bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ToF‐SIMS characterization of contamination in ultra low‐κ dielectric films
Authors: Barnes J.‐P. , Veillerot M. , Gall S. , Jousseaume V. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe use of porous ultra low‐κ dielectric materials to replace SiO2 has not only led to significant advances in integrated circuit speed and performance, but also presents challenges for the characterization of these materials. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) using a low‐energy electron gun is able to produce representative results where dynamic SIMS instruments with high energy electron guns fail. It is of particular importance to be able to quantify the presence of contamination such as Cu, Ti, W, Ta coming from the surrounding interconnects and diffusion barriers. Reference samples for typical trace metal contamination in low‐κ materials are produced and characterized with the aim of determining relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) for Cu, Ti, W and Ta in low‐κ material. Two types of reference samples are investigated. The first type is contaminated using dried droplets containing a known amount of contamination. Large area analysis (macro raster) is used to image the entire droplet residue of typically several millimeters in diameter. The second type is produced by ion implantation with a known dose. The dried droplet technique has the advantage of being quick to implement but the lateral distribution is often inhomogeneous and element dependant. The implanted samples give more realistic RSF values but there is some damage caused to the material during implantation and the samples are less representative of surface contamination. In both cases low‐κ samples of different porosity are investigated as well as a silicon wafer to act as a control. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide under Binx+ cluster ion bombardment
Authors: Holzweber Markus , Hutter Herbert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) was used to study 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(tri‐ fluoromethylsulfonyl)imide under Bi‐ion and Bi‐cluster‐ion (Bi2–7+, Bi3, 5, 7++) bombardment in positive and negative polarity. Peak pattern as well as practical experiences with the bismuth cluster LMIG is discussed. Mass spectra with the best mass resolution were obtained using Bi3++ or Bi5++ as primary ion source. The secondary ion yield of high molecular ion is enhanced up to two orders of magnitude upon changing from ion to cluster ion bombardment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ATR–FTIR study of carbonate sorption onto magnetite
Authors: Roonasi P. , Holmgren A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCarbonate is one of the most abundant anions in ground water. It also appears as saturated concentration in the process water at LKAB, a mining company in the northern part of Sweden. Sorption of carbonate on magnetite (the major source of iron ore in this company) may affect the surface chemistry of the iron oxide by forming a carbonate surface instead of an oxide surface. This would affect the interactions between magnetite particles and other species dissolved in the process water. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR) has proved to be a useful technique in the study of adsorption/desorption properties of ions in mineral processing and environmental science. Magnetite was synthesized by coprecipitation of Fe II and Fe III in alkaline solution and deposited on a ZnS internal reflection element. Adsorption of carbonate on magnetite, and the effect of pH, Na, Ca, and silicate ions on the amount and speciation of adsorbed carbonate was monitored in situ. Adsorption of carbonate onto magnetite was found to increase with the acidity of the solution from pH 8.5 to pH 6.5 and also increased with increasing calcium concentration from 0 to 1.0 mM. The spectroscopy results were discussed and compared with previous findings in the literature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS characterisation of the interface between anode and electrolyte in a proton conducting solid oxide fuel cell
Authors: Sunding M. F. , Kepaptsoglou D. M. , Diplas S. , Norby T. , Gunnæs A. E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this work, we deposited by pulsed laser deposition nanometric layers of proton conducting calcium‐doped lanthanum niobate (La0.995Ca0.005NbO4) on nickel substrates in order to fabricate model structures of the electrolyte‐anode interface present in potential proton conducting solid oxide fuel cells (PC‐SOFC). Characterisation by XPS of in situ reduced samples indicates the absence of chemical reaction between lanthanum niobate and nickel, confirming their reciprocal chemical stability. A peak shift to higher binding energies is observed for the elements of the electrolyte material after exposure to reducing atmosphere for several hours at a typical operating temperature for PC‐SOFC. This shift is attributed to the formation of a space charge layer in the oxide at the interface with metallic nickel. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging the microstructure of duplex stainless steel samples with TOF‐SIMS
Authors: Straub F. , Wirth Th. , Hertwig A. , Hodoroaba V.‐D. , Unger W. E. S. , Böllinghaus Th. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) mappings provide a visualization of the distribution of chemical elements and phases on polished duplex steel surfaces as element and fragment secondary ion signals. The advantage of TOF‐SIMS, compared to optical microscopy, is its potential to analyze the chemical composition with a lateral resolution at a submicrometer scale. TOF‐SIMS mappings allow distinguishing between ferritic and austenitic phases because of the phase selective detection method without any requirement of etching or other processing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mo implantation in austenitic stainless steels: effect on the corrosion resistance in chloride acidic media
Authors: Abreu C. M. , Cristóbal M. J. , Figueroa R. , Merino P. , Pena G. , Pérez M. C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe objective of this work is to investigate the effect of Mo implantation at a dose of 3.5 × 1015 ions/cm2 on the corrosion resistance on 304L and 316 austenitic stainless steels. Electrochemical measurements were used to investigate the corrosion behavior of the alloys in sulfuric acid in presence of chlorides. The obtained results show that Mo implantation at the considered dose induces an increase in the Cr/Fe ratio of the passive layer of both alloys, but its effect on the corrosion properties is not well defined. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanometer‐designed Al/SiC periodic multilayers: characterization by a multi‐technique approach
Authors: Galtayries A. , Hu M.‐H. , Le Guen K. , André J.‐M. , Jonnard P. , Meltchakov E. , Hecquet C. , Delmotte F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNanometer‐thick Al/SiC periodic multilayers, designed for the Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) range, have been characterized by different techniques dedicated to such thin multilayers (each between 4 and 10 nm thick). In order to decrease the roughness and to improve the optical performances of the stacks, an ultrathin (2 nm) refractory metal layer has also been introduced, thus making Al/W/SiC and Al/Mo/SiC multilayer systems with three layers in period.The samples are deposited by magnetron sputtering. The stacks have a period ranging between 16 and 18 nm. Time‐of‐Flight SIMS (ToF‐SIMS) is used here to determine the depth profiles of the different elements present within the multilayers. It is observed that the interfaces of the Al/W/SiC and Al/Mo/SiC multilayers are sharper than those of the Al/SiC system. X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XES) is used to identify the chemical state of the Al and Si atoms within the multilayers and to check if there is any interfacial compound. The results show that there is no interaction between the Al and SiC layers leading to the formation of an interfacial compound. The results are confirmed by X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements. They show that the Al/SiC multilayers present large interfacial roughnesses, but the Al/W/SiC and Al/Mo/SiC multilayers have the lower roughness values. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid security protocol for wireless body area networks
Authors: Jang Chol Soon , Lee Deok Gyu , Han Jong‐wook , Park Jong Hyuk 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWireless body area networks (WBANs) are receiving a significant interest as an emerging technology in next generation wireless networks. Security challenges as well as this interest are also beginning to rise to the surface. We derived specific security requirements from WBANs, and proposed a new hybrid security protocol for WBANs which satisfies these requirements. This proposed protocol dealt with the overall security including up to the in‐ on‐, and out‐body, and utilized two heterogeneous cryptosystems (the symmetric and asymmetric) for diverse environments of WBANs. Our protocol shows that it satisfies more security requirements than existing security protocols including the overall coverage of WBANs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deploying mobile nodes for maximal energy matching in WSNs
Authors: Wang Shuo‐Hung , Chang Ruay‐Shiung 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes a self‐stabilizing distributed algorithm for deploying mobile nodes with loaded energy to the stationary nodes by considering the energy those stationary nodes need. The goal is to deploy mobile nodes to appropriate locations for energy supplements such that the network lifetime can be extended. The problem of maximizing the lifetime is NP‐hard. Therefore, it is unrealistic to search for an optimal solution in sensor networks. In this paper, we design several simple rules for mobile nodes and stationary nodes separately in order to find a feasible solution. Simple rules are especially suitable and necessary for low computability sensor networks. Our algorithm is simple and distributed. We prove that our method is stable and has good performance. Simulations show its efficiency too. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resection of Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using the Combination of Liver Hanging Maneuver and Anterior Approach
Authors: Wang Chih‐Chi , Jawade Kailash , Yap Anthony Q. , Concejero Allan M. , Lin Chi‐Yin , Chen Chao‐Long 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundResection of a large hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult and is associated with a poor outcome. Herein we describe our experience with the use of a liver hanging maneuver (LHM) in conjunction with the anterior approach (AA) in patients with large HCC (>10 cm) and compare the perioperative outcome with the conventional method (CM) for hepatic resection.MethodsPatients who underwent major hepatic resections for large HCC (>10 cm) were categorized as group 1 (n = 14), treated with LHM and AA, versus group 2 (n = 11), treated with CM. Variables including patient age, tumor size, operative time and transection time, blood loss, blood transfusion requirements, and postoperative ICU and hospital stay were used to compare the two groups.ResultsThere were 14 and 11 patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The variables in group 1 and 2 of median tumor size, median operative time, median transection time, median ICU stay, and median hospital stay were comparable. In contrast, the intraoperative blood loss and the blood transfusion requirements were significantly higher in group 2. Patients under LHM and AA and CM had a median blood loss of 375 ml (237.5–850) and 1,000 ml (500–1,200), requirement of blood transfusion of 3 (21.42%) and 8 (72.7%), respectively. Postoperative complications were comparable in the two groups. There were no deaths in the series.ConclusionsThe liver hanging maneuver in conjunction with AA is a safe and highly feasible procedure, particularly in patients with sizable (>10 cm) tumors and tumors found to be adherent to the diaphragm and retroperitoneum. The use of the procedure eventuated in lower blood loss as well as fewer blood transfusion requirements when compared to the conventional method.
Increased Osteopontin‐Positive Macrophage Expression in Colorectal Cancer Stroma with Synchronous Liver Metastasis
Authors: Imano Motohiro , Okuno Kiyokata , Itoh Tatsuki , Ishimaru Eizaburo , Satou Takao , Shiozaki Hitoshi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe macrophages that infiltrate the tumor stroma are termed tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs contribute to hematogenous spread of cancer cells especially liver metastasis. Osteopontin (OPN) is also related to tumor metastasis and proliferation of tumors. OPN is mainly expressed in macrophages of stroma other than that of tumor cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in OPN‐positive TAMs between cases of colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastasis and those without liver metastasis.MethodsA total of 54 subjects who had undergone resection of a primary tumor of advanced colorectal cancer were classified into two groups: synchronous colorectal liver metastasis group (s‐CLM group; n = 30) and no liver metastasis group (controls; n = 24). The number of OPN‐ and CD68‐positive cells and the microvascular density (MVD) were determined using the CD105 antibody in the stroma of the invasive margin of the tumor and in the stroma of the central area.ResultsThere was no difference in the patient profiles between the two groups. OPN and MVD expression in the central area were significantly higher in the s‐CLM group (OPN: control 4.3 ± 1.42, s‐CML 12.1 ± 1.42, P < 0.05; MVD: control 18.5 ± 2.86, s‐CML 27.5 ± 2.94, P < 0.05), whereas CD68 expression in the invasive margin was significantly higher in the control group (control 98.9 ± 7.31, s‐CML 29.0 ± 4.44, P < 0.05).ConclusionsThese data suggest that OPN in the central area may have induced high microvascular density, which led to liver metastasis. Thus, OPN might be a potential target for novel antiangiogenesis therapy for treating colorectal cancer.
Evaluation of the Long‐term Trend in Mortality from Injury in a Mature Inclusive Trauma System
Authors: Moore Lynne , Hanley James A. , Turgeon Alexis F. , Lavoie André 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundOrganized trauma systems are designed to improve the quality and efficiency of trauma care. Several studies have reported mortality reductions during or immediately after implementation of a trauma system but little data are available on long‐term trends. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐term trend in risk‐adjusted mortality in a mature inclusive trauma system.MethodsThe trauma system of the province of Quebec, Canada, was implemented in 1992 and completed in 1996. Data were drawn from the Quebec Trauma Registry with mandatory participation of all 59 centres, uniform inclusion criteria, and standardized data collection and validation procedures. Temporal trends from 1999 to 2006 were evaluated using adjusted estimates of hospital mortality generated with a random‐intercept hierarchical logistic regression model. Estimates were adjusted using the Trauma Risk Adjustment Model (TRAM) score.ResultsThe study population comprised 88,235 patients, including 4731 hospital deaths (5.4%). Crude mortality risk varied between 5.2% in 1999 and 4.6% in 2006. Adjusted mortality risk remained stable between 1999 and 2002, but a statistically significant decrease of 4.6% per year (95% CI = 0.9–8.5) was observed between 2002 and 2006.ConclusionsThe risk of hospital mortality in the Quebec trauma system decreased by 24% between 2002 and 2006. Results suggest that as inclusive and regionalized trauma systems mature, they may provide better care to trauma victims. Further research should attempt to identify determinants of the observed decrease within the system and evaluate quality of life among survivors.
Radical Resection or Chemoradiotherapy for Cervical Esophageal Cancer?
Authors: Chou Shah‐Hwa , Li Hsien‐Pin , Lee Jui‐Ying , Huang Meei‐Feng , Lee Chia‐Hua , Lee Ka‐Wo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe prognosis and quality of life (QOL) for those with cervical esophageal cancer is extremely poor, and chemoradiotherapy remains the mainstay treatment. During the past few years, our surgical teams has implemented a more aggressive and radical resection: total laryngopharyngectomy with neck dissection, total esophagectomy, and reconstruction with stomach. This study compares the results of chemoradiotherapy and that of the aforementioned surgical approach.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of 15 patients who underwent radical resection and 14 patients who received chemoradiation. Their age, sex, tumor stage and grade, pre‐ and posttreatment dysphagia scores, operating time, blood loss, length of intensive care and postoperative stay, days to resume oral intake, complications, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status, QOL score, and disease‐specific survival were recorded and compared.ResultsThere were no significant differences in age, sex, pretreatment dysphagia score, cancer stage and grade, ECOG status (posttreatment), associate diseases, preoperative QOL, or follow‐up period between the two groups. However, the posttreatment dysphagia score was significantly better for the operative group (P < 0.001). QOL improved in both groups, and the operative group seemed better although the difference was not significant. In addition, the survival between the two groups was statistically insignificant (P = 0.97, log‐rank test).ConclusionsOur experience showed that radical surgery that includes total laryngopharyngectomy with neck dissection, total esophagectomy, and reconstruction with stomach for cervical esophageal cancer is beneficial to patients in terms of better eating.
Heterogeneous capture rates in low density populations and consequences for capture‐recapture analysis of camera‐trap data
Authors: Harmsen Bart J. , Foster Rebecca J. , Doncaster C. Patrick 
Published: April 2010

AbstractClosed population capture‐recapture analysis of camera‐trap data has become the conventional method for estimating the abundance of individually recognisable cryptic species living at low densities, such as large felids. Often these estimates are the only information available to guide wildlife managers and conservation policy. Capture probability of the target species using camera traps is commonly heterogeneous and low. Published studies often report overall capture probabilities as low as 0.03 and fail to report on the level of heterogeneity in capture probability. We used simulations to study the effects of low and heterogeneous capture probability on the reliability of abundance estimates using the Mh jack‐knife estimator within a closed‐population capture‐recapture framework. High heterogeneity in capture probability was associated with under‐ and over‐estimates of true abundance. The use of biased abundance estimates could have serious conservation management consequences. We recommend that studies present capture frequencies of all sampled individuals so that policy makers can assess the reliability of the abundance estimates.
Manofluorographic and functional outcomes after endoscopic laser cricopharyngeal myotomy for cricopharyngeal bar
Authors: Ozgursoy Ozan B. , Salassa John R. 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo investigate the manofluorographic and functional outcomes after endoscopic laser cricopharyngeal myotomy (ELCPM) for cricopharyngeal (CP) bar.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsReview of patients undergoing ELCPM between 2001 and 2007 was undertaken to determine the demographic, clinical, and manofluorographic findings before and six months after surgery. Two groups were established according to pharyngeal driving pressures: normal pressure group (> 55 mm Hg) and low pressure group (< 55 mm Hg).ResultsFourteen patients underwent ELCPM for CP bar without a concomitant head and neck or Zenker's procedure. There were no major surgical complications. All 14 patients improved at least one stage on the Functional Outcome Swallowing Scale (FOSS) after surgery. There was a statistically significant decrease in the FOSS stages after surgery. Videofluoroscopy demonstrated a significant postoperative increase in the mean cross‐sectional CP opening (CP‐area) from 32.75 to 123.52 mm2. Manofluorographic pressure recordings showed a significant postoperative decrease in the intrabolus pressure gradient across the cricopharyngeal region (IB‐Gra) from 25.44 to 13.22 mm Hg. Despite significant overall results, the change in the IB‐Gra showed no difference between the patient groups.ConclusionSubjective (FOSS) and objective manofluorographic (CP‐area, IB‐Gra) improvement in CP bar patients occurred after ELCPM. We suggest IB‐Gra as a reliable objective indicator for patients who might benefit from ELCPM and as an appropriate parameter for follow‐up after surgery. However, continued research on a larger patient population is required to enhance our understanding of CP bar and predictors of outcome after treatment of CP bar dysphagia.
The role of ZEB1 in the inflammation‐induced promotion of EMT in HNSCC
Authors: Dohadwala Mariam , Wang Guanyu , Heinrich Eileen , Luo Jie , Lau Ontario , Shih Hubert , Munaim Qahera , Lee Gina , Hong Longsheng , Lai Chi , Abemayor Elliot , Fishbein Michael C. , Elashoff David A. , Dubinett Steven M. , St. John Maie A. 
Published: April 2010

ObjectivesTo determine the role of ZEB1 in the inflammation‐induced promotion of the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Study DesignA molecular biology study. Real‐time quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical staining of human HNSCC tissue sections were used to determine how inflammation affects the transcriptional repressor, ZEB1.SettingAn academic hospital laboratory.Subjects and MethodsRelative ZEB1 RNA levels were determined by RT‐PCR, and protein expression was evaluated in situ by immunohistochemical staining of human HNSCC tissue sections.ResultsIL‐1β‐treated HNSCC cell lines demonstrated a significant decrease in E‐cadherin mRNA and an increase in the mRNA expression of the transcriptional repressor ZEB1. IL‐1β exposure led to enhanced ZEB1 binding at the chromatin level, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP). An inverse relationship between ZEB1 and E‐cadherin was demonstrated in situ by immunohistochemical staining of human HNSCC tissue sections.ConclusionsOur recent investigations indicate that inflammatory mediators are potent regulators of EMT in HNSCC. This is the first report indicating the role of ZEB1 in the inflammation‐induced promotion of EMT in HNSCC. This newly defined pathway for transcriptional regulation of E‐cadherin in HNSCC has important implications for targeted chemoprevention and therapy.