bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurodegeneration in an Aβ‐induced model of Alzheimer’s disease: the role of Cdk5
Authors: Lopes Joao P. , Oliveira Catarina R. , Agostinho Paula 
Published: November 2009

SummaryCdk5 dysregulation is a major event in the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In vitro studies using differentiated neurons exposed to Aβ exhibit Cdk5‐mediated tau hyperphosphorylation, cell cycle re‐entry and neuronal loss. In this study we aimed to determine the role of Cdk5 in neuronal injury occurring in an AD mouse model obtained through the intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of the Aβ1–40 synthetic peptide. In mice icv‐injected with Aβ, Cdk5 activator p35 is cleaved by calpains, leading to p25 formation and Cdk5 overactivation. Subsequently, there was an increase in tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as decreased levels of synaptic markers. Cell cycle reactivation and a significant neuronal loss were also observed. These neurotoxic events in Aβ‐injected mice were prevented by blocking calpain activation with MDL28170, which was administered intraperitoneally (ip). As MDL prevents p35 cleavage and subsequent Cdk5 overactivation, it is likely that this kinase is involved in tau hyperphosphorylation, cell cycle re‐entry, synaptic loss and neuronal death triggered by Aβ. Altogether, these data demonstrate that Cdk5 plays a pivotal role in tau phosphorylation, cell cycle induction, synaptotoxicity, and apoptotic death in postmitotic neurons exposed to Aβ peptides in vivo, acting as a link between diverse neurotoxic pathways of AD.
A Growth Theory for the Insurance Industry
Authors: Nektarios Milton 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInsurance economics models of statics and comparative statics assume that the process of economic adjustment must inevitably lead to equilibrium. The question of attainability of equilibrium has not been addressed so far. This is the domain of dynamic analysis. In this article, we develop a model of economic growth for the insurance industry. The production function of the insurance industry is based on the assumption that the output, “incurred losses,” is a function of “invested assets” and “other labor and nonlabor inputs.” The latter grow at the rate n, a proxy of the growth rate of insurance expenses. The assets–inputs ratio, r, characterizes the steady‐state growth path that the insurance industry eventually attains. The adjustment process takes place through the assets–losses ratio, v, which is affected by the insurance leverage, the loss ratio, and the insurance exposure of the insurance industry. An insurance industry that has reached a steady state will have its output growing at the rate n +π, where π is the growth rate of average productivity. The incremental reserve ratio, s, determines definitely a steady‐state growth path for the insurance industry. An increase or decrease in s may move the insurance industry to a higher or lower growth path. We suggest that this analysis provides a stronger theoretical context for analyzing dynamic phenomena in the insurance industry.
Chronic disaster syndrome: Displacement, disaster capitalism, and the eviction of the poor from New Orleans
Authors: ADAMS VINCANNE , VAN HATTUM TASLIM , ENGLISH DIANA 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTMany New Orleans residents who were displaced in 2005 by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the subsequent levee failures and floods are still displaced. Living with long‐term stress related to loss of family, community, jobs, and social security as well as the continuous struggle for a decent life in unsettled life circumstances, they manifest what we are calling “chronic disaster syndrome.” The term refers not only to the physiological and psychological effects generated at the individual level by ongoing social disruption but also to the nexus of socioeconomic and political conditions that produce this situation as a long‐term and intractable problem. Chronic disaster syndrome emerges from the convergence of three phenomena that create displacement: long‐term effects of personal trauma (including near loss of life and loss of family members, homes, jobs, community, financial security, and well‐being); the social arrangements that enable the smooth functioning of what Naomi Klein calls “disaster capitalism,” in which “disaster” is prolonged as a way of life; and the permanent displacement of the most vulnerable populations from the social landscape as a perceived remedy that actually exacerbates the syndrome.
Man enough to let my wife support me: How changing models of career and gender are reshaping the experience of unemployment
Authors: LANE CARRIE M. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTDrawing on ethnographic fieldwork among unemployed U.S. high‐technology workers, I challenge the association of job loss and unemployment with a crisis of masculinity. I argue that, in the United States today, middle‐class workers conceptualize their careers as a string of contract positions, thus mitigating the personal and professional consequences of job loss and unemployment. Changing gender roles and the rise of dual‐earner marriages in the United States have also reshaped the experience of middle‐class unemployment, alleviating some of the emasculating effects of unemployment for men but prompting new crises for unemployed women.
Discourses of the soul: The negotiation of personal agency in Tzotzil Maya dream narrative
Authors: GROARK KEVIN P. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine the framing of personal agency in Tzotzil Maya dream narrative. Drawing on contemporary linguistic, psychodynamic, and phenomenological approaches, I focus on the lexical and semantic resources typical of highland Maya dream talk, illustrating the way these resources can be used to pragmatically negotiate questions of volition and authorial responsibility in relation to dream experience. By locating experience at a distance from the speaker, this framing provides an expressive resource for managing—mitigating, diffusing, or even disclaiming—agentic responsibility for described events or experiences, particularly those with significant implications for social status or self‐definition. I close with reflections on the interpretive potential of an integrative “cultural psychodynamic” approach, one that draws on discourse‐analytic, ethnographic, and psychoanalytic methods and theories in the service of understanding complex cultural subjectivities.
Performative politics: The Camba countermovement in eastern Bolivia
Authors: FABRICANT NICOLE 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTEvo Morales, the indigenous, leftist president of Bolivia, has faced serious challenges to his social‐democratic project. His new constitution and proposals for redistributive legislation have sparked much resistance from white elites in the country's eastern region. In this article, I explore the component elements of right‐wing movement building in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, which include festive and celebratory performances of regional pride and paramilitaristic carnivals of violence. I suggest that these kinds of spectacles—one of invented cultural tradition, the other of aggression and brutality—represent the desperate attempt of a minority white, mestizo population to restore political and economic order through extralegal means.
“Stains” on their self‐discipline: Public health, hygiene, and the disciplining of undocumented immigrant parents in the nation's internal borderlands
Authors: HORTON SARAH , BARKER JUDITH C. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTHistories of the role of public health in nation building have revealed the centrality of hygiene to eugenic mechanisms of racial exclusion in the turn‐of‐the‐20th‐century United States, yet little scholarship has examined its role in the present day. Through ethnography in a Mexican migrant farmworking community in California's Central Valley, we explore the role of oral hygiene campaigns in racializing Mexican immigrant parents and shaping the substance of their citizenship. Public health officials perceive migrant farmworkers’ children's oral disease as a “stain of backwardness,” amplifying Mexican immigrants’ status as “aliens.” We suggest, however, that the recent concern with Mexican immigrant children's oral health blends classic eugenic concerns in public health with neoliberal concerns regarding different immigrant groups’ capacity for self‐governance.
Evaluation of a cognitive behaviourally oriented service for relapse prevention in schizophrenia
Authors: Klingberg S. , Wittorf A. , Fischer A. , Jakob‐Deters K. , Buchkremer G. , Wiedemann G. 
Published: November 2009

Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Fischer A, Jakob‐Deters K, Buchkremer G, Wiedemann G. Evaluation of a cognitive behaviourally oriented service for relapse prevention in schizophrenia.Objective:  There is little work demonstrating the effectiveness of cognitive behaviourally oriented interventions in routine service settings. This pragmatic trial is designed to test the impact of a group treatment service on relapse rates under the conditions of routine health care.Method:  A total of 169 schizophrenia patients were randomly allocated either to a comprehensive cognitive behaviourally oriented service (CBOS) or to treatment as usual (TAU). The primary outcome is the time until the first relapse after discharge from hospital. Relapse was defined as an increase in positive or negative symptoms as assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Survival analysis has been conducted up to the 6‐month assessment.Results:  The mean time to relapse after discharge from hospital in the CBOS group was significantly longer than in the TAU group (log rank test, P = 0.033). This was due to less exacerbations regarding negative symptoms in the CBOS condition (log rank test, P = 0.014). The number of social contacts was improved in the CBOS group only.Conclusion:  The CBOS intervention appears to be beneficial in reducing early negative symptom exacerbations.
Age and platelet count are IPSS‐independent prognostic factors in young patients with primary myelofibrosis and complement IPSS in predicting very long or very short survival
Authors: Patnaik Mrinal M. , Caramazza Domenica , Gangat Naseema , Hanson Curtis A. , Pardanani Animesh , Tefferi Ayalew 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectives:  The current study was designed to identify International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS)‐independent prognostic factors in young patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The study also examined the overall risk profile of long‐term (>15 yr) and short‐term (<5 yr) survivors.Methods:  Study patients were selected from the Mayo Clinic database for PMF, and study eligibility included age <60 yr, minimum follow‐up of 5 yr and availability of IPSS‐relevant variables at time of diagnosis.Results:  A total of 148 consecutive patients met the above‐stipulated criteria. To date, 89 (60%) patients have died; 48 (32%) died within 5 yr of their diagnosis (short‐term survivors). Median follow‐up of patients who are alive was 9 yr (range 5–28) with a >15‐yr survival documented in 16 patients (long‐term survivors). Multivariable analysis identified unfavorable IPSS category (intermediate‐2/high risk), age >50 yr and platelet count <100 × 109/L as independent predictors of inferior survival (P < 0.01). Median survival in the absence of all three risk factors was approximately 18 yr and was shortened to 7 and 1.6 yr in the presence of 1 or ≥2 risk factors, respectively (P < 0.01). Among long‐term survivors, 69% were age ≤50 yr, 100% had favorable IPSS profile and 100% displayed platelet count ≥100 × 109/L; the corresponding figures for short‐term survivors were 29%, 50% and 65% (P < 0.01).Conclusions:  Age and platelet count are IPSS‐independent predictors of survival in young patients with PMF, and they complement the IPSS in identifying patients with very long or very short survival.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Urgent Termination of Pregnancy in Pre‐eclampsia and Panel of Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Authors: Hradecky Libor , Subrt Ivan , Ulcova‐Gallova Zdenka 
Published: November 2009

Problem  The present work was undertaken to investigate the occurence of autoantibodies to eight various phospholipids in time of urgent termination of the pregnancy (sectio caesarea) in patients in reproductive age with severe preeclamptic symptoms.Method of study  Autoantibodies against annexin V, ph‐serine, ph‐ethanolamine, ph‐inositol, ph‐DL‐glycerol, cardiolipin, beta2‐glycoprotein I (beta2‐GPI), and phosphatidic acid were studied by ELISA methods.Results  Increased levels of IgA‐beta2‐glycoprotein I, IgG‐beta2‐glycoprotein I, IgG‐ anti‐ph‐serine, and IgG‐anticardiolipin were found in sera of preeclamptic women in the time of urgent sectio caesarea when compared to the control group with physiological pregnancy.Conclusion  Supposed increase in various antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) levels due to the stress during the short time of admission and a need for a quick medical decision to terminate the pregnancy was not unambiguously proven, but our results are evidently influenced by the current urgent life‐saving treatment.
Side chain specificity of ADP‐ribosylation by a sirtuin
Authors: Fahie Kamau , Hu Po , Swatkoski Stephen , Cotter Robert J. , Zhang Yingkai , Wolberger Cynthia 
Published: November 2009

Endogenous mono‐ADP‐ribosylation in eukaryotes is involved in regulating protein synthesis, signal transduction, cytoskeletal integrity, and cell proliferation, although few cellular ADP‐ribosyltransferases have been identified. The sirtuins constitute a highly conserved family of protein deacetylases, and several family members have also been reported to perform protein ADP‐ribosylation. We characterized the ADP‐ribosylation reaction of the nuclear sirtuin homologTrypanosoma bruceiSIR2‐related protein 1 (TbSIR2RP1) on both acetylated and unacetylated substrates. We demonstrated that an acetylated substrate is not required for ADP‐ribosylation to occur, indicating that the reaction performed by TbSIR2RP1 is a genuine enzymatic reaction and not a side reaction of deacetylation. Biochemical and MS data showed that arginine is the major ADP‐ribose acceptor for unacetylated substrates, whereas arginine does not appear to be the major ADP‐ribose acceptor in reactions with acetylated histone H1.1. We performed combinedab initioquantum mechanical/molecular mechanical molecular dynamics simulations, which indicated that sirtuin ADP‐ribosylation at arginine is energetically feasible, and involves a concerted mechanism with a highly dissociative transition state. In comparison with the corresponding nicotinamide cleavage in the deacetylation reaction, the simulations suggest that sirtuin ADP‐ribosylation would be several orders slower but less sensitive to nicotinamide inhibition, which is consistent with experimental results. These results suggest that TbSIR2RP1 can perform ADP‐ribosylation using two distinct mechanisms, depending on whether or not the substrate is acetylated.Structured digital abstractMINT‐7288298:TbSIR2(uniprotkb:O96670)adp ribosylates(MI:0557)histone H1.1(uniprotkb:Q02539) byenzymatic studies(MI:0415)MINT‐7288305,MINT‐7288325,MINT‐7288338,MINT‐7288352,MINT‐7288370,MINT‐7288395,MINT‐7288412:TbSIR2(uniprotkb:O96670)adp ribosylates(MI:0557)histone H1.1(uniprotkb:P02253) byenzymatic studies(MI:0415)MINT‐7288385:TbSIR2(uniprotkb:O96670)deacetylates(MI:0197)histone H1.1(uniprotkb:Q02539) bydeacetylase assay(MI:0406)MINT‐7288424:hADPRH(uniprotkb:P54922)cleaves(MI:0194)histone H1.1(uniprotkb:Q02539) byenzymatic studies(MI:0415)
Contraction‐induced changes in skeletal muscle Na+,K+ pump mRNA expression – importance of exercise intensity and Ca2+‐mediated signalling
Authors: Nordsborg N. B. , Kusuhara K. , Hellsten Y. , Lyngby S. , Lundby C. , Madsen K. , Pilegaard H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim:  To investigate if exercise intensity and Ca2+ signalling regulate Na+,K+ pump mRNA expression in skeletal muscle.Methods:  The importance of exercise intensity was evaluated by having trained and untrained humans perform intense intermittent and prolonged exercise. The importance of Ca2+ signalling was investigated by electrical stimulation of rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in combination with studies of cell cultures.Results:  Intermittent cycling exercise at ∼85% of VO2peak increased (P < 0.05) α1 and β1 mRNA expression ∼2‐fold in untrained and trained subjects. In trained subjects, intermittent exercise at ∼70% of VO2peak resulted in a less (P < 0.05) pronounced increase (∼1.4‐fold; P < 0.05) for α1 and no change in β1 mRNA. Prolonged low intensity exercise increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of α1 ∼3.0‐fold and α2 ∼1.8‐fold in untrained but not in trained subjects. Electrical stimulation of rat soleus, but not EDL, muscle increased (P < 0.05) α1 mRNA expression, but not when combined with KN62 and cyclosporin A incubation. Ionomycin incubation of cultured primary rat skeletal muscle cells increased (P < 0.05) α1 and reduced (P < 0.001) α2 mRNA expression and these responses were abolished (P < 0.05) by co‐incubation with cyclosporin A or KN62.Conclusion:  (1) Exercise‐induced increases in Na+,K+ pump α1 and β1 mRNA expression in trained subjects are more pronounced after high‐ than after moderate‐ and low‐intensity exercise. (2) Both prolonged low and short‐duration high‐intensity exercise increase α1 mRNA expression in untrained subjects. (3) Ca2+i regulates α1 mRNA expression in oxidative muscles via Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase (CaMK) and calcineurin signalling pathways.
Switching to “lighter” cigarettes and quitting smoking
Authors: Tindle H A , Shiffman S , Hartman A M , Bost J E 
Published: November 2009

Objective:Smokers who switch to “lighter” cigarettes may be diverted from quitting smoking. We assessed factors associated with switching and the association between switching and (1) making a quit attempt, and (2) recent quitting, yielding a measure of net quitting (attempts × recent quitting).Design:In 2003, a total of 30 800 ever-smokers who smoked in the past year provided history of switching and 3 reasons for switching: harm reduction, quitting smoking and flavour. Among those who made a past-year quit attempt, recent quitting was defined as ⩾90-day abstinence when surveyed. Multivariable logistic regression identified determinants of outcomes.Results:In all, 12 009 (38%) of ever-smokers switched. Among switchers, the most commonly cited reasons were flavour only (26%) and all 3 reasons (18%). Switchers (vs non-switchers) were more likely to make a quit attempt between 2002 and 2003 (51% vs 41%, p<0.001, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.58, (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.48 to 1.69)), but less likely to have recently quit (9% vs 17%, p<0.001; AOR 0.40 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.45)), yielding lower overall net quitting (4.3% vs 7.0%, p<0.001; AOR 0.54, (95% CI 0.47 to 0.61)). The effects of switching on outcomes were most pronounced for reasons including quitting smoking, whereas switching for harm reduction alone had no association with outcomes.Conclusion:Compared with no switching, a history of switching was associated with 46% lower odds of net quitting.
Hybridization and introgression between a rare and a common lady’s slipper orchid,Cypripedium candidumandC. parviflorum(Orchidaceae)
Authors: Worley Anne C. , Sawich Lauren , Ghazvini Habibollah , Ford Bruce A. 
Published: November 2009

Extinction through hybridization can threaten endangered species when hybrids are vigorous and fertile. We studied hybridization between the endangered small white lady’s slipper ( Cypripedium candidum Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) and the common yellow lady’s slipper ( Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. makasin (Farwell) Sheviak and C. parviflorum var. pubescens (Willdenow) O.W. Knight) in four Manitoban populations. We used 8 morphological characters and 1061 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci to characterize variation in 182 plants. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that morphology was highly predictive of genetic composition. Ordination analyses of morphological and genetic data, and Bayesian clustering analysis of the genetic data, all clearly distinguished the two parental species. The two varieties of C. parviflorum were morphologically divergent but occupied the same genetic cluster in both ordination and Bayesian analyses. Putative hybrids had considerable morphological overlap with parental species but were mostly genetically intermediate. Five of 79 individuals assigned to C. candidum and 15 of 71 individuals assigned to C. parviflorum had genetic profiles consistent with mixed ancestry. These results suggest that some introgression has occurred, but genetic assimilation of endangered C. candidum by the more common C. parviflorum does not seem imminent. The high local abundance of C. candidum may reduce its susceptibility to gene flow from C. parviflorum.
Chloroplast DNA phylogeography ofRhodiola alsia(Crassulaceae) in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Gao Qingbo , Zhang Dejun , Chen Shengyun , Duan Yizhong , Zhang Faqi , Li Yinghu , Chen Shilong 
Published: November 2009

We studied the phylogeography of Rhodiola alsia (Fröderström) S.H. Fu, which is a perennial herbaceous plant endemic to the Qinghai–Tibet (Q–T) Plateau, by sequencing one intergenic chloroplast spacer, rpl20–rps12 (844 bp). The sampling design included 18 populations and 315 individuals, and spanned the entire distribution range of the species. Thirty-one haplotypes were characterized, and polymorphism was observed both within and among populations. Most haplotypes were restricted to single sites or to neighbouring populations, suggesting an extremely low level of long distance gene flow via seeds. Only three haplotypes were common and widespread throughout the distributional range of R. alsia. The present geographical distribution of haplotypes probably reflects an ancient geographical pattern between the platform and southeastern margin of the Q–T Plateau identified as genetic hotspot areas. We suggest that populations of R. alsia survived in isolated refugia located in the platform and the southeastern margin of the Q–T Plateau during the Quaternary glaciation, at least during the last glaciation maximum (LGM, 32 000–16 000 years ago). The populations of R. alsia were geographically isolated by a subsequent local range expansion and independent evolution. The genetic structure of R. alsia is very different from previous phylogeographical studies of Q–T Plateau alpine plants and illustrates the importance of species-specific characteristics such as distribution areas and life-history traits which are mainly responsible for different patterns of genetic variation. Our investigation thus provides a new pattern of several refugia on the plateau platform.