bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cercaria vaullegeardi Pelseneer, 1906 (Digenea: Hemiuridae); development and ultrastructure
Authors: Matthews B. F. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYCercaria vaullegeardi develops in daughter sporocysts within the digestive gland of the prosobranch Gibbula umbilicalis. On emergence into the host mantle cavity the cercarial body retracts into the cystophorous tail, the ‘encysted’ cercaria being then shed into the sea. The encysted cercaria is described at the ultrastructural level for the first time and developmental stages are redescribed. The cercarial body has no penetration or cystogenous glands: a single type of sub-tegumental secretory cell produces vesicles containing neutral mucopolysaccharides which pass into the tegument at encystment. The immotile cystophorous tail consists essentially of a fibrous caudal cyst and 8 appendages including a delivery tube. Scanning electron micrographs show the surface of tegumental membranes enveloping the caudal cyst to be covered with a honeycomb pattern of indentations derived from electron-lucent vesicles produced by the caudal gland. The fibrous-walled delivery tube comprises proximal and distal sections and a modified terminal end-piece.
A statistical approach to schistosome population dynamics and estimation of the life-span of Schistosoma mansoni in man
Authors: Fulford A. J. C. , Butterworth A. E. , Ouma J. H. , Sturrock R. F. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYDynamic models which predict changes in the intensity of schistosome infection with host age are fitted to pre-intervention Schistosoma mansoni data from Kenya. Age-specific post-treatment-reinfection data are used to estimate the force of infection, thus enabling investigation of the rate of worm death. An empirical and statistical approach is taken to the model fitting: where possible, distributional properties and function relationships are obtained from the data rather than assumed from theory. Attempts are made to remove known sources of bias. Maximum likelihood techniques, employed to allow for error in both the pre-intervention and reinfection data, yield confidence intervals for the worm life-span (CI95% = 5·7–10·5 years) and demonstrate that the worm death rate is unlikely to vary with host age. The possibilities and limitations of fitting dynamic models to data are discussed. We conclude that a detailed, quantitative approach will be necessary if progress is to be made with the interpretation of epidemiological data and the models intended to describe them.
Errata
Authors: Wang H. , Nuttall P. A. 
Published: June 2009

Comparison of the proteins in salivary glands, saliva and haemolymph of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus female ticks during feedingParasitology (1994), 109, 517–523Fig. 2. Delete 24 kDa marker between 36 kDa and 29 kDa markers.Fig. 6. Replace 24 to 17·6 kDa with 34, 33·5, 32·5, 31·5, 30, 29 kDa.Fig. 7. Replace 33·2 kDa with 33·5 kDa.Excretion of host immunoglobulin in tick saliva and detection of IgG-binding proteins in tick haemolymph and salivary glandsParasitology (1994), 109, 525–530Fig. 4. Replace 19·2 kDa with 14·2 kDa.
Erratum
Authors: McNamara J. J. , Mohammed G. , Gibson W. C. 
Published: June 2009

Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) godfreyi sp. nov. from tsetse flies in The Gambia: biological and biochemical characterizationParasitology109, 497–511p. 499, para. 2, 104/ml to replace 104/μlp. 501, para. 1, chromsomes to replace chromosomep. 501, para. 2, 1/148 to replace 1/48p. 504, para. 3, BAN 9 or KEN 7 to replace BAN 9 & KEN 7
Amino acid catabolism in the nematodesHeligmosomoides polygyrusandPanagrellus redivivus2. Metabolism of the carbon skeleton
Authors: Grantham Barbara D. , Barrett J. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYAll of the enzymes of proline catabolism were present inHeligmosomoides polygyrusandPanagrellus redivivusand the activities were, in general, similar to those found in rat liver. Both nematodes were also shown to be able to catabolize the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine, by pathways similar to those found in mammalian liver. There were no significant differences in amino acid catabolism between the animal-parasitic and free-living species of nematode.
Absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission
Authors: Haji H. , Smith T. , Charlwood J. D. , Meuwissen J. H. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of sex, age of the human host, patency of asexual and sexual stages and seasonality on infectiousness of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes were investigated in a rural village in southern Tanzania between 1992 and 1994. Villagers from randomized subgroups of households were surveyed for malaria parasites. Gametocyte and trophozoite prevalences were age dependent and fluctuated without any clear pattern of seasonality. A sample of 107 participants, selected to include an excess of gametocyte carriers, slept under bednets with holes cut into the sides for 3 weeks. A total of 3837 Anopheles gambiae s.l. and 5403 A. funestus recovered from these bednets, was examined for all oocysts 5–7 days after feeding or for oocysts less than 17·5 µn in diameter 2–3 days after feeding. Additional blood slides from participants were taken twice weekly. The 5–7 day oocyst rates were 12·1% in A. gambiae s.l. and 10·9% in A. funestus and 2–3 day rates were 3·6 and 4·9%, respectively. The higher rates using the former method were attributed to previous infection. There were strong correlations in the levels of infection in both vectors when they fed on the same hosts. However, patent gametocytaemia was only weakly associated with the development of oocysts in the mosquito. Infectiousness was not related to host age, sex, or the season.
Matrix metalloproteinases mediate the metastatic phenotype ofTheileria annulata-transformed cells
Authors: Adamson R. E. , Hall F. R. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYTheileria annulatainfects and reversibly transforms bovine leucocytes. The parasite-transformed cells are immortalized, metastatic and express a number of metalloproteinases including matrix metalloproteinase 9 which they secrete. All the metalloproteinases observed on substrate gels are inhibited by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 4 synthetic inhibitors BB94, GM6001, BRL29808AI and Ro31–4724. We have adapted anin vitroassay for metastatic behaviour that measures the ability of parasitized cells to cross reconstituted basement membrane, Matrigel™. Using this we demonstrated that macroschizont-infected cells are invasivein vitroand that their invasive properties can be almost eliminated by the same specific inhibitors of metalloproteinases as used in the substrate gels. This demonstrates that the metastatic behaviour of the infected cells is due in part to metalloproteinase activity and strongly suggests a role for the metalloproteinases we observed on gels. This is further supported by the fact that an attenuated vaccine line which shows much reduced metalloproteinase activity also exhibits a marked reduction in metastatic behaviour. We suggest that these metalloproteinases are virulence factors mediating some pathological features of the disease and their loss in the vaccine line could provide an explanation for attenuation.
Expression of NF-Y nuclear factor inSchistosoma mansoni
Authors: Serra E. , Liu J.-L. , Capron A. , Zemzoumi K. , Dissous C. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe A subunit of NF-Y nuclear factor fromSchistosoma mansoniwas expressed inE. colifused to a histidine tag and purified by affinity chromatography using a Ni2+-Agarose matrix. Antibodies against the recombinant protein were prepared and used for Western blot and immunolocalization. The presence of SMNF-YA in all stages of the parasite life-cycle was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The immunolocalization of SMNF-YA showed the presence of this factor in a parenchymal cell population of cercariae and adult worms and in embryos within eggs. The expression of SMNF-YA was demonstrated to decrease in maturating spermatozoites whereas an accumulation of this factor was observed in the nucleus from oocytes during their maturation processes.
Changes in lipophosphoglycan and gene expression associated with the development ofLeishmania majorinPhlebotomus papatasi
Authors: Saraiva E. M. B. , Pimenta P. F. P. , Brodin T. N. , Rowton E. , Modi G. B. , Sacks D. L. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYStage-specific molecular and morphogenic markers were used to follow the kinetics of appearance, number, and position of metacyclic promastigotes developing during the course ofL. majorinfection in a natural vector,Phlebotomus papatasi. Expression of surface lipophosphoglycan (LPG) on transformed promastigotes was delayed until the appearance of nectomonad forms on day 3, and continued to be abundantly expressed by all promastigotes thereafter. An epitope associate with arabinose substitution of LPG side-chain oligosaccharides, identified by its differential expression by metacyclics invitro, was detected on the surface of a low proportion of midgut promastigotes beginning on day 5, and on up to 60% of promatigotes on days 10 and 15. In contrast 100% of the parasites egested from the mouthparts during forced feeding of 15 day infected flies stained strongly for this epitope. At each time-point, the surface expression of the modified LPG was restricted to morphologically distinguished metacyclic forms. Ultrastructural study of the metacyclic surface revealed an approximate 2-fold increase in the thickness of the surface coat compared to nectomonad forms, suggesting elongation of LPG as occurs during metacyclogenesisin vitro. A metacyclic-associated transcript (MAT-1), another marker identified by its differential expression invitro, also showed selective expression by promastigotes in the fly, and was used inin situhybridization studies to demonstrate the positioning of metacyclics in the anterior gut.
Molecular characterization of trypanosome species and subgroups within subgenusNannomonas
Authors: Garside L. H. , Gibson W. C. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYRestriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of both genomic and kinetoplast DNA from representative stocks from 3Trypanosoma congolensesubgroups (Savannah, Forest, and Kilifi),T. simiaeandT. godfreyi, was used to investigate the relatedness of the different groups within subgenusNannomonas, DNA probes for β-tubulin and the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus were isolated from aT. congolenseSavannah genomic library; additional probes were generated by PCR amplification of mini-exon and glutamate and alanine rich protein (GARP) gene sequences. Our results provide evidence that at the molecular level theT. congolenseSavannah and Forest groups are the most closely related groups within the subgenusNannomonas: the Savannah and the Forest groups had mini-exon gene repeats of identical size, which shared homology, had mini-circles of the same size and had a high level of similarity (63%) when the banding patterns produced with a tubulin and rDNA probe were subjected to numerical analysis. All other pairwise combinations of groups have very low percentage similarities of < 10%, suggesting that the Kilifi group trypanosomes, are as distantly related to theT. congolenseSavannah and Forest groups as they are to T.simiaeorT. godfreyi. The conservation of the GARP gene between the Savannah, Forest and Kilifi groups provides the only evidence linking the Kilifi trypanosomes to the other groups inT. congolense. We find no evidence for the presence of the GARP gene in theT. simiaeorT. godfreyigroup trypanosomes.
Identification of a 44 kDa protein localized within the endoplasmic reticulum ofTrypanosoma brucei brucei
Authors: Nandan D. , Wells C. W. , Ndegwa D. , Pearson T. W. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYImmunoaffinity chromatography and gel electrophoresis were used to isolate a 44 kDa protein that was bound to a 72 kDa chaperone inTrypanosoma brucei brucei. A polyclonal antiserum to the 44 kDa protein was raised in rats and employed in conjunction with chromatography using DEAE-cellulose, Sephacryl S-300, and hydroxyapatite to purify the protein from membranes of bloodstream forms of the trypanosomes. Immunoblot analysis using this antiserum revealed a protein doublet of 44/45 kDa inT. b. bruceiand a single protein band of 53 kDa in almost equivalent amounts throughout the life-cycle stages ofT. congolense. Indirect immunofluorescence using affinity-purified antibodies specific for the 44 kDa protein showed labelling of the perinuclear area and reticular system extending throughout the parasites, suggesting that this protein was located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Localization of the 44 kDa molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. Protease protection experiments demonstrated that the epitopes bound by antibody were buried within the membrane or towards the lumenal face of the endoplasmic reticulum. Ruthenium Red overlay of nitrocellulose blots containing the 44/45 kDa doublet suggested that the molecules have the potential to bind calcium. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 44 kDa protein showed no sequence similarity to any proteins in the database.
Water contact observations in Kenyan communities endemic for schistosomiasis: methodology and patterns of behaviour
Authors: Fulford A. J. C. , Ouma J. H. , Kariuki H. C. , Thiongo F. W. , Klumpp R. , Kloos H. , Sturrock R. F. , Butterworth A. E. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYA descriptive analysis of observed water contact activities in seven Kenyan (Akamba) communities is presented. The patterns of contact with time of day, month of year, type of activity, degree of immersion, use of soap, use of ‘kithima’ and day of week are all considered, with particular attention given to how these vary with age and sex. It is noted that (a) patterns of contact vary dramatically between these culturally rather similar communities, (b) contact usually peaks in the second decade of life, (c) generally females, especially young women, spend more time at the water than males and (d) simple (unweighted) total observed duration of contact gives a relatively inflated estimate of exposure in adults, especially young women. The methodology of observation and data handling is described in some detail.
Studies on the structure of the female reproductive system and egg-shell formation inAspiculuris tetrapteraSchulz, (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea)
Authors: Anya A. O. 
Published: June 2009

The histological anatomy of the female reproductive system of an oxyuroid nematode,Aspiculuris tetraptera, Schulz, has been described.The process of egg-shell formation in this animal has been followed in detail while the structural and chemical characteristics of the egg-shell have been studied by histochemical and other methods. It is shown that there are three layers: a lipoprotein layer, a ‘chitinous’ layer and the so-called vitelline (glycosidal) membrane. Evidence is presented for the exogenous origin of the lipoprotein layer: this being formed by the cells of the upper uterus which are shown to be secretory.The question of quinone-tanning in the egg-shell ofA. tetrapteraand in other oxyuroids and ascarids is considered. It is shown that neither a polyphenol oxidase nor a high concentration of phenolic substances (apart from protein tyrosine) exists in this system. The significance of these and other observations is discussed in relation to the mechanism of tanning as elucidated in insects and trematodes.I have to acknowledge with gratitude the support of many during these investigations. To Dr P. Tate for his encouragement and provision of facilities at the Molteno Institute; to Dr D. L. Lee, for much useful discussion and permission to refer to some of his unpublished electron micrographs of nematodes; to Professor J. D. Smyth, who kindly read through the manuscript; to the Cambridge Philosophical Society for a grant that made possible the translation of Fauré-Frémiet's classical study onAscaris;and to the Department of Technical Cooperation for financial assistance.
Immunodepression inGiardia murisandSpironucleus murisinfections in mice
Authors: Brett Sara J. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryInfections with the intestinal flagellatesGiardia murisandSpironucleus murisare accompanied by a depression in the ability of mice to mount an immune response to a thymus-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells) but not to a thymus-independent antigen (TNP-lipopolysaccharide). The number of splenic IgM plaque-forming cells and haemagglutination titres, of both IgM and IgG, to sheep red blood cells decreased between days 10 and 21, which correlated with the time of maximal trophozoite levels in the small intestine. The number of background IgM plaque-forming cells to sheep red blood cells or DNP was not significantly different from controls in either infection. No evidence for systemic macrophage activation was associated with these infections. In fact, adherent peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from infected mice were slightly less cytostatic against target tumour cells than adherent PEC from normal mice, at a time when the parasites were being eliminated from the small intestine.
A comparison of the effects of flubendazole and thiabendazole on the larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Trichinella spiralis, Diphyllobothrium erinacei and Hymenolepis nana in mice
Authors: Maki Jun , Yanagisawa Toshio 
Published: June 2009

SummaryFlubendazole or thiabendazole were administered orally to mice harbouring larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Trichinella spiralis, Diphyllobothrium erinacei or Hymenolepis nana 5–10, 28–33 and 21–26 and 1–6 days post-infection respectively. All the mice infected with A. cantonensis were completely cured after treatment with flubendazole at 5 mg/kg/day for 6 days. No noticeable damage was found in the cerebral hemispheres of the mice treated with flubendazole and examined under a dissecting microscope. On the other hand, larvae were found in or on the cerebral hemispheres showing obvious haemorrhage in the control mice. The mice treated with flubendazole gained weight while the control mice lost weight. No larvicidal effect of thiabendazole on A. cantonensis was found at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 6 days. The mean reduction of larval T. spiralis in mice treated with flubendazole at 5, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day for 6 days was 64, 100 and 99% respectively. In comparison, thiabendazole showed no efficacy against T. spiralis larvae at 50 or 100 mg/kg/day. Mice harbouring plerocercoids of D. erinacei or H. nana larvae were not cured with either flubendazole or thiabendazole at 50 or 100 mg/kg/day for 6 days.
Implications of genetic exchange in the study of protozoan infections
Authors: Walliker D. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYGenetic exchange is now known to occur during the life-cycle of many parasitic protozoa, including malaria parasites, coccidia and trypanosomes. The process is studied by making deliberate crosses between cloned organisms differing in clearly defined markers. In malaria parasites, crosses have been made between parasites differing in characters such as isoenzymes, antigens and other proteins, drug sensitivity, and chromosome and other DNA polymorphisms. Crosses are made by transmitting a mixture of gametes of each clone through mosquitoes to allow cross-fertilization to take place, and examining the resulting progeny by cloning for organisms exhibiting non-parental combinations of characters. The inheritance of many characters, such as antigen and protein variants, is in accordance with Mendelian expectations for a haploid organism. Recombination occurs at a higher than expected frequency. Studies on chromosomes have show that crossing-over events commonly occur following meiosis of hybrid zygotes. Repetitive DNA and subtelomeric regions of chromosomes appear to be particularly susceptible to such recombination events. In trypanosomes, crosses between clones ofTrypanosoma bruceihave shown that hybrids are formed during tsetse fly transmission. The organism appears to be mainly diploid, but some characters including certain chromosomes seem to be inherited in a non-Mendelian manner.
From the bench to the field: control of parasitic infections within primary health care
Authors: Tanner M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYDuring the last decade there has been a great increase in the number of countries that have endorsed the primary health care (PHC) policy at national level, set up national guidelines for it and launched its large-scale implementation. In addition, there have been many important developments with regard to appropriate, cost-effective technologies, training concepts and approaches to securing community participation. These achievements have produced numerous encouraging results. However, although the control of parasitic infections integrated into PHC systems has often been initially successful, these achievements could often not be sustained. Using case studies, mainly concerning schistosomiasis, as examples, control technologies and their applicability within PHC are discussed at three levels; the identification of public health priorities, the community-based implementation of control and the process of evaluation and monitoring. There is a great potential for the integration of a substantial part of control activities, particularly morbidity control, into PHC, provided that the aims and sequences of control activities are well matched with the felt needs of the communities concerned. This implies that the biomedical researcher, the epidemiologist and the health planner need to consider the indigenous health perspectives of the affected community. For example, recent progress in the laboratory in the development of vaccines against parasites needs to be complemented by field studies that continuously validate, standardize and assess the applicability of the proposed measures. This kind of interplay will form the basis for participatory approaches in health planning and make it possible for control activities to be integrated into existing PHC structures and to respond to the needs of the communities concerned.
Some new Myxosporidia from Plymouth with a proposed new classification of the Order
Authors: Tripathi Yogendra R. 
Published: June 2009

Four new species of myxosporidian parasites are described from marine fishes from Plymouth:Sinuolinea rebaen.sp., from the urinary bladder ofSolea solea; Leptotheca vikramin.sp., from the gall bladder ofZeus faber; Zschokkella russellin.sp., from the gall bladder ofGaidropsarus tricirratusandCiliata mustela; andZschokkella sturionisn.sp., from the gall bladder ofAcipenser sturio.The various terms used in describing the spore of Myxosporidia are reviewed and revised.A new classification is proposed of the order Myxosporidia.I wish to thank the Director of the Marine Biological Association's Laboratory for all the facilities he has enabled me to enjoy during my stay at Plymouth, by dedicating a new species ofZschokkellato him. As a mark of gratitude, and with a deep sense of respect to His Highness the Maharaja of Narsinghgarh State, C.I., I take the liberty of dedicating to him the new species ofLeptothecaI have discovered. But for his encouragement and help in the early stages of my career it would have been impossible for me to apply for the India State Scholarship which I now hold. I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Miss N. G. Sproston for her unfailing help and encouragement during the present studies and am very grateful to her for going through the manuscript critically.