bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aldose reductase inhibitory activity and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate extracts
Authors: Karasu Çimen , Cumaoğlu Ahmet , Gúrpinar Ali , Kartal Murat , Kovacikova Lucia , Milackova Ivana , Stefek Milan 
Published: May 2012

Aldose reductase inhibitory activity and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate extractsThe pomegranate,Punica granatumL., has been the subject of current interest as a medicinal agent with wide-ranging therapeutic indications. In the present study, pomegranate ethanolic seed and hull extracts were tested, in comparison with a commercial sample, for the inhibition of aldose reductase, an enzyme involved in the etiology of diabetic complications. In vitro inhibition of rat lens aldose reductase was determined by a conventional method. Pomegranate ethanolic hull extract and commercial pomegranate hull extract exhibited similar aldose reductase inhibitory activity characterized by IC50values ranging from 3 to 33.3 μg/ml. They were more effective than pomegranate ethanolic seed extract with IC50ranging from 33.3 to 333 μg/ml. Antioxidant action of the novel compounds was documented in a DPPH test and in a liposomal membrane model, oxidatively stressed by peroxyl radicals. All the plant extracts showed considerable antioxidant potential in the DPPH assay. Pomegranate ethanolic hull extract and commercial pomegranate hull extract executed similar protective effects on peroxidatively damaged liposomal membranes characterized by 10 < IC50< 100 μg/ml. Pomegranate ethanolic seed extract showed significantly lower antioxidant activity compared to both hull extracts studied. Pomegranate extracts are thus presented as bifunctional agents combining aldose reductase inhibitory action with antioxidant activity and with potential therapeutic use in prevention of diabetic complications.
Sensitivity of some nitrogen fixers and the target pest Fusarium oxysporum to fungicide thiram
Authors: Osman Awad , Sherif Ashraf , Elhussein Adil , Mohamed Afrah 
Published: May 2012

Sensitivity of some nitrogen fixers and the target pestFusarium oxysporumto fungicide thiramThis study was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of the fungicide thiram (TMTD) against five nitrogen fixers and the thiram target pestFusarium oxysporumunder laboratory conditions. Nitrogen fixing bacteriaFalvobacteriumshowed the highest values of LD50and proved to be the most resistant to the fungicide followed byFusarium oxysporum, whilePseudomonas aurentiacawas the most affected microorganism. LD50values for these microorganisms were in 2-5 orders of magnitude lower in comparison with LD50value forFusarium oxysporum. Thiram was most toxic toPseudomonas aurentiacafollowed byAzospirillum. The lowest toxicity index was recorded forFusarium oxysporumandFlavobacterium. The slope of the curve forAzomonas, Fusarium oxysporumandFlavobacteriumis more steep than that of the other curves, suggesting that even a slight increase of the dose of the fungicide can cause a very strong negative effect. Thiram was more selective toPseudomonas aurentiacafollowed byAzospirillum, Rhizobium melilotiandAzomonas. The lowest selectivity index of the fungicide was recorded forFalvobacteriumfollowed byFusarium oxysporum. The highest safety coefficient of the fungicide was assigned forFlavobacterium, whilePseudomonas aurentiacashowed the lowest value.
L'Italie et la crise du Yom Kippour : de la guerre d'octobre à une nouvelle stratégie de coopération dans le Golfe (octobre 1973 - janvier 1974)
Authors: Petrini Matteo 
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’éclatement de la guerre du Yom Kippour en octobre 1973 et la crise pétrolière suivante constituent des enjeux majeurs pour la diplomatie italienne des années 1970. Des craintes économiques liées à la dépendance énergétique, des rapports historiques avec le monde arabe et des considérations de politique interne poussent en effet le pays à adopter un point de vue partiellement en contraste avec ses alliés, et notamment avec les États-Unis. L’article a pour objectif de décrire l’attitude italienne face à la crise, de l’engagement communautaire aux initiatives unilatérales vers les pays arabes, en s’appuyant sur les documents des archives privées du ministre des Affaires étrangères Aldo Moro, un des acteurs-clés de la politique étrangère italienne pendant cette période.
Aspects nouveaux de la guerre d'Espagne : sept causes célèbres qui s'entremêlent
Authors: Pike David Wingeate 
Published: May 2012

Résumé Chacune des sept causes célèbres en question a eu lieu dans les premiers mois de la guerre d’Espagne. Les sujets ont leurs similarités et leurs différences, les uns victimes des républicains, les autres, victimes des franquistes. Unamuno et Marañón, le plus grand philosophe et le plus grand médecin d’Espagne du xx e siècle, tous deux en pleine contradiction avec eux-mêmes. Le comte de Romanones, cofondateur de la République, qui se tint à l’écart de la guerre. José Antonio Primo De Rivera, fondateur de la Phalange, qui s’opposait pourtant à la cause franquiste. Francisco Largo Calvo, fils du Premier ministre Largo Caballero, otage qui survécut à la guerre. Le duc de la Vega, exécuté pour être duc. Et Niceto Alcalá Zamora, président de la République, père d’une famille politiquement et tragiquement divisée, qui allait mourir en Argentine, dans la misère.
Substance et mouvement : Marius Victorinus et l'héritage plotinien
Authors: Lavaud Laurent 
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’un des canaux par lesquels la philosophie néoplatonicienne s’est trouvée assimilée à la théologie chrétienne (et plus particulièrement la théologie trinitaire) est la lecture que le rhéteur Marius Victorinus a pu faire de l’œuvre de Plotin, fondateur du néoplatonisme. L’ontologie plotinienne exerce en effet une triple influence sur la théologie de Marius Victorinus. En premier lieu, l’articulation plotinienne entre l’ ousia et le mouvement intelligibles (qui apparaît dans le traité 43) fournit l’un des modèles possibles du rapport entre le Père et le Fils. Ensuite, la transcendance de l’Un se trouve intégrée par Victorinus au sein de la Trinité, et permet de penser l’ existentia du Père, pure de toute détermination. Enfin, le mouvement d’autoconstitution de l’Intellect plotinien, qui est la source immanente de ses propres actes, se trouve repris pour saisir la manière dont le Fils déploie et manifeste l’essence du Père.
Identité et ressemblance. Marius Victorinus, théologien et lecteur d'Aristote
Authors: Erismann Christophe 
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article a pour but de montrer comment le penseur du IV e siècle Marius Victorinus a utilisé une thèse de la logique aristotélicienne dans son œuvre théologique, plus précisément dans sa démonstration de l’incorrection du concept d’ homoioousion (« de substance semblable ») et dans sa défense de la justesse du concept d’ homoousion (« de substance identique ») pour parler des personnes de la divine Trinité. Marius Victorinus argumente sur la base de la définition que donne Aristote du propre de la qualité, selon laquelle il ne peut y avoir de ressemblance en matière de substance sous peine d’une confusion catégoriale, car la ressemblance appartient exclusivement à la catégorie de la qualité. Un concept postulant une similarité de substance est donc logiquement incorrect. Cette critique a le mérite de mettre en lumière la difficulté, au moins exégétique, à se réclamer des Catégories d’Aristote pour développer une théorie des universaux basée sur la ressemblance et non l’identité.
Deux interprétations du scepticisme : Marius Victorinus et Augustin
Authors: Bouton-Touboulic Anne-Isabelle 
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article vise à réexaminer le « scepticisme » de Marius Victorinus, tel que l’avait défini Pierre Hadot, en s’appuyant principalement sur le Commentaire sur le De inventione . On constate que Marius Victorinus y infléchit le propos de l’Arpinate ; dans cet ouvrage antérieur à sa conversion, la condamnation sans appel de l’opinion, liée au monde des hommes, englobe le dogme chrétien ; Victorinus intègre certains motifs sceptiques à un propos globalement influencé par le néoplatonisme porphyrien. Dans un second temps, une comparaison est menée avec la réfutation du scepticisme par Augustin dans le Contra Academicos , écrit en 386. Même si l’on ne peut en tirer de conclusions fermes sur une influence de Victorinus, la comparaison entre ces deux œuvres sur les questions liées aux thèmes de la connaissance, sur les notions de probable, de vrai et de vraisemblable montrent des choix opposés, témoignant d’une réception différente des concepts cicéroniens en la matière.
Les outils de gestion : producteurs ou régulateurs de la violence psychique au travail ?
Authors: Chiapello Ève , Gilbert P. 
Published: May 2012

Résumé Parce qu’elle représente une menace, non seulement pour la santé au travail mais aussi pour la productivité, la violence psychique au travail fait l’objet d’attentions de plus en plus vives. Parallèlement, la gestion se présente comme une pratique de plus en plus instrumentée et, semble‑t‑il, déshumanisée. Dans quelle mesure les outils de gestion participent‑ils à la violence psychique au travail. Peut‑on leur attribuer directement les manifestations de violence ? Ou doit‑on plutôt voir celles‑ci, comme la conséquence d’usages déviants ? Cherchant à éclairer ces questions, l’article présente une revue des recherches critiques construisant un lien entre les outils de gestion et la violence au travail puis en discute les enseignements. Il montre en particulier que si les outils de gestion sont parfois des vecteurs de violence, leurs usages peuvent aussi générer des régulations ayant une vertu de pacification.
Therapeutic Window of Retinal Photocoagulation With Green (532-nm) and Yellow (577-nm) Lasers
Authors: Sramek Christopher K. , Leung Loh-Shan B. , Paulus Yannis M. , Palanker Daniel V. 
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
The 577-nm (yellow) laser provides an alternative to the 532-nm (green) laser in retinal photocoagulation, with potential benefits in macular treatment and through ocular opacities. To assess relative risk of thermomechanical rupture of Bruch’s membrane with yellow laser in photocoagulation, the therapeutic window, the ratio of threshold powers for mild coagulation and rupture, was measured.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Retinal coagulation and rupture thresholds, visualized ophthalmoscopically, were measured with 577- and 532-nm lasers using 10- to 100-ms pulses in 34 rabbit eyes. Lesions at 1 and 7 days were assessed histologically.

RESULTS:
Coagulation threshold with yellow laser was 26% lower than with green laser. The therapeutic window increased linearly with log-duration for both wavelengths with a difference in parallel-slope intercept of 0.36 ± 0.20, corresponding to 8% to 15% wider therapeutic window for yellow wavelength.

CONCLUSION:
The therapeutic window of retinal photocoagulation in rabbits at 577 nm is slightly wider than at 532 nm, whereas histologically the lesions are similar.
Contact-Dependent Interference with Invariant NKT Cell Activation by Herpes Simplex Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Bosnjak Lidija , Sahlström Peter , Paquin-Proulx Dominic , Leeansyah Edwin , Moll Markus , Sandberg Johan K. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Invariant CD1d-restricted NKT (iNKT) cells play important roles in generating protective immune responses against infections. In this study, we have investigated the role of human iNKT cells in HSV-1 infection and their interaction with epidermal keratinocytes. These cells express CD1d and are the primary target of the virus. Keratinocytes loaded with α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer) could stimulate IFN-γ production and CD25 upregulation by iNKT cells. However, both α-GalCer–dependent and cytokine-dependent activation of iNKT cells was impaired after coculture with HSV-1–infected cells. Notably, CD1d downregulation was not observed on infected keratinocytes, which were also found to inhibit TCR-independent iNKT cell activation. Further examination of the cytokine profile of iNKT–keratinocyte cocultures showed inhibition of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-17 secretion but upregulation of IL-4 and TNF-α after the infection. Moreover, cell-to-cell contact between infected keratinocytes and iNKT cells was required for the inhibition of activation, as the cell-free supernatants containing virus did not affect activation. Productive infection of iNKT cells was however not required for the inhibitory effect. After coculture with infected cells, iNKT cells were no longer responsive to further stimulation with α-GalCer–loaded CD1d-expressing cells. We found that exposure to HSV-1–infected cells resulted in impaired TCR signaling downstream of ZAP70. Additionally, infected cells upregulated the expression of the negative T cell regulator, galectin-9; however, blocking experiments indicated that the impairment of iNKT cell responses was independent of galectin-9. Thus, interference with activation of human iNKT cells by HSV-1 may represent a novel immunoevasive strategy used by the virus to avoid immune clearance.
Decoy Receptor 3 Suppresses TLR2-Mediated B Cell Activation by Targeting NF-κB
Authors: Huang Zi-Ming , Kang Jhi-Kai , Chen Chih-Yu , Tseng Tz-Hau , Chang Chien-Wen , Chang Yung-Chi , Tai Shyh-Kuan , Hsieh Shie-Liang , Leu Chuen-Miin 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is a soluble protein in the TNFR superfamily. Its known ligands include Fas ligand, homologous to lymphotoxin, showing inducible expression, and competing with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes, TNF-like molecule 1A, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. DcR3 has been reported to modulate the functions of T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages; however, its role in regulating B cell activation is largely unknown. In this study, we found that the DcR3.Fc fusion protein bound to human and mouse B cells and suppressed the activation of B cells. DcR3.Fc attenuated Staphylococcus aureus, IgM-, Pam3CSK4-, and LPS-mediated B cell proliferation but did not affect cytokine-induced B cell growth. In the presence of these mitogens, DcR3.Fc did not induce B cell apoptosis, suggesting that DcR3 may inhibit the signal(s) important for B cell activation. Because the combination of Fas.Fc, LT-βR.Fc (homologous to lymphotoxin, showing inducible expression, and competing with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes receptor), and DR3.Fc (TNF-like molecule 1A receptor) did not suppress B cell proliferation and because the biological effect of DcR3.Fc on B cells was not blocked by heparin, we hypothesize that a novel ligand(s) of DcR3 mediates its inhibitory activity on B cells. Moreover, we found that TLR2-stimulated NF-κB p65 activation and NF-κB–driven luciferase activity were attenuated by DcR3.Fc. The TLR2-induced cytokine production by B cells was consistently reduced by DcR3. These results imply that DcR3 may regulate B cell activation by suppressing the activation of NF-κB.
CIKS/Act1-Mediated Signaling by IL-17 Cytokines in Context: Implications for How a CIKS Gene Variant May Predispose to Psoriasis
Authors: Sønder Søren Ulrik , Paun Andrea , Ha Hye-Lin , Johnson Peter F. , Siebenlist Ulrich 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Psoriasis is a relapsing skin disease characterized by abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation and by an influx of inflammatory immune cells. Recently, IL-17 cytokines have been strongly implicated as critical for the pathogenesis of this disease. IL-17A (also known as IL-17) and IL-17F are the signature cytokines of Th17 cells, but are also produced by innate cells, including γδ T cells present in skin, whereas epithelial cells, including keratinocytes, may produce IL-17C. IL-17 cytokines signal via the adaptor protein connection to IκB kinase and stress-activated protein kinases (CIKS)/Act1. Psoriasis is a disease with a strong genetic predisposition, and the gene encoding CIKS has recently been identified as a susceptibility locus. Unexpectedly, one predisposing gene variant features a mutation that impairs rather than enhances CIKS-mediated IL-17 cytokine signaling, counter to the predicted role for IL-17 cytokines in psoriatic inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate, however, that this mutant adaptor does not impair the IL-17–specific contributions to the genetic response when combined with TNF-α, a cytokine also prominent in psoriatic inflammation. Interestingly, TNF-α signals compensate IL-17 signaling defects imposed by this mutant adaptor even for genes that are not induced by TNF-α alone, including the transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ and IκBζ, which help regulate secondary gene expression in response to IL-17. Based on these findings we discuss a scenario in which the mutant adaptor may interfere with homeostatic maintenance of epithelial barriers, thereby potentially enabling the initiation of inflammatory responses to insults, whereas this same mutant adaptor would still be able to mediate IL-17–specific contributions to inflammation once TNF-α is present.
IL-15–Dependent Upregulation of GITR on CD8 Memory Phenotype T Cells in the Bone Marrow Relative to Spleen and Lymph Node Suggests the Bone Marrow as a Site of Superior Bioavailability of IL-15
Authors: Snell Laura M. , Lin Gloria H. Y. , Watts Tania H. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
CD8 memory T cells are enriched in the bone marrow, a site where these cells are thought to receive homeostatic signals. However, the primary site where CD8 memory T cells receive their cytokine-induced homeostatic signals has recently come under debate. In this study, we demonstrate that the bone marrow contains a fraction of CD8 memory phenotype T cells with elevated expression of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR). In contrast, splenic and lymph node memory phenotype T cells have GITR levels similar to those on naive T cells. The bone marrow GITRhi memory T cells have a phenotype indicative of cytokine activation, with higher CD122 and lower CD127 than do the GITRbasal memory T cells. Remarkably, these bone marrow-specific GITRhi cells are almost completely ablated in the absence of IL-15, whereas TNFR2 and 4-1BB expression on the CD8 memory T cells are IL-15 independent. Furthermore, adoptively transferred splenic CD8 memory phenotype T cells show IL-15–dependent GITR upregulation upon entry into the bone marrow. This result implies that the selective appearance of GITRhi memory phenotype T cells in the bone marrow reflects the local microenvironment rather than a different subset of memory T cells. GITR−/− mice have a lower frequency of CD8 memory phenotype cells in the bone marrow, yet the GITR−/− cells hyperproliferate compared with those in wild-type mice. Taken together, these data suggest that GITR plays a role in the survival of CD8 memory phenotype T cells and that GITR upregulation represents a precise marker of cells that have responded to IL-15.
IL-7 Functionally Segregates the Pro-B Cell Stage by Regulating Transcription of Recombination Mediators across Cell Cycle
Authors: Johnson Kristen , Chaumeil Julie , Micsinai Mariann , Wang Joy M. H. , Ramsey Laura B. , Baracho Gisele V. , Rickert Robert C. , Strino Francesco , Kluger Yuval , Farrar Michael A. , Skok Jane A. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Ag receptor diversity involves the introduction of DNA double-stranded breaks during lymphocyte development. To ensure fidelity, cleavage is confined to the G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle. One established mechanism of regulation is through periodic degradation of the RAG2 recombinase protein. However, there are additional levels of protection. In this paper, we show that cyclical changes in the IL-7R signaling pathway functionally segregate pro-B cells according to cell cycle status. In consequence, the level of a downstream effector of IL-7 signaling, phospho-STAT5, is inversely correlated with cell cycle expression of Rag, a key gene involved in recombination. Higher levels of phopho-STAT5 in S-G2 correlate with decreased Rag expression and Rag relocalization to pericentromeric heterochromatin. These cyclical changes in transcription and locus repositioning are ablated upon transformation with v-Abl, which renders STAT5 constitutively active across the cell cycle. We propose that this activity of the IL-7R/STAT5 pathway plays a critical protective role in development, complementing regulation of RAG2 at the protein level, to ensure that recombination does not occur during replication. Our data, suggesting that pro-B cells are not a single homogeneous population, explain inconsistencies in the role of IL-7 signaling in regulating Igh recombination.
The Impact of Solubility and Dissolution Assessment on Formulation Strategy and Implications for Oral Drug Disposition
Authors: Alsenz Jochem 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis review discusses the importance of drug solid–state properties and of solubility and dissolution measurement for the identification of appropriate formulations/formulation strategies and highlights their impact on drug disposition and candidate selection. Common elements of solubility/dissolution protocols are presented and the methods addressing equilibrium, apparent, kinetic, and intrinsic solubility, as well as powder and intrinsic dissolution are discussed. Tools for drug categorization (BCS, BDDCS) and estimation of oral drug absorption (MAD) are assessed. A detailed description of available formulation approaches is provided, including improvement of drug dissolution rate and/or apparent solubility, drug solubilization approaches, and inhibition of drug precipitation.
Stereochemical Elements Associated with Drug Metabolism and Toxicity
Authors: Wienkers Larry C. , Padbury Guy E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMany drugs used in clinical practice today are administered as a racemic mixture. As a consequence, these drugs can often be associated with complex pharmacokinetics and observed toxicities compared to drugs that are administrated as a single enantiomer. It is well established that two enantiomers of a chiral drug commonly possess different pharmacological properties. In addition to variable pharmacodynamic properties, numerous studies have shown that the individual enantiomers of a chiral drug often display stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and drug disposition, particularly in the area of drug metabolism. This chapter attempts to provide a representative appraisal of the various stereochemical aspects associated with the metabolism and toxicity of chiral drugs.