bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
11 Being‐in‐Capacity (Theta 7)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyzes Theta 7, where Aristotle shifts the focus of his discussion from being-in-energeia to being-in-capacity. The project of Theta 6 was to get us to grasp the concept of being-in-energeia. In the course of that discussion, we are to have seen the correlation between certain energeiai and certain powers in the strict sense (Theta 6); then to have grasped a much broader class of energeia (Theta 6); then also to have extended the notion of power correlatively (implicit in Theta 7). Theta 7's question about being-in-capacity presupposes that we are not entirely in the dark about the concept, and also that there is something important yet to learn about it. The formulation further suggests that we should be interested in when things are not in capacity, since it makes extra mention of this. And in fact, Aristotle's doctrine turns out to be quite restrictive. Many things that might have been thought to be in capacity are ruled not to be in capacity.
12 Being‐in‐Capacity and Matter (Theta 7)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter continues the discussion of Theta 7, focusing on matter in connection with being-in-incapacity. The passage deals with two connected issues: the way in which a composite substance is related to its own matter, and the question of what the ultimate matter underlying all natural changes must be like. The chapter shows how Aristotle's adjectival conception of matter helps make possible his claim that there are composite substances. Against the background of the rival conception of matter, we will be able to understand both the internal coherence of this text and its philosophical significance.
14 The Bad Itself (with Speculations on Goodness) (Theta 9)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyzes Theta 9, focusing on three intimately connected concepts: that for-the-sake-of-which, the end, and the good. Theta 9 offers reasoned argument that eternal principles (if there are any) are perfect and that there cannot be any bad ultimate principles. Aristotle has found a way to articulate a theory of badness, on which badness turns out not to be the opposite of goodness. Rather, badness is posterior to the capacities that are for the sake of good energeiai. Sometimes, badness is a mere privation, the non-fulfillment of a capacity (as when a power's action encounters interference, or when the capacity for health is not exercised). Sometimes, badness is the misuse of a capacity. Sometimes, badness is the ‘proper’ use of a perverted capacity, as in vicious action. In every case, goodness and badness are related not as opposites, but rather as prior and posterior. Thus Aristotle can continue to maintain, about each pair of opposites, that there is a single science of them; and that either both, or neither, are principles. His commitment to the superlative goodness of the ultimate principle does not require that his science also contains an opposite principle. The goodness of the ultimate principle just is its energeia (which is also its very being [ousia]). Not being the exercise of a capacity, this energeia could not possibly fail to occur or have anything opposed to it.
Chapter 2 Trophic dynamics of communities
Authors: Verhoef Herman A. , Olff Han 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Although much of the attention to the trophic dynamics of communities is theoretical, empirical data on the different types of dynamics and the underlying mechanisms are increasingly reported. The dynamics of small food web modules, or simple webs, are compared with those of complex interactions. Food web modules are described as small systems that possess explicit dynamics. They can be seen as building blocks to construct more realistic food webs, which are subsets of the true complexity in trophic interactions in real ecosystems. It has been stated that in small food webs oscillating consumer-resource interactions occur in natural systems and that in chains of three or more levels trophic cascades seem to be important. Finally, new studies on the dynamics of complex interaction webs are mentioned, focusing on the consequences of specific patterning of interaction strengths across the web for the stability of the overall system.
Chapter 5 Increasing spatio-temporal scales: metacommunity ecology
Authors: Chase Jonathan M. , Bengtsson Janne 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A metacommunity consists of several local communities connected by dispersal. A metacommunity perspective helps to synthesize community ecology across spatial scales, and provides insights into the spatial mechanisms causing variation in species coexistence, strengths of species interactions and patterns of local and regional diversity. For example, while increasing the rate of dispersal among habitats can often lead to higher diversity of species, high dispersal can also homogenize the variation among communities (e.g. lower among-site variation (β-diversity) and increase predation intensity. An explicit consideration of scale, and, in particular, the relationship between local (α-diversity) and regional (γ-diversity), as mediated through β-diversity, will provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the structure of metacommunities. Finally, an explicitly spatial perspective must recognize the potential importance of movement of organisms and materials across traditional taxonomic (e.g. different trophic levels) and ecosystem (e.g. aquatic, terrestrial) boundaries.
Chapter 7 Applications of community ecology approaches in terrestrial ecosystems: local problems, remote causes
Authors: van der Putten Wim H. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
One of the greatest challenges facing applied ecologists is to elucidate causes of unwanted developments in natural and production ecosystems, and to translate this knowledge into management decisions without causing unintended side-effects. Such a strategy requires interventions based on solid understanding of the underlying mechanisms, as well as proper predictions of future direct and indirect effects of the interventions. Good applied ecological research quite often may reveal our shortage of knowledge, which in turn will fuel fundamental research initiatives. Community ecology plays a key role in many aspects of applied ecology because the abundance of species strongly depends on competitive and predatory interactions among species that are part of food webs. Food web interactions are major drivers of ecosystem processes, and they are key to the delivery of ecosystem goods and services.
Chapter 10 Community ecology and Management of Salt Marshes
Authors: Bakker Jan P. , Kuijper Dries P.J. , Stahl Julia 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Communities at salt marshes feature interactions between sedimentation, nutrient availability, plant growth and natural herbivores such as geese and hares. We elucidate these interactions along a productivity gradient in which hares can retard succession for several decades and facilitate geese. Eventually, natural succession results in the dominance of a single tall grass species resulting in the eviction of the natural vertebrate herbivores. Large herbivores such as livestock are needed to set back the successional clock and facilitate for geese and hares. The conclusion is that, without management by livestock grazing, salt marshes mature, which will have negative implications for the diversity of their communities.
Mixed Multiscale Finite Element Methods on Adaptive Unstructured Grids Using Limited Global Information
Authors: Aarnes J. E. , Efendiev Y. , Hou T.Y. , Jiang L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe study mixed multiscale finite element methods (MsFEM) on unstructured coarse grids. Unstructured grids are often used when highly heterogeneous reservoirs are discretized via irregular anisotropic fine grids. Our study is motivated by the development of coarse-scale models for coupled flow and transport equations in a multi-phase system. An unstructured coarse grid is often used to upscale the transport equation with hyperbolic nature in a highly heterogeneous reservoir. Solving the flow equation on the same coarse grid provides a general robust coarse-scale model for the multi-phase flow and transport at a low CPU cost. We present numerical results when both the flow and transport equations are solved on the coarse grid. Numerical examples involve highly channelized permeability as well as a 3-D reservoir model using an unstructured fine grid. In all examples, we show that our approach can provide an accurate approximation of the resolved solution at a much lower cost. We also study the convergence of the mixed multiscale finite element method on unstructured coarse grids.
Estimation and Control of Modeling Error: A General Approach to Multiscale Modeling
Authors: Oden J.T. , Prudhomme S. , Bauman P.T. , Chamoin L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes a class of computational methods designed to handle multiscale modeling of large atomistic or molecular systems. The key to this approach is the estimation of relative modeling error in which errors in quantities of interest produced by averaging or homogenization are computed using a posteriori error estimates. The error is judged to be the relative error between the fine-scale base model and any number of surrogates produced by homogenization. Features of modeling the atomistic to continuum interface are also addressed. Specific applications of the methodology are described that involve analyzing polymer etch barriers that are used in nano-manufacturing of semi-conductors. The basic adaptive modeling strategy employs goal-oriented adaptation in which fine-scale information is systematically added to hybrid molecular-continuum models until the appropriate level of accuracy in certain quantities of interest is achieved.
Component Software for Multiscale Simulation
Authors: Shephard M.S. , Nuggehally M.A. , FranzDale B. , Picu C.R. , Fish J. , Klaas O. , Beall M.W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBuilding on a general abstraction of the steps and transformations of a multiscale analysis, this chapter considers an approach to the development of multiscale simulation in which interoperable components can be effectively combined to address a wide range of multiscale simulations. Key concerns in the development of these interoperable components are maximizing the ability to use existing single simulation tools and supporting adaptive simulation control methods. In addition to indicating specific tools that have been developed to support multiscale simulations, an example adaptive atomistic/continuum simulation procedure is demonstrated.
3 Technological Learning, Policy Regimes, and Growth: The Long‐Term Patterns and Some Specificities of a ‘Globalized’ Economy
Authors: Castaldi Carolina , Cimoli Mario , Correa Nelson , Dosi Giovanni 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers a frame of interpretation for the international patterns of technological innovation and diffusion, and their relations with income growth, in general, but with a particular emphasis on the possible role played by the so-called “globalization” processes of the last couple of decades. It provides a background for the discussion of the role of policies in different countries and different historical periods presented in the chapters that follow. The chapter argues that neither the contemporary evidence nor the theory supports the view that globalization naturally goes hand-in-hand with international convergence: in quite a few cases, the opposite holds. Rather, policy variables continue to be fundamental to the engineering of development processes.
12 Growth and Development in China and India: The Role of Industrial and Innovation Policy in Rapid Catch‐Up
Authors: Dahlman Carl J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews and compares the role of industrial policies in the development of China and India, looking for insights into rapid catch-up strategies. It argues that industrial policy and infant industry protection have been important in the development of both China and India, and that they would not be the strong global players they are if they had not had some industrial policy, even if some key policy elements differentiate the performance of the two countries and relate to how they have tapped into global knowledge as well as to their education strategies. The chapter also discusses three critical issues: how they were they able to avoid having their industries become permanent infants, what was the role of lax intellectual property protection, and to what extent will they be able to go beyond imitation to technology development.
17 Competition Policy and Industrial Development
Authors: Possas Mario L. , Borges Heloisa 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCompetition policy, especially antitrust, is not usually seen as part of an industrial policy framework. In fact, these are often viewed as conflicting with each other. This chapter discusses the role that should be ascribed, under a broadly defined “evolutionary” framework, to competition policy within or at least related to industrial policies. It argues that above a certain development threshold, competition policies and other industry-fostering policies tend to be complementary rather than in conflict with each other. In this light, the chapter discusses the experience of selected developed economies as well as newly industrialized ones, examining both competition and industrial policies alongside the process of industrial development.
7 Plato's two Hesiods
Authors: Ford Andrew L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the extent to which Hesiodic poetry became associated with specific contexts of reading, from the courts to school-room teaching and philosophical debate. The Theogony and Works and Days acquired a very different Sitz im Leben by the time Plato encountered them. Indeed, their very status as texts ‘in their own right’ (i.e. outside specific contexts of consumption), and the idea of an overarching Hesiodic oeuvre, appear to have become rather less important to many readers than the traditions and institutions of reading that had accrued around specific passages.
13 Hesiod in theTimaeus: The Demiurge addresses the gods
Authors: Regali Mario 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter looks at Timaeus 41a, where the demiurge addresses the gods, and shows how Hesiodic reminiscences enable Plato to combine the need for a memorable account with a claim to superior sophistication. Hesiod's well-known etymology dia (‘through’) = Dia (Zeus) triggers an intellectual journey from Hesiodic poetry to a Platonic understanding of the world.
Federal Tradition(s) and the European Union
Authors: Schütze Robert 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Modern federal thought emerges in the wake of the Westphalian State system. In an attempt to make sense of the “Unions of States” that existed in the seventeenth century, classic international law conceives them in treaty terms. Federal Unions are based on a foedus – an international treaty – that safeguards the sovereignty of its Member States. The emergence of the United States of America at the end of the eighteenth-century triggers the greatest semantic revolution in the history the federal principle. Federalism comes to be identified with a mixed structure between international and national organisation. When this second tradition crossed the Atlantic, Europe’s obsession with indivisible sovereignty pressed the novel ideas into a third format – the national tradition of federalism. This Chapter analyses the European Union in light of these federal traditions. In particular, it explores the analytical potential of the American federal tradition for understanding the he European Union; and examines three constitutional denials of the European federal tradition.
The Decline of Constitutional Exclusivity
Authors: Schütze Robert 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
To what extent has European constitutionalism recognized mutually exclusive legal spheres? The question has two dimensions and this Chapter analyses them in two sections. Section I, investigates the extent to which the Community legal order respects exclusive State powers. In the last half-century, the European sphere has been expanding into ever more policy areas. In addition to “big revisions”, “small revisions” could be effected by means of Article 308 – the Community’s “Necessary and Proper Clause” – and the Community “Commerce Clause(s)”: Articles 94 and 95 EC. The second section of this Chapter changes perspective and analyses a range of constitutional devices that were developed to restrict or relativise the Community’s own exclusive powers. Not only would the European Court go against its own interpretive methodology and deform the scope of exclusive competences. It has also accepted a dramatic emasculation of the concept of exclusive competence through the medium of the delegation doctrine.
Excursus: A Foreign Affairs ‘Exception’?
Authors: Schütze Robert 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Is Europe’s foreign affairs federalism “exceptional”? What is the nature of the Community’s implied external competences: exclusive, concurrent or shared? The theory of subsequently exclusive powers constituted a signal in favour of the theory of dual federalism in the external sphere. Why did the Community legal order originally favour a dual federal rationale in the external sphere? This Chapter proposes that the answer may lie in the originally ambivalent normative relationship between European law and the international powers retained by the Member States. With the supremacy issue still in suspense, the Court moved down the more aggressive route of constitutional exclusivity. The Court’s “flight into dual federalism” blocked the Member States’ “flight into international law”. However, dual federalist theory has increasingly lost touch with Europe’s cooperative federal practice. This is illustrated in the context of the ERTA doctrine. Today, many of Europe’s express or implied foreign affairs powers are shared powers.
Behind the Berlin Wall
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Few historical changes occur literally overnight, but on 13 August 1961 18 million East Germans awoke to find themselves walled in by an edifice which was to become synonymous with the Cold War: the Berlin Wall. This new history rejects traditional, top‐down approaches to Cold War politics, exploring instead how the border closure affected ordinary East Germans, from workers and farmers to teenagers and even party members, ‘caught out’ by Sunday the Thirteenth. Party, police, and Stasi reports reveal why one in six East Germans fled the country during the 1950s, undermining communist rule and forcing the eleventh‐hour decision by Khrushchev and Ulbricht to build a wall along the Cold War's frontline. Did East Germans resist or come to terms with immurement? Did the communist regime become more or less dictatorial within the confines of the so‐called ‘Antifascist Defence Rampart’? Using film and literature, but also the GDR's losing battle against Beatlemania, Patrick Major's cross‐disciplinary study suggests that popular culture both reinforced and undermined the closed society. Linking external and internal developments, Major argues that the GDR's official quest for international recognition, culminating in Ostpolitik and United Nations membership in the early 1970s, became its undoing, unleashing a human rights movement which fed into, but then broke with, the protests of 1989. After exploring the reasons for the fall of the Wall and reconstructing the heady days of the autumn revolution, the author reflects on the fate of the Wall after 1989, as it moved from demolition into the realm of memory.
Introduction: The Frontiers of Power
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter opens by discussing the role of frontiers in history as both symbolic projections of power and means of controlling population movements. The reader is introduced to Albert Hirschman's model of exit, voice and loyalty in explaining the flight or fight options available to East Germans before and after the Wall. The introduction also acquaints readers with new East German sources, in particular mood reports (Stimmungsberichte) and petitions (Eingaben), which have enabled the book's overall perspective of history ‘from below’, in contrast with Cold War history's traditional preoccupation with high politics.
Crossing the Line: Republikflucht between Defection and Migration
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Examines the motives for Republikflucht or ‘flight from the Republic’, the GDR's term for defection to the West. After a brief discussion of the merits of political and economic explanations for the exodus, which accounted for one in six East Germans, the chapter charts the flights using the detailed statistics compiled by the GDR's Volkspolizei. The impact is explored of political campaigns, for instance ahead of the insurrection of 1953 or accompanying the 1958 economic campaigns outlined above. Particular weight is given to economic motivations, especially from the mid‐1950s. Finally, the author suggests that ‘situational factors', regarding an individual's fortunes during and after the Second World War, one's subsequent political exposure within the party and state apparatus, and one's personal psychology, were an often ignored trigger for the final decision to leave. The chapter uses a mixture of official GDR police and Stasi reports, as well as letters from leavers and West German interviews. Collectively, East Germans were able to blackmail the system with the threat of flight, even if they did not choose to leave.
Holding the Line: Policing the Open Border
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Turns to the counter‐measures to the open border in the fifties, adopted by East German authorities forced to walk a tightrope between repression and liberalization, either of which could accelerate flights to the West. The regime's inbuilt tendency to identify ideological factors and conspiracy theories as motives was coupled with a blind spot to the fundamental reasons driving away its citizenry. Instead, the apparatus was often blamed for the superficial handling of policy. Schemes in the early 1950s to recruit West Germans proved fanciful. More problematic was the drastic curtailment of legal travel to the Federal Republic in 1952, which petitions reveal to have caused considerable internal discontent, only partially defused by travel liberalization following the June 1953 uprising. Certain key groups such as the intelligentsia were bought off with privileges which antagonized other sections of the population. The author's research also reveals the importance of ‘legal’ defections on holiday visas in the mid‐1950s, and of the criminalization of Republikflucht in December 1957 in shifting the pattern of flights to Berlin as the easy outlet to the West. The chapter finishes by showing the police and Stasi's frantic efforts to seal off Greater Berlin with a human cordon in 1960, followed by the final decision in 1961 to resort to a physical wall.