bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging features of a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumour with ‘ancient’ changes in the tongue of a horse
Authors: Schneider A. , Tessier C. , Gorgas D. , Kircher P. , Mamani J. , Miclard J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA 12‐year‐old Selle Français mare was presented because of inspiratory stridor, hypersalivation and dysphagia. A mass at the base of the tongue could be visualised by upper airway endoscopy, oral cavity examination and radiographs of the head. The exact localisation, extent of the mass and extent of tissue infiltration could only be defined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This Case Report illustrates the usefulness of MRI to assess the characteristics and extent of such a lesion and describes the appearance of peripheral nerve sheath tumour in the tongue of a horse.
Use of experimental embryo transfer to study the role of the immune system in embryonic death
Authors: CROY B. A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryAnimal model systems of pregnancy failure are necessary for critical assessment of the mechanisms that are important to the success of pregnancy because experimental manipulations of the important elements should be able to reverse the outcome of these pregnancies. Most models of pregnancy failure have been described in interspecies pregnancies. This review describes an easily manipulated interspecies pregnancy system that has been developed between two species of mice, Mus caroli and Mus musculus, that do not interbreed. Using the techniques of embryo transfer and embryo surgery, this system has given new insight into the cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in embryonic death. M caroli embryos, transferred to the M musculus uterus, implant and develop to mid‐gestation but then die. However, failure of the xenogeneic M caroli embryonic cells can be prevented by the production of interspecies chimaeras in which the foetal trophoblast layer matches that of the recipient's uterus. Thus, trophoblast is the cellular component that determines success or failure of xenogeneic pregnancy. In failing M caroli pregnancies, anti‐foetal cytotoxic cells are demonstrable in the resorbing embryos. These resorptions can be inhibited by treatment with the immunosuppressive drug, cyclosporin A, and enhanced by preimmunisation. However, M caroli embryos transferred to tolerant or other immunosuppressed recipients resorb at mid‐gestation, thereby suggesting that specific anti‐M caroli immune responses are not essential to M caroli failure and that trophoblast‐uterine interactions alone may be sufficient to cause foetal death in the absence of immune effectors.
Pregnancy in ovariectomised mares achieved by embryo transfer: A preliminary study
Authors: HINRICHS KATRIN , SERTICH P. L. , CUMMINGS M. R. , KENNEY R. M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryFour ovariectomised mares were used as recipients for embryo transfer. They were given 300 mg progesterone in oil intramuscularly daily for five days before transfer and were subsequently maintained on this treatment. Embryos were recovered and transferred non‐surgically seven or eight days after the donor mares had ovulated. A total of seven embryos were transferred and pregnancy was established in three of the four recipients. At the time of writing, these pregnancies have developed normally to Days155, 92 and 82 of gestation, respectively.
Recent studies relating to early embryonic death in the mare
Authors: WOODS G. L. , BAKER C. B. , HILLMAN R. B. , SCHLAFER D. H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryEarly pregnancy loss was studied by sequential ultrasound examinations of 404 pregnancies in commercial brood mares. Overall, the rate of early pregnancy loss was 11.1 per cent. More pregnancies were lost at two to four weeks post ovulation than at four to six or six to eight weeks post ovulation (23 of 45 versus nine of 45 or 10 of 45). The mean (±se) number of days from detection of pregnancy loss until the subsequent ovulation was higher for mares in which pregnancy loss was detected at six to eight weeks post ovulation than at the earlier stages (21.1 ± 3.90 versus 12.0 ± 1.59 or 9.5 ± 1.05, respectively). Thirty‐one of 45 mares that lost pregnancies were subsequently mated; 20 (60 per cent) became pregnant but eight of these pregnancies (40 per cent) were again lost.In a second study a total of 84 embryo collection attempts were made from 14 maiden and 14 subfertile mares. More uterine flushes from maiden mares yielded embryos than from subfertile mares (29 of 42 versus 17 of 42). There were more flushes in which one or more normal embryos were recovered from maiden mares than from subfertile mares (28 of 42 versus eight of 42). There were fewer flushes in which only abnormal embryos were recovered from maiden mares than from sub‐fertile mares (one of 42 versus nine of 42).
Review of pathogenesis and treatment of degenerative joint disease
Authors: McILWRAITH C. W. , VACHON ANNE 
Published: June 2010

SummaryTreatment of degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) is discussed in relationship to pathogenesis of five clinical entities, defined to facilitate discussion:‐ 1) occurring in high motion joints and associated with synovitis; 2) associated with low motion joints; 3) “non‐progressive” articular cartilage erosion; 4) secondary to other identified problems (intra‐articular fractures, ligamentous damage, wounds, septic arthritis, osteochondrosis); and 5) chondromalacia of the patella. In addition to direct damage to articular cartilage, synovitis and capsulitis and depletion of matrical glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans play important roles. The natural healing response in damaged articular cartilage is inadequate. The principles of treatment are divided into: 1) prevention or treatment of primary causes. These include the effects of track surface, shoeing, and the appropriate resolution of intra‐articular fractures, septic arthritis and osteochondritis dissecans. 2) treatment of active soft tissue disease contributing to articular cartilage degeneration, including rest, physical therapy, synovectomy and administration of anti‐inflammatory drugs, sodium hyaluronate and polysulfated glycosaminoglycans. 3) attempts at treatment of articular cartilage loss or degeneration, including articular cartilage curettage, subchondral bone drilling, osteophyte removal, articular cartilage grafting and arthrodesis.
Ultrasonic transmission velocity and single photon absorptiometric measurement of metacarpal bone strength: An in vitro study in the horse
Authors: McCARTHY R.N. , JEFFCOTT L.B. , McCartney R.N. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryTen pairs of third metacarpal bones from Thoroughbred horses aged two to 12 years were used to estimate bone strength. Measurements of transverse cortical ultrasound velocity, cortical cross sectional area and bone mineral content were made using ultrasonic transmission velocity and single photon absorptiometry. These data were used to determine bone mineral density, compact bone density and modulus of elasticity. The results were compared with those measured by direct means or chemical analysis and satisfactory correlations were obtained between estimated and measured values. Single photon absorptiometry was found to be more accurate than dual photon absorptiometry. The estimated modulus of elasticity in the transverse direction correlated well with the measured longitudinal value obtained by compression testing. This investigation confirmed the value and precision of using a combined ultrasonic and photon absorptiometric technique for non‐invasive measurement of bone strength.
Monitoring the effects of treadmill exercise on bone by non‐invasive means during a progressive fitness programme
Authors: McCARTHY R.N. , JEFFCOTT L.B. 
Published: June 2010

SummarySix Standardbred horses underwent a 14‐week training programme on a treadmill. The training schedule consisted of five weeks of slow work of six to 12 km/day at 5 m/sec. This was followed by a nine week interval programme increasing in its intensity so that for the last three weeks the horses did three to four intervals/day from 600 to 1000 m at or above maximum heart rate. Ultrasound velocity through the third metacarpus showed a significant increase as a result of training. There was also a significant increase in modulus of elasticity, but no change in bone mineral content, bone mineral density or compact bone density. A decrease in ultrasound velocity was noted immediately after a session of trotting on the treadmill for 6 km. These changes reflected the potential to alter the viscoelastic properties of cortical bone through treadmill exercise, but did not explain the mechanism involved.
Is an interferon‐like protein involved in the maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares?
Authors: SHARP D. C. , McDOWELL K. J. , WEITHENAUER J. , FRANKLIN K. , MIRANDO M. , BAZER F. W. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryTo investigate the possibility that an interferon‐like protein similar to ovine trophoblast protein 1 (oTP‐1) is involved in the maternal recognition of pregnancy in the horse, conceptus membranes were cultured in the presence of a radioactive protein precursor to examine the incorporation of amino acids into proteins similar to oTP‐1. There were no proteins of similar isoelectric point or molecular weight range prior to Day 15, the time when maternal recognition of pregnancy should be completed. In addition, there was no immunological cross‐reactivity of conceptus‐conditioned media from equine conceptus cultures in an oTP‐1 radioimmunoassay. Furthermore, bioassay of equine uterine flushings, as well as conceptus‐conditioned media did not reveal any antiviral activity, although there was a small amount of antiviral activity measured in yolk sac fluid from a Day 15 equine conceptus. These data do not provide strong evidence for the existence of an oTP‐1‐like protein from the equine conceptus.
A monoclonal antibody specific for equine trophoblast
Authors: ORIOL J. G. , POLEMAN J. C. , ANTCZAK D. F. , ALLEN W. R. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA monoclonal antibody specific for horse trophoblast was produced after immunisation of mice with isolated chorionic girdle cells. When tested using an indirect immunoperoxidase assay, this antibody (F102.1) labelled both the non‐invasive trophoblast of the allantochorion and the invasive trophoblast of the chorionic girdle, as well as the mature endometrial cup cells which secrete equine chorionic gonadotrophin. Antibody F102.1 failed to label any of 18 adult and 6 foetal horse tissues, or any cells in the foetus or placenta with the exception of the trophoblast. Longitudinal studies demonstrated that the molecule identified by antibody F102.1 is expressed between Day 12 and term. There is no evidence that the molecule recognised by antibody F102.1 is antigenic in pregnancy, and no function has yet been ascribed to the molecule.
The effects of steroids on nutrients in yolk sac fluid of Day 18 pony conceptuses
Authors: WEITHENAUER J. , SHARP D. C. , SHERRIN P. C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIn the mare, there is a high incidence of early embryonic mortality which corresponds to early conceptus development and the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy. The need for synchrony between the developing conceptus and the uterine environment emphasises the delicate processes of establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Further research is necessary to investigate the environments of the conceptus and uterus, and their interaction, for a better understanding of these processes and ultimately a reduction in early embryonic loss.
Influence of donor parity and age on the success of commercial equine embryo transfer
Authors: VOGELSANG S. G. , VOGELSANG M. M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryData were compiled regarding the success of commercial embryo recovery rate, transfer pregnancy rate, and embryonic loss in recipients, with respect to influence of donor parity and age, between 1985 and 1988. There were significant differences between maiden and subfertile mares for embryo recovery rate (40/66 versus 81/282), transfer pregnancy rate (34/49 versus 38/78), and embryonic loss in recipients (4/34 versus 13/38). There were also significant differences between recently foaling and subfertile mares (146/276 versus 81/282) and for younger mares (two to eight and nine to 17‐year‐old) compared with older mares (18 to 28‐year‐old) for embryo recovery rates (80/132, 94/183 and 93/309, respectively). Transfer pregnancy rates differed signifiantly between mares aged two to eight‐years‐old compared with those aged nine to 17 and 18 to 28‐years‐old (59/84, 50/97 and 50/90 respectively). No differences were observed among any of the age groups regarding embryonic loss in recipients. There was an effect of year on embryo transfer pregnancy rate in 1985 compared with subsequent years that could have been attributed to any of a wide variety of external factors.
Methods and comparative aspects of embryo cryopreservation in domestic animals
Authors: SEIDEL G. E. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe most important principle of cryopreservation is that most of the water must be removed from cells before they freeze intracellularly. This is usually achieved by slow cooling after extracellular ice forms; dehydration occurs because the high concentration of salts in the medium remaining between the ice crystals draws water out of the cells. Cryoprotectants improve survival rates of frozen cells. However, osmotic damage must be minimised when cells are removed from cryoprotectant solutions after thawing. Successful methods of cryopreservation take these principles into account. Tolerance by embryos of cryopreservation procedures varies according to species and stage of embryonic development. Pig embryos are killed when cooled below 15°C. Of particular relevance is the finding that equine embryos less than 300 μm in diameter can by cryopreserved with current methods much more successfully than those larger than 300 μm. Further research is required to improve cryopreservation procedures for equine embryos.
Recent studies on in vivo fertilisation of in vitro matured horse oocytes
Authors: ZHANG J. J. , BOYLE M. S. , ALLEN W. R. , GALLI C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryFresh horse oocytes dissected from slaughterhouse ovaries were allocated to two groups depending on the degree of development of the cumulus investment. In Group I, the cumulus was fully compact whereas in Group II it was partially expanded. Basic culture medium (M199) was supplemented either with 20 per cent late oestrus mare serum (M199a) or 10 per cent foetal calf serum plus gonadotrophins (M199b). At the start of the culture, 70 per cent of Group I and 28 per cent of Group II oocytes were at germinal vesicle, or germinal vesicle breakdown stages. During culture in M 199a, the proportion of oocytes reaching metaphase of second meiosis (M II) was at a maximum after 30 h in culture for Group I oocytes (61 per cent) and after 24 h in culture for Group II oocytes (68 per cent). After culture in M199b, a higher proportion of Group I oocytes (89 per cent) displayed full expansion and mucification of the cumulus than when cultured in M199a (13 per cent), although the same proportion reached M II in each medium (63 per cent and 64 per cent respectively). Fluorographs of 1‐dimensional gels of oocyte protein showed an accumulation of a polypeptide (MW 34 kDa) during culture. A total of 29 in vitro matured oocytes were transferred to the oviducts of four recently mated recipient mares judged to be at the point of ovulation. Uterine flushing of these mares eight days after surgery resulted in the recovery of seven blastocysts, two of which were then transferred surgically to the uteri of synchronised recipient mares and one pregnancy resulted.
The morphology of the equine iridocorneal angle: a light and scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: DE GEEST J. P. , LAUWERS H. , SIMOENS R. , DE SCHAEPDRIJVER L. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe present investigation of 20 equine eyes shows that the iridocorneal angle of the horse is characterised by a very distinct pectinate ligament and a large ciliary cleft. The pectinate ligament consists of long and broad pigmented trabeculae which form a firm, flat and dense network that encircles the eye. On meridional sections, the ciliary cleft is visible as a wide triangular space comprising the trabecular meshwork which consists of two parts. The inner part is the larger and forms a three‐dimensional network of large pigmented trabeculae with very wide intertrabecular spaces. The outer part occupies a much smaller area and fills the posterior angle of the ciliary cleft. It is a compact annular network consisting of small non‐pigmented circularly orientated trabeculae. They enclose very narrow spaces which contain glycosaminoglycans. External to the outer network lies the angular aqueous plexus, which is rudimentary. This discontinuous plexus runs circularly and is composed of small slit‐like vessels. The intrascleral venous plexus is also very weakly developed, whereas the internal collector channels and the episcleral venous plexus are clearly visible. The large ciliary cleft is supported by the strong trabeculae of both the pectinate ligament and the inner part of the trabecular meshwork, making collapse of the ciliary cleft practically impossible. This morphology of the equine iridocorneal angle helps to explain the rarity of glaucoma in the horse.
The equine fundus III: pathological variants
Authors: MATTHEWS A. G. , CRISPIN SHEILA M. , PARKER J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA wide range of ophthalmoscopic variants are encountered during routine examination of the horse. Some result from minor anatomical anomalies, cause no significant effect on vision and may be considered to lie within the limits of ‘biological normality’. Others are a consequence of pathological disruption of the anatomical integrity of the fundus, and may directly or indirectly affect the neurosensory retina and produce some degree of visual deficit. This paper illustrates the ophthalmoscopic appearance of a number of pathological variants of the anatomic fundus, and discusses their possible effect upon vision. Among the abnormalities discussed is peripapillary chorioretinitis, which commonly presents as the so‐called peripapillary ‘butterfly lesion’. It is concluded that, although this lesion may occur in conjunction with signs of more generalised posterior segment disease, eg posterior capsular cataract, in the absence of concurrent signs of anterior uveitis there is no reason to associate the lesion with equine recurrent uveitis (periodic ophthalmia).
Horner's syndrome in the horse: a clinical, experimental and morphological study
Authors: SIMOENS P. , LAUWERS H. , DE MUELENARE C. , MUYLLE E. , STEENHAUT M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA clinical case of Horner's syndrome is described in a Standardbred horse, and the various symptoms of cranial sympathetic denervation are studied in two ponies after experimental transection of the left cervical sympathetic trunk and vagosympathetic trunk, respectively. The most prominent symptoms of equine Horner's syndrome were ptosis, local sweating and increased cutaneous temperature in the denervated area. Enophthalmos, miosis and increased lacrimation were also observed but these symptoms were mild, variable and difficult to ascertain. Prolapse of the third eyelid was not noticed. Concomitant laryngeal hemiplegia was present in the clinical case and was provoked experimentally in one pony by transection of the left vagosympathetic trunk. The aetiology of each of these symptoms is discussed by comparing the results of pharmacological tests and histological findings in the three horses with the data from the literature.
Follow‐up report of a case of surgical aphakia with an analysis of equine visual function
Authors: FARRALL H. , HANDSCOMBE M. C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryMore work is necessary to establish corneal dimensions and retinal structure and neural organisation in the equine eye. This paper reports a case of surgical management of bilateral cataracts in a pony and the results of a survey of refractive error in normal horses. Aspects of accommodation are discussed. It is suggested that a difference in retinal receptor organisation between horse and human eyes could explain the good visual performance of the aphakic pony; and that the degree of blurring of vision in the aphakic situation is less, both in absolute terms and in proportion to presumed normal levels of vision, in the horse than in man. It would not seem necessary to consider intra‐ocular implants for horses at this stage. The authors feel it is unwise to extrapolate too freely from human data. More information is needed on the optics and retinal topography of many species, particularly horses and dogs, before routine implant surgery on eyes is undertaken.
The physiological basis of training the skeleton
Authors: LANYON L. E. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe skeleton consists of a series of elements with a variety of functions. In locations such as the skull, where shape or protection are of prime importance, the bone's architecture is achieved during growth under predominant genetic control. In locations such as the limbs, where the ability to withstand repetitive loading is important, only the general form of the bone will be achieved as a result of growth alone, the remaining characteristics resulting from an adaptive response to functional load bearing. In the horse, this functional loadbearing will be provided by the animal's natural activity pattern in box or paddock supplemented by the specific activities of the training regimen. It is the adaptive response to the total activity pattern that influences bone modelling and remodelling and so determines the bone's architecture. The objective of the training regimen is to ensure that this response achieves an appropriate match between bone architecture and the loads it is required to withstand during both training and athletic performance. We propose that for the match between architecture and load‐bearing to be established, and maintained, subsequently, bone cells must be able to ‘assess’ directly or indirectly the functional strains produced within the bone tissue. Because these strains are used as feedback they are both the objective of functionally adaptive modelling and remodelling, and the stimulus for its control. The mechanisms whereby bone cells control skeletal modelling and remodelling to produce a functionally competent skeleton are unknown although some of the factors and sequence of events involved are presented here. The extent to which variation in training regimen affects bone architecture has not been studied systematically in any species.