bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of a well‐trained team on the early learning curve of robot‐assisted laparoscopic procedures: the example of radical prostatectomy
Authors: Lebeau Thierry , Rouprêt Morgan , Ferhi Karim , Chartier‐Kastler Emmanuel , Bitker Marc‐Olivier , Richard François , Vaessen Christophe 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe robot‐assisted laparoscopic approach for radical prostatectomy (RARP) is being performed increasingly worldwide to treat localized prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to compare the learning curves of two surgeons with different surgical experiences.MethodsA prospective collection of peri‐operative data was made: age, body mass index, PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score, operative time (OT), blood loss (BL), pathological stages, final Gleason scores, and complications. Patients were included, in two groups. The first group comprised the first 100 patients undergoing RARP by an expert laparoscopic surgeon. The second group of 100 patients was operated on by a junior surgeon without robotic console experience. Post‐operative complications were defined according to the Clavien grading system for surgical morbidityResultsFor groups 1 and 2 median age was 63 and 62 years, respectively; median pre‐operative PSA level was 10 and 8, respectively; the median BMI was 24 and 25, respectively. The median operative time (OT) was 179 and 160 min, respectively (p > 0.05); and median blood loss was 217 and 346 ml, respectively (p = 0.04). The overall transfusion rate was 1.5% and two major complications were recorded in group 1 and four in group 2.ConclusionsRARP is safe and reproducible even during the initial learning curve. Overcoming the learning curve is multifactorial and is necessarily dependent on the surgeon. However, joining a well‐trained team probably affects positively the performance of the surgeon. The value of expert centers to train new surgeons to RARP needs to be evaluated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lightweight traceability assessment method for medical device software
Authors: Casey Valentine , Mc Caffery Fergal 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYTraceability is central to medical device software development and essential for regulatory approval. For compliance to be achieved, an effective traceability process needs to be in place. This process must ensure the need for clear linkages and traceability from software requirements – including risks – through the different stages of the software development and maintenance lifecycles. This is difficult to achieve because of the lack of specific guidance within the medical device standards and documentation. This has resulted in many medical device companies employing inefficient software traceability processes. In this paper, we outline the development and implementation of Med‐Trace, a lightweight software traceability process assessment and improvement method developed specifically for the medical device industry. We also present and discuss findings from two industry‐based Med‐Trace assessments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epigenetic modifications may play a role in the developmental consequences of early life events
Authors: Bloomfield Frank H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Many aspects of postnatal development are influenced by events before birth, including cognitive and language development. An adverse intrauterine environment, for example secondary to poor maternal nutritional status, multiple pregnancy, or late preterm birth, is associated with increased risks of delayed or impaired childhood development and altered physiology in adulthood that may predispose to increased risk of adult disease. Maternal periconceptional undernutrition and twin conception can both result in late preterm birth, but it is less clear whether cases of late preterm birth not following a recognized early pregnancy event may still have their origin in the periconceptional period. Thus, the very earliest periods of pregnancy, and perhaps even the pre-pregnancy period, may be an important period determining the developmental trajectory of the fetus, and thus both pregnancy and later health outcomes. Profound epigenetic modifications to the genome occur in the early embryo as a normal part of development. Recent evidence suggests that environmental signals acting during early development may also result in epigenetic changes which may play a role in mediating the association between early life exposures and later phenotype.
Pelvic node removal and disease‐free survival in cervical cancer patients treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy
Authors: Suprasert Prapaporn , Charoenkwan Kittipat , Khunamornpong Surapan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship between the number of pelvic nodes removed and 5‐year disease‐free survival in early‐stage cervical cancer patients who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy (RHPL).MethodsThe medical records of 826 cervical cancer patients who underwent RHPL and who had at least 11 pelvic nodes removed at Chiang Mai University Hospital between January 2002 and December 2008 were reviewed. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to the number of nodes removed: 11–20 nodes (n = 243); 21–30 nodes (n = 344); 31–40 nodes (n = 171); and ≥ 41 nodes (n = 68). The 5‐year disease‐free survival of patients in each group was compared. The clinicopathological factors were analyzed using Cox regression to identify independent prognostic factors.ResultFive‐year disease‐free survival was not significantly different among the 4 groups. When patients with and without nodal involvement were considered separately, the 5‐year disease‐free survival in all groups was not significantly different. At multivariate analysis, the number of pelvic nodes removed was not an independent prognostic factor.ConclusionThe number of pelvic nodes removed was not associated with 5‐year disease‐free survival or number of positive pelvic nodes.
Integrating patients' views into health technology assessment: Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as a method to elicit patient preferences
Authors: Danner Marion , Hummel J. Marjan , Volz Fabian , van Manen Jeannette G. , Wiegard Beate , Dintsios Charalabos-Markos , Bastian Hilda , Gerber Andreas , IJzerman Maarten J. 
Published: October 2011

Background: Patient involvement is widely acknowledged to be a valuable component in health technology assessment (HTA) and healthcare decision making. However, quantitative approaches to ascertain patients' preferences for treatment endpoints are not yet established. The objective of this study is to introduce the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as a preference elicitation method in HTA. Based on a systematic literature review on the use of AHP in health care in 2009, the German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) initiated an AHP study related to its HTA work in 2010.Methods: The AHP study included two AHP workshops, one with twelve patients and one with seven healthcare professionals. In these workshops, both patients and professionals rated their preferences with respect to the importance of different endpoints of antidepressant treatment by a pairwise comparison of individual endpoints. These comparisons were performed and evaluated by the AHP method and relative weights were generated for each endpoint.Results: The AHP study indicates that AHP is a well-structured technique whose cognitive demands were well handled by patients and professionals. The two groups rated some of the included endpoints of antidepressant treatment differently. For both groups, however, the same six of the eleven endpoints analyzed accounted for more than 80 percent of the total weight.Conclusions: AHP can be used in HTA to give a quantitative dimension to patients' preferences for treatment endpoints. Preference elicitation could provide important information at various stages of HTA and challenge opinions on the importance of endpoints.
Epidemiology of Injuries in Nigeria—A Systematic review of Mortality and Etiology
Authors: Thanni Lateef O.A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground: Trauma is a major health issue worldwide, but especially so in developing countries such as Nigeria, where no comprehensive, national, injury data exist. There is a need to better define the epidemiology of injury as a basis for formulation of violence and injury prevention strategy.Methods: This is a systematic analysis of published data on the epidemiology of injuries.Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe the prevalent causes of injury among adults and children, and the causes of injury mortality.Results: The medical records of 15,694 patients from the age of two weeks to 95 years formed the analysed data set. The mean value of their ages was 27 ±13 years and the gender ratio (M:F) 2:1. The injury burden is 11.2/100,000 population. The prevalent causes of injury are: (1) road traffic crashes (RTCs) = 68.4 % of 9939 patients; (2) fall = 5.5%; (3) gunshot injury = 3.2%; and (4) burns = 2.4%. Among children, the leading causes are: (1) RTC = 33.9% of 2,199 patients; (2) fall = 29.1%; (3) foreign body related = 5.5%; (4) bites = 4.9%; and (5) burns = 4%. Mortality resulted mainly from head injury, 26.6% of 575, and hemorrhage 8.3%.Conclusions: Road traffic incidents are the leading cause of injury among adults and children. Falls are six times more prevalent among children than for adults. Burns and firearm injuries are relatively uncommon. Injury mortality results mainly from head injury and hemorrhage.
Hospital Disaster Planning in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Stander Melanie , Wallis Lee Alan , Smith Wayne Patrick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIntroduction: The aim of this study was to describe the current state of disaster preparedness in hospitals in the public sector in the Western Cape, South Africa with the advent of the FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup. The objectives included the completion of a self-reported assessment of readiness at all Western Cape public sector hospitals, to identify best practice and shortfalls in these facilities, as well as putting forward recommendations for improving disaster preparedness at these hospitals.Methods: The National Department of Health, as part of the planning for the FIFA 2010 World Cup, appointed an expert committee to coordinate improvements in disaster medicine throughout the country. This workgroup developed a Self Reported Hospital Assessment Questionnaire, which was sent to all hospitals across the country. Data only were collected from public hospitals in the Western Cape and entered onto a purpose-built database. Basic descriptive statistics were calculated. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Sciences Faculty Research Committee of the University of Cape Town.Results: Twenty-seven of the 41 (68%) public hospitals provided completed data on disaster planning. The study was able to ascertain what infrastructure is available and what planning already has been implemented at these institutions.Recommendations: Most hospitals in the Western Cape have a disaster plan for their facility. Certain areas need more focus and attention; these include: (1) increasing collaborative partnerships; (2) improving HAZMAT response resources; (3) specific plans for vulnerable populations; (4) contingency plans for communication failure; (5) visitor, media and VIP dedicated areas and personnel; (6) evacuation and surge capacity plans; and (7) increased attention to training and disaster plan exercises.
SABIO-RK: Access to Biochemical Reaction Kinetics Data
Authors: Golebiewski Martin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSABIO-RK (http://sabio.h-its.org/) is a curated database for biochemical reaction kinetics data drawn from different sources: from literature or direct submission by experimenters. The system offers standardized data by the use of controlled vocabularies and annotations pointing to other resources and biological ontologies. SABIO-RK can be accessed either manually via a web-based search interface or automatically via web services that allow direct data access by other tools. Both interfaces support the export of the data together with its annotations in SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language) complying with the MIRIAM (Minimal Information Requested In the Annotation of biochemical Models) standard. New RESTful web services, as well as a new browser interface both offer extended functionality, such as hierarchical search for data based on organism taxonomy or tissue and cell type ontology.SABIO-RK facilitates the exchange of kinetic data between experimentalists and modelers, and thereby supports the setup of quantitative computer models. The web services and the degree of data integration make it well suited for its integration into applications using or requiring kinetic data, such as systems biology modeling platforms.
Cultural Heritage in Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Authors: Filipa Vrdoljak Ana 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the protection of cultural heritage by humanitarian law (IHL), international human rights law (IHRL), and international criminal law (ICL). First, it outlines the exceptional treatment of cultural heritage in general international humanitarian law instruments including those covering non-international armed conflicts, and its overlap with international human rights law. Then, it details how this protection has been built upon by the specialist regime for the protection of cultural heritage during armed conflict and belligerent occupation developed under the auspices of UNESCO. Next, the chapter analyzes ICL jurisprudence from the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg to the International Criminal Court for the former Yugoslavia, to show how efforts to prosecute violations of the laws and customs of war relating to cultural heritage have been intrinsic to the articulation and prosecution of crimes against humanity and genocide. Finally, it considers the evolving and potential future normative trends in this field in the light of recent developments with reference to obligations erga omnes, intentional destruction and the content of the obligation, and intangible heritage and cultural diversity.
Are Victims of Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Entitled to Compensation?
Authors: Gaeta Paola 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Despite the expansion and development of international human rights law and, in more recent times, of international criminal law, victims of serious violations of rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) are still not considered to be entitled to reparation under international law. The common wisdom is that only the belligerent party as such has this legal entitlement, including for violations of IHL causing damage to specific individuals. This chapter examines to what extent the traditional approach to this issue is tenable today, when serious violations of IHL are at stake. It begins by stressing the ambiguities of the relevant provisions on compensation enshrined in the Hague Convention IV (Hague IV) of 1907 and Additional Protocol I (AP I) to the Geneva Conventions (GC). It then discusses the applicable rules under the general regime on state responsibility, in particular the rules regarding violations of erga omnes obligations. This analysis hopes to help with the identification of which states are entitled to ask for compensation within an inter-state framework or in the case of serious violations of the laws of warfare committed in non-international armed conflicts. Finally, some recent developments which indicate that under international law individuals have the right to obtain compensation from the state responsible for serious violations of IHL are considered.
Alienists, Neurologists, and Nerve-Doctors
Authors: Oppenheim Janet 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the framework within which British psychiatry took shape during the 19th century, which shared the weaknesses of the medical profession as a whole, but few of the strengths. Until the 1840s, in fact, mad-doctors were saddled with a number of particularly severe disabilities in their efforts to achieve professional recognition. Of these, the gravest was public uncertainty whether madness was really a medical problem at all, best treated by trained medical practitioners. The very origins of the psychiatric specialty within British medicine could be traced to the 18th-century competition between medical men and lay proprietors for control of “the trade in lunacy”—the establishment and management of private madhouses, which could prove profitable enterprises.
Nerve Force and Neurasthenia
Authors: Oppenheim Janet 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The notion of nerve force has a venerable ancestry, extending back to the animal spirits that figured in classical medicine. Whatever physical properties Victorian and Edwardian medical men assigned to nerve force, they all concurred in warning that every person possessed only limited amounts. Heedless overexertion, whether mental or physical, could drain an individual's supply, leaving an exhausted nervous system incapable of all endeavors. Failure of nervous power meant utter incapacitation. From the 1880s to World War I, however, the new diagnostic category of neurasthenia seemed to impart not merely enhanced medical legitimacy, but also real distinction, to the sundry symptoms of depression formerly subsumed under the less specific concept of nervous prostration. Occupying so prominent a place in the late Victorian and Edwardian literature on the nerves, the concept of neurasthenia figured centrally in the tangled mass of conflicting medical attitudes concerning the impact of modem civilization on human health.
Nerve Tonics and Treatments
Authors: Oppenheim Janet 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
When alienists and nerve specialists set themselves to cure patients incapacitated by nervous breakdown, the treatments they designed reflected their awareness that mind and body needed to be healed together. Although there is no single prescription for the care of shattered nerves, virtually all of the therapeutic methods employed during the Victorian and Edwardian decades sought to address both somatic and psychological distress, restoring the depleted supplies of nerve force that precipitated the collapse and calming whatever form of mental strain that had exacerbated it. Throughout Victoria's reign, most medical men relied on drugs during some stage of a nervous patient's treatment. However, Victorian and Edwardian doctors had no idea why some forms of therapy worked well on some depressed patients and had no effect, or a highly detrimental one, on others.
Rhythm Nation
Authors: Wilson Ivy G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter extends the discussion of rhetoric and sound by considering issues of prosody to analyze how African American poets used songs and musical cadences to translate their political messages. It examines various sonic emanations including muted voices, song lyrics, and instrumental airs embedded in mid-19th century African American verse by poets such as James M. Whitfield and Joshua McCarter Simpson. Focusing primarily on Frances Ellen Watkins (Harper), it interrogates how these poets exploited musical elements of prosody as mnemonic devices to simultaneously fashion their verses as artful poetry and political discourse. Theorizing this art form as “the remix,” the chapter illustrates how utterly attuned African Americans were with the idioms of the national language and how they engaged in practices of code-switching.
The Spectacle of Disorder
Authors: Wilson Ivy G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter interrogates the idea of visuality in Herman Melville's short story “Benito Cereno” (1855) by examining the arrangement of space about the slave ship San Dominick. Turning away from the prevailing New Historicist readings, it argues that the text's fraught aesthetic sensibility needs to be correlated to the ambiguous social position of the African slaves. In Melville's story, the Spanish ship is riddled with improperly placed things, half-finished pieces of art, rude performances, and graffiti scrawling. “Benito Cereno” is best understood through its staging of art that are put into high relief if one thinks about the Africans as curators of sorts; the story sets the American Captain Delano's desire to restore law and order against the statelessness of the slaves whose insurrection is fashioned as a veritable example of Outsider Art.
Patriots and Patriotism
Authors: Gerrard Christine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book deals with patriotism, politics, and poetry in the age of Robert Walpole. It is especially concerned with the activities and writings of the dissident, or ‘Patriot’ Whigs, Walpole's most vigorous critics in parliament and the press in the years after 1725. It explores the broader currents of national feeling enshrined in the Patriots' distinct brand of oppositional poetry and drama: a body of literature which played a vital role in shaping the way in which poets (and, indeed, less elevated mortals) from the 1740s onwards conceived of themselves as uniquely British. It was James Thomson, one such poet, who produced ‘Rule, Britannia’ for his royal masque, Alfred, written for Frederick, Prince of Wales, the Patriots' political figurehead. When Alfred's venerable British Bard, ancient and blind, first stepped across an open-air stage to Arne's swelling tune and spoke those memorable lines one warm night in August 1740, Britain was basking in Admiral Vernon's recent victory at Porto Bello. National pride was at its height, and ‘Rule, Britannia’, which began life as a potent piece of opposition propaganda, soon became the unofficial national anthem.
Whigs in Opposition
Authors: Gerrard Christine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Eighteenth-century patriotism once seemed a relatively straightforward phenomenon. Recent cultural and historical research has rendered it more interesting and (inevitably) infinitely more complicated. The same may be said of the transformations which revisionist historians of the last two decades have made to the landscape of early Hanoverian party politics. In both Parliament and the press, Robert Walpole faced a heterogeneous body of political adversaries, a ‘hybrid’ opposition. The Tories, consigned to near-permanent opposition after the Hanoverian accession in 1714 and the onset of single-party Whig government, formed the largest and most consistent opposition element in the Commons. They were joined by a number of ‘independents’ (though their number is debatable) and by a series of dissident or Patriot Whigs who switched from supporting to opposing the Whig administration. The dissident Whig element became a consistent feature of opposition politics only after Walpole achieved a virtual monopoly on power in Britain in the early 1720s.