bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐Year Clinical Evaluation of the Efficacy of a New Daytime At‐Home Bleaching Technique
Authors: TÜRKÜN MURAT , ÇELİK ESRA UZER , ALADAĞ AKIN , GÖKAY NECMI 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and side effects of a new daytime at‐home bleaching technique (28% carbamide peroxide [CP] gel) with the overnight application of 10% CP and to determine the change of tooth color 1‐year post‐treatment. Twenty healthy volunteers were assigned to one of two sample groups of 10. All participants employed one of the two at‐home bleaching systems: (1) the new daytime at‐home bleaching system including 28% CP gel with a non‐custom‐fit tray (Meta Tray, Remedent, Deurle, Belgium) for 20 minutes, and (b) the conventional overnight at‐home bleaching system with a 10% CP gel and a custom‐fit tray (Opalescence PF, Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA) for 6 to 8 hours. Digital images and CIE (International Commission on Illumination) L*, a*, and b* spectrophotometric measurements were taken at baseline, after the bleaching treatment and 1‐year post‐treatment. Tooth and gingival sensitivity was measured with a specially designed 4‐point scale. Significant differences were found in L*, a*, and b* values, between initial and post‐treatment, for both bleaching systems (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was detected between post‐treatment and 1‐year follow‐up. The bleaching effectiveness of Opalescence PF was found to be superior to that of Meta Tray, considering the color parameter of ΔE (p < 0.05). Meta Tray provoked less tooth sensitivity (p < 0.05), however gingival sensitivity appeared more in this group (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the new daytime at‐home bleaching system tested (Meta Tray) produced significant bleaching effects. However, the clinical efficacy of the overnight bleaching system was found to be superior to the daytime at‐home bleaching system evaluated in this study. The whitening effect remained similar 1‐year after the bleaching treatment for both at‐home bleaching systems.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEAlthough the new daytime at‐home bleaching system tested exhibited significant bleaching effects, overnight bleaching with a 10% CP gel resulted in a higher bleaching effectiveness than this new system. Although the participants using the new bleaching system exhibited less tooth sensitivity probably because of the reduced contact time of bleaching gel with tooth surfaces, the application of the bleaching agent with a non‐customized tray provoked more gingival sensitivity in this group.(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:139–148, 2010)
Downregulation of oxytocin receptors in right ventricle of rats with monocrotaline‐induced pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Broderick T. L. , Wang Y. , Gutkowska J. , Wang D. , Jankowski M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim:  Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the rat leads to right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, inflammation and increased natriuretic peptide (NP) levels in plasma and RV. Because the release of nitric oxide (NO) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a function of the oxytocin receptor (OTR), we examined the effect of PH on gene and protein expression of OTR, NP (A, atrial; B, brain) and receptors (NPRs), nitric oxide synthases (NOS), interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α in the hypertrophied RV in a model of PH.Methods:  RV hypertrophy was induced in male Sprague–Dawley rats with monocrotaline (MCT; 60 mg kg−1) and was confirmed by the presence of an increased RV weight and RV‐to‐[left ventricle (LV) and septum] ratio.Results:  In the RV of MCT‐treated rats, a ∼40% reduction in OTR mRNA and protein was observed compared with the RV of control rats. This reduction was associated with increased transcripts of ANP and BNP in both ventricles and a corresponding increase in NP receptor mRNA expression for receptors A, B and C. Protein expression of inducible NOS was increased in the RV, whereas endothelial NOS transcripts were increased only in the LV of MCT‐treated rats. In the RV of MCT‐treated rats, downregulation of OTR was also associated with increased mRNA expression of IL‐1β and IL‐6.Conclusion:  Our results show that downregulation of the OTR in the RV of MCT‐treated rats is associated with increased expression of NP and their receptors as well as IL‐1β and IL‐6. This reduction in OTR in RV myocardium may have an impact on cardiac function in the MCT‐induced model of PH.
Effect
of Return Bend and Entrance on Heat Transfer in Thermally Developing Laminar Flow in Round Pipes of
Some Heat Transfer Fluids With High Prandtl
Numbers
Authors: Hrnjak Predrag
S. , Hong S. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The paper presents experimental results and analysis of heat transfer in a thermally developing region of round pipes for three fluids typically used as low temperature coolants, in the range of 0–−40°C. The experiments were performed at low Re (200–1000) and high Pr (80–140) numbers that are typically found in secondary refrigeration loop conditions. The effect of horizontal U-bend is also presented. It is shown that the positive effect of thermal development (high Nu number) lasts long because of the technically significant length of the thermally developing region. Secondary flows developed in and after the U-bend are so significant that they have almost an identical effect as the thermal development at the pipe entrance. That is a reason for the extremely good performance of the heat exchangers with secondary refrigerants in laminar flow regimes. Experimental data are presented with developed empirical correlations, which show good relationships to several existing correlations.
Simultaneous
Measurement of Three-Dimensional Soot Temperature and Volume Fraction Fields in Axisymmetric or
Asymmetric Small Unconfined Flames With CCD
Cameras
Authors: Liu D. , Huang Q.
X. , Wang F. , Chi Y. , Cen K. F. , Yan J.
H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A nonintrusive measurement technique is presented numerically for simultaneous measurement of three-dimensional (3D) soot temperature and volume fraction fields in the axisymmetric or asymmetric flames with charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. CCD cameras were introduced to capture the flame images for obtaining the line-of-sight radiation intensities. The distributions of local emission source under two wavelengths can be deduced through solving the reconstruction matrix equation by the least-square QR decomposition method from the knowledge of the line-of-sight radiation intensities of the flames. The two-color distributions of the local emission source were used to retrieve the soot temperature and volume fraction distributions. The effects of the discrete ray number of CCD cameras, the number of CCD cameras, and the system signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on the measurement were investigated. The results show that for accurate measurement of soot volume fraction field, the CCD cameras number should not be less than four and the system SNR can be as low as 54 dB. The proposed technique can be capable for reconstructing the 3D soot temperature and volume fraction fields in both axisymmetric and asymmetric flames well.
Cost of spinal cord injuries caused by rollover automobile crashes
Authors: Burns Stephen P , Kaufman Robert P , Mack Christopher D , Bulger Eileen 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo determine the reduction in direct cost for treatment of spinal cord injuries (SCI) in belted occupants involved in rollover automobile crashes in the USA that would result if severe roof intrusion were eliminated.MethodsRisk of SCI per rollover crash and by belted/unbelted status was calculated for roof intrusion magnitude categories using 1993–2006 National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) data. Direct costs of SCI based on neurological level and completeness of SCI were calculated using data from the National SCI Statistical Center.ResultsA reduction in rate of SCI for belted occupants with >15 cm roof intrusion to the rate seen for belted occupants with 8–15 cm roof intrusion would reduce the direct cost of SCI by approximately $97 million annually.ConclusionThere would be substantial cost savings solely by a reduction in one uncommon type of injury, SCI, if severe roof intrusion were eliminated.
Physical and psychosocial risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in New Zealand nurses, postal workers and office workers
Authors: Harcombe Helen , McBride David , Derrett Sarah , Gray Andrew 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of physical and psychosocial risk factors with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in New Zealand nurses, postal workers and office workers.DesignA cross-sectional postal survey asking about demographic, physical and psychosocial factors and MSDs.ParticipantsA total of 911 participants was randomly selected; nurses from the Nursing Council of New Zealand database (n=280), postal workers from their employer's database (n=280) and office workers from the 2005 electoral roll (n=351).Outcome MeasuresSelf-reported pain in the low back, neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist/hand or knee lasting more than 1 day in the month before the survey.ResultsThe response rate was 58%, 443 from 770 potential participants. 70% (n=310) reported at least one MSDs. Physical work tasks were associated with low back (odds ratio (OR) 1.35, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.6), shoulder (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.69), elbow (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.83) and wrist/hand pain (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.69). Job strain had the strongest association with neck pain (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.30 to 9.21) and wrist/hand pain. Somatisation was weakly associated with MSDs at most sites. Better general and mental health status were weakly associated with lower odds of MSDs.ConclusionsIn injury prevention and rehabilitation the physical nature of the work needs to be addressed for most MSDs, with modest decreases in risk seemingly possible. Addressing job strain could provide significant benefit for those with neck and wrist/hand pain, while the effects of somatisation and the promotion of good mental health may provide smaller but global benefits.
Risk factors for injury and severe injury in youth ice hockey: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Emery Carolyn A , Hagel Brent , Decloe Melissa , Carly McKay 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo identify risk factors for injury in youth ice hockey (ie, body checking, age, player position, player experience and level of play).Study designSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsA systematic review of the literature, including a meta-analysis component was completed. Ten electronic databases and the American Society for Testing and Materials Safety in Ice Hockey series (volumes 1–4) were systematically searched with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify articles examining risk factors for injury in youth ice hockey.ResultsParticipation in games, compared with practices, was associated with an increased risk of injury in all studies examined. Age, level of play and player position produced inconsistent findings. Body checking was identified as a significant risk factor for all injuries (summary rate ratio: 2.45; 95% CI 1.7 to 3.6) and concussion (summary odds ratio: 1.71; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.44).ConclusionsFindings regarding most risk factors for injury remain inconclusive; however, body checking was found to be associated with an increased risk of injury. Policy implications regarding delaying body checking to older age groups and to only the most elite levels requires further rigorous investigation.
An observational study of seatbelt use among vehicle occupants in Nigeria
Authors: Sangowawa Adesola O , Alagh Ben T , Ekanem Simeon E U , Ebong Idang P , Faseru Babalola , Adekunle Babatunde J , Uchendu Obioma C 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveThe use of seatbelts reduces the likelihood of death and severe injuries to crash-involved vehicle occupants by 45–60%. Several countries, including Nigeria, have laws mandating the use of seatbelts but compliance is not universal. This study was conducted to determine rates of use of seatbelts among vehicle occupants in Ibadan municipality.DesignAn observational study was conducted. A selected petrol station in each of the five local government areas in Ibadan municipality was used as an observation site. Observations were documented by trained research staff between 08:30 and 18:00 hours over a 6-day period.Results5757 occupants in 2870 vehicles were observed. Approximately 90% of drivers were men. Driver seatbelts were installed in approximately 90% of vehicles. Overall seatbelt use was 18.7; 31.7% among drivers and 10.3% and 0.4% among front and rear-seated adults, respectively. Only one child (0.7%) was restrained. Significantly more female drivers 47.3% used their seatbelts compared with men, 30.3% (p<0.001). An adult passenger was more likely to be restrained when riding with a female driver (p=0.007) and when the driver was restrained (p=0.000).ConclusionsThe study showed that seatbelt use among vehicle occupants was low. Further research into reasons for the non-use of restraints needs to be conducted so that these can be incorporated into programmes aimed at improving seatbelt use.
Real-world performance of vehicle crash test: the case of EuroNCAP
Authors: Segui-Gomez Maria , Lopez-Valdes Francisco J , Frampton Richard 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo investigate whether the occupants in vehicles with better safety ratings according to EuroNCAP sustain fewer fatal and severe injuries than occupants in vehicles with worse experimental safety ratings when in frontal crashes.DesignCase–control study.SettingA representative sample of crashes in Britain from 1996 to 2008 as gathered in the Cooperative Crash Injury Study (CCIS) database under the auspices of the UK Department of Transportation and augmented with EuroNCAP experimental ratings for each crashed vehicle.SubjectsDrivers and front seat passengers while occupants of vehicles for which EuroNCAP test results were available and who met inclusion criteria meant to select those in crashes similar to those in the frontal experimental setting.Main outcome measuresFatality and severe MAIS3+ injuries to the head, thorax, pelvis and lower extremities.ResultsThe multivariate Poisson regression models on the 1259 cases who sustained crash conditions most similar to the experimental ones showed no statistically significant effect on either mortality or MAIS3+ injury in real-world crashes when travelling in cars with better safety ratings. For example, when compared to a driver in a vehicle rated as safest for head injuries MAIS3+ in frontal crashes, drivers in vehicles rated yellow or orange presented adjusted ORs of 0.6 (0.2 to 1.7) and 0.8 (0.3 to 2.1), respectively.ConclusionsNo statistically significant relationships between the EuroNCAP safety scores and real-world death or severe injury outcomes were found, suggesting the need to review biomechanical criteria chosen to set cut-off points for the rating system.
Effects of domestic violence policies, alcohol taxes and police staffing levels on intimate partner homicide in large US cities
Authors: Zeoli April M , Webster Daniel W 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo assess the relationships between intimate partner homicide (IPH) and public policies including police staffing levels in large US cities.DesignThe research uses a multiple time-series design to examine the effects of statutes aimed at restricting access to firearms for perpetrators of domestic violence, allowing or mandating arrest for violators of domestic violence restraining orders (DVROs), beer excise taxes, and police staffing levels on IPH in 46 of the largest US cities from 1979 to 2003. Both total IPH and IPH committed with a firearm are analysed. Generalised estimating equations using a Poisson distribution are used to regress IPH on the policies and potential confounders.ResultsState statutes restricting those under DVROs from accessing firearms, and laws allowing the warrantless arrest of DVRO violators are associated with reductions in total and firearm IPH. Police staffing levels are also negatively associated with IPH and firearm IPH. There was no evidence that other policies to restrict firearm access to domestic violence offenders or alcohol taxes had a significant impact on IPH.ConclusionsReducing access to firearms for DVRO defendants, increasing police staffing levels and allowing the warrantless arrest of DVRO violators may reduce the city-level risk of IPH. Future research should evaluate factors that may mediate the effect of these laws and increased police staffing levels on IPH to determine whether there are opportunities to increase their protective effect. Further research is needed on firearm law implementation to determine why the other tested laws were not found effective.
Design of a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and confirmation ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: O'Callaghan Isabelle , Corcoran Daniel , Lucey Brigid 
Published: April 2010

ObjectivesTo improve the detection ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaeby designing a multiplex PCR assay using twoN gonorrhoeae-specific genes as targets, thereby providing detection and confirmation of a positive result simultaneously.MethodsPCR primers were designed to detect twoN gonorrhoeaegenes, namely porA and pgi1. Primers for an internal control targeting theompWgene ofVibrio choleraewere also designed and incorporated in the assay. The DNA of 45 clinical isolates including 33N gonorrhoeaeisolates, seven non-gonococcal Neisseria species, and five non-Neisseria species was tested using the multiplex PCR assay.ResultsAll 33N gonorrhoeaeisolates were successfully detected by the assay and none of the non-gonococcal isolates was detected. The assay showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100%, and a limit of detection of 1.25 ng of DNA.ConclusionThis multiplex PCR assay offers a sensitive and specific assay suitable for the detection ofN gonorrhoeae, and offers real potential for diagnostic use.
Toxoplasma tachyzoites from cell culture are more appropriate in some situations
Authors: Chatterton Jean M W , McDonagh Susan , Ho-Yen Darrel O 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundLaboratories traditionally culture toxoplasma tachyzoites in animals for testing and experimental use. This article considers why available cell culture methods are not used more often.AimTo compare HeLa cell culture and animal culture for production of toxoplasma tachyzoites.MethodsIn 2000 HeLa culture replaced animal culture for continuous production of toxoplasma tachyzoites in the Scottish Toxoplasma Reference Laboratory. The performance of animal culture (1994–1998) was compared with HeLa culture (2004–2008). A PubMed search was carried out for 1998 and 2008 to assess the culture methods used in laboratories.ResultsAnimal culture was able to produce higher yields of tachyzoites (109from a cotton rat peritoneal harvest compared to 107from a 75 cm2cell culture flask) but significantly more HeLa cultures were successful (93% versus 84%; p=0.025). There was no difference in the quality of tachyzoites from animal and HeLa cultures as demonstrated by the high levels of success in the dye test. HeLa culture offered significant advantages in flexibility and control. A review of the literature showed no significant change in the method of culture used in laboratories between 1998 and 2008 (p=0.36).ConclusionThe availability of cell culture methods and the increasingly stringent regulations on the use of animals have not resulted in a decline in the use of animal culture. Animals are necessary for certain experiments but many studies could use cell-culture-derived parasites.
Natural stones for monuments: their availability for restoration and evaluation
Authors: Přikryl Richard , Török Ákos 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This paper represents the introduction to the volume focused on the various aspects of natural stone research. From the topic issues studied recently, four major aspects are covered: (1) availability of certain stone types for monuments, (2) strategies aiming to strengthen our knowledge of past resources through the establishment of natural stone databases and inventories, (3) evaluation of natural stone properties and assessment of the compatibility of repair stones, and (4) decay studies of natural stone on monuments and on natural exposures. This paper also aims to highlight the importance of the use of local stone resources, a practice that has seriously declined during the 20th century in most of the industrialized countries. The availability of natural stone from monuments is also discussed in terms of sandstones and travertine in the Czech Republic and Hungary as a typical example.
Evaluation of the compatibility of building limestones from salt crystallization experiments
Authors: Beck Kévin , Al-Mukhtar Muzahim 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Salt absorption in porous building stones contributes greatly to the degradation of monuments. Two French porous limestones with similar main characteristics (total porosity, densities and mechanical resistance) were studied: white Tuffeau and Sebastopol stone. Accelerated ageing (weathering) tests were carried out by applying immersion-drying cycles with water containing sodium sulphate or sodium chloride. Samples of the two stones were tested separately and then in sets containing both rock varieties. The results facilitated interpretation of the observed and measured responses of these two limestones to the cycling salt crystallization. The durability of studied stones was evaluated by determining the normalized weight changes during the applied cycles. The Sebastopol stone amplified the amount of salt stored in the Tuffeau with increasing number of cycles performed, inducing its more rapid degradation. Water retention and water transfer in the pore space were found to be two main factors controlling the rate and the type of stone decay due to the salt crystallization.
Evaluation of three Italian tuffs (Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, Tufo Romano and Tufo Etrusco) as compatible replacement stone for Römer tuff in Dutch built cultural heritage
Authors: Nijland Timo G. , Van Hees Rob P. J. , Bolondi Laura 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Rhenish tuffs from the volcanic Eifel region in Germany, in particular the so-called Römer tuff, are among the most prominent and voluminous natural stones in Dutch monuments. The Römer tuff has been used since Roman times, and was widely used again in Romanesque (and to a lesser extent Romano-Gothic and early Gothic) architecture. The limited (or non) availability of Römer tuff for restoration purposes is posing an increasing problem. Last decennia, the availability of Römer tuff was practically limited to blocks from the lower parts of the pyroclastic flows with abundant basalt (and other) xenoliths, giving the rock a different appearance from its traditional type; the different types of Römer tuff also demonstrate different physical and hygric properties. Given the wide use of tuff stone in Italian architecture, several Italian tuffs have been evaluated in search of a compatible replacement stone for Römer tuff. The replacement stones should approach the original as much as possible, that is, in terms of authentic appearance, physical characteristics and durability. The Italian tuffs evaluated include tuffs commercially denominated as Tufo Etrusco and Tufo Romano (from the central part of Italy) and a variety of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (Naples region). Hygric behaviour, resistance to frost-thaw cycles, petrographic characteristics and mineralogy of Italian tuffs have been determined and compared with original Römer tuff. In all three cases, resistance to frost-thaw cycles is unfortunately shown to be considerably less than that of original Römer tuff. In addition, hygric expansion of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff appeared to be considerably larger than that of original Römer tuff. Of the tuffs evaluated, the variety of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff is a good match with the original Römer tuff in terms of visual appearance. It has already been sparsely used in the Netherlands in minor amounts. However, the durability characteristics require additional evaluation.