bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Airway microbial culture and susceptibility patterns in dogs and cats with respiratory disease of varying severity
Authors: Epstein Steven E. , Mellema Matthew S. , Hopper Kate 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective
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To compare airway microbiological culture and susceptibility results in 2 groups of dogs and cats: 1 with respiratory failure requiring positive pressure ventilation (PPV) and 1 with respiratory disease.Design
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Retrospective study.Setting
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University teaching hospital.Animals
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Fifty‐two dogs and cats requiring PPV that had an airway microbiologic culture submitted from October 1, 2003 to October 31, 2008 were included. One hundred and four airway microbiologic cultures from dogs and cats with respiratory disease not requiring PPV were randomly sampled for comparison.Interventions
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None.Measurements and Main Results
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Patients with respiratory failure were more likely to have a gram‐negative enteric isolate identified (P<0.001), while patients with respiratory disease were more likely to have a gram‐negative nonenteric isolate (P<0.001) or anaerobic isolate (P<0.001) identified. Aerobic bacterial isolates from patients with respiratory failure were less likely to be susceptible to ampicillin (P=0.006), amoxicillin/clavulonate (P<0.001), chloramphenicol (P=0.004), enrofloxacin (P<0.001), ticarcillin/clavulonate (P=0.004), and the combination of ampicillin with enrofloxacin (P<0.001) than were aerobic bacterial isolates from patients with respiratory disease.Conclusions
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Canine and feline patients with respiratory failure severe enough to require PPV exhibit a different pattern of bacterial isolates cultured from their airways when compared with isolates from patients with respiratory disease that has not resulted in ventilator dependence. These isolates are more likely to be resistant to commonly used antimicrobials/antimicrobial combinations than patients in the respiratory disease group. These findings suggest that in canine and feline patients with infectious lower respiratory tract disease, consideration of the severity of the pulmonary insult may allow for better prediction of likely isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Further prospective studies with a standardized collection technique are warranted.
How Many Feminists Does It Take To Make A Joke? Sexist Humor and What's Wrong With It
Authors: Bergmann Memo 
Published: October 2010

In this paper I am concerned with two questions: What is sexist humor? and what is wrong with it? To answer the first question, I briefly develop a theory of humor and then characterize sexist humor as humor in which sexist beliefs (attitudes/norms) are presupposed and are necessary to the fun.Concerning the second question, I criticize a common sort of argument that is supposed to explain why sexist humor is offensive: although the argument explains why sexist humor feels offensive, it does not place responsibility for the offense in the humorist or audience that enjoys sexist humor. I develop an alternate account of the offense in sexist humor that places responsibility for offense in precisely those quarters.
Information and Communication Technology for Industrial Symbiosis
Authors: Grant Gabriel B. , Seager Thomas P. , Massard Guillaume , Nies Loring 
Published: October 2010

SummaryIndustrial symbiosis describes the mutualistic interaction of different industries for beneficial reuse of waste flows or energy cascading that results in a more resource‐efficient production system and fewer adverse environmental impacts. Research shows that many information and communication technology (ICT) tools for industrial symbiosis development have been created, but the results of those efforts are unclear. Drawing from advancements in knowledge‐based economics and management, this article applies a knowledge‐based framework to evaluate opportunities for ICT within industrial symbiosis development. ICT systems designed to enable industrial symbiosis are surveyed and evaluated within the proposed framework to identify strengths, trends, and opportunities for continued development. An appendix provides a capsule summary of the 17 ICT tools that are assessed in the article.
Sociology, Economics, and Gender
Authors: Nelson Julie A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article explores the profoundly gendered nature of the split between the disciplines of economics and sociology that took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing implications for current efforts to bring the fields more closely together. Drawing on historical documents and feminist studies of science, it investigates the gendered processes underlying the divergence of the disciplines in definition, method, and degree of engagement with social problems. The recently developed field of economic sociology and other efforts to bridge the disciplinary gap have the potential to heal this disciplinary split, if they are broadened, deepened, and made wiser and more self‐reflective through the use of feminist analysis.
Robbins and Malthus on Scarcity, Abundance, and Sufficiency
Authors: Daoud Adel 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe problem of scarcity is often talked about, but it is rarely clearly defined. In this article, two different views of scarcity are outlined: absolute and relative scarcity. These two are respectively exemplified by Malthus's and Robbins's views of scarcity. However, both of these views tend to naturalize and universalize scarcity, and thus overlook abundance and sufficiency, which are important states in the social provisioning process. It is argued that this is due to ignorance of the sociocultural causal underpinnings of scarcity, abundance, and sufficiency (SAS). The introduction of these mechanisms enables further conceptual differentiation of SAS (e.g., quasi‐, artificial‐, natural‐).
The CAPITAL in Social Capital: An Austrian Perspective
Authors: Chalupnicek Pavel 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn recent decades economists started discovering the importance of the social dimension of economic interactions. Contemporary economics has borrowed several sociological concepts for its own use, among the most important being the concept of social capital. However, this transfer within disciplines did not occur without a loss—the nature of social capital in economics remains confused and obscure. The purpose of this article is to clarify it, specify the possibilities for its use, and discuss their limits. It is argued that economics once also possessed a view of human beings that was more “socialized” than the modern neoclassical Homo oeconomicus, and that this more “socialized” view still exists in the Austrian school of economics. Because this tradition of economic thought has also developed an elaborate capital theory, it can serve as an ideal source where we can look for inspiration in the current social capital debate. First, social capital is (re)defined along these lines as an individual's asset connected with recognized reciprocity (as opposed to interactions usually classified as “altruistic”). Then major critical claims about the relation between social and physical capital are answered and the connection between social capital, trust, and social norms is described.
A Comparative Study of Assessment Grading and Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Quality in Sessional and Tenured Teachers
Authors: Salamonson Yenna , Halcomb Elizabeth J. , Andrew Sharon , Peters Kath , Jackson Debra 
Published: October 2010

Abstract Purpose: Although the global nursing faculty shortage has led to increasing reliance upon sessional staff, limited research has explored the impact of these sessional staff on the quality of teaching in higher education. We aim to examine differences in (a) student satisfaction with sessional and tenured staff and (b) assessment scores awarded by sessional and tenured staff in students’ written assignments. Design: A comparative study method was used. Participants were recruited from students enrolled in the three nursing practice subjects across the 3 years of the baccalaureate program in an Australian university during the second semester of 2008. Methods: This study collected student data via an online version of the Perceptions of Teaching and Course Satisfaction scale and compared the grades awarded by sessional and tenured academics for a written assessment in a single assignment in each of the nursing practice subjects. Of the 2,045 students enrolled in the nursing practice subjects across the 3 years of the bachelor of nursing (BN) program, 566 (28%) completed the online teaching and course satisfaction survey, and 1,972 assignment grades (96%) were available for analysis. Findings: Compared with tenured academics, sessional teachers received higher rating on students’ perception on teaching satisfaction by students in Year 1 (p= .021) and Year 2 (p= .002), but not by students in Year 3 (p= .348). Following the same trend, sessional teachers awarded higher assignment grades to students in Year 1 (p < .001) and Year 2 (p < .001) than tenured academics, with no significant disparity in grades awarded to students in Year 3. Conclusions: The higher grades awarded by sessional teachers to 1st‐ and 2nd‐year students could be one explanation for why these teachers received higher student ratings than tenured teachers. Not discounting the possibility of grade inflation by sessional staff, it could be that tenured teachers have a higher expectation for the quality of students’ work, and hence were more stringent in their assessment grading. Sessional teachers did not receive a higher rating from 3rd‐year students, and this could be attributed to a change in student perception as they progress through the course, valuing a broader and more professional aspect of nursing knowledge, which is more likely to be the strength of tenured staff. Clinical Relevance: These findings highlight a need for the development and implementation of strategies to facilitate the inclusion of sessional staff teaching in a BN program, in order to prepare graduate nurses that are well‐equipped for clinical practice.
Gustducin is expressed in the taste buds of the chicken
Authors: KUDO Ken‐ichi , WAKAMATSU Kei‐ichi , NISHIMURA Shotaro , TABATA Shoji 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTWe investigated the expression of gustducin in chicken taste buds using molecular biological, biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Expression of a gustducin‐like sequence was detected by RT‐PCR in the tissues containing taste buds, and corresponded to the predicted gustducin gene in the chicken. Expression of this sequence was not detected in the brain, heart, liver, pancreas, intestine, kidney and testis of the chicken. The expressed sequence had a high specificity for oral tissues that contained taste buds. These results suggest that the detected sequence was the chicken gustducin gene. Next, we generated a polyclonal antiserum against the chicken gustducin protein to observe its localization in the oral tissues. The results revealed that the chicken gustducin was specifically expressed in the taste buds. It is suggested that the chicken has a gustatory system mediated by gustducin, and chicken gustducin is a reliable marker for taste buds or taste cells. This is the first molecular biological, biochemical and immunohistochemical demonstration of the presence of gustducin in the chicken.
Evaluation of the potential effects of abortion on the productive performance of Iranian Holstein dairy cows
Authors: HOSSEIN‐ZADEH Navid Ghavi , ARDALAN Mehrnaz 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTCalving records from the Animal Breeding Center of Iran collected from January 1983 to December 2007 and comprising 1 163 594 Holstein calving events from 2552 herds were used to evaluate the potential effect of abortion occurrence on 305‐day milk yield, milk fat yield, fat percentage of milk and milk protein yield in Iranian Holsteins. Statistical analyses of production traits were performed using a linear mixed model procedure. Normal‐calved cows had greater 305‐day milk production, fat yield and protein yield of milk than abortive‐calved cows (P < 0.05). However, abortive‐calved cows had the greater milk fat percentage than normal calved cows (P < 0.05). The linear and quadratic effects of age of dam were significant on all of the studied traits (P < 0.05). The results of regression analysis showed that increase in the quadratic effect of age can cause an increase in the fat percentage of milk for all calvings including normal and abortive calvings. Because abortion is one of the most important conditions that limit a cow's ability to produce, maintaining the general health of cattle is important in minimizing the risk of abortion problems.
Screening for type 2 diabetes with random finger‐prick glucose and bedside HbA1c in an Australian emergency department
Authors: Jelinek George A , Weiland Tracey J , Moore Gaye , Tan Grace , Maslin Marg , Bowman Kath , Ward Glenn , O'Dea Kerin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective:  To determine if screening for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre‐diabetes is feasible in an Australian ED; to estimate the prevalence of T2DM and pre‐diabetes in the Australian ED population.Methods:  Prospective cross‐sectional prevalence survey in the ED of St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, an adult, tertiary referral centre seeing approximately 40 000 patients annually. A convenience sample of adult patients was screened with finger‐prick random blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c); those over 6.0 mmol/L and 6.0% were referred for oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Diagnoses of T2DM and pre‐diabetes were made according to World Health Organization definitions. Those not attending for OGTT were contacted by phone, and interviewed about their reasons.Results:  Seven hundred and twenty‐five patients were recruited; 135 (18.6%; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 15.9–21.6%) had known T2DM, leaving 590 screened, of whom 210 screened positive. Of the 192 referred for OGTT, 147 (77%) did not attend despite several telephone reminders. Of the 45 (23%) completing OGTT, pre‐diabetes was present in eight (17.8%; 95% CI 9.0–31.6%) and T2DM in six (13.3%; 95% CI 5.9–26.6%). Many people interviewed (18/86, 21%) did not attend for OGTT on the advice of their doctors.Conclusions:  This inner city tertiary ED has a high prevalence of T2DM, diagnosed and undiagnosed, with as much as half our population possibly affected. Although ED screening might have a high yield, opportunistic screening is not feasible, with difficulties in staff engagement and patient follow up for diagnostic testing. Future studies might consider finger‐prick fasting blood glucose through a patient's general practitioner for diagnosis.
Coumarins in Phormium (New Zealand Flax) Fibers: Their Role in Fluorescence and Photodegradation
Authors: Smith Gerald J. , Tang Ying , Dyer Jolon M. , Scheele Sue M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe genus Phormium (New Zealand flax) has fiber possessing a high content of lignin and, like other lignocellulosic materials, it is subject to photodegradation. Photoproducts in the fiber absorbing over a broad spectral region from ∼370 to 600 nm are observed as a result of exposure to near‐UV radiation from 350 to 400 nm. Irradiation was shown to produce hydrogen peroxide and this can account, at least in part, for the photo‐oxidation manifested in changes in the reflectance spectra of the fibers. Unirradiated solid fibers and their aqueous extracts exhibit fluorescence with excitation maxima at 350–360 nm and emission maxima at 440 nm. The fluorescence spectra of the fibers change following exposure to near‐UV radiation with the major fluorophore being substantially photodegraded, evidenced by a substantial loss of emission between 410 and 480 nm, which is largely responsible for the yellow and duller appearance of the fiber. Analysis of the aqueous extracts of the fibers, using electron‐spray ionization mass spectroscopy of aqueous extracts, showed the presence of coumarin, hydroxycoumarin and a number of substituted hydroxycoumarins. The spectral distributions of the fluorescence associated with the unirradiated fibers and their aqueous extracts are consistent with them originating from a number of 7‐hydroxycoumarins present.
Characterization of CdHgTe/CdS QDs for Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Spinal Column in a Mouse Model
Authors: Chen Haiyan , Cui Sisi , Tu Zhenzhen , Ji Jinzi , Zhang Jun , Gu Yueqing 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNear infrared (NIR) CdHgTe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) were successfully prepared by a green synthetic route. The characteristics such as morphology, size, spectra, stability and toxicity were investigated in detail. The fluorescence wavelength of CdHgTe/CdS QDs could be adjusted to the NIR range (812 nm), which made the in vivo NIR imaging possible. The in vivo dynamic biodistribution of CdHgTe/CdS QDs in a mouse model was monitored by an NIR imaging system. Results indicated that CdHgTe/CdS QDs with a diameter of about 5.8 nm targeted to spinal column effectively. Further imaging of the dissected spine disclosed that QDs targeted to vertebra rather than spinal cord. The high fluorescence intensity together with targeting effect makes CdHgTe/CdS QDs particular candidates for imaging purposes in experimental animal models of vertebral injury.
DNA Photo‐oxidative Damage Hazard in Transfection Complexes
Authors: Rudiuk Sergii , Franceschi‐Messant Sophie , Chouini‐Lalanne Nadia , Perez Emile , Rico‐Lattes Isabelle 
Published: October 2010

AbstractComplexes of DNA with various cationic vectors have been largely used for nonviral transfection, and yet the photochemical stability of DNA in such complexes has never been considered. We studied, for the first time, the influence of DNA complexation by a cationic lipid and polymers on the amount of damage induced by benzophenone photosensitization. The localization of benzophenone inside the hydrophobic domains formed by a cationic lipid, DOTAP (N‐[1‐(2,3‐dioleoyloxy)propyl]‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium chloride), and close to DNA, locally increases the photoinduced cleavage by the reactive oxygen species generated. The same effect was found in the case of DNA complexation with an amphiphilic polymer (polynorbornenemethyleneammonium chloride). However, a decrease in DNA damage was observed in the case of complexation with a hydrophilic polymer (polyethylenimine). The DNA protection in this case was because of the absence of benzophenone hydrophobic incorporation into the complex, and to DNA compaction which decreased the probability of radical attack. These results underline the importance of the chemical structure of the nonviral transfection vector in limiting the risks of photo‐oxidative damage of the complexed DNA.
Genetic Diversity among Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Healthy Livestock and Their Links to Human Isolates in Spain
Authors: Oporto B. , Juste R. A. , López‐Portolés J. A. , Hurtado A. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThis study was aimed at determining the genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni from healthy ruminants and poultry, and study by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) their links to human isolates in Spain. MLST analysis of 160 animal isolates generated 45 sequence types (STs, nine of them new to this study), that clustered into 18 clonal complexes (CC) and nine singletons. The 71 isolates from humans generated 28 STs (13 CC plus four singletons). Only 11 STs and nine CCs were shared by humans and animals (particularly from dairy cattle and sheep), mainly corresponding to sporadic cases rather than outbreaks, probably as an adaptation of the general human population to the types commonly circulating in livestock. PCR analysis of the distribution of four virulence‐associated genes detected the cdtABC gene cluster in all 160 isolates but with a 700‐bp deletion in four of them, and amplified the virB11, cgtB and wlaN genes in 4.7%, 21.3% and 21.9% respectively. A subset of 87 C. jejuni animal isolates analysed using flaA PCR‐RFLP, MLST and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis generated 31, 38 and 55 types respectively. The combined typing approach used provided reliable inter‐strain relationships, confirming the co‐existence of several strains in some farms, but also identifying identical genotypes sampled over a wide temporal span in different environments and hosts. Typing results confirmed a high genetic diversity of C. jejuni in our region and suggested that ruminants are also important sources for human infection. MLST data provided will help to obtain a more comprehensive image of the population structure of C. jejuni and establish reliable source attribution schemes.
Zoledronic acid delays disease progression of bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Katamura Yoshio , Aikata Hiroshi , Hashimoto Yoshimasa , Kimura Yuki , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Takaki Shintaro , Waki Koji , Hiramatsu Akira , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Takahashi Shoichi , Kenjo Masahiro , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: October 2010

Aim:  We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the efficacy of combination therapy with radiotherapy (RT) and zoledronic acid for bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Additionally, we investigated the efficacy of zoledronic acid for non‐irradiated bone metastases.Methods:  This study consisted of 31 patients who had received RT for bone metastases. Twelve of these patients with 23 sites of bone metastases were also treated with zoledronic acid (Z group). In the Z group, 14 sites received RT and nine sites did not. Nineteen patients with 38 sites of bone metastases were not treated with zoledronic acid (non‐Z group). In the non‐Z group, 22 sites received RT and 16 did not. We compared survival, pain response, time to pain progression, radiographic response, time to radiographic progression, and safety between groups.Results:  While pain response rates were similar between the two groups, time to pain progression rates of irradiated and non‐irradiated bone metastases was significantly lower in the Z (0% and 20% at 6 months, respectively) than in the non‐Z group (34% and 66% at 6 months, respectively) (P = 0.045 and P = 0.005). Further, while radiographic response rates were similar between the two groups, time to radiographic progression rate of non‐irradiated bone metastases was significantly lower in the Z (29% at 3 months) than in the non‐Z group (91% at 3 months) (P = 0.009). No significant side‐effects were documented.Conclusion:  Zoledronic acid delayed the pain progression of both irradiated and non‐irradiated bone metastases and the radiographic progression of non‐irradiated bone metastases from HCC.