bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The bridge over the ”La Fontaine” ravine, Réunion Island
Authors: Cremer Jean‐Marie , Del Forno Jean‐Yves , Klein Jean‐François. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article deals with the design and construction of a bridge on Réunion Island. Its design results from a close cooperation between architect, landscape designer and engineers. It concerns a steel arch bridge with an unusual slenderness ratio of 1:7.5 guided by geotechnics, accessibility to the excavations and environmental and aesthetic considerations. Detailed studies of the wind (numerical calculation of the wind, wind tunnel studies, calculations with turbulent wind) allowed cyclone conditions to be taken into account in the design for top speeds, which can reach nearly 300 km/h. The structure was built using the cantilever method thanks to the addition of diagonals and temporary anchoring tie beams allowing a transitory lattice‐type operation.
Design of an electrified double‐track railway swing bridge in Malaysia
Authors: Patsch Armin , Humpf Karl , Kumar Sashi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new swing bridge for an electrified double‐track railway has been proposed in Malaysia to replace an existing 40‐year‐old single‐track swing bridge. The proposed swing bridge has two equal cantilevers each 45 m long and features a steel ”sail” on both sides as the main longitudinal structural element. The 9.1 m wide bridge deck is a composite design — steel structure with concrete slab. The swing span will be powered by means of an electrohydraulic drive situated in the centre pier and slews over the centre bearing located below the centre pivot shaft.
Two high‐speed railway stations in Spain: from concept to details
Authors: Bernabeu Jorge 
Published: March 2011

AbstractStations for high‐speed rail travel are an important example of current trends in architecture and its relationship with structural engineering. This paper presents two Spanish examples where concept and detailed design can be highlighted as key elements of the structure. Tarragona‐Reus Station is a through station situated in a rural area. Its structure creates a roof topography that constitutes a landmark for the area. Rectangular hollow sections (RHS) are used to create planar Warren trusses that make up the triangular base around which the building is formed. Valencia station is a terminus in an urban location, with a provisional design based on a modular structure concept. The main loadbearing modules, with plate box sections, go beyond their construction purpose to act as a structural coffered ceiling and the visual representation of the station.
Optimization of stiffened plates for steel bridges based on Eurocode 3 Part 1‐5 using genetic algorithms
Authors: Mensinger Martin , Ndogmo Joseph , Parra Ricardo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBridges are an important part of any country’s infrastructure. Welded stiffened plates are widely used as box girders for bridges. This article presents a design optimization problem for a single steel box with stiffeners on webs. The design is intended to be formulated based only on the current version of Eurocode 3 Part 1‐5 ”Plated structural elements”. Eurocode 3 will definitely be introduced in all the Member States of the European Union. This optimization resource represents an engineering compromise, not only for society, but also for avoiding negative impacts on the environment.
Athens Heart Shopping Mall Piraeus Street 180, Athens (GR), Job Report
Authors: Stimpfle Bernd 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTemporary covered areas in Greece are seen as an open space, and so allow a higher usage of the land. The goal during the design was to find a light roof with direct view to the blue sky. The solution is a north light roof with highly translucent membrane panels and with a transparent cladding on the north side of the parallel steel girders to allow the direct view, and the entrance of the cool northern light.
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reprogram Adult Cardiomyocytes Toward a Progenitor-Like State Through Partial Cell Fusion and Mitochondria Transfer
Authors: Acquistapace Adrien , Bru Thierry , Lesault Pierre-François , Figeac Florence , Coudert Amélie E. , le Coz Olivier , Christov Christo , Baudin Xavier , Auber Fréderic , Yiou René , Dubois-Randé Jean-Luc , Rodriguez Anne-Marie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBecause stem cells are often found to improve repair tissue including heart without evidence of engraftment or differentiation, mechanisms underlying wound healing are still elusive. Several studies have reported that stem cells can fuse with cardiomyocytes either by permanent or partial cell fusion processes. However, the respective physiological impact of these two processes remains unknown in part because of the lack of knowledge of the resulting hybrid cells. To further characterize cell fusion, we cocultured mouse fully differentiated cardiomyocytes with human multipotent adipose-derived stem (hMADS) cells as a model of adult stem cells. We found that heterologous cell fusion promoted cardiomyocyte reprogramming back to a progenitor-like state. The resulting hybrid cells expressed early cardiac commitment and proliferation markers such as GATA-4, myocyte enhancer factor 2C, Nkx2.5, and Ki67 and exhibited a mouse genotype. Interestingly, human bone marrow-derived stem cells shared similar reprogramming properties than hMADS cells but not human fibroblasts, which suggests that these features might be common to multipotent cells. Furthermore, cardiac hybrid cells were preferentially generated by partial rather than permanent cell fusion and that intercellular structures composed of f-actin and microtubule filaments were involved in the process. Finally, we showed that stem cell mitochondria were transferred into cardiomyocytes, persisted in hybrids and were required for somatic cell reprogramming. In conclusion, by providing new insights into previously reported cell fusion processes, our data might contribute to a better understanding of stem cell-mediated regenerative mechanisms and thus, the development of more efficient stem cell-based heart therapies.
RCOR2 Is a Subunit of the LSD1 Complex That Regulates ESC Property and Substitutes for SOX2 in Reprogramming Somatic Cells to Pluripotency
Authors: Yang Peng , Wang Yixuan , Chen Jiayu , Li Hong , Kang Lan , Zhang Yu , Chen She , Zhu Bing , Gao Shaorong 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Histone demethylase LSD1 can form complex with different Rcor family corepressors in different cell types. It remains unknown if cell-specific Rcor proteins function specifically in distinct cell types. Here, we report that Rcor2 is predominantly expressed in ESCs and forms a complex with LSD1 and facilitates its nucleosomal demethylation activity. Knockdown of Rcor2 in ESCs inhibited ESC proliferation and severely impaired the pluripotency. Moreover, knockdown of Rcor2 greatly impaired the formation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. In contrast, ectopic expression of Rcor2 in somatic cells together with Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 promoted the formation of iPS cells. Most interestingly, ectopic expression of Rcor2 in both mouse and human somatic cells effectively substituted the requirement for exogenous Sox2 expression in somatic cell reprogramming.
Analysis of optimal spinning reserve procurement with demand response resources under social cost minimization
Authors: Behrangrad Mahdi , Sugihara Hideharu , Funaki Tsuyoshi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper evaluates the effect of demand response (DR) resources that are utilized in the reserve market using an optimal probabilistic mixed integer programming (MIP)‐based spinning reserve scheduling method. In order to analyze the DR utilization effect from a theoric point of view, the objective of the adopted framwork is social cost minimization. To be consistent with the increasing reliability requirements of loads and considering increasing uncertainity in the generation side because of penetration of intermitent renewable resources, both single and double outage contingencies are considered. Furthremore, for reduction of the computational burden, a two‐level optimization method is developed. Roy‐Bilinton test system (RBTS) is used in numerical simulations and the results are presented. The numerical results show that increase in the uncertainty at supply side resources, increases the need for the DR resources. The numerical results also show the effectiveness of the developed optimization method in reducing the computational time. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonholonomic system control via particle swarm optimization of a neural‐aided direct gradient descent control
Authors: Duong Sam Chau , Kinjo Hiroshi , Uezato Eiho , Yamamoto Tetsuhiko 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt is well known that the class of nonholonomic systems cannot be asymptotically stabilized by continuous static state feedback controls. It has been reported that the so‐called direct gradient descent control (DGDC) is able to stabilize nonholonomic systems. This article attempts to improve the performance of the DGDC by using neural network (NN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). A control method is proposed by embedding an NN into the control law derived by the original DGDC. PSO is employed in order to search globally the parameters of the controller without requiring a redesign process of the parameters. To verify the method, the control problems of two typical nonholonomic systems, one being a wheeled mobile robot and the other a rotary crane system, are considered under constraints applied to the systems. Comparative performance tests are carried out, showing that the proposed approach outperforms the original method and a neurocontroller. Also, simulations show that the proposed method is able to control the systems effectively under the given constraints without the need of the redesign process. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Four‐segment oscillator circuit for piezoelectric sensing devices
Authors: Satoh Tomio , Izyan Ruslan Ruzaini , Katou Yousuke , Marumo Masahide , Akitsu Tetsuya 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNovel circuit design is proposed for a low‐frequency quartz crystal oscillator circuit that consists of four segments. The characteristics of the negative resistance in a low‐frequency Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)‐inverter quartz oscillator were reviewed for the two modes of SC (stress‐compensated) cut mode and the overtone of low‐frequency mode; separation of two modes and suppression of overtone oscillation were demonstrated successfully. Experimental results and an estimate of the absolute value of the negative resistance are presented for the four‐segment oscillator circuit and the conventional Colpitts circuit and two new types of oscillator circuits. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An FPGA implementation of hard‐wired sequence control system based on PLC software
Authors: Ichikawa Shuichi , Akinaka Masanori , Hata Hisashi , Ikeda Ryo , Yamamoto Hiroshi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAlthough a programmable logic controller (PLC) has been widely adopted for the sequence control of industrial machinery, its performance does not always satisfy the recent requirements in large and highly responsive systems. With the state‐of‐the‐art field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology, it is possible to implement a control program with hard‐wired logic for higher response and reduced implementation cost/space. This approach is also worthwhile for transmigration of legacy PLC software into forthcoming FPGA‐based control hardware. This study presents a systematic method to implement a hard‐wired sequence control from PLC software. PLC instructions are converted into VHDL codes, and then implemented as logic circuit with various peripheral functions. Productive PLC programs were examined with Mitsubishi Electric FX2N PLC and Altera Stratix II FPGA, and were shown to fit into a common FPGA chip. A straightforward Sequential design was estimated to be 184 times faster than PLC, while a performance‐oriented Flat design was estimated to be 44 times faster than Sequential design (i.e., 8050 times faster than PLC). A practical perfect layer winder system was actually built and successfully operated with our FPGA control board, whose logic design was implemented with our tools. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Andrews curves
Authors: Moustafa Rida E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAndrews curves are examples of the space transformed visualization (STV) techniques for visualizing multivariate data, which represent k‐dimensional data points by a profile line (or curve) in two‐ or three‐dimensional space using orthogonal basis functions. Andrews curves are based on Fourier series where the coefficients are the observation's values. One advantage of the plot is based on the Parseval's identity (energy norm), which indicates that the information through transformation from the data space into the parameter space is preserved, and information that can be deduced in the hyperdimensional original space can be easily deduced in the two‐dimensional parameter space. This duality empowers the discovery of correlated records, clusters and outliers based on the curve's intersections, gaps and isolations, respectively. This article focuses on STV, in general, Andrews curves visualizations, in particular, and the effective use of these methods in the exploration of clusters, classes, and outliers. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 373–382 DOI: 10.1002/wics.160This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization
Computations using analysis of covariance
Authors: Barrett Timothy J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAlthough analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was introduced long ago, it is not well understood by many researchers and is frequently misused. ANCOVA is an extension of analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the inclusion of one or more covariates. Its benefits compared to ANOVA include (1) increased power and (2) a reduction in biases caused by differences in experimental units [the covariate(s)] among groups. ANCOVA can be presented using an adjusted means procedure (testing for differences in means adjusted for the covariate), but the procedure can be easily understood using a multiple linear regression method using indicator variables to represent groups. Statistical software packages use general linear models to perform ANCOVA which are identical to the multiple linear regression models. Failure to meet assumptions of ANCOVA can lead to misinterpretation of results. Failing to meet the assumption of parallel group regression slopes is common in many data sets and methods are available to analyze these data sets (e.g., the Johnson–Neyman technique). Although ANCOVA is robust to violations of some assumptions (e.g., normality and equality of variances) when sample sizes are equal, many nonparametric tests based on ranks are available as nonparametric alternatives to ANCOVA. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 260–268 DOI: 10.1002/wics.165This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods
Interaction Between Nonionic and Gemini (Cationic) Surfactants: Effect of Spacer Chain Length
Authors: Chavda Suresh , Bahadur Pratap , Aswal Vinod K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe interaction between mixtures of nonionic surfactant polyethylene glycol p‐(1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl butyl)‐phenyl ether and cationic gemini surfactants alkanediyl‐α,ω‐bis(dimethyldodecylammonium bromide) (12‐s‐12, where s = 2, 4 and 6) was studied using surface tension and small‐angle neutron scattering measurements. Marked interaction was observed for the investigated surfactants mixtures which depend upon the hydrophobic spacer length of the gemini surfactant and also on the fraction of nonionic surfactant in the mixed systems. The results are discussed in terms of interaction parameters calculated according to the theory of regular solutions which uses the critical micelle concentration determined tensiometrically to calculate the molecular interaction parameter and the mole fractions of the two components in the mixed micelles. A relatively high negative molecular interaction parameter value (up to −3.40) obtained for mixtures of nonionic and cationic gemini surfactant indicates a presence of strong attractive interaction in the mixed system that increases with the spacer length of the gemini surfactant. Micellar parameters deduced from small‐angle neutron scattering measurements also compliment the surface tension results.
1H‐ and 13C‐NMR Characterization of the Molecular Components of the Lipid Fraction of Pecorino Sardo Cheese
Authors: Scano P. , Anedda R. , Melis M. P. , Dessi’ M. A. , Lai A. , Roggio T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this work the molecular fatty components of Pecorino Sardo Protected Designation of Origin (PS PDO) cheese were characterized through an exhaustive investigation of the 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra of the extracted lipids. Several fatty acids (FA), such as long chain saturated, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, butyric, capric, caprylic, caproic, trans vaccenic, conjugated linoleic acid (cis9, trans11–18:2), and caproleic (9–10:1) were unambiguously detected. The positional isomery of some acyl groups in the glycerol backbone of triacylglycerols (TAG) was assessed. Furthermore, the NMR signals belonging to sn‐1,2/2,3, sn‐1,3 diacylglycerols (DAG), and free fatty acids (FFA) were analysed as a measure of lipolytic processes on cheese. Lastly, 1H‐NMR resonances of saturated aldehydes and hydroperoxides were detected, their very low intensity indicating that the lipid oxidation process can be considered to be of minor relevance in Pecorino Sardo cheese.
The effect of local anaesthetic on post-operative pain with wound instillation via a catheter for paediatric orthopaedic extremity surgery
Authors: Bulut T. , Yilmazlar A. , Yavascaoglu B. , Sarisozen B. 
Published: March 2011

Purpose We aimed to investigate the effects on post-operative pain of local anaesthetic administration via a catheter placed into the operation site in patients who were undergoing upper and lower extremity paediatric orthopaedic surgery. Methods In this randomised, double-blind and placebo study, 40 ASA I–II patients aged between 1 and 12 years were randomly allocated into two groups: study group (Group S: 0.2 ml/kg, 0.5% bupivacaine, n = 20) and control group (Group C: 0.2 ml/kg, serum physiologic, n = 20). Before the fascia was closed by the surgical team, the solution previously prepared by the chief nurse was injected into the subfascial soft tissue with the syringe as the “injected dose” of serum physiologic or bupivacaine. After the closure, 0.2 ml/kg (1 mg/kg) bupivacaine or saline was instillated as the “first instillated dose” into the surgical area via the catheter. Pain scores were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h post-operatively. Patients were administered 0.75 mg/kg meperidine intramuscularly post-operatively to equalise the pain scores. Results No statistically significant difference was found between Group S and Group C in terms of demographic and other data and pain scores in the post-anaesthesia care unit, while a statistically significant decrease was found at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h in Group S and at 1, 2 and 4 h in Group C based on pain scores in the post-anaesthesia care unit ( P < 0.05). A statistically significant decreasing pain score was found at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h in Group S ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The local anaesthetic administered via a catheter implanted in the surgical field may provide long-term and efficient post-operative analgesia.
Molecular population genomics: a short history
Authors: CHARLESWORTH BRIAN 
Published: March 2011

SummaryPopulation genomics is the study of the amount and causes of genome-wide variability in natural populations, a topic that has been under discussion since Darwin. This paper first briefly reviews the early development of molecular approaches to the subject: the pioneering unbiased surveys of genetic variability at multiple loci by means of gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme mapping. The results of surveys of levels of genome-wide variability using DNA resequencing studies are then discussed. Studies of the extent to which variability for different classes of variants (non-synonymous, synonymous and non-coding) are affected by natural selection, or other directional forces such as biased gene conversion, are also described. Finally, the effects of deleterious mutations on population fitness and the possible role of Hill–Robertson interference in shaping patterns of sequence variability are discussed.
Genetic analysis of environmental variation
Authors: HILL WILLIAM G. , MULDER HAN A. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryEnvironmental variation (VE) in a quantitative trait – variation in phenotype that cannot be explained by genetic variation or identifiable genetic differences – can be regarded as being under some degree of genetic control. Such variation may be either between repeated expressions of the same trait within individuals (e.g. for bilateral traits), in the phenotype of different individuals, where variation within families may differ, or in both components. We consider alternative models for defining the distribution of phenotypes to include a component due to heterogeneity ofVE. We review evidence for the presence of genetic variation inVEand estimates of its magnitude. Typically the heritability ofVEis under 10%, but its genetic coefficient of variation is typically 20% or more. We consider experimental designs appropriate for estimating genetic variance inVEand review alternative methods of estimation. We consider the effects of stabilizing and directional selection onVEand review both the forces that might be maintaining levels ofVEand heritability found in populations. We also evaluate the opportunities for reducingVEin breeding programmes. Although empirical and theoretical studies have increased our understanding of genetic control of environmental variance, many issues remain unresolved.
Insights from GWAS into the quantitative genetics of transcription in humans
Authors: KIM JINHEE , GIBSON GREG 
Published: March 2011

SummaryHuman gene expression profiles have emerged as an effective model system for the dissection of quantitative genetic traits. Peripheral blood and transformed lymphoblasts are particularly attractive for their ready availability and repeatability, respectively, and the advent of relatively inexpensive genotyping and microarray analysis technologies has facilitated genome-wide association for transcript abundance in numerous settings. Thousands of genes have been shown to harbour regulatory polymorphisms that have large local effects on transcription, explaining 20% or more of the variance in many cases, but the focus on such results obscures the reality that the vast majority of the genetic component of transcriptional variance remains to be ascertained. This mini-review surveys the inferences derived from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for gene expression to date, and discusses some of the issues we face in finding the remainder of the heritability and understanding how environmental and genetic regulatory factors orchestrate the highly structured architecture of transcriptional variation.
Difusión del derecho internacional humanitario. La situatión en Bélgica
Authors: Vandekerckhove Carl 
Published: March 2011

Desde el 20 de noviembre de 1986, Bélgica está obligada por las disposiciones no sólo de los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949, sino también por las de los Protocolos adicionales de 1977. Por consiguiente, todos los ciudadanos belgas deben tomar las medidas necesarias para dar cumplimiento a las obligaciones que les corresponden.Al ratificar los Protocolos, Bélgica se comprometió a respetar y hacer respetar las citadas normas en toda circunstancia.