bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct mapping of morphological distribution of syringyl and guaiacyl lignin in the xylem of maple by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Saito Kaori , Watanabe Yoko , Shirakawa Manabu , Matsushita Yasuyuki , Imai Takanori , Koike Takayoshi , Sano Yuzou , Funada Ryo , Fukazawa Kazumi , Fukushima Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2011

SummaryLignin, one of the main structural polymer of plant cell walls, varies in amount and monomeric composition among tissue and cell types, as well as among plant species. However, few analytical methods are available that can conveniently and accurately determine the morphological distribution of lignin units at the cellular level. In this report, we used time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) to directly map guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) lignin units in several successive growth rings of the maple xylem. TOF‐SIMS imaging and a semiquantitative approach revealed clear difference in the annual distribution of lignins between the fiber and vessel. While the vessel walls were constantly G‐rich with varied S/G ratios through a growth ring, the fibers showed fairly regular annual distribution of lignins in which the earlywood was S‐rich with an almost constant S/G ratio and the latewood was G‐rich resulting from a decrease of the S unit. The reliability of TOF‐SIMS results was demonstrated by its high correlation with the results of thioacidolysis on radial distribution of the S/G ratio in several contiguous tree rings and also in the latewood and earlywood of each ring. These results indicate that TOF‐SIMS allows direct visualization of lignin composition in plant tissues.
Inspiratory training increases insulin sensitivity in elderly patients
Authors: Silva Mayra dos Santos , Martins Ana Claudia , Cipriano Gerson , Ramos Luiz Roberto , Lopes Guiomar Silva 
Published: October 2011

Aim:  Physiological degeneration in the aging process can cause a notable decline in carbohydrate metabolism. Respiratory training has been recommended to elderly patients in an attempt to prevent or minimize the alterations to the cardiorespiratory, metabolic and cognitive systems and to improve their quality of life. The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of inspiratory muscular training, with Threshold, on insulin resistance in elderly people.Methods:  This study included 14 insulin resistant elderly volunteers, ranging in age from 61 to 82 years old. Insulin resistance was confirmed using the homeostatic model assessment. The patients were divided into two groups: experimental and control. The program lasted 12 weeks, with 30‐min training daily using Threshold to train the inspiratory muscles.Results:  The experimental group had improved insulin resistance, with decreased glycemia and insulin requirements, a lower homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and increased respiratory force and performance.Conclusion:  The small sample does not allow for conclusions, but we can suggest that inspiratory muscular training improves insulin sensitivity in elderly patients with insulin resistance. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 345–351.
Faster decline of physical performance in older adults with higher levels of baseline locomotive function
Authors: Yamada Minoru , Uemura Kazuki , Mori Shuhei , Nagai Koutatsu , Uehara Toshiaki , Arai Hidenori , Aoyama Tomoki 
Published: October 2011

Aim:  The purpose of this longitudinal study was to determine whether the rate of decline in community‐dwelling older adults varies according to baseline locomotive function levels.Methods:  This longitudinal study was conducted in community‐dwelling older adults in Kyoto, Japan. In addition to information about falls, physical performance was assessed using a series of tests, including 10‐m walking time, timed up and go (TUG) test, functional reach, one‐leg stand test, and five chair stand test. The outcomes for each patient were measured once in 2009 and then followed up 1 year later. The change in physical performance was then determined. We divided the participants into tertiles (T1, T2, and T3) according to timed up and go test results, and the differences among the three groups were compared.Results:  Of the 252 individuals who were enrolled in the study, 231 (91.6%) completed the 12‐month follow‐up: 77 in the T1 group; 78 in the T2 group; and 76 in the T3 group. The T1 group showed a significantly larger decrease than the T2 and T3 groups in the 10‐m walking time and TUG tests (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in functional reach, one‐leg standing test, or five chair stand test among the three groups. In the T1 group, the number of falls and elderly who had developed fear of falling increased during the study period.Conclusions:  This study demonstrated that elderly with the highest baseline performances were more likely to show a greater decline in locomotive performance than the other groups. Further study is required to elucidate the mechanism of faster physical functional decline in robust elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 238–246.
On the Publicity of Two‐Stage Spin‐Offs and Equity Carve‐Outs
Authors: Chahine Salim , Goergen Marc 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe investigate the effect of pre‐offer publicity on ownership, pricing, and aftermarket performance for equity carve‐outs (ECOs) and two‐stage spin‐offs (COSOs). Contrary to ECOs, for COSOs the parent firm's shareholders end up with free shares in the subsidiary. As the value of large share blocks is likely to be negatively affected by the emergence of new blocks after the divestiture, we hypothesize that parent firms undertaking COSOs may conduct more pre‐offer publicity to attract more retail investors, keeping outside ownership diffuse and inflating aftermarket performance until the distribution of the free shares. We find empirical support for our hypotheses.
Superfluid effects on gauging core temperatures of neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries
Authors: Ho Wynn C. G. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
Neutron stars accreting matter from low-mass binary companions are observed to undergo bursts of X-rays due to the thermonuclear explosion of material on the neutron star surface. We use recent results on superfluid and superconducting properties to show that the core temperature in these neutron stars may not be uniquely determined for a range of observed accretion rates. The degeneracy in inferred core temperatures could contribute to explaining the difference between neutron stars which have very short recurrence times between multiple bursts and those which have long recurrence times between bursts: short bursting sources have higher temperatures and normal neutrons in the stellar core, while long bursting sources have lower temperatures and superfluid neutrons. If correct, measurements of the lowest luminosity from among the short bursting sources and highest luminosity from among the long bursting sources can be used to constrain the critical temperature for the onset of neutron superfluidity.
Glycoprotein IIb‐IIIa Inhibitors
Authors: De Luca Giuseppe 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYPlatelets play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Therefore, great interests have been focused in the last decades on improvement in antiplatelet therapies, that currently are regarded as main pillars in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease, with special attention to glycoprotein IIb‐IIIa (GP IIb‐IIIa) receptors, that mediates the final stage of platelet activation. GP IIb‐IIIa inhibitors, especially abciximab, have been shown to improve clinical outcome in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for STEMI. Upstream administration cannot routinely recommended, but may potentially be considered among high‐risk patients within the first 4 h from symptoms onset. In case of periprocedural administration of antithrombotic therapy, Bivalirudin should be considered, especially in patients at high risk for bleeding complications. Among high‐risk patients with acute coronary syndromes, an early invasive strategy with selective downstream administration of GP IIb‐IIIa inhibitors is the strategy of choice, whereas bivalirudin should be considered in patients at high risk for bleeding complications. Among patients with unstable angina GP IIb‐IIIa inhibitors should be considered only in case of evidence of intracoronary thrombus or in case of thrombotic complications (as provisional use). Further, randomized trials are certainly needed in the era of new oral antiplatelet therapies, and with strategies to prevent bleeding complications such as larger use of radial approach, mechanical closure devices, bivalirudin, or postprocedural protamine administration to promote early sheat removal.
Optimized Pathogen Detection with 30- Compared to 20-Milliliter Blood Culture Draws
Authors: Patel Robin , Vetter Emily A. , Harmsen W. Scott , Schleck Cathy D. , Fadel Hind J. , Cockerill Franklin R. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Using data from 23,313 patients, we assessed whether two blood culture sets of three bottles per set would detect more pathogens than two sets of two bottles per set and achieve similar sensitivity to collecting three sets of two bottles per set. We also compared the yield of aerobic and anaerobic bottles. Thirty milliliters of blood was distributed to one anaerobic and two aerobic bottles. Among 26,855 collections of ≥60 ml within 30 min, 1,379 (5.1%) were positive for a pathogen not requiring detection in more than one set to be considered a pathogen, with 72 additional distinct pathogens detected using two 30-ml compared to two 20-ml sets of one aerobic and one anaerobic bottle (increased yield, 7.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2 to 9.8%). For conditional pathogens requiring detection in at least two positive blood cultures for classification as pathogens (i.e., otherwise classified as contaminants), there were 162 positive detections with two 30-ml sets, of which 16 would not have been detected by two 20-ml sets (increased yield, 11.0% [95% CI, 6.4 to 17.2%]). Among 134 subjects who had three sets of 30 ml each within a 30-min interval, there was complete concordance between 60 ml of blood drawn in the first two sets of 30 ml and three 20-ml sets (
P
= 1.0). One aerobic bottle plus one anaerobic bottle yielded more pathogens than two aerobic bottles for organisms requiring a single (
P
< 0.001) and two (
P
= 0.04) positive sets to be defined as pathogens. In conclusion, we showed that collection of two aerobic and one anaerobic blood culture bottles per set results in improved yield compared to two bottles per set. We also confirmed that an anaerobic bottle should be included in blood culture sets.
Substitutions in the Glycoprotein (GP) of the Candid#1 Vaccine Strain of Junin Virus Increase Dependence on Human Transferrin Receptor 1 for Entry and Destabilize the Metastable Conformation of GP
Authors: Droniou-Bonzom Magali E. , Reignier Therese , Oldenburg Jill E. , Cox Alex U. , Exline Colin M. , Rathbun Jessica Y. , Cannon Paula M. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Candid#1 (Cd1) is an attenuated vaccine strain of Junin virus, the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Although several substitutions are present in Cd1, their importance for attenuation has not been established. We functionally characterized the substitutions present in the Cd1 glycoprotein (GP) and identified F427I in the transmembrane domain of the GP2 subunit as reducing infectivity in a reconstituted viral system. We further showed that this phenotype derives from the destabilization of the GP metastable conformation. Lastly, we identified an increased dependence of Cd1 GP on human transferrin receptor type 1 (hTfR-1) for entry, which may affect the tropism of the attenuated strain
in vivo
.
Decreased Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis by mTOR Inhibition in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Patel Vyomesh , Marsh Christina A. , Dorsam Robert T. , Mikelis Constantinos M. , Masedunskas Andrius , Amornphimoltham Panomwat , Nathan Cherie Ann , Singh Bhuvanesh , Weigert Roberto , Molinolo Alfredo A. , Gutkind J. Silvio 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Despite our improved understanding of cancer, the 5-year survival rate for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) patients remains relatively unchanged at 50% for the past three decades. HNSCCs often metastasize to locoregional lymph nodes, and lymph node involvement represents one of the most important prognostic factors of poor clinical outcome. Among the multiple dysregulated molecular mechanism in HNSCCs, emerging basic, preclinical, and clinical findings support the importance of the mTOR signaling route in HNSCC progression. Indeed, we observed here that the activation of mTOR is a widespread event in clinical specimens of HNSCCs invading locoregional lymph nodes. We developed an orthotopic model of HNSCC consisting of the implantation of HNSCC cells into the tongues of immunocompromised mice. These orthotopic tumors spontaneously metastasize to the cervical lymph nodes, where the presence of HNSCC cells can be revealed by histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation. Both primary and metastatic experimental HNSCC lesions exhibited elevated mTOR activity. The ability to monitor and quantitate lymph node invasion in this model system enabled us to explore whether the blockade of mTOR could impact HNSCC metastasis. We found that inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin and the rapalog RAD001 diminished lymphangiogenesis in the primary tumors and prevented the dissemination of HNSCC cancer cells to the cervical lymph nodes, thereby prolonging animal survival. These findings may provide a rationale for the future clinical evaluation of mTOR inhibitors, including rapamycin and its analogues, as part of a molecular-targeted metastasis preventive strategy for the treatment of patients with HNSCC. Cancer Res; 71(22); 7103–12. ©2011 AACR.
c-MYC Functions as a Molecular Switch to Alter the Response of Human Mammary Epithelial Cells to Oncostatin M
Authors: Kan Charlene E. , Cipriano Rocky , Jackson Mark W. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in creating an inflammatory microenvironment, which is now considered a hallmark of cancer. Although tumor cells can exploit cytokine signaling to promote growth, invasion, and metastasis, the response of normal and premalignant epithelial cells to cytokines present in a developing tumor microenvironment remains unclear. Oncostatin M (OSM), an IL-6 family cytokine responsible for STAT3 activation, has been implicated in cancer development, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Paradoxically, OSM can also suppress the growth of normal cells and certain tumor-derived cell lines. Using isogenic human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) at different stages of neoplastic transformation, we found that OSM signaling suppressed c-MYC expression and engaged a p16- and p53-independent growth arrest that required STAT3 activity. Inhibition of STAT3 activation by expressing a dominant-negative STAT3 protein or a STAT3-shRNA prevented the OSM-mediated arrest. In addition, expression of c-MYC from a constitutive promoter also abrogated the STAT3-mediated arrest, and strikingly, cooperated with OSM to promote anchorage-independent growth (AIG), a property associated with malignant transformation. Cooperative transformation by c-MYC and OSM required PI3K and AKT signaling, showing the importance of multiple signaling pathways downstream of the OSM receptor in defining the cellular response to cytokines. These findings identify c-MYC as an important molecular switch that alters the cellular response to OSM-mediated signaling from tumor suppressive to tumor promoting. Cancer Res; 71(22); 6930–9. ©2011 AACR.
Association of Census Tract-Level Socioeconomic Status with Disparities in Prostate Cancer–Specific Survival
Authors: Freeman Vincent L. , Ricardo Ana C. , Campbell Richard T. , Barrett Richard E. , Warnecke Richard B. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Background: Social determinants of prostate cancer survival and their relation to racial/ethnic disparities thereof are poorly understood. We analyzed whether census tract-level socioeconomic status (SES) at diagnosis is a prognostic factor in men with prostate cancer and helps explain racial/ethnic disparities in survival.
Methods: We used a retrospective cohort of 833 African American and white, non-Hispanic men diagnosed with prostate cancer at four Chicago area medical centers between 1986 and 1990. Tract-level concentrated disadvantage (CD), a multidimensional area-based measure of SES, was calculated for each case, using the 1990 U.S. census data. Its association with prostate cancer–specific survival was measured by using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for case and tumor characteristics, treatment, and health care system [private sector vs. Veterans Health Administration (VA)].
Results: Tract-level CD associated with an increased risk of death from prostate cancer (highest vs. lowest quartile, HR = 2.37, P &lt; 0.0001). However, the association was observed in the private sector and not in the VA (per 1 SD increase, HR = 1.33, P &lt; 0.0001 and HR = 0.93, P = 0.46, respectively). The multivariate HR for African Americans before and after accounting for tract-level CD was 1.30 (P = 0.0036) and 0.96 (P = 0.82), respectively.
Conclusions: Census tract-level SES is a social determinant of prostate-specific mortality and helps account for racial/ethnic disparities in survival. An equal-access health care system may moderate this association.
Impact: This study identifies a potential pathway for minimizing disparities in prostate cancer control. The findings need confirmation in a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2150–9. ©2011 AACR.
Coordinating Centers in Cancer Epidemiology Research: the Asia Cohort Consortium Coordinating Center
Authors: Rolland Betsy , Smith Briana R. , Potter John D. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Although it is tacitly recognized that a good coordinating center (CC) is essential to the success of any multisite collaborative project, very little study has been done on what makes a CC successful, why some CCs fail, or how to build a CC that meets the needs of a given project. Moreover, very little published guidance is available, as few CCs outside the clinical trial realm write about their work. The Asia Cohort Consortium (ACC) is a collaborative cancer epidemiology research project that has made strong scientific and organizational progress over the past 3 years by focusing its CC on the following activities: collaboration development; operations management; statistical and data management; and communications infrastructure and tool development. Our hope is that, by sharing our experience building the ACC CC, we can begin a conversation about what it means to run a CC for multi-institutional collaboration in cancer epidemiology, help other collaborative projects solve some of the issues associated with collaborative research, and learn from others. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2115–9. ©2011 AACR.
Survivors at Higher Risk for Adverse Late Outcomes Due to Psychosocial and Behavioral Risk Factors
Authors: Carmack Cindy L. , Basen-Engquist Karen , Gritz Ellen R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCancer survivors face significant morbidity and mortality associated with their disease and treatment regimens, some of which can be improved through modifying behavioral and psychosocial risk factors. This article examines risk factors for adverse late effects that contribute to morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors, provides a literature review on interventions to modify these risks factors, and summarizes the national recommendations and associated current practices for identifying and managing these risk factors. Finally, future directions for research and clinical practice are discussed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2068–77. ©2011 AACR.
Cancer Survivorship Research: A Review of the Literature and Summary of Current NCI-Designated Cancer Center Projects
Authors: Harrop J. Phil , Dean Julie A. , Paskett Electra D. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The number of cancer survivors and the amount of cancer survivorship research have grown substantially during the past three decades. This article provides a review of interventional and observational cancer survivorship research efforts as well as a summary of current cancer survivorship research projects being conducted by National Cancer Institute–designated cancer centers in an effort to identify areas that need further attention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2042–7. ©2011 AACR.
Mast Cells in Tumor Microenvironment Promotes the In Vivo Growth of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Chang David Z. , Ma Ying , Ji Baoan , Wang Huamin , Deng Defeng , Liu Yan , Abbruzzese James L. , Liu Yong-jun , Logsdon Craig D. , Hwu Patrick 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death. No effective therapy is currently available for PDAC because of the lack of understanding of the mechanisms leading to its growth and development. Inflammatory cells, particularly mast cells, have been shown to play key roles in some cancers. We carried out this study to test the hypothesis that mast cells in the tumor microenvironment are essential for PDAC tumorigenesis.
Experimental Design: The presence of inflammatory cells at various stages of PDAC development was determined in a spontaneous mouse model of PDAC (K-rasG12V). The importance of mast cells was determined using orthotopically implanted PDAC cells in mast cell–deficient Kitw-sh/w-sh mice and further confirmed by reconstitution of wild-type bone marrow–derived mast cells. Clinical relevance was assessed by correlating the presence of mast cells with clinical outcome in patients with PDAC.
Results: In the spontaneous mouse model of PDAC (K-rasG12V), there was an early influx of mast cells to the tumor microenvironment. PDAC tumor growth was suppressed in mast cell–deficient Kitw-sh/w-sh mice, but aggressive PDAC growth was restored when PDAC cells were injected into mast cell–deficient mice reconstituted with wild-type bone marrow–derived mast cells. Mast cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment was predictive of poor prognosis in patients with PDAC.
Conclusions: Mast cells play an important role in PDAC growth and development in mouse models and are indicative of poor prognosis in humans, which makes them a potential novel therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res; 17(22); 7015–23. ©2011 AACR.