bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SELF‐KNOWLEDGE AND MORAL STUPIDITY
Authors: O'Hagan Emer 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMost commonplace moral failure is not conditioned by evil intentions or the conscious desire to harm or humiliate others. It is more banal and ubiquitous – a form of moral stupidity that gives rise to rationalization, self‐deception, failures of due moral consideration, and the evasion of responsibility. A kind of crude, perception‐distorting self‐absorption, moral stupidity is the cause of many moral missteps; moral development demands the development of self‐knowledge as a way out of moral stupidity. Only once aware of the presence or absence of particular desires and beliefs can an agent have authority over them or exercise responsibility for their absence. But what is the connection between self‐knowledge and moral development? I argue that accounts (such as Kant's and Richard Moran's) which construe instances of self‐knowledge as like the verdicts of a judge cannot explain its potential role in moral development, and claim that it must be conceived of in a way that makes possible a process of self‐refinement and self‐regulation. Making use of Buddhist moral psychology, I argue that when self‐knowledge plays a role in moral development, it includes a quality of attention to one's experience best modeled as the work of the craftsperson, not as judge.
THE MORAL MURDERER. A (MORE) EFFECTIVE COUNTEREXAMPLE TO CONSEQUENTIALISM
Authors: Rivera‐López Eduardo 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMy aim in this paper is to provide an effective counterexample to consequentialism. I assume that traditional counterexamples, such as Transplant (A doctor should kill one person and transplant her organs to five terminal patients, thereby saving their lives) and Judge (A judge should sentence to death an innocent person if he knows that an outraged mob will otherwise kill many innocent persons), are not effective, for two reasons: first, they make unrealistic assumptions and, second, they do not pass the rule‐consequentialist institutional test. My example (The Moral Murderer), instead, assumes a realistic empirical framework and the relevant action does not undermine basic social institutions. On the contrary, it reinforces them. In The Moral Murderer, Tom (an adult male) is morally allowed to murder a person (preferably a woman) in order to be punished to death.
THE OBJECTS OF ACTION EXPLANATION
Authors: Sandis Constantine 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper distinguishes between various different conceptions of behaviour and action before exploring an accompanying variety of distinct things that ‘action explanation’ may plausibly amount to viz. different objectives of action explanation. I argue that a large majority of philosophers are guilty of conflating many of these, consequently offering inadequate accounts of the relation between actions and our reasons for performing them. The paper ends with the suggestion that we would do well to opt for a pluralistic understanding of action and its explanations.
Psychosocial health information in free text notes of Swedish children’s health records
Authors: Ståhl Ylva , Granlund Mats , Simeonsson Rune , Andersson Gäre Boel , Enskär Karin 
Published: August 2012

Background:  High‐quality documentation of children’s health is an important priority in health care given trends of declining mental health and reduced well‐being in children. There is a lack of information concerning psychosocial health in the standardized part of the national health record in the Child Health Service and the School Health Service in Sweden. Further, little is known if the free text notes in the health record, besides information on physical health, also include information on children’s psychosocial health. The aim of this study was to describe what is recorded concerning children’s health and development in free text notes.Methods:  The study was based on a retrospective analysis of text using an inductive approach for qualitative analyses of content.Results:  The analysis of the free text notes in the health records yielded seven categories: development, family, health problems, living habits, medical issues, preschool/school and leisure, and well‐being. The categories mainly covered psychosocial aspects of health and were not only about health and development problems of the child but also what was covered during the visits. The information was unevenly distributed across the ages. A stronger focus on the youngest age groups within a family and preschool setting is needed. There was novel information in the free text notes such as pain, general health, emotions, mother’s mental health and leisure activities, which was not covered in the standardized part of the health records.Conclusion:  The free text notes mainly reflected a psychosocial perspective on health. The findings of this study suggest that requesting more information on children’s psychosocial health in the standardized part of the health records could contribute to more comprehensive and informative health records in the Child health Service and the School Health Service in Sweden.
To reduce technology prior discharge from intensive care – important but difficult? A grounded theory
Authors: Häggström Marie , Asplund Kenneth , Kristiansen Lisbeth 
Published: August 2012

Aim:  The aim of this study was to provide a deeper understanding of the experience of intensive care staff regarding the reduction in the use of medical technology prior to patients’ transfer from the ICU.Background:  The goal of ICU transitional care, provided for intensive care patients before, during and after the transfer from the ICU to another care unit, is to ensure minimal disruption and optimal continuity of care for the patient. To smooth this transition, there is a need to prepare for a less technological environment and therefore also a need for a gradual reduction in the use of monitoring equipment.Method:  Group interviews and individual interviews, together with participant observations, were conducted with ICU staff in two hospitals in Sweden. The data were analysed using classic grounded theory.Results:  The main concern was the ICU staff’s ambiguity regarding whether and how to reduce the use of medical technology devices. Insecurity about weaning patients from medical equipment combined with a lack of standardized routines made it difficult for staff to reduce the technical support. The core category describes how the ambiguity was solved primarily by ‘prioritizing control’. However, this often caused the ICU staff to use advanced technology while the patients were in the ICU until the ward staff arrived, even if this should have been handled otherwise. Why and how the ICU staff used the strategy of ‘prioritizing control’ is further explained in the categories ‘being affected by cultural/contextual aspects’, ‘searching for guidance and a shared understanding’ and ‘weighing advantages with more v s less technology’.Conclusion:  It is important to consider ICU staff ambiguity concerning the reduction in technology and to establish strategies for a safe and structured transitional phase with step‐down procedures in which technology and monitoring is gradually reduced prior to transfer from ICU.
Protease inhibitor‐based triple therapy in chronic hepatitis C: guidelines by the French Association for the Study of the Liver
Authors: Leroy Vincent , Serfaty Lawrence , Bourlière Marc , Bronowicki Jean‐Pierre , Delasalle Patrick , Pariente Alexandre , Pol Stanislas , Zoulim Fabien , Pageaux Georges‐Philippe 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe recent marketing authorizations and hence availability of the new protease inhibitors, telaprevir and boceprevir, have profoundly changed the management of chronic hepatitis C patients. Guidelines for the use of these new drugs as part of a triple therapy, in combination with the standard therapy of peginterferon plus ribavirin, are proposed. The guidelines have been drawn up and evaluated by a meeting of the French Association for the Study of the Liver, posted online for comments, and extensively reviewed by international experts. The current published data on the various treatment strategies are reviewed.The guidelines address the majority of patient profiles including treatment‐naïve patients and patients with failure of previous treatment. They recommend which patients should be treated with triple therapy and consider the results of triple therapy including the factors that are predictive of response. They consider the circumstances in which the length of triple therapy can be shortened and the advantages of a peginterferon plus ribavirin lead‐in phase. Virological monitoring, stopping criteria, the evaluation of resistance to protease inhibitors, practical treatment management, treatment adherence and the management of side effects are discussed and simple guidelines proposed.
A systematic comparison of summary characteristics for quantifying point patterns in ecology
Authors: Wiegand Thorsten , He Fangliang , Hubbell Stephen P. 
Published: August 2012

Many functional summary characteristics such as Ripley's K function have been used in ecology to describe the spatial structure of point patterns to aid understanding of the underlying processes. However, their use is poorly guided in ecology because little is understood how well single summary characteristics, or a combination of them, capture the spatial structure of real world patterns. Here, we systematically tested the performance of combinations of eight summary characteristics [i.e. pair correlation function g(r), K‐function K(r), the proportion E(r) of points with no neighbor at distance r, the nearest neighbor distribution function D(r), the spherical contact distribution Hs(r), the kth nearest‐neighbor distribution functions Dk(r), the mean distance nn(k) to the kth neighbor, and the intensity function λ(x)]. To this end we used point pattern data covering a wide range of spatial structures including simulated (stationary) as well as real, possibly non‐stationary, patterns on tree species in a tropical forest in Panamá. To measure the information contained in a given combination of summary characteristics we used simulated annealing to reconstruct the observed patterns based only on the limited information provided by this combination and assessed how well other characteristics of the observed pattern were recovered.We found that the number of summary characteristics required to capture the spatial structure of stationary patterns varied between one (for patterns with near random structures) and three (for patterns with complex cluster and superposition structures), but with a robust ranking g(r), Dk(r), and Hs(r) that was largely independent on pattern idiosyncrasies. Stationary summary characteristics [with ranking g(r), Dk(r), Hs(r), E(r)] captured small‐ to intermediate scale properties of non‐stationary patterns, but for describing large‐scale spatial structures the intensity function was required. Our finding revealed that the current practice in ecology of using only one or two summary characteristics bears danger that essential characteristics of more complex patterns would not be detected. The technique of pattern reconstruction presented here has wide applications in ecology.
Maxillary Sinus‐Floor Elevation with Nanoporous Biphasic Bone Graft Material for Early Implant Placement
Authors: Mertens Christian , Wiens Daniel , Steveling Helmut G. , Sander Anja , Freier Kolja 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundInsufficient bone height in the posterior maxilla is caused by bone atrophy after tooth extraction and continued pneumatization of the maxillary sinus. To allow for implant placement in this area, external sinus‐floor elevations are performed. For this indication, the application of various bone graft materials can be a reliable alternative to autologous bone.PurposeThe aim of this study was to analyze a nanoporous bone graft material under the condition of early implant treatment in sinus floor elevations.Materials and MethodsSixty‐six patients received 94 individual external sinus‐floor elevations as a precondition for implant surgery. As grafting material, a synthetic, nanoporous bone graft material consisting of a mixture of nano‐hydroxyapatite and nano‐β‐tricalciumphosphate crystals, combined with blood from the defect side, was used. Depending on the remaining vertical bone height, implant placement was performed either simultaneously with bone augmentation or consecutively in a delayed approach. After a 4‐month healing period, the patients received 218 implants and were followed up clinically, radiographically, and histologically. To quantify the bone situation at implant placement, immunohistochemical analysis using tenascin‐C was performed.ResultsWe achieved an average vertical bone increase of 8.28 mm (SD, 2.59) for the one‐stage approach and 10.99 mm (SD, 1.73) for the two‐stage approach after sinus‐floor elevation. The augmented areas showed mean resorption rates of 10.32% (one stage) and 10.82% (two stages) of vertical graft during the observation period. Immunohistochemical analysis after 4 months of healing showed high tenascin activity, indicating bone growth. Good primary stability was achieved during implant placement. Mean peri‐implant marginal bone loss was 0.45 mm (SD, 0.31).ConclusionAfter a mean observation time of 21.45 months, the biomaterial showed good osseointegration and bone stability radiographically. Adding to this the positive histological and immunohistochemical findings, we conclude that, after a relatively short 4‐month healing period, the biomaterial showed predictable results.
A Comparison of Manual and Electrical Mallet in Maxillary Bone Condensing for Immediately Loaded Implants: A Randomized Study
Authors: Crespi Roberto , Capparè Paolo , Gherlone Enrico 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this clinical study was to compare electrical versus hand mallet in osteotome‐assisted surgery for maxillary bone condensing in immediately loaded implant procedure.Materials and MethodsEdentulous patients in maxillary premolar and molar regions with type III or IV bone were enrolled in this prospective clinical study. The patients were randomly divided in two groups: in the test group (magnetic mallet group [MMG]), the implant site was prepared with osteotomes pushed by electrical mallet, while in the control group (hand mallet group [HMG]), the implant site was performed with osteotomes pressed by hand mallet. Implants were immediately loaded. Intraoral digital radiographic measurements were reported at 6, 12, and 24 months.ResultsFifty patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty‐five patients were included in MMG and 25 patients in the HMG. One hundred thirty‐eight dental implants were placed. In 12 cases, six in MMG and six in HMG, sinus elevation was performed. After 24‐month follow‐up, a survival rate of 94.93% was reported (MMG and HMG reported a survival rate of 97.10 and 92.75%, respectively, not statistically significant [P > .05]). In control group, two patients claimed benign paroxysmal positional vertigo following the use of osteotomes with hand hammer. Marginal bone levels remained stable over time for both groups, and no statistically significant differences were found. After 12 months, the bone height increased in both groups and, at 24 months, was stable. Statistical analysis reported no significant differences between test and control groups.ConclusionsThese results demonstrated a stable marginal bone levels over time and a significant increase in bone height between 6 and 12 months in osteotome technique. The use of electrical mallet provided some essential clinical advantages for the patients during surgical procedure in comparison with hand mallet.
Elders with implant overdentures: a 22‐year clinical report
Authors: Alsabeeha Nabeel H.M. 
Published: August 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00628.xElders with implant overdentures: a 22‐year clinical reportObjective: To report on the long‐term survival and prosthodontic maintenance of two edentulous adults with mandibular overdentures supported by hydroxyapatite (HA)‐coated implants.Background: Mandibular implant overdentures are a successful treatment option with positive impact on the quality of life of elderly edentulous adults. Long‐term survival of the implants requires continued rigorous prosthodontic maintenance.Clinical report: Two elderly edentulous adults with mandibular overdentures supported by 2 HA‐coated implants were presented for prosthodontic rehabilitation after 22 years of placement. The implants were osseo‐integrated and surviving at presentation based on accepted criteria. The mandibular implant overdentures suffered recurrent loss of retention and stability. Prosthodontic treatment involving the replacement of defective attachment systems and construction of new sets of mandibular implant overdentures opposing complete maxillary dentures is presented.Conclusion: The long‐term survival of mandibular 2‐implant overdentures requires continued prosthodontic maintenance. A conservative approach in the rehabilitation of two older edentulous adults with mandibular 2‐implant overdentures was described including proper selection of attachment systems.
Screening patients at risk for diabetic foot ulceration: a comparison between measurement of vibration perception threshold and 10‐g monofilament test
Authors: Richard Jean‐Louis , Reilhes Lise , Buvry Stéphanie , Goletto Monique , Faillie Jean‐Luc 
Published: August 2012

The aim is to compare the frequency of increased vibration perception threshold (VPT) with abnormal 10‐g Semmes‐Weinstein monofilament (SWF) testing in a non‐selected diabetic population, and to assess the agreement between these two screening methods. VPT was measured using a neurothesiometer at the pulp of the hallux and 10‐g SWF was applied on three plantar sites on each foot according to the guidelines of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, in 400 consecutive diabetic patients. VPT was considered as abnormal if ≥25 V and SWF was considered as abnormal if the patient was unable to feel ≥2 applications at a single site.Both tests were normal in 240 patients (60%) and both abnormal in 78. In 21 patients, only SWF was abnormal whereas only VPT was abnormal in 61. As a whole, 160 patients (40%) were considered at risk for foot ulceration by VPT and/or SWF. Agreement between the two screening methods was only moderate with a kappa coefficient of 0·52 (95% CI: 0·43–0·60). Using VPT as a predictor for foot ulceration, the number of patients at risk is much higher than identified by SWF. This discrepancy might have potential effects on costs and prevention policies.
General Practitioners’ Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices in the Management of Sexual Dysfunction—Results of the Portuguese SEXOS Study
Authors: Alarcão Violeta , Ribeiro Sofia , Miranda Filipe Leão , Carreira Mário , Dias Teresa , Garcia e Costa Joaquim , Galvão-Teles Alberto 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Evidence shows that sexual dysfunctions (SDs) are very prevalent in both sexes and that they share risk factors with many other conditions. It is known that only a minority of people experiencing sexual problems seek treatment, but the role of the general practitioner (GP) in SD diagnosis and treatment is relatively unexplored. No study has been conducted in Portugal in order to identify GPs’ knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding SD and only a small amount of similar studies from other countries have been published.

Aim
To characterize GPs’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs concerning SD; practices of SD management in daily practice; self-perceived competence in discussing and treating SD; and need for training.

Methods
Cross-sectional study using confidential self-administered questionnaires applied to GPs working in Primary Health Care Units in the Lisbon region.

Main Outcome Measures
The questionnaire collected information concerning GPs’ knowledge and perceptions regarding SD, training and practice in sexual health, criteria for initiating discussion and treatment, and the adoption of guidelines.

Results
A total of 50 questionnaires (30 females) were obtained (73.5% response rate). On average, the 50 participants were 52 ± 8.6 years old, had 21 ± 8.2 years of family practice, and followed 1,613 ± 364 patients. The degree in medicine was never considered as an extremely adequate source of information both for male and female SD. Lack of time to obtain relevant information for clinical practice and to deal with sexual health issues were perceived as important barriers in initiating a discussion with the patient, as well as lack of academic training and experience in this area.

Conclusions
GPs expressed a high need for continuous training in this area and more than half considered that their degree was not an adequate source of training. These results indicate that there is a need for both pregraduate and postgraduate training in this area.
Inhibitory effect of Astragalus membranaceus root on matrix metalloproteinase-1 collagenase expression and procollagen destruction in ultraviolet B-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts by suppressing nuclear factor kappa-B activity
Authors: Hong Min Jung , Ko Eun Bit , Park Seong Kyu , Chang Mun Seog 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Objectives
The root of Astragalus membranaceus, regarded as a tonic in traditional Korean medicine, has been prescribed for long periods to treat chronic illness by boosting the immune system. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes damage to skin connective tissue by degrading collagen, which is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix. Such damage is considered to be a cause of the wrinkling observed in premature ageing of the skin. This study has investigated the photo-protective effect of A. membranaceus on UVB radiation-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activity in human dermal fibroblasts.

Methods
Hs68 fibroblast cells cultured with various concentrations of A. membranaceus were exposed to UVB (40 mJ/cm2). Activation of NF-κB P65 and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and type 1 procollagen were measured by Western blotting. Translocation of NF-κB P65 and MMP-1 regulation were also examined by immunocytochemistry.

Key findings
Western blotting and immunocytochemistry results showed that A. membranaceus inhibited UVB-induced translocation of NF-κB P65 and MMP-1 expression. The data suggested that A. membranaceus restored type 1 procollagen synthesis by inhibiting NF-κB P65 activity and MMP-1 expression in UVB-exposed human dermal fibroblasts.

Conclusion
A. membranaceus is a candidate for use in skin protection from UVB-induced skin inflammation and photoageing.