bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN IN THE HOMINOIDEA
Authors: ASHTON E. H. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The numbers and arrangement of infraorbital foramina have been recorded, and their position relative to the orbital and alveolar margins defined by measurement in 205 gorillas, 178 chimpanzees, 82 orangutans, 64 gibbons and 192 men of various ages.
In man there are, on an average, 1·05 infraorbital foramina in each maxilla; in the gibbon 1·2; in the gorilla 1·6; in the chimpanzee 2·4; and in the orang‐utan 3·3.
In adult men and gibbons the distance between the infraorbital foramen and the orbital margin is about twenty per cent of that between the foramen and the alveolar margin. The corresponding figure for the gorilla is forty‐five per cent, for the chimpanzee forty per cent and for the orang‐utan thirty‐five per cent.
The arrangement of the infraorbital apertures varies widely both within and between species.
While the milk teeth are erupting, the infraorbital foramen lies relatively nearer to the inferior orbital margin than in adults. In man, chimpanzee and gorilla, the adult position is reached by the time the first permanent molars are in line. In the orang‐utan, the position of the foramen apparently continues to change until maturity is reached.
The numbers and arrangement of the infraorbital foramina are not correlated with the more obvious facial features (such as degree of prognathism), nor with variation in the basic subdivisions of the infraorbital nerve.
The position of the foramen relative to the orbital and alveolar margins is closely related to the degree of prognathism.
Although a single aperture appears to have occurred more frequently in the Australopithecinae than in the extant great apes, the foramen in these fossils lay in a position characteristic of the gorilla, and much further down the facial skeleton than in either modern man or the extinct species Homo neander‐thalensis.
THE STOMACH IN THE EULAMELLIBRANCHIA; STOMACH TYPE IV
Authors: Purchon R. D. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe internal structure and function of the stomach is described for representatives of seventeen families of Eulamellibranchia.Detailed comparisons are made among these and comparable data previously obtained from four families in the Filibranchia and Pseudolamellibranchia, and it is concluded that there are no grounds for sub‐dividing these twenty‐one families into two or more groups. In all cases the stomach is of Type IV.A new definition for Stomach Type IV is provided.It is concluded that on the basis of the internal structure of the stomach these twenty‐one families appear to comprise a natural and monophyletic assemblage.
A NEW SPECIES AND GENUS OF KRAUSSINIDAE (BRACHIOPODA) WITH A NOTE ON FEEDING
Authors: Atkins D. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA new species and genus, Pumilus antiquatus, of kraussinid brachiopod from shallow water, Lyttelton, New Zealand, is described and figured. It is characterized by the possession of a schizolophous lophophore in the adult, supported by both divergent lamellae and spicules: the shell is smooth, less than 5 mm. long and strongly sulcate. The gonad is hermaphrodite.Notes are given on the ciliary feeding mechanism.The affinities of P. antiquatus are briefly discussed: it is placed in the Kraussinidae.
On the Anatomy oH the Land Snails (Helicidæ)Cepæa hortensisMüller andCepæa nemoralisL.*
Authors: Aubertin Daphne 
Published: August 2010

Summary. Two sets of individuals diagnosed on the characters of shell and genitalia asCepæa hortensisandCepæa nemoralishave been examined. Each set was obtained from colonies in Wiltshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, Suffolk, Buckinghamshire, and Middlesex. The following structures were examined: pulmonary vessels, genitalia, kidney, heart, pericardium, and nervous system. The measurements obtained are presented as they relate to: the differences between the colonies of each species; the differences between the species as currently designated. The only absolute distinctions in internal anatomy between the speciesC. hortensisandC. nemoralisas recognized by the shell‐characters are: the shape of the dart; the arrangement of the mucous glands. The colonies of each species may differ significantly from one another, when the individual characters are treated statistically. It is probable that a sample drawn from a few colonies only, even though it contain a large number of individuals, is of little value for the determination of the characters of a larger population.The differences found, however, are valid for the section studied, and it may be that they represent definite differential tendencies in the population as a whole, which might be correlated with the shell‐characters. Certain organs show a wider range of variability than others:e.g., the pulmonary vessels, genitalia, and kidney are markedly more variable than the heart, pericardium, and nervous system. The order of variability of the organs is almost identical in the two species and in their colonies. The various organs do not show the same amount of divergence when those of the one population sample are compared with those of the other. Thus there is more marked divergence between the length of the dart‐sac of“nemoralis”individuals and that of“hortensis”individuals than there is between the kidney of the two groups. The following list gives the order (from greatest divergence to least) in which such divergence is manifested in the two samples;—Length of duct of receptaculum seminis.Length of dart‐sac.Length of diverticulum.Length of main pulmonary vein.Length of kidney.Pericardium.Distance between optic nerves. The organs inC. nemoralisare, on the whole, more variable than those inC. hortensis.
On Fossil Fishes from the Karroo System, and some General Considerations on the Bouy Fishes of the Triassic Period
Authors: BROUGH JAMES 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The foregoing discussion on this group of Palsoniscid derivatives reveals three main points:

That the two families owe their similarity to a Palsoniscid origin and to the limited nature of the evolutionary changes in which they have subsequently been involved.
In consideration of the distinct differences in the structure of the skull, the lack of intermediate forms, and their co‐existence side by side throughout Triassic time, it is probable that the two families arose from separate Palaoniscid stocks. Their many resemblances to the Palaeoniscids are genuine, and denote a true relationship.
The resemblances to the Semionotidae are, on the other hand, clearly due to convergence, for the structure of the head in Semionotids is much modified from that of these or any of the older groups. Stensio's suggestions that the Semionotidae may have been derived from the Catopterid‐Perleidid group is very highly improbable, for the Semionotids had already arisen as a separate Offshoot from the Palsoniscids in Mid‐Permian time, apparently long before either Catopterids or Perleidids had come into existence.
1. An Investigation into the Occurrence, Structure, and Life‐Histories of the Trematode Parasites of Four Species of Lymnœa (L. truncatula (Müll.), L. pereger (Müll.), L. palustris (Müll.), and L. stagnalis (Linné), and Hydrobia jenkinsi (Smith) in Glamorgan and Monmouth
Authors: Rees F. Gwendolen 
Published: August 2010

Summary.I. Pour species of snails of the genus Lymnœa have been collected from Glamorgan and Monmouthshire in South Wales. A general survey of the area under observation has been given, together with comments on the incidence of infection of these snails by larval trematodes.II. Over five thousand snails have been dissected with a view to investigating the occurrence, structure, and life‐histories of their trematode parasites.III. Ten different catagaries were found. Seven could be identified and are as follows:— The remaining three are new: Various structural details have been added to the different stages in the life‐cycles of those previoasly known. In C. cambrensis I. the cyst has been found, and in C. limbifera the metacercaria has been associated, for morphological reasons, with an adult echinostome Echinostomum aluid (Nicoll).
The Spinal Accessory Nerve uf the Camel.
Authors: Kiss Francis , Zuckerman S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. An external spinal accessory nerve was lacking in a bactrian camel which was available for study. Nevertheless the accessory nerve had a spinal origin which extended downwards into the second cervical segment. The ascending stem of the nerve joined the 10th nerve, and sent branches into the posterior roots of the first and second cervical nerves.2. The sterno‐cephalic and brachio‐cephalic muscles were supplied by cervical nerves.
The Cranial Morphology of Crinia georgiana Tschudi (Cystignathidæ, Amphibia).
Authors: Toit C. A. DU 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
The alary forms the lateral support of the entire lateral wall of the apertura externa and vestibulum.
The crista subnasalis is absent.
The anterior undivided part of the crista intermedia is much bigger than in Rana.
The posterior vestibular “Wulst” is absent.
The plica obliqua is suspended from the tectum nasi.
The infundibulum possesses an extra antero‐ventral extension.
A well‐developed recessus sacciformis is present.
The cavum medium, being more posteriorly situated than in the European Rana, does not share in the formation of the recessus sacciformis.
The ductus nasolacrimal opens into the roof of the horizontal part of the infundibulum.
The recessus lateralis attains an enormous size.
The plica isthmi is absent.
The intermaxillary gland opens into tho buccal cavity by two main ducts only.
The septomaxillary consists of an anterior unpaired portion which has two posteriorly‐directed processes.
The connective‐tissue between the latter bone and the lamina inferior tends to disappear.
The vomer (prevomer) is divided, consisting of an anterior edentulous and a posterior dentigerous portion.
The os en ceinture is paired.
The foramen for the IVth nerve is situated in front of the foramen opticum.
The arteria carotis cerebralis enters the skull through a separate foramen.
The foramen perilymphaticum superius does not communicate with the jugular foramen.
The fronto‐parietal fontanelle is large.
There is only one dorsal fenestra in the chondocranium.
The annulus tympanicus is sickle‐shaped.
The hyomandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve is ventrally situated to the plectrum.
The posterior part of the operculum is weakly perichondrally ossified.
The articular region differs from that of Rana.
Crinia possesses a bursa angularis oris.
The hyale is confluent with the otic capsule.
25. The Distribution of Brunner's Glands in the Duodenum of Mammals
Authors: Caeleton Alice 
Published: August 2010

Summary.It will be seen that, among the animals examined, there is much diversity in the manner of entry of the pancreatic and bile ducts (see PL I.). There may be a common duct, as in the monkey, sheep, rat, and mouse, or two ducts entering side by side, as in the cat. The bile and pancreatic ducts may be separated by a considerable length of gut, as in the pig, rabbit, and cow, in which case the bile duct is always the higher of the two. An accessory pancreatic duct may be present; this may enter above the common duct, as in man and the stoat, or between the bile and pancreatic ducts, as in the dog and the guinea‐pig.With regard to Brunner's glands, these observations on the whole support Villemin's contention that the glands cease where the pancreatic duct enters, whether singly or in common with the bile duct, though small variations about this level are found. In the pig and the guinea‐pig, however, the glands extend half a metre or more beyond this level, though the gland mass at the beginning of the duodenum is unusually large in the pig. The Carnivores examined all possess a short compact gland mass, just reaching or falling short of the common duct; but in the dog the mass fails to reach even the bile duct entry.I wish to thank Sir Charles Sherrington and the late Professor Georges Dreyer for facilities accorded me in their departments, Professor Florey and Dr. H. E. Harding, of Sheffield, for the human material, and Colonel Hamerton, C.M.G., D.S.O., for animal material from the Zoological Gardens. I also wish to thank Mr. W. Chesterman and Mr. T. Marsland for much help in section‐cutting and staining.
The Activity and Metabolism of Poikilothermal Animals in Different Latitudes.—I.
Authors: Fox H. Munro 
Published: August 2010

Summary.This is the first comparative study of the activity and metabolism of poikilothermal animals living in different latitudes.For seven pairs of species of marine invertebrates, inhabiting respectively English waters and more northern seas, the oxygen consumption of the warmerwater species is greater than that of the colder‐water species (measured at the normal temperatures at which each species lives) although the locomotory activity of the former is apparently no greater (Table I., text‐figs. 1 & 2). It is suggested that the similar locomotory activities of the two species require approximately equal amounts of oxygen, but that the non‐locomotory oxygen consumption of the warm‐water species is higher than that of the cold‐water species.The rate of ciliary movement on the gill of the scallop Chlamys varia from English waters is higher than that of C. septemradiata from more northern waters, each measured at the temperatures at which the animals live (Table II., text‐fig. 3).The respiratory movements of English species of Crustacea are no more rapid than those of corresponding species in more northern waters (Table III., text‐fig. 4).The rate of heart‐beat has also been compared in species of Crustacea in English and more northern waters (Table III., text‐fig. 5).The rate of scaphognathite‐beat of the prawn Pandalus montagui is no more rapid in English than in more northern colder waters (Table III., text‐fig. 4). This is a case of variation within a single species in seas of different temperatures; it is parallel to what has been described above for pairs of different species inhabiting colder and warmer seas respectively.
60. Some Aspects of the Breakdown of Coral at Ghardaqa, Red Sea.
Authors: Bertram G. C. L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The coral reefs off Ghardaqa are pictured and their conditions described in regard to growth and to decay. Attached corals living on the more seaward reefs are frequently broken off by strong waves. The effect of such on Acropora, Lobophyllia, and Porites is examined, and it is estimated that 60 per cent, of the broken‐off corals were weakened by boring‐sponges, 20 per cent, by boring molluscs, defects in growth form being responsible for the remainder.The infection of corals by boring‐algæ is studied. The algal zone is seen in a green coloration extending about 7 mm. below the surface‐layer of polyps; in the deeper skeleton yellow concentric markings indicate its former position. Almost all dead coral is infected.The boring animals are reviewed, the sponges, worms, and bivalve molluscs (Lithophaga) being especially considered.The undercutting of cliffs of elevated coral rock is important. Boring‐algæ by softening the surface of their limestone proved to be the chief factor in their formation. Boring and rasping organisms are also destructive. Solution of the rock acts through the organisms, not directly.Holothurians were examined in respect to their supposed action in grinding down sand in its passage through their bodies. They were studied both on the reefs and in tanks. In feeding they were often found to select the larger grains from any sand surface on which they were living. The sand contents of the head and tail portions of the gut of 64 specimens were sieved in comparison with the sand on which they were living. The opinion is expressed that any grinding or solvent action in the gut is small.
A Contribution to the Anatomy of the Avian Heart as seen in the Kiwi (Apteryx australis) and the Yellow‐crested Penguin (Megadyptes antipodum).
Authors: Adams W. E. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. The earlier accounts of the heart of Apteryx have been elaborated, and the description of the heart of this Ratite bird correlated, where possible, with that of a Carinate–the Penguin.2. Particular attention has been paid to the sinus venosus, as that region of the heart which, in different birds, shows the greatest variation. In Apteryx it is extremely simple, and is very similar to the reptilian sinus. This resemblance is increased by the presence of a sinu‐ventricular band corresponding to the dorsal ligament of the reptilian heart.3. The right auriculo‐ventricular (muscular) valve of Apteryx has been shown to conform in all respects to that in other birds. This fully confirms the observations of Lankester and Beddard.4. A brief description of the distribution of the coronary vessels is given.5. In Apteryx no well‐defined sinus node was isolated. The sinu‐auricular connection is at the base of the right venous valve, and consists both of diffuse muscular connections at the upper part of the valve and of a region of “nodal tissue” at its lower part. In the Penguin the destruction of the heart, in the region where the sinus node has been described, prevented any satisfactory observation being made.6. The auriculo‐ventricular connections of the hearts of both birds are described. In general the observations correspond precisely to the descriptions of Ohmori and Davies, but in the case of the Penguin no right a.‐v. ring of Purkinje fibres could be distinguished, and there appear to be, in this region, direct connections between the auricular and ventricular musculature.7. Although the distribution of Purkinje fibres in the auricles and ventricles is essentially typical, it was observed that in the Penguin the distribution in the auricles is more extensive than Davies has described, as Purkinje fibres were present on both surfaces of the inter‐auricular septum. Furthermore, in the ventricle definite Purkinje fibres were found about the superficial myocardial veins, and also those tributaries of the coronary veins which lie in the anterior and posterior inter‐ventricular sulci. These have been referred to as peri‐venous Purkinje fibres, which, with the peri‐arterial fibres, have been considered to form a peri‐vascular network.
On Acanthostoma vorax Credner.
Authors: Steen Margaret C. , Brough Mrs. James 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The vertebral column and “part of the limbs” in Acanihostoma vorax were known to Credner in a single specimen, in which he states the vertebras occur as a weak impression. On this statement, and Geinitz and Deichmuller's figures (1882. pi. vii. fig. 9), Acanthostoma vorax has been regarded as a Phvllo‐spondvl (Jaekel, 1009, p. 254; Romer, 1930, pp. 117–118; Steen, 1931, p. 889).The vertebra! are, however, Labyrinthodont in type, although unique in the structure of the centra (both pleura‐ and intercentra being ossified as right and left hemicyclinders unfused in the mid‐dorsal or mid‐ventral line).In the development of the Acanthostoma vertebra, as in those of the Labyrinthodont Archegosaurus, ossification of the neural arch precedes that of the centra, the neural arches passing through a stage which is very similar to the neural arches of an adult Phyllospondyl. It is also important to point out that short straight ribs expanded at both ends, as well as occurring in the Phyllo‐spondyli, also occur as a stage in the development of the rib in Acanthostoma and Archegosaurus.Such resemblances suggest that the Phyllospondyli are more closely related to the Labyrmthodonta than to the other amphibian orders.
A Comparative Study of the Form and Dermatoglyphs of the Extremities of Primates
Authors: Wolff Dr. Charlotte 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The most important results indicated are:–(1) the left hand and foot are longer than the right hand and foot, but the toes of the right foot are more mobile than those of the left. (2) Antagonism of the dexterity of the extremities (a, the left hand is more mobile than the right; b, the right foot is more mobile than the left). The gorilla is left‐handed and right‐footed. (3) The hand and foot of the gorilla are more similar to the extremities of man than the hand and foot of the orang utan and the chimpanzee. (4) Four crease‐lines of the hand demarcate the hollow of the palm by a quadrangle. (5) The crease‐lines differ only slightly in each hand. (6) The papillary ridges on the fingers are more primary than those of man. The papillary ridges on the balls at the base of the fingers are more complicated than those of man. (7) The papillary ridges on the terminal phalange of the thumb are like those of a special type on the human thumb. (8) The papillary ridges on the thumb show the same conformation on both phalanges, differing only in position. The papillary ridges on the thumb merit special consideration. For thousands of years the thumb‐print has been a method of identification, and there is much evidence that the papillary ridges, especially those of the thumb, have a correlation with the gyri of the brain, as stated by Alix and Kollmann. The latter even names the papillary ridges “gyri of the skin,” and says that the development of the gyri of the skin is analogous to that of the gyri of the brain.The papillary ridges on the gorilla's thumb are quite different from those on the fingers. They differ (1) by a more complicated conformation similar to man, and (2) by the fact that they are alike on both phalanges.This is of unusual psychological interest. We do not find this arrangement of papillary ridges in any of the primates or in man. If we assume that there is a correlation of the gyri of the skin and those of the brain, the phenomena described may reveal a different mentality and perhaps even temperament of the gorilla. Also owing to the unique conformation on the second phalange of the thumb it is possible that the gorilla has some highly developed mental functions which are not found in man.
The Effect of the Reduction of Light in Spring on the Breeding Season of the Minnow (Phoxinus Isevis Linn.)
Authors: Bullough W. S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. The relation of light to the sexual development of the minnow (Phoxinus Isevis Linn.) has been investigated by restricting the daily light periods in the early months of the year. Groups of fish were kept either in total darkness or in seven hours of light per day.2. In the female fish, these experimental conditions, although not entirely. preventing the development of the ovaries, caused a delay in that development.This delay was more marked in the fish kept in total darkness than in those allowed seven hours of light daily. A blind female fish possessed very poorly developed ovaries.3. In the male fish, a slight delay in development was discernible in the experimental groups in April, but all fish had reached full breeding condition by June.4. As other external factors may be eliminated, these results are interpreted as indicating that an internal reproductive rhythm exists within the minnow, and that this internal rhythm is capable of acting in the absence of those external seasonal changes which may normally reinforce it and render it more precise in its time of action.