bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alemtuzumab in Combination With Methylprednisolone Is a Highly Effective Induction Regimen for Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Deletion of TP53: Final Results of the National Cancer Research Institute CLL206 Trial
Authors: Pettitt Andrew R. , Jackson Richard , Carruthers Stacey , Dodd James , Dodd Susanna , Oates Melanie , Johnson Gillian G. , Schuh Anna , Matutes Estella , Dearden Claire E. , Catovsky Daniel , Radford John A. , Bloor Adrian , Follows George A. , Devereux Stephen , Kruger Anton , Blundell Julie , Agrawal Samir , Allsup David , Proctor Stephen , Heartin Earnest , Oscier David , Hamblin Terry J. , Rawstron Andrew , Hillmen Peter 
Published: April 2012

Purpose In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), TP53 deletion/mutation is strongly associated with an adverse outcome and resistance to chemotherapy-based treatment. In contrast, TP53 defects are not associated with resistance to the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab or methylprednisolone. In an attempt to improve the treatment of TP53-defective CLL, a multicenter phase II study was developed to evaluate alemtuzumab and methylprednisolone in combination. Patients and Methods Thirty-nine patients with TP53-deleted CLL (17 untreated and 22 previously treated) received up to 16 weeks of treatment with alemtuzumab 30 mg three times a week and methylprednisolone 1.0 g/m2 for five consecutive days every 4 weeks. Antimicrobial prophylaxis consisted of cotrimoxazole, itraconazole, and aciclovir (or valganciclovir for asymptomatic cytomegalovirus viremia). The primary end point was response as assigned by an end-point review committee. Secondary end points were safety, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results The overall response rate, complete response rate (including with incomplete marrow recovery), median PFS, and median OS were 85%, 36%, 11.8 months, and 23.5 months, respectively, in the entire cohort and 88%, 65%, 18.3 months, and 38.9 months, respectively, in previously untreated patients. Grade 3 to 4 hematologic and glucocorticoid-associated toxicity occurred in 67% and 23% of patients, respectively. Grade 3 to 4 infection occurred in 51% of the overall cohort and in 29% of patients less than 60 years of age. Treatment-related mortality was 5%. Conclusion Alemtuzumab plus methypredisolone is the most effective induction regimen hitherto reported in TP53-deleted CLL. The risk of infection is age related and, in younger patients, seems only marginally higher than that associated with rituximab, fludarabine, and cyclophosphamide.
Identified antennular near-field receptors trigger reflex flicking in the crayfish
Authors: Mellon DeForest , Hamid Omer A. Abdul 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYNear-field disturbances in the water column are known to trigger reflex antennular flicking in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. We have identified the hydrodynamic sensors on the lateral antennular flagellum that constitute an afferent limb of this reflex and have measured the relative directionally dependent thresholds of the sensory neurons associated with these structures to hydrodynamic stimulation. Twenty-five individual standing feathered sensilla, comprising a sparse, linearly arrayed population of near-field sensors along the lateral and medial antennular flagella, were exposed to standardized pulsatile stimuli at 20 deg intervals along a 320 deg circular track. The results indicate that the sensilla are most sensitive to such stimulation in the plane of the flagellar axis. Identification and mechanical stimulation of single feathered sensilla in some preparations consistently evoked a flick reflex at maximal response latency, indicating that these sensors constitute at least one afferent limb for the reflex behavior. Experiments in which response latencies were measured following mechanical stimulation of truncated flagella, and were compared with the latencies in respective intact flagella, suggest that summation of inputs from the feathered sensillar pathways generates reflex flicking at minimal latencies. We discuss the possible central mechanisms that may underlie detection of critically important signals from this population of highly sensitive, inherently noisy sensors.
Independently evolved upper jaw protrusion mechanisms show convergent hydrodynamic function in teleost fishes
Authors: Staab Katie Lynn , Holzman Roi , Hernandez L. Patricia , Wainwright Peter C. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYA protrusible upper jaw has independently evolved multiple times within teleosts and has been implicated in the success of two groups in particular: Acanthomorpha and Cypriniformes. We use digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) to compare suction feeding flow dynamics in a representative of each of these clades: goldfish and bluegill. Using DPIV, we contrast the spatial pattern of flow, the temporal relationship between flow and head kinematics, and the contribution of jaw protrusion to the forces exerted on prey. As expected, the spatial patterns of flow were similar in the two species. However, goldfish were slower to reach maximal kinematic excursions, and were more flexible in the relative timing of jaw protrusion, other jaw movements and suction flows. Goldfish were also able to sustain flow speeds for a prolonged period of time as compared with bluegill, in part because goldfish generate lower peak flow speeds. In both species, jaw protrusion increased the force exerted on the prey. However, slower jaw protrusion in goldfish resulted in less augmentation of suction forces. This difference in force exerted on prey corresponds with differences in trophic niches and feeding behavior of the two species. The bluegill uses powerful suction to capture insect larvae whereas the goldfish uses winnowing to sort through detritus and sediment. The kinethmoid of goldfish may permit jaw protrusion that is independent of lower jaw movement, which could explain the ability of goldfish to decouple suction flows (due to buccal expansion) from upper jaw protrusion. Nevertheless, our results show that jaw protrusion allows both species to augment the force exerted on prey, suggesting that this is a fundamental benefit of jaw protrusion to suction feeders.
In ovotemperature manipulation differentially influences limb musculoskeletal development in two lines of chick embryos selected for divergent growth rates
Authors: Al-Musawi Sara L. , Stickland Neil C. , Bayol Stéphanie A. M. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYSelective breeding has led to diverging phenotypic evolution in layer and broiler chickens through genomic and epigenetic modifications. Here we show that in ovo environmental manipulation differentially influences embryonic limb muscle phenotype in these two breeds. We demonstrate that raising incubation temperature from 37.5 to 38.5°C between embryonic days (ED) 4 and 7 increased motility and body mass in both layer and broiler embryos. In layers, this was accompanied by gastrocnemius muscle hypertrophy, increased fibre and nuclei numbers and a higher nuclei to fibre ratio (ED18), preceded by increased hindlimb Myf5 (ED5–8), Pax7 (ED5–10), BMP4 (ED6–9) and IGF-I (ED9–10, ED18) mRNAs. In broilers, the same temperature treatment led to reduced gastrocnemius cross-sectional area with fewer fibres and nuclei and an unchanged fibre to nuclei ratio (ED18). This was preceded by a delay in the peak of hindlimb Myf5 expression, increased Pax7 (ED5, ED7–10) and BMP4 (ED6–8) but reduced IGF-I (ED8–10) mRNAs. Rather than promoting myogenesis as in layer embryos, the temperature treatment promoted gastrocnemius intramuscular fat deposition in broilers (ED18) preceded by increased hindlimb PPARγ mRNA (ED7–10). The treatment increased tibia/tarsus bone length as well as femur cross-sectional area in both breeds, but femur length and bone to cartilage ratio in the femur and tibia/tarsus were only increased in treated layers (ED18). We conclude that in ovo temperature manipulation differentially affected the molecular regulation of hindlimb myogenic, adipogenic and growth factor expression in broiler and layer embryos, leading to differential changes in muscle phenotype. The underlying interactive mechanisms between genes and the environment need further investigation.
Role of Raltegravir in HIV-1 Management
Authors: Rokas Kristina EE , Bookstaver P Brandon , Shamroe Caitlin L , Sutton S Scott , Millisor Vanessa E , Bryant Jacquelyn E , Weissman Sharon B 
Published: April 2012

Objective: To review the literature concerning the role of raltegravir in the treatment of HIV-1 in antiretroviral (ARV)-experienced and ARV-naïve patients. Data Sources: A PubMed search was conducted for published data through March 2012 using the search terms raltegravir, MK-0518, and integrase strand transfer inhibitor. An additional search of International Pharmaceutical Abstracts for unpublished data, including data from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, the International AIDS Society, and the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, was conducted using similar search terms. Study Selection and Data Extraction: In vitro and in vivo Phase 2, Phase 3, and postmarketing studies available in English, evaluating antiretroviral regimens that contain raltegravir for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in both ARV-naïve and ARV-experienced patients, were evaluated. Studies assessing raltegravir pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were included for review. Data Synthesis: The nucteoside-based regimen of raltegravir with tenofovir/emtricitabine provides an effective first-line treatment option. However, nucleoside-sparing regimens appear unfavorable in ARV-naïve subjects and should be reserved for patients with limited treatment options. Raltegravir used with optimized background therapy provides an alternative regimen for ARV-experienced patients. This review describes the available in vitro and in vivo data on raltegravir potency, defined as the ability to achieve undetectable viral load, and safety profile, as well as comparison to standard HIV-1 therapies. Conclusions: Raltegravir has demonstrated potent antiretroviral activity against HIV-1 in both ARV-naïve and ARV-experienced subjects, with the benefits of a favorable adverse effect profile and minimal drug interactions. Raltegravir must be dosed twice daily, as once daily raltegravir displays decreased virologic efficacy compared to twice daily dosing. However, the ongoing development of new integrase strand transfer inhibitors may provide potent once daily regimens.
Dabigatran-Induced Gastrointestinal Bleeding in an Elderly Patient with Moderate Renal Impairment
Authors: Wychowski Maura K , Kouides Peter A 
Published: April 2012

Objective: To report a case of dabigatran-induced overanticoagulation in a patient who developed acute renal failure and to inform health care providers of the need for appropriate patient selection and periodic monitoring of renal function in the elderly. Case Summary: A 66-year-old woman treated with dabigatran for atrial fibrillation developed acute renal failure and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. She had been taking dabigatran 150 mg twice daily for 2 months, with intermittent renal insufficiency during the previous 6 months. On admission, laboratory values included serum creatinine 3.6 mg/dL, hematocrit 21%, and international normalized ratio greater than 10. She was treated with packed red blood cells, prothrombin complex concentrate, and multiple sessions of dialysis. There were no further bleeding events or additional transfusions for the remainder of the hospitalization. Her renal function never recovered and she remained hemodialysis-dependent. After a 47-day length of stay, she was transferred to a nursing home where she died 2 months later. Discussion: Renally eliminated drugs such as dabigatran place elderly patients at increased risk of drug accumulation and adverse drug events due to age-related decline in renal function. In a recent case series, dabigatran toxicity in the elderly with renal impairment was described with 1 fatal outcome. Recent literature, including the package insert, advises intermittent monitoring of renal function in the elderly and those with moderate renal impairment. Consideration should also include the appropriateness of dabigatran therapy in patients with fluctuating renal function. In our patient, the Naranjo probability scale indicated a probable cause between the bleeding event and dabigatran use. Conclusions: Our case report, along with 2 other recent reports on dabigatran toxicity, illustrates the importance for appropriate patient selection and the need to periodically monitor renal function in elderly patients receiving dabigatran.
Pharmacy Practice in Virginia in 2011
Authors: Moczygemba Leticia R. , Goode Jean-Venable R. , Silvester Janet A. , Matzke Gary R. 
Published: April 2012

Background: Opportunities for pharmacy practice reform exist at state and national levels. The Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) School of Pharmacy created a working group to assess these opportunities with a mission to advance pharmacy practice in Virginia. Objectives: To assess the perceptions of chronic and acute care pharmacy practice and confidence in providing patient care and medication therapy management (MTM) activities and characterize current work activities of pharmacists in Virginia. Methods: A cross-sectional, online survey was used. VCU School of Pharmacy pharmacist preceptors, students, and faculty members were eligible. The questionnaire contained items that assessed perceptions of chronic and acute care pharmacy practice and confidence in patient care and MTM activities. Demographic and practice site characteristics were also collected. Results: A total of 974 preceptors, 515 students, and 78 faculty members were invited to participate, and 335 preceptors, 155 students, and 41 faculty members had usable responses, yielding response rates of 34%, 30%, and 53%, respectively, Preceptors, students, and faculty members favorably viewed direct patient care roles in the chronic and acute care settings. Pharmacists were very confident or confident in performing many patient care and MTM activities. They were least confident in considering genetic characteristics when adjusting medications and creating business plans for new services. Many pharmacists in chronic and acute care settings provided some type of patient care service, but few were regularly providing services. Inadequate time, staffing, and reimbursement, and lack of perceived value from patients and providers were most frequently cited as barriers to service provision. Conclusions: VCU preceptors, students, and faculty members overwhelmingly believe that pharmacists should provide direct patient care and MTM activities. To transform pharmacy practice, it will be important to define the pharmacist's role, responsibilities, and expected outcomes and to consider time, staffing, and compensation as well as to engage patients and providers.
Development of radiochemistry in Pakistan – 1960 to 2010
Authors: Zaidi J. H. , Wasim M. , Arif M. , Mushtaq A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
With the inception of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in 1956, peaceful uses of atomic energy commenced for the benefit of scientific community as well as masses of Pakistan. Radiochemistry played a vital role right from the beginning. The research and development in this field accelerated soon after the criticality of the first research reactor named as Pakistan Research Reactor (PARR- 1) at the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad. The first radioisotope produced at PARR-1 for application in nuclear medicine was 131I. Later on, many other radioisotopes were prepared and radiopharmaceuticals were synthesised for their use in industry and hospitals. Besides providing pure radioactive tracers for nuclear medicine, radiochemistry also enhanced the detection limit of impurities at all stages of nuclear fuel cycle for power generation. In 1983, research in the field of nuclear data measurement began. The main aim was to identify suitable conditions for the production of radionuclides for cancer diagnostics, treatment and therapy. With the establishment of a second research reactor (PARR-2) at PINSTECH, research in neutron activation analysis, radioisotope production and separation studies gained more momentum and many research articles were published. Solvent extraction, adsorption and ion-exchange were the main routes of separation in those studies. Separation of heavy metals and treatment of waste generated in a nuclear power plant are other important aspects related to environmental restoration and nuclear waste management, where radiochemistry is required. In future, work in radiochemistry will be continued on similar lines to develop novel radiopharmaceuticals, identify indigenous schemes for nuclear waste management and work out intelligent procedures for material characterization for benefit to mankind, especially the people of Pakistan.
Inpatient Hospital Care of Children With Trisomy 13 and Trisomy 18 in the United States
Authors: Nelson Katherine E. , Hexem Kari R. , Feudtner Chris 
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 are generally considered fatal anomalies, with a majority of infants dying in the first year after birth. The inpatient hospital care that these patients receive has not been adequately described. This study characterized inpatient hospitalizations of children with trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 in the United States, including number and types of procedures performed.

METHODS:
Retrospective repeated cross-sectional assessment of hospitalization data from the nationally representative US Kids’ Inpatient Database, for the years 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009. Included hospitalizations were of patients aged 0 to 20 years with a diagnosis of trisomy 13 or trisomy 18.

RESULTS:
The number of hospitalizations for each trisomy type ranged from 846 to 907 per year for trisomy 13 (P = .77 for temporal trend) and 1036 to 1616 per year for trisomy 18 (P &lt; .001 for temporal trend). Over one-third (36%) of the hospitalizations were of patients older than 1 year of age. Patients underwent a total of 2765 major therapeutic procedures, including creation of esophageal sphincter (6% of hospitalizations; mean age 23 months), repair of atrial and ventricular septal defects (4%; mean age 9 months), and procedures on tendons (4%; mean age 8 years).

CONCLUSIONS:
Children with trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 receive significant inpatient hospital care. Despite the conventional understanding of these syndromes as lethal, a substantial number of children are living longer than 1 year and undergoing medical and surgical procedures as part of their treatment.
Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Guidelines for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children
Authors: Smith Michael J. , Kong Maiying , Cambon Alex , Woods Charles R. 
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the effectiveness of guidelines and education on empirical therapy for community-acquired pneumonia.

METHODS:
Administrative records for children with a primary diagnosis of pneumonia from January 2007 to September 2009 were reviewed. Antimicrobial use was measured monthly over 3 periods: (1) before creation of an antimicrobial stewardship task force (ASTF), (2) after ASTF formation but before release of guidelines for antimicrobial use, and (3) after guideline release. Antimicrobial use over time was assessed by using quasi-binomial logistic regression models that incorporated interrupted events, seasonality, and autocorrelation. Allowing calculation of immediate changes due to specific interventions and trends in use over each time period. The primary outcome was use of ampicillin as recommended in the guidelines versus ceftriaxone, the historical standard. Secondary outcomes included other antimicrobial use, length of stay, mortality, and readmission.

RESULTS:
One thousand two hundred forty-six children met study criteria. Ampicillin use increased from 2% at baseline to 6% after ASTF formation and 44% after guideline release. Ceftriaxone use increased slightly (from 56% to 59%) after ASTF formation but decreased to 28% after guideline release. An immediate change in prescription occurred in the month after guideline publication and remained stable over the following year.

CONCLUSIONS:
Guidelines and education can have an impact on antimicrobial use in the pediatric setting. Although the optimal strategies for pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs still are being determined, we believe that our approach offers an inexpensive and low-risk step in the right direction.
Center-symmetric effective theory for two-color quark matter
Authors: Brauner Tomáš 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We revisit the center-symmetric dimensionally reduced effective theory for two-color Yang-Mills theory at high temperature. This effective theory includes an order parameter for deconfinement and thus allows to broaden the range of validity of the conventional three-dimensional effective theory (EQCD) towards the confining phase transition. We extend the previous results by including the effects of massive quarks with nonzero baryon chemical potential. The parameter space of the theory is constrained by leading-order matching to the Polyakov loop effective potential of two-color QCD. Once all the parameters are fixed, the effective theory can provide model-independent predictions for the physics above the deconfinement transition, thus bridging the gap between large-scale numerical simulations and semi-analytical calculations within phenomenological models.
Oxidation of ammonia using modified TiO2 catalyst and UV-VIS irradiation
Authors: Kowalczyk Łukasz , Szynkowska Małgorzata 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe impact of UV and VIS irradiation and specific nitrogen modification on a 5%Cu/5%TiO2/SiO2 catalyst in the course of oxidation of ammonia was investigated. It was demonstrated that both UV and VIS irradiation increased the conversion of the reactant in the reaction studied. Due to a good distribution of titanium dioxide and copper on the surface of the support, higher ammonia conversion was achieved. Physico-chemical characterisation of the catalysts studied using methods such as BET, SEM-EDS, TPD (NH3), and TPD (CO2) was carried out.
Construction de la limite interne et « bon usage du double interdit du toucher » dans des groupes thérapeutiques de jeunes enfants
Authors: Jacquet Éric 
Published: April 2012

Résumé À partir de son expérience d’animation de groupes thérapeutiques d’enfants psychotiques et autistes entre 3 et 6 ans, dont il donne un exemple détaillé, l’auteur montre comment s’opère l’installation d’une symbiose thérapeutique qui a vocation à renforcer les frontières du moi, puis d’une progressive distanciation contribuant à la constitution des limites internes nécessaires au processus de symbolisation. Sa lecture clinique s’appuie en particulier sur le concept de « double interdit du toucher » de D. Anzieu et sur son établissement progressif au fil des séances. Il en fait un axe organisateur essentiel du processus associatif groupal dont l’enjeu fondamental est de transitionnaliser le surmoi préœdipien.