bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les transformations de l'organisation du transport aérien aux États-Unis et en Europe
Authors: Bœuf Patrick 
Published: June 2011

Les transformations de l'organisation du transport aérien aux Etats-Unis et en Europe,
par Patrick Bœuf.

Cet article se propose de donner une brève analyse des transformations à l'œuvre dans le transport aérien aux Etats-Unis et en Europe. La première partie dresse un bilan succinct de la réorganisation du transport aérien aux Etats-Unis. La seconde s'interroge sur les conséquences de telles transformations pour l'Europe.
L'impact de l'indemnisation sur la durée et l'ancienneté au chômage
Authors: Florens Jean-Pierre , Gérard-Varet Louis-André , Werquin Patrick 
Published: June 2011

L'impact de l'indemnisation sur la durée et l'ancienneté au chômage,
par Jean-Pierre Florens, Louis-André Gérard-Varet, Patrick Werquin.

La théorie de la recherche d'emploi justifie la construction de formes réduites partielles du marché du travail destinées à étudier l'effet de différents facteurs explicatifs de la durée du chômage en France. Le but de cet article est de procéder à leur estimation sur deux ensembles de données. Le premier est un échantillon de données individuelles relatives à la durée des périodes de chômage, le second rassemble des données dites d'ancienneté au chômage. Une place importante est attribuée dans l'analyse au rôle des allocations chômage.
Le partage du profit incite-t-il à travailler plus ?
Authors: Artus Patrick , Legendre François , Morin Pierre 
Published: June 2011

Is profit-sharing an incentive to work more?
by Patrick Artus, François Legendre, Pierre Morin.

This article presents three empirical studies that attempt to assess the impact of profit-sharing on labor productivity. An especially detailed account is given of the study conducted on French data. This study conducted on French data is more completely accounted for. The studies do not examine profit-sharing — as, for example, M. Weitzman does — from a macroeconomic point of view as an activity stabilizer. Rather, profit-sharing is analyzed microeconomically as a work incentive for employees. This approach fits in with theories of the efficiency wage. In particular, the article discusses the need for such collective incentives.
La reprise de l'investissement dans quatre grands pays de l'Ocdé
Authors: Loué Jean-François 
Published: June 2011

El resurgimiento de la inversión dentro de cuatro grandes países de la Ocde,
por Jean-François Loué.

En 1988, la inversión sorprendió por su dinamismo haciendo fracasar la mayoría de las previsiones. ¿ Acaso se ha adaptado simplemente el stock de capital a una demanda más fuerte que la que había sido anticipada ? ¿ Nos enfrentamos por el contrario con un fenómeno inexplicado ? Una modelización simple para cuatro países (Estados Unidos, Japón, Gran Bretaña, Rfa) permite aclarar este debate y hacer un examen sobre las perspectivas de la inversion : sus realizaciones, en 1988, han sido, en todos los países, más importantes que lo que se había podido preveer con la ayuda de los modelos. Las perspectivas de crecimiento menos excepcionales para los próximos años, así como las abundantes existencias de capital, deberían conducir a una desaceleración cuya magnitud dependerá en gran medida de hipótesis de crecimiento a su vez inciertas.
Nerve growth factor concentrations in the synovial fluid from healthy dogs and dogs with secondary osteoarthritis
Authors: Isola M. , Ferrari V. , Stabile F. , Bernardini D. , Carnier P. , Busetto R. , Miolo A. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryObjective: To measure the concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the synovial fluid from normal dogs and dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to common joint disorders.Methods: Nerve growth factor synovial concentrations were measured by ELISA assay in 50 dogs divided into three groups: 12 healthy, 16 affected by acute lameness within seven days before enrolment, and 22 with chronic lameness persisting by more than one month before enrolment and accompanied by radiological signs of OA. Both acute and chronic lameness were secondary to orthopaedic diseases involving the shoulder, elbow and stifle joints. Nerve growth factor synovial concentrations were compared between means for healthy and acute groups and between the three groups using an F-test. Significance level was set at p ±0.05.Results: Nerve growth factor was detected in all canine synovial fluid samples. However, the mean synovial NGF concentration of healthy dogs (3.65 ± 2.18 pg/ml) was not significantly different from the mean value in dogs with acute lameness (6.45 ± 2.45 pg/ml) (p ± 0.79). Conversely, the mean synovial NGF concentration in dogs with chronic lameness (20.19 ± 17.51 pg/ml) was found to be significantly higher than that found in healthy dogs (p ±0.01).Clinical significance: This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of NGF in canine synovial fluid and its increased concentrations in dogs with chronic lameness compared to healthy dogs and dogs with acute lameness. The association between chronic lameness and raised synovial concentrations may suggest an involvement of NGF in OA inflammation and chronic pain.
Le soutien à la scolarité dans les interventions socio-éducatives
Authors: Milova Hélène 
Published: June 2011

Dans leur objectif d’aider les enfants en difficulté scolaire et familiale, les intervenants socio-éducatifs recherchent la coopération des parents de ces enfants. Ils doivent respecter les parents en tant que partenaires ayant des droits. Or, cette coopération est souvent difficile dans la pratique. À travers les résultats de deux recherches mis en parallèle, on montre ici comment, dans deux types de dispositifs différents visant les enfants en difficulté et leurs parents, les professionnels obtiennent que les parents coopèrent dans l’intervention. Les pratiques mises en place sont centrées essentiellement sur deux aspects : l’accompagnement à la scolarité, demandé par les parents, et l’écoute des parents, permettant d’aborder des problématiques éducatives plus larges que la seule scolarité.
Microspheres
Authors: Plummer John F. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Microspheres are spherical particles, typically less than 200 µm, which provide unique properties to plastics when used as filler. They differ from non‐spherical fillers (flakes, platelets, granules, fibers, whiskers, and irregular‐shaped powders) in several important ways. To begin with, the ratio of surface area to volume is the smallest for any type of particle. At equivalent volume loadings, spheres have the smallest surface area in contact with the resin, and, therefore, the viscous drag is minimal. Resin viscosity increases slowly with microsphere loading, thus making higher loadings possible with good flow properties.
Microspheres are isotropic, ie, their properties are distributed uniformly over their spherical shape. As a result, the properties do not depend on the direction in which they are measured. In polymer applications, this means that internal stresses during cure can be distributed evenly, thereby reducing the tendency toward cracking. During actual use, external stress is evenly distributed; hence, the orientation of the stress in relation to the orientation of the fillers has no effect on failure. Because of the filler's spherical shape, the surface of the polymer is smoother compared with fibrous or irregular‐shaped fillers.
Microspheres are either solid or hollow. The solid ones most commonly used as reinforcement in plastics are made of glass or ceramic. Carbon, graphite, zinc, and plastics, such as acrylics, poly(vinyl chloride), and polystyrene, are employed in special applications. Hollow microspheres are made of glass, ceramic, carbon, or resins, eg, phenolics, poly(vinylidene chloride), or polystyrene. Glass microspheres are by far the most popular hollow fillers. Mixed with a polymerizable resin, hollow microspheres form a special lightweight material known as syntactic foam.
Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy: Applications Theory and Instrumentation
Authors: Young Cora J. , Washenfelder Rebecca A. , Brown Steven S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Cavity‐enhanced spectroscopy (CES) is a sensitive technique for measuring the absolute optical extinction by samples that absorb or scatter light. Like other spectroscopic measurements, CES is based on measuring the change in intensity of light as it passes through an absorbing medium, CES is unique because it employs very long effective path lengths that are achieved by using highly reflective mirrors to form a high‐finesse optical cavity. A number of instrumental variations on this technique have been developed and successfully used to measure trace gas and aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere. CES is applicable to a wide range of atmospheric compounds with spectral absorptions. Detection limits vary with the application and molecule, but are typically of the order of parts per billion or parts per trillion in air.
Medicine: Vaccination, Medicolegal Aspects
Authors: Aggrawal Anil 
Published: June 2011

AbstractVaccination has been mired in medicolegal controversies. People have resisted vaccination on religious grounds and have even approached courts against compulsory vaccination. People have also been concerned about their safety. Pertussis vaccine has been associated with brain damage and has resulted in several class action suits. Vaccines have been associated with asthma and allergy. Hepatitis B vaccine has been associated with multiple sclerosis. Some vaccines have been associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). However, the biggest controversies that aroused public consciousness were the infamous MMR and thiomersal vaccine controversies. These issues and actual legal cases are discussed in detail.
Catalytic Enantioselective Reactions using Organomanganese Compounds
Authors: Chinkov Nicka 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe use of organomanganese reagents in asymmetric catalysis represents an attractive niche for synthetic chemists mainly due to the toxicological benignancy and low cost.Yet, the arsenal of the existing organomanganese catalysts, processes and substrates used in the enantioselective reactions is quite limited. This chapter covers the chief achievements made within the last quarter of a century in this area. The majority of the transformations are made by the MnIII‐salen compounds, which are commonly used as potent oxene‐ and nitrene‐transfer agents in the epoxidation and aziridination reactions of CC bonds. The scope, limitations and mechanistic studies of these processes are discussed. Additional class of transformations performed by the MnIII‐salen is asymmetric hydroxylation and amination of CH bonds as well as formation of SO and SN in sulfides. Less common Mn‐porphyrin and other scarcely studied complexes and their corresponding asymmetric reactions are discussed as well.
Hypervalent Derivatives of Selenium and Tellurium
Authors: Drabowicz Józef , Kiełbasiński Piotr , Zajac Adrian 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe chapter presents the advances in the chemistry of hypervalent derivatives of selenium and tellurium that have emerged in recent years (usually after 1998). These are based on the inclusion of the discussed compounds into particular subsections, arising from the N‐Ch‐L (AnBm) coding system, in which N stands for the number of valence electrons associated formally with a central chalcogen atom and L shows the number of ligands (A and B stand for the bonding element). The chapter begins with a brief discussion on the nature of bonding, molecular geometry, basic reactivity and pseudorotation mechanisms in hypervalent selenium and tellurium molecules which can be described as 10‐Ch‐4 and 10‐Ch‐5 and 12‐Ch‐6 species. Next, the unstable hypervalent selenium and tellurium structures detected as reactive intermediates are discussed. The remaining part of the chapter is devoted to the presentation of the chemistry of stable compounds. The isolable derivatives are presented in the following order: selenuranes and telluranes, 10‐Ch‐5 and 12‐Ch‐5 species, 10‐Ch‐6 complexes of perchalcogenuranes with Lewis bases, 12‐Ch‐6 perchalcogenuranes, 12‐Ch‐5 perchalcogenuranes, and 2N‐Ch‐N charged pertelluranes (Ch = Te,N > 6).
Do scientific theories affect men's evaluations of sex crimes?
Authors: Dar‐Nimrod Ilan , Heine Steven J. , Cheung Benjamin Y. , Schaller Mark 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEvolutionary psychology accounts of gender differences in sexual behaviors in general and men's sexual aggression, in particular, has been criticized for legitimizing males' sexual misconduct. To empirically assess such critiques, two studies examined how men's judgments of male sex crimes (solicitation of sex from a prostitute; rape) are influenced by exposure to (a) evolutionary psychological theories and (b) social‐constructivist theories. Across two studies, a consistent pattern emerged compared with a control condition (a) exposure to evolutionary psychology theories had no observable impact on male judgments of men's criminal sexual behavior, whereas (b) exposure to social‐constructivist theories did affect judgments, leading men to evaluate sex crimes more harshly. Additional results (from Study 2) indicate that this effect is mediated by perceptions of male control over sexual urges. These results have implications for journalists, educators, and scientists. Aggr. Behav. 37:440–449, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic effects on capillary pressure–Saturation relationships for two‐phase porous flow: Implications of temperature
Authors: Hanspal Navraj S. , Das Diganta B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWork carried out in the last decade or so suggests that the simulators for multiphase flow in porous media should include an additional term, namely a dynamic coefficient, as a measure of the dynamic effect associated with capillary pressure. In this work, we examine the dependence of the dynamic coefficient on temperature by carrying out quasi‐static and dynamic flow simulations for an immiscible perchloroethylene–water system. Simulations have been carried out using a two‐phase porous media flow simulator for a range of temperatures between 20 and 80°C. Simulation domains represent 3‐D cylindrical setups used by the authors for laboratory‐scale investigations of dynamic effects in two‐phase flow. Results are presented for two different porous domains, namely the coarse and fine sands, which are then interpreted by examining the correlations between dynamic coefficient(s) and temperature, time period(s) required for attaining irreducible water saturation, and the dynamic aqueous/nonaqueous phase saturation and capillary pressure plots. The simulations presented here maintain continuity from our previous work and address the uncertainties associated with the dependency of dynamic coefficient(s) on temperature, thereby complementing the existing database for the characterization of dynamic coefficients and subsequently enabling the users to carry out computationally economical and reliable modeling studies. © 2012 The Authors. AIChE Journal, published by Wiley on behalf of the AIChE. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. AIChE J, 58: 1951–1965, 2012
Carotid atherosclerosis and progression of brain atrophy: The SMART‐MR Study
Authors: Muller Majon , van der Graaf Yolanda , Algra Ale , Hendrikse Jeroen , Mali Willem P. , Geerlings Mirjam I. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective:Atherosclerosis has been implicated in the development of brain atrophy. However, support for this association comes from cross‐sectional studies.Methods:Within the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease‐Magnetic Resonance (SMART‐MR) study, a prospective cohort study among patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic disease (mean age ± standard deviation, 58 ± 10 years; 80% men), magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed in 1,232 patients at baseline (2001–2005) and in 663 patients at follow‐up (2006–2009). Brain segmentation was used to quantify total brain volume, cortical gray matter volume, and ventricular volume as indicators of global, cortical, and subcortical atrophy. At baseline, measurements of carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) and carotid stenosis were performed. Carotid stenosis was classified into groups 0 of 50%, 50 of 70% (moderate), and >70% (severe) and into unilateral or bilateral stenosis.Results:Cross‐sectional regression analyses showed that both increased CIMT and carotid stenosis were associated with decreased relative total brain and cortical gray matter volume. Our prospective findings showed that after a mean follow‐up of 3.9 years (range, 3.0–5.8 years), CIMT and moderate stenosis were not related to progression of brain atrophy. Only severe or bilateral carotid stenosis was related to progression of global atrophy (β [95% confidence interval (CI)], −0.52% [−0.84 to −0.20%], −0.94% [−1.45 to −0.43%]), cortical atrophy (β [95% CI], −0.75% [−1.37 to −0.13%], −1.34% [−2.32 to −0.35%]), and subcortical atrophy (β [95% CI], 0.06% [−0.02 to 0.16%], 0.13% [0.01 to 0.28%]).Interpretation:In a study of patients with atherosclerotic disease with 4 years of follow‐up, only severe or bilateral carotid stenosis, and not moderate carotid stenosis and increased CIMT, were associated with progression of brain atrophy. Ann Neurol 2011;
Cornell and Coulomb interactions for the D‐dimensional Klein‐Gordon equation
Authors: Hassanabadi H. , Rahimov H. , Zarrinkamar S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe investigate the D‐dimensional Klein‐Gordon equation in the presence of both Coulomb and Cornell potentials by quasi‐exact methodology. The Coulomb potential yields a degenerate result as the dimension increases, i.e. the quantum number l plays no role in the energy relation. For the Cornell potential, however, the behavior is different and no degeneracy exists. Closed form of eigenfunctions is reported and the energy behavior for different states is numerically discussed.
Modulating the Acidity: Highly Acidic Brønsted Acids in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Nachtsheim Boris J. , Ieawsuwan Winai , Atodiresei Iuliana 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRecently, chiral highly acidic Brønsted acids have emerged as powerful catalysts for enantioselective CC and CX bond‐forming reactions. Their strong acidity renders them valuable tools for the activation of imines, carbonyl compounds, and other weakly basic substrates. As a result, new perspectives are opened and highly stereoselective transformations based on the concept of chiral contact‐ion‐pair catalysis can be realized. This Minireview gives an overview of the design and application of these new organocatalysts and presents recent results in this rapidly growing field.
In situ synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using water soluble polymer
Authors: Maity Dipanwita , Kanti Bain Mrinal , Bhowmick Biplab , Sarkar Joy , Saha Saswati , Acharya Krishnendu , Chakraborty Mukut , Chattopadhyay Dipankar 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA simple and inexpensive, single step synthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved using poly(methyl vinyl ether‐co‐maleic anhydride) (PVM/MA) both as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthetic process was carried out in aqueous solution, making the method versatile and ecofriendly. The synthesized polymer stabilized nanoparticles were stable in water at room temperature without particle aggregation for at least 1 month. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR). Results showed that Ag‐core nanoparticles were coated with PVM/MA shell with thickness of about 5 to 8 nm. The antimicrobial activities of the copolymer (PVM/MA) stabilized silver nanoparticles on various microorganisms were also studied. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Renewable polyol‐based polycarbamates and polycarbamate–formaldehyde thermosetting resins
Authors: Kim Moon G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSeveral polycarbamates and polycarbamate–formaldehyde (CF) resins were synthesized, and their properties were investigated aiming at developing of useful thermosetting polymer materials from simple polyols including those derived from renewable resources. Polycarbamates synthesized from polyols using two‐step laboratory routes showed good storage stabilities making them suitable as large volume industrial chemicals. Furthermore, syntheses and 13C‐NMR studies of CF resins showed the formation of oligomeric resins having hydroxymethyl and methylene groups with thermosetting curing properties that are similar to those of current urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins. Dynamic mechanical analysis studies showed somewhat slower curing rates for CF resins compared to UF resins. Bonding of particleboard and internal bond and free formaldehyde content measurements indicated high‐bond strength values and very low‐formaldehyde emission potentials for CF resins. The higher functionalities of CF resins appear to be the basis of good performances. Further investigations on scalable synthesis methods for polycarbamates and on the expansion of CF resins' bonding capabilities would need to be investigated in the future. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A trypsin‐like protease in rice green semi‐looper, Naranga aenescens moore (lepidoptera: Noctuidae): purification and characterization
Authors: Zibaee Arash , Bandani Ali Reza , Fazeli‐Dinan Mahmoud , Zibaee Idin , Sendi Jalal Jalali , Maleki Feizollah A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe rice green semi looper, Naranga aenescens Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) causes severe damage to rice fields in Eastern Asia and Middle East. We demonstrate that two types of serine proteases are active in the midgut of the third instar larvae of N. aenescens, but trypsin‐like proteases are considerably more active than chymotrypsin‐like proteases. To develop better control strategies, purification and biochemical characterization of a major trypsin‐like digestive protease from the midgut of the third instar larvae of N. aenescens was achieved by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. After the final purification step, the enzyme was purified 9.62‐fold with a recovery of 16.1% and a specific activity of 4.12 U/mg protein and a molecular mass of approximately 88.5 kDa. Biochemical characterization indicated that the purified protease had highest activity at pH 10 and 30°C and was stable for up to 6 h under those conditions. Divalent cations, especially Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+, increased the enzyme activity and synthetic inhibitors that target trypsin‐like activity caused a significant reduction in caseinolytic activity. These data may be used to develop inhibitors that decrease the damage of N. aenescens to rice cultivars in the field. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.