bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women in Iran
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The tensions and conflicts within the Iranian system during Rafsanjani’s presidency (1989–97) opened the way for the election of Mohammad Khatami, who became the “good cop” face of the Islamic Republic. Even though little changed internally in Iran, Khatami’s softer, gentler approach to social issues made some interaction in Iran possible. The author describes several examples of how secular activists for women’s rights were able to join the religious women’s groups that enjoyed the regime’s approval and the consciousness raising that took place through the two groups’ dialogue. The author launched a series of initiatives to provide opportunities for pre-revolutionary women activists and newly minted feminists in Iran to participate in the global dialogue on women’s rights. She brought Iranian women, such as Mehrangiz Kar and Azar Nafisi (her cousin), to the US for conferences, panels, and presentations. She also invited Azar to come to Beijing for the Fourth UN World Conference on Women in 1995, to speak at a session on women’s studies about the experience of teaching in Iran. Later, Azar moved to America and wrote the powerful international bestseller Reading Lolita in Tehran, which brought Iranian women’s voices to an audience of millions around the world.
Women’s Learning Partnership
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
After leaving SIGI, the author wanted to build an inclusive grassroots-focused civic space for women’s voices. Emphasis on human rights based on an individual’s humanity rather than her identity related to racial, gender, religion, nationality, or any other category became the entry point for its theoretical context and strategic work. The author and five extraordinary women, Marian Wright Edelman (USA), Jacqueline Pitanguy (Brazil), Zenebeworke Tadesse (Ethiopia), Khadija Haq (Pakistan), and Hafsat Abiola (Nigeria), were the first board for a new, more inclusive, grassroots-focused international women’s organization – Women’s Learning Partnership (WLP). Together, they established WLP’s parameters to: partner with community-based women’s rights organizations rather than individuals; select these organizations from around the world on the basis of their capability to think locally, act locally as well as regionally or globally, and communicate what was learned together to a wide constituency; make no theoretical assumptions but base their knowledge on actual experience, moving from experience to theory rather than the reverse; be a learning organization based on dialogue; and most important, “walk the talk” – practice participatory leadership and deeply respect the views, outlook, challenges, and constraints of their partners in communicating and mobilizing a diverse cross section of women in their societies.
Epilogue
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A new level of awareness has emerged across the world. Previously wars seemed inevitable; there seemed to be a reason, a cause, somehow an explanation. Now, for the first time, we realize that it is all insane, abnormal, inhuman, and inhumane. Women have not used their potential power, first because circumstances would not allow it, then because the cultural and structural systems appropriating and distributing power were in their way. But, most important, because as those responsible for educating both our male and female children, women pass on to them the nuances of the same patriarchal culture that they were taught by their mothers. With the planet in danger of becoming inhospitable because of destructive climate policies or the unbridled production of armaments capable of destroying the earth and its people many times over, women must exert the power of their numbers to encourage major change in the entire unfair, unsafe, unsustainable conditions of life that the people of the earth experience. Women and men together must replace traditional, patriarchal command structures with inclusive, participatory, and egalitarian decision-making and leadership, to create a social order that is responsive to the needs of all people, irrespective of gender or other distinctions.
Bandits Everywhere
Authors: Behnken Brian D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the issue of banditry in the Southwest and White Americans' exaggerated sense that Mexicans were bandits, especially in the early twentieth century. While social bandits have always existed in frontier societies, people in the Southwest seemed to see them everywhere and actively attempted to rid the region of these so-called bandits. This fear of bandits drove law enforcement and vigilante groups to attack Mexican-origin people accused of being bandits as well as those who simply seemed suspicious. Oddly enough, law enforcement tasked with apprehending outlaws often created the very bandits they feared. Many of the Southwest's most notorious desperados only became bandits after an unfortunate encounter with White law enforcement.
In Your Bones
Authors: Coggeshall John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how the land blends with families, creating a spiritual connection with inhabitants. Because of this social and spiritual blending, land symbolically anthropomorphizes and merges with people. Thus, to lose family land is like losing a family member, and so families preserve objects from family land, like those once owned by deceased family members. Legends of lost places also arise.
Introduction
Authors: Mims La Shonda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This introduction demonstrates that Drastic Dykes is a book about southern urban identity and queering the southern historical landscape. It explains that identity for southerners and for lesbians is messy. Many women who love women do not self-identify as lesbians, and historians have not fully come to grips with what qualifies as a singular Lesbian Identity over time. Because Black lives are less visible in the archives and popular culture, it can be difficult to locate authentic sources when constructing a history of southern Black lesbians. In addition, this chapter briefly introduces the urban history of Atlanta and Charlotte, with a focus on city politics and race in the queer social world that was the southern metropolis.
Opportunities
Authors: Mims La Shonda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores lesbian life before Stonewall in Atlanta, Georgia. It demonstrates that queer women used class and race privileges to create opportunities for homosocialism and lesbian love. The women introduced in this chapter: Carson McCullers, Mary Hutchinson and her partner, Dorothy King, and Ginny Boyd, represent the varied ways that white women located and loved other women while living in the changing landscape of the urbanizing New South. The separate world of Black lesbian sexuality occasionally appears, as these white actors cast a light on Black southern lives through literature, art, and social spaces.
Visibility
Authors: Mims La Shonda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how lesbian feminism and lesbian-feminist separatism radicalized women in Atlanta and Charlotte, two archetypal New South cities. Both were home to activist groups, like the Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance, who demonstrated the increasing visibility of lesbians generally. Lesbians in the two cities forged personal and political connections across geographical boundaries through feminist print media and lesbian-feminist bookstores. In Charlotte, the Drastic Dykes paved a successful path for radical feminist publishing, creating local and national lesbian community through the publication Sinister Wisdom. Atlanta lesbians hosted the Great Southeastern Lesbian conference, which garnered national attention in feminist print media.
Epilogue
Authors: Mims La Shonda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The epilogue focuses on same-sex marriage debates in Charlotte, NC. In a city conspicuous for both its relative moderation in race relations and its virulently anti-gay political and religious stances, twenty-first century Charlotteans continued their bumpy path toward change for lesbian and gay citizens in the turmoil of the marriage equality fight. The chapter offers an examination of mayoral politics in Charlotte and explains the impact on lesbian life. There is a brief discussion of Black political leadership in Atlanta Historical and contemporary evidence demonstrates that while drastic dykes continue to establish or advance political or interest-group identities in each city, accidental activists, in search of places to find personal fulfillment consistent with their individual lesbian identities, will also continue to alter and challenge the urban spaces of the US South.
The Second Death of Cerro de San Pedro
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter closes the second part of the book with a portrait of Cerro de San Pedro in the years that followed the sudden shut-down of the mines by ASARCO in 1948. As in chapter 7, the reality of abandonment is examined more closely to reveal the kinds of livelihoods and landscapes that emerged in the wake of extractivist mining's retreat: small-scale mining and smelting, a peasant economy of farmers and herders, the early emergence of local tourism.
Extractivism, Again (1980s–Present)
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes the third cycle of mining at Cerro de San Pedro. New techniques, combined with global capital flows, and a Neoliberal renovation of past regimes of extractivist governance, combined to fuel the rapid expansion of large-scale, high through-put, mining across the Americas and the world. At Cerro de San Pedro, in Mexico, and across much of Latin America, this commodity frontier advanced by reviving operations in mining districts considered spent and abandoned. The chapter describes the development and proliferation of open-pit heap-leach mining, the positioning of Canadian stock exchanges (Vancouver and then Toronto) as central hubs for global capital for mining ventures, and the propagation of neoliberal policies in the governance of Latin America's mining sector.
The Politics of Appeasement
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the efforts of the mining company to maintain support in the face of the concerted opposition of citizens and multiple court decisions against its project. They illustrate how acquiescence and hegemony have been built around contemporary open-pit mining. The chapter documents the deployments of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) around the mine at Cerro de San Pedro as well as broader, industry-wide levels. Attention is also given to the policies enacted by the government of Canada, a state that has devoted important efforts and resources in the development of the ideology and practice of sustainable mining.
Guaraná
Authors: Garfield Seth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this sweeping chronicle of guaraná—a glossy-leaved Amazonian vine packed with more caffeine than any other plant—Seth Garfield develops a wide-ranging approach to the history of Brazil itself. The story begins with guaraná as the pre-Columbian cultivar of the Sateré-Mawé people in the Lower Amazon region, where it figured centrally in the Indigenous nation's origin stories, dietary regimes, and communal ceremonies. During subsequent centuries of Portuguese colonialism and Brazilian rule, guaraná was reformulated by settlers, scientists, folklorists, food technologists, and marketers. Whether in search of pleasure, profits, professional distinction, or patriotic markers, promoters imparted new meanings to guaraná and found new uses for it. Today, it is the namesake ingredient of a multibillion-dollar soft drink industry and a beloved national symbol. Guaraná’s journey elucidates human impacts on Amazonian ecosystems; the circulation of knowledge, goods, and power; and the promise of modernity in Latin America's largest nation. For Garfield, the beverage's history reveals not only the structuring of inequalities in Brazil but also the mythmaking and ordering of social practices that constitute so-called traditional and modern societies.
Colonial Missions
Authors: Garfield Seth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter focuses on historical transformations in Sateré-Mawé communities and the networks of circulation and forms of knowledge production surrounding guaraná that were engendered by the advent of Portuguese colonialism and early Brazilian state formation. Foregrounding the late seventeenth-century text written by the Jesuit missionary João Felipe Bettendorff, the earliest European written description of guaraná, the chapter reflects on the origins and impact of guarana´s insertion into Western networks of knowledge and power that emerged with the centralization of European states and expansion of empires, the spread of Christianity, and the globalization of science. The chapter highlights the entanglement of Indigenous lifeways in the broader Atlantic world owing to violence, missionizing, commercial exchange, and Brazilian Indigenous peoples’ strategic initiatives. Mapping guaraná’s colonial and early nineteenth-century trajectory reveals historically intertwined networks of trade, knowledge, and power in the Brazilian Amazon.
From Guarani to Guaraná
Authors: Garfield Seth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Although carbonated beverages took hold first in Europe and the United States during the industrial revolution, the rise of immigration and urbanization in Brazil led to domestic manufacture in the early 1900s. This chapter looks at the role of pharmacists, physicians, Amazonian elites, and beverage manufacturers in the rise of the guaraná soda industry in Brazil. Luís Perreira Barreto, a prominent physician and adherent of positivism in Brazil, devised a method to extract syrup from the guaraná seeds that would be utilized by Companhia Antarctica Paulista in launching its Guaraná Antarctica soda. Pereira Barreto celebrated Brazilian import-substitution industrialization as key to his nation’s economic development, and along with activists in the Brazilian temperance movement, endorsed the consumption of guaraná as an alternative to alcohol. Jesus Gomes, a pharmacist from Maranhão, devised the formula for his soft drink product, Guaraná Jesus, in 1927 in his corner pharmacy. Given the high cost of guaraná and limited supplies, however, many soft drink manufacturers engaged in food adulteration, substituting guaraná with other ingredients. The fraud occasioned a decades-long campaign by Amazonian merchants and producers on behalf of Brazilian consumer protection to ensure a minimum content of guaraná for all namesake beverages, which was codified in national legislation in 1972.
Growing the Pie
Authors: Garfield Seth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter links the expansion of guaraná crop production in Brazil to state-sponsored and corporate research in plant genetics and biotechnology amid the Brazilian military government’s geopolitical project for agricultural modernization and Amazon frontier development. Focused on the modernization of guaraná production—intertwined with the rise in agribusiness and rural inequality, increased soda consumption, and overnutrition-- the chapter explores transformations in agriculture and diet in Brazil symptomatic of the Green Revolution and the nutrition transition in developing countries. Institutionalized agricultural research was carried out under the military government under the auspices of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária- EMBRAPA). The nutrition transition in Brazil, tied to the rise of ultra-processed foods characterized by excess simple carbohydrates, such as soft drinks, and saturated fats, has been implicated in the rise of obesity and overweight and the prevalence of morbidity and mortality from chronic and degenerative diseases. The chapter underscores the agroecological change and shifting technical capacities, social roles, and ideologies that converge in the making of food systems. The boom in soda consumption in military Brazil further signaled the sweep of market-driven processes of identity formation and group belonging.
Conclusion
Authors: Garfield Seth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The history of guaraná compares somewhat to that of other “soft drugs” such as coffee, tea, tobacco, and chocolate, stimulants whose mass consumption shaped the modern world and an age of addiction. Yet unlike these better-known psychoactive drugs, guaraná never attained the same level of worldwide reach due to scale of production and distribution, transportation costs, and competition from more established global beverages. Guaraná remains primarily grown and consumed in Brazil where its homegrown “authenticity” as a plant and national soft drink sustains notions of Brazilian national identity. In tracing guaraná’s transition from jungle vine to Sateré-Mawé cultivar to artisanal beverage to pharmaceutical and to national soft drink, a history of guaraná reveals the legacies of Indigenous forest management, Portuguese colonialism, Brazilian agro-industrial development, and postwar mass consumption. It also sheds light on how such transformations in understandings and uses of guaraná were effectuated through networked actors armed with varied systems of knowledge, influence, and social power. The mass circulation of guaraná soft drinks in Brazilian society bespeaks social relations that came to revolve primarily around the exchange of goods and services rather than the cooperativism and reciprocal duties that guaraná reflected and reinforced in Sateré-Mawé society. Yet the conclusion also underscores that systems of classification, embodied experiences, and the routinization of behaviors surrounding the beverage serve to buttress a sense of ontological security and social order in both Indigenous communities and the dominant society in Brazil.
Relief for Sea Island Sufferers
Authors: Grego Caroline 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As coastal residents began to grasp the scale of the destruction, it became clear that this was a disaster of an unprecedented size and that survivors would require assistance. This chapter covers the six weeks between the hurricane’s landfall and the arrival of the American Red Cross, which eventually assumed responsibility for the recovery effort. The plight of the “sea island sufferers,” as the media called them, most of them Black, was swallowed by the racial politics of 1893. Never simply about humanitarian impulses and helping one’s fellow man, the question of responsibility for the sufferers became enmeshed in debates over the legacy of Reconstruction, the future of white supremacy, and the role of the state and federal governments in the early Jim Crow South. Local relief committees tried to shoulder the burden of advertising for and collecting donations of money, food, clothes, and building materials. State politicians appealed for aid in Washington, D.C., with limited success. This chapter uses newspaper reports, personal correspondence, and the papers of the Charleston and Sea Island relief committees to demonstrate how these six weeks were pivotal. The humble materiality of rations and donated clothing were embedded within South Carolina’s defining discourse in the late nineteenth century: who should have access to power?
Unmooring the Regional Economy
Authors: Grego Caroline 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the decades after the hurricane struck, coastal African Americans found that the kinds of labor to which many were habituated in rice, phosphate, and subsistence farming no longer provided a tenable living. This chapter looks at the economic decline in the Lowcountry. Despite difficult decades fraught with more hurricanes, the boll weevil, and an increasingly repressive state government and white lending practices, African Americans fought to maintain their hold on their land and livelihoods. They tried to ameliorate the losses to their livelihoods through turning to United States Department of Agriculture programs or founding agricultural and mutual aid societies, including one through the historic Penn School, that allowed Black farmers to pool resources in times of hardship. This chapter follows the three decades of environmental and economic changes in the Lowcountry inflected by the hurricane and how Black and white coastal residents responded to those changes.
Epilogue
Authors: Grego Caroline 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The epilogue picks up Stevens’s story. It follows the rest of his life, off Kiawah Island, away from the white Vanderhorst family with whom he had a fraught, lifelong relationship, and onto his own land on Johns Island. Without Stevens and his family, Kiawah Island eventually lost its small Black community, was purchased by a corporation, and was transformed into a private resort island for wealthy tourists. Through the case study of Kiawah, it becomes clear how the hurricane prepared the sea islands for their conquest by corporate developers sixty years later. The epilogue surveys the Lowcountry’s present and looks to the future. Amidst the climate crisis and rising seas, it is ever more imperative that histories of environment and climate be brought into conversation with political and social histories, most of all in places exceptionally vulnerable to sea rise, exploitation, and the intensification of hurricanes.
A Social and Moral Contest
Authors: Haumesser Lauren N. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
During the election of 1860, the Democratic Party finally split in two. Northern and southern Democrats nominated and ran separate candidates, which split the vote and helped hand the election to Republican Abraham Lincoln. During the nominating conventions, both northern and southern Democrats equated compromise with dishonor. A man’s honor was a powerful motivator, so this was an effective tactic to forestall compromise. Northern and southern Democrats also emphasized the gender, social, and cultural incompatibility of the North and the South. These tactics made Democrats’ disagreements seem more profound and compromise seem more dangerous.
Before Equiano
Authors: Hutchins Zachary McLeod 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the antebellum United States, formerly enslaved men and women who told their stories and advocated for abolition helped establish a new genre with widely recognized tropes: the slave narrative. This book investigates how enslaved black Africans conceived of themselves and their stories before the War of American Independence and the genre's development in the nineteenth century. Zachary McLeod Hutchins argues that colonial newspapers were pivotal in shaping popular understandings of both slavery and the black African experience well before the slave narrative's proliferation. Introducing the voices and art of black Africans long excluded from the annals of literary history, Hutchins shows how the earliest life writing by and about enslaved black Africans established them as political agents in an Atlantic world defined by diplomacy, war, and foreign relations. In recovering their stories, Hutchins sheds new light on how black Africans became Black Americans; how the earliest accounts of enslaved life were composed editorially from textual fragments rather than authored by a single hand; and how the public discourse of slavery shifted from the language of just wars and foreign policy to a heritable, race-based system of domestic oppression.