bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening for Child and Adolescent Depression in Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Evidence Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force
Authors: Williams Selvi B. , O'Connor Elizabeth A. , Eder Michelle , Whitlock Evelyn P. 
Published: March 2009

CONTEXT. Depression among youth is a disabling condition that is associated with serious long-term morbidities and suicide.OBJECTIVE. To assess the health effects of routine primary care screening for major depressive disorder among children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years.METHODS. Medline, the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, PsycInfo, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, recent systematic reviews, experts, and bibliographies from selected studies were the data sources. The studies selected were fair- and good-quality (on the basis of US Preventive Services Task Force criteria) controlled trials of screening and treatment (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and/or psychotherapy), diagnostic accuracy studies, and large observational studies that reported adverse events. Two reviewers quality-graded each article. One reviewer abstracted relevant information into standardized evidence tables, and a second reviewer checked key elements.RESULTS. We found no data describing health outcomes among screened and unscreened populations. Although the literature on diagnostic screening test accuracy is small and methodologically limited, it indicates that several screening instruments have performed fairly well among adolescents. The literature on treatment efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and/or psychotherapy is also small but includes good-quality randomized, controlled trials. Available data indicate that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, psychotherapy, and combined treatment are effective in increasing response rates and reducing depressive symptoms. Not all specific selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, however, seem to be efficacious. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment was associated with a small absolute increase in risk of suicidality (ie, suicidal ideation, preparatory acts, or attempts). No suicide deaths occurred in any of the trials.CONCLUSIONS. Limited available data suggest that primary care–feasible screening tools may accurately identify depressed adolescents and treatment can improve depression outcomes. Treating depressed youth with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be associated with a small increased risk of suicidality and should only be considered if judicious clinical monitoring is possible.
Evaluation of the Cytogenetic Status of Human Lymphocytes After Exposure to a High Concentration of Bee Venom In Vitro
Authors: Garaj-Vrhovac Verica , Gajski Goran 
Published: March 2009

Evaluation of the Cytogenetic Status of Human Lymphocytes After Exposure to a High Concentration of Bee Venom In Vitro
Several studies have reported radioprotective, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and anticancer effects of bee venom both in the cell and the whole organism. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a single high dose of 100 μg mL-1 of whole bee venom in human lymphocytes in vitro over a variety of time spans (from 10 min to 24 h). After the treatment, we used the comet assay and micronucleus test to see the effect of bee venom on the cell. The comet assay confirmed that the venom damaged the DNA molecule. Tail length, tail intensity, tail moment showed a significant increase (P<0.05). The percentage of long-tailed nuclei (LTN) with the tail length exceeding the 95th percentile also increased in a time-dependent manner. The micronucleus parameters (number of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds) also showed a significant time-dependent increase (P<0.05). This research indicates that high concentrations of bee venom can lead to cellular instability. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism of action of bee venom and its components in human cells and to see if this natural product may find application in medicine.
The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) to Differentiate Balance Deficits
Authors: Horak Fay B , Wrisley Diane M , Frank James 
Published: March 2009

BackgroundCurrent clinical balance assessment tools do not aim to help therapists identify the underlying postural control systems responsible for poor functional balance. By identifying the disordered systems underlying balance control, therapists can direct specific types of intervention for different types of balance problems.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to develop a clinical balance assessment tool that aims to target 6 different balance control systems so that specific rehabilitation approaches can be designed for different balance deficits. This article presents the theoretical framework, interrater reliability, and preliminary concurrent validity for this new instrument, the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest).DesignThe BESTest consists of 36 items, grouped into 6 systems: “Biomechanical Constraints,” “Stability Limits/Verticality,” “Anticipatory Postural Adjustments,” “Postural Responses,” “Sensory Orientation,” and “Stability in Gait.”MethodsIn 2 interrater trials, 22 subjects with and without balance disorders, ranging in age from 50 to 88 years, were rated concurrently on the BESTest by 19 therapists, students, and balance researchers. Concurrent validity was measured by correlation between the BESTest and balance confidence, as assessed with the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale.ResultsConsistent with our theoretical framework, subjects with different diagnoses scored poorly on different sections of the BESTest. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for interrater reliability for the test as a whole was .91, with the 6 section ICCs ranging from .79 to .96. The Kendall coefficient of concordance among raters ranged from .46 to 1.00 for the 36 individual items. Concurrent validity of the correlation between the BESTest and the ABC Scale was r=.636, P&lt;.01.LimitationsFurther testing is needed to determine whether: (1) the sections of the BESTest actually detect independent balance deficits, (2) other systems important for balance control should be added, and (3) a shorter version of the test is possible by eliminating redundant or insensitive items.ConclusionsThe BESTest is easy to learn to administer, with excellent reliability and very good validity. It is unique in allowing clinicians to determine the type of balance problems to direct specific treatments for their patients. By organizing clinical balance test items already in use, combined with new items not currently available, the BESTest is the most comprehensive clinical balance tool available and warrants further development.
Post mortemevaluation of palmar osteochondral disease (traumatic osteochondrosis) of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: BARR E. D. , PINCHBECK G. L. , CLEGG P. D. , BOYDE A. , RIGGS C. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Thoroughbred racehorses are commonly affected by subchondral bone injury, but the exact prevalence and the distribution of palmar/plantar osteochondral disease (POD) lesions are unknown. The relationship between pathologies has not been elucidated, although it is widely accepted that POD is a manifestation of traumatic overload arthrosis.Hypothesis: There is an association between grade of POD and other pathologies affecting the third metacarpal and metatarsal (MC/MTIII) condyles (wear lines, cartilage loss, marginal remodelling, dorsal impact injuries and linear fissures).Objectives: To evaluate the pathology found affecting the distal MC/MTIII condyles of Thoroughbred racehorses atpost mortemexamination, to describe the prevalence and distribution of POD lesions within a population of racing Thoroughbreds and to determine relationships between pathologies of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones.Methods: The metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints of 64 Thoroughbred racehorses were examined at routinepost mortemexamination and graded for third metacarpal and metatarsal condylar pathology. Associations between pathologies were determined.Results: POD had a within horse prevalence of 67%. There was a significant linear relationship between grade of POD and grades of wear lines, cartilage ulceration and dorsal impact injuries. There was a significant relationship, but this was not linear, between grade of POD and grade of linear fissures. Using ordinal logistic regression, compared to condyles withgrade 0orgrade 2linear fissures, condyles withgrade 1linear fissures were found to be more likely to have a lower POD grade.Potential relevance: POD can be considered to be a manifestation of traumatic overload arthrosis, but the role of subchondral bone adaptation is complex and warrants further investigation.
Prevalence, number and morphological types of multinucleated histiocytic giant cells in equine inflammatory dermatoses: A retrospective light microscopic study of skin‐biopsy specimens from 362 horses
Authors: COHEN R. D. , SCOTT D. W. , ERB H. N. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Multinucleated histiocytic giant cells (MHGC) are seen frequently in skin‐biopsy specimens from horses with inflammatory dermatoses. However, the prevalence, number and morphological types of these cells have not been reported.Objective: To determine the prevalence, number and morphological types of MHGC in equine inflammatory dermatoses, and the association of these cells with specific conditions.Methods: Skin‐biopsy specimens from 335 horses with inflammatory dermatoses and from 27 horses with normal skin were evaluated for the prevalence, number and morphological types of MHGC.Results: The prevalence and number of MHGC were greater in granulomatous dermatoses than in nongranulomatous dermatoses. Infectious and noninfectious dermatoses were not different in terms of prevalence or morphological types of MHGC. Foreign‐body MHGC were the predominant type in almost all cases. MHGC were not seen in normal skin.Conclusions: MHGC are seen in a wide variety of equine inflammatory dermatoses, especially those that are granulomatous. Number and morphological types of MHGC are of no apparent diagnostic significance.Potential relevance: MHGC are frequently present in a wide variety of inflammatory dermatoses in the horse. Because the prevalence, number and morphological types of MHGC are of minimal diagnostic significance, special stains and tissue cultures are necessary to confirm specific diagnoses.
Dynamic respiratory endoscopy without treadmill in 68 performance Standardbred, Thoroughbred and saddle horses under natural training conditions
Authors: DESMAIZIERES L.‐M. , SERRAUD N. , PLAINFOSSE B. , MICHEL A. , TAMZALI Y. 
Published: March 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: High speed treadmill endoscopy provides a true assessment and diagnosis of the dynamic obstructions of the upper equine respiratory tract (DO‐URT). However, treadmills do not always allow reproduction of the exact conditions of dynamic collapse of the URT. The availability of on‐board endoscopes, which could be used without a treadmill, would make exercising endoscopy readily available to more equine practices. Objectives: To develop and validate an innovative endoscope which could be used for the examination of the URT at exercise in ridden and harnessed sport horses performing in natural conditions. Methods: Authors worked closely with engineers of a company manufacturing veterinary endoscopes. Over a 2‐year period several prototypes were tested on more than 20 cooperative horses performing either in trot, gallop, jumping or endurance. The final Dynamic Respiratory Scope (DRS) allows real‐time visualisation of the URT and video recordings for post test reviewing and archiving. The DRS was then tested in 2 equine livery yards. Performance horses presented for investigation of abnormal respiratory noises at exercise and/or poor performance were subjected to exercising endoscopy. Endoscopic images of the URT were recorded and video recordings of the URT were reviewed post test. Results: A total of 68 horses were examined: 39 harnessed Standardbred and 29 mounted horses (16 Thoroughbred and 13 saddle horses). Of these, 44 were diagnosed with a URT abnormality. Good quality videos were obtained even at maximum speed in all cases. The innovative insertion tube provided very stable images compared to those obtained with flexible video endoscopes on treadmills. Conclusions: This study validates the safety and the reliability of the DRS for imaging the equine URT during natural exercising conditions. Potential relevance: Most common causes of DO‐URT can be diagnosed easily during any type of performance without a treadmill and the DRS offers a great potential for further URT clinical research.
Use of morning serum cortisol level after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenoma to predict the need for long-term glucocorticoid supplementation
Authors: Marko Nicholas F. , Gonugunta Vivek A. , Hamrahian Amir H. , Usmani Ali , Mayberg Marc R. , Weil Robert J. 
Published: March 2009

Object
Accurate assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is critical for appropriate management of the disease in patients with pituitary adenoma after transsphenoidal resection. The authors examine the role of the morning total serum cortisol level in the early postoperative period as a predictor of long-term HPA function.

Methods
Morning total serum cortisol was measured in 83 patients on postoperative Day 1 (or Day 2 if the patient received glucocorticoids during surgery) after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma. These results were compared with those of definitive assays of HPA function performed at 1–3 months postoperatively, including cortrosyn/synacthen stimulation test (CST), insulin tolerance test (ITT), and metyrapone test (MTT). The ability of the early-postoperative morning cortisol level to predict HPA function was determined using standard confusion matrix calculations and receiver-operator control curve analysis.

Results
The authors found that an early postoperative morning total cortisol level ≥ 15 μg/dl is a sensitive and accurate predictor of normal HPA function in the postoperative period (sensitivity 80.5%, specificity 66.7%, positive predictive value 96.9%).

Conclusions
A morning total cortisol level ≥ 15 μg/dl in the early postoperative period after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas is a good predictor of normal HPA function. This test has good sensitivity and accuracy and correlates well with the results of additional, definitive assays of HPA function (CST, ITT, and MTT) performed at 1–3 months postoperatively. Accordingly, it is the authors' practice to avoid exogenous perioperative glucocorticoid supplementation in patients with normal preoperative HPA function and postoperative morning total cortisol levels ≥ 15 μg/dl 1–2 days after transsphenoidal pituitary adenomectomy.
C-Port Flex-A–assisted automated anastomosis for high-flow extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery in patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusion: a feasibility study
Authors: Hänggi Daniel , Reinert Michael , Steiger Hans-Jakob 
Published: March 2009

Object
Preliminary experience with the C-Port Flex-A Anastomosis System (Cardica, Inc.) to enable rapid automated anastomosis has been reported in coronary artery bypass surgery. The goal of the current study was to define the feasibility and safety of this method for high-flow extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery in a clinical series.

Methods
In a prospective study design, patients with symptomatic carotid artery (CA) occlusion were selected for C-Port–assisted high-flow EC-IC bypass surgery if they met the following criteria: 1) transient or moderate permanent symptoms of focal ischemia; 2) CA occlusion; 3) hemodynamic instability; and 4) had provided informed consent. Bypasses were done using a radial artery graft that was proximally anastomosed to the superficial temporal artery trunk, the cervical external, or common CA. All distal cerebral anastomoses were performed on M2 branches using the C-Port Flex-A system.

Results
Within 6 months, 10 patients were enrolled in the study. The distal automated anastomosis could be accomplished in all patients; the median temporary occlusion time was 16.6 ± 3.4 minutes. Intraoperative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) confirmed good bypass function in 9 patients, and in 1 the anastomosis was classified as fair. There was 1 major perioperative complication that consisted of the creation of a pseudoaneurysm due to a hardware problem. In all but 1 case the bypass was shown to be patent on DSA after 7 days; furthermore, in 1 patient a late occlusion developed due to vasospasm after a sylvian hemorrhage. One-week follow-up DSA revealed transient asymptomatic extracranial spasm of the donor artery and the radial artery graft in 1 case. Two patients developed a limited zone of infarction on CT scanning during the follow-up course.

Conclusions
In patients with symptomatic CA occlusion, C-Port Flex-A–assisted high-flow EC-IC bypass surgery is a technically feasible procedure. The system needs further modification to achieve a faster and safer anastomosis to enable a conclusive comparison with standard and laser-assisted methods for high-flow bypass surgery.
Changes in ionic concentrations and δ18O in the snowpack of Zhadang glacier, Nyainqentanglha mountain, southern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Shichang Kang , Jie Huang , Yanwei Xu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo investigate the effects of depositional and post-depositional processes on chemical records in the snowpack, seven monthly snow pits were sampled at the same site on the pass of Zhadang (ZD) glacier (30˚28.079' N, 90˚39.032' E; 5800ma.s.l.), Nyainqentanglha mountain, southern Tibetan Plateau, between April and October 2006. Meteorological data from an automatic weather station at the sampling site showed that the annual mean air temperature was –5.6˚C on the pass and that monthly air temperature was above 0˚C from June to August, indicating that snowmelt could occur in this high-elevation region during the summer. An analysis of δ18O and major-ion variability in snow pits suggests that glaciochemical recordswere influenced by both meltwater percolation in mid-summer (July and August) and seasonal deposition. Less negative δ18O values and high concentrations of major ions occurred during the spring. The trends of δ18O variations in the ZD snow pits were consistent with those in precipitation sampled at the nearby Nam Co station for all months except for July and August, suggesting that climate signals are well preserved in the snow-pit δ18O records during the non-summer months. However, these climate signals were destroyed by strong percolation of meltwater during mid-summer.
Microscale spatial variability of snowpack: isotopic and chemical heterogeneity of a firn pack at Qomolangma (Mount Everest), central Himalaya
Authors: Zhou Shiqiao , Kang Shichang , Cong Zhiyuan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFor a better understanding of snow metamorphosing processes and more precise snow-ice-core interpretations, it is necessary to know the extent of microscale spatial variability of isotopic and chemical distributions in a snowpack. This work presents an investigation on the horizontal heterogeneity of the isotopic and chemical distributions in a firn pack on East Rongbuk Glacier at Qomolangma (Mount Everest), central Himalaya. One pit wall of 1.2 ×1.2m2 at 6520ma.s.l. was sampled at intervals of 10 cm in a matrix pattern with a total of 144 samples collected. All the samples were analyzed for δ18O and ionic concentrations. Small horizontal isotopic and large chemical heterogeneities were found. The averaged coefficient of variation (CV) of the twelve 10 cm thick layers for δ18O is 0.052, and in the whole snow thickness of 120 cm it is 0.016, which is in the range of analytic precision and thus indicates complete homogeneity. However, the ionic distribution shows considerable heterogeneity. The averaged CV values of the 10 cm thick layers for ionic concentrations vary in the range 0.628–1.477 depending on the ions. Based on these CV values, the heterogeneity sequence is: Mg2+> Ca2+> K+> Na+> Cl–> SO42–> PO43–> NO3–> NH4+. The averaged CV values for all the ions, except for NH4+, decrease with increasing snow thickness, although the decreasing rates and extents are different. However, the CV values of different ions are still large and in the range 0.183–1.116 when the snow thickness increases to 120 cm. The heterogeneity sequence becomes: K+> Mg2+> Ca2+> NH4+> Na+> Cl–> PO43–> NO3–> SO42–. The CV average change with thickness is different for NH4+. From 20 to 100 cm it increases slightly with increasing thickness, but all the values are lower than the average of 10cm thick layers.
Mass-balance estimates for Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, from 2000 to 2006 using DEMs and distributed mass-balance modeling
Authors: Dadic Ruzica , Corripio Javier G. , Burlando Paolo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA distributed mass-balance modeling approach is required to assess the impact of future climate scenarios on water availability in glaciated basins. Accurate estimation of water stored within the snow, firn and ice of such basins requires knowledge of the distributed snow and ice mass balance throughout the year. In this study, we estimate the annual mass balance and runoff for Haut Glacier d′Arolla, Switzerland, from 2000 to 2006. Our estimations are based on observed elevation changes from three digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from aerial photographs in September 1999 and 2005, and October 2006. In addition to these estimations, we implement a combined field observation and a distributed mass-balance modeling approach. An energy-balance model driven by meteorological variables from automatic weather stations inside the catchment area, including gravitational snow transport, is run for the period 2005–06. The model results are validated with direct snow water equivalent measurements as well as with runoff measurements. Combining the mass-balance measurements, energy-balance calculations and measured runoff, we estimate the contribution from ice melt to the runoff for this period to be 25–30%, the contribution from snowmelt 50–60% and the contribution from rain 15–25%. Our model results also show that the snow distribution affects both snow and ice melt. It is therefore important for water resources management to understand the distribution of snow in alpine catchments, as it seems to be the controlling factor for the timing of streamflow throughout the year as well as for the total availability of water.
The temperature-gradient metamorphism of snow: vapour diffusion model and application to tomographic images
Authors: Flin Frédéric , Brzoska Jean-Bruno 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA simple physical model describing the temperature-gradient metamorphism of snow is presented. This model, based on Kelvin’s equation and Fick’s law, takes into account the local variation of the saturating vapour pressure with temperature. It can determine locally whether the ice is condensing or subliming, depending on both the pressure and temperature fields in the snow structure. This model can also explain the formation of facets that occurs during the metamorphism. Using X-ray microtomographic images of snow samples obtained under low to moderate temperature-gradient conditions, this model has been tested and compared to the reaction-limited model proposed in a previous work.