bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An audit of the continuation and review of intensive care unit (ICU)-initiated medications post ICU discharge
Authors: Kearney M , Leamy D , Sahm L J 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Medication errors at transitions of care have widely been reported and the transition of a patient from intensive care unit (ICU) to ward level care has additional risk for error due to the complexity of the cohort. The continuation of ICU-initiated medications at ward level has been associated with adverse drug events, and error mitigation strategies need to be implemented at the point of discharge from ICU to facilitate deprescribing and medication optimisation. Pharmacists are in an excellent position to facilitate this medication optimisation at the point of ICU transfer.

Aim
This study aimed to evaluate the frequency that ICU-initiated medications are continued on discharge from ICU and subsequently reviewed at ward level in a large teaching hospital.

Methods
An audit was conducted as a prospective observational study over the period of June and July 2023. A pharmacist reviewed kardexes of patients that had been discharged from ICU to determine the prevalence of ICU-initiated medications that were continued post discharge. Medications continued were documented using an Excel spreadsheet on a password-protected computer. A pharmacist followed patients at day 7 post ICU discharge and an audit was conducted to document if these medications had been reviewed by primary teams. A medication was deemed to be reviewed by a primary team if discontinued on the kardex, a dose altered on the kardex or reference made to the medication in the medical notes. All patients discharged from ICU to ward level care were eligible to be included in the study.

Results
In total, 53 patients were eligible to be included in the study, of which 51 had ICU-initiated medications continued on discharge. No class of medication was found to be reviewed for all patients discharged on that class of medication. Over half of patients (52.9%) had stress ulcer prophylaxis medications continued, 39.2% had opioids continued and 33.3% had anti-delirium medications continued. No surgical patient had anti-delirium medications reviewed at ward level and surgical patients were found to be the largest cohort discharged on opioids but not reviewed at ward level.

Conclusion
This study has highlighted that not only are ICU-initiated mediations continued on discharge from ICU, but also that a high proportion of these medications are not reviewed at ward level by primary teams. This has further shown the requirement for pharmacist review and verification of kardexes prior to ICU discharge and the implementation of deprescribing protocols. The main limitation of the study was the small sample size of patients discharged from ICU during the study period. Future studies could focus on the impact that a pharmacist-led quality improvement initiative would have on the continuation and review of ICU-initiated medications on discharge from the ICU and the audit repeated over a longer period of time.
Rotavirus Hospitalization in Early Childhood: Fine Motor Skills and Cognition at 6 Years Old in a Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Ha Eun Kyo , Kim Ju Hee , Han Boeun , Shin Jeewon , Lee Eun , Rhie Seonkyeong , Lee Won Seok , Lee Soonchul , Han Man Yong 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Rotavirus is linked to severe childhood gastroenteritis and neurological complications, but its impact on neurodevelopment remains uncertain. We examined data from 1 420 941 Korean children born between 2009 and 2011, using the Korean National Health Insurance System. We assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 6 years using the validated Korean Developmental Test, covering 6 major domains, with propensity score-based inverse probability weighting including consideration of covariates sex, birth weight, changes in body weight from birth to 4–6 months of age, head circumference at 4–6 months of age, residence at birth, economic status, infant feeding types, and birth year. The main analysis that encompassed 5451 children with rotavirus hospitalization and 310 874 unexposed individuals revealed heightened odds of suspected delays in fine motor skills and cognition among exposed children. Our results suggest an association between rotavirus-related hospitalization in infancy and suspected delays in fine motor function and cognition in 6 year olds.
Rural Underemployment and Urbanisation: Insights from a 9-year Panel from Malawi
Authors: Van Cappellen Hanne , De Weerdt Joachim 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Rural labour markets in Africa are frequently characterised by underemployment, with farmers unable to fully deploy throughout the year one of their most important assets—their labour. Using a nine-year panel data set on 1,407 working-age adults from rural Malawi, we document changes in rural underemployment over this period and how they are associated with urbanisation. Nearby urban growth is linked to increased hours worked in casual labour (ganyu) and in non-agricultural sectors, at the expense of work on the household farm. Improved urban access is also associated with a small increase in wage labour and, at the intensive margin, with hours supplied in household enterprises. We draw lessons from these results for policies, investments and interventions to leverage urban growth for rural development.
Mixed methods assessment of the influence of demographics on medical advice of ChatGPT
Authors: Andreadis Katerina , Newman Devon R , Twan Chelsea , Shunk Amelia , Mann Devin M , Stevens Elizabeth R 
Published: April 2024

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate demographic biases in diagnostic accuracy and health advice between generative artificial intelligence (AI) (ChatGPT GPT-4) and traditional symptom checkers like WebMD.Materials and MethodsCombination symptom and demographic vignettes were developed for 27 most common symptom complaints. Standardized prompts, written from a patient perspective, with varying demographic permutations of age, sex, and race/ethnicity were entered into ChatGPT (GPT-4) between July and August 2023. In total, 3 runs of 540 ChatGPT prompts were compared to the corresponding WebMD Symptom Checker output using a mixed-methods approach. In addition to diagnostic correctness, the associated text generated by ChatGPT was analyzed for readability (using Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level) and qualitative aspects like disclaimers and demographic tailoring.ResultsChatGPT matched WebMD in 91% of diagnoses, with a 24% top diagnosis match rate. Diagnostic accuracy was not significantly different across demographic groups, including age, race/ethnicity, and sex. ChatGPT's urgent care recommendations and demographic tailoring were presented significantly more to 75-year-olds versus 25-year-olds (P &lt; .01) but were not statistically different among race/ethnicity and sex groups. The GPT text was suitable for college students, with no significant demographic variability.DiscussionThe use of non-health-tailored generative AI, like ChatGPT, for simple symptom-checking functions provides comparable diagnostic accuracy to commercially available symptom checkers and does not demonstrate significant demographic bias in this setting. The text accompanying differential diagnoses, however, suggests demographic tailoring that could potentially introduce bias.ConclusionThese results highlight the need for continued rigorous evaluation of AI-driven medical platforms, focusing on demographic biases to ensure equitable care.
Development and external validation of deep learning clinical prediction models using variable-length time series data
Authors: Bashiri Fereshteh S , Carey Kyle A , Martin Jennie , Koyner Jay L , Edelson Dana P , Gilbert Emily R , Mayampurath Anoop , Afshar Majid , Churpek Matthew M 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To compare and externally validate popular deep learning model architectures and data transformation methods for variable-length time series data in 3 clinical tasks (clinical deterioration, severe acute kidney injury [AKI], and suspected infection).

Materials and Methods
This multicenter retrospective study included admissions at 2 medical centers that spanned 2007-2022. Distinct datasets were created for each clinical task, with 1 site used for training and the other for testing. Three feature engineering methods (normalization, standardization, and piece-wise linear encoding with decision trees [PLE-DTs]) and 3 architectures (long short-term memory/gated recurrent unit [LSTM/GRU], temporal convolutional network, and time-distributed wrapper with convolutional neural network [TDW-CNN]) were compared in each clinical task. Model discrimination was evaluated using the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).

Results
The study comprised 373 825 admissions for training and 256 128 admissions for testing. LSTM/GRU models tied with TDW-CNN models with both obtaining the highest mean AUPRC in 2 tasks, and LSTM/GRU had the highest mean AUROC across all tasks (deterioration: 0.81, AKI: 0.92, infection: 0.87). PLE-DT with LSTM/GRU achieved the highest AUPRC in all tasks.

Discussion
When externally validated in 3 clinical tasks, the LSTM/GRU model architecture with PLE-DT transformed data demonstrated the highest AUPRC in all tasks. Multiple models achieved similar performance when evaluated using AUROC.

Conclusion
The LSTM architecture performs as well or better than some newer architectures, and PLE-DT may enhance the AUPRC in variable-length time series data for predicting clinical outcomes during external validation.
Limits to species’ range: the tension between local and global adaptation
Authors: Barton Nicholas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We know that heritable variation is abundant, and that selection causes all but the smallest populations to rapidly shift beyond their original trait distribution. So then, what limits the range of a species? There are physical constraints and also population genetic limits to the effectiveness of selection, ultimately set by population size. Global adaptation, where the same genotype is favoured over the whole range, is most efficient when based on a multitude of weakly selected alleles and is effective even when local demes are small, provided that there is some gene flow. In contrast, local adaptation is sensitive to gene flow and may require alleles with substantial effect. How can populations combine the advantages of large effective size with the ability to specialise into local niches? To what extent does reproductive isolation help resolve this tension? I address these questions using eco-evolutionary models of polygenic adaptation, contrasting discrete demes with continuousspace.
Scoping Review of Music Interventions Aimed at Improving Reading Skills in Children with Specific Learning Disorders in Reading
Authors: Lewis Jenny Diouf , Kim Soo Ji 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An emerging body of research utilizes music in the treatment of children with specific learning disorders in reading. However, greater understanding of music interventions is necessary for efficient application of music to address children’s specific reading needs. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to identify the key musical concepts used to improve reading skills. Intervention studies were identified through online searches of databases and hand searching of primary journals in music therapy, and 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. For the 12 studies, auditory processing, phonological processing, and temporal processing were the underlying mechanisms identified in the interventions. Most of the interventions presented rhythmic activities for the purpose of improving reading accuracy. The results of this study highlight the lack of specific descriptions for the musical elements used within music interventions targeting reading skills. In addition, due to the diversity of the terms used to describe the music interventions, it was difficult to compare the effectiveness of these interventions on reading accuracy, comprehension skills, and fluency. Therefore, future studies are needed to articulate clear rationales for how musical elements can be used in music interventions to treat specific reading disabilities in children.
The molecular basis of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 action during photomorphogenesis
Authors: Zhou Hua , Deng Xing Wang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), a repressor of seedling photomorphogenesis, is tightly controlled by light. In Arabidopsis, COP1 primarily acts as a part of large E3 ligase complexes and targets key light-signaling factors for ubiquitination and degradation. Upon light perception, the action of COP1 is precisely modulated by active photoreceptors. During seedling development, light plays a predominant role in modulating seedling morphogenesis, including inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, cotyledon opening and expansion, and chloroplast development. These visible morphological changes evidently result from networks of molecular action. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the molecular role of COP1 in mediating light-controlled seedling development.
RHO OF PLANTS signalling and the activating ROP GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS: specificity in cellular signal transduction in plants
Authors: Denninger Philipp 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Every cell constantly receives signals from its neighbours or the environment. In plants, most signals are perceived by RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (RLKs) and then transmitted into the cell. The molecular switches RHO OF PLANTS (ROP) are critical proteins for polar signal transduction and regulate multiple cell polarity processes downstream of RLKs. Many ROP-regulating proteins and scaffold proteins of the ROP complex are known. However, the spatiotemporal ROP signalling complex composition is not yet understood. Moreover, how specificity is achieved in different ROP signalling pathways within one cell still needs to be determined. This review gives an overview of recent advances in ROP signalling and how specificity by downstream scaffold proteins can be achieved. The composition of the ROP signalling complexes is discussed, focusing on the possibility of the simultaneous presence of ROP activators and inactivators within the same complex to balance ROP activity. Furthermore, this review highlights the function of plant-specific ROP GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS polarizing ROP signalling and defining the specificity of the initiated ROP signalling pathway.
Machine Learning Data Augmentation Strategy for Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy: Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: del-Pozo-Bueno Daniel , Kepaptsoglou Demie , Ramasse Quentin M , Peiró Francesca , Estradé Sònia 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recent advances in machine learning (ML) have highlighted a novel challenge concerning the quality and quantity of data required to effectively train algorithms in supervised ML procedures. This article introduces a data augmentation (DA) strategy for electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) data, employing generative adversarial networks (GANs). We present an innovative approach, called the data augmentation generative adversarial network (DAG), which facilitates data generation from a very limited number of spectra, around 100. Throughout this study, we explore the optimal configuration for GANs to produce realistic spectra. Notably, our DAG generates realistic spectra, and the spectra produced by the generator are successfully used in real-world applications to train classifiers based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machines (SVMs) that have been successful in classifying experimental EEL spectra.
Hall-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of X-ray photoevaporative protoplanetary disc winds
Authors: Sarafidou Eleftheria , Gressel Oliver , Picogna Giovanni , Ercolano Barbara 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
Understanding the evolution and dispersal via energetic stellar radiation of protoplanetary discs (PPDs) is a prominent challenge in astrophysics. It has been established that X-ray luminosity from the central protostar can significantly heat the surface of the disc, causing powerful photoevaporative winds that eject a considerable fraction of the disc’s mass. Recent work in the field has moreover shown the importance of global PPD simulations that simultaneously take into account non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects and detailed thermochemistry. In this paper, we combine these two aspects and figure out how they interact. Focus is put on the Hall Effect (HE) and the impact it has on the overall field topology and mass-loss/accretion rates. Utilizing a novel X-ray temperature parametrization, we perform 2D-axisymmetric MHD simulations with the nirvana-iii fluid code, covering all non-ideal effects. We find that, in the aligned orientation, the HE causes prominent inward displacement of the poloidal field lines that increase the accretion rate through a laminar Maxwell stress. We find that outflows are mainly driven by photoevaporation – unless the magnetic field strength is considerable (i.e. βp ≤ 103) or the X-ray luminosity low enough (i.e. log LX ≤ 29.3). Inferred mass-loss rate are in the range of the expected values 10−8–$10^{-7}\, M_\odot \, {\rm yr}^{-1}$. Moreover, we performed pure hydrodynamic (HD) runs and compared them with the equivalent MHD runs. We concluded that the magnetic field does indeed contribute to the mass-loss rate, albeit only discernibly so for low enough LX (i.e. log LX ≤ 30.8).
SynDesign: web-based prime editing guide RNA design and evaluation tool for saturation genome editing
Authors: Park Jinman , Yu Goosang , Seo Sang-Yeon , Yang Jinyeong , Kim Hyongbum Henry 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Saturation genome editing (SGE) enables in-depth functional evaluation of disease-associated genes and variants by generating all possible single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within a given coding region. Although prime editing can be employed for inducing these SNVs, designing efficient prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) can be challenging and time-consuming. Here, we present SynDesign, an easy-to-use webtool for the design, evaluation, and construction precision pegRNA libraries for SGE with synonymous mutation markers. SynDesign offers a simple yet powerful interface that automates the generation of all feasible pegRNA designs for a target gene or variant of interest. The pegRNAs are selected using the state-of-the-art models to predict prime editing efficiencies for various prime editors and cell types. Top-scoring pegRNA designs are further enhanced using synonymous mutation markers which improve pegRNA efficiency by diffusing the cellular mismatch repair mechanism and serve as sequence markers for improved identification of intended edits following deep sequencing. SynDesign is expected to facilitate future research using SGE to investigate genes or variants of interest associated with human diseases. SynDesign is freely available at https://deepcrispr.info/SynDesign without a login process.
DNA-PK participates in pre-rRNA biogenesis independent of DNA double-strand break repair
Authors: Li Peng , Gai Xiaochen , Li Qilin , Yang Qianqian , Yu Xiaochun 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although DNA-PK inhibitors (DNA-PK-i) have been applied in clinical trials for cancer treatment, the biomarkers and mechanism of action of DNA-PK-i in tumor cell suppression remain unclear. Here, we observed that a low dose of DNA-PK-i and PARP inhibitor (PARP-i) synthetically suppresses BRCA-deficient tumor cells without inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Instead, we found that a fraction of DNA-PK localized inside of nucleoli, where we did not observe obvious DSBs. Moreover, the Ku proteins recognize pre-rRNA that facilitates DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation independent of DNA damage. Ribosomal proteins are also phosphorylated by DNA-PK, which regulates pre-rRNA biogenesis. In addition, DNA-PK-i acts together with PARP-i to suppress pre-rRNA biogenesis and tumor cell growth. Collectively, our studies reveal a DNA damage repair-independent role of DNA-PK-i in tumor suppression.
Nextflow vs. plain bash: different approaches to the parallelization of SNP calling from the whole genome sequence data
Authors: Sztuka Marek , Kotlarz Krzysztof , Mielczarek Magda , Hajduk Piotr , Liu Jakub , Szyda Joanna 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study compared computational approaches to parallelization of an SNP calling workflow. The data comprised DNA from five Holstein-Friesian cows sequenced with the Illumina platform. The pipeline consisted of quality control, alignment to the reference genome, post-alignment, and SNP calling. Three approaches to parallelization were compared: (i) a plain Bash script in which a pipeline for each cow was executed as separate processes invoked at the same time, (ii) a Bash script wrapped in a single Nextflow process and (iii) a Nextflow script with each component of the pipeline defined as a separate process. The results demonstrated that on average, the multi-process Nextflow script performed 15–27% faster depending on the number of assigned threads, with the biggest execution time advantage over the plain Bash approach observed with 10 threads. In terms of RAM usage, the most substantial variation was observed for the multi-process Nextflow, for which it increased with the number of assigned threads, while RAM consumption of the other setups did not depend much on the number of threads assigned for computations. Due to intermediate and log files generated, disk usage was markedly higher for the multi-process Nextflow than for the plain Bash and for the single-process Nextflow.
Comparison of diclofenac with tramadol, tizanidine or placebo in the treatment of acute low back pain and sciatica: multi-center randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hung Kevin K C , Lam Rex P K , Lee Herman K H , Choi Yu Fai , Tenney Justin , Zuo Zhong , Chong Marc K C , Hui Theresa S I , Wong Tak Kan , Yiu Tsz Ying , Chan Suet Yi , Mok Catherine P Y , Leung Ling Yan , Mak Wai Kit , Sun David T F , Cheng Chi Hung , Graham Colin A 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of disability worldwide and has posed numerous health and socioeconomic challenges. This study compared whether nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in combination with tramadol, tizanidine or placebo would be the best treatment regime to improve the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) scores at 1 week.

Methods
This was a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial including adult patients with acute LBP and sciatica in three emergency departments in Hong Kong. Patients were randomized to the receive tramadol 50 mg, tizanidine 2 mg, or placebo every 6 hours for 2 weeks in a 1:1:1 ratio. The RMDQ and other secondary outcomes were measured at baseline, Day 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Data were analyzed on an intention to treat basis. Crude and adjusted mean differences in the changes of RMDQ and NRS scores from baseline to Day 7 between tizanidine/tramadol and placebo were determined with 95% confidence intervals.

Results
Two hundred and ninety-one patients were analyzed with the mean age of 47.4 years and 57.7% were male. The primary outcome of mean difference in RMDQs on Day 7 (compared with baseline) was non-significant for tizanidine compared with placebo (adjusted mean difference − 0.56, 95% CI -2.48 to 1.37) and tramadol compared with placebo (adjusted mean difference − 0.85, 95% CI -2.80 to 1.10). Only 23.7% were fully compliant to the treatment allocated. Complier Average Causal Effect analysis also showed no difference in the primary outcome for the tizanidine and tramadol versus placebo.

Conclusion
Among patients with acute LBP and sciatica presenting to the ED, adding tramadol or tizanidine to diclofenac did not improve functional recovery.