bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and prevention of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in sub‐Saharan Africa: a comprehensive review
Authors: Louie Karly S. , De Sanjose Silvia , Mayaud Philippe 
Published: September 2009

SummaryObjectives  To identify the gaps of knowledge and highlight the challenges and opportunities for controlling cervical cancer in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA).Methods  A comprehensive review of peer‐reviewed literature to summarize the epidemiological data on human papillomavirus (HPV) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) by HIV status, to review feasible and effective cervical screening strategies, and to identify barriers in the introduction of HPV vaccination in SSA.Results  ICC incidence in SSA is one of the highest in the world with an age‐standardized incidence rate of 31.0 per 100 000 women. The prevalence of HPV16/18, the two vaccine preventable‐types, among women with ICC, does not appear to differ by HIV status on a small case series. However, there are limited data on the role of HIV in the natural history of HPV infection in SSA. Cervical screening coverage ranges from 2.0% to 20.2% in urban areas and 0.4% to 14.0% in rural areas. There are few large scale initiatives to introduce population‐based screening using cytology, visual inspection or HPV testing. Only one vaccine safety and immunogenicity study is being conducted in Senegal and Tanzania. Few data are available on vaccine acceptability, health systems preparedness and vaccine cost‐effectiveness and long‐term impact.Conclusions  Additional data are needed to strengthen ICC as a public health priority to introduce, implement and sustain effective cervical cancer control in Africa.
GA2LEN skin test study II: clinical relevance of inhalant allergen sensitizations in Europe
Authors: Burbach G. J. , Heinzerling L. M. , Edenharter G. , Bachert C. , Bindslev‐Jensen C. , Bonini S. , Bousquet J. , Bousquet‐Rouanet L. , Bousquet P. J. , Bresciani M. , Bruno A. , Canonica G. W. , Darsow U. , Demoly P. , Durham S. , Fokkens W. J. , Giavi S. , Gjomarkaj M. , Gramiccioni C. , Haahtela T. , Kowalski M. L. , Magyar P. , Muraközi G. , Orosz M. , Papadopoulos N. G. , Röhnelt C. , Stingl G. , Todo‐Bom A. , Von Mutius E. , Wiesner A. , Wöhrl S. , Zuberbier T. 
Published: September 2009

Background:  Skin prick testing is the standard for diagnosing IgE‐mediated allergies. A positive skin prick reaction, however, does not always correlate with clinical symptoms. A large database from a Global Asthma and Allergy European Network (GA2LEN) study with data on clinical relevance was used to determine the clinical relevance of sensitizations against the 18 most frequent inhalant allergens in Europe. The study population consisted of patients referred to one of the 17 allergy centres in 14 European countries (n = 3034, median age = 33 years). The aim of the study was to assess the clinical relevance of positive skin prick test reactions against inhalant allergens considering the predominating type of symptoms in a pan‐European population of patients presenting with suspected allergic disease.Methods:  Clinical relevance of skin prick tests was recorded with regard to patient history and optional additional tests. A putative correlation between sensitization and allergic disease was assessed using logistic regression analysis.Results:  While an overall rate of ≥60% clinically relevant sensitizations was observed in all countries, a differential distribution of clinically relevant sensitizations was demonstrated depending on type of allergen and country where the prick test was performed. Furthermore, a significant correlation between the presence of allergic disease and the number of sensitizations was demonstrated.Conclusion:  This study strongly emphasizes the importance of evaluating the clinical relevance of positive skin prick tests and calls for further studies, which may, ultimately, help increase the positive predictive value of allergy testing.
GA2LEN skin test study I: GA²LEN harmonization of skin prick testing: novel sensitization patterns for inhalant allergens in Europe
Authors: Heinzerling L. M. , Burbach G. J. , Edenharter G. , Bachert C. , Bindslev‐Jensen C. , Bonini S. , Bousquet J. , Bousquet‐Rouanet L. , Bousquet P. J. , Bresciani M. , Bruno A. , Burney P. , Canonica G. W. , Darsow U. , Demoly P. , Durham S. , Fokkens W. J. , Giavi S. , Gjomarkaj M. , Gramiccioni C. , Haahtela T. , Kowalski M. L. , Magyar P. , Muraközi G. , Orosz M. , Papadopoulos N. G. , Röhnelt C. , Stingl G. , Todo‐Bom A. , Von Mutius E. , Wiesner A. , Wöhrl S. , Zuberbier T. 
Published: September 2009

Background:  Skin prick testing is the standard for diagnosing IgE‐mediated allergies. However, different allergen extracts and different testing procedures have been applied by European allergy centres. Thus, it has been difficult to compare results from different centres or studies across Europe. It was, therefore, crucial to standardize and harmonize procedures in allergy diagnosis and treatment within Europe.Aims:  The Global Asthma and Allergy European Network (GA²LEN), with partners and collaborating centres across Europe, was in a unique position to take on this task. The current study is the first approach to implement a standardized procedure for skin prick testing in allergies against inhalant allergens with a standardized pan‐European allergen panel.Methods:  The study population consisted of patients who were referred to one of the 17 participating centres in 14 European countries (n = 3034, median age = 33 years). Skin prick testing and evaluation was performed with the same 18 allergens in a standardized procedure across all centres.Results:  The study clearly shows that many allergens previously regarded as untypical for some regions in Europe have been underestimated. This could partly be related to changes in mobility of patients, vegetation or climate in Europe.Conclusion:  The results of this large pan‐European study demonstrate for the first time sensitization patterns for different inhalant allergens in patients across Europe. The standardized skin prick test with the standardized allergen battery should be recommended for clinical use and research. Further EU‐wide monitoring of sensitization patterns is urgently needed.
EAACI/GA²LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: management of urticaria
Authors: Zuberbier T. , Asero R. , Bindslev‐Jensen C. , Walter Canonica G. , Church M. K. , Giménez‐Arnau A. M. , Grattan C. E. H. , Kapp A. , Maurer M. , Merk H. F. , Rogala B. , Saini S. , Sánchez‐Borges M. , Schmid‐Grendelmeier P. , Schünemann H. , Staubach P. , Vena G. A. , Wedi B. 
Published: September 2009

This guideline, together with its sister guideline on the classification of urticaria (Zuberbier T, Asero R, Bindslev‐Jensen C, Canonica GW, Church MK, Giménez‐Arnau AM et al. EAACI/GA²LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline: definition, classification and diagnosis of urticaria. Allergy 2009;64: 1417–1426), is the result of a consensus reached during a panel discussion at the Third International Consensus Meeting on Urticaria,Urticaria 2008, a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the EU‐funded network of excellence, the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA²LEN), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) and the World Allergy Organization (WAO). As members of the panel, the authors had prepared their suggestions regarding management of urticaria before the meeting. The draft of the guideline took into account all available evidence in the literature (including Medline and Embase searches and hand searches of abstracts at international allergy congresses in 2004–2008) and was based on the existing consensus reports of the first and the second symposia in 2000 and 2004. These suggestions were then discussed in detail among the panel members and with the over 200 international specialists of the meeting to achieve a consensus using a simple voting system where appropriate. Urticaria has a profound impact on the quality of life and effective treatment is, therefore, required. The recommended first line treatment is new generation, nonsedating H1‐antihistamines. If standard dosing is not effective, increasing the dosage up to four‐fold is recommended. For patients who do not respond to a four‐fold increase in dosage of nonsedating H1‐antihistamines, it is recommended that second‐line therapies should be added to the antihistamine treatment. In the choice of second‐line treatment, both their costs and risk/benefit profiles are most important to consider. Corticosteroids are not recommended for long‐term treatment due to their unavoidable severe adverse effects. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS).
Active Participation Instead of Passive Behaviour Opens Up New Vistas in Education of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology
Authors: Plendl J. , Bahramsoltani M. , Gemeinhardt O. , Hünigen H. , Käßmeyer S. , Janczyk P. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryTeaching morphology, a fundamental part of medicine curricula is traditionally based on lectures and practical trainings. We introduced peer‐assisted learning (PAL) and student expert teams to the courses to give the students the possibility to improve their free speech and self‐confidence. We involved students in active preparation of online materials such as labelled e‐slides and e‐pics. We offered online digital microscopy (ZoomifyTM) and dissection (CyberPrep) allowing repeating the learned material and studying veterinary morphology outside the dissection theatre. Over 60% of first and third semester students profited from being a peer or being taught by a peer and 50% said the expert teams were an excellent method to learn the topographic anatomy. Almost all students applied ZoomifyTM and CyberPrep and 75% of them found the digital microscopy and dissection to be a helpful or very helpful learning tool. In face of reduced contact hours, these forms of education compensated in part the lost teaching time. We observed improvement of rhetoric and presentation skills and self‐confidence. The approaches should therefore find their constant place in the veterinary medicine curricula.
Immunohistochemical and Biomolecular Identification of Orphanin FQ, eNOS, Atrial natriuretic Factor and Oxytocin in Rat Seminal Vesicles
Authors: Mauro A. , Buscemi M. , Cappello F. , Uzzo M. L. , Farina‐Lipari E. , Martorana A. , Gerbino A. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryIn previous studies performed on rodents, we detected the presence of adreno‐cholinergic and peptidergic innervation in seminal vesicles and other organs of the male genital system, such as prostate and deferent duct, in which we also investigated the expression of NOS and NADPH‐diaphorase. During this project, we focused our attention on the expression of some peptides involved in local control of smooth muscle relaxation, contractility, vasodilatation and control of blood flow in rat seminal vesicles. We investigated, through immunohistochemistry and RT‐PCR, the presence of four peptides: orphanin, eNOS, ANF and oxytocin. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the presence of the proteins, whereas RT‐PCR analysis confirmed gene expression of orphanin, eNOS and ANF, but not oxytocin. In our opinion, orphanin, eNOS and ANF could have paracrine effects regulating the function of seminal vesicles, whereas oxytocin, which may reach this anatomical district through the blood flow, may have a hormonal action. This is a pilot study that, with further investigation, may allow to better clarify the role of these molecules in the control of seminal vesicle tissues’ homeostasis.
Melanin‐based Feather Colour and Moulting Latitude in a Migratory Songbird
Authors: Ryan Norris D. , Kleven Oddmund , Johnsen Arild , Kurt Kyser T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMelanins are common pigments used for colouration in animal tissue and recent evidence suggests that they may be condition‐dependent signals used in mate choice. We examined the hypothesis that individuals moulting during migration produce relatively dull feathers compared to individuals moulting on the breeding grounds prior to migration because of the costs associated with overlapping these two activities. We estimated both the colour and moulting latitude of melanin‐based feathers in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica). Moulting latitude was inferred from stable‐hydrogen isotope (δD) values of individuals that were known to have bred at the same site the previous year. Contrary to expectations, δD values in feathers suggested that most, if not all, individuals moulted their feathers south of the breeding grounds. Furthermore, we found that males moulting at southern latitudes tended to produce darker, more rufous coloured throat feathers compared to males moulting at more northern latitudes, closer to the breeding grounds. However, we found no such relationship in females. Males could face a trade‐off between growing new but relatively dull feathers before or just after the commencement of migration versus waiting to grow more rufous coloured feathers well into fall migration or on the wintering grounds. We suggest that this trade‐off could produce an honest signal of male quality if only high quality males can afford to migrate large distances on feathers that are greater than a year old.
Colony Budding and its Effects on Food Allocation in the Highly Polygynous Ant, Monomorium pharaonis
Authors: Buczkowski Grzegorz , Bennett Gary 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo advance our understanding of the causes and the consequences of budding (colony multiplication by fragmentation of main nests), we investigated nest movement in the facultatively polydomous Pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis. Demographic data revealed that Pharaoh ants are highly polygynous and have a relatively low worker to queen ratio of 12.86. Budding experiments demonstrated that the number of available bud nests has a significant effect on colony fragmentation and increasing the number of bud nests resulted in smaller colony fragments. The overall distribution among bud nests was uneven, even though there was no evidence that the different life stages and castes partitioned unevenly among the bud nests and the analysis of individual colonies revealed no evidence of an uneven split in any of the colonies. This demonstrates that Pharaoh ants have the ability to exert social control over colony size and caste proportions during budding, which may contribute to their success as an invasive ant. The intensity of nest disturbance had a significant effect on whether or not the ants migrated into bud nests. Major disturbance resulted in the ants abandoning the source nest and migrating to bud nests and minor disturbance did not stimulate the ants to abandon the source nest. The results of the successive budding experiment which allowed the ants the opportunity to bud into progressively smaller nest fragments demonstrate that Pharaoh ants maintain a preferred minimum group size of 469 ± 28 individuals. Food allocation experiments utilizing protein marking revealed that nest fragmentation in Pharaoh ants has no negative impact on intracolony food distribution. Overall, our results suggest that nest units in the Pharaoh ant behave like cooperative, rather than competitive, entities. Such cooperation is most likely facilitated by the fact that individuals in all bud nests are genetically related, remain in close proximity to each other, and may continue to exchange individuals after budding.
Parthenogenetic Induction of Canine Oocytes by Electrical Stimulation and Ca‐EDTA
Authors: Lee SR , Kim J‐W , Kim BS , Yoo D‐H , Park YS , Lee T‐H , Ha J‐H , Hyun B‐H , Ryoo ZY 
Published: September 2009

ContentsIn this study, we investigated parthenogenetic induction of canine oocytes by electrical stimulation following Ca‐EDTA treatment. Oocyte maturation, parthenogenetic development, and cleavage rate in canine after various electrical stimulations (1.5, 1.8, 2.1 kV/cm) for 50 μs with single DC pulse following 1 mM Ca‐EDTA treatment were investigated. In oocyte activated electrically at the voltage of 1.5 kV/cm after 1 mM Ca‐EDTA treatment, the rate of pronucleus and two‐cell was 4.1% and 2.7%, respectively. Although electrical stimulation could parthenogenetically induce immature oocyte to cleavage stage, degeneration rate in all experimental groups was more than 60%. This means that electrical stimulation after Ca‐EDTA treatment could cause canine oocytes to be degenerated. However, two‐cell in canine oocyte by parthenogenesis was for the first time induced. Therefore, we suggested that electrical stimulation for canine oocytes could induce parthenogenetically early embryonic cleavage. This result can be used as a basic data for parthenogenesis study in canine. Also, to perform more developed embryonic development, further study to parthenogenesis in canine need to be developed.
Heat Shock Protein 70 and Sex Steroid Receptors in the Follicular Structures of Induced Ovarian Cysts
Authors: Salvetti NR , Baravalle C , Mira GA , Gimeno EJ , Dallard BE , Rey F , Ortega HH 
Published: September 2009

ContentsThe purpose of this study was to estimate the expression and relative amounts of estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and their isoforms as well as heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in ovaries of rats with induced cystic ovarian disease (COD). Primary, secondary, tertiary, atretic and cystic follicles were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and total ovarian proteins were analyzed by Western blot. In the granulosa layer, growing and cystic follicles in the treated group have a higher expression of ERα than growing follicles of control individuals. In the theca interna layer, tertiary follicles presented a significantly higher expression of ERα in the treated group. An increase in total ERα protein was detected in the treated group. Granulosa cells of all growing, atretic and cystic follicles show a lower expression of ERβ in animals with COD, and the total protein expression of ERβ was lower in this group. The expression of PR was lower in the granulosa cell layer of tertiary and cystic follicles in treated animals, and theca interna layer had less intense immunostaining in this group. Although there were no differences in the expression of PR‐B by Western blotting, the expression of PR‐A was higher and the expression of PR‐C was smaller in the treated group. An intense HSP70 immunostaining was observed in the cells of cystic follicles. By Western blotting, higher protein expression of HSP70 was detected in the ovarian samples of the control group than those of the treated ones. Ovaries of animals with COD exhibited an altered steroid receptor expression and subtype balance as compared with control animals, and an increase in HSP70 immunoexpression.
A case of oncocytic papillary renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Okada Atsushi , Sasaki Shoichi , Fujiyoshi Yukio , Niimi Kazuhiro , Kurokawa Satoshi , Umemoto Yukihiro , Kohri Kenjiro 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPapillary renal cell carcinomas (RCC) are the second most frequently identified pathological subtypes of RCC. Occasionally, papillary RCC demonstrate pathological characteristics of renal oncocytomas (RO), benign renal tumors. We report the case of an 81‐year‐old woman with an oncocytic papillary RCC, which was difficult to differentiate from a hybrid of RO and papillary RCC, who underwent left radical nephrectomy. Morphological examination showed oncocytic tumor region and partially scattered regions with papillary structure. Immunohistochemical examinations demonstrated strongly positive staining of α‐methylacyl‐CoA racemase in the papillary region and negative staining of progesterone receptor and CD117 in both regions. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the increased number of copies of chromosome 7 in the papillary region. Comprehensively, this case could be diagnosed as oncocytic papillary RCC. No evidence of disease recurrence was found at 12 months' follow up.
Haemodynamic, acid–base and electrolyte changes during plasma replacement with hydroxyethyl starch or crystalloid solution in young pigs
Authors: Sümpelmann R. , Schürholz T. , Marx G. , Thorns E. , Hausdörfer J. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryWe investigated haemodynamic, acid–base and electrolyte changes during almost total plasma replacement with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and physiological balanced electrolyte solution (PBE) by using a cell saver in ten young pigs. In the PBE group an additional 3550 (444) ml crystalloid solution [Mean (SD)] was infused over the course of the study in order to maintain pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Plasma protein levels decreased in both groups and the colloid osmotic pressure increased in HES and decreased in PBE. At the end of the study, body weight [HES 10.4 (1), PBE 13.1 (1.4) kg, P < 0.01] and lactic acid concentration [HES 0.9 (0.3), PBE 2.9 (1.3) mmol.l −1, P < 0.01] was higher and tissue oxygen delivery [HES 327 (22), PBE 89 (29) ml.min·m2, P < 0.01] was lower in the PBE group. There were only moderate acid–base changes in both groups, but at the end, anion gap was significant lower in HES. In conclusion, maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure close to the physiological range of infants seems to be advantageous during major paediatric surgery.
From end time to the time of the end: some reflections about the emergence of subjectivity
Authors: Martin‐Vallas François 
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  In this article, the author presents the first ten years of the analysis of a young patient who just barely escaped an onset of schizophrenia. The patient showed defences of the self that had been frozen with regard to his relationship to time, and had shut him outside of any rapport with time, forcing him to seek—as desperately as unconsciously—a ‘time of the end’, a present time.He explores different ‘lived times’: circular and linear times that are both classical in Jungian theory; he then describes what he calls subjective linear ‘lived time’ as a modality for opening up instinctual objectivity to subjectivity's access to the symbolic. In his theorization of this passage, he uses the Greek notion of Kairos as well as the French psychoanalyst Jean Laplanche's theory of originary seduction.Finally, he ties this transition to recent theories in physics of complex systems, also called chaos theory, and poses the hypothesis that this model can represent two essential qualities of subjectivity: its non‐predictability and its non‐reproductability.