bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of iridium catalyst with rhenium oxide for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol
Authors: Amada Yasushi , Koso Shuichi , Nakagawa Yoshinao , Tomishige Keiichi 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTRhenium-oxide-modified supported iridium nanoparticles on silica catalyzes direct hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol in an aqueous media. The selectivity to 1,3-propanediol at an initial stage reaches 67%. The yield of 1,3-propanediol reaches 38% at 81% conversion of glycerol. The characterization of catalyst shows that oxidized Re clusters are formed on Ir metal particles. The synergy between Ir metal and ReOx clusters enables the catalytic activity.
Graphene Role as Platinum Support for CO and Formic Acid Electrooxidation
Authors: Guo Shirui , Sarialtin Huseyin , Alia Shaun , Akin Hayri Engin , Yan Yushan , Ozkan Cengiz S. , Ozkan Mihrimah 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is a promising power source for electronic applications due to its high efficiency and compactness. To improve the efficiency, many support materials have been developed. We investigated uniform graphene nanoflake films as a support for catalytic Pt nanoparticles in direct carbon monooxide and formic acid electro-oxidation. Pt nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of graphene films with chemical reduction method. Chemical functionalization of graphene with ethylenediamine enables Pt nanoparticles mobilize on graphene uniformly. By simply changing the loading amount of Pt precursor, various particle sizes were achieved. The particle size of Pt plays prominent role in fuel cell test. The electrochemically active surface area of different sample are 6.3 (5 wt% Pt/G), 4.1 (20 wt% Pt/G), and 3.0 (50 wt% Pt/G) cm2mg-1 corresponding to the particle size 3±1nm, 10±2nm, 20±2nm respectively. The results obtained are ascribed to a uniform network made of 2-4 nm Pt monolayer nanopaticles on the surface of graphene flakes. Graphene will play significant role in developing next-generation advanced Pt based fuel cells and their relevant electrodes in the field of energy.
Management of Anemia in Cancer Patients: Transfusions
Authors: Schrijvers Dirk 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Anemia in cancer patients can be treated with transfusions, and 15% of patients with solid tumors are being treated by transfusions. Different cutoff values are used for transfusions, depending on clinical symptoms and patient characteristics, with a hemoglobin (Hb) level of &lt;9 g/dL most commonly used. After the administration of one unit of red blood cells (RBC), the Hb rises with 1 g/dL, and the life span of transfused RBC is 100–110 days. Complications related to RBC transfusion are procedural problems, iron overload, viral and bacterial infections, and immune injury. RBC transfusions have been related to increased risk of the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and are related to a worse treatment outcome in selected cancers. In addition, the cost of a transfusion for the patient and society is around 300–500 euros per unit transfused. RBC transfusions should be used carefully to correct anemia in patients with cancer.
Bertrand Competition in Markets with Network Effects and Switching Costs
Authors: Suleymanova Irina , Wey Christian 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
We analyze Bertrand duopoly competition in markets with network effects and consumer switching costs. Depending on the ratio of switching costs to network effects, our model generates four different market patterns: monopolization and market sharing, which can be either preserved or reversed. A critical mass effect where one firm becomes the monopolist for sure only occurs for intermediate values of the ratio, whereas for large switching costs market sharing is the unique equilibrium. For large network effects, both monopoly and market sharing equilibria exist. Our welfare analysis reveals a conflict between maximization of consumer surplus and social welfare when network effects are large. We also analyze firms’ incentives for compatibility and incentives to increase switching costs and examine how market outcomes are affected by market expansion and cost asymmetries. Finally, in a dynamic extension of our model, we show how competition depends on agents’ discount factors.
The Potential for Inflating Earnings through the Expected Rate of Return on Defined Benefit Pension Plan Assets
Authors: Adams Brian , Frank Mary Margaret , Perry Tod 
Published: September 2011

SYNOPSIS
Using a sample of firms over the period of 1991 through 2005, we examine the opportunity that exists for firms to inflate earnings through the expected rate of return (ERR) assumption associated with defined benefit pension plans. The evidence suggests that, on average, the ERR is not overstated relative to several benchmarks, including contemporaneous actual returns, historical cumulative actual returns, and expected future returns based on asset allocation within the pension. We also find that actual changes in the ERR are infrequent and typically have less than a 1 percent impact on annual operating income. We also estimate that a 0.5 percent change (50 bps) in the ERR will result in a cumulative effect on operating income over a five-year period of approximately 0.5 percent or less for the majority of firms. When we examine firms with the highest ERRs or with the greatest opportunity to inflate earnings, again, we find that the ERR is not overstated relative to several benchmarks. Although we do not observe pervasive inflating of reported income through the ERR during our sample period, we do find that for some firms, small increases in ERR can have a material impact on reported earnings. Our results provide evidence related to the pervasiveness, materiality, and impact of overstated earnings through the ERR, which helps regulators assess the costs and benefits of eliminating this discretion in financial reporting.
Narrow operators on lattice-normed spaces
Authors: Pliev Marat 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The aim of this article is to extend results of Maslyuchenko, Mykhaylyuk and Popov about narrow operators on vector lattices. We give a new definition of a narrow operator, where a vector lattice as the domain space of a narrow operator is replaced with a lattice-normed space. We prove that every GAM-compact (bo)-norm continuous linear operator from a Banach-Kantorovich space V to a Banach lattice Y is narrow. Then we show that, under some mild conditions, a continuous dominated operator is narrow if and only if its exact dominant is so.
Englacial seismic reflectivity: imaging crystal-orientation fabric in West Antarctica
Authors: Horgan Huw J. , Anandakrishnan Sridhar , Alley Richard B. , Burkett Peter G. , Peters Leo E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAbrupt changes in crystal-orientation fabric (COF), and therefore viscosity, are observed near the base of the ice sheet throughout West Antarctica. We report on active-source seismic observations from WAIS Divide, mid-stream and downstream on Thwaites Glacier, and the onset region of Bindschadler Ice Stream. These data reveal a prevalence of englacial seismic reflectivity in the bottom quarter of the ice sheet. The observed seismic reflectivity is complex but largely bed-conformable, with long-spatial-wavelength features observed in the flow direction and short-wavelength features observed across flow. A correspondence of englacial structures with bed features is also observed. We determine the origin of the reflectivity to be abrupt changes in the COF of ice, based on the following: (1) observations of englacial reflectivity are consistent with current knowledge of COF within ice sheets, (2) englacial reflectivity caused by COF contrasts requires the simplest genesis, especially at ice divides, and (3) amplitude analysis shows that the observed englacial reflectivity can be explained by contrasts in seismic velocity due to COF changes. We note that the downstream increase in the quantity and complexity of observations indicates that direct observations of COF at ice divides likely underestimate the role that fabric plays in ice-sheet dynamics.
Microstructural evolution of fine-grained layers through the firn column at Summit, Greenland
Authors: Lomonaco R. , Albert M. , Baker I. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe present a microstructural characterization of fine-grained layers from the top 90 m of firn from Summit, Greenland, performed using a combination of scanning electron microscopy techniques including secondary electron imaging, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscattered patterns, and X-ray microcomputed tomography. The impurities in the firn, both soluble impurities and dust particles, were found largely in the grain interiors. Both c- and a-axis pole figures do not show strong evidence of a preferred orientation of the grains even at the bottom of the firn column. The firn structure became increasingly anisotropic with vertical alignment in the top 3 m, probably due to vapor transport associated with dry-snow metamorphism. The anisotropy decreases below this level until at ∼50 m the average firn structure is close to isotropic. In the near surface, the level of anisotropy is weaker than at Hercules Dome, Antarctica, confirming that differences in accumulation rates and temperatures leave enduring evidence in the structure of the firn. The fraction of closed-off pores is relatively low until ∼65 m; below that it rises through the end of our sampling at 90 m. Our microstructure measurements on the microscale are consistent with in situ firn-air sampling measurements on a decimeter scale, both indicating the existence of the lock-in zone starting near 69 m depth, and pore close-off at 81 m at this site.
Streaming flow of an Antarctic Peninsula palaeo-ice stream, both by basal sliding and deformation of substrate
Authors: Reinardy Benedict T.I. , Larter Robert D. , Hillenbrand Claus-Dieter , Murray Tavi , Hiemstra John F. , Booth Adam D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAcoustic sub-bottom profiler surveys on the northeast Antarctic Peninsula shelf indicate that parts of the seabed are underlain by an acoustically transparent layer that is thin on the inner shelf and becomes thicker and more extensive towards the outer shelf. Sedimentological and geophysical data are combined to construct a bed model where streaming ice flow, by both deformation and basal sliding, took place within cross-shelf troughs. The model suggests only limited deformation contributed to fast flow on the inner shelf, i.e. in the onset zone of ice streaming, where the bed was predominantly underlain by a stiff till. Thus, fast ice flow in this area might have been by basal sliding, with deformation confined to discontinuous patches of soft till <40 cm thick. Towards the middle and outer shelf, extensive, thick sequences of soft till suggest a change in the dominant subglacial process towards widespread deformation. This downstream change from basal sliding to subglacial deformation is manifest in the transition from stiff-till dominance to soft-till dominance, while a downstream increase in ice flow velocity is evident from the complex geomorphic imprint on the inner shelf evolving to the more restricted set of bedforms on the outer shelf.
Snow/atmosphere coupled simulation at Dome C, Antarctica
Authors: Brun Eric , Six Delphine , Picard Ghislain , Vionnet Vincent , Arnaud Laurent , Bazile Eric , Boone Aaron , Bouchard Aurélie , Genthon Christophe , Guidard Vincent , Moigne Patrick Le , Rabier Florence , Seity Yann 
Published: September 2011

AbstractUsing a snow/atmosphere coupled model, the evolution of the surface and near-surface snow temperature is modeled at Dome C, Antarctica, during the period 20–30 January 2010. Firstly, the detailed multilayer snow model Crocus is run in stand-alone mode, with meteorological input forcing data provided by local meteorological observations. The snow model is able to simulate the evolution of surface temperature with good accuracy. It reproduces the observed downward propagation of the diurnal heatwave into the upper 50 cm of the snowpack reasonably well. Secondly, a fully coupled 3-D snow/atmosphere simulation is performed with the AROME regional meteorological model, for which the standard single-layer snow parameterization is replaced by Crocus. In spite of a poor simulation of clouds, the surface and near-surface snow temperatures are correctly simulated, showing neither significant bias nor drifts during the simulation period. The model reproduces particularly well the average decrease of the diurnal amplitude of air temperature from the surface to the top of the 45 m instrumented tower. This study highlights the potential of snow/atmosphere coupled models over the Antarctic plateau and the need to improve cloud microphysics and data assimilation over polar regions.
The New Extended-Cycle Levonorgestrel-Ethinyl Estradiol Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Bonnema Rachel A. , Spencer Abby L. 
Published: September 2011

Effective contraceptive counseling requires an understanding of a woman's preferences and medical history as well as the risks, benefits, side effects, and contraindications of each contraceptive method. Hormonal contraceptives using a variety of delivery methods are highly effective and this review highlights the new extended-cycle levonorgestrel-ethinyl estradiol contraceptives. Extended-cycle OCPs are unique in offering fewer or no withdrawal bleeds over the course of one year but providers need to carefully counsel women regarding the initial increased breakthrough bleeding. Extended-cycle OCPs may be of particular benefit in women with medical comorbidities who would benefit from less withdrawal bleeds, those desiring to avoid monthly menses due to increased hormonal withdrawal symptoms, or simply women who don't desire a monthly period. The risks associated with all extended-cycle OCPs have been found to be similar to those of traditional OCPs therefore counseling on the risks and side effects is comparable to that of any combined hormonal contraceptives. Newer extended-cycle regimens shorten or eliminate the hormone-free interval, decrease frequency of menses to four times per year or eliminate menses altogether. This can reduce the risk of common menstrual symptoms, endometriosis, or severe dysmenorrhea by offering potentially greater ovarian suppression and preventing endogenous estradiol production while still providing highly effective, rapidly reversible, and safe contraception.
Graphene Versus Carbon Nanotubes in Electronic Devices
Authors: Biswas Chandan , Lee Young Hee 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAdvances in semiconductor device during last few decades enable us to improve the electronic device performance by minimizing the device dimension. However, further development of these systems encounters scientific and technological limits and forces us to explore better alternatives. Low‐dimensional carbon allotropes such as carbon nanotube and graphene exhibit superior electronic, optoelectronic, and mechanical properties compared to the conventional semiconductors. This Feature Article reviews the recent progresses of carbon nanotubes and graphene researches and compares their electronic properties and electric device performances. A particular focus is the comparison of the characteristics in transparent conducting films (transparency and sheet resistance) and field‐effect transistors (FETs) (device types, ambipolarity, mobility, doping strategy, FET‐performance, logic and memory operations). Finally, the performance of devices that combine graphene and carbon nanotubes is also highlighted.
Biofuels for transport in 2050
Authors: Jagger Anna 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBiofuels could provide 27% of total global transport fuels by 2050, compared with just 2% today, if they are produced sustainably, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). To meet this target, biofuel technologies need to become more efficient and policies will be needed to incentivize the most efficient biofuels in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) performance and ensure that food security and biodiversity are not compromised. Anna Jagger reflects on the IEA's recommendations in the recent Technology Roadmap: Biofuels for Transport. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Long non‐coding RNA modifies chromatin
Authors: Saxena Alka , Carninci Piero 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCommon themes are emerging in the molecular mechanisms of long non‐coding RNA‐mediated gene repression. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in targeted gene silencing through chromatin remodelling, nuclear reorganisation, formation of a silencing domain and precise control over the entry of genes into silent compartments. The similarities suggest that these are fundamental processes of transcription regulation governed by lncRNAs. These findings have paved the way for analogous investigations on other lncRNAs and chromatin remodelling enzymes. Here we discuss these common mechanisms and provide our view on other molecules that warrant similar investigations. We also present our concepts on the possible mechanisms that may facilitate the exit of genes from the silencing domains and their potential therapeutic applications. Finally, we point to future areas of research and put forward our recommendations for improvements in resources and applications of existing technologies towards targeted outcomes in this active area of research.
Immobilization of laccase by encapsulation in a sol–gel matrix and its characterization and use for the removal of estrogens
Authors: Lloret L. , Eibes G. , Feijoo G. , Moreira M. T. , Lema J. M. , Hollmann F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLaccase from Myceliophthora thermophila was immobilized by encapsulation in a sol–gel matrix based on methyltrimethoxysilane and tetramethoxysilane. The amount of laccase used for the preparation of the hydrogel was in the range 2.2–22 mg of protein/mL sol and the corresponding enzymatic activities were in the range 5.5–17.0 U/g biocatalyst. The kinetic parameters of the encapsulated laccase showed that the immobilized enzyme presented lower affinity for the substrate 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) (ABTS). However, the stability of laccase was significantly enhanced after immobilization; thus, both pH and thermal stability improved about 10–30% and tolerance to different inactivating agents (NaN3, ZnCl2, CoCl2, CaCl2, methanol, and acetone) was 20–40% higher. The reusability of the immobilized laccase was demonstrated in the oxidation of ABTS for several consecutive cycles, preserving 80% of the initial laccase activity after 10 cycles. The feasibility of the immobilized biocatalyst was tested for the continuous elimination of Acid Green 27 dye as a model compound in a packed‐bed reactor (PBR). Removals of 70, 58, 57, and 55% were achieved after four consecutive cycles with limited adsorption on the support: only 10–15%. Finally, both batch stirred tank reactor (BSTR) operated in several cycles and PBR, containing the solid biocatalyst were applied for the treatment of a solution containing the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs): estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2). Eliminations of EDCs in the BSTR were higher than 85% and the reusability of the biocatalyst for the degradation of those estrogens was demonstrated. In the continuous operation of the PBR, E1 was degraded by 55% and E2 and EE2 were removed up to 75 and 60%, at steady‐state conditions. In addition, a 63% decrease in estrogenic activity was detected. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Racial and regional disparities in lung cancer incidence
Authors: Underwood J. Michael , Townsend Julie S. , Tai Eric , Davis Shane P. , Stewart Sherri L. , White Arica , Momin Behnoosh , Fairley Temeika L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer‐related death in the United States (US). We examined data from 2004 to 2006 for lung cancer incidence rates by demographics, including race and geographic region, to identify potential health disparities.METHODS:Data from cancer registries affiliated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR), and the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) were used for this study; representing 100% of the US population. Age‐adjusted incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals for demographic (age, sex, race, ethnicity, and US Census region), and tumor (stage, grade, and histology) characteristics were calculated.RESULTS:During 2004 to 2006, 623,388 people (overall rate of 68.9 per 100,000) were diagnosed with lung cancer in the US. Lung cancer incidence rates were highest among men (86.2), Blacks (73.0), persons aged 70 to 79 years (431.1), and those living in the South (74.7). Among Whites, the highest lung cancer incidence rate was in the South (75.6); the highest rates among Blacks (88.9) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (65.4) in the Midwest, Asians/Pacific Islanders in the West (40.0), and Hispanics in the Northeast (40.3).CONCLUSIONS:Our findings of racial, ethnic, and regional disparities in lung cancer incidence suggest a need for the development and implementation of more effective culturally specific preventive and treatment strategies that will ultimately reduce the disproportionate burden of lung cancer in the US. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Long‐term outcomes in breast cancer patients undergoing immediate 2‐stage expander/implant reconstruction and postmastectomy radiation
Authors: Ho Alice , Cordeiro Peter , Disa Joseph , Mehrara Babak , Wright Jean , Van Zee Kimberly J. , Hudis Clifford , McLane Amanda , Chou Joanne , Zhang Zhigang , Powell Simon , McCormick Beryl 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Breast reconstruction with tissue expander (TE)/permanent implant (PI) followed by postmastectomy radiation (PMRT) is an increasingly popular treatment for breast cancer patients. The long‐term rates of permanent implant removal or replacement (PIRR) and clinical outcomes in patients treated with a uniform reconstructive surgery and radiation regimen were evaluated.METHODS:Between 1996 and 2006, 1639 patients with stage II‐III breast cancer received modified radical mastectomy (MRM) at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center. A total of 751 received TE placement at the time of mastectomy. Of these, 151 patients went on to receive chemotherapy and exchange of the TE for a permanent implant, followed by PMRT. Clinical outcomes and PIRR‐free rates were estimated by Kaplan‐Meier methods. Cox regression model was used to examine patient, disease, and treatment characteristics associated with PIRR.RESULTS:Median follow‐up was 86 months (range, 11‐161 months). The 7‐year PIRR‐free rate was 71% (38 PIRRs in 35 patients). The 7‐year rate of PI replacement was 17.1% (21), and removal was 13.3% (17). Reasons for PIRR included infection (15); implant extrusion, shift, leak, or rupture (4); patient request (1), or multifactorial (17). On univariate analysis, no factor was significantly associated with PIRR. Two patients experienced local recurrence in the chest wall, both after 7 years. The 7‐year distant metastasis–free survival rate was 81% and overall survival 93%.CONCLUSIONS:Favorable 7‐year PIRR rates and clinical outcomes were achieved in a sizable cohort of patients treated with homogeneous sequencing, radiation, and reconstructive surgery and lengthy follow‐up. Factors predictive for high risk of PIRR were not identifiable in this population. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.