bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent‐modified SiS2‐type SnS2: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Properties of {}^1_\infty[SnS2·en] and [enH]4[Sn2S6]·en
Authors: Pada Nayek Hari , Lin Zhien , Dehnen Stefanie 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTwo novel Sn/S compounds, {}^1_\infty[SnS2·en] (1) and [enH]4[Sn2S6]·en (2), have been synthesized by solvothermal reactions of Cl3SnBu‐SnCl3 or tin, respectively, with elemental sulfur in ethylenediamine at 180 °C. The compound was characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopy. Compound 1 represents an neutral polymeric chain structure, based on [SnS2·en] units, with tin atoms in coordination number six. Thus, 1 can be viewed as SiS2‐type SnS2 in a solvated variant. Compound 2 represents a salt of the dimeric [Sn2S6]4– anion, with protonated 1,2‐diaminoethane (en) as counter cations. The structural features and properties of both compounds are discussed.
Aspects of colibacillosis in farm animals
Authors: Wray C. , Morris J. A. 
Published: October 2009

It has been known for a considerable time thatEscherichia coli, although a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract, can also be associated with a variety of pathological conditions in man, farm animals and poultry.When Escherich (1885) isolated from the faeces of a newborn baby an organism which is now accepted asE. coli, he considered it to be a harmless saprophyte. Laruelle (1889) was the first to suggest the possible pathogenicity of this organism, while Jensen (1893) showed that it was the cause of white scour in calves. The development of reliable serological methods facilitated the differentiation of strains and numerous workers have demonstrated an association between certain serological types ofE. coliand various disease conditions in animals. Enteric diseases in young animals are an important cause of mortality and economic loss to the farming community.
Investigation of the effectiveness of measles vaccination in children in Kenya
Authors: Bell T. M. , Tukei P. M. , Ademba G. R. , Mbugua F. M. , Gathara G. W. , Magana J. M. , Kinyanjui P. , Muli J. , Hazlett D. T. G. , Alwar J. E. A. , Kiptoon P. C. , Kireti V. N. M. , Waweru A. , Mwavuo R. , Mbogo M. , Thiongo B. , Kamande D. , Munyeti T. , Ortega J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYLaboratory studies were performed on 128 children clinically diagnosed as measles when seen at the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kenyatta National Hospital (IDH), Nairobi (86 cases) and the Rural Health Training Centre, Maragua, Central Province (42 cases) between 9 July and 31 August 1984. A concurrent measles infection was confirmed in 95% of the children seen at IDH and in 85% of those seen at Maragua, with similar proportions of confirmations in children who had, and who had not, received measles vaccine. No differences in the number of sero-conversions nor in the absolute levels of acute or convalescent HI antibody titres could be detected between vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Analysis of the cases seen at Maragua indicates that about two thirds of the children who had received vaccine were protected. A pilot study of vaccinating children at 8 months and again at 12–13 months is suggested in an attempt to eradicate measles.
A sero-epidemiologic study of a water-borne epidemic of viral hepatitis in Kolhapur City, India
Authors: Sreenivasan M. A. , Sehgal A. , Prasad S. R. , Dhorje S. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYBetween February and March 1981 an epidemic of hepatitis occurred in Kolhapur City, Maharashtra State, India. Approximately 1200 cases of jaundice were reported; more than 300 patients were hospitalized and three died. The epidemiological investigations showed a distinct concentration of cases in municipal ward E of the city. Investigations of the ward E water supply system disclosed gross contamination of raw water with sewage at source. The serological studies revealed that the aetiological agent responsible for this epidemic was neither hepatitis A virus nor hepatitis B virus but was likely to have been due to a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus.
The generation time, lag time, and minimum temperature of growth of coliform organisms on meat, and the implications for codes of practice in abattoirs
Authors: Smith M. G. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe growth of coliform organisms on meat tissue from sheep carcasses processed in a commercial abattoir was investigated. The results indicated that for practical purposes the minimum temperature of growth of these organisms on meat may be taken as 8 °C. Equations were derived relating the generation time and the lag time of coliform organisms in raw blended mutton to the temperature at which the meat is held. Estimates of growth obtained with these equations were found to agree closely with the experimental results, especially at temperatures above 10 °C, and allowed the generation times and the lag times for all temperatures up to 40 °C to be calculated. These times were also found to agree closely with the times determined using a strain ofEscherichia coliinoculated into blended mutton tissue. A strain ofSalmonella typhimuriuminoculated in the same way into blended mutton tissue gave longer generation and lag times at temperatures below 15 °C. Therefore, it is believed that the calculated tables of lag and generation times included in this paper can be used to determine the length of time raw chilled meat may be held afterwards at temperatures above the minimum temperature of growth without an increase in the number of any salmonella organisms present, and these times include a safety margin at each temperature.The study indicates that the mandatory codes of practice presently applied in commercial abattoirs are too stringent. Maintaining the temperature of boning rooms at 10 °C or less does not appear to be necessary providing the meat is processed within the calculated time limits. A relaxation of the restrictions on boning room temperatures would decrease costs, increase worker comfort and safety and would not compromise the bacteriological safety of the meat produced.
A preliminary survey of the epidemiology of bluetongue in Costa Rica and Northern Colombia
Authors: Homan E. J. , de Ruiz H. Lorbacher , Donato A. P. , Taylor W. P. , Yuill T. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYRecent evidence of bluetongue (BT) virus infection of livestock in scattered localities in the neotropics prompted a serologic survey of cattle in Colombia and Costa Rica. In Costa Rica 48·1% of 1435 bovine animals had BT virus antibody in the agar gel precipitation test (AGPT). In Colombia 51·8% of 635 cattle were AGPT-positive for BT virus. Antibody prevalence ranged from over 50% in the lowlands to 0% in Costa Rica and 19% in Colombian cattle above 2000 m altitude. Neutralization tests indicated that Costa Rican cattle had been exposed to BT virus types 6, 12, 14 and 17.
Bluetongue virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer virus serotypes in northern Colombian cattle
Authors: Homan E. J. , Taylor W. P. , Lorbacher de Ruiz H. , Yuill T. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThere is recent evidence of bluetongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus infection of cattle in the American tropics, including BT group reactive antibody in Colombian cattle. These observations prompted a study to determine serologically the specific BT and EHD virus types present, and time of infection and to collectCulicoidesspp. as potential vectors. A prospective study of BT and EHD virus infection was done on two farms in the Colombian department of Antioquia. Sequential sampling of young cattle indicated acquisition of neutralizing antibody to BT virus serotypes 12, 14 and 17, and EHD virus serotypes 1 and 2. Insect captures showed a high association ofCulicoides insigniswith infected cattle.
The seasonality of bacterial quality of water in a tropical developing country (Sierra Leone)
Authors: Wright R. C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYNatural water sources used as drinking-water supplies by rural settlements in Sierra Leone were examined monthly over a one-year period to detect any seasonal variations in bacterial quality. The 37 °C colony count, levels of selected faecal indicator bacteria and the incidence of Salmonella spp. were monitored. A seasonality was demonstrated for all the variables, counts generally increasing with the progression of the dry season, culminating in peaks at the transition from dry to wet season. Some complications with respect to the interpretation of counts of faecal indicator bacteria from raw tropical waters are noted.
The detection ofChlamydia trachomatisby direct immunofluorescence in conjunctival smears from patients with trachoma and patients with ophthalmia neonatorum using a conjugated monoclonal antibody
Authors: Mabey D. C. W. , Booth-Mason S. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYDuplicate specimens were taken with cotton-wool swabs from the upper tarsal conjunctiva of 63 patients living in Gambian villages in which trachoma is endemic and from 34 infants with ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) attending an outpatient clinic in The Gambia. The detection ofChlamydia trachomatisby direct immunofluorescence (IF) using a conjugated monoclonal antibody to its principal outer membrane protein was compared with isolation in cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells. For trachoma, the sensitivity and specificity of the immunofluorescent technique were 62% and 100% respectively if ten elementary bodies (EBs) was taken as the minimum requirement for positivity by IF. If all cases with one or more EB were considered positive, the sensitivity was 81% and the specificity 85%. For ON the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 95% respectively, regardless of which criterion was used. In view of its simplicity and easy applicability to field conditions it seems likely that direct IF using monoclonal antibodies may be a useful technique for the detection ofC. trachomatisin the conjunctival epithelium of patients with trachoma.
Faecal excretion of entero-pathogens in a Pakistani family returning to the U.K. after a visit to Rawalpindi
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe family consisted of two parents and five children. While the father remained in Cardiff, the mother and all the children visited Rawalpindi, Pakistan, for 6 weeks to stay with relatives. Travel was by flight from Heathrow airport to Pakistan and by a short road journey to Rawalpindi. Mrs M. – the mother – as a guest, did no cooking on the holiday. The house which they were living in had a piped water supply, thought to be treated. There was no flush toilet but a commode was available and was emptied daily. All the children had gastro-enteritis symptoms for 2–3 days after arrival. Ru M. – a daughter – had the most severe illness and was treated by a local doctor. Diarrhoea in the three girls persisted on return to U.K. A faecal swab from Ru M. showed her to be excreting S. typhi (degraded Vi phage type). She was admitted to hospital. Faecal samples from the remaining members of the family were taken and examined for entero-pathogens. The father, Fa. M., who had not left Cardiff, had negative stools and remained free from infection. All other family members were excreting one or more enteropathogens, including a Campylobacter sp., three types of Sh. flexneri and one type of Sh. boydii. A subsequent faecal sample revealed that one of the male children, A.M., was excreting S. typhi phage type B2. The two typhoid infections were apparently unconnected.
The use of Preston enrichment broth for the isolation of ‘thermophilic’ campylobacters from water
Authors: Ribeiro C. D. , Price T. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe application of Preston enrichment broth to isolation of ‘thermophilic’ campylobacters from water has been investigated. Enrichment substantially increased the yield of such organisms. The optimum timing for subculturing the broth was after 48 h incubation. Despite the addition of aerotolerant supplement to the broth the number and variety of isolates was greater when the broth was incubated microaerically than when it was incubated in air.
Transferable plasmid-mediated drug resistance among non-O1 Vibrio cholerae and rough strains of Vibrio cholerae from Tamilnadu, India
Authors: Sundaram SP. , Murthy K. V. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA total of 289 non-O1 Vibrio cholerae (NVC) strains and 20 rough V. cholerae (RVC) strains isolated in an endemic area were tested for antibiotic resistance and for transferable R-plasmids. Twenty three per cent of NVC and 40% of the RVC isolates were found to be resistant to one or more drugs. Eight NVC and four RVC strains possessed multiple drug resistance, varying from four to eight drugs. The common spectrum found in NVC isolates were chloramphenicol and streptomycin (CS) or chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline and ampicillin (CSTA). Resistance to sulphamethoxazole (Su) and to trimethoprim (Tm) was encountered infrequently. In RVC isolates in addition CSTASuTm determinants, resistance markers to aminoglycosides kanamycin, gentamicin and neomycin were also found. Eighteen of the 27 V. cholerae strains with two or more resistance determinants transferred them en bloc to Escherichia coli K12. The level of resistance in the recipient strain was equal to or greater than that of the donor vibrio strains. Most of the strains possessing solitary resistance markers were unable to transfer them. βlactamase production could be demonstrated in 92·8% of the ampicillin resistant strains. None of the strains was resistant to nalidixic acid or furazolidone. The results emphasize the importance of antimicrobic susceptibility determination of V. cholerae isolates, regardless of the serotypes, before commencing chemotherapy.
An evaluation of various working practices in shops selling raw and cooked meats
Authors: Tebbutt G. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThree groups of premises (butchers' shops, supermarkets and general dealers) which sell raw and cooked meats were compared. Salmonellas were not detected, but Escherichia coli, and to a lesser degree Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis, were widely distributed in all three groups of premises. Contamination of hands, towels and nail brushes was related to poor working practices. The presence of E. coli or Str. faecalis on slicing machines was associated with contamination of meat samples. A number of wiping cloths were heavily contaminated with E. coli, and many also contained Clostridium perjringens. Few premises provided written cleaning plans, and in many cases staff did not receive an adequate training in food hygiene. The use of disinfectants as part of the cleaning process did not necessarily reduce the level of bacterial contamination. In general there was poor correlation between microbiological results and a visual inspection made by an environmental health officer. The possible reasons for this finding arc discussed.
Hepatitis B core antigen synthesised in Escherichia coli: its use for antibody screening in patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases
Authors: Cohen B. J. , Litton P. A. , Mortimer P. P. , Simmons P. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryHepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) synthesised in Escherichia coli by recombinant DNA techniques was compared with HBcAg prepared from infected livrer tissue. The two antigens were used in radioimmunoassays (RIA) to detect antibody to HBcAg (anti-HBc) in sera from patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Out of 2151 sera tested, 260 were anti-HBc positive with both HBcAg preparations but seven were positive with the liver-derived antigen alone. Reasons for these discrepant results are discussed. The slight loss of sensitivity of the anti-HBc RIA using E. coli HBcAg was not considered significant when compared with the potential advantages of a synthetic antigen.The presence of other hepatitis B markers in the 267 anti-HBc positive sera was determined: 25 contained HBsAg, 220 anti-HBs and, of the 22 that were HBsAg/anti-HBs negative, 12 contained anti-HBe. In the 10 remaining sera, anti-HBc was the only hepatitis B marker that could be found.
A search for the source ofCampylobacter jejuniin milk
Authors: Waterman Sally C. , Park R. W. A. , Bramley A. J. 
Published: October 2009

SummarySamples of milk from 1501 cows with mastitis were negative forCampylobacter jejuni. The faeces of 74 healthy Friesian cows were screened forC. jejuni: 13% of the samples were positive during the summer when the cows were on pasture, and 51% were positive in the winter when the cows were housed. Positive samples contained on average 1 × 104campylobacters per g faeces.It is concluded that faecal contamination rather than udder infection is the means by which campylobacters enter milk and thereby infect man.
A study of F38-type and related mycoplasmas by mycoplasmaemia and cross-immunization tests in mice
Authors: Kibe M. Kanyi , Smith G. R. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn vivomethods were used to study the F38-type mycoplasma in parallel with related mycoplasmas.Three of five strains of ‘bovine serogroup 7’ with an unknown history of subculture produced mycoplasmaemia in mice inoculated intraperitoneally. A strain of ‘bovine serogroup L’ also produced mycoplasmaemia, but no evidence of similar ability could be found for single strains ofMycoplasma capricolum, M. equigenitaliumandM. primatum, or for two strains of the F38-type mycoplasma.In cross-immunization tests a bovine serogroup 7 strain (NCTC 10133) and a strain (‘Blenheim’) of the SC (small colony) type ofM. mycoidessubsp.mycoideswere used for the purpose of challenge. Cross-protection was described as ‘complete’ or ‘partial’, depending on whether it was as great as, or less than, that produced by homologous vaccine. Although strain NCTC 10133 protected strongly, possibly completely, against Blenheim, and Blenheim gave partial protection against NCTC 10133, challenge with NCTC 10133 and Blenheim gave strikingly different results. Thus (1) F38-type strains,M equigenitaliumandM. primatumall gave partial cross-protection against NCTC 10133 but not against Blenheim, (2) NCTC 10133, unlike Blenheim, was seldom susceptible to partial cross-protection by LC (large colony) strains ofM. mycoidessubsp.mycoides, and (3) three SC strains – which would have protected completely against Blenheim – protected only partially against NCTC 10133. NCTC 10133 and Blenheim were similar, however, in thatM. capricolumandM. mycoidessubsp.caprifailed to cross-protect against them both.
Non-neonatal meningitis due to less common bacterial pathogens, the Netherlands, 1975–83
Authors: Spanjaard L. , Bol P. , Zanen H. C. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn the Netherlands, case histories of 160 patients aged more than 1 month, with meningitis due to bacteria other thanNeisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzaeandStreptococcus pneumoniaewere reviewed in order to look for associations between the bacteriological data and the course of disease.The incidence of such cases was about 0·8/100000/year.Escherichia coliandListeria monocytogeneseach accounted for about 15% of the cases. The case-fatality rate was 18·8% (Gram-negative bacteria, 25%; Gram-positives, 15%) and sequelae occurred in 13·3% of the surviving patients (14 and 13% Gram-negative and Gram-positive, respectively). Hearing loss was the most prevalent sequela (50%). Predisposing factors were present in 70% of patients (69 and 71% respectively), especially in meningitis due to enteric Gram-negative bacteria (except for salmonella) and due to staphylococci.Surveillance is important because the incidence of meningitis due to these micro-organisms is likely to increase and because the problems in antibiotic treatment have not yet been solved.
Comparison of techniques for demonstrating antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus
Authors: Swanepoel R. , Struthers J. K. , Erasmus M. J. , Shepherd S. P. , McGillivray G. M. , Erasmus B. J. , Barnard B. J. H. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryNine serological techniques were compared by monitoring the response to infection with Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus in three sheep. Antibodies were monitored daily for the first 14 days after infection, then weekly and later fortnightly up to week 24. The earliest antibody response was detected in one sheep on day 3 by a plaque reduction neutralization test, and by day 6 antibodies were demonstrable in all three sheep by haemagglutination-inhibition, reversed passive haemagglutination-inhibition, immunodiffusion, indirect immunofluorescence (IF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization of cytopathic effect in cell cultures. Antibodies were demonstrable by complement fixation on day 8 at the earliest. IF and the two neutralization techniques produced the highest titres, but all tests could be used satisfactorily for the serological diagnosis of RVF. Inactivated antigen could be used for all except the neutralization tests. A radioimmunoassay technique using125I-labelIed staphylococcal protein A detected antibodies on day 8 at the earliest and produced lower mean titres than some of the other techniques. This was probably because sheep immunoglobulins bind protein A poorly.
Experimental plague infection in South African wild rodents
Authors: Shepherd A. J. , Leman P. A. , Hummitzsch D. E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSusceptibility studies were undertaken to determine the response of some South African wild rodent species to experimental plague (Yersinia pestis) infection.A degree of plague resistance was found in three gerbil species captured in the plague enzootic region of the northern Cape Province, these being the Namaqua gerbil, Desmodillus auricularis, (LD50 1 × 106 organisms), the bushveld gerbil, Tatera leucogaster, (LD50 9·1 × 105) and the highveld gerbil, T. brantsii (LD50 4 × 102). Animals from a population of the four-striped mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, captured in the plague area of Port Elizabeth, proved moderately resistant to experimental plague infection (LD 50 1·3 × 104) while those from another population of the same species captured in a plague-free area of the Orange Free State were extremely susceptible (LD50, 5 organisms). The response of both populations however was a heterogeneous one. Marked differences in susceptibility were also found between two populations of multimammate mice, Mastomys natalensis (2n = 32) although both originated from areas outwith the known distribution of plague in southern Africa.The 50% infectious dose was relatively high in T. leucogaster (3·2 × 102) and D. auricularis (1·7 × 103), but was low (2–16 organisms) in the other rodent species tested.The plague antibody response, determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was extremely short-lived in T. leucogaster, only 10% of inoculated animals remaining seropositive at low titres after 11 weeks. Antibodies persisted for only slightly longer in the sera of T. brantsii which were reinoculated with 2 × 103 plague organisms 6 weeks after initial challenge.The demonstration of the existence of both susceptible and resistant populations of R. pumilio and M. natalensis indicates that these species must be considered as potential plague reservoir hosts in parts of South Africa.The results suggest that resistance to plague infection in previously epizootic hosts in the northern Cape Province such as Tatera sp. and D. auricularis has arisen through continual selective pressure of the organism. If the findings are applicable to gerbil populations in other plague enzootic regions of South Africa it is probable that acquired plague resistance has been responsible for the absence of gerbil epizootics and consequently for the dramatic decline in human plague outbreaks in South Africa since 1950.