bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical changes of the mandibular canal, displaced root fragment and neurosensory deficit after removal of a mandibular third molar: report of a case
Authors: Ninkov P. , Svanæs D. , Bjørnland T. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe report an unusual case of anatomical changes of the mandibular canal, displacement of a tooth fragment and post‐operative inferior alveolar nerve neurosensory deficits after removal of a mandibular third molar. This article analyses the possible cause of anatomical changes of the mandible canal, and makes a contribution to studies in the literature about non‐surgical treatment of displaced tooth fragment and low‐level laser therapy of post‐operative inferior alveolar nerve neurosensory deficits after removal of a mandibular third molar.
Obesity and Psychotropics
Authors: Nihalani Nikhil , Schwartz Thomas L. , Siddiqui Umar A. , Megna James L. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYWeight gain is on the rise in the United States as is the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. These two phenomena are distinctly separate but tend to overlap in that most psychotropic agents approved for use in the United States are associated with the potential to induce weight gain. Metabolic disorders such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension are also on the rise and often associated with weight gain and clearly associated with certain psychotropic medications. This article serves to provide a succinct review regarding the epidemiology, etiology, and treatment options for psychotropic‐induced obesity.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by dibenamine and dibenzyline
Authors: BEDDOE (MISS) F , SMITH H J 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Dibenamine and dibenzyline are irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Kinetic studies show that at pH 9.5 a fast reaction occurs between a group on the enzyme with pKa 9.1 and the ethyleniminium ion derived from the inhibitor. Either the ε-amino-group of a lysine residue is alkylated or else a lysine residue catalyses the alkylation of a non-ionisable group (e.g. hydroxyl). At pH 6.5 there is a slow reaction between a carboxyl anion on the enzyme and the ethyleniminium ion. Studies of the alkylation reactions in the presence of the reversible competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, tetramethylammonium ion, show that alkylation occurs at some distance from the anionic site and probably on the borders of the active site.
Can yoga and climbing improve symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Stevinson C , Ozura A , Jazbec SS 
Published: May 2011

Velikonja O, Čurić K, Ozura A, Jazbec SS. Influence of sports climbing and yoga on spasticity, cognitive function, mood and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 587–601.
Yoga improves mood and anxiety in healthy subjects
Authors: Posadzki P , Streeter C 
Published: May 2011

Streeter CC, Whitfield TH, Owen L, Rein T, Karri SK, Yakhkind A, Perlmutter R, Prescot A, Renshaw PF, Ciraulo DA, Jensen JE. Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: a randomized controlled MRS study. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16: 1145–52.
Acupuncture for chronic neck myofascial pain syndrome?
Authors: Zhang J , Shang H 
Published: May 2011

Sun MY, Hsieh CL, Cheng YY, Hung HC, Li TC, Yen SM, Huang IS. The therapeutic effects of acupuncture on patients with chronic neck myofascial pain syndrome: a single‐blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Chin Med 2010; 38: 849–59.
Does long‐term use of soy isoflavones place women at increased risk for endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial cancer?
Authors: Cohen P , Palacios S 
Published: May 2011

Palacios S, Pornel B, Vázquez F, Aubert L, Chantre P, Marès P. Long‐term endometrial and breast safety of a specific, standardized soy extract. Climacteric 2010; 13: 368–75.
Cautioning against widespread and medically uncontrolled use of vitamin E supplements
Authors: Bender DA , Schürks M , Kurth T 
Published: May 2011

Schürks M, Glynn RJ, Rist PM, Tzourio C, Kurth T. Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2010; 341: c5702.
Acupuncture may improve exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure
Authors: Gamus D 
Published: May 2011

Kristen AV, Schumacher B, Strych K, Lossnitzer D, Friederich HC, Hilbel T, Haass M, Katus HA, Schneider A, Streitberger KM, Backs J. Acupuncture improves exercise tolerance of patients with heart failure: a placebo‐controlled pilot study. Heart 2010; 96: 1396–1400.
Affective variability predicts suicidal ideation in individuals at ultra‐high risk of developing psychosis: An experience sampling study
Authors: Palmier‐Claus J. E. , Taylor P. J. , Gooding P. , Dunn G. , Lewis S.W. 
Published: May 2011

Objective. There is a suggestion in the literature that more variable affect increases suicidal ideation through the repeated re‐activation of latent suicidal cognitions. The hypothesis that affective variability would be a better predictor of suicidal ideation and related behaviour than affect level was tested in individuals at ultra‐high risk of developing psychosis. This study also examined the prediction that affective variability is a suicide‐specific mechanism and would not predict levels of attenuated psychotic phenomena.Method. Twenty‐seven ultra‐high risk individuals were required to complete ambulant ratings of their affect when prompted by an electronic wristwatch for six days (the experience sampling method). In the debriefing session, participants were assessed with a semi‐structured interview (the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental State), which assessed the severity and frequency of suicidality and psychosis‐related phenomena.Results. The variability of negative and positive affect was predictive of the frequency of suicidal thoughts and behaviour. More variable negative, but not positive affect, was also associated with more severe suicidal ideation and related behaviour. Affect variability was not significantly related to the severity of attenuated psychotic phenomena.Conclusion. Affective variability appears to be a specific risk factor for suicidal ideation in individuals at ultra‐high risk of developing psychosis. Early intervention should focus on providing individuals with skills for regulating their own affect.
Reasoning bias and belief conviction in obsessive‐compulsive disorder and delusions: Jumping to conclusions across disorders?
Authors: Jacobsen Pamela , Freeman Daniel , Salkovskis Paul 
Published: May 2011

Objectives. This study investigated whether a reasoning bias (‘jumping to conclusions’; JTC) found to be associated with higher levels of conviction in delusions is also associated with high‐conviction beliefs in obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD).Design. The experimental design was mixed‐effects, with one between‐subjects factor of group and one within‐subjects factor of task.Methods. Participants were 16 people with high‐conviction OCD (≥50%), 16 people with low‐conviction OCD (<50%), 16 people with delusions (≥50% conviction), and 16 non‐clinical controls. JTC was assessed using a neutral probabilistic reasoning task (beads task) and a version involving words of differing emotional salience (words task).Results. There was no statistically significant difference in draws to decision on the beads task between the high‐conviction OCD group, the low‐conviction OCD group, and the non‐clinical controls. The delusions group made significantly fewer draws to decision compared to the non‐clinical controls on the words task but not the beads task and significantly fewer draws on both tasks compared with the combined OCD group. Emotionally salient material (words task) did not affect draws to decision in any group.Conclusions. JTC is associated with delusions but not high‐conviction beliefs in OCD. The cognitive processes associated with high‐conviction beliefs in OCD and psychosis may not be trans‐diagnostic. This is consistent with the view that high‐conviction OCD should not be classified as a psychotic disorder.
Dissemination of Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca Harboring CMY-31, VIM-1, and a New OXY-2-Type Variant in the Community
Authors: Tsakris Athanassios , Poulou Aggeliki , Markou Fani , Pitiriga Vassiliki , Piperaki Evangelia-Theophano , Kristo Ioulia , Pournaras Spyros 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiological link of multidrug-resistant
Klebsiella oxytoca
isolates causing community-onset infections among patients attending our outpatient department and to investigate the underlying resistance mechanisms. The isolates were tested by agar dilution MICs, phenotypic carbapenemase testing, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PCR assays and nucleotide sequencing were employed for the identification of
bla
gene types and the mapping of the integron-containing metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) gene. During the study period (January 2005 to April 2007), nine broad-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant
K. oxytoca
clinical isolates were prospectively collected from separate outpatients with urinary tract infections. In all cases, the patients had been hospitalized or exposed to health care facilities during the preceding year. Molecular typing revealed that all isolates belonged to the same
K. oxytoca
clonal type, which contained five PFGE subtypes. A novel chromosomal OXY-2 β-lactamase type variant (OXY-2-9) was detected in all isolates, but no mutations in the promoter region justifying
bla
OXY
gene overproduction were detected. In addition, all isolates harbored the plasmidic CMY-31 (LAT-4) AmpC cephalosporinase, while three of them harbored VIM-1 MBL in a class 1 integron structure. This is the first study to present the dissemination in the community of multidrug-resistant
K. oxytoca
isolates causing extrahospital infections.
JNJ-Q2, a New Fluoroquinolone with Potent
In Vitro
Activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Including Methicillin- and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Strains
Authors: Farrell David J. , Liverman Lisa C. , Biedenbach Douglas J. , Jones Ronald N. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

JNJ-Q2 is a broad-spectrum bactericidal fluoroquinolone with potent activity against Gram-positive and -negative pathogens. In this study, the
in vitro
activity of JNJ-Q2 was evaluated against 511 selected
Staphylococcus aureus
samples isolated in 2008-2009 from patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in the United States by using reference methodology. JNJ-Q2 was the most potent fluoroquinolone tested overall (MIC
50
and MIC
90
, 0.12 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively) and against methicillin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant subgroups in direct comparisons to moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin (each being ≥16-fold less potent than JNJ-Q2).
Implication of the NorB Efflux Pump in the Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus to Growth at Acid pH and in Resistance to Moxifloxacin
Authors: Truong-Bolduc Que Chi , Bolduc Gilles R. , Okumura Ryo , Celino Brian , Bevis Jennifer , Liao Chun-Hsing , Hooper David C. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is an important pathogen that adapts and survives in low-pH environments. One component of this adaptation involves the regulation of genes encoding bacterial transporters that could affect response to antibiotics under these conditions. We previously demonstrated that the transcriptional regulator MgrA in its phosphorylated form (MgrA-P) represses the expression of
norB
, encoding the NorB multidrug resistance efflux pump. In this study, we focused on changes in the expression of
mgrA
at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels, following a shift from pH 7.0 to pH 4.5. We then correlated those changes with modifications in transcript levels of
norB
and to resistance to moxifloxacin, a substrate of NorB. At pH 4.5,
S. aureus
MgrA increased 2-fold and MgrA-P decreased 4-fold, associated with an 8-fold increase in
norB
transcripts and a 6-fold reduction in bacterial killing by moxifloxacin, and the phenomenon was dependent on intact
mgrA
. Taken together, these new data showed that phosphoregulation of MgrA at low pH reverses its repression of
norB
expression, conferring resistance to moxifloxacin.
Characteristic Resistance Mechanism of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
to DC-159a, a New Respiratory Quinolone
Authors: Sekiguchi Jun-ichiro , Disratthakit Areeya , Maeda Shinji , Doi Norio 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

A G88C mutation in GyrA is one of the key alterations by which
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
mutants acquire DC-159a resistance
in vitro
. A novel double mutation in GyrA, G88C D94H, conferred high DC-159a resistance. Different mutation patterns in GyrA were demonstrated for DC-159a-resistant mutants and quinolone-resistant multidrug-resistant (QR-MDR)
M. tuberculosis
isolates, with a mutation either at position 90 or 94 and double mutations at 90 and 91 or at 90 and 94. DC-159a might be promising for QR
M. tuberculosis
treatment.
Trends towards Lower Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Characterization of Acquired Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in Spain
Authors: Hidalgo Álvaro , Carvajal Ana , Vester Birte , Pringle Märit , Naharro Germán , Rubio Pedro 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

The antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
in Spain was monitored, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance were investigated. MICs of tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, lincomycin, and tylvalosin were determined for 87
B. hyodysenteriae
isolates recovered from 2008 to 2009 by broth dilution. Domain V of the 23S rRNA gene and the ribosomal protein L3 gene were sequenced in 20 isolates for which the tiamulin MIC was ≥4 μg/ml, presenting decreased susceptibility, and in 18 tiamulin-susceptible isolates (MIC ≤ 0.125 μg/ml), and all isolates were typed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats analysis. A comparison with antimicrobial susceptibility data from 2000 to 2007 showed an increase in pleuromutilin resistance over time, doubling the number of isolates with decreased susceptibility to tiamulin. No alteration in susceptibility was detected for lincomycin, and the MIC of tylosin remained high (MIC
50
> 128 μg/ml). The decreased susceptibility to tylosin and lincomycin can be explained by mutations at position A2058 of the 23S rRNA gene (
Escherichia coli
numbering). A2058T was the predominant mutation, but A2058G also was found together with a change of the neighboring base pair at positions 2057 to 2611. The role of additional point mutations in the vicinity of the peptidyl transferase center and mutations in the L3 at amino acids 148 and 149 and their possible involvement in antimicrobial susceptibility are considered. An association between G2032A and high levels of tiamulin and lincomycin MICs was found, suggesting an increasing importance of this mutation in antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of
B. hyodysenteriae
.
Prevalence and Significance of Plasmid Maintenance Functions in the Virulence Plasmids of Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Sengupta Manjistha , Austin Stuart 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTVirulence functions of pathogenic bacteria are often encoded on large extrachromosomal plasmids. These plasmids are maintained at low copy number to reduce the metabolic burden on their host. Low-copy-number plasmids risk loss during cell division. This is countered by plasmid-encoded systems that ensure that each cell receives at least one plasmid copy. Plasmid replication and recombination can produce plasmid multimers that hinder plasmid segregation. These are removed by multimer resolution systems. Equitable distribution of the resulting monomers to daughter cells is ensured by plasmid partition systems that actively segregate plasmid copies to daughter cells in a process akin to mitosis in higher organisms. Any plasmid-free cells that still arise due to occasional failures of replication, multimer resolution, or partition are eliminated by plasmid-encoded postsegregational killing systems. Here we argue that all of these three systems are essential for the stable maintenance of large low-copy-number plasmids. Thus, they should be found on all large virulence plasmids. Where available, well-annotated sequences of virulence plasmids confirm this. Indeed, virulence plasmids often appear to contain more than one example conforming to each of the three system classes. Since these systems are essential for virulence, they can be regarded as ubiquitous virulence factors. As such, they should be informative in the search for new antibacterial agents and drug targets.
TREM-1 Amplifies Corneal Inflammation after Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection by Modulating Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Th1/Th2-Type Immune Responses
Authors: Wu Minhao , Peng Anping , Sun Mingxia , Deng Qiuchan , Hazlett Linda D. , Yuan Jin , Liu Xialin , Gao Qianying , Feng Lianqiang , He Junfang , Zhang Ping , Huang Xi 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTAs a novel family of cell surface receptors, triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) play an important role in inflammatory responses. However, the role of TREMs in the ocular immune system remains unknown. In this study, we examined the expression and function of TREM-1 inPseudomonas aeruginosakeratitis, one of the most common sight-threatening ocular diseases. TREM-1 was significantly increased in human corneas afterP. aeruginosainfection. Consistent with TREM-1 expression at the human ocular surface, TREM-1 levels (mRNA and protein) were also elevated in the infected corneas of C57BL/6 (B6) mice at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection. To determine whether TREM-1 dictates the outcome ofP. aeruginosakeratitis in susceptible mice, TREM-1 signaling in B6 mice was blocked with a soluble mTREM-1/Fc fusion protein. The results indicated that blockade of TREM-1 reduced the severity of corneal disease, polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration, Th1/proinflammatory cytokine expression and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation but enhanced the production of Th2 cytokines, murine β-defensin 2 (mBD2), single Ig interleukin-1R-related molecule (SIGIRR), and ST2. Furthermore, we also used agonistic anti-mTREM-1 antibody to activate TREM-1 signaling in B6 mice and found that TREM-1 activation resulted in worsened disease and earlier corneal perforation in infected B6 mouse corneas and elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines and TLR signaling molecules but reduced expression of mBD2, SIGIRR, and ST2. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that TREM-1 functions as an inflammatory amplifier inP. aeruginosakeratitis by modulating TLR signaling and Th1/Th2 responses.
Protective Role of Akt2 in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium-Induced Gastroenterocolitis
Authors: Kum Winnie W. S. , Lo Bernard C. , Yu Hong B. , Finlay B. Brett 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTTheSalmonellaeffector protein SopB has previously been shown to induce activation of Akt and protect epithelial cells from apoptosisin vitro. To characterize the role of Akt2 in host defense againstSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium infection, wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking Akt2 (Akt2 knockout [KO] mice) were infected using aSalmonellaacute gastroenteritis model. Infected Akt2 KO mice showed a more pronounced morbidity and mortality associated with higher bacterial loads in the intestines and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and MCP-1, in the colons at 1 day postinfection compared to those shown in WT mice. Histopathological assessment and immunohistochemical analysis of cecal sections at 1 day postinfection revealed more severe inflammation and higher levels of neutrophil infiltration in the ceca of Akt2 KO mice. Flow cytometry analysis further confirmed an increase in the recruitment of Gr-1+CD11b+neutrophils and F4/80+CD11b+macrophages in the intestines of infected Akt2 KO mice. Additionally, enhanced levels of annexin V+and terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive (TUNEL+) apoptotic cells in the intestines of infected Akt2 KO mice were also observed, indicating that Akt2 plays an essential role in protection against apoptosis. Finally, the differences in bacterial loads and cecal inflammation in WT and Akt2 KO mice infected with WTSalmonellawere abolished when these mice were infected with thesopBdeletion mutant, indicating that SopB may play a role in protecting the mice fromSalmonellainfection through the activation of Akt2. These data demonstrate a definitive phenotypic abnormality in the innate response in mice lacking Akt2, underscoring the important protective role of Akt2 inSalmonellainfection.
Burkholderia pseudomallei-Induced Expression of a Negative Regulator, Sterile-α and Armadillo Motif-Containing Protein, in Mouse Macrophages: a Possible Mechanism for Suppression of the MyD88-Independent Pathway
Authors: Pudla M. , Limposuwan K. , Utaisincharoen P. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Burkholderia pseudomallei
, a causative agent of melioidosis, is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium that can survive and multiply in macrophages. Previously, we demonstrated that
B. pseudomallei
failed to activate gene expression downstream of the MyD88-independent pathway, particularly the expression of beta interferon (IFN-β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), leading to the inability of macrophages to kill this bacterium. In the present report, we extended our study to show that
B. pseudomallei
was able to activate sterile-α and Armadillo motif (SARM)-containing protein, a known negative regulator of the MyD88-independent pathway. Both live
B. pseudomallei
and heat-killed
B. pseudomallei
were able to upregulate SARM expression in a time-dependent manner in mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The expression of SARM required bacterial internalization, as it could be inhibited by cytochalasin D. In addition, the intracellular survival of
B. pseudomallei
was suppressed in SARM-deficient macrophages. Increased expression of IFN-β and iNOS and degradation of IκBα correlated with enhanced macrophage killing capability. These results demonstrated that
B. pseudomallei
modulated macrophage defense mechanisms by upregulating SARM, thus leading to the suppression of IFN-β and iNOS needed for bacterial elimination.