bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-17A and TNF-α Exert Synergistic Effects on Expression of CXCL5 by Alveolar Type II Cells In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Liu Yuhong , Mei Junjie , Gonzales Linda , Yang Guang , Dai Ning , Wang Ping , Zhang Peggy , Favara Michael , Malcolm Kenneth C. , Guttentag Susan , Worthen G. Scott 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCXCL5, a member of the CXC family of chemokines, contributes to neutrophil recruitment during lung inflammation, but its regulation is poorly understood. Because the T cell-derived cytokine IL-17A enhances host defense by triggering production of chemokines, particularly in combination with TNF-α, we hypothesized that IL-17A would enhance TNF-α–induced expression of CXCL5. Intratracheal coadministration of IL-17A and TNF-α in mice induced production of CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5, which was associated with increased neutrophil influx in the lung at 8 and 24 h. The synergistic effects of TNF-α and IL17A were greatly attenuated in Cxcl5−/− mice at 24 h, but not 8 h, after exposure, a time when CXCL5 expression was at its peak in wild-type mice. Bone marrow chimeras produced using Cxcl5−/− donors and recipients demonstrated that lung-resident cells were the source of CXCL5. Using differentiated alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells derived from human fetal lung, we found that IL-17A enhanced TNF-α–induced CXCL5 transcription and stabilized TNF-α–induced CXCL5 transcripts. Whereas expression of CXCL5 required activation of NF-κB, IL-17A did not increase TNF-α–induced NF-κB activation. Apical costimulation of IL-17A and TNF-α provoked apical secretion of CXCL5 by human ATII cells in a transwell system, whereas basolateral costimulation led to both apical and basolateral secretion of CXCL5. The observation that human ATII cells secrete CXCL5 in a polarized fashion may represent a mechanism to recruit neutrophils in host defense in a fashion that discriminates the site of initial injury.
Naive T Cell Repertoire Skewing in HLA-A2 Individuals by a Specialized Rearrangement Mechanism Results in Public Memory Clonotypes
Authors: Yassai Maryam , Bosenko Dmitry , Unruh Melissa , Zacharias Gregory , Reed Erica , Demos Wendy , Ferrante Andrea , Gorski Jack 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHow the naive T cell repertoire arises and forms the memory repertoire is still poorly understood. This relationship was analyzed by taking advantage of the focused TCR usage in HLA-A2–restricted CD8 memory T cell responses to influenza M158–66. We analyzed rearranged BV19 genes from CD8 single-positive thymocytes, a surrogate for the naive repertoire, from 10 HLA-A2 individuals. CDR3 amino acid sequences associated with response to influenza were observed at higher frequencies than expected by chance, an indicator of preselection. We propose that a rearrangement mechanism involving long P-nucleotide addition from the J2.7 region explains part of this increase. Special rearrangement mechanisms can result in identical T cells in different individuals, referred to as public responses. Indeed, the rearrangements utilizing long P nucleotide additions were commonly observed in the response to the M158–66 epitope in 30 HLA-A2 middle-aged adults. Thus, in addition to negative and positive selection, special rearrangement mechanisms may influence the composition of the naive repertoire, resulting in more robust responses to a pathogen in some individuals.
TLR2 Hypersensitivity of Astrocytes as Functional Consequence of Previous Inflammatory Episodes
Authors: Henn Anja , Kirner Susanne , Leist Marcel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPrecedent inflammatory episodes may drastically modify the function and reactivity of cells. We investigated whether priming of astrocytes by microglia-derived cytokines alters their subsequent reaction to pathogen-associated danger signals not recognized in the quiescent state. Resting primary murine astrocytes expressed little TLR2, and neither the TLR2/6 ligand fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 (FSL1) nor the TLR1/2 ligand Pam3CysSK4 (P3C) triggered NF-κB translocation or IL-6 release. We made use of single-cell detection of NF-κB translocation as easily detectable and sharply regulated upstream indicator of an inflammatory response or of c-Jun phosphorylation to measure restimulation events in astrocytes under varying conditions. Cells prestimulated with IL-1β, with a TLR3 ligand, with a complete cytokine mix consisting of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ, or with media conditioned by activated microglia responded strongly to FSL1 or P3C stimulation, whereas the sensitivity of the NF-κB response to other pattern recognition receptors was unchanged. This sensitization to TLR2 ligands was associated with an initial upregulation of TLR2, displayed a “memory” window of several days, and was largely independent of the length of prestimulation. The altered signaling led to altered function, as FSL1 or P3C triggered the release of IL-6, CCL-20, and CXCL-2 in primed cells, but not in resting astrocytes. These data confirmed the hypothesis that astrocytes exposed to activated microglia assume a different functional phenotype involving longer term TLR2 responsiveness, even after the initial stimulation by inflammatory mediators has ended.
Induction and Maintenance of IL-4 Expression Are Regulated Differently by the 3′ Enhancer in CD4 T Cells
Authors: Sofi M. Hanief , Qiao Yu , Ansel K. Mark , Kubo Masato , Chang Cheong-Hee 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIL-4 expression is known to be activated in CD4 T cells when they are differentiated to Th2 but not Th1 cells. However, CD4 T cells selected by MH class II-expressing thymocytes, named thymocyte-selected CD4 T cells (T-CD4 T cells), express IL-4 under both Th1 and Th2 conditions. In this study, we investigated molecular mechanisms by which IL-4 gene expression is regulated in T-CD4 T cells. We found that T-CD4 T cells express IL-4 soon after selection in the thymus. Deficiency of DNase I hypersensitive (HS) sites HS5a and HS5 at the 3′-enhancer region in the IL-4 gene decreased IL-4 production, but T-CD4 T cells were able to make IL-4 under the Th1-inducing condition. Consistent with this, IL-4 was expressed in Th1 differentiated T-CD4 T cells in the absence of recombination signal binding protein-J that interacts with HS5. When HS5 was examined separately from other endogenous regulatory elements using a reporter system, CD4 T cells that are selected by thymic epithelial cells cannot transcribe the IL-4 reporter gene with HS5 alone. However, HS5 was able to induce the expression of the IL-4 reporter gene in T-CD4 T cells. Interestingly, the Th1 differentiating signal led to deacetylation at HS5 of the IL-4 endogenous gene, whereas the Th2-inducing environment had no effect. Therefore, in T-CD4 T cells, HS5 plays an essential role during the induction phase of IL-4 expression, but the maintenance of IL-4 expression in Th1 cells requires additional regulatory elements.
IL-6Trans-Signaling System in Intra-Amniotic Inflammation, Preterm Birth, and Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes
Authors: Lee Sarah Y. , Buhimschi Irina A. , Dulay Antonette T. , Ali Unzila A. , Zhao Guomao , Abdel-Razeq Sonya S. , Bahtiyar Mert O. , Thung Stephen F. , Funai Edmund F. , Buhimschi Catalin S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractClassic IL-6 signaling is conditioned by the transmembrane receptor (IL-6R) and homodimerization of gp130. During trans-signaling, IL-6 binds to soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R), enabling activation of cells expressing solely gp130. Soluble gp130 (sgp130) selectively inhibits IL-6 trans-signaling. To characterize amniotic fluid (AF) IL-6 trans-signaling molecules (IL-6, sIL-6R, sgp130) in normal gestations and pregnancies complicated by intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI), we studied 301 women during second trimester (n = 39), third trimester (n = 40), and preterm labor with intact (n = 131, 85 negative IAI and 46 positive IAI) or preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM; n = 91, 61 negative IAI and 30 positive IAI). ELISA, Western blotting, and real-time RT-PCR were used to investigate AF, placenta, and amniochorion for protein and mRNA expression of sIL-6R, sgp130, IL-6R, and gp130. Tissues were immunostained for IL-6R, gp130, CD15+ (polymorphonuclear), and CD3+ (T cell) inflammatory cells. The ability of sIL-6R and sgp130 to modulate basal and LPS-stimulated release of amniochorion matrix metalloprotease-9 was tested ex vivo. We showed that in physiologic gestations, AF sgp130 decreases toward term. AF IL-6 and sIL-6R were increased in IAI, whereas sgp130 was decreased in PPROM. Our results suggested that fetal membranes are the probable source of AF sIL-6R and sgp130. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR revealed increased IL-6R and decreased gp130 expression in amniochorion of women with IAI. Ex vivo, sIL-6R and LPS augmented amniochorion matrix metalloprotease-9 release, whereas sgp130 opposed this effect. We conclude that IL-6 trans-signaling molecules are physiologic constituents of the AF regulated by gestational age and inflammation. PPROM likely involves functional loss of sgp130.
Lattice Boltzmann Approach for Local Reference Frames
Authors: Zhang Raoyang , Sun Chenghai , Li Yanbing , Satti Rajani , Shock Richard , Hoch James , Chen Hudong 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this paper we present a generalized lattice Boltzmann based approach for sliding-mesh local reference frame. This scheme exactly conserves hydrodynamic fluxes across local reference frame interface. The accuracy and robustness of our scheme are demonstrated by benchmark validations.
A Memory-Saving Algorithm for Spectral Method of Three-Dimensional Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence
Authors: Cai Qing-Dong , Chen Shiyi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHomogeneous isotropic turbulence has been playing a key role in the research of turbulence theory. And the pseudo-spectral method is the most popular numerical method to simulate this type of flow fields in a periodic box, where fast Fourier transform (FFT) is mostly effective. However, the bottle-neck in this method is the memory of computer, which motivates us to construct a memory-saving algorithm for spectral method in present paper. Inevitably, more times of FFT are needed as compensation. In the most memory-saving situation, only 6 three-dimension arrays are employed in the code. The cost of computation is increased by a factor of 4, and that 38 FFTs are needed per time step instead of the previous 9 FFTs. A simulation of isotropic turbulence on 20483 grid can be implemented on a 256G distributed memory clusters through this method.
Behaviors of Spherical and Nonspherical Particles in a Square Pipe Flow
Authors: Inamuro Takaji , Hayashi Hirofumi , Koshiyama Masahiro 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for multicomponent immiscible fluids is applied to the simulations of solid-fluid mixture flows including spherical or non-spherical particles in a square pipe at Reynolds numbers of about 100. A spherical solid particle is modeled by a droplet with strong interfacial tension and large viscosity, and consequently there is no need to track the moving solid-liquid boundary explicitly. Nonspherical (discoid, flat discoid, and biconcave discoid) solid particles are made by applying artificial forces to the spherical droplet. It is found that the spherical particle moves straightly along a stable position between the wall and the center of the pipe (the Segré-Silberberg effect). On the other hand, the biconcave discoid particle moves along a periodic helical path around the center of the pipe with changing its orientation, and the radius of the helical path and the polar angle of the orientation increase as the hollow of the concave becomes large.
Droplet Collision Simulation by a Multi-Speed Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Lycett-Brown Daniel , Karlin Ilya , Luo Kai H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRealization of the Shan-Chen multiphase flow lattice Boltzmann model is considered in the framework of the higher-order Galilean invariant lattices. The present multiphase lattice Boltzmann model is used in two-dimensional simulation of droplet collisions at high Weber numbers. Results are found to be in a good agreement with experimental findings.
Fiscal Policy under Imperfect Competition with Flexible Prices: An Overview and Survey
Authors: Costa Luís F. , Dixon Huw David 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper surveys the link between imperfect competition and the effects of fiscal policy on output, employment and welfare. We examine static and dynamic models, with and without entry under a variety of assumptions using a common analytical framework. We find that in general there is a robust relationship between the fiscal multiplier and welfare, the tantalizing possibility of Pareto improving fiscal policy is much more elusive. In general, the mechanisms are supply side, and so welfare improving policy, whilst possible, is not a general result.
Changes in milk composition as a result of metabolic disorders of dairy cows
Authors: Filipejová Terézia , Kováčik Jaroslav , Kirchnerová Katarí­na , Foltýs Vladimí­r 
Published: February 2011

The aim of our study was the determination of blood parameters and changes in milk composition of dairy cows in relation to metabolic disorders and their evaluation. Thirty dairy cows from selected agricultural farm were divided into three groups as follow: group BL: 3-4 weeks after calving (the beginning of lactation), group ML: 3-4 months after calving (the middle of lactation), group DP: 2-3 weeks before calving (the dry period). Concentrations of selected parameters of energy profile (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides); nitrogenous profile (urea, total proteins); hepatic profile (aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin) in blood serum were measured. Content of fat, proteins and lactose, Non Fat Solids, urea, freezing point, Somatic Cell Count, Fat/Protein ratio in milk were evaluated. Cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in ML (5.33±1.17 mmol.l-1; p<0.001) in comparison to BL (3.46±0.92 mmol.l-1; p<0.001) and DP (2.70±0.71 mmol.l-1; p<0.001). Concentration of triglycerides was significantly lower in ML (0.03±0.01mmol.l-1; p<0.001) in comparison to BL (0.07±0.02 mmol.l-1; p<0.001) and DP (0.09±0.04 mmol.l-1; p<0.001). Albumin concentration in DP (36.90±2.99 g.l-1; p<0.05) was significantly higher in comparison to BL (32.80±4.07 g.l-1; p<0.05). AST concentration was significantly higher in ML (1.61±0.47µmol.l-1; p<0.001) in comparison with DP (1.01±0.18µmol.l-1; p<0.001) and BL (1.39±0.25µmol.l-1; p<0.05). Acquired results of milk composition were without significant confirmation (p>0.05). Fat/Protein ratio was lower than 1.1, in BL and ML, which cause rumen acidosis. The present observation confirmed that specific changes of milk composition lead to metabolic disorders.
Minerals, trace elements and flavonoids content in white and coloured kidney bean
Authors: Timoracká Mária , Vollmannová Alena , Ismael Dalaram 
Published: February 2011

The aim of the study was to determine the contents of mineral elements (Ca, K, Mg, N, P), trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co, Cr, and Zn), and certain phenolic compounds (flavonoids, isoflavones) in the fourteen varieties of cultivated raw kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).Heavy metals and mineral elements were analyzed by AAS methods, phenolics were detected by HPLC. Compared with vegetables, legumes proved to be a good source of many minerals and elements, e.g., the contents of K, Mg, P, Fe, and Zn varied in the ranges 13.02 - 23.08 g.kg-1, 1.41 - 2.52 g.kg-1, 3.81 - 5.26 g.kg-1, 0.064 - 0.121 g.kg-1, and 0.026 - 0.037 g.kg-1 dw, respectively. Kidney beans, both species, contained no or few amounts of phenolics (only four cultivars) and the levels of kaempferol and apigenin were comparable to isoflavone genistein and quite higher than isoflavon daidzein content.
Receipt of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in Medicare Managed Care Plans
Authors: Schmajuk Gabriela , Trivedi Amal N. , Solomon Daniel H. , Yelin Edward , Trupin Laura , Chakravarty Eliza F. , Yazdany Jinoos 
Published: February 2011

ContextIn 2005, the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) introduced a quality measure to assess the receipt of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).ObjectiveTo identify sociodemographic, community, and health plan factors associated with DMARD receipt among Medicare managed care enrollees.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsWe analyzed individual-level HEDIS data for 93 143 patients who were at least 65 years old with at least 2 diagnoses of RA within a measurement year (during 2005-2008). Logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to determine factors associated with DMARD receipt and logistic regression was used to adjust health plan performance for case mix.Main Outcome MeasuresReceipt or nonreceipt of DMARD.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 74 years; 75% were women and 82% were white. Overall performance on the HEDIS measure for RA was 59% in 2005, increasing to 67% in 2008 (Pfor trend &amp;lt;.001). The largest difference in performance was based on age: patients aged 85 years and older had a 30 percentage point lower rate of DMARD receipt (95% confidence interval [CI], −29 to −32 points;P &amp;lt; .001), compared with patients 65 to 69 years of age, even after adjusting for other factors. Lower percentage point rates were also found for patients who were men (−3 points; 95% CI, −5 to −2 points;P &amp;lt; .001), of black race (−4 points; 95% CI, −6 to −2 points;P &amp;lt; .001), with low personal income (−6 points; 95% CI, −8 to −5 points;P &amp;lt; .001), with the lowest zip code–based socioeconomic status (−4 points; 95% CI, −6 to 2 points;P &amp;lt; .001), or enrolled in for-profit health plans (−4 points; 95% CI, −7 to 0 points;P &amp;lt; .001); and in the Middle Atlantic region (−7 points; 95% CI, −13 to −2 points;P &amp;lt; .001) and South Atlantic regions (−11 points; 95% CI, −20 to −3 points;P &amp;lt; .001) as compared with the Pacific region. Performance varied widely by health plan, ranging from 16% to 87%.ConclusionsAmong Medicare managed care enrollees carrying a diagnosis of RA between 2005 and 2008, 63% received a DMARD. Receipt of DMARDs varied based on demographic factors, socioeconomic status, geographic location, and health plan.
Synthesis of 1‐H‐1,5‐benzodiazepines derivatives using SiO2/ZnCl2
Authors: Jacob Raquel G. , Radatz Cátia S. , Rodrigues Mariele B. , Alves Diego , Perin Gelson , Lenardão Eder J. , Savegnago Lucielli 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA general and easy method for the synthesis of several 1‐H‐1,5‐benzodiazepines using SiO2/ZnCl2 under solvent‐free conditions is described. This efficient and improved method furnishes selectively and in good yields the corresponding 1‐H‐1,5‐benzodiazepines derivatives starting from o‐phenylenediamine and cyclic or acyclic ketones. The catalytic system was reused up four times, and the use of focused microwaves accelerates the reaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:180–185, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20674
Quantifying seasonal export and retention of nutrients in West European lowland rivers at catchment scale
Authors: de Klein Jeroen J. M. , Koelmans Albert A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTo set accurate critical values for the protection of lakes and coastal areas, it is crucial to know the seasonal variation of nutrient exports from rivers. This article presents an improved method for estimating export and in‐stream nutrient retention and its seasonal variation. For 13 lowland river catchments in Western Europe, inputs to surface water and exports were calculated on a monthly basis. The catchments varied in size (21 to 486 km2), while annual in‐stream retention ranged from 23 to 84% for N and 39 to 72% for P. A novel calculation method is presented that quantifies monthly exports from lowland rivers based on an annual load to the river system. Inputs in the calculation are annual emission to the surface waters, average monthly river discharge, average monthly water temperature and fraction of surface water area in the catchment. The method accounts for both seasonal variation of emission to the surface water and seasonal in‐stream retention. The agreement between calculated values and calibration data was high (N: r2 = 0·93; p < 0·001 and P: r2 = 0·81; p < 0·001). Validation of the model also showed good results with model efficiencies for the separate catchments ranging from 31 to 95% (average 76%). This indicates that exports of nitrogen and phosphorus on a monthly basis can be calculated with few input data for a range of West European lowland rivers. Further analysis showed that retention in summer is higher than that in winter, resulting in lower summer nutrient concentrations than that calculated with an average annual input. This implies that accurate evaluation of critical thresholds for eutrophication effects must account for seasonal variation in hydrology and nutrient loading. Our quantification method thus may improve the modelling of eutrophication effects in standing waters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anomalous behaviour of specific electrical conductivity at a karst spring induced by variable catchment boundaries: the case of the Podstenjšek spring, Slovenia
Authors: Ravbar Nataša , Engelhardt Irina , Goldscheider Nico 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAnomalous behaviour of specific electrical conductivity (SEC) was observed at a karst spring in Slovenia during 26 high‐flow events in an 18‐month monitoring period. A conceptual model explaining this anomalous SEC variability is presented and reproduced by numerical modelling, and the practical relevance for source protection zoning is discussed. After storm rainfall, discharge increases rapidly, which is typical for karst springs. SEC displays a first maximum during the rising limb of the spring hydrograph, followed by a minimum indicating the arrival of freshly infiltrated water, often confirmed by increased levels of total organic carbon (TOC). The anomalous behaviour starts after this SEC minimum, when SEC rises again and remains elevated during the entire high‐flow period, typically 20–40 µS/cm above the baseflow value. This is explained by variable catchment boundaries: When the water level in the aquifer rises, the catchment expands, incorporating zones of groundwater with higher SEC, caused by higher unsaturated zone thickness and subtle lithologic changes. This conceptual model has been checked by numerical investigations. A generalized finite‐difference model including high‐conductivity cells representing the conduit network (“discrete‐continuum approach”) was set up to simulate the observed behaviour of the karst system. The model reproduces the shifting groundwater divide and the nearly simultaneous increase of discharge and SEC during high‐flow periods. The observed behaviour is relevant for groundwater source protection zoning, which requires reliable delineation of catchment areas. Anomalous behaviour of SEC can point to variable catchment boundaries that can be checked by tracer tests during different hydrologic conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.