bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicide A 7 years survey in Islamic republic of Iran
Authors: Hasani S A , Raadi T , Haddadi M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionNearly 1 million people worldwide commit suicide each year, with anywhere from 10 to 20 million suicide attempts annually. Suicide is the process of purposely ending one's own life which shatters the lives of family and friends.MethodsIn a 7 year survey from 21 March 2002 to 20 March 2009 all hospitals admitted suicidal cases from all hospitals of Iran medical university in Tehran were included in our study. The cases were both from public and private hospitals.ResultsOverall 12 224 cases were admitted during 7 years, in most cases there was no single or clear reason for why he decided to suicide. The most common type of suicide was drug abuse (taking high doses of legal or illegal drugs) and the less was electrical shock. The most common age was 21–30 years old followed by 16–20. Females attempted and dead much more often by means of suicide than do males (60% vs 40%). Single had more suicidal behaviours than married.RecommendationThere are two central components of successful prevention programs. The first is case-finding; means to find individuals who are at risk, referring them and making sure they get appropriate care. The second is risk reduction or primary prevention by reducing the risks for suicide and suicidal behaviour in the general population. Community prevention efforts should focus on primary prevention from childhood because behaviours that contribute to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among adults often are established during childhood.
Sustainability of the effects of Abu Dhabi seat belt intervention on seat belt use in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Al Hosani Y , Stevenson M , El Sadig M , Sue S 
Published: March 2011

Although seat belt legislation was implemented in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 1999, the prevalence of seat belt use did not exceed 15% postimplementation (El-Sadiget al, 2002).Based on this low prevalence rate, an intervention consisted of social marketing and enhance traffic enforcement strategies were implemented in Abu Dhabi over 4 months period.The prevalence of seat belt use among drivers and passengers increased from 35% to 45% and from 26% to 33%, respectively (pre- to immediately postintervention).There prevalence among local drivers increased from 5.6% pre to 10% immediately postintervention and for non-local drivers from 54% to 66%. The overall prevalence rate among local passengers remained at 7% compared to non-local passengers which increased from 37% pre- to 50% immediately postintervention.At 6 months postintervention, the percentage of all drivers and passengers using seat were 48% and 41.8%, respectively. There was a further 3% increase in the prevalence of seat belt use among local drivers compared to relatively unchanged rate (67%) for non-local drivers.On the other hand, the prevalence of seat belt use increased from 7% to 11% among local passengers compared to a further 8% increase among non-local passengers.The finding from this study is consistent with findings from other studies where similar interventions have been implemented (Shultset al, 2004; Stevensonet al, 2008) which demonstrates that successful road safety interventions undertaken in high income countries can effectively be implemented in the UAE.
Risk factors leading to deliberate self harm in patients presenting to the emergency departments: a multi-centre case–control study from Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Shahid M , Hyder A A , Khan M M , Razzak J , Jamali S , Kazmi W , Shaikh R 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesTo determine the risk factors of patients presenting with deliberate self harm (DSH) to the emergency departments (EDs) of four tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan.To determine the outcome (admission or discharge) of patients presenting with DSH to the EDs of four tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsStudy periodMarch 2010 to May 2010.Sample SizeAn equal number of cases (65) and controls (65) will be enrolled from each centre.Study siteAga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Civil Hospital Karachi and Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre.Study populationInclusion criteria for cases: all patients 18 years and above presenting to the ED of respective hospitals with DSH attempt.Inclusion criteria for controls: for each case, a control will be enrolled in the study, which will be identified with the use of ED admission register and will be matched with cases for gender and age 2 years.Exclusion criteria for both cases and controls: individuals not giving informed consent, critically ill (intubated, obtunded patients, those with third degree burns and life threatening injuries).Study toolDSH-Risk Factors and self-reported questionnaire scale for anxiety and depression.Psychiatric evaluation, treatment and follow-upThe information elicited from questionnaires will help reach a tentative psychiatric diagnosis. These patients will be referred to Psychiatry Consulting Clinics at AKUH. These clinics are conducted by senior psychiatry residents under the supervision of consultants.
Risk factors of pedestrians' injury in Ghana
Authors: Damsere-Derry J , Ebel B E , Mock C , Afukaar F , Donkor P 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionDying on the road as a pedestrian is a serious health threat in developing countries. Pedestrian fatalities constitute over 60% of all urban road user deaths in Ghana.ObjectiveWe estimated the OR associated with casualty fatalities using a multinomial logistic regression.ResultsCrossing roadways in Ghana is inimical to pedestrians. Generally, over 70% of all pedestrian fatalities occurred during crossing the roads. Whereas fatalities in 2002 and 2003 were statistically indistinguishable from those of 2004 (p>0.05), in comparison with 2004, there were significantly fewer fatalities in 2005 and 2006 (adjusted OR 0.22, p=0.002; and 0.35, p=0.024 respectively). The probability that a pedestrian death occurring between 2002 and 2006 in Ghana is attributable to excessive speeding is 65%. The adjusted OR of pedestrian death associated with speeding compared with driver inattentiveness was 3.6 (95% CI 2.5 to 5.2). Generally, lighter vehicular masses were associated with low pedestrian fatalities. Compared with buses, pedestrians were less likely to die when struck by private cars (52%), pick-up trucks (57%) and motorcycles (86%). Night-time fatalities were notably higher than daytime deaths (adjusted OR 1.7, p=0.005).ConclusionsImportant risk factors associated with pedestrian death in Ghana include being hit by heavy or speeding vehicles, night-time walking and roadside activities. Steps which may contribute to reducing pedestrian fatalities include measures to reduce vehicle speeds in settled areas, providing traffic medians, lighting streets in settlements and discouraging roadside activities such as hawking.
WHO collaborating centre on community safety promotion
Authors: Svanström L , Sundström M 
Published: March 2011

Karolinska Institutet, Division of Social Medicine, Sweden, was designated as a WHO Collaborating Centre on Community Safety Promotion 1989, because of its long experiences with community oriented safety promotion programmes. The role of the WHO Collaborating Centre is to:Spread the WHO Safety Promotion Programme Safe Community world-wide;Review applications from communities related to six Indicators for Safe Communities; Affiliate Centres and Certifying Centres for Safe Communities and Safe Schools;Organise together with Safe Communities annual International Safe Community Conferences and Regional (Africa; Asia; European; Nordic and Pacific Rim) Safe Community Conferences;Co-ordinate education on Master and Ph.D. level in safety promotion and training courses sc “Travelling Seminars”;Publish a newsletter:Safe Community Monthly News;Involve in other conferences like the biannual “World Conferences on Injury Prevention and Control”;Conduct methodological development and transfer of technology;Organise networks for community programs;Conduct research.
The FARE: a new way to express falls risk among older persons including physical activity as a measure of exposure
Authors: Wijlhuizen G Jan , Chorus A M J , Hopman-Rock M 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesCommon expressions of falls risk do not include exposure to hazards. We compared two expressions: the commonly used population incidence (fallers per 1000 person-years) and the FARE (FAlls Risk by Exposure): the number of fallers per 1000 physically active person-days.MethodsProspective follow-up study among community dwelling older persons (N=771) aged between 71 and 96 years in the Netherlands, 2005. Baseline data on age, gender, disabilities (vision, mobility) and number of days per week with minimally 30 min of physical activity were collected. Falls were registered monthly. Falls risk was expressed as the number of falls per 1000 person-years and as the FARE. A balance control difficulty score was based on the sumscore of 11 disability items.ResultsIncreased difficulty controlling balance was linearly associated with reduced exposure to risky situations (Spearman correlation coefficient= −0.56) and to an increased falls risk per 1000 person-years. In contrast, the FARE score increased exponentially, which is more indicative of the real risk people face, taking into account their activity restriction.ConclusionsThe FARE is recommended for use in public health policy and research on falls prevention because it takes into account reduced physical activity of older persons who experience increased difficulty controlling their balance.
The utility of provincial injury surveillance information and the achievement policy to empowerment and set partner-ship for road safety in the students
Authors: Meekhauwd W 
Published: March 2011

TitleThe utility of provincial injury surveillance information and the achievement policy to Empowerment and set partnership for road safety in the students, A case study from Nakhonsrithamarat Province, south of Thailand.Problem under studyDuring 2001–2009, each year 150 students who age between 15 and 20 years old were injured and killed by motorcycle injury. Head injury is the main cause of mobility and mortality. Rate of helmet use is less than 20% (Nakhonsrithamarat provincial surveillance injury, 2001–2009) and inefficient Law enforcement.ObjectiveTo propose the Injury Surveillance data for Nakhonsithammarat municipality and Nakhonsithammarat Provincial Government to achieve appropriate policy and an effective management for stopping the causes.ResultsMOU 14 items between the governor and schools; Pilot project in 14 schools; Maung District; Nakhonsrithamarat Province : partnership for road safety in the students, agreement from Governor and Private sector with 5 E strategy.ConclusionFor road safety. multidisciplinary such as: education, enforcement, engineering, evaluation, Employee Management Services and empowerment from governor and private sector is necessary to give effect to be the public policy.
Parental supervision of school-age children at home: “I think he is in his room playing a video game”
Authors: Morrongiello B A , Read A , Zdzieborski D 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundRecent research reveals that care giver supervision is a critical determinant of childhood injury. In virtually all of this research, however, the focus has been limited to care givers of preschool children (<6 years). Little is known about how care givers supervise school-age children, what factors influence supervision practices, and how supervision relates to children's risk of injury. The present study addressed these gaps in knowledge.ObjectivesUsing a prospective design this study examined school-age children's supervision and relations between supervision and injury.MethodsMothers reported on school-age children's history of injuries and recorded home supervision over a 2-month interval. The children independently completed diaries about daily events that included injuries. Relations between supervision and both parent permissiveness and children's propensity to risk take were examined.ResultsChildren spent 24% of time alone, mostly supervised intermittently or not at all. Parent permissiveness was associated with increased time unsupervised, while children's risk taking propensity was associated with decreased time unsupervised. Extent of direct supervision served a protective function associated with fewer injuries, while extent of indirect- and non-supervision time emerged as risk factors for injury.ConclusionsThese findings reveal that care giver supervision influences risk of injury across a broad age range throughout childhood. Implications for children's safety are discussed.
An epidemiological investigation and analysis on its influence factors of campus violence on secondary schools in China
Authors: Chi G , Chen H , Wang S 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo explore the incidence and influence factors of campus violence in secondary school by the epidemiological investigation.MethodsSecondary students in Guangzhou city were selected to participate in the study and were interviewed with questionnaires by the cluster sample. Logistic regression was used for data analysis.ResultsIn the past 1 year, the incidence rate of campus violence was 40.8% in 1064 secondary students, 49.7% of the male and 29.6% of the female, respectively, there were statistical differences between that of males and females (χ2=43.75, p=0.000). The incidence rate of campus violence of the junior and senior students had statistical differences (χ2=25.25, p=0.000). Among Secondary students who were victims of campus violence, smoking, visiting resort, suffer from family violence, loafing, lack of pocket money and higher education of his mother were the influence factors (OR were 3.83, 2.05, 1.93, 1.60, 1.35, 1.20), and who were perpetrators of campus violence, their influence factors were truancy, smoking, loafing, normal behaviour who think bully, bad family relation and higher education of his mother (OR were 3.32, 2.61, 2.22, 2.06, 1.27, 1.23).ConclusionsViolence among secondary school students in Guangzhou city was serious, effective measure must be taken by the school and society.
Reinventing the organisation to effectively manage safety performance
Authors: Furst P G 
Published: March 2011

Presentation objectivesUnderstand the performance barriers created by some of the myths and wrongheaded beliefs practiced in safety.Acknowledge the impact on performance resulting from silos, system misalignment and process design.Appreciate the affect of decision making and human error and metrics on performance.Create a business driven, organisational aligning and stakeholder focused excellence fostering framework.This is a 21st century, excellence driven, business focused approach to addressing challenges in the safety management process. We will start with an understanding of myths in safety that hinder performance. Organisational systems, structure and silos that create barriers to excellence. Decisions making and human errors that adversely influence safety outcomes. We will start by devising a vision and goals for excellence, Discuss the effects of leadership, win / win thinking, empathic communication, & continuous improvement, which are the basic principles that aligned with sound business practices will create the basis for a highly effective approach to managing the safety process. Attendee will take away a deeper understanding of core drivers of loss as well as tools & techniques to utilise upon returning to their firms so as to create a culture and environment that fosters preventions and sustains excellence.
Hate violence: emergency department perspective
Authors: Sivarajasingam V , Read S , Svobodova M , Wight L , Shepherd J 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the status and potential of Emergency Department (ED) data for identifying and preventing hate violence.MethodsFace-to-face interviews with patients attending three EDs in England and Wales (Blackburn, Cardiff and Leicester) with injuries sustained in violence were undertaken; 120 semistructured interviews, 40 in each centre. Interviews were also conducted with Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership/Community Safety Partnership members and ED staff to evaluate violence data sharing protocols. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and uploaded onto QSR Internationals NVivo 8 software for analysis.ResultsThe 124 respondents comprised 99 men (79.8%) and 25 women (20.2%); 55 were aged 16–24 years (44.4%). The ethnic group most often represented were White British, English, Irish or Scottish (103 respondents; 83.0%). Altogether, there were eight definite cases of hate violence, accounting for 6.5% of all assaults. Seven of these were racially and religiously aggravated (5.6% of all assaults), while one (0.9%) was aggravated by sexual orientation. Alcohol consumption was a contributing factor in 75% of hate violence. In two of the three centres studied, ED violence data were not being utilised for violence prevention.ConclusionsFrom these findings, alcohol intoxication promotes hate violence. Although EDs are a valuable source of information about this problem routine collection of the relevant data is not practical, reflecting the need for substantial time and qualitative interview skills which are not available in EDs.
The utility for identification of best available evidence of a register of controlled studies that evaluate interventions to prevent alcohol-impaired driving
Authors: Goss C , Roberts I , DiGuiseppi C 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether a register of controlled studies can facilitate the conduct of systematic reviews.MethodsWe searched 11 bibliographic databases, contacted 97 government agencies, and hand searched conference proceedings to identify randomised, quasi-randomised, controlled before-after and interrupted time series studies of interventions to prevent alcohol-impaired driving. We tested the register's utility against three published reviews. We first searched the register for the 22 review citations that had eligible study designs, matching exact citations or related/follow-up studies. We then screened 764 unmatched register citations for studies not cited in the reviews, examining full-text reports to determine eligibility based on the reviews' inclusion criteria. We assessed the register's comprehensiveness (proportion of review citations found in the register), added value (additional eligible studies identified), and utility for updates (identification of eligible studies completed since the reviews were conducted).ResultsThe register included 16/22 (73%) review citations: 100% for designated-driver programs, 73% for school-based programs and 60% for mass media campaigns. It included 15/18 (83%) journal articles but only 1/4 (25%) government/technical reports. The register yielded three eligible studies of school-based programs not previously cited, increasing the total identified, relevant studies by 14%, and four studies eligible for review updates. Quality assessments are ongoing.ConclusionA trial register can enhance systematic reviews of interventions to prevent alcohol-impaired driving by increasing identification of available evidence. However, additional effort is needed to identify government reports and other ‘gray literature.’ The register is regularly updated and accessible through the Cochrane Injury Group's specialised register.
Are falls related to socio-demographic variables: a systematic review
Authors: Todd C , Yardley L , Ben-Shlomo Y , Whitehead S , Kirby S , Gilbert R 
Published: March 2011

Falls and fractures among older people are a major public health challenge. Surprisingly little is known about the association of falls with socioeconomic status and ethnicity. We undertook a systematic review to synthesis evidence on how socio-demographic variables relate to falls. We searched standard databases following Cochrane and UKCRD commendations.Results30 papers fulfilled inclusion criteria. There were considerable methodological differences, making direct comparison problematic and precluding meta-analysis of rates. A clear robust finding across all studies is that fall rates for both men and women increase with age. Typically age related odds ratios appear modest (1.03–1.05/annum) but this implies quite substantial changes in risk over 5 year period. Prevalence of falling is generally higher among women than men but evidence describing the relationship between socio-economic status and falls is scant. Using ecological measures the most robust studies suggest higher rates among the most deprived. Ethnicity is confounded with socio-economic and lifestyle differences (eg, rural vs urban dwelling groups). Nonetheless there are broad general trends to be found. There are differences in falls rates between ethnic groups living in the same societies for example, USA. However, it is less clear how ethnicity per se relates to falls. Caucasians living in USA have higher falls injury admission rates, than other groups but this may relate to access to services.ConclusionsIt is clear that we know little about the relationship between socio-demography and falls. Future studies need to use standardised methods to permit synthesis.
Sexual victimisation and legal outcome by documentation of sperm and alcohol
Authors: Ingemann-Hansen O , Brink O 
Published: March 2011

From a clinical forensic medicine point of view the trace evidence collected during the medical examination could have impact on the legal outcome. However, significant associations between successful prosecution and evidence of trauma, uses of weapons and severe coercion have been found, but inconsistently.ObjectiveTo ascertain the legal aspects of sexual violence and determine associations between conviction and the medical findings of sperm and alcohol intoxication. Method In total, 307 cases were reported to the police in a well-defined geographical area of Denmark during 1999–2004.Results and ConclusionNineteen percent of all cases ended with sentencing of the defendant. Victims reported exposure to moderate/severe coercion in 20% of the cases and 46% reported consumption of alcohol prior to the assault. Sperm was detected in 35% of the examined cases. Injury documentation, intoxication and detection of sperm did not aid the prosecution. In 19% of cases, the forensic clinician did not find sperm detected later by the genetics laboratory. The correlation between self-reported and physician-estimated consumption showed disagreement regarding not reported drinking and estimated influence in 5%, and disagreement regarding reported drinking and estimated no influence in 34% of the cases. Disagreement with the physician-estimated intoxication and the toxicology report was found in 13% of the cases. The varying results of intoxication and sperm detection with missing association to conviction suggest sperm has poor sensitivity in predicting sexual assault. If medical examination should have impact on the legal outcome the examination protocol needs revision.