bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burden of injury in childhood and adolescence in Europe
Authors: Polinder S , Haagsma J A , Toet H , Brugmans M J P , Van Beeck E F 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundInjury is the major cause of death and suffering among children and adolescents, but awareness of the problem and political commitment for preventive actions remain unacceptably low. We have assessed variation in the burden of injuries in childhood and adolescence in eight European countries.MethodsHospital, emergency department and mortality databases of injury patients aged 0–24 years were analyzed for Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Latvia, The Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia and the UK (England, Wales). Years lost due to premature mortality (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated.ResultsDifferences in the burden of injury in childhood and adolescence are large, with a fourfold gap between the safest countries (Netherlands and UK) in western-Europe and the relatively unsafe countries (Latvia and Slovenia) in the east. Variation between countries is attributable to high variation in premature mortality (YLL varied from 1458 per 1000 persons) and disability (YLD varied from 310 per 1000 persons). Highest burden is observed among males ages 15–24. If childhood and adolescence injuries are reduced to the level of current best injury prevention practices, 6 DALYs per 1000 child years can be avoided.ConclusionsInjuries in childhood and adolescence cause a high disability and mortality burden in Europe. In all developmental stages large inequalities between west and east are observed. Potential benefits up to almost 1 million healthy child years gained across Europe are possible, if proven ways for prevention are more widely implemented. Our children deserve action now.
Violence-related injuries in emergency departments in Brazil, 2006
Authors: Gawryszewski V P , da Silva M M Alves , Malta D C , Kegler S R , Mercy J A , Mascarenhas M D M , de Morais Neto O L 
Published: March 2011

Mortality and hospitalisation data underscore the impact that violence has on the Brazilian population. A national injury surveillance system in hospital emergency departments (EDs) was implemented by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2006.ObjectiveTo describe the characteristics of violence-related injury visits at EDs in Brazil and compares circumstances for assault-related and self-inflicted cases.MethodsThis cross-sectional study describes 4835 cases seen during September 2006 in 62 EDs, representing all 26 states and the Federal District. To assess potential associations between the type of violence and multiple factors a logistic regression was used.ResultsMales were 72.8% overall and persons aged 20–29 were 35.4%. Alcohol use was reported or suspected in 42.7% overall, mainly among males. Assault victims comprised 91.4% of the cases and self-inflicted injuries were 8.6%. Three-fourths of the assault victims were male; over half of the self-inflicted injury victims were female. The leading mechanism for assaults was physical force/blunt objects (46.2%); poisoning was predominant among self-inflicted injuries (71.4%). Younger females were significantly more likely to be victims of self-inflicted injuries than younger males; younger males were more likely to be victims of assault, especially in cases where alcohol use was reported. Self-inflicted injuries were significantly more likely to occur in residences; assaults were more likely to occur away from home.ConclusionsThese results improve our understanding of the characteristics of violence-related injuries in Brazil.
Children with disabilities: victimization, sexuality and communication
Authors: Davis M , Modell S J 
Published: March 2011

Studies have long established that children with disabilities are disproportionately criminally victimised. According to research children with intellectual disabilities are almost four times as likely to be neglected or emotionally abused and five times as likely to be physically or sexually abused. Perhaps most astonishingly, 97–99% of abusers of victims with developmental disabilities are known and trusted by the victim. Many significant barriers exist, both real and perceived, that limit investigation and prosecution of these cases. Specific techniques must be developed to effectively interview child victims with disabilities. This presentation is designed for victim advocates, law enforcement, prosecutors, disability advocates and other criminal justice, medical and social service personnel who work with children with disabilities. Participants will develop an awareness of victimisation of children with disabilities and how assumptions and attitudes toward disability can affect the outcome of services by law enforcement and victim advocates. Additionally, the participants will be presented with information and materials on addressing access and accessibility for children with disabilities as well as develop skills for communicating effectively with individuals with autism, intellectual and other communication disabilities. Course objectives include:Participants will develop an understanding of the unique characteristics of children with disabilities that make them susceptible to abuse.Participants will develop specific communication skills to effectively interview children with autism, mental retardation, cerebral palsy and speech/language limitations.Participants will increase their knowledge regarding the identification of physical and programmatic barriers to provide more effective services to people with disabilities.
Sleeping disorders and work-related injuries among farmers
Authors: Wang L , Yunfeng H , Xiang H , Bai L , Stallones L 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundSleeping disorder has been found to be associated with occupational injuries among railway workers in the France and students in China, but this association has not well been studied in farmers. This population-based study investigated the relationship between sleeping disorders and agricultural work-related injury among farmers in a north eastern province of the Peoples Republic of China.MethodsA multistage sample of 2264 farmers was selected from villages in Heilongjiang province. In May 2008, face-to-face interviews were conducted. Complete questionnaires were available for 2198 (97.1%) of the sample. Less than 7% (148) of the sample was excluded after the survey because their primary occupation was not farming. Farmers were questioned about work-related injury in the past year, sleeping disorder, farming practices, alcohol use and sociodemographic factors.ResultsThe past year agricultural work-related injury rate was 12.2% (251/2050). Higher proportions of injuries were seen for males, 30–49 years old, those who worked on farms for 10 years or more, those who used motor vehicles, and those who used agricultural machinery and those who used alcohol. Logistic regression models showed that past year sleeping disorder to be associated with work-related injury. Sleeping disorder and other sleeping behaviour in the past year were examined in separate logistic models because of collinearity. In each model, the reference group was those farmers who never / rarely had difficulty of sleeping in the past year. Odd ratios of work-related injury among farmers who slept 7–8 h daily or less 7 h were respectively 1.136 (95% CI= 0.833 to 1.548), 1.585 (95% CI 1.042 to 2.414). Odd ratios of injury among farmers who sometimes had difficulty of sleeping at night or often had difficulty of sleeping at night were respectively 1.641 (95% CI 1.171 to 2.298), 2.110 (95% CI 1.364 to 3.265). Odd ratios of injury also significantly increased with level of difficulty of sleeping after waking up at night, having nightmares at night, being sleepy during the day, sleep after mid-night. Each sleeping disorder variable was significantly associated with injury while controlling for gender, age, years of farm work, driving a motor vehicle, agricultural machinery use and alcohol use.ConclusionsSleeping disorders were significantly associated with an increased injury risk of work-related injury among Chinese farmers.
Use of matched cohort studies to estimate the effectiveness of child restraints
Authors: Rice T M , Anderson C 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundMany researchers believe that only child occupants should be used in matched cohort studies of child restraint effectiveness. The objective of this study was to explore the performance of the matched cohort study design in estimating associations between child restraints and other occupant characteristics with death risk.MethodsWe conducted Monte Carlo data simulations to represent 10 000 collision-involved vehicles carrying a mix of children and adults. We set the effects of age, seating position, adult seat belt use, child seat belt use and child safety to known values. We created an association between child restraint use and collision severity to confound the restraint-death risk association. Death risk ratios were estimated with conditional Poisson regression.ResultsEstimated risk ratios were unbiased and precise for all variables in the models, including those relevant only to children. The average child safety seat risk ratio was 0.30 (true value 0.3) and the average child seat belt risk ratio was 0.50 (true value 0.5). The lower baseline death risk for children as also correctly estimated (0.75, true value 0.75).ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that matched cohort studies, together with conditional regression, can be used to estimate associations between occupant characteristics, including child restraint use and the death risk. Results were unconfounded by crash severity and were not reliant on an assumption of equal baseline risk of occupants of each vehicle. The use of child-only matched sets of data resulted in a notable loss of information and less precise estimates of effect.
Trauma centre-based surveillance of non-traffic pedestrian collision injury among young children in California
Authors: Rice T M , Trent R B , Bernacki K , Rice J K 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveEvery year in the US, thousands of young children are injured by passenger vehicles in driveways or parking areas. Little is known about risk factors, and incidence rates are difficult to estimate because ascertainment using police collision reports or media sources is incomplete. This study used surveillance at trauma centres to identify incidents and parent interviews to obtain detailed information on incidents, vehicles and children.MethodsEight California trauma centres conducted surveillance of non-traffic pedestrian collision injury to children aged 14 years or younger from January 2005 to July 2007. Three of these centres conducted follow up interviews with family members.ResultsNinety-four injured children were identified. Nine children (10%) suffered fatal injury. Seventy children (74%) were 4 years old or younger. Family members of 21 victims from this study (23%) completed an interview. Of these 21 interviewed victims, 17 (81%) were male and 13 (62%) were 1 or 2 years old. In 13 cases (62%), the child was backed over, and the driver was the mother or father in 11 cases (52%). Fifteen cases (71%) involved a sport utility vehicle, pick-up truck or van. Most collisions occurred in a residential driveway.ConclusionsTrauma centre surveillance can be used for case ascertainment and for collecting information on circumstances of non-traffic pedestrian injuries. Adoption of a specific external cause of injury code would allow passive surveillance of these injuries. Case–control studies are needed to understand the contributions of family, vehicular and environmental characteristics and injury risk to inform prevention efforts.
Self-harm and risk of motor vehicle crashes in youth: the DRIVE prospective cohort study
Authors: Martiniuk A L C , Ivers R Q , Glozier N , Patton G C , Lam L T , Boufous S , Senserrick T , Williamson A , Stevenson M , Norton R 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundSome crashes, particularly single vehicle crashes, may result from intentional self-harm behaviour but research on this topic is limited. Self-harm is the deliberate injuring of oneself and includes actions such as cutting, attempted hanging and poisoning. This study aimed to assess the risk that intentional self-harm poses for prospective motor vehicle crashes among novice drivers.MethodsQuestionnaire responses from 20 822 newly licensed drivers aged 17 to 24 were prospectively linked to licensing and police-reported crash data. The mean follow-up was 2 years. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to investigate the role of recent self-harm on the risk of crash, taking into account potential confounders including driving exposure, duration of sleep, remoteness of residence, socio-economic status, psychological symptoms and substance abuse.ResultsA total of 871 drivers reported engaging in self-harm in the year before the survey. Self-harm was more common among youth who were women, Australian-born, living in rural areas, driving more per week, sleeping less and using drugs and alcohol. Young people who reported engaging in self-harm behaviour were at significantly increased risk of crash (RR 1.42; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.76 unadjusted; RR 1.37; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.72 adjusted).InterpretationThis first and largest ever study of the relationship between self-harm and crash in young drivers found self-harm to be a predictor of subsequent motor vehicle crash, with most crashes involving multiple vehicles.
Developing global and regional estimates of fatal injury related to work
Authors: Driscoll T , Bryan-Hancock C 
Published: March 2011

AimsTo develop revised global and regional estimates of the burden of fatal injury resulting from work-related exposures as part of the new Global Burden of Disease (GBD) initiative. This work involves calculating and comparing burden estimates for 2005 and 1990.MethodsThe approach builds on previous GBD injury work and makes use of more recently published data and information from as many appropriate sources as possible. Published data on fatal injury rates in representative countries and regions were identified and reviewed for methodological rigour and relevance. Rates were extrapolated from the most relevant nearby region if necessary. Industry-specific estimates were identified where possible, to take into account differences in risk arising from different industry distributions between regions and over time. Employment information was obtained from standard published sources.ResultsRepresentative rates were found for at least one country in nearly all regions. The main difficulties encountered were deciding which study(s) best represented the regions and times of interest, and identifying and adjusting for different inclusion criteria.ConclusionsCalculating useful global and regional estimates of work-related injury burden raises many challenges but can be achieved by careful assessment of study methodology and extensive searching of potentially relevant data sources.
Where do fatal injuries go?
Authors: Holder Y , McCaw-Binns A 
Published: March 2011

AimTo determine the quality of external cause of death data.MethodologyData on all injury deaths were captured from multiple sources police station diaries, autopsy reports, coroners inquests, hospital records in addition to death certificates from the Registrars Office in Jamaica. Records were sorted and merged on close matches of name, date of birth, sex and address. For each death, data were updated into one complete record and underlying cause re-coded when necessary.Results38% of all injury deaths were not registered 13% of the remainder were misclassified as SSIs. Capture rate of homicides increased from 42% to 85%. Homicides had been mis-classified as Accidents caused by firearms and Legal interventions. Homicide rose in rank from 7th leading cause of death to 5th. Proportional injury mortality due to homicides increased from 18.3% to 31.5%. Capture rate of fatal road traffic injuries (RTIs) increased from 28% to 83% RTIs rose in rank from 21st leading cause of death to 19th Proportional injury mortalities for RTIs increased from 7.1% to 11.5% Capture rate of fatal self-inflicted injuries increased from 19% to 97%. Self-inflicted deaths were usually misclassified as Accidental threats to breathing and Accidental poisoning.ConclusionThat estimates based on published injury mortalities would be grossly underestimated, but every effort should be taken to ensure the completeness of data, especially the training of certifying physicians in the correct medical certification of cause of death.
EUPHA section on injury prevention and safety promotion
Authors: Sengoelge M , Laflamme L , Lund J 
Published: March 2011

The European Public Health Association or EUPHA in short, is an umbrella organisation for public health associations in Europe. EUPHA is an international, multidisciplinary, scientific organisation, bringing together around 12 000 public health experts for professional exchange and collaboration throughout Europe. It encourages a multidisciplinary approach to public health. There are now 16 EUPHA sections and the Section on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion was established in 2006 and currently has 330 members, with over 40 countries represented. The aims of the section are to: (a) increase awareness on the topic in the broader public health community, (b) increase the visibility of the link between injury and public health, (c) strengthen the links between researchers, policy makers and practitioners; (d) support the dissemination of research results and their implementation into practice. Since our start in 2006 our section membership is continually rising; we have participated in the annual EUPHA Conferences with workshops and pre-conferences in collaboration with other sections; we disseminate a quarterly Section Newsletter to inform members of activities and issues of interest; and we participate in consultative meetings. For example, we have developed a policy statement on alcohol and injuries together with 12 other European NGO's on how to prevent one of the major risk factors on injuries. The statement target group is European and national authorities. We hope you will join and be active in our Section, please contact us!President Johan Lund, E:johan.lund@medisin.uio.noVice presidents Lucie Laflamme, E:Lucie.laflamme@ki.seMathilde Senglge, E:msengoelge@hotmail.com
The comparison of the frequency and nature of sharps injuries reported by doctors versus nurses from surgical wards in the context of the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV: a cross-sectional sero-survey
Authors: Ganczak M , Korzen M , Ostrowski M , Starczewski A , Bohatyrewicz A , Szych Z 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the nature and frequency of sharps injuries among doctors and nurses from the same surgical/gynaecological wards and the prevalence of HIV/HBV/HCV infection, an anonymous cross-sectional sero-survey was conducted in 16 randomly selected hospitals in West Pomerania, Poland, between 01 June, 2009.ResultsResponse rate: 70.2%, 89 doctors and 414 nurses consented to participate. During the preceding year 50.7% of respondents sustained at least one sharps injury, median number per doctor was 3, per nurse 0. More doctors than nurses were injured (82% vs 44%; p<0.001), 12.3% doctors versus 2.2% nurses (p<0.003) sustained more than 10 injuries. 69.2% of nurses sustained a hollow-bore needle injury versus 8.9% doctors; p<0.001. Rates of recapping: 41.8% doctors versus 43.9% nurses; p>0.84. Underreporting rates: 85% doctors versus 83.5% nurses, p>0.92. In addition, 77.5% of doctors and 84.5% of nurses (p>0.16) never used safe equipment. Infection control training: 68.5% doctors versus 82.1% nurses; p<0.007. Anti-HBc were found in 16.4% (10/89) of doctors and 11.2% (68/414) of nurses, p>0.28; anti-HCV – in 1.1% (1/89) of doctors versus 1.4% (6/414) of nurses, p>0.79; no anti-HIV positive cases were found.ConclusionsAlthough the prevalence of HBV/HCV infection between doctors and nurses does not differ significantly, some modifiable risk factors for contracting a BBI such as frequency and nature of sharps injuries may differ, which call for tailoring preventive measures to specific job categories. Inadequate training in infection control, recapping, underreporting and lack of safe equipment were additional risk factors for both categories.
Evaluation of a 10 years violence prevention programme in Switzerland
Authors: Hofner M C , Burquier R , Dtraz J , Romain N , Drer S , Pittet M C , Mangin P 
Published: March 2011

Early 2000, a violence prevention programme took place in Lausanne. The programme proposed 44 measures addressing: monitoring, networking, education of police, health and social professionals, changes in law, primary prevention, early detection, improvement of care to victims, etc. 10 years later a research assessed the degree of achievement of each measure and its process; needs and priorities of grassroots level professionals and state of the network.A literature review, a study of genuine documents, 20 interviews of stakeholders and an electronic questionnaire to 95 professionals has been completed from 2009 to early 2010.For a total of 44 measures, 48% were completely put into practice; 27% partially and 16% not at all. For 9% information was not available. 89% of measures were still relevant and 11% were no more. The electronic enquiry (59% response rate), revealed that children exposed to partner violence and awareness raising of the youth were the two priority fields of action, whereas the principal needs evoked were network improvement/information and improvement of means of support. No changes were observed in network collaboration patterns.Globally the programme was successful and the measures proposed in 2000 relevant. Early interdisciplinary working groups, institutional commitment, WHO 2002 report, personal involvement of opinion leaders were identified as supporting factors. While resistant factors were lack of institutional support and financial resources, uncertainty about medical responsibility, poor academic interest. However, the most important success factor was the early integration of professionals of the field in the direction of the programme.
Prevalence of bicycle helmet use among elementary school students in four Canadian cities
Authors: Middaugh-Bonney T , Pike I , Brussoni M , Piedt S , Macpherson A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionBicycle-related injuries are an important cause of hospitalisation among Canadian children. There is variation in the nature and enforcement of bicycle helmet laws in Canada. The Canadian Injury Indicators Development Team was established to define and evaluate key indicators, including helmet use and bicycle helmet laws.PurposeTo assess the prevalence of helmet use in elementary school aged children in four Canadian cities representing varied geographic and socioeconomic settings.MethodsObservations were made at schools in Halifax, Toronto, Barrie and Vancouver. Schools were identified using school board websites and DMTI, a company that partners with universities to disseminate spatial data. Schools were classified into quintiles based on the after-tax income of their census tract (2006 census). Trained observers attended each site at the beginning of the school day in May/June 2009. Information on the sex, helmet use, correct helmet use and group riding were documented.Results397 observations were made at 91 schools. The helmet use rate was 83% across the four cities. 68% of those riding bicycles were males and 47% of children rode in a group. Group influence on helmet use varied by province. The influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on helmet use also varied. Vancouver's poorest neighbourhoods had the most riders (42%), whereas Toronto had the most of riders in the richest neighbourhoods (39%).ConclusionThere is variation in helmet use across Canadian cities generally, and by SES specifically. Helmet use rates were higher in the medium sized city (Barrie) compared to the other, larger cities.