bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic effects of whole‐body devices applying pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF): A systematic literature review
Authors: Hug Kerstin , Röösli Martin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) delivered by whole‐body mats are promoted in many countries for a wide range of therapeutic applications and for enhanced well‐being. However, neither the therapeutic efficacy nor the potential health hazards caused by these mats have been systematically evaluated. We conducted a systematic review of trials investigating the therapeutic effects of low‐frequency PEMF devices. We were interested in all health outcomes addressed so far in randomized, sham‐controlled, double‐blind trials. In total, 11 trials were identified. They were focused on osteoarthritis of the knee (3 trials) or the cervical spine (1), fibromyalgia (1), pain perception (2), skin ulcer healing (1), multiple sclerosis‐related fatigue (2), or heart rate variability and well‐being (1). The sample sizes of the trials ranged from 12 to 71 individuals. The observation period lasted 12 weeks at maximum, and the applied magnetic flux densities ranged from 3.4 to 200 µT. In some trials sporadic positive effects on health were observed. However, independent confirmation of such singular findings was lacking. We conclude that the scientific evidence for therapeutic effects of whole‐body PEMF devices is insufficient. Acute adverse effects have not been reported. However, adverse effects occurring after long‐term application have not been studied so far. In summary, the therapeutic use of low‐frequency whole‐body PEMF devices cannot be recommended without more scientific evidence from high‐quality, double‐blind trials. Bioelectromagnetics 33:95–105, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photoreactive Nanoparticles as Nanometric Building Blocks for the Generation of Self‐Healing Hydrogel Thin Films
Authors: Froimowicz Pablo , Klinger Daniel , Landfester Katharina 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe use of reversible photo‐cross‐linkable nanoparticles as nano building blocks for the formulation of nanostructured self‐healing thin hydrogel films is shown for the first time. This strategy for the fabrication of autonomous self‐healing coatings consisted of various microgels bearing surface cinnamate moieties. The nanoparticles were formed by miniemulsion copolymerization, which was followed by surface functionalization with the cinnamate groups. These nanoparticles were then used to form films by drop‐casting, followed by interparticle photo‐cross‐linking polymerization through the light‐induced forward dimerization reaction of the previously incorporated cinnamate groups. The reversibility of this macroscopic network formation was also demonstrated by photoinducing the backward dimerization reaction and carrying out several cycles of photoinduced cross‐linking and de‐cross‐linking. The self‐healing ability through swelling of these films following surface damage was also demonstrated. Finally, the ability of these self‐healing macroscopic films to incorporate additives of different chemical nature before photo‐cross‐linking was evaluated.
Structure Analysis and Photocatalytic Properties of Spinel Zinc Gallium Oxonitrides
Authors: Ram Boppana Venkata Bharat , Schmidt Heather , Jiao Feng , Doren Douglas J. , Lobo Raul F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis report describes a detailed structural, electronic, and catalytic characterization of zinc gallium oxonitride photocatalysts with a spinel crystal structure. The bandgap decreases to less than 3 eV with increasing nitrogen content (<3 wt %) and these photocatalysts are active in visible light (λ>420 nm) for the degradation of cresol and rhodamine B. Density functional theory calculations show that this bandgap reduction is in part associated with hybridization between the dopant N 2p states and Zn 3d orbitals at the top of the valence band. X‐ray photoelectron measurements indicate that nitrogen is indeed interacting with the oxide precursor through the formation of both nitride‐ and oxonitride‐type species. The incorporation of nitrogen reduces the uniformity of the local structure of the spinel Zn‐Ga‐O‐N (ZGON) species, as reflected in X‐ray absorption spectra and Raman measurements relative to zinc gallate, which suggests the presence of defects. The oxonitrides exhibit faster photocatalytic rates of reaction than the oxide precursor. The degradation mechanisms were determined to be via the attack by hydroxyl radicals and holes for rhodamine B and cresol, respectively. Addition of Pt as a co‐catalyst increased the rate of photodegradation, a result attributed to better charge separation.
Multimode selective detection of mercury by chiroptical fluorescent sensors based on methionine/cysteine
Authors: Carney Patrick , Lopez Steven , Mickley Amanda , Grinberg Kirill , Zhang Wenyao , Dai Zhaohua 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTwo multimode Hg(II) sensors, L‐MethBQA and L‐CysBQA, were obtained by fusing methionine or S‐methyl cysteine, into a bis‐quinolyl amine‐based chiral podand scaffold. Quinolyl groups serve as the fluorophore and possess nitrogen lone pairs capable of chelating metal ions. On exposure to Hg2+ or Zn2+, these sensors show signal enhancement in fluorescence. However, Cu2+ quenches their fluorescence in 30:70 acetontrile/water. L‐CysBQA complexes with Hg2+, producing an exciton‐coupled circular dichroism spectrum with the opposite sign to the one that is produced by Cu2+ or Zn2+ complexation. L‐CysBQA binds Hg2+ more strongly than Zn2+ and is shown to differentiate Hg2+ from other metal ions, such as Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+, exceptionally well. The synergistic use of relatively soft sulfur, quinoline‐based chiral ligands and chiroptically enhanced fluorescence detection results in high sensitivity and selectivity for Hg2+. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exhaust Gas Purification at Small‐Scale Biomass Combustion and Experimental Investigation of a Combination of Catalytic and Electrostatic Exhaust Aftertreatment
Authors: Bindig René , Hartmann Ingo , Koch Christian , Matthes Mirjam , Schenker Marian , Thiel Christian , Kraus Markus , Roland Ulf , Einicke Wolf‐Dietrich 
Published: September 2011

AbstractKleinfeuerungsanlagen, die mit fester Biomasse betrieben werden, können in nicht unerheblichem Umfang toxische bzw. gesundheitsgefährdende Schadgase sowie Feinstaub emittieren. Eine repräsentative Auswahl der am Markt verfügbaren oder in aktuellen Forschungsprojekten in der Entwicklung befindlichen sekundären Emissionsminderungstechniken wird vorgestellt. Zurzeit ist kein System zur sekundären Emissionsminderung am Markt verfügbar, das den Ausstoß sowohl gasförmiger als auch fester bzw. kondensierter Luftschadstoffe wirksam vermindert. Eine Recherche zum Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik zeigt, dass elektrostatische Abscheider in Kombination mit der katalytischen Abgasreinigung eine aussichtsreiche sekundäre Technik darstellen. Experimentelle Arbeiten zur Untersuchung einer solchen Kombination werden vorgestellt.
Regeneration of olfactory afferent axons in the locust brain
Authors: Stern Michael , Scheiblich Hannah , Eickhoff René , Didwischus Nadine , Bicker Gerd 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe insect olfactory system consists of thousands of sensory neurons on each antenna, which project into the primary olfactory center, the glomerular antennnal lobe. There, they form synapses with local interneurons and projection neurons, which relay olfactory information to the second‐order olfactory center, the mushroom body. Olfactory afferents of adult locusts (Locusta migratoria) were axotomized by crushing the base of the antenna. We studied the resulting degeneration and regeneration in the antennal lobe by size measurements, anterograde dye labeling through the antennal nerve, and immunofluorescence staining of cell surface markers. Within 3 days postcrush, the antennal lobe size was reduced by 30% and from then onward regained size back to normal by 2 weeks postinjury. Concomitantly, anterograde labeling revealed regenerating afferents reaching the antennal lobe by day 4 postcrush, and reinnervating the olfactory neuropil almost back to normal within 2 weeks. Regenerated fibers were directed precisely into the antennal lobe, where they reinnervated glomeruli. As a remarkable exception, a few regenerating fibers projected erroneously into the mushroom body on a pathway that is normally chosen by second‐order projection neurons. Regenerating afferents expressed the cell surface proteins lachesin and fasciclin I. The antennal lobe neuropil expressed the cell surface marker semaphorin 1a. In conclusion, axonal regeneration in the locust olfactory system appears to be possible, precise, and fast, opening the possibility of future functional and mechanistic studies. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TiIV Complexes of Branched Diamine Bis(phenolato) Ligands: Hydrolysis and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Peri Dani , Manna Cesar M. , Shavit Michal , Tshuva Edit Y. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSix TiIV complexes of branched diamine bis(phenolato) ligands that feature a pendant donor side arm with different aromatic and N‐substitutions were synthesized and their hydrolytic stability and cytotoxicity were investigated as closely related analogues to the highly active and stable salan TiIV complexes [salan = N,N′‐bis(o‐hydroxybenzyl)‐1,2‐diaminoethane]. Although the Cs‐symmetrical complexes include binding of the side‐arm N donor to the metal as analyzed crystallographically, thus making them highly similar in coordination features to the C2‐symmetrical salan complexes, they exhibit poor hydrolytic stability, presumably due to higher flexibility in binding of the side arm in solution. Complexes of alkyl aromatic substituents, both N‐methylated and N‐ethylated, with varying steric constraints demonstrated poor cytotoxicity. In contrast, ortho‐halogenation, although it does not affect hydrolytic stability, substantially enhances the cytotoxicity towards colon HT‐29 and ovarian OVCAR‐1 cells.
Synthesis of 2′,4‐Diarylbenzophenones through Site‐Selective Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions of Bis(triflates) of 2′,4‐Dihydroxybenzophenones
Authors: Nawaz Muhammad , Ullah Ihsan , Abid Obaid‐Ur‐Rahman , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPalladium(0)‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions of the bis(triflates) of 2′,4‐dihydroxybenzophenones afforded 2′,4‐diarylbenzophenones. The reactions proceeded with very good site selectivity in favour of the 4‐position.
Electrophilicities of Acceptor‐Substituted Tritylium Ions
Authors: Horn Markus , Mayr Herbert 
Published: September 2011

AbstractRates of hydride transfers from triphenylsilane to a series of substituted tritylium ions in dichloromethane solution at 20 °C have been determined spectrophotometrically. The obtained kinetic data have been used to evaluate electrophilicity parameters (E) for acceptor‐substituted tritylium ions according to the linear free energy relationship log k = sN(N + E), thus extending the previously established electrophilicity scale of differently substituted tritylium ions to more reactive systems. The rates of attack of water at meta‐fluoro‐substituted tritylium ions in aqueous acetonitrile solution have been determined by laser‐flash techniques. Hydroxide and methyl anion affinities of fluoro‐substituted tritylium ions have been calculated at the MP2(FC)/6‐31+ G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level of theory. Rate‐equilibrium relationships are discussed.
Electrofugalities of Acceptor‐Substituted Tritylium Ions
Authors: Horn Markus , Metz Christian , Mayr Herbert 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIonization rate constants of differently substituted tritylhalides and carboxylates have been determined by conductimetry at 25 °C in aqueous acetonitrile and in acetone. Common ion return was suppressed by the addition of piperidine, which traps the generated tritylium ions. The obtained rate constants were subjected to Winstein–Grunwald and Hammett analyses. The solvolysis rate constants of trityl chlorides and bromides were employed to derive electrofugality parameters (Ef) of tritylium ions according to the linear free energy relationship log kion = sf(Ef + Nf) (N. Streidl, B. Denegri, O. Kronja, H. Mayr, Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43, 1537–1549). A facile scheme for estimation of ionization rates of trityl derivatives is presented.
Anodic Oxidation of Cladribine and In Situ Evaluation of DNA‐Cladribine Interaction
Authors: Pontinha A. Dora R. , Satana H. Eda , Diculescu Victor C. , Oliveira‐Brett Ana Maria 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCladribine (CLD), 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine, was investigated at a glassy carbon electrode using cyclic, differential pulse and square wave voltammetry over a wide pH range. The oxidation of CLD is an irreversible, pH‐dependent with the transfer of two electrons and two protons mechanism, leading to the formation of a hydroxylated species which undergoes reversible redox reactions with the transfer of one electron and one proton. The in situ evaluation of DNA‐CLD interaction using a DNA‐electrochemical biosensor was investigated. The CLD interaction causes dsDNA structural modifications in a time‐dependent manner, but no DNA oxidative damage caused by CLD was observed.
Voltammetric Determination of Phosphate in Brazilian Biodiesel Using Two Different Electrodes
Authors: Torrezani Larissa , Saczk Adelir Aparecida , Firmino de Oliveira Marcelo , Stradiotto Nelson Ramos , Okumura Leonardo Luiz 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe presence of contaminants, such as phosphate, in biodiesel, has several drawbacks for instance: current engines perform poorly, fuel tanks deteriorate, catalytic conversion is damaged, and particles emission is increased. Therefore, biodiesel quality control is extremely important for biodiesel acceptance and commercialization worldwide. In this context, a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and another chemically modified electrode with iron hexacyanoferrate (Prussian Blue – PB) were developed for determination of phosphate in biodiesel. The LODs of 6.44 and 1.19 mg kg−1, and LOQs of 21.43 and 3.97 mg kg−1 were obtained for the bare GCE and the PB‐modified GCE, respectively. The methodology was employed for analysis of Brazilian biodiesel samples, and it led to satisfactory results, demonstrating its potential application for biodiesel quality control. Additionally, recovery and interference tests were conducted, which revealed that the developed methods are suitable for analysis of phosphate in biodiesel samples.
The damped cable system for seismic protection of frame structures — Part II: Design and application
Authors: Sorace Stefano , Terenzi Gloria 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe complementary sections of the studies carried out on the damped cable system, whose experimental and numerical characterization and assessment analyses are described in the companion paper, are presented herein. The first section includes a criterion for a preliminary evaluation of the section area of cables, the second branch stiffness of spring‐dampers and the mutual installation preload, and suggestions for a simplified nonlinear dynamic computation of the damping coefficient of dissipaters. A second section follows, aimed at evaluating the influence of cable layout on damped cable system performance. A numerical enquiry is developed on a four‐story and an eight‐story RC plane frame, to assess their seismic response for several shapes of cables, and determine what geometrical configurations are the best performing ones. In the third section, a demonstrative application of the protective system, represented by the seismic retrofit of a hospital building with RC structure, is offered. The characteristics of the system designed for this case study, including locations, dimensions, layouts, and technical installation details of cables and spring‐dampers, are illustrated, and the improvement of seismic performance as compared with the original conditions, is finally assessed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PARALLEL IMPORTS AND INNOVATION IN AN EMERGING ECONOMY: THE CASE OF INDIAN PHARMACEUTICALS
Authors: Mantovani Andrea , Naghavi Alireza 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis paper studies the impact of the re‐importation of imitated pharmaceuticals as a by‐product of an open policy toward parallel import (PI) on process innovation. Foreign investment by a firm to exploit a new unregulated market with weak intellectual property rights can give rise to imitation. These products can potentially re‐enter the original country when PI is allowed influencing research and development (R&D) incentives. In an emerging economy with technologically heterogeneous firms, trade costs shift PI‐related market share losses from the more to the less R&D efficient firm, inducing the former to strategically increase R&D. PI accompanied by tariffs also induces higher R&D effort by the technologically inferior firm when it results in an expansion of its sales abroad. A tariff on PI is most likely to increase welfare when the technological gap between the two firms at home is sufficiently large. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of genotoxicity induced by exposure to antineoplastic drugs in lymphocytes of oncology nurses and pharmacists
Authors: El‐Ebiary Ahmad A. , Abuelfadl Arwa A. , Sarhan Naglaa I. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe hazards of handling antineoplastic drugs have been raised and discussed in several studies. Introduction of new antineoplastics together with abuse of safety standards have contributed to the exposure risk for personnel who handle these substances. Interactions of antineoplastic drugs with biological structures vary according to the drug(s) and the individual's genetic susceptibility. This study was carried out to evaluate the genome damage induced by exposure to antineoplastic drugs in nurses (n = 20) and pharmacists (n = 18) working in the Oncology Department of Tanta Cancer Center. Thirty subjects matched in age, gender and smoking habit were selected as controls. Both chromosomal aberration analysis and micronucleus assay were used to evaluate genome damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the study subjects. The numbers of aberrant lymphocytes, as well as chromosomal aberration and micronuclei frequencies, were significantly increased in exposed personnel in comparison to matched controls. Compared with pharmacists, nurses showed notably higher level of chromosome damage. On the other hand, no significant difference in micronuclei frequency was observed between nurses and pharmacists. Correlation analyses pointed to the influence of age and duration of occupational exposure on the level of chromosome damage among exposed subjects. The results of this study confirmed that handling antineoplastic drugs without appropriate precautions imposed a genotoxic risk for exposed healthcare workers. These results address the need for regular biomonitoring of exposed personnel. In addition, they call attention to the need for proper implementation of intervention measures aiming to eliminate or significantly reduce worker exposure and prevent untoward biological effects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable overexpression of arginase I and ornithine transcarbamylase in HepG2 cells improves its ammonia detoxification
Authors: Tang Nanhong , Wang Yan , Wang Xiaoqian , Zhou Liangyi , Zhang Feiyuan , Li Xiujin , Chen Yanlin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHepG2 is an immortalized human hepatoma cell line that has been used for research into bioartificial liver systems. However, a low level of ammonia detoxification is its biggest drawback. In this work, a recombinant HepG2 cell line with stable overexpression of human arginase I (hArgI) and human ornithine transcarbamylase (hOTC), HepG2/(hArgI + hOTC)4, was developed using a eukaryotic dual gene expression vector pBudCE4.1. (1) The hArgI and hOTC enzymatic activity in HepG2/(hArgI + hOTC)4 cells were higher than in the control cells. (2) The ammonia tolerance capacity of HepG2/(hArgI + hOTC)4 cells was three times that of HepG2 cells and 37.5% of that of primary human hepatocytes in cultivation. In the experiment of ammonia detoxification, HepG2/(hArgI + hOTC)4 cells produced 3.1 times more urea (at 180 mM NH4Cl) and 3.1 times more glutamine (at 120 mM NH4Cl and 15 mM glutamate) than HepG2 cells, reaching 63.1% and 36.0% that of primary human hepatocytes, respectively. (3) The hArgI and hOTC overexpression did not influence the growth of HepG2 cells and also promoted the expression of other ammonia detoxification associated proteins including glutamine synthetase (GS), arginase II (ArgII), arginosuccinate synthase (ASS) and arginosuccinate lyase (ASL) in HepG2 cells. This work illustrates that the modification reported here made significant progress in the improvement of HepG2 cell function and the HepG2/(hArgI + hOTC)4 cells will provide a better selection for the application of bioartificial liver system. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 518–527, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stress‐specific responses of p21 expression: Implication of transcript variant p21 alt‐a in long‐term hypoxia
Authors: Kaija Helena M. , Särkioja Terttu , Kortelainen Marja‐Leena , Vuoristo Jussi T. , Huikuri Heikki V. , Porvari Katja S. 
Published: September 2011

Abstractp21 (CDKN1A, Cip1, Waf1) is a cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor capable of causing cell cycle arrest or promoting cell cycle transit as well as acting as a regulator of apoptosis. In this study, we analyzed the effects of various antemortem conditions on p21 protein level and expression profiles of known p21 transcript variants in human heart tissue. The selected death cause groups were: non‐cardiac, hypothermia, acute ischemia, and chronic hypoxia. Immunohistochemical staining of p21 in cardiac myocytes could be observed only in hypothermia death cases, in which the mRNA expression of the most abundant variant, p21V1, also exceeded that in other death cause groups. Cytoplasmic localization of p21 protein in vascular smooth muscle cells together with substantially increased expression of cardioprotective Pim‐1 especially in chronic hypoxia, but in acute ischemia and hypothermia as well, indicate change of p21 function from cell cycle arrest to promotion of proliferation and cell survival in these cases. In chronic hypoxia deaths the expression of variant p21 alt‐a was highly pronounced whereas the expression of variant p21B was low. In chronic hypoxia deaths the expression of p53 was substantially higher compared to the other groups, being a potential regulator of p21 alt‐a expression. In acute ischemia deaths increased expression of variant p21B, suggested to be proapoptotic in several cell lines, was observed. Our results suggest a role for variant p21 alt‐a in hypoxia and for variant p21B in acute myocardial ischemia. The known cardioprotective aspect of hypothermia might come from an increased p21 protein level. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 544–552, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.