimal partition values. Data from 1876 patients undergoing a routine bicycle exercise test were analysed. CAD was angiographically verified in 668 patients, and excluded by angiography (n = 119), myocardial scintigraphy (n = 250), and on clinical grounds (n = 839) in 1208 patients. Postexercise ST/HR hysteresis was calculated as normalized for heart rate (HR) ST/HR loop area during the first 3 min of recovery. ST/HR index was obtained by dividing the overall ST amplitude change during exercise by exercise‐induced HR change, and ST/HR slope was calculated using linear regression analysis of ST/HR data pairs during exercise. ST‐segment depression was measured during, and for 3 min after the exercise. Discriminating capacity of the methods was evaluated in terms of receiver operating characteristic areas and optimal partition values providing the combination of the best sensitivity and specificity were established. The best diagnostic discrimination was provided by ST/HR hysteresis at optimal partition value of −15 μV, followed by postexercise ST amplitude measurements at gender‐specific partition values of −10 to −90 μV, ST/HR slope [partition value 2·4 μV (beats/min)−1], ST/HR index [partition value 1·6 μV (beats/min)−1], and ST‐segment depression during exercise (partition value 70 μV in men and 90 μV in women). The results demonstrate that analysis of postexercise ST/HR hysteresis offers the most accurate and gender indifferent identification of patients with CAD.
The effectiveness of an individually tailored oral health educational programme on oral hygiene behaviour in patients with periodontal disease: a blinded randomized‐controlled clinical trial (one‐year follow‐up)
Authors: Jönsson B. , Öhrn K. , Oscarson N. , Lindberg P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim: To evaluate the effectiveness of an individually tailored oral health educational programme for oral hygiene self‐care in patients with chronic periodontitis compared with the standard treatment.Material and Method: A randomized, evaluator‐blinded, controlled trial with two different active treatments were used with 113 subjects (60 females and 53 males) randomly allocated to an experimental or a control group. The individually tailored oral health educational programme was based on cognitive behavioural principles and the individual tailoring for each participant was based on participants' thoughts, intermediate, and long‐term goals, and oral health status. The effect of the programmes on gingivitis [gingival index (GI)], oral hygiene [plaque indices (PlI) and self‐report], and participants' global rating of treatment was evaluated 3 and 12months after oral health education and non‐surgical treatment.Results: Between baseline and the 12‐month follow‐up, the experimental group improved both GI and PlI more than the control group. The mean gain‐score difference was 0.27 for global GI [99.2% confidence interval (CI): 0.16–0.39, p<0.001] and 0.40 for proximal GI (99.2% CI: 0.27–0.53, p<0.001). The mean gain‐score difference was 0.16 for global PlI (99.2% CI: 0.03–0.30, p=0.001), and 0.26 for proximal PlI (99.2% CI: 0.10–0.43, p<0.001). The subjects in the experimental group reported a higher frequency of daily inter‐dental cleaning and were more certain that they could maintain the attained level of behaviour change.Conclusion: The individually tailored oral health educational programme was efficacious in improving long‐term adherence to oral hygiene in periodontal treatment. The largest difference was for interproximal surfaces.
Dual effect of statin medication on the periodontium
Authors: Saxlin Tuomas , Suominen‐Taipale Liisa , Knuuttila Matti , Alha Pirkko , Ylöstalo Pekka 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between statin medication and periodontal infection in an adult population.Material and Methods: The study was based on a subpopulation of the Health 2000 Survey, which included dentate non‐diabetic, non‐rheumatic subjects who did not smoke, aged 40–69 years (n=2032). The main outcome variable was the number of teeth with periodontal pockets of 4 mm or more. Statin medication was categorized in two ways: firstly, subjects with statin medication of some sort (n=134) versus those with none, and secondly, subjects taking either simvastatin (n=58), atorvastatin (n=38), some other statin (n=38) or no statin medication. Relative risks (RR) were estimated using negative binomial and Poisson regression models.Results: We found a weak negative association between statin medication and periodontal infection among subjects with dental plaque or gingival bleeding. Among subjects with no gingival bleeding, statin medication was found to be associated with an increased likelihood of having deepened periodontal pockets.Conclusion: Statin medication appears to have an effect on the periodontium that is dependent on the inflammatory condition of the periodontium. More evidence is needed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the effects of statins.