bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signal peptide mutations in RANK prevent downstream activation of NF-κB
Authors: Crockett Julie C , Mellis David J , Shennan Kathleen IJ , Duthie Angela , Greenhorn John , Wilkinson Debbie I , Ralston Stuart H , Helfrich Miep H , Rogers Michael J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Familial expansile osteolysis and related disorders are caused by heterozygous tandem duplication mutations in the signal peptide region of the gene encoding receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), a receptor critical for osteoclast formation and function. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of these mutant proteins causes constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling in vitro, and it has been assumed that this accounts for the focal osteolytic lesions that are seen in vivo. We show here that constitutive activation of NF-κB occurred in HEK293 cells overexpressing wild-type or mutant RANK but not in stably transfected cell lines expressing low levels of each RANK gene. Importantly, only cells expressing wild-type RANK demonstrated ligand-dependent activation of NF-κB. When overexpressed, mutant RANK did not localize to the plasma membrane but localized to extensive areas of organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, whereas, as expected, wild-type RANK was detected at the plasma membrane and in the Golgi apparatus. This intracellular accumulation of the mutant proteins is probably the result of lack of signal peptide cleavage because, using two in vitro translation systems, we demonstrate that the mutations in RANK prevent cleavage of the signal peptide. In conclusion, signal peptide mutations lead to accumulation of RANK in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevent direct activation by RANK ligand. These results strongly suggest that the increased osteoclast formation/activity caused by these mutations cannot be explained by studying the homozygous phenotype alone but requires further detailed investigation of the heterozygous expression of the mutant RANK proteins. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
The evolution of a new publication type: Steps and challenges of producing overviews of reviews
Authors: Thomson Denise , Russell Kelly , Becker Lorne , Klassen Terry , Hartling Lisa 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground: To date, the Cochrane Child Health Field has published 18 overviews of reviews in our journal, Evidence‐based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal. In this article, we highlight some of the logistical and methodological challenges of producing such syntheses. As this is a new and evolving publication type, we hope that our experience will benefit others who engage in this process. Current Methods: We discuss the process we have developed to produce overviews of reviews relevant to our mandate, including identification of the research question, establishment of the author team, selection of outcomes and included SRs, and presentation of findings. Ongoing Development: We discuss the lessons we have learned, outstanding challenges for overview authors, and the limitations of overviews. Conclusions: Overviews of reviews are only as good as the SRs and primary studies on which they are based; gaps or lack of currency in this evidence will weaken the overview of reviews. Future directions in this work must address questions of bias and loss of information. Methods for overviews of reviews targeted for specific groups, such as children, need more elaboration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Honokiol produces anti‐neoplastic effects on melanoma cells in vitro
Authors: Mannal Patrick W. , Schneider John , Tangada Abhilasha , McDonald Debbie , McFadden David W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundMelanoma continues to be a therapeutic challenge for the medical community owing to the scarcity of effective agents available to treat the disease. Honokiol, a traditional Chinese herb, has been proven to have anti‐cancer effects in various cell types, therefore we hypothesized it may have similar cytotoxic capabilities against melanoma cells in vitro.MethodsTwo cell lines, SK‐MEL2 and MeWo, were grown in culture and exposed to increasing doses of Honokiol. Cell proliferation, cytochrome c release into the cytosol, intra‐cellular caspase activity, and mitochondrial depolarization were then evaluated after treatment with honokiol.ResultsMelanoma cells in culture underwent cell death, had increased cytosolic cytochrome c, showed greater caspase activity, and demonstrated increased mitochondrial depolarization after treatment when compared to controls.ConclusionsIt appears that honokiol is an effective inhibitor of cultured human melanoma cells. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:260–264. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical and thermophysical properties of EVA copolymer filled with nickel particles
Authors: Tlili R. , Cecen V. , Krupa I. , Boudenne A. , Ibos L. , Candau Y. , Novák I. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractComplex physical behavior of ethylene‐vinylacetate (EVA)/nickel composites was investigated in this article. The presence of Ni in EVA matrix leads to an increase of surface hydrophilicity. The peel strength of adhesive joints of EVA/nickel composites to aluminum is sharply increased up to 10 vol% of Ni, followed by a subsequent decrease. The investigated composites are highly elastic and deformable. Young's modulus of composites increases steeply only for concentrations up to 15 vol%. The thermal conductivity of composites significantly increases by the presence of nickel. An interesting correlation between thermal conductivity and relative permittivity of composites was observed. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
An expanded protein–protein interaction network in Bacillus subtilis reveals a group of hubs: Exploration by an integrative approach
Authors: Marchadier Elodie , Carballido‐López Rut , Brinster Sophie , Fabret Céline , Mervelet Peggy , Bessières Philippe , Noirot‐Gros Marie‐Françoise , Fromion Vincent , Noirot Philippe 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe have generated a protein–protein interaction network in Bacillus subtilis focused on several essential cellular processes such as cell division, cell responses to various stresses, the bacterial cytoskeleton, DNA replication and chromosome maintenance by careful application of the yeast two‐hybrid approach. This network, composed of 793 interactions linking 287 proteins with an average connectivity of five interactions per protein, represents a valuable resource for future functional analyses. A striking feature of the network is a group of highly connected hubs (GoH) linking many different cellular processes. Most of the proteins of the GoH have unknown functions and are associated to the membrane. By the integration of available knowledge, in particular of transcriptome data sets, the GoH was decomposed into subgroups of party hubs corresponding to protein complexes or regulatory pathways expressed under different conditions. At a global level, the GoH might function as a very robust group of date hubs having partially redundant functions to integrate information from the different cellular pathways. Our analyses also provide a rational way to study the highly redundant functions of the GoH by a genetic approach.
Synthesis of raspberry‐like organic–inorganic hybrid nanocapsules via pickering miniemulsion polymerization: Colloidal stability and morphology
Authors: Cao Zhihai , Schrade Anika , Landfester Katharina , Ziener Ulrich 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRaspberry‐like hybrid nanocapsules with a hydrophobic liquid core were successfully prepared via the copolymerization of styrene, divinylbenzene (DVB), and 4‐vinyl pyridine (4‐VP) in Pickering‐stabilized miniemulsions by using silica particles as the sole emulsifier and hexadecane (HD) as liquid template. When compared with conventional Pickering miniemulsions and Pickering suspensions, the colloidal stability of the current systems is much more sensitive to the variation of reaction parameters such as pH, size, amount of silica particles, and content of 4‐VP. The systems without coagulum were only obtained in a narrow pH range at around 9.5 and by using 12 nm silica particles as emulsifier. The formation of well‐defined raspberry‐like capsules was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). The stable attachment of silica particles on the surface of hybrid particles was verified by centrifugation and subsequent characterizations, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, TEM, and HRSEM. The influence of pH and weight content of HD, DVB, and 4‐VP on the particle morphology was extensively investigated. Interestingly, the particle morphology strongly depends on the particle size. When compared with the organic surface‐active surfactant, the formation of capsule morphology could be promoted by the application of silica particles taking advantage of their surface inactivity. The formation mechanisms of capsules/solid particles are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Fundamental Study on Interaction between Top Blown Jet and Liquid Bath
Authors: Asahara Norifumi , Naito Ken‐ichiro , Kitagawa Itsuro , Matsuo Michitaka , Kumakura Masanori , Iwasaki Masaki 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIt is important to understand the physical interaction between top‐blown oxygen jets and liquid steel in basic oxygen steelmaking furnaces (BOF). In the present study, cold model experiments and CFD simulations were carried out with single‐ and multi‐hole nozzles and the velocity profiles of jets were successfully simulated. Water model experiments were also performed to study the cavity formation and the spitting phenomena by the impinging jets. The cavity shapes and the spitting behavior were correlated to the top‐blowing conditions by considering the characteristics of multi‐hole nozzle jets.
Profiling vocabulary acquisition in Irish
Authors: O'TOOLE CIARA , FLETCHER PAUL 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTInvestigations into early vocabulary development, including the timing of the acquisition of nouns, verbs and closed-class words, have produced conflicting results, both within and across languages. Studying vocabulary development in Irish can contribute to this area, as it has potentially informative features such as a VSO word order, and semantically rich prepositions. This study used a parent report adapted for Irish, to measure vocabulary development longitudinally for children aged between 1 ; 04 and 3 ; 04. The findings indicated that the children learned closed-class words at relatively smaller vocabulary sizes compared to children acquiring other languages, and had a strong preference for nouns.
The Ex-Communist Memoirs of Howard Fast and His Contemporaries
Authors: Seed David 
Published: April 2011

The wave of investigations into supposed Communist activity from the late 1940s onward by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and similar bodies depended to a large extent on the testimony of expert witnesses. These were former party members as often as not but we should bear in mind a distinction Hannah Arendt drew as early as 1953. Former Communists, she argues, have simply abandoned their commitment and withdrawn from political life whereas, for the ex-Communists,Communism has remained the chief issue in their lives. They feel that their potential strength is much greater than their small number actually indicates because their past, on which they base present careers and ambitions, is shared by a much larger section of society. They work to persuade their former friends to join them: to make a confession, own up to a conversion, and form a solid political group.
“In True Relations”: Love, Friendship, and Alternative Society in Emerson
Authors: Meola Frank M. 
Published: April 2011

At one point in “The Soul of Man Under Socialism,” an essay that deals directly neither with the soul nor with socialism, Oscar Wilde quotes obliquely from Ralph Waldo Emerson:[People] go through their lives in a sort of coarse comfort, like petted animals, without ever realising that they are probably thinking other people's thoughts, living by other people's standards, wearing practically what one may call other people's second-hand clothes, and never being themselves for a single moment. “He who would be free,” says a fine thinker, “must not conform.” And authority, by bribing people to conform, produces a very gross kind of over-fed barbarism among us. (267)That Wilde was attracted to Emersonian nonconformity is not surprising, and the similarities between the two writers are striking. But my reason for citing Wilde, the ur-homosexual and model of iconoclasm, is that I want to show that Emerson is as innovative a thinker as Wilde, and that indeed on the subject of individualism and personal relationships he is far more so. In fact, Wilde can be seen as taking certain ideas of his teacher Walter Pater and giving them an Emersonian and American cast, expressing more openly Pater's cloistered Oxford radicalism. The “Socialism” essay in particular develops strong connections among aestheticism, individualism, and sociopolitical dissent, revealing a strong desire for alternatives to late-19th-century British society. And of course in the case of Pater as well as Wilde, the need for individualism and the quest for new forms of social connection have obvious links to both writers' alternative sexual orientation. What makes Emerson more radical, more, if you will, “queer,” is precisely that he is not arguing for any sexual orientation, but is attempting — many years before the Oxford aesthetes — to create a free space for alternative forms of gender and new forms of personal relationships to develop. Emerson values dis-orientation more than any orientation.
Lost and Found: The Imagined Geographies of American Studies
Authors: Katz Cindi 
Published: April 2011

In the days after September 11th, 2001, and continuing until now, the national guard and other military personnel fanned out around New York City. Automatic rifles slung over their camouflaged shoulders, they “guarded” New York City's transportation stations, vital corners and thoroughfares, marquee buildings, and each and every bridge and tunnel entrance. Their comportment was usually cordial and rarely vigilant. Exuding the antithesis of an urban sensibility, they complemented the beefy boredom of the police who usually stood nearby, with an almost surreal sense of incredulity; not just “Why am I here?” but a sort of bafflement that anyone would even think they knew how to get to an uptown train. I've grown accustomed to their presence — frighteningly so — but still can't get over their costumes. Green, woodsy camouflage. To blend with Penn Station?!There is of course an exacting science (and art) of camouflage that involves close study of particular landscapes and the production of patterns that will fade into them so that they may be inhabited by stealth. The U.S. military has dozens of camouflage variants for all manner of apparel, equipment, vessels, and vehicles. But in New York City the military dresses not like bricks or pizza or granite, but in forest and jungle and sometimes Desert Storm fatigues. I walk around wondering why.In the security state authorized and reinforced (but not ushered in) by September 11th, there has been an explosion of surveillance cameras and other mechanisms of vigilance in and around New York City.
“No Heart for Human Pity”: The U.S.–Mexican War, Depersonalization, and Power in E. D. E. N. Southworth and María Amparo Ruiz de Burton
Authors: Chinn Sarah E. 
Published: April 2011

Despite its Current Obscurity today, overshadowed by higher-voltage conflicts such as the Civil War and World War II, the U.S.–Mexican War was an almost unqualified triumph for the United States. In terms of military and geopolitical goals, the United States far exceeded even its own expectations. As well as scoring some pretty impressive victories, up to and including storming Mexico City, the United States succeeded in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which concluded the war, to annex huge tracts of land from Mexico for what was even then a bargain-basement price: more than half of Mexico's territory (including Texas, California, New Mexico, Arizona, and significant chunks of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah) for only fifteen million dollars. The advantage of this deal to the newly expanded United States became clearer as only a year after the treaty was signed gold was discovered in California and, within two decades, there was also a thriving silver-mining industry in Nevada.At the time, of course, the war was huge news. The U.S.–Mexican War generated innumerable items of propaganda and related material. As Ronnie C. Tyler has shown, a huge market in chromolithographs of the war emerged, representing “bravery, nobility, and patriotism” (2). The leading lithographers of the day, such as Nathaniel Currier, Carl Nebel, and James Baillie, sold thousands of oversized lithographs of battle scenes, war heroes, and sentimental themes (Baillie'sSoldier's Adieuand Currier'sThe Sailor's Returnwere particular favorites). Even more numerous were written and performed reports of the war, from the hundreds of newspaper reports from the front to dime novels, songs, poems, broadsheets, plays, and minstrel shows, as well as the typical 19th-century round of essays, sermons, and oratory.
Lovechild: Stieglitz, O'Keeffe, and the Birth of American Modernism
Authors: Holloway Camara Dia 
Published: April 2011

During the 1910s, the photographer Alfred Stieglitz developed the ambition to create a modern American art and gathered a circle of artists and writers around him who were committed to his spiritual, nature-centered aesthetic. This group of American Moderns is now known as the second Stieglitz circle. A review of the cultural production of this group reveals that concepts of race played a central role in their construction of American modernism. This is especially evident in the discourse about artist Georgia O'Keeffe, who served as the symbol of the aspirations of this circle. Writing under the pseudonym, Search-Light, the writer Waldo Frank made the following observation about the work of O'Keeffe:Arabesques of branch, form-fugues of fruit and leaf, aspirant trees, shouting skyscrapers of the city — she resolves them all into a sort of whiteness: she soothes the delirious colors of the world into a peaceful whiteness.As indicated by the title of Frank's essay, “Georgia O'Keeffe: White Paint and Good Order,” the circle felt that O'Keeffe's arrangement of colors, the literal pigments that she used to make her paintings, achieved a harmonious pattern that represented the ideal world they imagined. The use of whiteness to describe their desired configuration of the world was even more apparent in an assessment of O'Keeffe's paintings by cultural critic Paul Rosenfeld:A white radiance is in all the bright paint felt by this girl… O'Keeffe makes us feel dazzling white in her shrillest scarlet and her heavenliest blue … This art is, a little, a prayer that the indifferent and envious world, always prepared to regard self-respect as an insult to its own frustrate and crushed emotions, may be kept from defiling and wrecking the white glowing place.
Gaps in Narratives of the Hiss Case
Authors: Levin David 
Published: April 2011

A 1993 article in thewashington postabout responses to David Brock'sThe Real Anita Hillargues persuasively that neither the authors nor reviewers of such books are likely to be disinterested. Yet Howard Kurtz oversimplifies when he asks, “Can reviewers fairly evaluate an investigative work that builds its case upon a mountain of disputed facts and assertions? Or must the debate be relegated to a tiny circle of experts, endlessly hashing over arcane details” as in “some modern-day Hiss case?”The choice need not be so stark. Reviewers cannot evaluate fairly unless they consider details. If they don't read debates of the experts, they may choose to avoid the tedium of complex cases by relying on the reputation of a single expert. That seems to be what two of the best national newspapers have done in recent years about the Alger Hiss case — even while striving to report fairly.
Key characteristics of knowledge transfer and exchange in healthcare: integrative literature review
Authors: Pentland Duncan , Forsyth Kirsty , Maciver Donald , Walsh Mike , Murray Richard , Irvine Linda , Sikora Simon 
Published: April 2011

pentland d., forsyth k., maciver d., walsh m., murray r., irvine l. & sikora s. (2011) Key characteristics of knowledge transfer and exchange in healthcare: integrative literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing67(7), 1408–1425.AbstractAim.  This paper presents the results of a review of literature relating to knowledge transfer and exchange in healthcare.Background.  Treatment, planning and policy decisions in contemporary nursing and healthcare should be based on sound evidence wherever possible, but research knowledge remains generally underused. Knowledge transfer and exchange initiatives aim to facilitate the accessibility, application and production of evidence and may provide solutions to this challenge. This review was conducted to help inform the design and implementation of knowledge transfer and exchange activities for a large healthcare organization.Data sources.  Databases: ASSIA, Business Source Premier, CINAHL, PsychInfo, Medline and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.Review methods.  An integrative literature review was carried out including an extensive literature search. English language systematic reviews, literature reviews, primary quantitative and qualitative papers and grey literature of high relevance evaluating, describing or discussing knowledge transfer or exchange activities in healthcare were included for review (January 1990–September 2009).Findings.  Thirty‐three papers were reviewed (four systematic reviews, nine literature reviews, one environmental scan, nine empirical studies and ten case studies).Conclusion.  Robust research into knowledge transfer and exchange in healthcare is limited. Analysis of a wide range of evidence indicates a number of commonly featured characteristics but further evaluation of these activities would benefit their application in facilitating evidence‐based practice in nursing.
Mutational analysis of Arabidopsis chloroplast polynucleotide phosphorylase reveals roles for both RNase PH core domains in polyadenylation, RNA 3′‐end maturation and intron degradation
Authors: Germain Arnaud , Herlich Shira , Larom Shirley , Kim Sang Hu , Schuster Gadi , Stern David B. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryPolynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) catalyzes RNA polymerization and 3′→5′ phosphorolysis in vitro, but its roles in plant organelles are poorly understood. Here, we have used in vivo and in vitro mutagenesis to study Arabidopsis chloroplast PNPase (cpPNPase). In mutants lacking cpPNPase activity, unusual RNA patterns were broadly observed, implicating cpPNPase in rRNA and mRNA 3′‐end maturation, and RNA degradation. Intron‐containing fragments also accumulated in mutants, and cpPNPase appears to be required for a degradation step following endonucleolytic cleavage of the excised lariat. Analysis of poly(A) tails, which destabilize chloroplast RNAs, indicated that PNPase and a poly(A) polymerase share the polymerization role in wild‐type plants. We also studied two lines carrying mutations in the first PNPase core domain, which does not harbor the catalytic site. These mutants had gene‐dependent and intermediate RNA phenotypes, suggesting that reduced enzyme activity differentially affects chloroplast transcripts. The interpretations of in vivo results were confirmed by in vitro analysis of recombinant enzymes, and showed that the first core domain affects overall catalytic activity. In summary, cpPNPase has a major role in maturing mRNA and rRNA 3′‐ends, but also participates in RNA degradation through exonucleolytic digestion and polyadenylation. These functions depend absolutely on the catalytic site within the second duplicated RNase PH domain, and appear to be modulated by the first RNase PH domain.