bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Background and Formation of the Nuncio
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The archbishop of Fermo, GianBattista Rinuccini, arrived at Kenmare in County Kerry, Ireland in October 1645. That Rinuccini carried the stamp of 17th-century Italian Catholicism is undeniable. But like ‘absolutist king’, the phrase ‘tridentine bishop’ is a convenient shorthand to describe a complex reality. There were many tridentine bishops, far more than absolutist kings. A bishop such as Rinuccini, born eight years after the archbishop of Milan's death, saw himself as another participant and shaper in a tradition of Catholic reform. It is as a variation rather than a replication of the counter-reformation theme that the archbishop of Fermo can best be understood. Rinuccini brought a rich cocktail of experience to bear upon his work as nuncio to the Confederate Catholics of Ireland. Prior to his nunciature, Rinuccini was reluctant to focus on the possibility that in his own era ecclesiastical authority might be forced to exert itself against Catholic temporal powers.
Conclusion
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Barely eight months after GianBattista Rinuccini's departure from Ireland, the Cromwellian conquest began. In some respects, it is ironic that neither the nuncio, nor Owen Roe O'Neill, the two figures of this time easiest to portray as Catholic crusaders, directly engaged in the struggle against God's Englishman. That conflict between the Catholic population of Ireland and the saints of the English revolution was certainly harsh enough to qualify as another outcrop of the ferocity of the European religious wars, and it distinguished the Irish experience of the interregnum from anywhere else in the archipelago. Rinuccini was not the only papal nuncio retreating to Italy in the late 1640s following the collapse of his mission. Fabio Chigi, the papal delegate at Munster, had endured a similar fate following the Treaty of Westphalia. Both the Chigi and the Rinuccini nunciatures were creations of the period covered in this book and their frames of reference were remarkably similar.
The ‘Era of Recognition’ During the 1970s and ’80s—Foundations for a Modern Jurisprudence
Authors: McHUGH P.G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the early phase in modern history during which the old, ingrained paternalism was replaced by fresher legal principles endorsing aboriginal agency. These principles acknowledged the unique constitutional position of aboriginal peoples and their claim to self-determination. However, that recognition still had to be made within the overarching framework of each legal system and, as became increasingly apparent, in response to the variable situation of each group. Once the foundational modern principles were established — essentially the achievement of the era of recognition in the 1970s and 1980s — their fulfilment in particular cases became the piecemeal brick-by-brick task of the post-recognition period. The chapter considers the early period during the 1970s and 1980s when each jurisdiction re-fashioned its laws as it re-addressed the enduring questions of sovereignty and status.
Living Together Less Contentiously—The Jurisprudence of Reconciliation in the 1990s
Authors: McHUGH P.G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
‘Reconciliation’ emerged in the early 1990s as a new theme driving relations between aboriginal peoples and the settler-states of North America and Australasia. This was a theme that did not posit closure and finality in those relations, but signified a more conscious attempt within each settler-state to erect structures for the management of an ongoing relationship with its tribal peoples. Reconciliation could not be possible without recognition. Recognition entailed not only the conferral by the settler-state legal system of substantive aboriginal rights. For aboriginal peoples it also involved the acknowledgment by the settler-state of the impropriety of past conduct in breach of those rights. This chapter discusses a jurisprudence of reconciliation, reconciliation through claims settlement; and claims mechanisms in Canada, New Zealand, and Australia.
1 Introduction
Authors: REDMAYNE MIKE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents the main focus of the book, which is the use of expert evidence in the criminal process. It explains that expert evidence presents a number of challenges to the legal system and that what links them, perhaps, is the need to defer to, yet exert a degree of control over, the experts employed in it. It presents brief details of what the next chapters are all about.
3 Probability Models in Forensic Science
Authors: REDMAYNE MIKE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining in detail the important role that interpretation plays in forensic science. It suggests two reasons for stressing interpretation: the significance of trace evidence often depends on the information available to the forensic scientist and on the assumptions he brings to his work, and the way the evidence is used in court. It discusses the importance of Bayesianism in forensic science and how it offers insights that classical statistics do not, which make it appear to offer decision-makers more accurate information about the value of scientific evidence. It explains that the use of fingerprint evidence may give absolute identifications. It also explores several probability models in forensic science.
4 Presenting Probabilities in Court
Authors: REDMAYNE MIKE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing several problems in presenting the probabilities in court. It then makes an analysis of how probabilities are evaluated in court through empirical research. It also discusses the use of likelihood ratios in verbal conventions, frequencies, error rates, specifying alternative hypotheses, and precision and pragmatism. Moreover, it presents several database problems encountered and other evidence types used when presenting statistical evidence in courts.
6 The Admissibility of Expert Evidence: (2) The Rule in R. v. Turner
Authors: REDMAYNE MIKE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the exclusionary rule in R. v. Turner. It shows that the Turner rule works well in keeping bad expert evidence out of courts. It adds that the Turner rule does not encourage careful analysis of expert evidence and that can lead to bad decisions. It argues that, as the amount of expert evidence available to the criminal courts increases, less dependence on traditional objections should be given.
Introduction
Authors: STEVENSON PATRICK 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of prevailing theories about linguistic and communicative differences between east and west German speech communities. It then elaborates on the purpose of the book, which is to provide a study of sociolinguistic disunity that sets the contemporary situation in a broader historical context that draws out not only the self-evident discontinuities in this history, but also in the important continuities. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Helium Three
Authors: Dobbs Roland 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The condensed phases of helium three provide an exciting laboratory for many fundamental questions in condensed matter physics. Due to its light mass and weak interatomic potential, the condensed phases of helium display quantum effects more dramatically than any other atomic system. Intuition based on classical experience is often misleading in these phases: the solid phase for instance is less ordered at low temperature than the liquid phase. The book covers all the low temperature properties of helium three as liquid, superfluid, and solid. It provides an introduction to the extensive literature on helium three from the point of view of an experimentalist, and includes the analogy of its properties with the cosmological ‘big bang’.
Fermi gas
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The properties of liquid 3He change as temperature is lowered from those typical of a classical, monoatomic liquid above 1 K to those of a Fermi gas with interactions, or Fermi liquid, and finally below a few millikelvin to a Fermi superfluid. This chapter reviews the statistical mechanism of a Fermi gas. Its predictions are compared with early measurements of the equilibrium, thermal, magnetic, and acoustical properties of liquid 3He.
Basic properties
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic properties of and theory of 3He-4He mixtures. Topics discussed include effective quadratic interaction, molar volumes and the phase diagram, chemical potential and osmotic pressure, propagation of sound, quasiparticle energy spectrum, microscopic theory, heat capacity and effective mass, magnetic susceptibility, and phase separation and solubility.
Theory of spin-polarized solutions
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Very dilute solutions of 3He in superfluid 4He behave as an almost ideal Fermi gas at millikelvin temperatures, which can be strongly polarized in high magnetic fields. This has enabled studies of their equilibrium, transport, and dynamical spin properties to be made over a wide range of temperatures, concentrations, and polarizations covering systems that are highly degenerate to those that are non-degenerate. This chapter discusses polarized Fermi gas, model theories, equilibrium theories, transport properties, and spin dynamics.
Solutions of 4He in 3He
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although there have been both theoretical and experimental studies of dilute solutions of 4He in normal 3He for many years, significant results at millikelvin temperatures have been achieved only in the last decade. This was primarily because the solubility of 4He in 3He approached zero exponentially as T approached 0, unlike that of 3He in 4He, which remain at about 6.4% at T = 0. Consequently only a few properties of these solutions have been measured and adequately explained. This chapter discusses the basic properties studied in the 1970s, followed by developments in both theory and experimentation since 1988.
Superfluidity
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that the superfluid properties of the A and B phases of superfluid 3He are similar, but are different from those of 4He. First, the pseudoisotropic B phase demonstrates both quantized circulation and the Landau criterion for superfluidity. Measurements of critical velocities, persistent currents, critical currents, and dissipation in flow experiments on the B phase are discussed. In the anisotropic A phase, superflow is a complex phenomenon, and some of the vortices and textures it can support are described.
Paramagnetism
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Early measurements of the magnetic properties of solid 3He were made over a range of pressures that include both the b.c.c. and h.c.p. phases, but were limited to temperatures above a few millikelvin. At these temperatures, the nuclear spins of 3He atom are completely disordered, giving a contribution to the entropry of Ss = R ln(2l + 1) = Rln2, which disappears at some low temperature Tc, when the spins are ordered. Until the discovery of nuclear ordering in 1974, theory and experimentation were aimed at reducing Tc and the nature of the transition. This chapter reviews these developments and shows that the paramagnetic state of solid 3He is now well understood.
Three Chaotic Systems
Authors: Hilborn Robert C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces chaotic behaviour by examining three systems — an electronic circuit, an iterated map model (the logistic map), and a set of differential equations (the Lorenz model) — and their behaviour in state space (phase space). Bifurcations are introduced as changes in dynamical behaviour as parameters describing the systems are changed. Similar features such as period-doubling are demonstrated. The chapter also introduces the basic vocabulary needed to describe nonlinear behaviour. The distinction between linear behaviour and nonlinear behaviour is emphasized. Chaotic behaviour provides a new paradigm to explain complex behaviour and the implications of this new paradigm are discussed, including the loss of predictability for chaotic systems even though their underlying mathematical descriptions are deterministic. Bifurcation diagrams and attractors provide powerful visual presentations of how behaviour changes as parameters are varied.
Intermittency and Crises
Authors: Hilborn Robert C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the transition from periodic behaviour to chaotic behaviour via intermittency when a system exhibits a mix of what appears to be regular behaviour and chaotic behaviour. State space descriptions provide an explanation of the origin of intermittency. Four different types of intermittency are introduced and several experimental observations of intermittency are described. A crisis bifurcation of chaotic system occurs when a strange attractor (in state space) suddenly changes in size or suddenly disappears. A state space explanation of a crisis is introduced and used to understand an experimental observation of this event.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book explains nuclear structure b building on a few elementary physical ideas. It discusses the shell structure of nuclei, starting with the independent particle model and going on to the shell model for multiparticle configurations. Collective models for even-even nuclei are also considered, starting with macroscopic models of vibrational and rotational motion. It covers the evolution of nuclear structure with nucleon number, as well as odd-mass deformed nuclei, the Nilsson model and its consequences, and exotic nuclei and radioactive beams. This book presents two principal facts: namely, the beautiful richness and variety of nuclear physics and the extent to which we can understand nuclear data and models by invoking a few extremely basic ideas and drawing upon arguments that are physically transparent and intuitive. Many of the arguments presented in the book are based on a few basic simple ideas, including the short-range nature of the nuclear force, the effects of the Pauli principle, and two-state mixing.
THE SHELL MODEL: TWO-PARTICLE CONFIGURATIONS
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of residual interactions that lead to all the correlations, configurations mixing, and collectivity that characterizes most atomic nuclei. First, the problem of multinucleon configurations — ‘valence’ configurations of two or more particles outside a core, which is usually assumed to consist of inert closed shells — is addressed. Two issues are considered: first, which angular momentum (J) values are allowed by the Pauli principle, and, second, what are the effects of the interactions. The simplest case of two identical nucleons in the same or different orbits is explored, followed by the case of two non-identical nucleons (proton and neutron) and the role of isospin and exchange terms in the residual interaction. All these are carried out for two-particle configurations.
MULTIPARTICLE CONFIGURATIONS
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses multiparticle (n &gt; 2) configurations of valence nucleons. The discussion begins by considering which values of the total angular momentum are permissible for an n-particle system, focusing on the restrictions imposed by the Pauli principle. This issue can be approached using the so-called m-scheme, which is illustrated by looking at the case of three identical nucleons in a d5/2 orbit. This chapter also examines the coefficients of fractional parentage, the seniority scheme in multiparticle configurations, and pairing correlations. Some examples of multiparticle configurations are given.
THE DEFORMED SHELL MODEL OR NILSSON MODEL
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the basic single-particle model applicable to nearly all deformed nuclei — the Nilsson model. This model is one of the most successful nuclear models ever developed, accounting for most of the observed features of single-particle levels in hundreds of deformed nuclei. Essentially a single-particle model, the Nilsson model has enjoyed particular success in the interpretation of single nucleon transfer reactions. Even before discussing this model, we are faced with a conceptual difficulty arising from the nonspherical shape, or the separation of the motion of an individual nucleon around the nucleus from rotations of the nucleus itself in space. This issue is not only of formal interest, but raises the possibility that the separability of these motions may be rather poor for extremely high rotational velocities. The application of the Nilsson model to odd mass deformed nuclei is discussed, along with prolate and oblate shapes as well as the interplay between Nilsson structure and rotational motion.
NILSSON MODEL: APPLICATIONS AND REFINEMENTS
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The description of odd mass deformed nuclei in terms of Nilsson orbits and their configuration-mixed nonspherical wave functions has been an extremely successful model for more than four decades. One of its most appealing features is that it is extremely easy to test empirically and to measure the detailed shell model composition of individual Nilsson wave functions. Single nucleon transfer reactions provide a direct and specific measure of each successive component in the Nilsson wave functions. This chapter discusses the applications and refinements of the Nilsson model, with emphasis on the Coriolis interaction in deformed nuclei, Coriolis mixing and single nucleon transfer cross sections, unique parity states, hexadecapole deformations and unique parity states, Coriolis effects at higher spins, and rotation aligned coupling.
MICROSCOPIC TREATMENT OF COLLECTIVE VIBRATIONS
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A microscopic approach to deriving the structure, energies and systematics of collective states from the shell model appears in two forms, the Tamm-Dancoff approximation and the random phase approximation (RPA). The reader who is at all versed in nuclear structure physics may have encountered calculations carried out in the RPA or references to such techniques. This chapter presents a simple derivation and discusses the basic ideas involved, and then illustrates the techniques with a particular calculation for rare earth nuclei. The end result is a set of predictions for comparison with experiment as well as a deeper understanding of the microscopic nature of many aspects of collective behavior. It allows predictions of the basic structure of particular collective states without detailed or complex calculations. Simply by visual inspection of a Nilsson diagram, the energy behavior of collective vibrations can be predicted. This chapter also discusses the structure of collective vibrations and vibrations in deformed nuclei.
Exciton–phonon interaction in quantum wells
Authors: Akimov A.V 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the interaction of two-dimensional excitons with phonons. The specific feature of the exciton-phonon interaction is the importance of both electrons and holes coupled by Coulomb interaction. The main interest here is to review the role that acoustic phonons play in exciton dynamics. In GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells the excitons are strongly pronounced in the optical spectra as narrow spectral lines, which makes optical methods the main instrument for the studies of exciton-phonon interactions. Experiments are described where the excitons become a tool for phonon spectroscopy providing valuable information about the dynamical properties of phonons in semiconductor nanostructures. The chapter describes details of experimental work and also presents the results of calculations describing the effect of phonons on the energy distribution of two-dimensional (2-D) excitons in single and double quantum wells.
Anomalies in Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe anomaly, which forms the central part of this book, is the failure of classical symmetry to survive the process of quantization and regularization. The study of anomalies is the key to a deeper understanding of quantum field theory and has played an increasingly important role in the theory over the past twenty years. This book presents all the different aspects of the study of anomalies in an accessible and self-contained way. Much emphasis is now being placed on the formulation of the theory using the mathematical ideas of differential geometry and topology. This approach is followed here, and the derivations and calculations are given explicitly. Topics discussed include the relevant ideas from differential geometry and topology and the application of these paths (path integrals, differential forms, homotopy operators, etc.) to the study of anomalies. Chapters are devoted to abelian and nonabelian anomalies, consistent and covariant anomalies, and gravitational anomalies.
Chern–Simons form, homotopy operator and anomaly
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Chern–Simons form and the homotopy operator plays an important role in connection with anomalies. In fact, the anomaly can be calculated on pure algebraic grounds from a variation of the Chern–Simons form using a homotopy operator. This chapter begins with a discussion of a symmetric invariant polynomial of fields, which is the starting point for deriving the Chern–Simons form and ‘transgression formula’. It then proves the important Poincaré lemma and introduces in this connection a homotopy operator. A generalization of the ‘transgression’ — the Cartan homotopy formula — follows. The homotopy formula is applied to a Chern–Simons form with gauge transformed fields, and the non-Abelian anomaly is derived in this way. Finally, the chapter presents a general formula for the variation of the Chern–Simons form, which expresses the anomaly.
Consistent anomaly
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractChapter 4 introduced the anomaly as the breakdown of a classical conservation law. This chapter investigates the anomaly further in light of gauge transformations. Section 8.1 introduces an infinitestimal gauge operator, generalize to a BRS operator, and find its representation in the functional space of the gauge potentials and Faddeev–Popov ghosts. Section 8.2 discusses the anomalous Ward identity in terms of functional derivatives and subsequently derives the equation which determines the anomaly — the Wess–Zumino consistency condition — in the gauge transformation variant and in the BRS variant. Section 8.3 presents the different aspects of the anomaly equation, such as the algebra-, the cocycle-, and the cohomology aspects.
Covariant anomaly
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins by introducing the Bardeen–Zummo polynomial, which relates the consistent- to the covariant anomaly. It discusses the features of the covariant type. This discussion is reformulated using differential forms on the space-time maniforld M (Section 10.2) as well as differential forms on the Sp (Capital Alpha), the space of all gauge connections (Section 10.3). Finally, the chapter extends the anomalies to nonlocal forms over Sp Α).