bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adsorption equilibrium, thermodynamics, kinetics, mechanism and process design of zinc(II) ions onto cashew nut shell
Authors: SenthilKumar P. , Ramalingam S. , Abhinaya R. V. , Kirupha S. Dinesh , Vidhyadevi T. , Sivanesan S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCashew nut shell (CNS) is an agricultural waste was investigated as a new adsorbent for the removal of zinc(II) from aqueous environment. Effects of solution pH, CNS dose, contact time, initial zinc(II) concentration and temperature on removal efficiency were tested and optimum conditions were evaluated. The equilibrium data were fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of CNS was examined as 24.98 mg/g. Changes in standard Gibbs free energy (▵G°), standard enthalpy (▵H°) and standard entropy (▵S°) showed that the sorption of zinc(II) ions onto CNS are spontaneous and exothermic at 303–333 K. Sorption process was found to be controlled by both surface and pore diffusion. A batch adsorber was designed for different CNS dose to effluent volume ratios using Langmuir equation. Effective diffusivity values were found to be 1.927 × 10−11 (10 mg/L), 2.135 × 10−11 (20 mg/L), 2.267 × 10−11 (30 mg/L), 2.305 × 10−11 (40 mg/L) and 2.362 × 10−11 (50 mg/L) m2/s. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Surface immobilisation of fluorinated polystyrene‐acrylate latex nanoparticles with core–shell structure by crosslinking
Authors: Xu G. L. , Liang Y. , Wen X. F. , Pi P. H. , Zheng D. F. , Cheng J. , Yang Z. R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFluorinated polystyrene‐acrylate (PSA) latex nanoparticles with core–shell structure were synthesised by two‐stage seeded emulsion polymerisation method in the presence of reactive emulsifier DNS‐86. Diallyl phthalate (DAP) and Vinyltriethoxysilicone (VTES) were used as crosslinking agent to immobilise the fluorinated copolymer on the surface of the latex film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra show that fluorine and siloxane monomers were effectively involved in the emulsion copolymerisation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation shows that the prepared emulsion particles had a core–shell structure with fluorinated copolymer in the shell. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals that fluorine atom has the tendency of migrating to the film–air interface and the incorporation of VTES helps the migration of fluorine atom towards the film–air interface. Water contact angle (WCA) test proved that DAP and VTES as crosslinking agent can immobilise the fluorinated copolymer on the surface of the latex films. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Efficient inducible Pan‐neuronal cre‐mediated recombination in SLICK‐H transgenic mice
Authors: Heimer‐McGinn Victoria , Young Paul 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLarge‐scale functional genomics in mice is becoming feasible through projects to develop conditional knockout alleles for every gene. Inducible neuron‐specific gene knockout in such mice will permit the analysis of neuronal phenotypes while circumventing developmental defects or embryonic lethality. Here we describe a transgenic line, termed SLICK‐H, that facilitates widespread inducible conditional genetic manipulation within most populations of projection neurons. In SLICK‐H mice, the Thy1 promoter drives robust and relatively uniform expression of a drug‐inducible form of cre recombinase throughout the peripheral and central nervous system. This permits efficient induction of cre‐mediated genetic manipulation upon tamoxifen administration in adult mice. Importantly, cre activity in the absence of tamoxifen is minimal, permitting tight control of recombination. In the present study, we catalog in detail the transgene expression patterns and recombination efficiencies in SLICK‐H mice. Our results highlight the utility of SLICK‐H mice for functional genomics in the nervous system. genesis 49:942–949, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Position matters: Variability in the spatial pattern of BMP modulators generates functional diversity
Authors: Araujo Helena , Fontenele Marcio Ribeiro , da Fonseca Rodrigo Nunes 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) perform a variety of functions during development. Considering a single BMP, what enables its multiple roles in tissues of varied sizes and shapes? What regulates the spatial distribution and activity patterns of the BMP in these different developmental contexts? Some BMP functions require controlling spread of the BMP morphogen, while others require formation of localized, high concentration peaks of BMP activity. Here we review work in Drosophila that describes spatial regulation of the BMP encoded by decapentaplegic (dpp) indifferent developmental contexts. We concentrate on extracellular modulation of BMP function and discuss the mechanisms that generate concentrated peaks of Dpp activity, subdivide territories of different activity levels or regulate spread of the Dpp morphogen from a point source. We compare these findings with data from vertebrates and non‐model organisms to discuss how changes in the regulation of Dpp distribution by extracellular modulators may lead to variability in dpp function in different species. genesis 49:698–718, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the relative impact of subgrid‐scale modelling and conjugate heat transfer in LES of hot jets in cross‐flow over cold plates
Authors: Hallez Y. , Jouhaud J.‐C. , Poinsot T. J. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThis work describes numerical simulations of a hot jet in cross‐flow with applications to anti‐ice systems of aircraft engine nacelles. Numerical results are compared with experimental measurements obtained at ONERA to evaluate the performances of LES in this industrial context. The combination of complex geometries requiring unstructured meshes and high Reynolds number does not allow the resolution of boundary layers so that wall models must be employed. In this framework, the relative influence of subgrid‐scale modelling and conjugate heat transfer in LESs of aerothermal flows is evaluated. After a general overview of the transverse jet simulation results, a LES coupled with a heat transfer solver in the walls is used to show that thermal boundary conditions at the wall have more influence on the results than subgrid scale models. Coupling fluid flow and heat transfer in solids simulations is the only method to specify their respective thermal boundary conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RESERVE CAPACITY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HOSPITALS IN RESPONSE TO DEMAND UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Rodriguez‐Alvarez Ana , Roibás David , Wall Alan 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYA feature of hospitals is that they face uncertain demand for the services they offer. To cover fluctuations in demand, they need to maintain reserve service capacity in the form of beds, equipment, personnel, etc. to minimize the probability of excess queuing or turning away patients, creating a trade‐off between reserve service capacity and economic costs. Using a simple theoretical framework, we show how the reserve capacity established depends on institutional characteristics that can affect the objective of the hospital. In particular, we show that private and public hospitals may provide different levels of reserve capacity. In an empirical application using a panel data set of Spanish hospitals over the period 1996–2006, we model reserve service capacity using a distance frontier approach. Our results show that private hospitals generally react to a lesser extent to demand uncertainty than public hospitals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stepwise disproportionation in polyelectrolyte complexes
Authors: Dias R. S. , Linse P. , Pais A. A. C. C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStructural properties and the topology of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) formed in solution have been investigated under different conditions by Monte Carlo simulations using a coarse‐grained model. The extension of individual polyions has been characterized by their radius of gyration, whereas the composition of the complexes has been investigated by their net charge and their internal topological structure by a novel analysis describing how the shorter polycations link to monomers of the longer polyanion. Conditions have been found at which the polyanion and a given number of polycations form distinguishable complexes differing in (i) the polyanion conformation and (ii) the fraction of polycations being in extended and collapsed states. Thus, at equilibrium, these PECs display a stepwise variation of the degree of intrachain disproportionation within the polyanion (also referred to as intrachain segregation), concomitant with the interchain disproportionation of the polycations, which is in agreement with previous theoretical predictions. The coexistence of the different polyelectrolyte complex structures appears, generally, at mixing ratios close to but different from charge equivalence and, as a consequence, broad polyelectrolyte size distributions are commonly obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Integral trees of odd diameters
Authors: Ghorbani E. , Mohammadian A. , Tayfeh‐Rezaie B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA graph is called integral if all eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix consist entirely of integers. Recently, Csikvári proved the existence of integral trees of any even diameter. In the odd case, integral trees have been constructed with diameter at most 7. In this article, we show that for every odd integer n>1, there are infinitely many integral trees of diameter n. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Cyanidin‐3‐glucoside ameliorates ethanol neurotoxicity in the developing brain
Authors: Ke Zunji , Liu Ying , Wang Xin , Fan Zhiqin , Chen Gang , Xu Mei , Bower Kimberley A. , Frank Jacqueline A. , Ou Xiaoming , Shi Xianglin , Luo Jia 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEthanol exposure induces neurodegeneration in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are caused by ethanol exposure during pregnancy and are the most common nonhereditary cause of mental retardation. It is important to identify agents that provide neuroprotection against ethanol neurotoxicity. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for ethanol‐induced neurodegeneration, and oxidative stress is one of the most important mechanisms. Recent evidence indicates that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a potential mediator of ethanol‐mediated neuronal death. Cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (C3G), a member of the anthocyanin family, is a potent natural antioxidant. Our previous study suggested that C3G inhibited GSK3β activity in neurons. Using a third trimester equivalent mouse model of ethanol exposure, we tested the hypothesis that C3G can ameliorate ethanol‐induced neuronal death in the developing brain. Intraperitoneal injection of C3G reduced ethanol‐meditated caspase‐3 activation, neurodegeneration, and microglial activation in the cerebral cortex of 7‐day‐old mice. C3G blocked ethanol‐mediated GSK3β activation by inducing phosphorylation at serine 9 while reducing the phosphorylation at tyrosine 216. C3G also inhibited ethanol‐stimulated expression of malondialdehyde (MDA) and p47phox, indicating that C3G alleviated ethanol‐induced oxidative stress. These results provide important insight into the therapeutic potential of C3G. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New treatment for peripheral nerve defects: Reconstruction of a 2 cm, monkey median nerve gap by direct lengthening of both nerve stumps
Authors: Hara Yuki , Nishiura Yasumasa , Ochiai Naoyuki , Sharula  , Nakajima Yoshiko , Kubota Shigeki , Saijilafu  , Mishima Hajime 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe have developed a new treatment for peripheral nerve defects: nerve‐lengthening method, and confirmed the efficacy and safety of our method using cynomolgus monkeys. A 20‐mm defect in the median nerve of monkey's forearms was repaired through the simultaneous lengthening of both nerve stumps with original nerve‐lengthening device. To evaluate nerve regeneration after neurorrhaphy, electrophysiological, histological, and functional recovery were examined and compared to the standard autografting. Nerve conduction velocity, axon maturation, and the result of functional test were superior in the nerve‐lengthening method than in the autografting. And there were no adverse events associated with our method. We concluded that this method is practical for clinical application. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:153–161, 2012
Reversed‐phase monoliths prepared by UV polymerization of divinylbenzene
Authors: Flook Kelly , Agroskin Yury , Pohl Chris 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMany different techniques have been developed to prepare monolithic materials specifically for chromatographic techniques. The two most popular polymerization techniques being thermal or via ultra violet (UV) light. Whereas thermal polymerization is easily employed for a whole variety of monomer and porogen systems, UV polymerization has been limited to methacrylate‐based systems, and styrenic systems have been avoided due to their strong absorbance at low wavelengths. By careful consideration of wavelength, initiator and other system components, it was proven that reversed‐phase columns for the separation of proteins and peptides can be prepared using divinylbenzene through UV initiation of 2‐methyl‐4′‐(methylthio)‐2‐morpholinopropiophenone at a wavelength of 350 nm.
Intraoperative tumor localization with surgeon‐performed ultrasound‐guided needle dye injection
Authors: Ryan William R. , Orloff Lisa A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectives:To describe our technique and initial experience of intraoperative tumor localization with surgeon‐performed ultrasound‐guided needle dye injection.Study Design:Prospective case series. Technique description.Methods:Using surgeon‐performed ultrasonography (SP‐US), 20 tumors (lymph node metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma [15], Hurthle cell carcinoma [2], medullary thyroid carcinoma [1], and lymphoma [1], and a parathyroid adenoma [1]) were localized in 13 patients. With ultrasound guidance, 0.1 mL of 1% methylene blue dye was injected into each targeted tumor. The blue color in contrast helped guide the dissection. Sixteen of 20 (80%) of dissections were revision cases through scar.Results:Using SP‐US and US‐guided injection with blue dye, 20 of 20 (100%) of cases were successful in retrieving the target tumor with no inadvertent nerve injuries (nerves at risk in scar: recurrent laryngeal [12], phrenic [3], vagus [3], and sympathetic chain [3]). Dye injection adds 5 to 10 minutes of time prior to incision. Injections appeared to increase visual differentiation of tissue, save time during dissection, particularly during revision dissections, and help ensure successful target retrieval. Injection into a parathyroid adenoma resulted in an overabundance of blue dye in nontumor tissue.Conclusions:Surgeon‐performed ultrasound guided needle dye injection is particularly helpful in directing the surgeon to the appropriate area for tumor resection in fibrotic areas and thereby possibly reducing surgical time, sampling error, and morbidity. A lower concentration or a different dye may be more helpful for parathyroid adenomas. Further study on this technique is needed and is under way with a larger group of patients.Educational Objective:At the conclusion of this manuscript, the participants should be able to understand the technique and advantages of intraoperative tumor localization with surgeon‐performed ultrasound‐guided needle blue dye injection.
The relation between cognition and motor dysfunction in drug‐naive newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Domellöf Magdalena Eriksson , Elgh Eva , Forsgren Lars 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRecent studies have reported cognitive decline to be common in the early phase of Parkinson's disease. Imaging data connect working memory and executive functioning to the dopamine system. It has also been suggested that bradykinesia is the clinical manifestation most closely related to the nigrostriatal lesion. Exploring the relationship between motor dysfunction and cognition can help us find shared or overlapping systems serving different functions. This relationship has been sparsely investigated in population‐based studies of untreated Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between motor signs and cognitive performance in the early stages of Parkinson's disease before the intake of dopaminergic medication. Patients were identified in a population‐based study of incident cases with idiopathic parkinsonism. Patients with the postural instability and gait disturbances phenotype were compared with patients with the tremor‐dominant phenotype on demographics and cognitive measures. Associations between cognitive and motor scores were investigated, with age, education, and sex controlled for. Bradykinesia was associated with working memory and mental flexibility, whereas axial signs were associated with episodic memory and visuospatial functioning. No significant differences in the neuropsychological variables were found between the postural instability and gait disturbances phenotype and the tremor phenotype. Our results indicate a shared system for slow movement and inflexible thinking that may be controlled by a dopaminergic network different from dopaminergic networks involved in tremor and/or rigidity. The association between axial signs and memory and visuospatial function may point to overlapping systems or pathologies related to these abilities. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Assessment of involuntary choreatic movements in Huntington's disease—Toward objective and quantitative measures
Authors: Reilmann Ralf , Bohlen Stefan , Kirsten Florian , Ringelstein E. Bernd , Lange Herwig W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective measures of motor impairment may improve the sensitivity and reliability of motor end points in clinical trials. In Huntington's disease, involuntary choreatic movements are one of the hallmarks of motor dysfunction. Chorea is commonly assessed by subitems of the Unified‐Huntington's Disease Rating Scale. However, clinical rating scales are limited by inter‐ and intrarater variability, subjective error, and categorical design. We hypothesized that assessment of position and orientation changes interfering with a static upper extremity holding task may provide objective and quantitative measures of involuntary movements in patients with Huntington's disease. Subjects with symptomatic Huntington's disease (n = 19), premanifest gene carriers (n = 15; Unified‐Huntington's Disease Rating Scale total motor score ≤ 3), and matched controls (n = 19) were asked to grasp and lift a device (250 and 500 g) equipped with an electromagnetic sensor. While subjects were instructed to hold the device as stable as possible, changes in position (x, y, z) and orientation (roll, pitch, yaw) were recorded. These were used to calculate a position index and an orientation index, both depicting the amount of choreatic movement interfering with task performance. Both indices were increased in patients with symptomatic Huntington's disease compared with controls and premanifest gene carriers for both weights, whereas only the position index with 500 g was increased in premanifest gene carriers compared with controls. Correlations were observed with the Disease Burden Score based on CAG‐repeat length and age and with the Unified‐Huntington's Disease Rating Scale. We conclude that quantitative assessment of chorea is feasible in Huntington's disease. The method is safe, noninvasive, and easily applicable and can be used repeatedly in outpatient settings. A use in clinical trials should be further explored in larger cohorts and follow‐up studies. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Do nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease differ from normal aging?
Authors: Krishnan Syam , Sarma Gangadhara , Sarma Sankara , Kishore Asha 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:Nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease are frequent and affect health‐related quality of life of patients. The severity and domains of nonmotor symptoms involved in Parkinson's disease and normal aging have not been compared before.Methods:We performed a prospective case–control study to assess the frequency and severity of nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 174) and age‐matched normal controls (n = 128) using the Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale.Results:Nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease were ubiquitous, more frequent, and more severe than in normal aging, particularly in women. Cardiovascular, mood/cognition, and perceptual problems/hallucinations domains were rarely involved in age‐matched controls. Age had no effect and sex some influence on nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. In contrast, in controls, nonmotor symptoms increased with age, and sex had no effect.Conclusions:Nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease differ from those in aging in frequency, severity, sex predilection, and domain involvement. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Genetic modifications of pigs for medicine and agriculture
Authors: Whyte Jeffrey J. , Prather Randall S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractGenetically modified swine hold great promise in the fields of agriculture and medicine. Currently, these swine are being used to optimize production of quality meat, to improve our understanding of the biology of disease resistance, and to reduced waste. In the field of biomedicine, swine are anatomically and physiologically analogous to humans. Alterations of key swine genes in disease pathways provide model animals to improve our understanding of the causes and potential treatments of many human genetic disorders. The completed sequencing of the swine genome will significantly enhance the specificity of genetic modifications, and allow for more accurate representations of human disease based on syntenic genes between the two species. Improvements in both methods of gene alteration and efficiency of model animal production are key to enabling routine use of these swine models in medicine and agriculture. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:879–891, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nicht nur Schulwissen auffrischen: Vorkurse in Chemie
Authors: Parchmann Ilka , Busker Maike , Klostermann Mareike , Herzog Stefanie , Huber Angelika 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDie Abbruchquoten in mathematisch‐naturwissenschaftlichen Studiengänge sind hoch:1,2 Im Jahr 2006 gaben 28 Prozent der Studierenden ihr Studium auf. Rechnet man Fachwechsel mit ein, sind die Zahlen noch dramatischer: Nur etwa jeder zweite Studierende der Chemie beendet sein Studium mit einem Abschluss. Sind Studienanfänger ausreichend auf ein Chemiestudium vorbereitet?