bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kant and Overdemandingness I: The Demandingness of Imperfect Duties
Authors: Saunders Joe , Slater Joe , Sticker Martin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe Overdemandingness Objection maintains that an ethical theory or principle that demands too much should be rejected, or at least moderated. Traditionally, overdemandingness is considered primarily a problem for consequentialist ethical theories. Recently, Kant and Kantian ethics have also become part of the debate. This development helps us better understand both overdemandingness and problems with Kant's ethics. In this, the first of a pair of papers, we introduce the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties as well as a framework for understanding the overdemandingness objection that allows us to discuss overdemandingness across different ethical theories. We then consider two ways that Kantians have sought to avoid the implication that imperfect duties may be overly demanding: (1) via the latitude of imperfect duties, and (2) by the suggestion that the wider system of duties is self‐moderating. We conclude that it is unclear whether the two most prominent ways of addressing the overdemandingness objection work, challenging them on their own terms, and observing that they are inapplicable to potential demandingness concerns pertaining to perfect duties.
Data Over Dogma: A Brief Introduction to Experimental Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Church Ian M. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractExperimental philosophy of religion is the project of taking the tools and resources of the human sciences—especially psychology and cognitive science—and bringing them to bear on issues within philosophy of religion toward explicit philosophical ends. This paper introduces readers to experimental philosophy of religion. §2 explores the contours of experimental philosophy of religion by contrasting it with a few related fields: the psychology of religion and cognitive science of religion, on the one hand, and natural theology, on the other. §3 offers a brief history of experimental philosophy of religion. The goal in this section is to highlight the ancient pedigree of this emerging area of research; as the contemporary experimental philosophy of religion literature expands and proliferates, it's important to remember that this field has deep historical roots. Then, §4 focuses on the following questions: Why should we care about experimental philosophy of religion? And why is it needed?
Fibroblast activation protein and disease severity, progression, and survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Prior Thomas Skovhus , Hoyer Nils , Davidsen Jesper Rømhild , Shaker Saher Burhan , Hundahl Malthe Pallesgaard , Lomholt Søren , Deleuran Bent Winding , Bendstrup Elisabeth , Kragstrup Tue Wenzel 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive fibrosis in the lungs. Activated fibroblasts play a central role in fibrogenesis and express fibroblast activation protein α. A truncated, soluble form (sFAP) can be measured in blood and is a potential novel biomarker of disease activity. The aim was to study the association between sFAP and clinical, radiological, and histopathological measures of disease severity, progression, and survival in a prospective, multicentre, real‐world cohort of patients with IPF. Patients with IPF were recruited from the tertiary interstitial lung disease centres in Denmark and followed for up to 3 years. Baseline serum levels of sFAP were measured by ELISA in patients with IPF and compared to healthy controls. Pulmonary function tests, 6‐minute walk test and quality of life measures were performed at baseline and during follow‐up. The study included 149 patients with IPF. Median sFAP in IPF was 49.6 ng/mL (IQR: 43.1–61.6 ng/mL) and in healthy controls 73.8 ng/mL (IQR: 62.1–92.0 ng/mL). Continuous sFAP was not associated with disease severity, progression or survival (p > 0.05). After dichotomization of sFAP below or above mean sFAP + 2 SD for healthy controls, higher levels of sFAP were associated with lower FVC % predicted during follow‐up (p < 0.01). Higher than normal serum levels of sFAP were associated with longitudinal changes in FVC % predicted, but sFAP did not show clear associations with other baseline or longitudinal parameters. As such, sFAP has limited use as a biomarker of disease progression or survival in patients with IPF.
Characterization of ophthalmic lesions and normal ocular parameters in a flock of captive MacQueen's (houbara) bustards (Chlamydotis macqueenii)
Authors: Simonis Kiara M. , Baron Hamish R. , Wernery Ulrich , Joseph Marina , Giannikaki Stamatina , Azmanis Panagiotis N. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractObjectivesTo determine normal ocular parameters of the MacQueen's bustard (Chlamydotis macqueenii) and describe ophthalmic lesions in a captive bred population.Animals StudiedCaptive breeding population of 257 Macqueen's bustards.MethodsAll birds were screened for ocular abnormalities using direct ophthalmoscopy. Abnormalities were photographed. Normative values for Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1), applanation tonometry, aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture, fungal culture, and transcorneal ocular ultrasonography were derived from multiple cohorts of clinically normal adult birds. Five birds with ocular pathology also underwent transcorneal ultrasonography. Statistical comparisons for normative values between OD and OS, and males and females were made using a paired t‐test or Mann–Whitney U‐test, with a significance level of p < .05.ResultsMean tear production based on Schirmer tear test 1 (STT‐1) was 10.16 ± 4.61 mm/min (3–21 mm/min). Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was 12.42 ± 4.94 mm Hg (5–26 mm Hg). Staphylococcus species were the most isolated bacteria from the conjunctival surfaces of normal birds (85%). Significant differences were found in transcorneal ultrasonographic measurements between males and females for axial globe length (p = .032), vitreous body depth (p = .049) and lens thickness (p = .0428). Corneal fibrosis was the most observed ocular abnormality amongst eyes with pathological changes (39%).ConclusionsSchirmer tear testing, tonometry and transcorneal ultrasound can easily be utilized in MacQueen's bustards and provide reproducible results. Normal parameters for these tests were determined, and common pathological ocular changes were described in this species.
Efficacy of virtual surgical planning and a three‐dimensional‐printed, patient‐specific reduction system to facilitate alignment of diaphyseal tibial fractures stabilized by minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in dogs: A prospective clinical study
Authors: Scheuermann Logan M. , Lewis Daniel D. , Johnson Matthew D. , Biedrzycki Adam H. , Kim Stanley E. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of a three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed, patient‐specific reduction system for aligning diaphyseal tibial fractures stabilized using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO).Study designProspective clinical trial.Sample populationFifteen client owned dogs.MethodsVirtual 3D models of both pelvic limbs were created. Pin guides were designed to conform to the proximal and distal tibia. A reduction bridge was designed to align the pin guides based on the guides' spatial location. Guides were 3D printed, sterilized, and applied, in conjunction with transient application of a circular fixator, to facilitate indirect fracture realignment before plate application. Alignment of the stabilized tibiae was assessed using postoperative computed tomography scans.ResultsMean duration required for virtual planning was 2.5 h and a mean of 50.7 h elapsed between presentation and surgery. Guide placement was accurate with minor median discrepancies in translation and frontal, sagittal, and axial plane positioning of 2.9 mm, 3.6°, 2.7°, and 6.8°, respectively. Application of the reduction system restored mean tibial length and frontal, sagittal, and axial alignment within 1.7 mm, 1.9°, 1.7°, and 4.5°, respectively, of the contralateral tibia.ConclusionDesign and fabrication of a 3D‐printed, patient‐specific fracture reduction system is feasible in a relevant clinical timeline. Intraoperative pin‐guide placement was reasonably accurate with minor discrepancies compared to the virtual plan. Custom 3D‐printed reduction system application facilitated near‐anatomic or acceptable fracture reduction in all dogs.Clinical significanceVirtual planning and fabrication of a 3D‐printing patient‐specific fracture reduction system is practical and facilitated acceptable, if not near‐anatomic, fracture alignment during MIPO.
Phylogenomics of the catfish family Pimelodidae with focus on the genus Pimelodus support the recognition of Sorubiminae and Pimelodinae (Teleostei, Siluriformes)
Authors: Silva Gabriel S. C. , Rocha Marcelo S. , Melo Bruno F. , Reia Lais , Roxo Fábio F. , Sabaj Mark H. , Oliveira Claudio 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPimelodidae is a family of large‐sized catfishes consisting of 116 valid species divided into 30 genera distributed in the Neotropical region. Despite recent advancements in understanding the pimelodid phylogeny, several internal relationships have remained unclear and have received limited support from various phylogenetic analyses. We provide a new genomic dataset comprising 55 species representing 25 genera of Pimelodidae and related siluriform families Aspredinidae, Auchenipteridae, Cetopsidae, Doradidae, Diplomystidae, Heptapteridae, Loricariidae, and Pseudopimelodidae. Our phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Pimelodidae, as well as the existence of four major lineages: the Steindachneridion clade, the Leiarius + Phractocephalus clade, and two major subclades herein classified as Sorubiminae and Pimelodinae. Our topology resolves Phractocephalus sister to Leiarius differing from previous phylogenies. In Sorubiminae, Zungaro is sister to two large clades: one with Sorubim, Sorubimichthys, and Pseudoplatystoma, and the other with Hemisorubim, Platysilurus, Platystomatichthys, Brachyplatystoma, and Hypophthalmus. In Pimelodinae, we found the Pimelodus ornatus clade, the calophysines, and the clade with Exallodontus, Propimelodus, and Pimelodus altissimus closer to the Pimelodus group. Parapimelodus, Duopalatinus, Iheringichthys, and Bergiaria are included within the Pimelodus group. The Pimelodus group contains four main components: (1) Duopalatinus peruanus, (2) the trans‐Andean Pimelodus grosskopfii; (3) Pimelodus maculatus clade with species from the Brazilian Shield in southeastern Brazil; and (4) Pimelodus blochii clade composed by species from the Amazon, Orinoco, Paraná‐Paraguay, Parnaíba, São Francisco and coastal drainages of the Guiana Shield. The P. maculatus clade is composed by phenotypically diverse species, and the P. blochii clade houses species morphologically similar that appear nested within the widely distributed P. blochii.
Genetic analysis of Discogobio (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in the Central Yunnan Basin: Effects of geological events and conservation perspectives
Authors: Che Xing‐Jin , Zhang Yuan‐Wei , Wu An‐Li , Zhang Li‐Mei , Pan Xiao‐Fu , Wang Mo , Yang Jun‐Xing , Wang Xiao‐Ai 
Published: June 2024

AbstractGeological events can have a major effect on the genetic structure and differentiation of fish populations. The relative importance of key geological events on the distribution and genetic structure of endemic fish of the genus Discogobio in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau has not yet been evaluated. Studies of the phylogeography of Discogobio fishes could provide insights into spatial and temporal changes in their population size, dispersal history, and extent of geographical isolation, and the data acquired in such studies can be used to aid their conservation. Here, we used single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) to characterize the phylogeography of Discogobio fishes. Our analysis supports the endemicity of Discogobio. However, Discogobio samples from different regions contained multiple ancestral components, including admixed and diversified genetic components. This might stem from polymorphism of the ancestors themselves or the infiltration of genes caused by hybridization between Discogobio species. We estimated that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Discogobio fish in the Central Yunnan Basin was approximately 4.63–3.83 million years ago (Ma). We also inferred that the evolution of Discogobio in the Central Yunnan Basin was closely related to the expansion and contraction of the lake basin around 2.59–0.13 Ma. We proposed measures that could be implemented to conserve remaining populations and their corresponding habitats to prevent further declines and preserve the biodiversity of this unique genus.
More than the clock: distinct regulation of muscle function and metabolism by PER2 and RORα
Authors: Mansingh Shivani , Maier Geraldine , Delezie Julien , Westermark Pål O. , Ritz Danilo , Duchemin Wandrille , Santos Gesa , Karrer‐Cardel Bettina , Steurer Stefan A. , Albrecht Urs , Handschin Christoph 
Published: June 2024

AbstractCircadian rhythms, governed by the dominant central clock, in addition to various peripheral clocks, regulate almost all biological processes, including sleep–wake cycles, hormone secretion and metabolism. In certain contexts, the regulation and function of the peripheral oscillations can be decoupled from the central clock. However, the specific mechanisms underlying muscle‐intrinsic clock‐dependent modulation of muscle function and metabolism remain unclear. We investigated the outcome of perturbations of the primary and secondary feedback loops of the molecular clock in skeletal muscle by specific gene ablation of Period circadian regulator 2 (Per2) and RAR‐related orphan receptor alpha (Rorα), respectively. In both models, a dampening of core clock gene oscillation was observed, while the phase was preserved. Moreover, both loops seem to be involved in the homeostasis of amine groups. Highly divergent outcomes were seen for overall muscle gene expression, primarily affecting circadian rhythmicity in the PER2 knockouts and non‐oscillating genes in the RORα knockouts, leading to distinct outcomes in terms of metabolome and phenotype. These results highlight the entanglement of the molecular clock and muscle plasticity and allude to specific functions of different clock components, i.e. the primary and secondary feedback loops, in this context. The reciprocal interaction between muscle contractility and circadian clocks might therefore be instrumental to determining a finely tuned adaptation of muscle tissue to perturbations in health and disease.
imageKey points
Specific perturbations of the primary and secondary feedback loop of the molecular clock result in specific outcomes on muscle metabolism and function.
Ablation of Per2 (primary loop) or Rorα (secondary loop) blunts the amplitude of core clock genes, in absence of a shift in phase.
Perturbation of the primary feedback loop by deletion of PER2 primarily affects muscle gene oscillation.
Knockout of RORα and the ensuing modulation of the secondary loop results in the aberrant expression of a large number of non‐clock genes and proteins.
The deletion of PER2 and RORα affects muscle metabolism and contractile function in a circadian manner, highlighting the central role of the molecular clock in modulating muscle plasticity.
Influence of recurrent assessments during data collection on caregivers and young children for an agricultural livelihood intervention in Kenya: a qualitative study
Authors: Richards Audrey L , Hiepler Amelia J , Frongillo Edward A , Khan Shameemah , Holding Penny , Nanga Khadija , Kammerer Betsy , Otieno Phelgona , Butler Lisa M 
Published: June 2024

ObjectivesWe sought to understand the influence of recurrent assessments on the behaviour of children and caregivers in a 2-year study of an agricultural livelihood intervention.DesignThis study used qualitative exit interviews from caregivers in the control arm of a large, cluster-randomised control trial, Shamba Maisha.SettingThe study was conducted in Western Kenya and involved 12 health facilities between 2016 and 2019.ParticipantsParticipants were 99 caregivers in the control arm who had a child that was 6–36 months in age at the start of the study.InterventionsIntervention participants within Shamba Maisha received an irrigation pump, farming lessons and a microloan. Control participants received no intervention but were offered the intervention after completing the 2-year study.ResultsDespite receiving no formal benefits, control caregivers reported improved mental health and enhanced knowledge of their child’s health compared with the beginning of the study and reported changes in the child’s play and diet that they attributed to participation in study assessments. Caregivers in the control arm attributed their changed behaviour to recurrent questioning, instrumental support, interactions with study staff and increased health knowledge.ConclusionsRecurrent assessments altered participant behaviour, which may have made inference of the intervention’s impact more difficult. In designing future, such studies with intervention and control arms, a trade-off between the gains in statistical power provided by recurrent visits and the avoidance of alterations in participants’ behaviour that could affect responses to assessments must be considered when deciding on the number of visits for assessment.Trial registration numbersNCT03170986;NCT02815579.
Association between nutritional risk and fatigue in frailty conditions for older adult patients: a multicentre cross-sectional survey study
Authors: Chen Liru , Liu Chengyu , Deng An , Zhang Anqi , Zhu Mingwei , Xi Huan 
Published: June 2024

Background and aimsFrailty is widespread in the elderly, while there is a bi-directional relationship between frailty and malnutrition. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence and correlation of frailty and nutritional risk in older adult patients and to analyse the factors associated with fatigue which is one indicator of frailty.MethodsThis cross-sectional multicentre survey study was conducted in five hospitals in the same city from 01 January 2021 to 01 December 2021. We collected information on gender, age, diseases, medication and dietary status. Frailty status was diagnosed using the FRAIL scale, and Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 was used to screen the nutritional risk. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyse the correlation between frailty and nutritional risk. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyse the risk factors related to fatigue in all patients and inpatients.ResultsAmong 2016 older adult patients, the prevalence of frailty was 15.1% (305/2016), the prevalence of nutritional risk was 16.2% (327/2016) and the overlap prevalence of frailty and nutritional risk was 7.3% (147/2016). Multivariate analysis showed that nutritional risk (OR 3.109, 95% CI 2.384 to 4.056, p<0.001) was an independent risk factor for fatigue in all patients; similar results were found for nutritional risk (OR 2.717, 95% CI 2.068 to 3.571, p<0.001) in hospitalised patients.ConclusionsFrailty and nutritional risk are prevalent among older adult patients, and nutritional risk is associated with the occurrence of fatigue in older adult patients and older adult inpatients.Trial registration numberChina Clinical Trial Registry (Registered No. ChiCTR-EPC-14005253).
Economics of primary healthcare: cost estimation of clinical services at primary care facilities in the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council
Authors: Elmusharaf Khalifa , Poix Sébastien , Grafton Daniel , Jung Johanna S , Gribble Rebecca , Stanton Rachael , Mahmoud Lamia , Al Asfoor Deena Hamza , Alawadi Tayba , Mustafa Mohammed , Shuwaiter Lulwa , Alsuwaidan Mohammed S , Al-Abri Zahir , Al-Sabahi Sultana , Fadda Sherif , Syed Hassan Raza , Almutairi Muneera , Al-Farsi Yahya M , Banatvala Nicholas , Tarlton Dudley 
Published: June 2024

ObjectiveWhile the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have demonstrated a strong commitment to strengthening primary healthcare (PHC), the costs of delivering these services in this region remain relatively unexplored. Understanding the costs of PHC delivery is essential for effective resource allocation and health system efficiency.DesignWe used an ingredient-based method to estimate the cost of delivering a selection of services at PHC facilities in the six GCC countries in 2019. Services were categorised into eight programmes: immunisation; non-communicable diseases (NCDs); oral and dental care; child health; nutrition; mental health; reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health and general practice. The cost estimation focused on two key ingredients: the costs of drugs and supplies and the healthcare workforce cost. The coverage rates of specific types of health services, including screening and mental health services, were also estimated. Data for the analysis were obtained from ministries of health, health statistics reports, online databases, national surveys and scientific literature.ResultsThe estimated costs of delivering the selected services at public PHC facilities in the six GCC countries totalled US$5.7 billion in 2019, representing 0.34% of the combined 2019 GDP. The per capita costs varied from US$69 to US$272. General practice and NCD programmes constituted 79% of the total costs modelled while mental health ranged between 0.0% and 0.3%. Over 8 million individuals did not receive NCD screening services, and over 30 million did not receive needed mental health services in public PHC facilities across the region.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the costs of services delivered at PHC facilities in the GCC countries. Identifying the main cost drivers and the services which individuals did not receive can be used to help strengthen PHC to improve efficiency and scale up needed services for better health outcomes.