bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meeting the information needs of a national drug payer: aspirations of the guidelines from Australia
Authors: Mitchell Andrew S. , Viney Rosalie 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe information needs of drug payers at the provincial or national level are reasonably similar across the world. Until recently, the evidence generated to meet these needs has been largely intended to meet the information needs of regulatory agencies responsible for determining whether marketing approval should be authorized. This has meant that evidence for one purpose (determining whether a drug should be approved for marketing) usually has to be translated to meet another purpose (determining whether the drug should be paid for in a reimbursement or subsidy). As the context in each jurisdiction might be different, there is also a need to translate evidence developed for a global audience to address different local contexts. A common set of methods to translate evidence can help address both needs, from a common starting point of randomized trials as the most scientifically rigorous evidence available for estimating the extent of intended treatment effects. Experience with these methods to increase confidence in the translated evidence has proved helpful, as meeting the information needs of drug payers has recently become more influential in determining what evidence is generated during the pre‐marketing research and development phase in the life cycle of a new drug. Drug Dev Res 71: 463–469, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projection of CO2 emissions in Malaysia
Authors: Safaai Nor Sharliza Mohd , Noor Zainura Zainon , Hashim Haslenda , Ujang Zaini , Talib Juhaizah 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe problem of massive emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the burning of fossil fuels and their climatic impact has become major scientific and political issues. Electricity generation, transportation, industrial and residential are the main sectors identified to contribute to the emission of CO2 in Malaysia. In this study, a comprehensive modeling tool, long‐range energy alternatives planning system (LEAP) was utilized to project CO2 emissions from year 2000 to year 2020 for each sector. It was projected that without any mitigation measures being taken up by the country, 285.73 million tonnes of CO2 will be released in 2020, which is a 68.86% increase compared to the amount of CO2 emitted in year 2000. Electricity generation, which gives 43.40% out of total of emissions, was discovered to be the largest emitting sector among all sectors. In addition, this study also reviews recommended mitigation analysis proposed by other researches as well as implementation of energy efficiency program in Malaysia. This projection and mitigation is a hope to provide an important basis to reduce future CO2 emissions and their associated impact in Malaysia. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010.
Back‐calculation of bedload transport in steep channels with a numerical model
Authors: Chiari Michael , Rickenmann Dieter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn August 2005 severe flood events occurred in the Alps. A sediment routing model for steep torrent channel networks called SETRAC has been applied to six well‐documented case study streams with substantial sediment transport in Austria and Switzerland. For these streams information on the sediment budget along the main channel is available. Flood hydrographs were reconstructed based on precipitation data and stream gauges in neighbouring catchments. Different scenarios are modelled and discussed regarding sediment availability and the effect of armouring and macro‐roughness on sediment transport calculations. The simulation results show the importance of considering increased flow resistance for small relative flow depth when modelling bedload transport during high‐intensity flood events in torrents and mountain rivers. Without any correction of increased flow resistance using a reduced energy slope, the predicted bedload volumes are about a factor of 10 higher on average than the observed values. Simulation results were also used for a back‐calculation of macro‐roughness effects from bedload transport data, and compared with an independent estimate of flow resistance partitioning based on flow resistance data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Death is certain, strategy isn't: Assessing the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's end‐of‐life grant making
Authors: Patrizi Patricia A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe author discusses an assessment of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's work over a 20‐year period to improve end‐of‐life care in America. The case illustrates the evolution of the strategy from one focused on a multiyear randomized control trial of a series of hospital‐based interventions that produced findings of “no effects” into several highly emergent approaches aiming to transform medical education and care delivery and launch a social movement to stimulate consumer and provider demand for better care. The case also illustrates the challenges of discovering strategy in the absence of strategic plans. The author illuminates the role a funder can play in shaping and executing strategic direction, facilitating and impeding progress in a field, and ultimately highlighting efforts made to build the field of end‐of‐life care. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Correlation of dyskerin expression with active proliferation independent of telomerase
Authors: Alawi Faizan , Lin Ping , Ziober Barry , Patel Reena 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundDyskerin, which is an important component of the telomerase complex and is needed for normal telomerase activity, is frequently overexpressed in neoplasia. Dyskerin also plays an essential role in ribosome biogenesis. Because protein synthesis increases during tumorigenesis, this led us to hypothesize that dyskerin expression would be upregulated independently of the cell immortalization mechanism.MethodsDyskerin and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression were examined in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and patient‐matched controls, as well as in a panel of telomerase‐positive and telomerase‐negative cells. Antisense inhibition of TERT was used to test the effects of downregulation of telomerase on dyskerin expression.ResultsDyskerin was frequently overexpressed in OSCC and in immortalized and transformed keratinocytes relative to primary cells, independently of TERT and telomerase activity. Instead, dyskerin expression strongly correlated with cell proliferation rates.ConclusionsThe role of dyskerin in tumorigenesis does not correlate with its function within the telomerase complex. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Tailoring immobilization of immunoglobulin by excimer laser for biosensor applications
Authors: Sima Felix , Axente Emanuel , Ristoscu Carmen , Mihailescu Ion N. , Kononenko Taras V. , Nagovitsin Ilya A. , Chudinova Galina , Konov Vitaly I. , Socol Marcela , Enculescu Ionut , Sima Livia E. , Petrescu Stefana M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe sheltered transfer and immobilization of rabbit anti‐human antiserum immunoglobulin G (IgG) by matrix‐assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) are reported. The iced targets submitted to laser irradiation consisted of 0.2–2 mg/mL IgG blended or not with lipid (L‐α‐phosphatidylcholine dipalmitoyl) dissolved in distilled water‐based saline buffer. Thin IgG coatings were obtained at room temperature onto glass, fused silica, or silicon substrates. Ten thousand subsequent laser pulses of 0.33, 0.5, or 0.67 J/cm2fluence were applied for the synthesis of each sample. Morphology and composition of the thin films were studied by optical, scanning, and atomic force microscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry. Optical labeling methods such as spectrofluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy were selected to verify the biosensor transduction principle because of their high sensitivity for detecting low amounts of antigen (IgG). Protein immobilization to the substrate surface was demonstrated for all obtained structures after immersion in the donkey anti‐rabbit secondary antibody solution. The IgG transfer and immobilization onto substrates were improved by addition of lipid to MAPLE solutions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2011.
Cellular response of RAW 264.7 to spray‐coated multi‐walled carbon nanotube films with various surfactants
Authors: Chen Hailan , Shen Jianmin , Longhua Guo , Chen Yuan , Kim Dong‐Hwan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe increasing role of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in various biological applications has led to a number of studies on the cytotoxicity of solution‐phase CNTs, but few studies are available concerning the cytotoxicity of CNT films. Herein, we studied the potential health effect of CNT films fabricated with three commercial surfactants (sodium cholate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and triton X‐100). Multi‐walled carbon nanotube‐surfactant dispersions were coated onto substrates through air‐spray technique. Cellular morphology, MTT assays, as well as the expression of TNF‐α and IL‐1β of RAW 264.7 cells cultured on the spray‐coated CNT films were evaluated for cytotoxicity. It was found that the cytotoxicity of the CNT films was largely dependent on the type of surfactant used and could be significantly reduced by mild washing steps. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2011.
Improved transfection efficiency of an aliphatic lipid substituted 2 kDa polyethylenimine is attributed to enhanced nuclear association and uptake in rat bone marrow stromal cell
Authors: Hsu Charlie Yu Ming , Hendzel Michael , Uludaǧ Hasan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundLipid substitutions of cationic polymers are actively explored to enhance the efficiency of nonviral gene carriers. We recently took this approach to develop a novel gene carrier by grafting linoleic acid (LA) to relatively biocompatible 2 kDa polyethylenimine (PEI2). The resulting polymer (PEI2LA) displayed improved transfection efficiency over the unmodified PEI2. The intracellular kinetics and distribution of the respective polyplexes were investigated in the present study to gain a better understanding of the role of lipid modification in intracellular trafficking of gene carriers.MethodsA Cy5‐labeled plasmid DNA (pDNA) expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was complexed with PEI2, PEI2LA, and 25 kDa polyethylenimine (PEI25) to transfect rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). Subcellular fractionation was performed to measure the amount of nuclear associated pDNA. pDNA uptake, GFP‐expression and nuclear‐associated pDNA were measured by both flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy.ResultsPEI2LA mediated higher transgene expression and percentages of transfected cells than PEI25 and PEI2, respectively. There was a strong correlation between nuclear associated pDNA and transgene expression. PEI2LA polyplexes were significantly larger in size than PEI25. The amounts of pDNA associated with the nuclei were greater in PEI2LA than PEI25 polyplexes. The perinuclear pDNA distribution between GFP‐expressing and nonGFP‐expressing indicated that GFP‐positive cells had a higher amount of pDNA associated with their nuclei.ConclusionsImproved transfection efficiency of PEI2LA was attributed to enhanced association with the nucleus, which may be a result of hydrophobic interaction between the lipid moieties on the modified lipopolymer and the nuclear membrane. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of vagotomy, splanchnic nerve lesion, and fluorocitrate on the transmission of acute hyperosmotic stress signals to the supraoptic nucleus
Authors: Xiong Yingfei , Liu Rui , Xu Yan , Duan Li , Cao Rong , Tu Lingfeng , Li Zhuyi , Zhao Gang , Rao Zhiren 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe response to hyperosmotic stresses in the abdominal cavity is regulated, in part, by vasopressin (VP)‐secreting neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). How osmotic stress signals are transmitted to the brain is incompletely understood, and whether the transmission routes for osmotic stress signals differ between acute and chronic stresses is unknown. Here we investigated the role of the vagus, splanchnic nerves, and astrocytes in the SON in transducing acute hyperosmotic‐stress signals from the abdominal cavity. We found that acute administration of hyperosmotic saline triggered the activation of neurons as well as astrocytes in the SON and the adjoining ventral glia limitans (SON‐VGL). Severing the subdiaphragmatic vagal nerve (SDV) prevented the normal response of cells in the SON to HS treatment and attenuated the release of VP into the bloodstream. Lesioning the splanchnic nerves (SNL) diminished HS‐induced release of VP, but to a much lesser extent than SDV. Furthermore, SNL did not significantly affect the up‐regulation of Fos in SON neurons or the up‐regulation of Fos and GFAP in SON and SON‐VGL astrocytes that normally occurred in response to HS and did not affect HS‐induced expansion of the SON‐VGL. Inhibiting astrocytes with fluorocitrate (FCA) prevented the response of the SON to HS and attenuated the release of VP, similarly to SDV surgery. These results suggest that the vagus is the principle route for the transmission of hyperosmotic signals to the brain and that astrocytes in the SON region are necessary for the activation of SON neurons and the release of VP into the bloodstream. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stiffening Transition in Semiflexible Cyclic Macromolecules
Authors: Benková Zuzana , Cifra Peter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractConformational changes in cyclic and linear chains triggered by increasing chain stiffness are explored using MC simulations. The transition to the rigid strained objects is continuous and steeper for cycles. Circular macromolecules of contour length equal to ≈5 persistence lengths are characterized as rigid strained objects with a lowered spatial dimensionality. The coil regime is almost omitted in the static structure factor already for semiflexible chains of both architectures and the flattening of stiffer cycles is evidenced by oscillations superimposed on the rod‐like behavior of corresponding linear chains. The orientational correlation function shows qualitative difference in behavior of cyclic and linear chains.
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Rational Design of Poly(2,7‐Carbazole) Derivatives for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Beaupré Serge , Belletête Michel , Durocher Gilles , Leclerc Mario 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA reliable model that can be used to estimate the electronic properties (i.e., the HOMO, LUMO, and band gap energies) of conjugated polymers would be a great tool for applications in organic electronics such as light‐emitting diodes, field‐effect transistors, and photovoltaic cells. Recently, poly(2,7‐carbazole) derivatives have shown promising results when used as an active donor layer in bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells with power conversion efficiency exceeding 7%. By using a simple correlation between density functional theory (DFT) theoretical calculations performed on six model compounds (using the repeating unit) and experimental data from the six corresponding polymers, an accurate estimation of the HOMO energy level, the LUMO energy levels, and the band gap of several poly(2,7‐carbazole) derivatives was obtained. According to the theoretical data obtained for more than one hundred repeating units, fourteen new copolymers that can be used as p‐type materials in bulk heterojunction solar cells were selected and synthesized. Experimental data obtained from these materials were then used to refine the correlation between DFT and experimental data of poly(2,7‐carbazole) derivatives.
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Thermo‐ and pH‐responsive gradient and block copolymers based on 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization and the formation of thermoresponsive surfaces
Authors: Medel Sandra , Manuel García José , Garrido Leoncio , Quijada‐Garrido Isabel , París Rodrigo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA series of gradient and block copolymers, based on 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (MEO2MA) and tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA), were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in a first step. The MEO2MA monomer leads to the production of thermosensitive polymers, exhibiting lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at around room temperature, which could be adjusted by changing the proportion of tBA in the copolymer. In a second step, the tert‐butyl groups of tBA were hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid to form the corresponding block and gradient copolymers of MEO2MA and acrylic acid (AA), which exhibited both temperature and pH‐responsive behavior. These copolymers showed LCST values strongly dependent on the pH. At acid pH, a slightly decrease of LCST with an increase of AA in the copolymer was observed. However, at neutral or basic conditions, ionization of acid groups increases the hydrophilic balance considerably raising the LCST values, which even become not observable over the temperature range under study. In the last step, these carboxylic functionalized copolymers were covalently bound to biocompatible and biodegradable films of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) [P(HB‐co‐HHx)] obtained by casting and, previously treated with ethylenediamine (ED) to render their surfaces with amino groups. Thereby, thermosensitive surfaces of modified P(HB‐co‐HHx) could be obtained. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Block copolymers via macromercaptan initiated ring opening polymerization
Authors: Lefay Catherine , Glé David , Rollet Marion , Mazzolini Jérôme , Bertin Denis , Viel Stéphane , Schmid Christina , Boisson Christophe , D'Agosto Franck , Gigmes Didier , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPoly(styrene) macromercaptanes (Mn = 1900, 3600, and 6100 g mol−1, PDI ≈ 1.2) derived from thiocarbonyl thio capped polymers prepared via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization were employed to initiate the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of D,L‐lactide under conditions of organo‐catalyis employing 4,4‐dimethylaminopyridine. Poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(lactide) polymers of number average molecular weights up to 25,000 g mol−1 (PDI ≈ 1.2 to 1.6) were obtained and characterized via multiple detection size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using refractive index as well as UV detection. In addition, diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography at critical conditions (of both polystyrene as well as poly(lactide) were employed to assess the copolymers' structure. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that polyethylenes capped with a thiol moiety can also be readily chain extended in a ROP employing D,L‐lactide, evidenced via NMR and high temperature SEC. This study indicates that the direct use of macromercaptantes is indeed a methodology to switch from a radical to a ROP process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Rapid synthesis of block and cyclic copolymers via click chemistry in the presence of copper nanoparticles
Authors: Pressly Eric D. , Amir Roey J. , Hawker Craig J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new method for the rapid and efficient coupling of homopolymers to yield diblock and triblock copolymers as well as cyclic polymers using the 3 + 2 π Huisgen copper catalyzed cycloaddition reaction has been developed. This facile method utilizes commercially available Cu nanoparticles that are tolerant to O2, easily removable and recyclable. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Exciton behaviours in doped tris (8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) films
Authors: Uddin A. , Lee C. B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe doping effect on exciton behaviours in amorphous tris (8‐hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (Alq3) were studied for the first time by transient photoluminescence (PL) measurements at room temperature. The dopants 4‐(diacynomethylene)‐2‐methyl‐6‐(p‐dimethylaminostyryl)‐4H‐pyan (DCM) and 5,6,11,12‐tetraphenylnaphthacene (rubrene) were used into Alq3 films at various concentration from 0.5 to 24 wt.% for this study. The exciton recombination rate was found sharply increased with doping concentration in Alq3 films. The exciton lifetime in pure Alq3 was found as ∼ 20 ns and it was reduced up to ∼8 ns with doping concentration. The exciton diffusion coefficient and diffusion length in doped films was found as 0.5 – 1.4 × 10–6 cm2 s–1 and 18–35 Å, respectively (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Amplified spontaneous edge‐ emissions from π‐conjugated polymer ultrathin films: Discrete or continuous energy detuning
Authors: Tomioka Akihiro , Kamiyama Yasushi , Iwamoto Kazuhisa , Anzai Takahiro , Takeuchi Takaya 
Published: December 2010

Abstractπ‐conjugated polymer film waveguides, with sufficient thickness to accept multiple waveguided modes, showed amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE's) detuned by as much as 240 meV, showing that the detuning was made on the basis of evanescent field leak into the substrate, consistent with our previous report on the detuning using a photonic crystal substrate, that should be strongest at the critical reflection angle of guided ASE field within the polymer waveguide. Still the ASE energy was selected as one of the discrete series of accompanying molecular vibrational transitions of the constituent polymer, indicating that the coupling is stronger between the vibrational transition and the photoexcited molecular polarization oscillating at the optical frequency than the coupling between this polarization and the waveguide mode. It is the extended π‐conjugation along the polymer backbone that connects the molecular vibrations with the molecular polarization. With higher photoexcitation, continuous detuning was also observed due to filling of the excited state. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An adaptive seamless phase II/III design for oncology trials with subpopulation selection using correlated survival endpoints†
Authors: Jenkins Martin , Stone Andrew , Jennison Christopher 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAlthough the statistical methods enabling efficient adaptive seamless designs are increasingly well established, it is important to continue to use the endpoints and specifications that best suit the therapy area and stage of development concerned when conducting such a trial. Approaches exist that allow adaptive designs to continue seamlessly either in a subpopulation of patients or in the whole population on the basis of data obtained from the first stage of a phase II/III design: our proposed design adds extra flexibility by also allowing the trial to continue in all patients but with both the subgroup and the full population as co‐primary populations. Further, methodology is presented which controls the Type‐I error rate at less than 2.5% when the phase II and III endpoints are different but correlated time‐to‐event endpoints. The operating characteristics of the design are described along with a discussion of the practical aspects in an oncology setting. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.