bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of deadenylation‐dependent decay
Authors: Chen Chyi‐Ying A. , Shyu Ann‐Bin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDegradation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) plays an essential role in modulation of gene expression and in quality control of mRNA biogenesis. Nearly all major mRNA decay pathways characterized thus far in eukaryotes are initiated by deadenylation, i.e., shortening of the mRNA 3′ poly(A) tail. Deadenylation is often a rate‐limiting step for mRNA degradation and translational silencing, making it an important control point for both processes. In this review, we discuss the fundamental principles that govern mRNA deadenylation in eukaryotes. We use several major mRNA decay pathways in mammalian cells to illustrate mechanisms and regulation of deadenylation‐dependent mRNA decay, including decay directed by adenine/uridine‐rich elements (AREs) in the 3′‐untranslated region (UTR), the rapid decay mediated by destabilizing elements in protein‐coding regions, the surveillance mechanism that detects and degrades nonsense‐containing mRNA [i.e., nonsense‐mediated decay (NMD)], the decay directed by miRNAs, and the default decay pathway for stable messages. Mammalian mRNA deadenylation involves two consecutive phases mediated by the PAN2–PAN3 and the CCR4–CAF1 complexes, respectively. Decapping takes place after deadenylation and may serve as a backup mechanism to trigger mRNA decay if initial deadenylation is compromised. In addition, we discuss how deadenylation impacts the dynamics of RNA processing bodies (P‐bodies), where nontranslatable mRNAs can be degraded or stored. Possible models for mechanisms of various deadenylation‐dependent mRNA decay pathways are also discussed. WIREs RNA 2011 2 167–183 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.40This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Koordinationsverbindungen als potentielle Photokatalysatoren
Authors: Hennig Horst , Thomas Philipp , Wagener Roland , Rehorek Detlef , Jurdeczka Kristina 
Published: September 2010

Abstract3. ZusammenfassungNach einer einleitenden Betrachtung über die generelle Bedeutung der Photochemie von Koordinationsverbindungen wird das spezielle Interesse an diesen Verbindungen hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung als Photokatalysatoren begründet. Auf der Grundlage einer definitorischen Abgrenzung von photokatalytischen und photo‐sensibilisierten Reaktionen sowie katalysierten Photolysen (“photoassisted reactions”) werden einfache Reaktionsbeispiele diskutiert. Ausführlich werden photokatalytische Reaktionen von Koordinationsverbindungen in der homogenen Katalyse, für Bildaufzeichnungsverfahren sowie zur Nutzung von Sonnenenergie erörtert. An verschiedenen Beispielen wird die prinzipielle Funktions‐fähigkeit solcher Systeme, einschließlich ihrer praktischen Nutzung, nachgewiesen.
Räumliche Struktur der Moleküle und chiroptische Eigenschaften — neuere Ergebnisse
Authors: Ripperger Helmut 
Published: September 2010

Abstract11. ZusammenfassungAls Ergänzung einer früheren Übersicht in dieser Zeitschrift werden neuere Ergebnisse chiroptischer Untersuchungen (ORD und CD) besprochen. Insbesondere werden die Beziehungen zwischen Raumstruktur und optischer Aktivität für Ketone, Olefine, konjugierte Diene, Aromaten, Dithiocarbamate, N‐Chloramine und gekoppelte Oszillatoren diskutiert. An Beispielen wird gezeigt, wie diese Methoden zur Bestimmung der Konfiguration und Konformation von Naturstoffen und verwandten Verbindungen heran‐gezogen werden können.
Schwingungsspektroskopie im Nahen Infrarot
Authors: Salzer Reiner 
Published: September 2010

AbstractVibrational spectra in the near infrared show a high selectivity for CH, NH and OH groups. Environmental influences on chemical or physical properties of these groups are indicated with particular sensitivity.For quantitative analyses there is a worldwide increase in using computer based NIR instruments. Even nontransparent or highly scattering samples are nondestructively analysed by diffuse reflectance techniques. In most advanced methods the excitation by dye lasers replaces the less effective conventional sources and monochromators. With increasing excitation energy in NIR the vibrational behaviour changes from normal modes to local modes. Local modes play a key role in understanding bond‐selective photochemical processes. The investigation of local modes will contribute both to the search for dissociation coordinates as well as to understanding those processes which direct the reactions by their sequence and their time scale.
A Nomogram for Predicting the Probability of Carcinoma in Patients with Intraductal Papillary‐Mucinous Neoplasm
Authors: Shimizu Yasuhiro , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Sano Tsuyoshi , Senda Yoshiki , Mizuno Nobumasa , Yamao Kenji 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of the present study was to use clinical and laboratory data to develop a model for predicting the presence of carcinoma in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN).MethodsData were collected on 81 patients with IPMN who underwent a pancreatic resection between 1989 and 2008 at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital. Variables analyzed included age, gender, laboratory findings (serum amylase, carcinoembryonic antigen, and carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 level), pancreatic juice cytology grade, and imaging studies. Factors associated with the presence of carcinoma were evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsAmong the 81 patients with IPMN, 34 (42%) had malignant tumors (noninvasive carcinoma in 22 and invasive carcinoma in 12), and 47 (58%) had adenoma. On multivariate analysis, existing carcinoma was associated with female gender, main pancreatic duct IPMN, nodule size, and pancreatic juice cytology grade. Based on these variables, a predictive nomogram was developed. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the model was 0.903. The sensitivity and specificity of the model were 97.1 and 68.1%, respectively, in the validation study, for which the predictive probability of >10% was used to indicate the presence of carcinoma.ConclusionsThe nomogram has high diagnostic predictability for carcinoma in patients with IPMN and for individual cancer probability. This instrument may help to identify patients who need a surgical procedure.
Dietary modifications in patients receiving miglustat
Authors: Champion H. , Ramaswami U. , Imrie J. , Lachmann R. H. , Gallagher J. , Cox T. M. , Wraith J. E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWeight loss and gastrointestinal disturbances are often seen during miglustat therapy for lysosomal storage diseases. A retrospective analysis of data from a mixed group of patients treated with miglustat at two UK centres was performed to evaluate the effect of two different dietary interventions on body weight and gastrointestinal tolerability during the initial 6 months of miglustat therapy. Neurological outcomes in these patients are not discussed herein. Data were analysed from a total of 29 patients with varied neurolipidoses (21 children/adolescents; 8 adults). Negative mean changes in body weight were seen in children/adolescents on an unmodified diet (−8.1%), and in adults (−4.1%) and children/adolescents (−5.2%) on a low‐lactose diet. Patients on the low‐disaccharide diet showed a positive mean change in body weight (+2.0%), although there was high variability in this group. Non‐parametric sub‐analysis of median body‐weight change in children/adolescents also showed high variability both within and between diet groups, with no statistically significant difference between the effects of different diets on body weight (p = 0.062). The low‐lactose diet reduced gastrointestinal disturbances; single small doses of loperamide were required in some patients. Patients on the low‐disaccharide diet showed the lowest frequency of gastrointestinal effects. In conclusion, simple dietary modifications allowed the maintenance of body‐weight gain in line with normal growth potential during miglustat therapy in young patients with lysosomal storage diseases, and reduced gastrointestinal disturbances.
The Trouble with Ambivalent Emotions
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMixed or ambivalent emotions have long intrigued philosophers. I dissect various putative cases of emotional ambivalence and conclude that the alleged ‘psychological problem’ surrounding them admits of a solution. That problem has, however, often been conflated with a ‘moral problem’ – of how one should react morally to such ambivalence – which remains active even after the psychological one has been solved. I discuss how the moral problem hits hardest at virtue ethics, old and new. I distinguish between particularist and generalist (Aristotelian) virtue ethics, and pay special attention to the latter. After discussing critically previous attempts at an Aristotelian solution of the ‘moral problem’ by McDowell, Stark and Carr, I pay special attention to the role ofphronesisas a second-order meta-emotion and mediator, and consider how that may offer a way out of the impasse. I finally present some concluding remarks about the idea of a constructive dividedness of mind.
Equivocating the Ad Hominem
Authors: Putman Daniel 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChristopher Johnson argued in ‘Reconsidering the Ad Hominem’ that, in certain exceptional cases, appealing to ad hominem considerations is logically justifiable. My argument is that ad hominem considerations are no different than other evidential considerations. The evidential links may be strong, weak or nonexistent but there is nothing special in itself about considering ad hominem factors when weighing evidence. Like all the informal fallacies, simply because a claim has the signature of being ‘ad hominem’ does not make it irrelevant. The apparent originality of Johnson's point lies in equivocating ‘ad hominem fallacy’ with ‘ad hominem considerations’. It is not looking to personal characteristics or situations that in itself is illogical. It is when those features have no evidential link to the point at hand.
The epidemiology of rubella in Mexico: seasonality, stochasticity and regional variation
Authors: METCALF C. J. E. , BJØRNSTAD O. N. , FERRARI M. J. , KLEPAC P. , BHARTI N. , LOPEZ-GATELL H. , GRENFELL B. T. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe factors underlying the temporal dynamics of rubella outside of Europe and North America are not well known. Here we used 20 years of incidence reports from Mexico to identify variation in seasonal forcing and magnitude of transmission across the country and to explore determinants of inter-annual variability in epidemic magnitude in rubella. We found considerable regional variation in both magnitude of transmission and amplitude of seasonal variation in transmission. Several lines of evidence pointed to stochastic dynamics as an important driver of multi-annual cycles. Since average age of infection increased with the relative importance of stochastic dynamics, this conclusion has implications for the burden of congenital rubella syndrome. We discuss factors underlying regional variation, and implications of the importance of stochasticity for vaccination implementation.
How do Antarctic notothenioid fishes cope with internal ice? A novel function for antifreeze glycoproteins
Authors: Evans Clive W. , Gubala Vladimir , Nooney Robert , Williams David E. , Brimble Margaret A. , Devries Arthur L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAntarctic fishes survive freezing through the secretion of antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), which bind to ice crystals to inhibit their growth. This mode of action implies that ice crystals must be present internally for AFGPs to function. The entry and internal accumulation of ice is likely to be lethal, however, so how do fishes survive in its presence? We propose a novel function for the interaction between internal ice and AFGPs, namely the promotion of ice uptake by splenic phagocytes. We show here that i) external mucus of Antarctic notothenioids contains AFGPs and thus has a potential protective role against ice entry, ii) AFGPs are distributed widely through the extracellular space ensuring that they are likely to come into immediate contact with ice that penetrates their protective barriers, and iii) using AFGP-coated nanoparticles as a proxy for AFGP adsorbed onto ice, we suggest that internal ice crystals are removed from the circulation through phagocytosis, primarily in the spleen. We argue that intracellular sequestration in the spleen minimizes the risks associated with circulating ice and enables the fish to store the ice until it can be dealt with at a later date, possibly by melting during a seasonal warming event.
Feeding stem–leaf–pod explants of pea (Pisum sativum L.) with d-chiro-inositol or d-pinitol modifies composition of α-d-galactosides in developing seeds
Authors: Lahuta Lesław B. , Święcicki Wojciech , Dzik Tomasz , Górecki Ryszard J. , Horbowicz Marcin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFeeding stem–leaf–pod explants with d-chiro-inositol and d-pinitol was used as a method to modify α-d-galactosides in developing pea (Pisum sativum) seeds. Four genotypes differing in the composition of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose (raffinose family oligosaccharides or RFOs) in seeds – high RFOs (cv. Tiny), low RFOs (SZD175) and low verbascose (cv. Hubal and cv. Wt 506) – were studied. Although seeds of all examined pea lines were able to take up both d-chiro-inositol and d-pinitol, only d-chiro-inositol was effectively converted into its galactosides: mainly fagopyritol B1 (O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-d-chiro-inositol) and fagopyritol B2 (O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-d-chiro-inositol). In seeds of pea lines naturally containing low levels of verbascose (cv. Hubal) and low RFOs (SZD175), the enhanced accumulation of fagopyritols depressed the RFO level by c. 64 and 20%, respectively. Moreover, in both genotypes, about 25 and 30% of total galactose bound in α-d-galactosides occurred in fagopyritols. d-Pinitol present in the pea seeds was converted into monogalactosides, but their accumulation was several-fold lower than that of fagopyritols and did not significantly influence the accumulation of RFOs. Pea seeds with the composition of soluble carbohydrates modified by feeding with either of the cyclitols were able to complete germination.
Impact of group-based dietary education on the dietary habits of female adolescents: a cluster randomized trial
Authors: Yamaoka Kazue , Watanabe Mariko , Hida Eisuke , Tango Toshiro 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe number of extremely thin young women has increased and education at school on maintaining an optimal weight has become important. The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of a group-based home-collaborative dietary education (HCDE) programme to maintain appropriate dietary intake compared to conventional school classroom education.DesignTwo-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. Twelve classes were randomly assigned as clusters to either the HCDE group or the control group. Each participant in the HCDE group received twelve sessions of group counselling aimed at increasing energy intake at breakfast by modifying dietary intake and adopting appropriate habits. The hypothesis underlying the study was that after 6 months of HCDE the total energy intake would be increased by 627 kJ from baseline (primary endpoint). Secondary outcomes were differences in intake of various nutrients from baseline. Outcome measures after log transformation were examined by t tests and linear mixed models (crude and baseline-adjusted).SettingYoung women among Japanese female adolescents in Tokyo.SubjectsFour hundred and seventy-four participants aged 13–15 years.ResultsStudents in twelve classes were used for analysis (n 459). Energy intake was decreased in many of the classes during the 6-month period, especially for those in the control group. After adjustment for the baseline value, significant increases in energy intake and protein, calcium, magnesium and iron intakes at breakfast were observed (P < 0·05)ConclusionsAlthough energy intake was increased in the HCDE group compared to the control group, further study of the HCDE is warranted.
An adapted filament model for accurate modeling of printed coplanar lines with significant surface roughness and proximity effects
Authors: Curran Brian , Ndip Ivan , Werner Christian , Ruttkowski Veronika , Maiwald Marcus , Wolf Heinrich , Zoellmer Volker , Domann Gerhard , Guttovski Stephan , Gieser Horst , Reichl Herbert 
Published: September 2010

New technologies have resulted in transmission lines that deviate significantly from the intended rectangular cross sections. Trapezoidal cross sections and roughness that penetrate a significant depth into the surface in comparison to the skin-depth of the conductor can cause a very significant deviation in transmission line parameters from predicted values. Proximity effect further complicates the analysis by increasing losses and changing the impact of surface roughness by changing the current distribution. A skin-effect filament model that combines a traditional skin-effect filament modeling concept with traditional surface roughness modeling concepts is presented that accounts for surface roughness effects and non-ideal cross sections. The new technique models the transmission line non-idealities in a combined way with the current density in the signal and return current paths. This adapted filament model shows an average deviation of less than 2% above 1 GHz with one given transmission line measurement and does not have the computational challenges seen in a 3D full-wave solver.
Exponential Polynomial Fitting for Fibre Spectrum CCD Profiles
Authors: Zhu Zhangqin , Zhu Jia , Qin Hanqin , Wang Chong , Ye Zhongfu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA fibre spectrum profile fitting method based on the least-squares method is presented in this article. For each spectrum of one fibre in spatial orientation, two exponential functions are employed to approximate the profile. Experiments are performed with both simulated profiles and observed profiles to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm. Specially, the proposed method has a better performance for profiles that are asymmetric or composed of multi-Gaussian functions.
The Southern 2MASS Active Galactic Nuclei Survey: Spectroscopic Follow-up with Six Degree Field
Authors: Masci Frank J. , Cutri Roc M. , Francis Paul J. , Nelson Brant O. , Huchra John P. , Jones D. Heath , Colless Matthew , Saunders Will 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) has provided a uniform photometric catalog to search for previously unknown red active galactic nuclei (AGN) and Quasi-Stellar Objects (QSOs).We have extended the search to the southern equatorial sky by obtaining spectra for 1182 AGN candidates using the six degree field (6dF) multifibre spectrograph on the UK Schmidt Telescope. These were scheduled as auxiliary targets for the 6dF Galaxy Redshift Survey. The candidates were selected using a single color cut of J – Ks > 2 to Ks ≲ 15.5 and a galactic latitude of lbl > 30°. 432 spectra were of sufficient quality to enable a reliable classification. 116 sources (∼27%) were securely classified as type I AGN, 20 as probable type I AGN, and 57 as probable type II AGN. Most of them span the redshift range 0.05 < z < 0.5 and only 8 (∼6%) were previously identified as AGN or QSOs. Our selection leads to a significantly higher AGN identification rate amongst local galaxies (>20%) than in any previous (mostly blue-selected) galaxy survey. A small fraction of the type I AGN could have their optical colors reddened by optically thin dust with AV < 2 mag relative to optically selected QSOs. A handful show evidence of excess far-infrared (IR) emission. The equivalent width (EW) and color distributions of the type I and II AGN are consistent with AGN unified models. In particular, the EW of the [Oiii] emission line weakly correlates with optical–near-IR color in each class of AGN, suggesting anisotropic obscuration of the AGN continuum. Overall, the optical properties of the 2MASS red AGN are not dramatically different from those of optically-selected QSOs. Our near-IR selection appears to detect the most near-IR luminous QSOs in the local universe to z≃0.6 and provides incentive to extend the search to deeper near-IR surveys.
Mendelssohn and the Organ
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Although Mendelssohn was most famous during his lifetime as a composer, virtuoso pianist, and conductor, he also enjoyed an enviable reputation as a highly skilled organist. The instrument had fascinated — one might almost say mesmerized — him from earliest youth, but aside from a year or so of formal training at the age of about 12 or 13, he was entirely self-taught. He never held a position as church organist, and never had any organ pupils. Nevertheless, the instrument played a uniquely important role in his personal life. In the course of his many travels, whether in major cities or tiny villages, he invariably gravitated to the organ loft, where he might spend hours playing the works of Bach or simply improvising. Although the piano clearly served Mendelssohn as an eminently practical instrument, the organ seems to have been his instrument of choice. He searched out an organ loft, not because he had to, but because he wanted to, because on the organ he could find catharsis. Indeed, as he once exclaimed to his parents after reading a portion of Schiller's Wilhelm Tell, “I must rush off to the monastery and work off my excitement on the organ!” Mendelssohn's public performance on the organ in Germany was rare, and he gave but one public recital: in the Thomas-Kirche in Leipzig in 1840. In England, however, he evidently felt more comfortable on the organ bench and played there often before large crowds. Indeed, he performed as Guest Organist twice at the Birmingham Music Festivals in 1837 and 1842. Given Mendelssohn's profound affinity for the organ, it is remarkable that he composed but relatively little for the instrument, and assigned an Opus number to only two works: his Three Preludes and Fugues for Organ (Op. 37) and his Six Sonatas for the Organ (Op. 65). A small number of organ works, plus sketches and drafts, were scattered among his musical papers; most of these only gradually found their way into print, and it was not until the late 20th century that an edition of his complete organ works was finally published. This volume is intended as a companion to that edition.
Mendelssohn: The Mature Years, 1839–1847
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter details the life of Mendelssohn from 1839-47. It includes a description of his public organ recital in Leipzig, which he regarded as a critical moment in his career. Although he earned an enviable reputation as a skilled organist in Britain, Germany was das Organistenland supreme, and could boast a whole array of superlative players. Johann Schneider (1789-1864), Adolf Friedrich Hesse (1809-63), Carl Ludwig Haupt (1810-91), August Gottfried Ritter (1811-85) — simply to name a few of Mendelssohn's exact or close contemporaries — were all household names in the German musical community. And now Mendelssohn was about to make his bid to join that elite circle of German organ virtuosos.