bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Play Therapy
Authors: Silvern Louise , McClintic Brook , Nuttall Amy K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The term
play therapy
is employed in at least two ways to describe child psychotherapy. First, the term sometimes refers to particular child psychotherapy approaches that centrally emphasize children's play as a means of therapeutic communication and as a modality through which children's dilemmas can be solved (e.g., Davenport & Bourgeois, 2008; Landreth & Bratton, 2006; Schaefer, 1993). Second, the term
play therapy
is sometimes imprecisely employed to describe individual child psychotherapy generally, given that virtually all therapies rely on children's play at least as a mode of communication (Johnson, Rasbury, & Siegel, 1997). Child therapy approaches, however, do differ in whether play is considered relatively central versus relatively incidental to the process of change.
Prejudice and Discrimination
Authors: Denmark Florence L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Although often employed interchangeably and certainly related by laypersons and the media, the terms
prejudice
and
discrimination
possess distinct meanings for most social scientists. Prejudice denotes the possession of negative attitudes of a particular kind regarding members of a specific group or category. As commonly used in psychology, prejudice is not merely a statement of opinion or belief, but an attitude that includes feelings such as contempt, dislike, or loathing. Discrimination is a term applied to the negative actions that result from prejudicial attitudes and that are directed against the targets or victims of prejudice. Someone who is prejudiced may, in certain situations, practice discrimination. Prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination often go hand‐in‐hand, but it is also possible to have one without the others.
Premarital Counseling
Authors: Schilling Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The importance of marriage to family and individual functioning, and thus to society, is hard to overemphasize. As well as serving the economic and practical functions of nurturing the next generation, marriage in Western culture is expected to fulfill the emotional, sexual, and social needs of both partners, a very tall order. Thus, it is not surprising that many couples discover that their marital satisfaction deteriorates over the course of the first few years of marriage, and many eventually divorce. Through premarital counseling, mental health professionals work with couples to provide them with knowledge and skills, with the goal of preventing the development of marital distress and divorce and the accompanying pain and disruption in the family.
Primary Mental Abilities
Authors: Schaie K. Warner 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

One of the earliest accomplishments of the science of psychology was the objective measurement of mental abilities. In 1904, the British psychologist Charles Spearman argued that intelligence could be characterized as comprising a general factor (
g
), common to all meaningful activity, and of specific factors (
s
) that are unique to the different tasks used to measure intelligence. Binet and Simon (1905) in France and Terman (1916) in the United States introduced test instruments that applied the concept of general intelligence. However, American psychologists engaged in educational and occupational selection activities found the concept of general intelligence not very useful for predicting success in specific jobs or other life roles. In addition, the work of Thorndike and Woodworth (1901) on transfer of training had suggested that the notion of generalizability of a single ability dimension was not justified.
Probability
Authors: Rossi Joseph S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractProbability theory is important to psychology because it is the foundation on which statistics and statistical inference are based, and statistics are the tools for conducting empirical research. The basic notions of probability and chance have a very long history. Gambling, throwing dice, and randomization procedures such as drawing lots are very ancient, if not prehistoric. Although these concepts were vague by modern standards, it is surprising that even the simplest sort of probability calculus was not invented until relatively recent times. Why this did not take place much earlier is a matter of some mystery and controversy.
Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Huber Charles H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Of those aspects that distinguish humans from other species, the degree of cooperation, helping, and altruism among people is typically espoused as most important (Fehr & Fischbacher, 2003). Prosocial behavior, that is, behavior that has no obvious benefits for the responder but is beneficial to the recipient (i.e., actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self) (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998), has traditionally been considered as the basis of human relationships. A significant number of studies have found evidence of concern for others beginning in infancy and developing throughout childhood and adolescence. Girls have generally been thought to be (or be capable of being) more prosocial than boys; however, the majority of research has not found appreciable gender differences in prosocial behavior. Both internal and external mechanisms have been proposed as determinants of prosocial behavior, as have genetic contributions (Knafo & Plomin, 2006a, 2006b).
Pseudodementia
Authors: Abeles Norman 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Brown (2005) raises the question as to whether the term
pseudodementia
is still valid and useful. He points out that many specialists have taken a second look at this diagnosis and have essentially abandoned it. With that in mind, it seems important to look at and see what this diagnosis is all about. Jenike (1988) points out that many elderly patients with depression show cognitive changes that include deficits in memory performance. The term
pseudodementia
(literally, “false dementia”) is used to describe cognitive changes associated with depression that can be reversed with adequate treatment (p. 128). One should not assume, he warns, that cognitive disorders are necessarily a consequence of neurological disease. The danger appears to be that cognitively impaired patients can be viewed as hopelessly demented, warranting no further treatment for depressive symptoms. He suggests that although diagnosis is certainly important, the distinction between a psychiatric disorder and a neurological disorder may not be crucial, as long as one can determine that the course of the illness is not progressive.
Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
Authors: Gordon Robert M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The
Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
(
PDM
; PDM Task Force, 2006) is the first psychological diagnostic classification system that considers the whole person in various stages of development. A task force of five major psychoanalytic organizations and leading researchers, under the guidance of Stanley I. Greenspan, Nancy McWilliams, and Robert Wallerstein, came together to develop the
PDM
. The resulting nosology goes from the deep structural foundation of personality to the surface symptoms that include the integration of behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning.
Psychological Measurement, Bias in
Authors: Malgady Robert G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe issue of reliable and valid assessment of mental health status has been faced in clinical practice since the inception of efforts to evaluate intelligence, dating at least to Spearman's theory of general intelligence. G‐theory, as it became known, presumed that individuals possess an overall intelligence, as opposed to more varied intelligences in diverse areas, as later expressed by Thurstone (1927), and more recently rearticulated by Gardner (1983). Unfortunately, efforts to develop psychological assessment instruments have historically focused and been standardized on white middle‐class males. Little or no consideration was given to the diversity of the U.S. population with respect to gender, race, ethnicity, religiosity, or any other relevant demographic characteristic. Even within the United States, various verbal expressions are unclear or uninterpretable among some native born Americans in all parts of the country.
Psychological Systems
Authors: Pear Joseph J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A psychological system is a way of conceptualizing and organizing the basic phenomena of psychology. It is similar to what in advanced sciences Kuhn (1962) called a paradigm. Like a paradigm, a psychological system subsumes under a single umbrella theories that are based on similar assumptions and use a similar language to describe phenomena. Over the history of psychology, four distinct systems have emerged: cognitive, psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic psychology (Pear, 2007). Although other classifications have been proposed, the one used here is the most parsimonious.
Psychology, History of
Authors: King D. Brett 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe subject matter of psychology captured the human imagination long before psychology became a science. Throughout antiquity, Chinese, Babylonian, Egyptian, Indian, Hebraic, and Persian scholars explored psychological topics ranging from sensation, emotion, and cognition to education, personality, and mental disorders. In ancient Greece, many enduring figures, including Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Leucippus, and Democritus, made contributions important to Western intellectual history. Rejecting popular supernatural explanations, Hippocrates (c. 460–c. 377B.C.E.) introduced a naturalistic approach to medicine that encompassed both physical and mental illness. He also formulated the first classification system of mental disorders.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Krippner Stanley 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) can be defined as the study of adaptive interactions among the behavioral, neurological, endocrinal, and immunological systems. PNI emerged from the realization that the immune system does not operate autonomously, as had been assumed by those who had conceptualized it as a closed system. This former perspective assumed the immune system was driven by challenges from foreign substances (antigens) and was regulated by soluble products that were produced and released by immune cells (e.g., lymphokines, cytokines, monokines). Although antigens do initiate immune responses, and cytokines (such as interleukin‐1) do regulate immune processes, data now demonstrate that there are bidirectional communication pathways between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS), with each providing important regulatory control over the other (Maier, Watkins, & Fleshner, 1994).
Psychooncology
Authors: Nezu Arthur M. , Greenberg Lauren M. , Nezu Christine Maguth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The set of diseases known collectively as cancer represents the second most common cause of death in the United States. About 565,650 Americans were expected to die from cancer in 2008, accounting for 25% of deaths. An estimated 1.4 million new cases were diagnosed in 2008, with prostate and breast cancers being most frequent in men and women, respectively, followed by lung cancer, which is the most lethal, then colorectal cancers (American Cancer Society, 2008). The lifetime risk for cancer in men is 1 in 2, and in women, 1 in 3. Because of improvements in prevention and medical care, the 5‐year relative survival rate for all cancers diagnosed from 1996 to 2003 has increased to 66%; in children, it has increased to 80%. Although death rates from cancer are declining, incidence rates of many cancers continue to rise. African Americans and people of low socioeconomic status have the highest rates of new cancers and cancer deaths.
Psychopathology
Authors: Fulford Daniel , Johnson Sheri L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPsychopathology is a term derived from the Greek rootspsych(meaning “mind” or “soul”),path(referring to “feeling” or “suffering”), andology(“the study of”). Thus, one can define the term most broadly as the study of the suffering of the mind. More specifically, psychopathology can be defined as the study of mental illness or the understanding of behaviors and experiences that may indicate mental illness or impairment.
Psychopathy Checklist
Authors: Hart Stephen D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL‐R; Hare, 1991, 2004) is a standardized psychological test of lifetime psychopathic (antisocial) personality disorder symptoms intended for use with adult correctional offenders and forensic psychiatric patients. It has proved to be particularly useful in forensic mental health evaluations and is in wide use, both in the original English and in numerous foreign language translations. The PCL‐R is administered most often as part of comprehensive assessments of risk and treatability for sentencing, civil commitment, institutional classification, and release decision making.
Psychophysics
Authors: Robinson George H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Psychophysics is the quantitative study of the relation between stimulus and sensation or sensory response. As such, it is concerned with the following questions: (1) How much stimulation is required to produce a sensation or sensory response? (2) How much must a stimulus be changed for the change to be detected? (3) In what way or ways must a stimulus be changed to be perceptually equivalent to another? (4) How does the sensation or sensory response change with changes in stimulus magnitudes? Answers to these questions (among others) are provided by psychophysical methods. These consist of the three classical methods—limits, adjustment, and constant stimuli—that were advanced, but not originated, by Gustav T. Fechner (1801–1887) for use in determining thresholds, for numerous suprathreshold psychophysical scaling methods used for deriving measures of sensation magnitude, and for signal detection theory methods used in providing measures of basic sensory sensitivity, minimally contaminated by motivational and attitudinal biases. Although employed primarily with human subjects, several of the psychophysical methods have been adapted for studying nonhuman sensitivity (Stebbins, 1970).
Psychosexual Stages
Authors: McKinney John Paul 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In Sigmund Freud's (1938) personality theory, development is described in terms of stages defined by the specific expression of sexual, or libidinal, urges. Those areas of the body—the erogenous zones—that give rise to libidinal pleasure at specific ages are identified as the focus of each developmental stage. Thus the pleasure derived from sucking liquids and mouthing foods is the focus of the first developmental period, the oral stage. The satisfaction surrounding the retaining and expelling of feces defines the second, the anal stage. The phallic stage refers to the period in which the young child begins to explore and derive pleasure from the genitals. These three stages, called the pregenital stages, span, respectively, the first year of life, the second 2 years, and the years from 3 to 5, roughly.
Psychosurgery
Authors: Oscar‐Berman Marlene , Valmas Mary M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Psychosurgery is the surgical removal or destruction of healthy brain tissue for relief of severe, persistent, and debilitating psychiatric symptomatology. Cranial surgery can be traced back, with early archaeological evidence of trepanation, to around 7300–6220
B.C.
(Lillie, 1998). However, the first widespread application of psychosurgery procedures to psychiatric patients began in the late 1930s, reached its peak in the 1960s, and began to decline in the 1970s (Weingarten & Cummings, 2001).
Psychotherapy
Authors: Crits‐Christoph Paul , Connolly Gibbons Mary Beth 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWhat is psychotherapy? Although originally defined as one‐on‐one sessions of a patient and therapist with the intent of changing the inner workings of the patient's psychological life, over the past several decades, psychotherapy has broadened in its formats, participants, procedures, and focus (there are now more than 250 different forms of psychotherapy), so that any definition of psychotherapy must be far‐ranging enough to encompass the full spectrum of different psychotherapies. What relaxation therapy, family therapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy, insight‐oriented therapy, play therapy (with children), and exposure therapy—to name a few—have in common is a set of psychological or behavioral procedures, delivered by one or more therapists, designed to change the thoughts, feelings, somatic symptoms, or behaviors of one or more participants who are seeking help.
Pygmalion Effect
Authors: Rosenthal Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The term
Pygmalion effect
refers broadly to the effects of interpersonal expectations, that is, the finding that what one person expects of another can come to serve as a self‐fulfilling prophecy. These effects of interpersonal self‐fulfilling prophecies have come to be called Pygmalion effects in general, and especially so when the interpersonal expectancy effects occur in an educational context.
Qualitative Research Methods
Authors: Fischer Constance T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Qualitative psychological research addresses people who are living through particular situations. Findings are presented discursively (descriptively) or through listed interrelated themes. Examples of studied phenomena are the experiences of being criminally victimized, being joyful, awaiting biopsy results, and the formation of white‐space Rorschach responses as described by clients. Two related forms of qualitative research, conversation analysis and discourse analysis, identify people's interactive ways of gaining or maintaining influence. Examples of these studies are interdisciplinary team meetings with patients in a psychiatric facility, marital discussions, and psychotherapy sessions. These situations as lived by participants are not amenable to experimental methods, which require manipulation and measurement in terms of predetermined categories. Hence, qualitative—descriptive—methods have been developed to access situations as they unfold in the life world. Qualitative research is not opposed to categorical, quantitative research, which historically has been essential to psychology's becoming scientific and has provided our ever‐evolving body of knowledge. Qualitative research is in the beginning stages of providing an empirical body of understanding.
Radical Behaviorism
Authors: Rutherford Alexandra 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Radical behaviorism is the philosophy of the science of behavior articulated by American psychologist B. F. Skinner (1904–1990). Radical behaviorism is often contrasted with the methodological behaviorism of Skinner's predecessor, John B. Watson (1878–1958). Watson insisted that observable behavior replace consciousness as psychology's subject matter, and that the prediction and control of behavior be adopted as psychology's ultimate theoretical goals. Watson formulated his position in direct response to what he saw as the limitations of the introspective study of consciousness that had dominated psychology during its first 30 years. Skinner was influenced by Watson's position, which he read in an account by Bertrand Russell just prior to undertaking graduate studies in psychology at Harvard University. Skinner was also influenced by the work of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
Rasch Model
Authors: Bond Trevor G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Proponents of the Rasch model (RM; Rasch, 1980) claim that it is distinctive in terms of its focus on the production of interval‐level measurement (Andrich, 1988). There is an important emphasis that tests and questionnaires should produce data that fit the model, and the RM sets out the criteria for successful measurement. From that perspective, the Rasch model is indispensable for the construction of invariant measurement scales and the monitoring of their performance across samples and over time, as in the calibration of large item banks. The RM is widely adopted in educational and psychological testing as well as for rehabilitation and quality‐of‐life indicators in health settings.
Reading Disability
Authors: Riddle Margaret W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractReading disability was first described at the end of the nineteenth century, when British physician W. Pringle Morgan (Morgan, 1896) described the case of a bright 14‐year‐old boy who was unable to read any but the simplest words, in spite of clearly being intelligent and great efforts having been made to teach him. Reports of similar cases followed, describing a condition with the major elements of what currently is recognized today as reading disability, or dyslexia, which fundamentally refers to unexpected underachievement in reading that is not primarily the result of sensory impairment, intellectual disability, or lack of adequate instruction.
Reciprocal Inhibition
Authors: Friesen W. Otto 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS), together with peripheral sensory inputs, provides the basis of all animal movements. It has long been recognized that the CNS is primarily responsible for generating the motor neuron firing patterns that underlie repetitive movements, that is, those that have a rhythmic expression (Delcomyn, 1980). A central aim of neuroethology is to identify the neuronal circuits underlying these rhythmic behaviors and to understand how the rhythmic motor patterns arise from neuronal interactions and nerve cell properties (Marder & Calabrese, 1996).
Relationship Psychotherapy
Authors: Hess Allen K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRelationship psychotherapy refers to the systems of psychotherapy in which the relationship between the psychotherapist and the patient forms the curative essence. Often termed interpersonal psychotherapy, its modern origins can be traced to Harry Stack Sullivan (Evans, 1996; Sullivan, 1953). The core of Sullivan's work is presented here, followed by brief reviews of the main contributors to relationship or interpersonal psychotherapy.
Reliability
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. , Segal Daniel L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of a measurement. A test with good reliability means that the respondent will obtain the same score upon repeated testing, as long as no other extraneous factors affect the score. In actuality, a respondent will rarely obtain exactly the same score over repeated testing, because repeated assessments of any phenomenon are likely to be affected by chance errors. Thus, the goal of testing is to minimize chance errors and maximize the reliability of the measurement, with the recognition that a perfectly reliable measure is rarely attainable.
Repetition Compulsion
Authors: Cogan Rosemary 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
One remarkable feature of the human condition is that people repeat unhappy or troublesome experiences. As he developed psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud recognized that the unrelenting repetition of unhappy experiences was a hallmark of psychopathology. In 1914, in “Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through,” Freud (1914/1958) described the repetition compulsion, in which a patient in psychoanalysis repeats something important from the past without recognizing the repetition. Freud noted that the compulsion to repeat often occurs at the beginning of treatment and also when the transference is hostile or intense. As the meaning of the repetition becomes clearer, it becomes increasingly possible for analyst and analysand to recognize and talk about the conflicts in the mind involved in the repetition. Understanding the mental conflict helps to reduce the pressure of the unconscious conflict and the compulsion to repeat.