bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Testing of Rubber and Rubber-Like Materials for Oil-Resistance
Authors: Hayden O. M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The technic of testing the oil-resistance of rubber and rubber-like materials is less accurate than that for many other qualities. It is impossible to obtain exact measurements of the most significant changes that occur during immersion in a swelling medium. The problems facing testing engineers are to develop observation and manual tests which will supplement machine tests, to develop accelerated tests that can be correlated with service conditions, and to interpret test results in values which will demonstrate the performance of these products in oil or solvent service.
Selection and Use of Age Resistors in Rubber Compounds
Authors: Crawford Richard A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
THE early development of the rubber industry was handicapped by two serious defects in rubber articles. They were not stable to temperature changes, and they deteriorated rapidly with age. Although the process of vulcanization corrected the first difficulty, rapid deterioration with age was common until the discovery of certain organic accelerators, such as p-aminodimethylaniline, the aldehydeamines, and mercaptobenzothiazole. Prior to these discoveries a number of materials had been patented for the purpose of improving the age-resisting properties of rubber, but many of them were of little merit and most of the others possessed some accelerating value, a fact which was not appreciated at the time. Typical of the more useful early patents for age-resisting materials are American patents by Murphy in 1870 (15), Moore in 1901 (14), and Martin in 1922 (12), and the German and English patents of the Ostwalds in 1908 and 1910 (19, 20). Murphy patented phenol, cresol, and cresylic acid, either added to the uncured stock or as dipping solutions for vulcanized articles for the purpose of improving their resistance to aging. Moore used reducing agents, including hydroquinone, pyrogallol, and p-aminophenol hydrochloride, to preserve the adhesive properties of rubber cements. Martin suggested aniline and other organic bases as a surface treatment for vulcanized articles. The Ostwalds also recognized the beneficial effects of aniline on rubber and stated that it could be added at any convenient stage of manufacture. (It is interesting to note that these inventors considered that addition of aniline to uncured stock or dipping the cured article in aniline were equivalent, and they, therefore, evidently did not recognize the accelerating effect of aniline.)
Relation of Volume Change to the Mechanism of Rubber Vulcanization
Authors: Williams Ira 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The present investigation shows that no direct relation exists between either combined sulfur or density and the degree of vulcanization. It is not probable that the various changes in physical properties of the rubber during vulcanization are due to changes in the polymeric state involving a change in primary valence forces. Neither is it apparent in what manner combination of sulfur has contributed directly to the change in physical properties of the rubber. It is probable that the change in physical state is due to a change in manner or degree of aggregation of the rubber molecules.
Measurement of Quality in Rubber Goods by Physical Tests
Authors: Carpenter Arthur W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
THE expression “measurement of quality” as applied to rubber goods seems at first thought to be quite definite; unfortunately, it conveys to different persons widely divergent ideas. Engineers in dealing with various materials often interpret the word “quality” as being synonymous with strength. Such usage is quite common in the rubber industry, and stocks possessing high tensile strength may be designated as high quality. A rubber compounder, on the other hand, may consider the quality of a rubber compound to be related to the percentage of pure rubber contained in the mixture. Thus, compounds having only small amounts of other materials added to the rubber would be considered high grade though they might be inferior in strength. Purchasers of rubber products have in the past shared both of these viewpoints, but today the more enlightened consumers understand the expression “high quality” to indicate the relative excellence of an article in performance of the intended service. This seems a more rational interpretation since, in the last analysis, satisfactory service is the prime objective and may or may not be affected by either great strength or high rubber content.
Thermal Properties of Rubber Compounds. II. Heat Generation of Pigmented Rubber Compounds
Authors: Barnett C. E. , Mathews W. C. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
THE first paper (1) of this series discussed thermal conductivity of rubber and a number of compounding ingredients which were measured using the electric current as the source of heat. In this article the fundamental factors controlling the generation of heat and the variations possible by pigmentation are being studied. Results obtained for pigmented rubber in the pendulum and flexometer will be discussed and correlated. In the writers' laboratory two machines have been used extensively in studying the temperature developed in rubber compounds subjected to distortion by compressive forces. The first of these is a flexometer described by Cooper (2), and the second a compression machine in which a rubber block 14 cm. (5.5 inches) in diameter and 9.53 cm. (3.75 inches) high is pounded with a definite load a specified number of times per minute. The laboratory test block used in the flexometer is in the shape of a frustrum of a rectangular pyramid, of which the base is 5.4 × 2.86 cm. (2.126 × 1.125 inches), the top 5.08 × 2.54 cm. (2 × 1 inches), and the altitude 3.81 cm. (1.5 inches). This block of rubber is compressed between two plates under definite load, one of the plates being stationary while the other travels in a circular motion of definite magnitude. After the sample has been placed in the machine, the moving plate is set to one side of the center. Both the loading and the amount of offset may be varied within wide limits. With this machine one may study either the temperature developed over a period of flexing or the time required to compress the sample a predetermined amount.
The Structure of Unstretched Rubber Based on Studies with Electron Rays
Authors: Bruni G. , Natta G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
It is known that the x-ray examination of rubber at the ordinary temperature and in the unstretched state gives photographs which are similar to those of liquids, while a crystalline structure is obtained only if the rubber is stretched or frozen. In the first case, in order for a fibrous structure to be visible, it is necessary to stretch the sample to elongations corresponding to different multiples of the initial length (up to 9). The presence in rubber of filiform molecules of extremely high molecular weight has already been demonstrated by Staudinger as a result of studies on the properties of solutions of some of its soluble derivatives, and it was likewise proved that the linking of the isoprene groups into chains takes place through bonds corresponding to the principal valences. X-ray analysis has confirmed these hypotheses. The identity period along the axis of the fibers of stretched rubber, first determined by Katz and by Hauser and confirmed by measurements of Mark and Susich on highly oriented preparations, is in fact 8.1 A. U., a length which corresponds to that predicted for a chain of two isoprene groups with cis-configuration.
Heats of Combustion of Rubber and of Rubber-Sulfur Compounds
Authors: Jessup R. S. , Cummings A. D. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The work described in this paper is part of a series of investigations at the National Bureau of Standards to determine the properties of purified rubber and of compounds of purified rubber and sulfur. Values of the heat of combustion of rubber have been reported by a number of observers, and values of the heat of combination of rubber and sulfur, determined as the difference in the heats of combustion of vulcanized and unvulcanized rubber-sulfur mixtures, have been reported by several observers. The results obtained by the various investigators are not in satisfactory agreement. The values reported in the literature for the heat of combustion of rubber vary over a range of about 4.5 per cent, and the two recent sets of data on the heat of combination of rubber and sulfur differ radically, as may be seen from Fig. 2. It was thought that these differences might be due, in part at least, to differences in the composition of the rubber, and that more consistent results might be obtained by using purified rubber. The data presented in this paper were obtained on samples of purified rubber and on compounds of purified rubber and sulfur prepared in connection with an investigation of the electrical properties of rubber and rubber-sulfur compounds by Scott, McPherson, and Curtis.
Studies on the Nature of the Action of Organic Accelerators for Rubber Vulcanization. X. The Action of Organic Acids on Rubber Sols
Authors: Shimada Keiichi 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In continuation of the previous communication, the author has examined the influence of small amounts of organic acids, such as butyric, valeric, propionic, chloroacetic, bromoacetic, p-bromobenzoic, and o-iodobenzoic acids, on the viscosity of dilute benzene-rubber sols. The results are briefly summarized as follows:
Adsorptive Properties of Carbon Black. A New Angle
Authors: Barron H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
(1) A new method has been developed for quantitatively determining the adsorptive properties of finely divided fillers, whereby advantage is taken of the partition coefficient of solutes between immiscible solvents. If carbon black is shaken with a mixture of polar and non-polar solvents (e. g., benzene and water) the carbon black is always retained in the non-polar layer after separation. The behavior with other fillers has been investigated. This phenomenon has made it possible rapidly to determine the amount of iodine, benzoic acid, or phenol adsorbed by carbon black from the two phase liquid system by titration of the aqueous layer after equilibrium has been reached. A knowledge of the partition coefficient then enables the adsorption from the non-polar liquid to be readily calculated. (2) The adsorption isotherms for carbon black, degassed carbon black and heat-treated carbon black have been investigated, employing this technic. (3) Since the partition coefficient of a solute between immiscible liquids is unaffected by the presence in either liquid of a substance insoluble in the other phase, the method developed can be used to investigate the effect of dispersed rubber, sulfur, etc., upon the adsorptive properties of the filler. Sulfur and stearic acid were found to have a negligible effect upon the absorptive power of carbon black for phenol benzoic acid, and iodine; whereas the presence of 1 per cent rubber in the benzene phase greatly reduced the ability of carbon black to adsorb the first two of these substances. This action of rubber in depressing adsorption also occurred in the presence of sulfur and stearic acid, and suggests powerful adsorption of rubber upon the surface of carbon black.
Industrial Hygiene: Retrospect and Prospect—Hippocrates to Nanotechnology
Authors: Pendergrass John A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Industrial hygiene has been acknowledged as the art that control the conditions, which arise in or out of the work place and may adversely affect the health and well being of workers or the environment. In the past fifty years many scientific societies have been established and Hippocrates to nanotechnology represents great deal of concern for developing the direction of the future of industrial hygiene. In just the past seventy years industrial hygiene has, in the public mind and the future for the profession is found to be very promising. The present study addresses that contribution of the industrial hygienists is continue to be challenging, exciting and a very useful for the mankind.
Man‐Made Mineral Fibers
Authors: Singh Jaswant , Wagner Andreas 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Man‐made mineral fiber (MMMF) asbestos substitutes are mineral fibrous materials such as fibrous glass, rock wool, slag wool, and refractory (ceramic) fibers. It has been reported that the chemical composition and morphology of these substitute fibrous materials are similar to those of asbestos and, therefore, serious questions have been raised about their health hazards. The man‐made mineral fibers have found wide applications in commerce and in the building industry. Evidence from epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to MMMF has moderately increased mortality rates and much less carcinogenic risk when compared to asbestos. It is prudent for industrial hygienists to treat these materials with the same precautions as asbestos and minimize the exposure among workers.
Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Cember Herman , Johnson Thomas E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe discovery of radiations has opened new fields of scientific investigation and uses of radiation. Many sources of information have been used to analyze the harmful effects of radiation and this lead to the formation of the scientific basis for radiation safety standards. Occupational exposures that are within the radiation safety guidelines have not resulted in harmful effects. Ionizing radiation and radioisotopes are used safely today in industry, science, and medicine because of the vast amount of knowledge about radiation physics and biology. This vast amount of dose–response data has enabled health physicists and industrial hygienists to control the radiation environment in the workplace so that no harmful radiation effects are seen. This chapter focuses on sources of radiation and safety assessment.
Control of Biohazards
Authors: Heinsohn Patricia A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe present study addresses the need for industrial hygienists and other health and safety professionals to recognize that specific occupational biohazards across a variety of work settings are coupled with the need to effectively control occupational exposure to biohazards. Because various guidelines and regulations for biosafety apply to laboratory and health care settings, control techniques in these settings have been presented. However it has been found that the typical industrial hygiene approach to evaluating an airborne chemical hazard by air sampling for the contaminant during an industrial process is generally not applicable to evaluating a potentially infectious biohazard.
The History and Biological Basis of Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents
Authors: Paustenbach Dennis J. , Cowan Dallas M. , Sahmel Jennifer 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe history and biological basis of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for chemical agents and various mathematical formulae or models for adjusting OELs have been discussed in the present study. Over the past 60 years, many organizations in numerous countries have proposed occupational exposure limits (OEL) for airborne contaminants. Cook has reported that the earliest efforts to set an OEL are directed at carbon monoxide (CO) and Kobert published one of the earlier tables of acute exposure limits. Baetjer has reported that the rst list of standards for chemical exposures in industry in the U.S. is known as Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC) and these have been prepared in 1939 and 1940. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has developed its rst Standard‐carbon monoxide, with an acceptable concentration of 100 parts per million (ppm). Cook has published a list of 132 industrial atmospheric contaminants with MACs. The airborne concentrations in major corporations in the United States have been reported to be further lowered to mirror the anticipated changes in either the ACGIH TLVs or the OSHA Permissable Exposure Limits (PELs).
Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Industrial Chemicals
Authors: Berode Michèle , Droz Pierre‐Olivier , Guillemin Michel P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHuman biological monitoring is becoming a powerful tool for scientists and policy makers to assess and manage the risk of exposure to chemicals both in the general population and at the workplace. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of chemicals constitute the fundamental bases to derive relevant biomarkers. This chapter will focus on the occupational environment keeping in mind that biological monitoring in humans is a very actual issue in public health politics, in environmental medicine and in science in general.
Air Pollution
Authors: Reinhart Paul G. , White Lori , Kim Jee Young , Stanek Lindsay Wichers , Ross Mary , Buckley Barbara 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe present article summarizes about the air pollution and several legislations for its monitoring and control. Air pollution is a combination of both anthropogenic and natural origins and during the height of the industrial revolution that the health effects of air pollution in the cities became apparent. The first federal legislation involving air pollution was the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 and provided funds for federal research on air pollution and followed by the Clean Air Act of 1963, which established a program within the U.S. Public Health Service for research on air pollution monitoring and control techniques. Later, the Air Quality Act of 1967 expanded the federal government's role involving air pollution by enacting enforcement procedures concerning interstate transport of pollutants. The Clean Air Act of 1970 brought about a number of significant changes and also undergone two amendments. The trends of the level and health effects of various chemical pollutants have been presented.
Occupational Epidemiology: Some Guideposts
Authors: Gamble John F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe study addresses about the epidemiology and occupational epidemiology. Epidemiology attempts to determine the etiology or cause of disease and to use that knowledge to prevent or control disease. Occupational epidemiology involves studies of workers to determine if workplace exposures are causing disease. Several aspects of comparisons have been discussed to understand the results of epidemiological studies. The information from epidemiological studies has been utilized for several purposes. Etiologic studies are also found useful when they provide information on exposure‐response relationships and host factors. The discovery of popcorn workers lung has been discussed as example of this purpose of occupational epidemiology and several methods and study designs have been applied to investigate the hazard assessment.
Indoor Air Quality in Nonindustrial Occupational Environments
Authors: Morey Philip R. , Crawford Gary N. , Rottersman Robert B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe study summarizes about the indoor air quality of the buildings. Historically, the concept of indoor air quality (IAQ) has included view points that outdoor ventilation air is required both to prevent adverse health effects and to provide for comfort of occupants. It has been observed that airborne contagious diseases and malodor are more prominent in the crowded places with deﬁcient ventilation. The different approaches that can be used during IAQ evaluations reﬂect the varied kinds of problems that can occur in buildings. Higher morbidity and mortality in developing countries have multifactorial causes, with contaminated food, water, and air as major risk factors. An ASHRAE ventilation standard recommends the provision of outdoor air rate per person to lower the risk of diseases. The article focuses IAQ evaluation protocols and guidelines, Canadian and EPA guides, etc.
Control of Nanoscale Environment to Improve Stability of Immobilized Proteins on Diamond Surfaces
Authors: Radadia Adarsh D. , Stavis Courtney J. , Carr Rogan , Zeng Hongjun , King William P. , Carlisle John A. , Aksimentiev Aleksei , Hamers Robert J. , Bashir Rashid 
Published: February 2011

AbstractImmunoassays for detection of bacterial pathogens rely on the selectivity and stability of bio‐recognition elements such as antibodies tethered to sensor surfaces. The search for novel surfaces that improve the stability of biomolecules and assay performance has been pursued for a long time. However, the anticipated improvements in stability have not been realized in practice under physiological conditions because the surface functionalization layers on commonly used substrates, silica and gold, are themselves unstable on time scales of days. In this paper, we show that covalent linking of antibodies to diamond surfaces leads to substantial improvements in biological activity of proteins as measured by the ability to selectively capture cells of the pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli O157:H7 even after exposure to buffer solutions at 37 ºC for extended periods of time, approaching 2 weeks. Our results from ELISA, XPS, fluorescence microscopy, and MD simulations suggest that by using highly stable surface chemistry and controlling the nanoscale organization of the antibodies on the surface, it is possible to achieve significant improvements in biological activity and stability. Our findings can be easily extended to functionalization of micro and nanodimensional sensors and structures of biomedical diagnostic and therapeutic interest.
Tumor necrosis factor α–mediated cleavage and inactivation of SirT1 in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes
Authors: Dvir‐Ginzberg Mona , Gagarina Viktoria , Lee Eun Jin , Booth Richard , Gabay Odile , Hall David J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe protein deacetylase SirT1 positively regulates cartilage‐specific gene expression, while the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) negatively regulates these same genes. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that SirT1 is adversely affected by TNFα, resulting in altered gene expression.MethodsCartilage‐specific gene expression, SirT1 activity, and results of chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis at the α2(I) collagen enhancer site were determined in RNA, protein extracts, and nuclei of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes left untreated or treated with TNFα. Protein extracts from human chondrocytes transfected with epitope‐tagged SirT1 that had been left untreated or had been treated with TNFα were analyzed by immunoblotting with SirT1 and epitope‐specific antibodies. The 75‐kd SirT1‐reactive protein present in TNFα‐treated extracts was identified by mass spectroscopy, and its amino‐terminal cleavage site was identified via Edman sequencing. SirT1 activity was assayed following an in vitro cathepsin B cleavage reaction. Cathepsin B small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into chondrocytes left untreated or treated with TNFα.ResultsTNFα‐treated chondrocytes had impaired SirT1 enzymatic activity and displayed 2 forms of the enzyme: a full‐length 110‐kd protein and a smaller 75‐kd fragment. The 75‐kd SirT1 fragment was found to lack the carboxy‐terminus. Cathepsin B was identified as the TNFα‐responsive protease that cleaves SirT1 at residue 533. Reducing cathepsin B levels via siRNA following TNFα exposure blocked the generation of the 75‐kd SirT1 fragment.ConclusionThese data indicate that TNFα, a cytokine that mediates joint inflammation in arthritis, induces cathepsin B–mediated cleavage of SirT1, resulting in reduced SirT1 activity. This reduced SirT1 activity correlates with the reduced cartilage‐specific gene expression evident in these TNFα‐treated cells.