bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revised trauma scoring system to predict in-hospital mortality in the emergency department: Glasgow Coma Scale, Age, and Systolic Blood Pressure score
Authors: Kondo Yutaka , Abe Toshikazu , Kohshi Kiyotaka , Tokuda Yasuharu , Cook E Francis , Kukita Ichiro 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Our aim in this study was to assess whether the new Glasgow Coma Scale, Age, and Systolic Blood Pressure (GAP) scoring system, which is a modification of the Mechanism, Glasgow Coma Scale, Age, and Arterial Pressure (MGAP) scoring system, better predicts in-hospital mortality and can be applied more easily than previous trauma scores among trauma patients in the emergency department (ED).

Methods
This multicenter, prospective, observational study was conducted to analyze readily available variables in the ED, which are associated with mortality rates among trauma patients. The data used in this study were derived from the Japan Trauma Data Bank (JTDB), which consists of 114 major emergency hospitals in Japan. A total of 35,732 trauma patients in the JTDB from 2004 to 2009 who were 15 years of age or older were eligible for inclusion in the study. Of these patients, 27,154 (76%) with complete sets of important data (patient age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, systolic blood pressure (SBP), respiratory rate and Injury Severity Score (ISS)) were included in our analysis. We calculated weight for the predictors of the GAP scores on the basis of the records of 13,463 trauma patients in a derivation data set determined by using logistic regression. Scores derived from four existing scoring systems (Revised Trauma Score, Triage Revised Trauma Score, Trauma and Injury Severity Score and MGAP score) were calibrated using logistic regression models that fit in the derivation set. The GAP scoring system was compared to the calibrated scoring systems with data from a total of 13,691 patients in a validation data set using c-statistics and reclassification tables with three defined risk groups based on a previous publication: low risk (mortality < 5%), intermediate risk, and high risk (mortality > 50%).

Results
Calculated GAP scores involved GCS score (from three to fifteen points), patient age < 60 years (three points) and SBP (> 120 mmHg, six points; 60 to 120 mmHg, four points). The c-statistics for the GAP scores (0.933 for long-term mortality and 0.965 for short-term mortality) were better than or comparable to the trauma scores calculated using other scales. Compared with existing instruments, our reclassification tables show that the GAP scoring system reclassified all patients except one in the correct direction. In most cases, the observed incidence of death in patients who were reclassified matched what would have been predicted by the GAP scoring system.

Conclusions
The GAP scoring system can predict in-hospital mortality more accurately than the previously developed trauma scoring systems.
Classical conditioning through auditory stimuli in Drosophila: methods and models
Authors: Menda Gil , Bar Haim Y. , Arthur Ben J. , Rivlin Patricia K. , Wyttenbach Robert A. , Strawderman Robert L. , Hoy Ronald R. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
The role of sound in Drosophila melanogaster courtship, along with its perception via the antennae, is well established, as is the ability of this fly to learn in classical conditioning protocols. Here, we demonstrate that a neutral acoustic stimulus paired with a sucrose reward can be used to condition the proboscis-extension reflex, part of normal feeding behavior. This appetitive conditioning produces results comparable to those obtained with chemical stimuli in aversive conditioning protocols. We applied a logistic model with general estimating equations to predict the dynamics of learning, which successfully predicts the outcome of training and provides a quantitative estimate of the rate of learning. Use of acoustic stimuli with appetitive conditioning provides both an alternative to models most commonly used in studies of learning and memory in Drosophila and a means of testing hearing in both sexes, independently of courtship responsiveness.
Daily torpor reduces mass and changes stress and power output of soleus and EDL muscles in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus
Authors: James Rob S. , Tallis Jason A. , Seebacher Frank , Storey Ken 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) undergo bouts of daily torpor in response to reduced photoperiod. Metabolic rate, body temperature and energy cost are reduced during torpor. The present study exposed Djungarian hamsters to two different photoperiod regimes at a room temperature of 19–21°C: long photoperiod (control, 16 h:8 h light:dark, N=8) and short photoperiod (torpor, 8 h:16 h light:dark, N=8). After 14 weeks, muscle mechanics were analyzed in each group, examining both extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and soleus muscle from each individual. Control hamsters had significantly greater body mass (43%), EDL mass (24%), EDL length (9%) and soleus mass (48%) than the torpor hamsters. However, there were no significant differences between control and torpor groups in forearm length or soleus muscle length. There were no significant differences in either muscle between control and torpor hamsters in maximum twitch stress (force per unit area), tetanus force generation or relaxation times. Maximum soleus tetanic stress was 43% greater (P=0.039) and soleus work loop power output (P&lt;0.001) was higher in torpor than in control hamsters. Maximum EDL tetanic stress was 26% greater in control than in torpor hamsters (P=0.046), but there was no significant effect on EDL power output (P=0.38). Rate of fatigue was not affected by torpor in either soleus or EDL muscles (P&gt;0.43). Overall, extended use of daily torpor had no effect on the rate at which stress or work was produced in soleus and EDL muscles in Djungarian hamsters; however, torpor did increase the stress and power produced by the soleus.
Antioxidant capacity develops with maturation in the deep-diving hooded seal
Authors: Vázquez-Medina José Pablo , Soñanez-Organis José Guadalupe , Burns Jennifer M. , Zenteno-Savín Tania , Ortiz Rudy M. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
Maturation in hooded seals is characterized by the rapid development of their physiological diving capacity and is accompanied by increases in oxidant production but not oxidative damage. To test the hypothesis that the antioxidant system of hooded seals develops as they transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic environment, we obtained the complete cDNA sequence that encodes the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a central regulator of the antioxidant response, and compared Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression levels in muscle samples from neonate, weaned pups and adult hooded seals, along with glutathione (GSH) levels and the activity/protein content of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxyredoxin VI (PrxVI), thioredoxin 1 (Trx1), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), glutaredoxin 1 (Glrx1), glutathione disulphide reductase, glutathione S-transferase and glutamate-cysteine ligase. The Nrf2 of the hooded seal is 1822 bp long and encodes a protein of 606 amino acids with a leucine zipper domain and Keap1-mediated proteosomal degradation residues, which are key for Nrf2 function and regulation. Although neither Nrf2 mRNA nor Nrf2 nuclear protein content are higher in adults than in pups, GSH levels along with GPx, PrxVI, Trx1, TrxR and Glrx1 activity/protein content increase with maturation, suggesting that the potential for peroxide removal increases with development in hooded seals, and that these enzymes contribute to the regulation of the intracellular redox state and the prevention of oxidative damage in these deep-diving mammals.
Boceprevir: A Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Foote Bryce S , Spooner Linda M , Belliveau Paul P 
Published: August 2011

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of boceprevir, a novel oral hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 3 (NS3) protease inhibitor for the treatment of chronic HCV infection, specifically, genotype 1. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE and EMBASE (1966-May 2011) using the terms boceprevir and SCH 503034. Data from the package insert, abstracts obtained from conferences, and unpublished Phase 2-3 clinical trials, obtained through clinicaltrials.gov, were also reviewed. Study Selection And Data Extraction: All English-language articles identified from the data sources were evaluated. References from selected articles were used to identify other pertinent citations. Article selection focused on pharmacology, clinical trials, safety analyses, and resistance. Preference was given to human data. Data Synthesis: Boceprevir is an oral protease inhibitor that binds to the NS3 protein of HCV, ultimately inhibiting viral intracellular replication. Boceprevir displays linear pharmacokinetics and is rapidly absorbed upon oral administration. In clinical studies of treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients, boceprevir, in combination with standard of care (pegylated interferon [Peg-IFN]-α-2b with or without ribavirin) achieved greater sustained viral response (SVR) rates compared to standard of care. Safety analyses showed an increased incidence of adverse effects when boceprevir was used with Peg-IFN-α-2b and ribavirin. The most common adverse events reported include fatigue, headache, nausea, dysguesia, and anemia; the incidence of the latter 2 adverse effects may be increased it boceprevir is added to standard therapy. Additional Phase 2 and 3 studies are currently enrolling participants. Conclusions: Boceprevir should be used in combination with Peg-IFN-α-2b and ribavirin in the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. The improved response rates achieved with that combination will make boceprevir a viable option compared with other developing and approved NS3 protease inhibitors for treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced nonresponders/relapsers. Additional data are needed to clarify the potential for resistance and drug interactions.
Determination of trace impurities of chlorine in zirconium-alloy matrices using neutron activation technique
Authors: Naik H. , Sant V. L. , Suryanarayana S. V. , Prajapati P. M. , Newton Nathaniel T. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Trace impurities of chlorine in the zircaloy-2 and Zr-2.5% Nb alloy matrix have been determined using neutron activation analysis (NAA) and off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique. The results have been compared with the values obtained from pyrohydrolysis-IC and spark source mass spectrometric method. The limit of internal precision error from the neutron activation technique is 6.7% for zircolloy-2 and 9% for Zr-2.5% Nb alloy, which are lower than that of pyrohydrolysis-IC and spark source mass spectrometric measurements respectively. For both alloys the results from present work based on NAA technique are slightly higher than the results based on the other two methods but are comparable within the uncertainty.
Personality Disorder Comorbidity and Outcome: Comparison of Three Age Groups
Authors: Stevenson Janine , Brodaty Henry , Boyce Philip , Byth Karen 
Published: August 2011

Background: Personality disorder comorbidity has been extensively studied in young adult populations, to a lesser extent in elderly populations, and not at all in an Australian population. This study examines PD comorbidity over the life span 18-100. Aim: The object of this study was to examine the interactions of comorbid personality disorder and age on outcome of Axis I disorders. Method: A total of 238 consecutive consenting eligible psychiatric inpatients were assessed on admission, prior to discharge, and after 6 and 12 months as regards symptoms, function, well-being, relapse and readmission rates and social supports. Outcomes were compared for young (18–40 years old), middle-aged (41–64) and old (65+) patients. Results: Patients improved over time symptomatically and functionally. Across all age groups patients with comorbid personality disorder had worse outcomes than those without, but improved though never to the same extent. Personality disorder was associated with increased rates of relapse and readmission in the whole sample and in the older group, but not increased length of stay. Severity of personality disorder was associated with poorer outcome. Conclusion: Personality disorder adversely affects outcomes, particularly for younger (and older) patients with psychiatric disorders independently of diagnosis and other factors.
Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, en la red social Facebook
Authors: Herrero Gutiérrez Francisco Javier , Álvarez-Nobell Alejandro , López-Ornelas Maricela 
Published: August 2011

Los nuevos espacios de ‘diálogo’ e interacción directa y bidireccional, promovidos por la incorporación de las herramientas de la Web 2.0, han impulsado y transformado los patrones tradicionales de la difusión científica así como el estudio de los modelos comunicacionales a la hora de vehicular este tipo de relaciones con la necesidad de identificar las características esenciales de sus usuarios. En este sentido, el presente trabajo aborda el objetivo de analizar la divulgación y vinculación académica que la Revista Latina de Comunicación Social (RLCS) ha generado desde su incorporación a principios de 2010 a las redes sociales de Facebook (como factor vital de este análisis) y Twitter. La metodología se asiste de técnicas mixtas que registran estadísticamente los datos obtenidos a través del programa Motigo Webstats así como del análisis generado a partir de la información proporcionada por sus usuarios. Entre los resultados se distingue un avance significativo por parte de RLCS en materia de difusión al compartir, mediante las redes sociales, las actualizaciones que realiza periódicamente, otorgándole un valor agregado a esta publicación electrónica al fortalecer su visibilidad a través del uso de las redes sociales.
An Empiric Analysis of Omaha System Targets
Authors: Melton-Meaux G. , Timm J. , Westra B. , Kerr M. , Raman N. , Farri O. , Hart C. , Martin K. , Monsen K. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryInterface terminologies used in electronic health records must be re-evaluated and revised to reflect current health care practice and knowledge. To enable future revisions of the Omaha System Intervention Scheme, investigators evaluated formal semantic structure of target terms and concept duplication of problem and target terms. Using linguistic principles and qualitative analysis, five themes were found. A multidimensional formal semantic structure for the intervention target term was proposed. Concept duplication was examined for 16 problem-target matches. Clinical data enabled assessment of the validity of a proposed formal semantic structure and concept duplication. Recommendations are suggested for future development of the Omaha System Intervention Scheme.
Selective Oxidations of Organoboron Compounds Catalyzed by Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases
Authors: Brondani Patrícia B. , de Gonzalo Gonzalo , Fraaije Marco W. , Andrade Leandro H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe applicability of Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) in organoboron chemistry has been explored through testing chemo‐ and enantioselective oxidations of a variety of boron‐containing aromatic and vinylic compounds. Several BVMOs, namely: phenylacetone monooxygenase (PAMO), M446G PAMO mutant, 4‐hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase (HAPMO) and cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) were used in this study. The degree of chemoselectivity depends on the type of BVMO employed, in which the biocatalysts prefer boron‐carbon oxidation over Baeyer–Villiger oxidation or epoxidation. Interestingly, it was discovered that PAMO can be used to perform kinetic resolution of boron‐containing compounds with good enantioselectivities. These findings extend the known biocatalytic repertoire of BVMOs by showing a new family of compounds that can be oxidized by these enzymes.
Stereoselective Desymmetrization of 2,2‐Bishydroxymethyl‐1‐tetralones by Iodocyclization, Synthesis of Novel Enantiopure [6.6.5] Tricyclic Framework and Chemoenzymatic Diversity Generation
Authors: Mahapatra Tridib , Jana Navendu , Nanda Samik 
Published: August 2011

AbstractStereoselective halocyclization of pro‐chiral 2,2‐bishydroxymethyl‐1‐tetralone derivatives with N‐halosuccinamides afforded an interesting tricyclic scaffold found in many naturally occurring hasubanan alkaloids. Enantiopure tricyclic scaffolds are synthesized by using enzymatic kinetic resolution (EKR) of the parent racemic compound. Microbial ketoreductase (Geotrichum candidum, Aspergillus niger and Candida parapsilosis) mediated stereoselective reduction reactions have been successfully employed to these enantiopure tricyclic scaffolds which, followed by functional group manipulation, provides novel cyclic frameworks.
Construction of Trifluoromethyl‐Bearing Quaternary Carbon Centers by Intramolecular Decarboxylative Allylation of α‐Trifluoromethyl β‐Keto Esters
Authors: Shibata Norio , Suzuki Satoru , Furukawa Tatsuya , Kawai Hiroyuki , Tokunaga Etsuko , Yuan Zhe , Cahard Dominique 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA new palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative allylation of allyl α‐trifluoromethyl‐β‐keto esters was developed in the presence of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium [Pd2(dba)3] and 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) in tetrahydrofuran. α‐Trifluoromethyl ketones featuring a quaternary carbon center were produced in good yields and the dreaded α,β‐unsaturated‐β,β‐difluoro ketones resulting from β‐elimination of a fluoride ion was not observed.
Microdeletion at 4q21.3 is associated with intellectual disability, dysmorphic facies, hypotonia, and short stature
Authors: Dukes‐Rimsky Lynn , Guzauskas Gregory F. , Holden Kenton R. , Griggs Rachel , Ladd Sydney , del Carmen Montoya Maria , DuPont Barbara R. , Srivastava Anand K. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractChromosomal imbalances are a major cause of intellectual disability (ID) and multiple congenital anomalies. We have clinically and molecularly characterized two patients with chromosome translocations and ID. Using whole genome array CGH analysis, we identified a microdeletion involving 4q21.3, unrelated to the translocations in both patients. We confirmed the 4q21.3 microdeletions using fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative genomic PCR. The corresponding deletion boundaries in the patients were further mapped and compared to previously reported 4q21 deletions and the associated clinical features. We determined a common region of deletion overlap that appears unique to ID, short stature, hypotonia, and dysmorphic facial features. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Whole‐exome sequencing identifies compound heterozygous mutations in WDR62 in siblings with recurrent polymicrogyria
Authors: Murdock David R. , Clark Gary D. , Bainbridge Matthew N. , Newsham Irene , Wu Yuan‐Qing , Muzny Donna M. , Cheung Sau Wai , Gibbs Richard A. , Ramocki Melissa B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPolymicrogyria is a disorder of neuronal development resulting in structurally abnormal cerebral hemispheres characterized by over‐folding and abnormal lamination of the cerebral cortex. Polymicrogyria is frequently associated with severe neurologic deficits including intellectual disability, motor problems, and epilepsy. There are acquired and genetic causes of polymicrogyria, but most patients with a presumed genetic etiology lack a specific diagnosis. Here we report using whole‐exome sequencing to identify compound heterozygous mutations in the WD repeat domain 62 (WDR62) gene as the cause of recurrent polymicrogyria in a sibling pair. Sanger sequencing confirmed that the siblings both inherited 1‐bp (maternal allele) and 2‐bp (paternal allele) frameshift deletions, which predict premature truncation of WDR62, a protein that has a role in early cortical development. The probands are from a non‐consanguineous family of Northern European descent, suggesting that autosomal recessive PMG due to compound heterozygous mutation of WDR62 might be a relatively common cause of PMG in the population. Further studies to identify mutation frequency in the population are needed. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mild Tessier No. 7 cleft with PHACE syndrome: The case for pulmonary vascular steal
Authors: Bajaj Amit , Dyke Peter , Zaleski Christina , Cava Joseph , McPherson Elizabeth 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe describe an unusual case of PHACE syndrome that provides a demonstration of the role of vascular anomalies in the causation of external ear and facial anomalies. The child in our case was characterized by a small segmental hemangioma of the face, tetralogy of Fallot, and anomalous origin of left common carotid artery from pulmonary artery with retrograde blood flow. This presumably resulted in hypoperfusion of the left side of the face resulting in a Tessier number 7 cleft and left ear anomaly explained by pulmonary vascular steal phenomenon. The absence of posterior fossa anomalies may reflect normal perfusion via the Circle of Willis. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical health problems in adults with Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Sinnema Margje , Maaskant Marian A. , van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de Valk Henny M.J. , Caroline van Nieuwpoort I. , Drent Madeleine L. , Curfs Leopold M.G. , Schrander‐Stumpel Constance T.R.M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPrader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder which is characterized by severe hypotonia and feeding problems in early infancy. In later childhood and adolescence, this is followed by hyperphagia and extreme obesity if the diet is not strictly controlled. Data on physical health problems in adults with PWS are scarce. We report on the prevalence of physical health problems in a Dutch cohort of adults with PWS in relation to age, BMI, and genetic subtype. Participants (n = 102) were retrieved via the Dutch Prader–Willi Parent Association and through physicians specializing in persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). Details regarding physical health problem spanning the participants' lifespan were collected from caretakers through semi‐structured interviews. Cardiovascular problems included diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cerebrovascular accidents. Respiratory infections were frequent in adulthood. In males, cryptorchidism was almost universal, for which 28/48 males had a history of surgery, mostly orchidopexy. None of the women had a regular menstrual cycle. Sixteen individuals had a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Spinal deformation, hip dysplasia, and foot abnormalities were common. Skinpicking, leg edema, and erysipelas were frequent dermatological problems. The findings in our group support the notion that the prevalence of physical health problems is underestimated. This underscores the importance of developing monitoring programs which would help to recognize physical health problems at an early stage. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.