bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction Mechanisms in Al2O3/CuO Infiltration by Liquid Al
Authors: Guedes M. , Ferreira J. M. F. , Ferro A. C. 
Published: July 2012

This work studies reactive mechanisms involved in liquid Al infiltration of green preforms containing tailored amounts of Al2O3 and CuO. Infiltration reactions involving Al and copper oxides are expected to produce Al2O3, as fine particulate reinforcements, and Cu, as Al‐matrix strengthener. Preforms with 75 mol%‐CuO were infiltrated with Al at 1000°C and 1100°C in air. Under low PO2, copper oxides are reduced to Cu, blocking the opportunity for reactive infiltration. Also, the Al‐Cu/Al2O3 contact angle is insufficiently low to drive spontaneous infiltration. At 1000°C, infiltration is incipient, indicating that CuO reaction with Al is not sufficiently vigorous to destabilize enveloping Al2O3. At 1100°C, CuO reduces to Cu2O and infiltration is triggered, although the process is incomplete due to formation of a compact Al2O3 layer which inhibits metal supply to the reaction front. At or behind the halted infiltration front consumption of starting Al2O3 particles and formation of CuAlO2 occur. The space among these phases is occupied by a Cu‐rich matrix, rendering an almost totally densified microstructure. This study shows that liquid Al infiltration of Al2O3/CuO greens is possible at 1100°C, in air, due to destabilization of the Al2O3 enveloping film and reactive infiltration, promoted by the redox reaction between Al and copper oxide.
Corrosion Behavior of SiC Laminate Under Decomposed Sulfuric Acid at 850°C
Authors: Badini Claudio , de Haan Fredericus , Celasco Edvige , Hähner Peter , Vega Bolivar Claudia M. , Biamino Sara , Pavese Matteo , Fino Paolo 
Published: July 2012

In view of the possible application of SiC‐based ceramic laminates as critical components of hydrogen generation plants based on sulfur‐iodine or hybrid‐sulfur thermochemical cycles, the effect of corrosion on this kind of ceramics has been investigated. For this purpose, the material was exposed for 1000 h at 850°C to the corrosive action of a gaseous atmosphere simulating the environment of a sulfur‐based thermochemical hydrogen generation plant (a gaseous mixture containing several aggressive species: O2, H2O, SO2, SO3, and H2SO4, with relative concentrations representative of the inlet of an SO3 decomposer reactor). Specimens of multilayer SiC were prepared according to the following processing path: tape casting of a SiC‐based slurry, building of the green multilayer by stacking 11 sheets, final de‐binding and sintering treatments. The material microstructure and its flexural strength and modulus were studied before and after corrosion to investigate degradation phenomena. The microstructure was investigated by XRD, SEM‐EDS, XPS, and density measurements. Flexural strength and modulus were measured by four‐point bending test. The corrosive atmosphere displayed an oxidizing effect that resulted in the formation of silica, oxycarbides, and gaseous products of carbon oxidation. Nevertheless, the corrosion was hindered by the formation on the sample surface of a passivating silica layer. Bending strength and modulus were found unchanged or even improved after corrosion.
Effects of EMD in combination with bone swaging and calcium phosphate bone cement on periodontal regeneration in one‐wall intrabony defects in dogs
Authors: Shirakata Y , Yoshimoto T , Takeuchi N , Taniyama K , Noguchi K 
Published: July 2012

Background and Objective:  Although the application of EMD is a widely accepted periodontal‐regenerative therapy, its effects on noncontained intrabony defects are unpredictable because of the lack of a space‐making property. The combined use of EMD and autogenous bone grafts reportedly stimulates significant periodontal regeneration in intrabony defects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of EMD in combination with bone swaging (BS) and injectable calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC), which was placed into the spaces between the grafted swaged bone and the proximal host bone, on periodontal healing in one‐wall intrabony defects in dogs.Material and Methods:  One‐wall intrabony defects (3 mm wide and 5 mm deep) were surgically created on the mesial and distal sides of the bilateral mandibular premolars in four dogs. The 16 defects were assigned to one of the following treatments: EMD only, BS only, EMD with BS (EMD + BS), or EMD with BS and CPC (EMD + BS + CPC). The animals were killed 8 wk after surgery for histologic evaluation.Results:  The height of newly formed bone was significantly greater in the EMD + BS + CPC group (3.73 ± 0.30 mm) than in the BS‐only (2.74 ± 0.33 mm; p < 0.05) and EMD + BS (2.88 ± 0.98 mm; p < 0.05) groups. The area of newly formed bone was significantly larger in the EMD + BS + CPC group (5.68 ± 1.66 mm2) than in the EMD‐only (3.68 ± 0.33 mm2; p < 0.05), BS‐only (3.48 ± 1.26 mm2; p < 0.05) and EMD + BS (3.38 ± 1.37 mm2; p < 0.05) groups. The EMD‐only (4.63 ± 0.42 mm), EMD + BS (4.67 ± 0.30 mm) and EMD + BS + CPC (4.78 ± 0.54 mm) groups showed significantly greater cementum formation than did the BS‐only group (3.93 ± 0.56 mm; p < 0.05).Conclusion:  These results indicate that treatment with EMD + BS + CPC promotes favorable periodontal healing in one‐wall intrabony defects in dogs.
E‐MAILS, STATUTES, AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS: A CONTEXTUAL EXAMINATION OF THE PROCESSES, INTERVENTIONS, AND PERSPECTIVES OF PARENTING COORDINATORS
Authors: Hayes Sherrill , Grady Melissa , Brantley Helen T. 
Published: July 2012

The current study uses a survey instrument to examine parenting coordination through the lens of Bronfenbrenner's Person, Process, Context, Time (PPCT) model. The survey focused on contextual factors such as statutes, local rules, interpersonal characteristics, dynamics of the clients, and background characteristics of parenting coordinators. Responses from a sample of PCs were obtained using list serves and a snowball sampling procedure. Results included the extent to which the parenting coordination process occurs through email and other technology rather than in‐person sessions. Mental health disorders and inability to pay were primary barriers to the PC process.Key Points for the Family Court Community:
There are many potential factors, both inside and outside a PC case, that influence the decisions that practitioners make when working with clients and, ultimately, on the results of the process.
The most salient contextual factors that influence the PC process were formal rules (statutes and/or local rules), interpersonal characteristics of the participants (personality disorders, socio‐economic factors), and background characteristics of the PC (education, experience).
Effect of Boron Nitride (BN) on Luminescent Properties of Y3Al5O12:Ce Phosphors and their White Light‐Emitting Diode Characteristics
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Zhang Hailong , Zhao Yi , Liu Xinjuan , Li Huili , Zhang Zhejuan , Sun Zhuo 
Published: July 2012

This article reports a low‐cost yellow‐emitting Y3Al5‐xBxO12‐xNx:Ce3+ phosphor with an enhanced luminescent intensity and excellent thermal stability for white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). It was synthesized by a simple gas‐pressure sintering (GPS) process. The effect of B3+–N3− incorporation on the optical properties of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphor was investigated. The addition of appropriate amounts of boron nitride (BN) leads to a marked increase in photoluminescent intensity and a slight shift of its emission spectra toward the blue region, which is assigned to the improved crystallinity and increased particle size. Especially, the prepared oxynitride phosphor does not exhibit any thermal quenching under high temperature, and the emission intensity at 250°C even increases up to 175% of that measured at 20°C. Finally, the white LED flat lamp with luminous efficiency as high as 101 lm/W, color rendering index of 72, and correlated color temperature of about 6600 K is successfully realized by using YAG:Ce3+ phosphor doped with 0.5 molar ratio BN, which is acceptable and promising for general indoor illuminations to replace fluorescent or incandescent lamps.
Advanced nursing practice hours as part of endorsement requirements for nurse practitioners in Australia: A definitional conundrum
Authors: Scanlon Andrew , Cashin Andrew , Watson Ngaire , Bryce Julianne 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurpose: To define what can be considered to be nursing practice, time that can be calculated as the practice of nursing as well as what is considered to be advanced nursing practice and how all this can be related to the current endorsement process for nurse practitioner (NP) in Australia.Data sources: Current codes and guidelines cited by the Nurse and Midwifery Board of Australia related to nursing practice and NPs, cited competency standards from the Australian Midwifery Accreditation Council, as well as published material of peak nursing bodies from within Australia as well as internationally were used. Information was also obtained through government health and professional organization websites. All information in the literature regarding current and past status and nomenclature of advanced practice nursing was considered relevant.Conclusions: The definitional entanglement of what is considered to be nursing practice, the calculation of specific hours and what is advanced nursing practice interferes with endorsement of NPs in Australia, and a clear understanding of what is meant by advanced practice is required to move forward.Implications for practice: Dependent on how practice is interpreted by the Nurse and Midwifery Board of Australia directly affects the outcome of the endorsement proceedings for individual NP candidates.
Postischemic Brain Infiltration of Leukocyte Subpopulations Differs among Murine Permanent and Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia Models
Authors: Zhou Wei , Liesz Arthur , Bauer Henrike , Sommer Clemens , Lahrmann Bernd , Valous Nektarios , Grabe Niels , Veltkamp Roland 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCellular and humoral inflammations play important roles in ischemic brain injury. The effectiveness of immunomodulatory therapies may critically depend on the chosen experimental model. Our purpose was to compare the post‐ischemic neuroinflammation among murine permanent and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models. Permanent MCAO was induced by transtemporal electrocoagulation and 30 minutes or 90 minutes transient MCAO was induced by intraluminal filament in C57BL/6 mice. Infiltration of leukocyte subpopulations was quantified by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Cerebral cytokine and adhesion molecule expression was measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Neutrophil infiltration was noted at 24 h after transient MCAO, but did not further increase until 5 days in the permanent MCAO model. Few T cells were observed in both MCAO models at 24 h, but permanent MCAO demonstrated much more infiltrating T cells at 5 days. Pronounced microglial activation was evident at 24 h and 5 days after permanent but not after transient MCAO. The number of invading NK cells and expression of MHCII on CD11b+ cells did not differ among the three groups. Five days after MCAO, the expression of IL‐1, TNF‐α and IFN‐γ and of the adhesion molecules ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 was significantly higher in the permanent than in the transient MCAO groups. Cellular and humoral inflammation differs substantially among commonly used MCAO models. Neuroinflammation is more pronounced after permanent electrocoagulatory MCAO compared with 30 minutes and 90 minutes filament‐MCAO.
Predicting the risk of psychosis onset: advances and prospects
Authors: Strobl Eric V. , Eack Shaun M. , Swaminathan Vaidy , Visweswaran Shyam 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimTo conduct a systematic review of the methods and performance characteristics of models developed for predicting the onset of psychosis.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive literature search restricted to English articles and identified using PubMed, Medline and PsychINFO, as well as the reference lists of published studies and reviews. Inclusion criteria included the selection of more than one variable to predict psychosis or schizophrenia onset, and selection of individuals at familial risk or clinical high risk. Eighteen studies met these criteria, and we compared these studies based on the subjects selected, predictor variables used and the choice of statistical or machine learning methods.ResultsQuality of life and life functioning as well as structural brain imaging emerged as the most promising predictors of psychosis onset, particularly when they were coupled with appropriate dimensionality reduction methods and predictive model algorithms like the support vector machine (SVM). Balanced accuracy ranged from 100% to 78% in four studies using the SVM, and 67% to 81% in 14 studies using general linear models.ConclusionsPerformance of the predictive models improves with quality of life measures, life functioning measures, structural brain imaging data, as well as with the use of methods like SVM. Despite these advances, the overall performance of psychosis predictive models is still modest. In the future, performance can potentially be improved by including genetic variant and new functional imaging data in addition to the predictors that are used currently.
Managing hepatitis B virus carriers with systemic chemotherapy or biologic therapy in the outpatient clinic
Authors: Nishida Tsutomu , Hiramatsu Naoki , Mizuki Masao , Nagatomo Izumi , Kida Hiroshi , Tazumi Keiko , Shinzaki Shinichiro , Miyazaki Masanori , Yakushijin Takayuki , Tatsumi Tomohide , Iijima Hideki , Kiso Shinichi , Kanto Tatsuya , Tsujii Masahiko , Takehara Tetsuo 
Published: July 2012

Aim:  The number of outpatients receiving systemic chemotherapy in Japan has recently increased. We retrospectively examined whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers were safely treated and managed with systemic chemotherapy or biologic agents as outpatients at our oncology center.Methods:  A total of 40 115 consecutive infusion chemotherapy or biologic therapies were administrated to 2754 outpatients in the Chemotherapy and Oncology Center at Osaka University Hospital from December 2003 to March 2011. We first studied the prevalence of outpatients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and then retrospectively evaluated a database to determine the frequencies of testing for other HBV‐related markers and the incidence of developing hepatitis or HBV reactivation in patients positive for HBsAg. As a control for comparison, we also examined these same factors in patients with hepatitis C virus antibody (anti‐HCV).Results:  The majority of physicians at our hospital screened for HBsAg (95%) and anti‐HCV (94%) prior to administrating chemotherapy. Of the 2754 outpatients, 46 (1.7%) were positive for HBsAg and 90 (3.3%) were positive for anti‐HCV. Fifteen patients that were HBsAg positive were treated with lamivudine or entecavir prior to chemotherapy. None of the patients with HBsAg taking a prophylactic antiviral developed hepatitis, and only one breast cancer patient without prophylactic antiviral treatment (1/31 [3.2%]) developed hepatitis due to HBV reactivation.Conclusion:  HBV reactivation occurred in outpatients without prophylactic antiviral treatment, but the incidence was relatively low.
Preparation of sustained release rifampicin microparticles for inhalation
Authors: Son Yoen-Ju , McConville Jason T 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this research was to develop a novel carrier-free dry powder formulation of rifampicin for inhalation with controlled-release properties.

Methods
Rifampicin dihydrate (RFDH) microcrystals were prepared by a polymorphic transformation of rifampicin. The prepared RFDH microcrystals were coated with poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) or poly (dl-lactide), using a spray-dryer equipped with two different types of three-fluid (3F) spray nozzles. The physicochemical and aerodynamic properties of the coated RFDH microcrystals were compared with those of conventional matrix microparticles.

Key findings
The coated RFDH powder, encapsulating 50% of rifampicin, was successfully prepared by simple in-situ coating methods using two different types of 3F nozzles and had mass median aerodynamic diameter values of 3.5–4.5 µm. The thin flaky morphology of RFDH powders, providing good aerosolization properties, was maintained after coating. The coated RFDH formulations showed relatively low initial rifampicin release, compared with the uncoated RFDH crystals, followed by slow rifampicin release (about 70%) over 8 h in phosphate-buffered saline media (pH 7.4). Significant chemical degradations were not observed from the crystalline-structured RFDH formulations, while the amorphous-structured matrix formulations showed chemical degradation in six months.

Conclusions
These polymer coated RFDH formulations may be a valuable alternative in the treatment of tuberculosis since the carrier-free formulation offers the benefit of delivering a maximum-potency formulation of the antibiotic directly to the site of infection, and long drug residence times may be achieved by the controlled release of the drug.
Relaxant effects of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium L. in rat isolated trachea and urinary bladder
Authors: Soares Pedro Marcos Gomes , de Freitas Pires Alana , de Souza Emmanuel Prata , Assreuy Ana Maria Sampaio , Criddle David Neil 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Objectives
We evaluated the relaxant activity of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium L. (EOMP) and pulegone in rat isolated tracheal and bladder smooth muscles.

Methods
Isometric contractions of isolated tracheal and bladder strips from male Wistar rats were induced by KCl (K60; 60 mm) or acetylcholine (ACh; 10 µm). EOMP and its majory compound pulegone were incubated, after contracting agent, with the tissues in cumulating concentrations.

Key findings
EOMP (3–300 µg/ml) inhibited the contractions induced by ACh and K60 in both tissues, but was more effective against the contractions induced by K60 in trachea (IC50 = 40.47 ± 3.27 µg/ml) compared with ACh. Its relaxant action rules out ganglia and NO participation. Pulegone (10−7 to 10−3 m) inhibited the contractions induced by ACh and K60 in both tissues. EOMP concentration-dependently inhibited the contractions evoked by addition of CaCl2 in depolarised trachea, suggesting inhibition of extracellular calcium entry.

Conclusions
These findings suggests that EOMP induced relaxant responses in pre-contracted smooth muscles of rat trachea and bladder, which are likely to be mediated via inhibition of calcium entry, mainly by its major compound, pulegone. These effects are coherent with the popular use of EOMP as an antispasmodic agent.
Castelnuovo bounds for higher-dimensional varieties
Authors: Zak F. L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe give bounds for the Betti numbers of projective algebraic varieties in terms of their classes (degrees of dual varieties of successive hyperplane sections). We also give bounds for classes in terms of ramification volumes (mixed ramification degrees), sectional genus and, eventually, in terms of dimension, codimension and degree. For varieties whose degree is large with respect to codimension, we give sharp bounds for the above invariants and classify the varieties on the boundary, thus obtaining a generalization of Castelnuovo’s theory for curves to varieties of higher dimension.
Cold Sprayed Liners for Gun Tubes
Authors: Trexler Matthew D. , Carter Robert , Champagne Victor K. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The use of refractory materials is currently being developed for gun barrel coatings and liners. Explosive cladding, as well as a novel gun liner emplacement with elastomeric material (GLEEM) technique has been shown to be a successful method for bonding liners into 25-mm M242 Bushmaster barrels. The process relies on commercially available tube products that serve as the liner materials that are often difficult to manufacture. Cold spray is a novel process used to consolidate metal powders into both thin coatings and large bulk materials that is being investigated as a cost effective alternative to conventional processing techniques. This work examines the use of cold spray as it pertains to the consolidation of Ta donor tubes for explosively bonded gun liners. Ta tubes were consolidated and annealed to increase the ductility of the material from 0.2% to 35% strain as determined by tensile testing. Ta donor tube was successfully explosively clad to 25 mm gun barrel forging. Bond strength testing results of explosively clad cold spray tube were found to be comparable to commercially obtained liners. GLEEM was also successfully employed. However, the mechanical bond strength of this cladding was considerably lower than that of the explosively clad liner. The failure mechanism during GLEEM is slip between the liner and the forging and is due to the fact that the process relies on frictional bonding rather than metallurgical bonding.
TIMELY RESOURCE ALLOCATION BETWEEN R&D AND MARKETING: A SYSTEM DYNAMICS VIEW
Authors: SOYDAN AHMET ILKER , ATILLA ONER M. 
Published: July 2012

Trade-off between marketing and research and development (R&D) has always been a dilemma in management science for many years. Allocating the budget to departments and estimating the future profits and customer base as a result of this action has remained a "challenging task." Developing products faster, better, and cheaper than competitors has become critical to success in many markets. This may require huge initial investments in underlying processes resulting in over-investment in marketing and/or R&D in spite of insufficient purchasing power and market saturation for new products. Using a system dynamics (SD) model, this paper aims to understand the dynamics of a complex market where demand fluctuates annually. The problem contains severe difficulties in terms of planning and strategy for marketing and R&D. The budgets to be shared by R&D and marketing vary every period. The market includes feedback and dynamic issues to consider. This brings in the problem of understanding and controlling complexity in the market structure by understanding the cyclical causal relationships. The paper indicates that SD modeling is very useful in investigating and finding sustainable allocation trends in marketing and R&D, so that a firm can keep a sustainable level of customers. While searching for these trends, special attention is paid to the timing of these decisions to synchronize two activities. The paper shows an understanding of the management of a complex problem via policy design and analysis using SD modeling.