bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of alkaptonuria in the general population: a United Kingdom experience describing the challenges, possible solutions and persistent barriers
Authors: Ranganath L. , Taylor A. M. , Shenkin A. , Fraser W. D. , Jarvis J. , Gallagher J. A. , Sireau N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractProgress in research into rare diseases is challenging. This paper discusses strategies to identify individuals with the rare genetic disease alkaptonuria (AKU) within the general population. Strategies used included a questionnaire survey of general practitioners, a dedicated website and patient network contact, targeted family screening and medical conference targeting. Primary care physicians of the UK were targeted by a postal survey that involved mailing 11,151 UK GPs; the response rate was 18.2%. We have identified 75 patients in the UK with AKU by the following means: postal survey (23), targeted family screening (11), patient networks and the website (41). Targeting medical conferences (AKU, rare diseases, rheumatology, clinical biochemistry, orthopaedics, general practitioners) did not lead to new identification in the UK but helped identify overseas cases. We are now aware of 626 patients worldwide including newly identified non‐UK people with AKU in the following areas: Slovakia (208), the rest of Europe (including Turkey) (79), North America (including USA and Canada) (110), and the rest of the world (154). A mechanism for identifying individuals with AKU in the general population—not just in the UK but worldwide—has been established. Knowledge of patients with AKU, both in the UK and outside, is often confined to establishing their location in a particular GP practice or association with a particular medical professional. Mere identification, however, does not always lead to full engagement for epidemiological research purposes or targeting treatment since further barriers exist.
Interdisciplinary perspectives on historical ecology and environmental policy in Papua New Guinea
Authors: FILER COLIN 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYPapua New Guinea (PNG) has been the site of a great deal of scientific work, and a fair amount of interdisciplinary debate, within the broad field of historical ecology, which encompasses the study of indigenous society-environment relationships over different time periods. However, this in itself provides no guarantee that scientists engaged in such debate will have a greater influence on the formulation of environmental conservation policies in a state where indigenous decision makers now hold the levers of political power. Five environmental policy paradigms which have emerged in the course of public debate about environmental conservation in PNG over the past half century; the wildlife management, environmental planning, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem assessment, and carbon sequestration paradigms. Each paradigm has framed a distinctive form of interdisciplinary debate about indigenous society-environment relationships within a contemporary political framework. However, a further connection can be drawn between the role of interdisciplinary debate in an evolving national policy framework and the history of scientific debate about the nature of indigenous society-environment relationships in the pre-colonial era. This connection places a distinctive emphasis on the relationship between indigenous agricultural practices and management of the national forest estate for reasons which are themselves a contingent effect of the nature of European colonial intervention over the course of the last century and a half. This particular bias in the relationship between historical ecology and environmental policy has lasted down to the present day. PNG's environmental policy problems are unlikely to have any rational or sensible solution in the absence of a better scientific understanding of the complexity of indigenous society-environment relationships. Scientists need to understand the complexity of the environmental policy process as a historical process in its own right in order to work out which policy problems offer both the scope and the incentive to sustain specific forms of interdisciplinary debate that are likely to produce better policy outcomes.
Comparative metagenomics of microbial traits within oceanic viral communities
Authors: Sharon Itai , Battchikova Natalia , Aro Eva-Mari , Giglione Carmela , Meinnel Thierry , Glaser Fabian , Pinter Ron Y , Breitbart Mya , Rohwer Forest , Béjà Oded 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Viral genomes often contain genes recently acquired from microbes. In some cases (for example, psbA) the proteins encoded by these genes have been shown to be important for viral replication. In this study, using a unique search strategy on the Global Ocean Survey (GOS) metagenomes in combination with marine virome and microbiome pyrosequencing-based datasets, we characterize previously undetected microbial metabolic capabilities concealed within the genomes of uncultured marine viral communities. A total of 34 microbial gene families were detected on 452 viral GOS scaffolds. The majority of auxiliary metabolic genes found on these scaffolds have never been reported in phages. Host genes detected in viruses were mainly divided between genes encoding for different energy metabolism pathways, such as electron transport and newly identified photosystem genes, or translation and post-translation mechanism related. Our findings suggest previously undetected ways, in which marine phages adapt to their hosts and improve their fitness, including translation and post-translation level control over the host rather than the already known transcription level control.
Inflammation Confers Dual Effects on Nociceptive Processing in Chronic Neuropathic Pain Model
Authors: Liou Jiin-Tarng , Liu Fu-Chao , Mao Chih-Chieh , Lai Ying-Shu , Day Yuan-Ji 
Published: February 2011

Background
Although inflammation induces pain, immune cells also produce mediators that can effectively counteract it. To further elucidate the role of the immune response, we analyzed the relationship of pain behavior, several inflammatory signals, and opioid peptides using partial sciatic nerve ligation in mice at different levels of immunocompromise.

Methods
Sciatic nerves of C57BL/6C, nonobese diabetic (NOD), or nonobese diabetic-severe combined immune deficiency (NOD-SCID) mice were partially ligated. Responses to mechanical and radiant heat stimuli were observed. Inflammation was detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokines and opioid peptides were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunostaining.

Results
Inflammation in immunocompromised mice was subordinate when compared with that seen in C57BL/6C mice. In addition, immunocompromised mice had less pain hypersensitivity at early stages. Whereas proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), as well as antiinflammatory interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and interleukin 13 (IL-13) cytokine expression and protein were increased in C57BL/6C mice, they were lower in immunocompromised mice. Although enkephalin, dynorphin, and β-endorphin messenger RNA expression also increased in C57BL/6C mice, peaking on day 14, this result was not observed in immunocompromised mice.

Conclusion
The contribution of inflammation to nerve injury is complex with biphasic modulation. During the early phase, a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines are released, leading to enhanced pain. In contrast, the analgesic effect of opioid peptides and antiinflammatory cytokines was more predominate in the later phases of injury, leading to attenuated pain responses.
Antisense Inhibition of the Iron-Sulphur Subunit of Succinate Dehydrogenase Enhances Photosynthesis and Growth in Tomato via an Organic Acid–Mediated Effect on Stomatal Aperture
Authors: Araújo Wagner L. , Nunes-Nesi Adriano , Osorio Sonia , Usadel Björn , Fuentes Daniela , Nagy Réka , Balbo Ilse , Lehmann Martin , Studart-Witkowski Claudia , Tohge Takayuki , Martinoia Enrico , Jordana Xavier , DaMatta Fábio M. , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTransgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants expressing a fragment of the Sl SDH2-2 gene encoding the iron sulfur subunit of the succinate dehydrogenase protein complex in the antisense orientation under the control of the 35S promoter exhibit an enhanced rate of photosynthesis. The rate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was reduced in these transformants, and there were changes in the levels of metabolites associated with the TCA cycle. Furthermore, in comparison to wild-type plants, carbon dioxide assimilation was enhanced by up to 25% in the transgenic plants under ambient conditions, and mature plants were characterized by an increased biomass. Analysis of additional photosynthetic parameters revealed that the rate of transpiration and stomatal conductance were markedly elevated in the transgenic plants. The transformants displayed a strongly enhanced assimilation rate under both ambient and suboptimal environmental conditions, as well as an elevated maximal stomatal aperture. By contrast, when the Sl SDH2-2 gene was repressed by antisense RNA in a guard cell–specific manner, changes in neither stomatal aperture nor photosynthesis were observed. The data obtained are discussed in the context of the role of TCA cycle intermediates both generally with respect to photosynthetic metabolism and specifically with respect to their role in the regulation of stomatal aperture.
RICE MORPHOLOGY DETERMINANTEncodes the Type II Formin FH5 and Regulates Rice Morphogenesis
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Zhang Yi , Tan Hexin , Wang Ying , Li Gang , Liang Wanqi , Yuan Zheng , Hu Jianping , Ren Haiyun , Zhang Dabing 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMulticellular organisms contain a large number of formins; however, their physiological roles in plants remain poorly understood. Here, we reveal that formin homology 5 (FH5), a type II formin mutated in rice morphology determinant (rmd), plays a crucial role in determining rice (Oryza sativa) morphology. FH5/RMD encodes a formin-like protein consisting of an N-terminal phosphatase tensin (PTEN)-like domain, an FH1 domain, and an FH2 domain. The rmd mutants display a bending growth pattern in seedlings, are stunted as adult plants, and have aberrant inflorescence (panicle) and seed shape. Cytological analysis showed that rmd mutants have severe cell elongation defects and abnormal microtubule and microfilament arrays. FH5/RMD is ubiquitously expressed in rice tissues, and its protein localization to the chloroplast surface is mediated by the PTEN domain. Biochemical assays demonstrated that recombinant FH5 protein can nucleate actin polymerization from monomeric G-actin or actin/profilin complexes, cap the barbed end of actin filaments, and bundle actin filaments in vitro. Moreover, FH5 can directly bind to and bundle microtubules through its FH2 domain in vitro. Our findings suggest that the rice formin protein FH5 plays a critical role in determining plant morphology by regulating actin dynamics and proper spatial organization of microtubules and microfilaments.
Effects of major depression on crack use and arrests among women in drug court
Authors: Johnson Jennifer E. , O'Leary Catina C. , Striley Catherine W. , Abdallah Arbi Ben , Bradford Susan , Cottler Linda B. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTAims  We examined whether a current major depressive episode (MDE) at baseline predicted crack use and arrests at follow‐up among women enrolled in drug court.Design  Primary analyses used zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) and zero‐inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression analyses to predict both yes/no and number of (i) days of crack use and (ii) arrests at 4‐month follow‐up from current (30‐day) MDE at baseline. Secondary analyses addressed risk conferred by current versus past MDE at baseline.Setting/Participants  Participants were 261 women in drug court.Measurements  MDE was assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Days using crack and number of arrests were assessed using the Washington University Risk Behavior Assessment for Women.Findings  Having a current MDE at baseline predicted likelihood of crack use at follow‐up, but not days of crack use among those who used. Current MDE at baseline did not predict presence or number of arrests at the 4‐month follow‐up. Women with current MDE at baseline were more likely to be using crack at follow‐up than were those with recent (31+ days to 12 months) but not current MDE (odds ratio = 5.71); past MDE at baseline did not increase risk of crack use.Conclusions  Predictors of any versus no crack use or arrests appear to differ from predictors of frequency of these behaviors. Current major depression, but not past major depression, appears to be associated with increased risk of crack use among women attending drug court.
Overestimation of peer drinking: error of judgement or methodological artefact?
Authors: Melson Ambrose John , Davies John B. , Martinus Theresa 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To examine whether inclusion of both self‐ and peer‐referent items in the context of a single social norms drinking questionnaire plays an active role in producing the much‐reported tendency for young people to overestimate the extent of peers' alcohol‐related behaviour and the permissiveness of their attitudes towards alcohol.Design, setting, participants and measurements  In a between‐subjects design pupils attending two Scottish secondary schools (n = 1074; 12–18 years; 52.5% male) completed one of three questionnaires designed to measure a range of alcohol‐related behaviours, attitudes and perceptions: a paradigmatic multiple‐target questionnaire included self‐ and peer‐referent items while two single‐target questionnaires included self‐referent or peer‐referent items only.Findings  Pupils' self‐reported drinking behaviours and attitudes were similar, regardless of whether multiple or single‐target versions of the questionnaire were used, as were perceptions of peers' frequencies of alcohol use and drunkenness. In contrast, by comparison with pupils who responded to a single‐target version that omitted self‐referent items, use of a multiple‐target questionnaire was significantly more likely to result in reports that peers would consume alcoholic drinks when with friends and hold more permissive or liberal attitudes towards alcohol.Conclusions  Social norms research and related health promotion programmes that seek to reduce the extent of overestimation of peer drinking norms are heavily reliant upon multiple‐target drinking questionnaires. The use of such a questionnaire may lead to more distorted or extreme perceptions being reported by pupils compared to single‐target versions, which omit self‐referent drinking items. By implication, use of multiple‐target questionnaires may encourage young people to ‘over‐overestimate’ peer drinking norms.
Non‐suicidal self‐injury by intravenous application of nicotine in a patient with borderline personality disorder resulting in substance dependence
Authors: Gahr Maximilian , Freudenmann Roland , Schönfeldt‐Lecuona Carlos 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTBackground  Non‐suicidal self‐injury in many different forms is a classic struggle for those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Some common ways of NSSI are cutting, scratching and head‐banging.Case description  A 23‐year old woman with BPD presented in our clinic with a 4‐month history of intravenous application of a liquid dosage form of nicotine that is generally used for nasal application. Accordingly, the patient developed nicotine dependency (ICD‐10 F17.25). Before her admission to our ward the daily intravenous nicotine application was around 33 mg. The in‐patient detoxification proceeded without a remarkable withdrawal syndrome.Conclusion  A case of regular intravenous administration of nicotine has been observed, apparently resulting in nicotine dependence in a person with borderline personality disorder. The original intent appears to have been self‐harm.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationships of central nervous system effects of scopolamine in healthy subjects
Authors: Liem‐Moolenaar Marieke , de Boer Peter , Timmers Maarten , Schoemaker Rik C. , van Hasselt J. G. Coen , Schmidt Stephan , van Gerven Joop M. A. 
Published: February 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The cholinergic system is important for different central nervous system functions, including memory, learning and attention. Scopolamine, a centrally active muscarinic antagonist, has been used to model dementia and to demonstrate the pharmacological effects of cholinergic drugs, but for most effects the concentration–effect relationships are unknown. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • We determined the pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationships of scopolamine using a multidimensional central nervous system test battery in a large group of healthy volunteers. The results suggested there are various functional cholinergic systems with different pharmacological characteristics, which can be used to study the effects of drugs that directly or indirectly modify cholinergic systems. The design of such studies should take the different concentration–effect relationships into account.AIM(S) Although scopolamine is a frequently used memory impairment model, the relationships between exposure and corresponding central nervous system (CNS) effects are mostly unknown. The aim of our study was to characterize these using pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) modelling.METHODS In two double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, four‐way crossover studies, 0.5‐mg scopolamine was administered i.v. to 90 healthy male subjects. PK and PD/safety measures were monitored pre‐dose and up to 8.5 h after administration. PK–PD relationships were modelled using non‐linear mixed‐effect modelling.RESULTS Most PD responses following scopolamine administration in 85 subjects differed significantly from placebo. As PD measures lagged behind the plasma PK profile, PK–PD relationships were modelled using an effect compartment and arbitrarily categorized according to their equilibration half‐lives (t1/2keo; hysteresis measure). t1/2keo for heart rate was 17 min, saccadic eye movements and adaptive tracking 1–1.5 h, body sway, smooth pursuit, visual analogue scales alertness and psychedelic 2.5–3.5 h, pupil size, finger tapping and visual analogue scales feeling high more than 8 h.CONCLUSIONS Scopolamine affected different CNS functions in a concentration‐dependent manner, which based on their distinct PK–PD characteristics seemed to reflect multiple distinct functional pathways of the cholinergic system. All PD effects showed considerable albeit variable delays compared with plasma concentrations. The t1/2keo of the central effects was longer than of the peripheral effects on heart rate, which at least partly reflects the long CNS retention of scopolamine, but possibly also the triggering of independent secondary mechanisms. PK–PD analysis can optimize scopolamine administration regimens for future research and give insight into the physiology and pharmacology of human cholinergic systems.
Nurses’ and patients’ perceptions of caring behaviours: quantitative systematic review of comparative studies
Authors: Papastavrou Evridiki , Efstathiou Georgios , Charalambous Andreas 
Published: February 2011

papastavrou e., efstathiou g. & charalambous a. (2011) Nurses’ and patients’ perceptions of caring behaviours: quantitative systematic review of comparative studies. Journal of Advanced Nursing67(6), 1191–1205.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a systematic review conducted to test the hypothesis that nurses and patients perceive the concept of caring in nursing differently.Background.  Caring is viewed as the central focus of nursing. However, despite its fundamental place in clinical practice, researchers and scholars have failed in reaching a common definition. This failure has led to eliciting for nebulous interpretations of the concept often leading to perplexity and opposing views between patients and nurses.Data sources.  Extensive search was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE between March and May 2009 with no publishing time limit and the keywords ‘care’, ‘caring’, ‘nurse’, ‘nursing’, ‘behavio(u)rs’, ‘patient’, ‘perception’, ‘quantitative’ and ‘comparative’.Review methods.  This quantitative systematic review of comparative studies followed the guidance of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. A seven‐item ‘yes’ or ‘no’ checklist was developed and used for appraising the quality status of the selected literature. Narrative summary technique was used to report outcomes.Results.  Evidence of incongruence of perceptions between patients and nurses is mainly supported by the literature. Few studies, however, report aspects of congruence.Conclusion.  There is considerable evidence of the assertion that there is no congruence of perceptions between patients and nurses as regards to which behaviours are considered caring and intended caring is not always perceived as such by the patient. Further research is needed, however, to generate more knowledge on the relationship between caring behaviours, patient outcomes and health or nursing costs.
Online communities of practice as a communication resource for community health nurses working with homeless persons
Authors: Valaitis Ruta K. , Akhtar‐Danesh Noori , Brooks Fiona , Binks Sally , Semogas Dyanne 
Published: February 2011

valaitis r.k., akhtar‐danesh n., brooks f., binks s. & semogas d. (2011) Online communities of practice as a communication resource for community health nurses working with homeless persons. Journal of Advanced Nursing67(6), 1273–1284.AbstractAims.  This study explored community health nurses’ viewpoints about a Canadian online community of practice to support their practice with homeless or under‐housed populations.Background.  Community health nurses who specifically work with homeless and marginally housed populations often report feelings of isolation and stress in managing complex problems in resource constraints. To strengthen intra‐professional ties and enhance information access, an online community of practice was designed, implemented and evaluated by and for them.Methods.  Q‐methodology was used. Sixty‐six statements about the community of practice were collected from an online survey and focus groups, refined and reduced to 44 statements. In 2009, sixteen participants completed the Q‐sort activity, rating each statement relative to the others. Scores for each participant were subjected to by‐person factor analysis.Results.  Respondents fell into two groups –tacit knowledge warriors and tacit knowledge communicators. Warriors strongly believed that the community of practice could combat stigma associated with homelessness and promote awareness of homelessness issues, and valued its potential to validate and improve practice. Communicators would have used the community of practice more with increased discussion, facilitation and prompt responses. Generally, nurses viewed the community of practice as a place to share stories, validate practice and adapt best practices to their work context.Conclusions.  Online communities of practice can be valuable to nurses in specialized fields with limited peer support and access to information resources. Tacit knowledge development is important to nurses working with homeless populations: this needs to be valued in conjunction with scientifically based knowledge.