bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unemployment Insurance Reform – 1991–2006: A New Balance between Rights and Obligations in France, Germany, Portugal and Spain
Authors: Arcanjo Manuela 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this article is twofold. First, focusing on unemployment insurance schemes, the article seeks to identify the development of social rights and obligations in four countries (France, Germany, Portugal and Spain), representative of the conservative regime, over the period 1991–2006. Second, the article aims to verify whether or not there was a common reform trajectory in time as well as in space, given the already known divergence over the appropriateness of classifying Mediterranean countries within the framework of a specific regime.Based on analysis of 25 legislative changes concerning entitlement and eligibility criteria, the study presents three major findings. First, the four insurance schemes reveal a new balance between (weaker) social rights and (stronger) obligations, which may indicate a trend toward a re‐commodification of work. Second, Portugal adopted a specific trajectory while the Spanish reform process more closely resembled that carried out by France and Germany. Finally, two waves of reform may be identified: first, between 1991 and 1997 and justified by cost‐containment concerns and, subsequently, from 2001 onwards, associated with a stronger recalibration of benefit rights.
From Assistance to Prevention: Categorizing Young Carer Support Services in Australia, and International Implications
Authors: Purcal Christiane , Hamilton Myra , Thomson Cathy , Cass Bettina 
Published: October 2011

AbstractYoung people who provide unpaid care for a relative with chronic illness or disability are a growing focus of public policy and research in Australia and internationally. Support services for these young carers have emerged, but not enough is known about their effectiveness. This article develops an analytical framework that categorizes young carer support services according to their goals and the types of intervention provided. The analytical framework is based on Australian data. It is applied to young carer support services available in Australia but may be applicable to other countries. The aim of the framework is to provide a structure for assessing the effectiveness of current services in supporting young carers by clarifying service goals and identifying gaps in existing service provision. The framework contributes to conceptual discussions about young carer supports, and it can be used to guide future policy development.The article draws on Australian and international literature as well as findings from a recent Australian study on young carers. The proposed framework groups young carer support services according to three overarching goals: assisting young people who provide care; mitigating the care‐giving responsibility; and preventing the entrenchment of a young person's caring role. The framework is applied to an audit of Australian support services for young carers, illustrating how it can be used to assess existing supports for young carers and inform future policy development. The findings suggest that most services in Australia fall into the categories of assistance and mitigation, while few contain preventative elements.
Finite element analysis of ursid cranial mechanics and the prediction of feeding behaviour in the extinct giant Agriotherium africanum
Authors: Oldfield C. C. , McHenry C. R. , Clausen P. D. , Chamoli U. , Parr W. C. H. , Stynder D. D. , Wroe S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHistorically, predicting ursid feeding behaviour on the basis of morphometric and mechanical analyses has proven difficult. Here, we apply three‐dimensional finite element analysis to models representing five extant and one fossil species of bear. The ability to generate high bite forces, and for the skull to sustain them, is present in both the giant panda and the gigantic extinct Agriotherium africanum. Bite forces for A. africanum are the highest predicted for any mammalian carnivore. Our findings do not resolve whether A. africanum was more likely a predator on, or scavenger of, large terrestrial vertebrates, but show that its skull was well‐adapted to resist the forces generated in either activity. The possibility that A. africanum was adapted to process tough vegetation is discounted. Results suggest that the polar bear is less well‐adapted to dispatch large prey than all but one of the five other species considered.
Phylogeography of the Greater Egyptian Jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) (Rodentia: Dipodidae) in Mediterranean North Africa
Authors: Ben Faleh A. R. , Granjon L. , Tatard C. , Othmen A. Ben , Said K. , Cosson J. F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Mediterranean Basin is an acknowledged hotspot for biodiversity, yet historical processes that shaped this biodiversity in North Africa remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the phylogeographic pattern of an endemic species of Mediterranean areas of North Africa, the Greater Egyptian Jerboa, Jaculus orientalis. The extent of phylogeographic patterns and molecular genetic diversity (mitochondrial cytochrome b gene) were addressed in a survey of 45 jerboas from 24 localities. Our phylogeographical analyses show a strong genetic subdivision into three areas along a west‐east axis, corresponding to (1) Morocco and western Algeria; (2) eastern Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya; (3) eastern Libya and Egypt. Demographic analyses revealed different modalities of population expansion since the last glacial age depending on geographic areas. The dating using relaxed molecular clock analyses revealed that most splits occurred during the Quaternary (<1 million of years ago). Finally, we discussed the relative roles of geological and climatic change in generating this pattern of genetic structure observed for the Greater Egyptian Jerboa and other vegetal and animal species in North Africa.
Tinea Faciei Due to Microsporum canis in Children: A Survey of 46 Cases in the District of Cagliari (Italy)
Authors: Atzori Laura , Aste Natalia , Aste Nicola , Pau Monica 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Dermatophytoses are frequent in children, but involvement of the facial skin has peculiar aspects that should be considered a separate entity: tinea faciei. Microsporum canis infection in tinea faciei has not been widely documented. To review cases of tinea faciei due to M. canis in children diagnosed at the Dermatology Clinic, University of Cagliari. Between 1990 and 2009, all children with dermatophyte infections of the facial skin were recruited for the study after parental consent. Diagnosis was made through direct microscopic and cultural examination. Age, sex, clinical form, illness duration, identified dermatophyte, source of infection, and treatment were recorded. Forty‐six cases of tinea faciei due to M. canis in children aged 11 months to 15 years (29 male/17 female) were diagnosed. In 42 (91.3%) children, the illness was the result of contact with pets, and 4 (8.7%) cases resulted from contact with children affected by tinea capitis due to M. canis. Clinical manifestations were typical ringworm in 34 (74%) patients, whereas in 12 (26%) cases, atypical forms mimicking atopic dermatitis, impetigo, lupus erythematosus, and periorificial dermatitis were observed. In 18 (39%) cases, involvement of the vellus hair follicle was documented as ectothrix invasion. Topical or systemic antifungal therapy was effective in all patients. Tinea faciei shows a complex spectrum of differential diagnosis and age‐related variations with respect to other superficial dermatophytosis. M. canis is the main organism responsible in children residing in Cagliari, capitol city of Sardinia, Italy. Close collaboration with veterinary and educational programs within infant communities are required for adequate prevention.
The Siebs and the Moulton
Authors: Koekkoek B. J. 
Published: October 2011

Book reviewed in this article:Siebs, Deutsche Aussprache. Reine und gemäßigle Hochlautung mit Aussprachewörterbuch. Edited by Helmut de Boor, Hugo Moser and Christian Winkler. 19th, revised edition. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1969. Pp. ix+494. DM32.
MLJ Reviews
Authors: BIRCKBICHLER DIANE W. 
Published: October 2011

Book reviewed in this article:BHATIA, VIJAY K. Analysing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings.Grammar and The Language Teacher. Ed. Martin Bygate, Alan Tonkyn & Eddie Williams.COOK, VIVIAN. Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition.DRUM, JAN, STEVE HUGHES, & GEORGE OTERO. Global Winners: 74 Learning Activities for Inside and Outside the Classroom.LIGHTBOWN, PATSY & NINA SPADA. How Languages Are Learned.NICHOLAS, JOE. Language Diversity Surveys as Agents of Change.Collaborative Language Learning and Teaching. Ed. David Nunan.PIATT, BILL. Language on the Job: Balancing Business Needs and Employee Rights.SALEEMI, ANJUM P. Universal Grammar and Language Learnability.Research Methodology in Second‐Language Acquisition. Ed. Elaine E. Tarone, Susan M. Gass & Andrew Cohen.Reading Acquisition Processes. Ed. G. Brian Thompson, William E. Tunmer, & Tom Nicholson.Kontroversen in der Fremdsprachenforschung. Ed. Johannes‐Peter Timm & Helmut Johannes Vollmer.KING, ALAN R. The Basque Language.Bilingual Performance in Reading and Writing. Ed. Alister H. Cumming.The Celtic Languages. Ed. Martin J. Ball.FOLSE, KEITH S. The University of Michigan Press: Intermediate TOEFL Test Practices.MCDONOUGH, JO & CHRISTOPHER SHAW. Materials and Methods in ELT: A Teacher's Guide.MURPHY, RAYMOND. Basic Grammar in Use.ARIEW, ROBERT & ANNE NERENZ. Premiers Echanges.NERENZ, ANNE & KATHERINE KULICK. Premiers Echanges: Cahier d'activités orales et écrites.Premiers Echanges: Tapescript for the Audio Tape Program.HOLTKAMP, MONIQUE & VIRGINIA M. SCOTT. Premiers Echanges: Testing Program.DAVIS, JAMES N. Liens: lectures diverses.HAMMADOU, JOANN. Liens: par écrit.LIVELY, MADELEINE, MARY K. WILLIAMS & JANE HARPER. Liens: en paroles.GAENG, PAUL A. Le Monde de l'entreprise française: Initiation au langage des affaires.HEMINGWAY, ALICE. Living Language French All the Way.LEPETIT, DANIEL. Intonation française. Enseignement et apprentissage.Qu'est‐ce que le style?RENNER, H., U. RENNER & G. TEMPESTA. Le Français de l'hôtellerie et de la restauration.SCHOFER, PETER & DONALD RICE. Autour de la littérature.TERRELL, TRACY D., MARY B. ROGERS, BETSY K. BARNES & MARGUERITE WOLFF‐HESSINI. Deux Mondes: A Communicative Approach.GRIESBACH, HEINZ & GUDRUN UHLIG. Die starken Verben im Sprachgebrauch: Syntax‐Valenz‐Kollokationen.Dancing on the Volcano. Essays on the Culture of the Weimar Republic. Ed. Thomas W. Kniesche & Stephen Brockmann.ASHBY, JANET. Read Real Japanese.HUDSON, MUTSUKO ENDO. English Grammar for Students of Japanese.Framing in Discourse. Ed. Deborah Tannen.PRETO‐RODAS, RICHARD A., ALFRED HOWER, & CHARLES A. PERRONE. Crônicas Brasileiras: Nova Fase.SILVERMAN, MALCOLM. Imagens Jornalísticas Brasileiras. An Intermediate to Advanced Portuguese Reader.DERBYSHIRE, WILLIAM W. A Basic Reference Grammar of Slovene.CERRUDO, JOSE. Spanish for the Health Professional.LEVENSON, ANA I. & SUSAN EGGLY. Gramática española para estudiantes de inglés.
Evaluation of cortical bone thickness and root proximity at maxillary interradicular sites for mini‐implant placement
Authors: Sawada Kosaku , Nakahara Ken , Matsunaga Satoru , Abe Shinichi , Ide Yoshinobu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the interradicular cortical bone thickness, alveolar process width and root proximity for planning mini‐implant placement in the maxillary alveolar process.Material and methodsEighty maxillae (right and left sides) of 40 Japanese adult skulls were examined. The samples were imaged and measured using a micro‐CT system.Buccal and palatal interradicular cortical bone thickness, alveolar process width, and root proximity were measured in six interradicular sites from distal of central incisor to mesial of second molar. Buccal and palatal interradicular cortical bone thickness and alveolar process width were measured at 10 different vertical levels. Root proximity was measured at four different vertical levels.ResultsBuccal and palatal interradicular cortical bone thickness and alveolar process width tended to increase from crest to base of alveolar process. The buccal interradicular cortical bone thickness between canine and first premolar or between first premolar and second premolar was the greatest, and between central incisor and lateral incisor was the least. The palatal interradicular cortical bone was significantly thicker than the buccal. The root proximity between second premolar and first molar or first premolar and second premolar was the widest and between central incisor and lateral incisor it was the narrowest.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that recommendations when low dose 3D multislice CT or low dose cone beam imaging is not available, the results of this research may be useful in providing indicators for selecting the design of the placement site.
Gingival changes during pregnancy: III. Impact of clinical, microbiological, immunological and socio‐demographic factors on gingival inflammation
Authors: Carrillo‐de‐Albornoz Ana , Figuero Elena , Herrera David , Cuesta Pedro , Bascones‐Martínez Antonio 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAimsTo identify predictor variables involved in exacerbated gingival inflammation associated with pregnancy.Material and MethodsIn this cohort study, 48 pregnant and 28 non‐pregnant women without periodontitis were included. The pregnant women were evaluated in the first, second and third trimester and at 3 months postpartum, whilst the non‐pregnant women were evaluated twice, with a 6‐month interval. At each visit, clinical [plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI)], hormonal (salivary progesterone and estradiol), immunological [gingival crevicular fluid interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and prostaglandin‐E2] and microbiological (periodontal pathogens culture) evaluations were performed. Statistical analysis was undertaken using exhaustive chi‐square automatic interaction detection (exhaustive CHAID) to analyse the predictive value of the independent outcomes to develop pregnancy GI.ResultsPlI was the strongest predictor implicated in the GI throughout pregnancy and after delivery. During the second and third trimesters the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis significantly contributed to the worsening of gingival inflammation. When compared with the non‐pregnant group, significant differences were found in TNF‐α amounts and concentrations and in the third trimester site‐specific GI.ConclusionsBacterial challenge to the gingival tissues, both quantitatively (PlI) and qualitatively (harbouring P. gingivalis) appears to affect the level of gingival inflammation observed during pregnancy.
The effect of cyclic mechanical strain on the expression of adhesion‐related genes by periodontal ligament cells in two‐dimensional culture
Authors: Saminathan A. , Vinoth K. J. , Wescott D. C. , Pinkerton M. N. , Milne T. J. , Cao T. , Meikle M. C. 
Published: October 2011

Saminathan A, Vinoth KJ, Wescott DC, Pinkerton MN, Milne TJ, Cao T, Meikle MC. The effect of cyclic mechanical strain on the expression of adhesion‐related genes by periodontal ligament cells in two‐dimensional culture. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 212–221. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective:  Cell adhesion plays important roles in maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues and sensing changes in the biomechanical environment of cells. The objective of the present investigation was to extend our understanding of the effect of cyclic mechanical strain on the expression of adhesion‐related genes by human periodontal ligament cells.Material and Methods:  Cultured periodontal ligament cells were subjected to a cyclic in‐plane tensile deformation of 12% for 5 s (0.2 Hz) every 90 s for 6–24 h in a Flexercell FX‐4000 Strain Unit. The following parameters were measured: (i) cell viability by the MTT assay; (ii) caspase‐3 and ‐7 activity; and (iii) the expression of 84 genes encoding adhesion‐related molecules using real‐time RT‐PCR microarrays.Results:  Mechanical stress reduced the metabolic activity of deformed cells at 6 h, and caspase‐3 and ‐7 activity at 6 and 12 h. Seventy‐three genes were detected at critical threshold values < 35. Fifteen showed a significant change in relative expression: five cell adhesion molecules (ICAM1, ITGA3, ITGA6, ITGA8 and NCAM1), three collagen α‐chains (COL6A1, COL8A1 and COL11A1), four MMPs (ADAMTS1, MMP8, MMP11 and MMP15), plus CTGF, SPP1 and VTN. Four genes were upregulated (ADAMTS1, CTGF, ICAM1 and SPP1) and 11 downregulated, with the range extending from a 1.76‐fold induction of SPP1 at 12 h to a 2.49‐fold downregulation of COL11A1 at 24 h.Conclusion:  The study has identified several mechanoresponsive adhesion‐related genes, and shown that onset of mechanical stress was followed by a transient reduction in overall cellular activity, including the expression of two apoptosis ‘executioner’ caspases.
Rapid Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Milk with Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification and Chemosensor
Authors: Wang Deguo , Zhang Gaiping , Lu Chengping , Deng Ruiguang , Zhi Aimin , Guo Junqing , Zhao Dong , Xu Zhihong 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) allows a rapid amplification of nucleic acids under isothermal conditions. It can be combined with a rhodamine‐based dual chemosensor for much more efficient, field‐friendly detection of Listeria monocytogenes. In this report, LAMP was performed at 63 °C for 10 min, followed by a rapid reaction of DNA amplification and the byproduct, pyrophosphate ion, with a rhodamine‐based dual chemosensor and Cu2+ is visualized as a disappearance of red color. The detection limit of L. monocytogenes by the LAMP‐chemosensor was 8 to 10 cells per reaction tube, and the total assay time including 10 min for rapid DNA extraction was approximately 30 min. Data on naturally contaminated raw milk samples indicated that the LAMP method was highly specific and sensitive, giving 100% concordance with the ISO 10560 reference method. The results showed that the LAMP‐chemosensor method has the advantages of better sensitivity and speed and less dependence on equipment than the standard Polymerase Chain Reaction for specifically detecting low levels of L. monocytogenes DNA, and this can be useful in the field as a routine diagnostic tool.Practical Application:  The LAMP‐chemosensor method reported here provided a powerful tool for detection of L. monocytogenes in raw milk samples due to its specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity.
Determination of Volatile Compounds in Apple Pomace by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction and Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (SBSE‐GC‐MS)
Authors: Madrera Roberto Rodríguez , Valles Belén Suárez 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  A method based on stir bar sorptive extraction combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry detection (SBSE‐GC‐MS) has been optimized with the aim of applying it to the analysis of apple pomace. The method allowed the identification of 124 volatile compounds after 3 h of extraction with a precision (RSDs) ranging between 2% (linalool) and 11% (ethyl hexanoate). Its use in analyzing varietal apple pomace revealed the interest of this substrate as regards its content in aromas. From a semi‐quantitative point of view, the higher content in aldehydes and esters of the Blanquina variety is worth highlighting, as are the greater concentration of acids in the Clara variety and the higher content of terpenes and norisoprenoides in the Coloradona variety. In contrast, the Ernestina and Perico varieties presented the lowest levels of aromas.Practical Application:  The analysis of varietal apple pomaces showed the importance of this type of waste in the food industry, both for its content in aromas such as for its use as substrate in biotechnological processes.
Whey Protein Film with Oxygen Scavenging Function by Incorporation of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Janjarasskul Theeranun , Tananuwong Kanitha , Krochta John M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Residual O2 in a package headspace can be removed by an O2‐absorbing sachet, which can be harmful if swallowed by the consumer, or by a chemically‐active plastic packaging film, which is difficult to recycle. An edible, O2‐absorbing film would avoid these disadvantages. The objective of our research was to assess the O2‐scavenging potential of an edible whey protein isolate (WPI) film incorporating ascorbic acid (AA). AA at 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 M was added to 5% (w/w) heat‐denatured WPI film‐forming solutions with WPI : glycerol (Gly) ratio of 1 : 1.00, 1 : 0.80, or 1 : 0.67. The pH of solutions was then adjusted to 3.5 (below pKa1 of AA), to stabilize AA against oxidation, before film casting. The mechanical properties, O2 permeabilities, and thermal transitions of films were measured. Activation of the O2‐scavenging function of the AA‐incorporated films was accomplished by adjustment of the films to pH ≥ 7. O2‐scavenging ability of AA‐incorporated WPI films was determined by measuring residual O2 in the headspace of a high‐barrier container. Incorporation of AA into WPI film decreased film tensile strength and further reduced O2 permeability at each WPI : Gly ratio. AA‐containing films adjusted to pH ≥ 7 demonstrated O2 absorption proportional to AA content, consistent with theoretical O2‐scavenging capacity. Thermal transition measurements indicated that AA was involved in WPI structural modification and decreased the degradation temperature of WPI‐based film. The demonstrated O2‐scavenging function, improved O2 barrier and acceptable mechanical properties of AA‐incorporated films indicate potential commercial usefulness.Practical Application:  Ascorbic acid‐incorporated whey protein film with oxygen scavenging function can be used to extend shelf lives of a wide variety of oxygen‐sensitive products by eliminating headspace oxygen as well as oxygen permeating through the packaging wall over time. Edible oxygen‐scavenger film has the advantages of avoiding both accidental consumption and nonrecyclability of conventional oxygen scavenger systems.
What motivates regular blood donations?
Authors: Tan C. , Yong A. 
Published: October 2011

Background In 2002, the medical benefits scheme given to blood donors who gave two donations a year was successfully removed. However, those who were already on the scheme continued to enjoy that benefit as long as they keep up with the two donations a year. About 30 000 donors were on the scheme in 2001, but less than 7000 were left on the scheme today. A study was conducted in 2010 to investigate what really motivates this group of blood donors.Study Design and Methods A questionnaire, in the four official language of Singapore, was sent to all the blood donors on the scheme. A response rate of 41·6% yielded a sample of 2898.Results Of the 89·9% who agreed blood donation is an act of pure goodwill, 19·2% said they will not donate blood for nothing. Interestingly, 18·5% of those who do not consider blood donation as an act of pure goodwill was willing to donate blood for nothing. Of those who said that they will continue to donate blood in the absence of all rewards or incentives, 70·6% gave more than one donation a year, with 72·7% giving three to four donations and 75·9% giving more than four donations.Conclusion These findings suggested that regular blood donors are self‐motivated. The more they give, the more they value their contributions. This motivation is not related to their income or education levels, but reflected the sense of ‘upmanship’. This revelation can be used to strengthen retention strategies in better acknowledging the contributions of regular blood donors and in enhancing the quality of donor services and donor care, as delighted blood donors will make many happy returns.