bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mind the (Mobilization) Gap: Comparing Climate Activism in the United States and European Union
Authors: Bomberg Elizabeth 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe barriers to concerted political action on climate change mitigation are steep, especially in multilevel systems where power is diffused and authority contested. This article seeks to explain how mobilization—galvanizing resources and people to participate actively—occurs in complex multilevel systems. It compares two different polities—the United States and the European Union—to tease out the key features of multilevel systems and how they affect climate activism and mobilization. To capture this dynamic, it proposes a three‐staged model of mobilization: awareness building, alliance building, and network creation. The latter stage features “mobilization networks”—stakeholder networks able to transcend levels and institutional inertia and steer polities toward particular climate goals. The article demonstrates how each stage of mobilization is highly contingent on stakeholders' ability to exploit—or at least navigate—multilevel institutional barriers.
STAR METRICS and the Science of Science Policy
Authors: Largent Mark A. , Lane Julia I. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSTAR METRICS is a data platform that is being voluntarily and collaboratively developed by U.S. federal science agencies and research institutions to describe investments in science and their results. It initially emerged as a result of reporting requirements associated with the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act; it has developed in response to a recognized need to begin to systematically document federal investments in science and their immediate and long‐term results. The eventual goal is to draw information from existing data on scientific and economic activities as well as from research institutions' and federal science agencies' systems to provide data that can be used for a more scientific analysis of science investments and their outcomes.
Wage differentials and disability across Europe: Discrimination and/or lower productivity?
Authors: MALO Miguel Á. , PAGÁN Ricardo 
Published: May 2012

Abstract.The authors measure wage discrimination against disabled persons after controlling for unobserved disability‐related productivity differences. Using data for 11 European countries from the European Community Household Panel (1995–2001), they estimate wage equations for persons with disabilities hampering them in daily activities, for those not hampered, and for non‐disabled people. Most countries showed no relevant wage differential against disabled workers not so hampered, compared with non‐disabled workers. Where it existed, it related mainly to low productivity characteristics, not wage discrimination. However, compared with non‐disabled workers, disabled workers hampered in daily activities suffered from low productivity characteristics and wage discrimination.
Rental markets for cultivated land and agricultural investments in China
Authors: Gao Liangliang , Huang Jikun , Rozelle Scott 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to empirically track the progress and consequences of the emergence of cultivated land markets in China since 2000. We draw on a set of nationwide, household‐level panel data (for 2000 and 2008) and find that the markets for cultivated land rental have emerged robustly. According to our data, 19 of China's cultivated land was rented in farm operators in 2008. We also find that the nature of China's cultivated land rental contracts has become more formal and lengthened the period of time that the tenant is able to cultivate the rented‐in plots. While there may be benefits for lessors and tenants, our data show that there are falling rates of investment in organic manure. The farmers in our sample have reduced organic manure use from 13 tons/ha in 2000 to 5 tons/ha in 2008. Part of this fall is due to the rise of cultivated land rental markets. The analysis, however, does not find that improved property rights in cultivated land rental affect investment largely because property rights have largely been established by 2000, the first year of our sample. Our results, however, also show that there are forces that appear to be mitigating the negative consequences of rising cultivated land rental. After holding constant initial rental rates and other factors, we find that the gap between investment in organic manure in own land and rented‐in land is narrowing. One interpretation of our findings is that if policymakers can find ways to even further strengthen the rights of lessors and tenants as well as lengthen contract periods, farmers—even those that rent—will invest more in their land, because they will be able to capture the returns to their investments.
Market imperfections, liquidity, and farm household labor allocation: the case of rural South Africa
Authors: Lovo Stefania 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAsset endowments and market imperfections shape households’ labor allocation decisions and lead to different production regimes within rural farm households in South Africa. This article uses a farm household model to explain the presence of three main household groups determined on the basis of the labor regime adopted: small peasants (working both on and off farm), self‐cultivators (autarkic in labor) and hiring‐in households. A partial generalized ordered logit is used to test the main predictions of the model and a Brant test on threshold constancy is performed to identify the household‐specific factors affecting labor market participation. The results show that liquidity constraints and market imperfections matter in the choice of the labor strategy adopted. Liquidity‐constrained households are more likely to sell labor off farm while access to information facilitates the hiring in of workers.
The impact of coffee certification on small‐scale producers’ livelihoods: a case study from the Jimma Zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Jena Pradyot Ranjan , Chichaibelu Bezawit Beyene , Stellmacher Till , Grote Ulrike 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWhat is the impact of product certification on small‐scale farmers’ livelihoods? To what extent does the participation of Ethiopian small‐scale coffee farmers in certified local cooperative structures improve their socioeconomic situation? To answer these questions, this article employs household data of 249 coffee farmers from six different cooperatives collected in the Jimma zone of Southwestern Ethiopia in 2009. Findings show that the certification of coffee cooperatives has in total a low impact on small‐scale coffee producers’ livelihoods mainly due to (1) low productivity, (2) insignificant price premium, and (3) poor access to credit and information from the cooperative. Differences in production and organizational capacities between the local cooperatives are mirrored in the extent of the certification benefits for the smallholders. “Good” cooperatives have reaped the benefits of certification, whereas “bad” ones did not fare well. In this regard the “cooperative effect” overlies the “certification effect.”
Protective immunization against Staphylococcus aureus infection in a novel experimental wound model in mice
Authors: Schennings Torgny , Farnebo Filip , Szekely Laszlo , Flock Jan‐Ingmar 
Published: May 2012

A novel murine experimental wound infection model was used to assess the efficacy of multi‐component immunization against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Necrotic lesions were induced in mice with venom from Bothrops asper and infected with a low inoculum, 1 × 102 CFU. The wound infection model therefore more resembles a clinical case of
S. aureus infection compared with conventional infection models where far more bacteria are required. Before infection, mice were immunized with four recombinant S.aureus proteins expressed from
Escherichia coli: (i) domains 1–3 of Extracellular adherence protein (Eap), (ii) Efb – D (fusion protein combining Extracellular fibrinogen binding protein (Efb) and a fibronectin binding domain (D) of the fibronectin binding protein (FnBP) and (iii) clumping factor A (ClfA). In the immunized group, lower bacterial colonization, undisturbed crust formation and significantly faster wound healing were found compared with the unimmunized control group. Efb and Eap have previously been found to impair wound healing and neutralization of these proteins by antibodies restores a more natural wound healing process. This effect is further also enhanced by the proposed opsonic activity of antibodies against ClfA and FnBP.
Impact of abutment material and dis‐/re‐connection on soft and hard tissue changes at implants with platform‐switching
Authors: Becker Kathrin , Mihatovic Ilja , Golubovic Vladimir , Schwarz Frank 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the impact of abutment material and dis‐/re‐connection on soft and hard tissue changes at implants with platform‐switching.Material & MethodsTitanium implants (n = 12), placed epicrestally in the upper jaws of three dogs, were connected with titanium (Ti) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) abutments (horizontal mismatch of 0.4 mm) and randomly allocated in a split‐mouth design either to repeated (2x) dis‐/re‐connection at 4 and 6 weeks (test), respectively, or left undisturbed (control). At 8 weeks, histomorphometrical measurements were made between the mucosal margin (PM), implant shoulder (IS) and the apical extension of the long junctional epithelium (aJE),‐the most coronal level of bone in contact with the implant (CBI).ResultsRepeated abutment manipulation was associated with increased mean PM‐aJE and IS‐CBI values at both Ti (1.82 ± 0.37–1.99 ± 0.40 mm and 0.72 ± 0.18–1.12 ± 0.60 mm) and ZrO2 (1.90 ± 0.28–2.67 ± 0.67 mm and 0.22 ± 0.10–2.15 ± 0.77 mm) abutments at 8 weeks. These vertical dimensions were comparable at both vestibular and oral aspects. Between group comparisons, however, failed to reveal a significant difference between test and control sites.ConclusionsRepeated manipulation may be associated with dimensional changes of peri‐implant soft and hard tissues formed at both non‐matching Ti and ZrO2 abutments.
Meta‐analysis of growth rates for a circumpolar fish, the northern pike (Esox lucius), with emphasis on effects of continent, climate and latitude
Authors: Rypel Andrew L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFor circumpolar species, little is known on how somatic growth rates can vary at large, transcontinental spatial scales. In this study, a meta‐analysis of growth rates was conducted for northern pike (
Esox lucius) across North America and Eurasia. Growth rates of northern pike did not differ between North American and ‘coastal Eurasian’ pike (e.g., UK, Ireland, Sweden), while growth rates for both of these groups were significantly higher compared to ‘inland Eurasian’ pike (mainly in Russia). There was no difference in growth between lentic and lotic habitats on either continent. In North America, pike growth was positively correlated with temperature, but in Eurasia, pike growth correlated poorly with most climatic variables. Similarly, maximum longevity in pike populations was significantly predicted by latitude in North America, but not in Eurasia. After standardising annual pike growth by the thermal opportunity for growth, a highly significant countergradient growth relationship was found for North American pike, while a significant, but considerably less predictive countergradient growth relationship was found for Eurasian pike. This study provides novel insights into the ecology of a circumpolar species and how populations function at extraordinarily large spatial scales. First, pike appear to be cosmopolitan across hydrologic habitats having fast or slow growth in either lentic or lotic environments. Secondly, continental‐scale differences in pike growth rates are suggestive of major genetic and life‐history differences. Finally, variable climate–growth relationships and countergradient growth patterns indicate that global climate change is likely to affect circumpolar fishes like pike in complex, nonlinear ways.
Effect of mobile phones on micronucleus frequency in human exfoliated oral mucosal cells
Authors: Ros‐Llor I , Sanchez‐Siles M , Camacho‐Alonso F , Lopez‐Jornet P 
Published: May 2012

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 786–792Objective:  In the last two decades, the use of mobile phones has increased enormously all over the world. The controversy regarding whether radiofrequency (RF) fields exert effects upon biological systems is a concern for the general population. An evaluation is made of DNA damage and cytokinetic defects, proliferative potential, and cell death because of RF radiation emitted by mobile phones in healthy young users.Study design:  This cohort study was carried out in 50 Caucasian mobile phone users. We collected two cell samples from each subject (a total of 100 cell samples), corresponding to the right and left cheek mucosa, respectively. Case histories and personal information were assessed, including age, gender, body height and weight, history of cancer, smoking and alcohol consumption, exposure to chemical carcinogens or radiation, and dietary habits. Sampling comprised cell collection from both cheeks with a cytobrush, centrifugation, slide preparation, fixation, and staining, followed by fluorescent microscopic analysis. A total of 2000 exfoliated cells were screened for nuclear abnormalities, especially micronucleus.Results:  No statistically significant changes were recorded in relation to age, gender, body mass index, or smoking status. A comparison of the results vs the control area according to the side of the face on which the mobile phone was placed, and in relation to the duration of exposure (years) to mobile phone radiation in the total 100 samples, yielded no significant differences.Conclusions:  No genotoxic effects because of RF exposure were observed in relation to any of the study parameters.
Recreational Use of Erectile Dysfunction Medications and its Adverse Effects on Erectile Function in Young Healthy Men: The Mediating Role of Confidence in Erectile Ability
Authors: Harte Christopher B. , Meston Cindy M. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Oral erectile dysfunction medications (EDMs) have become an increasingly popular drug of abuse among young men without a medical indication. In addition to being associated with increased sexual risk behaviors, recreational EDM use may adversely impact psychological aspects of sexual function, primarily by affecting one’s confidence in pharmacologically unaided erectile ability. To date, these associations have not been investigated empirically.

Aim
This study examined the mediating role of confidence in erectile ability on the concurrent relationship between recreational EDM use and erectile function among young healthy men. A secondary aim was to examine erectile function characteristics among recreational users, prescribed users, and nonusers to control for the possibility that recreational users were using EDMs to treat ED.

Methods
The sample comprised 1,207 sexually active men (mean age = 21.9 years; standard deviation = 4.48) who were recruited from undergraduate institutions within the United States.

Main Outcome Measures
Participants completed an online survey assessing frequency of EDM use, as well as levels of sexual function (erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, and overall sexual satisfaction) and levels of confidence in ability to gain and maintain erection, as per the International Index of Erectile Function.

Results
Recreational users (N = 72) reported similar erectile function levels compared with nonusers (N = 1,111), and both groups differed from prescribed users (N = 24). Recreational users also reported lower erectile confidence and lower overall satisfaction compared with nonusers. Results were consistent with mediation, in that more frequent EDM use was inversely associated with erectile confidence, which in turn showed negative relations with erectile function.

Conclusions
Confidence in erectile abilities mediates the inverse relationship between recreational EDM use and erectile function. Results underscore the possibility that recreational EDM use among healthy young men may lead to psychogenic ED. Additional longitudinal research is necessary to establish a causal link between these variables.
The Production of Transparent MgAl2O4 Ceramic Using Calcined Powder Mixtures of Mg(OH)2 and γ‐Al2O3 or AlOOH
Authors: Sutorik Anthony C. , Gilde Gary , Swab Jeffrey J. , Cooper Christopher , Gamble Robert , Shanholtz Eugene 
Published: May 2012

Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 (both 99% and 99.99% purity grades), γ‐Al2O3, and AlOOH have been investigated for the direct production of transparent MgAl2O4. The highest average in‐line transmittance through 3.5–4 mm thick samples is 84.2 ± 1.0% at 550 nm, attained by using mixtures of 99.99% pure Mg(OH)2 and γ‐Al2O3. Other formulations exhibited 77–80% visible transmission, suggesting that further optimization can improve sample consistency. All samples exhibited a Knoop hardness of ~12 GPa, and elastic modulus of ~280 GPa. Biaxial flexural strength measurements ranged from 85 to 136 MPa depending on starting materials.
Knoop Hardness–Apparent Yield Stress Relationship in Ceramics
Authors: Swab Jeffrey J. , Wereszczak Andrew A. , Strong Kevin T. , Danna Dominic , LaSalvia Jerry C. , Ragan Meredith E. , Ritt Patrick J. 
Published: May 2012

In Tabor's classical studies of the deformation of metals, the yield stress (Y) and hardness (H) were shown to be related according to H/Y ≈ 3 for complete or fully plastic deformation. Since then it has been anecdotally shown for ceramics that this ratio is <3. Interest exists to explore this further so Hertzian indentation was used to measure the apparent yield stress of numerous ceramics and metals and their results were compared with each material's load‐dependent Knoop hardness. The evaluated ceramics included standard reference materials for hardness (silicon nitride and tungsten carbide), silicon carbide, alumina, and glass. Several steel compositions were also tested for comparison. Knoop hardness measurements at 19.6 N (i.e., toward “complete or fully plastic deformation”), showed that 2 < H/Y < 3 for the metals and 0.8 < H/Y < 1.8 for the glasses and ceramics. Being that H/Y ≠ 3 for the ceramics indicates that Tabor's analysis is either not applicable to ceramics or that full plastic deformation is not achieved with a Knoop indentation or both.
Effects of maternal investment on larvae and juveniles of the annelidCapitella teletadetermined by experimental reduction of embryo energy content
Authors: Pernet Bruno , Amiel Aldine , Seaver Elaine C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractExperimental manipulations of the energy content of marine invertebrate embryos have been useful in testing key assumptions of life history theory, especially those concerning relationships between egg size, length of the planktonic period, and juvenile size and quality. However, methods for such “allometric engineering” experiments have been available for only a limited set of taxa (those with regulative early development, e.g., cnidarians and echinoderms). Here, we describe a method for the reduction of embryo energy content in the spirally cleaving embryos of a marine annelid,Capitella teleta, by targeted deletion of endodermal precursor cells. Embryos ofC. teletain which up to three cells (the macromeres 3A, 3B, and 3C) were deleted formed morphologically normal lecithotrophic larvae that were much smaller than larvae developing from control embryos. Experimental larvae metamorphosed at high rates, forming juveniles that were smaller than control juveniles. Juveniles derived from treated embryos had functional midguts, ingested and digested food, and grew into sexually mature adults. These results are consistent with those from previous allometric engineering studies of echinoid echinoderms, which suggest that in facultatively planktotrophic or lecithotrophic species, little maternally derived energy is used for construction of the larval body; instead, the majority is allocated to the formation of a large, high‐quality juvenile. Cleavage programs are highly conserved among divergent spiralian taxa (e.g., molluscs, nemerteans, and platyhelminths), so this method will likely be applicable to a diverse set of embryos. Similar experiments carried out in these diverse taxa will be extremely useful for evaluating inferences on relationships between egg size, length of the planktonic period, and juvenile size and quality previously based only on experiments on echinoid echinoderms.
A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of gastric cancer with squamous cell carcinoma components: A clinically aggressive tumor
Authors: SAITO Shin , HOSOYA Yoshinori , MORISHIMA Kazue , UI Takashi , HARUTA Hidenori , KURASHINA Kentaro , MEGURO Yoshiyuki , ZUIKI Toru , SATA Naohiro , FUJII Hirofumi , MATSUBARA Daisuke , NIKI Toshiro , LEFOR Alan T. , YASUDA Yoshikazu 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE:  Adenosquamous carcinoma originating in the stomach is an unusual neoplasm with few existing histological studies. This study was aimed to gain insight into the histogenetic and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) components.METHODS:  From January 2001 to June 2010 a total of 1735 patients underwent a resection of gastric cancer. Histopathologically, eight patients had adenocarcinoma containing SCC components, in which the proportion of SCC components was above 25% of the total tumor mass in four patients. The immunohistochemical and clinicopathological characteristics of these eight patients were analyzed.RESULTS:  The median survival duration was 22 months. Adenocarcinoma was present at the superficial layer of all tumors and SCC was primarily present at sites with deep invasion. Immunohistochemically, adenocarcinoma components were positive for cytokeratin (CK) 8/18/19 and CK7 in all cases. SCC components were positive for carcinoembryonic antigen and CK7 in more than 60% of patients. Expression patterns of p53 product were identical in both components. SCC components were positive for 34βE12 and adenocarcinoma components were negative for 34βE12 in all patients.CONCLUSIONS:  SCC components are derived from squamous metaplasia in a pre‐existing adenocarcinoma. A gastric adenocarcinoma with SCC components is associated with various patterns of metastasis and both SCC and adenocarcinoma components have the potential for metastasis. Gastric cancer with SCC components is a clinically aggressive tumor.
The Ghost in the Machine: IAPT and Organizational Melancholia
Authors: Rizq Rosemary 
Published: May 2012

abstractThe introduction, funding and roll‐out of the NHS's Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme represents one of the biggest changes to mental health service provision ever seen in the UK. Drawing on Hinshelwood's (1994) notion that public mental health services may be regarded as a defence against overwhelming anxieties relating to psychological fragility and emotional distress, I explore the tendency for IAPT services to systematically disavow feelings of loss and vulnerability in both staff and patients. I propose three mechanisms by which this disavowal occurs: the promotion of a consumerist ethos and a ‘patient choice’ agenda; the deployment of discourses minimizing notions of fragility and dependence; and the proliferation of bureaucratic and surveillance systems aimed at continually monitoring and evaluating staff and clinical activity. Drawing on Freud's (1917) distinction between mourning and melancholia, I go on to argue that a sense of unconscious loss may come to be constitutive of the culture within IAPT services where the institutionally‐sanctioned repudiation of containment cannot be spoken about, addressed or mourned. Through a short case example, I illustrate the way in which organizational melancholia may be hidden within the structures of an IAPT service and enacted by both staff and patients.