bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition and thermal properties of cattle fats
Authors: Yılmaz Mustafa T. , Karakaya Mustafa , Aktaş Nesimi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe physical‐chemical properties, fatty acid composition and thermal properties of cattle subcutaneous, tallow and intestinal fats were determined. Subcutaneous fat differed from the other fat types with respect to its lower melting point (29.0 °C) and higher saponification (211.4 mg KOH/g) and iodine (50.55) values. The cattle fat types contained palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1n‐9) and linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) as the major components of fatty acid composition (24.58–25.90%, 10.21–33.33%, 28.18–46.05%, 1.54–1.73%, respectively). A differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study revealed that two characteristic peaks were detected in both crystallization and melting curves. Major peaks (Tpeak) of tallow and intestinal fats were similar and determined as 24.10–27.71 °C and 2.16–4.75 °C, respectively, for crystallization peaks and 7.09–9.39 °C and 43.28–46.49 °C, respectively, for melting peaks in DSC curves; however, those of subcutaneous fat (12.48 °C and –6.79 °C for crystallization peaks and 3.56 °C and 23.55 °C for melting peaks) differed remarkably from those of the other fat types.
A Peptide Nucleic Acid Embedding a Pseudopeptide Nuclear Localization Sequence in the Backbone Behaves as a Peptide Mimic
Authors: Sforza Stefano , Tedeschi Tullia , Calabretta Alessandro , Corradini Roberto , Camerin Consuelo , Tonelli Roberto , Pession Andrea , Marchelli Rosangela 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the synthesis of a short modified peptide nucleic acid (PNA), obtained by using several different L‐amino acids as synthons, is shown. The synthesis was performed by a submonomeric strategy, obtaining a model trimeric PNA containing embedded amino acid derived side chains in its backbone that mimic the peptide sequence PKKKRKV, which is a nuclear localization signal (NLS) widely used for translocating cargo molecules into cell nuclei. Fluorescence experiments demonstrated that this modified PNA, and not a standard unmodified PNA having the same nucleobase sequence, was able to penetrate Rhabdomyosarcoma cellnuclei, exactly behaving as the NLS standard peptide.
Electrokinetic supercharging‐electrospray ionisation‐mass spectrometry for separation and on‐line preconcentration of hypolipidaemic drugs in water samples
Authors: Dawod Mohamed , Breadmore Michael C. , Guijt Rosanne M. , Haddad Paul R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractElectrokinetic supercharging, a powerful on‐line preconcentration technique in CE, was for the first time hyphenated with ESI‐MS for the on‐line concentration and separation of five hypolipidaemic drugs. The electrophoretic separation was performed in a co‐EOF mode using the EOF reversal agent, hexadimethrine bromide, in ammonium bicarbonate electrolyte, pH 9.00. The ionic strength and the amount of methanol in the buffer were optimised in a multivariate manner using artificial neural networks, with the optimal conditions being 60 mM ammonium bicarbonate containing 60% methanol, providing baseline resolution of the five hypolipidaemics within 20 min. Using electrokinetic supercharging, the sensitivity of the method was improved 1000‐fold over a conventional injection under field‐amplified sample stacking conditions with LODs of 180 ng/L. This is the first report of the separation of hypolipidaemics by CE. The developed method was validated and then applied to the determination of the target drugs in water samples from Hobart city.
CEC‐atmospheric pressure ionization MS of pesticides using a surfactant‐bound monolithic column
Authors: Gu Congying , Shamsi Shahab A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA surfactant bound poly (11‐acrylaminoundecanoic acid‐ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column was simply prepared by in situ co‐polymerization of 11‐acrylaminoundecanoic acid and ethylene dimethacrylate with 1‐propanol, 1,4‐butanediol and water as porogens in 100 μm id fused‐silica capillary in one step. This column was used in CEC‐atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)‐MS system for separation and detection of N‐methylcarbamates pesticides. Numerous parameters are optimized for CEC‐APPI‐MS. After evaluation of the mobile phase composition, sheath liquid composition and the monolithic capillary outlet position, a fractional factorial design was selected as a screening procedure to identify factors of ionization source parameters, such as sheath liquid flow rate, drying gas flow rate, drying gas temperature, nebulizing gas pressure, vaporizer temperature and capillary voltage, which significantly influence APPI‐MS sensitivity. A face‐centered central composite design was further utilized to optimize the most significant parameters and predict the best sensitivity. Under optimized conditions, S/Ns around 78 were achieved for an injection of 100 ng/mL of each pesticide. Finally, this CEC‐APPI‐MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of nine N‐methylcarbamates in spiked apple juice sample after solid phase extraction with recoveries in the range of 65–109%.
Chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen and phosphorus removal by subsurface wetlands with Phragmites vegetation in different models
Authors: Debing Jing , Baoqing Shan , Hong Zhang , Jianming Hong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTo improve the removal efficiency of subsurface wetlands vegetated mainly by Phragmites, pilot‐scale gravel‐based wetlands were used to treat sewage characterized by chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) pollution. For Phragmites vegetation, COD, TP and TN removal loads of wetland vegetation with Phragmites australis–Typha angustata–Scirpus validus as main species reached 0.517 g m−2 d−1, 0.277 g P m−2 d−1 and 0.023 g N m−2 d−1. The COD removal loads in pilot‐scale and medium‐scale (260 m2 in area) wetlands with Phragmites‐monoculture vegetation were 0.62–0.64 g m−2 d−1, while that of P. australis–T. angustata–S. validus wetland reached 0.974 g m−2 d−1. Thus, the preferable poly‐culture model for Phragmites wetland vegetation was P. australis, T. angustata, S. validus and Zizania latifolia with stem density ratio of 8:1:5:1. After harvest, nitrogen and phosphorus standing stocks of wetland vegetations ranged only 2.2–9.93 g N m−2 and 5.39–13.5 g P m−2, respectively, as both the above ground biomass and the nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the wetland vegetation harvested in late autumn were low.
Reactive species and mitochondrial dysfunction: Mechanistic significance of 4‐hydroxynonenal
Authors: Roede James R. , Jones Dean P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction is a global term used in the context of “unhealthy” mitochondria. In practical terms, mitochondria are extremely complex and highly adaptive in structure, chemical and enzymatic composition, subcellular distribution and functional interaction with other components of cells. Consequently, altered mitochondrial properties that are used in experimental studies as measures of mitochondrial dysfunction often provide little or no distinction between adaptive and maladaptive changes. This is especially a problem in terms of generation of oxidant species by mitochondria, wherein increased generation of superoxide anion radical (O·) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is often considered synonymously with mitochondrial dysfunction. However, these oxidative species are signaling molecules in normal physiology so that a change in production or abundance is not a good criterion for mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we consider generation of reactive electrophiles and consequent modification of mitochondrial proteins as a means to define mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulated evidence indicates that 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE) modification of proteins reflects mitochondrial dysfunction and provides an operational criterion for experimental definition of mitochondrial dysfunction. Improved means to detect and quantify mitochondrial HNE‐protein adduct formation could allow its use for environmental healthrisk assessment. Furthermore, application of improved mass spectrometry‐based proteomic methods will lead to further understanding of the critical targets contributing to disease risk. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Whole brain‐based analysis of regional white matter tract alterations in rare motor neuron diseases by diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Unrath Alexander , Müller Hans‐Peter , Riecker Axel , Ludolph Albert C. , Sperfeld Anne‐Dorte , Kassubek Jan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDifferent motor neuron disorders (MNDs) are mainly defined by the clinical presentation based on the predominance of upper or lower motor neuron impairment and the course of the disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mostly serves as a tool to exclude other pathologies, but novel approaches such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have begun to add information on the underlying pathophysiological processes of these disorders in vivo. The present study was designed to investigate three different rare MNDs, i.e., primary lateral sclerosis (PLS, N = 25), hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP, N = 24), and X‐linked spinobulbar muscular atrophy (X‐SBMA, N = 20), by use of whole‐brain‐based DTI analysis in comparison with matched controls. This analysis of white matter (WM) impairment revealed widespread and characteristic patterns of alterations within the motor system with a predominant deterioration of the corticospinal tract (CST) in HSP and PLS patients according to the clinical presentation and also in patients with X‐SBMA to a lesser degree, but also WM changes in projections to the limbic system and within distinct areas of the corpus callosum (CC), the latter both for HSP and PLS. In summary, DTI was able to define a characteristic WM pathoanatomy in motor and extra‐motor brain areas, such as the CC and the limbic projectional system, for different MNDs via whole brain‐based FA assessment and quantitative fiber tracking. Future advanced MRI‐based investigations might help to provide a fingerprint‐identification of MNDs. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of cortical degeneration in an elderly cohort with cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Reid Andrew T. , van Norden Anouk G.W. , de Laat Karlijn F. , van Oudheusden Lucas J.B. , Zwiers Marcel P. , Evans Alan C. , de Leeuw Frank‐Erik , Kötter Rolf 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEmerging noninvasive neuroimaging techniques allow for the morphometric analysis of patterns of gray and white matter degeneration in vivo, which may help explain and predict the occurrence of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. A single center prospective follow‐up study (Radboud University Nijmegen Diffusion tensor and Magnetic resonance imaging Cohort study (RUN DMC)) was performed involving 503 nondemented elderly individuals (50–85 years) with a history of symptomatic cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Age was associated with a global reduction in cortical thickness, and this relationship was strongest for ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, superior temporal lobe, and primary visual cortex. Right and left hemispheres differed in the thickness of language‐related areas. White matter (WM) lesions were generally negatively correlated with cortical thickness, primarily in individuals over the age of 60, with the notable exception of Brodmann areas 4 and 5, which were positively correlated in age groups 50–60 and 60–70, respectively. The observed pattern of age‐related decline may explain problems in memory and executive functions, which are already well documented in individuals with SVD. The additional gray matter loss affecting visual and auditory cortex, and specifically the head region of primary motor cortex, may indicate morphological correlates of impaired sensory and motor functions. The paradoxical positive relationship between WM lesion volume and cortical thickness in some areas may reflect early compensatory hypertrophy. This study raises a further interest in the mechanisms underlying cerebral gray and white matter degeneration in association with SVD, which will require further investigation with diffusion weighted and longitudinal MR studies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
When response inhibition is followed by response reengagement: An event‐related fMRI study
Authors: Boecker Maren , Drueke Barbara , Vorhold Verena , Knops Andre , Philippen Bernd , Gauggel Siegfried 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the course of daily living, changing environmental demands often make our actions, once initiated, unnecessary or even inappropriate. Under such circumstances, the ability to inhibit the obsolete action and to update behavior can be of vital importance. Previous lesion and neuroimaging studies have shown that the right prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia seem to play an important role in the inhibition of already initiated motor responses. The present study was designed to investigate whether the neural activity of inhibitory motor control was altered if the inhibition process was succeeded by an additional process, namely the reengagement into an alternative action. Therefore, cerebral blood oxygenation during performance of a stop‐change paradigm was registered in 15 male participants using event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Data analysis showed, that during successful and failed stopping and changing (response inhibition and subsequent response reengagement) of initiated motor responses a very similar network was activated including primarily the right inferior frontal cortex (IFC). Besides, stopping‐related activation in right IFC was significantly greater for fast inhibitors than for slow ones. Results of the present study thus further underline the important role of right IFC in response inhibition and suggest that the inhibition process functions similarly regardless whether changing task demands require the complete suppression of an already initiated motor response or its suppression and a subsequent response reengagement into an alternative action. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organizational commitment for knowledge workers: The roles of perceived organizational learning culture, leader–member exchange quality, and turnover intention
Authors: Joo Baek‐Kyoo (Brian) 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article investigates the impact of perceived organizational learning culture and leader–member exchange (LMX) quality on organizational commitment and eventually on employee turnover intention. Employees exhibited the highest organizational commitment when they perceived a higher learning culture and when they were supervised in a supportive fashion. Employee turnover intention was fully mediated by organizational commitment. Overall, 43% of the variance in organizational commitment was explained by organizational learning culture and LMX quality. About 40% of the variance in turnover intention was explained by organizational commitment. Thus, perceived organizational learning culture and LMX quality (antecedents) impacted on organizational commitment, which in turn contributed negatively to employee turnover intention (consequence).
The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital
Authors: Luthans Fred , Avey James B. , Avolio Bruce J. , Peterson Suzanne J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecently, theory and research have supported psychological capital (PsyCap) as an emerging core construct linked to positive outcomes at the individual and organizational level. However, to date, little attention has been given to PsyCap development through training interventions; nor have there been attempts to determine empirically if such PsyCap development has a causal impact on participants' performance. To fill these gaps we first conducted a pilot test of the PsyCap intervention (PCI) model with a randomized control group design. Next, we conducted a follow‐up study with a cross section of practicing managers to determine if following the training guidelines of the PCI caused the participants' performance to improve. Results provide beginning empirical evidence that short training interventions such as PCI not only may be used to develop participants' psychological capital, but can also lead to an improvement in their on‐the‐job performance. The implications these findings have for human resource development and performance management conclude the article.
Can the distribution of headwater stream chemistry be predicted from downstream observations?
Authors: Temnerud J. , Fölster J. , Buffam I. , Laudon H. , Erlandsson M. , Bishop K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSmall streams with catchment areas < 2 km2 make up the majority of all stream length and are of great ecological importance. Surveys of first and second order streams reveal great spatial and temporal variability in the water chemistry of these headwaters, but their assessment presents a serious challenge since systematic, representative data are usually only collected in larger streams and rivers. Using low flow synoptic survey data from seven mesoscale Swedish catchments, this study tests the hypothesis that downstream monitoring data can be used to predict key features of the distribution of chemistry in headwater streams [median and interquartile range (IQR)]. Three ecologically relevant analytes were tested: pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and total organic carbon (TOC). For all seven catchments, the outlets (36–127 km2) were considerably less acid with lower TOC than the median of the headwaters (<2 km2, N = 19–45). Among catchments, headwater median and IQR were positively correlated with the value at the outlet, for all three analytes. A univariate general linear model (GLM) was used to predict the headwater chemistry distribution for each catchment from its outlet chemistry, using the relationship established with the other six catchments. Headwater median pH and IQR of ANC were well predicted by a single downstream sample [median adj. R2 ∼ 0·7, normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) < 0·7]. Other response variables were not as well predicted, with median adj. R2 ranging from 0·08 to 0·48, and NRMSE up to 1·1. A minority of models were significant at α = 0·05, in part due to the limited availability of catchments with such extensive survey data. However, the clear trends observed suggest that with additional model development, downstream chemistry could ultimately provide a valuable tool for characterizing the range of chemistry in the contributing headwaters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The controls on boreal peatland surface water chemistry in Northern Alberta, Canada
Authors: Whitfield Colin J. , Aherne Julian , Gibson John J. , Seabert Tim A. , Watmough Shaun A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSpatial and temporal variability in surface water chemistry, organic soil chemistry and hydrologic indicators were investigated at three poor‐fen complexes in two boreal catchments in Northern Alberta to provide insight into the dominant controls on surface water chemistry. Improved understanding of these controls is required to enable prediction of runoff chemistry in the region under changing atmospheric deposition conditions. Surface water chemistry exhibited considerable variability; within each fen conductivity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and Cl− tended to decrease and pH tended to increase with increasing distance from the lake edge. Variations in evaporative isotopic enrichment in 2H and 18O, expressed as deuterium excess, were used to distinguish between throughflow waters and those that were more evaporatively enriched. Throughflow surface waters were more acidic primarily due to higher concentrations of DOC and NO3−. Exchangeable base saturation and pH of organic soils were strongly related to surface water chemistry at two of the fen complexes, demonstrating the capacity for cation exchange to influence surface water chemistry. Fen surface water concentrations of most elements and DOC increased during the summer period (between June and August), while pH of water decreased. Evaporative concentration of the surface waters was a dominant driver, with surface water temperature increasing at both catchments. Localized groundwater discharge was an important contributor of base cations to the fens, while the organic soils are sinks for atmospherically deposited SO42−, N and Cl−. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How do the rain rates of sub‐event intervals such as the maximum 5‐ and 15‐min rates (I5orI30) relate to the properties of the enclosing rainfall event?
Authors: Dunkerley David L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe intensity‐duration properties of rain have been explored using various approaches, including daily or hourly data, IDF and event‐based analyses, and the study of rain properties across intra‐event durations such as the widely usedI30indicator of peak event rain rate. This article explores the way in which intra‐event rain rates (IERRs) such asI30vary with the duration of the enclosing event and with the approach used to delineate events. Pluviograph records from two Australian sites are subdivided into events using the minimum inter‐event time (MIT) approach, and the duration, depth and rain rate properties of the events determined. The IERRs for intervals from 1 to 60 min are extracted for each event, and generally these rates (includingI30) exhibit statistically significant increases in longer enclosing rain events. The mean value of parameters such asI5andI30across all rain events also varied in more complex ways with the MIT criterion used to define the enclosing events. Thus, measures of IERR are significantly affected by the data processing protocols used to derive them. Wider exploration of these phenomena from other rainfall climates will assist in the interpretation of hydrologic, soil erosion, agrochemical wash‐off and other data that in published literature are interpreted differently in relation to event mean rainfall properties or to selected intra‐event properties such asI30. Understanding of these issues is important in the selection of an appropriate rainfall descriptor in event‐based hydrologic and erosional research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.