bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pioglitazone and Bladder Cancer
Authors: Tseng Chin-Hsiao 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
The association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer has not been investigated in Asians. We aimed to investigate this association.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 1,000,000 individuals were randomly sampled from the National Health Insurance database, and incident cases of bladder cancer during the period from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2009 were analyzed among 54,928 patients with type 2 diabetes and without previous bladder cancer.

RESULTS
Among 165 incident case subjects, 10 (0.39%) were ever users and 155 (0.30%) were never users of pioglitazone (adjusted hazard ratio in full model 1.305 [95% CI 0.661–2.576]). All bladder cancer in ever users occurred within a duration of therapy &lt;24 months, suggesting an early effect of pioglitazone on bladder cancer or late use of pioglitazone in high-risk patients.

CONCLUSIONS
The association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer was not significant. However, confirmation of this finding is required because of the possible lack of statistical power owing to the small number of events.
Short Sleep Duration and Poor Sleep Quality Increase the Risk of Diabetes in Japanese Workers With No Family History of Diabetes
Authors: Kita Toshiko , Yoshioka Eiji , Satoh Hiroki , Saijo Yasuaki , Kawaharada Mariko , Okada Eisaku , Kishi Reiko 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether a difference in the risk for diabetes exists in Japanese workers with regard to sleep duration/quality and the presence or absence of a family history of diabetes (FHD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The researchers conducted a prospective, occupational-based study of local government employees in Sapporo, Japan. Between April 2003 and March 2004, 3,570 nondiabetic participants, aged 35–55 years, underwent annual health checkups and completed a self-administered questionnaire that included information on sleep duration/quality and FHD at baseline. Having diabetes was defined as taking medication for diabetes or a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥126 mg/dL at follow-up (2007–2008).

RESULTS
A total of 121 (3.4%) new cases of diabetes were reported. In multivariate logistic regression models of workers without an FHD, and after adjustment for potential confounding factors, the odds ratio (95% CI) for developing diabetes was 5.37 (1.38–20.91) in those with a sleep duration of ≤5 h compared with those with a sleep duration of &gt;7 h. Other risk factors were awakening during the night (5.03 [1.43–17.64]), self-perceived insufficient sleep duration (6.76 [2.09–21.87]), and unsatisfactory overall quality of sleep (3.71 [1.37–10.07]). In subjects with an FHD, these associations were either absent or weaker.

CONCLUSIONS
The current study shows that poor sleep is associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes in workers without an FHD. Promoting healthy sleeping habits may be effective for preventing the development of diabetes in people without an FHD.
Serum 1,5-Anhydroglucitol Concentrations Are a Reliable Index of Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes With Mild or Moderate Renal Dysfunction
Authors: Kim Won Jun , Park Cheol-Young , Lee Kyu-Beck , Park Se Eun , Rhee Eun Jung , Lee Won Young , Oh Ki Won , Park Sung Woo 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
To assess the relationship between 1,5-anhydroglucitol (AG) levels, which are a marker of glycemic control, and stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study with 269 subjects with type 2 diabetes who were divided into four groups based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (eGFRMDRD) formula: 57 in control, 111 in CKD stages 1–2, 78 in stage 3, and 23 in stages 4–5.

RESULTS
The study groups differed significantly with respect to 1,5-AG and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), age, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, HDL, and percentage of antihypertension or antidyslipidemia medication use. Stepwise multivariate regression analyses showed that 1,5-AG levels in the control group, the CKD stages 1–2 group, and the CKD stage 3 group could be explained by HbA1c, age, duration of diabetes, FPG, and antihypertension medication. However, eGFRMDRD was the only independent determinant of 1,5-AG levels in CKD stages 4–5. Logarithmic transformed 1,5-AG values (ln[1,5-AG]) had significant inverse correlations with HbA1c and FPG levels for CKD stages 1–2 and CKD stage 3 (all P &lt; 0.001). However, associations between ln(1,5-AG) and HbA1c or FPG were insignificant for CKD stages 4–5 (P = 0.274 and P = 0.080, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated that 1,5-AG levels do not appear to be influenced by mild or moderate renal dysfunction, suggesting it is a reliable glycemic marker in type 2 diabetes with CKD stages 1–3.
Clinical and Metabolic Features of Adult-Onset Diabetes Caused by ABCC8 Mutations
Authors: Riveline Jean-Pierre , Rousseau Elise , Reznik Yves , Fetita Sabrina , Philippe Julien , Dechaume Aurélie , Hartemann Agnès , Polak Michel , Petit Catherine , Charpentier Guillaume , Gautier Jean-François , Froguel Philippe , Vaxillaire Martine 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
Gain-of-function ABCC8/sulfonylurea (SU) receptor 1 mutations cause neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) or late-onset diabetes in adult relatives. Given the effectiveness of SU treatment in ABCC8-NDM patients, we further characterized late-onset ABCC8-associated diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Seven adult subjects from three NDM families and one family with type 2 diabetes were studied. Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were assessed using clamp techniques. We screened 139 type 2 diabetic patients who were well controlled by SU for ABCC8 mutations.

RESULTS
ABCC8 mutation carriers exhibited glucose intolerance, frank diabetes, or insulin-requiring diabetes since diagnosis. HbA1c improved in five SU-treated patients. Insulin secretion capacity was impaired in three patients compared with adult control subjects but was restored after a 4-week SU trial in two patients. Cohort screening revealed four SU-treated patients with ABCC8 mutations, two of which are likely causal.

CONCLUSIONS
Although of rare occurrence, recognition of adult-onset ABCC8-associated diabetes may help in targeting patients for SU therapy.
Association of C-Reactive Protein With Cardiovascular Disease Mortality According to Diabetes Status
Authors: Kengne Andre Pascal , Batty G. David , Hamer Mark , Stamatakis Emmanuel , Czernichow Sébastien 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); whether the effects are modified by diabetes status still is unclear. This study investigated these issues and assessed the added value of CRP to predictions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants were drawn from representative samples of adults living in England and Scotland. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to relate baseline plasma CRP with all-cause and CVD mortality during follow-up in men and women with and without diabetes. The added value of CRP to the predictions was assessed through c-statistic comparison and relative integrated discrimination improvement.

RESULTS
A total of 25,979 participants (4.9% with diabetes) were followed for a median of 93 months, during which period there were 2,767 deaths (957 from CVD). CRP (per SD loge) was associated with a 53% (95% CI 43–64) and 43% (38–49) higher risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, respectively. These associations were log linear and did not differ according to diabetes status (both P ≥ 0.08 for interaction), sex, and other risk factors. Adding CRP to conventional risk factors improved predictions overall and separately by diabetes status but not for CVD mortality, although such improvements only were marginal based on several discrimination statistics.

CONCLUSIONS
The association between CRP and CVD was similar across diabetes status, and the effects are broadly similar across levels of other conventional risk factors.
Food Insecurity and Glycemic Control Among Low-Income Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Seligman Hilary K. , Jacobs Elizabeth A. , López Andrea , Tschann Jeanne , Fernandez Alicia 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVETo determine whether food insecurity—the inability to reliably afford safe and nutritious food—is associated with poor glycemic control and whether this association is mediated by difficulty following a healthy diet, diabetes self-efficacy, or emotional distress related to diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe used multivariable regression models to examine the association between food insecurity and poor glycemic control using a cross-sectional survey and chart review of 711 patients with diabetes in safety net health clinics. We then examined whether difficulty following a diabetic diet, self-efficacy, or emotional distress related to diabetes mediated the relationship between food insecurity and glycemic control.RESULTSThe food insecurity prevalence in our sample was 46%. Food-insecure participants were significantly more likely than food-secure participants to have poor glycemic control, as defined by hemoglobin A1c ≥8.5% (42 vs. 33%; adjusted odds ratio 1.48 [95% CI 1.07–2.04]). Food-insecure participants were more likely to report difficulty affording a diabetic diet (64 vs. 49%, P &lt; 0.001). They also reported lower diabetes-specific self-efficacy (P &lt; 0.001) and higher emotional distress related to diabetes (P &lt; 0.001). Difficulty following a healthy diet and emotional distress partially mediated the association between food insecurity and glycemic control.CONCLUSIONSFood insecurity is an independent risk factor for poor glycemic control in the safety net setting. This risk may be partially attributable to increased difficulty following a diabetes-appropriate diet and increased emotional distress regarding capacity for successful diabetes self-management. Screening patients with diabetes for food insecurity may be appropriate, particularly in the safety net setting.
Type 1 Diabetes Increases the Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in the Artery Wall of Candidate Patients for Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Triñanes Javier , Salido Eduardo , Fernández Julián , Rufino Margarita , González-Posada José Manuel , Torres Armando , Hernández Domingo 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
Diabetes may accelerate atheromatosis in uremic patients. Our aim was to assess the influence of type 1 diabetes on the atheromatosis-related inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules in the inferior epigastric artery walls of type 1 diabetic patients with CKD (n = 22) and compared it with nondiabetic uremic patients (n = 92) at the time of kidney transplantation. We evaluated the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemotractant protein (MCP)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and the activation of nuclear factor-κβ p65 (NFkB-p65). Common carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT) was determined by conventional echography.

RESULTS
IL-6, MCP-1, and VCAM-1 proteins were elevated in type 1 diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic subjects (P &lt; 0.05). The nuclear localization of NFkB-p65 was higher in type 1 diabetic patients (P &lt; 0.01) and correlated with the levels of MCP-1 in this group (r = 0.726, P &lt; 0.001). Arterial fibrosis correlated with IL-6 and MCP-1 levels (r = 0.411, P &lt; 0.001 and r = 0.378, P = 0.001). A significant correlation was observed between VCAM-1 levels and both the degree of arterial narrowing and c-IMT.

CONCLUSIONS
Type 1 diabetes produces a proinflammatory state in the arteries of end-stage CKD patients, with increased levels of IL-6, MCP-1, and VCAM-1, as well as a greater degree of p65 activation, which are associated with more severe vascular lesions and higher c-IMT. Although causality is not demonstrated, these findings support the major role of inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients with CKD.
A Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Young Children Aged 4 to &lt;10 Years
Authors: Mauras Nelly , Beck Roy , Xing Dongyuan , Ruedy Katrina , Buckingham Bruce , Tansey Michael , White Neil H. , Weinzimer Stuart A. , Tamborlane William , Kollman Craig ,   the Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been demonstrated to improve glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes but less so in children. We designed a study to assess CGM benefit in young children aged 4 to 9 years with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
After a run-in phase, 146 children with type 1 diabetes (mean age 7.5 ± 1.7 years, 64% on pumps, median diabetes duration 3.5 years) were randomly assigned to CGM or to usual care. The primary outcome was reduction in HbA1c at 26 weeks by ≥0.5% without the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia.

RESULTS
The primary outcome was achieved by 19% in the CGM group and 28% in the control group (P = 0.17). Mean change in HbA1c was −0.1% in each group (P = 0.79). Severe hypoglycemia rates were similarly low in both groups. CGM wear decreased over time, with only 41% averaging at least 6 days/week at 26 weeks. There was no correlation between CGM use and change in HbA1c (rs = −0.09, P = 0.44). CGM wear was well tolerated, and parental satisfaction with CGM was high. However, parental fear of hypoglycemia was not reduced.

CONCLUSIONS
CGM in 4- to 9-year-olds did not improve glycemic control despite a high degree of parental satisfaction with CGM. We postulate that this finding may be related in part to limited use of the CGM glucose data in day-to-day management and to an unremitting fear of hypoglycemia. Overcoming the barriers that prevent integration of these critical glucose data into day-to-day management remains a challenge.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Associated With Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bonapace Stefano , Perseghin Gianluca , Molon Giulio , Canali Guido , Bertolini Lorenzo , Zoppini Giacomo , Barbieri Enrico , Targher Giovanni 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
Data on cardiac function in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are limited and conflicting. We assessed whether NAFLD is associated with abnormalities in cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 50 consecutive type 2 diabetic individuals without a history of ischemic heart disease, hepatic diseases, or excessive alcohol consumption, in whom NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography. A tissue Doppler echocardiography with myocardial strain measurement was performed in all patients.

RESULTS
Thirty-two patients (64%) had NAFLD, and when compared with the other 18 patients, age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, hypertension, smoking, diabetes duration, microvascular complication status, and medication use were not significantly different. In addition, the left ventricular (LV) mass and volumes, ejection fraction, systemic vascular resistance, arterial elasticity, and compliance were also not different. NAFLD patients had lower e′ (8.2 ± 1.5 vs. 9.9 ± 1.9 cm/s, P &lt; 0.005) tissue velocity, higher E-to-e′ ratio (7.90 ± 1.3 vs. 5.59 ± 1.1, P &lt; 0.0001), a higher time constant of isovolumic relaxation (43.1 ± 10.1 vs. 33.2 ± 12.9 ms, P &lt; 0.01), higher LV–end diastolic pressure (EDP) (16.5 ± 1.1 vs. 15.1 ± 1.0 mmHg, P &lt; 0.0001), and higher LV EDP/end diastolic volume (0.20 ± 0.03 vs. 0.18 ± 0.02 mmHg, P &lt; 0.05) than those without steatosis. Among the measurements of LV global longitudinal strain and strain rate, those with NAFLD also had higher E/global longitudinal diastolic strain rate during the early phase of diastole (E/SRE). All of these differences remained significant after adjustment for hypertension and other cardiometabolic risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data show that in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD, even if the LV morphology and systolic function are preserved, early features of LV diastolic dysfunction may be detected.
Evaluation of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in dogs with and without cardiac disease
Authors: Ettinger Stephen J. , Farace Giosi , Forney Scott D. , Frye Michelle , Beardow Andrew 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations in a large, diverse population of dogs with and without cardiac disease and to define the upper reference limit for the biomarker in this species.
Design—Cross-sectional single center study.
Animals—1,134 dogs.
Procedures—Dogs underwent blood sample collection, physical examination, ECG, and echocardiographic and thoracic radiographic evaluations. Cardiac status was graded by use of a 9-grade cardiac disease classification system and a simplified 4-stage cardiac scoring system. Vertebral heart score (VHS) was assessed in 280 dogs. Associations of plasma NT-proBNP concentrations with multiple variables were evaluated via univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis. Sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP concentrations and of VHS to discriminate between dogs with and without clinical signs of cardiac disease were evaluated via receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis.
Results—974 dogs had cardiac disease, 37 had noncardiac-related disease, and 123 were healthy. Plasma NT-proBNP concentrations correlated with cardiac grade and stage; VHS was also associated with cardiac grade. At a cutoff of 874 pmol/L, sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP concentration to detect clinical signs of cardiac disease were 70% and 83%, respectively; for VHS, sensitivity and specificity were 56% and 85%, respectively, at a cutoff of 11.5. Mean NT-proBNP concentration was significantly increased in dogs with cardiac-related dyspnea or coughing, compared with dogs in which these signs were noncardiac related.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that 900 pmol/L is the upper reference limit of plasma NT-proBNP concentration in dogs. This biomarker may be a useful tool for staging of cardiac disease and identifying cardiac-related coughing or dyspnea in this species.
Safety and efficacy of laparoscopic hepatic biopsy in dogs: 80 cases (2004–2009)
Authors: Petre Sarah L. , McClaran Janet Kovak , Bergman Philip J. , Monette Sebastien 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic hepatic biopsy in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—80 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Medical records of dogs that underwent laparoscopic hepatic biopsy between 2004 and 2009 because of suspected hepatic disease were reviewed to obtain information on signalment, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and histologic diagnosis. Follow-up information was obtained through medical records and telephone conversations with owners.
Results—76 of the 80 (95%) dogs survived to hospital discharge. Three (4%) dogs required conversion to laparotomy, but in none of the dogs was conversion to laparotomy needed to control hemorrhage associated with the laparoscopic biopsy procedure. Another 3 (4%) dogs required a blood transfusion; all 3 had been anemic prior to surgery. All laparoscopic biopsy samples were considered to be of sufficient size and to contain a sufficient number of portal triads to obtain a histologic diagnosis. However, disagreements in histologic diagnoses were identified for 7 of the 49 (14%) dogs for which multiple slides were available for review.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that laparoscopic hepatic biopsy is a safe procedure in dogs, with low morbidity and mortality rates, that typically yields sufficient samples for histologic examination. However, because of the possibility of disagreement among histologic diagnoses, multiple samples should be obtained.
Echocardiographic evaluation of changes in left ventricular size and valvular regurgitation associated with physical training during and after maturity in Standardbred trotters
Authors: Buhl Rikke , Ersbøll Annette Kjær 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Objective—To assess whether physical training induces cardiac hypertrophy and valvular regurgitation in maturing Standardbred trotters and to establish a prediction model for the size of the left ventricle.
Design—Longitudinal observational study.
Animals—53 Standardbred trotters.
Procedures—Each horse underwent 2-D, M-mode, and color flow Doppler echocardiography at 5.5 years of age; previously, each horse had been examined at 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 (time of maturity) years of age. Horses were or were not in training or racing for variable periods during the entire assessment period; data for a given horse were assigned to 1 of 2 groups on the basis of the horse's status at the fifth examination (racing [n = 40] or not racing [13]). At each examination, left ventricular (LV) internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd), LV mass, and mean and relative LV wall thicknesses were measured. Prevalence and severity of tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valve regurgitation were determined.
Results—During the assessment period, LVIDd, LV mass, and mean LV wall thickness increased; body weight was significantly associated with those variables. Prediction of LV mass was possible when sex and weight were included in the model. Prevalence of valvular regurgitation increased for all valves. An increased risk of development of tricuspid and pulmonary valve regurgitation for horses in racing was observed.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The LV mass and prevalence of valvular regurgitation increased (indicative of development of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy and valvular regurgitation) in young horses, even during the latter part of the assessment period, when maturity was attained.
Clean energy from a carbon fuel cell
Authors: Kacprzak Andrzej , Kobyłecki Rafał , Bis Zbigniew 
Published: January 2012

Clean energy from a carbon fuel cellThe direct carbon fuel cell technology provides excellent conditions for conversion of chemical energy of carbon-containing solid fuels directly into electricity. The technology is very promising since it is relatively simple compared to other fuel cell technologies and accepts all carbon-reach substances as possible fuels. Furthermore, it makes possible to use atmospheric oxygen as the oxidizer. In this paper the results of authors' recent investigations focused on analysis of the performance of a direct carbon fuel cell supplied with graphite, granulated carbonized biomass (biocarbon), and granulated hard coal are presented. The comparison of the voltage-current characteristics indicated that the results obtained for the case when the cell was operated with carbonized biomass and hard coal were much more promising than those obtained for graphite. The effects of fuel type and the surface area of the cathode on operation performance of the fuel cell were also discussed.