bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictive ability of propofol effect–site concentrations during fast and slow infusion rates
Authors: SEPÚLVEDA P. O. , CORTÍNEZ L. I. , RECART A. , MUÑOZ H. R. 
Published: December 2009

Background: The performance of propofol effect–site pharmacokinetic models during target‐controlled infusion (TCI) might be affected by propofol administration rate. This study compares the predictive ability of three effect–site pharmacokinetic models during fast and slow infusion rates, utilizing the cerebral state index (CSI) as a monitor of consciousness.Methods: Sixteen healthy volunteers, 21–45 years of age, were randomly assigned to receive either a bolus dose of propofol 1.8 mg/kg at a rate of 1200 ml/h or an infusion of 12 mg/kg/h until 3–5 min after loss of consciousness (LOC). After spontaneous recovery of the CSI, the bolus was administered to patients who had first received the infusion and vice versa. The study was completed after spontaneous recovery of CSI following the second dose scheme. LOC was assessed and recorded when it occurred. Adequacies of model predictions during both administration schemes were assessed by comparing the effect–site concentrations estimated at the time of LOC during the bolus dose and during the infusion scheme.Results: LOC occurred 0.97 ± 0.29 min after the bolus dose and 6.77 ± 3.82 min after beginning the infusion scheme (P<0.05). The Ce estimated with Schnider (ke0=0.45/min), Marsh (ke0=1.21/min) and Marsh (ke0=0.26/min) at LOC were 4.40 ± 1.45, 3.55 ± 0.64 and 1.28 ± 0.44 μg/ml during the bolus dose and 2.81 ± 0.61, 2.50 ± 0.39 and 1.72 ± 0.41 μg/ml, during the infusion scheme (P<0.05). The CSI values observed at LOC were 70 ± 4 during the bolus dose and 71 ± 2 during the infusion scheme (NS).Conclusion: Speed of infusion, within the ranges allowed by TCI pumps, significantly affects the accuracy of Ce predictions. The CSI monitor was shown to be a useful tool to predict LOC in both rapid and slow infusion schemes.
The Use of Ratings and Direct Behavioural Observation to Measure Temperament Traits in Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)
Authors: Fox Rebecca A. , Millam James R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractConsistent individual variation in behaviour (often referred to as ‘temperament’ or ‘personality’) has increasingly been shown to be relevant to understanding patterns of behaviour that may influence survival and reproductive success. Although observer ratings on expert‐nominated behavioural descriptors have been successfully used to identify and measure temperament traits in non‐human primates and other species, some researchers argue that these measurements may be contaminated by observer bias both in the nomination of descriptors and in ratings of individual animals by the observers. Instead, it has been suggested that a better means of measuring temperament relies on a bottom‐up approach based on direct, quantitative measurements of a species’ behavioural repertoire. In this study, we compare the utility of a trait‐nomination‐and‐ratings approach and an approach using direct behavioural observation for identifying and describing the patterning of temperament traits a captive population of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Our data show that the nomination‐based and the behavioural repertoire‐based approaches yield very similar pictures of the patterning of temperament traits in cockatiels, although trait scales generated using the nomination‐and‐ratings approach have higher internal consistency. Additionally, trait scores on both the behavioural repertoire‐based trait scales and the nomination/ratings‐based trait scales show reasonable power to predict observed behaviour, consistent with findings in both humans and non‐human animals. The nomination/ratings approach seems to be more powerful in predicting birds’ behaviour towards novel objects. While further validation is certainly needed, the present results suggest that both methods may have some utility for describing temperament in cockatiels.
Adult Responses to Larval Population Size in the Almond Moth, Cadra cautella
Authors: McNamara Kathryn B. , Elgar Mark A. , Jones Therésa M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractJuvenile population size may affect the potential for future mating opportunities and therefore potentially sperm competition; this may favour ontogenetic adjustments in sperm production. Theory predicts that males should optimize their ejaculatory investment in accordance with the risk of sperm competition. Evidence for these theories is typically revealed in males of highly polyandrous species. Whether such responses to environmental cues exist for females, or are maintained in mildly polyandrous species in which most females do not re‐mate, is unknown. Male lepidopterans produce normal, fertilizing sperm (eupyrene) and non‐fertilizing (apyrene) sperm. Apyrene sperm are associated with reduced female receptivity, suggesting a role in sperm competition. We tested the effect of juvenile population size on life‐history parameters and reproductive investment in the mildly polyandrous almond moth, Cadra cautella, a species in which current male ejaculate traits suggest previous selection for paternity protection consistent with a sperm‐competitive environment. Larvae were reared at high (H) or low population sizes (L). We recorded larval development time, adult longevity and male gametic investment. Our results show a response by adults to signals in the juvenile environment. H males transferred more apyrene, but not eupyrene sperm. We also examined potential trade‐offs between somatic characters and reproductive behaviours. Larval duration was longer for H individuals, females and heavier individuals. Further, H females and L males lived longer than L females. Our data are consistent with the theory that males should adjust their reproductive investment in accordance with sperm competition risk.
Chemical Mediation of Prey Recognition by Spider‐Hunting Wasps
Authors: Uma Divya B. , Weiss Martha R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPredator–prey interactions are important in maintaining the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Both predators and prey use cues from a range of sensory modalities to detect and assess one another; identification of these cues is necessary to understand how selection operates to shape predator–prey interactions. Mud‐dauber wasps (Sphecidae) provision their larval nests with paralyzed spiders, and different genera of wasps specialize on particular spider taxa.Sceliphron caementarium(Drury 1773) wasps preferentially capture spiders that build two‐dimensional (2D) webs, rather than those that construct three‐dimensional (3D) webs, but the basis of this preference is not clear. Wasps may choose spiders based on an assessment of their web architecture, as 3D webs may provide better defenses against wasp predation than do 2D webs. However, because many hymenopterans use chemical cues to locate and recognize prey, it is also possible that mud‐dauber wasps rely on chemical cues associated with the spider and/or the web to assess prey suitability. When we offered foragingS. caementariumwasps 2D and 3D spiders both on and off their webs, we found that in both cases the wasps took 2D spiders and avoided 3D spiders, demonstrating that the web itself is not the impediment. Results of a series of behavioral choice assays involving filter paper discs containing spider cues and chemically manipulated spiders or spider dummies corroborated the importance of spider chemical cues in mediation of prey recognition by mud‐dauber wasps. We also discuss the relative importance of visual and chemical cues for prey recognition by wasps, examine the anti‐predator behaviors of 2D and 3D spiders, and consider the role of wasp predation in spider diversification.
Paternity Loss in Relation to Male Age, Territorial Behaviour and Stress in the Pied Flycatcher
Authors: Moreno Juan , Martínez Juan‐Gabriel , Morales Judith , Lobato Elisa , Merino Santiago , Tomás Gustavo , Vásquez Rodrigo A. , Möstl Erich , Osorno José L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFor sexual selection to operate in monogamous species, males of poor quality in some factor like age, ornamentation, condition or aggressiveness, should lose paternity compared with higher quality males. We tested this idea in an Iberian population of pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). Microsatellite analysis of 67 broods revealed moderate levels of extra‐pair paternity (22.4% of broods, 7.5% of young). In a sample of 58 broods for which the caring male was identified, a higher paternity loss was associated with younger males, males that were less aggressive during territorial intrusion tests performed before the commencement of laying, and with males that showed higher levels of corticosterone metabolites in faecal samples collected at the end of the nestling period. Plumage darkness, forehead patch size and condition were not related to paternity loss. Paternity loss is more related to behavioural or physiological traits than to morphological ones in this population.
Boldness and Reproductive Fitness Correlates in the Eastern Mosquitofish,Gambusia holbrooki
Authors: Wilson Alexander D. M. , Godin Jean‐Guy J. , Ward Ashley J. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAnimals are known to exhibit ‘personality’; that is, individual differences in behaviour that are consistent across time and/or situations. One axis of personality of particular importance for behavioural ecology is boldness, which can be defined as the tendency of an individual to take risks. The relationship between individual personality and fitness correlates, particularly those involved in reproduction, remains largely unexplored. In the current study, we used female Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) to ascertain whether certain reproductive traits (e.g. stage of pregnancy, fecundity) are correlated with individual personality in two wild populations in New South Wales, Australia. To quantitatively assess this relationship, we tested individual fish for their level of boldness, as measured by their latency to exit a refuge and tendency to shoal in a novel environment. We also quantified individual differences in general activity and tendency to swim near the water surface and substratum. For both populations taken together, bolder individuals tended to be smaller, relatively less fecund (when taking body size into account), and spent more time near the water surface than near the substratum compared with timid individuals. Individual boldness was not correlated with either general activity or stage of pregnancy. To our knowledge, our study characterizes for the first time a relationship between an individual personality trait (boldness) and a reproductive fitness correlate (fecundity) in fishes.
Identification of New Members of Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris Affecting Tomato Plants in Poland
Authors: Krawczyk Krzysztof , Pospieszny Henryk , Kamasa Joanna 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo symptomatic tomato plants exhibiting dwarfing, twisting of shoots and leaves, virescence and phyllody of flowers were collected, respectively, from a greenhouse (Soly07fi) or the field (Soly06gh) in the western region of Poland. Direct and nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed using universal phytoplasma primers P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the PCR products showed that the RFLP profiles of both tested phytoplasma isolates are the same and that they belong to the phytoplasma 16S rRNA I‐C subgroup. The homology between the two strains was 99%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the phytoplasma isolates and other phytoplasma sequences available in the GenBank database indicated that the Polish phytoplasma isolates are most closely related to the phytoplasma 16S rRNA I‐C subgroup.
Single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) in complex colorectal surgery: a technique offering potential and not just cosmesis
Authors: Chambers W. M. , Bicsak M. , Lamparelli M. , Dixon A. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAim  Single‐incision (or port) laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has recently emerged as a method to improve morbidity and cosmetic benefit of conventional laparoscopic surgery. The literature contains two reports of SILS right hemicolectomy, and we report our experience of this technique.Method  Seven consecutive, unselected patients underwent SILS retrocaecal appendicectomy, right hemicolectomy, extended right hemicolectomy, colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis, proctocolectomy, anterior resection and restorative proctocolectomy/ileoanal pouch using a single Triport (Olympus Keymed, Southend, UK), conventional instrumentation and nerve block analgesia. Three had undergone previous surgery, two had cancer and two were immunosuppressed.Results  Umbilical, right‐ and left‐iliac fossa SILS was feasible using conventional instruments. Operative time ranged between 23 and 195 min (median 48 min). Four patients tolerated normal diet within 6 h (12–16 h for the remainder). Only one patient required postoperative enteral morphine (10 mg × 4). Discharge occurred between 8 and 90 h (median 16 h) of surgery. A secondary haemorrhage from the ileorectal anastomosis was managed conservatively.Conclusion  SILS colorectal resection is feasible and safe when performed by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon and theatre team. It may have advantages over conventional laparoscopic surgery in terms of reduced pain, lower cost, faster recovery and cosmesis.
The role of cell proliferation and crypt fission in adenoma aggressiveness: a comparison of ileoanal pouch and rectal adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Will O. C. C. , Deheragoda M. , Phillips R. K. S. , Clark S. K. , Tomlinson I. P. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAim  In patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), ileoanal pouch cancer is rare whereas rectal cancer is common, despite polyp initiation at the two sites being similar at the molecular level. This study investigated whether the disparity in adenoma aggressiveness reflects underlying differences in histogenesis.Method  Normal mucosal biopsies and 2–3 mm adenomas from patients with FAP were dissected into individual crypts. Crypt area, morphology, fission and mitoses were analysed for crypts from pouch, rectum and supra‐anastomotic ileum. Immunohistochemistry of similar archival samples was performed for lysozyme, β‐catenin and TP53 expression.Results  The morphology of normal crypts was similar at each site, although crypt area differed. The area of normal pouch crypts was intermediate between rectum and ileum. The area of adenomatous crypts of rectum and pouch was similar, but the latter had increased asymmetrical fission. Crypt mitoses were proportional to area in all tissues, but crypt fission was reduced in adenomatous crypts from the rectum compared with the pouch. Pouch adenomas retained lysozyme expression as seen in normal ileum. Nuclear β‐catenin accumulation was similar, but TP53 expression was increased in rectal adenomas.Conclusion  Diminutive polyps from rectum and pouch differ in morphology and proliferation. Aggressiveness in rectal polyps is not conferred by increased crypt proliferation, fission, or activation of the Wnt signalling pathway. Increased TP53 expression suggests other molecular mechanisms may be responsible. While crypt mitoses are proportional to crypt area, the threshold for fission may be site specific, indicating that tissue origin may influence histogenesis and thus malignant potential.
Long‐term functional outcome and quality of life after restorative proctocolectomy with ileo‐anal anastomosis for colitis
Authors: Andersson T. , Lunde O. C. , Johnson E. , Moum T. , Nesbakken A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAim  The study aimed to evaluate long‐term health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and functional outcome in patients who had undergone restorative proctocolectomy with ileo‐anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis.Method  A total of 156 patients who underwent IPAA during the period 1984–2003 and who still had an intact pouch were included. The HRQOL score was compared with 4152 individuals from the general Norwegian population using the SF‐36 questionnaire, and function was evaluated using the Wexner Continence Grading Scale.Results  One hundred and ten (71%) patients answered the questionnaires, 60 (55%) of whom were men. All except five patients had ulcerative colitis. Median (range) age at interview was 47 (19–66) years, and time after surgery was 12 (2–22) years. The IPAA patients scored slightly, but significantly, lower in four of six SF‐36 health domains than the control subjects, adjusted for age and gender. Multiple regression analysis showed frequency of nocturnal defaecation, faecal incontinence and urgency to be independent negative prognostic factors of quality of life. Frequency of defaecation was a median of 7 (3–12) bowel movements during the day and 2 (0–6) at night. The majority had some degree of faecal incontinence, median (range) Wexner score of 8 (0–17), and 40% reported urgency of defaecation necessitating alterations in lifestyle.Conclusion  Patients with IPAA reported slightly lower HRQOL rates than the general population and had an inferior functional outcome.
Resistance training for obese, type 2 diabetic adults: a review of the evidence
Authors: Hills A. P , Shultz S. P , Soares M. J , Byrne N. M , Hunter G. R , King N. A , Misra A 
Published: December 2009

SummaryIn both developed and developing countries, increased prevalence of obesity has been strongly associated with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the adult population. Previous research has emphasized the importance of physical activity in the prevention and management of obesity and T2DM, and generic exercise guidelines originally developed for the wider population have been adapted for these specific populations. However, the guidelines traditionally focus on aerobic training without due consideration to other exercise modalities. Recent reviews on resistance training in the T2DM population have not compared this modality with others including aerobic training, or considered the implications of resistance training for individuals suffering from both obesity and T2DM. In short, the optimal mix of exercise modalities in the prescription of exercise has not been identified for it benefits to the metabolic, body composition and muscular health markers common in obesity and T2DM. Similarly, the underlying physical, social and psychological barriers to adopting and maintaining exercise, with the potential to undermine the efficacy of exercise interventions, have not been addressed in earlier reviews. Because it is well established that aerobic exercise has profound effects on obesity and T2DM risk, the purpose of this review was to address the importance of resistance training to obese adults with T2DM.
SIM‐NET: A View‐Based Semantic Similarity Model forAd HocNetworks of Geospatial Databases
Authors: Bakillah Mohamed , Bédard Yvan , Mostafavi Mir Abolfazl , Brodeur Jean 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSemantic similarity is a fundamental notion in GIScience for achieving semantic interoperability among geospatial data. Until now, several semantic similarity models have been proposed; however, few of these models address the issues related to the assessment of semantic similarity in ad hoc networks. Also, several models are based on a definition of concepts where features are independent, an assumption that reduces the richness of the geospatial concept representation. This article presents the conceptual basis for Sim‐Net, a novel semantic similarity model forad hocnetworks based on Description Logics (DL). Sim‐Net is based on the multi‐view paradigm. This paradigm is used to includeinferential knowledgein semantic similarity, that is, the knowledge about implicit dependencies between features of concepts. In Sim‐Net, assessing semantic similarity relies on the notions of Semantic Reference Systems and Formal Concept Analysis (FCA), which are combined to establish a common semantic reference frame for ontologies of thead hocnetwork called the view lattice. The Sim‐Net semantic similarity measure distinguishes concepts that belong to different or similar domains and takes into account the neighbours of a concept in the network. An application example is used to show the positive impact of the properties of Sim‐Net.
A GIS‐based Reconstruction of Little Ice Age Glacier Maximum Extents for South Tyrol, Italy
Authors: Knoll Christoph , Kerschner Hanns , Heller Armin , Rastner Philipp 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA reconstruction method of historical glacier topographies and possible uses of these results are demonstrated in this article. This reconstruction was accomplished for 310 Alpine glaciers in South Tyrol, Italy. These glaciers are featured with a wealth of different historical (e.g. paintings, photographs and historical maps) and recent data sources (airborne laser scan based digital terrain model and digital orthophotos) that allow the reconstruction of the Little Ice Age maximum extension. These sources are among the best historical and recent documents of glaciers for the mid‐nineteenth century. The results of this reconstruction visualize the ongoing climate change in a comprehensive way. The area changes between the time of the Little Ice Age maximum extent (around the year 1850) and the recent glaciation in 2006 amounts to a loss of 182.4 km2or almost 66%. In the same time, the calculated mean equilibrium line altitude for all South Tyrolean glaciers rose approximately by 160 m.
A GIS‐based Stochastic Approach to Generating Daytime Population Distributions for Vehicle Route Planning
Authors: Lau Kwok Hung 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article explores the use of daytime population distributions for vehicle route planning in urban environments when proximity to population is a major consideration. A GIS‐based stochastic geocoding algorithm is proposed to generate daytime population distribution patterns using travel survey data. Metropolitan Melbourne in Australia is used as a test case with data collected from the Victorian Activity and Travel Survey between 1994 and 1999. The advantage of employing daytime population distributions for vehicle route planning is then illustrated taking dangerous goods delivery and mobile billboard advertising as examples. Analysis suggests that the proposed algorithm generates population distribution patterns with finer spatial and temporal details than that obtained using other estimation methods. The algorithm also eliminates the problem of over‐ or under‐estimation of population associated with previous attempts using travel survey data and therefore provides more accurate results.