bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHEMOTHERAPY AND PROPHYLAXIS OF BACTERIAL KIDNEY DISEASE WITH ERYTHROMYCIN1
Authors: Groman David B. , Klontz George W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn recent years there has been a resurgence of research efforts to develop efficacious methods for the prevention and treatment of Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD), a significant systemic bacterial disease of salmonids. This paper reviews these efforts to date with particular emphasis on the use of erythromycin compounds to prevent BKD episodes in North America and Europe. Topics addressed specifically are: the significance of BKD in salmonid fisheries; a historical overview of antibiotic feeding methods used to prevent and/or control BKD; the use of salt and surfactant bath treatments with erythromycin phosphate (E‐PO4); the use of E‐PO4, injections of adult salmonids; the use of E‐PO4 as an egg water hardening agent; and suggestions for future studies.
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN THE CONTROL OF CHANNEL CATFISH VIRUS
Authors: Amend Donald F. , McDowell Terry 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe only known methods of identifying stocks of fish which have been exposed to the channel catfish virus (CCV) is by previous history and possibly by testing the fish for serum neutralizing antibody (SNA) to CCV. Three catfish farms in California with no history of CCV had broodfish with positive SNA. Weekly monitoring of dead fry for CCV at two of the farms resulted in isolation of CCV even though daily mortality was low and ranged from about 0.1% to about 5%. In those ponds where 0.1% mortality occurred, no SNA positive fish were found in survivors 89 days following isolation of the virus, but positive SNA fish were found in ponds experiencing 5% mortality. In another test broodfish were assayed for SNA in the spring and fall to determine if seasonal differences in SNA occurred, but no correlation was established. These tests show that previous history and mortality rates were not a reliable method of determining previous exposure to CCV. Although there was a good correlation between detection of SNA in broodfish and the presence of CCV in fry, more information is needed before SNA tests can be used to accurately predict presence of CCV in channel catfish populations.
TRIPLOIDY IN CHANNEL CATFISH
Authors: Chrisman C. Larry , Wolters William R. , Libey George S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTriploidy was induced in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by hand stripping eggs from gravid females, fertilization with minced testes from donor males, and cold shocking the eggs at 5°C for one hour beginning 5 minutes post‐fertilization. Hatching success of eggs cold shocked for one hour was 79% compared to 89% in controls. Cold shocks longer than one hour caused 100% mortality. Cytogenetic observations through lymphocyte cultures and direct processing of mitotic cells from kidney tissue confirmed that all controls were diploid (2n=58 chromosomes) and 100% of the one‐hour cold shocked treatment group were triploid (3n=87 chromosomes). Full sibling diploid and triploid channel catfish were reared in round 870‐liter fiberglass tanks indoors with water supply, filtration, and disease treatment common to both tanks. All fish were fed 4 times daily to satiation for the first month, twice daily to 8 months, then once daily thereafter with appropriately sized trout rations (35% protein). Triploids were significantly heavier at 8 months of age and older stages than the diploids (92.9±0.98 g vs 87.8±1.09 g at 8 months) and converted feed more efficiently (1.19 kg feed per kg of gain in triploids vs 1.3 in diploids). Histological analysis of ovaries and testes from 54 fish representing both ploidy levels confirmed the almost complete lack of sexual development characteristic of many triploid organisms.
TEST‐FARMING OF THE GIANT KELP, Macrocystis, AS A MARINE BIOMASS PRODUCER
Authors: Harger B. W. W. , Neushul M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMarine macroalgae grow and produce biomass at a rapid rate. Large‐scale oceanic farms planted with these plants could provide a renewable source of energy and copious amounts of organic feedstocks for the chemical industry, without interfering with food and fiber production on land. Past projections of the potential of large‐scale macroalgal mariculture have been based on estimates of yield rather than actual cultivation trials.In the last year, we planted one acre with 722 plants arranged in three different planting densities. This was done in order to test our cultivation methods and determine what the yield is from plants grown on a farm. We have studied the effects of transplanting, handling, cultivation, density, fertilization and harvesting on a population of farmed giant kelp plants. Furthermore, we have been able to gain an appreciation of plant‐to‐plant variability in growth rate.The results of our work to date indicate that kelp plants grown in the sea are amenable to cultivation. They respond to fertilizer applications and show the effects of competition for light when grown at high planting densities. Under optimum growing conditions, some plants are able to produce nearly a kilo of wet biomass per day. In our view, the very encouraging results of this kelp farming effort show that the giant kelp is nearly as productive as some of the most highly productive land plant crops like sugar cane. It should be possible to further increase the yield from this prototype marine farm through improved marine agronomic practices.
NATURAL FOOD WEB CONTRIBUTIONS TO FISH GROWTH IN MANURED PONDS AS INDICATED BY STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIOS
Authors: Schroeder Gerald L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAnalyses of the ratios of stable carbon isotopes (reported as δC) were compared for natural foods and a polyculture of fish grown in manured, warm freshwater ponds. In the following order, fish species δC indicated an increasing dependence for fish growth on the photosynthesis (autotrophic) based food web and a corresponding decreasing dependence on the manure (heterotrophic) based food web: grass carp, common carp, tilapia hybrids, silver carp.
REVIEW OF RECENT BIVALVE CULTURE METHODS1
Authors: Castagna Michael 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn 1879 William K. Brooks demonstrated that spawn could be taken from oysters, fertilized and grown in much the same manner as fish eggs in a hatchery. The field of bivalve culture progressed slowly in the next 75 years. During the past 28 years commercial bivalve culture has developed and with it a number of innovative methods. The history and state of the art in bivalve culture are discussed. Culture techniques reviewed include selection of spawners for fast growing offspring, conditioning and holding of spawners, triggering mechanisms for spawning, selection of eggs, larval culture, metamorphosis, and juvenile grow‐out. Methods of growing food organisms and research into dietary requirements are discussed. Field grow‐out is also discussed.
EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND WATER TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF BROWN‐SPOTTED GROUPER LARVAE (Epinephelus tauvina, SERRANIDAE)
Authors: Akatsu S. , Al‐Abdul‐Elah K. M. , Teng S. K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEffects of salinity on the survival and growth of Epinephelus tauvina larvae were tested at 39, 25, 25 to 39 (increasing at a rate of 4–5 ppt/week) and 39 to 25 ppt (decreasing at a rate of 4–5 ppt/week). NO significant differences in survival and growth were observed among the range of salinities tested during the early larval stages (newly‐hatched to 21‐day‐old). However, for the later larval stages (21–40 day old), significantly higher survival and growth were recorded at a constant salinity of 25 ppt. Salinity tolerance limits of newly‐hatched larvae were also investigated. Time to LH50 (median lethal hour) was recorded to be around 14, 51, 153, 144, 131, 118, 103 and 82 hours after stocking for larvae tested at salinities of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32 and 40 ppt, respectively.Larval survival and growth were tested in 39 ppt salinity at temperatures of 18, 23, 27, 28, 29 and 31°C for newly‐hatched to 12‐day‐old larvae and 28, 29 and 31°C for 19–33 day old larvae. Best survival and growth were recorded at 27–29°C for larvae between newly‐hatched to 12‐day‐old and at 30–31°C for larvae of 19–33 days old.
CORRELATIONS AMONG MOFPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF FINGERLING CATFISHES AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO DRESSING PERCENTAGE AT HARVEST
Authors: Dunham R. A. , Benchakan M. , Smitherman R. O. , Chappell J. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBlue (Ictalurus furcatus), channel (I. punctatus), white (I. catus) and hybrid catfish grown under similar conditions to a size of 30 g differed in their body conformation (head length, head width, head depth, body depth, caudal peduncle depth and caudal peduncle width to total length ratios; P <.01) and dressing percentage (P < .05). Strains of channel catfish also differed from each other in their body conformation (P < .01) and dressing percentage (P < .05). Body conformation at 30 g was correlated to dressing percentage at 500 g (P < .01). Head width, caudal width and body depth had the largest effects upon dressing percentage (P < .05). Blue catfish, Auburn and Rio Grande strains of channel catfish had higher dressing percentage (P < .05) than the hybrids, white catfish and four remaining channel catfish crosses. Auburn x Rio Grande channel catfish crossbreds had larger (P < .01) heads, caudal peduncles and body depth than their parents, but the Marion x Kansas crossbred channel catfish did not have larger values than their parents. It appears that overdominance for body conformation was prevalent in intraspecific crossbreds. Morphologies of channel‐blue hybrids were between those of their parent species. The correlations between morphometric traits were different (P < .01) among the 10 genetic groups.
HARVESTING MICROALGAE WITH CHITOSAN
Authors: Lavoie A. , de la Noüe J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTWe have studied the use of chitosan as a non‐toxic flocculant to concentrate freshwater cultures of microalgae; these are part of a biological tertiary treatment system of urban wastewaters intended to produce biomasses for animal feeding. The sedimentation rate measured at increasing concentrations of chitosan showed that, under appropriate conditions (pH, stirring, etc.), a recovery of 95% or more of the algae was obtained at chitosan concentrations lower than 40 mg/liter. This result was obtained with temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C and with an algal biomass concentration of 100–150 mg dry weight/liter. Results are also presented for biomass concentrations up to 1 g dry weight/liter. On the basis of these results, economic feasibility is examined by comparison with synthetic polyelectrolytes which appear to be the only other flocculants leading to a similar efficiency. Extension of the process to marine algae is also presented.
FISH SILAGE IN AQUACULTURE DIETS
Authors: Hardy Ronald W. , Shearer Karl D. , Stone Fred E. , Wieg Dave H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFish silage was made from ground, whole Pacific whiting by using 2% sulfuric acid and 0.75% propionic acid by weight as the acidulent. After 3, 6, and 20 days, silage was removed, neutralized with calcium hydroxide, and drum‐dried. Two additional silage products were made from un‐neutralized 20‐day silage and silage neutralized with sodium hydroxide. Vacuum‐dried Pacific whiting meal was used in the control diet. Dry pelleted diets were made using the Abernathy diet formulation S8‐1, modified by replacing the fish meal with either drum‐dried silage or vacuum‐dried Pacific whiting meal.After 12 weeks, no significant differences were observed in growth or feed conversion between rainbow trout fed either the control diet or diets containing 3‐ or 6‐day‐old silage. Growth and feed conversion were significantly affected by feeding diets containing silage that had been allowed to hydrolyze for 20 days. No differences in growth were observed between groups of trout fed diets containing 20‐day unneutralized silage, or silage neutralized with calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. Acidification of the control diet significantly affected growth and feed conversion. Neutralization of the acidified control diet with calcium hydroxide restored growth and feed conversion.
PRODUCTION TRIALS OF PRAWNS COMPARING A MARINE RATION, CATFISH DIET AND AGRICULTURAL RANGE PELLET
Authors: Perry W. Guthrie , Tarver Johnnie 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSupplemental prawn feeds were investigated in 1982 and 1983 at the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southwest Louisiana. Brackish water ponds were stocked with postlarvae at 4.4/m2 and production compared among prawns fed: a commercially produced marine ration (25% protein); catfish ration (30% protein); or agricultural range pellets (10% protein).Prawns fed marine ration achieved the largest size and greatest biomass during both years. Excluding ponds which experienced survival less than 60% due to low oxygen, production of marine ration fed prawns ranged from 556 to 828 kg/ha (av. 704 kg/ha) in 1982 and 704 to 808 kg/ha (av. 733 kg/ha) in 1983. Production in ponds receiving catfish pellets ranged from 483 to 780 kg/ha (av. 588 kg/ha) and prawns fed crushed range pellets had production of 613 kg/ha. Average size of prawns receiving marine ration was 24 g in 1982 and 20 g in 1983. Those fed catfish ration averaged 17 g and range pellet produced prawns averaging 17 g. Food conversion factors were 0.9 and 1.1 for marine ration in 1982 and 1983, respectively; catfish ration and range pellets resulted in average factors of 1.0 and 1.1, respectively.Dissolved oxygen was a continuing problem throughout the study in most ponds. The ponds which received range pellets displayed the poorest water quality.
CONTROLLED SPAWNING OF F1 HYBRID STRIPED BASS (Morone saxatilis X M. chrysops) AND REARING OF F2 PROGENY1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Jenkins Wallace E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTF1 hybrid bass (striped bass female x white bass male) were matured under controlled photoperiod and temperature regimes. These fish were spawned, using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), about 3 months earlier than normally occurs for striped bass in South Carolina. This was accomplished by compressing the natural annual cycle to 9 months. Under controlled conditions, fish previously spawned were reconditioned and respawned in 9 months. When injected with HCG, paired male and female F1 hybrids were able to spawn in tanks.Hatch rate was low (10%) in the F1 x F1 cross. Further, the F2 larvae exhibited a high degree of growth variation and cannibalism which is common among striped bass larvae. Larval F2 hybrids, stocked at an initial density of 73,510 fish/m3, grew to a mean size of 41.9 mm TL (range 32.0–52.0 mm) in 46 days. Juvenile F2 hybrids, mean weight 12.8 g, were stocked in a controlled recirculating water system at a density of 31/m3. During 189 days, these fish grew to a mean size of 222 g and exhibited a survival of 92.5%.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF TURBOT (Scophthalmus maximus): I. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PROTEIN AND LIPID UTILIZATION
Authors: Caceres‐Martinez C. , Cadena‐Roa M. , Métailler R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTwelve groups of 10 g turbot were fed ad libitum for 42 days. Each group was given a diet containing 37.5, 48.3, 59.2 or 69.8% protein, and 10, 15 or 20% lipid. Food consumption was similar for all diets. Specific growth rate (SGR) increased and feed conversion (FC) decreased with increasing dietary protein content. The best SGR (2.5%) and the best FC (0.57) were obtained with the 69.8% protein‐10% lipid diet. Lipid had a negative effect on growth and food conversion except for low protein diets. Carcass protein and lipid content were not influenced by diet composition. Liver lipid content was nearly constant and showed no trend in relation to the diet composition for 15 and 20% dietary lipid. The fish fed the 10% lipid diet showed higher liver lipid content. Liver glycogen increased with decreasing dietary protein content. High dietary protein levels enhanced daily tissue protein deposition. With the exception of the 37.5% protein‐20% lipid diet, which showed the best protein efficiency ratio (PER=3.1%) and the best protein utilization coefficient (PUC=50%), all the other diets gave similar PER and PUC values, from 2.2 to 2.6% and from 36 to 43%, respectively.
REVIEW OF BIOLOGY AND CULTURE OF ATLANTIC (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) AND SHORTNOSE STURGEON (A. brevirostrum)1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Dingley Edward K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe Atlantic sturgeon,Acipenser oxyrhynchus, once supported major fisheries along the entire Atlantic coast but today only remnant populations remain. In Canada and in several Atlantic coast states commercial fishing still occurs but landings are about 3% of former levels. In contrast, the shortnose sturgeon,A. brevirostrum, is listed as an endangered species in the United States and is considered rare or endangered in Canada. Commercial harvesting does not occur but there is substantial interest by utility companies and other industrial operations due to its classification as an endangered species. Culture programs were initiated during the last quarter of the 19th century in an effort to replenish the failing sturgeon fisheries. The first North American species to be spawned was the Atlantic sturgeon in 1875. Subsequent work with this species, as well as with the lake sturgeon,A. fulvescens, and the shortnose sturgeon, identified two major problems: an insufficient supply of simultaneously ripe males and females, and fungal destruction of the incubating eggs. By 1912, all culture efforts had been abandoned.Renewed interest in the culture of North American sturgeons began in the mid‐1970's. Success has been obtained in spawning all species and currently the white sturgeon,A. transmontanus, is being commercially cultured in California. Additional work, however, is needed to develop a suitable hatchery and grow‐out technology for Atlantic and shortnose sturgeon.
SPOTTED SEATROUT FINGERLING PRODUCTION IN SALTWATER PONDS
Authors: Porter Catherine W. , Maciorowski Anthony F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSpotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) fingerling production in 3 0.1‐ha fertilized saltwater ponds (568 kg/ha cottonseed meal, 3.3 1/ha phosphoric acid, 1.8 kg/ha urea) was compared to 3 identically fertilized ponds each receiving 4 billion brine shrimp nauplii/ha as a forage base supplement. No brine shrimp were recovered in biweekly zooplankton samples or fingerling stomachs, and no significant differences were evident for growth, survival or production between treatments. After 22 days mean (±S.D.) total length (TL), weight, and percent recovery of fingerlings from the six ponds was 39 ± 2 mm, 0.58 ± 0.10 g, and 8.4 ± 2.2%. Average (±S. D.) production was 46.9 ± 7.2 kg/ha and 2.1 ± 0.3 kg/ha/dat. Zooplankton populations were similar in all ponds with rotifers, mixed copepod nauplii, copepods, and polychaete larvae predominating in decreasing order of abundance. Copepods were the major food organism for all size classes examined, ranging from 59–100% of stomach contents. Although not enumerated in zooplankton samples, insects (> 95% Corixidae) accounted for approximately 34% of stomach contents of 30–49 mm fingerlings. Soptted seatrout percent survival and production (kg/ha/day) were increased 2.8 and 12.5 times, respectively, over previous studies. Improved pond yields resulted from combined organic and liquid inorganic fertilizers, and an increased time interval for zooplankton development between pond preparation and fry stocking.
PARASITES OF CULTURED EELS1
Authors: Field Donald W. , Eversole Arnold G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGlass eel and elver stages of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) collected from Cooper River were stocked separately in ponds at a commercial aquaculture facility near Georgetown, South Carolina, in April 1981. Monthly samples of 15 glass eels and 15 elvers were examined for parasites from May 1981 through July 1982. Cultured glass eels (n=225) harbored 5 species of parasites and cultured elvers (n=225) 11 species. Myxidium giardi was the most frequently encountered parasite in cultured glass eels (43.6%) and elvers (60.4%). The percent occurrence of M. giardi was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in cultured elvers.Occurrence (%) and intensity (parasites/infected eel) of Trichodina sp., the second most frequently encountered parasite, was 10.7% and 3.8 for cultured glass eels and 17.7% and 5.0 for cultured elvers. Occurrence and intensity of Trichodina sp. remained below levels found on wild elvers and elvers treated prophylactically with 100 mg/liter formalin for one hour before stocking ponds. Two species (Henneguya sp. and Ichthyophthirius multifilis) not found in wild eels occurred in cultured elvers and 3 new species (Trichodina sp., Bothriocephalus scorpii, and Philonema sp.) not found in wild glass eels were recovered from cultured glass eels. Management implications in accordance with parasite differences between glass eels and elvers are discussed.
INFLUENCES OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IONS ON EMBRYO SURVIVAL, PERCENTAGE HATCHING AND LARVAL SURVIVAL OF DOLPHIN FISH Coryphaena hippurus L.
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Sheng , Krishnan L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFive kinds of artificial seawater with similar salinity, pH and osmolarity were prepared with different concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions. The five seawaters in this study are: complete seawater, calcium‐free seawater, half calcium‐free seawater, magnesium‐free seawater, and half magnesium‐free seawater.Dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus) spawn in captive tanks without hormone induction. Eggs with developing embryos were removed from the incubation tank prior to hatching and incubated in the media with different concentrations of calcium and magnesium. Survival and hatching percentages of embryonic eggs in different media were recorded and compared. The results showed that both calcium and magnesium are essential for normal development. Reduction or elimination of either of these ions has different effects, resulting in embryonic abnormalities and/or reduced hatching and larval survival.
RECENT ADVANCES IN PENAEID VIRUS DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: Lightner D. V. , Redman R. M. , Williams R. R. , Mohney L. L. , Clerx J. P. M. , Bell T. A. , Brock J. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOf the approximately 30 known viruses affecting crustaceans, at least six viruses are known in cultured penaeid shrimp. New information is presented here on five of the six penaeid viruses. Baculovirus penaei (BP) in penaeids from widely separated geographic locations was compared by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of BP‐infected hepatopancreatocytes. Regardless of source or host species, the cytopathology and virion morphology was similar, but differences were found in the dimensions of BP nucleocapsids as a function of geographic source. P. monodon‐type baculovirus (MBV) was discovered in P. monodon from Asia, but it has recently been found to also infect cultured p. merguiensis and p. semisulcatus from other sites in Asia and the Middle East, and possibly P. kerathurus in Italy. Cytopathology and histopathology resulting from MEV infection in each of the species appears identical. Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), a picorna‐like virus known previously to infect P. stylirostris, P. vannamei, and P. monodon, has been found to experimentally infect P. japonicus, P. duorarum, P. aztecus and P. setiferus. IHHN appears to be widely distributed in culture facilities in the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific Basin. HPV (hepatopancreatic parvo‐like virus) was discovered in 1983, in four species of cultured or captive wild penaeids in Asia and Australia. TEM studies of HPV‐infected hepatopancreatocytes show HPV virions and cytopathology to be identical in the affected species. REO, a reo‐like virus of cultured P. japonicus in France and Hawaii, infects hepatopancreatic epithelial cells and causes chronic disease and high accumulative mortalities in tanks and possibly grow‐out ponds.