bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is space for ordinary people?
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

A blue ribbon Advisory Council to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recently reported the results of its 1‐year study on whether to send private citizens on space shuttle missions. The answer from this panel, which was made up of an astronaut, a physician, several major space industry executives, and the author James A. Michener, was yes. If this result is acted upon, private citizens may fly on a shuttle mission in this decade.The NASA Advisory Council claimed at the outset that the concept is not to be misconstrued as a self‐serving public relations program. The main objective, it would appear, is for laymen to provide real functions in space missions; they could add a valuable dimension to the missions, if only by communicating first‐hand space experiences to the general public. But, in addition to the widespread public interest in space, ordinary citizens are needed now and in the future: Inspace technological manufacturing plants appear to be a good bet in a decade or so, and civilians can contribute to readiness programs as they work with highly specialized astronaut pilots.
TV series on geophysics
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A seven‐part public television series on earth sciences, dubbed “Terra Nova,” is expected to begin filming this fall. The series, slated for prime time, is also designed as an introductory course in geophysics for college students who are not science majors. Completion of filming is expected in 1985; no air date has been scheduled.Public television station WQED, Pittsburgh, in association with the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), is producing “Terra Nova.” WQED and NAS collaborated on the production of the Planet Earth series, which originally aired some 25 years ago. The Annenberg/Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) Project has provided a $3 million grant for “Terra Nova.” Two years ago AGU gave $10,000 for NAS to develop basic scientific plans for the geophysics series.
Rock mechanics research awards
Authors: Wagner John E. 
Published: October 2011

The U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics, at its June 1983 annual meeting, adopted three actions to enhance the competition and public awareness of its annual awards program for rock mechanics papers. It will issue a call for nominations of outstanding papers; it will request participating societies to announce the names of award winners and the titles of papers, and it will publish an abstract of the winning papers in the proceedings of the annual U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium in the year following the awards.The competition is open to papers, by U.S residents or students in a U.S. school, published in an English language publication normally available in the United States. The following authors and papers are the 1983 award winners:
Molecular computers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Computer circuits consisting of organic molecules could offer a solution to problems foreseen in future processor designs. Geophysicists and astronomers are among those needing huge, ultrafast computational facilities. It takes the ultimate in computing power to track fluid How in petroleum reservoirs, to analyze data from 3‐dimensional instrument arrays, and to conduct imaging measurements of planetary surfaces in real time.In a sense, silicon and germanium integrated computer circuit designs are running out of the time‐space dimensions to fill the need. Organic molecular circuits, some of which will contain no metallic conduction elements as normally conceived, may be able to be produced with appropriately small time delays and physical dimensions between electronic elements. Because of limitations of conventional integrated circuits, the number of transistors that can be fabricated onto a single chip may never exceed 0.6‐1×109. This number may have no relevance to molecular computer circuits, in which logically based entities provide intelligent switches much like those of living systems.
Actions at Hamburg International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interiors
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

President: Ziro Suzuki (Japan); First Vice‐President: St. Müller (Switzerland); Second Vice‐President: A. V. Nikolaev (USSR); Secretary‐General/Treasurer: R. D. Adams (UK)B. A. Bolt (USA); E. R. Engdahl (USA); C. Froidevaux (France); E. G. Kausel (Chile); Xu Shao‐xic (China)
New infrared detectors
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Scientists at General Electric's Research and Development Center in Schenectady, N.Y., have developed a new process for manufacturing indium antimonide detectors that will allow them to be used in infrared space satellites for the first time. The process reduces impurities in the detectors and so decreases their “noise” level.In order to make sensitive infrared observations, detectors using conventional indium antimonide must be operated at temperatures below −184°C, which require liquid nitrogen or liquid helium for cooling. The new detectors will operate effectively at temperatures as high as −151°C, however, and can be maintained indefinitely by satellite refrigeration systems powered by onboard solar cells.
Magnetic reconnection
Authors: Hones Edward W. 
Published: October 2011

A Chapman Conference on Magnetic Reconnection was held at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, October 3–7, 1983. More than 125 scientists, from more than a dozen countries, participated in the meeting, where 62 scientific papers were presented and discussed. This report briefly reviews material presented at the conference after first giving some background information on magnetic reconnection.In many interesting systems of magnetized plasmas, magnetic field lines can be divided into several classes on the basis of their topological properties. One such system is sketched in Figure 1. This represents earth's magnetosphere, enveloped in the flowing solar wind which is threaded by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). In this system four classes of field lines are identified: (1) “closed” field lines connected to earth at both ends, (2) “interplanetary” field lines that do not connect to earth at all, (3) “open” field lines connected to earth at one end and to the interplanetary field at the other, and (4) “magnetic loops” that connect neither to earth nor to the interplanetary field. Surfaces called separatrices (heavy lines in Figure 1) separate the regions of different topology (i.e., 2 from 3, 1 from 3, and 1 from 4), and these intersect or close upon themselves along lines called X lines (indicated at A, B, and C in Figure 1).
Rating the winter weather forecast
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

For the second year in a row, the National Weather Service (NWS) winter forecast fell disappointingly short of the mark because of an unforseen atmospheric event that shaped an entire season of weather. This winter it was a mass of bitter cold arctic air that caused December's record‐breaking low temperatures and established the character of January and February weather patterns, according to Donald L. Gilman, chief of the NWS longrange predictions branch. As a result, says Gilman, the weather prediction issued in November (Eos, December 20, 1983, p. 985) was “not a good forecast.” Once the model makers started seeing the cold temperatures in December, however, they were able to update their figures for a new 3‐month forecast extending through March that turned out to be quite accurate.NWS issues a 3‐month forecast each month. The most publicized forecast, according to Gilman, is the November one that covers the entire winter season. At the end of each prediction period, the forecast is given a numerical accuracy score. A rating of zero would mean that the forecast was no better than what might be predicted from general climatological data. Above zero, though, means that the forecast is “skilled,” and a score of 100 would mean 100% accuracy. (Scores generally range between +10 and −15.) Using this method of figuring probability scores, the November forecast earned a low score of −5, ranking it 13th among the 18 predictions issued by NWS since these forecasts began a couple of years ago. Last winter's forecast, sabotaged by a surprisingly strong El Niño, ranked 14th.
Acid rain report focuses on forests
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Recent research on acid precipitation yields “increasing general concern about possible effects on forests,” according to the second annual report of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). Prepared by the Interagency Task Force on Acid Precipitation, the report outlines the accomplishments of the national program during fiscal 1983, summarizes the current state of scientific knowledge (including a change in the baseline acidity of precipitation), and describes the outlook for current progress by federally funded acid precipitation research. Chris Bernabo is the program's executive director.NAPAP's annual report agrees with the finding of a National Research Council (NRC) committee that a linear relationship exists between sulfur dioxide emissions and wet deposition of sulfate (Eos, July 26, 1983, p. 475). NRC's Committee on Atmospheric Transport and Chemical Transformation in Acid Precipitation, which issued its report last year, was chaired by Jack G. Calvert of the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
1984 James B. Macelwane Awards
Authors: Kelley Michael C. , Mozer Forrest S. , Parks George K. , Hudson Mary K. , Johnson Lane , Jeanloz Raymond , Gilbert J. Freeman , Woodhouse John H. 
Published: October 2011

Mary Hudson is being honored as one of the 1984 James B. Macelwane award winners because her theoretical research on the microphysics of magnetospheric plasmas has been at the forefront of the field, has inspired many experimental and theoretical studies, and has stimulated her colleagues and students.From her earliest work as a graduate student, Mary has displayed a pronounced talent for recognizing a challenging problem, understanding the experimental data, formulating a theoretical approach, theoretically interpreting the data, and working with experimentalists on the consequences of her theory. Her Ph.D. research, on the equatorial Rayleigh‐Taylor instability, called Equatorial Spread F, was undertaken on her own initiative and produced a sophisticated collisional, linear instability analysis which showed that drift waves play an important role in this phenomenon. Her collaborations with experimentalists verified this result and led to an analytic nonlinear solution for the evolution of two‐dimensional plasma bubbles that are now known to occur in Equatorial Spread F.
Upcoming hearings in Congress
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The following conference committee has been tentatively announced for the coming weeks by the Senate and House of Representatives. For additional information, all offices on Capitol Hill may be reached by telephoning 202‐224‐3121. For guidelines on contacting a member of Congress, see AGU's Guide to Legislative Information and Contacts (Eos, April 17, 1984, p. 159).TBA: Conference on the Export Adminstration Act reauthorization (S. 979), including information flow and the impact on science (Eos, June 26, 1984, p. 412). The bill was introduced by John Heinz (R‐Pa.). Time and room to be announced (note: conference scheduled for July 31 was canceled).
GEOSCOPE: A French initiative in long‐period three‐component global seismic networks
Authors: Romanowicz Barbara , Cara Michel , Fel Jean François , Rouland Daniel 
Published: October 2011

Progress in long‐period seismology has been considerable in the past few years, owing to the availability of digital data from well‐calibrated worldwide instruments. The very long period International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA) network [Agnew et al., 1976] has provided many new measurements concerning both earth structure and seismic source studies and demonstrated the usefulness of sparse global digital networks. The broadband Global Digital Seismographic Network (GDSN) network has given access to a large quantity of data whose exploitation can be readily automatized.Both networks have their shortcomings, however, now expressed in the desire of many U.S. scientists to develop a new global digital network better adapted to present requirements of geophysical research. In the very long period domain (periods from about 100s to 1 hour), the IDA network only records the vertical component of ground motion, making information from horizontally excited modes of the earth unavailable. It also saturates the first Rayleigh wave trains from the largest earthquakes, causing a loss of data on direct source station paths, regrettable both for source and structure studies. The GDSN network suffers from some nonlinearity problems and, above all, the inadequacy of instrument responses for present needs of seismologists: The Seismic Research Observatories (SRO) network [Peterson and Orsini, 1976], which is the main constituent of GDSN, was designed mainly for discrimination between earthquakes and nuclear explosions.
New Drilling Core Facility
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A new Department of Energy (DOE) facility, dedicated to curating samples, cores, and other materials obtained under the Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP), will become available early in 1985 in Grand Junction, Colo. The facility will be operated by DOE in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Science Foundation. The three agencies are working together on continental scientific drilling in the United States under their formally adopted Interagency Accord on Scientific Drilling.From the time they are gathered at the drill site, these samples and routine logging data will be protected under Curatorial Policy Guidelines and Procedures. These guidelines and procedures are intended to provide maximum sample study opportunity, to preserve samples for future study, and to ensure longrange continuing service to the principle investigator and to the geoscience community.
Key Congressional Committee assignments
Authors: Robb David W. 
Published: October 2011

Here is a list of assignments to committees in the 99th Congress that have direct jurisdiction in geophysics. Assignments to Senate subcommittees had not been made as Eos went to press.Letters to Senate committees should be addressed to the committee, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC 20510; letters to House committees should be addressed to the committee, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC 20515. Initial contacts with committee and subcommittee staff may be valuable. For additional guidelines on contacting a member of Congress or congressional staff, see “AGU's Guide to Legislative Information and Contacts” (Eos, August 28, 1984, p. 669)
Solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling
Authors: Kamide Y. , Slavin J. 
Published: October 2011

An AGU Chapman Conference on Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere Coupling was held at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, February 12–15, 1985. There were 95 scientific papers presented at the meeting, and 135 participants were registered.The interaction between the solar wind and the earth's magnetic field creates a large magnetic cavity that is termed the magnetosphere. Energy derived from the solar wind and subsequently transferred to the inner magnetosphere is the primary source of various dynamic processes in the magnetosphere and also of many interesting phenomena observable from the earth's surface, such as magnetic and auroral substorms. The purpose of this conference was to bring together scientists from all areas of solar terrestrial physics, both theoretical and experimental, to promote the study of “coupling” among the different regions of the geosphere.
Gyre interactions: Report of a WOCE Planning Meeting
Authors: Guinasso Norman 
Published: October 2011

Gyre interactions and methods with which they might be studied during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was the topic of a meeting held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Mass., on April 7–9, 1986. This was one of five topical meetings held in 1986 under the auspices of the U.S. Science Steering Committe for WOCE.The concept of oceanic gyres forms the basis for knowledge of the large‐scale circulation. Although a general consensus was reached that tracers such as salinity, oxygen, heat, and potential vorticity are homogenized in both wind‐driven surface gyres and abyssal gyres, there was no agreement on the underlying mechanisms. It was felt that a field experiment should be performed during WOCE to examine this and other gyre‐related issues.
NASA calls for SIR‐C Proposals
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has announced that it will accept proposals for basic and applied research based on remote sensing data collected by a new generation of Spaceborn Imaging Radar (SIR) satellites. The new project, the Shuttle Imaging Radar‐C (SIR‐C) program, is due to be launched in February 1991 and July 1992 and will be flown in conjunction with an X band remote sensing system from the West German Bundeministerium fur Forschung und Technologie (BMFT) and the Italian Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche (CNR).NASA will solicit SIR‐C data analysis proposals that require NASA funding, as well as those that simply require access to the data. The SIR‐C represents an improvement over earlier Shuttle Imaging Radars (SIR‐A and B) in its ability to acquire images simultaneously at more than one wavelength. The new version also accomodates experiments that require multitemporal coverage. More detailed information may be obtained from Miriam Baltuck, Code EEL, NASA Headquarters, Washington DC 20546. Letters of intent for propoals are due to NASA by August 21, 1987.
Active hydrothermal mounds in the Okinawa back‐arc trough
Authors: Uyeda Sieya 
Published: October 2011

In the Okinawa Trough , which is the backarc basin of the Ryukyu arc, active extensional tectonics has been identified from graben morphology, shallow earthquakes characteristic of normal faults, extremely high heat flow, and young volcanism. However, except for the southernmost part, the back‐arc seafloor spreading stage has probably not been attained, because the axial part of the trough lacks the clear magnetic signature and oceanic crust associated with seafloor spreading and because the water depth is too shallow.Several research projects have been conducted in the basin; the Japanese Lithosphere Research Cruise (R/V Wakashio‐Maru), Hydrographic Department Cruise (R/V Takuyo), French VAMP cruise (R/V Jean‐Charcot), and German‐Japanese Joint Cruise (R/V Sonne) were in 1984. Results indicate that the trough is probably still in a stretching to rifting stage.
NRC funding available for 1988
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Research Council (NRC) is inviting applications from scientists and engineers who would like to receive funding under the NRC's Resident, Cooperative, and Postdoctoral Research Associateship Program in 1988. Each interested Ph.D. scientist can apply for $27,150 to $35,000 per year to conduct his or her own research at and on behalf of one of 28 host laboratories in the United States.Approximately 450 associateships will be awarded in 1988; each can be held for 1 or 2 years, although it may be possible for senior researchers to obtain shorter‐term grants. Most of the associateships are available to both U.S. and non‐U.S. nationals. Three competitions will be held for the associateships in 1988. The deadlines for postmarking of applications are January 15, 1988 (December 15, 1987 for National Aeronautics and Space Administration), April 15, 1988, and August 15, 1988.
Scientific proposals for a continuing scientific drilling program in the Valles‐Toledo Caldera Complex
Authors: Heiken Grant 
Published: October 2011

The Valles‐Toledo caldera complex is famous as the site of early research on caldera formation and for its caldera‐hosted, high‐temperature geothermal system. Scientific drilling in the west half of the complex, sponsored by the Office of Basic Energy Services of the Department of Energy (DOE), is part of a long‐term program to answer basic questions about caldera formation processes, silicic volcanism, high‐temperature hydrothermal systems, and volcanogenic ore bodies.A DOE workshop to evaluate the drilling was held October 18–20, 1989, in Los Alamos, N. Mex.; about 50 scientists came. The purpose was to review the progress of research and to consider the scientific merit of continuing corehole drilling as proposed in the original scientific management plan [Goff and Nielson, 1986]. At the end of the first day, a long discussion was held to determine if results so far justified the expense of continuing the program. The answer was unequivocal: Yes. The next question was, Where should the next corehole be located?
AGU on hydrological science
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Hydrologists and other scientists expressed concern that progress in hydrology is impeded by a lack of programmatic focus within the National Science Foundation. In response to the concern, AGU president Don Anderson appointed a panel to assess the situation and to recommend an appropriate AGU position on this issue. The report of the panel was considered at the Fall meeting of the Council and approved as the formal Union position. Subsequently, it was transmitted to Robert Corell, head of the NSF Geosciences Directorate, for consideration. The position itself is given below.Hydrologic Science Within the NSF—A Position Statement: AGU recommends that NSF take steps to establish a unified program in hydrologic science that is commensurate with the importance of water in Earth processes at all scales.
“Groundwater hydrology” is redundant
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

While in the Netherlands a few months ago, I mentioned “groundwater hydrology” to a very well‐educated, very literary, and non‐hydrologic old friend. She shuddered and told me in no uncertain words that this was a horrible term, completely redundant like a round circle, or as the linguists call it, a pleonasm. This is, of course, because hydrology already means water science (from the Greek words udor, or hydor for water, and logos for science), so that groundwater hydrology really stands for groundwater water science, and surface water hydrology for surface water science.These are pleonasms of the first kind and insults to any language purist, which all of us should strive to be! So I propose that henceforth groundwater hydrology be called subterranean hydrology. Other possibilities would be subsurface hydrology, but this sounds too shallow, or underground hydrology, which, however, could give the impression of some clandestine activity. Besides, subterranean hydrology would be in keeping with the words for groundwater in Latin‐based languages (eau souterrain in French, acqua sotierranea in Italian, and aguas subterraneas in Spanish). Also, subterranean hydrology includes the vadose zone, which, of course, groundwater hydrology as such does not. Surface water hydrology would simply be called surface hydrology, and anything above that atmospheric hydrology.
Surprisingly destructive tsunamis challenge conventional wisdom
Authors: Wakefield J. 
Published: October 2011

A single outlier is just that. But when a string of data anomalies crop up, it is probably time to rethink a conventional model or theory.In the past 2 years, there have been a series of four modest‐sized earthquakes that have produced tsunamis with surprisingly high runups of 3–9 m. Modern models predicted much smaller forms of the destructive waves—which typically travel at speeds of nearly 800 km an hour—than those that actually hit the shores of Nicaragua, Indonesia, and Japan during the past couple years.