bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Grouping, Pairing, and Mating on the Bionomics of Melanoplus bilituratus (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Riegert P. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdults of Melanoplus bilituratus (Walker) were reared in the laboratory as groups of pairs, as groups in association with mature and immature males, as single pairs, and as groups of unmated females. Females of grouped pairs produced a larger number of eggs per pod and laid a greater total number of eggs that were more viable and hatched at least one day earlier than those of other groupings. Hatchlings of grouped pairs were more robust, 29% reaching the adult stage, whereas only 12% of nymphs from eggs of single pairs reached adulthood. Eleven per cent of the eggs of unmated females were viable, although only one hatchling lived to become an adult. Females of grouped pairs, of single pairs, and of those that were unmated reached their peak egg production in four, five and seven weeks respectively, after becoming adult. Young females matured three days earlier when mated with old males than when mated with males of their own age.
Studies on the Bionomics of Summer Generations in California of the Apple Aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Westigard P. H. , Madsen H. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPopulations of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer, on apple were followed from 1959 to 1961, in Northern California. Population trends were generally upwards during early June and downwards through the remainder of the year. In 1959 a second population rise occurred during August. Populations were correlated with growth pattern of the host.Also of importance in the characteristic decline of the apple aphid during July and August are the emigration of alate forms and predator activity. High temperatures were not thought to be an important mortality factor during the early summer months.
An Unusual New Species of Hoploseius Berlese (Acarina: Blattisociidae) From Mexico
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAll, postembryonic instars of Hoploseius tenuis n. sp. are described and illustrated. This species is numerous in the pores of coniferous bracket fungi where it presumably feeds on the fungus. Discussed are: the relationship of this species to congeners, and the modification of the generic concept; the ontogeny of the body and leg setation, which includes larval, pustlarval and regressive deficiencies, and retardation; and the ontogeny of body elongation and its effect on the positions of setae. The adult morphology and setation of H. tenuis is briefly compared with that of an elongate digamasellid, Longoseius cuniculus Chant.
Reduced Growth Associated with Infestations of Douglas-fir Seedlings by Cinara Species (Homoptera: Aphidae)
Authors: Johnson Norman E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAphids of the genus Cinara are capable of causing serious growth reduction of Douglas-fir seedlings. Growth of infested seedlings may be only one-fourth to one-half that of uninfested seedlings. The aphids are easily controlled by injecting demeton around the base of the seedling. The presence of ants to clean up excessive honeydew is shown to be beneficial for the aphids.
The Predacious Thrips Haplothrips faurei Hood (Thysanoptera: Phloeothripidae) in Ontario Peach Orchards
Authors: Putman W. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarvae and adults of Haplothrips faurei (Hal.) that prey on the tetranychid mites Panonychus ulmi (Koch) or Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson attacked mainly the eggs. When no eggs were present, they attacked the motile stages of the mites but their growth and oviposition were slowed. Adult thrips that fed on winter eggs of the tetranychids lived only a short time, unless they also had access to peach leaves. The mite Aculus cornutus (Banks) and fresh pollen of Chenopodium album L. were eaten by H. faurei; pollen was less satisfactory than tetranychid eggs for growth and oviposition. Adults lived for long periods on leaf juices alone.One larva ate an average of 143 summer eggs of P. ulmi during its developmental period of 8 to 10 days at 24 °C. An adult ate an average of 44 eggs per day at 24 °C. when fed ad libitum.Females did not fly when fully fed and ovipositing, but they did so during the preoviposition period and after a short period of starvation.Most individuals of all stages of H. faurei were on the twigs, in crevices find other places of concealment on peach trees, bur a greater proportion of individuals were on the leaves of apple and plum. This difference in distribution was attributed to differential effects on behaviour by the glabrous foliage of peach and the pubescent foliage of apple and plum. The presence of H. faurei on twigs complicated population sampling in peach orchards.The egg was the stage most sensitive to low humidity, but there was no evidence that humidity limited the population in orchards.H. faurei was usually scarce in spring. Later, its numbers usually increased with those of the mites and it may have retarded growth of the mite populations, but its most obvious effect was the destruction of winter eggs in the fall.
A Synopsis of the ridingsiana Group of the Genus Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) With a Description of a New Species
Authors: Hardwick D. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe ridingsiana group of the genus Euxoa is defined, and the eight constituent species are distinguished by means of a key. Euxoa macrodentata, most closely related to Euxoa cooki McD., is described as new. Euxoa exculta (Sm.) and its nominal subspecies criddlei Sm. are synonymized with Euxoa perpolita (Morr.), and Euxoa perolivalis manitobana McD. is raised to specific rank.
The Spider GenusXysticusC. L. Koch (Araneae: Thomisidae) in Canada
Authors: Turnbull A. L. , Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe 40 known species of the genusXysticusC. L. Koch that occur in Canada are described and illustrated. Keys to both sexes are provided. Three new species,X.ampullatus,X.leechi, andX.winnipegensis, are described, two species,X.lutulentusGertsch andX.nicholsiGertsch, are synonymized with previously described ones, and two,X.ellipticusnew name andX.albonigernew name, are transferred toXysticusfrom another genus.
Some Mites of the Genus Proctolaelaps Berlese (Acarina: Blattisociidae) Associated with Forest Insect Pests
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. , Hunter Preston E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSix species of Proctolaelaps, found associated with insect pests of pine forests in the southeastern United States, are described and illustrated. These are: P. bickleyi (Bram), P. fiseri Samšinák, P. hystrix (Vitzthum), and three new species, P. dendroctoni, P. dioryctriae, and P. hystricoides. Newly recorded for North America are P. fiseri, P. hystrix, and P. ulmi Hirschmann; distributions for the last two species include British Columbia. Garmania striata Westerboer is synonymized under P. bickleyi; the problem of the lewisi species complex, which includes P. bickleyi, P. lewisi (Garman and McGregor), and P. utahensis (Chant), is noted.Although the food habits of these and related mites are mostly unstudied, tentative observations indicate that some species are commensals and others are predators of their insect associates. Investigation of such mites and their relationships with forest pests is urged.
Notes on Factors Influencing Diapause in the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché)
Authors: Read D. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFactors inducing diapause and methods foe breaking diapause in the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), are discussed. The pest was reared continuously in the greenhouse during the winter months (when pupae normally enter diapause) by fluctuating the air temperature from 60 to 65 °F. at night to between 75 and 80 °F. during the day and maintaining the soil temperature (in which the eggs, larvae and pupae were reared) at about 68 °F. Pupae produced by flies kept at constant temperatures entered diapause. Fluctuating the soil temperature (for rearing larvae and pupae) did not markedly influence entry into diapause, but when larvae and pupae were reared at above 72 °F. high mortality occurred. Intensity of diapause in the pupae also depended on the temperature at which the flies were reared, with the shorter period of dormancy occurring when flies were kept at low temperatures. Diapause development proceeded more rapidly at 45-50 °F. than at higher or lower temperatures but proceeded to completion at any temperature from 34 to 70 °F. At above about 72 °F., diapause development appeared to be inhibited. The period for completion of development was about 3-8 months, depending on storage temperatures and on intensity of diapause. Preliminary tests indicated that light intensity is a major factor influencing entry into diapause, and results of tests reported in this paper show that this influence can be offset by temperature.
The Life History and Immature Stages of Synergus pacificus McCracken and Egbert (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
Authors: Evans David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSynergus pacificus McCracken and Egbert (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is an inquiline of oak gall cynipids in the Pacific Coast area from southern British Columbia to central California. Approximately 1,000 specimens were examined during the course of this study. Descriptions of the egg and larval stages are given, and information on life history and ecology is presented.
TrachyphloeusGermar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in North America
Authors: Brown W J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTrachyphloeusGermar, 1817, is judged to be introduced in North America; the two species described from the United States are considered European imports. Consequently, the namesT.davisiBlatchley, 1916, andT.bifoveolatus(Beck), 1817, are considered synonymous, as are the namesT.asperatusBoheman, 1843,Chaetechus setigerHorn, 1876, andT.olivieriBedel, 1883.ChaetechusHorn, 1876, is synonymized withTrachyphloeus.T.aristatus(Gyllenhal), not previously reported from North America, is recorded from Carleton Place, Ontario.
The North American Species in Group VII of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGroup VII of North American Ips contains I. thomasi, new species, I. borealis Swaine and I. swainei R. Hopping. They are less than 4.0 mm. long and females have the front of the head or at least the vertex smooth and shining, impunctate, or with very fine sparse punctures; males are more coarsely granulate-punctate on the frons. The species are described and a key is given. All breed in Picea in Canada and northern United States.
New Records of Hymenopterous Parasites from California Scolytidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Bushing R. W. , Bright D. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParasites of the hymenopterous families Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, and Torymidae are listed from many different species of California Scolytidae. A parasite-host list and a host-parasite list are included to facilitate use of the paper. Forty-two records new to North American literature are presented.
Distribution of Attacks by Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. on Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.
Authors: Shepherd R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe incidence of attacks by Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. (= monticolae) was recorded by square-foot quadrats from the total bark surface of 60 lodgepole pine trees, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., according to location on the tree, proximity to branches, and degree of bark roughness. The frequency distribution of attack density was bimodal, but the bimodality was an artifact of sampling from a population having a varying mean density. A log (x + 1) transformation of the data permits the use of parametric tests. Alternative non-area sampling techniques showed that the spatial distribution of attacks within a small area tended toward regularity, probably following the distribution of bark niches. The greatest variance in attack density was associated with height, followed by areas, trees, diameters and aspects. Bark roughness was an important influence of distribution but number of branches was not.
Notes on and Additions to the Trioxys and Binodoxys Species (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) of North America
Authors: Mackauer Manfred 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe systematic position of the North American species described, originally, in the genus Trioxys Haliday is discussed. The following nine taxa are of genus Trioxys sensu strictu: T. (Trioxys) ameraceris Smith, betulae Marshall, new RECORD, bonnevillensis Smith, exareolatus (Viereck), gahani Smith, ibis Mackauer, NEW RECORD, infrequens Smith, utilis Muesebeck; and T. (Betuloxys) compressicornis Ruthe, NEW RECORD. Six species fall into genus Binodoxys Mackauer: B. carolinensis (Smith), coruscanigrans (Gahan), cupressicola (Gahan), NEW COMB., nearctaphidisN. SP., palmerae (Smith), and rhagii (Ashmead).
Sampling Predator Populations on Apple Trees in Nova Scotia
Authors: Lord F. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractProblems associated with quantitative estimations of mixed populations of several species of predators on apple trees are discussed. The problems arise largely because of the inherently high variability in such populations and because of the mechanical difficulties of counting predators on some basic unit of tree. In this investigation two devices used in sampling are described and their efficiency rated. One, a vacuum sampler, that removed predators from samples of leaf clusters on the tree failed to meet the standards set. The other, called the shaker sampler, tumbled clusters about in a revolving wire screen cage to dislodge predators for counting. The amount of processing with this device to remove practically all predacious specimens was calibrated. When the shaker-sampler technique was applied to studies in two orchards it proved to be practical for quantitative estimation of predator populations per large limb. The error associated with estimations of the density of individual species was usually very high so that pooling of the results for several or all species was required to reduce the variance to an acceptable level.
The Effect of Parasitization by Pimpla turionellae (L.) on the Emergence from the Pupal Case of its Host, Galleria mellonella (L.)
Authors: Loughton B. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParasitism of pupae of G. mellonella (L.) by P. turionellae (L.) was found to prevent adult emergence. The effect was manifest within 24 hours of parasitization. Experiments are described which indicated that the source of the factor preventing eclosion of the imago is the developing parasite egg.
Reactions of Male Click Beetles in the Laboratory to Olfactory Pheromones
Authors: Lilly C. E. , McGinnis A. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSex attractants were demonstrated in extracts of virgin females from four species, representing three genera, of elaterids. Each attractant was species specific. An olfactometer is described that permitted paper chromatograms of the extracts to be bio-assayed for pheromone activity. RF values of the attractants from the four species are compared.
Color Variation and Significance of Color in Reproduction in the Damselfly, Argia apicalis (Say) (Zygoptera: Coenagriidae)
Authors: Bick George H. , Bick Juanda C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractVariation in thoracic color and the role of color in reproduction were studied in the field in one population of the damselfly, Argia apicalis. Mature males and females were individually marked, and observed near noon on 47 consecutive days, and hourly on three. Males occurred in two color phases: bright blue, and gray-black, neither of which could be positively associated with age or mating. Change was not a single step from blue to finally dark or vice versa but often involved intervening changes in both directions with a maximum of eight in 12 days. Dark was the more temporary condition. Females occurred in three color phases: brown, turquoise, gray-black. As with males, no one phase could be positively associated with age or mating, and multi-directional change occurred after sexual maturity.Dead pinned individuals, modified or not, were presented to living males who: (1) advanced sexually toward motionless models, (2) discriminated intact females from males, (3) reacted sexually more frequently to brown than to the other normal female colors, (4) responded sexually to a female thorax and one wing almost as frequently as to a normal female, (5) accurately discriminated a female thorax and one wing from that of a male. The blue-tipped male abdomen aided but was not indispensable for sex recognition. Dorsal and lateral thoracic color were equally important and elicited male sexual response in their entirety rather than by particular pattern. Sex discrimination broke down when the normal thoracic color was obliterated with paint regardless of its color, but a thorax painted white was an "over-optimal" attraction suggesting the importance of light intensity.
Mating and Oviposition of Damselflies in the Laboratory
Authors: Johnson Clifford 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMethods and materials for colonizing damselflies (Ischnura) in the laboratory are described. Adults cease escape behavior in vision-proof cages. Females copulate only after first rejecting several would-be mates in succession and do not begin to oviposit until two to four hours afterwards. Artificial Du Pont sponges provide the best material for egg deposition. Methods of rearing large larval numbers are briefly described.
Competition and Cooperation Among Parasitic Hymenoptera Related to Biological Control
Authors: Flanders S. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSince the earliest days of this century the interactions of parasitic Hymenoptera that attack the same host species have been reported from time to time in connection with studies on the natural enemy fauna of pest insects. These studies indicate that the synchronous attack by two or more parasitic species on an individual of a host population, multiple parasitism, is of little, if any, importance in the economy of that population, whereas the attack by two or more parasitic species on a sequence of a host’s developmental stages and instars, sequential parasitism, may be highly important, especially from the standpoint of host regulation. Since the host-regulating capacity of a parasite species may vary both seasonally and geographically, sequential parasitism is highly conducive to continuity in the conservation of the host’s food supply, the practical measure of regulative parasitism. The cooperative as well as the competitive aspects of sequential parasitism are discussed. The parasite fauna of the black scale,Saissetia oleae(Bernard), is used to exemplify these aspects of parasitism.
Flight and Attack of the Ambrosia Beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) in Relation to Felling Date of Logs
Authors: Dyer E. D. A. , Chapman J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLog preference of the ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was studied by flight traps, attack density counts, and forced attacks, on 200 Douglas fir felled over a ten-month period. During heavy spring flights in late May, the beetles attacked logs from the August through January fellings, but not those cut February through May. At the end of the first brood-rearing period, parts of logs protected by plastic sheeting from earlier flights were attacked in this same pattern. Beetles confined on logs at different times attacked in essentially the same way as free beetles. It is concluded that felling date greatly influences subsequent attack. However, there was considerable variability in attack within groups of trees cut the same dates. Furthermore, attack on very short (1- and 3-foot) sections from the February fellings, when the corresponding logs were unattractive, showed that a factor other than time of felling also influenced log attractiveness. Some information was secured on flight and attack of other scolytid beetles in relation to felling date of logs.
Repositories of Symbiotic Fungus in the Ambrosia Beetle Platypus wilsoni Swaine (Coleoptera: Platypodidae)
Authors: Farris S. H. , Funk A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStained sections of female adult Platypus wilsoni Swaine showed that the punctures concentrated on the caudal half of the pronotum are fungus pits or mycangia. A fungus resembling Tuberculariella sp. was cultured from this area. Mycangia were not found in male adults.
Notes on the Distribution of Eggs of a Species in the Neodiprion fulviceps Complex (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Stark R. W. , Dahlsten D. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEgg distribution on a ponderosa pine 14 feet tall of a species of sawfly in the Neodiprion fulviceps complex is presented. Females prefer to oviposit on current year’s foliage. There was no consistency in position of egg cluster on the needle, length of needle, age or size of branch, vertical position in the tree or number of eggs per cluster in needles of different age. Oviposition was highest on south, southeast and east vectors of the tree. Two needles per fascicle were used more often on one-year-old foliage than on current foliage.
Systematic and Biological Notes on the Tribe Platymantispini (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) and the Description of a New Species of Plega from Mexico
Authors: Parker Frank D. , Stange Lionel A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract>The status of the genus Plega is discussed and a preliminary survey of the North American species is presented. Plega yucatanae, a new species reared from the cells of Megachile exaltata Smith, is described and compared with its near relatives. The immature stages are described and biological information is given.
Some Factors Influencing the Orientation of the Spider, Frontinella communis (Hentz.), in its Web (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Authors: Pointing P. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe orientation of mature, female Frontinella communis (Hentz.) on horizontal sheet webs was recorded in the field. Spiders fully exposed to direct solar radiation oriented independently of the sun at ambient air temperatures from 18 to 27 °C., but at higher temperatures, corresponding to web temperatures from 30 to 37 °C., they oriented toward the sun's disk in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The orientation of spiders in shade was independent of the sun's azimuth over the entire range of air temperatures experienced (18 to 34 °C). During light to moderate rainfall spiders oriented in the direction of the prevailing wind and the vertical displacement of the body axis from the typically horizontal position varied directly with rainfall intensity.
New Rhyacophilids and Limnephilids (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae and Limnephilidae)
Authors: Denning D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Rhyacophila coloradensis complex is discussed and a new species, amabilis, is added to the group. Two new species of Rhyacophila are described from California, spinata and ardala. Four new species of Limnephilus are described from California, bucketti, catula, atercus and neoacula; the first three represent interesting variations from described species. Several Limnephilus females are associated with the described males.