bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Dollar Spot of Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) Caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa in South China
Authors: Lv C.-C. , Luo L.-X. , Li J.-Q. , Hsiang T. 
Published: February 2010

Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz), a warm-season perennial grass, is native to tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America (1). Its fine texture and tolerance to low mowing and hypersaline environments make it a commercially promising turfgrass species for coastal regions of south China. In late March 2009, disease symptoms were observed from two golf course fairways in Shenzhen and Foshan, Guangdong Province, China. Small, round patches from 25 to 75 mm in diameter were found to be consisting of bleached, straw color leaf lesions bounded by reddish brown margins. Similar patches had previously been observed on seashore paspalum since 1997 in Guangdong Province, but this turf species has been grown in southern China only since the early 1990s. These symptoms were observed when daytime temperatures were above 25°C and with heavy dew formation at night. Greatest severity was seen in the spring and fall. Several contact and systemic fungicides were applied after first symptoms were observed and they were usually successful in suppressing disease. To confirm the disease as dollar spot, isolates from Shenzhen and Foshan were obtained by plating diseased leaf blades of P. vaginatum (cv. Salam) on potato dextrose agar media. Isolates produced white, fluffy, aerial mycelium, columnar when mature, and usually with a cinnamon base and dark brown or black substratal stroma on and in the agar. One representative isolate from each location was chosen for pathogenicity testing. Six-week-old P. vaginatum (cv. Salam) grown from seed in pots was inoculated, with 5-mm-diameter agar plugs with hyphae from 5-day-old cultures, by direct placement onto leaves and with three replicate pots per isolate. Plants treated with sterile agar plugs served as controls. Inoculated turf was incubated at 25°C with 12-h light/dark conditions. A plastic film was also placed over the pots to retain moisture. Chlorotic leaf lesions started to develop 4 days after inoculation and became a bleached straw color. The same fluffy, white fungus was reisolated from lesions, while no disease was observed on controls, thus completing Koch's postulates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified from DNA extracted from two isolates using primers ITS5 and ITS4 (2), and the 610-bp sequences showed 98% similarity with Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett in GenBank and have been deposited as Accessions GQ386985 and GU002301. Dollar spot on P. vaginatum has been commonly observed in the United States (1). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of dollar spot on P. vaginatum in China or from any host plant in China. References: (1) R. R. Duncan and R. N. Carrow. Seashore Paspalum: The Environmental Turfgrass. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2000. (2) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press Inc., New York, 1990.
First Report on the Susceptibility of Sweet Pepper Crops to Tomato chlorosis virus in Brazil
Authors: Barbosa J. C. , Teixeira L. D. D. , Rezende J. A. M. 
Published: February 2010

In June of 2009, sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum cvs. Elisa and Prador) plants exhibiting interveinal chlorosis, some necrosis, and mild upward leaf curling on the intermediate leaves were found in three protected crops in the municipality of São Miguel Arcanjo, São Paulo state, Brazil. Incidence of symptomatic plants varied from 70 to 100%. Abundant whitefly adults were seen in all crops. Initially, total DNA was separately extracted from seven symptomatic plants and submitted to a PCR reaction using the universal primer pairs PAL1v1978/PAR1c496 and PBL1v2040/PCRc1 for begomovirus (3). The results were negative. The same samples were also analyzed for infection with Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae). Total RNA was extracted separately from leaves of each symptomatic plant and used for one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using the HS-11/HS-12 primer pair, which amplifies a fragment of 587 bp from the highly conserved region of the heat shock protein (HSP-70) homolog gene reported for TICV and ToCV (1). The RT-PCR product was subsequently tested by nested-PCR for single detection of TICV and ToCV using primer pairs TIC-3/TIC-4 and ToC-5/ToC-6, respectively (1). Only one fragment of approximately 463 bp was amplified from the five plants with the primer pair specific for ToCV. No amplification was obtained with the primers specific for TICV. Four purified amplicons of 463 bp were directly sequenced in both directions. Sequence comparisons of the 419-bp consensus sequence, encompassing nucleotides 750 and 1,167 of the HSP-70 homolog gene, revealed 98% identity with the reported sequences of tomato infecting isolates of ToCV from Brazil (GenBank Accession No. EU868927) and the United States (GenBank Accession No. AY903448). Virus-free adults of Bemisia tabaci biotype B were confined on symptomatic pepper leaves for a 48-h acquisition access period. Twenty adults were transferred to one plant of sweet pepper cv. Magda for a 24-h inoculation access period. The sweet pepper plant exhibited the original symptoms on the leaves 67 days after inoculation under greenhouse conditions. Infection by ToCV was confirmed by RT-PCR. The susceptibility of sweet pepper plants to ToCV was previously reported in Spain (2), whereas in the United States, this species was experimentally found as nonhost for this virus (4). Further studies are needed to better understand the variable susceptibility of sweet pepper to ToCV. References: (1) C. I. Dovas et al. Plant Dis. 86:1345, 2002. (2) G. Lozano et al. Plant Dis. 88:224, 2004. (3) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993. (4) W. M. Wintermantel et al. Plant Dis. 90:814, 2006.
First Report of the Huanglongbing Bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Infecting Satkara (Citrus macroptera) in India
Authors: Das A. K. , Kumar A. 
Published: February 2010

In India, satkara (Citrus macroptera) is found in the northeastern regions of Shella and Dowki near Cherrapunji in Meghalaya, the Jampui Hills of Tripura and Mizoram, and the Chendel District of Manipur. Locally, it is called satkara because ‘sat’ refers to multiples of seven and the fruit generally contains fourteen segments. The fruit is used in the preparation of pickles and its oil is used in the perfume industry. In January 2007, in Behliangchhip, Jampui Hills, Tripura, India, we noticed seven satkara trees of 26 showing leaf mottling and yellowing in young shoots, symptoms typical of huanglongbing (HLB). HLB is a destructive citrus disease caused by a nonculturable, phloem-limited alpha-proteobacterium of the genus ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’. Among the three known ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ species (Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus, Ca. L. africanus, and Ca. L. americanus), only Ca. L. asiaticus has been reported in India (1) but not from satkara. To identify the pathogen, total DNA was extracted and purified from 200 mg of leaf midribs from five symptomatic and five symptomless trees with the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Gmbh, Hilden, Germany) as per the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were tested for ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ by PCR with primer sets OI1/OI2c targeting the 16S rDNA locus (3) and A2/J5 targeting the beta-operon locus of ribosomal proteins (2). DNA samples from all symptomatic leaves were positive with both primer sets. The OI1/OI2c primers generated an amplicon of approximately 1,160 bp and digestion of the amplicon by XbaI yielded two DNA fragments of approximately 640 bp and 520 bp, suggesting the presence of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’(3). The A2/J5 primer set generated an ~703-bp amplicon, indicating ‘Ca. L. africanus’ was not present. No DNA was amplified from the asymptomatic satkara trees. One each of the OI1/OI2c and A2/J5 amplicons was purified, cloned (pGEM-T Easy vector, Promega, Hampshire, UK) and sequenced (Bangalore Genei, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India). The derived sequences, 1167 bp for the OI1/OI2c amplicon and 703 bp for the A2/J5 amplicon, have been deposited in the GenBank database under Accession Nos. GQ369792 and GU074017, respectively. Sequence comparison revealed that GQ369792 and GU074017 shared >99% identity to the corresponding regions of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in the GenBank database. No DNA was amplified by PCR with primer set GB1/GB2 (4) specific for ‘Ca. L. americanus’. To our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular identification of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ infecting satkara in India. References: (1) A. K. Das. Curr. Sci. 87:1183, 2004. (2) A. Hocquellet et al. Mol. Cell. Probes 13:373, 1999. (3) S. Jagoueix et al. Mol. Cell. Probes 10:43, 1996. (4) D. C. Teixeira et al. Mol. Cell. Probes 19:173, 2005.
First Report of Arceuthobium blumeri on Pinus ayacahuite and A. globosum subsp. globosum on P. durangensis from Sinaloa, Mexico
Authors: Quiñonez Barraza S. , Mathiasen R. 
Published: February 2010

Arceuthobium blumeri A. Nelson (Blumer's dwarf mistletoe, Viscaceae) is a parasite of Pinus ayacahuite Ehrenberg ex Schlechtendahl (Mexican white pine) and P. strobiformis Engelm. (southwestern white pine) in the Sierra Madre Occidental of northern Mexico (3). It is widely distributed in Chihuahua and Durango and is known from one location in Sonora (3,4). A. globosum Hawksworth & Wiens subsp. globosum (rounded dwarf mistletoe) parasitizes several pine species in the same areas of Mexico, but extends as far south as northern Jalisco (3). In July 2005, S. Quiñonez Barraza observed both of these dwarf mistletoes in Ejido San José del Barranco, Municipio de Badiraguato, Sinaloa, Mexico. A. blumeri was observed parasitizing P. ayacahuite at two locations: Paraje Faldeo Rancho del Oso (25°39′18″N, 107°01′27″W, elevation 2,600 m) and Paraje La Tableta (25°40′14″N, 107°01′33″W, elevation 2,520 m). The host at these two locations was identified by cone and needle morphology (1). Because the mistletoe plants were gray to straw in color and larger than 6 cm, they were clearly A. blumeri and not A. apachecum Hawksworth & Wiens, another dwarf mistletoe that parasitizes P. strobiformis in Arizona, New Mexico, and Coahuila, Mexico (3). A. globosum subsp. globosum was observed parasitizing P. durangensis Martínez at Paraje Puerto del Alacrán (25°39′52″N, 107°00′57″W, elevation 2,650 m). Infection of the pine hosts was severe at all three locations in Sinaloa and many trees were rated as class 5 and 6 by the 6-class dwarf mistletoe rating system (2). Large witches' brooms were formed on P. ayacahuite infected with A. blumeri, but no witches' brooms were formed on infected P. durangensis. Typically, A. globosum does not induce witches' brooms on infected pines (3). Specimens of A. blumeri and A. globosum subsp. globosum were collected and deposited at the Herbario CIIDIR, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Durango, Dgo., 34220 Mexico. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. blumeri and A. globosum subsp. globosum from Sinaloa, Mexico. References: (1) A. Farjon and B. T. Styles. Flora Neotrop. Monogr. 75. 1997. (2) F. G. Hawksworth. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-78, 1977. (3) F. G. Hawksworth and D. Wiens. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 709, 1996. (4) R. Mathiasen et al. Madroño 55:161, 2008.
First Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora sansomeana on Soybean in China
Authors: Tang Q. H. , Gao F. , Li G. Y. , Wang H. , Zheng X. B. , Wang Y. C. 
Published: February 2010

Phytophthora sansomeana E.M. Hansen & Reeser is a newly described species and infects Douglas-fir, alfalfa, and soybean (1). Soybean production is an important part of the local economy in Yili State in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwest China. Unfortunately since 2005, root and stem rot disease has emerged on a number of farms. To identify the causal agent, plant samples with symptoms, including whole plant wilting or yellowing and stunting, were collected from fields during 2005 and 2008. Tissue from the edges of stem lesions was placed on selective lima bean agar (LBA) at 20°C for 3 to 4 days (2,3). Four single zoospore isolates of Phytophthora were obtained and maintained on LBA or 10% V8 juice liquid medium for examination of morphological and physiological characteristics. The colonies on LBA were aerial and rosaceous. The isolates were homothallic, and oogonia and oospores were readily produced in culture after 7 days on LBA plates. Oogonia averaged 38 μm and oospore width ranged from 23 to 48 μm and averaged 31 μm. Antheridia were approximately 15 × 12 μm and predominantly amphigynous in V8 juice. Sporangia were terminal or paragynous on persistent sporangiophores, nonpapillate, ovoid to obpyriform, and measured 52 × 35 μm with an average length/breadth ratio of 1.5. Hyphal swellings were produced in V8 juice 2 days after inoculation. The optimum temperature for growth was approximately 25°C and none occurred at 0 or 35°C. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of this Phytophthora species (GenBank FJ966880) agreed 100% with sequences of P. sansomeana isolates deposited in GenBank (GQ853880 and EU925375). Pathogenicity tests were performed by hypocotyl inoculation method (2) using isolate Yili71 and potted soybean cv. Williams. Plants were grown in a growth chamber for 10 days before inoculation in 16-cm-diameter pots (2). Plants were inoculated with 2- × 2-mm plugs of mycelium grown for 4 days on LBA at 25°C, the plugs were adhered to the sides of wounded lower hypocotyls. As controls, plants were inoculated with LBA agar plugs without mycelium (2). Inoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber at approximately 25°C with a 10-h dark/14-h light cycle and 50% relative humidity and symptom development was monitored daily for 1 week. Wounded stems inoculated with mycelium developed water-soaked lesions, which were similar to those seen on naturally infected plants. A Phytophthora sp. was reisolated from the margins of expanding lesions on wounded stems. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. sansomeana infection of soybean in China and the threat it may pose to soybean production is unclear. References: (1) E. M. Hansen et al. Mycologia 101:129. 2009. (2) Z. Y. Wang et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 43:826, 2006. (3) X. B. Zheng. Methods in Phytophthora. Chinese Agriculture Press. Beijing, China, 1995.
First Report of Verticillium Wilt of Pistachio Caused by Verticillium dahliae in Spain
Authors: Moral J. , López-Escudero F. J. , Roca L. F. , Blanco-López M. A. , Trapero A. 
Published: February 2010

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees in the Castilla La Mancha and Andalusia regions of central and southern Spain are grown close to olive orchards, which are often severely affected by Verticillium dahliae. During the last decade, wilt and death of one or several branches have been observed on pistachio (cv. Kerman) scions grafted on rootstock (P. terebinthus). Discoloration of vascular tissue was occasionally observed. In five surveyed orchards, incidence of affected trees was less than 2%. Wood chips with the bark removed from symptomatic trees were washed in running tap water, surface disinfested in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, and placed onto potato dextrose agar plates incubated at 25°C in the dark. Isolates were identified as V. dahliae on the basis of the characteristics of microsclerotia, conidiophores, and conidia. V. dahliae isolate V117 from olive was used as reference (1). The fungus was also isolated from soil in pistachio orchards using wet sieving and a modified sodium polypectate agar medium (1). Inoculum density varied from 0 to 4.73 microsclerotia per gram of soil. P. terebinthus seedlings were inoculated with two isolates of V. dahliae from pistachio trees by injecting the stems with 50 μl of a conidial suspension (107 conidia per ml) (2). Wilt symptoms of varying severity developed in 12 and 15 seedlings of the 20 pistachio seedlings inoculated with each of two isolates. No symptoms developed on the control seedlings. The pathogen was recovered from stem tissues of inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Verticillium wilt of pistachio in Spain. This study demonstrates the susceptibility of certain rootstocks to V. dahliae and the importance of using resistant rootstocks, such as UCBI (2), in pistachio plantations established on soils infested by V. dahliae. References: (1) F. J. López-Escudero and M. A. Blanco-López. Plant Dis. 91:1372, 2007. (2) D. P. Morgan et al. Plant Dis. 76:310, 1992.
New algorithm (KAWAKAMI algorithm) to diagnose primary cutaneous vasculitis
Authors: KAWAKAMI Tamihiro 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPalpable purpura tends to indicate involvement of small vessel vasculitis in the upper dermis. Livedo racemosa, nodular lesion and skin ulceration are indicative of involvement of small to medium‐sized vessel vasculitis in the lower dermis to subcutaneous fat. We set out to establish a new algorithm (KAWAKAMI algorithm) for primary cutaneous vasculitis based on the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference classification and our research results, and apply to the diagnosis. The first step is to measure serum antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) levels. If myeloperoxidase‐ANCA is positive, Churg–Strauss syndrome or microscopic polyangiitis can be suspected, and if the patient is positive for proteinase 3‐ANCA, Wegener’s granulomatosis is most likely. Next, if cryoglobulin is positive, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis should be suspected. Third, if direct immunofluorescence of the skin biopsy specimen reveals immunoglobulin A deposition within the affected vessels, Henoch–Schönlein purpura is indicated. Finally, the presence of anti‐phosphatidylserine–prothrombin complex antibodies and/or lupus anticoagulant and histopathological necrotizing vasculitis in the upper to middle dermis (leukocytoclastic vasculitis) indicates cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis, whereas if necrotizing vasculitis exists in the lower dermis and/or is associated with the subcutaneous fat, cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa is indicated. The KAWAKAMI algorithm may allow us to refine our earlier diagnostic strategies and allow for efficacious treatment of primary cutaneous vasculitis. In cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, warfarin or clopidogrel therapies should be administrated, and in cases that have associated active inflammatory lesions, corticosteroids or mizoribine (mycophenolate mofetil) therapy should be added. We further propose prophylactic treatment of renal complications in patients with Henoch–Schönlein purpura.
Ciclopirox nail lacquer for the treatment of onychomycosis: An open non‐comparative study
Authors: SHEMER Avner , NATHANSOHN Nir , TRAU Henri , AMICHAI Boaz , GRUNWALD Marcelo H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOnychomycosis is a relatively common disease accounting for up to 50% of all nail disorders. Topical treatment, although less effective than systemic, is usually preferred by patients. Topical antifungal nail lacquers have been formulated to provide better delivery of the antifungal agent to the nail unit. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ciclopirox nail lacquer in the treatment of onychomycosis. Patients suffering from distal and lateral subungual toenail onychomycosis (DLSO) and lateral subungual onychomycosis (LSO) were treated by ciclopirox nail lacquer once daily for 9 months. Every week the nail lacquer was removed using acetone. Clinical nail status, KOH examination and mycological culture were recorded by the same investigator at 0, 3, 6 and 9 months. Thirty‐six patients completed the 9‐month regimen. Trichophyton rubrum was the most common pathogen. At the end of the study, good improvement to complete cure was observed in 13 patients (36%), 12 patients showed only mild to moderate improvement and 11 patients (31%) had no clinical improvement. No adverse effects were noted throughout the treatment period. Ciclopirox nail lacquer seems to be slightly more effective than other topical modalities and could be used in patients who cannot or do not want systemic treatment.
Efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus for the treatment of face and neck vitiligo
Authors: LO Yuan‐Hsin , CHENG Gwo‐Shing , HUANG Chieh‐Chen , CHANG Wen‐Yu , WU Chieh‐Shan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractVitiligo is a common acquired idiopathic hypomelanotic disorder characterized by circumscribed depigmented maculae. The conventional treatments are limited by their inconsistent and incomplete responses, relapse rate, inconvenience to apply, side‐effects and especially long‐term effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus as monotherapy for the treatment of face/neck vitiligo in Taiwan. This was a multicenter, open‐label, non‐comparative study. Patients were at least 16 years old and had vitiligo lesions with Vitiligo Index of Disease Activity score +1 or more on face or neck. Patients received a monotherapy with 0.1% of tacrolimus ointment twice daily for 12 weeks. The efficacy was measured by the percentage of repigmentation of target lesion, which was graded as minimal (1–25%), mild (26–50%), moderate (51–75%) or excellent (76–100%). Patients who had at least mild repigmentation were defined as responders. A total of 61 patients were enrolled in this investigation. Most of the patients showed repigmentation at week 4. At the end of treatment, all patients showed repigmentation and 45.9% of patients were responders. During the study, 15 adverse events related to the ointment were reported. All the reported adverse events were mild and similar to the well‐known adverse effect of tacrolimus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Tacrolimus ointment is effective and well tolerated for the treatment of patients with vitiligo in Taiwan. It will be another drug of choice for persons with vitiligo who are unable to receive regular phototherapy and fear the side‐effects of topical steroid in long‐term use.
Selective induction of apoptosis in the hamster flank sebaceous gland organ by a topical liposome 5‐α‐reductase inhibitor: A treatment strategy for acne
Authors: LI Lingna , TANG Li , BARANOV Eugene , YANG Meng , AMOH Yasuyuki , KATSUOKA Kensei , HOFFMAN Robert M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAcne is a very widespread cosmesis problem. Isotretinoin, a synthetic oral retinoid is used to treat acne, which is androgen dependent. Numerous side‐effects occur from this treatment. 5‐α‐Reductase plays a critical role in normal and pathological androgen‐dependent processes. We have taken the approach to develop a selective, effective, topically‐applied 5‐α‐reductase inhibitor to modify unwanted or pathological processes in the pilosebaceous unit such as acne. Toward this goal, we have previously developed a selective liposome hair follicle targeting system. We demonstrate in this report that the 5‐α‐reductase inhibitor N,N‐diethyl‐4‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐4‐aza‐5α‐androstane‐17β‐carboxamide (4‐MA) incorporated into liposomes induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT)‐dependent hamster flank organ sebaceous gland. We have compared topical application of liposome 4‐MA and solvent‐formulated 4‐MA and observed selective efficacy of topical application of liposome 4‐MA by the reduction of size and induction of apoptosis only in the treated hamster flank organ. Apoptosis induced by liposome 4‐MA in the treated flank organ sebaceous gland cells was observed both by assays for DNA fragments (transferase deoxytidyl uridine end labeling) and by observation of condensed and fragmented nuclei. When 4‐MA was topically applied formulated in ethanol and glycerol without liposomes, the selective efficacy was lost. Liposome 4‐MA did not significantly affect prostate weight, testosterone/DHT ratios or bodyweight gain compared to controls indicating safety as well as efficacy of topical application of liposome 4‐MA for pathological processes such as acne.