bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altitudinal effects on Stylosanthes guianensis at a low latitude site: 1. Flowering
Authors: Ison R. L. , Humphreys L. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFive selections of Stylosanthes guianensis var. guianensis with a short-day flowering response were grown at three sites at altitudes of 10, 280 and 1000 m on the island of Bali, Indonesia at latitude ca. 8° 30′ S. Mean site temperature was ca. 6 °C lower at the highest site whilst mean short-wave radiation was lowest at the intermediate site.Date of 50% floral initiation (FI) varied from 1 February to 21 June, when daylength (sunrise to sunset plus half civil twilight) decreased from 12·85 to 12·00 h. FI was independent of site for cv. Graham and cv. Cook, but at 1000 m it was 14 and 77 days earlier for cv. Endeavour and cv. Schofield respectively relative to the 280 m site. Little flowering of cv. Schofield occurred at 10 m, and it is suggested that cool temperatures promoted an increase in the critical photoperiod for this cultivar, or that warm temperatures inhibited flowering. FI was delayed at 1000 m in CPI 34906.The duration of the phase from FI to flower appearance (FA) varied from 29 to 75 days according to selection and to site, and was negatively related to mean temperature, radiation, and maximum temperature for cv. Graham, cv. Cook, and CPI 34906 (but not for cv. Endeavour). Number of nodes at FA in this determinate species generally reflected growing conditions in the pre-flowering phase and was positively associated with age at FA in plants of particular varieties.
Survey of rats and mice and their ectoparasites in relation to cultivated areas in the vicinity of Alexandria governorate, Egypt
Authors: Gaaboub I. A. , Widaatalla A. E. E. , Kelada N. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSix species and subspecies of rats and mice, Arvicanthis niloticus, Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus frugivorus, R. rattus alexandrinus, R. rattus rattus, and Mus musculus, were found associated with cotton, wheat, maize, sugar-cane, vegetables, fruit and berseem in the vicinity of Alexandria, Egypt. A. niloticus comprised 42·2% of all species collected. Maize, wheat, cotton and berseem were infested most. The lowest infestation was recorded in the fruit fields. Infestation in sugar-cane and vegetables was intermediate. R. norvegicus, M. musculus, R. rattus frugivorus, R. rattus alexandrinus and it. rattus rattusformed 23·9, 16·7, 10·4, 4·2 and 2·7% of the species collected respectively. Of the seven crops investigated, only two (cotton, wheat) were not infested with R. rattus rattus, but all were plagued with some species of rodents. The abundance of these rodents in fields seemed to be positively correlated with temperature and relative humidity. Winter represents a definite off-season for all species recorded.Six species of fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis, Nosopsyllus fasciatus, Ctenocephalides felis felis, Leptopsylla segnis, Pulex irritans and Echidnophaga gallinacea), three of sucking lice (Polyplax abyssinica, P. spinulosa and Hoplopleura capitosa), five of parasitic mites (Ornithonyssus bacoti, Laelaps echidnina, L. keegani, Androlaelaps zulu and Haemolaelaps sp.) and the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sanguineus were recovered from the rodents. Fleas (especially X. cheopis) and lice generally showed a certain degree of host specificity. A close relationship has been shown to exist between the abundance of fleas and lice and the abundance of some rodent hosts and climate. However, no definite host specificity or relation to climate was shown by infestation with mite species. Only B. sanguineus sanguinetie was recovered from S. rattus frugivorus during July, October and December; from R. rattus alexandrinus during November; and from R. rattus rattus during September. Its rate of infestation did not exceed one specimen per rodent host.
The effect of temperature and method of feeding on the diestibility of two milk substitutes and on the performance of lambs
Authors: Penning P. D. , Penning Ines M. , Treacher T. T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of temperature and method of feeding on the intake characteristics and digestibilities of two milk substitutes were examined.Forty Finnish Landrace x Dorset Horn lambs (20 males and 20 females) were fed one of two milk substitutes from 3 to 25 days of age when they were slaughtered and chemical composition of the empty body was measured.The two milk substitutes contained 30% fat in the dry matter as butter fat (diet B), or tallow and coconut oil (diet TC).The diets were offered at either 34°C (W) or 5 °C (C) and three methods of feeding were used. The diets were given: ad libitumcold (AL1), four feeds to appetite per day either warm or cold (AL2W and AL2C) and four feeds restricted to an intake of 62 g D.M./kg live weight0·5 either warm or cold (RW or RC).Digestibilities of the milk substitutes were not affected by the temperature at which they were offered or the feeding regime used. Diet B had an apparent dry-matter digestibility of 97·6% and diet TC 92·5%. The fat digestibility of diet TC was 13·6 units lower than diet B and this affected the digestibility of all the other dietary components.Lambs tended to consume more of diet B and grow faster.Lambs on treatment AL1 consumed 21% more milk substitute than those on treatment AL2.The composition of the body-weight gain was found to alter with rate of gain.The temperature at which the milk substitutes were offered had only a minor effect on the performance of the lambs. The type of milk substitute and feeding regime used had a greater influence on both lamb intake and growth.
Fat-Tailed Awassi and German Mutton Merino Sheep Under Semi-Arid Conditions. 1. Total Body Water, its Distribution and Water Turnover
Authors: Degen A. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe total body water (TBW), its distribution and water turnover were measured in native fat-tailed Awassi sheep, a breed well adapted to desert conditions, and in imported German Mutton Merino (GMM) sheep, a breed that evolved in a temperate climate, under semi-arid conditions.TBW (tritiated water space;TOH space), extracellular fluid volume (SCN-space) and plasma volume (T·1824 space) were measured during the summer while these sheep grazed natural pasture that remained as dried stem-cured hay and in the winter while they grazed lush natural pasture. No differences were found between the breeds in any of the measurements in both seasons. Within both breeds, the percentage TOH and SCN-spaces were larger in the summer whereas the percentage T·1824 space remained the same.TBW and water turnover were measured in these breeds in eight trials while the sheep grazed native pasture in the autumn, winter and spring, shrubs in the winter and legumes in the summer. Water and shade were freely and easily accessible throughout the grazing period. The TBW was found to be consistently lower in the Awassi, indicating a higher energy reserve. The water turnover in 1/24 h/kg wt.0·82 was found to be higher in the GMM in all trials; the differences ranged between 3 and 28%. However, in only two out of the eight trials were the differences significant. Thus, the water turnoverwas only slightly lower in the Awassi although this breed evolved under Middle Eastern arid and semi-arid regions.
The effects of liming and soil pH on carbon and nitrog contained in the soil biomass
Authors: Adams T. McM. , Adams S. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe C and N in the biomass of soils from eight grassland field experiments where lime had been applied was determined by the chloroform fumigation method. Lime application increased C and N in the biomass by approximately 30% overall, although there was no effect at two sites. In the unlimed plots basal CO2 production, biomass C, and flush of mineral N production (FN) increased with soil pH. Biomass C and FN were correlated with total N content but not with organic C.Differences in the apparent C/N ratio of the biomass were found in unlimed soils of pH ≤ 4·5 and in those of pH > 4·5, the ratios being 4·2 and 5·8 respectively. For limed soils the ratio was 5·2. It is probable that the chloroform fumigation method is not suited to soils of very low pH, and that the C/N ratio obtained in soils of pH < 4·5 is artificially low.
Field experiments with nitrophosphates
Authors: Lewis A. H. 
Published: March 2009

The results of seventy-one field experiments to compare the effects on crop yields of the phosphate in Billingham nitrophosphates and in superphosphate are reported. The experiments tested nitrophosphates from a manufacturing process in course of development. The 1950 and 1951 products contained less water-soluble P2O5 and slaked less easily in water than the 1952 product.All three Billingham nitrophosphates gave rather bigger increases in yields of grass and about the same increases in yields of swedes as superphosphate. The 1950 and 1951 products gave about 70% of the increases in yield given by super-phosphate on potatoes but the 1952 product gave about 90% of the increase with superphosphate. There was no evidence that powdery Billingham nitrophosphate was any more effective than granular material.It is concluded that the phosphate in the 1952 Billingham nitrophosphate is, for practical purposes, as effective as that of superphosphate.A continental nitrophosphate tested in 1952 gave poorer results than Billingham nitrophosphate. This product contained little water-soluble P2O6 and slaked very slowly in water.Comment is made on the apparently poor average response of British grassland to phosphate fertilizer.
The nutritive value of calluna vulgaris IV. Digestibility at three, seven and fourteen years after burning
Authors: Smith Allan N. , Thomas Brynmor 
Published: March 2009

1. The digestibility of samples of heather of 3, 7 and 14 years of age has been determined.2. The experimental technique was the same as that used in the previous digestibility studies of heather.3. The digestibility of the organic matter, and of all its components other than crude fibre and ether extractives, was found to decline with advancing age. This decline became apparent in heather of 7 years of age.4. Gross digestible energy values were determined for the three ages of heather under investigation. Starch equivalents derived from these values proved to be lower than starch equivalents calculated in the usual way.5. Confirmation of earlier conclusions concerning the value of heather as a source of energy has been obtained.
The effects of supplementary phosphorus on the voluntary consumption and digestibility of a low phosphorus straw-based diet given to beef cows during pregnancy and early lactation
Authors: Bass Jean M. , Fishwick G. , Hemingway R. G. , Parkins J. J. , Ritchie N. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo similar experiments were conducted in consecutive years using a total of 26 pregnant beef cows. The two groups of 13 cows were given 2 kg molassed sugar-beet pulp (SBP)/day for the last 16 weeks of pregnancy and 3 kg SBP/day for the first 6 weeks of lactation with oat straw ad libitum. One group was given 250 g of a fully soluble liquid supplement (LS) containing urea, phosphoric acid, calcium and sodium chloride, trace elements and vitamins poured on to the SBP. The other group received no supplementary phosphorus but was given the same amounts of supplementary nitrogen (as crystalline urea) and calcium (as calcium carbonate) together with the same amounts of sodium chloride, trace elements and vitamins as were present in the LS. The LS provided 3.7 g P/day. The overall mean phosphorus intakes of the two groups were about 5.5 g (unsupplemented) and 10.5 g P (LS)/day.During pregnancy, reduced phosphorus intakes did not affect either the voluntary intake or digestibility of the straw. There was, however, a reduction in the blood phosphorus concentration for the cows which did not receive LS.After calving, the voluntary straw intake, digestibility of straw organic matter, metabolizablo energy intakes and blood phosphorus concentrations of the cows which received no phosphorus supplement were severely reduced. Using the present data and that from an earlier, similar experiment, a highly significant relationship was established between blood phosphorus concentration and voluntary straw intake during the period 5.6 weeks after calving for those cows with a blood phosphorus concentration below 1.0 mmol P/l. This relationship was voluntary straw intake (kg D.M./day) = 1.55 + 5.01 × blood phosphorus concentration (mmol/1).These results, obtained with individually fed, housed cattle, tend to suggest that a total phosphorus intake of only about 10.12 g P/day (of which 3.7 g was in the form of phosphoric acid) was adequate to maintain normal blood phosphorus concentration and voluntary straw intake and digestibility by these beef cows over the last 16 weeks of pregnancy and the first 6 weeks of lactation. This should be contrasted with the results of a similar experiment conducted earlier which clearly indicated that a daily intake of about 12 g P/day derived solely from sugar-beet pulp and oat straw was markedly inadequate.
Morphological changes in a brown earth soil in response to applications of pig slurry
Authors: Lea J. W. , Gibbst D. A. , Lawrence N. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYLiterature dealing with disposal of farm wastes is mainly concerned with smell, heavy metal toxicity, nutrient accumulation and soil physical conditions. Soil is required to filter and absorb the solid material and release a filtrate free from pollutants while remaining relatively unaltered. The importance of soil type in reducing pollution potential is recognized but little study has been made of the effect of pollutants on soil morphology. This paper reports changes observed in a fine silty and fine loamy typical brown earth of the Rheidol series on terrace gravels after treatment with pig slurry. It is concluded that pig slurry spread at the rate of 50 m3/ha per week will cause this permeable soil to deteriorate under an average rainfall of 1117 mm/year unless rest periods are given.
Assessment of the effect of ratooning pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in the lowland tropics
Authors: Tayo T. O. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPigeon pea (variety Cita-1) was sown on ridges at two plantings in the early and late seasons of 1983 at the University of Ibadan, Two to three weeks after the plants reached maturity and the pods had been harvested by hand-picking, the plants were either ratooned by cutting off the tops at a height of 30 and 60 cm or left intact.At the end of the first and second regrowths, the plants ratooned at 30 and 60 cm had performed better than those left intact in terms of growth and yield characters as well as seed yield. However, the plants ratooned at 30 cm performed best followed by those ratooned at 60 cm. The total seed yield from the planting was 3–6 times higher than if the crop had been harvested once.It would seem that ratooning at 30 cm would give the highest returns from a single planting under the prevailing lowland tropical conditions.
The influence of sowing depth and seed press wheel weighting on seedling emergence of crisp lettuce
Authors: Wurr D. C. E. , Fellows Jane R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects on emergence and growth of crisp lettuce seedlings as a result of sowing seeds at different depths and pressing them into the furrow bottom with a weighted seed press wheel were examined in three similar experiments in 1982, 1983 and 1984. Sowing depth had a considerable effect on percentage seedling emergence and the spread of emergence times but the pattern of response varied from year to year and appeared to be related to differences in soil moisture content. The most uniform emergence and the highest level of emergence were achieved by sowing shallowly (< 10 mm) with rainfall almost immediately after sowing then keeping the soil moisture content close to field capacity for 2 days. When rainfall or irrigation were delayed, drilling 15–20 mm deep gave more consistent results. Effects on seedling weight and variability of weight were associated with the time and uniformity of seedling emergence. Later emerging seedlings were lighter and a wide spread of emergence times gave seedlings of variable weight. There was virtually no effect on emergence of using additional weights on a seed press wheel.
The incidence ofStreptococcus bovisin cattle
Authors: Higginbottom Constance , Wheater D. W. F. 
Published: March 2009

1. The numbers ofStreptococcus bovisin the rumen of a heifer and a steer, each having a permanent rumen fistula, were shown to remain relatively constant within the range 105to 107per ml. rumen liquid (strained rumen contents) over a period of more than 3 years.2. The numbers ofStrep. boviswere little affected by the change in diet from stall-feeding (oats, beans, hay and straw) to grass or vice versa.3. There was a slight increase in the numbers ofStrep. bovisfollowing each meal when the animals were stall-fed, but no appreciable variation in numbers throughout the day when the animals were at grass.4.Strep. bovishas also been isolated from the rumen of freshly slaughtered cattle and sheep from different parts of the country, from the rumen of goats and calves and from the faeces of cattle, goats and in small numbers associated withStrep. equinusfrom horse dung.5.Strep. boviswas found in the contents of the omasum, large intestine and caecum of three cattle, but in the small intestine of only one of these animals. Very small numbers ofStrep. boviswere detected in the abomasal contents of only four of twelve animals examined.6. The characteristics of these strains ofStrep. bovishave been described. The synthesis of an iodophilic polysaccharide byStrep. bovishas been demonstrated.7. A possible role ofStrep. bovisin the decomposition of starch and other carbohydrates in the rumen is discussed.
A comparison of the root and shoot growth of winter barley and winter wheat, and the effect of an early application of chlormequat
Authors: Bragg P. L. , Rubino P. , Henderson F. K. G. , Fielding W. J. , Cannell R. Q. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a field experiment where winter wheat and winter barley were sown on the same date, the patterns of root growth of the two species were similar, with a few roots reaching a depth of at least 120 cm. Roots senesced sooner in barley, in association with earlier maturity of the shoots and grain. The number of shoots and leaf area index of the barley were greater than for the wheat, but rates of dry-matter production until anthesis of the barley were similar in both species. The grain yield of wheat was about 10% heavier than for barley. Where chlormequat had been applied in early December at the 3- to 4-leaf stage, when shoot apices of both species were still vegetative, root density of the winter wheat in the following March and April was slightly greater than for untreated plants, but the difference disappeared later. For winter barley there was no effect of chlormequat on root growth until July when root length tended to be greater at depth after the chlormequat treatment. The chlormequat treatment significantly shortened stem length, but did not significantly affect the number of shoots, crop dry weight or grain yield of either species.
The nutrition of the bacon pig: VII. the chemical composition, digestibility and nutritive value of different types of swill
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

An account has been given of recent work on the chemical nature of war-time swill and on the best methods of using this product so as to ensure the maximum replacement of concentrates, consistent with economical live-weight gains, in the rations of bacon pigs.Three different types of swill have been submitted to investigation: (1) a meat-rich military camp swill, characteristic of the material available during the first 18 months of the war; (2) processed urban swill, commonly known as concentrated swill; and (3) dried, balanced swill. In addition, the results of an investigation into the variation in composition of household and restaurant swill are also given.The different types of swill have been examined from the standpoints of (1) main ingredients, (2) chemical composition, both organic and mineral, (3) digestibility, when fed to bacon pigs, and (4) nutritive value in comparison with mixtures of common pig foods. The keeping qualities of processed urban swill and dried, balanced swill have also been investigated, and attention has been devoted to the problem of the seasonal variations of urban swill in respect of main ingredients, chemical composition and feeding value.
Some effects of fertilizer interactions on growth and composition of the potato plant
Authors: Knowles Frank , Watkin J. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. An account has been given of the percentages of nutrients in the dry matter and weights of nutrients in tops, tubers and roots of potato plants throughout growth under six fertilizer treatments.2. Manurial treatment affected dry-matter content of tops but not of tubers.3. Balanced manuring, as represented by N2PK treatment, resulted in tubers in which nitrogen content of dry matter declined with age. The effect of the K was to lower the nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium contents, to increase chlorine content of all parts of the plant, and to maintain a much higher and more constant concentration of potassium in tops and roots. With unbalanced manuring the nitrogen content of the tubers was more constant.4. Manuring with nitrogen only raised the content of potassium in the dry matter of all parts of the plant.5. Nitrogenous manuring, whether alone or in combination, raised the nitrogen content of the dry matter of all parts of the plant, a smaller proportion of which was present as protein. Calcium and chlorine contents were lowered.6. Phosphate manuring in conjunction with nitrogen depressed the concentration of potash in the dry matter of all parts of the plant.7. N2P plants were the first to attain their maximum uptake of all nutrients, namely, about 7 weeks from appearance above ground, at which time N2PK plants had absorbed only 40% of the quantities finally noted.8. No losses of elements were observed in the plants which received balanced manuring (N2PK), but losses of calcium and chlorine occurred in all other plants, amounting on the average to 25 and 37% respectively, but being highest in N2P plants. A significant loss of potassium occurred in N2 plants and a highly suggestive loss of phosphorus occurred in N2P plants.
A study of fecundity in the domestic fowl: the behaviour of persistency in individual hens
Authors: Greenwood Alan W. , Blyth Janet S. S. , Galpin Nancy 
Published: March 2009

1. Individual birds have a characteristic date for the termination of the egg laying cycle.2. The date of cessation of production at the end of the pullet year is not a reliable indication of the bird's potentiality in this respect.3. The longer the birds are retained the greater is the chance of distinguishing the true date.4. Individual dates for the termination of the cycle occur at so many points throughout the total range (from July to December) that this must either indicate a multiple factor situation or that the genes involved show a considerable range of expression.
Water uptake by soya-bean roots as affected by their depth and by soil water content
Authors: Willatt S. T. , Taylor H. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA field experiment was made to determine water uptake patterns of soya beans and water use and to compare relative effectiveness of roots at various depths in the profile.Depth of water extraction by the root systems increased with rooting depth. Water uptake rates decreased with soil water content at all soil depths and the soil water content at which roots extracted almost no water increased with depth. The maximum rate of uptake of the deep roots was greater, per unit of length, than shallow roots.