bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Main Terms and Legal Framework of the Book
Authors: González Campañá Núria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter establishes the necessary legal framework of the book by discussing concepts and legal relations that are used throughout. First, the chapter explains the extent to which EU law is compelled by international law. Second, the chapter addresses the question of how EU law should relate to national constitutional provisions. The central claim of the book is that the EU duty to respect national identity generates obligations in the context of secession to respect Member States constitutional orders. Thus, it is necessary to explain why EU law should show certain deference to national legal orders. Third, this chapter explores the legal concept of secession, both from an international and constitutional law perspective, and the different types of secession: consensual vs non-consensual and lawful vs unlawful. A clear understanding of the differences between these types of secession will be required later in the book.
EU Law Approach to a Secessionist Challenge: Implicit Responses Within EU Provisions?
Authors: González Campañá Núria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the scholarly debate in the field of EU law and secession, from those authors who consider that any secessionist movement is against the ethos of the European integration, to those who believe that welcoming new States emerging out of democratic secessionist processes is the duty of the EU institutions. Next, the chapter explores the arguments of those who make a distinction between lawful and unlawful secessions and argues that the key provision to justify the deferential EU law response to secession is to be found in the principle of respect for fundamental constitutional structures (article 4(2) TEU), an example of constitutional tolerance. Finally, the chapter examines the contours and limits of such provision, i.e. article 2 TEU. Thus, Member States will enjoy the benefits of constitutional tolerance as long as they do not violate the values enshrined in the referred article 2 TEU.
Access to Courts for Asylum Seekers and Refugees
Authors: Dunlop Emma 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book examines the scope and content of article 16 of the 1951 Refugee Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. It assesses the obligations that bind Contracting States to provide asylum seekers and refugees with access to courts under article 16 of the 1951 Refugee Convention, and whether these obligations extend beyond those that otherwise bind States under international human rights treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law. The book analyses issues on which scholars’ views have evolved over time on article 16. Through doctrinal analysis, it investigates the historical origins of article 16, the extent to which its protections have been subsumed by international human rights law, customary international law, and general principles of law, and its ultimate scope. It concludes that gaps remain in the protective framework of international human rights law and general international law, but that the interpretative approach taken by courts and treaty bodies to the human rights treaties analysed—particularly on the principle of effectiveness—could usefully be adapted to interpret article 16. Applying an evolutionary, teleological approach to the interpretation of the 1951 Convention, the book then analyses article 16’s scope and content in light of the issues canvassed. It concludes that article 16 remains a relevant and robust source of protection for asylum seekers and refugees.
Access to Courts and Related Rights under International Law
Authors: Dunlop Emma 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 surveys access to courts obligations in international human rights law, together with procedural or substantive rights broadly related to such access, focusing on procedural rights most relevant to asylum seekers and refugees. It covers the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), EU law, the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man and the American Convention on Human Rights, the Banjul Charter, and the Arab Charter on Human Rights. It then briefly discusses customary international law, general principles of law, and soft law. The chapter concludes that international human rights instruments provide asylum seekers and refugees with an uneven patchwork of protection.
Interpreting Article 16
Authors: Dunlop Emma 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 interprets Article 16 of the 1951 Convention. Four conclusions are made on article 16(1): first, the term ‘refugee’ encompasses asylum seekers; second, the term ‘courts’ does not extend to administrative agencies; third, free access to the courts of law in any Contracting State is guaranteed, provided that the requisite jurisdictional link exists; and fourth, States must ensure that the right of access to courts is effective. Three conclusions are made on article 16(2): first, the standard of ‘habitual residence’ should be interpreted autonomously, through a flexible, fact-based approach. An asylum seeker may attain the standard of ‘habitual residence’ even where his or her residency status is precarious or inconsistent with domestic law. Second, ‘matters pertaining to access to the Courts’ encompasses practical and procedural matters that pertain to access to the courts. Third, it identifies the appropriate comparator for determining if the ‘same treatment’ has been provided.
Conclusion
Authors: Dunlop Emma 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 concludes that article 16 of the 1951 Convention remains a robust and relevant source of protection that, in certain circumstances, guarantees asylum seekers and refugees greater protection than that afforded by international human rights law and general international law. Far from being a dead letter, subsumed by developments in international human rights law, article 16 is a critical guarantee that warrants closer attention from States, UNHCR, and scholars. The Chapter also sets out conclusions regarding limitations on the scope of article 16 and obstacles that stand in the way of its implementation.
Introduction
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts from the now widely observed upsurge in democratic backsliding in the past three decades. It links this development to the rise of personalist political parties globally, a trend consistent with the growing personalization of politics now seen in democratic systems. It reviews the manifestations and causes of the new personalist era, and then previews the book’s argument regarding its consequences for democracy. It puts forth that personalist ruling parties lack the incentive and capacity to restrain a leader’s effort to consolidate control, raising the risk of democratic backsliding and collapse from within. It situates this argument in the existing literature on democratic erosion and explains how the book integrates and builds on this work. Lastly, this chapter highlights the central contributions of the book and closes with a summary of the chapters to follow.
Which Refugees? On National Interests
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers whether the national interest should inform states’ prioritization choices, focusing on the issue of forced displacement and, in particular, the resettlement of refugees and the admission of asylum seekers. It adopts a firm position: the national interest should not play any role in a state’s decision about which displaced people to welcome, even nonideally. First, when it comes to resettlement of refugees, states should prioritize those who are in greatest need (or most disadvantaged). Second, when it comes to admitting asylum seekers, states have an obligation to admit all asylum seekers rather than selecting amongst them on the basis of national interests (or even degree of need and disadvantage). In making these arguments, this chapter explains that there are limits to prioritization: some options should not be on the table.
How to Read Middle English Poetry
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
How to Read Middle English Poetryoffers practical advice on tackling English and Scots poetry from around 1150 to 1500, for study or pleasure. The book guides readers through the period’s key poetic forms, equipping them to enjoy and close-read Middle English and early Scots verse-craft. It also shows the vitality, variety, and lasting value of poetry from this time. Poets discussed include Chaucer, Langland, the PearlPoet, Layamon, Hoccleve, Lydgate, Dunbar, Douglas, Henryson, and the prolific, sometimes-female Anonymous. The introduction maps out the book’s contents, outlines what early poetry is, and describes some key tools and resources for this area of study. The first chapter explains why we should care about Middle English poetry today. The following chapters deal with word-choice, word order, alternating metres, alliterative metres, rhyme, stanza design, and larger-scale formal models such as carols and ballades. Three contextual chapters discuss medieval manuscripts and modern editions, multilingualism, and the reading of poetry aloud in the period. An epilogue sums up the book’s findings and sketches a chronological history of poetry, showing the period’s interests and joys. The appendix provides basic notes on Middle English sounds and grammar. An indexed glossary defines all the technical terms used in the book.
How to Settle Issues of Intentionality, and a Tentative Argument for Intentional Anti-Realism
Authors: Horowitz Amir 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses studies in experimental philosophy that purport to establish cultural diversity regarding questions such as “To whom does the name ‘Gödel’ really refer?” (as in Kripke’s Gödel–Schmidt thought-experiment). This discussion serves to elucidate the role of theoretical considerations in contrast with that of judgments over cases (the “method of cases”) in theorizing about intentionality and reference. It is argued that no theoretical considerations can settle questions of reference determination and that there can be no expertise in judgments of reference. This, then, suggests a tentative argument against the possibility of intentional states—one that shifts the burden of proof in the debate—and lays the ground for intentional anti-realism in general and for the practice-dependence view of the truth conditions of content ascriptions in particular.
Against Phenomenal Intentionality as Intrinsic Reductive Intentionality
Authors: Horowitz Amir 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 argues against the phenomenal intentionality approach. This approach is presented as an instance of a more general strategy that takes intentionality to be determined by some intrinsic mental property, and the chapter argues against this strategy as well. After presenting the theories of phenomenal intentionality on which the chapter focuses as those suggesting non-circular responses to the question of intentionality, the main arguments in their favor are criticized. Special attention is given to the argument from introspection. It is argued, first, that due to the transcending nature of intentionality introspection cannot inform us of it, and second, that pure first-person judgments about intentionality are vacuous. For either reason, arguments from introspection for both the phenomenal intentionality thesis and the thesis that phenomenality resolves content indeterminacy fail. Arguments are then presented against both conceptual reductions of intentionality to phenomenality (and, more generally, to intrinsic mental properties) and synthetic-empirical ones.
Solidarity with Farmed Animals
Authors: Gruen Lori 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
When we think of solidarity, the first thing that may come to mind is workers. In the US context there is a long tradition of solidarity with farm workers. This chapter explores how we can be in ethico-political solidarity with farmed animals. Veganism as solidarity is discussed. The chapter presents more nuanced ways of being in solidarity with farmed animals and with people who are often oppressed, including communities of colour, poor communities, workers, and homeless and food insecure people. Supporting organizations that provide direct interventions for these communities, as well as sanctuaries who provide lifelong care for formerly farmed animals, provides ways to be in solidarity to combat the powerful interests behind the unjust food system.
The Problem of Evil
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Philosophers and theologians tend to approach the problem of evil through a specific framework, centred on the age-old dispute between traditional theists and atheists. Consequently, despite the attention drawn to the problem of evil, detailed reflections on its scope, structure, and diversity are infrequently encountered in the literature. This chapter addresses this gap by offering a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the problem of evil. It argues that the general scheme of the problem of evil consists of the following three variables: (i) God, (ii) evil, and (iii) an allegedly conflicting relationship between (i) and (ii). It then explains that we can obtain multiple versions of the problem of evil by assigning distinct values to those variables.
Recovering Social Rights
Authors: Bhuta Nehal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter responds to a fundamental challenge made against social rights: that they are an inadequate legal and political language to address widening income and wealth inequality. In the opening sections of this chapter, I set out the terms of this challenge and situate it within wider critiques of the law and practice of human rights. I argue that these claims reflect a great deal of truth about the present of social rights, but do not accurately characterize their past. In the latter sections of the chapter, I recover a different register of social rights thinking that has faded from our collective memories—a register which infused the discussions of social rights in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. I call these ‘natural social rights’ or ‘collective natural rights,’ and trace their lineages through English Radical thought, French Physiocratic thought, Jacobin and Neo-Jacobin thinking, to early twentieth century state theories and constitutional social rights. The essential insight gained from recovering these repertoires of social rights is the surprising extent to which social rights ideas laid the conceptual foundations for the social state.
Climate Pathways and the Future of Human Rights
Authors: Humphreys Stephen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The science of climate change approaches the future through ‘scenarios’ and ‘pathways’, elaborated in successive IPCC reports that, beginning from putative endpoints in terms of likely temperature increases by 2100, plot backwards to trace likely trajectories (social, political, economic) leading to possible future outcomes. The body of law comprising ‘human rights’ is implicated in this future-casting—both insofar as the future endpoints themselves denote a series of relative outcomes (successes and failures) in the ‘implementation’ of human rights norms and objectives and insofar as human rights law supplies a series of directives that stand, in principle, to shape future climate trajectories. Despite this apparent co-constitution, however, these twin registers—climate change and human rights—remain strikingly detached from one another from both normative and epistemological perspectives. In thinking about climate change and human rights together, a science of probability-assessment and scenario-construction confronts a law of principled purity and factual certitude. The chapter examines possible ‘human rights pathways’ by reference to the determination of global temperature targets, on one hand, and of national mitigation policies, on the other.
Introduction and Prelude
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the cause of global warming, giving data on the growth of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over centuries, and the consequences of extreme weather and rising sea levels. The alternative sources of energy to fossil fuel, solar, wind turbine, hydroelectricity, and nuclear are covered by examples. This chapter also explains the difference between power and energy and gives capacity factors for all forms of electricity production. It defines the four generations of nuclear reactors. It describes the very first electricity-producing reactors at Calder Hall in the UK and Shippingport in the USA. The Manhattan Project, under the direction of Leslie Groves, is used to account for the understanding of the nuclear fission process in the lead-up to the commercial production of the first nuclear power stations.
Fundamental Nuclear Physics
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the Pauli Exclusion Principle as the reason for quantized energy spectra in the atom. Each term in the lexicon of nuclear physics is explained. Atomic mass units, electron volts, mass defect, Q value, nuclear forces, photons, neutrons, protons, pair production, annihilation, and cross-sections. The process of nuclear reactions and the definition of the barn as a unit of reaction cross-section are stated. The effect of the strong nuclear force in capturing protons, overcoming the Coulomb barrier, and entering the nuclear potential well is used to illustrate the process of a nuclear reaction with charged particles. It gives a historical account of the discovery and explanation of radioactivity, including the exponential decay and specific activity concepts. The three modes of radioactive decay, alpha, beta, and gamma, are introduced. Other types of nuclear decay, neutron emission and spontaneous fission, are also explained.
Nuclear Reactors in General
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter mentions reactor calculations by diffusion theory and transport theory but points out the benefits of the Monte Calo method. It explains how the neutron population in a reactor grows. The three parameters to define growth, the time between generations, the neutron multiplication factor, and reactivity are explained. It discusses how an external neutron source enables a reactor to be increased in power a plateau at time. The historical parameters of the six factor formula are given. It covers the effect of delayed neutrons on reactor control. Critical mass is defined and examples of the main constituents of a reactor, fuel types, moderators, coolants, and engineering materials are given. The roles of three types of neutron poisons, control poisons, unavoidable poisons, and burnable poisons are described. The special relevance of Zenon poisoning to reactor safety is explained. The characteristic details of fast reactors and hybrid reactors are presented.
Reactor Operations and Control
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter mentions the first natural reactor at Oklo, Gabon. Investigating chain reactions in the first reactors, Fermi’s first reactor CP1, with problems getting pure graphite. The story of CP1 is given. The components of a nuclear station are explained, Pressure vessel, coolant pump, pressurizer, and steam generator. The use of boron in the coolant to control reactivity. It explains how a reactor works with coolant transfer by Cold Leg, Hot Leg, and Cross Over Leg. Methods to measure power, neutron detectors, nitrogen16 gamma detectors, and calorimetry are given. It explains how using the enthalpy of the steam gives the most accurate value for reactor power. The roles of the fuel temperature coefficient, the moderator temperature coefficient, and the void coefficient in reactor control are described. It explains how operators and the computerized reactor control system deal with day-to-day operations in the control room, following steam demand.
Making Globalization Happen
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Making Globalization Happen: The Untold Story of Power, Profits, Privilege explains how, by whom, and for what purposes economic globalization was catalysed. Its effects on the Global South, and particularly South Asia are explored. Based on an innovative international constitutional political economy framework, the book examines how the Western classical liberal Constitution has shaped international law developments in this postcolonial era. The book narrates economic globalization comprehensively, giving its parental constitutional dimension that it lacked before. By linking constitutional globalization to United Nations (UN) Family–created agendas (peacebuilding; conflict prevention; human security; protection of civilians; sustainable development; global war on terrorism; ‘Women, Peace, and Security’; poverty reduction or ‘market-oriented development’; ending ‘conflict-related sexual violence’; and justice (climate, criminal, and so-called transitional)) it covers them accurately and comprehensively. It simultaneously provides the missing constitutional foundation for globalization from the perspective of Third World approaches to international constitutional law and the fields globalization has spawned: Global Studies and Law and Political Economy (LPE). With these ground-breaking insights, Making Globalization Happen clearly illustrates that Constitutional globalization was driven by the ‘UN Family’ and transnational capitalists for their benefit. Accordingly, ‘globalization’/‘international law’ from below proves useless in countering injustices caused by economic globalization or public international law. Thus, the book rips away the facade of UN Family–driven peace, justice, human rights, democracy, and development to expose it as a narrative of power, profit, and privilege for transnational capitalists, and one of debt, death, and despair for the Global South.
Violence against Women
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Based on the constitutional political economy (CPE) analysis from the previous chapter, this chapter considers how policies (for example, privatization) facilitated by the Constitution and prescribed by the poverty-reduction strategy papers impact women. It does so by drawing from four violence against women (VAW) case studies that concern states that (a) have adopted the Constitution-conditionality or constitutional reforms but (b) are analysed by others from these perspectives: international political economy (IPE), IEP and Anthropology, and IPE and the ‘political ecology of development’. These states are Côte d’Ivoire (Africa), Papua New Guinea (PNG) with specific reference to its province, Bougainville (Asia-Pacific), and Sri Lanka and Bangladesh (South Asia). Thus, this chapter provides a fuller picture of these VAW case studies by including their missing constitutional dimensions. In offering a CPE and Global Studies perspective of VAW, Chapter 4 reiterates the superiority of a perspective that acknowledges the Constitution’s salience. Chapter 4 connects this book’s Chapters 1–3 in Part I with Chapters 5–10 in Part II. Part II covers the concepts or agendas crafted by the United Nations during 1999–2001 to smooth constitutional globalization.