bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second-Wave Cohousing: A Modern Utopia?
Authors: Sargisson Lucy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Cohousing is an increasingly popular form of tenure that combines elements of private and collective ownership and affords its occupants a combination of the advantages of individual proprietorship with some of the benefits of living in a community that shares some of its space and activities. People join cohousing groups because they believe that there is something wrong with life in most villages, towns, and cities and they want to develop a better alternative. Sometimes this has been seen to articulate a utopian aspiration to secure a better way of living, of the kind more normally associated with self-consciously intentional communities. But many influential spokespeople in the contemporary cohousing movement, in North America particularly, deny this association and take an explicitly anti-utopian stance, distancing cohousing from the communal movement and intentional communities. This article undertakes an examination of cohousing in North America today and asks the following questions: What is the real character of people's lived experience with modern cohousing? Why do people choose cohousing? Is it a form of intentional community? Is it utopian? Or is it just an attractive form of housing tenure for people who want a nice place to live with good neighbors?
Co-opting the Cooperative: Vincent van Gogh's “Studio of the South” and Nineteenth-Century Utopian Socialism
Authors: Rahmlow Kurt 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In contrast to several recent studies that align Vincent van Gogh's plans for a “Studio of the South” with entrepreneurial capitalism, this essay considers the scheme in the context of nineteenth-century cooperative socialism. It traces the artist's experiences among striking miners in Belgium and impoverished weavers in the Netherlands, and it examines the artworks that these encounters inspired. In the process, I identify basic principles that would inform Vincent's plan for a producers' cooperative in Arles in 1888. Working from Vincent's letters, I identify two stages in the development of the artist's proposal. In the winter and spring, Vincent discussed a strategic “association” of Impressionist artists and dealers. By the fall, he had combined this concept with his long-standing desire for companionship; the resulting conception was a cooperative avant-garde atelier in which member artists and dealers would dedicate themselves to maintaining communal working and living spaces and providing materials for production. The essay then explores Vincent's plan in the context of mid-nineteenth-century discussions of cooperative organization. I conclude that Vincent's scheme should be understood as a revival of the reformist, even socialist, literature that was current at mid-century.
The Rhetorical Function of Utopia: An Exploration of the Concept of Utopia in Rhetorical Theory
Authors: Portolano Marlana 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
During the past fifty years, utopian studies solidified a functional definition of utopia in the Marxist tradition, which has encouraged a broad focus on social process rather than on content. In the liberal-humanist tradition, however, utopia is often treated as strictly a matter of form and content, particularly genre. I argue that the key to a functional definition of utopia in the liberal-humanist tradition is the Western tradition of rhetoric. Since its beginnings in ancient culture, rhetoric has been concerned with verbal or symbolic persuasion using values and ideals of the audience. I explain how the utopian impulse is inherent in rhetorical theory from ancient to modern times, including examples from Plato, Cicero, eighteenth-century rhetoricians Hugh Blair and George Campbell, and modern rhetorician Kenneth Burke. I give a rhetorical reading of Mannheim and Bloch and suggest other areas of cross-pollination between rhetoric and utopian studies.
Galt's Gulch: Ayn Rand's Utopian Delusion
Authors: Clardy Alan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOften identified as one of the more popular utopias of the twentieth century, Galt's Gulch, the name of the utopia in Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, has not been analyzed as such. After the Gulch is located in the context of the book's larger story, the nature and structure of the utopia are described. This utopian vision is then critically analyzed and found wanting on two main criteria: its logical adequacy, completeness, and stability and in terms of the soundness of its psychological and sociological underpinnings. Problems on all these dimensions are detailed. As it is a premier example of right-wing, libertarian dreams that inspire political action, it is argued that it is imperative that the accuracy of such utopias be examined. In addition, the philosophical and methodological errors found here can be instructive in how to critically evaluate utopian visions in general.
Revolutionary Bodies in Chuck Palahniuk's Fight Club
Authors: Burgess Olivia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
What is potent and compelling about utopia has shifted, quite decisively, away from the social blueprint model and toward a more open-ended exploration of desire and change. Fight Club is a significant marker in the development of a utopianism that is dynamic and adaptive, existing in the present of history rather than in a vacuum of idealism. Building on theories of revolution proffered by Slavoj Žižek and Frederic Jameson, I argue that within the novel the body becomes a potential site for exploring difference and creates both an alternative to and a critique of the distorted narrative of dominant society. Bodies that are marked, wounded, scarred, and beaten are bodies in the process of exploring alternatives to an oppressive social world where “completeness” trumps difference. Fight club allows men to fiercely embody revolution and desire and rejuvenate utopia with every punch. I distinguish between the dynamic and subversive nature of fight club and the militaristic and fascist system of Project Mayhem, which displays the values of traditional utopian thinking and as such fails to maintain the liberating and transgressive qualities of fight club.
Reconsidering Paleoarchaic Mobility in the Central Great Basin
Authors: Jones George T. , Fontes Lisa M. , Horowitz Rachel A. , Beck Charlotte , Bailey David G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAnalyzing technological patterns and source provenance of stone tools, Jones, Beck, Jones, and Hughes (2003) argue that Paleoarchuic groups of the central Great Basin moved within an extensive home range, perhaps reaching 400 km in its longest dimension. The Eastern Conveyance Zone, as they refer to this territory, was aligned with the predominantly north-south trending mountains and valleys of the province. To evaluate this model of mobility, artifacts were collected from the southern part of the Eastern Conveyance Zone for geochemical characterizations. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of 183 obsidian and fine-grained volcanic artifacts identified 12 known rock sources, all from the southern and central sections of the zone. No northern sources are represented among artifacts studied. Revisions of the Eastern Conveyance Zone model are considered in light of these results.
Clovis and Western Stemmed again: Reply to Fiedel and Morrow
Authors: Beck Charlotte , Jones George T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFiedel and Morrow challenge our argument that Clovis technology originated in the southern Plains or Southeast and from there was carried by populations migrating north. Upon entering the Intermountain West relatively late, they encountered a population utilizing a different technology (Western Stemmed), the latter having arrived independently from the Pacific coast. Fiedel and Morrow offer arguments in favor of Clovis-first in the Intermountain West and coastal California and against the coastal route, Clovis origins in the south, and technological differences between Clovis and Western Stemmed. We evaluate these arguments and find their supporting evidence, when provided, meager and unconvincing.
In vivo metabolism study of vaccarin in rat using HPLC‐LTQ‐MSn
Authors: Qi Peng , Fan Mingsong , Li Zhixiong , Chen Mingcang , Sun Zhaolin , Wu Bin , Huang Chenggang 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn order to illustrate the main biotransformation pathways of vaccarin in vivo, metabolites of vaccarin in rats were identified using a specific and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LTQ XL™) method. The rats were administered a single dose (200 mg/kg) of vaccarin by oral gavage. By comparing their changes in molecular masses (ΔM), retention times and spectral patterns with those of the parent drug, the parent compound and six metabolites were found in rat urine after oral administration of vaccarin. The parent compound and five metabolites were detected in rat plasma. In heart, liver and kidney samples, respectively, one, four and three metabolites were identified, in addition to the parent compound. Three metabolites, but no trace of parent drug, were found in the rat feces. This is the first systematic metabolism study of vaccarin in vivo. The biotransformation pathways of vaccarin involved methylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation and deglycosylation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Many Pathways in Laboratory Evolution Can Lead to Improved Enzymes: How to Escape from Local Minima
Authors: Gumulya Yosephine , Sanchis Joaquin , Reetz Manfred T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDirected evolution is a method to tune the properties of enzymes for use in organic chemistry and biotechnology, to study enzyme mechanisms, and to shed light on Darwinian evolution in nature. In order to enhance its efficacy, iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) was implemented. This involves: 1) randomized mutation of appropriate sites of one or more residues; 2) screening of the initial mutant libraries for properties such as enzymatic rate, stereoselectivity, or thermal robustness; 3) use of the best hit in a given library as a template for saturation mutagenesis at the other sites; and 4) continuation of the process until the desired degree of enzyme improvement has been reached. Despite the success of a number of ISM‐based studies, the question of the optimal choice of the many different possible pathways remains unanswered. Here we considered a complete 4‐site ISM scheme. All 24 pathways were systematically explored, with the epoxide hydrolase from Aspergillus niger as the catalyst in the stereoselective hydrolytic kinetic resolution of a chiral epoxide. All 24 pathways were found to provide improved mutants with notably enhanced stereoselectivity. When a library failed to contain any hits, non‐improved or even inferior mutants were used as templates in the continuation of the evolutionary pathway, thereby escaping from the local minimum. These observations have ramifications for directed evolution in general and for evolutionary biological studies in which protein engineering techniques are applied.
The Molecularly Controlled Synthesis of Ordered Bi‐dimensional C60 Arrays
Authors: Gengler Régis Y. N. , Gournis Dimitrios , Aimon Akfiny H. , Toma Luminita M. , Rudolf Petra 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMuch of the research effort concerning the nanoscopic properties of clays has focused on its mechanical applications, for example, as nanofillers for polymer reinforcement. To broaden the horizon of what is possible by exploiting the richness of clays in nanoscience, herein we report a bottom‐up approach for the production of hybrid materials in which clays act as the structure‐directing interface and reaction media. This new method, which combines self‐assembly with the Langmuir–Schaefer technique, uses the clay nanosheets as a template for the grafting of C60 into a bi‐dimensional array, and allows for perfect layer‐by‐layer growth with control at the molecular level. In contrast to the more‐common growth of C60 arrays through nanopatterning, our approach can be performed under atmospheric conditions, can be upscaled to areas of tenths of cm2, and can be applied to almost any hydrophobic substrate. Herein, we report a detailed study of this approach by using temperature‐dependent X‐ray diffraction, spectroscopic measurements, and STM.
Versatile Switching in Substrate Topicity: Supramolecular Chirality Induction in Di‐ and Trinuclear Host Complexes
Authors: Escárcega‐Bobadilla Martha V. , Salassa Giovanni , Martínez Belmonte Marta , Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Kleij Arjan W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSupramolecular chirality effects have been achieved both for ditopic and monotopic substrates by using a programmable bis‐salphen scaffold that incorporates either two or three Zn nuclei. The dinuclear host shows preferential chirogenesis in the presence of ditopic systems, whereas effective chirality transfer to the trinuclear complex is realized through monotopic binding. The mode of binding in the trinuclear host has been investigated through X‐ray crystallography, CD measurements, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and DFT analysis. The bis‐salphen scaffold holds promise for the development of substrate‐specific host systems useful for determination of the absolute configuration of various types of organic molecules.
Chiral analysis by online coupling of reversed‐phase liquid chromatography to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Barba Carmen , Martínez Rosa M. , Calvo Marta M. , Santa‐María Guillermo , Herraiz Marta 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEnantiomeric composition of selected chiral compounds present in complex mixtures is determined by using the online coupling of reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (LC) to gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry. Integration of sample preparation into GC analysis, in a completely automated way, is achieved by means of the effective clean‐up resulting from both the LC fractionation step and the eluent elimination provided by the through oven transfer adsorption desorption system used for LC–GC interfacing. The possibilities of the technique are illustrated through some examples concerning the stereodifferentiation in essential oils of major and minor chiral compounds via LC–GC transfer of different volume fractions, ranging from 0.5 to 1.9 ml, which show the significance of the window size for the determination of enantiomeric profiles. Chirality 24:420–426, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical Plants of the Future – Unique Copies and/or Modules
Authors: Lang Jürgen , Stenger Frank , Schütte Rüdiger 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEin in der Vergangenheit mehrfach prognostizierter Trend hat sich bislang im Chemieanlagenbau nicht durchgesetzt: die aus Standard‐Modulen aufgebaute Anlage. Insbesondere bei Großanlagen schöpfen die Betreiber ihre Wettbewerbsvorteile aus der technologischen Lösung, die durch individuelle Anpassung entsteht. Auch bei Mehrprodukt‐ und sonstigen Produktionsanlagen sind solche Trends von Relevanz. Bei Spezialprodukten, die in kleinen Mengen produziert werden, kommt es eher darauf an, diese Produkte schnell auf den Markt zu bringen und Marktrisiken in der Zeit zwischen Produktentwicklung und Produktionsstart zu reduzieren. Flexible Kleinanlagen auf Basis standardisierter Module bis hin zum Containermodul können hier ein Einstieg in diesen Zukunftstrend sein. In verschiedenen Forschungsprojekten der EU wird dieser Ansatz untersucht.
Does the United States Economy Affect Heart Failure Readmissions? A Single Metropolitan Center Analysis
Authors: Thompson Keith A. , Morrissey Ryan P. , Phan Anita , Schwarz Ernst R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground:To determine the effects of the US economy on heart failure hospitalization rates.Hypothesis:The recession was associated with worsening unemployment, loss of private insurance and prescription medication benefits, medication nonadherence, and ultimately increased rates of hospitalization for heart failure.Methods:We compared hospitalization rates at a large, single, academic medical center from July 1, 2006 to February 28, 2007, a time of economic stability, and July 1, 2008 to February 28, 2009, a time of economic recession in the United States.Results:Significantly fewer patients had private medical insurance during the economic recession than during the control period (36.5% vs 46%; P = 0.04). Despite this, there were no differences in the heart failure hospitalization or readmission rates, length of hospitalization, need for admission to an intensive care unit, in‐hospital mortality, or use of guideline‐recommended heart failure medications between the 2 study periods.Conclusions:We conclude that despite significant effects on medical insurance coverage, rates of heart failure hospitalization at our institution were not significantly affected by the recession. Additional large‐scale population‐based research is needed to better understand the effects of fluctuations in the US economy on heart failure hospitalization rates. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21996The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
A note on stability of linear time‐variant electrical circuits having constant eigenvalues
Authors: Ochs Karlheinz 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYThe main aspect of this paper is to show that the stability of linear time‐variant systems cannot be estimated from the location of the eigenvalues. For this purpose, two simple time‐variant electrical circuits are presented, which have constant eigenvalues. As will be shown, the time‐variant circuits can be asymptotically stable although there is a positive eigenvalue and this circuit can be unstable despite negative eigenvalues only. The idea behind is a suited time‐variant state transformation of a linear time‐invariant system. An electrical interpretation of both systems and of state transformations allows for an energetic evaluation from an electrical point of view even though the analytical solution is not necessarily known. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allogeneic bone marrow grafts with high levels of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells can lead to engraftment failure
Authors: Fricke Stephan , Rothe Katherina , Hilger Nadja , Ackermann M. , Oelkrug Christopher , Fricke Christian , Schönfelder Uta , Niederwieser Dietger , Emmrich Frank , Sack Ulrich 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRegulatory CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells (Tregs) suppress immunological reactions. However, the effect of adding Tregs to hematopoietic stem cell grafts on recovery and graft versus host disease (GvHD) is unknown. Tregs from splenocytes of C57Bl/6 and Balb/c wild‐type mice were isolated by MACS separation and analyzed by flow cytometry. Using a murine syngeneic transplantation model that clearly distinguishes between donor and host hematopoiesis, we showed that co‐transplantation of bone marrow cells (BMCs) with high levels of Tregs leads to a 100% survival of the mice and accelerates the hematopoietic recovery significantly (full donor chimerism). In allogeneic transplantation, bone marrow and Tregs co‐transplantation were compared to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with or without the addition of splenocytes. Survival, leukocyte recovery, chimerism at days −2, 19, 33, and 61 for murine CD4, human CD4, HLA‐DR3, murine CD3, murine CD8, murine Balb/c‐H2Kd, murine C57Bl/6‐H2Kb, and GvHD appearance were analyzed. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation requires the addition of splenocytes to reach engraftment. Mice receiving grafts with bone marrow, splenocytes and high levels of allogeneic Tregs died within 28 days (hematopoietic failure). Here, we show also detailed flow cytometric data reagarding analysis of chimerism after transplantation in unique murine hematopoietic stem cell transplantation models. Our findings showed that the syngeneic co‐transplantation of CD4+, CD25+, FoxP3+ T‐cells and BMCs induced a stimulating effect on reconstitution of hematopoiesis after irradiation. However, in the allogeneic setting the co‐transplantation of Tregs aggravates the engraftment of transplanted cells. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Olefin Epoxidation Catalyzed by cis‐Dioxdomolybdenum(VI) Complexes Containing Chiral Alkoxo‐Imino Ligands Derived from (+)‐α‐Pinene
Authors: Chahboun Ghaita , Brito Jose Angel , Royo Beatriz , El Amrani Mohamed Amin , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Mosquera Marta E. G. , Cuenca Tomás , Royo Eva 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNew chiral cis‐dioxidomolybdenum compounds [MoO2(acac)(RN,O)] [R = Bn (1), pic (2)] and [{MoO2(acac)}2{μ‐(O,N,N,O)}] (3) have been synthesized by treating [MoO2(acac)2] withthe corresponding enantiomerically pure alcohol‐iminocompounds derived from (+)‐α‐pinene modification, (RN,OH) (R = Bn, pic) and (HO,N,N,OH), respectively. Compound [MoO2Cl2(O,N,N,O)] (4) has also been prepared. All the compounds were fully characterized both in solution and in the solid state, including by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of enantiomerically pure 3. DFT studies support the stereoselectivity of the synthesis of compound 3. Catalytic olefin epoxidation studies were performed with cis‐cyclooctene, (R)‐limonene, and trans‐β‐methylstyrene by using derivatives 1–4 as catalyst precursors and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) or H2O2 as oxidant. All the catalytic systems showed high chemoselectivity irrespective of the terminal oxidant used. The molybdenum compounds exhibited medium to high catalytic activity at mild reaction temperatures, but no substantial optical induction was observed. This study represents the first use of chiral monoacetylacetonato‐cis‐dioxidomolybdenum compounds as homogeneous olefin epoxidation catalysts.
6,12‐Diphenyldibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine as an Electron‐Capture Agent: Efficient Mechanistic Probe for SET Processes and Reagent for the Oxidative Dimerization of Benzylic Organometallics
Authors: Eisch John J. , Yu Kun , Rheingold Arnold L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn the present study, 6,12‐diphenyldibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine, which X‐ray diffraction measurements have now shown to possess a tub‐shaped, eight‐membered central ring, has been treated with sodium or lithium metal at 25 °C in THF, in an attempt to form the planar, Hückel‐aromatic dianion by the addition of two electrons to the central diazocine. Hydrolysis of such an aromatic dianion should have led to the isomeric 5,12‐ or 5,6‐dihydro derivative of the original diazocine. In actuality, the only product obtained quantitatively upon hydrolytic workup was the interesting quadricyclic transannular reduction product, 4b,9b‐diphenyl‐4b,5,9b,10‐tetrahydroindolo[3,2‐b]indole, whose 3D structure has now been confirmed by X‐ray crystallography and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Preferential SET transannular reduction of the diazocine to yield the quadricyclic indolo[3,2‐b]indole dianion, rather than the planar, Hückel‐aromatic anion, is ascribed to the transannular electronic stabilization operative in the tub‐shaped diazocine radical‐anion. The quantitative generation of the indolo[3,2‐b]indole dianion can be employed for the oxidative dimerization of the organic groups in benzylic lithium reagents. Thus treating one equivalent of the diazocine with two equivalents of benzyllithium, benzhydryllithium, or trityllithium yields quantitatively bibenzyl, 1,1,2,2‐tetraphenylethane, or (4‐benzhydrylphenyl)triphenylmethane, respectively. This oxidative dimerization is potentially of practical preparative scope, since the hydrolysis byproduct, the indolo[3,2‐b]indole, is conveniently reconverted into the starting diazocine reagent by oxidation with chromium trioxide in acetic acid. The formation of the indolo[3,2‐b]indole as a byproduct in the carbometalation of the diazocine by various RLi and Grignard reagents offers a clue as to the SET mechanism of carbometalation.