bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Six ways of seeing the elephant: the intersection of sex, gender, and leadership
Authors: Powell Gary N. 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review six different ways that have been used to “see the elephant” that constitutes the intersection of sex, gender, and leadership.Design/methodology/approachThe proportions of women in positions of power and authority, leader preferences, leader stereotypes, attitudes toward women as leaders, linkages of leadership theories to gender stereotypes, and sex differences in leader behaviour and effectiveness are reviewed.FindingsThe managerial playing field continues to be tilted in favor of men and behaviours associated with the masculine gender stereotype, a phenomenon that occurs despite what leadership theories and field evidence would suggest.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should continue to track trends in proportions, preferences, stereotypes, attitudes, behaviour, and effectiveness pertaining to the intersection of sex, gender, and leadership. Scholars should not limit themselves in the kinds of research methods they apply to this task.Practical implicationsThe challenge for organisations is to take advantage of and develop the capabilities of all individuals in leader roles and then create conditions that give leaders of both sexes an equal chance to succeed. The goal should be to enhance the likelihood thatallpeople, women and men, will be effective in leader roles.Social implicationsLeader behaviour should have no gender.Originality/valueThis review encourages scholars to share what they have learned from their own ways of seeing, in this journal and elsewhere, and to listen carefully to what other scholars have to share.
Crack‐healing behavior of ZrO2/SiC composite ceramics and strength properties of crack‐healing specimens
Authors: Houjou Keiji , Takahashi Koji 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the crack‐healing mechanism of ZrO2/SiC composite ceramics which have a high crack‐healing ability at low temperature.Design/methodology/approachThe effects of dispersed SiC and the environment on crack‐healing behaviour were investigated. The fatigue strength of crack‐healed specimens was also investigated.FindingsThe main conclusions are that for crack‐healing of ZrO2ceramics, it is necessary to have both a SiC composite and an oxidative environment; and when ZrO2/SiC composite ceramics are heat‐treated in air, a phase transformation attributable to the SiC composite results in crack‐healing and improvement of fracture toughness and bending strength.Originality/valueAn appropriate heat treatment for ZrO2/SiC composite caused not only crack‐healing but also the improvement of fracture toughness, and created a multiplier effect on crack‐healing, bending strength and fracture toughness.
Effect of geometric parameters on the stress distribution in Al 2024‐T3 single‐lap bolted joints
Authors: Keikhosravy Mehdi , Hashemi Oskouei Reza , Soltani Payam , Atas Akin , Soutis Constantinos 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of geometric variables on the stress and strain distributions, as well as non‐linear deformation behaviour of aluminium alloy 2024‐T3 single‐lap bolted joints loaded in tension.Design/methodology/approachThe study has been conducted by using numerical and experimental approaches. In the numerical part, 3D FE models were generated using ANSYS software for different e/d and W/d ratios in which e and W are variables but the hole diameter (d) is constant. Stress and displacement results for each case have been discussed to better explain the mode of failure. In the experimental part, e/d=3 and W/d=6 ratios were selected as constant and testing specimens were produced accordingly. The aim was to obtain baseline experimental load‐strain and load‐displacement values for selected specimen geometry coordinated with the numerical analyses.FindingsThe good agreement between the experimental and numerical analysis provided confidence in the numerical methodology used to evaluate the different geometric variables. The results showed that the single‐lap bolted plates with optimised W/d and e/d ratios could shift the failure mode from net‐tension and shear‐out to bearing failure by directing the maximum damaging stresses from the stress concentration region and shear‐out planes towards the bearing region, leading to higher failure loads.Originality/valueThe paper develops a FE model of single‐lap bolted joints with a non‐linear material model and investigates 3D stress analysis as well as non‐linear deformation behaviour of bolted plates; optimisation of plates' width (W) and edge distance (e) to control failure modes; and bigger W/d and e/d ratios shift net‐tension and shear‐out to bearing failure mode.
The concept of alienation: towards conceptual clarity
Authors: Nair Nisha , Vohra Neharika 
Published: March 2012

PurposeAlthough alienation as a concept has a rich history, it has suffered relative neglect in organizational studies and one possible reason for the same is its conceptual ambiguity vis‐à‐vis popular and long‐standing concepts of commitment/identification, satisfaction and engagement, that represent the positive experience of work and which have sometimes been equated as the opposite of work alienation. Similarly, the negative experience of work has traditionally been captured by concepts such as burnout/cynicism and counterproductive work behaviours/deviance. The purpose of this paper is to argue for refocusing attention on the concept of work alienation in management studies as distinct from other related concepts.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology integrated research from both quantitative and qualitative approaches.FindingsThrough the analysis of the concept of alienation, along with other related concepts, the conceptual space for the study of alienation in organizational studies is pointed out. By examining the definition, and the antecedents and consequences of commitment, satisfaction, engagement, burnout and workplace deviance, the overlaps and points of differences are highlighted.Originality/valueThe paper offers a conceptual level analysis and builds the argument for refocusing attention on the study of work alienation. The juxtaposition of the related concepts clarifies that alienation has a unique contribution to make towards understanding the link between experience at work and employee‐related outcomes.
Purity in danger: power, negotiation and ontology in medical practice
Authors: Hamilton Lindsay 
Published: March 2012

PurposeOrganizational analysts have long questioned the ways in which professional knowledge becomes powerful. The purpose of this paper is to extend that enquiry by examining two professional groups in the UK – doctors and veterinarians.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines a selection of social interactions, tensions and disagreements between practitioners and non‐medical actors and draws on a range of qualitative research methods, particularly structured interview and participant observation, to analyse and interpret these as “epistemological conflicts”.FindingsHospital doctors and veterinary surgeons share a common belief that “truth” and “facts” are at the core of their clinical and surgical work. This positivist paradigm underpins a range of practical engagements with bodies and diseases and lends them a sense of ontological security when dealing with people from outside their professions, especially those without medical training. This paper examines the practical effects that such ontological tensions can have. In exposing some of these effects, this paper questions the often taken‐for‐granted divisions between science and arts, religion and medicine, and takes a more heterdox approach in analyzing social interactions.Originality/valueThe paper advocates philosophical, methodological and theoretical heterodoxy. The findings are viewed through a number of different theoretical lenses; from actor network theory and sociology of technology and science (STS) to deconstruction, frame theory and semiotics. The paper makes no attempt to choose between these approaches and instead argues that a “messy” and multiple understanding, both of theory and practice, is needed to gain insights into the tricky politics of knowledge and its effects in practical settings.
Treatment of scabies: Comparison of permethrin 5% versus ivermectin
Authors: GOLDUST Mohamad , REZAEE Elham , HEMAYAT Sevil 
Published: March 2012

AbstractScabies is an ectoparasitic, highly contagious skin disease caused by a mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. The insecticides ivermectin and permethrin are commonly used for treatment of scabies. This study aimed at comparing the efficacy of oral ivermectin with topical permethrin in treating scabies. Two hundred and forty‐two patients with scabies attending the dermatology outpatient department of Sina Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were admitted. Patients were divided into two groups randomly. The first group and their family contacts received 5% permethrin cream and the other received oral ivermectin. Treatment was evaluated at intervals of 2 and 4 weeks. A single dose of ivermectin provided a cure rate of 85.9% at a 2‐week interval, which increased to 100% after crossing over to the permethrin group at a 4‐week interval. Twice application of permethrin with a 1‐week interval was effective in 92.5% of patients, which increased to 94.2% after crossing over to the ivermectin group at a 4‐week interval. Permethrin‐treated patients recovered earlier. Twice application of permethrin with a 1‐week interval is superior to a single dose of ivermectin. The temporal dissociation in clinical response suggests that ivermectin may not be effective against all the stages in the life cycle of the parasite.
Body composition, bone mineral density and fractures in late postmenopausal women with polycystic ovary syndrome – a long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: Schmidt Johanna , Dahlgren Eva , Brännström Mats , Landin‐Wilhelmsen Kerstin 
Published: March 2012

SummaryObjectiveHyperandrogenism is one of the characteristic features of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Androgens are important for bone mass. Studies on bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures in postmenopausal women with PCOS are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate whether postmenopausal women with PCOS differ from controls regarding body composition, BMD and prevalence of fractures, and to compare women with PCOS with controls regarding correlations between total BMD and sex hormones.DesignA prospective 21‐year follow‐up study. Anthropometry, hormonal measurements and questionnaires were performed in 1987 and in 2008. Fractures were X‐ray‐verified. BMD measurements were taken in 1992, using single‐photon absorptiometry (SPA), and in 2008, using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), to also enable measurements of body composition.PatientsTwenty‐five women with PCOS (Rotterdam criteria), aged 61–78 years, and 68 randomly allocated age‐matched controls.MeasurementsBody composition, BMD, fractures and sex steroids.ResultsAt follow‐up, the postmenopausal women with PCOS maintained a higher free androgen index (FAI), but had similar body fat, lean mass and BMD compared with controls. The hip circumference increased only in women with PCOS (P < 0·01), during follow‐up. The fracture incidence was similar to that of controls (56% vs 41%, ns). In the controls, total BMD was positively correlated with oestradiol (R = 0·322, P < 0·01) and FAI (R = 0·307, P < 0·05) and negatively correlated with SHBG (R = −0·429, P < 0·001), but not in the women with PCOS.ConclusionsPostmenopausal women with PCOS with persistently higher FAI had similar muscle mass, BMD and fracture incidence as controls during this long‐term follow‐up.
Differential intestinal M‐cell gene expression response to gut commensals
Authors: Lapthorne Susan , MacSharry John , Scully Paul , Nally Kenneth , Shanahan Fergus 
Published: March 2012

SummaryDifferent rates of bacterial translocation across the gut mucosa have been reported but few studies have examined translocation of commensals at the level of the gut epithelial microfold (M) cell. We used an in vitro M‐cell model to quantify translocation and determine the transcriptional response of M cells to various commensal bacteria. The transport kinetics and gene expression profile of M cells in response to different bacterial strains, namely Lactobacillus salivarius, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis, was assessed. Bacterial strains translocated across M cells with different efficiencies; E. coli and B. fragilis translocated with equal efficiency whereas L. salivarius translocated with less efficiency. Microarray analysis of the M cell response showed both common and differential gene expression changes between the bacterial strains. In the presence of bacteria, but not control beads, up‐regulated genes were mainly involved in transcription regulation whereas pro‐inflammatory and stress response genes were primarily up‐regulated by E. coli and B. fragilis, but not L. salivarius nor beads. Translocation of bacteria and M‐cell gene expression responses were confirmed in murine M cells following bacterial challenge in vivo. These results demonstrate that M cells have the ability to discriminate between different commensal bacteria and modify subsequent immune responses.
Evaluation of cytotoxicity and up‐regulation of gelatinases in fibroblast cells by three root repair materials
Authors: Silva E. J. N. L. , Herrera D. R. , Almeida J. F. A. , Ferraz C. C. R. , Gomes B. P. F. A. , Zaia A. A. 
Published: March 2012

Silva EJNL, Herrera DR, Almeida JFA, Ferraz CCR, GomesBPFA, Zaia AA. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and up‐regulation of gelatinases in fibroblast cells by three root repair materials. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 815–820, 2012.Aim  To investigate the effects of root repair materials on the cytotoxicity and gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in 3T3 fibroblasts.Methodology  Fibroblasts (3T3, 3 × 105 cells per well) were incubated with elutes of calcium hydroxide (Biodinâmica, Ibiporã, PR, Brazil), EndoBinder (Binderware, São Carlos, SP, Brazil) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) for 24 h. The cytotoxicity of all root repair materials was determined using the MTT assay. Supernatants of cell cultures incubated with materials were collected after 24 h to determine the levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 gelatinolytic activity by gelatin zymography. Data were analysed using anova and Tukey’s test.Results  Cells secreted MMP‐2 after 24 h with calcium hydroxide inducing significantly greater MMP‐2 expression in relation to the control and the other root repair materials (P < 0.05). The cytotoxicity results revealed that there was no significant difference in the cell viability of MTA, EndoBinder and the control group. However, there was a significantly reduced cell viability of 3T3 fibroblasts in association with calcium hydroxide (P < 0.05).Conclusions  Calcium hydroxide was associated with significantly less cell viability when compared with EndoBinder and MTA. All materials had gelatinolytic activity for MMP‐2 with calcium hydroxide being associated with the greatest activity.
Influence of grape composition and winemaking on the anthocyanin composition of red wines of Tannat
Authors: González‐Neves Gustavo , Gil Graciela , Favre Guzmán , Ferrer Milka 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe anthocyanin composition of Tannat red wines obtained with four winemaking techniques was evaluated in different years. The wines were elaborated with traditional maceration (TM), cold pre‐fermentative maceration, delayed extraction of anthocyanins and extended maceration. Two vinifications were carried out for each technique, employing 70 kg of grapes in each one. The anthocyanin composition of wines was analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection. The results confirm the fundamental role of the grape composition on the anthocyanin composition of the wines. The winemaking had an important effect on the total concentration of anthocyanins and also may modify the anthocyanic profile of wines. The wines obtained with TM had higher or similar content of anthocyanins than those elaborated with the other techniques. Canonical discriminant analysis of data showed that vintage has a greater effect on anthocyanin concentration than winemaking techniques.
Impact of skill mix variations on patient outcomes following implementation of nursing hours per patient day staffing: a retrospective study
Authors: Twigg Di , Duffield Christine , Bremner Alexandra , Rapley Pat , Finn Judith 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAims.  This article is a report of a study of the association between skill mix and 14 nursing‐sensitive outcomes following implementation of the nursing hours per patient day staffing method in Western Australian public hospitals in 2002, which determined nursing hours by ward category but not skill mix.Background.  Findings from previous studies indicate that higher nurse staffing levels and a richer skill mix are associated with improved patient outcomes. Measuring skill mix at a hospital level for specific staffing methods and associated nursing‐sensitive patient outcomes are important in providing staffing for optimal patient care.Design.  The research design for the larger study was retrospectively analysing patient and staffing administrative data from three adult tertiary hospitals in metropolitan Perth over 4 years.Methods.  A subset of data was used to determine the impact of skill mix on nursing‐sensitive outcomes following implementation of the staffing method. All patient records (N = 103,330) and nurse staffing records (N = 73,770) from nursing hours per patient day wards from October 2002–June 2004 following implementation were included.Results.  Increases in Registered Nurse hours were associated with important decreases in eight nursing‐sensitive outcomes at hospital level and increases in three nursing‐sensitive outcomes. The lowest skill mix saw the greatest reduction in nursing‐sensitive outcome rates.Conclusions.  The skill mix of nurses providing care could impact patient outcomes and is an important consideration in strategies to improve nurse staffing. Levels of hospital nurse staffing and skill mix are important organizational characteristics when predicting patient outcomes.
Metapopulation dynamics and future persistence of epiphytic cyanolichens in a European boreal forest ecosystem
Authors: Fedrowitz Katja , Kuusinen Mikko , Snäll Tord 
Published: March 2012

Summary1. One approach to biodiversity conservation is to set aside small woodland key habitats (WKHs) in intensively managed landscapes. The aim is to support species, such as epiphytes, which often depend on old trees and are negatively affected by intensive forestry. However, it is not known whether the number of host trees within these areas can sustain species in the long term.2. We studied metapopulation dynamics and assessed the future persistence of epiphytes assuming host tree numbers similar to those observed in large north European WKHs. The study species were seven cyanolichens confined toPopulus tremulain the boreal study area. Colonizations and extinctions were recorded in 2008 on trees that had been surveyed 13 years earlier. We applied generalized (non)linear models to test the importance of environmental conditions, facilitation and spatial connectivity on the metapopulation dynamics. We also simulated the effects of tree numbers and tree fall rates on future species persistence.3. Metapopulation dynamics were explained by tree quality, size or tree fall. In one species, colonizations increased with increasing connectivity, and in a second species it increased if other lichens sharing the photobiont with the focal species were present, suggesting facilitation. Both stochastic extinctions from standing trees and deterministic extinctions caused by tree fall should be accounted for in projecting epiphyte metapopulation dynamics.4. One to three infrequent, sexually dispersed study species face a significant extinction risk within 50 years, especially in areas with low tree numbers.5. Synthesis and applications. During the coming decades, infrequent, sexually dispersed, epiphytic lichens are likely to be lost from small woodland habitat set asides in intensively managed landscapes. Local extinction will be a consequence of low colonization rates and tree fall. Low colonization rates can be prevented by retaining large trees on which lichen species colonization rates are the highest and by assuring a high density of occupied trees. The negative effect of tree fall should be compensated for by assuring continuous availability of old trees. This can be achieved by decreasing the populations of large browsers, or by retaining trees with high conservation value during management operations.
A critical appraisal of motivational interviewing within the field of alcohol misuse
Authors: STEWART J. S. 
Published: March 2012

Accessible summary
A review of the concept of motivational interviewing (MI) encompassing what is MI and the development of MI will be provided. Additionally, focus on the spirit, guiding and philosophical principles of MI will be explored prior to reviewing the specific skills and strategies required to work in a MI manner.
A critical appraisal of the evidence base for MI in the field of alcohol misuse will be provided.
Furthermore, Government health policy and clinical guideline recommendations relating to MI will be highlighted.
Conclusions regarding these links will be drawn upon with potential future research implications identified.
AbstractA critical appraisal of the evidence that supports efficacy of the brief intervention, motivational interviewing (MI), within the field of alcohol misuse, was made. In order to undertake this appraisal the author will focus on a review of the concept of MI prior to considering the efficacy for MI within the specific field of alcohol misuse.
An evaluation of team and individual formularies to support independent prescribing in mental health care
Authors: DOBEL‐OBER D. , BRADLEY E. , BRIMBLECOMBE N. 
Published: March 2012

Accessible summary
A growing number of mental heath nurses have trained to become non‐medical prescribers but many of them have not actually taken this new role once qualified.
Individual or team formularies can help reduce uncertainty about what each nurse can prescribe and can therefore increase their confidence and willingness to take up new prescribing responsibilities.
Formularies can also be used to enhance communication about medication with service users and promote their involvement in decision making about their own treatment.
AbstractMental health nurses have been entitled to train to become independent prescribers since May 2006; although the number of trained nurse prescribers seems to have increased steadily, a significant number of them have not actually undertaken prescribing roles on completion of their training or have limited their practice to supplementary prescribing. In order to support existing independent prescribers and to assist those nurses who have trained but are yet to prescribe independently, a mental health trust has piloted the use of individual and team formularies. An evaluation of this project indicated that formularies were well received by existing independent prescribers and were seen as a helpful instrument to support newly qualified and supplementary prescribers in their bid to become independent. Formularies can clarify and formalize each prescriber's area of competence, thus setting clear boundaries, reducing uncertainty and enhancing prescribers' confidence and willingness to take on this new role. Formularies may also be used to enhance communication with service users and further develop shared decision making. Effective procedures need to be in place to ensure formularies are up to date and reflect local practice.