bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The IP address and time in cyber‐crime investigation
Authors: Kao Da‐Yu , Wang Shiuh‐Jeng 
Published: June 2009

PurposeCyber technology is an extremely complicated field and the internet is being increasingly used as a place to commit crimes using personal computers, as well as network‐based computers. Although cyber investigation is still in the early stages of its development, the burgeoning use of the internet has increased the necessity for digital investigations. The purpose of this paper is to increase awareness of the latest in digital comparison for cyber‐crime investigation with the studies of IP‐address and time in computer systems.Design/methodology/approachThe approach to improving a cyber‐crime investigation is proposed in three stages: independent verification of digital clues, corresponding information from different sources, and preparation of a valid argument.FindingsIf the police and other authorities do not stay on top of this problem, they may lose the battle to control this cyber‐crime explosion. The paper discusses how Taiwanese police investigate cyber‐crime and the experience is able to propagate when analyzing IP‐address and time with crime‐case. It is believed that this proposed approach creates a comprehensive guide that provides support and assistance to crime investigators.Practical implicationsIP‐address and time, both indicated in this paper, are the key ingredients to identify the suspect in the beginning of investigation works. As the study shows: there is no guarantee that there always will be the “right” evidence to prove everything; investigators should try their utmost to avoid making mistakes; criminal investigators must find additional clues and proof to validate their suspicions.Originality/valueThis paper illustrates an approach to the investigation of cyber‐crime in the case of studying IP‐address and time. It is believed that the research can efficiently assist law enforcement officials in dealing with ever‐increasing cyber‐crime by using effective digital evidence.
Strike Force Piccadilly: a public‐private partnership to stop ATM ram raids
Authors: Prenzler Tim 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of Strike Force Piccadilly, a New South Wales Police initiative to address an upsurge in ram raids targeting automatic teller machines (ATMs). Also, the aim is to understand the apparent success of the project in terms of a public‐private partnership, involving primarily police and the retail and banking sectors.Design/methodology/approachThe New South Wales Police provided data showing the numbers of attempts and successful ATM ram raids on a monthly basis from August 2005 to April 2008. The preventive interventions are set against these data in a time series format. The paper is limited to within‐group data, with consideration of displacement effects by reference to recorded crime data and police intelligence. Interviews about the project process are also conducted with three key participants: the police manager leading the project (public sector), the security manager of a major retail shopping centre chain (private sector) and the commercial security operations manager of a major bank (private sector).FindingsThe increase in ATM ram raids is halted, and the number is reduced from 69 in the 12 months before the intervention to 19 in the final 12 months of the post‐intervention period – a 72 per cent reduction. For the same periods, successful raids are reduced from 30 down to two – a 93 per cent reduction. The research indicates that the main influences on the decrease are: the creation of a police priority alarm response system and the installation of situational prevention measures, including special bollards. The larger context for success is the partnership formed between police and industry. The interventions are developed through consultation, co‐operative research and commitment from all parties.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates the potential significant crime prevention benefits of public‐private partnerships, especially when they are well organised and include research and information sharing. Additionally, the findings challenge the often pessimistic literature about police response times by demonstrating how rapid response can be highly effective in certain circumstances.
Developing effective leadership in policing: perils, pitfalls, and paths forward
Authors: Schafer Joseph A. 
Published: June 2009

PurposeLeadership plays a key role ensuring the achievement of desired outcomes in both formal and informal groups. Insufficient leadership in policing can result in significant negative consequences for agencies and their personnel. Despite the importance of effective leadership within police organizations little is known about the process of developing effective leaders and leadership behaviors. The paper contributes to the limited available empirical knowledge using data collected from police supervisors. The intent is to assess supervisors' perceptions of how leadership abilities might best be developed and to identify the barriers inhibiting such efforts.Design/methodology/approachOpen‐ended surveys are administered to students attending the FBI's National Academy, a career development program for mid‐career police supervisors. Respondents report their experiences with and perceptions of leadership development. The purposive sample of respondents provides insights from supervisors representing police agencies of various sizes and types from around the world.FindingsRespondents indicate leadership skills are best developed through a combination of education, experience, and mentorship. Developing more effective leadership is dependent on the ability to overcome barriers, both within the profession and within individual officers. Finite resources, macro and local aspects of police culture, and failures of leadership by current executives are all viewed as working against the growth of effective leadership practices.Research limitations/implicationsGiven the dearth of empirical research considering dimensions of police leadership, myriad implications for future research are identified and discussed.Originality/valueThe findings provide important preliminary insights into the experiences and beliefs of police supervisors.
US cybercrime units on the world wide web
Authors: Hinduja Sameer , Schafer Joseph A. 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to quantify the number of cybercrime units that are on the world wide web and the manner in which they represent themselves, and to clarify how they are communicating information to their constituency (i.e. the visitors to their site) through new technology.Design/methodology/approachThere is no sampling frame that serves as an exhaustive list of law enforcement departments with web sites, nor law enforcement departments with computer crime units, nor law enforcement departments with cybercrime unit web sites. As such, the world wide web was combed using popular search engines to find as many US‐based cybercrime unit web sites as possible. The final sample size was 88.FindingsThe findings suggest that though cybercrime units across the USA typically have similar missions (e.g. to respond to one or more forms of computer crime), they used their self‐representing web site in different ways. Beyond providing basic contact information and details about the cybercrime unit, web sites varied considerably in the depth and nature of their content. Units largely utilized these sites to simply exist on the world wide web. It was also unclear whether the sites actually fostered two‐way communication between agencies and their constituents. Sites also placed an emphasis on providing information that visitors might use to reduce their vulnerability to victimization through educational efforts.Research limitations/implicationsThe sites in the sample all sought to inform their constituencies about the existence of the cybercrime unit they represent and the services they render, and to provide basic contact information. They seemingly differed, though, in the main intent and purpose of their site – which introduced variability in terms of the delivery of their content. Furthermore, disparities in available resources likely dictated the quality and depth of information presented on these sites.Practical implicationsThis work assesses the current state of law enforcement information delivery over the world wide web, and also informs best practices in quality, depth, and comprehensiveness of that information delivery. This can then be used by law enforcement departments who have a cybercrime unit web site to improve its current state and fine‐tune communications and information dissemination efforts.Originality/valueThis is the first assessment of the world wide web presences of US law enforcement cybercrime units and contributes to the knowledgebase associated with agency communication with external entities.
Models of satisfaction with police service
Authors: Dukes Richard L. , Portillos Edwardo , Miles Molly 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the process of citizen satisfaction with police service, so police can emphasize important aspects of service and maintain high satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachCitizens of Colorado Springs (n=3591) participated in one of four yearly surveys (2002‐2005) to test two structural equations models. One model used data from 2002‐2005 and latent variables of victimization, neighborhood safety, enough officers and police response to predict satisfaction with police service. A second model used data only from 2005 and 12 latent variables.FindingsThe five‐variable model fits the data very well (CFI=0.95). It did not vary from 2002 to 2005. The 12‐variable model explained the satisfaction process more completely but fits less well (CFI=0.91). Neither model varied by demographic characteristics of respondents.Practical implicationsPolice should implement a process‐based model of service that emphasizes citizens' feelings of neighborhood safety and police response as important predictors of positive evaluations of service.Originality/valueThe paper offers insight into the factors that shape attitudes toward police (ATP, in particular satisfaction with police service) within an organization that has fully implemented community policing.
Mandatory arrest? Police response to domestic violence victims
Authors: Frantzen Durant , San Miguel Claudia 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore lawsuits involving police response to domestic violence incidents. Focusing on the specific legal remedy of due process under Section 1983, the paper seeks to examine federal case law dealing with police response to domestic violence victims. The paper also aims to discuss differences in procedural and substantive due process violations, highlighting circumstances under which the police may be held liable for improper response to domestic violence incidents.Design/methodology/approachThis paper qualitatively examines relevant Section 1983 federal court decisions (n=27 as of May, 2008) identified through a query of Lexis Nexis for the last ten years (before and after Castle Rock) dealing with lawsuits arising from domestic abuse investigations.FindingsThe preponderance of cases have resulted in dismissals of summary judgments filed against police officers and agencies for allegations that the police violated plaintiffs' due process rights. The recent Supreme Court decision inTown of Castle Rockv.Gonzaleshas prevented plaintiffs from seeking relief under procedural due process; however, domestic abuse victims have been successful to some extent using substantive due process as a basis for civil action. Plaintiffs have prevailed in federal courts alleging that the police acted with deliberate indifference or conscious disregard for victims' civil rights.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is limited to federal court decisions involving due process violations and does not account for factors resulting in state tort negligence lawsuits filed against the police. Moreover, federal courts will likely continue to use substantive due process as a Section 1983 remedy for domestic violence victims as research and awareness on domestic violence policy evolves.Practical implicationsThe paper suggests that police agencies should take note of recent court decisions applicable to their jurisdictions as domestic violence enforcement policy remains fragmented. Agencies should ensure that police dispatcher 911 call classification policies are current and that training guidelines comport with these policies.Originality/valueGiven the prevalence of domestic violence in the USA, police agencies should expect increases in the number of lawsuits filed against the police for violations of substantive due process.
Developing a measurement model of institutional processes in policing
Authors: Giblin Matthew J. , Burruss George W. 
Published: June 2009

PurposeInstitutional theory shows promise as a viable framework for understanding police organization structures and activities but difficulties in measuring its core concepts make testing problematic. In order to advance the application of institutional theory in policing, this paper's aim is to develop a measurement model of institutional pressures derived from DiMaggio and Powell's discussion of institutional isomorphism.Design/methodology/approachFirst and second‐order confirmatory factor analyses are performed on secondary data originally collected in a 1997 national survey of law enforcement agencies about their approach to community policing.FindingsThe results showed a refined model of institutional processes including three constructs – professionalization, publications, and mimesis. A construct indicated by funding measures does not seem to be consistent with other institutional pressures.Research limitations/implicationsThe research made use of available data and existing measures not explicitly constructed for the purpose of theory testing. Nevertheless, the results appear to be consistent with institutional theory.Originality/valueThe model provides a framework for future testing of institutional theory in policing and avenues for the development of additional indicators.
Regulating next‐generation fixed access to telecommunications services
Authors: Lewin David , Williamson Brian , Cave Martin 
Published: June 2009

PurposeWhat rules, if any, should regulators put in place to provide incentives for timely and efficient investment in next generation fibre access networks (NGA) while, at the same time, preventing monopoly abuse, either by taking monopoly rents from end users or harming downstream competition? This paper aims to focus on these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe findings in this paper are based on review of existing work in the area and on interviews with 25 operators and regulators across the European Union.FindingsActive (bitstream) remedies will be important for preserving competition in the supply of retail, NGA‐based, products. Regulators should specify the price regulation principles, which would apply to operators found to have significant market power (SMP) in NGA supply in advance of any market definition and SMP assessment. Regulators should allow access providers to provide distinct NGA‐based bitstream products to meet the needs of different segments of the end‐user market and to then charge for these products at the wholesale level so as to reflect their value to end users rather than their costs.Originality/valueThis paper is designed to simulate general debate on the best way to regulate NGA
International roaming: is there a need for EU‐regulation beyond 2010?
Authors: Falch Morten , Henten Anders , Tadayoni Reza 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to analyze the need for regulation of international roaming within EU beyond 2010.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes roaming costs, market conditions and present regulation. On this basis, future prospects for competition in international roaming are discussed.FindingsMarket developments indicate that regulation of international roaming charges will be needed for some time, before competition can ensure that roaming charges are at a level that reflects the underlying costs.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper limits its analysis to roaming of voice services, and excludes analysis of roaming of data service services.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the ongoing discussion on the need to regulate international roaming charges.
Merging incumbent European mobile operators: veni, vidi, non vici
Authors: Curwen Peter , Whalley Jason 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the history of, and prospects for, mergers between incumbent European mobile operators.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines the history of proposals for mergers among incumbent mobile operators in Europe over the past two decades, but with a particular emphasis upon the period commencing in 2006. It examines the rationale for the proposals and analyses why, in virtually every case, the proposals failed to come to fruition.FindingsThe paper argues that there are a set of road blocks that bar the way to realising inter‐incumbent mergers, and that these are by no means all economic. Given that the environment for M&A activity was relatively positive during 2006/2007, yet nothing much was achieved, it now seems likely that in the febrile environment of the 2008/2009 credit crunch, the topic will return to the backburner.Originality/valueThis paper is the first detailed attempt to address this topic.
Analysis of mobile internet usage among early‐adopters
Authors: Verkasalo Hannu 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify several measures that reflect the diffusion of the mobile internet.Design/methodology/approachThe measurements are implemented with a newly developed handset‐based mobile service research platform that provides a novel way to accurately identify trends taking place in mobile service usage. These measures are demonstrated in a case example comparing Finnish early‐adopter smartphone users between 2005 and 2006 (500 and 695 users).FindingsThe results indicate that the mobile internet has not yet emerged on a large scale in Finland. On the contrary operators have slightly increased their power, potentially because handset bundling with mobile subscriptions is now allowed in Finland.Research limitations/implicationsThe measurement framework can be further utilized in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal study settings in evaluating the emergence of the mobile internet. No other empirical research method provides the accuracy and scope of usage measurements done with the handset‐based research platform. However, the shortcomings of the new method should be realized.Practical implicationsThe paper suggests that the mobile internet has not emerged widely, even in early‐adopter user segments.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the measurement of mobile internet service usage. Mobile internet services are currently emerging in early‐adopter user segments. These services might shake the dynamics of the mobile services industry by introducing different kinds of technical innovation and business logic.
Academic library benchmarking in The Netherlands: a comparative study
Authors: Voorbij Henk 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to describe some of the unique features of the Dutch academic library benchmarking system.Design/methodology/approachThe Dutch system is compared with similar projects in the USA, the UK and Germany.FindingsOne of the most distinguishing features of the Dutch system is the method by which the results are analysed and presented. Absolute values of performance indicators are converted to median relative scores and, as a result, a graph can be created for each library that shows at a glance its relative position for a whole range of indicators.Practical implicationsSimilar benchmarking projects may benefit from the Dutch experience regarding the selection of raw data, the choice of performance indicators, the validity of the performance indicators, methods for analysis and presentation, and interpretation of the results.Originality/valueThe paper provides detailed and critical information on a long‐running project. It questions the validity of some established performance indicators.
Which industrial product service system fits best?
Authors: Rese Mario , Strotmann Wolf‐Christian , Karger Markus 
Published: June 2009

PurposeIndustrial product service systems (IPS2) are required to meet current customer needs in order to provide solutions to current customer problems. Furthermore, adaptability to changing customer decision drivers is required in order to account for customers' preference changes over time. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach where customer preference drivers for different IPS2 are identified and their directions analyzed.Design/methodology/approachA theoretical, literature‐based analysis, drawing on different fields of economic research, is made use of. A tool to anticipate customer decisions based on the identified preference drivers is devised.FindingsNine main preference drivers are identified. These are customer resources, know‐how, number of employees, core competences, value‐based figures, process intricacy, process standardization, process frequency and process significance.Research limitations/implicationsThe drivers identified on a theoretical basis should be investigated empirically. Special consideration should be given not only to the direction of their effect, but also their strength and interdependency.Practical implicationsThe paper helps IPS2 suppliers to analyze customers' preferences and helps decide about the design and the business model for the IPS2.Originality/valueThe paper is the first paper that focuses on the relevant influence factors of a customer's decision about the IPS2‐design.
Consumer acceptance of product‐service systems
Authors: Rexfelt Oskar , Hiort af Ornäs Viktor 
Published: June 2009

PurposeProduct‐service systems (PSS) could potentially benefit consumers, but empirical studies of business‐to‐consumer PSS solutions have been scarce. The purpose of this paper is to identify conditions for consumer acceptance, and propose a methodology for PSS development.Design/methodology/approachFactors influencing consumer acceptance of PSS are investigated through focus groups and individual interviews, and elaborated in relation to theory from user acceptance and innovation adoption literature. Procedures for conceptual development of PSS are then proposed, based on methodology adapted from user‐centred design.FindingsThe two factors “impact on everyday life”, and “uncertainties” in anticipating such consequences were repeatedly brought up by participants. PSS affect consumers through practical implications for the activities they engage in. This goes beyond the service encounter, is highly complex and case specific why development processes should include iterative studies with consumers.Research limitations/implicationsThe studies use hypothetical PSS offers. Validation and refinement of the proposed methodology would require application in commercial development projects.Practical implicationsThe proposed methodology is expected to support requirements elicitation, and facilitate early stages of PSS development.Originality/valueThis paper presents empirical findings regarding consumer acceptance, and provides a detailed analysis of factors that are central to PSS acceptance. It also introduces methodology for description and analysis of the complex consequences a solution may have from a consumer perspective.