bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Relationships Between Precipitation, Forest Floor, and Streamwater Nitrogen, Isle Royale, Michigan
Authors: Stottlemyer Robert , Toczydlowski David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Upper Great Lakes receive large amounts of precipitation‐NH+4 and moderate NO‐3 inputs. Increased atmospheric inorganic N input has led to concern about ecosystem capacity to utilize excess N. This paper summarizes a 5‐yr study of seasonal N content and flux in precipitation, snowpack, forest floor, and streamwater in order to assess the source of inorganic N outputs in streamflow from a small boreal watershed. Average precipitation N input was 3 kg ha‐1 yr‐1. The peak snowpack N content averaged 0.55 kg ha‐1. The forest floor inorganic N pool was ≈ 2 kg ha‐1, eight times larger than monthly precipitation N input. The inorganic N pool size peaked in spring and early summer. Ninety percent of the forest floor inorganic N pool was made up of NH+4‐N. Forest floor inorganic N pools generally increased with temperature. Net N mineralization was 15 kg ha‐1 yr‐1, and monthly rates peaked in early summer. During winter, the mean monthly net N mineralization rate was twice the peak snowpack N content. Streamwater NO‐3 concentration peaked in winter, and inorganic N output peaked in late fall. Beneath the dominant boreal forest species, net N mineralization rates were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with streamwater NO‐3 concentrations. Forest floor NO‐3 pools beneath alder [Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng] were positively correlated (P < 0.01) to streamwater NO‐3 output. At the watershed mouth, streamwater NO‐3 concentrations were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with precipitation NO‐3 input and precipitation amount. The relatively small snowpack N content and seasonal precipitation N input compared to forest floor inorganic N pools and net N mineralization rates, the strong ecosystem retention of precipitation N inputs, and the seasonal streamwater NO‐3 concentration and output pattern all indicated that little streamwater NO‐3 came directly from precipitation or snowmelt.
Organic Matter Fractions Contributing to Soil Nitrogen Mineralization Potential
Authors: Curtin Denis , Wen Guang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrganic matter pools contributing to N mineralization potential have not been adequately defined. We analyzed 61 soil samples (0–15 cm depth) representing all agroecological regions of Saskatchewan, Canada to determine the relationships between mineralization parameters [i.e., potentially mineralizable N (N0) and the rate coefficient k, measured by aerobic incubation at 35°C for 24 wk] and N fractions defined by a series of chemical and physical extraction procedures. Light‐fraction (LF) organic matter, isolated by flotation on NaI solution at specific gravity 1.7, soluble organic matter measured in saturated paste extracts, and NH4‐N released by two chemical procedures [digestion in 2 M KCl (100°C for 4 h) and steam distillation inphosphate‐borate (PB) buffer at pH 11.2] were evaluated as indices of mineralizable N. Nitrogen released by hot KCl represented 2.5 to 16% of N0, which ranged from 71 to 631 mg kg‐1. Hot KCl N was poorly correlated with N0 (R2 = 0.13, P < 0.01), but it was reasonably well related to N mineralized in the first 2 wk of incubation (R2 = 0.65, P < 0.001), and to dissolved organic matter (R2 = 0.58, P < 0.001). The value of k, which ranged from 0.025 to 0.18 wk‐1, increased as hot KCl N increased as a proportion of N0 (KCl N/N0 accounted for 64% of the variability in k). These results suggest that hot KCl may be selective for the most labile (possibly water‐soluble) organic N. Phosphate‐borate extracted an average of 3.5 times as much N as hot KCl, but relationships with mineralization parameters were generally similar to those found for hot KCl. Light‐fraction N was the largest N pool measured (33–652 mg N kg‐1). It was well correlated with N0 (R2 = 0.83, P < 0.001), but not with N mineralized in the early part of the incubation or with k, indicating that LF N mineralizes slowly compared with chemically extracted N. When LF N was added to PB N, there was roughly enough N in the combined pool to account for N0.
Granular Size Effect of Clinoptilolite on Maize Seedlings Growth
Authors: Trinchera Alessandra , Rivera Carlos Mario , Rinaldi Simona , Salerno Anna , Rea Elvira , Sequi Paolo 
Published: July 2010

Clinoptilolite has been successfully used in growing media for containerized horticultural and floricultural
production. However, limited data exist on the effects and interaction between particle size and organic nutrient
enrichment of the clinoptilolite. One granular (1-3 mm) and micronized (< 30 µm) clinoptilolite was added
to quartz sand, an inert growing substrate, at two doses (0.1% and 3% v/v), without or with addition of wine vinasse as nutrient source at four concentrations (0 mgF×Lsubst-1, 10 mgF×Lsubst-1, 100 mgF×Lsubst-1 and 1000 mgF×Lsubst-1) to evaluate their effect on root growth for five days or the appearance of the second true leaf.
Root mucigel was produced in zones where clinoptilolite particles adhered to the root surface. Microscopic
analysis of isolated roots showed the increase of secondary roots and the proliferation of root hairs in maize
treated with both micronized and granular clinoptilolite, with the contemporary production of root mucigel in zones
where zeolite particles adhered to the root surface. It is hypothesized that the enhanced production of mucigel by
root cells can favour not only the penetration of roots into the inert substrate, but also the solubilization of
organic matter and nutrient availability, in particular when micronized clinoptilolite was present in the growing
medium. Therefore, micronized clinoptilolite behaved as a sort of a “physical stimulant” for roots
during seedlings, promoting, as a consequence, maize shoot development. Effectively, the highest increase in shoot
growth was observed at the highest dose (3% v/v) of micronized zeolite, with the optimal rate of organic
fertilizer (100 mgF×Lsubst-1).
“Join the Knitting Revolution”: Third-Wave Feminist Magazines and the Politics of Domesticity
Authors: Groeneveld Elizabeth 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The mid-1990s saw the rise of a new sub-genre of political magazine in the United States: the “third-wave” feminist periodical. A key feature of these publications is that they promote reclaiming and repoliticizing activities traditionally associated with the domestic sphere, particularly knitting. This paper critically examines and historically contextualizes the discourses on the “new” knitting in the letters to the editor, editorials, articles, and advertisements of third-wave feminist periodicals and argues that contemporary feminist craft cultures sit at a politically ambiguous nexus of privilege, complicity, and resistance. By historicizing third-wave periodicals' promotion of knitting, this paper sheds light on changing ways in which the domestic sphere has figured within the broader history of US feminism and suggests that, despite their appeals to the “new,” these periodicals are very much in conversation with what is, to some extent, an imagined feminist “past.”
Using the unstable manifold correction in a Picard iteration to solve the velocity field in higher-order ice-flow models
Authors: Smedt Bert De , Pattyn Frank , Groen Pieter De 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe address the usefulness of the unstable manifold correction (UMC) in a Picard iteration for the solution of the velocity field in higher-order ice-flow models. We explain under- and overshooting and how one can remedy them. We then discuss the rationale behind the UMC, initially developed to remedy overshooting, and how it was previously introduced in a Picard iteration to calculate the velocity field in higher-order models. Using a laminar-flow experiment with two higher-order model implementations, we demonstrate that it is not overshooting, but undershooting, that is the main problem when using a proper implementation for the calculation of the velocity field in higher-order models. We also consider a variant of the original UMC algorithm that often enables a relatively fast solution, but is theoretically less sound. Therefore, neither the variant nor the original algorithm is suited for these problems. We present a more appropriate, stable and simple relaxed Picard algorithm and demonstrate that, compared to the true Picard iteration and the variant of the original UMC algorithm, it results in a faster solution of the velocity field in higher-order models for problems with real data.
A three-dimensional calving model: numerical experiments on Johnsons Glacier, Livingston Island, Antarctica
Authors: Otero Jaime , Navarro Francisco J. , Martin Carlos , Cuadrado Maria L. , Corcuera Maria I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalving from tidewater glaciers and ice shelves accounts for around half the mass loss from both polar ice sheets, yet the process is not well represented in prognostic models of ice dynamics. Benn and others proposed a calving criterion appropriate for both grounded and floating glacier tongues or ice shelves, based on the penetration depth of transverse crevasses near the calving front, computed using Nye’s formula. The criterion is readily incorporated into glacier and ice-sheet models, but has not been fully validated with observations. We apply a three-dimensional extension of Benn and others’ criterion, incorporated into a full-Stokes model of glacier dynamics, to estimate the current position of the calving front of Johnsons Glacier, Antarctica. We find that two improvements to the original model are necessary to accurately reproduce the observed calving front: (1) computation of the tensile deviatoric stress opening the crevasse using the full-stress solution and (2) consideration of such a tensile stress as a function of depth. Our modelling results also suggest that Johnsons Glacier has a polythermal structure, rather than the temperate structure suggested by earlier studies.
A quantitative and statistically robust method for the determination of xylem conduit spatial distribution
Authors: Mencuccini Maurizio , Martinez‐Vilalta Jordi , Piñol Josep , Loepfe Lasse , Burnat Mireia , Alvarez Xavier , Camacho Juan , Gil Debora 
Published: July 2010

• Premise of the study: Because of their limited length, xylem conduits need to connect to each other to maintain water transport from roots to leaves. Conduit spatial distribution in a cross section plays an important role in aiding this connectivity. While indices of conduit spatial distribution already exist, they are not well defined statistically.• Methods: We used point pattern analysis to derive new spatial indices. One hundred and five cross‐sectional images from different species were transformed into binary images. The resulting point patterns, based on the locations of the conduit centers‐of‐area, were analyzed to determine whether they departed from randomness. Conduit distribution was then modeled using a spatially explicit stochastic model.• Key results: The presence of conduit randomness, uniformity, or aggregation depended on the spatial scale of the analysis. The large majority of the images showed patterns significantly different from randomness at least at one spatial scale. A strong phylogenetic signal was detected in the spatial variables.• Conclusions: Conduit spatial arrangement has been largely conserved during evolution, especially at small spatial scales. Species in which conduits were aggregated in clusters had a lower conduit density compared to those with uniform distribution. Statistically sound spatial indices must be employed as an aid in the characterization of distributional patterns across species and in models of xylem water transport. Point pattern analysis is a very useful tool in identifying spatial patterns.
Embryonic inbreeding depression varies among populations and by mating system in Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae)
Authors: Stone Judy L. , Wilson Emily E. , Kwak Andrew S. 
Published: July 2010

• Premise of the study: Embryonic inbreeding depression is a key influence on mating system evolution and can be difficult to estimate in self‐incompatible species. A pollen chase experiment was used to estimate the magnitude of embryonic inbreeding depression in Costa Rican Witheringia solanacea, a species polymorphic for self‐incompatibility (SI). In a pollen chase experiment, bud self‐pollinations are followed after anthesis by outcross pollinations, with a comparable pair of outcross pollinations used as a control. Lowered seed set for the self‐precedence treatment indicates embryonic inbreeding depression.• Methods: Embryonic inbreeding depression was assayed for self‐compatible (SC) individuals and for SI plants from two populations that differ quantitatively in the onset and enzymatic activity of their SI response. Microsatellite markers were used to assay the selfing rate of a sample of surviving progeny from the prior self‐pollination treatment.• Key results: SC individuals showed no evidence of embryonic inbreeding depression. In SI plants, prior self‐pollination reduced seed number by 28–70%, depending on population. Microsatellite genotyping revealed that embryonic inbreeding depression was even more severe than estimated by the phenotypic data: for mature fruits resulting from self‐pollination precedence, the majority of the progeny were the result of outcross fertilization.• Conclusions: Lineage‐specific purging of recessive lethals has accompanied the evolution of SC in this species. SI populations show contrasting levels of embryonic inbreeding depression, with nearly complete embryonic lethality upon selfing in the Monteverde population. In the face of high embryonic inbreeding depression, an increase in selfing rate can evidently occur only under severe pollen limitation.
Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae)
Authors: Wang Shu‐Zhen , Pan Lei , Hu Kan , Chen Chan‐You , Ding Yi 
Published: July 2010

• Premise of the study: Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for Momordica charantia L. to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure within and between M. charantia and its four related species (Cucurbita pepo L., Luffa cylindrical L., Lagenaria siceraria L., and Cucumis sativus L.).• Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequence COntaining Repeats (FIASCO) method, 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified in 36 individuals of M. charantia. Across all the M. charantia samples, the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to eight. Seven primers successfully amplified in the four related species.• Conclusions: These markers will be useful to study population ecology and population differentiation among M. charantia species and its related species.
Elements in a Numerical Semigroup with Factorizations of the Same Length
Authors: Chapman S. T. , García-Sánchez P. A. , Llena D. , Marshall J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuestions concerning the lengths of factorizations into irreducible elements in numerical monoids have gained much attention in the recent literature. In this note, we show that a numerical monoid has an element with two different irreducible factorizations of the same length if and only if its embedding dimension is greater than two. We find formulas in embedding dimension three for the smallest element with two different irreducible factorizations of the same length and the largest element whose different irreducible factorizations all have distinct lengths. We show that these formulas do not naturally extend to higher embedding dimensions.
Does fun work? The complexity of promoting fun at work
Authors: Owler Kathryn , Morrison Rachel , Plester Barbara 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor some years now there has been growing enthusiasm amongst practitioners, managers and some academics about the value of promoting fun at work, resulting in a substantial body of managerial literature. As a result, the authors believe that fun at work deserves further research attention. In this paper the authors critically review the large body of practitioner and management literature promoting fun at work. We find this literature dependent on a number of untheorised, untested assumptions about the nature of fun, its desirability and usefulness to business. Utilising Schein’s organisational theory, alongside ethnographic research into fun at work, we highlight the complexity of implementing fun at work initiatives in practice. Drawing on organizational psychology we also make a short case study of the current use of fun at work as a job marketing tool by recruitment agencies in New Zealand. Our discussion does make it possible to come to some conclusions about fun at work. However, we also pose a series of research questions that emerge from our discussion that will provide a framework for ongoing research.
Research Review of Nongovernmental Organizations’ Security Policies for Humanitarian Programs in War, Conflict, and Postconflict Environments
Authors: Rowley Elizabeth , Burns Lauren , Burnham Gilbert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the most and least commonly cited security management messages that nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are communicating to their field staff, to determine the types of documentation that NGOs most often use to communicate key security messages, and to distinguish the points of commonality and divergence across organizations in the content of key security messages.MethodsThe authors undertook a systematic review of available security policies, manuals, and training materials from 20 international humanitarian NGOs using the InterAction Minimum Operating Security Standards as the basis for a review framework.ResultsThe most commonly cited standards include analytical security issues such as threat and risk assessment processes and guidance on acceptance, protection, and deterrence approaches. Among the least commonly cited standards were considering security threats to national staff during staffing decision processes, incorporating security awareness into job descriptions, and ensuring that national staff security issues are addressed in trainings. NGO staff receive security-related messages through multiple document types, but only 12 of the 20 organizations have a distinct security policy document. Points of convergence across organizations in the content of commonly cited standards were found in many areas, but differences in security risk and threat assessment guidance may undermine communication between aid workers about changes in local security environments.ConclusionsAlthough the humanitarian community has experienced significant progress in the development of practical staff security guidance during the past 10 years, gaps remain that can hinder efforts to garner needed resources, clarify security responsibilities, and ensure that the distinct needs of national staff are recognized and addressed. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:241-250)
Does cost–benefit analysis or self‐control predict involvement in two forms of aggression?
Authors: Archer John , Fernández‐Fuertes Andrés A. , Thanzami Van Lal 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe main aim of this research was to assess the relative association between physical aggression and (1) self‐control and (2) cost‐benefit assessment, these variables representing the operation of impulsive and reflective processes. Study 1 involved direct and indirect aggression among young Indian men, and Study 2 physical aggression to dating partners among Spanish adolescents. In Study 1, perceived benefits and costs but not self‐control were associated with direct aggression at other men, and the association remained when their close association with indirect aggression was controlled. In Study 2, benefits and self‐control showed significant and independent associations (positive for benefits, negative for self‐control) with physical aggression at other‐sex partners. Although being victimized was also correlated in the same direction with self‐control and benefits, perpetration and being victimized were highly correlated, and there was no association between being victimized and these variables when perpetration was controlled. These results support the theory that reflective (cost‐benefit analyses) processes and impulsive (self‐control) processes operate in parallel in affecting aggression. The finding that male adolescents perceived more costs and fewer benefits from physical aggression to a partner than female adolescents did is consistent with findings indicating greater social disapproval of men hitting women than vice versa, rather than with the view that male violence to women is facilitated by internalized patriarchal values. Aggr. Behav. 36:292–304, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Starch‐grafted polypropylene: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Khanna N. Deepika , Kaur Inderjeet , Kumar Anil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGraft copolymerization of starch has been carried out onto preirradiated polypropylene (PP) in an aqueous medium using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the radical initiator. The maximum percentage of grafting (115%) of starch onto PP was obtained at optimum conditions of BPO concentration, 1.239 × 10−3 moles; temperature, 65°C; in 120 min. using 30 mL of water. Swelling studies were carried out in pure, binary, ternary and quaternary solvent systems comprising of water, ethanol (EtOH), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in different ratios. Maximum swelling is observed in DMSO and DMF, followed by EtOH and least in water for true graft. Water retention studies of pristine PP and PP‐g‐Starch (both composite and true graft) were investigated at different time periods, temperature and pH. The composite contains grafted PP, unreacted starch and unreacted PP whereas true graft is the product from which both unreacted polymers have been removed. Maximum % water retention of PP‐g‐Starch (composite) (110%) was observed in 8 h at 50°C in neutral medium (pH = 7). The graft copolymers were characterized by FTIR, DTG, DTA, TGA, and SEM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Probe dependency of segmental interaction parameters in copolymers by inverse gas chromatography
Authors: Huang Jan‐Chan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInverse gas chromatography (IGC) has been widely used to determine the Flory‐Huggins parameter, χ, between two polymers using a series of solutes as probes. Many studies showed that interaction parameters were probe dependent. In recent studies, it was proposed that the difference in interaction energy between functional groups of solutes and solvent mixtures could lead to an apparent solvent solubility parameter different from the volume average of the components. An equation was derived to relate the probe dependency to the deviation of the solubility parameter. By plotting ϕ2ϕ3RT(χ23/V2) vs. the solubility parameter of solutes, a straight line could be obtained with a slope proportional to the deviation of the solvent solubility parameter. The plot was shown to yield negative slopes for miscible polymer blends. When there was an unfavorable interaction between two solvents, an opposite situation would be observed. In this study, the method was tested in two copolymer systems, and the copolymers were considered as mixtures of two homopolymers. The plots showed straight lines with positive slopes when χ23 was positive. The technique was shown to apply to copolymer systems also. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011