bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capture-recapture studies with mosquitoes of the group of Anopheles punctulatus Dönitz (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Charlwood J. D. , Graves P. M. , Birley M. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFive capture-recapture experiments with three species of the group of Anopheles punctulatus Dönitz were undertaken in four villages in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Females were collected in landing catches, blood-fed, marked with fluorescent powder according to time and location of capture, and released. Recaptures took place for 4–13 nights after release. A proportion of the recaptured mosquitoes was dissected for evidence of recent oviposition and gonotrophic age determination. Two models were developed to test a number of the assumptions that underlie the analysis of capture-recapture data from mosquitoes. Species abundance and numbers collected varied within and between villages, but marked mosquitoes dispersed at random within the mosquito population. No heterogeneity was found between indoor and outdoor biters of any of the three species. Survival rates were similar in all species. Significant differences were found in the duration of the oviposition cycle between species and village. This was 2·7–3·7 days for A. punctulatus, 2·4–3·2 days for A. koliensis Owen and 2·1–3·0 days for A. farauti Laveran. No differences were found in the duration of the oviposition cycle of nulliparous and parous females of A. farauti. Thus temporary pool breeders had a longer cycle than permanent pool breeders. This tended to be due to a delay in returning to feed rather than a delay in oviposition. It is concluded that differences between local environments exert a greater influence on the duration of the oviposition cycle than do species specific differences.
The eradication of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae) using traps, insecticide-impregnated targets and the sterile insect technique in central Nigeria
Authors: Takken V. , Oladunmade M. A. , Dengwat L. , Feldmann H. U. , Onah J. A. , Tenabe S. O. , Hamann H. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe integrated use of biconical traps, insecticide-impregnated targets and the sterile insect technique was developed for the eradication of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) in a 1500-km2 area of central Nigeria. Six weeks or more of continuous removal trapping, using biconical traps, reduced the target tsetse population by more than 90% but failed to eradicate it. Males sterilized by irradiation from a 60Co source that were then released weekly induced significant sterility in target females and were successful in helping to eradicate the target population. A minimum ratio of 10:1 of sterile to wild males was required to achieve eradication in a central area of 300 km2. In marginal habitats, insecticide-impregnated targets were found adequate to control the tsetse population. The targets were also efficient as barriers to prevent reinvasion of the area. The combined effect of removal trapping and sterile male release is expected to eradicate G. p. palpalis from the entire study area.
The behaviour of Anopheles minimus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) subjected to differing levels of DDT selection pressure in northern thailand
Authors: Nustsathapana Suthas , Sawasdiwongphorn Phorn , Chitprarop Udom , Cullen J. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAnopheles minimus Theobald was studied in four villages that had experienced differing levels of DDT application during malaria control operations in the foothills of northern Thailand. During times of high population level, the behaviour of the mosquito was assessed with respect to man-biting indoors and outdoors and feeding from domestic bovids. Its responses in villages recently treated with DDT differed from those in villages that had not been treated for several years, so that the insecticide had little direct lethal effect. Furthermore, the influence of the insecticide on the behaviour of the insect was considerably longer than is the lethal effect of the chemical. There was a suggestion that the taxon A. minimus may include two or more morphologically-cryptic species.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for the identification of blood-meals of haematophagous insects
Authors: Service M. W. , Voller A. , Bidwell D. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was developed to detect blood-meals in insects and identify the host fed on. The test proved both sensitive and specific. Very small quantities of fresh blood (about 0·02 μl) can be detected; in practice, this enables blood in mosquitoes which are about three-quarters gravid to be identified. In trials in both Zambia and Britain, positive reactions were easily identified visually; consequently, this enabled the ELISA technique to be used as a routine field test. In addition to those of mosquitoes, blood-meals of a few Culicoides species were also successfully identified.
Phenology and field biology of the dung beetle onitis caffer Boheman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in southern Africa
Authors: Edwards Penelope B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology and development of immature stages of summer (SR) and winter rainfall (WR) strains of Onitis caffer Boheman were studied in South Africa in a summer rainfall area (Pretoria). A pair of adult beetles buried up to 650 ml of dung from one dung pad, and females laid an average of 1 egg for every 62 ml of dung buried. Broods were buried at an average depth of 50 cm in watered soil and 24 cm in unwatered soil. Eggs laid in June (winter) hatched 10 weeks later. The third instar was reached by late October. WR larvae suffered higher mortality (82%) with the onset of summer rains than did SR larvae (53%). By the following June, 6% of surviving WR individuals had emerged as adults, 12% were adults in faecal shells and 82% were diapausing third-instar larvae. Of the SR individuals, 67% emerged by June and 33% were diapausing third-instar larvae. In a second experiment, two groups of broods of the SR strain of O. caffer of different ages were set out in the field in June. One group, equivalent to broods produced early in the season (March), entered diapause as third-instar larvae, and adults emerged the following autumn. The second group represented broods produced later in the season (May); the majority did not diapause, but adults also emerged the following autumn. A field population of SR adults of O. caffer was sampled for two years. Adults were first recorded at the end of February (late summer), and newly-emerged specimens were caught up until the end of April. Maximum numbers were recorded in late March to early April (autumn), and activity ceased in June-July (winter).
The isolation and inheritance of dieldrin resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Busch-petersen E. , Wood R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFour geographical strains of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were subjected as third-instar larvae to mass selection with dieldrin. Two strains, SOUTH and COSRIC, responded well but continued to show substantial heterogeneity in tolerance to the insecticide after 21 and 25 generations of selection, respectively. The technique was altered to single family sib selection, resulting in the isolation from the SOUTH strain of a dieldrinresistant strain (73) showing a more homogeneous response to the insecticide. By the same technique, a dieldrin susceptible strain (72/3) was isolated from the COSRIC strain. A decline in resistance was observed in the 73 strain between generations three and four, but the level subsequently increased again, without selection, reaching 68-fold in generation seven. It remained high for the next two years. No significant change was observed in susceptibility to dieldrin of strain 72/3; it remained highly susceptible. Resistance to solutions of technical dieldrin (96%) was shown to be mainly under the control of a single major autosomal gene, intermediate in dominance but with a modifying effect of the genetic background on the expression of the resistance gene. The resistance heterozygotes, segregating in backcrosses to susceptible individuals, were shown to be more resistant than expected, while in backcrosses to resistant ones they were more susceptible. A dose of 11 p.p.m. dieldrin was found to discriminate almost completely between heterozygous and homozygous-susceptible individuals among backcross progeny. In tests using a purer form of the insecticide (99·7%), a similar pattern of resistance was observed. The implications for genetic sexing in C. capitata are discussed.
Time series analysis of numbers of Lepidoptera caught at light traps in East Africa, and the effect of moonlight on trap efficiency
Authors: Taylor R. A. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA time series analysis of noctuid and sphingid moths caught at light traps in East Africa revealed the existence of sources of periodic variation in catch with three different wavelengths: lunar, annual and four-year. A comparison of catches of Spodoptera exempta (Walker) at different sites showed that site characteristics influence a light trap’s catch and confirmed the northward advance in flight period with season in the early part of the year. This species apparently goes through periods of increased abundance every four years. Of eight other species examined, all but one showed signs of a four-year cycle in abundance, although the peaks occurred in different years. Catches of all nine species were reduced by moonlight, but not equally. The size of the insect influenced its susceptibility to interference by moonlight. This was apparently mediated by the height of flight. High and low flying moths were more strongly influenced by moonlight than those at intermediate heights.
A review of the genusCryptolaemus(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with particular reference to the species resemblingC. montrouzieriMulsant
Authors: Booth R. G. , Pope R. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant is a well-known and historically important predator of mealybugs. It is indigenous to eastern Australia, and has been introduced throughout the world for biological control. In contrast, the other members of the genus, including those which resembleC. montrouzieri, remain poorly known. The genusCryptolaemus, with seven previously described species, is redefined and two species-groups are recognized. The first, themontrouzierigroup, comprisingC. montrouzieri, C. affinisCrotch (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and northern Queensland, Australia).C. wallaceiCrotch (Indonesia) andC. simplexBlackburn (northern Australia), is revised;C. crotchisp. n. (Indonesia) andC. sinestriasp. n. (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands) are described as new, andC. simplexis reduced to a subspecies ofC. montrouzieri. A key to these species is provided. The second group comprises two of the remaining species.C. subviolaceusCrotch andC. concinnusWeise, but lack of sufficient material precludes a revision of this group at present. The final species,C. engelhardiGorham. is transferred to the chilocorine genusBrumoidesChapin. Lectotypes are selected where appropriate.
Comparative biogeography and biology of the South American locust, Schistocerca cancellata(Serville), and the south african desert locust, s. gregaria flaviventris(Burmeister) (Orthoptera: Acrididae): a review
Authors: Waloff Z. , Pedgley D. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA comparison is made of the distribution, breeding, migration and population dynamics of Schistocerca cancellata (Serville) in South America and S. gregaria flaviventris (Burmeister) in southern Africa. The annual patterns of breeding and migration are strongly influenced by the weather and its seasonal variations. Breeding is confined to the summer rains, and outbreak regions lie in the driest parts of the distribution areas, where habitats are unstable but where high reproductive capacity allows the occasionally abundant rains to lead to plagues. The long dry season is passed in the mobile, downwind-displacing adult stage, survival being assisted by flexibility of rates of sexual maturation and of egg development. Some comparisons are made with S. gregaria gregaria (Forskål).
Identity of the South-East Asian cocoa moth, Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), with descriptions of three allied new species
Authors: Bradley J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe identity and scientific name of the cocoa moth or cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen), the major pest of cocoa in South-East Asia and generally recorded in the literature as Acrocercops cramerella, are clarified. Three previously unrecognized congeneric species are described and differentiated, viz. C. oceanica sp. n., C. sinensis sp. n. and C. litchiella sp. n. Wing pattern, male and female genitalia are figured for each species.
The control of migratory urge inaphis fabaescopoli (hemiptera: aphididae)
Authors: Kidd N. A. C. , Cleaver A. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSome flightworthy alate exules ofAphis fabaeScopoli reproduce before taking off while others do not. This difference in behaviour is influenced by crowding and has previously been taken as an indication of the urge to migrate, although it has never been conclusively demonstrated. In this study, the flight performance of those aphids depositing some nymphs before take-off (‘flyers’) was compared with those which did not (‘migrants’). In fact, no significant difference was found between migrants and flyers in any of the aspects of post-take-off flight or settling behaviour tested. In tethered flight, large alatae flew for longer than small ones, irrespective of their pre-flight reproductive behaviour. In free flight, however, large alatae flew for a shorter period before actively landing on a plant. Large alatae were also subsequently more reluctant to leave the plant than small alatae, spending more time in sedentary activities such as probing and less time preparing to take off. It is concluded, therefore, that migratory urge is related more to aphid size, a product of plant nutritive quality, than to take-off urge, as measured by pre-flight reproductive behaviour. However, as high population densities tend to occur when the nutritional quality of the host is declining, take-off urge and migratory urge are likely to be synchronized in the field.
A rapid radioimmunoassay for the detection of Mansonia antigen (Diptera: Culicidae): its potential use as a sensitive method for studying predator- prey relationships
Authors: Bailey Donald L. , Choate Angela L. , Lawman Michael J. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed that utilizes 125I-linked Protein A as a tracer to detect the presence of antibodies to an antigen of Mansonia larvae. Antiserum was made by periodic injections of ground gut of fourth-instar larvae of M. dyari Belkin, Heinemann & Page into a rabbit, bleeding the rabbit by cardiac puncture and separating the serum. Using the rabbit antiserum at various dilutions, the specificity of the antibody to Mansonia was examined in tests with seven other mosquito species of different genera. Although there was low-level cross-reactivity with all the other species, the differences in reactivity between those and Mansonia larvae ranged between 2·5 and 8·4-fold; therefore, positive identification was possible. Furthermore, one fourth-instar Mansonia larva could be detected within a predator (fourth-instar larvae of Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (Coquillett) 48 h after consumption using the RIA.
Distribution of the African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta(walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the frequency of larval outbreaks in Africa and Arabia
Authors: Haggis Margaret J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpodoptera exempta(Walker) occurs very widely in Africa south of the Sahara and in south-western Arabia, and more intermittently in the eastern Indian Ocean and Pacific areas. Throughout its range, the extent and frequency of its attacks have increased markedly, especially in the last 10–15 years. In parts of Africa and in south-western Arabia it is now regularly a seasonally important pest; examples are given of monthly distribution maps of the frequency of its attacks in this region. Maps such as these provide a useful and wide-based perspective for those concerned with prediction, survey and control ofS. exemptain a more limited area and with little or no access to information from other territories. Year to year variations within the general patterns derived from many years' records are illustrated by the distribution of outbreaks in three recent seasons, in all of which there were outbreaks in at least seven countries of central and eastern Africa, in two years in Arabia, and in one year also in southern and western Africa.
The significance of proleg disruption by chlordimeform to sublethal control of larvae of Pieris brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in the field
Authors: Blackwell Alison 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe results of field trials in the UK are reported, investigating the hypothesis that the disruption of proleg clasping in lepidopteran larvae by sublethal doses of the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform contributes significantly to a control mechanism. Pieris brassicae (L.) was used as a model pest. Topically dosed third-instar larvae, placed on cabbage plants, became excited and many fell. Although the behavioural symptoms were reversible within 24 h, fallen larvae rarely re-established themselves on the plants. The ED50 halving the initial population was similar to the ED50 for proleg disruption, emphasizing the importance of the latter as a major cause of the former. Arthropod or bird predation was not shown to increase following chlordimeform treatment. However, inclement weather did enhance the detaching effect of treatment and also its delayed effects on larval development and survival.
Reproductive phenology of Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) in northern New Zealand pastures
Authors: Barker G. M. , Prestidge R. A. , Pottinger R. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe reproductive phenology of Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) in the north of North Island, New Zealand, was studied by dissection of adults collected at intervals from several sites. First-generation adults exhibited reproductive development and activity, followed by gonad atrophication and death. Most second-generation adults entered directly into oligopause in the autumn. Some early emergent weevils of this generation oviposited before onset of winter and reproductive dormancy. Oligopause was not intense, and reproductive maturity was gradually attained over the winter, with resumption of egg laying in early spring. These results are discussed in relation to population reproductive biology and survival.
Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a serious exotic pest of fruit trees and other plants in West Africa
Authors: Agounké D. , Agricola U. , Bokonon-Ganta H. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRastrococcus invadens Williams has been the most important polyphagous pest of horticultural crops since 1982 in some West African countries. It originated in South-East Asia and was probably introduced on infested plant material. The pest has been reported up to 150 km north of the coast of Benin and 500 km north from the coast in Togo. Although the species is polyphagous, mango, citrus, breadfruit, banana, frangipani (Plumeria alba) and species of Ficus are among the most attacked hosts. Several indigenous natural enemies were identified, but their ability to regulate the populations of R. invadens is very low. The most important among the predators were the coccinellids Chilocorus nigrita (F.), Exochomus promtus Weise and E. troberti Mulsant and the lycaenids Spalgis spp. In Togo, an indigenous parasitoid, Anagyrus sp. ?nr aurantifrons Compere, has become adapted to the pest.
Local variation in the population dynamics of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae). I. Natural population regulation
Authors: Rogers David J. , Randolph Sarah E. , Kuzoe Felix A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBased on data collected during regular, biconical trap sampling of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) over two and a half years during and after two insecticide programmes in Ivory Coast, various analytical techniques were developed which allow the estimation of mortality rates and life-time fertility from ovarian age distributions of female flies. Data from trapping-out experiments were used to calculate the natural resilience of local populations. The results reveal that the dynamics of the populations showed considerable local variation, with two major types of sites. At those sites with large numbers of domestic pigs, the fly population was dense and showed a high degree of natural resilience and a low mean mortality rate, so that it could be selfsustaining through reproduction alone. At sites with few pigs, the fly population was scarce and showed a lower degree of natural resilience and a higher mean mortality rate such that the population could only be maintained by continuous input of immigrant flies. Studies of the natural dynamics of tsetse can be used to predict the likely effectiveness of alternative control schemes; fly mortality rates must be permanently increased in order to reduce fly numbers or infection rates to below some threshold for disease transmission.
Establishment in Australia of two insects for biological control of the floating weed Salvinia molesta
Authors: Room P. M. , Forno I. W. , Taylor M. F. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn attempts at the biological control of Salvinia molesta in Australia, the curculionid Cyrtobagous sp. was released at eight sites and became established at seven of them. At these seven sites, air temperatures ranged from less than 0°C to more than 45°C and the mean concentration of nitrogen in S. molesta ranged from 1·18 to 1·82% of dry weight. Establishment was effected by releasing 200 adults, and the shortest time for extensive damage to be caused to the weed was four months. Cyrtobagous sp. dispersed in undamaged S. molesta at rates of a few metres per month. The pyralid Samea multiplicalis Gn. was released, and became established, at three sites and spread at least 170 km north and south in 20 months. At the sites colonised, air temperatures ranged from less than 0°C to more than 45°C and the mean nitrogen concentration in Salvinia molesta ranged from 1·34 to 3·30% of dry weight. Establishment was effected by releasing 800 larvae, and the shortest time for extensive damage to be caused to S. molesta was three months. Contrasts in the biology and ecology of the two species of insects are discussed briefly as is competition between them for food. In late 1983, Cyrtobagous sp. had achieved control of S. molesta at five sites, while Samea multiplicalis had achieved control at none. It is suggested that S. multiplicalis might perform better in locations which experience maximum temperatures lower than those in the present distribution.
Two new species of Eurycoccus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Tamarix from Pakistan
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEurycoccus cuniculorum sp. n. and E. tamariscus sp. n., are described from Pakistan. They were collected on species of Tamarix during a survey of insect pests by the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control for possible natural enemies of Tamarix spp. that have become undesirable plants in the USA. The mealybugs live under the bark or in tunnels caused by other organisms and both species have unusual characters in the positions of the thoracic spiracles.
Studies on Amblypelta theobromae Brown (Hepteroptera: Coreidae) in Papua New Guinea. I. Descriptions of the immature and adult stages
Authors: Smith E. S. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDescriptions, illustrations and measurements of the egg, the five nymphal instars and the adult of Amblypelta theobromae Brown, a serious pest of cocoa on the mainland of Papua New Guinea, are presented. A key for the separation of the nymphal instars is provided.