bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Does History Matter to Legal Epistemology?
Authors: Del Mar Maksymilian 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This paper argues that not only does history matter to legal epistemology, but also that understanding legal epistemology can yield a certain understanding of the past. The paper focuses on the common law practice of precedent and argues that there is no set of rules, principles, reasons or material facts that constitute the fixed or foundational content of past decisions (a ‘timeless what’ that determines its own relevance), but rather that what is taken by a judge resolving a particular dispute to be the content of past decisions depends on the active and creative construal of relevance engaged in by that judge. Precedents are better thought of as ‘thick resources with dynamic content’. Such content is constrained by a variety of stabilising practices, but never so constrained as to determine how it can be construed to be relevant. This image of law’s past may offer a general view of the past as something with which we can actively and creatively relate in the course of coping with the present.
What Does History Matter to Philosophy of Science? The Concept of Replication and the Methodology of Experiments
Authors: Schickore Jutta 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Scientists and philosophers generally agree that the replication of experiments is a key ingredient of good and successful scientific practice. “One-offs” are not significant; experiments must be replicable to be considered valid and important. But the term “replication” has been used in a number of ways, and it is therefore quite difficult to appraise the meaning and significance of replications. I consider how history may help – and has helped – with this task. I propose that: 1) Studies of past scientific episodes in historical context and of recent philosophical contributions to the discussion are heuristic tools for exploring and clarifying the meaning of that concept. 2) The analysis of the development of the methodological imperative of replication sheds light on the significance scientists have attached to it, thereby contributing further to the clarification of the concept. 3) The analysis of the history of philosophical thought about methods and scientific methodology helps understand why philosophers have not paid much attention to the analysis of the concept of replication.
Piyyut Commentary in the Genizah
Authors: Loeffler Binyamin , Rand Michael 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In the following article, the authors present a critical edition of ms. T-S H 10.175. This manuscript is written in a medieval Oriental hand and contains continuous, lemmatic piyyut commentary. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the only such manuscript to be found in the Genizah. All of the piyyutim commented on in the manuscript (to the extent that these are identifiable) were composed by the Classical payyetan Eleazar be-rabbi Qillir. In the edition, the commentary text is transcribed and punctuated, lemmas are marked as such, and the piyyutim that are commented on are identified, along with the biblical and midrashic sources that the commentary employs. The commentary text is analyzed, with special stress on the hermeneutic technique that informs its composition. Together with this analysis, the authors provide an overview of the evidence for piyyut commentary that may be gleaned from the Genizah manuscripts.
Shrine Traditions of Wakhan Afghanistan
Authors: Mock John 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study, based on field work from 2004 to 2010, describes the religious, social and historical context of shrines in Wakhan District of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. Scholarly analysis of the significance of the shrines is balanced with the perspective of the people of Wakhan for whom the shrine traditions are part of a living landscape. Translated excerpts from interviews conducted in the Wakhi language at the shrines bring the Wakhi voice to the study, which focuses on one shrine (the shrine of the miracle of Nāser Khosrow in Yimit village) as an exemplar of shrine traditions. The study draws comparisons between documented shrine traditions in adjacent Wakhan Tajikistan and in Hunza-Gojal of Pakistan, locates the traditions within Pamir Ismaʿilism, and suggests outlines of a broader Pamir interpretive community.
Potentially an “Art Object”: Tajik Ismaʿilis’ Bāteni and Zāheri Engagement with Their Imam’s Image
Authors: Remtilla Aliaa 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis essay explores the way Ismaʿili Muslims living in the Tajik district of Ishkashim engage with images of their religious leader, the Imam (Aga Khan IV). I use Gell’s theory of art and agency to think through instances in which Ishkashimis imbue photographs of their Imam with the capacity to act. They do not treat these images as idols but abduct qualities of the Imam himself, such as his benevolent presence, from his icon. Ishkashimis do not imbue all images of their Imam with agency. Other images, such as newspaper photographs and films, provide information about the Imam as a politically engaged individual. They do not have the agency to act directly on Ishkashimis until and unless Ishkashimis reclaim their own agenda for the Imam’s image by abstracting it from contextualized information, and once more imbue it with agency. The article frames this discussion of images in the Ismaʿili concepts ofzāher(visible, apparent, temporal, transient, exoteric) andbāten(interior, hidden, spiritual, eternal, esoteric), questioning the effect of the Imam’s post-Sovietzāheripresence on Ishkashimis’ engagement with his images.
The Right to Education for Children in Emergencies
Authors: Anderson Allison , Hyll-Larsen Peter , Hofmann Jennifer 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper presents the key international legal instrument relevant for education, their use and links with policy frameworks and tools being developed by the humanitarian community to address education rights of children in conflict and emergencies. It describes the current thinking around the right to education in emergencies and why education is a central right to uphold from the onset of a crisis. It gives a brief introduction to how education can meet the international legal standards, as well as the international policy frameworks, such the Millennium Development Goals and Education for All. A continuous case study focuses on Cote d'Ivoire and how the right to education fared in the conflict of that country between 2000 and 2010. The paper looks at issues of enforceability and applicability of the right to education in emergencies, highlighting challenges and mechanisms at national, regional and international levels. The role of the InterAgency Network for Education in Emergencies' (INEE) Minimum Standards for Education as well as the Inter-Agency Standing Committee's (IASC) Education Cluster is discussed, again with specific reference to Cote d'Ivoire, and the centrality of existing monitoring and reporting mechanisms for child rights violations are highlighted. Bringing together all of these elements in one place and making a strong case for the use of both humanitarian and human rights law in securing the right to education in emergencies is what this article brings to the discussion, arguing that the Convention of the Rights of the Child must be seen as the most central instrument.
Forced Marriage and the Special Court for Sierra Leone: Legal Advances and Conceptual Difficulties
Authors: Oosterveld Valerie 
Published: December 2011

AbstractForced marriage was endemic during the Sierra Leonean conflict. Girls and women forced to serve as 'wives' to rebel soldiers were usually expected to submit to ongoing rape and to provide domestic labour to their 'husbands'. Many of these 'wives' suffer from continuing stigmatization. The Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone brought forced marriage charges as a crime against humanity through the category of inhumane acts against Brima, Kamara and Kanu, affiliated with the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), and Sesay, Kallon and Gbao, affiliated with the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). This article considers two benefits stemming from the resulting jurisprudence: the naming of forced marriage as an inhumane act and the acknowledgement of forced marriage as a violation not captured by other legal terms. However, conceptual difficulties remain: how should forced marriage be defined so as to fulfil the principle of nullum crimen sine lege? Is forced marriage more accurately labelled as enslavement? And, is conjugality accurately captured as a defining feature of forced marriage? If forced marriage is to be successfully prosecuted in other contexts – for example, in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia – then more attention must be paid to resolving these questions.
Estimating the Impact of Projected Climate Change on Runoff across the Tropical Savannas and Semiarid Rangelands of Northern Australia
Authors: Petheram Cuan , Rustomji Paul , McVicar Tim R. , Cai WenJu , Chiew Francis H. S. , Vleeshouwer Jamie , Van Niel Thomas G. , Li LingTao , Cresswell Richard G. , Donohue Randall J. , Teng Jin , Perraud Jean-Michel 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The majority of the world’s population growth to 2050 is projected to occur in the tropics. Hence, there is a serious need for robust methods for undertaking water resource assessments to underpin the sustainable management of water in tropical regions. This paper describes the largest and most comprehensive assessment of the future impacts of runoff undertaken in a tropical region using conceptual rainfall–runoff models (RRMs). Five conceptual RRMs were calibrated using data from 115 streamflow gauging stations, and model parameters were regionalized using a combination of spatial proximity and catchment similarity. Future rainfall and evapotranspiration projections (denoted here as GCMES) were transformed to catchment-scale variables by empirically scaling (ES) the historical climate series, informed by 15 global climate models (GCMs), to reflect a 1°C increase in global average surface air temperature. Using the best-performing RRM ensemble, approximately half the GCMES used resulted in a spatially averaged increase in mean annual runoff (by up to 29%) and half resulted in a decrease (by up to 26%). However, ~70% of the GCMES resulted in a difference of within ±5% of the historical rainfall (1930–2007). The range in modeled impact on runoff, as estimated by five RRMs (for individual GCMES), was compared to the range in modeled runoff using 15 GCMES (for individual RRMs). For mid- to high runoff metrics, better predictions will come from improved GCMES projections. A new finding of this study is that in the wet–dry tropics, for extremely large runoff events and low flows, improvements are needed in both GCMES and rainfall–runoff modeling.
The Ocean Circulation in Thermohaline Coordinates
Authors: Zika Jan D. , England Matthew H. , Sijp Willem P. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The thermohaline streamfunction is presented. The thermohaline streamfunction is the integral of transport in temperature–salinity space and represents the net pathway of oceanic water parcels in that space. The thermohaline streamfunction is proposed as a diagnostic to understand the global oceanic circulation and its role in the global movement of heat and freshwater. The coordinate system used filters out adiabatic fluctuations. Physical pathways and ventilation time scales are naturally diagnosed, as are the roles of the mean flow and turbulent fluctuations. Because potential density is a function of temperature and salinity, the framework is naturally isopycnal and is ideal for the diagnosis of water-mass transformations and advective diapycnal heat and freshwater transports. Crucially, the thermohaline streamfunction is computationally and practically trivial to implement as a diagnostic for ocean models. Here, the thermohaline streamfunction is computed using the output of an equilibrated intermediate complexity climate model. It describes a global cell, a warm tropical cell, and a bottom water cell. The streamfunction computed from eddy-induced advection is equivalent in magnitude to that from the total advection, demonstrating the leading-order importance of parameterized eddy fluxes in oceanic heat and freshwater transports. The global cell, being clockwise in thermohaline space, tends to advect both heat and salt toward denser (poleward) water masses in symmetry with the atmosphere’s poleward transport of moisture. A reprojection of the global cell from thermohaline to geographical coordinates reveals a thermohaline circulation reminiscent of the schematized “global conveyor.”
Activator protein 1 (AP-1) contributes to EpCAM-dependent breast cancer invasion
Authors: Sankpal Narendra V , Mayfield John D , Willman Mike W , Fleming Timothy P , Gillanders William E 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Introduction
EpCAM is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is overexpressed in the majority of epithelial carcinomas. However, the functional role of EpCAM in regulating cancer invasion remains controversial, and the mechanism(s) underlying EpCAM-mediated regulation of breast cancer invasion remain to be defined.

Methods
EpCAM expression was manipulated in breast cancer cell lines using RNA interference and cDNA expression constructs. Recombinant EpCAM was used to rescue EpCAM signaling following specific ablation of EpCAM. Protein and gene expression, invasion, transcription factor activity, and protein phosphorylation were measured using standard molecular biology techniques.

Results
In loss-of-function, and gain-of-function experiments we demonstrate that EpCAM expression is associated with increased breast cancer invasion in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate further that specific ablation of EpCAM expression is associated with decreased activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor activity. Phosphoprotein analyses confirm that specific ablation of EpCAM is associated with decreased phosphorylation of the AP-1 subunit c-Jun. Recombinant soluble extracellular EpCAM (rEpCAM) is able to rescue invasion, AP-1 transcription factor activity, and c-Jun phosphorylation in a dose-dependent fashion. Pharmacologic inhibitors, and constitutively active constructs of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway, suggest that the impact of EpCAM expression on AP-1 transcription factor activity is mediated through the JNK pathway. In functional rescue experiments, forced expression of c-Jun rescues invasion in breast cancer cells following specific ablation of EpCAM.

Conclusions
These data demonstrate for the first time that EpCAM expression can influence the JNK/AP-1 signal transduction pathway, and suggest that modulation of AP-1 transcription factor activity contributes to EpCAM-dependent breast cancer invasion. These data have important implications for the design and application of molecular therapies targeting EpCAM.
Volatile Organic Compound Sensing by Gold Nanoparticles Capped with Calix[4]arene Ligand
Authors: Kimura Mutsumi , Yokokawa Mei , Sato Seiko , Fukawa Tadashi , Mihara Takashi 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Gold nanoparticles capped with calix[4]arene ligands have been designed and synthesized for highly sensitive and selective VOC sensing. Mass sensors coated with porous nanoparticle films displayed a good response toward toluene gas.
Direct Synthesis of Phenol from Benzene over Platinum-loaded Tungsten(VI) Oxide Photocatalysts with Water and Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Tomita Osamu , Abe Ryu , Ohtani Bunsho 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Tungsten(VI) oxide loaded with nanoparticulate platinum (Pt/WO3) was demonstrated for the first time to exhibit photocatalytic activity for direct synthesis of phenol from benzene using water and molecular oxygen as reactants under ultraviolet or visible light irradiation; the selectivity for phenol (e.g., 74% at 69% of benzene conversion) on Pt/WO3 photocatalysts was much higher than those on platinum-loaded titanium(IV) oxide (Pt/TiO2) photocatalysts.
AC Electrochemical Stability of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Yang Fulong , Li Zuopeng , Zhang Shiguo , Zhang Qinghua , Hu Xiaodong , Zhang Xiaoping , Deng Youquan 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
AC electrochemical windows (AC EWs) of ILs were first investigated on Pt, glass carbon (GC), and Au electrodes with frequency ranging from 20 to 100 Hz. The result showed that the AC EW of ILs was much wider than the DC EWs, and the AC EW increased markedly with frequency and with electrode in the order of GC &gt; Pt &gt; Au. Moreover, AC CVs of ILs provide not only different AC EWs but also different current density under identical voltage that are both structure-dependent.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Allylsilanes Bearing Tetrasubstituted Olefin via 2,2-Diborylethylsilane
Authors: Endo Kohei , Sakamoto Akira , Ohkubo Takahiro , Shibata Takanori 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The regio- and stereoselective synthesis of allylsilane derivatives bearing a tetrasubstituted olefin was achieved using 2,2-diborylethylsilane as a key intermediate. The regioselective deprotonation of a 2,2-diborylethylsilane with LTMP and the subsequent nucleophilic addition to ketones gave corresponding allylsilanes in good to excellent yield with excellent stereoselectivity.
Relationships between Sunflower Plant Spacing and Yield: Importance of Uniformity in Spacing
Authors: McMaster Gregory S. , Buchleiter Gerald W. , Bausch Walter C. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production systems in semiarid regions often have poor seedling emergence and patchy stands leading to lower yield. We hypothesized plant spacing was positively related to individual plant yield and this relationship would strengthen as water deficits increased. In a 2‐yr study in Colorado, individual plant spacing and associated seed was measured for different irrigation treatments. Highly significant positive linear and second‐order polynomial regressions of individual plant spacing and yield (p < 0.001) were observed for all irrigation treatments in both years. However, given highly variable individual plant yield with spacing, regression explained no more than 16% of the variation. No consistent pattern in linear regression slope, y‐intercept, or R2 values among irrigation treatments were noted, thereby not supporting the expectation that the relationship would be greater as water deficits increased, although rainfall events may have confounded the results. Leverage plots showed similar results as the regression equations but indicated plant spacing explained yield variation more than irrigation treatment. Regression tree analysis further confirmed that plant spacing was more important than irrigation treatment in explaining final plant yield. These results suggest there is a cost to final yield per unit area where large spacing results in lower yields even though these plants have the highest yields per plant of any spacing classes.
Soybean Response to Soil Rhizobia and Seed‐applied Rhizobia Inoculants in Wisconsin
Authors: Furseth Branden J. , Conley Shawn P. , Ané Jean‐Michel 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTSeed‐applied rhizobia inoculants can be used to promote biological nitrogen fixation in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production, yet their efficacy remains highly variable. The goal of this study was to improve the predictability of a positive soybean seed yield and quality response to inoculation by (i) characterizing inoculant product response in multiple environments, and (ii) quantifying the response of soybean to indigenous soil rhizobia populations. Two inoculants and a control were tested on three soybean varieties at nine locations in Wisconsin during 2009 and 2010. Soil samples were collected from each plot for the quantification of soil rhizobia. Seed yield, protein, and oil did not respond to inoculation across all 18 environments (P = 0.15, 0.38, and 0.30, respectively). Three environments responded positively to inoculation (P < 0.05), while the remainder showed no response. Yield of the control treatment was positively correlated with the soil rhizobia population level across all environments (P = 0.005), while the inoculated treatments showed no response. These data indicate a yield advantage for inoculation at lower rhizobia populations; however, given the large range of response with only three of 18 environments showing a positive response, a rhizobia population threshold to aid in the decision to treat soybean seeds with a rhizobia inoculant cannot be determined.
Basis for Selecting Soft Wheat for End‐Use Quality
Authors: Souza Edward J. , Sneller Clay , Guttieri Mary J. , Sturbaum Anne , Griffey Carl , Sorrells Mark , Ohm Herbert , Van Sanford David 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWithin the United States, end‐use quality of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined by several genetically controlled components: milling yield, flour particle size, and baking characteristics related to flour water absorption. In 2007 and 2008, we measured the soft wheat quality of 187 soft winter wheat cultivars, released from 1801 to 2005, for the eastern United States. Wheat cultivars were grown in nine eastern United States environments. Quality traits included test weight, flour yield, softness equivalent (an estimator of break flour yield), flour protein concentration, solvent retention capacity (SRC) of flour, and sugar‐snap cookie quality. All of the traits had large variance components due to genotype. Flour milling characteristics had the largest ratio of genotype variance to genotype × environment interaction variance. Based on multivariate analysis of the trait correlation structure, breeders should focus on milling yield, flour softness equivalent, and sucrose SRC, as they predict long‐flow flour milling performance and have value for commercial milling and baking. These traits also have large genetic variance relative to genotype × environment interactions and represent distinct aspects of quality. Although some improvement in soft wheat milling and baking quality has been observed over the past 200 yr, the dominant effect of selection appears to be a stable standard of quality that is associated with the soft wheat classes of the eastern United States.
Herbage Mass, Herbage Rejection, and Chemical Composition of Signalgrass under Different Stocking Rates and Distances from Dung Pads
Authors: Teixeira V. I. , Dubeux J. C. B. , de Mello A. C. L. , Lira M. A. , Saraiva F. M. , dos Santos M. V. F. , Lira M. A. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTNutrients from fecal return may improve herbage growth and chemical composition, but herbage rejection may occur around dung pads. Rejected herbage increases in maturity and might be rejected in future grazing cycles. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of dung pad on soil and herbage characteristics of signalgrass [Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster (syn. Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.)] pastures managed under three stocking rates (1.9, 3.2, and 4.2 animal units (AUs) ha−1; 1 AU = 450 kg of cattle live weight). Herbage and soil responses were measured at different distances from the dung pad border (0 to 20, 20 to 40, and 40 to 60 cm). A rotational stocking was applied with 3 d of grazing and 32 or 67 d of resting for the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Herbage mass increased near the dung pad by 40% compared to the surrounding areas but was not affected by stocking rate. Herbage rejection was greater near the dung pad and rejection was greater at lower stocking rate. Plants distant from the dung pad presented lower P concentration. Regardless of stocking rate, K, N, and P fecal and herbage concentrations were affected by the grazing cycle, and there was a higher nutrient concentration during the rainy season. Soil beneath dung pad had higher pH value (5.6 vs. 5.2), Mehlich‐I P (22.4 vs. 12.5 g m−3), and K concentration (9 vs. 5 mol m−3) compared to soil from the surrounding areas. Grazing management practices should improve fecal distribution in pastures to maximize nutrient return via this pathway.