bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissection of the Biphasic Nature of Hypoxia-Induced Motogenic Action in Bone Marrow-Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Busletta Chiara , Novo Erica , Valfrè Di Bonzo Lorenzo , Povero Davide , Paternostro Claudia , Ievolella Monica , Mareschi Katia , Ferrero Ivana , Cannito Stefania , Compagnone Alessandra , Bandino Andrea , Colombatto Sebastiano , Fagioli Franca , Parola Maurizio 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Hypoxic conditions have been reported to facilitate preservation of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) phenotype and positively affect their colony-forming potential, proliferation, and migration/mobilization. In this study, designed to dissect mechanisms underlying hypoxia-dependent migration of bone marrow-derived human MSC (hMSC), signal transduction, and molecular mechanisms were evaluated by integrating morphological, molecular, and cell biology techniques, including the wound healing assay (WHA) and modified Boyden's chamber assay (BCA) to monitor migration. Exposure of hMSCs to moderate hypoxia resulted in a significant increase of migration of hMSCs in both WHA (from 6 to 20 hours) and BCA (within 6 hours). Mechanistic experiments outlined the following sequence of hypoxia-dependent events: (a) very early (15 minutes) increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which (b) was sufficient to switch on activation of extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1/2, found to be relevant for the early phase of hMSC migration; (c) hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)–dependent increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (facilitated by ROS) and its progressive release that was responsible for (d) a delayed and sustained migration of hMSCs. These results suggest that hypoxia-dependent migration relies on a previously unrecognized biphasic scenario involving an early phase, requiring generation of ROS, and a delayed phase sustained by HIF-1-dependent expression and release of VEGF.
Concise Review: Quiescent and Active States of Endogenous Adult Neural Stem Cells: Identification and Characterization
Authors: Wang Ya-Zhou , Plane Jennifer M. , Jiang Peng , Zhou Chengji J. , Deng Wenbin 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) lacks the capacity for regeneration, making it a highly sought-after topic for researchers. The identification of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult CNS wiped out a long-held dogma that the adult brain contains a set number of neurons and is incapable of replacing them. The discovery of adult NSCs (aNSCs) stoked the fire for researchers who dream of brain self-repair. Unfortunately, the quiescent nature and limited plasticity of aNSCs diminish their regenerative potential. Recent studies evaluating aNSC plasticity under pathological conditions indicate that a switch from quiescent to active aNSCs in neurogenic regions plays an important role in both repairing the damaged tissue and preserving progenitor pools. Here, we summarize the most recent findings and present questions about characterizing the active and quiescent aNSCs in major neurogenic regions, and factors for maintaining their active and quiescent states, hoping to outline an emerging view for promoting the endogenous aNSC-based regeneration.
Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Tumor-Homing: Detection Methods in Disease Model Systems
Authors: Reagan Michaela R. , Kaplan David L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Despite the decline in U.S. cancer incidence and mortality rates, cancer remains the number one cause of death for people under the age of 85 and one in four people in the U.S. will die of cancer, mainly because of metastasis. Recently, interest in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) tumor-homing has led to inquires into: (a) why MSCs home to tumors, (b) what the inherent protumor and antitumor consequences are, and (c) how to best capitalize on MSC tumor-homing for cell-based diagnostics and therapy. Here, these questions are reviewed and method for addressing them using animal models and tracking methodologies (or, synonymously, detection methodologies) are discussed. First, MSCs in a regenerative and tumor-homing context are reviewed, followed by MSC delivery and genetic labeling methods for tissue model systems. Finally, the use of the nonoptical methods, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography, along with optical methods, fluorescence imaging and bioluminescent imaging, are reviewed related to tracking MSCs within disease model settings. The benefits and drawbacks of each detection method in animal models is reviewed along with the utility of each for therapeutic use.
Concise Review: Emerging Concepts in Clinical Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Rasheed Zeshaan A. , Kowalski Jeanne , Smith B. Douglas , Matsui William 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) are functionally defined by their ability to self-renew and recapitulate tumors in the ectopic setting. They have been identified in a growing number of human malignancies and their association with poor clinical outcomes has suggested that they are the major factors in dictating clinical outcomes. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that CSCs may display other functional attributes, such as drug resistance and invasion and migration, that implicate a broad role in clinical oncology spanning initial tumor formation, relapse following treatment, and disease progression. Although our knowledge regarding the basic biology of CSCs continues to improve, proof that they are clinically relevant is still lacking, and translation of the CSC hypothesis from the laboratory to the clinic is of paramount importance. We will review current evidence supporting the role of CSCs in clinical oncology and discuss potential barriers and strategies in designing trials examining CSC-targeting agents.
Single Transcription Factor Reprogramming of Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Tsai Su-Yi , Bouwman Britta Am , Ang Yen-Sin , Kim Soo Jeong , Lee Dung-Fang , Lemischka Ihor R. , Rendl Michael 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Reprogramming patient-specific somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has great potential to develop feasible regenerative therapies. However, several issues need to be resolved such as ease, efficiency, and safety of generation of iPS cells. Many different cell types have been reprogrammed, most conveniently even peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, they typically require the enforced expression of several transcription factors, posing mutagenesis risks as exogenous genetic material. To reduce this risk, iPS cells were previously generated with Oct4 alone from rather inaccessible neural stem cells that endogenously express the remaining reprogramming factors and very recently from fibroblasts with Oct4 alone in combination with additional small molecules. Here, we exploit that dermal papilla (DP) cells from hair follicles in the skin express all but one reprogramming factors to show that these accessible cells can be reprogrammed into iPS cells with the single transcription factor Oct4 and without further manipulation. Reprogramming was already achieved after 3 weeks and with efficiencies similar to other cell types reprogrammed with four factors. Dermal papilla-derived iPS cells are comparable to embryonic stem cells with respect to morphology, gene expression, and pluripotency. We conclude that DP cells may represent a preferred cell type for reprogramming accessible cells with less manipulation and for ultimately establishing safe conditions in the future by replacing Oct4 with small molecules.
Attenuated methamphetamine induced neurotoxicity by modafinil administration in mice
Authors: Raineri Mariana , Peskin Viviana , Goitia Belén , Taravini Irene R.E. , Giorgeri Sergio , Urbano Francisco J. , Bisagno Verónica 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMethamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive drug that might induce neurotoxicity. Clinical trials have reported that modafinil, a wake‐promoting agent used to treat sleep disorders, may have some efficacy for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction. In this study we tested possible neuroprotective effects of modafinil after toxic METH administration in mice. We evaluated the effect of modafinil (two injections of either 90 or 180 mg/kg) and METH binge (3 × 7 mg/kg i.p. injections, 3‐h apart) coadministration on DA striatal content, TH immunoreactivity in striatal areas and spontaneous locomotor activity. We also investigated acute locomotor activity and stereotypy profile in mice treated with a single METH dose (2 and 7 mg/kg) pretreated with modafinil (90 and 180 mg/kg). We found that mice treated with a METH binge showed a marked decrease in DA and dopaminergic metabolites as well as lower levels of TH immunoreactivity in the dorsal striatum. Pretreatment with modafinil (both 90 and 180 mg/kg) attenuated these effects but did not prevent METH induced decrease in locomotion. We also found that groups that received the combination of both modafinil and single dose METH showed a decrease in total distance traveled in an open field compared with METH groups. We observed an increment in the time mice expended doing stereotypic movements (continuous sniffing) in the group that received the combination of both METH and modafinil (i.e., decreasing locomotion). Our results suggest a possible protective role of modafinil against METH acute striatal toxicity. Synapse 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adapting climate research for development in Africa
Authors: Conway Declan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper reviews research on African climate from the major Sahel droughts in the early 1970s to current interest in improving the use of climate science within societal decision‐making processes. During the last decade, and particularly since the mid‐2000s, the development community has begun to engage seriously with the issue of climate change and its implications for the world's poor. This has led to a growing interaction with the climate research community.Recent climate literature is used to explore four research themes and identify knowledge gaps and areas with potential to adapt climate research for development needs. The first theme considers the development and use of seasonal forecasts and their portrayal by some as a relative success story, but with important skill limitations and need for much greater interaction with users. Forecast use is set within a wider context of generally low scientific understanding of the drivers of Africa's high climate variability and low research capacity. The second theme addresses the main influences on African climate variability and their response to climate change; high levels of uncertainty for future rainfall in some regions where remote influences are poorly resolved in global climate models. The third theme summarizes key elements of climate impacts research and shows a situation of rather ad hoc case studies and little engagement with decision‐makers. Recent studies reveal an important move to couple more effectively impacts research with adaptation by focusing on the near future and drawing on current climate–society relationships. The fourth theme looks at the emerging evidence of anthropogenic climate change and secondary effects on African environments and, apart from widespread warming, shows an equivocal situation with evidence for anthropogenic ocean warming affecting regional rainfall. Detection is hampered by data availability and high levels of background variability.Finally, three emergent issues are discussed: (1) reflection on African climate research capacity and international collaboration suggests it is timely to review experiences from recent climate programs in Africa; (2) attempts to untangle climate signals from within complex livelihood systems face significant methodological challenges. These include the need to reconcile scientific observations and local perceptions and to clarify views that may over‐simplify climate–society interactions, to avoid construction of a crisis narrative on Africa and climate change; (3) the challenge of linking climate science with decision‐making to inform adaptation. Demand for information and confidence often exceeds what climate science can realistically achieve in many parts of Africa. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 428–450 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.115This article is categorized under:

Climate and Development > Knowledge and Action in Development
Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Regional Reviews
Distress and Psychosocial Needs of a Heterogeneous High Risk Familial Cancer Population
Authors: Power Tara E. , Robinson John W. , Bridge Peter , Bernier Francois P. , Gilchrist Dawna M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn order to assess the levels of distress and psychosocial support needs of a high risk population, we undertook a study to look at both the objective and subjective levels of distress and the wants and needs of individuals from a high familial cancer risk population. Three hundred and eighteen individuals (160 affected, 158 unaffected) completed several distress and psychosocial needs questionnaires (including the Brief Symptom Inventory‐18). Sixty key informants were also surveyed about their perspective on the support needs of this population. In the largely female (90%), largely HBOC syndrome group (approximately 90%), 20% had significant levels of generalized distress, with no significant differences between affected and unaffected individuals. Generalized distress was also not significantly different as a function of mutation status. Individuals who received inconclusive test results, however, were more likely to indicate somatic symptoms of distress. Those individuals who did not have social support were more likely to be those who had never had cancer and who either had a mutation, received inconclusive test results, or were not tested. Key informants were most likely to indicate that patients need more support. These results provide evidence for the importance of establishing regular psychosocial distress screening, including a focus on somatic symptoms, in such high risk populations.
Interactive influences of climate and parent material on soil microbial community structure in Bornean tropical forest ecosystems
Authors: Wagai Rota , Kitayama Kanehiro , Satomura Takami , Fujinuma Ryosuke , Balser Teri 
Published: April 2011

AbstractClimate and parent material strongly control vegetation structure and function, yet their control over the belowground microbial community is poorly understood. We assessed variation in microbial lipid profiles in undisturbed forest soils (organic and surface mineral horizons) along an altitudinal gradient (700, 1,700, and 2,700 m a.s.l. mean annual temperature of 12–24°C) on two contrasting parent materials (acidic metasedimentary vs. ultrabasic igneous rock) in Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations were generally higher at higher altitudes and, within a site, at upper soil horizons. Soil pH ranged from 3.9 to 5.3, with higher values for the ultrabasic soils especially at higher altitudes. The major shifts in microbial community structure observed were the decline in the ratio of fungal to bacterial lipid markers both with increasing soil depth and decreasing altitude. The positive correlation between this ratio with soil C and N concentrations suggested a strong substrate control in accord with the literature from mid to high‐latitude ecosystems. Principal component analysis using seven groups of signature lipids suggested a significant altitude by parent material interaction—the significant difference in microbial community structure between the two rock types found at 2,700‐m sites developed on weakly weathered soils diminished with decreasing altitude towards 700‐m sites where soils were strongly weathered. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that parent material effect on soil microbial community (either directly via soil geochemistry or indirectly via floristic composition) is stronger at an earlier stage of ecosystem development.
Responses of soil microbial communities to prescribed burning in two paired vegetation sites in southern China
Authors: Sun Yuxin , Wu Jianping , Shao Yuanhu , Zhou Lixia , Mai Bixian , Lin Yongbiao , Fu Shenglei 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPrescribed burning is a common site preparation practice for forest plantation in southern China. However, the effects of prescribed burning on soil microbial communities are poorly understood. This study examined changes in microbial community structure, measured by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), after a single prescribed burning in two paired vegetation sites in southern China. The results showed that the total amount of PLFA (totPLFA) was similar under two vegetation types in the wet season but differed among vegetation type in the dry season, and was affected significantly by burning treatment only in the wet season. Bacterial PLFA (bactPLFA) and fungal PLFA (fungPLFA) in burned plots all decreased compared to the unburned plots in both seasons (P = 0.059). Fungi appeared more sensitive to prescribed burning than bacteria. Both G+ bacterial PLFA and G− bacterial PLFA were decreased by the burning treatment in both dry and wet seasons. Principal component analysis of PLFAs showed that the burning treatment induced a shift in soil microbial community structure. The variation in soil microbial community structure was correlated significantly to soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. Our results suggest that prescribed burning results in short‐term changes in soil microbial communities but the long‐term effects of prescribed burning on soil microbial community remain unknown and merit further investigation.
Paleoenvironmental and Biostratigraphic Significance of Uvigerinids and other Foraminifera from the Bhuban Formation, Assam-Arakan Basin, Mizoram
Authors: Lokho Kapesa , Raju D. S. N. , Azmi R. J. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Planktic and benthic foraminifera including uvigerinids are documented from the Upper Bhuban Formation, exposed at Thingdawl village, Kolasib district, Mizoram. The foraminiferal assemblage is poorly preserved and consists of index fossils useful for precise biochronology and interpretation of the depositional environment. A total of ten benthic and six planktic foraminiferal species are described. Six species belong to the genus Uvigerina, four to Ammonia, one species each of Globorotalia, Globigerinoides, Clavatorella, Praeorbulina and two species of the genus Orbulina. Based on lithological and foraminiferal assemblage, middle neritic to upper part of outer neritic paleobathymetry is inferred for the deposition of this part of the Upper Bhuban Formation. The foraminiferal assemblage suggests late Early Miocene to early Middle Miocene, (~16 Ma) equivalent to planktic foraminiferal zones N8-N9 for the Upper Bhuban Formation.
Facies Controlled Diagenetic Evolution of the Delhi Group Sandstones, Bayana Basin, Rajasthan
Authors: Saikia C. , Ahmad A. H. M. , Wasim S. M. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The Bayana Basin forms the eastern most limit of north Delhi fold belt covering parts of northeastern Rajasthan. The deposition of sediments took place during middle Proterozoic in fluvial and shallow marine environments. The rocks are mainly clastics and include conglomerate, sandstone and shale. During mechanical compaction rearrangement of grains took place and point and long contacts were formed. The sandstones are cemented by iron oxide, silica, carbonate and barite. The porosity has developed due to dissolution of iron, carbonate cement and feldspar grains. Dissolution of quartz along grain boundaries and silica rich compaction pore water seems to be the main source of silica. These observations suggest progressive compaction which initiated at the sediment water interface and continued till deep burial diagenesis in a rapidly subsiding basin.
Measuring Consultant Radiologist workload: method and results from a national survey
Authors: Brady Adrian P. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Objectives
The role of the Consultant Radiologist has changed substantially in recent decades, yet manpower planning is often based on older inappropriate methods of measuring Radiologist workload. We report a nationwide survey of Consultant Radiologist workload in Ireland in 2009.

Methods
Relative value units (RVUs) were assigned to easily countable studies. Hospitals’ activity was collated for the full calendar year of 2009. Radiologist time engaged in activities not easily counted (interventional and procedural work, multi-disciplinary meetings, teaching, administration, etc.) was separately measured.

Results
Data were obtained from 28 of 38 public hospital radiology departments. Mean Consultant Radiologist workload across all hospitals was 57,659.1 crude RVUs/WTE and 103,987 net RVUs/WTE. A mean of 32.47% of WTEs are engaged in non-countable activity. Means of 85.35% and 65.73% of the required numbers of WTEs were available in 2009 to achieve respectively annual crude and net RVU/WTE figures of 45,000. Excluding Specialist Centres, plain films accounted for 28–41% of recorded activity, mammography for 0.8–5.8%, US for 16–20%, CT for 27–32% and MR for 5.9–15.8%.

Conclusions
Irish Consultant Radiologist staffing levels are well below appropriate international benchmarks for the current workload. Approximately one-third of radiologist time is engaged in activity not easily counted in study numbers.
More Evidence for Trends in the Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce: A Completed Cohort Approach Using Data From the General Social Survey
Authors: Wolfinger Nicholas H. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that the children of divorce are disproportionately likely to end their own marriages. In previous work, I showed that the transmission of divorce between generations weakened substantially for General Social Survey (GSS) respondents interviewed between 1973 and 1996 (Wolfinger 1999); Li and Wu (2006, 2008) contended that my finding is a methodological artifact of the GSS’s lack of marriage duration data. This article presents a completed-cohort approach to studying divorce using the GSS. The results confirm a decline in the probability of divorce transmission that cannot be explained by the right-censoring bias alleged by Li and Wu. This finding contributes to an ongoing debate about trends in the negative consequences of parental divorce, as well as demonstrating a useful approach to right-censored phenomena when event history data are not available.