bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chewing function impacts oral health‐related quality of life among institutionalized and community‐dwelling Korean elders
Authors: Kim Hae‐Young , Jang Moon‐Sung , Chung Chong‐Pyoung , Paik Dai‐Il , Park Yong‐Duk , Patton Lauren L. , Ku Young 
Published: July 2009

Abstract –  Objective  The aim of this study was to assess the association of chewing ability to oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) measured by the Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14) controlling for clinical oral health status, self‐reported health status, demographic factors, and socioeconomic conditions among community‐dwelling and institutionalized Korean elders.Methods  This cross‐sectional study comprised a sample of 307 community‐dwelling and 102 institutionalized people over the age of 60, using a cluster sampling procedure. A questionnaire was implemented and a clinical oral examination was completed for each subject. The outcome variable of interest was the OHIP‐14 score, and its associations with chewing ability, objective oral health status, self‐reported health status, demographic factors, and socioeconomic conditions were assessed. Because of highly‐skewed distribution of the OHIP‐14 scores, nonparametric analytic methods were used. The final model was developed using a multivariable two‐level logistic regression model for a dichotomized OHIP‐14 score to account for the cluster sampling method applied to this study.Results  The mean age of the participants was 75.4 years, with 67.7% being women. The median OHIP‐14 score was 7. Negative oral health impacts were experienced fairly often or very often by a total of 36.4% of elderly. In the final model, elders who could chew none to three and four to six foods among seven indicator foods were 3.4 (P = 0.010) and 2.0 (P = 0.040) times more likely, respectively, to have worse OHRQoL compared with elders who could chew all seven food types. Also significant associations with worse OHRQoL were shown for being concerned about oral health [Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.9, P = 0.002], fair or better self‐reported oral health (OR = 0.12, P = 0.002), very good/good self‐reported general health (OR = 0.38, P = 0.008), being married (OR = 2.0, P = 0.054), and having a favourable economic status (OR = 0.43, P = 0.042).Conclusions  This study showed highly significant association between chewing ability and OHRQoL measured by the OHIP‐14 score after controlling for related factors. Amelioration of chewing ability might independently contribute to improving the OHRQoL of elders.
Sleep quality and respiratory function in children with severe cerebral palsy using night‐time postural equipment: a pilot study
Authors: Hill Catherine M , Parker Rachel C , Allen Penny , Paul Annette , Padoa Kathryn A 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground:  Night‐time postural equipment (NTPE) prevents contractures and hip subluxation in children with severe physical disabilities. However, impact on sleep quality and respiratory function has not been objectively studied.Methods:  Ten children with severe cerebral palsy (CP), mean age of 10.9 (range: 5.3–16.7) years, were recruited from a community population. Polysomnography was undertaken on two nights, once with the child sleeping in their NTPE and once sleeping unsupported. Randomization to first night condition controlled for first night effects.Results:  Night‐time postural equipment use was associated with higher mean overnight oxygen saturation for three children but lower values for six children compared with sleeping unsupported. There were no differences in sleep quality between the conditions. The study group had lower overnight oxyhaemoglobin saturation values, less rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and higher arousal indices compared with typically developing children.Conclusion:  This pilot study indicated that children with severe CP risk respiratory compromise in sleep irrespective of positioning. Further study will determine if the observed trend for mean overnight oxygen saturation to be lower within positioning equipment reflects random night‐to‐night variation or is related to equipment use. We suggest that respiratory function is assessed when determining optimal positioning for children using night‐time positioning equipment.
An Analytical Method to Determine Ground Water Supply Well Network Designs
Authors: MacMillan Gordon James 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn analytical method is provided where the ground water practitioner can quickly determine the size (number of wells) and spacing of a well network capable of meeting a known ground water demand. In order to apply the method, two new parameters are derived that relate theoretical drawdown to the maximum drawdown that is achievable without mining the aquifer. The size of a well network is shown to be proportional to the ground water demand and inversely proportional to the transmissivity and available head. The spacing between wells in a supply well network is shown to be most sensitive to a derived parameter rHA/3, which is related to the available head and the propagation of drawdown away from a theoretical well if the total ground water demand was applied to that well. The method can be used to quickly determine the required spacing between wells in well networks of various sizes that are completed in confined aquifers with no leakance.
Development of Chinese Agriculture since WTO Accession
Authors: Carter Colin A. , Zhong Funing , Zhu Jing 
Published: July 2009

SummaryDevelopment of Chinese Agriculture since WTO AccessionThis article discusses the main agricultural impacts of China’s WTO accession and the associated challenges. We elaborate on four issues – agricultural production and trade, food security and self‐sufficiency, farmers’ incomes, and rural land reform. After more than seven years of WTO accession, the value of China’s agricultural production and trade has increased and China has turned into a net importer of agricultural products. Globally, China now ranks as the fifth largest agricultural exporter and fourth largest agricultural importer. Although considerable resource shifts have taken place from land‐intensive towards labour‐intensive agricultural products in both production and trade, this transfer remains well below the potential due to trade barriers facing China’s exports of labour‐intensive agricultural products. Farmers’ incomes increased after WTO entry, with a growing off‐farm portion linked closely with world economic cycles. Rural land reform to improve economies of scale will require complementary policy aimed at a fully integrated labour and housing market, as well as a unified education and social welfare system for all of China’s society. We argue that WTO accession has impacted China’s agriculture in a positive fashion and has improved the efficiency of the sector, but accession has also given rise to new agricultural policy challenges.
Early Childhood Nutrition Increases Adult Wages Adäquate Ernährung in der frühen Kindheit führt zu höheren Einkommen im Erwachsenenalter La participation à des programmes de nutrition des très jeunes enfants accroît les salaires à l’âge adulte
Authors: Hoddinott John 
Published: July 2009

SummaryEarly Childhood Nutrition Increases Adult WagesA study in Guatemala presents the first direct evidence of the effects of early childhood nutrition programs on adult economic productivity and incomes. The research shows that feeding young children a caloric, micronutrient‐enriched nutritional supplement leads to significant increases in wage rates for men as adults. Boys who received the supplement in the first two years of life earned on average 46 per cent higher wages as adults. Boys who received the supplement in their first three years earned 37 per cent higher wages on average. Those who first received the supplement after age three did not gain any economic benefits as adults. The study demonstrates that early childhood nutrition is not only crucial for the physical growth of children, but is also a long‐term driver of economic growth and a wise economic investment. The study also provides compelling evidence that the first two years of life are the window of opportunity when nutrition programs have an enormous impact on a child’s development, with life‐long benefits. The study was conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute in collaboration with researchers from Emory University, the Institute of Nutrition in Central America and Panama, the University of Pennsylvania, and Middlebury College.
Public health implications of establishing a national programme to screen young athletes in the UK
Authors: Elston Julian , Stein Ken 
Published: July 2009

ObjectivesTo assess how much competitive sport contributes to sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes and the impact on population health if this group were to be screened in the UK.MethodsUsing reported and imputed incidence rates of SCD in athletes and non-athletes and false-negative and false-positive test rates reported in three key Italian screening studies, the authors calculated the population and attributable risk fractions of SCD in young athletes and the total population (athletes and non-athletes) aged 12–35 years before and after screening; the number of athletes needed to screen (NNS) to prevent one SCD and the sensitivity and the specificity of screening with electrocardiogram. Using these parameters, the authors developed a decision tree model based on the UK population aged 12–35 years to estimate the annual number of SCDs, the expected number of screening and diagnostic tests and the number of athletes disqualified from competitive sport per SCD prevented.ResultsParticipation in competitive athletics contributes to 81.9% (62.4% to 91.6%) of SCD in athletes but only 26.6% (−20.3% to 55.8%) in the total population. After screening, the contribution in the total population falls to 7.2% (−10.7% to 22.4%). The NNS is 38 151 (20 534 to 267 380). A UK screening programme would result in 1 520 021 young athletes being screened, with 140 361 referred for diagnosis. Of an expected 196 SCDs per year, 40 (6 to 74) would be prevented. For every life saved, 791 athletes would be disqualified.ConclusionsThe impact of screening on reducing SCD in young athletes is only modest and would be achieved with significant harms to population health.
Throwing workload and injury risk in elite cricketers
Authors: Saw Richard , Dennis Rebecca J , Bentley David , Farhart Patrick 
Published: July 2009

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk between throwing workload and upper limb injury in elite cricketers.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingElite Australian cricket.Participants28 adult male cricketers aged 18–32 years.Assessment of risk factorsDaily throwing workload and injury were prospectively monitored over the 2007–2008 cricket season. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated to describe the association between throwing workload and injury.Main outcome measurementUpper limb injury associated with throwing.ResultsSeven (25%) players sustained an injury during the season. Injured players threw approximately 40 more throws/week (p=0.004) and 12.5 more throws per throwing day (p=0.061) than uninjured players. Players were at a significantly increased risk of injury if they completed more than 75 throws/week (RR=1.73, 95% CI=1.03 to 2.92), and there was a trend towards an increased risk if they completed more than 40 throws per throwing day (RR=1.41, 95% CI=0.88 to 2.26). Injured players also completed more throws and had more throwing days (and consequently less rest days) in the week before injury, as compared with the rest of their season preceding that point.ConclusionAn increased throwing workload is a risk factor for the development of upper limb injury in elite cricketers. Investigation of the kinematics of throwing in elite cricketers would complement this study, and further research is required to develop detailed throwing workload guidelines for cricketers across a range of ages.
Expression of the forkhead box transcription factor FOXP1 is associated with oestrogen receptor alpha, oestrogen receptor beta and improved survival in familial breast cancers
Authors: Rayoo M , Yan M , Takano E A , Bates G J , Brown P J , Banham A H , Fox S B 
Published: July 2009

Background:The role of FOXP1 in sporadic breast cancers has been widely studied but its role in familial breast cancers is yet unexplored.Aims:To investigate FOXP1 expression in different molecular subtypes of familial breast cancers and to correlate its expression with clinicopathological parameters, oestrogen receptors (ER) and survival.Methods:Immunohistochemical staining for FOXP1 was performed in 126 familial breast carcinomas comprising 35 BRCA1, 34 BRCA2 and 57 BRCAX.Results:Nuclear FOXP1 expression ranged from focal weak to widespread strong expression. Expression of FOXP1 was higher in familial breast cancers (54%) compared with sporadic cancers (46%) (p<0.001). There was a significant correlation between FOXP1 with ERα (p = 0.038) and ERβ (p = 0.007) in familial breast cancers. FOXP1 was more highly expressed in familial breast cancers compared with sporadic cancers for luminal (p = 0.021) and basal (p<0.001), but not HER2 and null phenotypes (both p>0.05). The absence of FOXP1 expression was associated with a shorter relapse-free (p = 0.025) and overall survival (p = 0.009) in familial breast cancer. Negativity for FOXP1 was associated with a significantly worse overall survival in BRCA2 cancers (p = 0.021) and there was a non-significant separation of the survival curves for BRCA1 cancers (p = 0.183). No differences in survival were seen for BRCAX cancers (p = 0.762).Conclusion:Results suggest that FOXP1 demonstrates different expression patterns in familial breast cancers than sporadic tumours, even in tumours showing similar phenotypes. They also suggest a different role of FOXP1 as a tumour suppressor in familial tumours, which is unrelated to ER expression and may impact on therapeutic options.
FORECASTING FORWARD EXCHANGE RATE RISK PREMIUM IN SINGAPORE DOLLAR/US DOLLAR EXCHANGE RATE MARKET
Authors: KIANI KHURSHID M. 
Published: July 2009

In this research, monthly forward exchange rates are evaluated for possible existence of time varying risk premia in Singapore forward foreign exchange rates against US dollar. The time varying risk premia in Singapore dollar is modeled using non-Gaussian signal plus noise models that encompass non-normality and time varying volatility.The results from signal plus noise models show statistically significant evidence of time varying risk premium in Singapore forward exchange rates although we failed to reject the hypotheses of no risk premium in the series. The results from Gaussian versions of these models are not much different and are in line with Wolff (1987) who also used the same methodology in Gaussian settings.Our results show statistically significant evidence of volatility clustering in Singapore forward exchange rates. The results from Gaussian signal plus noise models also show statistically significant evidence of volatility clustering and non-normality in Singapore forward foreign exchange rates. Additional tests on the series show that exclusion of conditional heteroskedasticity from the signal plus noise models leads to false statistical inferences.
The limitations of Quaternary lithostratigraphy: an example from southern Ireland
Authors: Knight Jasper 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The lithostratigraphy of Quaternary extra-glacial (cold-climate) sediments is described from five sites along the south coast of Ireland. These sediments are compared to a regional-scale lithostratigraphic framework. This comparison enables consideration of the applicability of standard lithostratigraphic principles and practices to the Quaternary record. It is concluded that a strict lithostratigraphic approach is not favourable towards interpreting the age or depositional process/environment of Quaternary sediments, either in isolation or as part of a sedimentary succession. The concepts of time transgression and lateral equivalence are useful interpretive tools that can support lithostratigraphic procedures as applied to the Quaternary record.
Geotechnical controls on a steep lateral moraine undergoing paraglacial slope adjustment
Authors: Curry Alastair M. , Sands Tim B. , Porter Philip R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Sustained post ‘Little Ice Age’ retreat of the northern lobe of the Feegletscher, Valais, Switzerland, has exposed lateral moraines that show pronounced oversteepening on the upper proximal slopes, with upper-slope segments displaying angles of up to about 70°. Paraglacial processes have eroded gullies into the upper-slope segments, and associated debris-flow deposits result in lower angles of between 34° and 25° in the mid-slope and slope-foot zones, respectively. In order to assess the geotechnical properties of morainic sediments that permit development of quasi-stable, oversteepened slope segments, a standard suite of geotechnical measures was applied to samples of Feegletscher moraine sediments. Shear box testing yielded angles of friction ranging from 35° for loose samples to 52° for dense samples. Although the heterogeneous nature of moraine deposits makes laboratory testing of the whole size range of
in situ
sediments impractical, shear box test results imply that
in situ
upper-slope angles exceed the angles of friction of moraine sediments by 26°–40°. We are unable to replicate angles of friction in shear box tests that correspond to
in situ
angles of the upper-slope sections measured in the field. However, we suggest that distal dipping mica-schist clasts may play an important role in permitting high-angle slope stability. Quasi-stable storage of glacigenic sediments in high-angle moraine sequences over decadal timescales has implications for understanding the period following deglaciation over which paraglacial reworking and redistribution of sediments may operate.
Paraglacial geomorphology of Quaternary volcanic landscapes in the southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia
Authors: Friele Pierre A. , Clague John J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

An important paradigm in geomorphology is
paraglacial sedimentation
, a phrase first used almost 40 years ago to describe reworking of glacial sediment by mass wasting and streams during and after continental-scale deglaciation. The concept has been extended to include non-glacial landforms and landscapes conditioned by glaciation. In this paper we apply the paraglacial concept to volcanoes in southern British Columbia, Canada, that formed, in part, in contact with glacier ice. The Cheekye River basin, a small watershed on the flank of a volcano that erupted against the decaying Cordilleran ice sheet, has a Holocene history marked by an exponential decay in debris-flow activity and sediment yield. Its history is consistent with the primary exhaustion model of the paraglacial cycle. At larger spatial scales, this primary sediment is reworked by rivers and transported downstream and augmented by stochastic geomorphic events. Repeated large landslides from Mount Meager volcano in southern British Columbia have delivered a disproportionate volume of sediment to the fluvial system: although occupying only 2% of the watershed area, 25–75% of the 10 km
3
of sediment deposited in Lillooet River valley during the Holocene originated from the volcano. In these cases a significant overall reduction in sediment yield must await the removal, by erosion, of volcanic edifices, a process that could take up to millions of years. These examples of paraglacial activity on Quaternary volcanoes are end members in the spectrum of landscape response to Pleistocene deglaciation.
Climate sensitivity: implications for the response of geomorphological systems to future climate change
Authors: Harrison Stephan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Climate sensitivity is defined as the equilibrium temperature response of the climate system to a doubling of atmospheric CO
2
levels from pre-industrial levels. Despite three decades of debate in the climatological literature on the estimation and significance of climate sensitivity, very little appears in the geomorphological literature on the implications of this for geomorphological systems. This paper reviews the concept of climate sensitivity and applies its findings to an assessment of future landscape change in cold regions. It is concluded that paraglacial processes will become the dominant mechanism of sediment transfer in currently glaciated catchments and that this period of sediment mobilization will be the last episode of major sediment movement for geological time periods.
Holocene microweathering rates and processes on ice-eroded bedrock, Røldal area, Hardangervidda, southern Norway
Authors: Nicholson Dawn T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Post-glacial weathering of ice-eroded metamorphic bedrock was investigated in the Røldal area (60°N) of the Hardangervidda Plateau in southern Norway. Quartz veins were used as reference surfaces to determine a mean post-glacial surface lowering rate of 0.55 mm ka
−1
. Chemical characteristics of late-season runoff were determined for one catchment (Snøskar) and a chemical erosion rate of 4.9 t km
−2
a
−1
was obtained. A mean
in situ
fracture enlargement due to microweathering of 0.12 mm ka
−1
was also determined. These rates are low, although comparable with similar environments in cold regions, and suggest that microweathering has had relatively little impact on Holocene landscape evolution. Weathering rind thickness was found to be less on fracture walls than on exposed bedrock surfaces, suggesting fractures have not played a significant role in microweathering. Observations of weathering morphology reveal a range of forms including shallow spalling, tafoni and pseudokarren, indicating locally intense weathering activity. Analysis of interrelationships between multiple weathering indices points to the importance of bedrock microweathering as a precursor to macro-breakdown and landform evolution. The research reasserts the importance of chemical activity in cold environments and the importance of moisture supply for effective microweathering.
The role of buoyancy in palsa formation
Authors: Seppälä Matti , Kujala Kauko 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The formation of a palsa is based on the thermal properties of peat. Frozen wet peat has a high thermal conductivity, and therefore cold can penetrate deep into peat layers if the snow cover is thin; while the dry peat in summer insulates the frozen core of a palsa, so that the permafrost core is preserved. The volumetric growth of the palsa is based on the buoyancy effect of the frozen core, which lifts it, causing some water to accumulate under the core, where it freezes during the next winter and forms thin ice layers. Only when the frozen peat core touches the frost-susceptible silt or silty till layer at the bottom of the mire does ice segregation start to play an important role in the formation of the palsa.
An Iterative Method for Generalized Equilibrium Problems, Fixed Point Problems and Variational Inequality Problems
Authors: Liu Qing-you , Zeng Wei-you , Huang Nan-jing 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe introduce an iterative scheme by the viscosity approximation method for finding a common element of the set of solutions of generalized equilibrium problems, the set of common fixed points of infinitely many nonexpansive mappings, and the set of solutions of the variational inequality for "Equation missing"-inverse-strongly monotone mappings in Hilbert spaces. We give some strong-convergence theorems under mild assumptions on parameters. The results presented in this paper improve and generalize the main result of Yao et al. (2007).