bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of junior doctor supervision in Australasian emergency departments
Authors: Orman Scott A , Thornton Vanessa J 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  Supervision of junior doctors in ED is vital but limited literature exists on how it is provided.Objective:  To assess Australasian ED supervision and review regional legislature supervision requirements.Methods:  Between December 2008 and June 2009 emails containing a link to a cross‐sectional survey were sent to Directors of Emergency Medicine Training in all Australasian ED accredited for advanced training. Non‐responding ED were subsequently contacted by telephone or email. Regional legislature supervision requirements were obtained from postgraduate medical councils.Results:  A total of 103 (98.1%) of 105 ED participated. Senior review in person was mandatory in 43.2% of ED for patients of PGY1 (postgraduate year 1 doctors) and 6.1% of ED for patients of PGY2 (P < 0.001). Of ED without mandatory review, 13% had written guidelines detailing which patients required review. When ED consultants were on‐site, they most commonly provided supervision in 60.2% of ED and shared supervision equally with registrars in 35.7% of ED; when consultants were off‐site registrars most commonly provided supervision in 87.6% of ED. Fewer major regional/rural base hospitals had 24 h PGY3 or above supervision than major referral and urban district hospitals (82.6% vs 100% and 100%, P < 0.01). Regional legislature requirements varied with no universal guidelines.Conclusion:  There are significant differences between supervision requirements for PGY1 and PGY2. A minority of ED in Australasia do not have 24 h supervision by PGY3 or higher. Few ED have written guidelines for supervising PGY1 and PGY2. The majority of registrar supervision occurs without consultant oversight. Legislature requirements for supervision in ED are variable between regions.
Measuring secretion in chromaffin cells using electrophysiological and electrochemical methods
Authors: Borges R. , Camacho M. , Gillis K. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOur present understanding of exocytosis of catecholamines has benefited tremendously from the arrival of single‐cell electrochemical methods (amperometry and voltammetry), electrophysiological techniques (whole‐cell and patch capacitance) and from the combination of both techniques (patch amperometry). In this brief review, we will outline the strengths and limitations of amperometric and electrophysiological methods and highlight the major contribution obtained with the use of these techniques in chromaffin cells.
Actions Taken to Reduce Sodium Intake Among Adults With Self‐Reported Hypertension: HealthStyles Survey, 2005 and 2008
Authors: Ayala Carma , Tong Xin , Valderrama Amy , Ivy Andrae , Keenan Nora 
Published: July 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:793‐799. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Consuming high amounts of dietary sodium is associated with hypertension. The authors analyzed the HealthStyles 2005 and 2008 survey for behaviors to lower blood pressure related to dietary sodium, including the reduction of sodium intake and reading food labels for sodium content among hypertensives. All estimates were based on self‐reported data. The relative percent change (RPC) in the prevalence of these behaviors between 2005 and 2008 was assessed. During the 3‐year period, there were increases in the prevalence of reducing dietary sodium (RPC=17.2%, 56.6% in 2008 vs 48.3% in 2005; P<.05) and reading food labels for sodium content (RPC=7.9%, 53.0% vs 49.1%; P<.05). In 2005, the proportion of hypertensive adults who reported reducing dietary sodium was higher for persons 65 years and older, for blacks, for those with income <$25,000, and for those with more than a high school education compared with those in their comparison groups. In 2008, those aged 65 years and older had the highest percentage, while Hispanics and blacks had essentially the same percentage for reducing sodium. Based on 2005 and 2008 HealthStyles surveys, about half of hypertensive patients reported reducing their intake of sodium and reading food labels for salt. Health care providers should emphasize the importance of knowing the daily recommended limit for dietary sodium to help adults lower this intake.
Limbal conjunctival plaques and idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitis
Authors: Wolfe J. E. , Utter M. E. , Boyle A. G. , Habecker P. L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA 4‐year‐old Welsh pony crossbred gelding was examined for acute onset of blepharospasm, epiphora and corneal oedema. Ophthalmic examination identified 2 conjunctival plaques located near the superior limbus of the left eye. The plaques did not resolve following treatment with topical triple antibiotic ointment, topical atropine ointment and oral flunixin meglumine and therefore a conjunctival biopsy was performed. Histology of the biopsy resulted in a diagnosis of eosinophilic conjunctivitis, which was treated with a topical corticosteroid ointment. Plaques resolved after 73 days of therapy but lesions did not improve with concurrent treatment with anthelmintics early in the course of therapy. Failure to identify an aetiological agent led to a diagnosis of idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitis. The conjunctival plaques have not recurred in the 10 months following discontinuation of therapy.
Prevalence and Persistence of
Escherichia coli
Strains with Uropathogenic Virulence Characteristics in Sewage Treatment Plants
Authors: Anastasi E. M. , Matthews B. , Gundogdu A. , Vollmerhausen T. L. , Ramos N. L. , Stratton H. , Ahmed W. , Katouli M. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

We investigated the prevalence and persistence of
Escherichia coli
strains in four sewage treatment plants (STPs) in a subtropical region of Queensland, Australia. In all, 264
E. coli
strains were typed using a high-resolution biochemical fingerprinting method and grouped into either a single or a common biochemical phenotype (S-BPT and C-BPT, respectively). These strains were also tested for their phylogenetic groups and 12 virulence genes associated with intestinal and extraintestinal
E. coli
strains. Comparison of BPTs at various treatment stages indicated that certain BPTs were found in two or all treatment stages. These BPTs constituted the highest proportion of
E. coli
strains in each STP and belonged mainly to phylogenetic group B2 and, to a lesser extent, group D. No virulence genes associated with intestinal
E. coli
were found among the strains, but 157 (59.5%) strains belonging to 14 C-BPTs carried one or more virulence genes associated with uropathogenic strains. Of these, 120 (76.4%) strains belonged to seven persistent C-BPTs and were found in all four STPs. Our results indicate that certain clonal groups of
E. coli
with virulence characteristics of uropathogenic strains can survive the treatment processes of STPs. These strains were common to all STPs and constituted the highest proportion of the strains in different treatment tanks of each STP.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Heterocyst Patterning Gene
patA
from
Anabaena
sp. Strain PCC 7120
Authors: Young-Robbins Shirley S. , Risser Douglas D. , Moran Jennifer R. , Haselkorn Robert , Callahan Sean M. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The filamentous cyanobacterium
Anabaena
sp. strain PCC 7120 forms a periodic pattern of nitrogen-fixing heterocysts when grown in the absence of combined nitrogen. PatA is necessary for proper patterning of heterocysts along filaments. In this study, apparent transcriptional start points (tsps) were identified at nucleotides −305, −614, and −645 relative to the translational start site (−305, −614, and −645 tsps). Transcriptional reporter fusions were used to show that transcription from the −305 tsp was induced in all cells of filaments in response to nitrogen deprivation, required
hetR
for induction, and increased in a
patA
mutant. Transcription from −614/−645 tsp reporter fusions was spatially regulated and occurred primarily in cells that would become heterocysts. Complementation of a
patA
mutant strain by alleles encoding substitutions in, or deletion of, the putative phosphoacceptor C-terminal domain indicates that the PATAN domain can function independently of the C-terminal domain of PatA. Localization of a ring of PatA-GFP at sites of cell division, as well as the formation of enlarged cells with altered cell morphology when
patA
was overexpressed, suggests that PatA may participate in cell division.
Properties of the NAC (Nitrogen Assimilation Control Protein)-Binding Site within the
ureD
Promoter of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Frisch Ryan L. , Bender Robert A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The nitrogen assimilation control protein (NAC) of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
is a LysR-type transcriptional regulator that activates transcription when bound to a DNA site (ATAA-N5-TnGTAT) centered at a variety of distances from the start of transcription. The NAC-binding site from the
hutU
promoter (NBS

hutU

) is centered at −64 relative to the start of transcription but can activate the
lacZ
promoter from sites at −64, −54, −52, and −42 but not from sites at −47 or −59. However, the NBSs from the
ureD
promoter (
ureDp
) and
codB
promoter (
codBp
) are centered at −47 and −59, respectively, and NAC is fully functional at these promoters. Therefore, we compared the activities of the NBS

hutU

and NBS

ureD

within the context of
ureDp
as well as within
codBp
. The NBS

hutU

functioned at both of these sites. The NBS

ureD

has the same asymmetric core as the NBS

hutU

. Inverting the NBS

ureD

abolished more than 99% of NAC's ability to activate
ureDp
. The key to the activation lies in the TnG segment of the TnGTAT half of the NBS

ureD

. Changing TnG to GnT, TnT, or GnG drastically reduced
ureDp
activation (to 0.5%, 6%, or 15% of wild-type activation, respectively). The function of the NBS

ureD

, like that of the NBS

hutU

, requires that the TnGTAT half of the NBS be on the promoter-proximal (downstream) side of the NBS. Taken together, our data suggest that the positional specificity of an NBS is dependent on the promoter in question and is more flexible than previously thought, allowing considerable latitude both in distance and on the face of the DNA helix for the NBS relative to that of RNA polymerase.
Evidence of Human-to-Swine Transmission of the Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Virus in South Korea
Authors: Song Min-Suk , Lee Jun Han , Pascua Philippe Noriel Q. , Baek Yun Hee , Kwon Hyeok-il , Park Kuk Jin , Choi Hwan-Woon , Shin Yeun-Kyung , Song Jae-Young , Kim Chul-Joong , Choi Young-Ki 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT
As the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus continues to infect human populations globally, reports on epidemiologically linked animal infections are also on the rise. Since December 2009, pandemic (H1N1) 2009-like viruses have been isolated in pigs from different swine farms of South Korea. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of viral segments demonstrated several events of human-to-swine transmission with no apparent signs of reassortment. These events were also supported by serological surveillance in pig sera collected from April to December, suggesting that reverse transmission probably started between June and July with a drastic increase in prevalence the following months. Although molecular characterization indicates that the swine isolates are generally stable, some viruses are genetically evolving, most notably in their surface proteins. Animal studies (ferrets and mice) reveal that swine pandemic isolates epitomize biological properties attributed to the currently circulating human pandemic viruses, including replication kinetics and efficient transmission, indicating their potential to return to circulation among humans. Overall, these results indicate widespread human-to-animal transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses in South Korea. With the significant role of pigs in the ecology of influenza viruses, these transmission events should be closely monitored and minimized to prevent the risk of generating viruses with greater human health concerns.
New Genotypes within Respiratory Syncytial Virus Group B Genotype BA in Niigata, Japan
Authors: Dapat Isolde C. , Shobugawa Yugo , Sano Yasuko , Saito Reiko , Sasaki Asami , Suzuki Yasushi , Kumaki Akihiko , Zaraket Hassan , Dapat Clyde , Oguma Taeko , Yamaguchi Masahiro , Suzuki Hiroshi 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT
Phylogenetic analysis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) group B genotype BA strains from the 2002-2003 to 2009-2010 seasons collected in Niigata, Japan, revealed four distinct clusters, designated new BA genotypes BA7, BA8, BA9, and BA10. These new genotypes were not associated with large outbreaks in the community.
Evaluation of Transported Dry and Wet Cervical Exfoliated Samples for Detection of Human Papillomavirus Infection
Authors: Feng Qinghua , Cherne Stephen , Winer Rachel L. , Popov Viorica , Zambrano Hector , Yerovi Carlos , Hawes Stephen E. , Koutsky Laura A. , Kiviat Nancy B. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT
We determined the feasibility of human papillomavirus (HPV) detection in cervical exfoliated cells collected as dry swab samples. Both dry cervical swab and specimen transport medium (STM) cervical swab samples were collected from 135 patients attending either colposcopy or women's clinics in Guayaquil, Ecuador, who had a cytology diagnosis within 6 months. HPV was detected by dot blot hybridization and genotyped by the liquid bead microarray assay (LBMA). Overall, 23.1% of dry samples were positive for any high-risk HPV types, and 24.6% of STM samples were positive for any high-risk HPV types. Of 125 paired samples, the type-specific high-risk HPV proportion positive agreement was 60.7% (kappa, 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53 to 0.82). Of six women with cytological evidence of invasive cervical cancer, high-risk HPV DNA was detected in three of their STM samples and in five of their dry samples. Dry samples were more likely to be insufficient for HPV testing than STM samples. Consistent with this observation, the amount of genomic DNA quantitated with the β-actin gene was almost 20 times lower in dry samples than in STM samples when detected by the real-time TaqMan assay; however, HPV DNA viral loads in dry samples were only 1.6 times lower than those in matched STM samples. We concluded that exfoliated cervical cells could be collected as dry swab samples for HPV detection.
Development and Evaluation of a Flocked Nasal Midturbinate Swab for Self-Collection in Respiratory Virus Infection Diagnostic Testing
Authors: Smieja Marek , Castriciano Santina , Carruthers Susan , So Geoffrey , Chong Sylvia , Luinstra Kathy , Mahony James B. , Petrich Astrid , Chernesky Max , Savarese Mario , Triva Daniele 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWe developed and evaluated flocked nasal midturbinate swabs obtained from 55 asymptomatic and 108 symptomatic volunteers. Self-collected swabs obtained from asymptomatic volunteers yielded numbers of respiratory epithelial cells comparable to those of staff-collected nasal (n= 55) or nasopharyngeal (n= 20) swabs. Specific viruses were detected in swabs self-collected by 42/108 (38.9%) symptomatic volunteers by multiplex PCR.
Exploiting Drug Repositioning for Discovery of a Novel HIV Combination Therapy
Authors: Clouser Christine L. , Patterson Steven E. , Mansky Louis M. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe development of HIV drugs is an expensive and a lengthy process. In this study, we used drug repositioning, a process whereby a drug approved to treat one condition is used to treat a different condition, to identify clinically approved drugs that have anti-HIV activity. The data presented here show that a combination of two clinically approved drugs, decitabine and gemcitabine, reduced HIV infectivity by 73% at concentrations that had minimal antiviral activity when used individually. Decreased infectivity coincided with a significant increase in mutation frequency and a shift in the HIV mutation spectrum. These results indicate that an increased mutational load is the primary antiviral mechanism for inhibiting the generation of infectious progeny virus from provirus. Similar results were seen when decitabine was used in combination with another ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor. Our results suggest that HIV infectivity can be decreased by combining a nucleoside analog that forms noncanonical base pairs with certain ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. Such drug combinations are relevant since members of these drug classes are used clinically. Our observations support a model in which increased mutation frequency decreases infectivity through lethal mutagenesis.
GlcNAcylation Plays an Essential Role in Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Gu Yuchao , Mi Wenyi , Ge Yuqing , Liu Haiyan , Fan Qiong , Han Cuifang , Yang Jing , Han Feng , Lu Xinzhi , Yu Wengong 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
GlcNAcylation, a dynamic posttranslational modification, is involved in a wide range of biological processes and some human diseases. Although there is emerging evidence that some tumor-associated proteins are modified by GlcNAcylation, the role of GlcNAcylation in tumor progression remains unclear. Here, we show that GlcNAcylation enhances the migration/invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. The decrease of cell surface E-cadherin is the molecular mechanism underlying GlcNAcylation-induced breast cancer metastasis. p120 and β-catenin, but not E-cadherin, are GlcNAcylated; the GlcNAcylation of p120 and β-catenin might play roles in the decrease of cell surface E-cadherin. Moreover, immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that the global GlcNAcylation level in breast tumor tissues is elevated significantly as compared with that in the corresponding adjacent tissues; further, GlcNAcylation was significantly enhanced in metastatic lymph nodes compared with their corresponding primary tumor tissues. This is the first report to clearly elucidate the roles and mechanisms whereby GlcNAcylation influences the malignant properties of breast cancer cells. These results also suggest that GlcNAcylation might be a potential target for the diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6344–51. ©2010 AACR.
Cyclins, Cdks, E2f, Skp2, and More at the First International RB Tumor Suppressor Meeting
Authors: Bremner Rod , Zacksenhaus Eldad 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe RB1 gene was cloned because its inactivation causes the childhood ocular tumor, retinoblastoma. It is widely expressed, inactivated in most human malignancies, and present in diverse organisms from mammals to plants. Initially, retinoblastoma protein (pRB) was linked to cell cycle regulation, but it also regulates senescence, apoptosis, autophagy, differentiation, genome stability, immunity, telomere function, stem cell biology, and embryonic development. In the 23 years since the gene was cloned, a formal international symposium focused on the RB pathway has not been held. The “First International RB Tumor Suppressor Meeting” (Toronto, Canada, November 19-21, 2009) established a biennial event to bring experts in the field together to discuss how the RB family (“pocket proteins”), as well as its regulators and effectors, influence biology and human disease. We summarize major new breakthroughs and emerging trends presented at the meeting. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6114–8. ©2010 AACR.
Dietary Components Related to N-Nitroso Compound Formation: A Prospective Study of Adult Glioma
Authors: Dubrow Robert , Darefsky Amy S. , Park Yikyung , Mayne Susan T. , Moore Steven C. , Kilfoy Briseis , Cross Amanda J. , Sinha Rashmi , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Schatzkin Arthur , Ward Mary H. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Background: N-nitroso compounds (NOC) are found in processed meat and are formed endogenously from intake of nitrite and nitrate. Endogenous NOC formation is antagonized by nitrosation inhibitors in fruit and vegetables (e.g., vitamin C) and promoted by heme in red meat. It has been hypothesized that a diet resulting in high exposure to NOCs increases adult glioma risk.
Methods: Using proportional hazards models, we tested this hypothesis among 545,770 participants in the prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, which assessed dietary intake at baseline (1995–1996) with a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire, and at ages 12 to 13 years with an abbreviated food frequency questionnaire.
Results: During follow-up through 2003, 585 participants were diagnosed with glioma. We found no significant trends in glioma risk for consumption of processed or red meat, nitrate, or vitamin C or E. We found significant positive trends for nitrite intake from plant sources (hazard ratio for quintile 5 versus quintile 1, 1.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.20–2.10; P for trend = 0.028) and, unexpectedly, for fruit and vegetable intake (hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.86; P for trend = 0.0081). Examination of interactions between dietary intakes (e.g., nitrite and vitamin C) and a limited analysis of diet at ages 12 to 13 years provided no support for the NOC hypothesis.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that consumption of processed or red meat, nitrite, or nitrate does not increase adult glioma risk, and that consumption of fruit and vegetables, vitamin C, or vitamin E does not reduce risk.
Impact: Our results, in agreement with the only previous prospective analysis, cast doubt on the NOC hypothesis in relation to dietary intake and adult glioma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(7); 1709–22. ©2010 AACR.
Detection of Genital HPV Types in Fingertip Samples from Newly Sexually Active Female University Students
Authors: Winer Rachel L. , Hughes James P. , Feng Qinghua , Xi Long Fu , Cherne Stephen , O'Reilly Sandra , Kiviat Nancy B. , Koutsky Laura A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Background: Little is known about detection of genital human papilloma virus (HPV) types in women's fingertips. The study objectives were to determine the presence of genital HPV types in fingertip samples and the agreement between fingertip and genital samples for detecting HPV.
Methods: At triannual visits, genital and fingertip samples were collected from female university students and tested for 37 HPV genotypes by PCR-based assay. Type-specific concordance between paired fingertip and genital samples was evaluated using κ statistics for percent positive agreement (κ+). Paired samples with type-specific concordant fingertip and genital results were selected for variant characterization.
Results: A total of 357 fingertip samples were collected from 128 women. HPV prevalence in fingertip samples was 14.3%. Although percent positive agreement between fingertips and genitals for detecting type-specific HPV was low (17.8%; κ+ = 0.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.25), 60.4% of type-specific HPV detected in the fingertips was detected in a concurrent genital sample. All but one of 28 paired concordant samples were positive for the same type-specific variant in the fingertip and genital sample. Redetection of HPV types at the subsequent visit was more common in genital samples (73.3%) than in fingertip samples (14.5%; P &lt; 0.001).
Conclusions: Detection of genital HPV types in the fingertips was not uncommon. Although impossible to distinguish between deposition of DNA from the genitals to the fingertips and true fingertip infection, the rarity of repeat detection in the fingertips suggests that deposition is more common.
Impact: Finger-genital transmission is plausible but unlikely to be a significant source of genital HPV infection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(7); 1682–5. ©2010 AACR.