bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Serum Reactions (Complement Fixation) of the Meningococcus and the Gonococcus
Authors: Arkwright J. A. 
Published: May 2009

The results which were obtained in the foregoing six experiments and are detailed in Tables I to VI may be summarised as follows.It is seen then that any attempt to classify these two groups of cocci by means of complement-binding reactions would arrange them into more or less well marked sub-groups, some of which would contain both meningococcal and gonococcal strains, and some perhaps strains from only one of these groups.It will be noticed that extracts of three strains of Meningococcus (119, 162 and 164) showed an especial tendency to give negative or feeble complement-fixation reactions with heterologous meningococcal sera, and two of these strains (119 and 162) also gave negative reactions with some of the gonococcal sera. Though the complement-fixation reactions of the strains used in this research were not fully worked out on account of the difficulty in obtaining satisfactory sera, nevertheless the following classification appears to be indicated having regard to complement-fixation alone.Sub-group II has affinities for sub-groups I and III, but there is little, if any, affinity shown between I and III directly. M. 119 shows slight affinity for M. 141, but for no other strains.The sub-groups are not clearly defined, but overlap and are connected with each other in various directions. For instance G. 1, M. 135 and G. 2 all appear to have common receptors, and M. 135 and G. 2 also have receptors in common with G. 4 and M. 162, but G. 1 shows no affinity for these two latter strains.The explanation of these facts is not quite simple but they may be explained by assuming, (1) that several group antigens occur which are common to the Meningococcus and the Gonococcus, but only some of which are present in any given strain of coccus, and (2) that specific antigens which are peculiar to the Meningococcus on the one hand or to the Gonococcus on the other hand do occur, but are often absent in the case of any given strain.The second assumption is perhaps unnecessary, and the first is almost equivalent to affirming the occurrence of special antigens peculiar to certain sub-groups which contain strains of both Meningococcus and Gonococcus.The evidence, then, from complement-fixation experiments as also from other serum tests as far as they are of any value, appears to point to a closer relationship between some strains of Gonococcus and some strains of Meningococcus than between different sub-groups of Meningococcus. In fact rather the unity of these two groups than any essential difference between them, is suggested by these facts.These considerations lend further support to the view that the most constant bacteriological characters available for differentiating the Meningococcus from the Gonococcus are the cultural characters seen when the organisms are grown on agar of different degrees of alkalinity.
On the Bacteriology of Asylum Dysentery
Authors: Tebbutt Hamilton 
Published: May 2009

(1) A number of Dysentery bacilli of the mannite-fermenting type have been isolated from an English asylum.(2) These bacilli may be divided into two sub-groups, (a) those that do, and (b) those that do not (1) ferment sorbite and (2) form indol in peptone beef broth in six days.(3) Several attempts to infect a monkey with sorbite-fermenting strains were not successful.(4) No Dysentery bacilli were found in an examination of a considerable number of flies infesting the surroundings of chronic and acute cases of bacillary dysentery.My thanks are due to Dr H. de R. Morgan for kindly co-operation in part of this work, to Dr J. C. G. Ledingham for his valuable advice and assistance at all times, and to Dr W. F. Menzies for supplying the material for examination.
The Effects of the Inhalation of Coal and Stone Dusts on the Lungs of Pit Ponies
Authors: Haynes F. 
Published: May 2009

The inhalation of coal and stone dust, as used in collieries, by pit ponies produces no permanent lesions of the lungs.The dusts accumulated in the lung continue to increase during the first two years of exposure (approximately), but the rate of elimination then becomes equal to that of absorption.The dusts accumulate, probably in the lymphatics, firstly around the blood vessels, secondly around the bronchi, and thirdly in the deep layers of the pleura.The dusts accumulate in greater amount around the smaller blood vessels and bronchi than around the larger ones.There is a greater deposition of dust near the pleura than deeper in the lung substance.The dust is eliminated via the bronchi and the lymphatics.Dust accumulates in the lymph glands and spleen. In the former, at least, it is largely intracellular.Excessive stone-dusting causes extra accumulation of dust within the lung: this, however, causes no fibrosis.All forms of the soft pit stone used were equally harmless.The normal horse's lung contains very little dust.
The Radiation Integrator in Vacuo, an Instrument for the study of Radiant Heat received from the Sun
Authors: Buxton P. A. 
Published: May 2009

The “Radiation Integrator in Vacuo” is an instrument designed by a biologist, to assist in the study of solar radiation, as received on the surface of the earth. The principle of the instrument is that a black bulb in vacuo is exposed to the sun's rays; the bulb, which contains alcohol, is connected to a graduated stem maintained at shade temperature; radiant heat from the sun causes alcohol to distil over the bulb into the stem where its volume is measured. In Samoa the shade temperature is practically constant throughout the year, but one believes on theoretical grounds that more radiation is received from the sun between September and March than at the other season, and that the radiation has two maxima, in October and February. This instrument, which has been observed for 12 months, confirms the expectation. The daily mean distillate, the distillate per hour of sunshine (Campbell Stokes) and the mean distillate for the three hours before noon, all show the same seasonal changes.The instrument has been standardized against Gorczynski's pyrheliometer, so that the readings in c.c. of alcohol can be converted into calories. The instrument is not difficult to make or read, and it can be left in the open in all weathers. It integrates its results and requires to be read once a day in Samoa.
Potato Starch and Refection
Authors: Kazimierz Kon Stanisław 
Published: May 2009

1. Refection occurs as a rule in rats receiving diets containing raw potato starch.2. Rats were maintained for one year on a diet deficient in the vitamin B complex and containing raw potato starch. Two of them attained a weight of almost 300 grm. and made sustained gains at a rate of almost 4 grm. daily.3. Rapid decline, symptoms of vitamin B1and B2deficiency and death were observed in these rats after their diet had been steamed.4. Steaming under identical conditions does not alter the vitamin B (complex) content of other diets.
The Significance ofBact. aerogenesin Water
Authors: Gray J.D. Allan 
Published: May 2009

1.Bact. aerogenesis practically universally present, although in small numbers in the stools of normal adult humans. The stools of one individual, however, repeatedly gave negative results. The organism has also been isolated from the faeces of horse, cow, sheep, pig, dog, cat, wild rabbit, wild rat and wild mouse.2. The use of modifications of the citrate medium, containing lithium or barium, is useful in the isolation ofBact. aerogeneswhenB. pyocyaneusis abundant.3.Bact. aerogenespredominates overB. coliin soil, the contamination of which by faecal material was unlikely. TheB. coliisolated from such soil do not show differences by the tests used from typicalfaecalstrains ofB. coli.4. In the municipal water supply of Liverpool the proportion ofBact. aerogenestoB. coliis relatively high and increases on storage.5. In water contaminated with faeces, the proportion ofBact. aerogenestoB. coliis relatively low but is rapidly reversed on storage. This is largely due to the death of theB. coli, but may in part be also due to multiplication of theBact. aerogenespresent.6. Preponderance ofBact. aerogenesoverB. coliin a water supply is indicative of either (a) contact with soil which is not contaminated with fresh faeces, or (b) long past faecal contamination.7. Preponderance ofBact. aerogenesoverB. coliin a water supply may, for practical purposes, be regarded as an indication of freedom on the part of the water from pathogenic organisms, includingB. typhosusandB. paratyphosusB.8. The repeated examination of faeces during storage showed a marked increase followed by a gradual decrease in the total number of organisms present. The decrease coincided with an increase in the numbers ofBact.aerogenesrelative to the organisms present. Whether an absolute increase in the numbers ofBact. aerogenesoccurred, was not determined.9. A plea is made for uniformity among the tests adopted by future workers for the identification of coliform organisms, and an exact statement of the methods employed.The writer desires to thank Prof. J. M. Beattie for helpful advice throughout the course of the investigation.
The Effect of Parboiling and Milling on the Antineuritic Vitamin (B1) and Phosphate Content of Rice
Authors: Aykroyd W. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. Highly milled parboiled rice was found to be rich in the antineuritic vitamin B1, while roughly milled raw rice was deficient. In estimating the content of vitamin B1 the method of Chick and Roscoe was used.2. Exact comparison was made of the vitamin B1 potency of two samples of rice, the one raw, the other parboiled, after similar degrees of milling. The vitamin value of the unmilled samples was equal, but when each was highly milled to an equal degree, as judged by weight of polishings removed in a hand rice mill, the parboiled sample retained the vitamin while the raw sample did not.3. Polishings from parboiled rice were found to contain less vitamin B1 than those from raw rice.4. Parboiled rice contains more P2O5 than raw rice milled to the same degree.5. It is probable that when rice is steamed in the process of parboiling, the vitamin B1 and some of the phosphate contained in the germ and pericarp diffuse through the endosperm.6. The P2O5 content of raw rice is a good index of vitamin B1 value, but in parboiled rice a low percentage of phosphate is compatible with the presence of the vitamin.Thanks are due to Miss L. M. B. Patterson who kindly made the phosphate estimations recorded in the paper. I am indebted to the Director of Agriculture, British Guiana, for a number of rice samples. The rice mill used was kindly lent by Jackson and Son, 30, Mincing Lane, E.C. 3. I am grateful to Miss Chick for her continued interest in these experiments.
Growth under Vita Glass
Authors: Sutherland Ian N. 
Published: May 2009

White rats reared from the age of 30 days to 275 days under vita glass, and properly fed, do not grow at a different rate from those reared under ordinary glass.The offspring of these rats, kept in the same environment, grow at the normal rate when compared with controls born and reared under ordinary window glass.A short discussion of these results is given in the text.Addendum. The temptation to use an artificial source of ultra-violet rays having proved irresistible, a further experiment was performed with 20 males, 10 under vita glass and 10 under window glass. These were exposed to the radiation of a Hanovia quartz mercury vapour lamp on alternate days, at a distance of four feet from the burner. The growth curves are shown on Chart V, and the lengths of exposure have been entered on this chart: it will be seen that the results are the same as with natural sunlight.
The Disinfection of Anthrax-Infected Dried Hides in the Dry Condition by Means of Hydrogen Sulphide
Authors: Robertson Madge E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Hydrogen sulphide has been found to have a destructive action on dry anthrax spores.2. Disinfection of hard, dry, very resistant infected hide specimens, in conditions both of ease and difficulty of access of the disinfecting gas, has been obtained by treatment with hydrogen sulphide at 20° and at 37° C. in periods of 7–16 days.3. The fact that hydrogen sulphide, in the experimental conditions described, penetrates to the middle of a bundle of leather pockets has been verified by its action in disinfecting (sometimes partially—sometimes completely) anthrax-infected threads placed in the middle of such a bundle.4. Increase of the temperature at which treatment is carried out has been found to hasten disinfection.5. Disinfection of anthrax-infected threads has been obtained by treatment with equal parts of hydrogen sulphide and air in 3 days at 60° C.The author wishes to thank the Council of the British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association for permission to publish this paper, which was submitted to them in the private and confidential report for 1930 of the British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association.
A Water-borne Epidemic of Typhoid Fever
Authors: Ritchie John , Armstrong Edward 
Published: May 2009

1. The outbreak of typhoid fever in the Ecclefechan Special Water District affected 55 per 1000 of the inhabitants (primary cases only).2. The evidence available indicated the public water supply as the vehicle of infection.3. A typhoid carrier was found employed in the water-collecting area.4. Examination of the water pipes after excavation showed that surface pollution might gain access to the pipes conveying spring water to the collecting tank.5. Secondary cases were few in number, and so far there is no evidence that foci of infection remain as sequelae of the outbreak.
The Influence of the Humidity of the Air on Capacity for Work at High Temperatures
Authors: Vernon H. M. , Warner C. G. 
Published: May 2009

The physiological reactions of two subjects were investigated in air at a temperature of 70–100° F., and of 40–96 per cent. relative humidity. The experiments lasted 3 hours, and one of the subjects performed mechanical work (step climbing) at the rate of 14,000 kg. m. per hour.The pulse rate was about 10 beats greater in dry air than in moist air of the same wet-bulb temperature. The winter observations agreed well with the effective temperature scale, but did not agree with the wet bulb, the dry-bulb or the kata-thermometer scales.Acclimatisation effects showed themselves in experiments made at a dry-bulb temperature of 87° F. or more, but only very slightly in those made at 81° or less. Acclimatisation was fairly well marked in the summer, the pulse rate being 5 to 10 beats less than in the winter, and no longer agreeing with the effective temperature scale.The body temperature corresponded with the pulse rate, for it was 0·3–0·6° F. higher in dry air than in moist air of the same wet-bulb temperature, and was 0·15° lower in summer than in winter. The winter observations agreed well with the effective temperature scale.The skin temperature of the face was found to depend on thedry-bulbtemperature of the air, but that of the trunk showed no agreement with any of the scales. In moist air it was 1° F. lower than that of the face, and in dry air, 6° lower, owing to the cooling effect of increased sweating.The gross mechanical efficiency fell off slightly at temperatures above 70 or 75° F. It was affected by the dry-bulb temperature of the air as well as the wet bulb, but not to the extent indicated by the effective temperature scale.The weight of moisture lost by sweating corresponded well with the effective temperature scale. It increased gradually in consecutive experiments made in dry air, and diminished in those made in moist air.The degree of fatigue experienced in dry air was considerably greater than in moist air of the same wet-bulb temperature, and it corresponded with the effective temperature scale.Acknowledgments. We wish, to express our indebtedness to the authorities at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and especially to Dr G. P. Crowden, for the facilities offered to us in our work.
Inoculation Experiments withBacillus fusiformisisolated from Tropical Ulcer with Observations on the Bacillus
Authors: Smith E. C. 
Published: May 2009

The isolation of fusiform bacilli from typical tropical ulcer is described and an account is given of the motility and staining properties of the organisms cultivated.Experimental inoculations, both in man and animals, are recorded in tabular form and the results of the investigation discussed.
Felton Antibody: its Distribution and Purity as determined by Salting Out Methods
Authors: Brown Annie M. 
Published: May 2009

The results obtained show:1. The limits of precipitation of Felton antibody with solid ammonium sulphate in several sera; the effect on these limits of the addition of purified Felton antibody and the removal of tricresol from the serum.2. That within these limits of precipitation small fractions can be obtained which differ from each other in their ratio of antibody to protein.3. That the purity of such fractions throughout a given serum may be reduced by the addition of purified Pneumococcus antibody to the serum, and apparently increased by the addition of tricresol.4. That the distribution of antibody in serum taken at intervals from a horse during immunisation changes progressively.5. Differences in the distribution of the two antibodies in serum from a horse immunised to both Pneumococcus type I and diphtheria toxin.
The Aronson Streptococcus
Authors: Griffith F. 
Published: May 2009

The characters of the Aronson Streptococcus from Prof. Neufeld's laboratory at the “Robert Koch” Institute in Berlin have been described. This coccus resembles the pneumococcus in many respects, viz. the appearance of the colonies on the surface of horse blood agar, its virulence and capsule production in mice and rabbits, the production of a specific precipitable substance in the peritoneal washings of infected mice, the formation of firm clumps and masses when mixed with homologous antiserum, the ease of production of active and passive immunity in mice and rabbits by intraperitoneal and intravenous inoculation, the alteration in the morphology of colonies, i.e. the appearance of R forms, associated with attenuation of virulence. It differs from the pneumococcus in the following features: the round shape of the cocci, bile-insolubility and the absence of autolysis in surface colonies, the beta haemolysis of deep colonies in horse blood agar, the production of a soluble haemolysin in broth cultures, the difficulty of producing active immunity in mice by the subcutaneous injection of heat-killed vaccines.I have obtained the Aronson Streptococcus (Neufeld type), which Lance-field places in a group containing chiefly streptococci of bovine origin, from human throats, but there was no evidence in any instance that it was producing disease, and it seems probable that it is not pathogenic for man.The results of my investigation of this strain are in agreement with those of Yoshioka (1923), Killian (1924) and Lancefield (1933, 1934).There are in existence other laboratory strains designated Aronson Streptococcus. These have been found to exhibit specific characters identifying them with the Str. pyogenes. It is proposed that the name Streptococcus Aronson should be confined to strains possessing the characters of Aronson N above described.
The Failure of Brilliant Green and Telluric Acid as Selective Agents for the Isolation ofBacillus typhosusfrom Faeces
Authors: Horgan E. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. The causes of failure of the brilliant green enrichment method for isolation ofB. typhosusare discussed.2. It has been shown that the negative results obtained depend partly on the number of resistantB. colistrains normally present in faeces, and partly on the use of McConkey's as a plating out medium.3. The alleged selective action of telluric acid could not be confirmed.4. The so-called antagonism betweenB. coliandB. typhosushas been investigated, and by the use of a selective bismuth medium it is shown that this is more apparent than real in most cases.5. However, the existence of certain strains ofB. colior similar bacteria with a specific inhibitory effect onB. typhosushas been confirmed.6. The value of Wilson's bismuth medium for the isolation ofB. typhosushas been demonstrated.
The Utility of Lanolin as a Protective Measure Against Mineral-Oil and Tar Dermatitis and Cancer
Authors: Twort C. C. , Twort J. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. A mixture of anhydrous lanolin with about equal parts of olive oil was the most efficacious ointment tested for protecting our animals from mineral-oil dermatitis and cancer.2. Some commercial products consisting of mixtures of the alcohols and esters contained in lanolin were, on the whole, less efficacious: possibly the apparent benefit was mostly due to the olive oil with which they were diluted.3. Olive oil, glycerine, commercial soaps, etc., gave varying degrees of protection, the last being particularly useful under some circumstances.4. In experiments with gas tars, lanolin does not appear to afford protection when relatively small quantities of it are mixed with the tar or when relatively large doses of tar are applied to the animal, before or after lanolin treatment.5. Where the experimental conditions appear to conform more to those prevailing among most tar workers, lanolin has a definite protective action.6. Separate application of the carcinogenic agent and the prophylactic agent as a rule results in a lower yield of tumours than applications of an admixture of the two. In this respect it is to be noted that, where the animals were treated with lanolin separately, the quantity applied was several times greater than that of the tar itself (similarly in mineral oil experiments). This, of course, was not the case in our experiments with the lanolin blends.7. Relatively more lanolin is required to protect against gas-tar dermatitis and cancer than is required to protect against toxic oils or synthetic tars. This is probably due to the presence in gas tars of special inhibitory substances. Note the analogy in the action of small quantities of acid on mineral oils, the potency being raised, whereas larger quantities may lower it.
The natural ventilation of unheated ‘closed rooms’
Authors: Carne J. B. 
Published: May 2009

The experimental method for, and analysis of, more than 300 determinations of air influx rates into two unheated ‘closed rooms’ of opposite aspects each fitted (a) with wall grating, or (b) with flue, are described. The average relative efficacy for all observed wind velocities of (a) of 50 sq.in. to (b) of 15 sq.in., so far as facilitating natural ventilation in the rooms used, is found to be 1·0. The analysis reveals definite and complex relations between influx rate and wind velocity. A correlation is made with data from other sources, principally photographs of the flow forms of air streaming past grounded house models, and a theory is advanced to explain the broad features of the observations. Comparison with similar published work is made, and the fundamental necessity of simultaneous measurement of the speed and direction of the main wind stream is stressed. The advantage of the flue and the importance of openings, other than those in the room concerned, are pointed out.The author wishes to record that the investigation was commenced at the instigation of Mr Dean Chandler, to whom he is indebted for en-couragement to publish the results of the further examination of the data obtained. He desires also to acknowledge the enthusiastic interest in the experimental work which his colleagues of the Physical Laboratory displayed throughout the investigation.The measurements of the wind velocity, so essential to the completeness of the observations, frequently necessitated the scaling of roofs in snow, rain and gale, yet at no time were they neglected.The author thanks Dr E. V. Evans, General Manager and Director of the South Metropolitan Gas Co., for granting permission to publish the paper.