bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Balanced models of boundary‐layer convergence
Authors: Beare Robert J. , Cullen Michael J. P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn the Tropics, positive sea surface temperature anomalies are often coupled to the well‐mixed boundary layer. The boundary layer then typically forces convergence and ascent; the ascent can trigger moist convection. Established diagnostic models of boundary‐layer convergence employ the steady‐state Ekman (geotriptic) balance. Here, we extend the steady‐state balance to include non‐stationarity. Within an idealised one‐dimensional shallow‐water framework, we identify three time‐varying balanced models: planetary geotriptic (PGT) and semi‐geotriptic (SGT‐A and SGT‐B). These models are verified against the shallow‐water (SWE) model. The PGT model has prognostic mass and diagnostic momentum, whereas the SGT models also include prognostic momentum. The SGT models have separate Ekman‐balanced and advecting winds. The friction term in the SGT‐A model is a function of twice the balanced wind minus the advecting wind. We show that the SGT‐A model has stable solutions in time, and is between first‐ and second‐order accurate. In contrast, the SGT‐B model's friction is a function of just the advecting wind. Although second‐order accurate, the SGT‐B is also unstable and thus unusable.For cases of significant nonlinear advection, the SGT‐A model predicts more accurate convergence than the PGT model. However, the SGT‐A model has a less accurate geopotential field than the PGT model. After a period, the SWE model breaks down into near‐grid‐scale gravity waves and the solutions are no longer numerically reliable. The SGT‐A and PGT models then maintain a smooth solution with the gravity waves filtered out, and thus give a more robust evolution in convergence.For cases of diurnal forcing with a fast frictional time‐scale, the SGT‐A model follows the growth phase of the SWE model more closely than the PGT model. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office.
Bayesian methodology for the analysis of spatial–temporal surveillance data
Authors: Zou Jian , Karr Alan F. , Banks David , Heaton Matthew J. , Datta Gauri , Lynch James , Vera Francisco 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEarly and accurate detection of outbreaks is one of the most important objectives of syndromic surveillance systems. We propose a general Bayesian framework for syndromic surveillance systems. The methodology incorporates Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) and spatio‐temporal conditional autoregressive (CAR) modeling. By contrast, most previous approaches have been based on only spatial or time series models. The model has appealing probabilistic representations as well as attractive statistical properties. Based on extensive simulation studies, the model is capable of capturing outbreaks rapidly, while still limiting false positives. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 5: 194–204, 2012
Online linear and quadratic discriminant analysis with adaptive forgetting for streaming classification
Authors: Anagnostopoulos Christoforos , Tasoulis Dimitris K. , Adams Niall M. , Pavlidis Nicos G. , Hand David J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAdvances in data technology have enabled streaming acquisition of real‐time information in a wide range of settings, including consumer credit, electricity consumption, and internet user behavior. Streaming data consist of transiently observed, temporally evolving data sequences, and poses novel challenges to statistical analysis. Foremost among these challenges are the need for online processing, and temporal adaptivity in the face of unforeseen changes, both smooth and abrupt, in the underlying data generation mechanism. In this paper, we develop streaming versions of two widely used parametric classifiers, namely quadratic and linear discriminant analysis. We rely on computationally efficient, recursive formulations of these classifiers. We additionally equip them with exponential forgetting factors that enable temporal adaptivity via smoothly down‐weighting the contribution of older data. Drawing on ideas from adaptive filtering, we develop an online method for self‐tuning forgetting factors on the basis of an approximate gradient scheme. We provide extensive simulation and real data analysis that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in handling diverse types of change, while simultaneously offering monitoring capabilities via interpretable behavior of the adaptive forgetting factors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2012
People and process, suits and innovators: the role of individuals in firm performance
Authors: Mollick Ethan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPerformance differences between firms are generally attributed to organizational factors rather than to differences among the individuals who make up firms. As a result, little is known about the part that individual firm members play in explaining the variance in performance among firms. This paper employs a multiple membership cross‐classified multilevel model to test the degree to which organizational or individual factors explain firm performance. The analysis also examines whether individual differences among middle managers or innovators best explain firm performance variation. The results indicate that variation among individuals matter far more in organizational performance than is generally assumed. Further, variation among middle managers has a particularly large impact on firm performance, much larger than that of those individuals who are assigned innovative roles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking the language of thought
Authors: Schneider Susan , Katz Matthew 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this piece, we overview the language of thought (LOT) program, a currently influential theory of the computational nature of thought. We focus on LOT's stance on concepts, computation in the central system, and mental symbols. We emphasize certain longstanding problems arising for the LOT approach, suggesting resolutions to these problems. Many of the solutions involve departures from the standard LOT program, i.e., the LOT program as developed by Jerry Fodor. We close by identifying avenues for future work.WIREs Cogn Sci2012, 3:153–162. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1155This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain
Promoting youth purpose: A review of the literature
Authors: Koshy Sonia Issac , Mariano Jenni Menon 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article reviews the research literature on teaching and supporting purpose in adolescence and young adulthood. An extensive search revealed that most studies on youth purpose examine psychological correlates and neglect instructional and social supports. School is an effective context for fostering purpose, yet reported approaches for explicitly instructing for purpose are rare after the early 1990s, reflecting a trend away from a language of purpose as a discrete endeavor in education since at least the 1960s. Furthermore, research on the outcomes of early purpose instruction curricula is not present in empirical journal articles. Nevertheless, a concern for fostering youth purpose has not disappeared from education; rather, it is subsumed under approaches that foster more comprehensive positive student outcomes, such as character, civic engagement, and positive youth development. Key curricular approaches to these outcomes are therefore also reviewed and examined for insights into how purpose can be fostered.
Testing restorable systems: formal definition and heuristic solution based on river formation dynamics
Authors: Rabanal Pablo , Rodríguez Ismael , Rubio Fernando 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Given a finite state machine denoting the
specification
of a system, finding some short interaction sequences capable of reaching some/all states or transitions of this machine is a typical goal in testing methods. If these sequences are applied to an
implementation under test
, then equivalent states or transitions would be reached and observed in the implementation—provided that the implementation were actually defined as the specification. We study the problem of finding such sequences in the case where configurations previously traversed can be
saved
and
restored
(at some cost). In general, this feature enables sequences to reach the required parts of the machine in less time, because some repetitions can be avoided. However, we show that finding optimal sequences in this case is an NP-hard problem. We propose an heuristic method to approximately solve this problem based on an evolutionary computation approach, in particular
river formation dynamics
(RFD). Given
finite state machine
specifications and sets of states/transitions to be reached, we apply RFD to construct testing plans reaching these configurations. Experimental results show that being able to load previously traversed states generally reduces the time needed to cover the target configurations.
Family Affluence, School and Neighborhood Contexts and Adolescents’ Civic Engagement: A Cross‐National Study
Authors: Lenzi Michela , Vieno Alessio , Perkins Douglas D. , Santinello Massimo , Elgar Frank J. , Morgan Antony , Mazzardis Sonia 
Published: January 2012

AbstractResearch on youth civic engagement focuses on individual‐level predictors. We examined individual‐ and school‐level characteristics, including family affluence, democratic school social climate and perceived neighborhood social capital, in their relation to civic engagement of 15‐year‐old students. Data were taken from the 2006 World Health Organization Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children survey. A sample of 8,077 adolescents in 10th grade from five countries (Belgium, Canada, Italy, Romania, England) were assessed. Multilevel models were analyzed for each country and across the entire sample. Results showed that family affluence, democratic school climate and perceived neighborhood social capital positively related to participation in community organizations. These links were stronger at the aggregate contextual than individual level and varied by country. Canadian youth participated most and Romanian youth least of the five countries. Gender predicted engagement in two countries (girls participate more in Canada, boys in Italy). Findings showed significant contributions of the social environment to adolescents’ engagement in their communities.
Compensatory growth responses of seedlings of Pharbitis purpurea (Convulvulaceae) to tissue removal at different seeding depths of seeds
Authors: Zheng Wei , Li Guangdi , Huang Yingxin , Zhang Hongxiang , Luan Zhihui , Wang Ping , Shao Diankun , Zhou Daowei 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTissue damage to seedlings can limit their later growth, and the further effects may be greater with increasing seedling age. Seedlings, however, can minimize the effect of damage through compensatory growth. Seedlings of Pharbitis purpurea grow in frequently disturbed habitats and generally tolerate damage to leaf tissues. We evaluated the compensatory responses of the cotyledon to different levels of defoliation and their effect on seedling growth and development. We also examined the relationship between seeding depth and compensatory growth. We tested seven defoliation treatments with one or both cotyledons and/or the apical meristem of seedlings removed from seeds buried at a seeding depth of either 2 or 5 cm. We then measured 12 growth traits of the seedlings to assess development and growth compensation. The area, thickness, biomass, and longevity of the remaining cotyledon were also measured to quantify increased growth as result of treatment effects at both seeding depths. The results showed that defoliation reduced seedling height, belowground length, and total biomass significantly in subsequent growth in all treatments. However, defoliation treatments had direct positive impacts on growth at 2 cm depth compared with 5 cm depth. In contrast, the compensation of cotyledon area (Carea), biomass (Cmass), and thickness (Cthickness) was greater at 5 cm depth than at 2 cm depth. The results thus indicate that P. purpurea seedlings adopted a compensatory growth strategy to resist leaf loss and minimize any adverse effects using the remaining cotyledon. Increasing seeding depth can aggravate the compensatory growth of remain cotyledon after partial defoliation.
The Cognitive-Miser Response Model: Testing for Intuitive and Deliberate Reasoning
Authors: Böckenholt Ulf 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn a number of psychological studies, answers to reasoning vignettes have been shown to result from both intuitive and deliberate response processes. This paper utilizes a psychometric model to separate these two response tendencies. An experimental application shows that the proposed model facilitates the analysis of dual-process item responses and the assessment of individual-difference factors, as well as conditions that favor one response tendency over another one.
Bilateral V–Y Rotation Advancement Flap for Fingertip Amputations
Authors: Sungur Nezih , Kankaya Yüksel , Yildiz Kaya , Dölen Utku Can , Koçer Uğur 
Published: January 2012

Background Fingertip amputation is the most common type of injury in the upper limb. Goals in fingertip amputation reconstruction are covering the defect, establishing maximum tactile gnosis, keeping the length of the finger, protecting the joint function, acquiring a well-padded pulp tissue, providing a bed for growing nail, obtaining a satisfactory cosmetic appearance and allowing the patient to return to work as soon as possible. Adjacent skin and soft tissue are the best covers for fingertip injuries. However, local homodigital flaps lack enough tissue to cover the defect. To solve this problem, we used V–Y rotation advancement flap bilaterally in fingertip amputations which meets all the reconstruction goals. Rotation besides advancement makes this flap more mobile and easier to cover larger defects in all amputation planes. Methods Between 2007 and 2009, we performed bilateral V–Y rotation advancement flap on seven male patients' pulpa (average age, 37.6 years) whose fingertips were not replantable. Results Fourteen flaps were made on 7 fingers. There was neither total nor partial flap loss. Patients had neither cold intolerance nor scar hypersensitivity. Stiffness of the PIP joint did not occur. No obvious hooked nail occurred in patients who have remaining nail matrix. Because flaps contain neurovascular bundle, there was no difference in sensation and perfusion between the finger's pre-operative and post-operative status. The result was satisfactory with painless pinching. Conclusion In addition to the various and versatile fingertip reconstruction methods, we want to present V–Y rotation advancement flap as a quick, reliable and aesthetic method.
The inter-relationship of clinical parameters in congenital talipes equinovarus: Relevance to pathological anatomy and clinical classification
Authors: Siddique I. , Choudry Q. , Paton R. W. 
Published: January 2012

Background The clinical features that define congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) are the presence of four principal components, equinus, varus, adductus and cavus. Classification systems in CTEV often include a form of assessment of these components and also other concurrent clinical parameters which feature in the condition. Methods Over a 14-year period from 1992 to 2006, 95 consecutive cases of CTEV were prospectively assessed and data recorded in order to investigate the relationships between the clinical parameters in CTEV and to compare these relationships with those that one would expect from our knowledge of the pathological anatomy and mechanics of the condition, relating these findings to the commonly used systems for classification. Results Ninety-five cases of CTEV had failed conservative treatment and had undergone surgical release. The mean age at surgical release and assessment was 9 months. Cluster analysis demonstrated that there were, broadly, two groups of patients. The first group was those patients with a greater equinus deformity (greater than 31°). This group had a greater adductus deformity and the presence of other parameters indicating increased severity (multiplanar stiffness with the presence of cavus and medial skin crease). The second group was those patients with a smaller equinus deformity (less than 31°) who were more heterogenous with regards to the other parameters. Conclusions We analysed on a statistical basis the relevant aspects of the deformity in CTEV. We have demonstrated that there are certain parameters, namely, equinus and adductus, whose severity can reasonably predict the severity of other components of the deformity. With regards to hindfoot parameters, increased equinus is related to less sagittal plane reducibility and to stiff hindfoot varus (coronal plane stiffness). In terms of midfoot parameters, the degree of adductus is related to the presence of cavus deformity and the presence of a medial skin crease is associated with less reducibility of the adductus (axial plane stiffness). This is consistent with our current understanding of the pathological anatomy of CTEV and bears implications with regards to treatment and the design of proposed classification systems that are in use.
Functions of interferon tau as an immunological regulator for establishment of pregnancy
Authors: Bai Hanako , Sakurai Toshihiro , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Ideta Atsushi , Aoyagi Yoshito , Godkin James D. , Imakawa Kazuhiko 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe establishment of a successful pregnancy requires a “fine quality embryo”, “maternal recognition of pregnancy”, and a “receptive uterus” during the period of conceptus implantation to the uterine endometrium. In ruminants, a conceptus cytokine, interferon tau (IFNT), a major cytokine produced by the peri‐implantation trophectoderm, is known as a key factor for maternal recognition of pregnancy. IFNT can be considered one of the main factors in conceptus–uterus cross‐talk, resulting in the rescue of ovarian corpus luteum (CL), induction of endometrial gene expressions, activation of residual immune cells, and recruitment of immune cells. Much research on IFNT has focused on the CL life‐span (pregnancy recognition) and uterine gene expression through IFNT and related genes; however, immunological acceptance of the conceptus by the mother has not been well characterized. In this review, we will discuss the progress in IFNT and implantation research made by us and others for over 10 years, and relate this progress to pregnancy in mammalian species other than ruminants.
Can We Still Learn Something From the Relationship Between Fertility and Mother’s Employment? Evidence From Developing Countries
Authors: Cáceres-Delpiano Julio 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
In this work, I study the impact of fertility on mothers’ employment for a sample of developing countries. Using the event of multiple births as an instrumental variable (IV) for fertility, I find that having children has a negative impact on female employment. In addition, three types of heterogeneity are found. First, the magnitude of the impact depends on the birth at which the increase in fertility takes place. Second, the types of jobs affected by a fertility shock (multiple births) are jobs identified with a higher degree of informality, such as self-employment or unpaid jobs. Finally, the heterogeneity analysis reveals that an unexpected change in fertility is stronger at a higher education level of the mother and in urban areas.
The Patterns of Activity, and Transport to Activities among Older Adults in Singapore
Authors: Krishnasamy Charmaine , Unsworth Carolyn , Howie Linsey 
Published: January 2012

Background Engagement in occupations is important, and appropriate transportation modes are necessary for continued activity participation in the community. The aim of this study was to explore the patterns of activity and transportation methods used by older adults and the links between their transport use and activity engagement in Singapore. Methods Fifty-six participants aged 50 years and older recorded in a time diary (in English or Mandarin) their activity participation over 24 hours on a weekday or weekday and weekend day. Data on the participants' out-of-home activities were analyzed using parametric statistics, including Student t-tests and analyses of variance, along with visual inspection of the data. Results No significant difference was found between time spent out of the house on weekdays and weekends on the variables of sex, age, and self-reported health status, and between living situation and time spent out of the house for drivers and nondrivers. The participants undertook a wide variety of activities including work, singing with friends, and shopping, and most frequently left their house to shop, exercise, or meet family/friends or participate in leisure activities. The participants were found to be able to use several transportation methods to access these activities, and they were satisfied with how they traveled to them. Conclusion This study contributes to the understanding of the activity engagement of older adults in Singapore. It has highlighted participants' engagement in neighborhood activities and the importance and preference to walk or use public transportation to access activities. Additionally, this study has highlighted the need to consider the issues surrounding occupational performance in older adults.
On recurrence and ergodicity for geodesic flows on non-compact periodic polygonal surfaces
Authors: CONZE JEAN-PIERRE , GUTKIN EUGENE 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe study billiard dynamics on non-compact polygonal surfaces with a free, cocompact action of ℤ or ℤ2. In the ℤ-periodic case, we establish criteria for conservativity. In the ℤ2-periodic case, we study a particular family of such surfaces, the rectangular Lorenz gas. Assuming that the obstacles are sufficiently small, we obtain the ergodic decomposition of directional billiards for a finite but asymptotically dense set of directions. This is based on our study of ergodicity for ℤd-valued cocycles over irrational rotations.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis E antibodies and risk profile of HEV seropositivity in The Netherlands, 2006–2007
Authors: VERHOEF L. , KOOPMANS M. , DUIZER E. , BAKKER J. , REIMERINK J. , VAN PELT W. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYHepatitis E virus (HEV) is now considered an endemic pathogen in industrialized countries, leading to acute and sometimes chronic hepatitis, mostly in vulnerable people. The endemic sources are unclear. A survey in The Netherlands in 2006–2007 showed a 1·9% seroprevalence of HEV antibodies measured by ELISA and confirmed by immunoblot in a nationwide sample. Overall, in 134/7072 (1·9%) seropositive individuals, older age (P<0·01), being male (P<0·01), working with patients (P=0·03), working with animals (P=0·07), recent diarrhoeal complaints (P=0·07) and adhering to a religion that considers pigs unclean (P<0·01) were independently associated with seropositivity in multivariate analysis. Sub-analysis of 59/4022 (1·5%) anti-HEV antibody-positive subjects with probable endemic exposure showed independent association with youngest household member being aged <5 years or between 19 and <65 years (P=0·05) in multivariate analysis. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the sources of endemic HEV exposure, and also highlight the need for systematic epidemiological and serological evaluation of new cases.