bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Dykes of Marble and Quartz in connection with Plutonic Rock on the Upper Wollondilly in Argyle County, New South Wales
Authors: Clarke W. B. 
Published: October 2009

The tract of country described by the author in this memoir is situated not far from Sydney and Port Jackson, the river Wollondilly, whose gorge lays bare the geological structure of the district, taking its rise in latitude 34° 26' S., longitude 149° 23' E., and after receiving the waters of several streams running into the Nepean river, and emptying itself into the Ocean considerably to the south of Sydney.
The stratified rocks traversed by the remarkable defiles through which these rivers flow, belong to the sterile upper portions of the carboniferous formation so widely spread in Australia; and these carboniferous rocks are traceable (with occasional interruptions from basaltic dykes) from the district in question to the borders of the Illawarra region, where they present a lofty mural escarpment.
The Wollondilly, however, from its source to its junction with the Uringalla (except near Towrang), is described by the author as running through igneous and metamorphic rocks, which are laid bare over a considerable area between the Cockburndoon, the Derra, and the Uringalla rivers, where recent volcanic outbursts have disturbed the older rocks. The sedimentary rocks wrap round the margin of this area, the beds dipping at a considerable angle.
On the Miocene Tertiary Strata of Maryland, Virginia, and of North and South Carolina
Authors: Lyell Charles 
Published: October 2009

Between the hilly country of the United States and the Atlantic there intervenes a low and nearly level region, occupied principally by beds of marl, clay, and sand of the cretaceous and tertiary formations. Maclure, in 1817, in his “Geology of the United States,” laid down, with no small approach to accuracy, on a coloured map, the general limits of this great plain, and of the granitic district lying immediately to the westward. He also pointed out, that at the junction of these great geological regions almost all the great rivers descend suddenly by falls or rapids of moderate height, as the Delaware at Trenton, the Schuylkill near Philadelphia, the Potomac near Washington, the James River at Richmond, Virginia, the Savannah at Augusta in Georgia, and many others. At these points, therefore, the navigation is stopped, and a great many large cities have sprung up; so that the line which marks the western boundary of the tertiary, and the eastern of the granitic region, is at the same time one of peculiar geological, geographical, and political interest.
The general elevation of the great plain does not exceed a hundred feet, although it is sometimes considerably higher. Its width in the middle and southern States is very commonly from 100 to 150 miles.
On the Junction of the Transition and Primary Rocks of Canada and Labrador
Authors: Bayfield  
Published: October 2009

The country to the northward of Lakes Superior and Huron, and of the St. Lawrence River and Gulf, is for the most part a wilderness of primitive or granitic rocks. These rocks, from the northern shores of the two lakes just mentioned, pass close to the northward of Lake Simcoe, and are met with in ascending all the streams tributary to the Rice Lakes, and to Ontario from the north. Sending off a spur to the southward, they are seen at the N. E. extremity of the last-named lake on the immediate shore of the St. Lawrence, which they cross some miles below, forming many of the Thousand Islands, and uniting with the primary region in the northern part of the state of New York:
From Kingston and the Thousand Islands the primitive beds may be traced to the N.E., until they cross the Ottawa River near Lake Chât. Thence, continuing in the same direction, they form the northern side of the valley of the St. Lawrence, and the rapids and falls a few miles up its tributary streams, till they abut upon that river at Cape Tourment, nine or ten leagues below Quebec. From the point last designated, the granitic rocks continue without interruption to form the northern shore of the St. Lawrence river and gulf to the strait of Belle Isle.
Notice of a New Family of Crinoidal Animals, called Cystidea.
Authors: von Buch Leopold 
Published: October 2009

The Crinoidea are provided with long arms, penetrating plates, which together form a kind of cup containing the viscera of the animal. These arms, according to the discoveries of Mr. Thompson, which have since been fully confirmed by M. Müller of Berlin, in his beautiful analysis of the
Platycrinus
, have the ovaries placed at the base of pinnules attached to the arms. An ovarian orifice in the cup would therefore have been useless, and is not present.

In the most ancient formations there exist, however, bodies
without arms
, and generally of a nearly spherical form. These bodies, of which the cup closely resembles in all respects that of the Crinoidea, are always provided with an ovarian orifice, and further, they also have an anus by the side of the mouth. This is an organization different from that of the Crinoidea, and it will be useful to collect the various species into a group under a distinct name.

The
Cystidea
are distinguished, —

1.
By having the mouth constantly at the apex and in the centre, whcih is rarely the case in the Crinoidea

2.
By being provided with an ovarian orifice, generally situated in the upper part of the body or cup. This orifice is almost formed by five valves, pierced at their summit with a small hole.

2.
By having an anus not far from the mouth, and always on the right of the ovarian orifice.

The description of
On a Method of forming the Dust of Graphite into a solid Mass
Authors: Brockedon W. 
Published: October 2009

The
graphite
, or black-lead of commerce, of sufficiently good quality to be used for pencils, has become very scarce, only a small quantity being now raised in the Borrodale mines, and that of inferior quality, so that what has been sold lately is part of a large supply obtained forty years ago. This quantity having been picked over and over again, the former reputation of the Cumberland graphite is now no longer sustained, and its impurity is detected by artists in consequence of the grit which it often contains.

The author of this paper has contrived a method by which the fine dust of the best parts of the
graphite may be recomposed into a mass as dense and compact, and of as close a texture as the best
quality found in the mine. To effect this, the dust obtained from sawing graphite into thin plates
and veneers, to be enclosed in the cedar, is carefully washed and ground, and by repeated operations
is rendered pure and free from grit, being finally sifted through spaces less than
one-fifty-thousanth part of a square inch.
Thus prepared, the powder is placed under a powerful press on a strong die or bed of steel with air-tight fittings. The air is then pumped from the dust, and while thus free from air a plunger descends upon it, and it becomes solidified. The power employed to perform the operation is estimated at 1000 tons, several blows having been given,
Observations on a Slab of New Red Sandstone from the Quarries at Weston, near Runcorn, Cheshire, containing the Impressions of Footsteps and other markings.
Authors: Black J. 
Published: October 2009

The notices of fossil impressions of footsteps in the New red sandstone are now sufficiently numerous, as well in Warwickshire and Shropshire as in Cheshire, to take away the interest of novelty from any discovery of this nature; yet I consider the slab about to be described sufficiently new to justify my laying the following account of it before the Geological Society.
The summit of the quarry of New red sandstone whence this specimen was extracted by Mr. Feraday Smith is about 100 feet above the level of the Mersey at Weston. The rock is here worked perpendicularly to about fifty feet from the top, and the seams which contain the impressions are two in number and are nearly three feet apart, the higher being twenty-four feet from the top. Both these seams consist of from half to three-quarters of an inch of reddish silty clay, upon which when soft the impressions have been made, and the lower series has larger and better-defined marks than the other. The beds dip to the south-west at an angle of about 10°, and are of a red colour and coarse grain.

The slab in question is seven feet long by three and half feet broad. It contains none of the footprints of the so-called
Chirotherium (Labyrithodon
, Owen), but is full of those of smaller reptiles, apparently both Emydian and Batrachian, besides others which may have been made by birds. It is remarkable for the singular complication of cracks it presents, these forming a
Geological Position of the Bitumen used in Asphalte Pavements
Authors: Pratt S. P. 
Published: October 2009

The bitumen which has been so extensively used for pavements, &c. is found in considerable abundance, and of the best description, at Bastenne, a small village in the south of France, about fifteen miles north of Orthez. The geological circumstances connected with its appearance being somewhat interesting, a short account of them may be desirable.
The country about Bastenne is formed of numerous small conical hills two or three hundred feet high, separated from each other by deep narrow valleys or ravines; they are chiefly composed of a coarse sandy limestone, which M. de Fresnoy places in the cretaceous system; their upper part consists of variously coloured sands and clays from fifty to sixty feet in thickness, the whole being covered by gravel and sand, which extends for many miles in every direction. The sands and clays are usually horizontal, but are occasionally much disturbed and highly inclined; whenever this occurs it is evidently owing to the protrusion of igneous matter, which is then found in connexion with them. The bitumen is worked in three localities near to each other, and the following section was made at the principal mine:—
5 to 15 feet of bitumen which varies much in character, the upper part consisting of looser and coarser sand, with a less proportion of sand, and being chiefly composed of bitumen.
10 or 15 feet of sand without bitumen occurs in some places, although where the bituminous sand is found of the greatest thichness, it the rests upon the
Notes on the Wealden Strata of the Isle of Wight, with an account of the Bones of Iguanodons and other Reptiles discovered at Brook Point and Sandown Bay
Authors: Mantell G. A. 
Published: October 2009

The author commenced with some remarks on the general geological structure and picturesque features of the Isle of Wight, and then proceeded to direct special attention to some extensive ledges of low rocks visible from a considerable distance, and occurring seaward of Brook Point, a low promontory near and to the east of Compton Bay. The face of the cliff is here formed by the bassetting edges of the Wealden clays and sands, which alternate with occasional layers of argillaceous shelly limestone, rolled blocks of which are strewed along the beach. This limestone is formed of the shells of
Paludina, Cyclas
and other Wealden species, and is in every respect identical with the Petworth marble and Ashburnham beds of Sussex.

The cliff at Brook Point is between thirty and forty feet high, and is capped by an alluvial bed of loam, sand and gravel. It is composed of beds of laminated clay and shale, with sands and sandstones of a bluish and reddish-gray colour, and these are interspersed with layers and isolated masses of lignite and lumps of iron pyrites.
East of the Point a chine or chasm occurs, from the summit of which a stream gushes out and dashes down the face of the cliff to the sea-shore. This stream rises from beneath the sand beds islands, and flows through the alluvial gravel to the summit of the cliff.
The auhtor then proceeded to qoute a graphic description of this spot, written nearly thirty-five years ago by Mr. Webster,
On the Fossil Remains of Birds in the Wealden Strata of the South-east of England
Authors: Mantell G. A. 
Published: October 2009

As the recent communication of Professor Owen, “on the Supposed Fossil Bones of Birds in the Wealden,” relates to a specimen described by me in the Geological Transactions, vol. v. p. 175, and accurately figured in that volume (pl. 13. figs. 1 and 3), I am inclined to solicit the attention of the Society to the following remarks on this interesting subject.
These two portions of bone were discovered by me twelve years since in a quarry near Cuckfield in Sussex. Each specimen was imbedded in a mass of sandstone of the same colour and composition; and though formed separately, and the intermediate portions both of bone and sandstone wanting, the resemblance between the fossils was such that I did not hesitate to consider them as the upper and lower extremity of the same bone. I cleared away the stone with great care, and attached the two portions to a card, with a dotted outline to indicate the supposed line of union. The specimen was exhibited in this state in my museum at Brighton ; the humerus of a bird being placed beside it, to show the general resemblance between it and the fossil. When Professor Owen, in 1895, obligingly offered to institute a rigorous examination of all the bones in my collection that were supposed to be referable to Birds or Pterodactyles, his attention was particularly requested to the specimen in question. The result of that examination was given by me in the Memoir oil Fossil Birds, above referred to, and to that paper I beg to refer, to
Geological Report on a portion of the Beloochistan Hills
Authors: Vickary N. 
Published: October 2009

The hill country visited extends from Shahpoor on the western side to Goojeroo on the east, a distance of about ninety miles, and from the sandstone range, bordering the Desert, to the Murray Hills, in a northerly direction about fifty miles. The strike, and the direction of the ranges and of the valleys is nearly east and west, and the mean dip of the beds southerly.
There are seven parallel ranges of mountains gradually increasing in height from the low sandstone range bordering the Desert to the Murray Hills, the most northern point visited. The low sandstone range bordering the Desert was scarcely touched upon, but from its appearance I conclude that it does not differ in structure from the second sandstone range; it dies away towards the west, but appeared to extend in an easterly direction as far as the eye could reach.
The second sandstone range in which the Jullock, Gundava, and other passes are situated, extends also to an unknown distance in an easterly direction, but towards the west, near Shahpoor, it approaches and eventually abut upon the first limestone range.
I annex a section running nearly north and south, that is, at right angles to the direction of the mountain ranges, and along the pitch of the strata. It is drawn up from memory, and though not exactly correct, is sufficiently near the truth.
Between the place called Ooch and Shahpoor low sandstone hills make their appearance, belonging to the outer range. The dip of the
On the Geology of the Falkland Islands
Authors: Darwin C. 
Published: October 2009

The Falkland Islands being a British colony, and the most southern point at which palæozoic fossils have hitherto been discovered, I am induced to lay a short account of the geological structure of these islands before the Society. They stretch from 51° to 52° 30′ south, and extend about 130 miles in longitude. My examination was confined to the eastern island; but I have received, through the kindness of Captain Sulivan and Mr. Kent, numerous specimens from the western island, together with copious notes, sufficient to show the almost perfect uniformity of the whole group.
The low land consists of pale brown and bluish clay-slate, including subordinate layers of hard, yellowish, sometimes micaceous, sandstone: in the clay-slate organic remains are exceedingly rare, whilst in some of the layers of sandstone they are extremely numerous, the same species being generally grouped together. Messrs. Morris and Sharpe have kindly undertaken to describe these fossils in a separate notice : they consist (as I am informed by them) of three new species of Orthis, which have a Silurian character ; three of Spirifer, which rather resemble Devonian forms, and approach closely to someof the Australian species described by Messrs. G. B. Sowerby and J. Morris ; one species both of Atrgpa and Chonetes, the latter approaching very closely some of the varieties of C. sarcinulata of Europe ; an Orbicula and an Avicula, the species not determinable ; and lastly, a fragment of a Trilobite and numerous traces of Crinoidea, apparently related to
Description of Eight Species of Brachiopodous Shells from the Palæozoic Rocks of the Falkland Islands
Authors: Morris John , Sharpe Daniel 
Published: October 2009

Transversely semi-oval.; upper valve convex, with a slight mesial depression; lower valve rather
concave ; surface covered with fine bifurcating
rays crossed by a few concentric lines of growth. Hinge area linear, of the breadth of the
shell ; hinge line furnished with fine spines. Width
⅞ of an inch, length ½an inch.

This shell so closely resembles some of the forms of the
Chonetes sarcinulata
(
LeTtcna lata
, Sil. Syst.)
of the Ludlow rocks, that, if found in England, it might probably have been mistaken for a variety
of that species; it is however somewhat flatter,
more square and rather larger. The spines on the hinge line are not well preserved in the specimens
examined, but traces of them may be distinctly
seen. The C. Falhlandica may be considered as belonging to the same group as C. sordida,
C. Hardrensis, C. Buchiana, all of which are closely-allied
species to the C. sarcinulata.

2. ORTHIS SULIVANI, 8p. n. P1. X. fig. 1.—Semi-ovate ; ventral valve nearly flat,
dorsal valve gibbose ; surface covered with fine sharp
bifurcating strife, increasing towards the margin to bout 150, crossed by 3 or 4. concentric
lines. Hinge line nearly as wide as the shell, hinge
area broad and triangular. Interior of both valves striated for about ¼ of an inch round
the edge, producing a fringed appearance
in the cast.
Width 1⅝ inch, length 1½
Notice on the Coal-Fields of Alabama; being an extract from a Letter to the President from Charles Lyell, Esq., F.R.S., dated Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 15th February 1846
Authors: Lyell C. 
Published: October 2009

Since my arrival in Alabama I have devoted part of my time to the investigation of the carboniferous rocks, and have obtained information respecting some coal-fields, the very existence of which in this State was unknown to me in 1844, when I compiled the Map of the Geology of the United States, published in my ‘Travels.’ On my way southwards, I had learnt from several persons in Georgia that the city of Mobile was supplied with bituminous coal, brought down the Tombecbee River from Tuscaloosa, a navigation of about 400 miles. This coal is procured from the neighbourhood of Tuscaloosa, a place situated near the centre of Alabama, and more than a hundred miles further south in a direct line than the southern limit which I had assigned to the Appalachian coal-field, which I supposed to terminate near the great bend of the Tennessee River.
The fact of coal occurring near Tuscaloosa had been previously mentioned to me by Mr. Courad, but he was uncertain respecting its age; and the circumstance of its occurrence near the Falls of the river, not far from the northern outcrop of the cretaceous strata, together with the fact of its quality being preferred to all other coal for the manufacture of gas at Mobile, made me suspect that it might prove to be of the age of the Richmond coal, which is also bituminous, situated near the falls of the James River, and which as Professor W.B. Rogers has pointed out, is newer than
On the Geology of the Isle of Man
Authors: Cumming J. G. 
Published: October 2009

The Geology of the Isle of Man, though possessing much interest, has hitherto scarcely met with the consideration which it really deserves.
The earliest geological notice of the island will be found in an account by Mr. Wood, published in 1811; and this was succeeded by a memoir in the First Series of the Transactions of the Geological Society, published in 1814, by Dr. Berger. Dr. Berger's memoir was accompanied by a geological map and some sections, and, together with additional remarks, forming a kind of appendi: afterwards published by Professor Henslow t , it forms an interesting and valuable record of what was then known of the district.
Dr. Macculloch, in his Account of the Western Isles of Scotland (vol. ii. p. 516), published in 1819, described (as far as the advance of geological science would then permit) the different characteristic formations.
We have also a paper by Dr. Hibbert, “on the Discovery of the Fossil Elk in the Isle of Man,” written for the fifth number of the ‘Edinburgh Journal of Science,’ in 1826.
The only later notice seems to have been the interesting paper on the Pleistocene deposits in the neighbourhood of Ramsey, by Hug Strickland, Esq., F.G.S, re~d before the Geological Society in November 1843.
A mere glance at the geological map of the island will show the reason of this neglect, for it will at once be seen that about three fourths of the whole surface exhibited at high water consists for the most
On the Subdivision of the genus Terebratula.
Authors: Morris John 
Published: October 2009

The genus Terebratula is one of the most interesting of the family
Brachiopoda
, inasmuch as it ranges under every variety of form throughout the whole series of deposits from the palæozoic to the tertiary formations, and is found widely distributed, although not numerous in species, at the existing epoch.

The name
Terebratula
, first used by Llwyd, although not adopted by Linnæus, was appreciated by Bruguière, and finally established by Lamarck in the ‘Système des Animaux sans Vertèbres,’ where he classified and described a large number of species, which appear, with additions, in the same work as re-edited by M. Deshayes.

The great number of species which have been added of late years to this genus has long made it desirable to subdivide it, and various attempts have been made by different authors to establish subordinate groups; of these it is necessary to give some account before proceeding to that which it is now proposed to substitute for them, as being founded on the discovery of a different mode of classification.
Lamarck (1819)simply divided the Terebratulm into two groups, namely 1. smooth, without longitudinal grooves, and 2. longitudinally striated. Defrance (1827), in the ‘Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles,’ followed this order in his notice of the fossil species, and De Blainville did so also for the recent ones described in the same work; the latter author however suggested another arrangement founded on the greater or less development and form of the apophysary system.
Of the many special treatises on this genus, that