bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress Report on the ZACA-Wigmore Experimental Asphalt Test Project
Authors: Hveem FN , Zube E , Skog J 
Published: March 2009

During 1954 the California Division of Highways (CDH) introduced improved specifications for paving grade asphalts. As part of a program to determine performance under field conditions ten different asphalts were placed on a major construction project consisting of entirely new construction and an overlay over an old portland cement concrete pavement. The test sections were constructed under nearly identical procedures and have been subjected to common climatic and traffic conditions.
All of the asphalts were of the 200 to 300 penetration grade and represented different crude sources and methods of production as found in California with one exception. The exception is a mid-continent crude source asphalt produced in a refinery in Arkansas.
Of the nine California asphalts two complied with the 1954 Standard Specifications but not with the new Special Provision Specifications and seven complied with both the old and new proposed specifications, which since that date have been used by CDH for the purchase of paving grade asphalts.
Most of the asphalts were placed in 2500-ft test sections on both the new and blanket pavements. Complete field studies were carried on during construction and Abson recovery tests were made on the paving mixtures. Observation and test results confirm the fact that asphalts manufactured by different methods and from different crude sources, although placed under virtually identical conditions, exhibit varying degrees of hardening during the mixing process.
A description of tests performed on field cores during the past three years of service life is provided. These results indicate quite marked differences in the weathering rates of the various asphalts when compared under equivalent construction, traffic and climatic conditions.
Field performance evaluations of the test sections to date are provided together with a short description and analysis of the failure of three test sections.
Correlation of the Microfilm Durability Test with Field Hardening Observed in the Zaca-Wigmore Experimental Project
Authors: Simpson WC , Griffin RL , Miles TK 
Published: March 2009

Examination of the asphalts used in the Zaca-Wigmore project by means of the microfilm durability test gave ratings of the relative durability to be expected of the asphalts when all are used under the same conditions. The actual order of occurrence of failures in the test road to date is in agreement with the predictions of this relatively simple and rapid laboratory test.
Viscosity measurements show that hardening during the asphalt-aggregate mixing operation was about twice as great during period 1 of this construction as during period 2 and this difference in hardening in the mix plant is still evident after several years in the road.
Progressive hardening of the asphalts in the road over a period of several years was found to parallel that found in the microfilm durability test in a few hours. In the first test road (period 1) construction, where pavement deflections are about 0.015 to 0.025 in. under a 15,000-lb axle load, failures developed when the asphalt viscosity at 77 F entered the range 107 to 108 poises. In the other test road (period 2) construction where deflections are about 0.010 in. under the same load, the first distress was noted in an asphalt which reached a viscosity at 77 F of about 108 poises.
Recovery of asphalt from slices of pavement cores showed that hardening of the asphalt is greatest at the top and decreases with increasing depth in the pavement. Pavements with high air void content were found to harden more rapidly than those with low air voids.
Hardening by loss of volatile matter is an important fraction of the total hardening observed in these asphalts. It is shown that this can be controlled by proper selection of crude oil or by application of distillation and blending techniques so as to keep the 10 per cent distilled point of the asphalt at or above 400 C (converted to atmospheric pressure).
Influence of Chemical Composition of Asphalts on Performance, Particularly Durability
Authors: Rostler FS , White RM 
Published: March 2009

It is generally recognized that failures of asphalt pavements caused by embrittlement and other changes in physical properties during the aging process are due to chemical reactions of all or some of the asphalt components. This paper attempts to correlate chemical composition of asphalts with their performance as a binder and to demonstrate that changes in chemical composition parallel changes in performance.
The chemical analysis used in this investigation is the precipitation method by Rostler and Sternberg (1)2 which defines asphalts as consisting of five groups of components which can be isolated and tested as to performance, individually and as blends. The analytical method used is contrasted with four other methods proposed for chemical identification of asphalts. The laboratory tests used in studying performance are (1) abrasion resistance of Ottawa sand-asphalt mixtures before weathering and during various stages of weathering, and (2) cohesion of Ottawa sand-asphalt mixtures. Some conventional data such as used for specification purposes are also shown.
The data reported indicate (1) that chemical composition of asphalts is better defined by a precipitation method than by analytical procedures based on solution and adsorption equilibria, and (2) that physical, including rheological, properties of asphalts and changes of these properties during weathering can be correlated with changes in chemical composition. Laboratory prepared asphalts, commercially available asphalts, and asphalts extracted from cores from roads of known history were used in these tests.
Influence of Dimensions of the Center-cracked Tension Specimen on Kc
Authors: Freed CN , Sullivan AM , Stoop J 
Published: March 2009

The fracture resistance of three high strength aluminum alloys, two titanium, and one steel alloy has been investigated with a center-cracked tension specimen. Specimen geometric dimensions such as width, thickness, and crack length, together with yield strength were studied to ascertain their influence on the Kc parameter. The specimen thicknesses ranged from 1/16 to 1/18 in., width from 3 to 12 in., and crack length from 0.5 to 7 in.
The Kc parameter has been found to be unaffected by specimen width and crack length provided the width dimension is sufficient and the crack length/width ratio is within the range of 0.15 to 0.5. The fracture resistance is dependent upon sheet thickness and inversely proportional to yield strength.
Relationship Between Charpy V and Fracture Mechanics KIc Assessments of A533-B Class 2 Pressure Vessel Steel
Authors: Hawthorne JR , Mager TR 
Published: March 2009

A cooperative program between the Naval Research Laboratory and the Westinghouse Nuclear Energy Systems Division was established to explore possible relationships between postirradiation Charpy-V and fracture mechanics (KIc) data. Initial efforts centered on a 6 ⅜-in. AS33 grade B Class 2 steel plate for which the preirradiation condition had been well characterized by Charpy-V (Cv), tension, dynamic tear, and fracture mechanics tests. Low (&lt;250 F, 121 C) temperature-high fluence exposure conditions were utilized to obtain large Cv, tensile and plane strain fracture toughness (KIc) property changes over the preirradiation condition.
The simultaneous exposure of Cv and 1-in.-thick compact tension (CT) specimens produced comparable increases in Cv 30 ft ∙ lb transition temperature and KIc 65,000 psi √in. temperature. The Cv shelf energy was reduced from 74 to 46 ft ∙ lb. The postirradiation 75 F (24 C) yield strength was 127.3 ksi compared to a preirradiation value of 74.2 ksi; however, postirradiation yield strength decreased markedly with increasing temperature.
The test capacity of the 1-in. CT specimen was found insufficient for ASTM valid KIc determinations at the Cv shelf level temperature for pre- or postirradiation conditions. The estimate of postirradiation KIc at Cv shelf temperatures would require a CT specimen thickness of at least 5 in. The data suggest that, if power reactor surveillance programs restrict test specimen size to a maximum of 1-in. thickness, and if the measuring capacity of CT specimens is the function of thickness described by ASTM, an empirical or correlation-projection approach would be required to utilize fracture mechanics specimens in such programs.
The Matrix Effect in Excitation
Authors: Hurwitz JK 
Published: March 2009

The matrix effect in emission spectrometry has been treated in the literature as several separate problems. These problems are here considered in two general classifications: (1) prior to excitation, the matrix effect resulting from differences in composition and history between standards and samples, and (2) during excitation, the matrix effect resulting from changes in composition caused by preferential vaporization from the sample.
In the first classification, different working curves are frequently obtained for the analysis of a given element in a broad group of materials. These differences in matrix produce two effects: (1) changes in volatilization, and (2) changes in excitation temperature. These effects may be eliminated by using standards that are similar to the samples to be analyzed, by fusing or mixing every sample, regardless of matrix, with a buffer to produce a common matrix, and by proper choice of source conditions.
In the second classification, the composition may change by preferential evaporation of volatile elements and compounds when the sample is heated by the discharge. Hence, the composition of the vapors available in the discharge column changes with time. If the sample is a powder, several methods have been used to control the evaporation process, namely, the Stallwood air-jet method, Danielsson's tape machine, and the method of Rusanov and Khitrov of introducing the sample into the discharge by a stream of air.
Recent Developments in Gamma Ray Dosimetry
Authors: Taimuty SI 
Published: March 2009

During the last few years there has been considerable activity in the field of high level gamma ray dosimetry. New dosimetric methods have been developed, and experience has been gained in the use of older methods. However the field is still characterized by a multiplicity of methods and approaches. It seems appropriate, therefore, to review recent developments and assess the present status of gamma ray dosimetry.
Among the recent developments discussed in this paper are experimental evaluations of a large number of integrating (total dose) dosimeters; improvements in the cerie sulfate and anthracene (luminescence degradation) dosimeters; new plastic, glass, and luminescence dosimeters; and recent developments in dose rate measurements with ionization chambers, calorimetry, and semiconductor radiation detectors.
In summary, good liquid dosimeters are available for total dose measurements in the range 104 to 108 rads, and usable solid dosimeters exist for the range 104 to 5 × 109 rads. However, better solid dosimeters are still needed. In addition, satisfactory ionization methods are available for high dose rate measurements, and a recently announced graphite sphere calorimeter shows considerable promise as a primary standard for absorbed dose measurements.
Techniques for Measuring Reactor Neutron Spectra
Authors: Trice JB 
Published: March 2009

Several methods for measuring neutron flux and neutron energy spectra in and around reactors are discussed, including proton recoil spectroscopy, crystal spectroscopy using thallium activated lithium iodide, photographic plates and emulsions, and activation analyses. For irradiation tests in high flux intensity reactors where space is severely limited and gamma intensity is high, activation analysis appears to offer the best means for determination of the irradiation test flux environment. Techniques of activation analysis are reviewed under the subjects of thermal flux monitors, fission detectors for both thermal and high-energy neutrons, charged particle neutron-proton and neutron-alpha reactions, neutron-neutron (n, n1 and n, 2n) reactions, and resonance reactions. Practical methods are presented for optimum use of these reactions in obtaining the required information concerning the test environment. Instrumentation available is reviewed and advantages and disadvantages are assessed.
Five methods of analyses of activation data are briefly described that range from the simplest calculations required for minimum information to the most complex methods that, with the aid of high-speed electronic computing machines, reproduce incident spectra with high-energy resolution. Finally procedures are recommended for tailoring the requirements of the experiment to the experimental and analytical methods available.
Standardization of Terminology for Gamma and Electron Beam Radiation Sources
Authors: Danald GE 
Published: March 2009

Over five years' experience in utilizing nearly 20 different sources of gamma ray and electron beam radiation sources have indicated a critical need for some degree of uniformity on the part of the source owner or operator in specifying the performance of the source, his methods of measuring its field or beam, and the manner of charging customers for its use.
This paper recommends standards of dose delivered, specifications of the field or beam, and a set of experimental or environmental conditions which the vendor should make known to a prospective user of a radiation source. This is to be given in terminology which is uniform from source to source, thus enabling a user to select a source best suited to his specific needs.
Dynamic Radiation Effects Testing Methods
Authors: Newell DM , Kerlin EE , Bauerlein RR , Barrows RF 
Published: March 2009

Studies of radiation effects on polymers being conducted at the Convair-Fort Worth Nuclear Facility include engineering tests and fundamental research. The engineering tests are divided into two broad categories, dynamic and static.
While both static and dynamic tests are necessary, dynamic tests give results which provide a better basis for the interpretation of changes with respect to the application of the material. Dynamic tests also supply valuable data in the support of lundamental research and development of new materials. However, some electrical problems arise when dynamic tests are conducted in a reactor field. The radiation field can cause errors in electrical signals through either temporary electrical effects or permanent radiation damage to the test apparatus. The dynamic test assembly must be designed to avoid these problems or minimize the errors.
The three dynamic tests described in this report were designed for the determination of (1) stress relaxation of rubber, (2) the modulus of rigidity of honeycomb sandwich panels by the plate shear method, and (3) the dynamic modulus of elasticity ol rigid plastics by the resonance method. Some of the theory, a description ol the lest gear, and an interpretation of the results of tests performed thus far are presented.
Experiences with Nuclear Moisture and Density Surface Probes on O'hare Field Project
Authors: Gnaedinger JP 
Published: March 2009

Soil and foundation engineers have for many years needed a technique for accurate and rapid determination of the moisture content and density of compacted fills. Delays in completion of the earthwork while the results of density and moisture measurements are being determined are a very real cost to contractors and owners. For these reasons developments by the Civil Aeronautics Administration, Cornell University and others in the measurement of soil moisture and density by the nuclear method have been of particular interest.
In the hope that instruments utilizing the nuclear method might expedite performance of numerous field moisture and density determinations on the O'Hare Field project in Chicago, one of the instruments manufactured by Nuclear Chicago Corp. has been used since August 1059. This paper describes some of the author's experiences with this equipment, including correlation data with the conventional sand cone method.
Initial correlation work between nuclear measurements of soil density and moisture indicated extremely poor results, with nuclear instruments consistently giving low readings for water contents, and giving errors as high as 17 lb per cu ft, referred to the sand cone densities. Subsequent work, however, has indicated that, by using calibration curves for moisture content and density which are prepared specifically for the soil types involved, the errors in moisture content can be reduced to approximately 2 per cent or less. By using revised calibration curves for the density measurements for the soil types involved, the nuclear instruments can be expected to give moist densities within approximately 5 lb of the densities obtained by the sand cone method.
Applications of Electron Microfractography to Materials Research
Authors: Wiebe W 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Applications of Electron Microfractography to Materials Research was given at the Seventy-third Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Toronto, Ont., Canada, 21—26 June 1970. The Sponsor of this symposium was ASTM Subcommittee II on Fractography and Associated Microstructures of ASTM Committee E24 on Fracture Testing of Metals. W. Wiebe, National Research Council of Canada, presided as symposium chairman.
Metal Fatigue Damage: Mechanism, Detection, Avoidance, and Repair
Authors: Manson SS 
Published: March 2009

Description
The work presented in the publication Metal Fatigue Damage—Mechanism, Detection, Avoidance, and Repair was sponsored by the ASTM-ASME Joint Committee on the Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals and financed by The Metal Properties Council. The Applied Research Panel under the Chairmanship of M. Semchyshen and the Gas Turbine Panel Chaired by G. J. Wile, cooperated in this project. Mr. S. S. Manson, who headed the Task Group under the Applied Research Panel, was responsible for the coordination of the papers presented in this publication.
Electron Beam Microanalysis
Authors: Beaman DR , Isasi JA 
Published: March 2009

Description
In recent years the development of new scientific instruments and techniques has made microanalysis an essential and powerful tool for the materials scientist. The ability to chemically characterize small, included particles or second-phase materials down to one micrometer (1 &#181m) in diameter and to determine the nature of surfaces with a depth resolution below 100A has led to the solution of serious materials problems and the development of new products and processes. This article, which is a review of the many techniques available, illustrates how the various techniques are related, when they can be most appropriately used and when they can be successfully combined in a single instrument. Such a review should: 1) aid the materials scientist in selecting the proper technique and instrument for his particular problem; 2) guide the novice in his initial efforts in the field of microanalysis; and 3) provide the expert with a critical review and state-of-the-art description of the field. Particular emphasis is placed on the quantitative capabilities of the various techniques so that the reader may obtain a full understanding of the capabilities and limitations of each. The problems associated with accuracy and precision in electron beam microanalysis are discussed so the investigator or user will be aware of potential problems. The following instruments and techniques or combinations thereof are discussed: electron probe analyzer, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, Auger electron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, ion mass analyzer, automated instruments and quantitative metallography. Finally applications in many disciplines are presented to illustrate the vast potential of the techniques.
A Guide to the Safe Handling of Hazardous Materials Accidents
Authors: Committee F-20  
Published: March 2009

Description
In emergency situations the hazard classification system of the Department of Transportation is useful, familiar, and available on the scene. This document is arranged by Department of Transportation Hazard Class and shipment volume. Within some classes, a distinction is made between bulk and package shipments. Bulk shipments are those that equal or exceed 110 gallons liquid (415 liters) or 1000 pounds dry (450 kilograms) measure, such as tank car or tank truck. Package shipments are those that are less than 110 gallons liquid or 1000 pounds dry measure per package.
A Multifaceted Intervention to Improve Health Worker Adherence to Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Guidelines in Benin
Authors: Rowe Alexander K. , Onikpo Faustin , Lama Marcel , Osterholt Dawn M. , Rowe Samantha Y. , Deming Michael S. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We evaluated an intervention to support health workers after training in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI), a strategy that can improve outcomes for children in developing countries by encouraging workers' use of evidence-based guidelines for managing the leading causes of child mortality. Methods. We conducted a randomized trial in Benin. We administered a survey in 1999 to assess health care quality before IMCI training. Health workers then received training plus either study supports (job aids, nonfinancial incentives, and supervision of workers and supervisors) or usual supports. Follow-up surveys conducted in 2001 to 2004 assessed recommended treatment, recommended or adequate treatment, and an index of overall guideline adherence. Results. We analyzed 1244 consultations. Performance improved in both intervention and control groups, with no significant differences between groups. However, training proceeded slowly, and low-quality care from health workers without IMCI training diluted intervention effects. Per-protocol analyses revealed that workers with IMCI training plus study supports provided better care than did those with training plus usual supports (27.3 percentage-point difference for recommended treatment; P < .05), and both groups outperformed untrained workers. Conclusions. IMCI training was useful but insufficient. Relatively inexpensive supports can lead to additional improvements.
Hospital Practices and Women's Likelihood of Fulfilling Their Intention to Exclusively Breastfeed
Authors: Declercq Eugene , Labbok Miriam H. , Sakala Carol , O'Hara MaryAnn 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. We sought to assess whether breastfeeding-related hospital practices reported by mothers were associated with achievement of their intentions to exclusively breastfeed. Methods. We used data from Listening to Mothers II, a nationally representative survey of 1573 mothers who had given birth in a hospital to a singleton in 2005. Mothers were asked retrospectively about their breastfeeding intention, infant feeding at 1 week, and 7 hospital practices. Results. Primiparas reported a substantial difference between their intention to exclusively breastfeed (70%) and this practice at 1 week (50%). They also reported hospital practices that conflicted with the Baby-Friendly Ten Steps, including supplementation (49%) and pacifier use (45%). Primiparas who delivered in hospitals that practiced 6 or 7 of the steps were 6 times more likely to achieve their intention to exclusively breastfeed than were those in hospitals that practiced none or 1 of the steps. Mothers who reported supplemental feedings to their infant were less likely to achieve their intention to exclusively breastfeed: primiparas (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1, 9.3); multiparas (AOR = 8.8; 95% CI = 4.4, 17.6). Conclusions. Hospitals should implement policies that support breastfeeding with particular attention to eliminating supplementation of healthy newborns.