bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hong Kong Socialist Experimentation in the Colonial Era
Authors: Chui Shan Lau 
Published: November 2011

This article describes an autonomous force that existed in the school system during the Hong Kong colonial period from 1946 to 1976. In the colonial period, pro-Beijing patriotic schools served as a subordinate culture within schools and attempted to construct an alternative, socialist and People’s Republic of China-centred (PRC-centred) identity by providing affordable education for ordinary people. This sociological–historical study provides an understanding of how these schools constructed an alternative culture that opposed the colonial government. It explores and records the socio-political background in which Hong Kong pro-Beijing ‘patriots’ (socialists/leftists) set up education for children, the social history of the patriotic faction and its schools, the teaching and learning methods and the socialist strategies of patriotic education in colonial Hong Kong. The study illustrates the interplay between politics and education through a case study of pro-Beijing patriotic schools in Hong Kong. Pro-Beijing patriotic schools were the only type of school that prepared students for the eventual rule of the PRC after the 1940s. The patriotic schools, together with other PRC-affiliated organizations, represented the influence of the PRC in Hong Kong. It was part of an organized process that was intended to shape consciousness systematically, develop knowledge and form attitudes. The interplay between socio-political development and education enables us to rethink the role that schools could and should play in present day Hong Kong.
Physiological regulation of MMPs and tPA/PAI in the arterial wall of rats by noradrenergic tone and angiotensin II
Authors: Dab Houcine , Hachani Rafik , Dhaouadi Nedra , Hodroj Wassim , Sakly Mohsen , Randon Jacques , Bricca Giampiero , Kacem Kamel 
Published: November 2011

The interactions between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and angiotensin II (ANG II), and their direct effects in vitro on the enzymes involved in vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, were examined. Rats were treated with guanethidine, losartan or the combined treatments. mRNA, protein and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and mRNA of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) were quantified in abdominal aorta (AA) and femoral artery (FA). Norepinephrine (NE) or ANG II with adrenergic (β, α1 and α2) or losartan antagonists was tested for MMP mRNA response in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Combined treatment enhances the inhibition of MMP-2 mRNA and protein level induced by simple treatment in AA. However MMP-9 in AA and MMP mRNA in FA were reduced in the same order by treatments. MMP activities were not affected by treatments. The t-PA/PAI-1 ratio, which reflects the fibrinolytic balance, remained higher after treatments. In cultured VSMCs, NE induced stimulation of MMP mRNA via α2 and β adrenergic receptors and MMP-2 activity via β adrenergic receptors, while ANG II-induced stimulation was abrogated by losartan. Overall, there is a synergic inhibition of both systems on the level of MMP-2 in AA.
DNMT3A mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: stability during disease evolution and clinical implications
Authors: Hou Hsin-An , Kuo Yuan-Yeh , Liu Chieh-Yu , Chou Wen-Chien , Lee Ming Cheng , Chen Chien-Yuan , Lin Liang-In , Tseng Mei-Hsuan , Huang Chi-Fei , Chiang Ying-Chieh , Lee Fen-Yu , Liu Ming-Chih , Liu Chia-Wen , Tang Jih-Luh , Yao Ming , Huang Shang-Yi , Ko Bor-Sheng , Hsu Szu-Chun , Wu Shang-Ju , Tsay Woei , Chen Yao-Chang , Tien Hwei-Fang 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
DNMT3A mutations are associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but the stability of this mutation during the clinical course remains unclear. In the present study of 500 patients with de novo AML, DNMT3A mutations were identified in 14% of total patients and in 22.9% of AML patients with normal karyotype. DNMT3A mutations were positively associated with older age, higher WBC and platelet counts, intermediate-risk and normal cytogenetics, FLT3 internal tandem duplication, and NPM1, PTPN11, and IDH2 mutations, but were negatively associated with CEBPA mutations. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the DNMT3A mutation was an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival and relapse-free survival in total patients and also in normokaryotype group. A scoring system incorporating the DNMT3A mutation and 8 other prognostic factors, including age, WBC count, cytogenetics, and gene mutations, into survival analysis was very useful in stratifying AML patients into different prognostic groups (P < .001). Sequential study of 138 patients during the clinical course showed that DNMT3A mutations were stable during AML evolution. In conclusion, DNMT3A mutations are associated with distinct clinical and biologic features and poor prognosis in de novo AML patients. Furthermore, the DNMT3A mutation may be a potential biomarker for monitoring of minimal residual disease.
Features of subsyndromal and persistent delirium
Authors: Meagher David , Adamis Dimitrios , Trzepacz Paula , Leonard Maeve 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundLongitudinal studies of delirium phenomenology are lacking.AimsWe studied features that characterise subsyndromal delirium and persistent delirium over time.MethodTwice-weekly evaluations of 100 adults with DSM-IV delirium using the Delirium Rating Scale – Revised-98 (DRS-R98) and Cognitive Test for Delirium (CTD). The generalised estimating equation method identified symptom patterns distinguishing full syndromal from subsyndromal delirium and resolving from persistent delirium.ResultsParticipants (mean age 70.2 years (s.d. = 10.5)) underwent 323 assessments (range 2–9). Full syndromal delirium was significantly more severe than subsyndromal delirium for DRS-R98 thought process abnormalities, delusions, hallucinations, agitation, retardation, orientation, attention, and short- and long-term memory items, and CTD attention, vigilance, orientation and memory. Persistent full syndromal delirium had greater disturbance of DRS-R98 thought process abnormalities, delusions, agitation, orientation, attention, and short- and long-term memory items, and CTD attention, vigilance and orientation.ConclusionsFull syndromal delirium differs from subsyndromal delirium over time by greater severity of many cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms. Persistent delirium involves increasing prominence of recognised core diagnostic features and cognitive impairment.
An inverse method for bounded error parameter identification
Authors: Burns John A. , Childers Adam 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In this paper we present an algorithm to bound parameters estimated from very small data sets and use this method to suggest optimal times for data collection. The method is deterministic in that we assume that one has error bars on the data. The basic idea is based on bounded error parameter identification methods and we use this framework to assign a measure of quality to the estimated parameter. Exploiting the dynamics of the underlying mathematical model allows us to describe the quality of the estimated parameter in a way that, due to the small number of data points, is not appropriate for traditional statistical techniques. The algorithm in this paper differs from traditional bounded error parameter identification techniques in that one computes the membership set by solving an inverse problem rather than a forward interval problem.
Internationalization of the Service Sector - Marketing Approach
Authors: Pluta-Olearnik Mirosława 
Published: November 2011

Internationalization of the Service Sector - Marketing ApproachThe main purpose of this article is to indicate the progressive phenomenon of internationalization in the service sector in the context of dynamism of changes concerning economic, technological, legal and social determinants. The first part of this article makes reference to new legal regulations in EU, which fully binding, create special conditions for development of service companies SMB (small and medium businesses) prevailing in the service sector. Further, specific features of services (formula 5 I's) and their marketing typology are discussed. Depending on a sector (a group) of discussing services and their particular characteristic we can point out different stages of entering foreign markets by service companies, strengthening their positions there and various ways of providing customers with their services (from face to face to via technology). In this study practical operations of service firms in foreign markets both B2C and B2B have been specified. The last part shows new challenges for these companies resulting from consumers' new expectations in international markets and also from technological development in this sector.
Le déséquilibre entre la montagne et le littoral. Le cas de la frontière franco- italienne
Authors: Paulet Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2011

The unbalance between the mountain and the coastline ; the French-Italian border's example.
The French-Italian border is a mountain-line border. It sets the problem of the recent implantation of a state boundary in a long-contested space. It is surimposed to the yet homogeneous regional system of Southern Alps, thus creating a hindrance to East-West relations. The border is not always well accepted by the inhabitants because it accentuates an isolation already set by the relief.
Urban-rural differences in population change in Great-Britain
Authors: Champion A.G. 
Published: November 2011

Les changements dans l'évolution des rapports démographiques entre les milieux urbains et ruraux au Royaume-Uni.
En utilisant un découpage spécifique en régions fonctionnelles, l'article montre que la déconcentration de population s'est produite aux trois principales échelles géographiques du système urbain britannique, pendant les années 1971-81. Notamment, la rapide croissance de la population n'a pas été limitée à la périphérie des métropoles, mais elle a également touché des villes relativement éloignées, incluant même des régions marginales. Cette situation indique un net renversement de tendance, mais des conclusions définitives ne peuvent être tirées avant une analyse plus fouillée des causes de ce phénomène.
Levels of intra-urban migration in western european cities
Authors: White Paul 
Published: November 2011

Niveaux de migration intra-urbaine dans les villes d'Europe occidentale.
II est difficile de rassembler des informations comparatives au sujet de la migration intra-urbaine dans les villes de l'Europe Occidentale à cause de la variété des méthodes de dénombrement utilisées d'une nation à une autre. Dans cette contribution, on présente des informations sur les niveaux de migration intra-urbaine pour 70 villes de 13 pays de l'Europe Occidentale. Ces informations concernent, dans chaque cas, au moins une partie de la période entre 1960 et 1982. Les comparaisons entre les villes démontrent les variations profondes des niveaux de migrations, mais ces variations sont beaucoup plus élevées d'un pays à l'autre qu'entre les villes d'un même pays.
L'analyse à longue période des changements des niveaux de migration suggère qu'en beaucoup de villes les années 1970-74 ont vu les niveaux les plus élevés de mobilité, et qu'un ralentissement important de la migration intra-urbaine s'est produit au cours des dix dernières années.
La mortalité dans les pays en développement
Authors: Vallin Jacques 
Published: November 2011

Mortality in developing countries
In life expectancy at birth, a strong difference is observed between developing countries as a whole and developed countries (56 as against 73 years), but the diversity within developing countries is even more pronounced. In some countries, the mean life-span is still under 40 years, whereas in others it has reached roughly the same level as in the developed countries. This diversity of health situations in the Third World countries is relatively recent: it is the result of the diverging trends observed over the last 30 years. It is true that this divergence is related to some extent to the level of economic development, but not closely so. The reduction of infant mortality has played a preponderant role, and in this field, more than all others, social, cultural and political factors are extremely important. The countries which have made most headway - Cuba, Costa Rica and above all, China - are those where health policy has been adapted to meet the basic needs of the population and integrated into an active policy of social and cultural development: those which opted, even before WHO, for the «primary health care» strategy.
Évolution de la mortalité et de la fécondité en Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Antoine Philippe 
Published: November 2011

Evolution of mortality and fertility in Ivory Coast.
Demographic changes during the last twenty years and their spatial distributions are analyzed from results of recent surveys and former studies. A high mortality level is still reported however indicating a tendency to a marked decrease: life expectancy at birth has gained 13 years but important disparities between rural areas and Abidjan have persisted. An average of 7 children per woman is actually accounted, indicating that fertility rather tends to increase than to decrease while greatly varying according to levels of education and residential areas.
Évolution du processus de vieillissement de la population polonaise
Authors: Kostrubiec Benjamin 
Published: November 2011

Changes in ageing of Poland's population.

The article is devoted to the evolution's study of the aged Polish population. The most revealing factors which are bound with the phenomenon have been drawn in an inventory and set off as spatial ageing's distribution, regional disparities, relationships between principal groups of society, the number's growth of dependent persons and others.
Equally, we evoke the socio-economical problems which are linking with elderly people, and the emergency actions which are taken by the government.
Familles agricoles
Authors: Barthez Alice 
Published: November 2011

En agriculture, les familles sont difficilement dissociables de leur activité. Dans les enquêtes de la Statistique agricole, la définition de la famille découle de celle de l'exploitation agricole, reconnaissant à celle-ci la double fonction d'unité de production et d'unité de résidence. Ainsi, les caractéristiques des familles agricoles renseignent sur les conditions d'exercice de l'activité agricole elle-même. Aux différents types de familles, correspondent différents types d'exploitation. Le groupe le plus répandu, formé par le couple et ses enfants, se rencontre sur les exploitations les plus performantes situées dans la moitié nord de la France.
L'interférence directe entre l'organisation familiale et l'activité professionnelle est une des caractéristiques spécifiques des familles agricoles.
Topical Ophthalmic Moxifloxacin Elicits Minimal or No Selection of Fluoroquinolone Resistance Among Bacteria Isolated From the Skin, Nose, and Throat
Authors: Lichtenstein Steven J. , De Leon Liberation , Heller Warren , Marshall Bonnie , Cupp Gale , Foster Kimberly , McLean Celeste , Levy Stuart , Stroman David W. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:
To investigate whether moxifloxacin therapy of bacterial conjunctivitis in children changes the moxifloxacin susceptibility of bacterial isolates in eyes, cheeks below eyes, nares, and throat.

Methods:
Patients (age: 1 to 12 years, n = 105) with bacterial conjunctivitis were treated topically with moxifloxacin three times a day for 7 days. Gender- and age-matched subjects with normal eyes (age: 1 to 12 years, n = 57) served as the control group. Microbiological specimens were collected on days 1 (prior to therapy), 8 (1 day after end of therapy), and 42 (follow-up). Specimens were processed to recover total bacteria and bacteria that grew on fluoroquinolone-selective media. Bacteria were identified to the species level and susceptibility to moxifloxacin and selected other antibiotics determined.

Results:

The primary pathogens recovered from the infected eyes on day 1 before therapy were
Haemophilus influenzae
,
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, and
Staphylococcus aureus
. None of the pre-therapy isolates of
H. influenzae
and
S. pneumoniae
were resistant to moxifloxacin. Isolates of these two pathogenic species were also recovered primarily from the nose and eyes. Moxifloxacin-resistant
S. aureus
isolates (minimum inhibitory concentration 1.0 μg/mL or greater) were recovered from the nose and throat prior to topical dosing on day 1. However, there was no change in the frequency of moxifloxacin-resistant isolates of
S. aureus
following treatment with moxifloxacin.

Conclusion:

Treatment of conjunctivitis with topical ophthalmic moxifloxacin did not select for moxifloxacin resistance in
H. influenzae
,
S. pneumoniae
, or
S. aureus
in the eye or distal body sites.
Smooth-Pursuit Changes After the Tenotomy and Reattachment Procedure for Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome: Model Predictions and Patient Data
Authors: Wang Zhong I. , Dell’Osso Louis F. , Prakash Surachi , Chen Xin 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:
Patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) often cannot quickly locate new visual targets or track moving objects. Dynamic demands on visual function are not measured by static measures (eg, visual acuity); they require time-sensitive measures. The authors investigated how dynamic properties of INS (pursuit-target acquisition times) were affected by the tenotomy and reattachment (T&R) procedure in both patients with INS and behavioral ocular motor system model predictions.

Methods:
Responses of 3 patients with different INS waveforms were compared before and after T&R to test the model’s predictions. A high-speed digital video system was used to take eye-movement data. Human responses to target-ramp stimuli were analyzed.

Results:
T&R did not improve the smooth-pursuit responses of patients with INS; pursuit-target acquisition times did not show marked improvements. However, in one case, T&R allowed the patient to pursue targets “faster” in a specific direction.

Conclusion:
T&R can improve peak visual acuity, broaden the high-acuity gaze-angle range, and reduce target acquisition times to static targets but not moving targets. When the target moves simultaneously with an ongoing saccade in the nystagmus cycle, the steady-state errors and elongated target acquisition times observed might be part of the intrinsic characteristics of normal pursuit responses.
Inadvertent LASIK Flap Creation Over a Soft Contact Lens
Authors: Sadaka Ama , Cherfan Daniel G. , Melki Samir A. 
Published: November 2011

PURPOSE:
To report the findings and outcomes in two cases in which a contact lens was inadvertently present during creation of a LASIK corneal flap.

METHODS:
Interventional case report.

RESULTS:
A soft contact lens blocked the successful creation of the corneal flap with a femtosecond laser in one patient. Repeat surgery 1 week later resulted in a normal flap. In the second patient, a thin but normal-shaped flap was successfully created using a microkeratome despite the presence of a soft contact lens in the patient’s eye. No adverse effect on vision was noted in either case.

CONCLUSIONS:
Refractive surgeons are encouraged to establish or review current procedures to ensure adequate contact lens removal prior to LASIK surgery, as it may result in an aborted procedure or a potentially thin and/or irregular corneal flap.
Species Differences of Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes
Authors: DeKeyser Joshua G. , Shou Magang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe prediction of human pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and toxicity from preclinical data remains an important goal in the drug discovery and development process to minimize risk to participants during first in human studies. Animal models are commonly used in the preclinical development of new drugs; however, significant differences exist between species. These are due largely to alterations in isoform composition, regulation, expression, and catalytic activities of drug‐metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), particularly cytochromes P450 (CYPs), which play a critical role in numerous oxidative reactions of drugs. Although the reliability of animal testing to predict concentration‐dependent efficacy and toxicity in humans has been questioned; it is generally believed that data from animal studies can be reasonably extrapolated to humans using appropriate drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic principles. In this chapter, the authors describe the similarities and differences of major CYPs and other enzymes in their gene and protein structure, catalytic activity, enzyme kinetics and inhibition, and induction response between the various preclinical species and humans. These comparisons help to better understand underlying mechanisms responsible for the differences and address the question of whether animal data can be extrapolated to humans with regard to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. In conclusion, the DMEs show appreciable interspecies differences from structure to function, and caution must be taken when extrapolating metabolism data from animal models to humans.
Amino Acid Conjugation: A Novel Route of Xenobiotic Carboxylic Acid Metabolism in Man
Authors: Knights Kathleen M. , Miners John O. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAmino acid conjugation is a novel biotransformation pathway in man for a limited number of xenobiotic carboxylic acids. It involves two mitochondrial enzymatic processes: formation of a reactive xenobiotic‐CoA thioester intermediate, catalyzed by an ATP‐dependent acid:CoA synthetase (ACSM), and linkage of the activated acyl group via an acyl‐CoA:amino acidN‐acyltransferase (GLYAT) to the amino group of the acceptor amino acid. However, knowledge of amino acid conjugation in terms of enzyme multiplicity, protein structure, and xenobiotic substrate selectivity is not well advanced.
BioactivationII: PhaseI(Non‐P450)
Authors: Hutzler Matthew J. , Cerny Matthew A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWhile cytochrome P450 enzymes are generally the primary focus of drug metabolism scientists, there are many other enzymes that may contribute to the biotransformation of xenobiotics and are perhaps underappreciated, particularly when considering generation of reactive metabolites in target tissues other than the liver. Non‐cytochrome P450 drug‐metabolizing enzymes, such as flavin‐containing monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and peroxidases such as prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), have all been reported to contribute to the metabolism of xenobiotics. Thus, their potential role in bioactivation of drug molecules also deserves increased attention. Equally relevant may be the absence of a detoxification pathway in a particular tissue. To this end, the focus of this chapter is on highlighting specific examples of the less‐appreciated non‐P450 drug‐metabolizing enzymes, and the potential role these enzymes may play in bioactivation and toxicity.