bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A diagnostic framework for measuring Web‐site localization
Authors: Singh Nitish , Toy Daniel R. , Wright Lauren K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study provides a framework for analyzing the extent of a company's Web localization efforts based on four constructs that capture the overall quality of Web localization: content localization, cultural customization, local gateways, and translation quality. The framework is used to measure Web‐site localization efforts directed toward the U.S. Hispanic online market. The results show that most U.S. Web sites emphasize translation of the Web content from English to Spanish without localizing the site in terms of navigation, graphics, colors, and other culturally relevant content. A scorecard is provided for practitioners to use in assessing and enhancing their companies' Web‐site localization efforts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Telia—a Swedish‐Finnish marriage after a failed Norwegian courtship
Authors: Schmid Stefan , Daniel Andrea 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn 2002, the Swedish telecommunications company Telia merged with the Finnish telecommunications company Sonera. Prior to this merger, Telia had already attempted to ally with the Norwegian telecommunications company Telenor. This effort had resulted in a disaster; the “marriage” of the two companies was “divorced” after only two months in 1999. In the first part, the case study will feature an introduction to the telecommunications industry. In the second part, the unsuccessful merger between Telia and Telenor will be examined. Particular emphasis will be placed on national conflicts of interest and the power games played by politicians and leading managers. In the third part, the merger between Telia and Sonera will be described. This will be interpreted as another example of a politically and culturally difficult, but to this day successful merger. Finally, both merger episodes will be analyzed with reference to international mergerand‐acquisition (M&A) literature. The focus will be on motivations and objectives, environmental influences on the two mergers, and internal issues of the merging companies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Joint data aggregation and encryption using Slepian‐Wolf coding for clustered wireless sensor networks
Authors: Wang Pu , Zheng Jun , Yang Fang , Li Cheng 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper proposes a joint data aggregation and encryption scheme using Slepian‐Wolf coding for efficient and secured data transmission in clustered wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We first consider the optimal intra‐cluster rate allocation problem in using Slepian‐Wolf coding for data aggregation, which aims at finding a rate allocation subject to Slepian‐Wolf theorem such that the total energy consumed by all sensor nodes in a cluster for sending encoded data is minimized. Based on the properties of Slepian‐Wolf coding with optimal intra‐cluster rate allocation, a novel encryption mechanism, called spatially selective encryption, is then proposed for data encryption within a single cluster. This encryption mechanism only requires a cluster head to encrypt its data while allowing all its cluster members to send their data without performing any encryption. In this way, the data from all cluster members can be protected as long as the data of the cluster head (calledvirtual key) is protected. This can significantly reduce the energy consumption for performing data encryption. Furthermore, an energy‐efficient key establishment protocol is also proposed to securely and efficiently establish the key used for encrypting the data of a cluster head. Simulation results show that the joint data aggregation and encryption scheme can significantly improve energy efficiency in data transmission while providing a high level of data security. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitridation of Niobium Pentoxide Films in Ammonia by Rapid Thermal Processing
Authors: Matylitskaya Volha A. , Kothleitner Gerald , Bock Wolfgang , Kolbesen Bernd O. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe feasibility of niobium oxynitride formation through nitridation of niobium pentoxide films in ammonia by rapid thermal processing (RTP) was investigated. Niobium films 200 and 500 nm thick were deposited by sputtering on Si(100) wafers covered by a 100 nm thick thermally grown SiO2 layer. These as‐deposited films exhibited distinct texture effects. They were processed in three steps using an RTP system. The as‐deposited niobium films were first nitridated in an ammonia atmosphere at 1000 °C for 1 min and then oxidised in molecular oxygen at temperatures ranging from 400 to 600 °C. Those samples in which a single Nb2O5 phase was determined after oxidation were additionally nitridated in ammonia at 1000 °C for 1 min. Investigations show that surface roughness of the samples after oxidation of niobium films first nitridated in ammonia is lower than after direct oxidation of as‐deposited films in oxygen, although the niobium pentoxide phase formed after annealing was the same in both cases. We explain this result as being due to the large expansion of the niobium lattice during the direct oxidation of the niobium film in molecular oxygen and also to the high oxidation rate of the as‐deposited niobium film in oxygen. By incorporation of oxygen in the crystal lattice of niobium and rapid formation of niobium pentoxide, substantial intrinsic stress was built up in the film, frequently resulting in delamination of the film from the substrate. Nitrogen hinders the diffusion of oxygen in nitridated films, which leads to a decrease of the oxidation rate and thus slower formation of Nb2O5. Nitridation of the completely oxidised niobium films in ammonia leads to the formation of niobium oxynitride and niobium nitride phases.
Quaternary Rare Earth Ruthenium and Osmium Phosphide Carbides RRu2PC and ROs2PC with DyFe2SiC Type Structure
Authors: Pohlkamp Marc W. , Witte Anne M. , Jeitschko Wolfgang 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEight rare earth ruthenium phosphide carbides RRu2PC (R = Y, Ce, Sm, Gd–Er) and seven corresponding osmium compounds ROs2PC (R = Y, Ce–Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb) were prepared by arc‐melting of the elemental components. They crystallise with an orthorhombic structure (Cmcm, Z = 4) first reported for DyFe2SiC. These are the first compounds of this structure type containing phosphorus instead of silicon. The crystal structures of the four compounds CeRu2PC, SmRu2PC, TbRu2PC, and GdOs2PC were refined from X‐ray powder diffractometer data. The cell volumes indicate the cerium atoms to have mixed or intermediate +3/+4 valence.
Formal behavioral evaluation of enrichment programs on a zookeeper's schedule: a case study with a polar bear (Ursus Maritimus) at the Bronx Zoo
Authors: Canino Wendy , Powell David 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe conducted a brief study of the effectiveness of environmental enrichment for a polar bear at the Bronx Zoo with two objectives in mind. First we wanted to determine if a novel method of collecting data that easily fits into a zookeeper's work routine would produce usable data and if so, we wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of some new items that had been purchased for enriching the polar bear in reducing his pacing behavior. Observations were recorded for 119 days over a period of 5 months from April 2007 through August 2007. Five new items and eight previously used items were rotated and presented to the polar bear in the morning and afternoon. We recorded the bear's behavior five times per day as we passed by his exhibit during our regular work routine. Predictably, we found that the newer enrichment items were more effective at increasing play and decreasing pacing, as well as other more subtle effects on his behavior that helped us to design a better enrichment routine. More importantly, we found that this method of “multi‐point scan sampling” was effective at producing ample and reliable data that could be used to analyze the bear's behavior without adding significant work to the keepers' daily routine. Zoo Biol 29:503–508, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Classification—Important Step to Improve Management of Patients with an Open Abdomen
Authors: Björck Martin , Bruhin Andreas , Cheatham Michael , Hinck Daniel , Kaplan Mark , Manca Guiseppe , Wild Thomas , Windsor Alastair 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis short report is a distillation of the proceedings from a consensus group meeting in January 2009. It outlines a proposed classification system for patients with an open abdomen (OA). The classification allows (1) a description of the patient’s clinical course; (2) standardized clinical guidelines for improving OA management; and (3) improved reporting of OA status, which will facilitate comparisons between studies and heterogeneous patient populations. The following grading is suggested: grade 1A, clean OA without adherence between bowel and abdominal wall or fixity of the abdominal wall (lateralization); grade 1B, contaminated OA without adherence/fixity; grade 2A, clean OA developing adherence/fixity; grade 2B, contaminated OA developing adherence/fixity; grade 3, OA complicated by fistula formation; grade 4, frozen OA with adherent/fixed bowel, unable to close surgically, with or without fistula. We propose that this classification system will facilitate communication, clarify OA management, and potentially improve patient care.
Bile Acids Conjugation in Human Bile Is Not Random: New Insights from 1H‐NMR Spectroscopy at 800 MHz
Authors: Nagana Gowda G. A. , Shanaiah Narasimhamurthy , Cooper Amanda , Maluccio Mary , Raftery Daniel 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBile acids constitute a group of structurally closely related molecules and represent the most abundant constituents of human bile. Investigations of bile acids have garnered increased interest owing to their recently discovered additional biological functions including their role as signaling molecules that govern glucose, fat and energy metabolism. Recent NMR methodological developments have enabled single‐step analysis of several highly abundant and common glycine‐ and taurine‐ conjugated bile acids, such as glycocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid. Investigation of these conjugated bile acids in human bile employing high field (800 MHz) 1H‐NMR spectroscopy reveals that the ratios between two glycine‐conjugated bile acids and their taurine counterparts correlate positively (R2 = 0.83–0.97; p = 0.001 × 10−2–0.006 × 10−7) as do the ratios between a glycine‐conjugated bile acid and its taurine counterpart (R2 = 0.92–0.95; p = 0.004 × 10−3–0.002 × 10−10). Using such correlations, concentration of individual bile acids in each sample could be predicted in good agreement with the experimentally determined values. These insights into the pattern of bile acid conjugation in human bile between glycine and taurine promise useful clues to the mechanism of bile acids’ biosynthesis, conjugation and enterohepatic circulation, and may improve our understanding of the role of individual conjugated bile acids in health and disease.
Social identity threat and consumer preferences
Authors: White Katherine , Argo Jennifer J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlthough marketers often link brands with an aspect of consumer social identity, the current research demonstrates that such brand‐identity linkages may sometimes have negative consequences. Consumers motivated to protect and maintain feelings of individual self‐worth alter their product evaluations and choices to avoid a threatened aspect of their own social identity. Whereas those low in collective self‐esteem (CSE) tend to exhibit such identity avoidance effects, those high in CSE maintain associations with an identity‐linked brand even when that social identity is threatened. Moreover, when the consumer feels positively about the self via self‐affirmation, the effect among low CSE consumers is mitigated. Finally, it is demonstrated that differences in the use of identity as a resource underlie the effects.
Healthcare: Affordable quality coverage for all
Authors: Lee Keat Jin 
Published: April 2009

The quality of medical care available in the United States is the best in the world. However, today's American healthcare delivery system is unacceptable. It is too expensive, disjointed, and wasteful. The amount spent on healthcare in the United States is sufficient to meet everyone's needs; the reason it does not is that the money is misspent. Healthcare makes up 16 percent of the gross domestic product, or $2.3 trillion, yet 46 million people are uninsured, the majority of people are underinsured, and even those with insurance suffer significant hassles in receiving healthcare. Medical errors occur at alarming rates. The lack of quality measures to define best practices leads to a wide variation of practices and costs. Fragmented healthcare leads to errors. The goal of this paper is to explore a set of 20 comprehensive steps to begin reform of healthcare in this country.
Lower–Middle Jurassic foraminiferal and ostracode biostratigraphy of the Barents Sea shelf
Authors: Basov V.A. , Nikitenko B.L. , Kupriyanova N.V. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The Barents Sea shelf is an attractive target as a prospective large petroleum province. Further development of geological and geophysical exploration in the area requires high-resolution biostratigraphic constraints and update stratigraphic charts. The zonal succession of Lower and Middle Jurassic assemblages of foraminifers and ostracodes of the Barents Sea fits well the division for northern Siberia based on correlated independent Jurassic and Cretaceous zonal scales on all main microfossil groups, of which some scales were suggested as the Boreal Zonal Standard. The stratigraphic range of the Barents Sea microfossil assemblages has been updated through correlation with their counterparts from northern Siberia constrained by ammonite and bivalve data. Joint analysis of foraminiferal and ostracode biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of the sections allowed a revision to the stratigraphic position and extent of lithological and seismic units. The discovered similarity in the Lower and Middle Jurassic lithostratigraphy in the sections of the Barents Sea shelf and northern Siberia, along with their almost identical microfossil taxonomy, prompts similarity in the Early and Middle Jurassic deposition and geological histories of the two areas.
Sequence stratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous deposit on the eastern Russian Plate
Authors: Zorina S.O. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The generalized eustatic and tectonoeustatic models developed by the author are tested on Lower Cretaceous deposits of the eastern part of the Russian Plate. The models are applicable to facies analysis of sections of epicontinental basins with mainly slope sedimentation. They demonstrate possible variations in section lithology depending on the rate of eustatic changes and the intensity and direction of epeirogenic movements. It has been revealed that the Lower Cretaceous sections in the east of the Russian Platform formed as a result of the synchronous global eustasy and regional epeirogeny. Superposition of the global eustatic curve onto the Lower Cretaceous chronostratigraphic chart of the eastern part of the platform showed that global eustasy, periodically concealed by regional epeirogeny, played a crucial role in the Early Cretaceous history of the study area. Regional epeirogenic and eustatic curves were constructed. The epeirogenic curve demonstrates the contribution of vertical tectonic movements to the overall eustatic-epeirogenic result recorded on a regional eustatic curve. The latter was constructed from the analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in the stratigraphic position of formations and strata and transgressive surfaces ranking. Eustatic cycles of different ranks, from elementary (systems tracts) to regional scale, have been recognized. In the rank of largest lithostratigraphic units, three sequences are revealed: Valanginian (RP-1K), Upper Hauterivian–Upper Aptian (RP-2K), and Albian (RP-3K), which reflect the crucial stages of the Early Cretaceous evolution of the eastern Russian Plate. The eustatic-epeirogenic processes during accumulation of formations and strata from Early Berriasian to Late Albian (145.5–99.6 Ma) are considered. It is shown that the division of the studied composite section into sequences permits precise prediction of diverse solid minerals.
Garnet-bearing basites of the Kuvalorog massif (Kamchatka Peninsula)
Authors: Konnikov E.G. , Nekrasov A.N. , Orsoev D.A. , Yan Hongquan , Chi Xiaoguo 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The petrographic, petrochemical, and mineralogical compositions of the Kuvalorog Ni-bearing cortlandite-norite intrusion and endocontact leucodiorites hosting pyrope-almandine garnet are considered. Lamprophyre dikes with scarce pyrope-almandine garnet, first discovered in the massif, and plagioclase-pyroxene symplectites in garnet porphyroblast areas are studied. Judging from the petrography of rocks and the composition of inclusions rich in incompatible elements in the garnet, the mineral was produced by the reaction of orthopyroxene with the anorthite component of plagioclase at the subsolidus stage of formation of endocontact diorites. This reaction was probably favored by the fluid phase abundant in the parental magma of the Kuvalorog intrusion and, especially, in the zones near its contact with relics of terrigenous rocks, where it was produced as a result of the rock dehydration under the thermal effect of the intrusion.
Thermal structure of lithosphere in Central Asian and Pacific belts and their adjacent cratons, from data of geoscience transects
Authors: Gornov P.Yu. , Goroshko M.V. , Malyshev Yu.F. , Podgornyi V.Ya. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe investigate the 2D thermal structure of lithosphere in the Central Asian and Pacific tectonic belts and adjacent cratonic areas of Siberia and North China using a synthesis of geothermal data from six geoscience transects covered by seismic, resistivity, and gravity surveys. The patterns of rock density, radiogenic heat production derived from U and Th abundances, thermal conductivity, temperatures, and respective heat flows reveal a layered structure. The model with layers distinguished according to density and thermal parameters includes well pronounced dome-shaped features in the crust which correlate with upwarps of the asthenospheric top. The domes are marked by high heat flows of 60–90 mW/m2 with a mantle component higher than the crustal one (30–60 mW/m2 against 20–30 mW/m2) and temperatures as high as 800–1100 °C at the Moho. Many of these features correspond to known and potential petroleum basins.
Modeling electromagnetic field in shelf areas
Authors: Marinenko A.V. , Epov M.I. , Shurina E.P. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Water salinity at shallow sea depths in shelf areas changes with depth, which causes respective conductivity changes. We discuss algorithms for computing monochromatic electric fields using the vector finite-element method with different realizations of depth dependence of conductivity. The algorithms have been applied to compute vertical conductivity patterns and to explore its influence on the electric field measured on the surface.
Variation of mohair staple length across Angora goat fleeces: implications for animal selection and fleece evaluation
Authors: McGREGOR B. A. , BUTLER K. L. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYThe present study aimed to determine how the average mohair staple length (SL) differences between nine sampling sites vary between sex and flock, to identify differences in SL variability between sampling sites as a result of between-animal and between-sire variability and to determine SL correlations between sampling sites in between-animal and between-sire variability. Australian Angora goats (n=301) from two farms in southern Australia were sampled at 12 and 18 months of age at nine sites (mid side, belly, brisket, hind flank, hip, hock, mid back, neck and shoulder). Staples were taken prior to shearing at skin level and stretched SL determined. For each shearing, differences in SL between sampling sites, how these differences were affected by farm, sex and sire, and the covariance between sites for sire and individual animal effects were investigated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analyses. The median mid-side SL at 12 and 18 months of age was 110 and 130 mm, respectively, but the actual range in mid-side SL was 65–165 mm. There was an anterior–posterior decline in SL with the hock being particularly short. There was no evidence that the between-site correlation of the sire effects differed from 1, indicating that genetic selection for SL at one site will be reflected in SL over the whole fleece. However, low heritabilities of SL at the hock, belly and brisket or at any site at 12 months of age were obtained. There was more variability between sites than between sires, but the between-animal variation was greater. The hip and mid-back sites can be recommended for within-flock (culling) and genetic selection for SL due to their low sampling variability, moderate heritability and ease of location.
Ultra-cold plasmas: a paradigm for strongly coupled and classical electron fluids
Authors: DEUTSCH CLAUDE , ZWICKNAGEL GUENTER , BRET ANTOINE 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUltra-cold plasmas obtained by ionization of atomic Rydberg states are qualified as classical and strongly coupled electron fluids. They are shown to share several common trends with ultra-cold electron flows used for ion-beam cooling. They exhibit specific stopping behaviour to charged particle beams, which may be used for diagnostic purposes. Ultra-cold plasmas are easily strongly magnetized. Then, one expects a strongly anisotropic behaviour of low ion velocity slowing down when the target electron cyclotron radius becomes smaller than the corresponding Debye length.
Waves in Rydberg plasmas
Authors: MENDONÇA J. T. , LOUREIRO J. , TERÇAS H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe define as the Rydberg plasma the weakly ionized gas produced in magneto-optical traps. In such a plasma, the neutral atoms can be excited in Rydberg states. Wave propagation in Rydberg plasmas and the mutual influence of plasma dispersion and atomic dispersion are considered. New dispersion relations are established, showing new instability regimes and new cut-off frequencies.
Community structure and vertical distribution of oncaeid copepods in Tosa Bay, southern Japan
Authors: Nishibe Yuichiro , Hirota Yuuichi , Ueda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2009

Community structure and vertical distribution of oncaeid copepods were investigated at an offshore site in Tosa Bay, southern Japan. Samples were collected with a 0.063 mm closing type net from eight discrete layers between the surface and 500 m depth in August and November 2005. A total of 45 species and three form variants belonging to the genera Triconia, Oncaea, Spinoncaea, Conaea and Epicalymma were identified. The greatest number of species was consistently found in the lower epipelagic zone, at 50–100 m. The vertical distribution patterns of oncaeid copepods were similar between August and November, with the highest abundances in the upper epipelagic zone above the thermocline. The oncaeid maxima corresponded with the depth where appendicularians occurred in high numbers. Dominant species in the water column (0–500 m) were O. venusta small form, O. media, O. scottodicarloi, O. waldemari, O. zernovi, O. tregoubovi, S. ivlevi, S. tenuis and T. conifera. The vertical succession of species composition was almost the same between August and November, although several species showed a downward shift of their depth-range to some extent in November. The oncaeid copepod community could be differentiated into three distinct groups according to the depth layers, each corresponding to different hydrographic conditions in the water column.