bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La rue mémoire, écriture du politique
Authors: Knaebel Georges 
Published: September 2009

Résumé Les noms des rues, résultat d’une décision politique, sont pour la plupart des conventions qui n’ont qu’un rapport lointain avec la voie. À l’inverse, les hommages initiés par le mot « ici » renvoient à la rue dans son existence concrète. Celle-ci contextualise le message et modifie les interprétations. Le marquage institutionnel monopolise l’inscription de la mémoire et des thèmes républicains dans l’espace public. La parole populaire est confinée dans des espaces réduits et encadrés, ou se réfugie dans les interstices.
L'univers sociopolitique des fonctionnaires français
Authors: Rouban Luc 
Published: September 2009

Résumé Deux questions dominent le débat sur l’état social des fonctionnaires en France et son évolution future : d’une part, les agents de l’État sont-ils assimilables aux salariés du secteur privé ? D’autre part, en quoi peut-on affirmer que les agents publics des divers États membres de l’Union européenne partagent les mêmes représentations et les mêmes valeurs? L’étude des données sociopolitiques du long terme montre que même si le comportement électoral des fonctionnaires tend à s’aligner sur celui des salariés du secteur privé, le service de l’État garde sa spécificité culturelle (solidarisme, faible emprise du libéralisme économique). L’analyse comparative des valeurs en Europe montre par ailleurs que les fonctionnaires français, à l’instar des salariés du secteur privé, ne se distinguent pas par un refus de l’innovation et du changement, mais plutôt par un repli sur la sphère de leur univers privé et un manque d’ambition. Le réformisme constitue toujours un risque pour les fonctionnaires. Cette situation s’explique par l’absence d’autonomie professionnelle, un faible niveau de confiance interpersonnelle et l’enfermement du syndicalisme dans son rôle contestataire.
Serviteurs de l'État : moyens et contraintes
Authors: Alventosa Jean-Raphael 
Published: September 2009

Résumé Les contraintes subies par les serviteurs de l’État sont fortes : internationales, financières, managériales, politiques et médiatiques. L’État progresse donc sans crédit, avec moins de leviers d’action qu’hier, et des serviteurs quelquefois moroses. Les moyens sont pourtant considérables : en France, la dépense publique est relativement élevée et les serviteurs eux-mêmes ne sont pas à plaindre. Il convient en fait de retrouver des marges de manœuvre. Tel est l’objet de la lolf . Celle-ci cependant n’y suffira pas sans la définition d’une stratégie pour l’État.
La question de la démocratie en Pologne
Authors: Marody Mira 
Published: September 2009

Résumé La Pologne connaît-elle une crise prématurée de la démocratie ? C’est la question dérangeante que pose l’article en examinant les différentes facettes : crise de confiance à l’égard de la Diète et des partis politiques, méfiance grandissante envers les institutions politiques et montée de sympathies pour un pouvoir fort. L’ensemble de ces éléments semble étayer la thèse et dessine l’arrière-plan de la montée en puissance des forces populistes.
Relationships of New Nurses' Perceptions and Measured Performance-Based Clinical Competence
Authors: Marshburn Dianne M. , Engelke Martha Keehner , Swanson Melvin S. 
Published: September 2009

Background:
This study examined the relationship between new nurses' performance-based measurements and perceptions of clinical competence.

Methods:

Descriptive correlational designs were used to examine the relationships. Performance-based clinical competence was measured by the Performance Based Development System developed by Del Bueno (
1990
), and perceived competence was measured by specific items on the Casey-Fink Graduate Nurse Experience Survey (
1999
).

Results:
Findings showed a significant difference in mean patient scores and professional role scores. Nurses who met the criteria for problem management had significantly higher scores on the patient care scale and the professional role scale than those who did not meet the criteria. Nurses with previous work experience (44%) were more likely to meet the criteria for problem management. Black participants scored lower on the patient care scale compared with others.

Conclusion:
This study provides a beginning understanding of the relationship between new nurses' perceptions and performance-based clinical competence.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2009;40(9):426–432.
Algorithmic Approach for Reconstruction of Proximal Femoral Bone Loss in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Higuera Carlos A. , Capello William , Barsoum Wael K. 
Published: September 2009

Reconstruction of the femur depends on the quantity of bone loss and the quality of the remaining bone stock. Multiple classifications and reporting systems can be used to characterize the bone defect. We present a simple algorithmic approach for proximal femoral bone loss reconstruction during revision total hip arthroplasty. Quantity of bone loss is assessed using radiographs based on different classification systems, whereas quality of the remaining bone stock is assessed intraoperatively. Based on the type of proximal bone loss and the quality of the available bone, we describe our preferred reconstruction technique.
For minor bone loss, the metaphysis is expanded but intact with partially absent calcar. There is minimal bone loss anteriorly and posteriorly, and the diaphysis is intact. For significant bone loss, the metaphysis is compromised, and there is no calcar. There is minimal bone loss anteriorly and posteriorly. The available proximal bone may be thin, sclerotic, and incapable of support. However, the diaphysis is intact. For massive bone loss, there is complete circumferential bone loss in the metaphysis, extending to the diaphysis. The anterolateral bone and supporting subtrochanteric metaphyseal bone are absent. The metaphysis is not stable and will not offer rotational stability. There is massive bone loss anteriorly and posteriorly. The stability of the implant is dependent on distal diaphyseal fixation. For complete proximal bone loss, there is extensive circumferential segmental bone loss proximally and extensive cavitary loss involving the entire diaphysis. Additionally, there is extensive ectasia of the diaphysis.
Antibiotic Bone Cements: Their Use in Routine Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty is Justified
Authors: Dunbar Michael J. 
Published: September 2009

The use of antibiotic bone cement in total hip arthroplasty (THA) is the standard of care in countries with long-standing national registries, as data from the registries demonstrates an improvement in survivorship by reducing the incidence of both septic and aseptic failures. There is reluctance in North America to embrace antibiotic bone cement, although the percentage of use is increasing. Reasons cited for not using antibiotic cement include lack of efficacy, adverse effects on mechanical properties, increased costs, bacterial resistance, and systemic toxicity. Little to no compelling data in the literature support these claims, and significant evidence refutes them, specifically: registry data and randomized controlled trials demonstrate a clear reduction in deep joint infections with the use of antibiotic bone cement; antibiotic bone cement has lower incidence of both septic and aseptic loosening, indicating no negative effect on mechanical properties; antibiotic bone cement is cost-effective, given its proven ability to reduce revision rates and prevent poor patient outcomes; there is no evidence to support bacterial resistance, and antibiotic bone cement may reduce the incidence of resistance; and there are no reported cases of systemic toxicity from manufacturer-prepared antibiotic cement in primary THA or total knee arthroplasty.
Based on the strong evidence supporting the benefits of antibiotic bone cement and the lack of evidence against its use, it is difficult to justify why antibiotic cement is not the standard of care for primary cemented THA in North America.
Extensor Mechanism Ruptures
Authors: Brooks Peter 
Published: September 2009

The extensor mechanism of the knee consists of the quadriceps muscle and tendon, the patella, the patellar tendon, and the tibial tubercle. Disruption of any of these can lead to an extensor mechanism rupture and render an otherwise perfectly good total knee replacement (TKR) useless. Quadriceps tears associated with TKR are difficult to treat and associated with a poorer prognosis than in the native knee. Transosseous sutures tied over the distal pole of the patella are recommended. Patella fractures may heal in continuity or may involve a disruption of the extensor mechanism. The blood supply may have been compromised during TKR, so healing may be delayed. The patella component may be loose and need to be removed or revised.
Patellar tendon ruptures are the most common and serious form of extensor mechanism rupture. Prevention is more effective than treatment. Careful exposure during revision surgery includes anticipating the need for a quadriceps snip, pinning the tubercle to avoid avulsion, and preserving the fat pad during primary surgery. Treatment of patellar tendon ruptures is challenging. Primary repair may succeed in early intervention, but in established rupture, allograft reconstruction is often necessary. Achilles tendon allograft is preferred. The calcaneus fragment is embedded into the proximal tibia as a new tubercle, and the tendon is sutured into the remaining extensor mechanism. The repair is then protected using a cable loop from the superior pole of the patella to a drill hole in the upper tibia.
Radiation Therapy for Preventing Recurrence of Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossification
Authors: Cipriano Cara , Pill Stephan G. , Rosenstock Jeffrey , Keenan Mary Ann 
Published: September 2009

Radiation therapy is commonly used to prevent heterotopic ossification, and the dose-dependent effects of this treatment have been well documented in patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, the efficacy and dose requirement of radiation therapy to prevent heterotopic ossification of nonsurgical origin have not been studied. The purpose of this retrospective case-control study was to determine the effects of prophylactic radiation therapy on severe heterotopic ossification recurrence, postoperative range of motion (ROM), and wound healing in patients with heterotopic ossification secondary to neurologic deficits.
Selection was not blinded, and higher risk patients were generally assigned to the treatment group. Standard doses of radiation therapy did not adequately lower recurrence rates; in fact, there was a higher incidence of heterotopic ossification formation necessitating revision in the treatment group (15.0%) compared to the control group (5.1%). Moreover, patients who received radiation therapy were not more successful at maintaining intraoperative ROM over time. There was a similar incidence of delayed wound healing between groups (12.8% in the control group and 12.5% in the treatment group), and no other negative side effects or complications were observed.
These results suggest that the 700 cGy dose of radiation therapy typically used for the prophylaxis of heterotopic ossification associated with THA does not effectively prevent the recurrence of neurogenic heterotopic ossification in high-risk patients. Further studies are needed to determine whether higher doses of radiation therapy will provide more effective prophylaxis for heterotopic ossification.
Reconstruction of Humeral Head Defect for Locked Posterior Shoulder Dislocation
Authors: Modi Chetan S. , Wicks Laurence , Srinivasan Kuntrapaka 
Published: September 2009

Locked posterior shoulder dislocation is a rare injury and is often missed on examination, usually due to inadequate imaging and potentially resulting in significant loss of shoulder function. An important feature of the physical examination is identification of the patient's inability to externally rotate their arm. These injuries are associated with defects in the humeral head articular surface, also known as reverse Hill-Sachs lesions. Medium-sized defects involving 25% to 50% of the articular surface can be reconstructed using several methods, including subscapularis or lesser tuberosity transfer, rotational osteotomy of the humerus, osteochondral autografting, and allograft reconstruction.
We describe reconstruction of a 40% anteromedial humeral head articular surface defect associated with a missed locked posterior shoulder dislocation. Our technique used a deltopectoral approach with soft tissue dissection through the rotator interval to enable direct access to the defect with preservation of the rotator cuff muscles. The impacted articular surface was elevated, and the void was filled with moldable putty consisting of tricalcium phosphate with carboxymethylcellulose (Calstrux; Stryker Biotech, Hopkinton, Massachusetts). The articular fragment was then secured in position with size 5 Ethibond (Ethicon, Inc, Somerville, New Jersey) bone sutures. The patient regained excellent function and range of motion, with computed tomography scanning at 9 months demonstrating a smooth humeral articular surface with excellent graft incorporation.
This technique avoids donor site morbidity and potential risks with allograft use while maintaining normal shoulder joint anatomy with preservation of the rotator cuff muscles for less complicated prosthetic reconstruction if required in the future.
Regulatory T Cells Negatively Regulate Neovasculature of Airway Remodeling via DLL4-Notch Signaling
Authors: Huang Miao-Tzu , Dai Yang-Shia , Chou Yu-Bin , Juan Yi-Hsiu , Wang Chih-Chiang , Chiang Bor-Luen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) have been shown to prevent the development of allergic asthma; however, the role of Treg in asthma with established airway remodeling is unknown. To address this, we exploited an OVA-induced chronic asthma mouse model wherein Treg were adoptively transferred to the mice at chronic stage of the model. We found that among the structural alterations of airway remodeling, Treg selectively reduced the vessel numbers in both peritracheal and peribronchial regions and the lung parenchyma. Extracellular matrix deposition, mucus metaplasia, muscular hyperplasia, and vasodilation, as were also induced by chronic allergen challenge, were not affected by Treg. TUNEL staining of the lung sections revealed an increased endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis in mice receiving Treg transfers compared with their asthmatic counterparts. By using Matrigel angiogenesis assays, we showed that Treg inhibited EC angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Treg preferentially expressed Notch ligand DLL4, and an anti-DLL4 blocking Ab abrogated the inhibitory effect of Treg on EC tube formation. In vivo, decreased airway and lung vessel numbers as well as ameliorated airway hyperresponsiveness after Treg transfers were reverted when Treg-derived DLL4 signal was blocked by the anti-DLL4 Ab. Our findings demonstrate a novel function of Treg whereby Treg down-regulate remodeling angiogenesis via proapoptotic DLL4-Notch signaling, and suggest a therapeutic potential of Treg in alleviating airway hyperresponsiveness of chronic asthma.
A Role for Complement in the Enhanced Susceptibility of Steatotic Livers to Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury
Authors: He Songqing , Atkinson Carl , Evans Zachary , Ellett Justin D. , Southwood Mark , Elvington Andrew , Chavin Kenneth D. , Tomlinson Stephen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Hepatic steatosis typically renders the donor organ unusable, as donor organs with &gt;30% steatosis are more likely to develop graft failure. The mechanisms leading to failure are not well defined, but steatosis enhances hepatic susceptibility to ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). We investigated the role of complement in hepatic IRI in lean and steatotic (diet-induced) mice. Steatotic mice were significantly more susceptible to total warm hepatic IRI than lean mice as determined by serum alanine aminotransferase, histopathologically assessed damage, and 24-h survival. C3 deficiency protected both lean and steatotic mice from IRI, as determined by all measured outcomes. Furthermore, treatment of wild-type mice with the complement inhibitor CR2-Crry provided protection equivalent to that seen in C3-deficient mice. Importantly, although steatotic livers were much more susceptible to IRI than lean livers, by most measures there was no statistical difference between the level of IRI to steatotic or lean livers when complement was inhibited. To investigate the clinical relevance of these findings in the context of transplantation, we treated recipients of lean or steatotic liver grafts with saline or CR2-Crry. There was a marked reduction in graft inflammation and injury and significantly improved 7-day survival in CR2-Crry-treated recipients of either lean or steatotic grafts. These data indicate that complement plays a key role in the enhanced susceptibility of steatotic livers to IRI and suggest that complement inhibition represents a potential strategy to reduce the donor shortage by allowing the more routine use of marginal steatotic donor livers.
Charged Particle Activation Analysis
Authors: Erramli Hassane 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Radioactivation methods in general are essential for trace analysis because of their accuracy; among these methods, charged particle activation analysis (CPAA) is especially suitable for the determination of light elements such as boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen at trace levels in materials. CPAA can also be used advantageously for other heavier elements if needed, and sometimes be a complement to neutron activation analysis, or even competes with it.
The CPAA is the best reference method because of its high sensitivity and selectivity. It permits the determination of the total concentration, regardless of chemical state. The surface contamination can be eliminated by etching after irradiation and absolute concentrations can be obtained by direct comparison with known compounds. There are no matrix effects and no need for reference samples.
This article describes and discusses, in more detail, the principle and some applications of CPAA. Examples are given of typical applications of CPAA technique such as the study the oxygen profiling in Czochralski‐silicon (Cz‐Si) substrates submitted to a rapid thermal annealing, and the study of the oxygen behavior in thermally treated Cz‐Si substrates by combining CPAA with ion channeling.
Atomic Force Microscopy: Contribution to the Birth of Nanocell Biology
Authors: Jena Bhanu P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThroughout history, the development of new imaging tools has provided new insights into our perceptions of the living world, profoundly impacting human health. The invention of the light microscope over 300 years ago was the first catalyst that propelled us into the era of modern biology and medicine. Using the light microscope, a giant step into the gates of modern medicine was made with the discovery of the unit of life, the cell. The structure and morphology of normal and diseased cells, and of disease‐causing microorganisms, were revealed for the first time by the light microscope. Then, in 1938, with the birth of the electron microscope (EM), dawned a new era. Through the mid‐1940s and the 1950s, a number of subcellular organelles were discovered and their functions determined using the EM. Viruses, the new life forms were identified and observed for the first time, and implicated in diseases ranging from the common cold to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite the capability of the EM to image biological samples at near nanometer resolution, sample processing resulting in morphological alterations remained a major concern. Then in the early 1980s, scanning probe microscopy evolved, further extending our perception of the living world to the subnanometer realm. One such scanning probe microscope, the atomic force microscope (AFM), has helped overcome both limitations of light and electron microscopy, enabling determination of the three‐dimensional (3D) structure and dynamics of single biomolecules and live cells, at angstrom resolution. This unique capability of the AFM has provided a new understanding of the cell, through determination of 3D live cellular structure‐function, at nanometer to subnanometer resolution and in real time, contributing to the birth of the field ofnanocell biology. The story of how the use of the AFM resulted in the discovery of a new cellular structure, the “porosome”—the universal secretory machinery in cells—that allows an understanding of the general molecular machinery and mechanism of cell secretion, is briefly discussed in this article.
Detection of Microbial Water Quality Indicators and Fecal Waterborne Pathogens in Environmental Waters: A Review of Methods, Applications, and Limitations
Authors: Santo Domingo Jorge W. , Rice Eugene W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEnvironmental waters are important reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms, many of which are of fecal origin. In most cases, the presence of pathogens is determined using surrogate bacterial indicators. In other cases, direct detection of the pathogen in question is required. Microbiological methods to determine the presence of indicator organisms or pathogens in environmental samples vary depending on the target organism, sample type, need for quantification, speed of detection, sensitivity, and detection limits. Classical methods depend on cultivation steps while emerging techniques rely on detecting genetic signals from nucleic acid extracted from water samples. Regardless of the method, accurate detection is important to public health officials and monitoring agencies. In this article, we review some of the methods used to detect and quantify indicators of microbial water quality and human fecal pathogens as well as other issues relevant to water fecal pollution.
Measurement of Algal Toxins in the Environment
Authors: Botana Luis M , Louzao M. Carmen , Alfonso Amparo , Botana Ana M , Vieytes Mercedes R , Viñariño Natalia , Vale Carmen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlgal toxins are important from an analytical point of view because they need to be constantly scrutinized owing to the danger they pose to consumers when they concentrate in filter‐feeding shellfish or in drinking water and fish. Their chemical diversity is very large, with each group having many analogs. Each group has different pharmacological activities, although not all the mechanisms of action are understood. The main marine toxin groups are as follows: saxitoxin and analogs, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, azaspiracids, yessotoxins, pectenotoxins, cyclic imines, domoic acid, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, palytoxin, gambierol, and polycavernoside. The main cyanobacterial toxins considered are hepatotoxins such as microcystins, nodularin, and cylindrospermopsin. The research concerning marine toxins is underdeveloped owing to a historic scarcity of standards. This has delayed not only the progress in their pharmacology but also the development of methods for detection and measurement. In the current situation, the mouse bioassay is the most common method being used to measure them. New methods are rapidly emerging as future solutions: (i) functional and nonanalytical methods, which provide information on their toxicity and quantify the toxin group (cell assays, receptor assays, biosensor assays), (ii) biochemical methods that do not provide information on toxicity (antibody‐based methods), and (iii) analytical methods, which identify the species in each toxin group, and can quantify those for which standards are available. The main drawback of these methods is the lack of toxicity equivalent factors, which allow the conversion of toxin amounts to toxic values of a reference toxin. None of these methods has been validated, and therefore much remains to be done in the field.