bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sur la borne inférieure du rang du 2-groupe de classes de certains corps multiquadratiques
Authors: Mouhib A. 
Published: January 2011

RésuméSoient p1, p2, p3 et q des nombres premiers distincts tels que p1 ≡ p2 ≡ p3 ≡ –q ≡ 1 (mod 4), et Cl2(k) le 2-groupe de classes de k. A. Fröhlich a démontré que Cl2(k) n’est jamais trivial. Dans cet article, nous donnons une extension de ce résultat, en démontrant que le rang de Cl2(k) est toujours supérieur ou égal à 2. Nous démontrons aussi, que la valeur 2 est optimale pour une famille infinie de corps k.
Clinical outcome of Zweymüller total hip arthroplasty for patients with high congenital hip dislocation
Authors: Chen Dongyang , Xu Zhihong , Shi Dongquan , Qiu Xusheng , Dai Jin , Yuan Tao , Weng Wenjie , Jiang Qing 
Published: January 2011

Treatment of high congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) remains controversial. We report the outcome of hip arthroplasty using a cementless threaded cup and a cementless straight stem in patients with high congenital hip dislocation. Between January 2001 and August 2004, 17 patients with high congenital hip dislocation were treated. During surgery, at least 25% of the cup was anchored in bone. By monitoring somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) of the common peroneal nerve we were able to reduce the femoral head into position in the true acetabulum by releasing soft tissues. A bulk autogenous femoral head bone graft was implanted in 5 patients to achieve at least 75% bony coverage of the acertabular component. Follow-up ranged from 48 months to 91 months with an average of 69.7 months. The mean Harris hip score increased from 43 points preoperatively to 89 points at the time of final follow-up (P<0.001). Radiographic analysis showed bony union of the bone graft in all cases.
Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty: A Series of 140 Consecutive Hips with A Minimum Five Year Follow-Up. A Clinical, Radiological and Histological Analysis
Authors: Giannini Sandro , Cadossi Matteo , Chiarello Eugenio , Faldini Cesare , Moroni Antonio , Romagnoli Matteo 
Published: January 2011

We reviewed the clinical and radiological outcome at a minimum of five years of 140 consecutive metal-on-metal hip resurfacing (HR) arthroplasties in 132 patients. The mean follow-up was 73 months (62 to 105). Revision of either component was defined as failure. The average Harris hip score (HHS) was 58.6 (25 to 88) preoperatively and 94.4 (60 to 100) at the latest follow-up (p<0.0005). Average University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score was 3.1 (1 to 9) pre-operatively and 6.7 (2 to 10) post-operatively (p<0.0005). The survival after 6 years was 97.8% overall and 98.5% (excluding a post traumatic femoral neck fracture). These good medium-term results suggest that HR is an effective procedure in young and active patients.
Relationship between Sacral Pelvic Incidence and Acetabular Orientation
Authors: Legaye Jean , Duval-Beaupere Ginette , Barrau Andre , Boulay Christophe , Hecquet Jerome , Montigny Jean-Pierre , Tardieu Christine 
Published: January 2011

The importance of the sacral pelvic incidence (SPI) in relation to individual variations of sagittal spinal curvature has become well-recognised. We attempted to determine the relationship between SPI and acetabular orientation. The three-dimensional coordinates of 47 homologous points were observed on 51 adult anatomical pelvises (26 female and 25 male). The reference vertical plane was Lewinnek's anterior pelvic plane. 10 angular parameters and 11 linear parameters were defined and calculated. These were expressed both in absolute value (in millimetres) and in “acetabular unit” (relative to the mean value of the right and left acetabular rays). Mean values of the parameters were calculated for all pelvises and according to gender. There were two dominant parameters: the “sacral slope” and the “V pubic angle”. “Acetabular tilting” was primarily dependant on the “sacral slope” and its intermediary on the “SPI”, while “acetabular anteversion” dependent on the “V pubic angle” via the “angle of prow”. It is recommended that positioning of the acetabular cup in total hip arthroplasty relates to anatomical parameters, and to the global sagittal balance of the pelvi-spinal unit.
Type? What Type? Further Reflections on the Extended Threshold
Authors: Hensel Michael 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMichael Hensel draws a parallel between the present and a moment in the early 1990s when typology seemed poised to come to the fore. He highlights how despite a promising start this interest slipped away and was supplanted by an obsession with topography and highly complex surfaces, leading to a primacy of the individual built form over the urban.
Penang Tropical City, Penang, Malaysia OMA
Authors: Bravo da Costa João 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA mixed‐use programme for Penang in Malaysia with the potential to accommodate a resident population of 27,000 required OMA to operate at a planning level, while providing architectural definition. João Bravo da Costa describes how this led to a strategy that focused on types rather than objects, and specifically a typological distribution of programme across the site.
Singapore Buona Vista Masterplan Competition, Singapore
Authors:   Toyo Ito & Associates, Architects
Published: January 2011

AbstractA plan for an IT‐based research city in Singapore provided Toyo Ito & Associates with the unique opportunity to rethink urban typology. In a project that revives some of the ideas of 1960s metabolism, Ito recasts architecture and infrastructure in a unified structure that envisions the city environment as a ‘neuron‐like network of sequences’.
21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
Authors:   Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa/SANNA
Published: January 2011

Abstract‘Tactical translucency’ is a distinct characteristic of the work of SANAA's Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa. In the 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, it was applied as a strategy in which to blur the boundaries between the city and the interior space of the art museum, creating a type that fuses areas for public activities and the more contemplative gallery spaces.
Dicyanovinyl–Substituted Oligothiophenes: Structure‐Property Relationships and Application in Vacuum‐Processed Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Fitzner Roland , Reinold Egon , Mishra Amaresh , Mena‐Osteritz Elena , Ziehlke Hannah , Körner Christian , Leo Karl , Riede Moritz , Weil Matthias , Tsaryova Olga , Weiß André , Uhrich Christian , Pfeiffer Martin , Bäuerle Peter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEfficient synthesis of a series of terminally dicyanovinyl (DCV)‐substituted oligothiophenes, DCVnT 1–6, without solubilizing side chains synthesized via a novel convergent approach and their application as electron donors in vacuum‐processed m‐i‐p‐type planar and p‐i‐n‐type bulk heterojunction organic solar cells is described. Purification of the products via gradient sublimation yields thermally highly stable organic semiconducting materials in single crystalline quality which allows for X‐ray structure analysis. Important insights into the packing features and intermolecular interactions of these promising solar cell materials are provided. Optical absorption spectra and electrochemical properties of the oligomers are investigated and valuable structure–property relationships deduced. Photovoltaic devices incorporating DCVnTs 4–6 showed power conversion efficiencies up to 2.8% for planar and 5.2% for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells under full sun illumination (mismatch corrected simulated AM 1.5G sunlight). The 5.2% efficiency shown here represents one of the highest values ever reported for organic vacuum‐deposited single heterojunction solar cells.
Dynamic Aspects of Films Prepared by a Sequential Deposition of Species: Perspectives for Smart and Responsive Materials
Authors: Lavalle Philippe , Voegel Jean‐Claude , Vautier Dominique , Senger Bernard , Schaaf Pierre , Ball Vincent 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe deposition of surface coatings using a step‐by‐step approach from mutually interacting species allows the fabrication of so called “multilayered films”. These coatings are very versatile and easy to produce in environmentally friendly conditions, mostly from aqueous solution. They find more and more applications in many hot topic areas, such as in biomaterials and nanoelectronics but also in stimuli‐responsive films. We aim to review the most recent developments in such stimuli‐responsive coatings based on layer‐by‐layer (LBL) depositions in relationship to the properties of these coatings. The most investigated stimuli are based on changes in ionic strength, temperature, exposure to light, and mechanical forces. The possibility to induce a transition from linear to exponential growth in thickness and to change the charge compensation from “intrinsic” to “extrinsic” by controlling parameters such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength are the ways to confer their responsiveness to the films. Chemical post‐modifications also allow to significantly modify the film properties.
Ligand‐Assisted Assembly Approach to Synthesize Large‐Pore Ordered Mesoporous Titania with Thermally Stable and Crystalline Framework
Authors: Zhang Junyong , Deng Yonghui , Gu Dong , Wang Shutao , She Lan , Che Renchao , Wang Zhong‐Sheng , Tu Bo , Xie Songhai , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA novel ligand‐assisted assembly approach is demonstrated for the synthesis of thermally stable and large‐pore ordered mesoporous titanium dioxide with a highly crystalline framework by using diblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐polystyrene (PEO‐b‐PS) as a template and titanium isopropoxide (TIPO) as a precursor. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy, and N2‐sorption measurements indicate that the obtained TiO2 materials possess an ordered primary cubic mesostructure with large, uniform pore diameters of about 16.0 nm, and high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas of ∼112 m2 g−1, as well as high thermal stability (∼700 °C). High resolution TEM and wide‐angle XRD measurements clearly illustrate the high crystallinity of the mesoporous titania with an anatase structure in the pore walls. It is worth mentioning that, in this process, in addition to tetrahydrofuran as a solvent, acetylacetone was employed as a coordination agent to avoid rapid hydrolysis of the titanium precursor. Additionally, stepped evaporation and heating processes were adopted to control the condensation rate and facilitate the assembly of the ordered mesostructure, and ensure the formation of fully polycrystalline anatase titania frameworks without collapse of the mesostructure. By employing the obtained mesoporous and crystallized TiO2 as the photoanode in a dye‐sensitized solar cell, a high power‐conversion efficiency (5.45%) can be achieved in combination with the N719 dye, which shows that this mesoprous titania is a great potential candidate as a catalyst support for photonic‐conversion applications.
Markers in the 15q24 nicotinic receptor subunit gene cluster (CHRNA5‐A3‐B4) predict severity of nicotine addiction and response to smoking cessation therapy
Authors: Sarginson Jane E. , Killen Joel D. , Lazzeroni Laura C. , Fortmann Stephen P. , Ryan Heather S. , Schatzberg Alan F. , Murphy Greer M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractStopping smoking is difficult even with treatment. Many patients prescribed pharmacologic treatments for smoking cessation experience side effects or lack of efficacy. We performed a pharmacogenetic study of the efficacy and tolerability of bupropion and transdermal nicotine (TN), two treatments for smoking cessation. Samples were drawn from two studies. In the first study (Maintenance 1, MT1), 301 smokers received bupropion plus TN for 11 weeks, followed by 14 weeks of placebo or bupropion. In the second study (MT2), 276 smokers received bupropion and TN for 8 weeks. We focused on eight SNPs in the 15q24 region, which contains the genes for the nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunits CHRNA5, CHRNA3, and CHRNB4, and has previously been implicated in nicotine addiction and smoking cessation. Analyses of baseline smoking quantity (SQ) identified an association between SQ and both the functional CHRNA5 SNP rs16969968 (D398N) and the CHRNA3 SNP rs1051730 (Y215Y) in a combined cohort containing MT1 and MT2. An association between SQ and ethnicity was also identified in the combined cohort. Pharmacogenetic analysis showed a significant association between rs8192475 (R37H) in CHRNA3 and both higher craving after quitting and increased withdrawal symptoms over time in MT2. Two markers for point prevalence abstinence, CHRNA5 SNP rs680244 and CHRNB4 SNP rs12914008, were also identified in MT2, with the strongest findings at week 52. These results provide further support for the role of the CHRNA5/A3/B4 subunits in determining number of cigarettes smoked and response to smoking cessation therapy. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forcing a connection: Impacts of single‐molecule force spectroscopy on in vivo tension sensing
Authors: Brenner Michael D. , Zhou Ruobo , Ha Taekjip 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMechanical tension plays a large role in cell development ranging from morphology to gene expression. On the molecular level, the effects of tension can be seen in the dynamic arrangement of membrane proteins as well as the recruitment and activation of intracellular proteins. Forces applied to biopolymers during in vitro force measurements offer greater understanding of the effects of tension on molecules in live cells, and experimental techniques involving test tubes and live cells can often overlap. Indeed, when forces exerted on cellular components can be calibrated ex vivo with force spectroscopy, a powerful tool is available for researchers in probing cellular mechanotransduction on the molecular scale. This review will discuss the techniques used in measuring both cellular traction forces and single‐molecule force spectroscopy. Emphasis will be placed on the use of fluorescence reporter systems for the development of in vivo tension sensors that can be used for calibration with single molecule force methods. © 2011Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 332–344, 2011.
Removal of intact β2‐microglobulin at neutral ph by using seed‐conjugated polymer beads prepared with β2‐microglobulin‐derived peptide (58–67)
Authors: Kang Sungsoo , Yang Jee Eun , Kim Jehoon , Ahn Minkoo , Koo Hee Jung , Kim Mira , Lee Yoon‐Sik , Paik Seung R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRemoval of β2‐microglobulin (β2M) from the blood of patients suffering from kidney dysfunction is crucial to protect those individuals from getting the diseased state of dialysis‐related amyloidosis. By harnessing the nucleation‐dependent fibrillation process of amyloidogenesis, a β2M removal strategy has been proposed by preparing seed‐conjugated polymer beads and assimilating soluble β2M to the fibrils on the surface at neutral pH. A novel peptide segment of β2M ranging from residue 58 to residue 67 (Lys‐Asp‐Trp‐Ser‐Phe‐Tyr‐Leu‐Leu‐Tyr‐Tyr), which was capable of being fibrillated at neutral pH was isolated. Charge interaction between the positive N‐terminal lysine and the negative C‐terminal α‐carboxylic group was demonstrated to be critical for the molecular self‐assembly leading to the peptide fibril formation by favoring β‐sheet conformation. Because the peptide fibrils were successful to seed intact β2M at neutral pH, the fibrils were immobilized on polymer beads of HiCore resins, and the resulting seed‐conjugated beads were used to accrete intact β2M in the form of fibrils elongated on the bead surface. Its efficiency of the β2M removal was improved by placing the seed‐immobilized beads in the middle of a continuous flow of the β2M‐containing solution as practiced in the blood circulation during the hemodialysis. Therefore, this β2M removal system is suggested to exhibit high specificity, high binding capacity, and cost‐effectiveness appropriate for eventual clinical application to remove β2M from the blood of renal failure patients. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Effects of arginine on heat‐induced aggregation of concentrated protein solutions
Authors: Shah Dhawal , Shaikh Abdul Rajjak , Peng Xinxia , Rajagopalan Raj 
Published: January 2011

AbstractArginine is one of the commonly used additives to enhance refolding yield of proteins, to suppress aggregation of proteins, and to increase solubility of proteins, and yet the molecular interactions that contribute to the role of arginine are unclear. Here, we present experiments, using bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme (LYZ), and β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) as model proteins, to show that arginine can enhance heat‐induced aggregation of concentrated protein solutions, contrary to the conventional belief that arginine is a universal suppressor of aggregation. Results show that the enhancement in aggregation is caused only for BSA and BLG, but not for LYZ, indicating that arginine's preferential interactions with certain residues over others could determine the effect of the additive on aggregation. We use this previously unrecognized behavior of arginine, in combination with density functional theory calculations, to identify the molecular‐level interactions of arginine with various residues that determine arginine's role as an enhancer or suppressor of aggregation of proteins. The experimental and computational results suggest that the guanidinium group of arginine promotes aggregation through the hydrogen‐bond‐based bridging interactions with the acidic residues of a protein, whereas the binding of the guanidinium group to aromatic residues (aggregation‐prone) contributes to the stability and solubilization of the proteins. The approach, we describe here, can be used to select suitable additives to stabilize a protein solution at high concentrations based on an analysis of the amino acid content of the protein. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Human T‐lymphotropic virus tax activates human cytomegalovirus major‐immediate early promoter and improves production of recombinant proteins in HEK293 cells
Authors: Lwa Teng Rhui , Lee Jialing , Ng Chew Har , Lew Qiao Jing , Hia Hui Ching , Chao Sheng‐Hao 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe human cytomegalovirus (CMV) major immediate‐early (MIE) promoter is widely used in mammalian cells for production of recombinant proteins. It is of great interest to further enhance protein production driven by the CMV promoter. Here, we report that the Tax protein of human T‐lymphotropic virus stimulates the transgene expression under the control of CMV MIE promoter in HEK293 cells. At least threefold increases in transient production of recombinant proteins, including luciferase and two biopharmaceutical proteins (erythropoietin and interferon‐γ), were detected. Furthermore, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP)‐response element binding protein 2 (CREB2) was identified as a cellular cofactor, which might be responsible for Tax transactivation of the CMV MIE promoter. Our results not only demonstrate the potential use of this novel expression strategy for improvement of recombinant protein production in HEK293 cells but also provide the molecular mechanism for Tax‐mediated activation of CMV MIE promoter. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Chest impact experiments aimed at producing aortic rupture
Authors: Viano David C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThere are a number of proposed mechanisms of traumatic aortic rupture. These experiments involved three different chest impacts that may be associated with aortic rupture. Eleven unembalmed cadavers were repressurized and impacted by a 24–34 kg mass at 8.6–14.9 m/sec. Three impact orientations were studied with the torso axis: (1) 30–45° up from horizontal and impact 28–45° clockwise of the midsagittal axis, (2) 105–130° up from horizontal and impact 15° counterclockwise, and (3) 75° up from horizontal and impact 15° counterclockwise. Spinal acceleration was measured at T1, T8, and T12 and chest compression was determined by high‐speed video. Detailed autopsy determined injuries. Impact loads averaged 9.65 ± 2.45 kN and resulted in 52.8 ± 5.4% chest compression and 3.53 ± 0.94 m/sec Viscous response. The resultant spinal acceleration was 124.5 ± 105.4 g at T1, 141.3 ± 80.5 g at T8 and 89.3 ± 39.1 g at T12. The severity of impact resulted in multiple rib fractures and severe chest injury averaging AIS = 4.2 ± 1.0. There were four cases of heart laceration and one transection of the ascending aorta 20 mm from the cusp of the aortic valve. The impacts were severe enough that aortic rupture was expected; however, only one occurred. In retrospect, the position of the heart and aorta in the upright cadaver may not have been representative of the position during human injury, thus reducing the incidence of aortic rupture in these experiments. Clin. Anat. 24:339–349, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towards an Efficient Hydrogen Production from Biomass: A Review of Processes and Materials
Authors: Chen De , He Li 
Published: January 2011

AbstractConcerning the enhancement of H2 yield and selectivity, simplification of the H2 production process, and convenience of CO2 sequestration, hydrocarbon steam reforming integrated with in situ CO2 capture is a promising pathway for the production of hydrogen‐rich gas. The great potential of sorption enhanced reactions has been explored in many processes for sustainable H2 production from biomass, such as biomass steam gasification, tar elimination, the steam reforming of sugars, bio‐oil, biomass‐derived oxygenates, and bio‐gas, the upgrading of biomass‐derived synthesis gas, etc. The experimental demonstrations and thermodynamic analysis of current relevant studies have confirmed the benefits and flexibility of sorption enhanced reforming reactions. Catalyst properties are critical with respect to maximizing H2 yield and selectivity in the conversion of biomass or biomass‐derived chemicals through integrated reactions. Preferential CC cleavage is desirable for high selectivity to synthesis gas and a low selectivity to hydrocarbons. Based on the general principles of selective CC cleavage, activity for the water gas shift reaction and reduction of coking potential, the guidelines for a catalyst screen are discussed with a focus on the particular requirements of sorption enhanced H2 production. The performance of the CO2 acceptor is also important in improving H2 production efficiency. The application challenges and new development of CaO‐based materials as CO2 acceptors are also addressed.