bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Protection of Crabs and Lobsters
Authors: Allen E. J. 
Published: May 2009

“Every legislative restriction means the creation of a new offence. In the case of fishery it means that a simple man of the people, earning a scanty livelihood by hard toil, shall be liable to fine or imprisonment for doing that which he and his fathers before him have, up to that time, been free to do.“If the general interest clearly requires that this burden should be put upon the fisherman—well and good. But if it does not—if, indeed, there is any doubt about the matter—I think that the man who has made the unnecessary law deserves a heavier punishment than the man who breaks it.”—Huxley, Inaugural Address, Fisheries Exhibition, 1883.
Life History Patterns of Polychaete Species of the Family Spionidae
Authors: Gudmundsson H. 
Published: May 2009

The reproductive morphology and larval development in Spionidae has been dealt with extensively by Soderström (1920), Hannerz (1956), Orrhage (1964). Simon (1967), Blake (1969) and Rice (1980). The family shows a considerable variation in gamete morphology, modes of sperm transfer and types of larval development. One might also expect variability in features of the life history patterns, such as the life span, reproductive age, reproductive cycles and fecundity, both between and within species.Previous population studies on spionids include the work on populations of Polydora ciliata (Johnston) (Dorsett, 1961); (Daro & Polk, 1973), on populations of Scolelepis squamata (Müller) (Joyner, 1962); (Richards, 1970), on a population of Scolecolepides viridis (Verrill) (George, 1966) and on a laboratory reared population of Malacoceros cf. fuliginosus (Guérin, 1973). The present paper is an attempt to analyse the patterns of life history as they appear in littoral populations of Spio martinensis Mesnil, Polydora ciliata (Johnston), Pygospio elegans Claparede and Malacoceros fuliginosus (Claparède) at localities in N. E. England. The main features considered here are the changes in the size (age) distributions, the annual cycles of reproduction, the output of offspring and population density changes.The Spio species in the population at Black Middens, North Shields, which is referred to S. martinensis Mesnil (1896) in this paper, was previously referred to S. filicornis (Müller, 1776) by Brady (1943). This species is identical to Mesnil's species, both in morphology and with regard to known biological features, while S. filicornis differs from it morphologically and its distribution pattern (Hannerz, 1956; Rasmussen, 1973; Wolff, 1973, Gudmundsson, in preparation).
Biological Studies of the Exploited Stock ofLoligo Forbesi (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Azores
Authors: Martins Helen Rost 
Published: May 2009

Five hundred and twenty-eight specimens of Loligo forbesi Steenstrup, from landings in Horta, Faial, Azores, during the year 1 March 1980 to 28 February 1981, were tudied; 59·3 % were males, 40·7 % females. Of the males 80·2 % were sexually mature, of the females 91·6 %, both sexes showing the highest degree of maturity in spring and he lowest in autumn. The mean dorsal mantle length of the mature males was 56·5 cm, or females 33·5 cm. A weight-length relationship was calculated. he stomachs of 622 specimens were sampled, of which 306 contained food.The prey omponents were studied qualitatively. The main prey was fish (82·0%), of which 0·5 % were horse mackerel, Trachurus picturatus, this being the most important food rganism. Preliminary results of statolith readings are given.
Small Scale Laboratory Culture of the Ormer, Haliotis Tuberculata
Authors: Hayashi Ikuo 
Published: May 2009

A simple aquarium system was used to keep large ormers collected from the wild and to rear juveniles from fertilization up to age one year. Spawning was induced by exposure to u.v. irradiated sea water and counts made of gamete production. Repeated spawning was observed in males and from egg counts it was inferred that females also undergo repeat spawning in the wild.Juvenile ormers were reared on simple collectors up to 4 mm shell length and later in open mesh cages. There was large variation in growth rate between individuals among the juvenile ormers. After one year shell lengths varied in the range 6·2–21·o mm.Twenty-three adult ormers (shell length 40·4–93·6 mm) were reared for eight months in a tank with a concrete shelter. The smaller ormers remained under the shelter much more than the larger ones, some of which adopted a permanent position outside the shelter. In the study period growth was greater in the smaller specimens (less than 70 mm shell length) than in the larger ones.
The Influence of Barnacle Cover on the Numbers, Growth and Behaviour of Patella Vulgata on a Vertical Pier
Authors: Hawkins S. J. , Hartnoll R. G. 
Published: May 2009

The effects of experimentally manipulated barnacle cover on the population size, mortality and growth of Patela vulgata L. were investigated on a vertical, barnaclecovered pier at Port Erin in the Isle of Man. One area was left untouched as a control, half of the barnacles on a second were scraped off in a chequered pattern, and on the third the barnacle cover was reduced to less than 2 °0. Subsequent growth rates were inversely proportional to barnacle cover. Mortality was highest on the control. Recruitment of limpets was markedly enhanced by the mosaic of 50 % barnacle cover.Behaviour on this vertical face differed from that on nearby more gently sloping shores, with foraging during emersion being more prevalent: however, barnacle removal reduced this foraging when the tide was out. The foraging of Patella vulgata whilst emersed was similarly shown to be more prevalent on vertical than horizontal surfaces at other localities in Britain. Emersed foraging on the pier was dependent on high humidity. It is suggested that on vertical surfaces, particularly if barnacle-covered, P. vulgata are more dependent on foraging whilst emersed because of the greater risk of dislodgement by waves when feeding whilst the tide is in.
Caste Away? Subaltern Engagement with the Modern Indian State
Authors: DORON ASSA 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMayawati's recent victory, in May 2007, in the Uttar Pradesh elections has been hailed as a ‘spectacular display of subaltern power’. The questions remain: who are these subalterns? To what extent do they form a coherent block, with similar fears, hopes and aspirations, and how are subalterns’ visions of the state, social justice and equality articulated? This paper explores some of these questions, by examining the example of the boatman community in Banaras, belonging to the Mallah (Nishad) caste, and the strategies they use to be heard as legitimate citizens of the state. Such strategies and techniques reveal a sophisticated and organized apparatus of caste and community associations that call into question some recent theoretical formulations of the Indian state as one dominated and manipulated by powerful elites, while subalterns remain passive or, at best, compliant.
‘A Question of Principle with Political Implications’ – Investigating Collaboration in the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1945–1946
Authors: WHITE BENJAMIN GEOFFREY 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the winter of 1945, the multinational Chinese Maritime Customs Service opened an inquiry into the cooperation of hundreds of its own employees with Japanese occupation forces in China. This was, as far as the historical record allows us to say, the most thorough investigation undertaken in China into collaboration during World War Two. This paper represents the first historical analysis of the Customs ‘Staff Investigation Committee.’ It argues that the investigation represented a new direction for the Customs Service in China. The investigation's underpinning rationale was that Customs staff, Chinese and foreign, served the Kuomintang government before any other notion of Chinese or Service interests—a dramatic change in direction for an organisation that had been emblematic of treaty-port China. The investigation thus offers historians an insight into the understudied final years of the Customs Service, into the late Republican government's efforts to deal with the legacy of imperialism, and into the extent and rationale of collaboration in Nationalist China.
Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences
Authors: Korinth Anne , Schiess Sonja , Westenhoefer Joachim 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveSometimes the suspicion is put forward that nutrition students show more disordered eating patterns, which may be among the motivating factors to study nutrition. At the same time, it is not clear whether the students’ increasing knowledge about diet and nutrition is associated with a more healthy eating behaviour or with an unhealthy obsession with food choices.DesignCross-sectional comparison of nutrition students from German universities during the first year of their studies (n123) and during higher semesters (n96), with a control group from other study programmes (n68 andn46, respectively). Dietary restraint, disinhibition, the tendency towards orthorexia nervosa and healthy food choices were assessed using a questionnaire.ResultsNutrition students showed higher levels of dietary restraint than the control group. Disinhibition and orthorexia nervosa did not differ between nutrition students and controls. Orthorexic tendencies were lower in the more advanced nutrition students. Healthy food choices did not differ among students in the first year. More advanced nutrition students showed healthier food choices, whereas the corresponding controls showed slightly more unhealthy food choices.ConclusionsNutrition students, more than other students, tend to restrict their food intake in order to control their weight, but they do not have more disturbed or disordered eating patterns than other students. Moreover, during the course of their studies, they adopt slightly more healthy food choices and decrease their tendency to be obsessive in their eating behaviour.
Eating out of home and obesity: a Brazilian nationwide survey
Authors: Bezerra Ilana Nogueira , Sichieri Rosely 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between out-of-home (OH) eating and overweight and obesity among adults in Brazil.DesignData were based on the 2002–2003 Household Budget Survey (48 470 households) conducted by The Brazilian Census Bureau. Foods and drinks purchased for OH eating during a one-week period were recorded by each participant. We considered OH eating as the purchase of at least one food or drink item for OH consumption during this period. We classified items as: soft drinks, deep-fried snacks, fast foods, sweets and sit-down meals.SettingUrban areas in Brazil.Subjects56 178 participants (26 225 men and 29 953 women), aged 25–65 years.ResultsThe weighted prevalence of OH eating was 40·3 %. Overall, OH eating was positively associated with overweight (OR = 1·21; 95 % CI 1·10, 1·33) and obesity (OR = 1·35; 95 % CI 1·16, 1·57) among men, but not among women. Sit-down meals and soft drinks were the most frequently reported food groups. Both were positively associated with overweight (OR = 1·34 for meals; OR = 1·17 for soft drinks, P < 0·05) and obesity (OR = 1·51 for meals; OR = 1·39 for soft drinks, P < 0·05) among men, but negatively associated with overweight and obesity among women.ConclusionsOH eating was associated with overweight and obesity only among men, whereas, among women, eating sit-down meals out of home was protective for obesity, suggesting that women make healthier food choices when they eat out of home.
How much fish is hidden in the surface and bottom acoustic blind zones?
Authors: Scalabrin Carla , Marfia Christian , Boucher Jean 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Scalabrin, C., Marfia, C., and Boucher, J. 2009. How much fish is hidden in the surface and bottom acoustic blind zones? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1355–1363. This paper presents results from the ALLEGRO-07 survey that was carried out from 1 to 15 September 2007 across the continental shelf in the Bay of Biscay by the RV “Thalassa”. The main objectives were to conduct experiments with a medium-sized, autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) equipped with a fishery-acoustic scientific payload. This was needed to overcome the difficulties of sampling the surface and bottom blind zones, which are inaccessible to conventional, vessel-mounted transducers used for acoustic surveys in the Bay of Biscay. The AUV acoustic datasets from four dives were compared with those from the research vessel. The results were expressed for the nautical-area-scattering coefficient (sA) and biomass estimates. The AUV provided higher sA measurements than did the vessel. For particular environmental and fish-distribution patterns, the biomass estimated by the AUV was more than ten times that estimated by the vessel alone. The results presented indicate the magnitude of the error that may occur in acoustic surveys, if the biomass in the two blind zones is undetected.
Smokers with financial stress are more likely to want to quit but less likely to try or succeed: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Authors: Siahpush Mohammad , Yong Hua‐Hie , Borland Ron , Reid Jessica L. , Hammond David 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTObjective  To examine the association of financial stress with interest in quitting smoking, making a quit attempt and quit success.Design and participants  The analysis used data from 4984 smokers who participated in waves 4 and 5 (2005–07) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey, a prospective study of a cohort of smokers in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia.Measurement  The outcomes were interest in quitting at wave 4, making a quit attempt and quit success at wave 5. The main predictor was financial stress at wave 4: ‘. . . because of a shortage of money, were you unable to pay any important bills on time, such as electricity, telephone or rent bills?’. Additional socio‐demographic and smoking‐related covariates were also examined.Findings Smokers with financial stress were more likely than others to have an interest in quitting at baseline [odds ratio (OR): 1.63; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22–2.19], but were less likely to have made a quit attempt at follow‐up (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57–0.96). Among those who made a quit attempt, financial stress was associated with a lower probability of abstinence at follow‐up (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.33–0.87).Conclusions  Cessation treatment efforts should consider assessing routinely the financial stress of their clients and providing additional counseling and resources for smokers who experience financial stress. Social policies that provide a safety net for people who might otherwise face severe financial problems, such as not being able to pay for rent or food, may have a favorable impact on cessation rates.
Isolation of RNA from laser‐capture‐microdissected giant cells at early differentiation stages suitable for differential transcriptome analysis
Authors: PORTILLO MARY , LINDSEY KEITH , CASSON STUART , GARCÍA‐CASADO GLORIA , SOLANO ROBERTO , FENOLL CARMEN , ESCOBAR CAROLINA 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPlant organ gene expression profile analyses are complicated by the various cell types, and therefore transcription patterns, present in each organ. For example, each gall formed in roots following root knot nematode infection contains between four and eight specialized feeding cells (giant cells, GCs) embedded within hypertrophied root tissues. A recent goal in plant science has been the isolation of nematode feeding cell mRNAs for subsequent gene expression analysis. By adapting current protocols for different plant species and cells, we have developed a simple and rapid method for obtaining GCs from frozen tissue sections of tomato with good morphology and preserved RNA. The tissue sections obtained were suitable for the laser capture microdissection of GCs 6–7 days post‐infection, and even of very early developing GCs (48–72 h post‐infection), by fixation of tissue with ethanol–acetic acid, infiltration with sucrose and freezing in isopentane with optimal cutting temperature medium. This process was also successful for obtaining control vascular cells from uninfected roots for direct comparison with GCs. A minimum of about 300 GCs and 600 control vascular cells was required for efficient linear RNA amplification through in vitro transcription. Laser capture microdissection‐derived RNA, after two rounds of amplification, was successfully used for microarray hybridization and validated with several differentially expressed genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Consistent with our results, 117 homologous genes were found to be co‐regulated in a previous microarray analysis of Arabidopsis galls at the same developmental stage. Therefore, we conclude that our method allows the isolation of a sufficient quantity of RNA with a high quality/integrity, appropriate for differential transcriptome analysis.
Cytomegalovirus can make immune thrombocytopenic purpura refractory
Authors: DiMaggio Dina , Anderson Alan , Bussel James B. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryImmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is characterized by decreased platelet numbers secondary to platelet destruction and reduced platelet production. Even if the ITP persists, it typically responds to ‘ITP‐specific’ therapies, such as intravenous immunoglobulin, steroids, intravenous anti‐D, and splenectomy. Several reports, including our previous study, have implicated cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the pathogenesis of infrequent cases of ITP that were not severe in nature. A recent study from China suggested that CMV is the aetiology of some cases of acute ITP of childhood and may require different treatment. We report two adult and two paediatric patients with refractory, severe, symptomatic thrombocytopenia, who were diagnosed with ITP and found to have active CMV infection. Their presentations included fever, transaminitis, neutropenia, and atypical lymphocytosis, but in particular, treatment‐refractory, severe ITP. Treatment with steroids appeared to worsen the CMV‐ITP. All four cases showed improvement in platelet counts within two weeks of starting ganciclovir and cytogam and tapering steroids. Based on the four patients described here, we believe that, in certain cases, CMV infection will result in symptomatic, severe, refractory ITP, which may be indistinguishable from typical ITP. Eradication of CMV with antiviral therapy improved the ITP in these cases.
Does acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) have a role in the prevention of venous thromboembolism?
Authors: Karthikeyan Ganesan , Eikelboom John W. , Turpie Alexander G. G. , Hirsh Jack 
Published: May 2009

SummaryGuidelines differ on whether acetyl salicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) should be used for prophylaxis in patients at high‐risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), principally because of differences in perceptions of its efficacy. ASA is an attractive therapeutic option because it is inexpensive, easy to administer and does not require monitoring. We critically reappraised the evidence from randomized controlled trials for the efficacy of ASA in VTE prevention. ASA is clearly efficacious in preventing VTE compared to placebo or no treatment, but appears to be less efficacious than the low molecular weight heparins in small trials. There is little data for ASA in comparison with unfractionated heparin and warfarin. A large randomized controlled trial is required to clarify the role of ASA compared to contemporary anticoagulant strategies for the prevention of VTE.
Thermal tolerance experiments help establish survival probabilities for tilapia, a group of potentially invasive aquatic species
Authors: WILSON JULIE C. , NIBBELINK NATHAN P. , PETERSON DOUGLAS L. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Estimating the probability of establishment is an important step toward managing ecological risk posed by natural or intentional introductions. Species introductions in certain geographic areas may pose less of a threat when environmental conditions are unlikely to promote long‐term establishment. Species commonly referred to as ‘tilapia’ have become widespread in certain areas of the southeastern United States, yet concerns remain regarding their potential spread to other areas.2. We created a model to predict the survival of tilapia in Georgia (U.S.A.) based on individual ‘thermal experience’. Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the duration of survival of two strains of tilapia,Oreochromis niloticaandO. nilotica × O. aureushybrids, exposed to a variety of temperature regimes with three minimum temperatures and two rates of temperature decline.3. We used Mayfield hierarchical logistic regression (MHLR) to describe the daily probability of survival as a function of the rate of temperature decline, average sustained temperature, tilapia strain and mass–length ratio.4. Tilapia generally survived constant minimum temperatures over 12 °C but survival rate was mediated by the rate of decline, mass–length ratio and strain. For every 1 °C increase in minimum temperature, tilapia were 2.76 times more likely to survive. Fish exposed to rapid temperature decline were less likely to survive than those exposed to slowly decreasing temperature. More robust fish (higher mass–length ratio) were more likely to survive, and strain had a minimal effect despite being supported by the best MHLR model.5. Our model can be used to estimate survival probability for tilapia under known surface water temperature regimes. Using MLHR in conjunction with experimental tolerance data may be useful for estimating the likelihood of establishment of potentially invasive species.
Are dams hotspots for Didymosphenia geminata blooms?
Authors: KIRKWOOD ANDREA E. , JACKSON LELAND J. , McCAULEY EDWARD 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. The diatom Didymosphenia geminata has emerged in recent years as a globally invasive species. Although considered native to North America, reports of nuisance blooms have increased over the last decade.2. Previously, we determined that D. geminata was ubiquitous in two major headwaters of the South Saskatchewan River Basin (SSRB), Alberta, Canada, but found it only bloomed at certain sites, including those immediately downstream from dam outfalls. To evaluate the role of dams in the abundance and blooming of D. geminata, we compared sites just below dams to unregulated upstream reference sites in six dammed rivers of the SSRB.3. There was a high degree of seasonal variability in D. geminata abundance among sites, but statistical analyses showed a significant propensity for the diatom to have higher cell densities and an increased frequency of blooms at dam sites.4. Important predictor variables of D. geminata abundance included dam presence, water clarity and total phosphorus concentration. When data from dam sites were analysed, a multiple regression model using mean discharge and pH as independent predictors explained 73% of the variation in D. geminata cell density.5. Analysis of 3 years of data from one study river (Red Deer River) revealed consistently higher D. geminata cell densities at the dam site compared to the upstream reference. This analysis also showed that average cell density fluctuated by orders of magnitude from year‐to‐year.6. Due to the ecological and aesthetic concerns regarding the global spread and blooming of D. geminata, we recommend that dams be viewed as key candidates for mitigating blooms in flow regulated systems.