bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Retinal Hemorrhages in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Agrawal Shruti , Peters Mark J. , Adams Gillian G.W. , Pierce Christine M. 
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND:
Retinal hemorrhages (RHs) with encephalopathy and subdural bleeding are considered suggestive of abusive head trauma (AHT). Existing studies describing RH focus on AHT and have potential selection bias. We undertook a prospective observational study to define the prevalence, distribution, and extent of RH in critically ill children.

METHODS:
From February 2008 to December 2009, emergency intensive care admissions ≥6 weeks of age underwent dilated retinal examination by either a pediatric ophthalmologist or RetCam (retinal photograph) imaging after written informed consent. Patients with suspected or proven AHT, penetrating eye trauma, and elective admissions were excluded.

RESULTS:
The prevalence of RH was 15.1% (24/159; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.5%–21%); 16/24 (66%) mild, and 2/24 (8%) moderate. Severe multilayered RH were seen in only 6 patients (3.7%), 3 with myeloid leukemia and sepsis, 2 with severe accidental head injury, and 1 with severe coagulopathy secondary to late onset hemorrhagic disease of newborn. There was no detectable impact of age, gender, seizures, coagulopathy or cardiopulmonary resuscitation on prevalence of severe multilayered RH; however, sepsis (odds ratio: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3–8.0, P = .018) and coagulopathy (odds ratio: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.2–7.0, P = .025) were significantly associated with any RH. Only admission diagnosis was independently associated with severe multilayered RH on logistic regression.

CONCLUSIONS:
RHs were seen in critically ill children with a prevalence of 15.1% (24/159); however, most were mild. Severe multilayered RH resembling those described in AHT were rare (6/24) and were only seen in patients with fatal accidental trauma, severe coagulopathy, sepsis with myeloid leukemia, or a combination of these factors.
Mortality and Neonatal Morbidity Among Infants 501 to 1500 Grams From 2000 to 2009
Authors: Horbar Jeffrey D. , Carpenter Joseph H. , Badger Gary J. , Kenny Michael J. , Soll Roger F. , Morrow Kate A. , Buzas Jeffrey S. 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To identify changes in mortality and neonatal morbidities for infants with birth weight 501 to 1500 g born from 2000 to 2009.

METHODS:
There were 355 806 infants weighing 501 to 1500 g who were born in 2000–2009. Mortality during initial hospitalization and major neonatal morbidity in survivors (early and late infection, chronic lung disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, severe retinopathy of prematurity, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, and periventricular leukomalacia) were assessed by using data from 669 North American hospitals in the Vermont Oxford Network.

RESULTS:
From 2000 to 2009, mortality for infants weighing 501 to 1500 g decreased from 14.3% to 12.4% (difference, −1.9%; 95% confidence interval, −2.3% to −1.5%). Major morbidity in survivors decreased from 46.4% to 41.4% (difference, −4.9%; 95% confidence interval, −5.6% to −4.2%). In 2009, mortality ranged from 36.6% for infants 501 to 750 g to 3.5% for infants 1251 to 1500 g, whereas major morbidity in survivors ranged from 82.7% to 18.7%. In 2009, 49.2% of all very low birth weight infants and 89.2% of infants 501 to 750 g either died or survived with a major neonatal morbidity.

CONCLUSIONS:
Mortality and major neonatal morbidity in survivors decreased for infants with birth weight 501 to 1500 g between 2000 and 2009. However, at the end of the decade, a high proportion of these infants still either died or survived after experiencing ≥1 major neonatal morbidity known to be associated with both short- and long-term adverse consequences.
Predictors of Survival in Children Born With Down Syndrome: A Registry-Based Study
Authors: Rankin Judith , Tennant Peter W.G. , Bythell Mary , Pearce Mark S. 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the influence of fetal and maternal characteristics on the survival of children born with Down syndrome.

METHODS:
We used prospectively collected population-based data on Down syndrome extracted from the UK Northern Congenital Abnormality Survey (NorCAS), January 1, 1985–December 31, 2003, matched to hospital and national mortality records to January 29, 2008, to determine survival status of liveborn children. Survival to 20 years was estimated by using Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine factors that predict survival.

RESULTS:
A total of 1115 Down syndrome pregnancies were notified to NorCAS during the 19 years, a total prevalence of 16.8 (95% CI, 15.8–17.8) per 10 000 live births and stillbirths. Of these, 5.4% resulted in a spontaneous fetal loss (late miscarriage ≥20 weeks and stillbirth), 31.7% in a termination of pregnancy, and 63.0% in a live birth. Survival status was known for 95.3% of live births; 16.6% resulted in a death. Year of birth (P &lt; .001), gestational age at delivery (P &lt; .001), standardized birth weight (P &lt; .001), karyotype (P &lt; .01), and presence of additional structural anomalies (P &lt; .001) were significant predictors of survival. Infant gender, plurality, maternal age, and maternal deprivation were not significant predictors of survival.

CONCLUSIONS:
These robust estimates of predictors of survival are important for the prenatal counseling of parents whose pregnancy is affected by Down syndrome and for health care planning for the future care needs of these children.
Synthesis and Characterization of BaTiO3Nanopowders and BaTiO3/CoFe2O4Nanocomposites
Authors: Gao Yanling , Lupascu Doru C. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTHighly stable, organic-based barium titanate (BaTiO3) sols were developed by the low cost and straightforward “organosol”-precipitation and auto-combustion process of amorphous organic precursors. BaTiO3/CoFe2O4nanocomposites with core/shell structures embedded in a BaTiO3matrix were also obtained using this process. The particles are systematically characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TGA/DTA), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and by laser granulometry for particle size distribution determination.
Nanostructured Silicon Oxide Dual-Function Layer in Amorphous Silicon Based Solar Cells
Authors: Su Tining , Yan Baojie , Sivec Laura , Yue Guozhen , Owens-Mawson Jessica , Yang Jeffrey , Guha Subhendu 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTWe report the results of using n-type hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon oxide alloy (nc-SiOx:H) in hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) and amorphous silicon germanium alloy (a-SiGe:H) single-junction solar cells. We used VHF glow discharge to deposit nc-SiOx:H layers on various substrates for material characterizations. We also used VHF glow discharge to deposit the intrinsic layer in nc-Si:H solar cells. RF glow discharge was used for the deposition of the doped layers and the intrinsic layer in a-SiGe:H solar cells. Various substrates such as stainless steel (SS), Ag coated SS, and ZnO/Ag coated SS were used for different cell structures. We found that by using nc-SiOx:H to replace the ZnO and the a-Si:H n-layer in nc-Si:H solar cells, the cell structure is greatly simplified, while the cell performances remain nearly identical to those made using the conventional n-i-p structure on standard ZnO/Ag BR’s. Solar cells with nc-SiOx:H as the n layer directly deposited on textured Ag show similar quantum efficiency (QE) as the n-i-p cells on ZnO/Ag BRs. In both cases, QE is higher than that in the n-i-p cells made directly on Ag coated SS. This effect is probably caused by the shift of surface plasmon-polariton resonance frequency due to the difference in index of refraction of ZnO, nc-SiOx:H, and Si.
Investigation on Nanorod TCO Light-trapping for a-Si:H Solar Cells in Superstrate Configuration
Authors: Vehse Martin , Geißendörfer Stefan , Voss Tobias , Richters Jan-Peter , Schumacher Benedikt , von Maydell Karsten , Agert Carsten 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTLight trapping due to rough transparent conductive oxide (TCO) surfaces is a common and industrially applied technique in thin film silicon solar cells. In this study, we demonstrate a novel light trapping solution using electrochemically deposited, highly doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod arrays which goes beyond standard light management concepts. The n-doped ZnO rods enable the application as front electrode in superstrate configuration. We explain our experimental results by multidimensional solar cell simulations and show how the nanorod array geometry influences the cell performance. The requirement is demonstrated to choose an appropriate average nanorod distance which strongly influences the electrical cell characteristics. The results clearly outline the potential of TCO nanorod technology for enhanced light trapping.
Roll-to-Roll Nanoimprinting Metamaterials
Authors: Greenwald Anton , Ryu Jae , Liu Yisi , Biswas Rana , Ok Jong , Youn Hongseok , Kwak Moonkyu , Kang Myung-Gyu , Guo L. Jay 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTWe investigated continuous fabrication of a large area 2-D metamaterial comprising a metal dot array on a dielectric coated substrate. We demonstrated patterning of metal dots arrays of varying patterns and shapes with diameter of about 2.5 μm and metal-to-metal spacing from 0.3 to 2.5 μm using a nano-imprinting stamp on a roller. The pattern was first fabricated on a standard photolithography mask, reproduced onto a silicon wafer master mold, and then transferred to a flexible polymer mold that was wrapped around a metal roller. The method was used to pattern a thin Al layer on top of SiO2 on a flexible polymer substrate. The aluminum was coated with a resist and the roller moved over the substrate with adjustable speed and pressure to imprint the fine pattern into the resist. The resist was cured, and a very thin layer of residual resist was removed by RIE, followed by a standard etching treatment for patterning the aluminum layer.The as-etched pattern had very few defects and the optical properties of the metamaterial were excellent and correlated well with simulations. This work has shown that low cost, rapid roll-to-roll processing of 2-D metamaterial structures is possible.
Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor γ Polymorphism Pro12Ala Is Associated With Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Hui , Zhu Shimiao , Chen Jing , Tang Yang , Hu Hailong , Mohan Viswanathan , Venkatesan Radha , Wang Jianmin , Chen Haiping 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE
Insulin resistance plays a part in diabetic nephropathy (DN). The association between the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ Pro to Ala alteration at codon 12 (Pro12Ala) polymorphism and the risk of insulin resistance has been confirmed. The association between the polymorphism and DN risk has also been widely studied recently, but no consensus was available up to now.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A systematic search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and reference lists of relevant articles was carried out, and then 18 case-control studies involving 3,361 DN cases and 5,825 control subjects were identified.

RESULTS
In the overall analysis, the Ala12 variant was observed to be significantly associated with decreased DN risk (odds ratio 0.76 [95% CI 0.61–0.93]). Some evidence of heterogeneity among the included studies was detected, which could be explained by the difference of ethnicity and stage of DN. Subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity and stage of DN were performed, and results indicated the Pro12Ala polymorphism was associated with the risk of DN in Caucasians but no similar association was observed in Asians. Additionally, we observed that Ala12 was associated with decreased risk of albuminuria. With only a few of subjects were available, we failed to detect statistically significant association between the polymorphism and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicated that the Ala12 variant is a significantly protective factor for DN. Future research should focus on the effect of Pro12Ala polymorphism on ESRD and gathering data of Africans.
Numerical analyses of optical couplers for planar waveguides
Authors: Pustelny T. , Struk P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe paper presents the results of numerical analyses of optical structures realized in the form of planar waveguides made of materials with high values of the refractive index n ≈1.85. The analysed structures consist of a waveguide and input-output systems. Input-output couplers are realized in the form of prisms as well as Bragg’s grating couplers. Numerical investigations were carried out by applying the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method.
Unsuccessful Dietetic Internship Applicants: A Descriptive Survey
Authors: Brady Jennifer , Hoang Annie , Tzianetas Roula , Buccino Jennifer , Glynn Kayla , Gingras Jacqui 
Published: May 2012

Purpose: We examined the demographic characteristics of applicants who applied and were unsuccessful in securing an internship position, what these applicants did afterward in their efforts to obtain an internship position, and which career paths they pursued. We also searched for any differences in eligibility between applicants who had not obtained an internship position and those who eventually were successful. Methods: A 68-item online survey was administered. Results: The study sample (n=84) was relatively homogeneous: female (99%), heterosexual (98%), Caucasian (70%), Canadian-born (75%), having English as a first language (73%), multilingual (40%), and having completed a previous degree (29%). Mean self-reported cumulative grade point average (3.35) exceeded the minimum (3.0) required by most Ontario internship programs. Over 25% eventually secured an internship position. Applicants who rated their packages strong in community nutrition were less successful in attaining an internship. Little difference in qualification was found between those who were eventually successful and not-yet-successful applicants. Conclusions: Unsuccessful applicants met academic and other requirements for admission to dietetic internship programs in Ontario. Insufficient training opportunities, costs associated with internship, and competition may be contributing to a loss of human potential in dietetics.
Mobilités, inégalités et trajectoires professionnelles
Authors: Beck Simon , Kamionka Thierry 
Published: May 2012

Résumé	Nous présentons, dans cet article, une étude de la mobilité et des trajectoires professionnelles à partir d’un panel de données inédit en France. La base fh-dads , issue du rapprochement du fichier historique de Pôle Emploi et des Déclarations annuelles de données sociales, nous permet en effet de mettre en évidence les stabilités et les instabilités de l’emploi.	Afin de prendre en compte la présence de l’hétérogénéité inobservée, nous utilisons un modèle de transition à effets fixes développé par Magnac [2000] pour représenter les transitions sur le marché du travail. Nos résultats font apparaître une grande hétérogénéité des mobilités entre les individus qui ne reflète pas exclusivement les différences de caractéristiques individuelles. Cette hétérogénéité entraîne alors une évolution particulière des mobilités, sensible à la conjoncture économique et reliée à l’évolution des inégalités.
Multi-Physics Analyses of Selected Civil Engineering Concrete Structures
Authors: Kruis J. , Koudelka T. , Krejcˇí T. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper summarizes suitable material models for creep and damage of concrete which are coupled with heat and moisture transfer. The fully coupled approach or the staggered coupling is assumed. Governing equations are spatially dis-cretized by the finite element method and the temporal discretization is done by the generalized trapezoidal method. Systems of non-linear algebraic equations are solved by the Newton method. Development of an efficient and extensible computer code based on the C++ programming language is described. Finally, successful analyses of two real engineering problems are described.
Vlasov-Fokker-Planck Simulations for High-Power Laser-Plasma Interactions
Authors: Weng Su-Ming , Sheng Zheng-Ming , Xu Hui , Zhang Jie 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA review is presented on our recent Vlasov-Fokker-Planck (VFP) simulation code development and applications for high-power laser-plasma interactions. Numerical schemes are described for solving the kinetic VFP equation with both electron-electron and electron-ion collisions in one-spatial and two-velocity (1D2V) coordinates. They are based on the positive and flux conservation method and the finite volume method, and these two methods can insure the particle number conservation. Our simulation code can deal with problems in high-power laser/beam-plasma interactions, where highly non-Maxwellian electron distribution functions usually develop and the widely-used perturbation theories with the weak anisotropy assumption of the electron distribution function are no longer in point. We present some new results on three typical problems: firstly the plasma current generation in strong direct current electric fields beyond Spitzer-Härm’s transport theory, secondly the inverse bremsstrahlung absorption at high laser intensity beyond Langdon’s theory, and thirdly the heat transport with steep temperature and/or density gradients in laser-produced plasma. Finally, numerical parameters, performance, the particle number conservation, and the energy conservation in these simulations are provided.
Simulating an Elastic Ring with Bend and Twist by an Adaptive Generalized Immersed Boundary Method
Authors: Griffith Boyce E. , Lim Sookkyung 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMany problems involving the interaction of an elastic structure and a viscous fluid can be solved by the immersed boundary (IB) method. In the IB approach to such problems, the elastic forces generated by the immersed structure are applied to the surrounding fluid, and the motion of the immersed structure is determined by the local motion of the fluid. Recently, the IB method has been extended to treat more general elasticity models that include both positional and rotational degrees of freedom. For such models, force and torque must both be applied to the fluid. The positional degrees of freedom of the immersed structure move according to the local linear velocity of the fluid, whereas the rotational degrees of freedom move according to the local angular velocity. This paper introduces a spatially adaptive, formally second-order accurate version of this generalized immersed boundary method. We use this adaptive scheme to simulate the dynamics of an elastic ring immersed in fluid. To describe the elasticity of the ring, we use an unconstrained version of Kirchhoff rod theory. We demonstrate empirically that our numerical scheme yields essentially second-order convergence rates when applied to such problems. We also study dynamical instabilities of such fluid-structure systems, and we compare numerical results produced by our method to classical analytic results from elastic rod theory.
Lattice BGK Model for Incompressible Axisymmetric Flows
Authors: Zhang Ting , Shi Baochang , Chai Zhenhua , Rong Fumei 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this paper, a lattice Boltzmann BGK (LBGK) model is proposed for simulating incompressible axisymmetric flows. Unlike other existing axisymmetric lattice Boltzmann models, the present LBGK model can eliminate the compressible effects only with the small Mach number limit. Furthermore the source terms of the model are simple and contain no velocity gradients. Through the Chapman-Enskog expansion, the macroscopic equations for incompressible axisymmetric flows can be exactly recovered from the present LBGK model. Numerical simulations of the Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the pulsatile Womersley flow, the flow over a sphere, and the swirling flow in a closed cylindrical cavity are performed. The results agree well with the analytic solutions and the existing numerical or experimental data reported in some previous studies.
A Discussion on Two Stochastic Elliptic Modeling Strategies
Authors: Wan Xiaoliang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBased on the study of two commonly used stochastic elliptic models: I: − ∇· (a(x,w)·∇u(x,w)) = f (x) and II: − ∇·(a(x,w)◊∇u(x,w)) = f (x), we constructed a new stochastic elliptic model III: −∇ ◊ ((a−1)·(−1)◊∇u(x,w)) = f (x), in. The difference between models I and II is twofold: a scaling factor induced by the way of applying the Wick product and the regularization induced by the Wick product itself. In, we showed that model III has the same scaling factor as model I. In this paper we present a detailed discussion about the difference between models I and III with respect to the two characteristic parameters of the random coefficient, i.e., the standard deviation σ and the correlation length lc. Numerical results are presented for both one- and two-dimensional cases.
Invited review: The new spin foam models and quantum gravity
Authors: Perez Alejandro 
Published: May 2012

In this article, we give a systematic definition of the recently introduced spin foam models for four-dimensional quantum gravity, reviewing the main results on their semiclassical limit on fixed discretizations.Received: 17 October 2011, Accepted: 18 March 2012; Edited by: J. Pullin; Reviewed by: L. Freidel, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Canada; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.040004Cite as: A. Perez, Papers in Physics 4, 040004 (2012)
Human-animal relationships at sheep and cattle abattoirs
Authors: Coleman GJ , Rice M , Hemsworth PH 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThere are accumulating international data in a number of livestock industries that show that a negative attitude by stockpeople towards interacting with pigs, dairy cattle and poultry is correlated with increased levels of fear and stress in farm animals and in turn reduced animal productivity. While most of this research has been on-farm, one study has shown similar attitude-behaviour correlations in a pig abattoir. The major aim of this research was to examine the stockperson attitude-behaviour at sheep and cattle abattoirs. Twenty-two Australian abattoirs participated in the collection of stockperson attitudes and behaviour (81 stockpeople — 35 cattle stockpeople and 46 sheep stockpeople; six abattoirs slaughtering cattle, six slaughtering sheep and ten slaughtering both cattle and sheep). Several significant correlations between stockperson attitudes and behaviour were detected. In particular, the perceived pressures imposed by perceived lack of control over their actions, perceived time constraints, perceived effect of poor facilities and inappropriate beliefs about arousing livestock were all associated with frequent use of forceful handling behaviours by the stockperson. These results were similar to observations in pig abattoirs that have been reported previously. These relationships at cattle and sheep abattoirs indicate that there may be an opportunity to improve stockperson behaviour and consequently reduce stress in sheep and cattle at abattoirs by targeting attitudes (and behaviour) for improvement, with appropriate educational and training material in a way that is similar to the uses of such training with livestock species in farm settings.