bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation, kinetic analysis, and structural characterization of an antibody targeting the Bacillus anthracis major spore surface protein BclA
Authors: Nuttall Stewart D. , Wilkins Michelle L. , Streltsov Victor A. , Pontes‐Braz Luisa , Dolezal Olan , Tran Hung , Liu Chun‐Qiang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOne method of laboratory‐ or field‐based testing for anthrax is detection of Bacillus anthracis spores by high‐affinity, high specificity binding reagents. From a pool of monoclonal antibodies, we selected one such candidate (A4D11) with high affinity for tBclA, a truncated version of the B. anthracis exosporium protein BclA. Kinetic analysis utilising both standard and kinetic titration on a Biacore biosensor indicated antibody affinities in the 300 pM range for recombinant tBclA, and the A4D11 antibody was also re‐formatted into scFv configuration with no loss of affinity. However, assays against B. anthracis and related Bacilli species showed limited binding of intact spores as well as significant cross‐reactivity between species. These results were rationalized by determination of the three‐dimensional crystallographic structure of the scFv‐tBclA complex. A4D11 binds the side of the tBclA trimer, contacting a face of the antigen normally packed against adjacent trimers within the exosporium structure; this inter‐spore interface is highly conserved between Bacilli species. Our results indicate the difficulty of generating a high‐affinity antibody to differentiate between the highly conserved spore structures of closely related species, but suggest the possibility of future structure‐based antibody design for this difficult target. Proteins 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of TNO multienergy and Baker–Strehlow–Tang models
Authors: Sari Ali 
Published: December 2010

AbstractVapor cloud explosions (VCEs) cause considerable problems in the chemical and petrochemical industries. They generate damaging levels of overpressure and the possibility of human injury/death, and building/equipment damage. Predicting the possible consequences of VCEs is important to ensure the safe design of existing and new structures. Prediction of the overpressures resulting from a VCE is typically done using simplified (empirical) models, phenomenological models, and computational fluid dynamics models. The focus of this article is on two of the most frequently used simplified prediction methods: TNO multienergy and Baker–Strehlow–Tang models. These models are compared in terms of structural response and vulnerability of damage caused by an explosion. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Learning from events: Major process safety incidents from waste water in process chemical plants, or take care of your waste water or it will take care of you
Authors: Lambert Paul G. , Woodward John L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMost, if not all, chemical plants generate waste water from their processes. This waste water is often pretreated and then disposed to water courses as agreed with the appropriate authorities. The focus of attention has usually been on the environmental hazards of waste water. This article illustrates that process safety hazard from waste water treatment can also pose significant risks.Five serious events are described associated with the pretreatment, storage, reuse, or treatment of waste water from chemical production. They are from three different countries and from a variety of businesses. These include one detonation, a confined vapor cloud explosion, an overpressure from gas evolution and one thermal runaway and fire. Significantly, often waste water sumps span an entire plant and have developed explosions over extensive areas. The article describes the events, lessons learned and some methods and procedures that can be used minimize the risks. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
A full‐scale experimental and modeling investigation of dust explosions in a roller mill
Authors: van Wingerden Kees , Pedersen Geir , Wilkins Brian , Berg Mogens , Findsen Nielsen Niels Otto 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCombustion of biomass is becoming an increasingly important energy source. This is especially true for wood pellets, as several power companies have decided to use this fuel instead of coal. In this process, the wood pellets are ground in big mills and, from there, pneumatically transported to the burners in the boiler where they are consumed. The grinding of biomass and coal represents an explosion hazard, which can potentially result in considerable damage to the power plant upon propagation of the explosion from the mill into other parts of the installation.An experimental investigation was performed aiming at understanding explosion loads that can occur due to an accidental dust explosion in a mill under realistic operating conditions. The tests were performed in a roller mill (capacity 36 metric tons coal/h; internal volume 23.2 m3) connected to a coal feeder located on top of the mill.Test conditions were predefined using the computational fluid dynamic‐based dust explosion simulation tool DESC. DESC was used to estimate the flow conditions inside the roller mill during normal operating conditions. In the full‐scale tests, these flow conditions have been simulated injecting the dust pneumatically.In total, 25 tests were performed, and a number of parameters were varied, including dust type (wood dust and coal dust), dust concentration, and dust cloud location. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Anodic TiO2‐based porous photonic films
Authors: Cheng Jian‐Wen , Tsang Chun Kwan , Cheng Hua , Liang Fengxia , Li Yang Yang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe here report using the convenient anodization method to fabricate colored porous TiO2 films. The photonic color of the fabricated TiO2 film originates from the Fabry–Pérot interference phenomena. By adjusting the parameters of the anodization process, TiO2 films with different colors are obtained. The fabricated TiO2 photonic film is mesoporous and is capable of optical sensing as illustrated by the change of its optical response upon exposure to ethanol vapor. magnified image
Development and optimization of scanning spreading resistance microscopy for measuring the two‐dimensional carrier profile in solar cell structures
Authors: Eyben Pierre , Seidel Felix , Hantschel Thomas , Schulze Andreas , Lorenz Anne , De Castro Angel Uruena , Van Gestel Dries , John Joachim , Horzel Joerg , Vandervorst Wilfried 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWithin this work, we have explored the use of scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) on advanced solar cell structures. Three main topics, corresponding to three important needs, were targeted. First, we have analyzed the highly doped regions at the frontside of solar cells. The influence of the surface roughness, hindering the use of other techniques (e.g., secondary ion mass spectrometry, SIMS), and the phosphorus diffusion along grains for multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) have been studied quantitatively as they may affect substantially the electrical properties of solar cells.Secondly, we have explored local backside contacts manufactured using new techniques like laser ablation followed by dopant diffusion. Having a better knowledge of the two‐dimensional (2D)‐dopant distribution is a subject of growing interest. Finally, we have studied electrical properties of grain‐boundary and intragrain defects in polycrystalline silicon (pc‐Si) layers as they may play a major role in the electrical performances of the solar cells.
Si and Si‐Ge wires for thermoelectrics
Authors: Druzhinin Anatoly , Ostrovskii Igor , Kogut Iurii , Nichkalo Stepan , Shkumbatyuk Taras 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this paper thermal conductivity of boron‐doped Si and SiGe (3‐5 at.% of germanium) whiskers has been measured by means of slightly modified 3ω ‐method in the range of 290‐400 K. We have shown that obtained thermal conductivity temperature dependence of micron‐scale whiskers agrees well with expected for bulk Si and SiGe with 3 to 5% of Ge content and at room temperature is equal to 150 and 100 Wm‐1K‐1respectively, which evidences the reliability of proposed modification of 3ω ‐method. Prospects of possible thermoelectric application of nanoscaled SiGe solid solutions have been considered. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Back contact formation for p‐type based a‐Si:H/c‐Si heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Tucci Mario , Serenelli Luca , De Iuliis Simona , Izzi Massimo , De Cesare Giampiero , Caputo Domenico 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEven if p‐type silicon is a more common PV material, heterojunction solar cells on p‐type c‐Si are less popular than on n‐type. In turn, it has been difficult to achieve high efficiency with double‐sided heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer structure on p‐type c‐Si. The double‐sided silicon heterojunction solar cell is more appropriate for n‐type crystalline silicon wafers than for p‐type c‐Si ones because of larger band offset at the valence band edge between the amorphous and crystalline semiconductors with respect to the conduction band edge. Indeed, it represents a large barrier for majority carrier holes flowing through to the back contact. In turn at the backside, the small conduction band offset provides a much less effective mirror for the minority carrier electrons. We have found an alternative way to obtain a quasi‐ohmic contact promoting the formation of a CrSi film on top of p‐a‐Si:H layer. This reduces the problem of low p‐a‐Si:H doping value and the high activation energy, leading to a better carrier collection. In this work we present a detailed investigation of the p‐c‐Si/i‐a‐Si:H/p‐a‐Si:H contact, comparing the experimental transport measurements with numerical model of the stacked structure. We verify the effectiveness of p‐c‐Si/i‐a‐Si:H/p‐a‐Si:H as back side contact on the heterojunction solar cell performances. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles for solar cell applications
Authors: Bonsak Jack , Mayandi Jeyanthinath , Thøgersen Annett , Stensrud Marstein Erik , Mahalingam Umadevi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA novel approach to fabricate silver nanoparticles for light trapping applications in silicon based solar cells has been demonstrated. Silver nanoparticles of various sizes have been synthesized by chemical reduction reactions. The particle size in the colloidal solutions was varied by using two different reducing compounds in addition to altering the compositions of the mixtures. In the present work, deposition of the silver nanoparticles onto a conventional bulk silicon solar cell shows an increase in the quantum efficiency at longer wavelengths, indicating the utilization of incident radiation that is normally lost in poor absorbing silicon (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Confined growth of silicon nanowires as a possible process for third generation solar cells
Authors: Buttard Denis , Dupré Ludovic , Bernardin Thomas , Zelsmann Marc , Peyrade David , Gentile Pascal 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA generic method for the growth of high density silicon nanowires in nano channels of alumina is presented. All fabrication steps are shown. Using nanoimprint lithography, fabricated porous alumina matrices present a perfect triangular array of vertical cylindrical pores. The gold catalyst was deposited at the bottom of the pores by an electrochemical way and catalytic growth of silicon nanowires was performed in a Chemical‐Vapour‐Deposition reactor. Scanning Electron Microscopy images are presented and detailed. We show that this system is the first step for the elaboration of a solar cell based on silicon core‐shell nanowires. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Standard‐free composition measurements of Alx In1–xN by low‐loss electron energy loss spectroscopy
Authors: Palisaitis Justinas , Hsiao Ching‐Lien , Junaid Muhammad , Xie Mengyao , Darakchieva Vanya , Carlin Jean‐Francois , Grandjean Nicolas , Birch Jens , Hultman Lars , Persson Per O. Å. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe demonstrate a standard‐free method to retrieve compositional information in Alx In1–xN thin films by measuring the bulk plasmon energy (Ep), employing electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Two series of samples were grown by magnetron sputter epitaxy (MSE) and metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE), which together cover the full com‐ positional range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Complementary compositional measurements were obtained using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and the lattice parameters were obtained by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). It is shown that Ep follows a linear relation with respect to composition and lattice parameter between the alloying elements from AlN to InN allowing for straightforward compositional analysis. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Beobot 2.0: Cluster architecture for mobile robotics
Authors: Siagian Christian , Chang Chin‐Kai , Voorhies Randolph , Itti Laurent 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWith the recent proliferation of robust but computationally demanding robotic algorithms, there is now a need for a mobile robot platform equipped with powerful computing facilities. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Beobot 2.0, an affordable research‐level mobile robot equipped with a cluster of 16 2.2‐GHz processing cores. Beobot 2.0 uses compact Computer on Module (COM) processors with modest power requirements, thus accommodating various robot design constraints while still satisfying the requirement for computationally intensive algorithms. We discuss issues involved in utilizing multiple COM Express modules on a mobile platform, such as interprocessor communication, power consumption, cooling, and protection from shocks, vibrations, and other environmental hazards such as dust and moisture. We have applied Beobot 2.0 to the following computationally demanding tasks: laser‐based robot navigation, scale‐invariant feature transform (SIFT) object recognition, finding objects in a cluttered scene using visual saliency, and vision‐based localization, wherein the robot has to identify landmarks from a large database of images in a timely manner. For the last task, we tested the localization system in three large‐scale outdoor environments, which provide 3,583, 6,006, and 8,823 test frames, respectively. The localization errors for the three environments were 1.26, 2.38, and 4.08 m, respectively. The per‐frame processing times were 421.45, 794.31, and 884.74 ms respectively, representing speedup factors of 2.80, 3.00, and 3.58 when compared to a single dual‐core computer performing localization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and Characterization of Novel Corrosion‐Resistant TWIP Steels
Authors: Mujica Lais , Weber Sebastian , Hunold Guido , Theisen Werner 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAustenitic steels exhibiting twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) are materials with exceptional mechanical properties. In this work, the development of new grades of TWIP steels exhibiting corrosion resistance is presented. The alloy development was supported by thermodynamic and diffusion calculations within the (FeMnCr)‐(CN) alloy system. For the calculations ambient pressure and primary austenitic solidification were considered as necessary to avoid nitrogen degassing in all processing steps. Manganese is used as an austenite stabilizer, chromium to increase nitrogen solubility and provide corrosion resistance, while carbon and nitrogen provide mechanical strength. Diffusion calculations were used in order to predict the extent of micro segregations and additionally to evaluate the effect of diffusion annealing treatments. The material was cast in a laboratory scale with a nominal composition of Fe‐20Mn‐12Cr‐0.25C‐0.3N. Diffusion annealing was followed by hot rolling and solution annealing resulting in a fully austenitic microstructure. Tensile tests at room temperature were performed, exhibiting yield strengths of 430 MPa and elongation to fracture of 93%. In addition, not only the mechanical properties but also the weldability was studied, focussing on the characterization of the microstructure of bead on plate welds obtained by laser and TIG welding.
Experimental Investigations on Topological Surface Changes during Tensile Deformation of Steels
Authors: Hoffmann Sascha , Bleck Wolfgang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSteels show different types of deformation mechanisms. Those mechanisms inherit different geometrical influences on the shape of grains on the materials surface and lead to changes in surface topography during deformation. Within the Collaborative Research Center SFB 761 – Steel Ab Initio a way of strain dependent microstructure characterization concerning deformation mechanisms of austenitic high manganese steels is evaluated. With the measurement of a polished surface with confocal microscopy it is possible to observe not only the macroscopic visible orange peel, but also the effects that occur on grain size level during deformation. In a practical approach in‐situ measurements of surface topography are performed in incremental strain steps during tensile test. Each measurement delivers the evolution of surface roughness as well as information on the surface topography of single grains in a representative measurement area. The results of in situ confocal microscopy of 3 different steel concepts are presented and evaluated regarding the relevance of the technique for the deformation characterization.
Stress Oriented Delayed Cracking Induced by Dynamic Martensitic Transformation in Meta‐Stable Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Guo Xiaofei , Post Jan , Groen Manso , Bleck Wolfgang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDelayed cracking in meta‐stable austenitic stainless steels AISI 304 and AISI 301 has been investigated by deep drawing test in this study. Specimens from both steels were deformed at different drawing ratios, forming temperatures and hydrogen pre‐charged conditions. The strain, martensitic fraction and residual stress distributions were characterised on the deep drawn specimens. Their influences on delayed cracking behaviours were quantitatively studied. We found that the incubation time to fracture and the fracture length depend chiefly on the amount of strain induced phase transformation and transformation induced residual stresses when the materials contain ∼1ppm hydrogen. When the materials were electrochemically charged with hydrogen up to the amount of 20ppm, the incubation time to fracture declined with increasing hydrogen contents following a power law relation. Besides, the fracture mode turned from a ductile nature to trans‐granular and later on to inter‐granular fracture feature with increasing hydrogen contents.
Adoption of the response spectra method for calculating the dynamic response of railway bridges
Authors: Mähr Tobias , Fink Josef 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper introduces a simplified method for calculating the dynamic response of railway bridges under train service loads. Response spectrum analysis, which has proved itself in structural dynamics, has been adopted for the given problem. If essential parameters such as the natural frequency, mass, span and damping of a bridge are known, the maximum response quantities can be looked up in a diagram. Preparation of the response spectra diagrams is computationally intensive but they do provide an easy and quick way of obtaining accurate results. This method is exemplified for single‐span bridges and the load models defined in the Eurocode. However, it is possible to expand the theory to more complex bridge systems and other load models without difficulty. With the aid of this method, the maximum dynamic response of a bridge under moving loads can be calculated in an efficient and convenient way with the accuracy required by the current design codes.
Buckling of stiffeners for stainless steel trapezoidal sheeting
Authors: Misiek Thomas , Krüger Helmut , Ummenhofer Thomas , Kathage Karsten 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe calculation of the loadbearing capacity of thin‐walled structures, including trapezoidal sheeting, normally follows the procedures of EN 1993‐1‐3 and similar codes. EN 1993‐1‐4 complements this standard for thin‐walled structures made of stainless steel. Unfortunately, a buckling curve for stiffeners between the plane cross‐section parts of the flanges or the webs is lacking. A finite element analysis was performed in order to obtain a buckling curve for such stiffeners. The finite element model was calibrated based on test results and by recalculating the EN 1993‐1‐3 buckling curve for the stiffeners in trapezoidal sheeting made of non‐alloy structural steel. The results of the research into the loadbearing behaviour of thin‐walled stainless steel trapezoidal sheeting presented here are closing this gap: the proposed addition to the design formulae means it is now possible to carry out a complete calculation of the loadbearing capacity of stainless steel trapezoidal sheeting.
The steel design for the new railway bridge over the River Sado in Portugal
Authors: Reis António , Cremer Jean Marie , Lothaire Alain , Lopes Nuno 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe new railway crossing over the River Sado at Alcacer do Sal in Portugal required a 2.7 km long bridge, comprising two approach viaducts and a main bridge. Steel‐concrete composite decks were adopted, the approach viaducts having plate girder decks with 45 and 37.5 m spans, and the main bridge three spans of 160 m each with a box girder deck. The main bridge, with a continuous deck over 480 m, consists of three continuous bowstrings with a single plane of hangers on the bridge axis. The main aspects of the bridge concept design are described and the steel design in particular is discussed.
Do export status and export intensity increase firm performance?
Authors: Abor Joshua 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study examines the effects of export status and export intensity on the performance of firms in Ghana. Our measures of performance include productivity and profitability. Using the Regional Project on Enterprise Development (RPED) dataset covering the period 1991–2002, the results of this study indicate that export status and export intensity have positive effects on productivity, confirming the learning‐by‐exporting hypothesis. Competition on the international market exposes exporting firms to new technologies, and this has the potential of increasing their productivity. Thus, economic policy initiatives should be directed at encouraging firms to enter the export market. Existing exporters should also be motivated to intensify their exporting efforts by exporting more of their output to foreign markets. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An exploratory study of organizational politics in Kuwait
Authors: Al‐Tuhaih Salem M. , Van Fleet David D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBecause politics is a way of life in organizations, organizational politics has been studied by several scholars over the past 40 years. Few studies, though, have examined organizational politics outside of the United States and Europe. This study is a further step toward closing that gap. In particular, we (1) examined the applicability of the Perceptions of Organizational Politics Scale (POPS) instrument in Kuwait, (2) examined the perceived existence of organizational politics in a public organization in Kuwait, and (3) sought to determine if perceptions of organizational politics seemed to be influenced by the same variables in Kuwait as in Western societies. The study found that the perception of organizational politics is relatively strong and that the POPS instrument was applicable in the Kuwaiti culture and could lead to an expanded understanding of organizational politics. The gender of the respondents, their tenure, and their current positions had some influence on perceptions of organizational politics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.