bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angiografin in cerebral angiography
Authors: Thomson J. L. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Angiografin is a 65 per cent aqueous solution of methylglucamine diatrizoate, containing 305 mg iodine per ml., and it has been available generally since 1968. Experimentally it is less harmful locally and generally than other comparable media. Satisfactory results of its use centrally and peripherally in the human have also been published. In Bristol we have examined more than 1,000 consecutive cases for cerebral angiography, and the results are reported. Local warmth in the face occurred as with other media. Three patients felt nauseated, and eight others actually vomited, but some of these were shown to have gliomata. One wished to defaecate. Another developed general aches and a pyrexia for four days. Two patients developed a fit during the course of the examination, and one of these died from a recurrent cerebral haemorrhage. It was felt that this was part of the risk of cerebral angiography, and could not be linked with the use of a particular contrast medium. In the other 985 patients the examination was carried out without significant side-effect. In general, the contrast and definition of the cerebral vessels on the X-ray films were very good, and probably better than with other media used previously. It is considered therefore that Angiografin is a very suitable agent for cerebral angiography.
Book reviews
Authors: Hale B. T. 
Published: July 2009

This is the publication of the proceedings of a Workshop Meeting held in the University of Surrey at Guildford in May, 1970 and organized by the Marie Curie Memorial Foundation.
The authors state their aim was to consider some of the implications of steroid hormones in relation to cancer in general. Certainly a wide field has been covered by the speakers at the meeting.
Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the kidney
Authors: Chambers Alan , Carson Robert 
Published: July 2009

Although the precise mechanism is not known, primary mesenchymal tumours may originate in the renal cortex. Mesenchymal cells from the developing renal blastema probably maintain their multipotential capabilities, and provide the basis for mesenchymal tumours of the adult kidney (Culp and Hartman, 1948).
Extra-skeletal osteosarcomas may arise in many soft tissues. Osteogenic sarcoma arising in the kidney is rare (Soto et al., 1965).
Transfer and combination of digital image data
Authors: Pitcher E. M. , Stevens P. H. , Davies E. R. , Goddard P. R. , Jackson P. C. 
Published: July 2009

Digital images are produced by many medical imaging modalities. In general, imaging techniques have tended to compare rather than combine image information. Video and photographic methods have, however, been used to transfer image features from one modality to another (Higa et al, 1983; Morin & Sirr, 1984) and it has become practicable to transfer digital image data between devices. Hence it is now feasible to investigate the digital combination of images which display data in the same plane of interest. This should be particularly worthwhile if one modality provides complementary information, either by providing features which the other modality lacks or by confirming image features derived from a different physiological measurement.
Transmission computed tomography (CT) and emission computed tomography (ECT) images are particularly suited for combination as the former provides anatomical detail whilst the latter provides functional information. The good edge features of the CT images should allow the correlation of images and improve the quantitation of the ECT studies. This paper describes the methods used and the problems found both in transferring digital image data between systems and in presenting the combined information on a single image data processor.
Physical characteristics of the Selectron high dose rate intracavitary afterloader
Authors: Chenery S. G. A. , Pla M. , Podgorsak E. B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The physics measurements on a Selectron high dose-rate afterloading cobalt-60 unit are reported. The installation was found to be acceptable from the standpoint of radiation safety and cost effectiveness; hospital bed space was saved as treatment could be on an outpatient basis. A source calibration 4% higher than the value stated by the manufacturer was obtained. Measurement of the ratio of exposure rate in water to that in air confirmed the calibration and the applicability of correction factors for routine clinical dosimetry recommended in the literature.
Book reviews
Authors: Dubbins P. A. 
Published: July 2009

The book is divided into three parts. Part One is a consideration of the basic physics of diagnostic ultrasound relevant to tumour diagnosis. This concentrates on tissue response to ultrasound, and signal processing. There is little consideration of the basic physics of sound production and propagation.
Chapter 3, particularly, is very readable simple presentation of the techniques of tissue characterisation. In Chapter 4, however, there seems a disproportionate time spent on pre-and post-processing compared with other methods of tissue characterisation.
Use of short-tapered catheters in combination with a balloon catheter for markedly stenotic renal and brachiocephalic arteries
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumasa , Miyawaki Masayuki , Bussaka Hiromasa , Saito Rvuichi 
Published: July 2009

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has become a routine therapeutic technique for steno-occlusive arterial diseases. In the renal and brachiocephalic arteries, stenosis is frequently severe and a dilatation balloon catheter cannot be advanced through the stenosis, although a small catheter or a guide wire can be passed. Under such circumstances a small balloon catheter, as used for coronary artery angioplasty, has been applied with some success, (Korogi et al, 1985). However, there have been some cases in which this was not possible.
In marked stenosis of the iliac and femoro-popliteal arteries, advancement of a guide wire is usually initiated with subsequent introduction of a long tapered Teflon catheter, which prepares the pass for a dilatation balloon catheter (Van Andel, 1976; Rosen et al, 1981).
To avoid this, Barth (1983) devised a tapered balloon catheter but because of technical difficulties encountered with this method (see discussion) we have designed short-tapered catheters of varying size to prepare for the passage of the balloon catheter.
Book reviews
Authors: Mantell B. S. 
Published: July 2009

A visitor to the Christie Hospital may well find the answer to any question begins: “We believe …”. And this book, as the editors declare, is their “Testament of Faith”, describing “how it is done” there.
The first four chapters deal with physics, applied radiobiology, chemotherapy and mould room work. There is much on radioactive moulds, a technique preserved in Manchester like that of gold coinage at the Mint. There follows a chapter by the late Eric Easson on general principles of radiotherapy, which, by virtue of the wisdom and experience distilled into it, merits study by all oncologists.
Spondyloschisis of the anterior arch of the atlas
Authors: Chalmers A. G. , Gallegos N. C. 
Published: July 2009

The pitfalls of radiological interpretation in the region of the atlanto-axial junction are well known to radiologists and casualty officers. The commonest of these is the superimposition of the incisor teeth or the posterior arch of the atlas over the odontoid process leading to pseudo-vertical and pseudo-transverse fractures. We report a case of a rare congenital anomaly of the atlas which must be distinguished from a fracture of the atlas or odontoid peg.
A 20-year-old man was admitted to hospital after falling from his motorcycle while travelling at speed over rough ground. He had not been wearing a crash helmet. When first seen, he complained of pain in his neck and was reluctant to move his head. On examination there was tenderness over the cervical spine posteriorly. No abnormal neurological signs were present. Movements of the cervical spine were not formally tested and he was placed in a collar to await radiological examination.
The lateral cervical and antero-posterior radiographs showed no bony abnormality. There was no evidence of a prevertebral soft tissue mass. The open mouth view revealed a sharply denned vertical translucency projected over the centre of the odontoid process of the axis (Fig. 1) which was interpreted by the casualty officer as a fracture. Subsequent oblique views indicated that the defect lay outside the peg. Initial linear tomography showed the defect to have sclerotic margins and to be clearly of long standing (Fig. 2).
Occult hydatid disease presenting as a spontaneous pneumothorax
Authors: Hadley M. D. M. 
Published: July 2009

Pneumothorax is a rare complication of pulmonary hydatid disease and has been reported only once in Britain (Connellan et al, 1979), although it has been described in areas where the disease is endemic (Waddle, 1950; Tomalino, 1959; Bakir & Al-Omeri, 1969; Xanthakis et al, 1972). A case is described in which a patient with hydatid disease presented with a spontaneous pneumothorax. The diagnosis was not made until he underwent thoracotomy and lung biopsy following the development of secondary lung parenchymal and pleurai cysts a year later.
A previously fit 22-year-old non-smoking mechanic from the Isle of Skye presented with a history of mild pleuritic left-sided chest pain associated with an incessant cough and slight effort dyspnoea. His symptoms were not alleviated by antibiotic therapy. A chest radiograph taken two months later showed a left-sided tension pneumothorax.
After transfer to the regional hospital he was treated with an intercostal suction drain for two weeks. The pneumothorax resolved slowly and the patient was sent home well. The chest radiograph at this time showed fully expanded lungs but also a minimal opacity projected over the left hilum. On the three month follow-up, the radiographic appearances were unchanged. After six months had elapsed the final check radiograph revealed, in addition, a discrete, well-defined opacity 1.0 cm in diameter in the left mid-zone anteriorly (Fig. 1), although the patient now felt fit and was working normally.
Occult central pneumothorax
Authors: Nashef S. A. M. , Ferguson A. D. 
Published: July 2009

The diagnosis of a large pneumothorax in adults does not normally present any difficulty. We describe a case in which a large, life-threatening pneumothorax was not readily visible on plain, erect postero-anterior and lateral chest radiographs.
A 33-year-old woman with diffuse interstitial lung disease was admitted in March 1984 as an emergency with a four-day history of a non-productive cough and rapidly increasing dyspnoea. She had been admitted twice within the preceding three months with left-sided pneumothoraces treated by tube drainage.
A case of adult polycystic and multicystic dysplastic kidney in a child
Authors: Gholkar A. , Ratcliffe J. F. 
Published: July 2009

Multicystic dysplastic kidney is the commonest cause of an abdominal mass in the neonate (Kyaw, 1973). It is thought that unilateral multicystic kidney represents hydronephrosis secondary to atresia of the ureter, pelvis or both during the metanephric stage of intrauterine development (Felson & Cussen, 1975). Physical examination and radiological investigations such as intravenous urography, ultrasonography and isotope renography can usually establish the diagnosis (Griscom et al, 1975). In contrast, adult polycystic kidney disease involves both kidneys and is usually more difficult to diagnose in childhood. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant with high penetrance. We report a case where a combination of these cystic diseases occurred in a patient and this has not been previously reported in the literature.
A boy was born to a 29-year-old primigravida mother at 32 weeks by emergency caesarean section for breech presentation in premature labour. At birth the boy was noted to have a left-sided abdominal mass. He was otherwise normal. There was a strong family history of adult polycystic disease of the kidney. His father, aunt, cousin, grandfather and great-uncle were affected by the disease. An intravenous urogram done soon after birth showed a large left kidney with irregular faint opacification (Fig. 1). No collecting system was recognised at any stage during the examination.
The response of pig skin to single doses of irradiation from strontium-90 sources of differing surface area
Authors: Hopewell J. W. , Hamlet R. , Peel D. 
Published: July 2009

Radiobiological studies in the pig (Hopewell & Young, 1982a) indicated that there were no differences in the radiation responses of skin areas of 16 cm2 (4 × 4 cm) and 64 cm2 (16 × 4 cm). This absence of a field-size effect applied both to the early epithelial lesion and to later dermal changes, after single doses of X rays. Although this result appeared to be at variance with presently accepted clinical practice, it might be explained by a difference in the interpretation of the clinical term “skin tolerance”. In the clinic it would seem to represent a decreasing scale of normal tissue damage with increase in field size (Ellis, 1942). On the other hand the experimental studies were based on equivalent levels of biological effect (Hopewell & Young, 1982b, 1983).
In more recent studies in which smaller circular areas of pig skin, 1–22.5 mm diameter, were irradiated with strontium-90 (90Sr) plaques, a distinct area effect was observed for the acute epithelial reaction (Peel et al, 1984b). These small fields related more to radiological protection and are below the range of field size relevant to clinical radiotherapy.
In the present investigations the effects of irradiation of pig skin with 22.5 and 40 mm diameter 90Sr plaques are compared. In addition to comparing peak epithelial reactions, comparisons were also made as to the healing times for comparable peak skin reactions for each field size.
Book reviews
Authors: Coleman Michael P. 
Published: July 2009

This multi-author text is the third volume in the Wiley series, New Horizons in Oncology. Its declared aim is ‘to help clinicians to recognise and screen individuals at high risk of multiple cancer’. The book devotes six or seven chapters each to carcinogenic factors, markers of cancer risk such as genetic and familial factors, and clinical patterns of multiple primary cancer: chapters in this last section are grouped by site.
Isaac Berenblum contributes a critical review of two-stage carcinogenesis and multiple cancer, ending with the provocative conclusion that the comparative rarity of multiple cancer in humans (as opposed to animals) is abnormal, and calls for explanation.
The Neutron and its Properties
Authors: Chadwick J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The subject of my lecture, the neutron and its properties, has at present no professional applications for the radiologist, but it has some points of general interest apart from its mere novelty.
The conception of a neutral particle is not new. It was suggested by Rutherford in 1920 that a proton and an electron might unite much more intimately than they are combined in the hydrogen atom and so form a particle of a new type, which would have peculiar and interesting properties. The suggestion was made partly because such a particle would be the first step in the formation of atomic nuclei from the two units, the proton and the electron, and partly also to make it possible to understand how complex nuclei can be gradually built up from simpler ones.
Experiments were made in 1921 by the late Professor Glasson and by Roberts to detect the formation of such neutrons when an electric discharge was passed through hydrogen, but with negative results. The possibility that such a particle might exist was, nevertheless, not lost sight of. I myself made some experiments to detect them—in electrical discharges and in both radioactive and artificial disintegrations—but with no success
The first step towards the discovery of the neutron was given by the experiments of Mme. Joliot-Curie and M. Joliot, who were investigating the properties of a radiation emitted from beryllium when bombarded by α particles.
The Presidential Address
Authors: Hopwood F. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The Presidential Address by Prof. Hopwood was the terminal event of the scientific proceedings of the Congress, and was delivered before a large audience at the Central Hall, Westminster, on Friday afternoon, December 9. It was accompanied by lantern slides, and followed by a cinematograph demonstration.
Prof. Hopwood said that every congress he had attended had organised some excursion for its members, and he proposed to take the audience on an excursion along the new arterial road which has been driven right through science and medicine, the road of radiation.
[The President here showed the electro-magnetic spectrum, indicating the different classes of radiation, from the longest to the shortest waves.]
He then showed examples of recent research in various fields of radiological interest, commencing with a record of experiments carried out by Prof. Bose in the Bose Institute at Calcutta. These experiments related to the effect of short wireless waves on the growing wheat plant. When a strong wireless signal was received by the plant, the plant showed a retardation in growth. Less strong signals showed a retardation of growth followed by growth stimulation, while weak signals were followed by stimulation only. There is a lag of two or three seconds between the transmission of the stimulus and the effect produced.
Fractures of the Upper End of the Femur in the Aged
Authors: Jacobson J. N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
(1) Fractures in the region of the neck of the femur are usually subdivided into the intra- and extra-capsular variety. This classification is faulty and misleading.
(2) An analysis of the injuries, in the region examined in this series, shows them to be readily classifiable into five types. Although certain authors have attempted to subdivide the trochanteric variety into two, I am of the opinion that this is not practicable, since a large proportion are true neither to the intertrochanteric nor to the pertrochanteric type.
(3) Since the great majority, at least, of the trochanteric fractures would, according to the older classification, have been called “extra-capsular,” and since it is stated that this type occurs generally in muscular adults and infrequently in old age, the large proportion found in this series directly contradicts the modern teaching.
(4) It is submitted that even trochanteric (the so-called extra-capsular) fractures are not due to direct external violence in the aged. The suggested mechanism can be regarded as a compression action of the affected limb, resulting when the whole weight of the body is suddenly thrown upon it. The bone breaks in the vicinity of its angle (the region of the intertrochanteric line), and not through its weakest point, the neck.
(5) The transcervical, and presumably also the subcapital fractures, are caused by an axial torsion of the cervix femoris.
(6) In the trochanteric fractures there is usually impaction of the upper fragment into the lower. Sometimes, in addition, the great trochanter is comminuted, but more commonly the small trochanter, with or without a thin portion of the shaft, is chiselled off by the most inferior part of the upper fragment, which almost invariably has a sharp lower angle.
(7) The subtrochanteric fracture is in reality a fracture of the shaft proper. It involves the inferior portion of the trochanter major. There appears to be no definite agreement about the trauma producing it.
(8) “Avulsion fractures” of the trochanter major consist of the detachment of the tip of that prominence, presumably as a result of spasmodic muscular action.
(9) The degree of shortening of the limb varies considerably in the first three varieties discussed, and it is no criterion, clinically, of the type which has occurred.
(10) The fracture most frequent in the aged is that through the mass of the trochanter major, and X-ray examination alone reveals the nature and extent of the damage.
Medical Members' Monthly Meeting, November 1932
Authors: R.A.M.  
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A well-attended meeting of about fifty, with Dr. L. A. Rowden presiding. At first one missed the usual formidable list of names of those showing cases, and at one time it almost appeared as though there might be a shortage of material, but actually there was a plentiful supply, and the fact that this was not obvious resulted in more time being allotted to discussion after each case.
Proximal, distal and total stomach emptying of a digestible solid meal in normal subjects
Authors: Collins P. J. , Horowitz M. , Chatterton B. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The gastric fundus and antrum probably play different roles in the emptying of solids and liquids in man, but there is little information about the intragastric distribution of food. We have used a new radionuclide technique to quantify proximal, distal and total stomach emptying of a digestible solid meal (100 g of 99Tcm-labelled liver/ground beef given with 150 ml of 10% dextrose) in 13 normal subjects. A proximal reservoir area was seen after consumption of the meal, and used to define the proximal stomach region. A line drawn immediately below this area divided the total stomach region into proximal and distal stomach. Emptying from the total stomach exhibited two phases—an initial lag period (median 41 min, range 21–57 min), followed by approximately linear emptying. Redistribution of food from the proximal to the distal stomach was a major component of the lag period in 11 of the 13 subjects. In the remaining two subjects, redistribution was rapid (proximal 50% emptying time of 4 and 10 min) and antral retention was the major component of the lag period. In seven subjects, a region of reduced activity (contraction band) was seen. The midpoint of this band closely approximated to the line used to divide proximal and distal stomach. We suggest that a contraction band may be responsible for the proximal gastric reservoir seen after meal consumption and plays an important role in the redistribution and emptying of digestible solid food from the stomach. There is considerable variation between normal subjects in the rate of transfer of digestible solid food from the proximal to the distal stomach.
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: determination of muscle dimensions by ultrasound
Authors: Kofoed Poul-Erik Lund , Høst Arne , Elle Bo , Larsen Claus 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
To evaluate the usefulness of ultrasound in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) and to analyse the correlation between the dimensions of the pyloric muscle and the age and the weight of the child, 34 children with suspected HPS and 34 controls were examined. An overlap between the dimensions of the pyloric muscle in the HPS group and in the controls stresses the need to assess the muscle length, the muscle diameter, and the muscle wall thickness in establishing the sonographic diagnosis of HPS. We found the following criteria useful: muscle length ≥19 mm, muscle diameter ≥10 mm, and muscle wall thickness ≥4 mm. The results did not confirm previous reports of increasing dimensions of the pyloric muscle with age and weight.