bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FINITE RINGS WITH EULERIAN ZERO-DIVISOR GRAPHS
Authors: KUZMINA A. S. 
Published: March 2012

The zero-divisor graph Γ(R) of an associative ring R is the graph whose vertices are all non-zero (one-sided and two-sided) zero-divisors of R, and two distinct vertices x and y are joined by an edge if and only if xy = 0 or yx = 0. [S. P. Redmond, The zero-divisor graph of a noncommutative ring, Int. J. Commut. Rings1(4) (2002) 203–211.] In the present paper, all finite rings with Eulerian zero-divisor graphs are described.
ANNIHILATOR CONDITIONS IN MATRIX AND SKEW POLYNOMIAL RINGS
Authors: ALHEVAZ A. , MOUSSAVI A. 
Published: March 2012

Let R be a ring with an endomorphism α and α-derivation δ. By [A. R. Nasr-Isfahani and A. Moussavi, Ore extensions of skew Armendariz rings, Comm. Algebra 36(2) (2008) 508–522], a ring R is called a skew Armendariz ring, if for polynomials f(x) = a0 + a1 x + ⋯ + anxn, g(x) = b0+b1x + ⋯ + bmxm in R[x; α, δ], f(x)g(x) = 0 implies a0bj = 0 for each 0 ≤ j ≤ m. In this paper, radicals of the skew polynomial ring R[x; α, δ], in terms of a skew Armendariz ring R, is determined. We prove that several properties transfer between R and R[x; α, δ], in case R is an α-compatible skew Armendariz ring. We also identify some "relatively maximal" skew Armendariz subrings of matrix rings, and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a trivial extension to be skew Armendariz. Consequently, new families of non-reduced skew Armendariz rings are presented and several known results related to Armendariz rings and skew polynomial rings will be extended and unified.
Type I and II IFNs Inhibit Merkel Cell Carcinoma via Modulation of the Merkel Cell Polyomavirus T Antigens
Authors: Willmes Christoph , Adam Christian , Alb Miriam , Völkert Lena , Houben Roland , Becker Jürgen C. , Schrama David 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and highly aggressive skin cancer associated with the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV). As MCC cell lines show oncogene addiction to the MCV T antigens, pharmacologic interference of the large T antigen (LTA) may represent an effective therapeutic approach for this deadly cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of IFNs on MCC cell lines, especially on MCV-positive (MCV+) lines. Type I IFNs (i.e., Multiferon, a mix of different IFN-α subtypes, and IFN-β) strongly inhibited the cellular viability. Cell-cycle analysis showed increased sub-G fractions for these cells upon IFN treatment indicating apoptotic cell death; these effects were less pronounced for IFN-γ. Notably, this inhibitory effect of type I IFNs on MCV+ MCC cell lines was associated with a reduced expression of the MCV LTA as well as an increased expression of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, which is known to interfere with the function of the LTA. In addition, the intratumoral application of Multiferon resulted in a regression of MCV+ but not MCV− MCCs in vivo. Together, our findings show that type I IFNs have a strong antitumor effect, which is at least in part explained by modulation of the virally encoded LTA. Cancer Res; 72(8); 2120–8. ©2012 AACR.
Contractualism in Employment Relationships: A Conceptual Discourse of Common Law and the Shariʿah
Authors: Hassan Kamal Halili 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This article discusses contractualism in employment relationships from the perspectives of common law and the Shariʿah. While common law has developed a modern concept of employment relationships—a contract of service as opposed to a contract for services—Islamic history has shown a similar development. In fact, Islam has contributed immensely to the emergence of a contract of service. That contribution is the reason this article adopts an intertwined discourse of both systems. However, there are differences in such relationships; whereas an element of control dominates the contract of service in common law, the Islamic system places more emphasis on the principle of brotherhood. However, when it comes to the mutual trust and confidence of both parties in implementing the implied obligations under contract, both systems share the same values.
An Evaluation of Rotated EOF Analysis and Its Application to Tropical Pacific SST Variability
Authors: Lian Tao , Chen Dake 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
As an effective eigen method for phenomenon identification and space reduction, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is widely used in climate research. However, because of its orthorgonality constraint, EOF analysis has a tendency to produce unphysical modes. Previous studies have shown that the drawbacks of EOF analysis could be partly alleviated by rotated EOF (REOF) analysis, but such studies are always based on specific cases. This paper provides a thorough statistical evaluation of REOF analysis by comparing its ability with that of EOF analysis in reproducing a large number of randomly selected stationary modes of variability. The synthetic experiments indicate that REOF analysis is overwhelmingly a better choice in terms of accuracy and effectiveness, especially for picking up localized patterns. When applied to the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variability, REOF and EOF analyses show obvious discrepancies, with the former making much better physical sense. This challenges the validity of the so-called sea surface temperature cooling mode and the spatial structure of “El Niño Modoki,” both of which are recently identified by EOF analysis. At any rate, one has to be cautious when claiming new discoveries of climate modes based on EOF analysis alone.
The science and practice of lithium therapy
Authors: Malhi Gin S , Tanious Michelle , Das Pritha , Berk Michael 
Published: March 2012

Introduction: Despite more that 60 years of clinical experience, the effective use of lithium for the treatment of mood disorder, in particular bipolarity, is in danger of becoming obsolete. In part, this is because of exaggerated fears surrounding lithium toxicity, acute and long-term tolerability and the encumbrance of life-long plasma monitoring. Recent research has once again positioned lithium centre stage and amplified the importance of understanding its science and how this translates to clinical practice. Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide a sound knowledge base as regards the science and practice of lithium therapy. Method: A comprehensive literature search using electronic databases was conducted along with a detailed review of articles known to the authors pertaining to the use of lithium. Studies were limited to English publications and those dealing with the management of psychiatric disorders in humans. The literature was synthesized and organized according to relevance to clinical practice and understanding. Results: Lithium has simple pharmacokinetics that require regular dosing and monitoring. Its mechanisms of action are complex and its effects are multi-faceted, extending beyond mood stability to neuroprotective and anti-suicidal properties. Its use in bipolar disorder is under-appreciated, particularly as it has the best evidence for prophylaxis, qualifying it perhaps as the only true mood stabilizer currently available. In practice, its risks and tolerability are exaggerated and can be readily minimized with knowledge of its clinical profile and judicious application. Conclusion: Lithium is a safe and effective agent that should, whenever indicated, be used first-line for the treatment of bipolar disorder. A better understanding of its science alongside strategic management of its plasma levels will ensure both wider utility and improved outcomes.
Barriers to the Detection and Management of Depression by Palliative Care Professional Carers Among Their Patients: Perspectives From Professional Carers and Patients' Family Members
Authors: Mellor David , McCabe Marita P. , Davison Tanya E. , Goldhammer Denisa L. , Hallford David J. 
Published: March 2012

Introduction: Clinical depression is highly prevalent yet underdetected and poorly managed within palliative care settings. Objectives: This qualitative study explored the identification, monitoring, and management of symptoms of depression in patients receiving palliative care from 2 juxtaposed perspectives that are of care providers and care recipients' family members. Examining the barriers that restrict professional carers detecting and managing depression in their patients was a central focus of the study. Methods: Focus groups were held with 18 professional carers, including 8 holding managerial positions, across 2 palliative care services, 1 regional and 1 metropolitan, which provided both inpatient and community-based care. Individual interviews were conducted with 10 family members of patients who had received or were receiving palliative care through these services. Results: Thematic analysis of these data identified that both professional carers and family members perceived that depression is a wide-spread concern for patients receiving palliative care; however, numerous barriers were identified that affect professional carers’ ability to identify depression. These included knowledge and training deficits, low self-efficacy, prioritization of physical concerns and time constraints, patient/family characteristics, and system/process issues. These themes (and related subthemes) are discussed in this article. Conclusions: Specialized training in depression is recommended for professional carers in order to improve their depression-related knowledge, detection skills, and self-efficacy. The ultimate goal of such training is to increase the rate of recognition of depression that in turn will lead to appropriate treatment for depressed patients.
The relation between cognitive and motor dysfunction and motor imagery ability in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Heremans Elke , D’hooge Anne-Marie , De Bondt Sara , Helsen Werner , Feys Peter 
Published: March 2012

Background: Motor imagery (MI) was recently shown to be a promising tool in neurorehabilitation. The ability to perform MI, however, may be impaired in some patients with neurological dysfunction. Objective: The objective was to assess the relation between cognitive and motor dysfunction and MI ability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Thirty patients with MS underwent cognitive and motor screening, and also performed a composite test battery to assess their MI ability. This test battery consisted of a questionnaire, a hand rotation task and a test based on mental chronometry. Patients’ MI ability was compared with the MI ability of age-matched healthy controls. Moreover, their MI scores were compared between body sides and were correlated with their scores on tests of motor and cognitive functioning. Results: The average accuracy and temporal organization of MI significantly differed between MS patients and controls. Patients’ MI accuracy significantly correlated with impairments in cognitive functioning, but was independent of motor functioning. MI duration, on the other hand, was independent of cognitive performance, but differed between the patients’ most and least affected side. Conclusion: These findings are of use when considering the application of MI practice in MS patients’ rehabilitation.
Robust dialogue act detection based on partial sentence tree, derivation rule, and spectral clustering algorithm
Authors: Chen Chia-Ping , Wu Chung-Hsien , Liang Wei-Bin 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A novel approach for robust dialogue act detection in a spoken dialogue system is proposed. Shallow representation named partial sentence trees are employed to represent automatic speech recognition outputs. Parsing results of partial sentences can be decomposed into derivation rules, which turn out to be salient features for dialogue act detection. Data-driven dialogue acts are learned via an unsupervised learning algorithm called spectral clustering, in a vector space whose axes correspond to derivation rules. The proposed method is evaluated in a Mandarin spoken dialogue system for tourist-information services. Combined with information obtained from the automatic speech recognition module and from a Markov model on dialogue act sequence, the proposed method achieves a detection accuracy of 85.1%, which is significantly better than the baseline performance of 62.3% using a naïve Bayes classifier. Furthermore, the average number of turns per dialogue session also decreases significantly with the improved detection accuracy.
Resolution of reservoir scale electrical anisotropy from marine CSEM data
Authors: Brown Vanessa , Hoversten Mike , Key Kerry , Chen Jinsong 
Published: March 2012

A combination of 1D and 3D forward and inverse solutions is used to quantify the sensitivity and resolution of conventional controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) data collected using a horizontal electric dipole source to transverse electric anisotropy located in a deep-water exploration reservoir target. Because strongly anisotropic shale layers have a vertical resistivity that can be comparable to many reservoirs, we examined how CSEM can discriminate confounding shale layers through their characteristically lower horizontal resistivity. Forward modeling indicated that the sensitivity to reservoir level anisotropy is very low compared with the sensitivity to isotropic reservoirs, especially when the reservoir is deeper than about 2 km below the seabed. However, for 1D models where the number of inversion parameters can be fixed to be only a few layers, both vertical and horizontal resistivity of the reservoir can be well resolved using a stochastic inversion. We found that the resolution of horizontal resistivity increases as the horizontal resistivity decreases. This effect is explained by the presence of strong horizontal current density in anisotropic layers with low horizontal resistivity. Conversely, when the reservoir has a vertical to horizontal resistivity ratio of about 10 or less, the current density is vertically polarized and hence has little sensitivity to the horizontal resistivity. Resistivity anisotropy estimates from 3D inversion for 3D targets suggest that resolution of reservoir level anisotropy for 3D targets will require good a priori knowledge of the background sediment conductivity and structural boundaries.
Molecular Motions and Hydrogen-Bonding Networks in (o-Aminoanilinium)–(Crown Ethers)–[PMo12O40]4− Crystals
Authors: Endo Daigoro , Akutagawa Tomoyuki , Kubo Kazuya , Noro Shin-ichiro , Cronin Leroy , Nakamura Takayoshi 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Single crystals formed from hydrogen-bonding supramolecular cations of o-aminoanilinium (HOPD+)–crown ethers, (HOPD+)([12]crown-4), (HOPD+)([15]crown-5), and (HOPD+)([18]crown-6), and one-electron-reduced [PMo12O40]4− Keggin-type clusters were synthesized. The crystal structures and dielectric responses of the three new compounds (HOPD+)4([12]crown-4)4[PMo12O40]4−·4CH3CN (1), (HOPD+)4([15]crown-5)4[PMo12O40]4− (2), and (HOPD+)4([18]crown-6)4[PMo12O40]4−·8CH3CN (3) were examined. The CH3CN molecules in salts 1 and 3 were included in zero-dimensional pores and one-dimensional channels, respectively; higher thermal stability was observed in the former lattice because of its extended hydrogen-bonding network. Large frequency- and temperature-dependent dielectric responses were confirmed in salts 2 and 3, whereas the dielectric response of salt 1 was quite small. The fixed orientation of HOPD+ because of the hydrogen-bonding network was consistent with the dielectric property of salt 1. In contrast, large magnitudes of dielectric responses in the temperature range above 280 K were observed for salt 3. Thermal motions of CH3CN molecules in the channel were the origin of such dielectric responses. In salt 2, the thermally activated coupled motion of the orthogonally arranged HOPD+ pair along the C–NH3+-axis with the potential energy barrier of ca. 80 kJ mol−1 resulted in large dielectric responses.
Spontaneous Dispersion of Gold Nanoparticles Loaded on USY Zeolites as Analyzed by XAFS, XRD, and TEM
Authors: Sanada Takashi , Okumura Kazu , Murakami Chika , Oyama Tetsuya , Isoda Ayano , Katada Naonobu 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Structural changes in the gold particles of Au-loaded ultrastable Y (USY) zeolite were analyzed by X-ray absorption fine structure, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Au particles undergo spontaneous dispersion on the USY support under H2 atmosphere at a temperature of 773 K to give Au particles with an average diameter of 1.8 nm and narrow size distribution.
Basilar artery thrombosis after reduction of cervical spondyloptosis: a cautionary report
Authors: Tumialán Luis M. , Theodore Nicholas 
Published: March 2012

Traumatic cervical spondyloptosis is a rare clinical entity typically associated with complete neurological deficit. The inherent mechanics of this fracture-dislocation pattern contorts the vertebral arteries in such a way that it may result in dissection or compromised flow through those vessels. Thus, intimal injury or thrombus from stasis of flow may result. Reduction of the spondyloptosis restores flow to the vertebral arteries, but it also may mobilize thrombus or propagate an intimal dissection within the previously contorted vessel.
The authors review their experience in the care of a 43-year-old man who sustained C4–5 spondyloptosis while riding an all-terrain vehicle. On arrival, the patient demonstrated no motor function below C-4 but had sensation to the nipple line (American Spinal Injury Association Spinal Cord Injury Classification B). The patient's cranial nerve examination was unremarkable. Computed tomography of the cervical spine demonstrated complete spondyloptosis at C4–5. The patient was immediately placed in cervical traction and taken to the operating room for open reduction of the fracture dislocation, decompression of the spinal cord, and stabilization with an interbody graft and cervical plate. Preoperative cervical traction was successful in only partial reduction of the fracture dislocation. Open reduction was achieved with exposure of the C-4 and C-5 bodies and sequential distraction. After anatomical alignment was achieved, an interbody graft was placed and a cervical plate secured. A subsequent decline in the patient's level of consciousness prompted CT of the head, which showed evidence of a basilar artery thrombosis. A CT angiographic study demonstrated patency of the vertebral arteries, but a mid–basilar artery thrombosis. The patient progressed to brain death 24 hours after reduction of the fracture dislocation.
The degree of contortion of the vertebral arteries in cervical spondyloptosis in the upper cervical spine may result in stasis of flow with subsequent formation of thrombus or intimal injury. After anatomical reduction, restoration of flow within the vertebral arteries may mobilize the thrombus or propagate an intimal dissection and result in subsequent embolic events. Endovascular evaluation may be warranted immediately after anatomical reduction of a high cervical spondyloptosis for evaluation of the vertebral arteries and possible thrombus dissolution or retrieval.
Chondrosarcomas Revisited
Authors: Mavrogenis Andreas F. , Gambarotti Marco , Angelini Andrea , Palmerini Emanuela , Staals Eric L. , Ruggieri Pietro , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J. 
Published: March 2012

Chondrosarcomas are malignant bone tumors with pure hyaline cartilage differentiation; myxoid changes, calcification, or ossification may be present. Several subtypes of chondrosarcomas exist. Behavior patterns vary, ranging from slow-growing nonmetastasizing lesions to aggressive metastasizing sarcomas. Symptoms are usually mild, with duration ranging from several months to years, and usually consist of persistent, dull, aching pain or palpable masses. Radiographic findings include bone expansion with cortical thickening, radiolucent areas with variably distributed punctate or ring-like matrix calcifications, cortical erosion or destruction, endosteal scalloping, and scant or absent periosteal reaction; extension into the soft tissue may be present. Histological differential diagnosis from benign cartilaginous lesions can be achieved by increased cellularity, enlarged plump nuclei, binucleated cells, hyperchromatic nuclear pleomorphism, and permeation of cortical or medullary bone. Atypia is usually mild to moderate; necrosis and mitoses can be seen, particularly in high-grade lesions. Adequate surgery is the mainstay of treatment.
High-grade and pelvic chondrosarcomas are best managed with wide resection. Because of the low metastatic potential and low local recurrence rate noted with intralesional surgery, low-grade chondrosarcomas can be treated with curettage (with or without treatment of the defect cavity) with a local adjuvant, such as phenol or cryotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy may be considered for mesenchymal and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. Radiation therapy can be considered after incomplete resection or if resection is not feasible or would cause unacceptable morbidity.
Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy of a Posteriorly Flipped Superior Leaflet in a Horizontal Medial Meniscus Tear Using a Posterior Transseptal Portal
Authors: Jang Ki-Mo , Ahn Jin Hwan , Wang Joon Ho 
Published: March 2012

This article describes a case of an arthroscopic partial meniscectomy of a posteriorly flipped superior leaflet in a horizontal medial meniscus tear using the posterior transseptal portal. An arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for bucket handle or flap tears in medial or lateral compartments using ordinary portals is a relatively common procedure in irreparable cases. However, the posterior compartment of the knee is not readily accessible through ordinary arthroscopic portals. Therefore, it has been considered a blind spot. Through the posterior transseptal portal, surgeons can achieve excellent arthroscopic visualization of the posterior compartment and easily perform arthroscopic procedures of the posterior compartment of the knee.
A 48-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of pain in the medial aspect of the right knee joint. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging revealed a thinning of the medial meniscus posterior horn in coronal images and a sharp-edged triangle arising from the medial meniscus posterior horn between the medial femoral condyle and medial meniscus posterior horn on sagittal images (flipped-over sign). During the arthroscopic procedure, we found that the flipped leaflet was displaced posteriorly and was not mobile between the medial femoral condyle and medial meniscus posterior horn.
Partial meniscectomy for a posteriorly displaced fragment can be performed successfully using the posterior transseptal portal. The posterior transseptal portal is useful for an arthroscopic partial meniscectomy of a posteriorly flipped leaflet in the posterior compartment of the knee.