bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When a Lie Is Not a Lie: Understanding Chinese Working‐Class Mothers' Moral Teaching and Moral Conduct
Authors: Wang Xiao‐lei , Bernas Ronan , Eberhard Philippe 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWhile honesty is noticeably emphasized in Chinese childrearing practices, deception for the sake of collective good and maintenance of interpersonal relationship is widely endorsed by Chinese culture. This study examines how Chinese mothers negotiate between teaching honesty and helping their young children develop situational‐appropriate deceptive skills in the everyday context. Forty 4‐year olds and their mothers from Chinese working‐class families were observed in their daily routines. The results suggest that on the one hand, Chinese mothers actively taught the value of honesty in the daily interactions with their young children by frequently initiating interactions related to it, spending longer time talking about it, and responding to their children's transgressions immediately, as well as using positive and negative examples to show the consequences of being honest and telling lies. On the other hand, the mothers used their own interactions with others to model how to use situational‐appropriate deception to maintain harmonious inter‐personal relationships and avoid conflicts. The mothers’ beliefs about teaching honesty and using situational‐appropriate deception were further examined through their responses to the video vignettes of other people's violation of honesty. This study highlights the multifaceted nature of parental moral socialization.
Molecular basis of human body odour formation: insights deduced from corynebacterial genome sequences
Authors: Barzantny H. , Brune I. , Tauch A. 
Published: July 2011

SynopsisDuring the past few decades, there has been an increased interest in the essential role of commensal skin bacteria in human body odour formation. It is now generally accepted that skin bacteria cause body odour by biotransformation of sweat components secreted in the human axillae. Especially, aerobic corynebacteria have been shown to contribute strongly to axillary malodour, whereas other human skin residents seem to have little influence. Analysis of odoriferous sweat components has shown that the major odour‐causing substances in human sweat include steroid derivatives, short volatile branched‐chain fatty acids and sulphanylalkanols. In this mini‐review, we describe the molecular basis of the four most extensively studied routes of human body odour formation, while focusing on the underlying enzymatic processes. Considering the previously reported role of β‐oxidation in odour formation, we analysed the genetic repertoire of eight Corynebacterium species concerning fatty acid metabolism. We particularly focused on the metabolic abilities of the lipophilic axillary isolate Corynebacterium jeikeium K411.
HIV TESTING OF PREGNANT WOMEN: AN ETHICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: JOHANSSON KJELL ARNE , PEDERSEN KIRSTEN BJERKREIM , ANDERSSON ANNA‐KARIN 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTRecent global advances in available technology to prevent mother‐to‐child HIV transmission necessitate a rethinking of contemporary and previous ethical debates on HIV testing as a means to preventing vertical transmission. In this paper, we will provide an ethical analysis of HIV‐testing strategies of pregnant women. First, we argue that provider‐initiated opt‐out HIV testing seems to be the most effective HIV test strategy. The flip‐side of an opt‐out strategy is that it may end up as involuntary testing in a clinical setting. We analyse this ethical puzzle from a novel perspective, taking into account the moral importance of certain hypothetical preferences of the child, as well as the moral importance of certain actual preferences of the mother. Finally, we balance the conflicting concerns and try to arrive at an ethically sound solution to this dilemma. Our aim is to introduce a novel perspective from which to analyse testing strategies, and to explore the implications and possible benefits of our proposal. The conclusion from our analysis is that policies that recommend provider‐initiated opt‐out HIV testing of pregnant mothers, with a risk of becoming involuntary testing in a clinical setting, are acceptable. The rationale behind this is that the increased availability of very effective and inexpensive life‐saving drugs makes the ethical problems raised by the possible intrusiveness of HIV testing less important than the child's hypothetical preferences to be born healthy. Health care providers, therefore, have a duty to offer both opt‐out HIV testing and available PMTCT (preventing mother‐to‐child transmission) interventions.
ETHICS OF HUMAN GENETIC STUDIES IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA: THE CASE OF CAMEROON THROUGH A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Authors: WONKAM AMBROISE , KENFACK MARCEL AZABJI , MUNA WALINJOM F.T. , OUWE‐MISSI‐OUKEM‐BOYER ODILE 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTMany ethical concerns surrounding human genetics studies remain unresolved. We report here the situation in Cameroon.Objectives:  To describe the profile of human genetic studies that used Cameroonian DNA samples, with specific focus on i) the research centres that were involved, ii) authorship, iii) population studied, iv) research topics and v) ethics disclosure, with the aim of raising ethical issues that emerged from these studies.Method:  Bibliometric Studies; we conducted a PubMed‐based systematic review of all the studies on human genetics that used Cameroonian DNA samples from 1989 to 2009.Results and Discussion:  Fifty articles were identified, involving predominantly research centres from Europe (64%) and America (32%). Only 7 (14%) Cameroonian institutions and 14 (28%) Cameroonian authors were associated with these publications.At least 52% of publications were devoted to population genetics (variation/migration patterns) amongst 30 Cameroonian ethnic groups. Very few studies concerned public health related genetic issues and only 5 (10%) references were found for hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell anaemia. Almost all DNA samples are ‘banked’ outside of the African continent.Capacity building, rights to the genetic information and benefits to the individuals, communities and populations who contribute to these studies are addressed.Conclusions:  1) Our data suggests the need for a wider debate towards building capacity and addressing ethical issues related to human genomic research in sub‐Saharan Africa and specifically in Cameroon; 2) National ethical guidelines and regulations concerning the collection, use and storage of human DNA are urgently needed in Cameroon.
Positive effects of treatment of donor cells with aphidicolin on the preimplantation development of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in Chinese Bama mini‐pig (Sus Scrofa)
Authors: ZHANG Ting‐Yu , DAI Jian‐Jun , WU Cai‐Feng , GU Xiao‐Long , LIU Liang , WU Zhi‐Qiang , XIE Yi‐ Ni , WU Bin , CHEN Hui‐Lan , LI Yao , CHEN Xue‐Jin , ZHANG De‐Fu 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTTo optimize somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedures in mini‐pigs, the present study was designed to examine the effects of donor cell types and aphidicolin (APC) treatment on in vitro development of reconstructed embryos. Oviduct epithelial cells (OEC), ear fibroblast cells (EFC) and cumulus cells (CC) derived from mini‐pigs were treated with serum starvation only or serum starvation followed by treatment of 0.1 µg/mL APC. The reconstructed embryos were cultured for 7 days to evaluate their developmental competency. Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of reconstructed embryos derived from the OEC by APC treatment were significantly higher than the serum starvation (61.82% vs. 56.25%, 24.55% vs. 17.86%; P < 0.05). The cleavage rate from the EFC was significantly increased by APC treatment compared to serum starvation only (63.36% vs. 57.01%; P < 0.05). In the ooctyes with the CC, the reconstructed embryos could yield high blastocyst formation rate by APC treatment (29.63%; P < 0.05). In the presence of APC, CC gave rise to the highest cleavage and blastocyst formation rates among the three cell types. Therefore, our results suggest that treatment of CC with serum starvation plus APC prior to nuclear transfer is more suitable in SCNT of mini‐pigs.
Studies of composition and major protein level in milk and colostrum of mares
Authors: PECKA Ewa , DOBRZAŃSKI Zbigniew , ZACHWIEJA Andrzej , SZULC Tadeusz , CZYŻ Katarzyna 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of the study was to determine the changes in composition and physicochemical features (pH, density, thermostability and acidity) of mare colostrum and milk, and of protein fraction contribution (serum albumin, β‐casein, γ‐casein, α‐lactalbumin, G class immunoglobulins) depending on lactation stage. The research material was colostrum and milk samples from 12 Arabian mares. Colostrum samples were collected within 2 h after parturition and milk samples were collected twice, in the 3rd and 6th weeks of lactation. The level of basic milk components decreased significantly (only lactose content increased) as compared to colostrum. Total bacteria count and somatic cell count decreased significantly with an increase in resistance and urea level. The changes observed were connected to differentiated contribution of particular protein fractions and their relative proportions. Lower levels of γ‐casein (P ≤ 0.05), β‐casein, serum albumin as well as α‐lactalbumin were observed in colostrum as compared to those in milk. Any relationship between lactation stage and β‐casein content was observed. Serum albumin and α‐lactalbumin content increased in subsequent milkings. The level of G class immunoglobulins decreased significantly and its highest level was noted in colostrum. Any significant differences between the 3rd and 6th lactation weeks were obtained.
Effect of repeated microwave disinfections on bonding of different commercial teeth to resin denture base
Authors: Consani Rafael L. X. , Soave Tatiane , Mesquita Marcelo F. , Sinhoreti Mario A. C. , Mendes Wilson B. , Guiraldo Ricardo D. 
Published: July 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00516.xEffect of repeated microwave disinfections on bonding of different commercial teeth to resin denture baseObjective:  To verify the influence of repeated microwave disinfections on the shear bond strength of two commercial types of teeth to acrylic resin, when the ridge lap surfaces were unmodified, bur abraded, bur grooved or etched by monomer.Material and methods:  Eighty specimens (n = 10) were adhered to the tooth ridge lap surface, polymerised in a water bath at 74°C for 9 h. Microwaved specimens were individually immersed in 150 ml of water and submitted to five simulated disinfections in a microwave oven calibrated at 650 W for 3 min. Control specimens were not microwave treated. Shear bond strength tests were performed in an Instron machine with a cross‐speed of 1 mm/min. The fracture load values were transformed into shear bond strength as a function of the bonding area (0.28 cm2). Data were submitted to anova and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Fractured areas were classified as adhesive, cohesive (resin or tooth) or mixed failures.Results:  Repeated microwave disinfections increased the shear strength of the tooth/resin bond. Mechanical retention in microwaved and non‐microwaved procedures improved the shear bond strength.Conclusions:  The different commercial types of teeth influenced shear bond strength values, with Biotone teeth showing the lower values.
An early reader two decades later: a follow‐up case study on the Metacognitive reading strategies of ‘Jan’
Authors: Brenna Beverley A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis is a follow‐up study regarding one of the early readers whose metacognitive reading strategies were explored in my 1991 qualitative case study research, published inReading, 29 (2), 30–33. Unique factors in the original study involve the inclusion of young children as informants related to self, task and text. Six‐year‐old ‘Jan’ is now almost 26, and a semi‐structured interview method was used to examine effects the previous study may have had on her development as well as her current preferences regarding reading strategies, comparing her profile to that of her past reading self. In addition, the contemporary qualitative study explores conclusions regarding the reading process that might assist educators in the teaching of reading as well as facilitate further research with young children. Results of this follow‐up study support involving young children as informants regarding their literacy events and imply the need for further research regarding adult readers, related to further understandings of the reading process and best educational practice.
Powerful students, powerful words: writing and learning in a poetry workshop
Authors: Wiseman Angela 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA poetry workshop can present opportunities to integrate students' knowledge and perspectives in classroom contexts, encouraging the use of language for expression, communication, learning and even empowerment. This paper describes how adolescent students respond to a poetry workshop in an English classroom centred on teaching writing that is based on their knowledge from their various life experiences and understanding of events beyond the classroom. Informed by New Literacy Studies and third space theories, ethnographic methods of participant observation were used to document an eighth‐grade urban public school classroom where a community member implemented a weekly programme using music lyrics and poetry for an entire school year. Findings illustrate how the poetry workshop encouraged students to contribute to the classroom learning context and engage critically with ideas that were relevant to their lives. Collaborating with a community member and tapping in to the powerful ways of using language to communicate led to important learning opportunities for students in this classroom. Poetic devices such as rhyme, rhythm, metaphor and wordplay enhanced and supported students' own language practices; students used these sophisticated writing strategies as they worked to convey their ideas, experiences and opinions.
White Support for Racial Referenda in the Deep South
Authors: OREY BYRON D'ANDRA , OVERBY L. MARVIN , HATEMI PETER K. , LIU BAODONG 
Published: July 2011

This research examines two referenda in the Deep South, both of which can be categorized as antiblack. Specifically, we analyze a 2001 Mississippi flag referendum (in which the electorate rejected a new flag and retained the old state flag containing a Confederate insignia) and a 2004 referendum in Alabama (in which citizens voted to retain unenforceable constitutional language requiring separate educational facilities for black and white students, and a poll tax on voting). Using state election returns and census data, we employ weighted least squares regression to analyze voting patterns. The results reveal that across both states, white voters displayed significantly greater “antiblack” voting behavior in those areas with larger black populations and more urbanized environments. Our findings pose a direct challenge to both those who insist that the “racial threat” perceived by whites is diminishing and those who hold that urbanization will ultimately be corrosive of racist attitudes and behavior.Esta investigación examina dos referendos en el sur de Estados Unidos, cada uno de ellos puede ser categorizado como anti afroamericano. Específicamente, se analizó el referendo en 2001 a la bandera de Mississippi (en el que el electorado rechazó una nueva bandera y decidieron conservar la bandera anterior que contenía una insignia del ejército confederado) y un referendo en 2004 en Alabama (en el que los ciudadanos votaron para conservar un lenguaje constitucional imposible de aplicar que requería separar las instalaciones educativas para blancos y afroamericanos, y un impuesto al voto).Usando los resultados de las elecciones estatales e información estadística, empleamos un modelo de regresión de cuadrados mínimos comunes para analizar patrones electorales. Los resultados revelan que a través de ambos estados los votantes blancos mostraron un comportamiento electoral “anti afroamericano” significativamente mayor en áreas con una gran población afroamericana y entornos más urbanizados. Nuestros hallazgos plantean un desafío directo a quienes insisten que la “amenaza racial” percibida por la población blanca está disminuyendo, y aquellos que afirman que la urbanización eliminará actitudes y comportamiento racista.
Increased steady‐state and larger O2 deficit with CO2 inhalation during exercise
Authors: Østergaard L. , Kjær K. , Jensen K. , Gladden L. B. , Martinussen T. , Pedersen P. K. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Aim:  To examine whether inhalation of CO2‐enriched gas would increase steady‐state during exercise and enlarge O2 deficit.
Methods:  Ten physically active men ( 53.7 ± 3.6 mL min−1 kg−1;  ± SD) performed transitions from low‐load cycling (baseline; 40 W) to work rates representing light (≈ 45%; 122 ± 15 W) and heavy (≈ 80%; 253 ± 29 W) exercise while inhaling normal air (air) or a CO2 mixture (4.2% CO2, 21% O2, balance N2). Gas exchange was measured with Douglas bag technique at baseline and at min 0–2, 2–3 and 5–6.
Results:  Inhalation of CO2‐enriched air consistently induced respiratory acidosis with increases in PCO2 and decreases in capillary blood pH (P < 0.01). Hypercapnic steady‐state was on average about 6% greater (P < 0.01) than with air in both light and heavy exercise, presumably because of increased cost of breathing (ΔVE 40–50 L min−1; P < 0.01), and a substrate shift towards increased lipid oxidation (decline in R 0.12; P < 0.01). during the first 2 min of exercise were not significantly different whereas the increase in from min 2–3 to min 5–6 in heavy exercise was larger with CO2 than with air suggesting a greater slow component. As a result, O2 deficit was greater with hypercapnia in heavy exercise (2.24 ± 0.51 L vs. 1.91 ± 0.45 L; P < 0.05) but not in light (0.64 ± 0.21 L vs. 0.54 ± 0.20 L; ns).
Conclusion:  Inhalation of CO2‐enriched air and the ensuing respiratory acidosis increase steady‐state in both light and heavy exercise and enlarges O2 deficit in heavy exercise.
Simultaneous intra‐operative repair for inadvertent dural tear under posterior lumbar disk scope
Authors: Sun Ming‐ju , Gao Sai‐ming , Wang Yan‐hui 
Published: July 2011

Objective:  To introduce a microsurgical suture technique for repair of dural tear under posterior lumbar disk scope.Methods:  Micro endoscopic discectomy was performed on a 26‐year‐old male under local anesthesia. During the operation, an irregular tear of about 1.0 cm was inadvertently made in the dura.The cauda equina herniated through the tear with fluctuations and leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. The tear was successfully sutured with a 7/0 microsurgical thread which was held by small disk forceps in a parallel position.Results:  Once the repair had been performed, minor cerebrospinal fluid leakage persisted but there was no herniation of the cauda equina. The original planned operation was completed smoothly under posterior lumbar disk scope.Conclusion:  The microsurgical suture technique for dural tear under posterior lumbar disk scope described here is simple and reliable.
Injuries associated with the cartilages of the foot
Authors: Dyson S. , Nagy A. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThere is a growing body of evidence that uniaxial or biaxial ossification of the cartilages of the foot should not be discounted as irrelevant in a lame horse, especially if extensive. Potential causes of pain and lameness include primary injury of an ossified cartilage and/or the ipsilateral aspect of the distal phalanx, injury of the chondrocoronal or chondrosesamoidean ligaments and desmopathy of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint.
Implications of urine F2‐isoprostane metabolite concentration in horses with colic and its potential use as a predictor for surgical intervention
Authors: NOSCHKA E. , WERRE S. R. , CRISMAN M. V. , THATCHER C. D. , MILNE G. L. , DAHLGREN L. A. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:F2‐isoprostanes have been used extensively to quantify lipid peroxidation in association with risk factors in various diseases. Horses with colic may have intestinal ischaemia and/or inflammation characterised by oxidative stress and increased production of isoprostanes.Objectives:To gather preliminary data regarding the feasibility of using urine F2‐isoprostanes and isoprostane metabolites as early screening tools for the presence of gastrointestinal disease requiring surgical intervention in horses and ultimately develop a stall‐side test capable of identifying these horses as early as possible for timely referral.Methods:Concentrations of urine isoprostane and isoprostane metabolite were determined by mass spectroscopy and normalised to urine creatinine (Cr) concentrations in urine samples from 42 healthy control horses and 43 horses with gastrointestinal pain or colic.Results:Horses with colic were treated medically (n = 21) or surgically (n = 22). Mean ± s.d. concentrations of urine isoprostane and isoprostane metabolite were significantly higher in horses with colic (2.94 ± 1.69 and 0.31 ± 0.22 ng/mg Cr, respectively), compared to control horses (1.89 ± 1.39 and 0.22 ± 0.08 ng/mg Cr, respectively). Mean urine isoprostane metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in horses undergoing surgery (0.38 ± 0.28 ng/mg Cr) compared to controls and medical colics (0.26 ± 0.11 ng/mg Cr). Nonsurvivors had significantly higher mean urine isoprostane metabolite concentrations (0.47 ± 0.39 ng/mg Cr) than control or surviving colic horses (0.29 ± 0.24 ng/mg Cr).Conclusions:Measurement of urine isoprostane metabolite concentration may be a useful prognostic indicator in equine colic.Potential relevance:Urine isoprostane metabolites may aid in early recognition of surgical colic. Isoprostanes are a potential therapeutic target to prevent further systemic and gastrointestinal tissue injury in horses with colic.
Ultrasonographic evidence of colonic mesenteric vessels as an indicator of right dorsal displacement of the large colon in 13 horses
Authors: GRENAGER N. S. , DURHAM M. G. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThis report describes the use of ultrasound to diagnose right dorsal displacement of the large colon (RDDLC) in 13 horses prior to surgery. Horses had ultrasonographic examinations performed of the right lateroventral aspect of the abdomen upon admission to the hospital with a 2–5 MHz broadband curvilinear sector scanning transducer after alcohol was used to wet the hair. First, the caecal vessels were identified in the right flank and followed medially and cranially. Next, each intercostal space, from caudal to cranial, was scanned from dorsal to ventral evaluating for abnormally‐located mesenteric vessels associated with the large colon. Abnormally‐located mesenteric vessels associated with the large colon, distinct from the caecal vessels, were identified in 13 of 23 horses with a diagnosis of RDDLC obtained at exploratory laparotomy. In horses, ultrasonographic visualisation of mesenteric vessels along the right lateral abdomen, dorsal to the costochondral junction in at least 2 intercostal spaces, distinct from the caecal vessels, is consistent with a surgical diagnosis of RDDLC.