bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Photoprogrammable Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 22/2009)
Authors: Zacharias Philipp , Gather Malte C. , Köhnen Anne , Rehmann Nina , Meerholz Klaus 
Published: May 2009

AbstractProgrammable organic light‐emitting diodes: UV irradiation converts an oxetane‐functionalized dithienylethene derivative from its colorless open form into a dark blue closed form, while visible light reverses the reaction. In the Communication on page 4038 ff., K. Meerholz and co‐workers describe a reversibly switchable organic light‐emitting diode based on this principle.magnified image
Seasonal changes in distribution of Hector's dolphin at Banks Peninsula, New Zealand: implications for protected area design
Authors: Rayment William , Dawson Steve , Slooten Elisabeth 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

The efficacy of protected areas for wildlife management is largely dependent on appropriate design. It is therefore crucial that the distribution of target species is well understood.
The Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary (BPMMS) was designed to protect Hector's dolphins from bycatch in gillnets. However, the Banks Peninsula dolphin population is likely to be still declining, partly due to continued bycatch outside the boundaries of the BPMMS.
A three year series of aerial line‐transect surveys around Banks Peninsula was carried out to investigate seasonal changes in distribution of Hector's dolphins out to 20 nautical miles (37 km) from the coast.
Dolphin sightings were concentrated close to shore in shallow water in summer, but were more evenly distributed throughout the study area in winter. A greater proportion of dolphins were sighted outside the 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) offshore boundary of the BPMMS in winter (mean=56%) than in summer (mean=19%) (G=88.25, df=1, P<0.001).
Partial Mantel tests revealed the effects of distance offshore and depth on dolphin occurrence while controlling for spatial autocorrelation and multicollinearity within the data. Distance offshore had the strongest and most consistent effect on dolphin presence, while depth had a strong effect in summer only.
It is proposed that restrictions on gillnetting around Banks Peninsula must be extended in order to reduce bycatch of Hector's dolphins to a sustainable level, and that a new offshore boundary of the BPMMS would be best defined by distance from the coast. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Lorentz model for weak magnetic field bioeffects: Part I—Thermal noise is an essential component of AC/DC effects on bound ion trajectory
Authors: Muehsam David J. , Pilla Arthur A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe have previously employed the Lorentz–Langevin model to describe the effects of weak exogenous magnetic fields via the classical Lorentz force on a charged ion bound in a harmonic oscillator potential, in the presence of thermal noise forces. Previous analyses predicted that µT‐range fields give rise to a rotation of the oscillator orientation at the Larmor frequency and bioeffects were based upon the assumption that the classical trajectory of the bound charge itself could modulate a biochemical process. Here, it is shown that the thermal component of the motion follows the Larmor trajectory. The results show that the Larmor frequency is independent of the thermal noise strength, and the motion retains the form of a coherent oscillator throughout the binding lifetime, rather than devolving into a random walk. Thermal equilibration results in a continual increase in the vibrational amplitude of the rotating oscillator towards the steady‐state amplitude, but does not affect the Larmor orbit. Thus, thermal noise contributes to, rather than inhibits, the effect of the magnetic field upon reactivity. Expressions are derived for the ensemble average of position and the velocity of the thermal component of the oscillator motion. The projection of position and velocity onto a Cartesian axis measures the nonuniformity of the Larmor trajectory and is illustrated for AC and combined AC/DC magnetic fields, suggesting a means of interpreting resonance phenomena. It is noted that the specific location and height of resonances are dependent upon binding lifetime and initial AC phase. Bioelectromagnetics 30:462–475, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐frequency conductivity tensor of rat brain tissues inferred from diffusion MRI
Authors: Sekino Masaki , Ohsaki Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi‐Sekino Sachiko , Iriguchi Norio , Ueno Shoogo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractConductivity tensor maps of the rat brain were obtained using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Signal attenuations in the cortex and the corpus callosum were measured using the stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence with b factors up to 6000 s/mm2. Our previously published method was improved to infer 3 × 3 conductivity tensor at the low‐frequency limit. The conductivity tensor of the tissue was inferred from the fast component of the diffusion tensor and a fraction of the fast component. The mean conductivity (MC) of the cortex and the corpus callosum was 0.52 and 0.62 S/m, respectively. Diffusion‐weighted images were obtained with b factors up to 4500 s/mm2. Conductivity tensor images were calculated from the fast diffusion tensor images. Tissues with highly anisotropic cellular structures, such as the corpus callosum, the internal capsule, and the trigeminal nerve, exhibited high anisotropy in conductivity. The resulting values corresponded to conductivities at the low‐frequency limit because our method assumed electric currents flowing only through extracellular fluid. Bioelectromagnetics 30:489–499, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiphoton imaging of host‐pathogen interactions
Authors: Melican Keira , Richter‐Dahlfors Agneta 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStudying the events that occur when a pathogen comes into contact with its host is the basis of the field of infection biology. Over the years, work in this area has revealed many facets of the infection process, including attachment, invasion and colonization by the pathogen, and of the host responses, such as the triggering of the immune system. Recent advancements in imaging technologies, such as multiphoton microscopy (MPM), mean that the field is in the process of taking another big leap forward. MPM allows for cellular‐level visualization of the real‐time dynamics of infection within the living host. The use of live animal models means that all the interplaying factors of an infection, such as the influences of the immune, lymphatic and vascular systems, can be accounted for. This review outlines the developing field of MPM in pathogen‐host interactions, highlighting a number of new insights that have been ‘brought to light’ using this technique.
Deciphering interactions of the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3′)‐IIIa with its ligands
Authors: Wu Lingzhi , Serpersu Engin H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3′)‐IIIa (APH) is the enzyme with broadest substrate range among the phosphotransferases that cause resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. In this study, the thermodynamic characterization of interactions of APH with its ligands are done by determining dissociation constants of enzyme–substrate complexes using electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Metal binding studies showed that three divalent cations bind to the apo‐enzyme with low affinity. In the presence of AMPPCP, binding of the divalent cations occurs with 7‐to‐37‐fold higher affinity to three additional sites dependent on the presence and absence of different aminoglycosides. Surprisingly, when both ligands, AMPPCP and aminoglycoside, are present, the number of high affinity metal binding sites is reduced to two with a 2‐fold increase in binding affinity. The presence of divalent cations, with or without aminoglycoside present, shows only a small effect (<3‐fold) on binding affinity of the nucleotide to the enzyme. The presence of metal–nucleotide, but not nucleotide alone, increases the binding affinity of aminoglycosides to APH. Replacement of magnesium (II) with manganese (II) lowered the catalytic rates significantly while affecting the substrate selectivity of the enzyme such that the aminoglycosides with 2′‐NH2 become better substrates (higher Vmax) than those with 2′‐OH. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 801–809, 2009.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Cellulose hydrolysis in evolving substrate morphologies II: Numerical results and analysis
Authors: Zhou Wen , Hao Zhiqian , Xu Ying , Schüttler Heinz‐Bernd 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNumerical simulation results are presented for a cellulose hydrolysis model which incorporates both the enzymatic glucan chain fragmentation kinetics and the hydrolytic substrate morphology evolution within the general framework of our companion article I. To test the local Poisson (LP) approximation employed in the site number formalism of I, we numerically compare it to the corresponding exact chain number formalism of I. The LP results agree to very high accuracy with the exact chain number kinetics, assuming realistic parameters. From simulations of different types of random and non‐random model morphologies, we then show that the details of the random substrate morphology distribution, and its hydrolytic time evolution, profoundly affect the hydrolysis kinetics. Essential, likely very general, experimentally testable features of such morphology‐based hydrolysis models are (i) the existence of two distinct time scales, associated with the hydrolysis of the outermost surface‐exposed cellulose chains and, respectively, of the entire substrate; (ii) a strongly morphology‐dependent hydrolysis slow‐down effect, which has also been observed in previous experimental work. Our results also suggest that previously proposed non‐morphologic chain fragmentation models can only be applied to describe the hydrolytic short‐time behavior in the low enzyme limit. Further experiments to test our modeling framework and its potential applications to the optimization of the hydrolytic conversion process are discussed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 275–289 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intermediates in the Autoxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide
Authors: Galliker Benedikt , Kissner Reinhard , Nauser Thomas , Koppenol Willem H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractONOO. is an important intermediate in the autoxidation of nitrogen monoxide by dioxygen. A formerly unknown red isomer of N2O4, ONOONO (see figure), formed in 2‐methylbutane at 113 K from nitrogen monoxide and dioxygen, is converted to O2NNO2 upon warming.magnified imageWe have identified two intermediates in the autoxidation of NO.: ONOO., which was detected by EPR spectroscopy at 295 K and atmospheric pressure in the gas phase, and ONOONO, a red substance produced at 113 K in 2‐methylbutane. The red compound is diamagnetic and absorbs maximally at 500 nm. The ONOONO intermediate is unstable above the melting point of 2‐methylbutane and rapidly converts to O2NNO2. From the semiquantitative determination of mole fractions present in the gas phase by EPR spectroscopy, we estimated the rate constants for the steps that lead to ONOO. and ONOONO, from the known overall rate constant of the autoxidation reaction, by assuming that a quasi‐stationary mechanism applies. The rate constant for the rate‐determining formation of ONOO. is about 3.1×10−18 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (or 80 s−1 in mole fractions), the dissociation rate constant of ONOO. is about 6.5×103 s−1, and ONOONO is formed with a rate constant of k=7.7×10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (1.9×106 s−1 in mole fractions). From these constants, we estimate that the equilibrium constant for the formation of ONOO. from NO. and O2 (K) is 4.8×10−22 cm3 molecule−1 (1.2×10−2), and, therefore, ΔG=+11.0 kJ mol−1. In water, the Gibbs energy change is close to zero. The presence of ONOO. at steady‐state concentrations under dioxygen excess may be important not only for reactions in the atmosphere, but especially for reactions in aerosols and biological environments, because the rate constant for formation in solution is higher than that in the gas phase, and, therefore, the half‐life of ONOO. is longer.
Cortactin: Coordinating adhesion and the actin cytoskeleton at cellular protrusions
Authors: Ren Gang , Crampton Matthew S. , Yap Alpha S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt has long been recognized that adhesion receptors cooperate with the cytoskeleton during morphogenesis, tissue remodeling and homeostasis. But how this occurs is less well‐understood. A host of cytoskeletal regulators have been reported to have functional and biochemical linkage with adhesion receptors. The challenge remains to find functionally‐coherent patterns within this increasingly large corpus of molecular information. In this review we discuss one approach, to identify distinctive functional modules that contribute to different adhesive processes. We illustrate this by considering Arp2/3‐driven surface protrusion, which is utilized at both integrin‐based cell‐matrix adhesions and cadherin‐based cell‐cell adhesions. We further argue that regulatory proteins, such as cortactin, serve to coordinate the molecular components of this protrusive apparatus into a cohesive module. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and Discovery of Plasmepsin II Inhibitors Using an Automated Workflow on Large‐Scale Grids
Authors: Degliesposti Gianluca , Kasam Vinod , Da Costa Ana , Kang Hee‐Kyoung , Kim Nahyun , Kim Do‐Won , Breton Vincent , Kim Doman , Rastelli Giulio 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNovel and potent inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsin II were identified by post‐processing the results of a docking screening with BEAR, a recently reported procedure for the refinement and rescoring of docked ligands in virtual screening. FRET substrate degradation assays performed on the 30 most promising compounds resulted in 26 inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 4.3 nM to 1.8 μM.magnified imageHerein we report the discovery of novel and potent inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsin II using GRID computing infrastructures. These compounds were identified by post‐processing the results of a large docking screen of commercially available compounds using an automated procedure based on molecular dynamics refinement and binding free‐energy estimation using MM‐PBSA and MM‐GBSA. Among the best‐scored compounds, four highly populated and promising chemical classes were identified: N‐alkoxyamidines, guanidines, amides, and ureas and thioureas. Thirty hit compounds representative of each class were selected on the basis of their favourable binding free energies and molecular interactions with key active site residues. These were experimentally validated using an inhibition assay based on FRET substrate degradation. Remarkably, 26 of the 30 tested compounds proved to be active as plasmepsin II inhibitors, with IC50 values ranging from 4.3 nM to 1.8 μM.
N‐Formylation of Amines via the Aerobic Oxidation of Methanol over Supported Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Ishida Tamao , Haruta Masatake 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDress code: formyl. Gold nanoparticles supported on NiO catalyze the one‐pot N‐formylation of amines with methanol and molecular oxygen to produce formamide at a selectivity of 90 %. This process generates methyl formate in situ, followed by reaction with amines.magnified image
Integrating glycaemic variability in the glycaemic disorders of type 2 diabetes: a move towards a unified glucose tetrad concept
Authors: Monnier Louis , Colette Claude , Owens David R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe high incidence of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes. Evidence is accumulating that postprandial hyperglycaemia is an independent risk factor for diabetes‐associated complications and mortality, and that worsening diabetes control is characterized by postprandial glucose (PPG) deterioration preceding an impairment in fasting glucose levels. Postprandial and general glucose fluctuations play a major role in activating oxidative stress, leading to the endothelial dysfunction, one of the mechanisms responsible for vascular complications. Therefore, the management of PPG is key for any strategy used in the monitoring and treatment of diabetes. We recommend that any strategy aimed at controlling the glycaemic disorders associated with type 2 diabetes, and limiting the risk of complications, should target the ‘glucose tetrad’, which comprises the following components: HbA1c, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, and markers of glycaemic variability, such as the mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions (MAGE) index. This brings together, in a simple, unified concept, the conventional markers (HbA1c and fasting glucose) and the more recently recognized markers of glycaemic control (PPG excursions and acute glycaemic variability). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulse pressure and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy according to duration of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Philips J. C. , Marchand M. , Scheen A. J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate changes in pulse pressure (PP) and markers of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) according to duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).MethodsThis cross‐sectional controlled study evaluated 159 diabetic patients during a 3‐min posture test (standing–squatting–standing) with continuous measurement of systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) blood pressure by a Finapres device. Arterial stiffness was indirectly assessed by PP and the slope of PP as a function of MBP calculated during the whole 3‐min test. CAN was assessed by the expiration/inspiration pulse interval ratio (E/I R‐R ratio) during deep breathing and by three indices measured during the squatting test. Patients were divided into four groups according to diabetes duration (<10 years, 11–20 years, 21–30 years and > 30 years from group 1 to group 4, respectively) and compared with age‐matched non‐diabetic subjects.ResultsPP progressively increased (p < 0.0001) and PP/MBP decreased (p < 0.0005) according to T1DM duration, whereas these parameters remained almost unchanged in age‐matched control subjects. E/I ratio (p < 0.0001) and baroreflex gain (p < 0.0005) progressively decreased with T1DM duration. The parasympathetic index (squatting test vagal ratio—SqTv) significantly increased (p < 0.0001), whereas the sympathetic index (squatting test sympathetic ratio—SqTs) only tended to decrease (p = 0.12) according to diabetes duration. No such changes in CAN indices were observed in the non‐diabetic population.ConclusionsPP increased according to T1DM duration in an age range where PP remained almost stable in controls, in agreement with accelerated arterial stiffening due to chronic hyperglycaemia. The baroreflex gain decreased and other indices of CAN also deteriorated with diabetes duration, more so indices reflecting parasympathetic rather than sympathetic dysfunction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weight control behaviors among overweight, normal weight and underweight adolescents in Palestine: Findings from the national study of Palestinian schoolchildren (HBSC‐WBG2004)
Authors: Al Sabbah Haleama , Vereecken Carine , Abdeen Ziad , Kelly Colette , Ojala Kristiina , Németh Ágnes , Ahluwalia Namanjeet , Maes Lea 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjective:The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between weight‐control behaviors and self‐reported sociodemographic characteristics, weight status, and perception of body weight in a large, representative sample of adolescents in the West Bank and Gaza Strip territories of Palestine.Method:Self‐report measures of sociodemographic characteristics, body weight perception, height and weight, and weight‐control behaviors were completed by 8,885 male and female students aged 12–18 years from 405 randomly selected schools as part of the 2003/2004 Palestinian Health Behavior in School‐aged Children Study (HBSC).Results:In both genders, dieting to lose weight was common among adolescents and significantly higher among overweight than among underweight or normal weight adolescents. Extreme weight‐control behaviors (vomiting, diet pills, or laxatives) and smoking were more common among boys than girls, and extreme weight‐control behaviors were particularly common among underweight boys. Older adolescents were less likely than younger adolescents to engage in weight‐control behaviors. Perception of body weight as too fat was an influential factor in following an unhealthy diet to lose weight.Discussion:Practices to control weight, particularly extreme and unhealthy weight‐control behaviors, are common among adolescents in the Palestinian territories. These findings suggest the need to design appropriate prevention and early intervention programs for adolescents in Palestine. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Selective Synthesis of Isoquinolin‐3‐one Derivatives Combining Pd‐Catalysed Aromatic Alkylation/Vinylation with Addition Reactions: The Beneficial Effect of Water
Authors: Ferraccioli Raffaella , Forni Alessandra 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe three‐component, palladium/norbornene‐catalysed reaction of 1, haloamides 2 and properly substituted olefins 3 performed in DMF/water at 80 °C selectively gave 5 and 6 through three‐ and four‐bond‐forming reactions, respectively. The presence of water was crucial to obtain products in fair to good yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Oxathiocoraline: Lessons to be Learned from the Synthesis of ComplexN‐Methylated Depsipeptides
Authors: Bayó‐Puxan Núria , Tulla‐Puche Judit , Albericio Fernando 
Published: May 2009

AbstractInvestigations into the synthesis of oxathiocoraline, a bicyclic depsipeptide withC2symmetry, revealed a number of unexpected side‐reactions that could not be circumvented by classical or standard means. This cyclodepsipeptide has a large number ofN‐methyl amino acids coexisting with two ester bonds and also shows a branched structure; these features hinder its synthesis. In addition, complexity is further increased because of the presence of a large number of non‐commercially available cysteines and heterocyclic moieties. Here we describe the general points that should be addressed when attempting the synthesis of a cyclodepsipeptide, such as strategies to prevent or minimize diketopiperazine formation, β‐elimination, and oxidation byproducts. The optimum design includes a suitable solid support, the choice of the best starting point for the synthesis (first amino acid to anchor to the resin) and a set of compatible and/or protecting groups and coupling reagents.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Electrocatalytic Oxidation and Determination of Cysteamine by Poly‐N,N‐dimethylaniline/Ferrocyanide Film Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Ojani Reza , Raoof Jahan‐Bakhsh , Zarei Ebrahim 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFunctionalized poly‐N,N‐dimethylaniline film was prepared by adsorption of ferrocyanide onto the polymer forming at the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE) in aqueous solution by using potentiostatic method. The electrocatalytic ability of poly‐N,N‐dimethylaniline/ferrocyanide film modified carbon paste electrode (PDMA/FMCPE) was demonstrated by oxidation of cysteamine. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques were used to investigate this ability. Results showed that pH 7.00 is the most suitable for this purpose. It is found that the catalytic reaction rate constant, (kh), is equal to 2.142×103 M−1 s−1 by the data of chronoamperometry. The catalytic reduction peak current was linearly dependent on the cysteamine concentration and the linearity range obtained was 8.00×10−5 M–1.14×10−2 M. Detection limit was determined 7.97×10−5 M (2σ). This method has been successfully employed for quantification of cysteamine in real sample.