bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wine and Health: A Paradigm for Alcohol and Antioxidants
Authors: Goldberg David , Soleas George 
Published: December 2010

Wine and Health: A Paradigm for Alcohol and AntioxidantsModerate alcohol consumption has been shown in many epidemiological investigations to prolong overall life expectancy by reducing the risk of certain diseases. Those that account most for this reduction are coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke, both of which are caused by atherosclerotic vascular disease. It has been claimed that these effects are beverage-specific, with red wine being the most potent. This review examines the relative contributions of ethanol and the polyphenolic antioxidants of red wine by considering their potential to inhibit atherogenesis and the mechanisms involved. There is good evidence, bothin vitroandin vivo, that ethanol increases production and circulating levels of HDL-Cholesterol, and reduces clot formation by blocking thrombin activity as well as by inhibition of fibrinolysis. It also prevents migration of smooth-muscle cells to the intimal layer of arteries and reduces the incidence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus, a major risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. Red wine, in addition to ethanol, contains many polyphenolic antioxidants that are also present in fruit and vegetables (such as catechin and quercetin), as well as resveratrol that is almost restricted to grapes and red wine. These polyphenols, especially the last-named, have been shown byin vitroexperiments to exhibit many potent properties conducive to preventing atherosclerosis. In addition to lowering clot formation, they diminish inflammatory reactions by down-regulating production of eicosanoids and cytokines, they prevent oxidation of LDL, reduce expression of cell-adhesion molecules, and increase NO production. However, investigations in whole animals and human subjects have yielded conflicting results. The above paradox can be explained by studies demonstrating that these polyphenols, when taken orally, are rapidly conjugated with glucuronide and sulfate by the small-intestinal mucosa prior to absorption, following which the deactivated water-soluble conjugates are quickly excreted by the kidney. The free biologically-active parent compounds appear in the circulation in very low concentrations and with a very rapid halflife. Uptake by relevant tissues could not be demonstrated. In line with this evidence, red and white wines have comparable effects when administered to humans that are essentially attributable to their alcohol content alone. These findings suggest that dietary antioxidants may be less effective than previously thought.
An essay on human and elements, multielement profiles, and depression
Authors: Momčilović Berislav , Prejac Juraj , Brundić Sanja , Morović Sandra , Skalny Anatoly , Mimica Ninoslav , Drmić Stipe 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The recent development of the analytical techniques offers the unprecedented possibility to study simultaneously concentration of dozens of elements in the same biological matrix sample of 0.5–1.0 g (multielement profiles). The first part of this essay entitled “Think globally… An outline of trace elements in health and disease” aims to introduce the reader to the fascinating field of elements, there importance to our nutrition, their essentiality, deficiency, toxicity and bioavailability to the body and their overall role in health and disease, including the genetic metabolic impairments. In the second part of the essay entitled “… and act locally. The multielement profile of depression” we aimed to show the potential of such a hair multielement profile analysis for the study of human depression in a randomized, double blind, prospective, observational, cross-sectional, clinical, epidemiological, and analytical study. The preliminary results of this ongoing study lead us to put forward the hypothesis that the metabolic origin of depression may be due to some “energostat” failure, probably located in the thalamus, and activated by several essential element deficiencies.
Role of gangliosides in brain aging and neurodegeneration
Authors: Mlinac Kristina , Bognar Svjetlana 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Gangliosides are membrane glycosphingolipids bearing sialic acid residues. Within membranes, gangliosides are specifically enriched in highly organized domains, lipid rafts, and are attributed with diverse functions such as intercellular interactions, cell recognition, neurotransmission, and signal transduction. The highest concentration and variability of ganglioside structures are found in the human brain. Specific temporal and regional distribution of brain gangliosides has been reported; moreover, gangliosides may serve as markers of neurodevelopmental stages, aging and neurodegeneration. Brain ganglioside content and composition as well as ganglioside metabolism are altered in Alzheimer’s disease. It appears that the alterations of ganglioside metabolism leading to changes in membrane physico-chemical properties are not merely a consequence of primary pathology, but may also be involved in the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease through documented effects on APP proteolytic processing and amyloid aggregation. Investigations of glycolipid metabolic alterations which accompany neurodegenerative disorders provide insight into pathogenetic mechanisms and enable recognition of diagnostic markers as well as molecular structures acting as therapeutic tools interfering with cascade of pathological events.
Évaluation et gestion des risques en anesthésie : stratégies mises en place par les médecins anesthésistes
Authors: Neyns V. , Carreras O. , Cellier Jean-Marie 
Published: December 2010

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de mettre en évidence, par différentes approches, l’apport de l’opérateur à la résilience des systèmes. Quatre études utilisant différentes méthodes sont présentées : une étude utilisant la technique des incidents critiques, une analyse des comptes rendus de consultation, une tâche de catégorisation de dossiers et des observations de l’activité de l’anesthésiste au bloc opératoire. Les principaux résultats montrent deux temps d’action dans la gestion des risques : (1) évaluation des facteurs de risque et mise en place de stratégies de prévention ; (2) mises en évidence de problèmes particuliers dont la gestion est renvoyée à l’intervention et récupération de dérives en situation. Ces résultats sont discutés en regard de l’intérêt d’étudier les écarts à la norme, de la complémentarité des méthodes utilisées et de l’importance d’observer le travail réel pour améliorer la résilience des systèmes.
A Longitudinal Study of the Family Physical Activity Environment and Physical Activity among Youth
Authors: Cleland Verity , Timperio Anna , Salmon Jo , Hume Clare , Telford Amanda , Crawford David 
Published: December 2010

Purpose. Although the family environment is a potentially important influence on children's physical activity (PA), prospective data investigating these associations are lacking. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal relationship between the family environment and PA among youth. Design. A 5-year prospective cohort study. Setting. Nineteen randomly selected public schools in Melbourne, Australia. Subjects. Families of 5- to 6-year-old (n = 190) and 10- to 12-year-old (n = 350) children. Measures. In 2001, parents reported their participation in PA, family-based PA, and support and reinforcement for their child's PA. In 2001, 2004, and 2006, moderate to vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) was assessed among youth using accelerometers. Weekend and “critical window” (after school until 6:00 P.M.) MVPA were examined because we hypothesized that the family environment would most likely influence these behaviors. Analysis. Generalized estimating equations predicted average change in MVPA over 5 years from baseline family environment factors. Results. Maternal role modeling was positively associated with boys' critical window and weekend (younger boys) MVPA. Paternal reinforcement of PA was positively associated with critical window and weekend MVPA among all boys, and paternal direct support was positively associated with weekend MVPA (older boys). Among girls, maternal coparticipation in PA predicted critical window MVPA, and sibling coparticipation in PA was directly associated with weekend MVPA (younger girls). Conclusions. Longitudinal relationships, although weak in magnitude, were observed between the family environment and MVPA among youth. Interventions promoting maternal role modeling, paternal reinforcement of and support for PA, and maternal and sibling coparticipation in PA with youth are warranted. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[3]:159–167.)
Teaching the concept of management: Perspectives from ‘six honest serving men’
Authors: McDonald Paul 
Published: December 2010

AbstractManagement as a body of knowledge is dynamic such that management educators face continual challenges to achieve realism and relevance in the classroom. The emerging knowledge economy, in parallel with accelerating changes in technology, globalization and societal values, make these challenges more acute than ever before. The purpose of this article is to provide personal insights using a framework for analyzing and teaching management that draws on Rudyard Kipling's ‘six honest serving men’—what, why, when, how, where and who. These ‘honest serving men’ trigger discrete perspectives with which we can analyze, revise and recalibrate the teaching of management to ensure that it remains relevant to modern business. Teaching propositions are advanced as to management's definition.
Teaching organizational power and politics through a critical pedagogical approach
Authors: Duarte Fernanda 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRe-visiting the ideas of some key educational thinkers and critical management theorists, this paper re-affirms the need for a critical pedagogy of organizational power and politics to foster deeper levels of reflection and ethical attitudes among undergraduate management students. While prescriptive pedagogical approaches can impart knowledge that may be useful to future managers, they often encourage a shallow and instrumental view of power in which profits are placed above ethics, and expediency above morality. As argued here, a critical pedagogy will encourage a more productive analysis of power-related phenomena in organizations, and will nurture attitudes and behaviours that can humanize management practice. The first part of the paper examines the key theoretical concepts of the proposed approach, the second discusses a set of themes emerging from a critical analysis of organizational power and politics in a management subject, and the third discusses common challenges encountered by academics committed to critical approaches.
Reduction-in-force (RIF) – New developments and a brief historical analysis of a business strategy
Authors: Gandolfi Franco , Hansson Magnus 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAfter nearly three decades of corporate restructurings and reorganizations, the modern firm has continued to resort to reduction-in-force (RIF) strategies. This article presents an overview and a brief historical analysis of some of the most popular RIF concepts that have been adopted by companies and governmental agencies on a global scale since the late 1970s. The research found that most RIF tools have their root in the core-periphery model. While some of the more ‘classic’ RIF strategies have remained popular, the paper showcases two contemporary practices, the traditional (non-selective) layoffs and stealth layoffs, that currently impact the corporate landscape. A discussion of modern-day restructuring and RIF practices is timely given the high levels of layoffs currently occurring in the global automotive, retail, and finance-related industries. In this paper, a particular focus is placed on presenting practical implications of the conduct of RIF for the firm, the managers, and the individual employees.
Investigation of Energy Transfer in Organic Photovoltaic Cells and Impact on Exciton Diffusion Length Measurements
Authors: Luhman Wade A. , Holmes Russell J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis work demonstrates an approach for measuring the Förster radius of energy transfer between electron donating and accepting materials commonly used in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). While energy transfer processes are surprisingly common in OPVs, they are often incorrectly ignored in measurements of the exciton diffusion length and in models of device performance. Here, the efficiency of energy transfer between an emissive donor and an absorptive acceptor is investigated through complementary experimental and theoretical techniques. This is accomplished by spatially separating the donor and acceptor materials using a wide‐energy‐gap spacer layer to suppress direct charge transfer and tracking donor photoluminescence as a function of spacer layer thickness. Fitting experimental data obtained for a variety of donor materials allows for the extraction of Förster radii that are in good agreement with predicted values. The impact of donor–acceptor excitonic energy transfer on device performance and on measurements of the exciton diffusion length is also investigated using the archetypical small molecule donor material boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc). An average exciton diffusion length of 7.7 nm is extracted from photoluminescence quenching experiments using SubPc. This value is independent of the quenching material when the role of energy transfer is properly modeled.
Nanoparticles: Correlation Between Surface Chemistry and Electrocatalytic Properties of Monodisperse PtxNi1‐x Nanoparticles (Adv. Funct. Mater. 1/2011)
Authors: Wang Chao , Chi Miaofang , Wang Guofeng , van der Vliet Dennis , Li Dongguo , More Karren , Wang Hsien‐Hau , Schlueter John A. , Markovic Nenad M. , Stamenkovic Vojislav R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMonodisperse and homogeneous PtxNi1‐x alloy nanoparticles of various compositions are synthesized via an organic solution approach in order to reveal the correlation between surface chemistry and their electrocatalytic properties. Atomic‐level microscopic analysis of the compositional profile and modeling of nanoparticle structure are combined to follow the dependence of Ni dissolution on the initial alloy composition and formation of the Pt‐skeleton nanostructures. The developed approach and acquired knowledge about surface structure‐property correlation can be further generalized and applied towards the design of advanced functional nanomaterials.
Photovoltaic Devices: High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells with Spray Coated Hole‐Transport and Active Layers (Adv. Funct. Mater. 1/2011)
Authors: Girotto Claudio , Moia Davide , Rand Barry P. , Heremans Paul 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this study, we report high performance organic solar cells with spray coated hole‐transport and active layers. With optimized ink formulations we are able to deposit films with controlled thickness and very low surface roughness (<10 nm).Specifically we deposit smooth and uniform 40 nm thick films of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as well as films composed of a mixture of poly(3‐hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) and the C60‐derivative (6,6)‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with thicknesses in the range 200–250 nm.To control film morphology, formation and thickness, the optimized inks incorporate two solvent systems in order to take advantage of surface tension gradients to create Marangoni flows that enhance the coverage of the substrate and reduce the roughness of the film.Notably, we achieve fill factors above 70% and attribute the improvement to an enhanced P3HT crystallization, which upon optimized post‐drying thermal annealing results in a favorable morphology. As a result, we could extend the thickness of the layer to several hundreds of nanometers without noticing a substantial decrease of the transport properties of the layer.By proper understanding of the spreading and drying dynamics of the inks we achieve spray coated devices with power conversion efficiency of 3.75%, with fill factor, short circuit current and open circuit voltage of 70%, 9.8 mA cm−2 and 550 mV, respectively.
On the Manifestation and nature of macroinstabilities in stirred vessels
Authors: Doulgerakis Zacharias , Yianneskis Michael , Ducci Andrea 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe flow variations or macroinstabilities (MIs) occurring in a vessel stirred by a pitched blade turbine (PBT) are studied through particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments. Proper orthogonal decomposition and fast Fourier transform techniques are applied to the PIV velocity data at one vertical and nine horizontal planes below the impeller, to identify and characterize the flow structures present in the vessel. It is shown that the PBT MI is manifested as a precessional movement around the impeller axis and an oscillation in the direction of the axial mean stream around the shaft axis. The identified flow structures are similar to those previously observed in vessels stirred by Rushton impellers and are characterized by two dominant frequencies, equal to one‐tenth and one‐fifth of the impeller rotational speed. The nature and extent of these structures and their interaction with the trailing vortices emanating from the turbine blades are discussed. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Control and enhancement of permselectivity of membrane‐based microcapsules for favorable biomolecular transport and immunoisolation
Authors: Ranganath Sudhir H. , Ling Tan Ai , He Fang , Wang Chi‐Hwa , Krantz William B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe success of membrane‐based, cell‐encapsulating microcapsules depends on the membrane permselectivity that provides efficient inward transport of nutrients, therapeutic protein egress, and complete exclusion of immunoglobulins. Microcapsules with a calcium crosslinked alginate core and a genipin‐crosslinked chitosan alginate (GCA) were prepared with good control over size, membrane thickness and density. Importantly, in this study, we report a novel approach of using three relevant biomolecules and investigating the effects of the membrane characteristics (thickness and density) and microcapsule size on biomolecular mass transport across the GCA microcapsules using mathematical models based on a balance of the chemical potential. Scaling analysis was used to interrelate the membrane thickness, chitosan–alginate reaction rate constant, and diffusion coefficient. The resistance to diffusion of the three biomolecules increased with membrane density and thickness. Interestingly, swelling in the large microcapsules resulted in an increase in permeability, allowing larger biomolecules (immunoglobulin and carbonic anhydrase) to diffuse more readily. In the case of the smaller biomolecule, vitamin B12, a shorter diffusion path length in smaller microcapsules allowed better ingress. When compared with other microcapsules, the GCA microcapsules possess improved permselectivity for them to allow diffusion of small nutrient molecules and proteins, whereas completely excluding antibodies. Also, these results elucidate the importance of membrane properties and microcapsule size to realize favorable transport of biomolecules. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Numerical simulation of three‐dimensional gas‐solid particle flow in a horizontal pipe
Authors: Kartushinsky A. I. , Michaelides E. E. , Rudi Y. A. , Tisler S. V. , Shcheglov I. N. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA three‐dimensional model of particulate flows using the Reynolds Averaged Navier‐Stokes method is presented. The governing equations of the gas–solids flow are supplemented with appropriate closure equations to take into account all the relevant forces exerted on the solid particles, such as particle‐turbulence interactions, turbulence modulation, particle–particle interactions, particle–wall interactions, as well as gravitational, viscous drag, and lift forces. A finite volume numerical technique was implemented for the numerical solution of the problem. The method has been validated by comparing its results with the limited number of available experimental data for the velocity and turbulence intensity of the gas–particle flow. The results show that the presence of particles in the flow has a significant effect on all the flow variables. Most notably, the distribution of all the parameters becomes asymmetric, because of the gravitational effect on the particles and particle sedimentation. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Kinetic theory of aggregation in granular flow
Authors: Liu L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article presents a mathematical formulation of the aggregation kinetics in granular flow. The traditional kinetic theory and its generalized application to granular flow does not allow for particle size to change with time thus cannot be used to describe particle flow with aggregation taking place. In this article, a collision success factor, quantifying the completely inelastic collision of particles, is introduced into the evaluation of collision rate. The kinetic transport equations are then transformed to include source terms that account for the effects of particle size and aggregation. The analytical solution of the collision success factor is obtained by integrating the relative velocity distribution function over its velocity domain from 0 to a critical value, which corresponds a balance between the repulsion and attraction forces in a collision. The factor has been found to depend on the mixture granular energy and the critical relative collision energy. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Hydroxyurea adherence and associated outcomes among Medicaid enrollees with sickle cell disease
Authors: Candrilli Sean D. , O'Brien Sarah H. , Ware Russell E. , Nahata Milap C. , Seiber Eric E. , Balkrishnan Rajesh 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWhile laboratory and clinical benefits of hydroxyurea for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are well‐established, few data describe the extent and implications of non‐adherence. We sought to assess adherence to hydroxyurea among patients with SCD and investigate associations between adherence and clinical and economic outcomes. Insurance claims of North Carolina Medicaid enrollees (6/2000‐8/2008) with SCD were analyzed. Inclusion criteria included age <65 years, continuous Medicaid enrollment ≥12 months before and following hydroxyurea initiation, and ≥2 hydroxyurea prescriptions. Three hundred twelve patients, mean age 21 (±12.2) years, met inclusion criteria and 35% were adherent, defined as a medication possession ration (MPR) ≥ 0.80; mean MPR was 0.60. In the 12 months following hydroxyurea initiation, adherence was associated with reduced risk of SCD‐related hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.65, p = .0351), all‐cause and SCD‐related emergency department visit (HR = 0.72, p = .0388; HR = 0.58, p =.0079, respectively), and vaso‐occlusive event (HR = 0.66, p = .0130). Adherence was associated with reductions in health care costs such as all‐cause and SCD‐related inpatient (−$5,286, p < .0001; −$4,403, p < .0001, respectively), ancillary care (−$1,336, p < .0001; −$836, p < .0001, respectively), vaso‐occlusive event‐related (−$5,793, p < .0001), and total costs (−$6,529, p < .0001; −$5,329, p <.0001, respectively). Adherence to hydroxyurea among SCD patients appears suboptimal and better adherence is associated with improved clinical and economic outcomes. Am. J. Hematol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.