bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on Ice-marks in Newfoundland
Authors: Kerr J. H. 
Published: October 2009

Whilst engaged on the survey of part of the coast of Newfoundland, the author observed and noted some of the phenomena produced by the former action of ice. In this paper he enumerated the following localities where grooves and scratches were noticed, and indicated the direction of these markings.

At Burke Point (No. 3) is a groove 22 feet wide and 20 inches deep, rising out of the water S.W. for a distance of 70 feet over a steep, polished and scratched surface, at an angle of about 40° to the horizon; in this groove there are two sets of scratches, one in the direction of the groove, the other, and more recent one, in a direction N. 31° E. On Campbell's Hill (No. 4) there are numerous boulders, many of them curiously poised. At Cat Point (No. 5) there are grooves on perpendicular surfaces just above the level of the sea, very similar to those occurring on the Blue Hills (No. 6), at a considerable altitude. The west side of Signal Hill, north of St. John's Harbour (No. 22
a
) has the surfaces of the highly inclined strata of coarse sandstone smoothed, grooved, and scratched at all angles of inclination. The marks are lost at the eastern edge of the hill, which forms a precipice 300 feet high, bounding a valley 1000 feet wide, running N.E. and S.W., and they reappear on the opposite boundary of this valley, which rises about 80 feet, and consists of highly inclined strata of coarse conglomerate. After passing over about 1000 feet of this conglomerate, the marks disappear at the sea-shore.

North of Bonavista Bay the granite has the rounded appearance of a glaciated region; but the rock is easily weathered, and the scratches had to be sought under perched blocks. On Ladle Island (No. 23) there is a groove 10 feet wide and 12 inches deep, ex-tending completely across the island (a distance of 200 yards). The surface of the island is formed by the edges of highly inclined beds of schist.
The author discussed the extent and effects of the glacier-system to which these markings are due, and indicated that its great ter- minal moraine is probably the 80-fathom bank across the mouth of Conception Bay, and that smaller terminal moraines exist in the form of submerged banks at the entrance of Holy-rood and Collier’s Bays. He expressed the opinion that the country has not been submerged since its glaciation, and considered that the assertion that it is now rising is exceedingly doubtful.
The paper was illustrated with numerous drawings of localities and rubbings of scratched surfaces.
On Lower Tertiary Deposits recently Exposed at Portsmouth
Authors: Meyer C. J. A. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
excavations in progress at Portsmouth in furtherance of the works known as the “Dockyard Extension Works,” have exposed to view, during the last three or four years, many fine and highly interesting sections in the Lower Tertiaries.

I propose to lay before the Society, by way of record, a brief account of these sections, and of the numerous fossils which have been obtained from them.
The site of the “Extension Works” lies to the east and northeast of the existing Dockyard. A description of the works themselves would be out of place in this paper; I shall therefore confine my mention of them to such points only as may serve to illustrate the geology of the district.
Previously to the commencement of these works, in 1867, the ground intended to be occupied was, for the most part, a vast mud-flat, covered at every tide by the waters of the harbour. The mud, of which I shall have more to say hereafter, was of the soft and sticky character so prevalent in tidal basins, and attained over some parts of the area to the formidable depth of from 35 to 40 feet.
In 1868 the sea was excluded by means of a dam of sheet-piling; and the enclosed area has been since reduced, by pumping and deep drainage, to almost perfect dryness to the depth of 40 feet beneath low water.
Excavations had been already commenced in the higher portion of the ground before the shutting out of the sea-water;
On the Punfield Formation
Authors: Judd John W. 
Published: October 2009

Conclusion

The grounds on which I have ventured to suggest that the strata, the nature and relations of which I have endeavoured to illustrate in the preceding pages, are worthy to rank as an independent formation are as follows:—

1.
They present very distinct mineralogical characters, separating them alike from the overlying Neocomian and the subjacent Wealden proper.

2.
They are of considerable thickness, attaining a maximum of 230 feet.

3.
They present evidence of having been deposited under conditions differing alike from those of the marine Neocomian above and the purely freshwater Wealden below.

4.
They yield a considerable marine fauna (between 30 and 40 species being already known), which is remarkably distinct and well characterized.

5.
They are the undoubted representatives of a formation which in Spain attains to a vast thickness, and which, alike from its marked palæontological characters and its great economic value, is of great importance.

6.
Their relations to the Wealden and Neocomian are precisely analogous to those of the Purbeck formation to the Oolite and Wealden; and they are therefore equally deserving with it of a distinctive title.

At the same time I have endeavoured to show that these beds may be regarded indifferently either as the highest member of the Wealden in our classification of the series of terrestrial strata, or as a portion of the Neocomian in our grouping of the marine series. The application to them of a distinctive name is therefore, although a necessary, perhaps only a provisional expedient; but the same is to a greater or less extent true of most of our geological terms.
On the Red Rocks of England of older date than the Trias
Authors: Ramsay A. C. 
Published: October 2009

In a previous paper I stated that the red colour which stains the New Red sandstone and marl is due to the presence of peroxide of iron, the iron probably having found its way into the water as a carbonate, which by contact with the air, afterwards became peroxidized, and encrusted the sedimentary grains as a thin pellicle. I further stated that I believed that iron could not have been deposited in this manner in an open sea, but rather in inland isolated waters, and I confirmed this opinion by other facts which tended to prove that our New Red strata were formed in a lake or lakes, which at the period of the deposition of the Keuper marls, were salt.
I now propose to examine the bearing of the red eolour due to peroxide of iron in other formations of older date, as to the physical conditions under which those strata were deposited that is to say, whether they were formed in the open sea or in inland waters. In doing this I will also take into consideration any other circumstances, physical or palæontological, that may tend either to confirm or to throw doubt on the idea stated above. I will not treat of the pretriassic red rocks either in ascending or descending stratigraphical order, but simply in the manner that seems most convenient to illustrate the points at issue. I f some of the following passages appear like a partial repetition of arguments used in my previous paper
On the Formation of “Cirques,” and their bearing upon Theories attributing the Excavation of Alpine Valleys mainly to the Action of Glaciers
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
following paper is an attempt to examine how far a theory which during the last few years has obtained more or less support from many very eminent geologists, can be applied to one of the most remarkable features in several mountain-valleys. Although “cirques” are more commonly associated with the Pyrenees, they are by no means infrequent or on a small scale in the Alps; and as I know the former mountain-chain only at second handy I shall confine myself to the latter, and to those instances which I have personally examined.

In venturing to treat of a subject so fall of difficulty, and to oppose the opinions of persons far more eminent than myself, I may venture to plead as my excuse that I do not write without some experience of mountain-regions, seeing that I have twelve times visited the Alps, have wandered, generally on foot, over almost the whole chain, and have had during many of these journeys this subject of mountain-sculpture especially present before my mind, so as to be constantly on the watch for evidence bearing upon the various theories that have been advanced.
First let me briefly describe a few of the most remarkable cirques, beginning with the Creux de Champs.
This is an approximately semicircular amphitheatre on the northern face of the Diablerets, forming the head of a short glen terminating the valley of la Grande Eau, which joins the Rhone at Aigle. Vast precipices of limestone and shale enclose it, which are crowned
Notes on the Geology of part of the County of Donegal
Authors: Green A. H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
this paper the author described the geological structure of the country in the neighbourhood of the Errigal Mountain, with the view of demonstrating the occurrence in this district of an interstratification with mica-schist of beds of rock which can hardly be distinguished from granite, the very gradual passage from alternations of granitic gneiss and mica-schist into granite alone, and the marked traces of bedding and other signs of stratification that appear in the granite, to which the author ascribed a metamorphic origin. He also noticed the marks of ice-action observed by him in this region, and referred especially to some remarkable fluted bosses of quartzite, and to the formation of some small lakes by the scooping action of ice.
On the Mud-craters and Geological Structure of the Mekran Coast
Authors: Stiffe A. W. 
Published: October 2009

The coast of Mekran (the ancient Gedrosia) extends in an east and west direction for abont 500 miles, between the town of Sonmiâni, on the Pûr Ali river near the frontier of Hindustan, and Râs Jâshak, near the entrance point of the Persian Gulf (fig. 1).
It is an almost rainless district, but occasionally subject to heavy storms of rain not of long duration, and generally occurring in the winter months. Sometimes no rain falls during the whole year, or even for two years successively. There are no rivers of any size; but the large watercourses after heavy rain discharge large volumes of water.
The appearance of the coast is singular, and the hills near the sea are all of similar formation—table hills with abrupt, almost perpendicular sides, fantastic peaks, pillars, and pinnacles rising out of extensive plains of clay being the universal type.
These clay plains are irregularly veined in places with crystalline gypsum, and are impregnated with saliferous matter, which effloresces on the surface. It need hardly be added that nearly the whole country near the sea is a desert.
The Secondary Rocks of Scotland. Second Paper. On the Ancient Volcanoes of the Highlands and the Relations of their Products to the Mesozoic Strata
Authors: Judd John W. 
Published: October 2009

For the preservation of the most valuable illustrations of the institutions, manners, and arts of Ancient Rome, the archæologist is indebted to the action of a volcano: the relics of Pompeii have survived in consequence of being buried under the ejections of Vesuvius. To a similar agency, operating at a distant epoch and on a far grander scale, the geologist owes the escape from destruction, in the Western Isles of Scotland, of most wonderful monuments of physical change and highly interesting records of life-history during the Secondary periods; for such, indeed, are those remarkably preserved fragments of sedimentary rocks which it is the object of this memoir to describe.
As he prosecutes an examination and comparison of all the circumstances under which the scattered relics of the Secondary formations present themselves in the West of Scotland, the geologist will be again and again impressed by the extent of the protective influence which the vast masses of Tertiary lava have evidently exerted upon the subjacent stratified rocks. And when he has concluded that survey, he can scarcely have failed to arrive at the conclusion that, but for this protective influence, every vestige of the Mesozoic deposits in the district must have been inevitably swept away by denudation.
On the Cretaceous Rocks of Beer Head and the adjacent Cliff-sections, and on the Relative Horizons therein of the Warminster and Blackdown Fossiliferous Deposits
Authors: Meyer C. J. A. 
Published: October 2009

The Cretacous rocks which capt the higher ground over a considerable portion of the south-east of Devonshire, and from the partial destruction of which vast beds of gravel have accumulated over the same area, are exposed on the coast-line between Seaton and the west of Sidmouth in numerous fine cliff-sections. The strata thus exposed, while resembling in great measure the various corresponding deposits of other parts of England, possess at the same time a certain
facies
of their own which renders their correlation in part a matter of uncertainty. I purpose to offer in this paper a description of certain of these cliff-sections, to point out the various petrological and palæontological subdivisions of the strata therein exposed, and to leave to the consideration of others the chief point of interest which I have been as yet unable to determine, namely the age of the lowermost deposit.

This paper probably contains little which is not already to be found in the writings of previous observers. But so far as it is the result of independent observation, it may not be without its value.

Reference to Previous Descriptions.

The following papers, to some of which I shall have occasion to refer, are amongst the principal contributions to the literature of the subject:
De La Beche, Sir H. T. (1822). “Remarks on the Geology of the South Coast of England,”, &c. Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i. pp. 40 & 95.
De La Beche, Sir H. T. (1826). “On the Chalk and
Note regarding the Occurrence of Jade in the Karakash Valley, on the Southern Borders of Turkestan
Authors: Stoliczka Ferdinand 
Published: October 2009

The portion of the Kuen-Lun range which extends from Shahidulla eastwards towards Koten, appears to consist entirely of gneiss, syenitic gneiss, and metamorphic rocks, the latter being quartzose, micaceous, and hornblendic schists. On the southern declivity of this range, which runs along the right bank of the Karakash river, are situated the old jade-mines, or rather quarries, formerly worked by the Chinese; they are about seven miles distant from the Khirgiz encampment of Belakchi, which is itself about twelve miles S.E. from Shahidulla.
I had the pleasure of visiting the mines in company with Dr. Bellew and Captain Biddulph, a Yarkundee official being our guide.
We found the principal jade locality to be about one mile and a half from the river, and at a height of about 500 feet above its level. Just in this portion of the range, a few short spurs spring from the higher hills, all of which, however, as is usual, are thickly covered with débris and sand, the result of disintegration of the original rock; the whole has an appearance as if an extensive slip of the mountain-side had occurred.
On a new Modification of Dinosaurian Vertebræ
Authors: Owen  
Published: October 2009

In Dinosauria, after the character of “number of coalesced vertebræ with alternate disposition of their centrums and neural arches in the sacrum,” that of “the complex development of the neural arch with par- and diapophyses in antecedent trunk-vertebrae” prevails; the modifications of the articular surfaces of the centrums are less constant.
Most commonly those surfaces, through the major part of the spinal column, are more or less flattened, the deviation from flatness being usually toward concavity on the hinder surface.

In this modification it is usual to find a few vertebræ at the fore part of the column with such concavity deepened to a cup and fitted to a ball on the fore end of the next centrum: such modification is termed “opisthocœlian;” but I have not seen any example of a Dinosaur in which it prevailed throughout the dorsal region. In certain caudal vertebræ the deviation from flatness is toward concavity on both articular surfaces of the centrum; but I have not met with any instance in which the depth was such (as in the
Ichthyosaurus
e.g.) as to merit the term amphicœlous; and I know of no Dinosaur from the Lias upwards in which the dorsal vertebræ are so modified. The nearest approach is made by the vertebræ of the phytophagous Dinosaurian genera
Tapinocephalus
and
Pareiasaurus
; but it is so far from the true, or commonly understood, amphicœlian character, that I venture to hope the Society will hold me justified in proposing another term for such vertebral modification.
On some New Macrurous Crustacea from the Kimmeridge Clay of the Sub-Wealden Boring, Sussex, and from Boulogne-sur-Mer
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: October 2009

It has always appeared to me to be a point of special interest to geologists to record those forms found in a fossil state which have a considerable vertical range, and yet belong to genera existing at the present day. Among higher groups now living, we find the vertical range exceedingly small; but when we examine the Invertebrata, we meet with such genera as
Lingula, Pentacrinus
, and
Limulus
having an extremely high antiquity; but the higher forms of these types follow precisely the same general law, having a much more restricted range in time than the lower and humbler genera.

One of the Crustacea about to be described by me belongs to a very interesting group, the family of the Thalassinidæ.
Most if not all of the members of this family are fossorial in their habits, burrowing in the sand or mud with great rapidity and remaining concealed in their burrows, save their large claws, which have in many instances been caught and devoured by fishes, or have been cut off by the dredge, whilst the animal itself in its burrow escaped.

Of living British representatives we have four genera:—

1.

Callianassa
, Leach (1 species):
C. subterranea
, Leach.

2.

Gebia
, Leach (2 species):
G. stellata
, Leach;
G. deltura
, Leach.

3.

Axius
, Leach (1 species):
A. stirhynchus
, Leach.

4.

Calocaris
, Bell (1 species):
C. Macandreœ
, Bell.

Formerly only one fossil species of this remarkable group of burrowing Crustaceans was known, the
Callianassa (Pagurus) Faujasii
, from the uppermost Chalk of Maestricht, first noticed in an admirable
On the Influence of various Substances in Accelerating the Precipitation of Clay suspended in Water
Authors: Ramsay William 
Published: October 2009

I
t
has been noticed by several observers that clay suspended in water settles more quickly if the water is salt than if it is fresh. This fact is contrary to what would naturally be supposed—namely, that suspended matter should settle more easily in a liquid of low than in one of high specific gravity.

The earliest notice which I have been able to find relating to this subject, is a note by Skey in the ‘Chemical News’ for 1868, p. 160, in which he advances the following hypothesis to explain the phenomenon.
After taking notice of the fact that those salts which accelerate the precipitation of clay are too stable to be decomposed, by mere contact with it, he suggests that such salts have a strong affinity for water compared with that of clay for water. They therefore tend to abstract water from the clay, and cause it to coagulate and settle. In corroboration of this he instances the fact that iron ferrocyanide is thrown down by numerous salts; that silica is precipitated from its solution in ammonia by chloride of ammonium; and that nitrate of baryta is precipitated by nitric acid.
In the ‘Chemical News’ for August, 1874, Durham advances an electric hypothesis; he supposes that clay, in falling through water, “generates electricity by friction, and, as water is a bad water remains for some time, hence they are mutually attracted; but when an acid or salt are added, the liquid becomes a good conductor, the potentials are equalized
On the Genus
Merycochœrus
(Family Oreodontidæ), with Descriptions of two New Species
Authors: Bettany G. T. 
Published: October 2009

A
valuable
series of mammalian remains, chiefly consisting of skulls and portions of skulls, collected by Lord Walsingham in the valley of John Day's river, a tributary of the Columbia, in Upper Oregon, in the winter of 1871–72, was presented by him to the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Most of the specimens were obtained from near the head of a small stream called Bridge Creek; but a few were from the Great Cañon, higher up on John Day's River, nearly opposite Old Camp Watson. Lord Walsingham secured indeed a rich prize in the portions of three days which he devoted to a search for these remains.

The specimens were, fortunately, for the most part brought to England in masses of the original rock, and had therefore the great advantage of Mr. H. Keeping's care and skill in developing them from the matrix. His labours have given us a valuable and, I believe, unique series of specimens, which serve to extend very largely our acquaintance with the two principal genera of the family Oreodontidæ.

A summary of these fossils may here be given :—

1.
A large nearly complete skull, with lower jaw attached, the zygomatic arches being, however, almost destroyed (Merycochœrua Leidyi, n. sp.).

2.
The greater part of a large skull preserving very completely one zygomatic arch with posterior crest (Merycochœrus temporalis, n. sp.).

3.
Another skull of Merycochœrus temporalis, showing the part anterior to the bifurcation of the sagittal crest.

4.

Another skull of
Merycochœrus
, probably
M. Leidgyi
wanting the greater part of
On
Crocodilus icenicus
(Seeley), a second and larger Species of Crocodile from the Cambridge Upper Greensand, contained in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge
Authors: Seeley Harry Govier 
Published: October 2009

I
t
is a curious coincidence that the evidence of the fossil now described, like that of
Crocodilus cantabrigiensis
, consists of one cervical and one dorsal vertebra. The vertebræ in this species, however, are associated; and their striking resemblance to existing Crocodiles had, I believe, already been recognized by Mr. Walter Keeping.

The centrum of the cervical vertebra is two and one-quarter inches long, and is divided from the neural arch by a rather deep suture, more than usually well marked by the neural
arch projecting laterally a little beyond the centrum. In front the procœlous articulation is as deeply cupped as in any recent species. The cup is circular, about one and one-eighth inch in diameter; it was surrounded by a narrow border, now somewhat worn, so that the transverse diameter of the centrum,
which was about one and five-eighths inch, cannot be exactly determined. Its depth appears to have been as great—though,
as the small anterior hypapophysis is broken away, the depth as preserved is only one and one-half inch.
The neurapophyses are very strong. As they rise from the centrum they are directed outward and upward, constricted and rounded anteriorly above the centrum for the passage of the
cervical nerve. The neurapophyses are constricted between the parapophyses and diapophyses, as well as between the diapophyses and zygapophyses. The least measurement of the neural arch
from front to back is rather more than one inch.
The anterior zygapophysial facets are inclined at an angle of about 45° looking upward and inward; they measure about
three-quarters inch from