bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Climate-Change Impacts on the Urban Heat Load Using an Urban Climate Model and Regional Climate Projections
Authors: Früh Barbara , Becker Paul , Deutschländer Thomas , Hessel Johann-Dirk , Kossmann Meinolf , Mieskes Ingrid , Namyslo Joachim , Roos Marita , Sievers Uwe , Steigerwald Thomas , Turau Heidelore , Wienert Uwe 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A pragmatic approach to estimate the impact of climate change on the urban environment, here called the cuboid method, is presented. This method allows one to simulate the urban heat load and the frequency of air temperature threshold exceedances using only eight microscale urban climate simulations for each relevant wind direction and time series of daily meteorological parameters either from observations or regional climate projections. Eight representative simulations are designed to encompass all major potential urban heat-stress conditions. From these representative simulations, the urban-heat-load conditions in any weather situation are derived by interpolation. The presented approach is applied to study possible future heat load in Frankfurt, Germany, using the high-resolution Microscale Urban Climate Model in three dimensions (MUKLIMO_3). To estimate future changes in heat-load-related climate indices in Frankfurt, climate projections from the regional climate models Max Planck Institute Regional Model (REMO), Climate Limited-Area Model (CLM), Wetterlagen-basierte Regionalisierungsmethode (WETTREG), and Statistical Regional Model (STAR) are used. These regional climate models are driven by the “ECHAM5” general circulation model and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenario A1B. For the mean annual number of days with a maximum daily temperature exceeding 25°C, a comparison between the cuboid method results from observed and projected regional climate time series of the period 1971–2000 shows good agreement, except for CLM for which a clear underestimation is found. On the basis of the 90% significance level of all four regional climate models, the mean annual number of days with a maximum daily temperature exceeding 25°C in Frankfurt is expected to increase by 5–32 days for 2021–50 as compared with 1971–2000.
Mesoscale Modeling of Boundary Layer Refractivity and Atmospheric Ducting
Authors: Haack Tracy , Wang Changgui , Garrett Sally , Glazer Anna , Mailhot Jocelyn , Marshall Robert 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In this study four mesoscale forecasting systems were used to investigate the four-dimensional structure of atmospheric refractivity and ducting layers that occur within evolving synoptic conditions over the eastern seaboard of the United States. The aim of this study was to identify the most important components of forecasting systems that contribute to refractive structures simulated in a littoral environment. Over a 7-day period in April–May of 2000 near Wallops Island, Virginia, meteorological parameters at the ocean surface and within the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) were measured to characterize the spatiotemporal variability contributing to ducting. By using traditional statistical metrics to gauge performance, the models were found to generally overpredict MABL moisture, resulting in fewer and weaker ducts than were diagnosed from vertical profile observations. Mesoscale features in ducting were linked to highly resolved sea surface temperature forcing and associated changes in surface stability and to local variations in internal boundary layers that developed during periods of offshore flow. Sensitivity tests that permit greater mesoscale detail to develop on the model grids revealed that initialization of the simulations and the resolution of sea surface temperature analyses were critical factors for accurate predictions of coastal refractivity.
On the Dynamics of Two-Dimensional Hurricane-Like Vortex Symmetrization
Authors: Martinez Y. , Brunet G. , Yau M. K. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Despite the fact that asymmetries in hurricanes, such as spiral rainbands, polygonal eyewalls, and mesovortices, have long been observed in radar and satellite imagery, many aspects of their origin, space–time structure, and dynamics still remain unsolved, particularly their role on the vortex intensification. The underlying inner-core dynamics need to be better understood to improve the science of hurricane intensity forecasting. To fill this gap, a simple 2D barotropic “dry” model is used to perform two experiments starting respectively with a monopole and a ring of enhanced vorticity to mimic hurricane-like vortices during incipient and mature stages of development. The empirical normal mode (ENM) technique, together with the Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux calculations, are used to isolate wave modes from the model datasets to investigate their space–time structure, kinematics, and the impact on the changes in the structure and intensity of the simulated hurricane-like vortices.
From the ENM diagnostics, it is shown in the first experiment how an incipient storm described by a vortex monopole intensifies by “inviscid damping” of a “discrete-like” vortex Rossby wave (VRW) or quasi mode. The critical radius, the structure, and the propagating properties of the quasi mode are found to be consistent with predictions of the linear eigenmode analysis of small perturbations. In the second experiment, the fastest growing wavenumber-4 unstable VRW modes of a vortex ring reminiscent of a mature hurricane are extracted, and their relation with the polygonal eyewalls, mesovortices, and the asymmetric eyewall contraction are established in consistency with results previously obtained from other authors.
Stratified Inertial Subrange Inferred from In Situ Measurements in the Bottom Boundary Layer of the Rockall Channel
Authors: Bouruet-Aubertot Pascale , van Haren Hans , Lelong M. Pascale 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Deep-ocean high-resolution moored temperature data are analyzed with a focus on superbuoyant frequencies. A local Taylor hypothesis based on the horizontal velocity averaged over 2 h is used to infer horizontal wavenumber spectra of temperature variance. The inertial subrange extends over fairly low horizontal wavenumbers, typically within 2 × 10−3 and 2 × 10−1 cycles per minute (cpm). It is therefore interpreted as a stratified inertial subrange for most of this wavenumber interval, whereas in some cases the convective inertial subrange is resolved as well. Kinetic energy dissipation rate ε is inferred using theoretical expressions for the stratified inertial subrange. A wide range of values within 10−9 and 4 × 10−7 m2 s−3 is obtained for time periods either dominated by semidiurnal tides or by significant subinertial variability. A scaling for ε that depends on the potential energy within the inertio-gravity waves (IGW) frequency band PEIGW and the buoyancy frequency N is proposed for these two cases. When semidiurnal tides dominate, ε ≃ (PEIGWN)3/2, whereas ε ≃ PEIGWN in the presence of significant subinertial variability. This result is obtained for energy levels ranging from 1 to 30 times the Garrett–Munk energy level and is in contrast with classical finescale parameterization in which ε ∼ (PEIGW)2 that applies far from energy sources. The specificities of the stratified bottom boundary layer, namely a weak stratification, may account for this difference.
TRPV1 receptor blockade is ineffective in different in vivo models of migraine
Authors: Summ Oliver , Holland Philip R , Akerman Simon , Goadsby Peter J 
Published: July 2010

Background: It has been proposed that TRPV1 receptors may play a role modulating trigeminal sensory processing. We used models of trigeminovascular nociceptive activation to study the involvement of TRPV1 receptors in the rat. Due to a possible role of TRPV1 receptors in cortical spreading depression (CSD), an experimental phenomenon sharing many features with migraine aura, we also utilized a model of mechanically induced CSD. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats ( N = 39) were anesthetized and cannulated for monitoring and drug administration to study the effects of the TRPV1 receptor antagonist A-993610 (8 mg kg−1 IV). Wide-dynamic-range neurons, responding to electrical stimulation of the middle meningeal artery (MMA)/dura mater were identified and recorded using electrophysiological techniques. Intravital microscopy was used to study neurogenic dural vasodilation (NDV) of the MMA comparing capsaicin and electrical stimulation, and the effect of A-993610 on mechanically induced CSD was examined. Results: Administration of A-993610 had no significant effect on trigeminal firing of A- or C-fibers elicited by electrical stimulation of the MMA. It also showed no effect on NDV whilst blocking vasodilation due to intravenous capsaicin injection. The mechanically induced CSD response could not be altered by A-993610 administration. Conclusions: Although there is evidence that TRPV1 receptors play an important role in sensory processing in general, the new data do not support a role in the treatment of acute migraine.
Generalized Joint Hypermobility and Risk of Lower Limb Joint Injury During Sport
Authors: Pacey Verity , Nicholson Leslie L. , Adams Roger D. , Munn Joanne , Munns Craig F. 
Published: July 2010

Background: Generalized joint hypermobility is a highly prevalent condition commonly associated with joint injuries. The current literature has conflicting reports of the risk of joint injury in hypermobile sporting participants compared with their nonhypermobile peers. Systematic reviews have not been conclusive and no meta-analysis has been performed. Purpose: This review was undertaken to determine whether individuals with generalized joint hypermobility have an increased risk of lower limb joint injury when undertaking sporting activities. Study Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Methods: Studies were identified through a search without language restrictions of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and SportDiscus databases from the earliest date through February 2009 with subsequent handsearching of reference lists. Inclusion criteria for studies were determined before searching and all included studies underwent methodological quality assessment by 2 independent reviewers. Meta-analyses for joint injury of the lower limb, knee, and ankle were performed using a random effects model. The difference in injury proportions between hypermobility categories was tested with the z statistic. Results: Of 4841 identified studies, 18 met all inclusion criteria with methodological quality ranging from 1 of 6 to 5 of 6. A variety of tests of hypermobility and varied cutoff points to define the presence of generalized joint hypermobility were used, so the authors determined a standardized cutoff to indicate generalized joint hypermobility. Using this criterion, a significantly increased risk of knee joint injury for hypermobile and extremely hypermobile participants compared with their nonhypermobile peers was demonstrated ( P < .001), whereas no increased risk was found for ankle joint injury. For knee joint injury, a combined odds ratio of 4.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.33-16.52; P = .02) was calculated, indicating a significantly increased risk for hypermobile participants playing contact sports. Conclusion: Sport participants with generalized joint hypermobility have an increased risk of knee joint injury during contact activities but have no altered risk of ankle joint injury.
The Biomechanics of Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Repair Followed by Lateral Retinacular Release
Authors: Bedi Harvinder , Marzo John 
Published: July 2010

Background: Repair of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) for acute patellar instability has recently become popular, with good clinical success rates reported in the literature. Usually, a lateral retinacular release (LRR) is added to the medial repair in an effort to “rebalance” the patella. In the native knee, however, isolated LRR reduces the force required to displace the patella laterally and may be an undesirable component of instability surgery. Hypothesis: The authors’ hypothesis was that LRR, when performed after MPFL repair, would reduce the force required to displace the patella laterally. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Eight fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were prepared as a model for acute patellar dislocation by transecting the MPFL at its patellar attachment. The knees were sequentially tested in the native (control), cut MPFL, repaired MPFL, and repaired MPFL with LRR conditions. Each knee was mounted and tested on an MTS machine that measured the amount of force required to displace the patella 1 cm laterally. Testing was done at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° of knee flexion. Results: Cutting the MPFL reduced the force required to displace the patella 1 cm laterally by 14% to 22% compared with the native knee. Repair of the ligament restored the ability of the patella to resist lateral force. Adding a lateral release to the repair reduced the force required to displace the patella 1 cm by 7% to 11% compared with the MPFL-repaired knee. Conclusion: After repair of the MPFL, adding an LRR lowered the ability of the patella to resist lateral displacement. Clinical Relevance: According to this study, LRR may not be routinely appropriate as a part of the stabilizing procedure to address acute patellar dislocation when the MPFL is avulsed from the patella.
Collection and processing of whole blood for transformation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and extraction of DNA: the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium
Authors: Rosinger Silke , Nutland Sarah , Mickelson Eric , Varney Michael D , Boehm Bernard O , Olsem Gary J , Hansen John A , Nicholson Ian , Hilner Joan E , Perdue Letitia H , Pierce June J , Akolkar Beena , Nierras Concepcion , Steffes Michael W ,   T1DGC
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose To yield large amounts of DNA for many genotype analyses and to provide a renewable source of DNA, the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) harvested DNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from individuals with type 1 diabetes and their family members in several regions of the world. Methods DNA repositories were established in Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, and the United Kingdom. To address region-specific needs, different methods and sample processing techniques were used among the laboratories to extract and to quantify DNA and to establish Epstein-Barr virus transformed cell lines. Results More than 98% of the samples of PBMCs were successfully transformed. Approximately 20—25 μg of DNA were extracted per mL of whole blood. Extraction of DNA from the cell pack ranged from 92 to 165 μg per cell pack. In addition, the extracted DNA from whole blood or transformed cells was successfully utilized in each regional human leukocyte antigen genotyping laboratory and by several additional laboratories performing consortium-wide genotyping projects. Limitations Although the isolation of PBMCs was consistent among sites, the measurement of DNA was difficult to harmonize. Conclusions DNA repositories can be established in different regions of the world and produce similar amounts of high-quality DNA for a variety of high-throughput genotyping techniques. Furthermore, even with the distances and time necessary for transportation, highly efficient transformation of PBMCs is possible. For future studies/trials involving several laboratories in different locations, the T1DGC experience includes examples of protocols that may be applicable. In summary, T1DGC has developed protocols that would be of interest to any scientific organization attempting to overcome the logistical problems associated with studies/trials spanning multiple research facilities, located in different regions of the world. Clinical Trials 2010; 7: S65—S74. http://ctj.sagepub.com
A population-based study of cardiac morbidity among Hodgkin lymphoma patients with preexisting heart disease
Authors: Myrehaug Sten , Pintilie Melania , Yun Lingsong , Crump Michael , Tsang Richard W. , Meyer Ralph M. , Sussman Jonathan , Yu Eric , Hodgson David C. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The risk of cardiac hospitalization (CH) in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients with preexisting heart disease was evaluated. Patients with HL were identified from a population-based registry (N = 3964). Data were abstracted from records of a randomly selected subcohort (N = 1096). A population-based registry was used to identify CH. Factors associated with CH and the incidence of CH after HL were estimated with competing risk models. Preexisting heart disease was the strongest predictor of posttreatment CH (hazard ratio = 3.98, P < .001) and significantly modified (P = .01) the effect of treatment on the risk of CH. Among patients with preexisting heart disease, treatment with mediastinal radiation therapy plus doxorubicin-based chemotherapy was associated with a 10-year incidence of CH more than 20% higher than treatment with chemotherapy alone. There is a high risk of CH after mediastinal radiation therapy plus doxorubicin-based chemotherapy among patients with preexisting heart disease; this is an important consideration when weighing treatment options, and in the follow-up of these patients.
Collagen remodelling by airway smooth muscle is resistant to steroids and β2-agonists
Authors: Bourke J.E. , Li X. , Foster S.R. , Wee E. , Dagher H. , Ziogas J. , Harris T. , Bonacci J.V. , Stewart A.G. 
Published: July 2010

Bi-directional interactions between airway smooth muscle (ASM) and the altered extracellular matrix (ECM) may influence airway wall remodelling and ASM function in asthma. We have investigated the capacity of cultured human ASM to reorganise the structure of three-dimensional collagen gels and the effects of endothelin (ET)-1 and agents used to treat asthma.Human ASM cells were cast in type I collagen gels. Reductions in gel area over 72 h were determined in the absence and presence of ET-1 and potential inhibitors, steroids and β2-adrenoceptor agonists. Changes in gel wet weights and hydroxyproline content were measured and ASM gel morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy.Cell density-dependent reductions in gel area were augmented by ET-1, mediatedviaETAreceptors. This process was not associated with ASM contraction or proliferation, but was consistent with ASM tractional remodelling and migration leading to collagen condensation rather than collagen degradation within gels. The collagen remodelling by ASM was unaffected by salbutamol and/or budesonide.This study demonstrates an additional potential role for ASM in ECM regulation and dysregulation in airways disease that is resistant to steroids and β2-adrenoceptor agonists. Therapy-resistant collagen condensation within ASM bundles may facilitate ECM-ASM interactions and contribute to increased internal airways resistance.
Comparison of two twice-daily doses of budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy
Authors: Aubier M. , Buhl R. , Ekström T. , Ostinelli J. , van Schayck C.P. , Selroos O. , Haughney J. 
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to compare two budesonide/formoterol maintenance doses within the budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy concept and to identify possible patient characteristics at baseline which would predict a better response to a higher than standard maintenance dose.A total of 8,424 patients with symptomatic asthma when using an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) with or without a long-acting β2-agonist were randomised to budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg, one (1×2) or two (2×2) inhalationsb.i.d. Patients used the same inhaler as needed for symptom relief. The primary outcome variable was time to first severe asthma exacerbation.In the total study population, the time to first severe asthma exacerbation was prolonged by 18% with 2×2versus1×2 (hazard ratio 0.82; p = 0.03). Lung function (peak expiratory flow) was the only statistically significant predictor of a better response to 2×2. The mean daily ICS doses were 737 and 463 μg in the 2×2 and 1×2 groups, respectively.In a real-life setting, budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy at the 2×2 maintenance dose did prolong time to first severe exacerbation but at a higher medication load. Patients with low lung function benefited most from the higher maintenance dose.
Vitamin D status and longitudinal lung function decline in the Lung Health Study
Authors: Kunisaki K.M. , Niewoehner D.E. , Singh R.J. , Connett J.E. 
Published: July 2010

Low blood vitamin D levels have been postulated to be a risk factor for worse lung function, based largely on cross-sectional data. We sought to use longitudinal data to test the hypothesis that baseline plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is lower in subjects with more rapid lung function decline, compared to those with slow lung function decline.We conducted a nested, matched case–control study in the Lung Health Study 3 cohort. Cases and controls were continuous smokers with rapid and slow lung function decline, respectively, over ∼6 yrs of follow-up. We compared baseline 25(OH)D levels between cases and controls, matching date of phlebotomy and clinical centre.Among 196 subjects, despite rapid and slow decliners experiencing strikingly and significantly different rates of decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (-152versus-0.3 mL·yr−1; p<0.001), there was no significant difference in baseline 25(OH)D levels (25.0versus25.9 ng·mL−1; p = 0.54). There was a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (35%) and deficiency (31%); only 4% had a normal 25(OH)D level in the winter.Although vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common among continuous smokers with established mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, baseline 25(OH)D levels are not predictive of subsequent lung function decline.
Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome
Authors: Song J.W. , Hong S-B. , Lim C-M. , Koh Y. , Kim D.S. 
Published: July 2010

Although acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has become well recognised, the reported incidence and outcomes are highly variable, and risk factors are unknown. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence, risk factors and impact of acute exacerbations, and other known causes of rapid deterioration.This was a retrospective review of 461 patients with IPF (269 cases were biopsy-proven).The median follow-up period was 22.9 months. Rapid deterioration requiring hospitalisation occurred in 163 (35.4%) patients, with multiple episodes in 42 patients. Acute exacerbation was the most frequent cause (55.2%), followed by infection. The 1- and 3-yr incidences of acute exacerbation were 14.2 and 20.7%, respectively. Never having smoked and low forced vital capacity (FVC) were significant risk factors. The in-hospital mortality rate was 50.0%, and the 1- and 5-yr survival rates from the initial diagnosis were 56.2 and 18.4%, respectively. Acute exacerbation was a significant predictor of poor survival after the initial diagnosis, along with increased age, low FVC and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and steroid use with or without cytotoxic therapy.1- and 3-yr incidences of acute exacerbation were 14.2 and 20.7%, respectively. Never having smoked and low FVC were risk factors. Acute exacerbation had a serious impact on the overall survival of the patients with IPF.