bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Rights and the Mediatization of International Law
Authors: JOYCE DANIEL 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article considers the relationship of international law and the media through the prism of human rights. In the first section the international regulation of the media is examined and visions of good, bad, and new media emerge. In the second section, the enquiry is reversed and the article explores the ways in which the media is shaping international legal forms and processes in the field of human rights. This is termed the ‘mediatization of international law’. Yet despite hopes for new media and the Internet to transform international law, the theoretical work of Jodi Dean warns of the danger to democracy of commodification through the spread of ‘communicative capitalism’.
Organic Global Constitutionalism
Authors: SCHWÖBEL CHRISTINE E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGlobal constitutionalism is becoming increasingly prevalent in international legal discourse. While the various contributions give the impression of a seemingly complex and diverse debate, the contributions in fact all share some significant omissions and biases. It is argued here that the limitations, to be found in the disregard for processes such as fragmentation, and the biases, to be found through such realities as hegemony in international law, give rise to the necessity of a reconceptualization of the global constitutional debate. It is suggested that global constitutionalism should be reconfigured in terms of what is called ‘organic global constitutionalism’. Organic global constitutionalism should be understood as being defined by constitutionalism as process, constitutionalism as political, constitutionalism as a ‘negative universal’, and constitutionalism as a promise for the future. These features would offer an alternative way of framing the debate and a means of redeeming the idea of global constitutionalism.
Sexual Violence beyond Reasonable Doubt: Using Pattern Evidence and Analysis for International Cases
Authors: ARANBURU XABIER AGIRRE 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEstablishing the pattern of crime is fundamental for the successful investigation of international crimes (genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity). A pattern of crime is the aggregate of multiple incidents that share common features related to the victims, the perpetrators, and the modus operandi. Pattern evidence and analysis have been used successfully, mainly in the investigation of large-scale killings, destruction, and displacement; the use for sexual violence charges has been remarkably more limited. There is a need to overcome this gap by setting proper methods of data collection and analysis. At the level of evidence collection, under-reporting should be addressed through victimization surveys or secondary analysis of data available from different sources. At the level of analysis, the available evidence needs to be subject to impartial examination beyond the pre-conceptions of the conflict parties and advocacy groups, in compliance with scientific standards for quantitative, qualitative, and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) methods. Reviewing the different investigative experiences and jurisprudence will help to set the right methodology and contribute most efficiently to putting an end to the impunity regarding sexual crimes.
Incitement to Terrorist Acts and International Law
Authors: RONEN YAËL 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article considers the initiative of UN Security Council Resolution 1624 (2005) in criminalizing incitement to terrorist acts, in the light of criminal and international human rights law. The analysis is informed by the specific type of terrorism with which Resolution 1624 (2005) is concerned, namely ‘modern’ terrorism. The article argues that the rationales for a prohibition on incitement to terrorist acts call for a relatively wide definition of potentially proscribed speech. This can be achieved without excessively infringing freedom of expression. However, the present interpretation of the proposed prohibition is so restrictive that the prohibition may fail to counter the phenomenon with which it grapples. The article also considers whether incitement to terrorist acts can be regarded as an international crime. It concludes that in some instances there may be an overlap between incitement to terrorist acts and certain international crimes, but classification of incitement to terrorist acts as an international crime requires a fragmented approach to terrorism, which is contrary to current trends.
TreesimJ: a flexible, forward time population genetic
simulator
Authors: O'Fallon Brendan 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Most population genetic simulators fall into one of two classes, backward time simulators that quickly generate trees but accommodate only relatively simple selective and demographic regimes, and forward simulators that allow for a broader range of evolutionary scenarios but which cannot produce genealogies. Thus, few tools are available that allow for producing genealogies under arbitrarily complex selective and demographic models.
Results: TreesimJ is a forward time population genetic simulator that allows for sampling of genealogies, genetic data and many population parameters from populations evolving under complex evolutionary scenarios. The application provides many fitness and demographic models and new models are easy to develop. Data collection is performed by a variety of independently configurable collectors which periodically sample the population and record statistics. Output options include writing traces, histograms and summary statistics from the data collectors in addition to sampled genetic sequences and genealogies.
Summary: TreesimJ allows researchers to easily sample and analyze gene genealogies and related data from populations evolving under a wide variety of selective and demographic regimes. It is likely to be useful for population genetic researchers seeking to understand the links between evolutionary and demographic forces, genealogical structure and the resulting patterns of genetic variation.
Availability: TreesimJ home : http://staff.washington.edu/brendano/treesimj. Source and developer resources: http://code.google.com/p/treesimj
Contact: brendano@u.washington.edu
MetNetMaker: a free and open-source tool for the creation of novel metabolic networks in SBML format
Authors: Forth Thomas , McConkey Glenn A. , Westhead David R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Summary: An application has been developed to help with the creation and editing of Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) format metabolic networks up to the organism scale. Networks are defined as a collection of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) LIGAND reactions with an optional associated Enzyme Classification (EC) number for each reaction. Additional custom reactions can be defined by the user. Reactions within the network can be assigned flux constraints and compartmentalization is supported for each reaction in addition to the support for reactions that occur across compartment boundaries. Exported networks are fully SBML L2V4 compatible with an optional L2V1 export for compatibility with old versions of the COBRA toolbox.
Availability and implementation: The software runs in the free Microsoft Access 2007™ Runtime (Microsoft Inc.), which is included with the installer and works on Windows XP SP2 or better. Full source code is viewable in the full version of Access 2007 or 2010. Users must have a license to use the KEGG LIGAND database (free academic licensing is available). Please go to www.bioinformatics.leeds.ac.uk/∼pytf/metnetmaker for software download, help and tutorials.
Contact: pytf@leeds.ac.uk
Radionuclides in deep-sea fish and other organisms from the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Carvalho Fernando P. , Oliveira João M. , Malta Margarida 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Carvalho, F. P., Oliveira, J. M., and Malta, M. 2011. Radionuclides in deep-sea fish and other organisms from the North Atlantic Ocean – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 333–340. The naturally occurring radionuclides potassium-40 (40K), radium-226 (226Ra), polonium-210 (210Po), and lead-210 (210Pb) were measured in commercial fish species such as cod, halibut, redfish, and shark from several fishing grounds in the North Atlantic, as well as the anthropogenic radionuclides caesium-137 (137Cs) and plutonium isotopes (238Pu and 239+240Pu). The concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides were compared with those of anthropogenic origin. The main contributors to the radiation dose were 210Po and 40K, with anthropogenic radionuclides accounting for just a small contribution. We provide the first measurements of naturally occurring radionuclides in abyssal organisms, including fish, molluscs, and crustaceans, from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain. In these organisms, radionuclide concentrations and the absorbed radiation doses were dominated by 210Po and were comparable with those determined in related coastal species, confirming that the deep-sea fauna do not live in an environment protected from ionizing radiation. Absorbed radiation doses from naturally occurring radionuclides still exceed radiation doses caused by anthropogenic radionuclides introduced into the Northeast Atlantic.
Effects of environmental variability and change on cephalopod populations: an Introduction to the CIAC '09 Symposium special issue
Authors: Rodhouse Paul G. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Rodhouse, P. G. 2010 Effects of environmental variability and change on cephalopod populations: an Introduction to the CIAC '09 Symposium special issue. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1311–1313. This manuscript was produced as an introduction to this publication emanating from CIAC '09, the recent triennial symposium of the Cephalopod International Advisory Council. Given the importance of one of its themes to marine ecosystem science, as stated in the title, it also reviews current understanding of how cephalopod populations interact with and respond to their environment. The coleoid cephalopods have evolved to be pre-eminent ecological opportunists, so in an ocean environment which is changing and predicted to become more variable, these molluscs, which successfully survived the massive environmental change in the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary, will be worth watching.
The trophic role of the squid Loligo plei as a keystone species in the South Brazil Bight ecosystem
Authors: Gasalla Maria A. , Rodrigues Amanda R. , Postuma Felippe A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGasalla, M. A., Rodrigues, A. R., and Postuma, F. A. 2010. The trophic role of the squid Loligo plei as a keystone species in the South Brazil Bight ecosystem. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1413–1424. The issue of whether loliginid squid can influence the average structure of marine ecosystems in a keystone role, i.e. a strong effect with relatively low biomass, has not yet been examined. Here, the diet of Loligo plei in inner shelf waters of the South Brazil Bight was examined, as a first step, based on the stomach contents of 2200 squid hand-jigged in shallow water (<30 m) and taken as bycatch of shrimp trawlers in deeper water (30–100 m). Diet varied by size, season, and fishing zone. Stomachs were not empty in ∼12%, with more empty during winter. The range of mantle lengths of squid caught by jigging (101–356 mm) appeared to differ from the squid trawled (30–236 mm), and the diet also differed. Food categories recorded in deeper water did not include amphipods or polychaetes, but in both fishing areas, fish were the most common prey. The fish prey identified included Trachurus lathami, small pelagic species, trichiurids, and Merluccius hubbsi. Demersal species, such as Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus, and flatfish were also present. An ecosystem network model is updated through which a mixed-trophic impact matrix and “keystoneness” indicators were calculated. Loligo plei represents an important link between pelagic and demersal energy pathways, with high indices of keystoneness.
Preparation and Functional Properties of Gluten Hydrolysates with Wheat‐Bug (Eurygaster spp.) Protease
Authors: Olanca Burcu , Özay Dilek Sivri 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTSuni‐bug (Eurygaster spp.) enzyme was partially purified from bug‐damaged wheat and used to prepare gluten hydrolysates at 3% and 5% degree of hydrolysis (DH). Functional properties of gluten and gluten hydrolysates were determined at 0.2% (w/v) protein concentration and pH 2–10. Gluten solubility after enzymatic hydrolysis increased significantly (P < 0.05) up to 89.1, 89.6, and 95.0% at pH 7, 8, and 10, respectively. Emulsion stability (ES) of gluten hydrolysates improved at neutral and alkaline pH (P < 0.05) and emulsifying capacity (EC) increased significantly (P < 0.05) except at pH 10. Foaming capacity (FC) values of gluten hydrolysates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at pH 6, 7, 8; foam stability (FS) values of gluten hydrolysates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at pH 6 and 7. Enzymatic modification of gluten by wheat‐bug enzyme resulted in hydrolysates with higher antioxidant activity compared to gluten. Significant correlations (P < 0.001) were found between solubility and EC, ES, FC, and FS values of gluten and its hydrolysates with 3% and 5% DH.
Potential Influence of the Anesthetic Technique Used during Open Radical Prostatectomy on Prostate Cancer-related Outcome
Authors: Wuethrich Patrick Y. , Hsu Schmitz Shu-Fang , Kessler Thomas M. , Thalmann George N. , Studer Urs E. , Stueber Frank , Burkhard Fiona C. 
Published: July 2010

Background
Recently published studies suggest that the anesthetic technique used during oncologic surgery affects cancer recurrence. To evaluate the effect of anesthetic technique on disease progression and long-term survival, we compared patients receiving general anesthesia plus intraoperative and postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia with patients receiving general anesthesia alone undergoing open retropubic radical prostatectomy with extended pelvic lymph node dissection.

Methods
Two sequential series were studied. Patients receiving general anesthesia combined with epidural analgesia (January 1994-June 1997, n=103) were retrospectively compared with a group given general anesthesia combined with ketorolac-morphine analgesia (July 1997-December 2000, n=158). Biochemical recurrence-free survival, clinical progression-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier technique and compared using a multivariate Cox-proportional-hazards regression model and an alternative model with inverse probability weights to adjust for propensity score.

Results
Using propensity score adjustment with inverse probability weights, general anesthesia combined with epidural analgesia resulted in improved clinical progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.75, P=0.002). No significant differences in the two groups were found for biochemical recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, or overall survival. Higher preoperative serum values for prostate-specific antigen, specimen Gleason score of at least 7, non-organ-confined tumor stage, and positive lymph node status were independent predictors of biochemical recurrence-free survival.

Conclusions
General anesthesia with epidural analgesia was associated with a reduced risk of clinical cancer progression. However, no significant difference was found between general anesthesia plus postoperative ketorolac-morphine analgesia and general anesthesia plus intraoperative and postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia in biochemical recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, or overall survival.
Transient immunosuppression: a bridge between infection and the atypical autoimmunity of Guillain–Barré syndrome?
Authors: Steiner I , Rosenberg G , Wirguin I 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, usually monophasic, disorder of the peripheral nervous system that is assumed to be of immune-mediated pathogenesis. However, several clinical features and experimental findings of GBS are uncharacteristic for an immune-mediated disorder and set this condition apart from other disorders with a putative immune-mediated pathogenesis. These features include, among others, the monophasic nature of GBS, the lack of response to immunosuppressive (unlike immunomodulatory) therapy, the absence of a typical association with immunogenetic background and the inability to establish a valid and relevant animal model. We suggest a comprehensive hypothesis for the pathogenesis of GBS that is based on the assumption that the condition is due to a transient (or occasionally chronic) immune deficiency, as in most cases GBS follows an infection with pathogens known to induce immunosuppression. Such infections may be followed by breakdown of immune tolerance and induction of an immune attack on peripheral nerves. Mounting of the immune-mediated assault might be triggered either by the same infective pathogen or by secondary infection. Clearance of the infection and resumption of a normal immune response and tolerance eventually terminate the immune-mediated damage to the peripheral nerves and enable recovery. This hypothesis assumes that the entire sequence of events that culminates in GBS is due to transient exogenous factors and excludes a significant role for inherent host susceptibility, which explains the monophasic nature of the disorder.
Significant anti-tumour activity of adoptively transferred T cells elicited by intratumoral dendritic cell vaccine injection through enhancing the ratio of CD8+ T cell/regulatory T cells in tumour
Authors: Song S , Zhang K , You H , Wang J , Wang Z , Yan C , Liu F 
Published: July 2010

Summary
We have shown that immunization with dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with hepatitis B virus core antigen virus-like particles (HBc-VLP) packaging with cytosine–guanine dinucleotide (CpG) (HBc-VLP/CpG) alone were able to delay melanoma growth but not able to eradicate the established tumour in mice. We tested whether, by modulating the vaccination approaches and injection times, the anti-tumour activity could be enhanced. We used a B16-HBc melanoma murine model not only to compare the efficacy of DC vaccine immunized via footpads, intravenously or via intratumoral injections in treating melanoma and priming tumour-specific immune responses, but also to observe how DC vaccination could improve the efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells to induce an enhanced anti-tumour immune response. Our results indicate that, although all vaccination approaches were able to protect mice from developing melanoma, only three intratumoral injections of DCs could induce a significant anti-tumour response. Furthermore, the combination of intratumoral DC vaccination and adoptive T cell transfer led to a more robust anti-tumour response than the use of each treatment individually by increasing CD8+ T cells or the ratio of CD8+ T cell/regulatory T cells in the tumour site. Moreover, the combination vaccination induced tumour-specific immune responses that led to tumour regression and protected surviving mice from tumour rechallenge, which is attributed to an increase in CD127-expressing and interferon-γ-producing CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these results indicate that repeated intratumoral DC vaccination not only induces expansion of antigen-specific T cells against tumour-associated antigens in tumour sites, but also leads to elimination of pre-established tumours, supporting this combined approach as a potent strategy for DC-based cancer immunotherapy.
Salivary monitoring related to major surgery
Authors: Ullmann Yehuda , Klein Yuval , Savulescu Dana , Borovoi Iris , Egozi Dana , Gavish Moshe , Nagler Rafael 
Published: July 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (12): 1074–1080AbstractBackground  Prolonged surgical procedures involving stress, extended general anaesthesia and a long pre‐surgical fasting period may have systemic effects such as alterations in saliva flow rate and composition. These may compromise the patient’s electrolytes and fluid balance and cause dehydration, systemic stress and oxidative changes.Patients and methods  Saliva was collected prior and following surgery from 20 patients and 20 control subjects. The saliva samples were analysed for flow rates and levels of the following: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total protein, albumin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total antioxidant status (TAS), uric acid (UA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), carbonyls, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) ‐2, ‐3 and ‐9 and heat shock proteins (HSPs) 70 and 90.Results  Salivary levels of Ca, Mg, protein, albumin and LDH were higher in post‐surgical patients by 70% (P = 0·002), 88% (P = 0·0001), 120% (P = 0·13), 111% (P = 0·039) and 492% (P = 0·006) respectively than that in healthy controls. Salivary antioxidants in the surgical patients were higher while salivary carbonyls remained unchanged. Salivary TAS levels in pre‐ and post‐surgical patients were higher by 63% (P = 0·001) and 85% (P = 0·0001) respectively, UA concentrations by 92% (P = 0·014) and 81% (P = 0·036) respectively and SOD values by 47% (P = 0·61) and 112% (P = 0·049) respectively. Salivary concentrations of MMP3 were higher in pre‐ and post‐surgical patients by 23% (P = 0·067) and 30% (P = 0·044) respectively.Conclusions  Local salivary, oral and systemic‐induced alterations should be prevented. Moreover, salivary collection and analysis may be a new, efficient tool in the monitoring of patients undergoing major surgery. Further related research is necessary.
Distinct granuloma responses in C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice in response to pristane
Authors: Chen Huaiyong , Liao Dongmei , Cain Derek , McLeod Ian , Ueda Yoshihiro , Guan Ziqiang , Raetz Christian , Kelsoe Garnett 
Published: July 2010

SummaryGranuloma formation is an inflammatory response of the host against invading pathogens or indigestible substances. We generated mesenteric oil granulomas by injecting pristane into the peritoneal cavity (PC) of mice, and compared oil granuloma formation in the C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ strains of mice. The formation and kinetics of oil granulomas were distinct between the two strains. In C57BL/6J mice, injected pristane induced oil granuloma formation at both the mesenteric centers (MG) and margins (SG). MG was resolving by 11 weeks, and SG persisted. In BALB/cByJ mice, MG developed slower but persisted longer than in C57BL/6J mice, and SG resolved sooner than in C57BL/6J mice. Injection of India ink revealed that phagocytes were localised mainly to the SG in C57BL/6J mice, but were located diffusely in both MG and SG of BALB/cByJ mice. SG cells expressed more monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) mRNA than MG cells in C57BL/6J mice, but there was no difference in MCP‐1 expression between the MG and SG in BALB/cByJ mice. These observations suggest that the recruitment of inflammatory leucocytes under the direction of chemokines differentiates the patterns of granuloma responses to pristane in C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice.