bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a New Dinosaurian Reptile (
Scleromochlus Taylori
, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Trias of Lossiemouth, Elgin
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith 
Published: October 2009

Althought so many types of reptiles have been obtained during recent years from the Triassic sandstones of Elgin, Mr. William Taylor has lately discovered two examples of a new form which represents still another group. Through his kindness I have had the privilege of studying these two specimens and comparing them with two more imperfect skeletons of the same animal, which occur on a slab of Elgin Sandstone in the late Mr. James Grant's collection, now in the British Museum (No. R 3.146). All the specimens show merely impressions of bones in the rock, but they occur in counterpart slabs, and many of their most important features can be readily understood with the aid of wax-squeezes taken from the cavities.
The four individuals of this new reptile already known are approximately of the same size, each measuring about a decimetre in length to the root of the tail, which is long and slender. They therefore represent a comparatively-diminutive species; and the lightness of the skeleton, with its hollow bones, suggests an animal of remarkable agility (see the accompanying text-figure, p. 141). The head is relatively large, and the neck short. The fore-limbs are small and delicate; while the hind-limbs are very. large, and evidently adapted for a bipedal running or leaping gait. The more important measurements, in millimetres, are as follows:—
The large head viewed from above or below, as in the type-specimen (P1. IX, fig. 1), is elongate-triangular in shape, with a sharply-pointed snout. None of its external
The Geology of the Zambezi Basin around the Batoka Gorge (Rhodesia)
Authors: Lamplugh George William 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
At the request of the Council of the British Association, I undertook to examine the country in the neighbourhood of the Victoria Falls of the Zambezi River before the meeting of the Association in South Africa in the summer of 1905. Through the helpful cooperation of the British South Africa Company and the aid afforded to me by its officers in Rhodesia, I was enabled to make good use of the short time available to me for the task; and by rapid traverses of the wild country eastward of the Falls I gleaned much information regarding the geology and physiography of this little-known region. A preliminary account of the exploration was presented at the meeting of the British Association in Johannesburg, and has since been published in the ‘Report’ of that body. In this account the objects of the exploration and the circumstances of the journey are stated, and therefore need not be repeated here; but of the geological results it was only possible at that time to give a bare outline, pending the further examination of the material collected. My present object is to deal more adequately with the geological evidence.
The traverses occupied seven weeks in July and August, 1905, during which time a distance of over 600 miles was covered, partly on the northern and partly on the southern side of the Zambezi, as shown on the sketch-map (P1. XVII), the area embraced within these traverses being over 2000 square miles. In exploration of
The Toadstones of Derbyshire: their Field-Relations and Petrography
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose Henry Howe 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
In June 1894 I read a paper before this Society, ‘On the Microscopical Structure of the Carboniferous Dolerites & Tufts of Derbyshire’ Quart. Journ. Geol. See. vol. 1, pp. 603-44 & pls. xxiv-xxv. At that time I had made no attempt to establish the relations in the field between the igneous rocks and the limestones in which, they occurred. During the interval which elapsed between the acceptance of my paper by the Council of the Society and the reading of it, I had the pleasure of taking Sir Archibald Geikie over some typical parts of the district. He pointed out that some of the toadstones were contemporaneous with the limestone, others intrusive, and others represented the vents through which the volcanic material was brought to the surface; and that, in order to arrive at the history of the toadstones, careful re-mapping of the whole district would be necessary.
In 1897, in his ‘Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain’ vol. ii, p. 12, Sir Archibald expressed the opinion that
‘the number of successive platforms on which igneous materials appear will never be satisfactorily determined until the stratigraphy of the Derbyshire Carboniferous Limestone is worked out in detail. When the successive members of this great calcareous formation have been identified by lithological and palæontological characters over the whole district, it will be easy to allocate each outcrop of toadstone to its true geological horizon.’
Since November 1894, I have mapped the toadstones on the 6-inch Ordnance maps and
The Crystalline Rocks of the Kukuruku Hills (Southern Nigeria)
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: October 2009

In this paper a preliminary account is given of the crystalline rocks lying to the north of the Benin Sands of the Central Province of Southern Nigeria, and between 5° 20′ and 6° long. E. (for route, see map, p. 310).
Comparison of this district with that of the Oban Hills goes to show that we have to deal with differences rather of degree than of kind. In each area we find a group of schists intruded into by a series of later gneisses of acid composition; in each the latter are associated with pegmatites and basaltic dykes.
In the Kukuruku district (Owo, Otua, etc.) there is a striking development of quartz-schists, unknown up to the present in the Oban Hills; a difference to be naturally accounted for by the conditions under which the original sediments were deposited.
The evidence for the intrusive nature of the gneisses of the Kukuruku Hills rests upon sections along the banks of the Ayi-ossi and the Ossi.
The petrographical characters of the schists (quartz-schists, sillimanite-schists, etc.) show that they were originally sediments. A partial analysis of a very ferriferous mica-schist from Otua yielded:
In many respects the gneisses recall those of the Eastern.. Province.
Near Utchi in the Ogbese Valley the foliation of the gneiss trends N. 45° W. (true), and on the Ossi west of Iduani the trend of the foliation is approximately the same.

D
iscussion
(O
n
T
he
T
hree
F
oregoing
P
apers
)

Dr. J. W. E
vans
referred to the advantages of the system, by
The Flora of the Inferior Oolite of Brora (Sutherland)
Authors: Stopes Marie C. 
Published: October 2009

The object of this paper is to place on record the discovery of a bed containing plant-impressions in the Oolites of Brora in Sutherland, which represent a flora bearing a strong likeness to that of the Inferior Oolites of the Yorkshire coast, and to give a short description of the Scottish plants.
In Prof. Judd's (73) classic memoir on the Secondary rocks of Scotland, the description given of the district round Brora in Sutherland shows that it is the most favourable locality for studying the Secondary formations of the country. Near the little town of Brora the beds are well exposed, and are of economic importance on account of the workable coal and building-stone which they supply. It is not necessary to point out how little there is left in Scotland of the rocks of Oolitic age.
Notwithstanding its inaccessibility, the Brora district had been referred to by geologists even before the time of Murchison, the coal-pit having been first sunk in the Oolitic coal in 1598 by the Countess of Sutherland. Repeated borings have been made since, and the mine, although stopped down in the early part, of the nineteenth century, is at present again in active work. This practically unique case of an extensive coal-mine in the Oolites has attracted the attention of geologists, yet remarkably little is to be found in the literature about the fossil-plants of the coal-bearing beds.
In a paper by Hugh Miller (62) in his well-known book, some plant-impressions are mentioned, but most
The Inferior Oolite and Contiguous Deposits of the District between the Rissingtons and Burford
Authors: Richardson Linsdall 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The upland district between the Rissingtons on the west and Burford on the south-east is much furrowed by combes, but, owing to the highest beds that have escaped denudation having been inclined south-eastward, the surface has a general slope in that direction.
On the north-east lies the southern portion of the Morcton Valley, on the west the flat-bottomed Vale of Bourton. The one valley is strewn mainly with sand and pebbles brought from a distance, the other with material of purely-local orion. Both valleys have had a somewhat similar origin: the Moreton Valley has resulted from the denudation of an anticline, along which the Inferior-Oolite rocks must always have been thin, the Yale of Bourton from the denudation of an ellipsoidal pericline.
The western and north-western limits of the district converge to the north, conjoining at the promontory-like Iccomb Hill, which overlooks the narrow valley traversed by the railway between Stow-on-the-Wold and Chipping-Norton Junction. On the south is the Barrington-Taynton Valley, and on the south-east the neck of high ground that joins the tract under consideration to the main hill-mass.
The ‘solid’ rock that floors the Vale of Bourton, the valley to the north of Iccomb Hill, and the Moreton Valley, is Lower Lias. A gentle slope leads up to the Marlstone platform, upon which Little Rissington is wholly, and Great Rissington is partly built. The Marlstone platform extends from Dodd's Mill northwards along the eastern side of the Bourton Valley, round Iccomb Hill, past Iccomb village, and
On the Origin of Certain Cañon-like Valleys associated with Lake-like Areas of Depression
Authors: Harmer Frederic William 
Published: October 2009

The discovery of the Glacial origin of some gorge-like valleys in North-East Yorkshire by Mr. C. Fox Strangways and Prof. P. F. Kendall has suggested a new method of physiographical research.
It is clear, moreover, that such cases must be typical and not anomalous. In all glaciated regions, whether in Great Britain or abroad, the invasion of any district by an ice-sheet, especially where its movement was upstream, would obstruct the natural drainage, producing lakes, the level of which would rise until an outlet for the water was established in some new direction. In some instances the overflow might take place over the advancing ice, or between it and the hillsides; in others, where the obstruction was of sufficient thickness, water might escape laterally, in a direction at right angles to the longest diameter of the lake and to the course of the pre-existing stream.
An overflow-channel so caused, excavated rapidly by a considerable volume of swiftly-running water, would assume a gorge-like character, and originating no farther back than Glacial times would present a comparatively recent appearance. It would differ essentially from the Midland type of valley with gently-sloping contours, produced by the gradual and combined processes of atmospheric and fluviatile erosion.
Typical examples ofeachkind are here given. Fig. 1 (p. 472), from a photograph taken a short distance above Bath, shows the valley ia which that city stands. :Excavated out of the Jurassic limestone of the Cotteswolds, it has rather a rapid fall, presenting, nevertheless, a characteristic example of
Permo-Carboniferous Plants from Vereeniging, Transvaal
Authors: Seward Albert Charles , Leslie Thomas Nicholas 
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

The township of Vereeniging, on the northern bank of the Vaal River, close to its junction with the Klip River, is situated on the southern boundary of the Transvaal Colony, rather more than 40 miles south of Johannesburg on the railway which runs to Bloemfontein and Naauw Port. Geologically, Vereeniging is important as the locality from which the greater number of Palæozoic South African plants have been obtained; the species hitherto described are frequently cited by authors—not always with the same conclusions—in reference to the geological age of the strata in this part of the Transvaal.
The large striated boulders weathered out of the surrounding matrix on the bank of the Vaal River afford a striking demonstration of the nature of the Glacial Conglomerate, the term advocated by Mr. E. T. Mellor in preference to that of the Dwyka. We are not concerned with the precise method of formation of the conglomerate, but we are convinced that Sutherland was correct in his opinion, expressed more than 40 years ago, that the boulder-beds owe their origin to the action of ice, and this (we believe) is the view of those geologists who have had an opportunity of examining the evidence at first hand. The conglomerate, as shown in the accompanying section (fig. 1, p. 110), is succeeded by coal-seams, sandstones, and shales; it is mainly from the sandstones that the plants have been obtained. Most of the specimens were found in a sandstone-quarry a mile and a half from
On the Structure and Relations of the Laurentian System in Eastern Canada
Authors: Adams Frank Dawson 
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

When Sir William Logan, in the early years of the Geological Survey of Canada, was gradually unravelling the stratigraphical succession as displayed in the Dominion, he found that at the base of the whole column lay the crystalline rocks of the Laurentian Mountains. The name ‘Laurentian Mountains’ had been previously given to that great stretch of iron-bound coast which lies along the north of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is not, properly speaking, a mountain-range at all, but is merely the margin of a great rock-plateau—the Laurentain peneplain—which forms a portion of the northern protaxis of the North American continent. Logan's studies in the Province of Quebec led him to believe that the Laurentian System, as he termed it, consists of a series of highly-crystalline limestones interstratified with quartzites and gneisses, which in their turn overlie a great thickness of foliated orthoclase-gneiss, the foliation of the latter being regarded by him as the survival of an almost obliterated bedding.
He subsequently found in Eastern Ontario a series of rocks which he considered in all probability to represent the Grenville Series in a less altered state, and to this he gave the name of the ‘Hastings Series.’ Later investigations showed that the anorthosite of the Laurentian System is of intrusive origin; but little further light was thrown upon the relations of the underlying limestone-series (which is now termed the Grenville Series) to the Lower or Fundamental Gneiss. The relation of the Grenville and the Hastings Series also remained
A Note on the Petrology and Physiography of Western Liberia, West Coast of Africa
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: October 2009

I.
Petrology
.

By the kind permission of Sir Harry Johnston, G.C.M.G., I am enabled to make the following brief contribution to the geology of part of Western Liberia. The district described lies to the north and north-east of Monrovia, in Montserrado county, and includes the lower part of the basin of the St. Paul or Ding River. These notes are the result of a seven months' journey in the Republic.
Taking the southern part first, it should be noted that garnetschists and various gneisses, for the most part greatly decomposed, are exposed in the neighbourhood of Whiteplains and along the Caresburg Road. In typical specimens of the former collected near Whiteplains, garnets are abundant, much cracked and very irregular in outline. Flakes of biotite are common, quartz is occasionally plentiful; and the felspar is, at least partly, an acid plagioclase. Phenocrysts are rare. Kyanite-schists are probably associated with these rocks, for the distinguishing mineral is common in the gravels of the streams, but it has not yet been traced to the parent rock.
These garnet-biotite-granulites or schists form a well-marked group, probably distinct from the commoner gneisses with which they are associated. In the latter the occurrence of a monoclinic, and possibly also of a rhombic, pleochroic pyroxene is worthy of note. Quartz is common, and occurs typically in elongated lenticles.
The Whiteplains garnetiferous rocks may be correlated with others petrographically similar, found between Suen and Arthington on the western bank of the St. Paul, and with garnet-graphitegneisses and tremolite-schists
Solution-Valleys in the Glyme Area (Oxfordshire)
Authors: Spicer E. C. 
Published: October 2009

In the plateau composed of Great Oolite rocks between the Evenlode and the Cherwell there is a series of remarkable valleys of similar character running in various directions. The area to be briefly considered is triangular: the base is formed by the strike-valley of the Upper Swere running north-eastwards, and by its continuation from the Great Rollright water-parting running south-westwards. The Dorn and the Glyme define an inner triangle in this area (see map, p. 336).
It will be seen that the streams run in many different directions. Reference to a contoured map will show that there are innumerable valleys connected with and opening into the numerous streams draining the area, and that their trend varies. In the main, however, they are either strike-valleys or dip-valleys, though in the field their trend is not so evident. The valleys always begin suddenly upon the plateau, and descend with steep sides along winding courses into the nearest evident stream. The upper part of each valley is always dry. The cross-valleys are usually dry throughout. There are no terraces in the valleys, and there is no drift upon the plateau, nor any alluvium in the streams. The general appearance of the plateau-valleys is not of erosion but subsidence, as if an enormous snake had left a cast upon a yielding surface.
Taking any part of the area, such as that where Grimm's Brook enters the Glyme west of Wootton on the right bank (Pl. XXXVIII, fig. 2), it will be seen that the
The Hornblendic Rocks of Glendalorgh and Greystones (County Wicklow).
Authors: Thomson James Allan 
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.

The two occurrences of hornblende-rocks of which this paper treat have been briefly described before, that of Glendalough under the name of amphibolite by Prof. Sollas, that of Greystones as hornblende-picrite by Prof. Watts. Both these authors felt tha there were points of interest about these rocks which required fuller working-out; and when, at Prof. Sollas's suggestion, I commenced the study of the amphibolite, Prof. Watts kindly offered to delay the publication of an interesting communication which he had in hand on the picrite, so as to allow me to give a complete description of both rocks. In recording my thanks I have also to mention Prof. Cole, Mr. Seymour, and Dr. Flett, to whom I am indebted for facilities to examine sections in the Geological-Survey collections and for many fruitful suggestions.
Both these rocks are intrusive into Ordovician strata in the east of County Wicklow. This area has been described in detail in the Geological-Survey Memoir, its igneous rocks are well known from the descriptions by Prof. Watts, and its geological history has been discussed by Prof. Sollas. The outstanding feature is, that into a thick mass of arenaceous and argillaceous sediments and intercalated volcanic rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age, there was intruded in laccolitic form an immense mass of granite. The intrusion of the Leinster Granite seems to be connected with the Caledonian system of folding: for its outcrop runs in a north-east to south-west direction for some 30 miles, from Killiney to New Ross.
The Bala and Llandovery Rocks of Glyn Ceiriog North Wales.
Authors: Groom Theodore , Lake Philip 
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.

It was in continuation of the work which we had begun at Corwen that in 1892 we paid our first visit to Glyn Ceiriog. At Corwen we had been unable to detect any decisive proof of unconformity at the base of the Corwen Grit; but in the Bala Beds below we did not find the characteristic fossils of the Sholeshook Limestone or of other Upper Bala deposits, and were therefore led to believe that the highest beds of the Bala Series were absent, and that there was probably an unconformity which was too slight to be visible in so small an area.
The section at Glyn Ceiriog encouraged the hope that higher Bala Beds might there be found, and it seemed, moreover, to afford excellent opportunities for the examination of the whole Bala Series. To judge from the map of the Geological Survey, or from a cursory inspection of the ground, it would be difficult to imagine a locality more favourably situated for the purpose. The valley of the Ceiriog appears to cut through the whole of the Bala Series, from the lowest ash-band up to the Glyn Grit; and, owing to the steepness of its banks, the rocks are admirably exposed, while most of the beds are fossiliferous almost to excess.
It was not long, however, before we found unexpected difficulties. The same succession, or rather the upper portion of it, should appear in the nearly parallel valleys of Tyn-y-twmpath and Nantyr; but when we examined those
On the Stratigraphy and Structure of the Tarnthal Mass (Tyeol).
Authors: Young Alfred Prentice 
Published: October 2009

The Tarnthaler Köpfe are an isolated mountain-mass in the north of the Tuxer Alps. The appended sketch-map (fig. 1), together with the sections (figs. 2 & 3) copied from Pichler and Rothpletz, affords a general idea of the geographical distribution of the rocks of which the mass is composed and the vertical section of their arrangement in the mountain-mass itself.
The stratigraphy of the mass has been very differently interpreted by various investigators. Their views will be found in the papers noticed below.

Adolf Pichler in 1859 supposed the sequence of strata to be normal throughout, the capping mass of serpentine being treated as a sedimentary rock. He enumerates the following fossils, found in a grey limestone in place:—
Belemnites, Pentacrinus, Gervillia inflata, Lithodendron, Rhynchonella
. The whole mass of dolomite, with the calcareous schists above it, is shown in his section, as Lias, in which formation the author includes the Rhætic.

In 1894 Prof. A. Rothpletz announced a further discovery of Rhætic fossils in this locality—
Terebratula gregaria, Modiola minuta
, and several others. The igneous character of the serpentine is recognized; but otherwise the descriptions and sections seem to assume a normal and continuous succession of beds, from the Triassic dolomite below to the youngest ‘Kalk-thon’ and Wetzschiefer above.

In the same year Dr. F. E. Suess published the results of his own studies in this region. The serpentine and quartzite-schists are held to be older than the calcareous schists and dolomites, and it is supposed that they were brought into