bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Media and the Courts: Towards Competitive Supervision?
Authors: Liebman Benjamin L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractScholarship on Chinese governance has examined a range of factors that help to explain the resilience of authoritarianism. One understudied aspect of regime resilience and institutionalization has been the growing importance of supervision by a range of party-state entities. Examining court–media relations in China demonstrates that “competitive supervision” is an increasingly important tool for increasing state responsiveness and improving accountability. Court–media relations suggest that China is seeking to develop novel forms of horizontal accountability. Placing such relations in a broader institutional context also helps to explain why common paradigms used to analyse them may be inapplicable in China.
Chinese Migrant Workers: Rights Attainment Deficits, Rights Consciousness and Personal Strategies
Authors: Wong Linda 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDagong打工 as a way of life gives rise to many abuses and rights violations against China's 200 million migrant workers. This article analyses the intricate issues of rights deprivation, rights consciousness and personal strategies of Chinese migrant workers with the research findings from a large sample survey completed at the end of 2005. The data confirm the occurrence of many types of rights abuses, significant levels of rights consciousness, and preference for legal and institutionalized means for rights defence besides the use of private resources. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the experience of discrimination, consciousness of rights and choice of personal strategies are affected by personal backgrounds like age, gender, education and occupational status before migration, which carry implications for policy. Finally, the article comments on the ongoing debate about “rights consciousness” versus “rules consciousness” in contentious Chinese politics.
The World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Haro Josep Maria , Heeringa Steven G. , Pennell Beth-Ellen , Bedirhan Üstün T. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTo present an overview of the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. The discussion draws on knowledge gleaned from the authors' participation as principals in WMH. WMH has carried out community epidemiological surveys in more than two dozen countries with more than 200,000 completed interviews. Additional surveys are in progress. Clinical reappraisal studies embedded in WMH surveys have been used to develop imputation rules to adjust prevalence estimates for within- and between-country variation in accuracy. WMH interviews include detailed information about sub-threshold manifestations to address the problem of rigid categorical diagnoses not applying equally to all countries. Investigations are now underway of targeted substantive issues. Despite inevitable limitations imposed by existing diagnostic systems and variable expertise in participating countries, WMH has produced an unprecedented amount of high-quality data on the general population cross-national epidemiology of mental disorders. WMH collaborators are in thoughtful and subtle investigations of cross-national variation in validity of diagnostic assessments and a wide range of important substantive topics. Recognizing that WMH is not definitive, finally, insights from this round of surveys are being used to carry out methodological studies aimed at improving the quality of future investigations.
Nutrition in Colombian pregnant women
Authors: Sarmiento Olga L , Ramirez Andrea , Kutschbach Belén Samper , Pinzón Paula L , García Sandra , Olarte Angie C , Mosquera Tatiana , Atalah Eduardo , Ojeda Gabriel , Forero Yibby 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of pregnant women in Colombia and the associations between gestational BMI and sociodemographic and gestational characteristics.DesignCross-sectional study. A secondary analysis was made of data from the 2005 Demographic and Health Survey of Colombia.SettingBogotá, Colombia.SubjectsPregnant adolescents aged 13–19 years (n 430) and pregnant women aged 20–49 years (n 1272).ResultsThe gestational BMI and sociodemographic characteristics of the adolescents differed from those of the pregnant adult women. Thirty-one per cent of the adolescents were underweight for gestational age, compared with 14·5 % of the adult women. Eighteen per cent of adolescents were overweight for gestational age, in contrast to 37·3 % of adult women. The overall prevalence of anaemia was 44·7 % and the prevalence of low serum ferritin was 38·8 %. Women within the high quintiles of the wealth index (prevalence odds ratio (POR) = 0·56; 95 % CI 0·34, 0·91, P < 0·02) had lower odds of being underweight. Women who received prenatal care (POR = 2·17; 95 % CI 1·48, 3·09, P < 0·001) and were multiparous (POR = 2·10; 95 % CI 1·43, 3·15, P < 0·0 0 1) had higher odds of being overweight. Women in extended families (POR = 0·63; 95 % CI 0·50, 0·95, P < 0·025) had lower odds of being overweight.ConclusionsUnderweight in pregnant adolescents and overweight in adult women coexist as a double burden in Colombia. Factors associated with malnutrition among pregnant women and adolescents should be considered for future interventions in countries experiencing nutritional transition.
The narrative epidemiology of L'Aquila 2009 earthquake
Authors: Casacchia M. , Pollice R. , Roncone R. 
Published: January 2012

The authors describe their experience working and living in L'Aquila, where at 3.32 a.m., early in the morning of 6 April 2009, a 6.3 Richter magnitude earthquake caused serious damages to this 13th century town (with a population of 72 000 and a health district of 103 788), in the mountainous Abruzzo region and to several medieval hill villages in the surrounding areas: 309 residents were killed, over 1600 were injured, 66 000 residents were displaced, and, the centre of L'Aquila, the main historical and artistic centre of Abruzzo, was totally destroyed.Here is described the work done at the Psychiatric Unit of the General Hospital of L'Aquila and in the University. The Authors report the incidence rate of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) in help-seekers (full ASD 4.9%, and partial ASD 39.3%), and of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) found in different samples of population (range 12–37.5). The authors express their consideration about which real-world variables can reflect the population distress and the naturalistic process of recovery in such natural disasters. After the earthquake they hypothesize that a lot of residents had found their way to recover through ‘writing, telling the story’, by analogy with what narrative medicine asserts, thus estimating the positive effect of ‘emotional disclosure’ on health. A large number of materials (books, web-blogs, videos) were produced by residents and a database of memories was implemented. The suffering and struggle to recover in the aftermaths of a traumatic experience often yields remarkable transformations and positive growth. From this point of view, the authors underline the increased virtual relationships of residents through Facebook, to cope with the loss of previous social relationships, to get information about recreational opportunities, or to get organized for public events, despite their displacement. Many collective demonstrations were organized and showed the will to actively participate to the processes of reconstruction of the civil and scientific life of the town. The authors stress the need to prevent natural disasters, instead of preventing mental disorders following natural disasters, reporting that seven Italian seismologists and scientists are on trial for manslaughter, accused to have failed to evaluate the true risks of L'Aquila earthquake.
Toward quantifying uncertainty in travel time tomography using the null‐space shuttle
Authors: de Wit R. W. L. , Trampert J. , van der Hilst R. D. 
Published: January 2012

The solution of large linear tomographic inverse problems is fundamentally non‐unique. We suggest to explore the non‐uniqueness explicitly by examining the null‐space of the forward operator. We show that with the null‐space shuttle it is possible to assess robustness in tomographic models, and we illustrate the concept for the global P‐wave model MIT‐P08. We found a broad range of acceptable solutions compatible with the travel time data. The root mean square (RMS) velocity perturbations vary from 0.2 to 0.6% in the lowermost mantle and from 0.3 to 1.3% in the upper mantle. Such large variations in average amplitudes prohibit meaningful inferences on temperature or chemical variations in the Earth from tomographic models alone. On a global scale much short wavelength structure resides in the null‐space of the forward operator, suggesting that the data do not everywhere resolve structure on the smallest length scale (<200 km) allowed by the (block) parameterization used in MIT‐P08 and similar models. This indicates that great care should be taken when interpreting such structure. As a practical measure, we suggest that only those structures for which the wave speed perturbations do not change sign within the range of models permitted by the data should be considered robust. With this criterion, the model null‐space analysis shows that the high velocity anomalies in the lower mantle, which are often interpreted as remnants of slabs of subducted lithosphere, are required by the seismic data. Low‐velocity anomalies underneath, for instance, Hawaii, Iceland, and Africa show varying degrees of robustness.
Classification of Ascension Island and Natal ozonesondes using self‐organizing maps
Authors: Jensen Anders A. , Thompson Anne M. , Schmidlin F. J. 
Published: January 2012

Ozone profiles from balloon‐borne ozonesondes are used for development of satellite algorithms and in chemistry‐climate model initialization, assimilation and evaluation. An important issue in the application of these profiles is how best to treat variations where varying photochemical and dynamical influences can cause the ozone mixing ratio in the tropospheric segments of the profile to change by of a factor of 2–3 within a day. Clustering techniques are an ideal way to approach the statistical classification of profile data and we apply self‐organizing maps to tropical tropospheric SHADOZ data, hypothesizing that the data will sort according to various influences on ozone, namely anthropogenic sources like biomass burning, meteorological conditions, and stratospheric or extra‐tropical intrusions. Self‐organizing maps, that use a learning algorithm to reveal the most prominent features of a data set according to a specified number of clusters, have been determined for the 1998–2009 SHADOZ profiles over Ascension Island (512 profiles, 7.98°S, 14.42°W) and Natal, Brazil (425 profiles, 5.42°S, 35.38°W). The 2 × 2 self‐organizing map, which creates 4 clusters, reveals that deviations from the average ozone in the free troposphere include both increased ozone resulting from seasonal biomass burning in Africa and locally reduced ozone brought about by convective lifting of unpolluted boundary‐layer air. Expanding to a 4 × 4 self‐organizing map shows how biomass burning influences the yearly cycle of tropospheric ozone at Ascension Island and captures the seasonality of ozone at both Ascension Island and Natal. Comparing Ascension Island and Natal using a 4 × 4 self‐organizing map at each site reveals similarities in mid‐tropospheric ozone, but shows differences in lower‐tropospheric ozone due to Ascension Island being closer to African biomass burning and more affected by descent from the mean Walker circulation, with less convective activity, than Natal.
The Processing and Interpretation of Verb Phrase Ellipsis Constructions by Children at Normal and Slowed Speech Rates
Authors: Callahan Sarah M. , Walenski Matthew , Love Tracy 
Published: January 2012

PurposeTo examine children's comprehension of verb phrase (VP) ellipsis constructions in light of their automatic, online structural processing abilities and conscious, metalinguistic reflective skill.MethodForty-two children ages 5 through 12 years listened to VP ellipsis constructions involving the strict/sloppy ambiguity (e.g., “The janitor untangled himself from the rope and the fireman in the elementary school did too after the accident.”) in which the ellipsis phrase (“did too”) had 2 interpretations: (a) strict (“untangled the janitor”) and (b) sloppy (“untangled the fireman”). We examined these sentences at a normal speech rate with an online cross-modal picture priming task (n= 14) and an offline sentence–picture matching task (n= 11). Both tasks were also given with slowed speech input (n= 17).ResultsChildren showed priming for both the strict and sloppy interpretations at a normal speech rate but only for the strict interpretation with slowed input. Offline, children displayed an adultlike preference for the sloppy interpretation with normal-rate input but a divergent pattern with slowed speech.ConclusionsOur results suggest that children and adults rely on a hybrid syntax-discourse model for the online comprehension and offline interpretation of VP ellipsis constructions. This model incorporates a temporally sensitive syntactic process of VP reconstruction (disrupted with slow input) and a temporally protracted discourse effect attributed to parallelism (preserved with slow input).Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963562
Speech Perception With Music Maskers by Cochlear Implant Users and Normal-Hearing Listeners
Authors: Eskridge Elizabeth N. , Galvin John J. , Aronoff Justin M. , Li Tianhao , Fu Qian-Jie 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
The goal of this study was to investigate how the spectral and temporal properties in background music may interfere with cochlear implant (CI) and normal-hearing listeners' (NH) speech understanding.

Method
Speech-recognition thresholds (SRTs) were adaptively measured in 11 CI and 9 NH subjects. CI subjects were tested while using their clinical processors; NH subjects were tested while listening to unprocessed audio. Speech was presented with different music maskers (excerpts from musical pieces) and with steady, speech-shaped noise. To estimate the contributions of energetic and informational masking, SRTs were also measured in “music-shaped noise” and in music-shaped noise modulated by the music temporal envelopes.

Results
NH performance was much better than CI performance. For both subject groups, SRTs were much lower with the music-related maskers than with speech-shaped noise. SRTs were strongly predicted by the amount of energetic masking in the music maskers. Unlike CI users, NH listeners obtained release from masking with envelope and fine structure cues in the modulated noise and music maskers.

Conclusions
Although speech understanding was greatly limited by energetic masking in both subject groups, CI performance worsened as more spectrotemporal complexity was added to the maskers, most likely due to poor spectral resolution.
Effect of Feeding Rate and Pond Primary Productivity on Growth of Litopenaeus vannamei Reared in Inland Saline Waters of West Alabama
Authors: Roy Luke A , Davis D Allen , Whitis Gregory N 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Feeding costs have skyrocketed worldwide in the past several years, negatively impacting shrimp farmers. Typically, 50–60% of the production costs of shrimp farm operations are attributed to feed inputs. The increasing cost of feed combined with declining market prices for shrimp makes it difficult to maintain adequate profit margins. In west Alabama, shrimp farmers are located long distances from feed mills and pay high shipping fees in addition to high feed prices. These low-salinity waters are quite productive, providing natural food items throughout the production cycle. To determine the possibility of reducing feed rates by relying more on pond primary productivity to contribute to shrimp growth, four growth trials were conducted with juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (formerly known as Penaeus vannamei). Juvenile shrimp were offered different feed rates ranging from 0% (no feed) to 110% of a normal daily ration by means of static, flow-through, or partial daily water exchange with water from a production pond. The results revealed no differences in growth among shrimp reared in a flow-through system and offered feed inputs ranging from 60% to 110% of a daily ration, indicating a contribution of pond primary productivity in the treatments receiving less feed. Static and flow-through systems were utilized to culture two different size-classes of shrimp fed at 0, 60, 80, and 100% of a daily ration. The results revealed that shrimp reared in the flow-through system had better growth and food conversion ratios than those in the static system; however, shrimp in the 0% treatment in the flow-through system had only slightly inferior performance in terms of growth than those in the 60, 80, and 100% treatments. The results from this study confirm that L. vannamei are capable of obtaining a large percentage of their nutritional needs from pond primary productivity, and farmers should be encouraged to reduce feed inputs, which may enhance profitability.
Cost-Effectiveness of Preoperative Nasal Mupirocin Treatment in Preventing Surgical Site Infection in Patients Undergoing Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Courville Xan F. , Tomek Ivan M. , Kirkland Kathryn B. , Birhle Marian , Kantor Stephen R. , Finlayson Samuel R. G. 
Published: January 2012

Objective.To perform a cost-effectiveness analysis to evaluate preoperative use of mupirocin in patients with total joint arthroplasty (TJA).Design.Simple decision tree model.Setting.Outpatient TJA clinical setting.Participants.Hypothetical cohort of patients with TJA.Interventions.A simple decision tree model compared 3 strategies in a hypothetical cohort of patients with TJA: (1) obtaining preoperative screening cultures for all patients, followed by administration of mupirocin to patients with cultures positive forStaphylococcus aureus;(2) providing empirical preoperative treatment with mupirocin for all patients without screening; and (3) providing no preoperative treatment or screening. We assessed the costs and benefits over a 1-year period. Data inputs were obtained from a literature review and from our institution's internal data. Utilities were measured in quality-adjusted life-years, and costs were measured in 2005 US dollars.Main Outcome Measure.Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.Results.The treat-all and screen-and-treat strategies both had lower costs and greater benefits, compared with the no-treatment strategy. Sensitivity analysis revealed that this result is stable even if the cost of mupirocin was over $100 and the cost of SSI ranged between $26,000 and $250,000. Treating all patients remains the best strategy when the prevalence ofS. aureuscarriers and surgical site infection is varied across plausible values as well as when the prevalence of mupirocin-resistant strains is high.Conclusions.Empirical treatment with mupirocin ointment or use of a screen-and-treat strategy before TJA is performed is a simple, safe, and cost-effective intervention that can reduce the risk of SSI.S. aureusdecolonization with nasal mupirocin for patients undergoing TJA should be considered.Level of Evidence.Level II, economic and decision analysis.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2012;33(2):152-159
An Outbreak of Legionnaires Disease Associated with a Decorative Water Wall Fountain in a Hospital
Authors: Haupt Thomas E. , Heffernan Richard T. , Kazmierczak James J. , Nehls-Lowe Henry , Rheineck Bruce , Powell Christine , Leonhardt Kathryn K. , Chitnis Amit S. , Davis Jeffrey P. 
Published: January 2012

Objective.To detect an outbreak-related source of Legionella, control the outbreak, and prevent additional Legionella infections from occurring.Design and Setting.Epidemiologic investigation of an acute outbreak of hospital-associated Legionnaires disease among outpatients and visitors to a Wisconsin hospital.Patients.Patients with laboratory-confirmed Legionnaires disease who resided in southeastern Wisconsin and had illness onsets during February and March 2010.Methods.Patients with Legionnaires disease were interviewed using a hypothesis-generating questionnaire. On-site investigation included sampling of water and other potential environmental sources for Legionella testing. Case-finding measures included extensive notification of individuals potentially exposed at the hospital and alerts to area healthcare and laboratory personnel.Results.Laboratory-confirmed Legionnaires disease was diagnosed in 8 patients, all of whom were present at the same hospital during the 10 days prior to their illness onsets. Six patients had known exposure to a water wall-type decorative fountain near the main hospital entrance. Although the decorative fountain underwent routine cleaning and maintenance, high counts of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were isolated from cultures of a foam material found above the fountain trough.Conclusion.This outbreak of Legionnaires disease was associated with exposure to a decorative fountain located in a hospital public area. Routine cleaning and maintenance of fountains does not eliminate the risk of bacterial contamination. Our findings highlight the need to evaluate the safety of water fountains installed in any area of a healthcare facility.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(2):185-191
Electrodynamic coupling in regular arrays of gold nanocylinders
Authors: Kravets Vira V , Yeshchenko Oleg A , Gozhenko Victor V , Ocola Leonidas E , Smith David A , Vedral James V , Pinchuk Anatoliy O 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
We report far-field experimental optical extinction spectra of linear chains of gold nanocylinders with interparticle separations close to the particle's surface plasmon resonance (SPR) wavelength λSPR. The spectra reveal non-monotonic shift of the SPR peak position with increase in the distance d. The non-monotonic λSPR(d) dependence is rationalized considering electromagnetic coupling between the particles in the dipole approximation. Simple expressions for the modified SPR frequencies are obtained using the dipole scattered field and taking into account both the retardation and phase lag effects.
Argon 420.1–419.8 nm emission line ratio for measuring plasma effective electron temperatures
Authors: Boffard John B , Jung R O , Lin Chun C , Aneskavich L E , Wendt A E 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
We explore the feasibility of using the ratio of two argon emission line intensities at 420.1 and 419.8 nm to measure the effective electron temperature in argon-containing plasmas. Experimental measurements in numerous plasma sources reveal the ratio varies from a value of approximately 1 at high electron temperatures, to a value near 4 at low electron temperatures. This variation is understood in terms of the magnitudes of the electron excitation cross sections into the upper energy levels of the two transitions. At high electron temperatures, the upper levels of the two emission lines, the J = 3 3p9 level for the 420.1 nm line and the J = 0 3p5 level for the 419.8 nm line, are both primarily populated by excitation from the ground state and have similar optical emission cross sections. At low electron temperatures, excitation is dominated by excitation from the metastable levels which have very different cross sections into the two levels. Temperatures obtained with this line pair ratio in an inductively coupled plasma are found to be consistent with values obtained from a Langmuir probe as well as an analysis of the entire set of 2p
x
→ 1s
y
emission lines (665–1150 nm) under a wide variety of plasma conditions.