bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Renaissance or the cuckoo clock
Authors: Pines Jonathon , Hagan Iain 
Published: November 2011

‘…in Italy, for thirty years under the Borgias, they had warfare, terror, murder and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and the Renaissance. In Switzerland, they had brotherly love, they had five hundred years of democracy and peace—and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock’.Orson Welles as Harry Lime:The Third ManOrson Welles might have been a little unfair on the Swiss, after all cuckoo clocks were developed in the Schwartzwald, but, more importantly, Swiss democracy gives remarkably stable government with considerable decision-making at the local level. The alternative is the battling city-states of Renaissance Italy: culturally rich but chaotic at a higher level of organization. As our understanding of the cell cycle improves, it appears that the cell is organized more along the lines of Switzerland than Renaissance Italy, and one major challenge is to determine how local decisions are made and coordinated to produce the robust cell cycle mechanisms that we observe in the cell as a whole.
Effects of sarpogrelate hydrochloride on skin ulcers and quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: YOSHIMASU Takashi , IKEDA Takaharu , UEDE Koji , KANAZAWA Nobuo , FURUKAWA Fukumi 
Published: November 2011

Abstract5‐Hydroxytryptamine 2A serotonin receptor (5‐HT2A) is associated with the contraction of vascular smooth muscle, platelet aggregation and thrombus formation and coronary artery spasms. Sarpogrelate hydrochloride (sarpogrelate) is a selective 5‐HT2A antagonist and was supposed to be effective for Raynaud’s phenomenon with collagen disease. Sarpogrelate has not been investigated regarding the effects, safety and quality of life (QOL) in patient with skin ulcers of collagen disease. Eleven patients with skin ulcers and systemic sclerosis (SSc) were administrated sarpogrelate p.o. three times a day for 3–6 months. The area (mean ± standard error) of skin ulcer at the pretreatment, and after 3 and 6 months of sarpogrelate intake was 2.1 ± 0.8, 0.2 ± 0.1 and 0.1 ± 0.1 mm2, respectively. The reduction of skin ulcer area was significant after 3 months of sarpogrelate intake. In assessment of QOL, scores of symptoms and emotions but not of functioning were significantly improved after sarpogrelate intake. The global score (mean ± SE) of Skindex‐16 at pretreatment, and after 3 and 6 months of sarpogrelate intake was 31.8 ± 8.7, 23.7 ± 8.3 and 10.9 ± 4.6, respectively. The score was significantly improved after 6 months of sarpogrelate intake. There were no obvious side‐effects during this study. Sarpogrelate was considered to be a useful drug to improve skin ulcers and QOL in patients with SSc.
Use of anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α therapy in hepatitis B virus carriers with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis: A case series in Taiwan
Authors: CHO Yung‐Tsu , CHEN Chien‐Hung , CHIU Hsien‐Yi , TSAI Tsen‐Fang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe use of anti‐tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α therapy in patients with psoriasis who are hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is usually not recommended, and routine antiviral prophylaxis is suggested for those who need the treatment. We report our experience on the safety of anti‐TNF‐α therapy in patients with psoriasis who are HBV carriers in our clinic using HBV viral load as a guide for HBV treatment. Between 2007 and 2011, seven HBV carriers receiving TNF‐α inhibitors for psoriasis in our clinic were collected retrospectively. The HBV viral load and aminotransferase levels were regularly monitored. Two of the seven patients were inactive HBV carriers, and the other five patients had chronic hepatitis B. Only one patient received antiviral agents before the anti‐TNF‐α treatment. The mean duration of the anti‐TNF‐α treatment was 26.6 months (range, 14–45 months). These patients were followed up from the start of the anti‐TNF‐α therapy for a mean duration of 28.9 months (range, 14–45 months). HBV reactivation was observed in three patients, one of whom required antiviral treatment. No HBV reactivation‐related hepatitis was observed. In conclusion, prevention of HBV reactivation by monitoring of HBV viral load is cost‐effective and may decrease the risk of developing drug resistance from routine anti‐HBV prophylaxis treatment. It can be considered as an alternative in psoriasis patients treated by TNF‐α inhibitors, especially in areas with a high HBV burden and in hepatitis B e‐antigen‐negative patients who have a lower risk of viral reactivation.
Effectiveness of calcium hydroxide‐based intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Lima R. K. P. , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru J. M. , Faria‐Júnior N. B. , Tanomaru‐Filho M. 
Published: November 2011

Lima RKP, Guerreiro‐Tanomaru JM, Faria‐Júnior NB, Tanomaru‐Filho M. Effectiveness of calcium hydroxide‐based intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 311–316, 2012.AbstractAim  To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide‐based intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis.Methodology  One hundred and six single‐rooted human teeth were inoculated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and incubated in an microaerophilic environment for 21 days. Teeth were divided according to the medicaments and period: G1 – Calen (7 days); G2 – Calen (14 days); G3 – Calen/camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CMCP) (7 days); G4 – Calen/CMCP (14 days); G5 – Calen/0.4% chlorhexidine (CHX) (7 days); G6 – Calen/0.4% CHX (14 days); G7 – Calen/1% CHX (7 days); G8 – Calen/1% CHX (14 days); G9 – chemo‐mechanical preparation with no medication and G10 – no chemo‐mechanical preparation and no medication. Microbial samples were harvested immediately after removal of the intracanal dressing and 7 days later. Data were subjected to anova (P < 0.05).Results  All medicaments were associated with a reduction in E. faecalis after removal of the dressing (post‐medication harvest). However, all specimens were associated with an increase in CFU mL−1 values after 7 days (final harvest). Calen/CMCP and Calen/CHX had the lowest CFU mL−1 values (P < 0.05).Conclusion  In this laboratory study using extracted teeth all calcium hydroxide‐based medicaments were able to significantly reduce the CFU mL−1 values of E. faecalis in the root canal system.
Low‐ vs. high‐pressure suction drainage after total knee arthroplasty: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Calvo Rafael , Martínez‐Zapata Ma José , Urrútia Gerard , Gich Ignasi , Jordán Marcos , Del Arco Alejandro , Aguilera Francisco Javier , Celaya Fernando , Sarasquete Juan , Majó Joan , Bonfill Xavier 
Published: November 2011

calvo r., martínez‐zapata m.j., urrútia g., gich i., jordán m., del arco a., aguilera f.j., celaya f., sarasquete j., majó j. & bonfill x. (2011) Low‐ vs. high‐pressure suction drainage after total knee arthroplasty: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(4), 758–766.AbstractAim.  The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of continuous low‐pressure suction drainage compared with closed high‐pressure suction following total knee arthroplasty.Background.  Closed wound drainage systems are used in surgical interventions to reduce the incidence of haematomas, promote wound healing and reduce infections. However, evidence shows that using a closed wound drainage system can increase transfusion requirements.Data sources.  A randomized, double‐blind and parallel controlled trial was performed. Adult knee replacement patients recruited between May 2006 and March 2007 were assigned to receive low‐pressure suction of 50 mmHg (experimental drainage) or high‐pressure suction of 700 mmHg (comparator drainage).Methods.  The primary outcome was total blood loss after surgery. Secondary outcomes were incidence of transfusion, complications and mortality. Statistical analysis was based on an intention‐to‐treat approach. Linear regression was performed to account for factors that could influence blood loss.Results.  A total of 169 patients were included. Mean age was 73 (±6) years, 128 women and 41 men. A total of 84 patients were randomized to the experimental drainage and 85 to the comparator drainage. Analysis showed a total postoperative blood loss of 541·8 mL in the experimental group and 524·4 mL in the comparator group (P = 0·734). The only factor that showed an association with blood loss was the length of surgery. Linear regression did not show differences between the groups.Conclusion.  Continuous low‐pressure suction of 50 mmHg is not more effective than the higher aspiration pressure system to diminish the blood loss in total knee arthroplasty. The results do not support any change in current nursing practice relating to the use of this drain system.
Genotypic diversity and spatial–temporal distribution of Symbiodinium clones in an abundant reef coral
Authors: PETTAY DANIEL T. , WHAM DREW C. , PINZÓN JORGE H. , LAJEUNESSE TODD C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGenetic data are rapidly advancing our understanding of various biological systems including the ecology and evolution of coral–algal symbioses. The fine‐scale interactions between individual genotypes of host and symbiont remain largely unstudied and constitute a major gap in knowledge. By applying microsatellite markers developed for both host and symbiont, we investigated the intracolony diversity, prevalence and stability of Symbiodinium glynni (type D1) multilocus genotypes in association with dense populations of Pocillopora at two sites in the Gulf of California. The genetic diversity and allelic frequencies in reef populations of S. glynni remained stable over 3 years. Common clone genotypes persisted over this period, and no temporal population subdivision (ΦPT = 0.021 and −0.003) was detected. Collections from circular plots showed no statistical correlation between related Pocillopora individuals and their associations with particular S. glynni genotypes, with no spatial structuring or clonal aggregation across a reef for the symbiont. From permanent linear transects, samples were analysed from multiple locations within a colony and some were resampled approximately 1 year later. Many of these multisampled colonies (approximately 53%) were dominated by a single S. glynni genotype and tended to associate with the same symbiont genotype(s) over time, while colony ramets often possessed unrelated symbiont genotypes. In contrast to the species level, associations between genotypes of Pocillopora and S. glynni are apparently more flexible over space and time. The abundance of sexually recombinant genotypes of S. glynni combined with greater flexibility might provide adaptive mechanisms for these symbioses to evolve rapidly to changes in environmental conditions and allow particular symbiont genotypes to spread through a host population.
Review: Unchained maladie – a reassessment of the role of Ubb+1‐capped polyubiquitin chains in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chadwick L. , Gentle L. , Strachan J. , Layfield R. 
Published: November 2011

L. Chadwick, L. Gentle, J. Strachan and R. Layfield (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 118–131Unchained maladie – a reassessment of the role of Ubb+1‐capped polyubiquitin chains in Alzheimer's diseaseMolecular misreading allows the formation of mutant proteins in the absence of gene mutations. A mechanism has been proposed by which a frameshift mutant of the ubiquitin protein, Ubb+1, which accumulates in an age‐dependent manner as a result of molecular misreading, contributes to neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease (Lam et al. 2000). Specifically, in the Ubb+1‐mediated proteasome inhibition hypothesis Ubb+1‘caps’ unanchored (that is, nonsubstrate linked) polyubiquitin chains, which then act as dominant inhibitors of the 26S proteasome. A review of subsequent literature indicates that this original hypothesis is broadly supported, and offers new insights into the mechanisms accounting for the age‐dependent accumulation of Ubb+1, and how Ubb+1‐mediated proteasome inhibition may contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Further, recent studies have highlighted a physiological role for free endogenous unanchored polyubiquitin chains in the direct activation of certain protein kinases. This raises the possibility that Ubb+1‐capped unanchored polyubiquitin chains could also exert harmful effects through the aberrant activation of tau or other ubiquitin‐dependent kinases, neuronal NF‐κB activity or NF‐κB‐mediated neuroinflammatory processes.
Virulence of Fusarium oxysporum and F. commune to Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings
Authors: Stewart J. E. , Abdo Z. , Dumroese R. K. , Klopfenstein N. B. , Kim M.‐S. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryFusarium species can cause damping‐off and root rot of young conifer seedlings, resulting in severe crop and economic losses in forest nurseries. Disease control within tree nurseries is difficult because of the inability to characterize and quantify Fusarium spp. populations with regard to disease potential because of high variability in isolate virulence. Fusarium isolates were collected from healthy and diseased seedlings of Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western white pine (Pinus monticola) from a nursery in Idaho, USA. Molecular markers such as DNA sequences (mitochondrial small subunit and nuclear translation elongation factor 1‐alpha) and amplified fragment length polymorphism were used to identify isolates as either F. oxysporum or F. commune. In addition, diagnostic primers were developed to detect and distinguish F. commune from F. oxysporum. In vitro and greenhouse virulence tests were completed on Douglas‐fir germinants and seedlings. For Douglas‐fir germinants and seedlings, F. oxysporum isolates generally caused less severe symptoms, whereas most F. commune isolates caused mortality through damping‐off. This is the first report of direct evidence that F. commune can cause damping‐off disease on Douglas‐fir seedlings under greenhouse conditions.
Bacterial meningitis among children under the age of 2 years in a high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence area after Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine introduction
Authors: Nansera Denis , Max Irama , Annet Kisakye , Gessner Bradford D 
Published: November 2011

Aim:  The aim of this study was to describe bacterial causes of meningitis among children < 2 years in a high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence area after introduction of routine Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination.Methods:  Data collected between April 2003 and December 2008 were extracted from a surveillance database and medical records of children < 2 years admitted in Mbarara Hospital, Uganda with suspected bacterial meningitis. HIV infection was confirmed using rapid tests and polymerase chain reaction and bacterial meningitis by using cerebrospinal fluid culture.Results:  Between April 2003 and December 2008, 1464 children under 5 years were admitted with suspected bacterial meningitis of which 1235 (84.4%) had cerebrospinal fluid collected; 894 (72.4%) of these samples were from children < 2 years. Of the 894 samples, 64 (7.2%) grew an organism including Streptococcus pneumoniae (26; 41%), Salmonella species (20; 31%), H. influenzae (6; 9%) and coliforms (7; 11%), and five (8%) grew contaminants that are all coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Of the 894 children, 468 (52.3%) were tested for HIV; 16.7% were positive. Fifty‐one children had a pathogenic isolate and a treatment outcome, and 23 (45%) died; 13 (56.6%) deaths were due to S. pneumoniae, eight (34.8%) were due to Salmonella spp., one (4.3%) was due to H. influenzae and one (4.3%) was due to coliforms. HIV infection was associated with a threefold increase in mortality, increased likelihood of a bacterial isolate and decreased likelihood of malaria parasitaemia.Conclusion:  Following H. influenzae type b vaccine introduction, S. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. are the major causes of bacterial meningitis among children < 2 years in Uganda. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and reduction in mother to child transmission of HIV could reduce the observed mortality.
Clinical efficacy of macrolide antibiotics against genetically determined macrolide‐resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in paediatric patients
Authors: KAWAI YASUHIRO , MIYASHITA NAOYUKI , YAMAGUCHI TETSUYA , SAITOH AKI , KONDOH EISUKE , FUJIMOTO HIROKI , TERANISHI HIDETO , INOUE MIKA , WAKABAYASHI TOKIO , AKAIKE HIROTO , OGITA SATOKO , KAWASAKI KOZO , TERADA KIHEI , KISHI FUMIO , OUCHI KAZUNOBU 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Since 2000, the prevalence of macrolide‐resistant (MR) Mycoplasma pneumoniae has increased among paediatric patients in Japan. To determine the efficacy of macrolides against MR M. pneumoniae pneumonia, microbiological and clinical efficacies were compared during the antibiotic treatment.Methods:  Samples from a total of 30 children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia, as confirmed by PCR and serology, were analyzed. Primers for domain V of 23S rRNA were used, and DNA sequences of the PCR products were compared with the sequence of an M. pneumoniae reference strain.Results:  Isolates from 21 patients demonstrated point mutations, and these patients were defined as MR. The remaining nine patients, whose isolates showed no point mutations, were categorized as control (macrolide‐sensitive) patients. The number of M. pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal samples from the control group decreased rapidly 48 h after initiation of macrolide treatment and showed a close relationship with clinical outcome. In contrast, the number of M. pneumoniae 48 h after initiation of macrolide treatment were significantly higher in samples from MR patients than in samples from macrolide‐sensitive patients. In 15 of 21 MR patients, fever persisted for more than 48 h after the initiation of macrolide treatment. When treatment was changed to minocycline, fever disappeared within 48 h in all these MR patients. There were no differences between MR patients who demonstrated a reduction in fever and those in whom fever persisted after 48 h of macrolide treatment.Conclusions:  The microbiological and clinical efficacies of macrolides for treating patients with MR M. pneumoniae pneumonia were low. These results show that macrolides are clearly less effective in patients with MR M. pneumoniae pneumonia.
Computation of measures of effect size for neuroscience data sets
Authors: Hentschke Harald , Stüttgen Maik C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe overwhelming majority of research in the neurosciences employs P‐values stemming from tests of statistical significance to decide on the presence or absence of an effect of some treatment variable. Although a continuous variable, the P‐value is commonly used to reach a dichotomous decision about the presence of an effect around an arbitrary criterion of 0.05. This analysis strategy is widely used, but has been heavily criticized in the past decades. To counter frequent misinterpretations of P‐values, it has been advocated to complement or replace P‐values with measures of effect size (MES). Many psychological, biological and medical journals now recommend reporting appropriate MES. One hindrance to the more frequent use of MES may be their scarcity in standard statistical software packages. Also, the arguably most widespread data analysis software in neuroscience, matlab, does not provide MES beyond correlation and receiver‐operating characteristic analysis. Here we review the most common criticisms of significance testing and provide several examples from neuroscience where use of MES conveys insights not amenable through the use of P‐values alone. We introduce an open‐access matlab toolbox providing a wide range of MES to complement the frequently used types of hypothesis tests, such as t‐tests and analysis of variance. The accompanying documentation provides calculation formulae, intuitive explanations and example calculations for each measure. The toolbox described is usable without sophisticated statistical knowledge and should be useful to neuroscientists wishing to enhance their repertoire of statistical reporting.
Ultrasound‐guided upper extremity blocks – tips and tricks to improve the clinical practice
Authors: Marhofer Peter , Willschke Harald , Kettner Stephan C. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryBrachial plexus blockade in children can be used for a broad spectrum of clinical indications. Nevertheless, these regional anesthetic techniques are still underused in pediatric anesthesia that is mainly because of insufficient descriptions of the particular techniques. Ultrasound guidance enables direct visualization of neuronal and adjacent anatomical structures, the cannula, and the spread of local anesthetic. The most important issue in this context is theoretical background knowledge and intensive training of hand skills. The following review article discusses all relevant aspects of ultrasound‐guided brachial plexus blockade.
Colorectal complications of end‐stage renal failure and renal transplantation: a review
Authors: Parnaby C. N. , Barrow E. J. , Edirimanne S. B. , Parrott N. R. , Frizelle F. A. , Watson A. J. M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim  End‐stage renal failure (ESRF) and renal transplant recipients are thought to be associated with an increased risk of colorectal complications.Method  A review of the literature was performed to assess the prevalence and outcome in both benign and malignant colorectal disease.Results  No prospective randomized studies assessing colorectal complications in ESRF or renal transplant were identified. Case series and case reports have described the incidence and management of benign colorectal complications. Complications included diverticulitis, infective colitis, colonic bleeding and colonic perforation. There was insufficient evidence to associate diverticular disease with adult polycystic kidney disease. Three population‐based studies have shown up to a twofold increased incidence of colonic cancer but not rectal cancer for renal transplant recipients. Bowel cancer screening (as per the general population) by faecal occult blood testing appears justified for renal transplant patients; however, evidence suggests that consideration of starting screening at a younger age may be worthwhile because of an increased risk of developing colonic cancer. Two population‐based studies have shown a threefold and 10‐fold increased incidence of anal cancer for renal transplant recipients. A single case–control study demonstrated significant increased prevalence of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) and intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) in patients with established renal transplants.Conclusions  Despite the lack of high‐level evidence, ESRF and renal transplantation were associated with colorectal complications that could result in major morbidity and mortality. Bowel cancer screening in this patient group appears justified. The effectiveness of screening for HPV, AIN and anal cancer in renal transplant recipients remains unclear.