bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Methodologies: Suggestions for Junior Researchers
Authors: NAKAMURA NAOHIRO 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIndigenous methodologies in geography have recently been developed to decolonise Western dominated paradigms. It has been argued that research which does not benefit Indigenous communities should not be conducted. However, Indigenous methodologies are not taught in many post‐secondary institutions. Therefore, when they pursue Indigenous topics, many junior researchers are self‐taught in these methodologies. However, these methodologies cannot be defined simply and they are too diverse to be learnt in a short period. In Japan, Indigenous peoples are not widely recognised and research on contemporary Indigenous issues is limited. The concept of Indigenous methodologies is rarely discussed. Because of this, Japanese researchers rarely identify their research as adopting an Indigenous methodology. Indigenous researchers are thereby discouraged from pursuing Indigenous methodologies. Furthermore, a methodology or a thesis statement used by researchers to reflect Indigenous perspectives often gets little support from Indigenous peoples. My master's research on the Ainu mirrored this situation. While Indigenous methodologies remain difficult to learn, junior researchers should not be discouraged from this form of engagement. Practical suggestions are therefore necessary to encourage their use and application. Based on my experience, I suggest that researchers approach Indigenous communities from a learning perspective. This would encourage open‐mindedness and sensitivity. Researchers should also be prepared and willing to refine their research questions and to continue their literature searches after their fieldwork is completed. These strategies could limit misinterpretation and exploitation of Indigenous knowledges and peoples.
Flowpath Independent Monitoring of Reductive Dechlorination Potential in a Fractured Rock Aquifer
Authors: Bradley Paul M. , Lacombe Pierre J. , Imbrigiotta Thomas E. , Chapelle Francis H. , Goode Daniel J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe flowpath dependent approaches that are typically employed to assess biodegradation of chloroethene contaminants in unconsolidated aquifers are problematic in fractured rock settings, due to difficulties defining discrete groundwater flowpaths in such systems. In this study, the variation in the potential for chloroethene biodegradation with depth was evaluated in a fractured rock aquifer using two flowpath independent lines of field evidence: (1) the presence of the three biochemical prerequisites [electron donor(s), chloroethene electron acceptor(s), and chlororespiring microorganism(s)] for efficient chloroethene chlororespiration and (2) the in situ accumulation of chloroethene reductive dechlorination daughter products. The validity of this approach was assessed by comparing field results with the results of [1, 2‐14C] cis‐DCE microcosm experiments. Microcosms were prepared with depth‐specific core material, which was crushed and emplaced in discrete packer intervals for 1 year to allow colonization by the indigenous microbial community. Packer intervals characterized by significant electron donor concentrations, elevated numbers of chlororespiring microorganisms, and high reductive dechlorination product to parent contaminant ratios correlated well with the production of 14C‐labeled reductive dechlorination products in the microcosm experiments. These results indicate that, in the absence of information on discrete groundwater flowpaths, a modified approach emphasizing flowpath independent lines of evidence can provide insight into the temporal and spatial variability of contaminant biodegradation in fractured rock systems.
Paleosols in Central Illinois as Potential Sources of Ammonium in Groundwater
Authors: Glessner Justin J. G. , Roy William R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGlacially buried paleosols of pre‐Holocene age were evaluated as potential sources for anomalously large concentrations of ammonium in groundwater in East Central Illinois. Ammonium has been detected at concentrations that are problematic to water treatment facilities (greater than 2.0 mg/L) in this region. Paleosols characterized for this study were of Quaternary age, specifically Robein Silt samples. Paleosol samples displayed significant capacity to both store and release ammonium through experiments measuring processes of sorption, ion exchange, and weathering. Bacteria and fungi within paleosols may significantly facilitate the leaching of ammonium into groundwater by the processes of assimilation and mineralization. Bacterial genetic material (DNA) was successfully extracted from the Robein Silt, purified, and amplified by polymerase chain reaction to produce 16S rRNA terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) community analyses. The Robein Silt was found to have established diverse and viable bacterial communities. 16S rRNA TRFLP comparisons to well‐known bacterial species yielded possible matches with facultative chemolithotrophs, cellulose consumers, nitrate reducers, and actinomycetes. It was concluded that the Robein Silt is both a source and reservoir for groundwater ammonium. Therefore, the occurrence of relatively large concentrations of ammonium in groundwater monitoring data may not necessarily be an indication of only anthropogenic contamination. The results of this study, however, need to be placed in a hydrological context to better understand whether paleosols can be a significant source of ammonium to drinking water supplies.
Careful counsel: Management of unintended pregnancy
Authors: O'Reilly Monica 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPurpose: To provide a guideline for the care of women with unintended pregnancies, highlight the magnitude of unintended pregnancy, identify the demographic population at highest risk, offer assessment and diagnostic information, and describe the importance and practice of comprehensive, nondirective pregnancy options counseling, including information on abortion, adoption, and parenthood.Data sources: Extensive literature review of government publications, professional clinical, nursing, and medical journals and textbooks.Conclusions: The practice of counseling women and couples in a nondirective manner and providing comprehensive overview of options is paramount and should be the standard practice for all clinicians, especially within organizations funded by Title X funds.Implications for practice: As we strive toward diligent patient advocacy, it is essential that NPs implement and endorse the ethical provision of options counseling through promoting values clarification and continuing education.
Optimizing outcomes with incretin‐based therapies: Practical information for nurse practitioners to share with patients
Authors: Fleury‐Milfort Evelyne 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPurpose: To introduce the role of incretin therapies and suggest strategies for nurse practitioners to implement them in practice.Data sources: PubMed, Medline, summary of product characteristics/package inserts.Conclusions: Incretin‐based therapies offer a new alternative to currently available agents. They provide adequate levels of glycemic control and are associated with low incidence of hypoglycemia and weight gain. Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, for example sitagliptin, have a modest effect on A1c levels (−0.7%) as monotherapy; however, they reduce A1c to a greater extent when combined with metformin (∼2.0%). Typical starting dose of sitagliptin is 100 mg; dose adjustments are required in subjects with renal complications. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists, exenatide and liraglutide, reduce A1c levels (often in excess of 1.5%) and body weight. Exenatide has a starting dose of 5 μg and is not recommended for patients with hepatic impairment or severe/end‐stage renal disease. Liraglutide has been found to benefit from a stepwise dose escalation (i.e., 0.6 mg weekly increments) until a 1.8‐mg dose is reached. Unlike exenatide, dose adjustments in patients with renal and hepatic complications are not required.Implications for practice: Incretin‐based therapies may help to overcome some of the drawbacks of current therapies used to treat type 2 diabetes.
Epidemiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Aleppo, Syria
Authors: ALBACHE Nizar , AL ALI Radwan , RASTAM Samer , FOUAD Fouad M. , MZAYEK Fawaz , MAZIAK Wasim 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground:  Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considerable public health problem, but data on the prevalence and correlates of T2DM in Syria are scarce. The aim of the present study was to establish reliable estimates of the prevalence of T2DM in Syria.Methods:  A cross‐sectional, population‐based survey was conducted in Aleppo, Syria (population 2.5 million), in 2006. The study was conducted on a random sample of 1168 subjects ≥25 years of age (47.7% men; mean age 44.7 ± 12.7 years). Information regarding a personal history of diabetes and other risk factors was collected, followed by measurement of weight, height, and the waist:hip ratio (WHR). Of the 1168 participants, 806 provided fasting blood samples that were analyzed for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c.Results:  The prevalence of T2DM based on FPG ≥126 mg/dL and HbA1c ≥6.5% was 15.6% (11.2% self‐reported; 5.0% diagnosed) and 14.8%, respectively. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (FPG ≥110 and <126 mg/dL) was 8.6%. There was a significant positive association between T2DM and age, WHR, a family history of T2DM, and body mass index (BMI) and an inverse association between T2DM and physical activity (P < 0.01 for all). Multivariate analysis showed that age, BMI, WHR, and a family history of T2DM were the most important factors associated with T2DM. Only 16.7% of treated cases of T2DM were under control (i.e. HbA1c <7%).Conclusions:  Based on the results obtained in our sample, T2DM is widespread in Syria. Many of those with T2DM are unaware of their disease and most have unsatisfactory control of their disease.
Sub and Superharmonics in Natural Waves
Authors: Mansard E. P. D. , Sand S. E. , Klinting P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Simulation of waves in numerical and physical models are often done using 1st-order linear waves; but recent investigations have shown that, under certain wave conditions, the magnitude of nonlinear waves present in a sea state can become important and necessitate the various models to include these nonlinearities. Investigations of a series of prototype records were therefore undertaken to establish the magnitude of these nonlinear waves for three different ranges of water depth. Analysis of these waves were also carried out in order to evaluate their effects on design parameters such as crest levels, velocities, etc.
Design Analysis of Ship Steering Gear Control Systems
Authors: Zheng J. Y. , Reid R. E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper presents design analyses of ship steering gear control systems. Emphasis is placed on compressibility, leakage, friction, hydrodynamic damping, limiter and relay aspects of systems design. Computer simulation results are presented to assess the effect of design parameters on system performance for two different steering system/ship configurations. A design example is presented to show the main steps for designing a steering gear control system using single-loop bang-bang control with a variable capacity pump. The performance of the system is shown to be good.
Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Motions of Risers and Offshore Loading
Towers
Authors: O'Brien P. J. , McNamara J. F. , Dunne F. P. E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A method is developed for the three-dimensional nonlinear motions of marine risers, pipelines and offshore loading towers. The technique is based on the finite element method and the separation of the rigid body motions and deformations of elements under conditions of finite rotations. The position of the riser is defined by a set of co-rotational axes and the evaluation of the finite rotations of this convected system is detailed. The method includes all nonlinear effects including geometry changes, bending-axial and bending-torsional coupling and follower forces and pressures. The computation of Morison-type loads is described with respect to three-dimensional axes. In order to verify the procedure numerical results are presented for the case of a vertical cantilever under bi-directional loading and axial torque; the results are shown to agree exactly with independent calculations. Results are also presented for an example from the literature on the three-dimensional response of an articulated tower to noncollinear waves and current.
A New Method for Calculation of the Position of Separation Points in
Two-Dimensional Flow Around Bodies at High Reynolds Number
Authors: Yang X.-C. , Moe G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A method for analysis of separated flow about bluff bodies is presented. The emphasis is on boundary layer calculations and the determination of separation points. The wake flow in this project has been treated by point vortices, in accordance with a method presented by Sarpkaya and Shoaff. The wake model is not discussed herein, however. The boundary layer is treated by means of a Falkner-Skan transformation and the resulting differential equations are solved by a finite difference method. The external flow can change both in magnitude and direction, but so far only slow, gradual changes have been dealt with. The boundary layer model includes a laminar model and also, optionally, a simple model of turbulence. The flow very close to the separation point presents special problems. It has herein been modeled by a so-called triple-deck model, valid for laminar, subsonic flows.
Ultimate Strength and Post-Ultimate Strength Behavior of Damaged
Tubular Members in Offshore Structures
Authors: Yao T. , Taby J. , Moan T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An idealized structural unit model is constructed to represent the pre and post-ultimate strength behavior of a damaged tubular member with various boundary conditions subjected to various end loads. Local denting and overall permanent lateral deflection are considered as a damage. The calculated results using this model are compared with a large number of previous and new experimental results. A parametric study regarding the influence of damages on the ultimate strength of tubular members is also performed.
Large-Scale Ice Strength Tests at Slow Strain Rates
Authors: Chen A. C. T. , Lee J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In the winter of 1979/80, five petroleum companies participated in an Exxon Production Research Company program in which thirteen large-scale ice strength tests were conducted offshore in the vicinity of Prudhoe Bay. The purpose of the program was to determine the uniaxial compressive strength of annual sea ice as a function of strain rate and direction of loading with respect to preferred crystal alignment. Full ice sheet thickness test blocks with dimensions of 10 ft × 20 ft (3.05 m × 6.10 m) were cut free from the surrounding sheet ice. A hydraulic loading system with two million pounds of force capacity was used to compress the ice blocks at constant strain rates ranging from 10−7 s−1 to 10−5 s−1. Deformation in three orthogonal dimensions along with the axial had were measured and recorded throughout the test. This paper describes the field operations and test results, including uniaxial compressive strength, stiffness, Poisson’s ratio, and failure modes. Measured ice temperature, salinity and crystallographic structure are also presented.
Wave Forces Acting on a Moving Cylinder
Authors: Koterayama W. , Nakamura M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Wave forces acting on a surging circular cylinder in regular waves are measured in a wave tank. Experiments are carried on various combinations of the amplitude of a wave and a surge, and the phase difference between them. The results of experiments are compared with those of calculations. The Morison equation extended to the case of relative motion is employed to calculate the forces on the cylinder. The inertia, added mass and drag coefficients used in the calculations are obtained from wave force measurements on a fixed cylinder and forced-surge tests in still water.
Thermal Buckling of Offshore Pipelines
Authors: Ju G. T. , Kyriakides S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The vertical buckling of offshore pipelines caused by thermal loads is analyzed by modeling the pipeline as a long heavy beam resting on a rigid foundation. The axial restraint provided to the line by the surrounding soil is modeled as Coulomb friction. The study is concerned with the effect of localized, small initial geometric imperfections on the response and stability of the structure. In the presence of initial imperfections, the response is characterized by the temperature rise required to cause initial uplift and by a limit temperature rise beyond which the structure becomes unstable. Both of these critical values are shown to be sensitive to the form and magnitude of the imperfections as well as by the pipe material inelastic characteristics.
Fracture Toughness of Bohai Bay Sea Ice
Authors: Shen W. , Lin S.-Z. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this paper linear elastic fracture mechanics is used to evaluate the fracture toughness of sea ice, which was collected from Bohai Bay and researched experimentally in the recent 84/85 winter. The value of fracture toughness and its trend under different loading rate is analyzed. Not only the fracture toughness of mode I is discussed, but also the fracture criterion of II and combined mode is firstly investigated. If the rate is not too low, the critical stress intensity factor KIIC does not vary with the variation of stress intensity factor rate K˙II. Experimental results of sea ice under combined fracture mode coincide well with the criterion obtained from the strain energy density factor theorem. But this theorem cannot be employed so well to determine the orientation of crack propagating tendency.
Slow Release of Nitric Oxide from Charged Catheters and Its Effect on Biofilm Formation byEscherichia coli
Authors: Regev-Shoshani Gilly , Ko Mary , Miller Chris , Av-Gay Yossef 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTCatheter-associated urinary tract infection is the most prevalent cause of nosocomial infections. Bacteria associated with biofilm formation play a key role in the morbidity and pathogenesis of these infections. Nitric oxide (NO) is a naturally produced free radical with proven bactericidal effect. In this study, Foley urinary catheters were impregnated with gaseous NO. The catheters demonstrated slow release of nitric oxide over a 14-day period. The charged catheters were rendered antiseptic, and as such, were able to prevent bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on their luminal and exterior surfaces. In addition, we observed that NO-impregnated catheters were able to inhibit the growth ofEscherichia coliwithin the surrounding media, demonstrating the ability to eradicate a bacterial concentration of up to 104CFU/ml.
Dose Escalation Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a Novel Potent Broad-Spectrum Nonfluorinated Quinolone, in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Lin Luke , Chang Li-Wen , Tsai Cheng-Yuan , Hsu Ching-Hung , Chung David T. , Aronstein William S. , Ajayi Funmi , Kuzmak Barbara , Lyon Robert A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Nemonoxacin (TG-873870) is a novel nonfluorinated quinolone with potent broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
, penicillin- and quinolone-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, and vancomycin-intermediate and vancomycin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin were investigated in a double-blind, ascending-single-dose study involving 56 healthy subjects (48 males and 8 females) who were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 dose cohorts. In each successive cohort, two subjects received a placebo and six received single oral doses of 25, 50, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 mg nemonoxacin. Nemonoxacin was well tolerated up to the maximum dose of 1,500 mg. No severe or serious adverse events were observed. The most frequent adverse events were contact dermatitis, pruritus, and erythema. No clinically significant abnormalities were noted in the electrocardiograms, vital signs, or laboratory tests. The plasma concentrations increased over the dose range, and at 500 mg, the free area under the plasma concentration-time curve/MIC
90
ratios and free maximum nemonoxacin concentration/MIC
90
ratios against drug-sensitive/drug-resistant
S. pneumoniae
and
S. aureus
were greater than 227 and 24, respectively. The peak time and elimination half-life of nemonoxacin were 1 to 2 h and 9 to 16 h, respectively. The oral clearance was approximately 0.22 liter/h/kg. The plasma protein binding was approximately 16%. The results of this study support further evaluation of the multiple-dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin.
Multiple-Dose Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Nemonoxacin (TG-873870) in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Chung David T. , Tsai Cheng-Yuan , Chen Shu-Jen , Chang Li-Wen , King Chi-Hsin R. , Hsu Ching-Hung , Chiu Kit-Mui , Tan Hao-Chen , Chang Yu-Ting , Hsu Ming-Chu 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Nemonoxacin (TG-873870) is a novel nonfluorinated quinolone with broad-spectrum activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic, anaerobic, and atypical pathogens, as well as against methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
, vancomycin-resistant
S. aureus
, and multiple-resistant bacterial pathogens. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating study to ascertain the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin. We enrolled 46 healthy volunteers and used a once-daily oral-dosing range of 75 to 1,000 mg for 10 days. Additionally, the food effect was evaluated in subjects in the 500-mg cohort. Nemonoxacin was generally safe and well tolerated, with no significant changes in the clinical laboratory tests or electrocardiograms. Adverse effects, including headache, contact dermatitis, and rash, were mild and resolved spontaneously. Nemonoxacin was rapidly absorbed within 2 h postdosing, and generally, a steady state was reached after 3 days. The maximum plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve were dose proportional over the dosing range. The elimination half-life was approximately 7.5 h and 19.7 h on days 1 and 10, respectively. Approximately 37 to 58% of the drug was excreted in the urine. Food affected the pharmacokinetics, with decreases in the maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve of 46% and 27%, respectively. However, the free AUC/MIC
90
of nemonoxacin was more than 100 under both the fasting and fed conditions, predicting the efficacy of nemonoxacin against most of the tested pathogens. In conclusion, the results support further clinical investigation of once-daily nemonoxacin administration for antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.