bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of enhanced nitrogen deposition and soil acidification on biomass production and nitrogen leaching in Chinese fir plantations
Authors: Blanco Juan A. , Wei Xiaohua , Jiang Hong , Jie Cheng-Yue , Xin Zan-Hong 
Published: March 2012

Atmospheric pollution levels in China are increasing quickly. Experience from other polluted regions shows that tree growth could be affected, but long-term effects of N deposition and soil acidification on Chinese forests remain mostly unknown. Soil acidification and N deposition were simulated for Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantations managed for three consecutive 20-year rotations in southeastern China. A factorial experiment combined four rain pH levels (2.5, 4.0, 5.6, and 7.0), four N deposition rates (1, 7.5, 15, and 30 kg N·ha–1·year–1), and two site qualities (poor and rich). Results indicate that atmospheric pollution effects are not immediate, but after one to two rotations, soil acidification effects could reduce ecosystem C pools significantly (–25% and –11% in poor and rich sites, respectively). N deposition rates above 15 kg N·ha–1·year–1 could offset some of the negative effects of soil acidification and lead to more ecosystem C (19 and 28 Mg C·ha–1 more in poor and rich sites, respectively, than in low N deposition). However, at high N deposition rates (>15 kg N·ha–1·year–1), N leaching losses could greatly increase, reaching 75 kg N·ha–1·year–1. Moderate N deposition could increase tree biomass production and soil organic mass, resulting in increased ecosystem C, but these gains could be associated with important N leaching. Atmospheric pollution could also result in the long term in nutrient imbalances and additional ecological issues (i.e., biodiversity loss, eutrophication, etc.) not studied here.
Woody biomass availability for bioenergy production using forest depletion spatial data in northwestern Ontario
Authors: Alam Md. Bedarul , Pulkki Reino , Shahi Chander 
Published: March 2012

Woody biomass contributes about 6% of total energy production in Canada. One obstacle to the adoption of woody biomass for energy production is accurate data on sustainable supply. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the assessment of woody biomass annually available for bioenergy production. The study area, located in northwestern Ontario, includes 18 forest management units (167 184 km2) and three existing and one proposed biomass-based power generating stations, with a potential annual demand of 2.2 million green tonnes (gt). First, pre- and post-harvest inventories were carried out to assess the availability of harvest residues. Second, two spatial database layers (land-use class and forest depletion) were developed. The pre- and post-harvest inventory data were combined with spatial data analysis to estimate woody biomass in each square kilometre of the study area. It was estimated that annually there was more than 2.1 million gt of forest harvest residue and 7.6 million gt of underutilized woody biomass technically available between 2002 and 2009 for bioenergy production, with an average annual forest depletion rate of 60 867 ha, 0.6% of the total productive forest area. The study provides a tool for assessing the sustainable availability of woody biomass feedstock for power generation.
The petroleum potential of the Riphean-Vendian succession of southern East Siberia
Authors: Howard James P. , Bogolepova Olga K. , Gubanov Alexander P. , Gόmez-Pérez Marcela 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The Siberian Platform covers an area of
c.
4.5 million km
2
in the East Siberia region of Russia, up to 3.5 million km
2
of which is prospective for hydrocarbons. We review the Archaean to Neoproterozoic evolution of the Siberian Platform and the potential oil and gas resources of Riphean, Vendian and Infracambrian sediments. The Riphean was dominated by passive margin sedimentation and was intensely deformed during the Baikalian orogeny. Vendian strata record a clastic transgressive sequence and the eventual re-establishment of carbonate platform sedimentation. The late Vendian–early Cambrian is characterized by carbonate deposition including thick salt horizons, which form a regional seal. Hydrocarbon maturation and migration from Riphean and Vendian source rocks occurred during the late Neoproterozoic and Early Palaeozoic, indicating that hydrocarbon reservoirs on the Siberian Platform may have hosted their reserves over a remarkable period of geological time. Despite many years of hydrocarbon exploration in East Siberia, many regions remain under-explored, and aspects of the proven hydrocarbon systems are poorly understood. There are undoubtedly more major discoveries to be made in the region, and the Infracambrian succession of the southern Siberian Platform therefore represents an irresistible target for further hydrocarbon exploration.
Neoproterozoic Blaini glacial diamictite and Ediacaran Krol carbonate sedimentation in the Lesser Himalaya, India
Authors: Tewari Vinod C. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The breakup of Rodinia resulted in the formation of rift basins and passive margins
c.
650 Ma. Major palaeoclimatic vents such as Neoproterozoic global glaciation (known as ‘snowball Earth’;

Hoffman
et al.
1998

) followed by global warming have been recorded on different continents, including the Indian Lesser Himalaya (Blaini–Krol Cryogenian–Ediacaran Period). The reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent (

Powell
et al.
1993

;

Li
et al.
2003

) and the palaeoposition of India (including Lesser Himalaya–Southern China shelf facies,
Tewari 2010
) strongly suggest that a connection of the Lesser Himalayan Neoproterozoic sedimentary basins with Rodinia must have existed. Early Earth possibly witnessed its most extreme climatic fluctuations during the mid late Neoproterozoic between 750 and 550 Ma. Palaeoglaciers even reached the equator
c.
635 Ma, covering the whole Earth. Evidence from Australia, Africa, Antarctica, South America, South China and the Indian Lesser Himalaya suggest that there may have been three or more palaeoglacial events during this 200 million year interval. The global decline of Meso-Neoproterozoic stromatolites, biotic evolution, diversification, extinctions and the discovery of Ediacaran life following the cold climate are of great significance. Carbon isotopic excursions from all pink cap carbonates from the Lesser Himalaya capping the Blaini glacial diamictites have shown strong negative excursions, whereas the overlying Ediacaran Krol carbonates are characterized by a positive shift in carbon isotope ratios (
Tewari 2010
). In the Lesser Himalayan Krol belt, extending from the Solan in Himachal to Nainital in Uttarakhand Lesser Himalaya, the Upper Krol Formation (Krol D Member,
Auden, 1934
,
1937
) is a typical Ediacaran (terminal Neoproterozoic) microbial carbonate sedimentation facies. Krol D contains Ediacaran metazoan fossils and abundant microbial structures in the form of columnar, domal and stratified stromatolites. Peloids, oncoids and microphytolites are also microbially formed structures. Carbonate grainstones and packstones are common in Krol D, and the allochemical constituents are intraclasts, ooids, coated grains, peloids, microbial grains and catagraphs. A diagenesis and cathodoluminescence study of the Krol ooids has been done in detail for the first time. The sedimentary structures present in the non-stromatolitic Krol carbonates include bird's eye, cross beddings, symmetrical ripples and shallow channel structures. An intertidal to supratidal carbonate ramp depositional environment with some moderate currents and intermittent periods of exposure has been suggested for the Upper Krol carbonates of the Lesser Himalaya. A moderate to high content of organic matter (kerogen) in the Neoproterozoic microbial fossils indicates the presence of probable hydrocarbon source rocks.
Neoproterozoic successions in Peninsular India and their hydrocarbon prospectivity
Authors: Ram Jokhan 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The burgeoning oil and gas consumption in India in recent years has necessitated looking into the Proterozoic basins of India, which are sparsely explored and have a scanty knowledge base. The rationale for hydrocarbon exploration in Indian Proterozoic basins is derived from the fact that they have large basinal areas, wide geographical distribution, varied geotectonic setting and sedimentary fill. The favourable tectonic settings of these basins, pronounced biological activity, known hydrocarbon gas seepages, and subsurface commercially viable oil and gas shows in the Bikaner–Nagaur and Vindhyan basins and analogous basins throughout the world necessitate proactive exploration strategies in these basins. The basins of Bikaner–Nagaur, Vindhyan, Cuddapah and Chhatishgarh include thick Neoproterozoic/basal Lower Palaeozoic (Cambrian) successions, in addition to Palaeoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic sequences. The Neoproterozic sediments in these basins incorporate thick successions of shale, limestone and sandstone. These successions have rich organic matter of high-quality cyanophycean (stromatolites, acritarchs and filamentous algae) affinity that is proven to be high-quality (type one) source material for hydrocarbon generation and also involved in later structurization. However, the Neoproterozoic sedimentary pack in the Bhima–Kaladgi basins is comparatively less thick, and appears to have less prospectivity. The available geological and source-rock data are reassessed for their hydrocarbon prospectivity in order to help in planning a strategy for exploration in these basins.
The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Flavopiridol Potentiates Doxorubicin Efficacy in Advanced Sarcomas: Preclinical Investigations and Results of a Phase I Dose-Escalation Clinical Trial
Authors: Luke Jason J. , D'Adamo David R. , Dickson Mark A. , Keohan Mary Louise , Carvajal Richard D. , Maki Robert G. , de Stanchina Elisa , Musi Elgilda , Singer Samuel , Schwartz Gary K. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Dysregulated cyclin-dependent kinases are important to the growth of some sarcomas. Flavopiridol is a pan-CDK inhibitor that has been shown to potentiate chemotherapy. As such, we explored the potentiation of doxorubicin by flavopiridol in sarcoma, in vitro and in vivo, and conducted a phase I trial of flavopiridol with doxorubicin in patients with advanced sarcomas.
Experimental Design: Sarcoma cell lines and xenografts were treated with flavopiridol alone and in combination with doxorubicin. In the phase I study, doxorubicin and flavopiridol were administered on two flavopiridol schedules; a 1-hour bolus and split dosing as a 30-minute bolus followed by a 4-hour infusion.
Results: Preclinically, flavopiridol potentiated doxorubicin. In vivo, doxorubicin administered 1 hour before flavopiridol was more active than doxorubicin alone. Clinically, 31 patients were enrolled on protocol and flavopiridol was escalated to target dose in two schedules (90 mg/m2 bolus; 50 mg/m2 bolus + 40 mg/m2 infusion) both in combination with doxorubicin (60 mg/m2). Dose-limiting toxicities were neutropenia, leukopenia, and febrile neutropenia but no maximum tolerated dose was defined. Flavopiridol pharmacokinetics showed increasing Cmax with increasing dose. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) responses included two partial responses, however, stable disease was seen in 16 patients. Of 12 evaluable patients with progressive well- and dedifferentiated liposarcoma, eight had stable disease greater than 12 weeks.
Conclusions: The sequential combination of doxorubicin followed by flavopiridol is well tolerated on both schedules. Disease control was observed in well- and dedifferentiated liposarcoma specifically, a disease in which CDK4 is known to be amplified. Clin Cancer Res; 18(9); 2638–47. ©2012 AACR.
Mortality of Inherited Arrhythmia Syndromes
Authors: Nannenberg Eline A. , Sijbrands Eric J.G. , Dijksman Lea M. , Alders Marielle , van Tintelen J. Peter , Birnie Martijn , van Langen Irene M. , Wilde Arthur A.M. 
Published: February 2012

Background—
For most arrhythmia syndromes, the risk of sudden cardiac death for asymptomatic mutation carriers is ill defined. Data on the natural history of these diseases, therefore, are essential. The family tree mortality ratio method offers the unique possibility to study the natural history at a time when the disease was not known and patients received no treatment.

Methods and Results—
In 6 inherited arrhythmia syndromes caused by specific mutations, we analyzed all-cause mortality with the family tree mortality ratio method (main outcome measure, standardized mortality ratio [SMR]). In long-QT syndrome (LQTS) type 1, severely increased mortality risk during all years of childhood was observed (1–19 years), in particular during the first 10 years of life (SMR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5–5.1). In LQTS type 2, we observed increasing SMRs starting from age 15 years, which just reached significance between age 30 and 39 (SMR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1–10.0). In LQTS type 3, the SMR was increased between age 15 and 19 years (SMR, 5.8; 95% CI, 1.2–16.9). In the SCN5A overlap syndrome, excess mortality was observed between age 10 and 59 years, with a peak between 20 and 39 years (SMR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.5–5.7). In catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, excess mortality was restricted to ages 20 to 39 years (SMR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.3–6.0). In Brugada syndrome, excess mortality was observed between age 40 and 59 (SMR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.2–2.4), particularly in men.

Conclusions—
We identified age ranges during which the mortality risk manifests in an unselected and untreated population, which can guide screening in these families.
Improving Thromboprophylaxis Using Atrial Fibrillation Diagnostic Capabilities in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators
Authors: Boriani Giuseppe , Santini Massimo , Lunati Maurizio , Gasparini Maurizio , Proclemer Alessandro , Landolina Maurizio , Padeletti Luigi , Botto Giovanni Luca , Capucci Alessandro , Bianchi Stefano , Biffi Mauro , Ricci Renato Pietro , Vimercati Marco , Grammatico Andrea , Lip Gregory Y.H. 
Published: February 2012

Background—
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a well-established risk factor for stroke and thromboembolism and is a frequent comorbid arrhythmia in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). The Anticoagulation Use Evaluation and Life Threatening Events Sentinels (ANGELS) of AF project was a medical care program aimed at supporting adherence to oral anticoagulation (OAC) guidelines for thromboprophylaxis through the use of ICD AF diagnostics.

Methods and Results—

Fifty Italian cardiology clinics followed 3438 patients with ICDs. In a subgroup of 15 centers (the ANGELS of AF centers), cardiologists attending to follow-up visits were supplied with specific reports describing stroke risk factors and risk scores (American College of Chest Physicians and CHADS
2
[congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, and prior stroke or transient ischemic attack]), AF occurrence and duration, and current antithrombotic therapy for patients with AF, especially those with a CHADS
2
score >0 and not on OAC therapy. The remaining centers represented a control group of patients as a comparison of OAC use. In the ANGELS of AF centers, 709 (36%) patients had AF described either in their clinical history (n=426 [22%]) or as new-onset AF (n=257 [14%]). Among 683 (96%) patients with CHADS2 score >0, 209 (30.6%) were not taking an OAC. Appropriate OAC therapy was prescribed in 10% (22/209) of patients after evaluation of ANGELS of AF reports. The percentage of patients on OAC therapy, as indicated by guidelines, increased during follow-up from 46.1% at baseline, to 69.4% at the stroke risk evaluation phase, to up to 72.6% at the end of the observation period. In control centers, corresponding figures were 46.9% at baseline and 56.8% at the end of the observation period (
P
<0.001 versus ANGELS of AF group).

Conclusions—
The ANGELS of AF project demonstrates the possibility to improve OAC use in accordance with available guidelines for stroke risk reduction in AF by supplying attending physicians with reports about patients risk factors and AF information from continuous ICD monitoring.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01007474.
Exposing Global Cloud Biases in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Using Satellite Observations and Their Corresponding Instrument Simulators
Authors: Kay J. E. , Hillman B. R. , Klein S. A. , Zhang Y. , Medeiros B. , Pincus R. , Gettelman A. , Eaton B. , Boyle J. , Marchand R. , Ackerman T. P. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Satellite observations and their corresponding instrument simulators are used to document global cloud biases in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) versions 4 and 5. The model–observation comparisons show that, despite having nearly identical cloud radiative forcing, CAM5 has a much more realistic representation of cloud properties than CAM4. In particular, CAM5 exhibits substantial improvement in three long-standing climate model cloud biases: 1) the underestimation of total cloud, 2) the overestimation of optically thick cloud, and 3) the underestimation of midlevel cloud. While the increased total cloud and decreased optically thick cloud in CAM5 result from improved physical process representation, the increased midlevel cloud in CAM5 results from the addition of radiatively active snow. Despite these improvements, both CAM versions have cloud deficiencies. Of particular concern, both models exhibit large but differing biases in the subtropical marine boundary layer cloud regimes that are known to explain intermodel differences in cloud feedbacks and climate sensitivity. More generally, this study demonstrates that simulator-facilitated evaluation of cloud properties, such as amount by vertical level and optical depth, can robustly expose large and at times radiatively compensating climate model cloud biases.
Climate Feedbacks in CCSM3 under Changing CO2 Forcing. Part I: Adapting the Linear Radiative Kernel Technique to Feedback Calculations for a Broad Range of Forcings
Authors: Jonko Alexandra K. , Shell Karen M. , Sanderson Benjamin M. , Danabasoglu Gokhan 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Climate feedbacks vary strongly among climate models and continue to represent a major source of uncertainty in estimates of the response of climate to anthropogenic forcings. One method to evaluate feedbacks in global climate models is the radiative kernel technique, which is well suited for model intercomparison studies because of its computational efficiency. However, the usefulness of this technique is predicated on the assumption of linearity between top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes and feedback variables, limiting its application to simulations of small climate perturbations, where nonlinearities can be neglected. This paper presents an extension of the utility of this linear technique to large forcings, using global climate model simulations forced with CO2 concentrations ranging from 2 to 8 times present-day values. Radiative kernels depend on the model’s radiative transfer algorithm and climate base state. For large warming, kernels based on the present-day climate significantly underestimate longwave TOA flux changes and somewhat overestimate shortwave TOA flux changes. These biases translate to inaccurate feedback estimates. It is shown that a combination of present-day kernels and kernels computed using a large forcing climate base state leads to significant improvement in the approximation of TOA flux changes and increased reliability of feedback estimates. While using present-day kernels results in a climate sensitivity that remains constant, using the new kernels shows that sensitivity increases significantly with each successive doubling of CO2 concentrations.
The Ambiguity of Violence, Secrecy, and Trust among Colombian Drug Entrepreneurs
Authors: Zaitch Damián 
Published: March 2012

Drug entrepreneurs are frequently portrayed as being violent, secretive, and only willing to work with trusted “equals.” However, these images often contrast with the social reality of drug dealing and dealers, which is more mundane, consensual, and public than imagined. Moreover, Colombian drug traffickers are either pushed to perform in accordance with such perceptions or simply to exploit their violent or secretive reputations. In addition to the actual use of violence, secrecy, and trust, drug entrepreneurs often use these resources strategically as a form of manipulation to either defend themselves, to gain power, or to construct their social or ethnic identities. While these resources serve as essential tools for business performance, they also constitute obstacles for success. The time is past for guns and killings and massacres. We have to be cunning like the business people, there's more money in it and it's better for our children and grandchildren. Mario Puzo, The Godfather
Development of a nurse home visitation intervention for intimate partner violence
Authors: Jack Susan M , Ford-Gilboe Marilyn , Wathen C Nadine , Davidov Danielle M , McNaughton Diane B , Coben Jeffrey H , Olds David L , MacMillan Harriet L ,   NFP IPV Research Team
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Background
Despite an increase in knowledge about the epidemiology of intimate partner violence (IPV), much less is known about interventions to reduce IPV and its associated impairment. One program that holds promise in preventing IPV and improving outcomes for women exposed to violence is the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP), an evidence-based nurse home visitation program for socially disadvantaged first-time mothers. The present study developed an intervention model and modification process to address IPV within the context of the NFP. This included determining the extent to which the NFP curriculum addressed the needs of women at risk for IPV or its recurrence, along with client, nurse and broader stakeholder perspectives on how best to help NFP clients cope with abusive relationships.

Methods
Following a preliminary needs assessment, an exploratory multiple case study was conducted to identify the core components of the proposed IPV intervention. This included qualitative interviews with purposeful samples of NFP clients and community stakeholders, and focus groups with nurse home visitors recruited from four NFP sites. Conventional content analysis and constant comparison guided data coding and synthesis. A process for developing complex interventions was then implemented.

Results
Based on data from 69 respondents, an IPV intervention was developed that focused on identifying and responding to IPV; assessing a client's level of safety risk associated with IPV; understanding the process of leaving and resolving an abusive relationship and system navigation. A need was identified for the intervention to include both universal elements of healthy relationships and those tailored to a woman's specific level of readiness to promote change within her life. A clinical pathway guides nurses through the intervention, with a set of facilitators and corresponding instructions for each component.

Conclusions
NFP clients, nurses and stakeholders identified the need for modifications to the existing NFP program; this led to the development of an intervention that includes universal and targeted components to assist NFP nurses in addressing IPV with their clients. Plans for feasibility testing and evaluation of the effectiveness of the IPV intervention embedded within the NFP, and compared to NFP-only, are discussed.