bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for suicide behaviors in the observational schizophrenia outpatient health outcomes (SOHO) study
Authors: Brugnoli Roberto , Novick Diego , Haro Josep Maria , Rossi Andrea , Bortolomasi Marco , Frediani Sonia , Borgherini Giuseppe 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
To identify risk factors for suicide using data from a large, 3-year, multinational follow-up study of schizophrenia (SOHO study).

Methods
Baseline characteristics of 8,871 adult patients with schizophrenia were included in a logistic regression post-hoc analysis comparing patients who attempted and/or committed suicide during the study with those who did not.

Results
384 (4.3%) patients attempted or committed suicide. Completed suicides were 27 (0.3%). The significant risk factors for suicide behaviors were previous suicidality, depressive symptoms, prolactin-related adverse events, male gender and history of hospitalization for schizophrenia.

Conclusions
In view of the observational design of the study and the post-hoc nature of the analysis, the identified risk factors should be confirmed by ad-hoc specifically designed studies.
Teaching the Rational Use of Medicinesto medical students: a qualitative research
Authors: Patrício Karina Pavão , Alves Nycholas Adriano Borges , Arenales Nadja Guazzi , Queluz Thais Thomaz 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Prescribing is a complex and challenging task that must be part of a logical deductive process based on accurate and objective information and not an automated action, without critical thinking or a response to commercial pressure. The objectives of this study were 1) develop and implement a discipline based on the WHO’s Guide to Good Prescribing; 2) evaluate the course acceptance by students; 3) assess the impact that the Rational Use of Medicines (RUM) knowledge had on the students habits of prescribing medication in the University Hospital.

Methods
In 2003, the RUM principal, based in the WHO's Guide to Good Prescribing, was included in the official curriculum of the Botucatu School of Medicine, Brazil, to be taught over a total of 24 hours to students in the 4th year. We analyzed the students' feedback forms about content and teaching methodology filled out immediately after the end of the discipline from 2003 to 2010. In 2010, the use of RUM by past students in their medical practice was assessed through a qualitative approach by a questionnaire with closed-ended rank scaling questions distributed at random and a single semistructured interview for content analysis.

Results
The discipline teaches future prescribers to use a logical deductive process, based on accurate and objective information, to adopt strict criteria (efficacy, safety, convenience and cost) on selecting drugs and to write a complete prescription. At the end of it, most students considered the discipline very good due to the opportunity to reflect on different actions involved in the prescribing process and liked the teaching methodology. However, former students report that although they are aware of the RUM concepts they cannot regularly use this knowledge in their daily practice because they are not stimulated or even allowed to do so by neither older residents nor senior medical staff.

Conclusions
This discipline is useful to teach RUM to medical students who become aware of the importance of this subject, but the assimilation of the RUM principles in the institution seems to be a long-term process which requires the involvement of a greater number of the academic members.
Cytotoxicity and radiosensitising activity of synthesized dinitrophenyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil
Authors: Abdi Khosrou , Khalaj Ali , Ostad Syeed-Naser , Khoshayand Mohammad Reza 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background and the purpose of the study
Dual functional agents in which nitroaromatic or nitroheterocyclic compounds are attached through a linker unit to mustards and aziridines have shown higher cytotoxicities than the corresponding counterparts to both aerobic and hypoxic cells and enhanced radiosensitizing activity. In the present investigation cytotoxicity and radiosensitizing activity of 2,4-dinitrobenzyl, 2,4-dinitrobenzoyl, and 2,4-dinitrophenacetyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil which was assumed to release cytotoxic active quinone methidide and 5-fluorouracil under hypoxic conditions on HT-29 cell line under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions was investigated.

Methods
5-fluorouracil derivative X-XIII were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding di-nitro substituted benzyl, benzoyl and phenacetyl halides with 5-fluorouracil protected at N-1 with di-t-butoxydicarbonate (BOC) in dimethyl formamide (DMF) in the presence of the potassium carbonate followed by hydrolysis of the blocking group by potassium carbonate in methanol. Cytotoxicity of fluorouracil VIII and tested compounds X-XIII against HT-29 cell line under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions after 48 hrs incubation were measured by determination of the percent of the survival cells using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and percent of the dead cells using propidium iodide(PI)-digitonine assay and results were used to calculate the corresponding IC50 values. Radiosensitization experiments were carried out by irradiation of the incubations with a 60Co source and clonogenic assay was performed to determine the cell viabilities following treatment with the tested compounds and/or radiation. Sensitization Enhancement Ratio (SER) of each tested compound was obtained from the radiation survival curves in the absence and presence of each sensitizer for 37% survival respectively.

Results and major conclusion
Findings of the present study showed that alkylation or acylation of 5-fluorouracil result in compounds which have little or no cytotoxicity and radiosensitizing activity under aerobic conditions, but have high cytotoxicity and radiosensitizing effects under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore radiosensitizing activities of compounds under hypoxic conditions increased by increase in their concentrations and SER of the tested 5-FU derivatives at concentrations higher than 50 μmol were equal or higher than 1.6 which is the minimum effective SER of a radiosensitizer in an in vitro assay.
Common fixed points of g-quasicontractions and related mappings in 0-complete partial metric spaces
Authors: di Bari Cristina , Kadelburg Zoran , Nashine Hemant Kumar , Radenović Stojan 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Common fixed point results are obtained in 0-complete partial metric spaces under various contractive conditions, including g-quasicontractions and mappings with a contractive iterate. In this way, several results obtained recently are generalized. Examples are provided when these results can be applied and neither corresponding metric results nor the results with the standard completeness assumption of the underlying partial metric space can.

MSC:47H10, 54H25.
Detection method of flexion relaxation phenomenon based on wavelets for patients with low back pain
Authors: Nougarou François , Massicotte Daniel , Descarreaux Martin 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) can be defined as a reduction or silence of myoelectric activity of the lumbar erector spinae muscle during full trunk flexion. It is typically absent in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP). Before any broad clinical utilization of this neuromuscular response can be made, effective, standardized, and accurate methods of identifying FRP limits are needed. However, this phenomenon is clearly more difficult to detect for LBP patients than for healthy patients. The main goal of this study is to develop an automated method based on wavelet transformation that would improve time point limits detection of surface electromyography signals of the FRP in case of LBP patients. Conventional visual identification and proposed automated methods of time point limits detection of relaxation phase were compared on experimental data using criteria of accuracy and repeatability based on physiological properties. The evaluation demonstrates that the use of wavelet transform (WT) yields better results than methods without wavelet decomposition. Furthermore, methods based on wavelet per packet transform are more effective than algorithms employing discrete WT. Compared to visual detection, in addition to demonstrating an obvious saving of time, the use of wavelet per packet transform improves the accuracy and repeatability in the detection of the FRP limits. These results clearly highlight the value of the proposed technique in identifying onset and offset of the flexion relaxation response in LBP subjects.
Vasculitic emergencies in the intensive care unit: a special focus on cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
Authors: Zaidan Mohamad , Mariotte Eric , Galicier Lionel , Arnulf Bertrand , Meignin Véronique , Vérine Jérôme , Mahr Alfred , Azoulay Élie 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Vasculitis is characterized by the infiltration of vessel walls by inflammatory leukocytes with reactive damage and subsequent loss of vessel integrity. The clinical course of systemic vasculitis may be punctuated by acute life-threatening manifestations that require intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Furthermore, the diagnosis may be established in the ICU after admission for a severe inaugural symptom, mostly acute respiratory failure. Among the systemic vasculitides, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV) has been rarely studied in an ICU setting. Severe CV-related complications may involve the kidneys, lungs, heart, gut, and/or central nervous system. The diagnosis of CV in the ICU may be delayed or completely unrecognized. A high level of suspicion is critical to obtain a timely and accurate diagnosis and to initiate appropriate treatment. We describe severe acute manifestations of CV based on six selected patients admitted to our ICU. That all six patients survived suggests the benefit of prompt ICU admission of patients with severe CV.
Exposure to critical thermal maxima causes oxidative stress in hearts of white- but not red-blooded Antarctic notothenioid fishes
Authors: Mueller Irina A. , Devor Devin P. , Grim Jeffrey M. , Beers Jody M. , Crockett Elizabeth L. , O'Brien Kristin M. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
Antarctic icefishes have a significantly lower critical thermal maximum (CTmax) compared to most red-blooded notothenioid fishes. We hypothesized that the lower thermal tolerance of icefishes compared to red-blooded notothenioids may stem from a greater vulnerability to oxidative stress as temperature increases. Oxidative muscles of icefishes have high volume densities of mitochondria, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, icefishes have lower levels of antioxidants compared to red-blooded species. To test our hypothesis, we measured levels of oxidized proteins and lipids, and transcript levels and maximal activities of antioxidants in heart ventricle and oxidative pectoral adductor muscle of icefishes and red-blooded notothenioids held at 0°C and exposed to their CTmax. Levels of oxidized proteins and lipids increased in heart ventricle of some icefishes but not in red-blooded species in response to warming, and not in pectoral adductor muscle of any species. Thus, increases in oxidative damage in heart ventricles may contribute to the reduced thermal tolerance of icefishes. Despite an increase in oxidative damage in hearts of icefishes, neither transcript levels nor activities of antioxidants increased, nor did they increase in any tissue of any species in response to exposure to CTmax. Rather, transcript levels of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased in hearts of icefishes and the activity of SOD decreased in hearts of the red-blooded species Gobionotothen gibberifrons. These data suggest that notothenioids may have lost the ability to elevate levels of antioxidants in response to heat stress.
Light-induced degeneration and microglial response in the retina of an epibenthonic pigmented teleost: age-dependent photoreceptor susceptibility to cell death
Authors: Bejarano-Escobar Ruth , Blasco Manuel , Martín-Partido Gervasio , Francisco-Morcillo Javier 
Published: July 2012

Summary
Constant intense light causes apoptosis of photoreceptors in the retina of albino fish. However, very few studies have been performed on pigmented species. Tench (Tinca tinca, Linnaeus 1758) is a teleost inhabiting dimly lit environments with predominance of rods within the photoreceptor layer. To test the hypothesis that constant high intensity light can result in retinal damage in such pigmented epibenthonic teleost species, photodegeneration of the retina was investigated in the larvae and in juveniles of tench to assess whether any damage may also be dependent on fish age. We exposed both groups of animals to 5 days of constant darkness, followed by 4 days of constant 20000 lux light, and then by 6 days of recovery in a 14 h light: 10 h dark cycle. The results showed that the retina of the larvae group exhibited abundant photoreceptor cell apoptosis during the time of exposition to intense light, whereas that of juveniles was indifferent to it. Damaged retinas showed a strong TUNEL signal in photoreceptor nuclei, and occasionally a weak cytoplasmic TUNEL signal in Müller glia. Specific labeling of microglial cells with Griffonia simplicifolia lectin (GSL) histochemistry revealed that photoreceptor cell death alerts microglia in the degenerating retina, leading to local proliferation, migration towards the injured outer nuclear layer (ONL), and enhanced phagocytosis of photoreceptor debris. During the first days of intense light treatment, Müller cells phagocytosed dead photoreceptor cells, but, once microglial cells became activated, there was a progressive increase in the phagocytic capacity of the microglia.
Intense flight and endotoxin injection elicit similar effects on leukocyte distributions but dissimilar effects on plasma-based immunological indices in pigeons
Authors: Matson Kevin D. , Horrocks Nicholas P. C. , Tieleman B. Irene , Haase Eberhard 
Published: July 2012

SummaryMost birds rely on flight for survival. Yet as an energetically-taxing and physiologically-integrative process, flight has many repercussions. Studying pigeons (Columba livia) and employing physiological and immunological indices that are relevant to ecologists working with wild birds, we determined what, if any, acute immune-like responses result from bouts of intense, non-migratory flight. We compared the effects of flight with the effects of a simulated bacterial infection. We also investigated indices in terms of their post-flight changes within individuals and their relationship with flight speed among individuals. Compared to un-flown controls, flown birds exhibited significant elevations in numbers of heterophils relative to numbers of lymphocytes and significant reductions in numbers eosinophils and monocytes. Furthermore, within-individual changes in concentrations of an acute phase protein were greater in flown birds than in controls. However, none of the flight-affected indices showed any evidence of being related to flight speed. While some of the effects of flight were comparable to the effects of the simulated bacterial infection, other effects were observed only after one of these two physiological challenges. Our study suggests that flight by pigeons yields immune-like responses, and these responses have the potential to complicate the conclusions drawn by ecologists regarding immune function in free-living birds. Still, a better understanding of the repercussions of flight can help clarify the ties between the physiology of exercise and the disease ecology of migration and will ultimately assist in the broader goal of accounting for immunological variation within and among species.
Ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone activates egg maturation in the mosquito, Georgecraigius atropalpus, after adult eclosion or a blood meal
Authors: Gulia-Nuss Monika , Eum Jai-Hoon , Strand Michael R. , Brown Mark R. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
The rockpool mosquito, Georgecraigius atropalpus, is a facultatively autogenous species that produces its first egg clutch without a blood meal shortly after emergence. Several days after depositing this clutch, females must take a blood meal to produce a second egg clutch. Decapitation of females shortly after emergence or blood ingestion prevents egg maturation. Here, we report that a single injected dose of the neuropeptide, ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone (OEH), fully restored egg maturation in females in both circumstances. This neuropeptide and two insulin-like peptides (ILPs) are potent gonadotropins in the related yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. ILP3 was marginally restorative in decapitated Gc. atropalpus, and ILP4 had no effect. Egg maturation in non- and blood-fed Gc. atropalpus was dependent on the enzymatic mobilization of amino acids from stored protein or the blood meal for yolk protein (vitellogenin, VG) synthesis and uptake by oocytes. We further show that OEH stimulates serine protease activity in the fat body of newly eclosed females or in the midgut of blood fed ones, and ecdysteroid hormone production by the ovaries of both females. In contrast, only 20-hydroxyecdysone stimulated VG synthesis in the fat body of non- and blood fed females. Using RNA interference to knock down expression of the insulin receptor, we found that OEH still fully restored autogenous egg maturation. In total, our results identify OEH as a primary regulator of egg maturation in both autogenous and blood-fed Gc. atropalpus females and suggest the shift from blood meal dependent to blood meal independent release of OEH is a key factor in the evolution of autogeny in this species.
Interobserver variation in parotid gland delineation: a study of its impact on intensity-modulated radiotherapy solutions with a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Loo S W , Martin W M C , Smith P , Cherian S , Roques T W 
Published: July 2012

Objectives: This study evaluates the interobserver variation in parotid gland delineation and its impact on intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) solutions.
Methods: The CT volumetric data sets of 10 patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma who had been treated with parotid-sparing IMRT were used. Four radiation oncologists and three radiologists delineated the parotid gland that had been spared using IMRT. The dose–volume histogram (DVH) for each study contour was calculated using the IMRT plan actually delivered for that patient. This was compared with the original DVH obtained when the plan was used clinically.
Results: 70 study contours were analysed. The mean parotid dose achieved during the actual treatment was within 10% of 24 Gy for all cases. Using the study contours, the mean parotid dose obtained was within 10% of 24 Gy for only 53% of volumes by radiation oncologists and 55% of volumes by radiologists. The parotid DVHs of 46% of the study contours were sufficiently different from those used clinically, such that a different IMRT plan would have been produced.
Conclusion: Interobserver variation in parotid gland delineation is significant. Further studies are required to determine ways of improving the interobserver consistency in parotid gland definition.
MRI as a reference standard for suspected scaphoid fractures
Authors: De Zwart A D , Beeres F J P , Ring D , Kingma L M , Coerkamp E G , Meylaerts S A G , Rhemrev S J 
Published: July 2012

Objectives: Some have suggested that MRI might be the best reference standard for a true fracture among patients with suspected scaphoid fractures. The primary aim of this study was to determine the rate of false-positive diagnosis of an acute scaphoid fracture in a cohort of healthy volunteers.
Methods: In a prospective study, 33 healthy volunteers were recruited and both wrists of each were scanned, except for 2 volunteers for whom only one wrist was scanned. To simulate the usual clinical context the 64 scans of healthy volunteers were mixed with 60 MRI scans of clinically suspected scaphoid fractures but normal scaphoid radiographs. These 124 MRI scans were blinded and randomly ordered. Five radiologists evaluated the MRI scans independently for the presence or absence of a scaphoid fracture and other injuries according to a standard protocol.
Results: To answer the primary question, only the diagnoses from the 64 scans of healthy volunteers were used. The radiologists diagnosed a total of 13 scaphoid fractures; therefore, specificity for diagnosis of scaphoid fracture was 96% (95% confidence interval: range 94–98%). The 5 observers had a moderate interobserver agreement regarding diagnosis of scaphoid fracture in healthy volunteers (multirater κ=0.44; p&lt;0.001).
Conclusions: The specificity of MRI for scaphoid fractures is high (96%), but false-positives do occur. Radiologists have only moderate agreement when interpreting MRI scans from healthy volunteers. MRI is not an adequate reference standard for true fractures among patients with suspected scaphoid fractures.
The Construct of Adaptive Behavior: Its Conceptualization, Measurement, and Use in the Field of Intellectual Disability
Authors: Tassé Marc J , Schalock Robert L , Balboni Giulia , Bersani Hank , Borthwick-Duffy Sharon A , Spreat Scott , Thissen David , Widaman Keith F , Zhang Dalun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article updates the current conceptualization, measurement, and use of the adaptive behavior construct. Major sections of the article address an understanding of the construct, the current approaches to its measurement, four assessment issues and challenges related to the use of adaptive behavior information for the diagnosis of intellectual disability, and two future issues regarding the relations of adaptive behavior to multidimensional models of personal competence and the distribution of adaptive behavior scores. An understanding of the construct of adaptive behavior and its measurement is critical to clinicians and practitioners in the field because of its role in understanding the phenomenon of intellectual disability, diagnosing a person with intellectual disability, providing a framework for person-referenced education and habilitation goals, and focusing on an essential dimension of human functioning.
An Evaluation of School Involvement and Satisfaction of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Zablotsky Benjamin , Boswell Katelyn , Smith Christopher 
Published: July 2012

AbstractParental school involvement and satisfaction are unstudied in families raising a child with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To fill this gap, the current study utilized a national sample of families (N  =  8,978) from the 2007 Parent and Family Involvement in Education survey (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2006–2007). Parents of children with ASDs were found to be more likely than parents of children without the disorder to attend parent–teacher conferences, meet with school guidance counselors, and help with homework. Parents of children with ASD were also more dissatisfied with the level of communication provided by the school. There was a significant positive correlation between parental school involvement and parental school satisfaction. These findings have important implications for how schools interact with families with children with ASD.