bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central retina vein occlusion: visual acuity correlate with focal electroretinogram, but not with optical coherence tomography
Authors: RUBERTO G , TINELLI C , LIZZANO M , PICCININI P , CALMA F , DISPINSERI J 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose central retina vein occlusion(CRVO) is a retinal vascular disorder associated with various degrees of retinal ischemia leading to macular oedema and visual acuity loss. The standard method to detect and measure the macular oedema is the Optical Coherence Tomography(OCT). The focal electroretinogram (FERG) is a part of the electroretinography that investigate functionally the macula.The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between visual acuity, morphologic aspects and functional results in CRVO.Methods we examined 24 eyes affected by CRVO. All the patients had complete survey comprehending ETDRS visual acuity(VA), FERG, OCT. The FERG was performed via ERG dome, using a background light of 300 cd/m2 and a led stimulus alternating at 5,1 hz. The OCT values of macular volume and thickness, the a and b wave values of latency and amplitude were collected and analyzed. The results were matched with 19 eyes not affected of the same sample and with 20 eyes of healthy subjects. Multiple statistical relationship analysis of the r and p were done by mean of Kruskal‐Wallis test. The sensitivity and specificity were analyzed with Roc curve.Results we do not found correlations between VA and OCT macular volume and thickness. A significant correlation with VA was found in a and b FERG amplitudes between the CRVO group, healthy subjects and the healthy eyes of CRVO group and also between the healthy eyes of CRVO and healthy subjects.Significant sensitivity and specificity (72.1 and 80 respectively) were found in Roc curveConclusion in our study functional alterations of the FERG correlate and probably precede VA loss
Immune modulation in ocular allergy: Update and future directions
Authors: LEONARDI A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose In the presence of active severe allergic reaction, steroids are preferred over anti‐allegic drugs since the former is more effective in inhibiting rapidly the inflammatory component of corneal damage, i.e., eosinophil‐ and neutrophil‐ liberated epithelial toxic mediators. However, one often finds steroid‐resistant forms of VKC and AKC that necessitate an alternative therapy.Methods In poor responders, or when only prolonged steroids are effective, topical cyclosporine 0.5% to 2% ameliorates the signs and symptoms of severe VKC and AKC without significant side effects. New formulations of topical cyclosporine at 0.05% may be further available for the treatment of severe VKC and AKC.Results Topical cyclosporine A (CsA) 1% or 2% emulsion in castor or olive oil has been considered for years the primary alternative to steroids for treatment of severe VKC and AKC. CsA 1% was reported to be the minimum effective concentration in the treatment of vernal shield ulcer, with recurrence observed at lower concentrations.Lower concentrations of CsA have been suggested as a steroid sparing agent with moderate to good effectiveness.Conclusion Newer alternatives to the use of topical mast cell stabilizing drugs, topical steroids and topical cyclosporine are other immunosuppressive drugs and biological agents that are able to specifically target different elements of the immune response.
Glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery
Authors: DETRY‐MOREL M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWith the important advances in the microsurgical techniques during the past three decades, various and complex eye diseases involving retina and vitreous are currently accessible to vitreoretinal surgery. Most current vitreoretinal surgical procedures have major relationships with glaucoma and potential devastating consequences on the optic nerve head. In a pre‐existing glaucoma patient having history of filtering surgery, maintenance of the patency of the filtering bleb requires a vitreoretinal approach for conjunctival preservation with techniques (pneumatic retinopexy or small gauge vitrectomy). Whether coming after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection or associated with panretinal photocoagulation, scleral buckling, pars plana vitrectomy, intraocular gases or silicone oil tamponade, transient or sustained elevation of intraocular pressure and open‐ or closed‐angle secondary glaucomas of a multifactorial nature are a common occurrence following vitreoretinal surgery. Adequate and successful therapeutic intervention should be tailored to the individual patient based on the early identification of the underlying mechanism of the pressure elevation. Patients with or suspect for glaucoma or those who may at risk to develop postoperative ocular hypertension and secondary glaucoma should be carefully screened before any vitreoretinal procedure. This presentation will focus on the different mechanisms, frequency, risk factors, clinical diagnosis and prognosis of ocular hypertension and glaucoma resulting from the different vitreoretinal procedures with their respective available therapeutical options.
Secondary glaucoma associated with congenital corneal abnormalities
Authors: CLAERHOUT I 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To present an overview of developmental glaucomas associated with congenital corneal abnormalities.Results This overview will discuss the different underlying congenital abnormalities causing secondary glaucoma including aniridia, Peters anomaly, Axenfeld‐Rieger syndrome and micro and megalocornea.
Management of secondary glaucoma
Authors: LIM KS 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To summarised the current medical and surgical treatment options for patients with secondary glaucoma.Methods Identify causes of the secondary glaucoma. Understand the mechanism of raised intraocular pressure.Option 1: Medical/drops treatment; Option 2:Laser Trabeculoplasty; Option 3: Trabeculectomy; Option 4: Non‐penetrating surgery; Option 4: Diode laser; Option 5: Tube surgeryResults Pros and cons for each option will be discussed.Conclusion Depending on the underlying cause of the raised intraocular pressure and the status of the conjunctival, surgical option may be best in preserving long term vision for patient.
Idebenone prevents retinal pigmentepithelial cells from oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death by stabilizing BAX/Bcl‐2 ratio
Authors: AREND N , LAUBICHLER P , WOLF A , HARITOGLOU C , ULBIG MW , KAMPIK A , KERNT M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Age related macular degeneration is one of the leading causes of blindness. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. This study investigates the possible anti‐apoptotic and cytoprotective effects of idebenone on retinal pigmentepithelial cells (ARPE19) under oxidative stress.Methods ARPE19 were treated with 1 to 100 µM idebenone. Cell viability (tetrazolium dye‐reduction assay and live‐dead assay) and expression of BAX and Bcl‐2, two key modulators of apoptosis, and their mRNA were determined after 48 h and after H2O2 treatment.Results Idebenone concentrations from 1 to 20 µM showed no toxic effects ARPE19. Doses of 5 and 7.5 µM were most effective in increasing cell viability after H2O2 treatment. Further more RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis yielded an increased expression of Bcl‐2 and a decrease of BAX compared to those cells that were treated with H2O2 only.Conclusion In this study idebenone reduced oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in cultured ARPE19 in vitro. Our results suggest that idebenone may help to protect these cells in vivo, and therefore might be helpful in preventing the progression of geographic atrophy in age related macular degeneration.
Genetic findings in small melanocytic lesions
Authors: COUPLAND SE , DAMATO BE 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The management of patients with small melanocytic choroidal tumour is controversial. The aim of this presentation is to inform the current debate on patient care by reporting on histological grade of malignancy and genetic type of such tumours.Methods We reviewed our database and selected patients with: a melanocytic tumour having dimensions conforming to the TNM size category 1 (i.e., ‘small’); tumour involving choroid; and clinical and/or histological features of malignancy. Patients with such a ‘small choroidal melanoma’ were excluded if not resident in the British Isles, if the tumour was not treated at our centre between 1993 and 2010 or if they had bilateral uveal melanoma.Results 3132 patients with a choroidal melanoma were identified, of which 1001 (32.2%) were ‘small’. Chromosome 3 status was known in 102 of such small choroidal melanomas. Chromosome 3 loss was detected in 40% of these. Approximately 63% of tumours with chromosome 3 loss showed chromosome 8q gain (cf. 85% of tumours of TNM size category 4). Approximately 70% (i.e., 16 tumours) of small choroidal melanomas with both these genetic abnormalities also showed epithelioid cells. Metastatic death occurred in 4 patients, all of whom had a tumour with chromosome 3 loss, chromosome 8q gain and epithelioid cells.Conclusion Our data suggest that uveal melanomas show ‘crescendo malignancy’ with cumulative genetic abnormalities ultimately resulting in a lethal ‘double‐hit’ of chromosome 3 loss and chromosome 8q gain. We hypothesize that treatment of small choroidal melanomas showing either chromosome 3 loss or chromosome 8q gain prevents such a lethal double hit and hence the onset of metastatic spread. Delayed treatment of small choroidal melanomas may therefore be dangerous. Prognostication is greatly enhanced by multivariate analysis combining TNM staging with histological grading and genetic typing also taking account of the patient’s age and sex. There would seem to be scope for greater use of biopsy so as to provide better counselling of patients and plans for systemic screening and other aspects of care.
Practical management of small melanocytic lesions
Authors: ZOGRAFOS L 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To present the spectrum of various therapeutic options in the practical management of small melanocytic tumorsMethods The therapeutic decision is influenced by: • The cumulative risk factors. • The presence or absence of documented tumor growth. • The localisation and the volume of the tumor. • The personal data of the patient. • The expected functional results following a conservative management.Results The predictions established by the statistical evaluation of the various risk factors, in the majority of the cases are confirmed by the therapeutic outcome. However, an unpredictable evolution which may occur in selected cases has to be taken in account in global therapeutic strategies which are used for the management of small melanocytic tumors.Conclusion Successful management of small melanocytic tumors depends on a correct interpretation of risk factors and careful observation of all individual cases.
Practical management of small melanocytic lesions
Authors: DAMATO BE , HEIMANN H 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The purpose of this presentation is to describe the authors' current approach to the treatment of small melanocytic uveal tumours of indeterminate malignancy.Methods The tumours are assessed by binocular ophthalmoscopy, ultrasonography, ocular coherence tomography and autofluorescence imaging, according to the location of the tumour. Patients are advised on the likelihood of malignancy and the risk of metastasis. They are given the choice between observation, treatment and biopsy.Results In most patients it is possible to distinguish small melanoma from large naevus. When the diagnosis remains uncertain, the management is decided by the size and location of the tumour, the chances of visual loss following treatment and the patient's attitude to risk.Conclusion The practical management of small melanocytic tumours is based on the size and location of the tumour and the patient's fears and wishes.
Practical management of small melanocytic lesions
Authors: DESJARDINS L 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose In 2009 we have performed a retrospective study of 368 small uveal melanoma ( diameter less than 12 thickness less than 3 mm) Overall survival at 5 years was 92%and at 10 years 78% survival without metastasis at 5 years was 96% and at 10 years 93%. According to our data the smallest tumor associated with metastatic death was 5mm in diameter and 1,5 mm in thickness and 14 of the tumors had a diameter of less than 10 mm developed. Half of the metastatic patients developed metastasis 5 years or more after treatment.Methods According to the study performed by Gass and Shields the risk factors for growth of small melanocytic lesions are the presence of symptoms, subretinal fluid,proximity of ON , orange pigment , thickness of more than 2mm and diameter of more than 7 mm. Performing genetic test on small melanocytic lesions is not always usefull , as it has been shown that a good prognosis lesion can grow and change in a bad prognosis.Results Ophthalmologists are always trying to preserve vision as a rule. Nevertheless with possibly malignant lesions, the metastatic risk has to be considered before a therapeutic approach is decided. Factors like age of the patient, number of risk factors for growth and location of the tumor should be taken in account. Thus the practician should advise the patient and discuss and explain the decision.Conclusion We usually recommend treatment if there are at least two risk factors and if the patient is young and the lesion away from the posterior pole.In all different situations we usually recommend close follow up for suspicious lesions and treatment in case of documented growth.
Long – term results of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection for choroidal neovascularisation secondary to angioid streaks
Authors: LEVINAITE G , CIMBALAS A , SVALBONAITE E , ASOKLIS R 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the efficacy of long term intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment for choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) associated with angioid streaks.Methods 65 year old woman with bilateral active CNV secondary to angioid streaks was treated since October 2006. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was used for primary treatment, after – intravitreal bevacizumab (1,25mg) was injected 20 times in each eye, average 1,4 months interval was between each session. Treatment efficacy assesment based on VA (visual acuity) (Snellen chart), fluorescence angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed pre‐ and post‐ treatment before and after each injection.Results The follow‐up of the patient lasts for 55 months. BCVA (best corrected visual acuity) of both eyes before treatment was 0,6. The patient received 3 PDT with verteporfin (Visudyne) into left eye and later 40 intravitreal bevacizumab injections (20 into each eye) for 41 months. During the whole follow‐up BCVA of the right eye decreased from 0,6 to 0,3 and left eye improved from 0,6 to 0,8. The CNV size remains stabile, low activity of FA was observed in both eyes. Central retinal thickness (CRT) decreased from 351 µm to 324 µm in the right eye and from 191 µm to 166 µm in the left eye. At the last follow‐up on FA no further leakage was observed. No injection‐related complications or drug‐related side effects were observed.Conclusion CNV associated with angioid streaks can respond to treatment with PDT and bevacizumab. CRT reduced and stabilisation of visual acuity was achieved.
Association between retinal vessel diameters and different types of diet
Authors: DROBNJAK D , VEIBY N , KESSEL L , JORGENSEN T , TOFT U , LARSEN M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To study the relationship between retinal vessel diameters and different types of diet.Methods The Inter99 study comprised an age‐ and sex‐stratified sample of 13,016 participants residing in 11 suburban municipalities of the south‐western part of Copenhagen County. Of 6784 subjects aged 30‐60 years who volunteered to participate in the main study, a subgroup of 970 subjects participated in the eye study. We investigated the relation between fundus photographic retinal vessel diameters and different types of diet (represented in scales, range 1‐9) as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Vessel diameters were expressed as central retinal artery equivalent diameter (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent diameter (CRVE), and artery‐to‐vein diameter ratio (AVR). Data were analysed using multiple regression analysis.Results A significant association was found between CRAE and different types of diet (p=0.026), and between CRVE and different types of diet (p=0.001). After adjusting for age and blood pressure, which influence retinal vessel diameters, significant association between CRVE and different type of diet persisted, which was not the case in association between CRAE and different type of diet (p=0.234).Conclusion In the Inter99 study, retinal vessel diameters are associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, such are different types of diet.
Clinical manifestations of reticular pseudodrusen in Korean patients
Authors: KIM SM , LEE MY , HAM DI 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To clarify the clinical characteristics of reticular pseudodrusen(RPD) in Korean patients.Methods The study was designed as retrospective, observational, consecutive case series. A total of 255 eyes of 130 patients diagnosed with RPD were evaluated. RPD were diagnosed by characteristic fundus findings, using multimodal imaging tests. Age related macular degeneration(AMD) was determined by the International Classification and Grading System.Results The mean age of the patients was 72.6±9.0 years(range, 43‐92). Most of the RPD patients had the disease in both eyes(97.7%), with a female preponderance(86.2%). All of the 3 patients with unilateral RPD had shown neovascular AMD in the eye without RPD. AMD was found in 183 eyes(71.8%); early AMD in 115 eyes(45.1%), geographic atrophy(GA) in 41 eyes(16.1%), and neovasuclar AMD in 27 eyes(10.6%). The mean age was 73.7±9.2 years(range, 58‐92) in the RPD group and 69.9±11.7 years(range, 43‐90) in the control group repectively, and there was a statistically significant difference between these two groups(p<0.05). Classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was found in 13 eyes (48.1%), and occult CNV was found in 14 eyes (51.9%) in the neovascular AMD group.Conclusion Clinical manifestation of RPD in Koreans did not differ significantly from those described in Caucasians. However, our study demonstrated a higher rate of bilaterality, lower prevalence of AMD, and higher prevalence of GA in RPD patients than those previously reported. Ethnical differences may be associated with these findings and further studies are required.
Correlation between exudative age‐related macular degeneration and pseudoexfoliation syndrome
Authors: SIRTAUTIENE R , ASOKLIS R , LIUTVINAITE R , BABRAUSKAITE E 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the correlation between exudative age related macular degeneration (AMD) and pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) in patients receiving Bevacizumab therapy for AMD.Methods Consecutive 200 patients with exudative AMD treated with Bevacizumab at Vilnius University Hospital between December 2010 and March 2011 were included into the study. Each patient’s data was recorded only once. Those with retinal occlusive disease were excluded. The results were statistically analysed by SPSS 19.0 program.Results 135 (67.5%) females and 65 (32.5%) males were studied. The mean age was 73.9 (SD=0.6) years. The difference between the mean age of female and male patients was statistically not different (74 and 73.3 years respectively). The prevalence of PEX in the treated as well as in the controlateral eye was 15.5% (31 patients), binocular PEX was in 32% of the eyes, in all there were 15.0% eyes with PEX. There was no statistically significant correlation between the type of AMD and frequency of PEX, but the frequency of PEX in eyes with AMD was twice larger than in controlateral eyes without AMD: Odds ratio was 1.96 (95% CI: 0.4‐8.6). No correlation was found between sex, AMD type and PEX.Conclusion In our study exudative AMD was found more often in female patients. PEX was found more often in eyes with AMD. No statistically significant differences between frequency of PEX and type of AMD were found. Further studies are necessary to achieve statistically significant results.
Subtenon injection of natural leucocytic interferon‐α for treatment of diabetic macular edema
Authors: CELLINI M , STROBBE E , BALDUCCI N , CAMPOS E 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To report the effect of subtenon injection of natural leucocytic interferon‐α (IFN‐α) on visual acuity (VA) and macular thickness (MT) in diabetic macular edema (DME).Methods 3 patients affected by diabetic macular edema refractory to intravitreal injection of bevacizumab received a complete ophthalmic examination including best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA )and spectral domain ocular coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) before and after 1 week, 1 month and 4 months of a cycle of 3 parabulbar subtenonian injections in a week of IFN‐α (1x106 UL/ml, Alfaferone, AlfaWassermann).Results BCVA and MT significantly improved after a week in patient 2 (male, age 66): 20/50 vs 20/30 and 498μm vs 237μm. The result was stable during the third and fourth visits (299μm and 254 μm). BCVA and MT improved after a week in patient 1 (male, age 64): 20/40 vs 20/32 and 467μm vs 244μm, respectively; BCVA was stable during the follow up period, but MT increased significantly (610 μm and 603μm during the third and fourth visits). BCVA improved in patient 3 (female, age 75) after one week (20/50 vs 20/32) and was stable during the follow up period, but she had only a little improvement in MT (533μm, 483μm, 498μm and 493μm during the 4 visits).Conclusion BCVA improved in all the patients, and was stable after 4 months. MT greatly improved in two patients after 1 week but only in one patient was the result stable. IFN‐α, with its immunomodulatory, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic actions, was effective in improving VA and reducing macular thickness in DME. Randomized controlled studies will be useful to understand how long the effect of IFN‐α lasts, how many injections are needed and which patients might have the best results.