bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new murine model of autoimmune orchids induced by immunization with viable syngeneic testicular germ cells alone. I. Immunological and histological studies
Authors: ITOH M , HIRAMINE C , HOJO K 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYExperimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) was produced in C3H/He mice with as high as 100% incidence by two or three s.c. injections of 1 × 107 viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) without resorting to adjuvants, Bordetella pertussis vaccine, or other immunological manipulations. On day 40 after the first injection of TC. the lesions induced were characterized by interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells and severe hypospermatogenesis in the testis with resulting whole organ atrophy and. in contrast, by a complete lack of epididymitis. Immunological studies revealed that this form of immunization caused both delayed-type hypersensitivity and humoral antibody responses to syngeneic TC. We compared the susceptibilities to the induction of this type of EAO among six different strains of inbred mice comprising A/J, AKR, BALB/C, C3H/He, C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. All strains except for DBA/2 mice developed lesions of EAO to a greater or lesser extent, and severe disease was induced with high frequency in two strains, C3H/He and A/J. As this murine model of EAO can be induced without the use of Freund's complete adjuvant and B. pertussis vaccine, it is simply ‘autoimmune’ in nature and may provide new ways for further investigation into the immunological mechanisms which regulate deleterious autoimmune reactions to germ cell antigens leading to the male infertility.
Immunoglobulin and cytokine production by neonatal lymphocytes
Authors: WATSON W , OEN K , RAMDAHIN R , HARMAN C 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYGrowth and differentiation of cord blood B cells were studied using T cell-depleted populations. In the absence of in vitro activation, cord blood B cells proliferated in response to cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-4 (IL-4); anti-μ-stimulated cord B cells had a lesser response to IL-2 than adult cells. IgM synthesis by cord blood B cells was enhanced by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and decreased by IL-2. In cultures activated by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC), cord blood B cells produced lesser increases in IgM than adult B cells regardless of the cytokine added. Cord blood B cells produced no IgG or IgA with any cytokine preparation with or without SAC activation. Supernatants of cord blood T cells pulse-stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin and phorbol myristate acetate contained less IL-2 and IL-6 and had less growth and differentiation activity than adult T cell supernatants. The results confirm a limited cord blood B cell response and also suggest a limitation in production of B cell stimulatory lymphokines by cord blood T cells.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments neutrophil killing ofTorulopsis glabrataand stimulates neutrophil respiratory burst and degranulation
Authors: KOWANKO I C , FERRANTE A , HARVEY D P , CARMAN K L 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the interaction between the fungus Torulopsis glabrata and human neutrophils was examined. Pre-incubation of neutrophils with GM-CSF increased the neutrophil fungal killing. The cytokine also increased the oxygen-dependent respiratory burst in response to opsonized fungi, measured by the lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence assay and superoxide release. Under the same conditions the cytokine augmented release of constituents from both specific and azurophilic granules. Besides these priming effects, GM-CSF was a weak stimulus of the neutrophil respiratory burst and degranulation. The priming and stimulatory effects of GM-CSF were observed at 10–1000 U/ml with an optimal concentration of 100 U/ml.
Detection of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antigen in malignant diseases
Authors: TSUJISAKI M , IMAI K , HIRATA H , HANZAWA Y , MASUYA J , NAKANO T , SUGIYAMA T , MATSUI M , HINODA Y , YACHI A 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA new monoclonal antibody (MoAb) H A58 (IgG 1) was prepared, which recognizes the binding site on the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antigen to the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). The double-determinant immunoassay (DDIA) was established with use of MoAb HAS8 and another anti-ICAM-1, MoAb CL207, to detect the soluble, shedding ICAM-1 antigen. Human recombinanl interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) induced not only the expression of cell surface ICAM-1, but also the shedding ICAM-I antigen in an IFN-y concentration-dependent and incubation-time-dependent manner. DDIA was applied to detect the shedding ICAM-1 antigen in the sera of patients with malignant or benign diseases. The incidence of posilivity for ICAM-I antigen in malignant diseases was higher than that in benign diseases or in healthy controls. Furthermore, the sera of cancer patients with liver metastasis showed higher levels of the shedding ICAM-1 antigen. These findings suggest that serum ICAM-1 antigen may be a useful marker to monitor tumor burden in cancer patients.
Naturally occurring anti-interferon-α2a antibodies in patients with acute viral hepatitis
Authors: IKEDA Y , TODA G , HASHIMOTO N , UMEDA N , MIYAKE K , YAMANAKA M , KUROKOWA K 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe occurrence of antibodies against recombinant human interferon-α2a (IFN-α2a) in patients with acute viral hepatitis (AVH) was examined by ELISA. Naturally occurring IgG anti-IFN-α2a were found in 50% of patients with type A, 50% of those with type B and in 8.3% of those with non-A, non-B AVH. The corresponding frequencies of IgM antibodies were 80%, 30% and 33.3%, respectively. IgM anti-IFN-α2a were found more frequently in patients with AVH type A than in normal control subjects (P &lt; 0.01). Anti-IFN-α2a were detectable at the highest frequency 3 weeks after acute onset and then became negative. An absorption experiment revealed that IgM anti-IFN-α2a did not cross-react with recombinant human IFN-α2b. Immunoblotting analysis confirmed the binding of antibodies to IFN-α2a. Sera positive for IgG and/or IgM anti-IFN-α2a were unable to neutralize IFN-α2a. The appearance of anti-IFN-α2a was not correlated with disease severity. There was no evidence to suggest that anti-IFN-α2a impaired the elimination of hepatitis virus. This is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of anti-IFN-α2a in patients with AVH. Detection of anti-IFN-α2a may be useful for clarifying any underlying immune events in various diseases.
Cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in IgA nephropathy
Authors: LAI K N , LEUNG J C K , LI P K T , LUI S F 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe regulation of cytokine production and T cell proliferation by other cytokines is mandatory in mediating inflammatory responses but the full understanding is far from complete. We have previously reported increased production of IL-2 and IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) in IgA nephropathy. The present study was undertaken to examine other cytokine production during T cell activation in IgA nephropathy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 17 IgA nephritic patients and 14 controls were cultured with phytohaemagglutinin and phorbol myristate acetate for 48 h for maximal cytokine production. IL-2Rs and IL-4 receptors (IL-4Rs) expressed on cultured PBMC were studied by a radioimmunoassay using monoclonal antibodies against these receptors. Although the total cellular IL-2R expression and percentages of T helper and T suppressor cells did not differ between the patients and controls, there was a significant increase in activated T helper cells expressing IL-2R in patients with IgA nephropathy. The total cellular IL-4R expression was elevated in IgA nephritic patients (P&lt;0.005). IL-2 production by PBMC was raised in IgA nephritic patients compared with controls (P&lt;0.05) but no difference in IL-4 or IL-6 production was observed. The interferon-gamma production by PBMC was significantly increased in patients with IgA nephropathy (P&lt; 0.025). No correlation was observed between individual cytokine levels. Our data suggest there are selective increases in cytokine production in IgA nephropathy.
Recombinant interferon-gamma inhibits the expression of IL-4 receptors on human lymphocytes
Authors: BYRON K A , VARIGOS G A , WOOTTON A M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYInlerferon gamma (IFN-γ) has been shown to inhibit many of the activities of IL-4, including the induction of lgE synthesis and the proliferation of T cell clones. Here we demonstrate that IFN-γ is able to inhibit the expression of IL-4 receptors on peripheral blood lymphocytes from both normal healthy donors and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Inhibition was shown to be dose-dependent and did not affect the binding affinity of the receptor as shown by Scatchard analysis. IFN-γ was unable to displace labelled IL-4 from its membrane receptor, which demonstrates that IFN-γ and IL-4 do not compete for the same membrane binding protein. The ability of IFN-γ to down-regulate IL-4 receptors may be important in controlling certain immune responses.
Identification of a putative shared epitope between Coxsackie virus B4 and alpha cardiac myosin heavy chain
Authors: BEISEL K W , SRINIVASAPPA J , PRABHAKAR B S 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYMolecular mimicry is an important postulated mechanism for autoimmunity in viral myocarditis. The 356-1 monoclonal antibody neutralizes Coxsackie virus B4 by binding to the VPI protein and cross-reacts with mouse alpha cardiac myosin heavy chain. We used this monoclonal antibody to screen a λgt11 expression library made from CD-1 mouse hearts. Of the 48 positive plaques/106 recombinant phages examined. 14 of the strongest-reacting clones were purified for additional studies. The inserts were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the amplified products ranged from about 150 to 1400 bp in size. Northern hybridization using these inserts demonstrated that 11 out of 14 reacted with a message equivalent to that of cardiac myosin in size. Additional Southern hybridization studies suggested that these 11 inserts contained overlapping sequences in the light meromyosin fragment of cardiac myosin. Sequence analysis confirmed that these 11 independent, recombinant clones contained a common sequence representing amino acid residues 1299-1647. Within this fragment only one isoform-specific site matched the observed reactivity pattern of 356-1 among hearts from various species. Thus, we were able to identify a putative shared epitope represented by residues 1632-1647.
Fibronectin and basement membrane components in renal amyloid deposits in patients with primary and secondary amyloidosis
Authors: WESTERMARK G T , NORLING B , WESTERMARK P 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
Kidney biopsies from one patieni with primary (AL) and three with secondary (AA) amyloidosis were used for an ultrastructural study of the collocalization of basement membrane proteins and the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin within amyloid deposits. Antibodies against amyloid P component, laminin. and heparan sulphate proteoglycan core protein all reacted with the basement membranes and the amyloid depositions in AA and AL amyloidosis. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against collagen type IV reacted only with the basement membranes. Anti-fibronectin reaction was found in association with the basement membranes in all four cases, while labelling of amyloid depositions was found only in one of the AA amyloid cases and in the AL amyloid depositions. It is concluded that basement membrane components may be of importance for the formation of amyloid fibrils.
Kupffer cell depletionin vivoresults in preferential elimination of IgG aggregates and immune complexes via specific Fc receptors on rat liver endothelial cells
Authors: BOGERS W M J M , STAD R -K , JANSSEN D J , VAN ROOIJEN N , VAN ES L A , DAHA M R 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn the present study we have investigated the clearance kinetics and tissue distribution of monomeric (m) IgG and soluble aggregates of IgG (AlgG) and immune complexes (IC) in normal and Kupffer cell (KC) depleted rats. In normal rats, clearance of mIgG occurred in a biphasic manner with a first half-life (T) or 36±3 ± 6±3 min and a second T±(T2) of 168±4±4±7 min. AlgG composed of 20-27 IgG molecules per aggregate were cleared significantly faster than mIgG with a TI of 2±5±0±1 min and a T2 of 32±5±5±6 min. KC depletion did not have a significant effect on the clearance rate of mIgG (TI: 33±4 ± 8±9 min; T2: 159±5± 12±5 min), while clearance of AlgG was delayed significantly wilh TI 4±8 ± 0±7 min and T2 41±2 ± 3±2 min. Eight minutes after injection. 77% of AIgG was found in the liver in normal rats while 62% was found in the liver of KC-depleted rats. Double immunofluorescence studies indicated that AIgG in the liver was associated with KC and endothelial cells (EC) in normal rats. In KC-depleted rats, AIgG was strongly associated with EC. A similar staining pattern was observed when IgG-immune IC were administered. The clearance of AIgG in KC-depleted rats was inhibited fully by pre-administration of high concentrations of IgG but not by pretreatment with IgA. asialofetuin (ASFe) or ovalbumin (OVA). Aggregated F(ab')2IgG was cleared with a comparable rate to mIgG from the circulation, again suggesting Fcγ receptor-mediated elimination of AIgG by EC. There was a reduced degradation of AIgG in rats depleted of KC as compared with normal rats. These data suggest binding and degradation of AIgG by EC in vivo.
Studies on the humoral immune response to a synthetic vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Authors: SALCEDO M , BARRETO L , ROJAS M , MOYA R , COTE J , PATARROYO M E 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
A synthetic vaccine against the asexual blood stages of P. falciparum, the SPF 66 synthetic hybrid polymer, composed of peptides derived from three merozoite membrane proteins as well as one peptide from the sporozoite CS protein, has been developed by our group and tested in different protection assays in Aotus monkeys as well as in human volunteers. This study evaluates the humoral immune response induced by the SPf 66 protein vaccination in adult human volunteers from the Colombian Pacific coast as follows: determination of specific IgG antibody levels against SPf 66 by FAST-ELISA after each immunization; analysis of antibody reactivity with P. falciparum schizont lysates by immunoblots; and determination of the in vitro parasite growth inhibition. A clear boosting effect, dependent on time and dose, was observed in the antibody production kinetics. These antibodies also specifically recognize three proteins of the P. falciparum schizont lysate corresponding to the molecular weights of the proteins from which the amino acid sequence was derived. These sera were also capable of markedly inhibiting in vitro parasite growth.
Reduced secreted μ mRNA synthesis in selective IgM deficiency of Bloom's syndrome
Authors: KONDO N , OZAWA T , KATO Y , MOTOYOSHI F , KASAHARA K , KAMEYAMA T , ORII T 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
Serum IgM concentrations were low although serum IgG and IgA concentrations were normal in both our patients with Bloom's syndrome. Although the percentages of surface Ig-earing cells were not reduced, the numbers of Ig-ecreting cells were markedly reduced. The membran-ound μ(μm) and secreted μ (μs) mRN As arc produced from transcripts of a single immunoglobulin μ gene by alternative RNA processing pathways. The control of μs mRNA synthesis depends on the addition of poly(A) to μs -erminal segment. In both patients, μ mRNA was well detected but μs -erminal mRNA was scarcely detected, suggesting that μ mRNA was well transcribed but μs mRNA was not. There was, at least, no mutation or deletion in the μs -erminal coding sequence, the RNA splice site (GG/TAAAC) at the 5’ end of μs -erminal segment and the AATAAA poly(A) signal sequence in both patients. Our results suggest that selective IgM deficiency in Bloom's syndrome is due to an abnormality in the maturation of surface Ig-earing B cells into Ig-ecreting cells and a failure of μs mRNA synthesis. Moreover, reduced μs mRNA synthesis may be due to the defect on developmental regulation of the site at which poly(A) is added to transcripts of the μ gene.
Increased CD11/CD18 expression on peripheral blood leucocytes of patients with sarcoidosis
Authors: SHAKOOR Z , HAMBLIN A S 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYSarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by non-caseating granulomata, formed mainly from macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Using a novel method for the preparation of blood leucocytes for flow cytometry, we report increased expression of LeuCAMs (CD11/CD18) on peripheral blood leucocytes of 11 Caucasian and 10 Afro-Caribbean patients with sarcoidosis compared with age-, sex- and race-matched controls. Whilst the percentages of the cells expressing CD11/CD18 were no different, the density, expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (M FI), was greater for all leucocytes in sarcoids than in normal individuals. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a ligand for LFA-1 which is expressed on all leucocytes, was not significantly different from normal, whereas HLA-DR was expressed more intensely on sarcoid monocytes (P&lt; 0·01) and blood lymphocytes (P&lt; 0·005) than control cells. Our findings are consistent with leucocyte activation although we were unable to confirm reports of elevated tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the patients' plasma using an ELISA. Increased expression of adhesion molecules on peripheral blood leucocytes may play a role in the cellular extravasation, aggregation, and granuloma formation seen in sarcoidosis.
Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of paediatric cerebral malaria
Authors: TAYLOR T E , MOLYNEUX M E , WIRtMA J J , BORGSTEIN A , GOLDRtNG J D , HOMMEL M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
Hyperimmune globulin can inhibit and reverse the cytoadherence between Piasmodium falciparum- infected erythrocytes and melanoma cells in vitro. Cytoadherence is believed to mediate disease in cerebral malaria. Therefore we studied the efficacy of i.v. immunoglobulin, purified from the plasma of local semi-immune blood donors, as an adjunct to standard treatment for cerebral malaria in Malawian children.
The immunoglobulin preparation (IFAT antimalarial antibody titre 1:5120) recognized erythrocyte-associated antigens of each of 22 Malawian P. falciparum isolates studied, and reversed binding of Malawian isolates to melanoma cells. Immunoglobulin did not reverse binding to human monocytes or to cells of the human hystiocytic lymphoma cell line U937.
Thirty-one children with P. falciparum parasitaemia and unrousable coma were enrolled. All were treated with i.v. quinine dihydrochloride; in addition patients were randomized to receive either immunoglobulin (400 mg/kg by i.v. infusion over 3 h) or placebo (albumen and sucrose by similar infusion) in a double blind trial with sequential analysis. Of 16 patients receiving immunoglobulin, five (31%) died and five survivors had neurological sequelae. Of 15 patients receiving placebo, one (7%) died and two had sequelae. Parasite clearance, fever clearance and coma resolution times in survivors were similar in the two groups.
Although the difference in outcome between the two groups was not significant, the trial was stopped because immunoglobulin was demonstrated not to be superior to placebo.
Thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism during long-term treatment with recombinant interferon-alpha
Authors: GISSLINGER H , GILLY B , WOLOSZCZUK W , MAYR W R , HAVELEC L , LINKESCH W , WEISSEL M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
Forty-five patients with myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic syndromes, treated with recombinant interferon-alpha (rIFN-α) for a minimum of 1 up to 4 years, were examined for the occurrernce of thyroid autoimmunity. During treatment, the rate of thyroid autoimmunity rose to more than 20%. The deerease in severity and frequency of thyroid autoimmunity after withdrawal of IFN shows that this is a potentially reversible side effect. The key determinant for the manifestation of this IFN-related autoimmune phenomenon seems to be a predisposition for autoimmunity, since patients with initially detectable thyroid antibodies are prone to exacerbations of thyroid autoimmunity. Concurrent with thyroid autoimmunity. hypothyroidism occurred but did not correlate with the levels of thyroid antibodies, although severe hypothyroidism in two patients was accompanied by increased levels of thyroid antibodies. This investigation shows that thyroid autoimmunity and consecutively hypothyroidism must be expected in certain patients treated with rIFN-a during long periods. Furthermore, it may be assumed that IFN-α does not induee the development of autoimmunity, but rather enhances the levels of pre-existent thyroid antibodies.
CD4+ T cells clear virus but augment disease in mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Comparison with the effects of CD8+ T cells
Authors: ALWAN W H , RECORD F M , OPENSHAW P J M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYRespiratory syncytial (RS) virus-specific T cell lines were derived from the spleens of BALB/c mice primed by intranasal infection with RS virus. The lines were expanded by repealed antigenic stimulation in vitro, and separated into CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-enriched fractions by immunomagnetic adhesion. The effects of passive transfer of these fractions into RS virus infected mice were observed. The most severe immunopathological changes were seen in mice receiving CD4+ cells. Transfer of CD4+, CD8+ or both cell fractions caused RS virus-infected mice to become ill and lose weight. Both cell lines caused an increase in the severity of lung pathology (as monitored by bronchoalveolar lavage) with the appearance or lung haemorrhage and polymorphonuclear cell efflux. In addition, recipients of CD4+ cells developed striking pulmonary eosinophilia. In CD4+ cell recipients. 5×105 cells were sufficient to decrease lung virus titr, whereas 2×106 CD8+ cells were needed to produce a similar effect. The unseparated T cell line and the CD4+ cell fraction secreted significant amounts of IL-3, IL-4 and IL-5 (P &lt; 0·001). High levels of IL-2 were produced only by the unseparated T cell line. The CD8+ cell fraction secreted IL-3 only. The results show that, cell-for-cell CD4+ cells are more anti-viral and more immunopathogenic than CD8+ cells in RS virus infected mice. Such effects may have contributed to the augmented disease seen in some infants vaccinated against RS virus.
Lymphotropic viruses in ‘common variable’ immunodeficiency—PCR analysis of lymphocyte DNA for HIV-1 and HHV-6
Authors: SA'ADU A , THOMSON B J , BOUNTIFF L , WEBSTER A D B 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYDNA of circulating lymphocytes obtained from 17 patients with ‘common variable’ immunodeficiency (CVID) was tested for the presence of HIV-1 sequences, using a variety of primers complementary to conserved regions of HIV-1 genomes. None of the patients was positive. The DNA from 12 CVID patients was tested for the presence of human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), using appropriate primers for this virus which is known to remain latent following primary infection in the majority of people during childhood. Similar numbers of patients and normal subjects were positive (about 30%), suggesting that CVID patients are not particularly prone to reactivation of this virus. Despite previous anecdotal reports of an unexplained association between HIV-1 and CVID, we conclude that there is no evidence that this virus is implicated in the pathogenesis of CVID. A role for HHV-6 also seems unlikely.