bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model‐based estimates for operant selection
Authors: Borgstede Matthias , Anselme Patrick 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWe present a new methodology to partition different sources of behavior change within a selectionist framework based on the Price equation—the multilevel model of behavioral selection. The multilevel model of behavioral selection provides a theoretical background to describe behavior change in terms of operant selection. Operant selection is formally captured by the covariance‐based law of effect and accounts for all changes in individual behavior that involve a covariance between behavior and predictors of evolutionary fitness (e.g., food). In this article, we show how the covariance‐based law of effect may be applied to different components of operant behavior (e.g., allocation, speed, and accuracy of responding), thereby providing quantitative estimates for various selection effects affecting behavior change using data from a published learning experiment with pigeons.
Sleep in the East African root rat, Tachyoryctes splendens
Authors: Kruger Jean‐Leigh , Bhagwandin Adhil , Katandukila Jestina V. , Bennett Nigel C. , Manger Paul R. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe present study reports the results of an electrophysiological analysis of sleep in the East African root rat, Tachyoryctes splendens, belonging to the rodent subfamily Spalacinae. Telemetric electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic recordings, with associated video recording, on three root rats over a continuous 72 h period (12 h light/12 h dark cycle) were analyzed. The analysis revealed that the East African root rat has a total sleep time (TST) of 8.9 h per day. Despite this relatively short total sleep time in comparison to fossorial rodents, nonrapid eye movement (non‐REM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep states showed similar physiological signatures to that observed in other rodents and no unusual sleep states were observed. REM occupied 19.7% of TST, which is within the range observed in other rodents. The root rats were extremely active during the dark period, and appeared to spend much of the light period in quiet wake while maintaining vigilance (as determined from both EEG recordings and behavioral observation). These recordings were made under normocapnic environmental conditions, which contrasts with the hypercapnic environment of their natural burrows.
Genetic bias in repeated evolution of pigment loss in cave populations of the Asellus aquaticus species complex
Authors: Fišer Žiga , Whitehorn Hana , Furness Tia , Trontelj Peter , Protas Meredith 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSimilar phenotypes can evolve repeatedly under the same evolutionary pressures. A compelling example is the evolution of pigment loss and eye loss in cave‐dwelling animals. While specific genomic regions or genes associated with these phenotypes have been identified in model species, it remains uncertain whether a bias towards particular genetic mechanisms exists. An isopod crustacean, Asellus aquaticus, is an ideal model organism to investigate this phenomenon. It inhabits surface freshwaters throughout Europe but has colonized groundwater on multiple independent occasions and evolved several cave populations with distinct ecomorphology. Previous studies have demonstrated that three different cave populations utilized common genetic regions, potentially the same genes, in the evolution of pigment and eye loss. Expanding on this, we conducted analysis on two additional cave populations, distinct either phylogenetically or biogeographically from those previously examined. We generated F2 hybrids from cave × surface crosses and tested phenotype‐genotype associations, as well as conducted complementation tests by crossing individuals from different cave populations. Our findings revealed that pigment loss and orange eye pigment in additional cave populations were associated with the same genomic regions as observed in the three previously tested cave populations. Moreover, the lack of complementation across all cross combinations suggests that the same gene likely drives pigment loss. These results substantiate a genetic bias in the recurrent evolution of pigment loss in this model system. Future investigations should focus on the cause behind this bias, possibly arising from allele recruitment from ancestral surface populations' genetic variation or advantageous allele effects via pleiotropy.
Changes in acceptability, consideration, intention, and uptake of direct‐to‐consumer genetic tests in the Netherlands from 2017 to 2022
Authors: Leerschool Anna Roos , Wesselius Anke , Kokole Daša , Zeegers Maurice P. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAlthough the popularity of direct‐to‐consumer genetic tests (DTC‐GT) for disease‐related purposes increased, concerns persist whether consumers make well‐informed decisions about their purchase. To better target pre‐ and post‐test information materials, this study aims to determine the characteristics of people interested in undergoing DTC‐GT. In addition, it aims to determine changes in acceptability, consideration, intention, and uptake of DTC‐GT since 2017. An online cross‐sectional survey was conducted in April 2022 with a representative sample of the Dutch adult population. Ordinal regression models and chi‐squared tests were used to determine factors associated with DTC‐GT acceptability, consideration and intention, and changes in outcomes since 2017, respectively. Of the 907 included respondents, 19.3% found DTC‐GT acceptable, 29.4% considered taking a DTC‐GT in the future, 6.2% intended to take a test within the coming year, and 0.9% had already tested. High education was associated with lower acceptability, consideration, intention, and higher awareness. Respondents with a chronic disease were less likely to find DTC‐GT acceptable. Higher consideration was associated with having a partner, adopted/stepchildren, and lower age. Compared to 2017, in 2022 more respondents found DTC‐GT totally unacceptable, while more considered testing, and fewer ruled out taking a test both in the next year and the future. Education status may play an important role in people's acceptability, consideration, intention, and awareness of disease‐related DTC‐GT in the Netherlands. Easy‐to‐understand public information materials should be promoted and guidance is needed to help with decision‐making and result interpretation. Future research should focus on the best way to provide responsible guidance.
Diagnosis and stabilisation of familial chylomicronemia syndrome in two infants presenting with hypertriglyceridemia‐induced acute pancreatitis
Authors: Heath Oliver , Allender Brooke , Smith Joel , Savva Elena , Spencer Lucy , Bannister Elizabeth G. , Brown Natasha J. , Evans Maureen S. , Kiss Sharmila , Rozen Thomas H. , Yaplito‐Lee Joy 
Published: June 2024

AbstractFamilial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare disorder of triglyceride (TG) metabolism caused by loss of function variants in one of five known canonical genes involved in chylomicron lipolysis and clearance—LPL, APOC2, APOA5, LMF1, and GPIHBP1. Pathogenic variants in LPL, which encodes the hydrolytic enzyme lipoprotein lipase, account for over 80%–90% of cases. FCS may present in infancy with hypertriglyceridemia‐induced acute pancreatitis and is challenging to manage both acutely and in the long‐term. Here, we report our experience managing two unrelated infants consecutively diagnosed with hypertriglyceridemia‐induced acute pancreatitis caused by LPL deficiency. Both had elevated TGs at presentation (205 and 30 mmol/L, respectively) and molecular genetic testing confirmed each infant carried a different homozygous pathogenic variant in the LPL gene, specifically, c.987C>A (p.Tyr329Ter) and c.632C>A (p.Thr211Lys). The more severely affected infant had cutaneous xanthomata, lipemia retinalis and lipemic plasma at presentation, and required management in an intensive care setting. Acute stabilisation was achieved using insulin and heparin infusions together with the iterative implementation of a fat‐restricted diet, low in long chain triglycerides (LCT) and supplemented with medium chain triglycerides (MCT). In both cases, provision of adequate caloric intake (~110–120 kcal/kg/day) was also found to be important for a sustained TG reduction during the acute phase of management. In summary, a high index of suspicion is required to diagnose FCS in infants with hypertriglyceridemia‐induced acute pancreatitis, management of which can be challenging, highlighting the need for more evidence‐based recommendations.
Morphological adaptation of the tongue of okapi (Okapia johnstoni Artiodactyla, Giraffidae)—Anatomy, histology, and ultrastructure
Authors: Goździewska‐Harłajczuk Karolina , Hamouzová Pavla , Klećkowska‐Nawrot Joanna , Čížek Petr 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the tongue of the okapi, and to compare the results with other ruminants including browsers, intermediates and grazers. The material was collected post‐mortem from two animals from a Zoological Garden. The structure of the okapi tongue, focusing of the shape of the tongue, lingual surface, its papillae and lingual glands, was examined using gross morphology, light and polarized microscopy, and by scanning electron microscopy. The okapi tongue was characterized by dark pigmentation on the lingual dorsum (except lingual torus) and on the whole ventral surface. Two types of filiform papillae were observed, with additional, even 6–8 projections at their base. The round fungiform papillae were present at a higher density, up to 16/cm2, on the ventro‐lateral area of the lingual apex. Round and elongate vallate papillae were arranged in two parallel lines between the body and root of the tongue. Numerous taste buds were detected within the epithelium of their vallum, while fungiform papillae had sparse taste buds. A lack of foliate papillae was noted. Very small conical papillae, some lenticular in shape, were present on the lingual torus. Thick collagen type I fibers were dominant over collagen type III fibers in the connective tissue of the lingual papillae. The mucous acini units were dominant among lingual glands, indicating that the secretion of okapi lingual glands was mostly mucous. In many aspects, the tongue of okapi resembles the tongue of other ruminants. The specific lingual shape and lingual surface, together with the lingual glands, support the processing of plant food, such as young and soft leaves. Although okapi tongue is characterized by smaller conical papillae compared to other ruminants, its high number of vallate papillae is similar that found in other browsers, intermediate and grazers. Thus the number of gustatory papillae rather indicates that this feature is not related to the type of feeding.
Deep Learning–Based Approach for Identifying and Measuring Focal Liver Lesions on Contrast‐Enhanced MRI
Authors: Dai Haoran , Xiao Yuyao , Fu Caixia , Grimm Robert , von Busch Heinrich , Stieltjes Bram , Choi Moon Hyung , Xu Zhoubing , Chabin Guillaume , Yang Chun , Zeng Mengsu 
Published: June 2024

BackgroundThe number of focal liver lesions (FLLs) detected by imaging has increased worldwide, highlighting the need to develop a robust, objective system for automatically detecting FLLs.PurposeTo assess the performance of the deep learning–based artificial intelligence (AI) software in identifying and measuring lesions on contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images in patients with FLLs.Study TypeRetrospective.Subjects395 patients with 1149 FLLs.Field Strength/SequenceThe 1.5 T and 3 T scanners, including T1‐, T2‐, diffusion‐weighted imaging, in/out‐phase imaging, and dynamic contrast‐enhanced imaging.AssessmentThe diagnostic performance of AI, radiologist, and their combination was compared. Using 20 mm as the cut‐off value, the lesions were divided into two groups, and then divided into four subgroups: <10, 10–20, 20–40, and ≥40 mm, to evaluate the sensitivity of radiologists and AI in the detection of lesions of different sizes. We compared the pathologic sizes of 122 surgically resected lesions with measurements obtained using AI and those made by radiologists.Statistical TestsMcNemar test, Bland–Altman analyses, Friedman test, Pearson's chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, Dice coefficient, and intraclass correlation coefficients. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe average Dice coefficient of AI in segmentation of liver lesions was 0.62. The combination of AI and radiologist outperformed the radiologist alone, with a significantly higher detection rate (0.894 vs. 0.825) and sensitivity (0.883 vs. 0.806). The AI showed significantly sensitivity than radiologists in detecting all lesions <20 mm (0.848 vs. 0.788). Both AI and radiologists achieved excellent detection performance for lesions ≥20 mm (0.867 vs. 0.881, P = 0.671). A remarkable agreement existed in the average tumor sizes among the three measurements (P = 0.174).Data ConclusionAI software based on deep learning exhibited practical value in automatically identifying and measuring liver lesions.Level of Evidence4.Technical EfficacyStage 2.
Evaluation of pediatric patients for intestinal transplantation in the modern era
Authors: Bryan Nathan S. , Russell Shannon C. , Ozler Oguz , Sugiguchi Fumitaka , Yazigi Nada A. , Khan Khalid M. , Ekong Udeme D. , Vitola Bernadette E. , Guerra Juan‐Francisco , Kroemer Alexander , Fishbein Thomas M. , Matsumoto Cal S. , Ghobrial Shahira S. , Kaufman Stuart S. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractObjectivesTo review recent evaluations of pediatric patients with intestinal failure (IF) for intestinal transplantation (ITx), waiting list decisions, and outcomes of patients listed and not listed for ITx at our center.MethodsRetrospective chart review of 97 patients evaluated for ITx from January 2014 to December 2021 including data from referring institutions and protocol laboratory testing, body imaging, endoscopy, and liver biopsy in selected cases. Survival analysis used Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsPatients were referred almost entirely from outside institutions, one‐third because of intestinal failure‐associated liver disease (IFALD), two‐thirds because of repeated infective and non‐IFALD complications under minimally successful intestinal rehabilitation, and a single patient because of lost central vein access. The majority had short bowel syndrome (SBS). Waiting list placement was offered to 67 (69%) patients, 40 of whom for IFALD. The IFALD group was generally younger and more likely to have SBS, have received more parenteral nutrition, have demonstrated more evidence of chronic inflammation and have inferior kidney function compared to those offered ITx for non‐IFALD complications and those not listed. ITx was performed in 53 patients. Superior postevaluation survival was independently associated with higher serum creatinine (hazard ratio [HR] 15.410, p = 014), whereas inferior postevaluation survival was associated with ITx (HR 0.515, p = 0.035) and higher serum fibrinogen (HR 0.994, p = 0.005).ConclusionsDespite recent improvements in IF management, IFALD remains a prominent reason for ITx referral. Complications of IF inherent to ITx candidacy influence postevaluation and post‐ITx survival.
Improved long‐term outcome of children with congenital diarrhea followed by an intestinal rehabilitation program
Authors: Spector Cohen Inna , Belza Christina , Courtney‐Martin Glenda , Srbely Victoria , Wales Paul W. , Muise Aleixo , Avitzur Yaron 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term outcomes of congenital diarrheas and enteropathies (CODE) are poorly described. We evaluated the morbidity and mortality of children with CODE followed by an intestinal rehabilitation program (IRP) compared to children with short bowel syndrome (SBS).MethodsMatched case‐control study of children with intestinal failure (IF) due to CODE (diagnosed between 2006 and 2020; N = 15) and SBS (N = 42), matched 1:3, based on age at diagnosis and duration of parenteral nutrition (PN). Nutritional status, growth, and IF‐related complications were compared. Survival and enteral autonomy were compared to a nonmatched SBS cohort (N = 177).ResultsFifteen CODE patients (five males, median age 3.2 years) were followed for a median of 2.9 years. Eleven children were alive at the end of the follow‐up, and two achieved enteral autonomy. The CODE group had higher median PN fluid and calorie requirements than their matched SBS controls at the end of the follow‐up (83 vs. 45 mL/kg/day, p = 0.01; 54 vs. 30.5 kcal/kg/day, p < 0.01), but had similar rates of growth parameters, intestinal failure associated liver disease, central venous catheter complications and nephrocalcinosis. Kaplan–Meier analyses of 10‐year survival and enteral autonomy were significantly lower in CODE patients compared to the nonmatched SBS population (60% vs. 89% and 30% vs. 87%, respectively; log‐rank p < 0.008).ConclusionsDespite higher PN needs in CODE, rates of IF complications were similar to matched children with SBS. Enteral autonomy and survival rates were lower in CODE patients. Treatment by IRP can mitigate IF‐related complications and improve CODE patient's outcome.
A case of Burkitt Lymphoma discovered by digital rectal exam
Authors: Winke Colin , Moore Brandon , Gelman Jacob , Paul Stephan , Rouster Audra , Guido Amy 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBurkitt Lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive B‐cell lymphoma predominantly encountered in pediatrics. Sporadic type typically involves the abdomen and/or pelvis. We present an 8‐year‐old Caucasian male with vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, and abdominal pain. An abdominal X‐ray was unremarkable without any acute findings. Pediatric gastroenterology was consulted and recommended esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. A digital rectal exam (DRE) was performed, and a firm lesion was palpated. The colonoscopy was normal. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans revealed a lesion in the left lower quadrant with mass‐like processes involving the porta hepatis and encasing the left distal ureter. Tissue biopsy confirmed BL. The patient completed chemotherapy and achieved remission. This case highlights DRE as a basic physical exam skill in the evaluation of patients with nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms.
Management of pediatric patients admitted for colonic disimpaction: A scoping review protocol
Authors: Berg Alaina , Ebach Dawn , Justice Nathaniel A. , Smelser Andrew , Samuelson Riley , Mahmood Zunaira , Imdad Aamer 
Published: June 2024

AbstractObjectivesChronic constipation is a common condition in pediatric patients worldwide and is associated with decreased quality of life. Inpatient management of constipation is required when outpatient therapy fails and a child becomes obstipated, and unable to pass stool or gas. There is a growing body of evidence regarding different management strategies for pediatric obstipation. This scoping review aims to map the existing literature regarding inpatient management of pediatric obstipation and identify gaps in knowledge.MethodsWe will follow the methodology described by the Joanna Briggs Institute and outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. The search strategy will include Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Scopus, and gray literature sources. Two independent reviewers will complete screening for eligible studies in two steps: a scan of the title and abstracts followed by a full‐text review. Studies regarding inpatient management of pediatric obstipation, with experimental or cohort design, and with full text available in English will be included. Systematic reviews will also be included. Two independent reviewers will extract data using a standardized form. Extracted data will be presented in visual and narrative formats, including an evidence map to meet the objectives of this scoping review. This protocol is registered at Open Science Framework.ConclusionIn this scoping review, we will outline the current evidence available regarding the efficacy and safety of various hospital interventions for the treatment of pediatric obstipation.
Barriers to resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A national and local perspective
Authors: Fromer Marc W. , Mouw Tyler J. , Scoggins Charles R. , Egger Michael E. , Philips Prejesh , McMasters Kelly M. , Martin Robert C. G. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBackgroundNeoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) use for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has increased, but some patients never get resection following NAC.MethodsData from January 2012 to December 2019 for all clinically resectable patients across two health networks were utilized, as well as data from the ACS NCDB registry. Univariate testing, multivariable logistic regression, and survival analyses were employed to evaluate failure to resection after neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy.ResultsOf the 10 007 registry patients eligible for resection, the resected group was younger (64.6 vs. 69.5 years; p < 0.001) and had a slightly lower mean comorbidity index (0.41 vs. 0.45; p < 0.001) than the nonsurgical group. The nonsurgical group was composed of a higher percentage of Black and Hispanic patients (17.5 vs. 13.1%; p < 0.001). After adjusting for age and comorbidities, the factors associated with decreased probability of resection after NAC were evaluation at a community hospital (OR 2.4), Black or Hispanic race (OR 1.6), areas of increased high school drop‐out rates (OR 1.4), and lack of private health insurance (OR 1.3). The median overall survival for nonsurgery was markedly worse than the surgical cohort (10.6 vs. 26.6 months; p < 0.001). The most frequent reasons for a lack of definitive resection were operative upstaging to unresectable (39.6%), patient preference (14.5%), progression on NAC (13.2%), deconditioning or comorbidity severity (12.5%), and nonreferral to a surgeon (8.8%).ConclusionsRacial, economic, and educational disparities have a considerable influence on the successful completion of a neoadjuvant approach for resectable PDAC. A comprehensive closed or highly collaborative/communicative multidisciplinary neoadjuvant program is optimal for treatment success and completion.
A dermoscopy case series of cutaneous metastases from breast cancer in Filipino females
Authors: Alfaro Rouslia Q. , Siripunvarapon Arunee H. , Quinio Maria F. S. , Duran Celine M. H. , Pamin Joanne R. , Habito Claire M. R. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThere is a limited number of dermoscopic images of cutaneous metastases from breast cancer. We report three cases of cutaneous metastases in Filipino females with breast cancer. They were referred to the Dermatology outpatient clinic with round, firm, nontender, erythematous nodules on the chest and trunk. Dermoscopic findings noted were linear, irregular, arborizing and polymorphic vessels, bright white lines at the periphery and white areas, homogenous yellow to yellow‐orange structureless areas with linear fissure‐like structures and irregular diffuse blue‐black pigmentation, multiple brown dots and globules, and pink homogeneous areas. The clinical presentation, dermoscopy, histopathology and immunohistochemistry findings were consistent with cutaneous metastases from breast cancer. Familiarity and knowledge of dermoscopic patterns will improve diagnostic accuracy and early recognition of cutaneous metastases.