bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waste, 1. Introduction and Legal Aspects
Authors: Thomé‐Kozmiensky Karl J. , Willnow Sophie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Origin of Waste1.1.Municipal Waste1.2.Hazardous Waste1.3.Future Determination of Waste Generation2.Legal Aspects2.1.Introduction2.2.The Recycling Act2.3.Principles of Recycling2.3.1.Avoidance before Recovery2.3.2.Material and Thermal Reclamation2.4.Legal Formulation of Recycling2.5.Disposal Standard‐TA Abfall2.5.1.TA Abfall2.5.2.TA Siedlungsabfall2.6.Hierarchy of Responsibility2.7.Approval of Waste Disposal Facilities2.8.Monitoring of Waste Disposal2.8.1.Monitoring2.8.2.Transportation Approval2.9.Plant Officer for Waste2.10.Waste Management Concepts and Balances2.10.1.Waste Management Concepts2.10.2.Waste Management Balances2.11.Remediation of Hazardous Waste Sites2.11.1.Duty to Remediate2.11.2.Other Duties2.11.3.Financing of Remediation of Hazardous Waste Sites2.12.Criminal Offenses and Infringements of Regulations2.13.Civil Liability2.13.1.Product Responsibility2.13.2.Damage Claims3.Organization of Hazardous‐Waste Disposal4.Acknowledgement
Nanotechnology
Authors: Rubahn Horst‐Guenter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Preparation of Nanoscaled Samples2.1.Bottom‐Up Nanotechnology2.1.1.Epitaxial Growth2.1.2.Self‐Organization2.1.3.Tubes and Wires2.1.4.Dots2.1.5.Chains2.1.6.Nanoarchitecture2.2.Top‐Down Methods2.2.1.Imaging Photolithography2.2.2.Electron Beam Lithography2.2.3.Nanoimprint Methods2.2.4.Nanostructures via Scanning Probe Methods3.Characterization Methods4.New Applications4.1.Integrated Optics, Nanooptics and Non‐Linear Optics4.1.1.Light Sources4.1.2.Frequency Doublers4.1.3.Tayloring of Optical Properties4.2.Molecular and Nanoelectronics4.2.1.Wires4.2.2.Single Electron Transistors4.2.3.Electron Sources4.2.4.Quantum Computers4.3.Nanobiotechnology4.3.1.Micro‐ and Nanomechanics4.3.2.Tweezer5.New Materials5.1Optical and Magnetic Data Storage Materials5.2Photonic Crystals as New Photonic Materials5.3.Nanobionic Materials5.4.Carbon‐Based Materials: Molecular Carbon Nanostructures5.5.Colloidal Materials
Pigments, Inorganic, 2. White Pigments
Authors: Auer Gerhard , Woditsch Peter , Westerhaus Axel , Kischkewitz Jürgen , Griebler Wolf‐Dieter , De Liedekerke Marcel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Titanium Dioxide2.1.Properties2.2.Raw Materials2.2.1.Natural Raw Materials2.2.2.Synthetic Raw Materials2.3.Production2.3.1.Sulfate Method2.3.2.Chloride Process2.3.3.Coating2.3.4.Chloride or Sulfate Pigments?2.3.5.Waste Management2.4.Economic Aspects2.5.Pigment Properties2.6.Analysis2.7.Uses of Pigmentary TiO22.8.Uses of Nonpigmentary TiO22.9.Toxicology3.Zinc Sulfide Pigments3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Commercial Products3.4.Uses3.5.Economic Aspects3.6.Toxicology4.Zinc Oxide (Zinc White)4.1.Introduction4.2.Properties4.3.Production4.4.Quality Specifications4.5.Uses4.6.Economic Aspects4.7.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Pigments, Inorganic, 4. Magnetic Pigments
Authors: Leitner Lutz , Kathrein Hendrik , Schwab Ekkehard , Jakusch Helmut , Ohlinger Manfred , Veitch Ronald 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Iron Oxide Pigments2.Cobalt‐Containing Iron Oxide Pigments3.Chromium Dioxide4.Metallic Iron Pigments5.Barium Ferrite Pigments
Pigments, Inorganic, 6. Luster Pigments
Authors: Pfaff Gerhard , Franz Klaus‐Dieter , Emmert Ralf , Nitta Katsuhisa , Besold Robert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Nacreous and Interference Pigments2.1.Optical Principles2.2.Natural Pearl Essence2.3.Basic Lead Carbonate2.4.Bismuth Oxychloride2.5.Metal Oxide ‐ Mica Pigments2.6.New Developments2.7.Uses3.Metal Effect Pigments
Reaction Engineering in Metallurgical Processing
Authors: Provis John L. , van Deventer Jannie S. J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Process Engineering to Optimize Metals Extraction2.1.Residence Time Distributions: Plug Flow and Mixed Flow2.2.Dispersion in Flow‐Through Systems2.3.Networks of Reactor Components2.4.Maximizing Extraction by Control of Equilibria3.Modeling Complex Processes3.1.Combining Mass Transfer with Other Rate‐Controlling Processes3.2.Fitting Rate Expressions via Artificial Intelligence3.3.Applicability of “Standard” Models in Nonstandard Situations3.4.Population Balances in Reacting Systems
Air, 3. Laws and Technical Regulations
Authors: Feldhaus Gerhard , Grefen Klaus 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Federal Antipollution Law

3.

Federal Statutory Antipollution Regulations Relating to Air Pollution and Plant Safety

3.1.

First BImSchV

3.2.

Second BImSchV

3.3.

Third BImSchV

3.4.

Fourth BImSchV

3.5.

Seventh BImSchV

3.6.

Eleventh BImSchV

3.7.

Twelfth BImSchV

3.8.

Thirteenth BImSchV

3.9.

Seventeenth BImSchV

3.10.

Nineteenth BImSchV

3.11.

Twentieth BImSchV

3.12.

Twenty‐First BImSchV

3.13.

Twenty‐Second BImSchV

3.14.

Twenty‐Third BImSchV

3.15.

Twenty‐Fifth BImSchV

3.16.

Twenty‐Seventh BImSchV

3.17.

Other Federal Regulations

3.18.

Smog Regulations of the Länder

4.

General Administrative Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution

4.1.

TA Luft

4.2.

Fourth BImSchVwV: Determination of Air Pollution in Test Areas

4.3.

Fifth BImSchVwV: Register of Emissions in Test Areas

5.

Technical Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution

5.1.

National Regulations

5.2.

European Regulations

5.3.

International Regulations
Air, 4. Pollution Monitoring
Authors: Bruckmann Peter , Pfeffer Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Measurement Planning2.1.Types of Air Pollution Monitoring2.2.Planning of Pollution Measurements2.2.1.Measurement Networks (General Air Pollution Monitoring)2.2.2.Evaluation of Data; Period and Frequency of Measurements2.2.3.Planning Measurements on Industrial Plants3.Quality Assurance3.1.Procedure‐Based Methods3.2.User‐Based Methods4.Measuring Methods4.1.Measuring Methods for Inorganic Gases4.1.1.Automatic Measuring Methods4.1.2.Calibration of Automatic Measuring Methods4.1.3.Manual Methods4.2.Measurement and Analysis of Particulate Atmospheric Impurities4.2.1.Measurement of Particle Mass and Particle Fractions4.2.2.Measurement of Particle Numbers and Size Distributions4.2.3.Measurement of Inorganic Components in Suspended Particle Matter4.2.3.1.Measurement of Major Ionic Compounds in Suspended Particulate Matter4.2.3.2.Measurement of Heavy Metals and Metalloid Compounds in Suspended Particulate Matter4.2.3.3.Measurement of Soot (Elemental Carbon)4.2.3.4.Measurement of Fibers4.3.Measurement of Deposition4.3.1.Measurement of Total (Bulk) Deposition4.3.2.Measurement of Wet Deposition4.3.3.Special Sampling Devices for Deposition Measurements4.3.4.Analysis4.4.Optical Methods of Remote Measurement4.4.1.Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy4.4.2.Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy4.4.3.Long‐Path‐Length Absorption Spectroscopy with Tunable Diode Lasers4.4.4.Differential Adsorption LIDAR4.4.5.Correlation Spectroscopy and Gas Filter Correlation Spectroscopy4.4.6.Significance of Remote Measurement Methods4.4.7.Measurement of Unstable Trace Substances4.5.Measurement of Organic Atmospheric Pollutants4.5.1.Overview4.5.2.Summation Methods (Total‐C Measurements)4.5.3.Chromatographic Methods4.5.3.1.Chromatographic Methods for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)4.5.3.2.Chromatographic Methods for Low‐Volatility Organic Compounds4.5.3.3.Determination of Organic Compounds with Functional Groups4.6.Olfactometric Methods4.7.Screening Measurements
Air, 5. Emission Measurements
Authors: Lützke Klaus 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Objectives and Planning of Measurements

3.

Requirements for Measurement Techniques and Measurement Stations

3.1.

Quality of Measurement Methods

3.2.

Choice and Equipment of Measurement Stations

4.

Requirements for Continuous Measurement and Associated Computer Systems

4.1.

Minimum Legal Requirements

4.2.

Testing the Suitability of Continuous Measurement Methods and Evaluation Computers

4.3.

Testing and Calibration of Measurement Equipment

5.

Physical State Parameters, Reference Value Measurements, and Evaluation Computers

5.1.

Temperature

5.2.

Moisture Content

5.3.

Carbon Dioxide Content

5.4.

Oxygen Content

5.5.

Evaluation Computers

6.

Measurement of Gas Velocity and Flow Rate

7.

Measurement of Particles

7.1.

Sampling

7.2.

Discontinuous Methods

7.3.

Continuous Methods

7.3.1.

Optical Methods

7.3.2.

Radiometric Methods

7.4.

Particle Size of Dusts

7.5.

Heavy Metals as Dust Constituents

8.

Measurement of Gaseous Inorganic Emissions

8.1.

Sampling

8.2.

Sulfur Oxides

8.2.1.

Discontinuous Methods

8.2.2.

Continuous Methods

8.3.

Nitrogen Oxides

8.4.

Carbon Monoxide

8.5.

Fluorine Compounds

8.6.

Chlorine Compounds

8.7.

Hydrogen Sulfide

8.8.

Ammonia

9.

Measurement of Gaseous Organic Compounds

9.1.

Sampling

9.2.

Measurement of Total‐C

9.3.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

9.3.1.

Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDD/F)

9.3.2.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

9.3.3.

Chlorobenzenes and Chlorophenols

9.3.4.

Volatile Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

9.3.5.

Chlorofluorocarbons

9.4.

Hydrocarbons

9.5.

Other Compounds

10.

Measurement of Odor Emissions
Air, 7. Waste Gases, Separation and Purification
Authors: Schmidt Eberhard , Schmidt Torsten , Pilhofer Theo , Krill Helmut , Menig Harald , Schirz Stephan , Pollack Helmut 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Separation of Solid and Liquid Particles from Gases1.1.Introduction1.2.Characterization of Particle Separation1.3.Gas Cyclones1.3.1.Mode of Operation and Basic Designs1.3.2.Collection Efficiency and Pressure Drop1.3.3.Operational Characteristics1.4.Wet Scrubbers1.4.1.Mode of Operation and Basic Designs1.4.2.Collection Efficiency and Pressure Drop1.5.Filters1.5.1.General1.5.2.Deep‐Bed Filters1.5.3.Surface Filters1.5.4.Granular‐Bed Filters1.6.Electrical Precipitators1.6.1.Mode of Operation and Basic Designs1.6.2.Design Calculations2.Waste‐Gas Purification by Thermalor Catalytic Reactions2.1.Fundamentals2.1.1.Types of Reaction2.1.2.Reaction Engineering2.1.2.1.Homogeneous Gas‐Phase Reactions2.1.2.2.Heterogeneous Gas‐Phase Reactions, Catalytic Waste‐Gas Purification2.1.3.Process Selection and Plant Concepts2.1.4.Operational Check2.2.Thermal Processes for Waste‐Gas Purification2.2.1.Oxidation Processes2.2.1.1.Waste‐Gas Disposal in Furnaces2.2.1.2.Thermal Combustion2.2.1.3.Combustion in Flares2.2.1.4.Safety Engineering in Thermal Waste‐Gas Purification2.2.2.Reduction Processes2.2.2.1.Staged Combustion2.2.2.2.Thermal Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides2.3.Catalytic Waste‐Gas Purification Processes2.3.1.Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides in Flue Gases and Process Off‐Gases2.3.2.Engine Exhaust Emission Control2.3.3.Gas‐Turbine Exhaust Emission Control2.3.4.Catalytic Purification of Claus Plant Off‐Gases2.3.5.Catalytic Oxidation in Industrial Off‐Gas Streams3.Absorption3.1.Introduction3.2.Basic Principles of Absorption Processes3.3.Operating Principles of Absorption Apparatus3.4.Absorption Apparatus3.5.Selection of Equipment4.Adsorption4.1.Fundamentals4.2.Industrial Adsorbents4.3.Design Criteria for Adsorbers4.4.Adsorber Designs4.5.Plant Concepts4.6.Adsorption Processes4.7.Recycling and Disposal of Spent Adsorbents5.Biological Processes5.1.Overview and Classification5.2.Process Engineering Principles5.2.1.Biological Conditions5.2.2.Physicochemical Conditions5.3.Biofilters5.4.Bioscrubbers6.Flue‐Gas Purification in the Incineration of Hazardous Waste
Antibiotics, 2. Production
Authors: Öppinger Heinz , Hoffmann Hinrich , Sukatsch Dieter , Hepner Leo , Male Celia 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Fermentation1.1.Screening1.2.Selection, Mutation, and Maintenance of Strains1.3.Process Development Leading to Large‐Scale Production1.4.Fermentation Technology1.4.1.Maintenance of the Strain and Production of Inoculum1.4.2.Treatment Before and During Fermentation2.Isolation and Purification of Antibiotics; Quality Specifications2.1.Isolation2.2.Purification Techniques, Sterile End Products, Official Regulations3.Analytical Measurements and Quality Control3.1.Microbiological Analysis3.2.Isotopically Labeled Antibiotics4.Economic Aspects
Analgesics and Antipyretics, 2. Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs
Authors: Friderichs Elmar , Christoph Thomas , Buschmann Helmut 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Salicylates3.Para‐Aminophenol Derivatives4.Anthranilates5.Arylacetic Acids6.Arylpropionic Acids7.Pyrazolinone Derivatives8.Acidic Enolic Compounds8.1.Pyrazolidine‐3,5‐diones8.2.Arylsulfonamides (Oxicames)9.Other Structures10.COX‐2 Inhibitors10.1.Nonselective COXC‐2 Inhibitors10.2.Selective COX‐2 Inhibitors (Coxibs)
Analgesics, Centrally Acting
Authors: Friderichs Elmar , Christoph Thomas , Buschmann Helmut 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Opioids1.1.Opioids in Clinical Use1.1.1.Morphine and Morphinane Derivatives1.1.2.Piperidine Derivatives1.1.3.Fentanyl and Congeners1.1.4.Methadone and Congeners1.2.Other Structures1.2.1.Mixed Opioid Agonist‐Antagonists and Partial Agonists1.2.2.Opioid Antagonists2.Anti‐Neuropathic Analgesics and Other Nonopioid Compounds2.1.Neuropathic Pain Treatment2.2.Individual Compounds
Ammonia, 2. Production Processes
Authors: Appl Max 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Historical Development3.Thermodynamic Data4.Ammonia Synthesis Reaction4.1.General Aspects4.2.Catalyst Surface and Reaction Mechanism4.3.Kinetics5.Catalysts5.1.Classical Iron Catalysts5.1.1.Composition5.1.2.Particle Size and Shape5.1.3.Catalyst‐Precursor Manufacture5.1.4.Catalyst Reduction5.1.5.Catalyst Poisons5.2.Other Catalysts5.2.1.General Aspects5.2.2.Metals with Catalytic Potential5.2.3.Commercial Ruthenium Catalysts6.Process Steps of Ammonia Production6.1.Synthesis Gas Production6.1.1.Feedstock Pretreatment and Raw Gas Production6.1.2.Carbon Monoxide Shift Conversion6.1.3.Gas Purification6.2.Compression6.3.Ammonia Synthesis6.3.1.Synthesis Loop Configurations6.3.2.Formation of Ammonia in the Converter6.3.3.Waste‐Heat Utilization and Cooling6.3.4.Ammonia Recovery from the Ammonia Synthesis Loop6.3.5.Inert‐Gas and Purge‐Gas Management6.3.6.Influence of Pressure and Other Variables of the Synthesis Loop6.3.7.Example of an Industrial Synthesis Loop
Atomic Spectroscopy, 4. Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Broekaert José A. C. , Hywel Evans E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Plasma Mass Spectrometry1.1.Principles1.2.Instrumentation1.3.Analytical Features1.4.Applications2.Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry2.1.Instrumentation2.2.Analytical Performance2.3.Applications
Azo Dyes, 4. Cationic Dyes
Authors: Raue Roderich , Kunde Klaus , Engel Aloys 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Cationic Charge at the Coupling Component2.1.Polyamines as Coupling Components2.2.Heterocycles as Coupling Components2.3.Coupling Components with Alkylammonium Groups2.3.1.Coupling Components with Dialkylaminoalkyl Groups2.3.2.Aromatically Linked Trialkylammonium Groups2.3.3.Trialkylammoniumalkyl‐Substituted Anilines2.3.4.Other Trialkylammoniumalkyl‐Substituted Coupling Components2.4.Coupling Components with Dialkylhydrazinium Groups2.5.Coupling Components with Cyclic Ammonium Groups2.5.1.Heterocyclically Linked Cyclic Ammonium Groups2.5.2.Aliphatically Linked Cyclic Ammonium Groups2.6.Coupling Components with Condensed Cyclic Ammonium Residues2.7.Cyclic Ammonium Residues at the Azo Group2.8.Coupling Components with two Different Cationic Residues3.Cationic Charge in the Diazo Component3.1.Diazo Components with Aminoalkyl Moieties3.2.Diazo Components with Trialkylammonium Residues3.2.1.Aromatically Linked Trialkylammonium Residues3.2.2.Aliphatically Linked Trialkylammonium Residues3.3.Diazo Components with Cyclic Ammonium Residues3.3.1.Aromatically Linked Cyclic Ammonium Residues3.3.2.Aliphatically Linked Cyclic Ammonium Residues3.4.Diazo Components with two Different Cationic Residues3.5.Diazo Components with Aromatic Condensed Cyclic Ammonium Residues3.6.Cyclic Ammonium Compounds Linked in Meta Position to the Azo Group4.Different Cationic Charges in Both the Coupling and the Diazo Component5.Introduction of Cationic Substituents into Preformed Azo Dyes6.Cationic Dyes with Sulfur or Phosphorus as Charge‐Carrying Atoms7.Dyes with Releasable Cationic Groups
Azo Dyes, 5. Developing Dyes
Authors: Hunger Klaus , Mischke Peter , Rieper Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Developing Dyes for Cotton

2.1.

Developing Dyes for Dyeing

2.1.1.

β‐Naphthol Dyes

2.1.2.

Naphtol AS Dyes

2.2.

Developing Dyes for Printing

3.

Developing Dyes for Animal Fibers

4.

Developing Dyes for Hydrophobic Fibers
Benzyl Chloride and Other Side‐Chain Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Lipper Karl‐August , Löser Eckhard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Benzyl Chloride2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Quality Specifications and Analysis2.5.Storage and Transportation2.6.Uses3.Benzal Chloride3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.5.Storage and Transportation3.6.Uses4.Benzotrichloride4.1.Physical Properties4.2.Chemical Properties4.3.Production4.4.Quality Specifications and Analysis4.5.Storage and Transportation4.6.Uses5.Side‐Chain Chlorinated Xylenes5.1.Physical and Chemical Properties5.2.Production5.3.Storage and Transportation5.4.Uses6.Ring‐Chlorinated Derivatives7.Economic Aspects8.Toxicology8.1.Benzyl Chloride8.2.Benzoyl Chloride8.3.Benzotrichloride8.4.Side‐Chain Chlorinated Xylenes
Chlorinated Paraffins
Authors: Strack Heinz , Cook Richard , Mann Trevor 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties and Structure

4.

Production

5.

Analysis and Quality Control

6.

Storage and Transportation

7.

Toxicology, Environmental Impact and Regulation

8.

Uses

9.

Summary
Corrosion, 3. Corrosion Protection and Testing
Authors: Gräfen Hubert , Horn Elmar‐Manfred , Schlecker Hartmut , Schindler Helmut 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Corrosion Protection by Coating1.1.Metal Coatings1.2.Inorganic Nonmetallic Protective Coatings1.2.1.Enamel1.2.2.Brick Lining1.2.3.Thermally Sprayed Coatings1.3.Organic Lining and Coating Materials1.3.1.Rubber Linings1.3.2.Rubber ‐ Plastic Composite Linings1.3.3.Linings Consisting of Thermally Crosslinkable Thermosetting Plastics1.3.4.Reinforced Reaction Resin Coatings, Crosslinkable with Catalysts1.3.5.Thermoplastic Linings1.3.6.Paints and Powder Coatings2.Inhibitors3.Electrochemical Corrosion Protection4.Corrosion Testing4.1.Introduction4.2.Test Methods
Ecotoxicology
Authors: Fränzle Otto , Straškraba Milan , Jørgensen Sven Erik 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:3.Introduction2.Exposure Assessment2.1.Release Estimation2.2.Elimination2.3.Dispersion2.4.Local and Regional Concentration Estimates2.4.1.PEC Estimates in the Air Compartment2.4.2.PEC Estimates in Soil and Subsoil2.4.3.Variogram Analysis2.4.4.Modeling Chemical Distribution in Soil and Subsoil2.4.5.PEC Estimates in Aquatic Compartments3.Effects Assessment3.1.Test Systems for Aquatic Ecosystems3.1.1.Level 03.1.2.Level 13.1.3.Level 23.1.4.PNEC Values and Assessment Factors3.2.Testing Strategies for Terrestrial Ecosystems3.2.1.PNEC Estimates for Soil and Subsoil3.2.2.Complex Assessment and Modeling of Vegetation Damage3.2.3.Statistical Analysis of Forest Dieback3.3.Impact of Xenobiotics on Aquatic Ecosystems3.3.1.Approaches and Methods of Studying the Impact of Xenobiotics on Aquatic Life3.3.2.Behavior of Xenobiotics in the Aquatic Environment and their Influence on Aquatic Organisms and Indirectly on Humans3.3.3.Impact of Xenobiotics on Pelagic and Benthic Biocenoses3.3.4.Ecological Risk Assessment of Xenobiotics3.4.Testing Approaches to Atmospheric Effects3.5.Appraisal4.State of the Art of Modeling in Ecotoxicology4.1.Characteristics of Ecotoxicological Models4.2.Classification of Ecotoxicological Models4.3.An Overview: Application of Models in Ecotoxicology4.4.Ecotoxicological Processes4.5.Parameter Estimation4.6.Fugacity Models5.Appendix
Electrochemistry, 2. Inorganic Electrochemical Processes
Authors: Wendt Hartmut , Vogt Helmut , Kreysa Gerhard , Goldacker Hubert , Jüttner Klaus , Galla Ulrich , Schmieder Helmut 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Chlor‐Alkali Electrolysis1.1.Molten Salt Electrolysis1.2.Production of Chlorine1.3.Electrosynthesis of Hypochlorite1.4.Electrosynthesis of Chlorate1.5.Electrosynthesis of Perchlorate1.6.Chlorine Production Using Gas‐Diffusion Electrodes2.Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production3.Anodic Generation of Peroxodisulfuric Acid and Peroxodisulfates4.Electrowinning and Electrorefining of Metals4.1.Aqueous Electrolytes4.2.Melts5.Electrochemical Processes in Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing5.1.Electroredox Separation Processes5.2.Electroreduction Processes5.3.Electrooxidation5.4.Corrosion6.Electrochemical Water and Effluent Treatment6.1.Cathodic Treatment6.1.1.Optimization of Cell Design6.1.2.Electrochemical Reactors and Their Applications6.1.3.Operation Data of Electrochemical Cells6.2.Electrodialysis6.3.Anodic Treatment6.3.1.Direct Oxidation at the Anode6.3.2.Indirect Oxidation7.Electrochemical Gas Purification7.1.General Aspects7.2.New Process Developments8.Electrochemical Shaping
Electrochemistry, 3. Organic Electrochemistry
Authors: Steckhan Eberhard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Perspectives of Electroorganic Reactions in Industry3.Syntheses3.1.Direct vs. Indirect or Mediated Electrochemical Reactions3.2.Technically Important Processes Ordered by Reaction Classes3.2.1.Electrochemical Substitution3.2.2.Electrochemical Addition3.2.3.Electrochemical Transformations of Functional Groups3.2.4.Electrochemical Cleavage and Elimination3.2.5.Electrochemical Coupling3.2.6.Bioelectrosynthesis3.3.Organic Electrochemistry for a Cleaner Environment4.Experimental Factors and Techniques4.1.Solvent ‐ Electrolyte Systems4.2.Electrodes4.2.1.Cathodes4.2.2.Anodes4.2.3.Other Factors Influenced by the Electrode Material4.3.Electrochemical Cells4.3.1.General Considerations4.3.2.Cell Design5.Economic Aspects
Fibers, 5. Polyester Fibers
Authors: Sattler Helmut , Schweizer Michael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Production1.1.Starting Materials and Polymer1.2.Spinning1.3.Drawing1.4.Aftertreatment1.5.Dyeing of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fiber Products2.Structure and Properties2.1.Polymer2.2.As‐Spun Yarns2.3.Drawn Materials2.4.Dyed Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Material3.Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers3.1.Staple Fibers3.2.Continuous‐Filament Yarns for Apparel and Home Furnishings3.3.Continuous‐Filament Yarns for Industrial Applications3.4.Spunbonds3.5.Monofilaments4.Other Polyester Fibers4.1.Poly(Tetramethylene Terephthalate)4.2.Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate)4.3.Poly(1,4‐Dimethylenecyclohexane Terephthalate)5.Uses6.Economic Aspects
Fibers, 8. Polyacrylonitrile Fibers
Authors: Nogaj Alfred , Süling Carlhans , Schweizer Michael 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Physical Properties

2.

Chemical Properties

3.

Production

3.1.

Polymerization

3.2.

Dissolving

3.3.

Spinning

3.4.

Aftertreatment

3.5.

Special Processes

4.

Analysis

5.

Types of Fibers

6.

Economic Aspects