bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of race-day jockey falls in flat racing in Australia
Authors: Hitchens P L , Blizzard C L , Jones G , Day L , Fell J 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesRiding racehorses is a hazardous occupation but, to date, there has not been a study of risk factors for falls to thoroughbred racing jockeys riding in flat races.MethodsData on race-day falls were extracted from stewards' reports. Denominator data were provided by Racing Information Services Australia on races conducted in Australia from August 2002 until July 2006. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using Poisson regression. Analyses were stratified by race grade (maiden, class, open/restricted).ResultsIn multivariable analyses, factors associated with falls were female jockeys (IRR 1.11; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.23), apprentice jockeys (1.51; 1.39 to 1.63), amateur jockeys (1.44; 1.11 to 1.86), drier tracks, younger horse age, shorter race distance, lower field size and lower race grade (all p<0.05). The IRR's for five factors associated with falls differed by category of race grade: those for apprentice jockey, higher prize money and shorter race distance were greater in lower race grades, while those for fewer previous rides this meeting and drier track rating were greater in higher race grades. Female jockeys had a significantly higher incidence of falls when riding horses under 4 years of age in open/restricted races, and the effects of lower field size in maiden races, and of shorter races, were more pronounced for falls occurring prerace.ConclusionsWe identified a range of factors associated with falls to thoroughbred racing jockeys riding in flat races that adds to the evidence base for formulating strategies to improve occupational health and safety standards in the thoroughbred racing industry.
Understanding children's perception of injury risk associated with playing sport
Authors: White P , Finch C F , Dennis R , Siesmaa E 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivePreventing sports injuries in children is important, but there is limited information about children's perceptions of injury risk or their injury beliefs and attitudes. This study investigates injury risk perceptions in a sample of junior sports participants across different age levels of play.MethodsJunior cricket players (n=284, aged 8–16) completed a reliable survey about their injury risk perceptions. Survey questions asked about players perceived injury risk to themselves compared to cricketers in general, as well as their perceived injury risk across different playing positions, ground conditions, and protective equipment use scenarios.Resultsχ2analysis found age group differences in risk perceptions associated with different scenarios relating to playing position, ground conditions and protective equipment use. Players tended to see themselves as less likely to be injured than cricketers in general and perceived there to be a high risk of injury when fielding close to the batter and a comparatively low risk of injury when fielding in the outfield. Junior players also perceived there to be a high injury risk associated with playing on hard and bumpy grounds.ConclusionsDespite their relatively accurate perception of risk and appreciation for the importance of protective equipment, junior players need continual reminding of the importance of safety strategies by coaches and others. Coaches need to inform players that fielding injuries can occur anywhere on the ground, and include skills practice accordingly.
Incidence and total lifetime costs of motor vehicle-related fatal and non-fatal injury by road user type in the United States
Authors: Naumann R B , Dellinger A M , Zaloshnja E , Lawrence B A , Miller T R 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundEach year, more than a million people are killed in motor vehicle crashes worldwide. Crashes place a tremendous burden on societies not only in terms of lives lost but also in terms of cost. While there are many evidence-based road safety interventions that exist, many of these interventions are underutilised. Economic studies are a useful tool to illustrate the full range of consequences that crashes place on societies and can help prioritise injury prevention efforts.ObjectivesTo estimate the incidence and cost of motor vehicle-related fatal and non-fatal injuries in the United States in terms of medical care, treatment, rehabilitation services and productive life-years lost due to premature death or long-term disability.MethodsIncidence and cost data for 2005 were derived from several data sources. Unit costs were calculated for medical spending and productivity loss for fatal and non-fatal injuries, and unit costs were multiplied by incidence to yield total costs. Injury incidence and costs are presented by age, sex and road user type.ResultsMotor vehicle-related fatal and non-fatal injury costs exceeded $99 billion. Costs associated with motor vehicle occupant fatal and non-fatal injuries accounted for 71%($70 billion) of all motor vehicle-related costs, followed by costs associated with motorcyclists ($12 billion), pedestrians ($10 billion) and pedalcyclists ($5 billion).DiscussionThe substantial economic and societal costs associated with these injuries and deaths reinforce the need to implement evidence-based, cost-effective strategies. Evidence-based strategies that target increasing seat belt use, increasing child safety seat use, increasing motorcyclist and pedalcyclist helmet use and decreasing alcohol-impaired driving are available.
Assessment of road safety in areas around primary and secondary schools in Shkodra, north city of Albania
Authors: Bozo M , Qirjako G , Toi E , Canaku D , Hysa E , Amursi E 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundRoad traffic accidents have increased significantly in Albania since the early 1990s, when the transition to the market economy took place. Schoolchildren are continuously exposed to an extremely high risk of road traffic accidents.AimThe aim of the study was to perform a baseline assessment of road safety in areas around primary and secondary schools in Shkodra, a north city of Albania.MethodsThe study was conducted in Shkodra district with the main focus on four schools from urban, informal and rural areas. A qualitative survey included focus groups with schoolchildren.ResultsOverall, there were conducted four focus groups (54 schoolchildren) from 7 to 15 years old. We found that the level of road safety elements near the targeted school areas was quite poor and the schoolchildren faced huge problems and difficulties during their way for school. There is a lack of road signals and traffic lights. The most of the schoolchildren felt unsure in their way for school, especially they from urban areas. During the cycling, their level of helmet use was very low. Another important concern reported from schoolchildren was the lack of the sidewalks, increasing the risk for a road accident.ConclusionOur study concluded that there is an urgent need for increasing the road safety elements across Shkodra roads. Immediate actions should be undertaken by local authorities, schools and community for improving the situation.
Healthy municipalities, safe communities
Authors: de Hoyos G , Ungaro J 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe Healthy Municipalities, Cities and Communities Network (HMCCN) have had great growth in Argentina during the last 3 years as the National Health Ministry decided to increase support and change strategy. HMCCN approach is very similar to that of Safe Communities', as peoples participation, intersectorial activities and capacity building are key points in both of them.ObjectiveTo describe the experience of promoting the strategy of Safe Communities along with developing the HMCCN in Argentina.Materials and MethodsA Trauma Prevention and Control Program is being developed in Neuquen in Argentine Patagonia since year 2000. It is based on surveillance, health and safety promotion and community local planning. Three years ago, an integration process with the HMCCN took place as a provincial representative was included for first time in the network. Since then, the Safe Communities strategy has been presented in every opportunity in each municipality member of HMCCN in Neuquen, in order to encourage them to promote and prioritise safety among healthy public policies.ResultsCommunity projects and actions were designed and executed. Some of them were chosen to be financed by the Health Ministry through the HMCCN. The need to assess local epidemiology caused the implementation and/or reactivation of Injuries Sentinel Units in some of these communities.Discussion and ConclusionsThe strategy of integrating the Safe Communities approach to the already existing and recently strengthened HMCCN could be a suitable way to encourage communities safety promotion in Argentina and probably in Latin America.
Community safety from hazardous industry at rural area in Thailand
Authors: Karnjanakantorn W 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThere are many industrial factories in developing country, for example, Thailand. The industrial waste has become a crucial problem.AimTo study the effect of hazardous, non-hazardous landfill that cause health symptoms and use Geographic Information System to mapping the data.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted during 2007 among sampling four districts total 200 households and Geographic Information System. A total of 200 people participated in the study (44 males, 156 females)compare with 165 employees. Results showed that average age was 46.6+15 years old. 3117 years live in this province, 92% work near their house, for example, farmer. The report of smell odour was 170 households (85%), 90% first time in 2005. Type of odour was decay 28.8%, irritant 21.8%. There were 138 people (81.2%) had symptoms, for example, eye/nose-irritant, headache, dizziness and 20% went to see the doctor. The most common diagnosis was allergic rhinitis 45% and 138 households (82.8%) consume water from rain, surface water, groundwater. We use GIS to identify the household that had odour problem. We found the households near the landfill (factory 1) had odour problem more than the sugar factory (factory 2). For the periodic examination of employees, we found all employees were healthy. In conclusion, this study shows that landfill is necessary and has less health effect of their employees but we need to monitor and surveillance quality of life in the community.
Study on product-related injury surveillance in six hospitals in China
Authors: Deng X , Duan L , Wu C 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesTo explore a feasible product-related injury surveillance system that would be the foundation of a national system in the future, which can provide further information of product-related injury and basal data for injury prevention & consumer protection in China. To get primary information of product-related injury status in study fields.MethodsTwo sites including one city and one county were selected from the National Injury Surveillance System of China as pilot fields. The surveillance system was hospital-based. Patient information was collected from each of the six hospitals by doctor or nurse for every first-time emergency or outpatient visit involving an injury.ResultsAltogether, 63.43% of the total 3 9573 reported injury visits were related to at least one product. The main three kinds of products involved were road transport tools (25.52%), facilities in public places (23.45%) and housewares (21.82%). The major populations involved were aged 25–44 (42.86%), 20–24 (16.51%) and 45–64 (11.95%). The leading causes of injury were falls (31.36%), road traffic injuries (28.12%) and blunt injuries (20.08%). The most common natures of injury were bruise (41.94%), and sharp/bite/open injury (41.13).ConclusionHospital-based product-related injury surveillance system is feasible in China. Insight investigation was suggested for the typical case, which is good for consumer safety protection. Effective measures and policies would be made to aim at youth and middle-aged adults and the main kinds of products.
Sanitary condition of life and children's health
Authors: Otgon G , Ganbold A 
Published: March 2011

To develop of bronchitis and pneumonia of young aged childrens and diseases of cardiovascular system (CVS) and urinogenital system – of later aged childrens influenced sanitary conditions of life. In Mongolia had 541 149 family, lives in ger and houses – 50.9% and in apartment – 49.1%.AimThe aim of research is to reveal of possible risk factors, such as sanitary household conditions of life on disease of respiratory system (RS), CVS and urinogenital system among children of Mongolia.MethodsUsed accounting data of health of Ministry of Health of Mongolia and the Centre of Governmental Statistics. Statistical processing is made on regression analysis on the program SPSS 11.Results of researchHigh risk for developing bronchitis and a pneumonia of children was residence in ger, absence of the centralised heating (p≤0.001) and impossibility of maintenance of optimum parameters of the microclimate (p≤0.005) and electrification (p≤0.02), kind of using fuel (p≤0.005), absence of the centralised removal of liquid waste (p≤0.004), absence of the electric power (p≤0.01) render system of removal of a withdrawal of residing, as removal on a garbage tank (p≤0.01). Increase of disease of urinogenital system of children on later age is connected with local heating (p≤0.0009) and transporting water supply system (p≤0.02).ConclusionHygienic conditions of residing of the population of Mongolia cause risk of development diseases of RS, such as a pneumonia, a bronchitis. The most significant risk factors are: absence of central heating, the electric power, kind of used fuel for local heating.
Cell phone use while driving: the behavioural risk of injury in Thailand
Authors: Patara-archachai J , Srisawat K 
Published: March 2011

In the globalisation era, the cell phones were commonly used for many purposes. Its advantages were to send email, SMS, MMS or connect to the internet every time they use. Therefore, it was not surprising that most people usually had at least one cell phone and tended to be accessible while driving on the road.ObjectiveTo determine behaviour of cell phone use during driving in relation to car accident.Source of dataAll complete data from national survey of cell phone while driving by the Road Safety Fund, Department of Land Transport, Ministry of Transport. There are 5347 samples who complete all questionnaire were analysed. Three behavioural and two risk reduction factors were analysed by logistic regression.Result and discussionThe result showed that three behavioural risk factors obtained cell phone use more than 5 min each time, send-receive SMS/MMS/GPRS/email and Bluetooth/uncertainly used accessories were types of risk factors. Meanwhile, the risk reduction factors composed of do not reply when calling and use hands-free instead of hand-held. These distinct factors were clarified when compared with other researches.SuggestionsThe government should increase the law enforcement. The effective way was to campaign for awareness of people to realise the risk of injury that probably occurs any time and anywhere.
Medical students professional knowledge, opinions and experiences towards violence against women: example from three medical faculties in Turkey
Authors: Erbaydar N P , Cilingiroglu N , Caliskan D , Ozkan S 
Published: March 2011

AimInformation on medical students knowledge about violence against women (VAW) is inadequate in Turkey although VAW is quite common (39.5%). This study aimed to investigate experiences, professional knowledge and the opinions of third phase (TPS) and last phase (LPS) students of medical faculties concerning VAW.MethodIn this study, a questionnaire was administered to 543 (67.7%) TPS and 620 (68.3%) LPS.ResultsMales constituted 50.5% of TPS and 50.6% of LPS while average age was 21.21.3 and 24.31.4, respectively. Childhood violence exposure was 27.1% among TPS, 50.2% among LPS while 23.1% of TPS and 29.2% of LPS witnessed domestic violence sometime. Male students experienced more violence (p=0.04 for TPS; p=0.021 for LPS). There is no formal VAW training in study sites, and 35.5% LPS declared they received some training on VAW. Theoretical and practical knowledge on VAW is lacking for both phases. The most agreed perceptions on some faces of VAW of TPS and LPS are: woman's honour is important for me (76.8%, 70.0%), violence committed man are generally from low socioeconomic groups (59.3%, 50.6%), I would like to have firearm at home (43.8%, 42.2%), man who restored his honour could be sometimes right (25.7%, 25.8%).ConclusionIn order to provide effective support to victims by physician, there is a need to add structured curriculum on VAW in undergraduate training.
The mortality in traffic in Montenegro: the meaning of first aid in prevention of it
Authors: Pejakovic M , Pejakovic V , Utjesinovic J , Bogdanovic M , Pavlicic R , Tadic N , Knezevic V 
Published: March 2011

There are about 230 000 drivers in Montenegro.The most common reasons why the accidents happen are driving under the influence of alcohol, exhaustion, bad knowledge of the traffic rules and poor roads quality.The aim of study is to show the mortality on roads in Montenegro and to suggest prevention measures.MethodsData about traffic accidents from 2004 to 2010 were collected and analysed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs Montenegro.Results12 913 persons were hurt in traffic accidents in Montenegro from 2004 to 2010.From that amount 524 (4%) were killed.Death rate = 14/100 000 persons.The drivers consist 46% (239) of cases of the total number of those killed. Co-drivers consist about 34% (177) and pedestrians consist about 20% of the cases (108).Death could be prevented in many cases in which people died before reaching a hospital. Basic first-aid training to groups, such as commercial vehicle drivers, who are most likely to be among the first at crash scenes, may be a more appropriate use of scarce resources.As the first step in these activities the authors have created a first aid reference book. Doctors will perform the education with the help of the Red cross and similar organisations and provide knowledge to these active in traffic.ConclusionTertiary measures of prevention bring to the decrease of mortality as well as to the weakening of the effects of the injuries in traffic.
Traffic accidents in Mexico: did the frequency and severity change from 2000 to 2007?
Authors: Restrepo H S S , Becerril L C , Lopez H R 
Published: March 2011

Evaluation of the public health impact of road safety regulations, referred to as accountability research, is increasingly viewed as a necessary component of responsible governmental policy interventions. The authors present an example of accountability assessment based on evaluating change in the middle-term effect of fatal traffic accidents over a period of increasingly stringent regulation that might have changed the frequency and severity of this phenomenon. They used updated data of the National Institute of Geography and Informatics to estimate national frequency distribution and brute and average rates of the mortality by traffic accidents for 2000–2007.The authors found strong evidence that mortality continue increasingly, particularly in a group of young women. They also found that on mortality declined after 2006 and this decline occurred mostly in eight states of Mexico. The methodology presented can be used to track the impact of an intervention routinely on regional and national scales.
Bringing down the number of road traffic injuries in the country using the pre- and post-tests of the Walk This Way of Safe Kids Philippines
Authors: Rolloque A C , Consunji R , Alcantara M , Perez M T A , Rolloque J 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesTo know the level of knowledge of the students who received road safety education after 6 months to a year after. Bring down the number of injuries.MethodsSafe Kids Philippines used the standard pre- and post-test tools to students of elementary schools. The pretests were administered to students before their lesson on road safety which lasted for 45 min while post-tests were given after classroom teachings. The post-test is used to gauge the learning after classroom teachings. Questions of pre- and post-tests are the same but included in the post-test is an additional question on the respondents experience of road traffic injuries within the previous year.Results9975 and 9961 students responded to the pre- and post-tests, respectively. Delayed post-testing was done on a subset of 1577 students from the original group of 4616 students who were tested a year earlier. It showed that the lowest levels of baseline knowledge were in proper crossing behaviour (25%) and street sign identification. The largest gains were in the same areas with the lowest baseline knowledge (3–5.3 time improvements). Delayed post-testing of students who underwent the programme was after a year showed retained retention and an average of 2.8 more correct responses than immediate post-test results. Road traffic injuries went down to 9% from 36%.ConclusionsA tool is needed to measure the effectiveness of road safety programme. Bringing down the road traffic injuries is possible using the right interventions.
Results of the pre, post and midyear tests of the Walk This Way Safe Kids Philippines
Authors: Rolloque A C , Consunji R , Alcantara M , Perez M T A , Rolloque J 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesTo know the level of knowledge of the students who received road safety education after 3 months in the urban city of the Philippines.MethodsSafe Kids Philippines used the standard pre- and post-test tools to students of public elementary schools. The volunteers went to schools and administered the pretests to students before giving them a lesson regarding road safety which lasted for 45 min to 1 h, after these children administered the post-tests to examine if there is an increase on the knowledge of road safety. These data were tabulated. After 3 months the volunteers went back to these students without giving any classroom teachings or review on road safety education but just administer the midyear post-tests to know if the knowledge were retained.ResultsBased on the data gathered by Safe Kids Philippines it came out that children who attended the classroom teachings on road safety got a higher score in the post-tests after the classroom teachings comparing to their scores on the pretests. There was an increase of knowledge to 25–36% per question that were given to them. After 3 months, they administered the midyear post-tests, some of the students scores are still increasing but in a very low percentage of 1–10% increase of knowledge and some even decrease the level of knowledge.ConclusionsIt can be concluded that although there is an increase on the knowledge of road safety of the students after the administration of pre-, post- and midyear post-tests there is a need to reinforce the education to these children if we really want these children be safer on road injuries.