bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and sensory evaluation of a trans fat‐free sugar cookie
Authors: Bordi Peter L. , Rager Michele D. , Hack Danielle M. , Hessert S. William 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRecent research linking trans fats to adverse health effects has caused many companies to eliminate trans fats from the foods they produce and sell. A local Pennsylvania‐based restaurant chain is one such company that has been proactive in taking such steps by reformulating its signature treat: the smiley cookie. The aim of this study was to develop a trans fat‐free smiley cookie that would at least be as acceptable to consumers as the current smiley cookie. Sensory evaluation was performed on both cookies. Responses revealed that the trans fat‐free cookies scored significantly higher than the original cookie for several attributes. As a result, the restaurant will begin to produce the trans fat‐free cookie for sale to consumers.
The effect of cooking in a steam‐convection oven on the quality of selected dishes
Authors: Danowska‐Oziewicz Marzena , Karpińska‐Tymoszczyk Mirosława , Borowski Jerzy 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe effects of cooking in a steam‐convection (combi) oven in comparison with traditional methods of cooking, such as frying, roasting and boiling, on basic chemical composition and contents of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and sulphydryl (SH) groups of pork, fish and chicken meats, potatoes and carrot were studied. The cooking of pork and fish in a combi oven required a longer time than traditional frying; therefore higher cooking losses were observed, whereas cooking losses in chicken cooked in a traditional oven and the combi oven were comparable. Foods cooked in the combi oven contained more protein and less fat than traditionally cooked samples. Lack of water in the combi oven cooking enabled a higher retention of vitamin C in vegetables. The intensity of HMF forming was higher in products cooked in the combi oven. Changes in proteins were smaller in meats cooked in the combi oven (higher content of total SH groups), whereas they were higher in the combi oven‐cooked vegetables.
Restaurants as friends of the family: functions of restaurant visits in everyday life
Authors: Pettersson Anette , Fjellström Christina 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA restaurant's function to families was explored by passive observations of adults and children at convenience restaurants in Sweden. Two burger restaurants and two department store restaurants were visited during 12 months, with 399 people being observed. The restaurants appeared to have different functions to family members. A restaurant's level of convenience should therefore be seen as an entity of several aspects of the visit, such as the menu, the restaurant room and atmosphere. Family members’ use of restaurants facilitates everyday situations with children. Thus, the people observed were creating aspects of convenience by themselves, with the restaurants being like home. The restaurant's overall function to families can therefore be interpreted from the patterns of familiarity and friendliness that emerged.
Pasteurization, development and storage of sous vide rendang (spicy beef stew)
Authors: Galimpin‐Johan Stella Marie Colima , Rahman Russly Abdul , Jamilah Bakar , Che Man Yaakob Bin , Rusul Gulam 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study aims to develop product and processing parameters of sous vide rendang and to examine its quality changes during storage. Sous vide rendang may be pasteurized for 443 min at 75°C and for 88 min at 85°C using fast heating to meet the Pv90 = 10‐min guideline for pasteurization. Process‐meat‐formulation combinations of sous vide rendang indicated that processing at 85°C/2 h, the use of rump and formulation 1 (F1) produced better sensory properties. Water activity (Aw), aside from pasteurization, is a possible controlling factor for sous vide (SV) rendang but not pH. Conventionally cooked (CC) rendang stored at 2°C and sous vide rendang pasteurized at 70°C/100 min (SS70) and at 85°C/2 h (SS85) stored at 2 and 10°C can last for 35 days using microbiological count as its storage indicator. Applications of guidelines by the UK Food Standards Agency would mean that the maximum shelf life allowable for CC and SS70 will only be 10 days compared to SS85, which is 40 days.
The National School Lunch and Competitive Food Offerings and Purchasing Behaviors of High School Students
Authors: Snelling Anastasia M. , Korba Casey , Burkey Alyvia 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBackground:  Across the nation, schools have become actively involved in developing obesity prevention strategies both in classrooms and in cafeterias. We sought to determine the type of foods being offered during lunch in the cafeteria of 3 public high schools in 1 county and if this reflects the purchasing patterns of students. By labeling foods based on nutrient density using a stoplight approach of green, yellow, and red colors, we were able to categorize all foods including the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and competitive foods available in the cafeteria.Methods:  Over a 4‐week cycle, daily food purchases were gathered and the proportions of green, yellow, and red foods offered and purchased was compared.Results:  Findings from this study suggest that students in these 3 high schools purchased foods in relative proportion to what was available in the school cafeteria for the NSLP. Green and yellow foods included in the NSLP comprised 77% of the offerings and 73% of the purchases. In contrast, 61% of the competitive foods were classified as red foods, and the purchasing of red foods made up 83% of competitive food sales. These results indicate that students purchase foods of minimal nutritional value at greater proportions in the school cafeteria.Conclusions:  These results suggest that the nutritional policy for the NSLP promotes the offerings of a wide array of foods. Schools should consider a nutrition policy that regulates the sale of competitive foods.
Review article: clinical management of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug and cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitor users: a European perspective
Authors: BERENBAUM F. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryFollowing the withdrawal of rofecoxib from the market in September 2004, the European Medicines Evaluation Agency's prescribing recommendations for cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors were quite similar to those issued by the US Food and Drug Administration. Prior to this event the perceptions and guidelines for use of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 agents varied between the different countries, however the cardiovascular concerns that were raised about the cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitor class prompted a dramatic shift in perception and a significant switch to the use of traditional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.There is little doubt that non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are effective in relieving pain and inflammation in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, however they are known to be associated with gastrointestinal adverse events. In order to avoid these gastrointestinal risks, the clinician may choose to prescribe an analgesic agent such as paracetamol as an alternative, or add a gastroprotective agent, such as a proton‐pump inhibitor to the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug therapy. Whether the patient takes aspirin also needs to be considered: while aspirin is often taken for prophylaxis against cardiovascular events, it is itself associated with gastrointestinal risks and has been shown to eliminate the gastrointestinal sparing effects of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 agents.In the light of this evidence many national rheumatology societies in Europe have now issued recommendations for the use of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors and conventional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs based on the patient's individual risk profile.
Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions of Phenolic Compounds Found in Navel Oranges
Authors: Freeman Brenner L. , Eggett Dennis L. , Parker Tory L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Phenolic compounds are known to have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These properties may be useful in the preservation of foods or beverages. The interactive antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds within foods has not been well explored. Interactions of individual phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, luteolin, myricetin, naringenin, p‐coumaric acid, and quercetin) at the concentrations found in navel oranges (Citrus sinensis) were analyzed for their antioxidant capacity to observe potential antagonistic, additive, or synergistic interactions. Mixtures of 2, 3, and 4 phenolic compounds were prepared. The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay was used to quantify the antioxidant capacities of these combinations. Three different combinations of 2 compounds and 5 combinations of 3 compounds were found to be synergistic. One antagonistic combination of 2 was also found. No additional synergism occurred with the addition of a 4th compound. A model was developed to explain our results. Reduction potentials, relative concentration, and the presence or absence of catechol (o‐dihydroxy benzene) groups were factors in the model.Practical Application:  Understanding how combinations of fruit antioxidants work together will support their future use in preservation of foods and/or beverages.
Cenozoic Exhumation and Thrusting in the Northern Qilian Shan, Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from Sedimentological and Apatite Fission‐Track Data
Authors: GUO Zhaojie , LU Jiemin , ZHANG Zhicheng 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The Qilian Shan lies along the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. To constrain its deformation history, we conducted integrated research on Mesozoic–Cenozoic stratigraphic sections in the Jiuxi Basin immediately north of the mountain range. Paleocurrent measurements, sandstone compositional data, and facies analysis of Cenozoic stratigraphic sections suggest that the Jiuxi Basin received sediments from the Altyn Tagh Range in the northwest, initially in the Oligocene (∼33 Ma), depositing the Huoshaogou Formation in the northern part of the basin. Later, the source area of the Jiuxi Basin changed to the Qilian Shan in the south during Late Oligocene (∼27 Ma), which led to the deposition of the Baiyanghe Formation. We suggest that uplift of the northern Qilian Shan induced by thrusting began no later than the Late Oligocene. Fission‐track analysis of apatite from the Qilian Shan yields further information about the deformation history of the northern Qilain Shan and the Jiuxi Basin. It shows that a period of rapid cooling, interpreted as exhumation, initiated in the Oligocene. We suggest that this exhumation marked the initial uplift of the Qilian Shan resulting from the India–Asia collision.
Temporal Distribution of Diagnostic Biofabrics in the Lower and Middle Ordovician in North China: Clues to the Geobiology of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event
Authors: LIU Jianbo , ZHAN Renbin 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The temporal distribution of the diagnostic biofabrics in the Lower and Middle Ordovician in North China distinctly illustrates that the sedimentary systems on the paleoplate have been changed markedly as consequences of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). The pre‐GOBE sedimentary systems deposited in Tremadoc display widespread microbialite and flat‐pebble conglomerates, and a less extent of bioturbation. Through the transitional period of early Floian, the sedimentary systems in the rest of the Early and Mid‐ Ordovician change to GOBE type and are characterized by intensive bioturbation and vanishing flat‐pebble conglomerates and subtidal microbial sediments. The irreversible changes in sedimentary systems in North China are linked to the GOBE, which conduced the increase in infaunal tiering, the expansion of infaunal ecospace, and the appearance of new burrowers related to the development of the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna during the Ordovician biodiversification. Thus, changes in sedimentary systems during the pivotal period of the GOBE were consequences of a steep diversification of benthic faunas rather than the GOBE's environmental background.
High‐Pressure Behavior of Copper Carbonate: Data from Malachite
Authors: LIU Yingxin , QIN Shan , LI Haijian , LI Xiaodong , LI Yanchun , LIU Jing 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In‐situ high‐pressure energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction experiments of malachite have been performed using diamond anvil cell and synchrotron radiation. The highest recorded pressure is up to 17.4 GPa. The experimental results reveal that malachite experienced two phase transitions at 0.7 and 7.8 GPa, and the last one is reversible.
Deformation Field around the Stress Induced Crack Area in Sandstone by the Digital Speckle Correlation Method
Authors: ZHAO Yonghong , MA Shaopeng 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The deformation field around sub‐cracks was calculated using the digital speckle correlation method. First, the uni‐axial compression tests on sandstone samples containing a pre‐fabricated fracture were made. Photomicrographs showing the characteristics of the sub‐crack development were taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). From these photomicrographs, the real‐time images showing the initiation, growth and coalescence of sub‐cracks and micro‐cracks in the sandstone specimens were obtained and the effects of loading level as well as grain boundaries on the development of cracks were analyzed. Second, the intensity images of the sandstone specimen surface were captured from the observations of the SEM corresponding to different loading levels. Then correlation computation was carried out for the sequential pairs of intensity images to evaluate the displacement components, as well as the strain field. The results show that the deformation varies in different areas separated by sub‐cracks during rock damage processes.
Glass and Mineral Chemistry of Northern Central Indian Ridge Basalts: Compositional Diversity and Petrogenetic Significance
Authors: RAY Dwijesh , BANERJEE Ranadip , IYER Sridhar D , BASAVALINGU Basavaraju , MUKHOPADHYAY Subir 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The glass and mineral chemistry of basalts examined from the northern central Indian ridge (NCIR) provides an insight into magma genesis around the vicinity of two transform faults: Vityaz (VT) and Vema (VM). The studied mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) from the outer ridge flank (VT area) and a near‐ridge seamount (VM area) reveal that they are moderately phyric plagioclase basalts composed of plagioclase (phenocryst [An60–90] and groundmass [An35–79]), olivine (Fo81–88), diopside (Wo45–51, En25–37, Fs14–24), and titanomagnetite (FeOt∼63.75 wt% and TiO2∼22.69 wt%). The whole‐rock composition of these basalts has similar Mg# [mole Mg/mole(Mg+Fe2+)] (VT basalt: ∼0.56–0.58; VM basalt: ∼0.57), but differ in their total alkali content (VT basalt: ∼2.65; VM basalt: ∼3.24). The bulk composition of the magma was gradually depleted in MgO and enriched in FeOt, TiO2, P2O5, and Na2O with progressive fractionation, the basalts were gradually enriched in Y and Zr and depleted in Ni and Cr. In addition, the ΣREE of magma also increased with fractionation, without any change in the (La/Yb)Nvalue. Glass from the VM seamount shows more fractionated characters (Mg#: 0.56–0.57) compared to the outer ridge flank lava of the VT area (Mg#: 0.63–0.65). This study concludes that present basalts experienced low‐pressure crystallization at a relatively shallow depth. The geochemical changes in the NCIR magmas resulted from fractional crystallization at a shallow depth. As a consequence, spinel was the first mineral to crystallize at a pressure >10 kbar, followed by Fe‐rich olivine at <10 kbar pressure.
High‐Resolution Records of the Holocene Paleoenvironmental Variation Reflected by Carbonate and Its Isotopic Compositions in Bosten Lake and Response to Glacial Activities
Authors: Chengjun ZHANG , Mianping ZHENG , PROKOPENKO Alexander , MISCHKE Steffen , Xiaohui GOU , Qui YANG , Wanyi ZHANG , Zhaodong FENG 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The Early Holocene paleoclimate in Bosten Lake on the northern margin of the Tarim Basin, southern Xinjiang, is reconstructed through an analysis of a 953 cm long core (BSTC2000) taken from Bosten Lake. Multiple proxies of this core, including the mineral components of carbonate, carbonate content, stable isotopic compositions of carbonate, Ca/Sr, TOC and C/N and C/S of organic matter, are used to reconstruct the climatic change since 8500 a B.P. The chronology model is made by nine AMS 14C ages of leaves, seeds and organic matter contained in two parallel cores. The climate was cold and wet during 8500 to 8100 a B.P. Temperature increased from 8100 to 6400 a B.P., the climate was warm and humid, and the lake expanded. The lake level was highest during this stage. Then from 6400 to 5100 a B.P., the climate became cold and the lake level decreased slightly. During the late mid‐Holocene, the climate was hot and dry from 5100 to 3100 a B.P., but there was a short cold period during 4400 to 3800 a B.P. At this temporal interval, a mass of ice and snow melting water supplied the lake at the early time and made the lake level rise. The second highest lake level stage occurred during 5200 to 3800 a B.P. The climate was cool and wet during 3100 to 2200 a B.P., when the lake expanded with decreasing evaporation. The lake had the last short‐term high level during 3100 to 2800 a B.P. After this short high lake level period, the lake shrank because of the long‐term lower temperature and reduced water supply. From 2200 to 1200 a B.P., the climate was hot and dry, and the lake shrank greatly. Although the temperature decreased somewhat from 1200 a B.P. to the present, the climate was warm and dry. The lake level began to rise a little again, but it did not reach the river bed altitude of the Konqi River, an outflow river of the Bosten Lake.
Comparative Analysis of Sequence Characteristics among Different Superimposed Stages of the Chelif Basin, Algeria
Authors: Yuanfu ZHANG , Zaixing JIANG , Yue WANG , Dandan BAO 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Superimposed basins were investigated with respect to tectonic evolution, sediment deposition and petroleum characteristics within a single superposition stage generally. The comparative study was seldom seen. Sequence characteristics were compared for two different superimposed stages – an expanding rifting stage and a depression‐foreland transition stage – in the Chelif Basin during the Miocene in this paper. A model and mechanism for sequence evolution of superimposed basins in different dynamic situations are discussed with respect to sequence similarities and differences. The compared characters include sequence thickness, sequence boundaries and system tracts, as well as sediment deposition within sequences and sequence development patterns. Finally, some typical features of sequence development concomitant with changes of superimposed stages in the Chelif Basin are discussed.
Diagenesis and Their Succession of Gas‐bearing and Non‐gas‐bearing Reservoirs in the Sulige Gas Field of Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Xiaomin ZHU , Chenlin LIU , Dakang ZHONG , Xuefang HAN 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Comparisons have been made among lithology, diagenesis, and reservoir characteristics of gas‐bearing and non‐gas‐bearing ones in the Sulige gas field of the Ordos Basin based on the laboratory analysis of thin sections, scanning electron microscope, and liquid inclusion of the reservoirs. The reservoirs of the Sulige gas field are now in the middle stage of diagenesis and have undergone compaction, cementation and dissolution. The secondary pore of the reservoir originated from the dissolution of the feldspar and tuff because of the organic acid action from the source rocks during the diagenetic middle stage. Gas‐bearing reservoirs are common in soluble pore diagenetic facies of coarse detritus quartzose sandstone, whereas non‐gas‐bearing ones are common in tense compaction diagenetic facies of mud‐bearing medium‐fine detritus quartzose sandstone and residual intergranular pore diagenetic facies of mud‐bearing medium‐coarse detritus quartzose sandstone. The secondary pore is developed in gas‐bearing reservoirs of the Sulige gas‐field as the medium‐coarse grain reservoirs formed in a powerful sedimentary environment and experienced strong dissolution. However, the sediments of fine grain size form the non‐gas‐bearing reservoirs because of less residual primary pore and secondary pore.
Parameters of Coseismic Reverse‐ and Oblique‐Slip Surface Ruptures of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: XU Xiwei , YU Guihua , CHEN Guihua , RAN Yongkang , LI Chenxia , CHEN Yuegau , CHANG Chungpai 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:On May 12th, 2008, the Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured the Beichuan, Pengguan and Xiaoyudong faults simultaneously along the middle segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt at the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Field investigations constrain the surface rupture pattern, length and offsets related to the Wenchuan earthquake. The Beichuan fault has a NE‐trending right‐lateral reverse rupture with a total length of 240 km. Reassessment yields a maximum vertical offset of 6.5 ± 0.5 m and a maximum right‐lateral offset of 4.9 ± 0.5 m for its northern segment, which are the largest offsets found; the maximum vertical offset is 6.2 ± 0.5 m for its southern segment. The Pengguan fault has a NE‐trending pure reverse rupture about 72 km long with a maximum vertical offset of about 3.5 m. The Xiaoyudong fault has a NW‐striking left‐lateral reverse rupture about 7 km long between the Beichuan and Pengguan faults, with a maximum vertical offset of 3.4 m and left‐lateral offset of 3.5 m. This pattern of multiple co‐seismic surface ruptures is among the most complicated of recent great earthquakes and presents a much larger danger than if they ruptured individually. The rupture length is the longest for reverse faulting events ever reported.
Dextral‐Slip Thrust Faulting and Seismic Events of the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake, Longmenshan Mountains, Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: WU Zhenhan , DONG Shuwen , BAROSH Patrick J. , ZHANG Zuocheng , LIAO Huaijun 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Dextral‐slip thrust movement of the Songpan‐Garzê terrain over the Sichuan block caused the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 and offset the Central Longmenshan Fault (CLF) along a distance of ∼250 km. Displacement along the CLF changes from Yingxiu to Qingchuan. The total oblique slip of up to 7.6 m in Yingxiu near the epicenter of the earthquake, decreases northeastward to 5.3 m, 6.6 m, 4.4 m, 2.5 m and 1.1 m in Hongkou, Beichuan, Pingtong, Nanba and Qingchuan, respectively. This offset apparently occurred during a sequence of four reported seismic events, EQ1–EQ4, which were identified by seismic inversion of the source mechanism. These events occurred in rapid succession as the fault break propagated northeastward during the earthquake. Variations in the plunge of slickensides along the CLF appear to match these events. The Mw 7.5 EQ1 event occurred during the first 0–10 s along the Yingxiu‐Hongkou section of the CLF and is characterized by 1.7 m vertical slip and vertical slickensides. The Mw 8.0 EQ2 event, which occurred during the next 10–42 s along the Yingxiu‐Yanziyan section of the CLF, is marked by major dextral‐slip with minor thrust and slickensides plunging 25°–35° southwestward. The Mw 7.5 EQ3 event occurred during the following 42–60 s and resulted in dextral‐slip and slickensides plunging 10° southwestward in Beichuan and plunging 73° southwestward in Hongkou. The Mw 7.7 EQ4 event, which occurred during the final 60–95 s along the Beichuan‐Qingchuan section of the CLF, is characterized by nearly equal values of dextral and vertical slips with slickensides plunging 45°–50° southwestward. These seismic events match and evidently controlled the concentrations of landslide dams caused by the Wenchuan earthquake in Longmenshan Mountains.