bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of functional diversity reveals the scale and extent of trait convergence and divergence
Authors: De Bello Francesco , Thuiller Wilfried , Lepš Jan , Choler Philippe , Clément Jean‐Christophe , Macek Petr , Sebastià Maria‐Teresa , Lavorel Sandra 
Published: May 2009

AbstractQuestions: Trait differentiation among species occurs at different spatial scales within a region. How does the partitioning of functional diversity help to identify different community assembly mechanisms?Location: Northeastern Spain.Methods: Functional diversity can be partitioned into within‐community (α) and among‐communities (β) components, in analogy to Whittaker's classical α and β species diversity concept. In light of ecological null models, we test and discuss two algorithms as a framework to measure α and β functional diversity (the Rao quadratic entropy index and the variance of trait values). Species and trait (specific leaf area) data from pastures under different climatic conditions in NE Spain are used as a case study.Results: The proposed indices show different mathematical properties but similarly account for the spatial components of functional diversity. For all vegetation types along the climatic gradient, the observed α functional diversity was lower than expected at random, an observation consistent with the hypothesis of trait convergence resulting from habitat filtering. On the other hand, our data exhibited a remarkably higher functional diversity within communities compared to among communities (α≫β). In contrast to the high species turnover, there was a limited functional diversity turnover among communities, and a large part of the trait divergence occurred among coexisting species.Conclusions: Partitioning functional diversity within and among communities revealed that both trait convergence and divergence occur in the formation of assemblages from the local species pool. A considerable trait convergence exists at the regional scale in spite of changes in species composition, suggesting the existence of ecological redundancy among communities.
A community‐level test of the leaf‐height‐seed ecology strategy scheme in relation to grazing conditions
Authors: Golodets Carly , Sternberg Marcelo , Kigel Jaime 
Published: May 2009

AbstractQuestion: Is the assumption of trait independence implied in Westoby's (1998) leaf‐height‐seed (LHS) ecology strategy scheme upheld in a Mediterranean grazing system dominated by annuals? Is the LHS approach applicable at the community level?Location: Northern Israel.Methods: LHS traits (specific leaf area [SLA], plant height and seed mass), and additional leaf traits (leaf dry matter content [LDMC], leaf area, and leaf content of nitrogen [LNC], carbon [LCC], and phosphorus [LPC]), were analyzed at the species and community levels. Treatments included manipulations of grazing intensity (moderate and heavy) and protection from grazing. We focused on species comprising 80% of biomass over all treatments, assuming that these species drive trait relationships and ecosystem processes.Results: At the species level, SLA and seed mass were negatively correlated, and plant height was positively correlated to LCC. SLA, seed mass, and LPC increased with protection from grazing. At the community level, redundancy analysis revealed one principal gradient of variation: SLA, correlated to grazing, versus seed mass and plant height, associated with protection from grazing. We divided community functional parameters into two groups according to grazing response: (1) plant height, seed mass, LDMC, and LCC, associated with protection from grazing, and (2) SLA, associated with grazing.Conclusions: The assumption of independence between LHS traits was not upheld at the species level in this Mediterranean grazing system. At the community level, the LHS approach captured most of the variation associated with protection from grazing, reflecting changes in dominance within the plant community.
Periodontal health of older men: the MrOS dental study
Authors: Phipps Kathy R. , Chan Benjamin K. S. , Jennings‐Holt Marie , Geurs Nico C. , Reddy Michael S. , Lewis Cora E. , Orwoll Eric S. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group
Published: May 2009

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of periodontitis in men of 65+ years and identify demographic and lifestyle factors associated with its presence.Methods:  Participants were recruited from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study, a longitudinal study of risk factors for fractures in older men. Dental measures included clinical attachment loss (CAL), pocket depth (PD), calculus, plaque and bleeding on a random half‐mouth, plus a questionnaire regarding access to care, symptoms and previous diagnosis.Results:  1210 dentate men completed the dental visit. Average age was 75 years, 39% reported some graduate school education, 32% smoked 20 + pack years and 88% reported their overall health as excellent/good. In terms of periodontal health, 38% had sub‐gingival calculus, 53% gingival bleeding, 82% CAL ≥5 mm and 34% PD ≥6 mm. The prevalence of severe periodontitis was 38%. Significant demographic and lifestyle factors associated with severe periodontitis in multivariate analyses included age ≥75 (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.7) non‐white race (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.8), less than an annual dental visit (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.0), and 20 + pack years (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6–2.7).Conclusion:  A high proportion of healthy older men have evidence of periodontal destruction which could, given the growing ageing population, have a significant impact on the dental profession’s ability to provide preventive and therapeutic care. The population at highest risk of periodontitis in MrOS is older minority men who smoke and do not have annual dental visits.
A review of the effectiveness of oral health promotion activities among elderly people
Authors: McGrath Colman , Zhang Wen , Lo Edward C. 
Published: May 2009

Objectives:  This study aimed to review the effectiveness of oral health promotion studies conducted among elderly people between 1997 and 2007.Methods:  Four electronic databases were searched and papers were rated for level of evidence and scientific quality. Key findings of the papers were summarised.Results:  Thirteen thousand nine hundred and four papers were retrieved and 17 studies (18 papers) met the criteria for the review: 13 were randomised controlled studies, three were quasi‐experimental studies and one was a pre‐/post‐single group intervention study. According to the Levels of Evidence, 11 studies could be categorised as 1b and six studies could be categorised as 2b. The quality of the evidence of the 17 studies ranged from 12 to 19; 13 of the studies had a score of 15 or above; four of the studies ranged from 12 to 14. Evidence from oral health promotion activities aimed at preventing caries, improving periodontal health and altering oral health behaviours were reviewed. The use of fluoride, antimicrobial agents and health‐care provider education has important roles within oral health promotion activities for elderly people. Studies have tended to be of short‐term duration and rely on surrogate outcome measures of oral health.Conclusion:  In the last 10 years, increasing attention has been paid to oral health promotion activities among the elderly population and high quality evidence has emerged. However, there is a need for even higher‐quality research to provide more definitive guidelines on oral health promotion practices for elderly people.
Congenital gastrointestinal anomalies in anorectal malformations: What relationship and management?
Authors: Casaccia Germana , Catalano Onofrio Antonio , Bagolan Pietro 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTTo date, no systematic review of gastrointestinal anomalies associated with anorectal malformations has been performed. We report the management of three challenging cases of neonates affected by congenital gastrointestinal and anorectal malformations and we review the pertinent published reports to disclose the incidence and outcome of this combination. In 3951 anorectal malformations, the incidence of digestive tract anomalies was approximately 15%. The association of multiple congenital gastrointestinal defects strongly increased the case complexity and worsened the outcome. Based on our study, the application of a rational and staged management plan provides easier diagnosis and treatment of complex cases. Moreover, keeping in mind the likely co‐occurrence of anorectal and gastrointestinal anomalies could help avoid misdiagnosis and prevent life‐threatening complications. Finally, the knowledge of this association and its successful management can help the multi‐specialist team to become more confident in counselling, diagnosis and treatment.
Treatment of Major Depression in Adolescents: Weighing the Evidence of Risk and Benefit in Light of Black Box Warnings
Authors: Lovrin Mellen 
Published: May 2009

TOPIC:  This article is a review of the risks and benefits associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in light of recent advisory guidelines issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency of the United Kingdom. This article also makes recommendations for integrating SSRIs into a treatment plan for adolescents with major depressive disorder. PURPOSE:  This study aims to provide an overview of the evidence in the literature to inform clinicians who are concerned by reports linking SSRI use with increased incidence of suicidal ideation in adolescents with major depressive disorder. SOURCES:  Salient literature from 2004 to 2006, as well as case study based on the author's clinical experience. CONCLUSIONS:  Practitioners need to be aware of cautionary guidelines issued by the U.S. and U.K. authorities; however, this awareness does not preclude continued use of SSRIs. There are risks and benefits associated with SSRIs, but they remain an effective tool for use in the treatment of adolescents with depressive symptomatology. SSRI use should be part of a comprehensive treatment plan, which includes patient and family education regarding side effects of these drugs.
Exploring Patient and Provider Level Variables That May Impact Depression Outcomes Among African American Adolescents
Authors: Brawner Bridgette M. , Waite Roberta L. 
Published: May 2009

TOPIC:  Optimizing development outcomes among African American adolescents with depression.PURPOSE:  This paper aims to explore patient and/or provider level variables that may impact the assessment, detection, and diagnosis of depression among African American adolescents.SOURCES:  Multidisciplinary literature specific to depression among African American adolescents and clinical experience.CONCLUSION:  Nurses are in a position to advocate for the appropriate detection of depression among African American adolescents. Both patient‐ and provider‐level variables (i.e., potential attitudes toward mental health care, ethnocultural variations in the manifestation of depression, and individual provider biases) must be sensitively addressed to affect much needed change and minimize disparate health outcomes.
FLUX ENHANCEMENT DURING ULTRAFILTRATION OF DEPECTINIZED MOSAMBI (CITRUS SINENSIS [L] OSBECK) JUICE
Authors: RAI P. , MAJUMDAR G.C. , DASGUPTA S. , DE S. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT The effect of alteration in hydrodynamic conditions and external electric field on the permeate flux during ultrafiltration of synthetic and mosambi juice in a cross flow channel has been studied. The hydrodynamic conditions inside the cross flow channel were altered by imposing laminar flow, laminar flow with turbulent promoters, flow in the transition (in case of synthetic juice) and turbulent (in case of actual juice) regime. The steady state permeate flux was in the range of 17.5 to 18.5 L/m2h (at Re = 657, laminar flow) for operating pressures (276 to 552 kPa). This range was in between 18 and 22.5 L/m2h using turbulent promoters at the same Reynolds number and in between 35 and 43 L/m2h in the transition flow regime at the same operating pressure. In the third case, the effects of external electric field (a body force) on the flux enhancement were explored. The steady state flux of the synthetic juice increased by about 20% when the external electric field was applied gradually up to 1,600 v/m. For actual depectinized mosambi juice, about 50% enhancement of steady state flux was achieved with an external electric field of strength 500 v/m.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe application of membrane technology to fruit juice processing is one of the emerging areas in food industry. Ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) processes are valid approaches for the clarification of fruit juices. The traditional method of fruit juice clarification involves a number of steps involving centrifugation to remove suspended solid, enzymatic treatment for depectinization, fining agents such as bentonite, gelatin to remove haze and finally filtration by the diatomaceous earth to remove the fining agents.The major problem during juice clarification is the pectin present in juice even after the enzyme treatment, leading to a drastic flux decline during UF and MF. In this study, two methods, namely, alteration of hydrodynamic conditions in the flow channel and application of external electric field for improving the permeate flux during UF of synthetic as well as depectinized mosambi juice, are investigated.
Photostability and Spectral Properties of Fluorinated Fluoresceins and their Biarsenical Derivatives: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Spagnuolo Carla C. , Massad Walter , Miskoski Sandra , Menendez Guillermo O. , García Norman A. , Jares‐Erijman Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNew fluorinated biarsenical derivatives with improved optical properties based on highly photostable analogs of fluorescein were recently introduced. The photophysical parameters of the triplet excited states as well as photosensitized oxidation reactions of these dyes were determined in order to investigate the influence of molecular structure on the exceptional photostability of these fluorophores. The lack of correspondence between triplet quantum yields and lifetimes with the photobleaching rates of some of the fluorophores of the series suggests that differential reactivities of the excited states with ground state oxygen accounts for the different photodegradation resistances. The UV–visible absorption and emission spectra of the fluorinated fluoresceins and their biarsenical derivatives were evaluated using a TD‐DFT/BP86/6‐31G** approach, taking bulk solvent effects into account by means of the polarizable continuum model. The calculated properties are in good agreement with experimental data. The S0→S1 vertical excitation energies in the gas phase and in water were obtained with the optimized geometries of the excited states. This type of calculation could be used in the rational design of new dyes.
Dental observations on Australian aborigines: water supplies and endemic dental fluorosis
Authors: Barrett M. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThis paper gives a brief outline of the water intake habits of a group of full‐blood Australian aborigines living under settlement conditions. Climate and other environmental factors which may influence water intake of the natives are discussed.Fluoride analyses are recorded for a number of native water sources and native settlement bore supplies. Samples of water collected from rockholes, waterholes, soaks and springs, contain up to 0.4 parts per million fluoride. The bore water used by natives at the settlement contains approximately 1.5 parts per million fluoride.Approximately thirty per cent. of the natives between six and twenty years of age show signs of mottled enamel. If the enamel defects thus designated are caused by ingestion of excess fluoride, it is likely that a higher percentage occurrence will be revealed when the natives have used the settlement bore water continuously over a longer period.Other enamel defects, distinguished as enamel hypoplasia, frequently occur in deciduous and permanent teeth, particularly the former. It is possible that food deficiencies, childhood diseases and ingestion of excess fluoride, all contribute to these malformations. A more detailed study would be needed to determine the relative importance of the various factors involved.Fluoride contained in the settlement bore water is probably inhibiting the cariogenic effect of the preponderance of carbohydrate material in the food rationed to the natives. The progressive breakdown in dental health which might be expected to follow introduction of white man's food and eating habits has not as yet become evident among children and adolescents of the native group under observation.The occurrence of disfiguring dental fluorosis indicates that the settlement bore water is providing more fluoride than desirable under the climatic conditions prevailing at Yuendumu. In the interest of the natives as well as the white inhabitants of the settlement, consideration should be given to the need for reducing the fluoride content by appropriate filtration.
Book reviews
Authors: Mumford G. 
Published: May 2009

Book reviewed in this article:Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, by P. R. N. Sutton.Fixed Partial Prosthesis, by Joseph E. Ewing. Philadelphia, 2nd edn., 1959, Lea & Febiger. Our copy by courtesy of Angus & Robertson Ltd., Sydney.An Introduction to Surgery for Dental Students, by R. P. Jepson and B. N. Catchpole.Anatomy for Students of Dentistry, by James Henderson Scott and Andrew Derart Dixon. Edinburgh, 1959, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.
Innervation of human periodontium I. Classification of periodontal receptors
Authors: Griffin C. J. , Harris R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The neural tissue in human periodontium is associated with the terminal part of a norve trunk from which myelinated nerve fibres leave and in some instances divide into three or more nerve fibres.Encapsulated myelinated nerve fibres lose their myelin sheaths and encircle the adjacent myelinated nerve fibres to form compound meehanoreceptors approximately 35 × 45 μm. Simple mechanoreceptors of approximately 10 × 10 μm consisted of single myelinated nerve fibres surrounded by cell bodies and terminated as encapsulated unmyelinated nerve fibres. A cluster of compound mechanoreceptors formed a complex approximately 100times 150 μm.An arterial system appeared to supply nutrition for the compound receptors, whilst an arcade of veins surrounded the neural complex.
A survey of patients' attitudes to their dentist
Authors: Biro Peter A. , Hewson Neil D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A survey of the dentist‐patient relationship, carried out in several Melbourne suburbs, found that the incidence of dentures increases with age; that females visit the dentist more regularly and are more likely to wear partial dentures than males; that the young visit more regularly than the old; and that the wearing of dentures and the expense of treatment are significant factors which deter people from visiting the dentist more regularly.It was found that ‘fear’ and ‘dislike’ of the dentist, ‘low’ confidence in the dentist and a poor dentist attitude to the patient are all associated with poor attendance. ‘Dislike’ is a stronger deterrent than ‘fear’, although ‘fear’ is more common. Confidence in the dentist is high, most have a high opinion of their own dentist, and only a fifth of the respondents consider their dentist to be ‘rude’ or ‘indifferent’. Attitude associations are also discussed.
Book Reviews
Authors: Fitzpatrick B. N. , Barker B. C. W. , Beasley P. R. N. , Craig G. G. , Adler E. A. , Smith N. H. H. , Oliver L. P. , Rogers A. H. 
Published: May 2009

Book reviewed in this article:NEW CONCEPTS IN MAXILLO‐FACIOAL BONE SURGERY, edited by Bernd Spiessel with 15 contributing authorsMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS IN THE ANATOMICAL SCIENCES FOR STUDENTS OF DENTISTRY, by B. K. B. Berkovitz and B. J. Moxham, Bristol.McCRACKEN'S REMOVABLE PARTIAL PROSTHODONTICS by Davis Henderson and Victor L SteffelCHILD DENTAL HEALTH, by P. J. Holloway and J. N. Swallow.BENIGN CYSTIC LESIONS OF THE JAWS, THEIR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, by H. C. Killey, L. W. Kay and G. R. Seward with a foreword by Sir Robert BradlawMANUAL ON RADIATION PROTECTION IN HOSPITALS AND GENERAL PRACTICE by K. Koren and A. H. Wuehrmann.SYNOPSIS OF ORAL PATHOLOGY, by S. N. Bhaskar.ESTHETICS IN DENTISTRY, by Ronald E. GoldsteinORAL MICROBIOLOGY WITH BASIC MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY by William A. Nolte.
Observations in Australia of the use of glass ionomer cement restorative material
Authors: Forsten Lennart , Mount Graham J. , Knight Geoffrey 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate, with the aid of a questionnaire distributed to selected groups of dentists, the use of glass ionomer cement in different types of proximal restorations and further to evaluate any complications observed with the use of GIC. Few dentists responded in the ‘Often’ category regarding the observation of secondary caries or gingival inflammation in association with GIC fillings compared with about three‐quarters of the dentists who reported on posterior composite resin restorations. Tunnel cavities had been prepared and restored by 54 per cent of the dentists, simple proximal restorations in primary molars by 89 per cent and ‘sandwich’ restorations by 69 per cent. Few dentists with at least two years experience with tunnel restorations observed biological complications, but fracture of the marginal ridge was reported in the ‘Often’ category by 12 per cent. Among the dentists with at least five years experience with proximal restorations in primary molars 59 per cent of the operators mentioned more complications with these than with amalgam restorations. Biological complications were not a great problem with glass ionomer/composite laminates but wear or dissolution of the proximal GIC surface was recorded in the ‘Often’ section by 14 per cent of those placing them.
Clinical behaviour over three years of GS‐80 and Lojic + amalgam alloys*
Authors: Smales R. J. , Gerke D. C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe clinical performance of GS‐80 and Lojic + amalgam alloys was compared with that of Dispersalloy, Valiant PhD, Lojic N and Permite C amalgam alloys over periods of up to three years. The 1114 restorations were placed by one dentist in 23 canine, 418 premolar and 673 molar permanent teeth of 301 adult patients treated in a private practice. Direct and indirect clinical assessments were made of the restorations for failures (there were no true failures), and for the deterioration of four clinical factors. All restorations were rated as being either ‘good’ (A) or ‘adequate’ (B) for each of the four factors which, apart from surface texture, showed some slight but statistically‐significant clinical deterioration with time. Lojic + and Permite C showed clinically slight but statistically more surface roughness and marginal fracture, while Lojic + and GS‐80 showed more surface tarnishing, than did the other alloys. There were no statistically significant differences between the alloys for marginal staining.
Perceptions of denture aesthetics: A two‐centre study of denture wearers and denture providers
Authors: McCord J. Fraser , Burke Trevor , Roberts Chris , Deakin Melanie 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA study into perceptions of complete dentures was carried out in two dental schools, one in Australia and the other in England. Two‐hundred participants were asked to assess photographs of five sets of dentures for age, gender and personality. Results were subjected to a multi‐rater kappa statistic. Although no centre was determined to be better than the other, it was highly significant that Australian teachers were confident enough to state that they were unable to determine age or gender from the information supplied.