bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
20.—A Recently Discovered Challenger Sketchbook.
Authors: Henderson J. Welles , Stewart Harris B. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisIn 1968 the senior author discovered in a Boston, Massachusetts, bookstore a sketchbook of some 33 watercolours of the Challenger Expedition painted by Benjamin Shephard, a cooper assigned to the Challenger on November 15, 1872, at the age of 31. The paintings were all accomplished between the ship's departure from Gibraltar on January 26,1873, and the completion of her February 1874 work in the Antarctic before departing for Melbourne, Australia.Shephard's paintings are elliptical in shape and measure 9·75 by 5·5 inches, each within a painted ‘frame’ resembling a leather belt with a ‘buckle’ at the lower left. The paintings themselves are skilfully done and each shows the Challenger at a different location during the voyage.Since all but one of the paintings were dated by the artist, it has been possible to go back to the official narrative of the expedition and to the published logs kept by the Assistant Engineer, W. J. J. Spry, and by Sub-Lieutenant Lord George G. Campbell to determine just what was happening aboard at the time each painting was made. Excerpts from these logs provide the narrative accompanying the sketches which are to be published in book form to coincide with the Challenger Expedition Centenary celebrations. Black and white photographs of the sketchbook's cover and of four of the 33 sketches are included as part of this paper (Plates 1–5).
The Pressure Sensitivity of Marine Invertebrates—a résumé after 25 years
Authors: Morgan Elfed 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisEarly investigations into the effects of pressure on marine invertebrates were concerned mainly with determining limits of tolerance to extreme pressures, but within the last 25 years it has gradually emerged that many invertebrates are sensitive to quite small changes in pressure, often less than one atmosphere (1000 mb). The responses of most planktonic animals appear to be of a depth regulatory nature but certain littoral organisms show rhythmic changes in activity in response to cyclical pressure changes of tidal amplitude and frequency. The ecological role of such responses is considered.The parameters of the pressure sense are known only from behavioural studies and offer little information concerning the process of reception. A possible mechanism of transduction based on the compression of a surface film of gas is described.
Fishing Industry in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Aleem A. A. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisPrototypes of the more important contemporary fishing gear were in common use in Ancient Egypt. These included fish harpoons, hooks, hand and longlines, angling, trolling, cast nets, fish traps and baskets of various types, dip nets, weirs, seine nets (with and without pockets) and beam trawls.The seine and beam trawl appeared successively in the Old Kingdom (ca 2660–2180 B.C.) and Middle Empire (ca 2180–1640 B.C.), while the iron fish hook with barb, shank and eye or flange dates back to the New Empire (ca 1640–1075 B.C.).Archaeological material relevant to fishing consists of preserved samples, artifacts, models and papyrus scripts as well as relief illustrations in tombs and temple walls of scenes depicting fishing methods and crafts from various Dynasties.The importance of fisheries in the economy of Old Egypt is demonstrated by the exportation of fish commodities and the imposition of taxes on fishing rights and in the engagement of a large number of the population in fish industry. Fish processing included drying, salting, pickling, fish cake and fillet; various implements used were discovered.It is suggested that these basic fishing techniques (methods and gear) spread in time, along various routes, from Egypt to other parts of the world.
A new approach to determine the maximal singularity-free zone of 3-RPR planar parallel manipulator
Authors: Abbasnejad G. , Daniali H. M. , Kazemi S. M. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents a new algorithm to find the singularity-free cylindrical workspace of parallel manipulators. Because of the limited workspace of parallel manipulators cluttered with different types of singularities, a simple and robust technique to determine continuous singularity-free zones in the workspace of parallel manipulators is required. Here, the largest singularity-free cylinder within the workspace for any prescribed orientation ranging around a reference orientation angle of moving platform is determined. To this end, Particle Swarm Optimization is utilized to find the closest point on the singularity surface to the axis of the cylinder. By implementing the algorithm on 3-RPR planar parallel manipulator, the results show that this algorithm improves the efficiency and leads to significantly larger singularity-free workspace than those reported earlier.
The medical hazards of travel
Authors: Jamieson William M. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe speed and frequency of modern travel has brought problems to the traveller that were less obvious in more leisurely days; these are both of an infectious and non-infectious nature and especially relevant to travel in tropical and subtropical areas.Not everyone is at ease with air travel and travel sickness, anxiety, fatigue, and jet lag are experienced by many; sudden arrival in a new environment means adjustment to differences in heat, humidity and diet.Infectious diseases are more prevalent in many hot countries and fall into three broad groups: (a) those where fever predominates, (b) where diarrhoea is the main feature, and (c) a miscellaneous group.(a) Malaria, enteric fever, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, typhus fever, brucellosis and a wide range of viral infections.(b) Diarrhoea may vary from relatively mild travellers' diarrhoea to more serious dysentery. Other infections include cholera, salmonellosis, schistosomiasis and infections due to vibrios, protozoa and helminths.(c) Miscellaneous infections include rabies, poliomyelitis, hepatitis and the sexually transmitted diseases.To fully appreciate overseas travel the traveller must adopt sensible precautions before, during and after his journey. Practitioners must become familiar with the possibility of exotic illness and both under-graduate and post-graduate training take them into account.
Recent examples of travelling infection
Authors: Sharp J. C. M. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisDuring the 7 year period between 1975–81, a total of 2081 cases of infection were reported to the Communicable Diseases (Scotland) Unit, concerning persons with a history of recent overseas travel. The most frequently reported diseases were salmonellosis (829 cases), bacillary dysentery (345), malaria (236), campylobacter enteritis (219), giardiasis (125), enteric fever (82) and viral hepatitis (74).Holidaymakers, particularly those who had visited the Mediterranean area, were most frequently affected, comprising more than two-thirds (67·8%) of the total, followed by business travellers and immigrants. Nearly three-quarters (72·7%) of infections were reported between June and November. Young adults, particularly males between 15 and 34 years, were responsible for almost one-half (48·l%) of cases.Secondary spread of infection after arrival in Scotland was uncommon, occurring in less than 3% of cases. One unusual episode occurred in the North of Scotland when an imported rare salmonella serotype (S. zanzibar) subsequently contaminated milk at a dairy farm and later caused disease among young calves on another farm with seagulls being the apparent vehicle of secondary infection.
Evolutionary and ecological origins of British deer
Authors: Lister A. M. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe evolutionary origins and relationships of deer are briefly reviewed, with special reference to the species currently living wild or feral in Britain. Two species (red and roe) are native to this country; a third (fallow) was previously native but has been re-introduced from continental Europe; and three taxa (sika, muntjac and Chinese water-deer) have been introduced from eastern Asia. The Pleistocene history of red, roe and fallow deer in Europe is traced in detail, with emphasis on changing patterns of distribution and the climatic and vegetational conditions associated with fossil occurrences. Comparison of Pleistocene habitats with those occupied at the present day helps in an understanding of the ecological flexibility and rangelimiting factors of each species. The taxonomic status and habitats of the Asian species in Britain, as compared to their countries of origin, are briefly reviewed, and the dates of introduction into Britain of the Asian species and of fallow deer are discussed.
The Freshwater Input to the Tay Estuary
Authors: Pontin R. A. , Reid J. A. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe hydrology of the 6000 sq km basins of the rivers Tay and Earn is examined from the special point of view as the source of freshwater for the middle and lower parts of the Tay estuary. Discharge frequency curves and average inflow figures are presented and analysed. Using these flow figures and chemical analyses obtained since the completion of the Hydro-Electric schemes estimates of the dissolved oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand and suspended solids load transported into the estuary have been prepared.
Hodgson and the Hanuman Dhoka
Authors: Hutt Michael 
Published: December 2011

Brian Houghton Hodgson lived and worked at the British Residency in Kathmandu from1820 to 1843, and served as British Resident in Nepal for the last ten of these years.1 Hedied in 1894, and some 25 years after his death Perceval Landon wrote:Some time ago my attention was arrested by the remark of Mr. Cecil Bendall who, writing in 1886, while Hodgson was still alive, referred to him as ‘the greatest, and least thanked of all our English Residents’. It is difficult to dispute either adjective. Hodgson was indeed more than the greatest ofEnglish Residents. He was the founder of all our real knowledge of Buddhism. He was the only manwhose infinite variety of scholarship and interest could, unaided, have written the true history of Nepal.
3D Spectroscopic Surveys: Exploring Galaxy Evolution Mechanisms
Authors: Epinat Benoît 
Published: December 2011

AbstractI review the major surveys of high redshift galaxies observed using integral field spectroscopy techniques in the visible and in the infrared. The comparison of various samples has to be done with care since they have different properties linked to their parent samples, their selection criteria and the methods used to study them. I present the various kinematic types of galaxies that are identified within these samples (rotators, mergers, etc.) and summarize the discussions on the mass assembly processes at various redshifts deduced from these classifications: at intermediate redshift (z ~ 0.6) merger may be the main mass assembly process whereas the role of cold gas accretion along cosmic web filaments may increase with redshift. The baryonic Tully-Fisher relation is also discussed. This relation seems to be already in place 3 Gyr after the Big-Bang and is then evolving until the present day. This evolution is interpreted as an increase of the stellar mass content of dark matter haloes of a given mass. The discovery of positive abundance gradients in MASSIV and LSD/AMAZE samples is highlighted. At z ~ 3 this discovery might be linked to cold gas accretion along cosmic filaments toward the centre whereas at lower redshift (z ~ 1.3), this may be mainly due to accretion of gas from outer reservoirs toward the centre via tidal tails due to interactions.
The Turbulent ISM of Galaxies 10 Gyrs ago: Star Formation, Gas Accretion, and IMF
Authors: Le Tiran Loïc , Lehnert Matthew D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe utilization of integral-field spectroscopy has led us to a new understanding of the physical conditions in galaxies within the first few billion years after the Big Bang. In this proceedings, we analyze observations of ~50 massive galaxies as seen as they were 10 Gyrs ago using SINFONI from the ESO-VLT. We show that the large line width they exhibit can be explained by the intense mechanical energy output from the young stars. We also study the influence of cold gas accretion upon these galaxies: We show that an unrealistic amount of shocked gas would be needed in order to explain the Hα emission from these galaxies through shocks from gas accretion with velocity about the Hα line widths of these galaxies. We also use DEEP2 photometric measurements for a sub-sample of 10 of these galaxies to evaluate their ratio of Hα to FUV flux as a function of their Hα and R-band luminosity surface brightnesses. Our data suggests that perhaps their initial mass function (IMF) is flatter than Salpeter at the high mass end, as has been suggested recently for some local galaxies. It may be that high turbulence is responsible for skewing the IMF towards more massive stars as suggested by some theories of star-formation. Much work is however needed to accredit this hypothesis.
The Metallicity Evolution of Galaxies through the Cosmic Epochs
Authors: Maiolino R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe have found that local galaxies follow a very tight relation between gas metallicity, stellar mass and SFR, suggesting that their evolution is characterized by a long standing equilibrium between gas inflows, outflows and star formation. Surprisingly, even distant galaxies, out to z < 2.5, follow the same relation, suggesting that the same dominant mechanism of galaxy evolution is in place at any epoch, out to z < 2.5. However, by using deep near-IR spectroscopy (probing optical nebular lines at high-z), we find that galaxies at z > 3 deviate from such fundamental relation, by being significantly more metal poor. Spatially resolved metallicity maps of z > 3 disk galaxies reveal that they are characterized by central regions with low metallicity associated with the peak of star formation, indicating that the latter is due to massive inflow of pristine gas that both boosts star formation and dilutes the gas metallicity. Overall these results suggest that the metallicity evolution of galaxies at z > 3 is due to an excess of gas inflow at such early epochs, as expected by some recent models. Finally, we investigate the metallicity of merging systems, both locally and at high-z. By exploiting recent Herschel data, we have found that in these systems the dust content directly measured through the FIR-submm data is much higher than inferred from the metallicity measured through the optical nebular lines. The latter result suggests that, in these heavily obscured systems, optical observations only probe the outer, less enriched regions and are not representative of the bulk of the metal content.
Stellar Populations in M31 from Broad-band Photometry
Authors: Tamm Antti , Tempel Elmo , Tenjes Peeter , Tuvikene Taavi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDue to its proximity, size, complex structure and high inclination angle, M31 offers an excellent opportunity for studying galactic structures outside the Milky Way and for drawing implications for their cosmological origin. We have studied the stellar populations of M 31 using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) photometry and the Spitzer far-infrared (FIR) mappings of dust. Combining these data, we have constructed a 3-dimensional model of the galaxy, laying constraints on the intrinsic (dust-free) properties of the galaxy and its stellar populations: their apparent and intrinsic luminosities, luminosity distributions, colours, shapes and sizes. We have interpreted the derived spectral energy distributions with synthetic stellar populations created with the Starburst99 software, in order to constrain the ages and masses of the stellar components.
Astronomy Education: Research Paving the Road to Enthusiasm for Studying Science.
Authors: De Greve Jean-Pierre 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA brief analysis is given of the need for more trained people in science and technology versus the declined interest in studying sciences. In highlighting some of the aspects of research in astronomy, arguments are presented why astronomy education is by far the most attractive way to stimulate young people to study sciences later on. The availability of vast sets of scientific data with software instruments for instructional use is emphasized. Attention is also given to the changing world of young people, and to the needs and problems in Africa. Finally, some conclusions are given of how astronomy can contribute to transform education in sciences into an education for young people that attracts them towards science & technology.
Developing Astronomy in Uganda
Authors: Anguma S. K. , Jurua E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAstronomy as a discipline has not been widely established in Uganda. However, some aspects of astronomy, especially, concerning the solar system, are integrated in geography syllabi for secondary and tertiary institutions. The technological spin-off benefits from astronomy to humanity are immense and therefore, efforts should be geared towards establishing astronomy as an autonomous discipline across the entire school system in the Uganda. So far, the urge and efforts made to popularize the discipline in Uganda have started yielding tangible results. This paper presents the achievements and future strategies of establishing astronomy in Uganda's school system.
Chemical Signature of Gas-rich disc-disc Mergers at high Redshift
Authors: Martel Hugo , Richard Simon , Brook Chris B. , Kawata Daisuke , Gibson Brad K. , Sánchez-Blázquez Patricia 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe performed numerical simulations of mergers between gas-rich disc galaxies, which result in the formation of late-type galaxies. Stars formed during the merger end up in a thick disc that is partially supported by velocity dispersion and has high [α/Fe] ratios at all metallicities. Stars formed later end up in a thin, rotationally supported disc which has lower [α/Fe] ratios. While the structural and kinematical properties of the merger remnants depend strongly upon the orbital parameters of the mergers, we find a clear chemical signature of gas-rich mergers.
Numerical Simulations of KPG 302 (NGC 3893/96)
Authors: Rosado Margarita , Gabbasov Ruslan , Fuentes-Carrera Isaura 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe present the results of numerical simulations on the M51-type galaxy pair KPG 302 (NGC 3893/96) taking as boundary conditions for these simulations the results of our observations on the kinematics of this pair. The observations allow us to deduce the different components of each galaxy in the pair (stellar disk and bulge, dark matter halo) as well as the geometry of the encounter at the present time. The numerical simulations were carried out using GADGET2 numerical code including gas. We describe in detail how the numerical simulations are being done. We succeeded to reproduce the actual conditions of the pair, in particular, the grand-design spiral arms of NGC 3893 (the main galaxy of the pair) when the numerical simulations include gas, consider a parabolic direct collision and multiple passages.
Scale Length of Disk Galaxies
Authors: Fathi Kambiz 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDisk scale length rd and central surface brightness μ0 for a sample of 29955 bright disk galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey have been analyzed. Cross correlation of the SDSS sample with the LEDA catalogue allowed us to investigate the variation of the scale lengths for different types of disk/spiral galaxies and present distributions and typical trends of scale lengths all the SDSS bands with linear relations that indicate the relation that connect scale lengths in one passband to another. We use the volume corrected results in the r-band and revisit the relation between these parameters and the galaxy morphology, and find the average values 〈rd〉 = 3.8 ± 2.1 kpc and 〈μ0〉 = 20.2 ± 0.7 mag arcsec−2. The derived scale lengths presented here are representative for a typical galaxy mass of 1010.8 M⊙, and the RMS dispersion is larger for more massive galaxies. We analyse the rd–μ0 plane and further investigate the Freeman Law and confirm that it indeed defines an upper limit for μ0 in bright disks (rmag < 17.0), and that disks in late type spirals (T ≥ 6) have fainter central surface brightness. Our results are based on a sample of galaxies in the local universe (z < 0.3) that is two orders of magnitudes larger than any sample previously studied, and deliver statistically significant results that provide a comprehensive test bed for future theoretical studies and numerical simulations of galaxy formation and evolution.
The Large-scale Structure in the Chandra Deep Field South
Authors: Trevese Dario , Fiore Fabrizio , Piconcelli Enrico , Castellano Marco , Pentericci Laura , Ranalli Piero , Comastri Andrea 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe have studied the large scale distribution of matter in the Chandra Deep Field South on the basis of photometric redshifts and we have identified several over-densities between redshift 0.6 and 2.3. We analyse two of these structures using the deepest X-ray observations ever obtained: 4 Ms with the Chandra satellite and 2.5 Ms with XMM-Newton. We set a very faint upper limit on the X-ray luminosity of a structure at redshift 1.6, and we find an extended X-ray emission from a structure at redshift 0.96 of which we can estimate the gas temperature and make a comparison with the scaling relations between the X-ray luminosity and mass or temperature of high redshift galaxy clusters.
Asymptotic Giant Branch Variables in NGC 6822
Authors: Whitelock Patricia A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMulti-epoch JHKS photometry is used to identify large amplitude variables and to study the AGB population of NGC 6822. 50 Mira variables, ranging in period from 128 to 998 days, have been identified. The majority of these are around 1 to 4 Gyr old, but a significantly younger component is also identified.
Utilizing multichannel electrical resistivity methods to examine the dynamics of the fresh water–seawater interface in two Hawaiian groundwater systems
Authors: Dimova Natasha T. , Swarzenski Peter W. , Dulaiova Henrieta , Glenn Craig R. 
Published: December 2011

Multichannel electrical resistivity (ER) measurements were conducted at two contrasting coastal sites in Hawaii to obtain new information on the spatial scales and dynamics of the fresh water–seawater interface and rates of coastal groundwater exchange. At Kiholo Bay (located on the dry, Kona side of the Big Island) and at a site in Maunalua Bay (Oahu), there is an evidence for abundant submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). However, the hydrologic and geologic controls on coastal groundwater discharge are likely to be different at these two sites. While at Kiholo Bay SGD is predominantly through lava tubes, at the Maunalua Bay site exchange occurs mostly through nearshore submarine springs. In order to calculate SGD fluxes, it is important to understand the spatial and temporal scales of coastal groundwater exchange. From ER time series data, subsurface salinity distributions were calculated using site‐specific formation factors. A salinity mass balance box model was then used to calculate rates of point source (i.e., spatially discreet) and total fresh water discharge. From these data, mean SGD rates were calculated for Kiholo Bay (∼9,200 m3/d) and for the Maunalua Bay site (∼5,900 m3/d). While such results are on the same order of magnitude to geochemical tracer‐derived SGD rates, the ER SGD rates provide enhanced details of coastal groundwater exchange that can enable a more cohesive whole watershed perspective.