bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of hydroperoxide lyase activity from Amaranthus tricolor (Amaranthus mangostanus L.) leaves: influence of selected additives
Authors: Long Zhen , Kong Xiangzhen , Zhang Caimeng , Hua Yufei 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) has potential value for the flavour additive industry. Currently, the production and application of HPL suffer from stability problems. The objective of this study was to investigate the stabilisation of HPL preparation from Amaranthus tricolor leaves by the addition of selected chemical additives.RESULTS: Amaranthus tricolor leaves were identified as a particularly rich source of 13‐HPL activity. The addition of 100 g L−1 sucrose and trehalose to microsomal HPL prior to lyophilisation could retain nearly 100% enzymatic activity, compared to only 20% for the lyophilised control. The lyophilised microsomal HPL containing sucrose maintained full activity for even 40 days storage at − 20 °C. For HPL solution, glycerol was effective for long‐term stability at − 20 °C. Moreover, poyols (sucrose and trehalose) and amino acid (glycine) enhanced the thermostability of HPL, while KCl and polyol mannitol decreased the thermostability of HPL.CONCLUSION: The flavour‐producing enzyme HPL, found in the leaves of Amaranthus tricolor, was stabilised by the addition of chemical additives. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of micronization on the physico‐chemical properties of peels of three root and tuber crops
Authors: Huang Chien‐Chun , Chen Yi‐Fen , Wang Chiun‐CR 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of micronization on the physicochemical properties of the peels of root and tuber crops, including yam (Dioscorea alata L.), taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.). Two continuous milling sections, including hammer milling and ball milling, were applied to three samples to obtain micro‐sized particles of root and tuber peels. The micronization by ball‐milling treatment for 10 h was carried out to investigate the distribution of particle sizes and the changes in physiochemical properties.RESULTS: The results indicate that the peels of three crops appeared to be significantly decreased in particle size after 10 h of ball‐milling treatment. Moreover, the ball‐milling treatments resulted in the redistribution of fiber components from insoluble fiber to soluble fiber. The micronization treatments decreased the bulk density but increased the solubility and water‐holding capacities of the micronized peels.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that micronization treatments can improve functional properties of the fiber components of micronized peels, which provide a good source of dietary fiber in food applications. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Early mental health treatment‐seeking among U.S. National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq
Authors: Kehle Shannon M. , Polusny Melissa A. , Murdoch Maureen , Erbes Christopher R. , Arbisi Paul A. , Thuras Paul , Meis Laura A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe authors examined rates of and factors associated with postdeployment treatment‐seeking in a panel of 424 National Guard soldiers who spent 16 months in Iraq. Soldiers completed a self‐report, mailed survey 3‐ to 6‐months after returning home. Approximately one third of respondents reported postdeployment mental health treatment. Those who screened positive for mental health problems were more likely to indicate that they had received treatment compared to those who screened negative, but over one half of those who screened positive were not engaged with mental health treatment. Variables related to reported treatment receipt included positive attitudes about mental health therapies, having been injured in‐theater, illness‐based need, and having received mental health treatment while in‐theater. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Angiogenesis in vestibular schwannomas: Expression of extracellular matrix factors MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and TIMP‐1
Authors: Møller Martin Nue , Werther Kim , Nalla Amarnadh , Stangerup Sven‐Eric , Thomsen Jens , Bøg‐Hansen Thorkild C. , Nielsen Hans Jørgen , Cayé‐Thomasen Per 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are potent mediators of tumor angiogenesis. It has been demonstrated that vestibular schwannoma VEGF expression correlates with tumor growth pattern, whereas knowledge on the expression of MMPs is lacking. This study targets the angiogenic process by investigation of tumor expression of MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1. A possible correlation with gender, patient age, symptom duration, tumor size, and the absolute and relative growth rate is explored.Study Design:Prospective vestibular schwannoma tissue sampling for ELISA and immunohistochemical determination of MMP‐2, MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1.Methods:Thirty‐four patients with a sporadic, noncystic, vestibular schwannoma were selected prospectively. Repeated, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging determined the tumor growth pattern. Following translabyrinthine resection, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used for determination of the MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and TIMP‐1 concentration in tumor sample homogenates. Immunohistochemical labeling was performed in 12 randomly selected tumors.Results:All tumor homogenates expressed measurable MMP‐9, MMP‐2, and TIMP‐1. Immunolabeling localized MMP‐9 expression to the tumor cells, whereas MMP‐2 and TIMP‐1 was found interstitially. A significant correlation existed between the concentration MMP‐9 and absolute tumor growth rate, whereas a weak correlation occurred for the relative growth rate.Conclusions:Vestibular schwannomas express MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and TIMP‐1 and the tumor concentration of MMP‐9 correlates with absolute tumor growth rate, but not with age, gender, symptom duration, or preoperative tumor size. No correlations existed between any clinical parameter and MMP‐2 or TIMP‐1 expression. We conclude that MMP‐9 appears to be involved in the growth of vestibular schwannomas. Laryngoscope, 2010
Long‐term outcome after intraoral removal of large submandibular gland calculi
Authors: Zhang Lei , Escudier Michael , Brown Jacqueline , Capaccio Pasquale , Pignataro Lorenzo , McGurk Mark 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To evaluate the long‐term outcome of intraoral removal of large submandibular gland calculi.Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Methods:A retrospective review (1995–2008) of 118 patients with submandibular calculi ≥10 mm treated by intraoral surgical removal with preservation of the salivary gland.Results:Calculi were completely removed in 103/118 (87.3%) cases, partially removed in 14/118 (11.9%), with failure to remove any fragments in only 1/118 (0.8%). After a mean follow‐up of 42 months, 101/118 (85.6%) cases remained asymptomatic, 17/118 (14.4%) cases had modest obstructive or infective symptoms, 4/118 (3.4%) cases suffered recurrent stones, and in 1/118 (0.8%) case persistent symptoms dictated salivary gland removal.Conclusions:The data suggest that the majority of large submandibular gland calculi can be removed by gland‐preserving procedures retaining an asymptomatic salivary gland. This casts doubt on the commonly held premise that salivary stones normally lead to chronic sialoadenitis, which is the basis for the current policy of sialoadenectomy. Laryngoscope, 2010
A friction energy approach to quantifying lubrication under fretting sliding
Authors: Kolodziejczyk T. , Fouvry S. , Morales‐Espejel G. E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe problem of a proper lubrication under low‐speed small oscillatory movement can be a decisive factor for the reliability of various components. There is a need to characterise the lubricious behaviour of the interface under oil‐bath fretting wear conditions for ball bearing applications. Fast and reliable methods to quantify this behaviour for broad range of mechanical conditions are proposed and validated. Pure sliding reciprocation induces mixed lubrication mode. It was found that transient film profiles depend on the non‐Newtonian response of the oils and the type of motion. Running‐in period has a crucial importance for the tribofilm formation, and is a result of the interplay of the oil‐sliding surfaces interface and is directly connected with the total energy dissipated from the contact region. The stability of structured tribofilm in steady‐state period relies on the balance between the competitive processes: replenishment of the oil to the contact and ejection of the oil pending the oscillatory movement. The phenomenon of starvation was observed when the system was moved away from dynamical equilibrium and the growth of the dissipated energy was spotted. A proposed methodology provides the evaluation of the lubrication properties of the oil in a quantitative way. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological evaluation of piston skirt/cylinder liner contact interfaces under boundary lubrication conditions
Authors: Demas Nicholaos G. , Erck Robert A. , Fenske George R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe friction and wear between the piston and cylinder liner significantly affects the performance of internal combustion engines. In this paper, segments from a commercial piston/cylinder system were tribologically tested using reciprocating motion. The tribological contact consisted of aluminium alloy piston segments, either uncoated, coated with a graphite/resin coating, or an amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a‐C : H) coating, in contact with gray cast iron liner segments. Tests were conducted in commercial synthetic motor oils and base stocks at temperatures up to 120°C with a 2 cm stroke length at reciprocating speeds up to 0.15 m s−1. The friction dependence of these piston skirt and cylinder liner materials was studied as a function of load, sliding speed and temperature. Specifically, an increase in the sliding speed led to a decrease in the friction coefficient below approximately 70°C, while above this temperature, an increase in sliding speed led to an increase in the friction coefficient. The presence of a coating played an important role. It was found that the graphite/resin coating wore quickly, preventing the formation of a beneficial tribochemical film, while the a‐C : H coating exhibited a low friction coefficient and provided significant improvement over the uncoated samples. The effect of additives in the oils was also studied. The tribological behaviour of the interface was explained based on viscosity effects and subsequent changes in the lubrication regime, formation of chemical and tribochemical films. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functionalization of Carbon Materials using the Diels‐Alder Reaction
Authors: Munirasu Selvaraj , Albuerne Julio , Boschetti‐de‐Fierro Adriana , Abetz Volker 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA simple and efficient Diels‐Alder (DA) reaction on carbon material has been demonstrated. The present work involves single and multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as well as Herringbone carbon nanofiber. The CNTs show a dual nature of reactivity in DA reaction, i.e., they behave both as dienophile and diene with furfuryl groups and maleic anhydride derivatives, respectively. Various functional groups, including alcohol, amine, epoxy, carboxylic and ester, have been introduced on the carbon materials. The results suggest that the reactivity of CNT in DA reaction may resemble the chemistry of small molecules.magnified image
Dual Responsive Block Copolymer Micelles Functionalized by NIPAM and Azobenzene
Authors: Feng Ze , Lin Li , Yan Zeng , Yu Yanlei 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA novel amphiphilic diblock copolymer composed of a hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) block and a hydrophobic block copolymerized by azobenzene‐containing methacrylate and N‐isopropylacrylamide was synthesized using ATRP. The polymer micelles showed dual responsiveness to heat and light. The size of the micelles was dependent on temperature and the encapsulated substance in the hydrophobic cores was released during heating and cooling processes. The hydrophobicity of the micellar cores appeared as a reversible change in response to light with neither disruption of the micelles nor leakage of the encapsulated substance while H‐aggregation of the azobenzene moieties was detected.magnified image
Application of multiple criteria decision analysis in the New Zealand agricultural industry
Authors: Dooley A. E. , Smeaton D. C. , Sheath G. W. , Ledgard S. F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAgricultural decisions typically involve multiple criteria, some of which are subjective. Business, environmental, and lifestyle criteria are all important criteria in these decisions. These criteria can be difficult to trade‐off using traditional methods. Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) provides a formal, quantitative means of evaluating agricultural decisions taking all these factors into account. MCDA for agricultural decisions was evaluated using three applied case studies (use of new processing technology, selection of beef policies, and selection of farm systems in an environmentally sensitive catchment). The case studies all differed in their problem types and decision‐maker requirements. A multi‐attribute value theory approach was used for all the cases. This approach was selected using a descriptive framework which took the method limitations, problem attributes, and decision‐maker requirements into account. The differences between the case studies, the application and the implementation of MCDA, the overall success of the process, and the potential use of MCDA in agriculture going forward are discussed. While MCDA was used to help identify the best decision, the main benefits that the decision makers identified included: learning about the decision, a better understanding of their own and others' perspectives, a structured way to work through the decision, a means to explain the decision, and stimulation of discussion and sharing of ideas. These benefits were particularly important for the group decisions. Participants were not overly concerned with the ranking accuracy. Problems in implementation included an initial lack of commitment to the process, understanding of the process and decision, and ownership of the decision. The limited time decision makers had available contributed to this. The majority of the decision makers liked the MCDA process for these strategic decisions. The quantitative approach and the graphic presentation appealed to them. Hence, simple MCDA approaches may be as effective as more complex ones, and can deliver many of the benefits particularly where the time is limited. There has been interest in the use of MCDA going forward. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Statistical Survey on the Binding Constants of Covalently Bound Protein–Ligand Complexes
Authors: Li Xun , Liu Zhihai , Li Yan , Li Jie , Li Jiajie , Wang Renxiao 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe have conducted a statistical survey to compare the binding constants of covalently and noncovalently bound protein–ligand complexes as two groups. In our study, a total of 1602 complexes formed between various types of proteins and small‐molecule ligands were selected from the PDBbind database (version 2008), all of which had high‐resolution three‐dimensional structures and reliable experimentally measured binding constants. These complexes were further classified as 79 covalent complexes, 131 Zn‐containing complexes, and 1392 noncovalent complexes. Covalent complexes formed through reversible mechanisms are found to be associated with higher binding constants than noncovalent complexes. Two‐sample T‐test indicates that the difference is statistically significant. The advantage, however, is only modest (<20 folds). The same trend is also observed on a set of covalent and noncovalent complexes formed by thrombin. Our results indicate that reversible covalent bonding formed between protein and ligand will not automatically lead to a much tighter binding in general. Thus, our survey does not provide any supporting evidence for Houk’s hypothesis which states that covalent bonding formed between enzyme and transition state accounts for the extraordinary proficiency of enzymes.
Exhaustive Structure Generation for Inverse‐QSPR/QSAR
Authors: Miyao Tomoyuki , Arakawa Masamoto , Funatsu Kimito 
Published: January 2010

AbstractChemical structure generation based on quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) or quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models is one of the central themes in the field of computer‐aided molecular design. The objective of structure generation is to find promising molecules, which according to statistical models, are considered to have desired properties. In this paper, a new method is proposed for the exhaustive generation of chemical structures based on inverse‐QSPR/QSAR. In this method, QSPR/QSAR models are constructed by multiple linear regression method, and then the conditional distribution of explanatory variables given the desired properties is estimated by inverse analysis of the models using the framework of a linear Gaussian model. Finally, chemical structures are exhaustively generated by a sophisticated algorithm that is based on a canonical construction path method. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated using a dataset of the boiling points of acyclic hydrocarbons containing up to 12 carbon atoms. The QSPR model was constructed with 600 hydrocarbons and their boiling points. Using the proposed method, chemical structures which had boiling points of 100, 150, or 200 °C were exhaustively generated.
Role of Vascular Risk Factors and Vascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Dickstein Dara L. , Walsh Jessica , Brautigam Hannah , Stockton Steven D. , Gandy Samuel , Hof Patrick R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRecent findings indicate that vascular risk factors and neurovascular dysfunction play integral roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In addition to aging, the most common risk factors for Alzheimer's disease are apolipoprotein e4 allele, hypertension, hypotension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. All of these can be characterized by vascular pathology attributed to conditions such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy and subsequent blood‐brain barrier dysfunction. Many epidemiological, clinical, and pharmacotherapeutic studies have assessed the associations between such risk factors and Alzheimer's disease and have found positive associations between hypertension, hypotension, and diabetes mellitus. However, there are still many conflicting results from these population‐based studies, and they should be interpreted carefully. Recognition of these factors and the mechanisms by which they contribute to Alzheimer's disease will be beneficial in the current treatment regimens for Alzheimer's disease and in the development of future therapies. Here we discuss vascular factors with respect to Alzheimer's disease and dementia and review the factors that give rise to vascular dysfunction and contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Mt Sinai J Med 77:82&&ndash;102, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Perl Daniel P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlois Alzheimer first pointed out that the disease which would later bear his name has a distinct and recognizable neuropathological substrate. Since then, much has been added to our understanding of the pathological lesions associated with the condition. The 2 primary cardinal lesions associated with Alzheimer's disease are the neurofibrillary tangle and the senile plaque. The neurofibrillary tangle consists of abnormal accumulations of abnormally phosphorylated tau within the perikaryal cytoplasm of certain neurons. The senile plaque consists of a central core of beta‐amyloid, a 4‐kD peptide, surrounded by abnormally configured neuronal processes or neurites. Other neuropathological lesions are encountered in cases of Alzheimer's disease, but the disease is defined and recognized by these 2 cardinal lesions. Other lesions include poorly understood changes such as granulovacuolar degeneration and eosinophilic rodlike bodies (Hirano bodies). The loss of synaptic components is a change that clearly has a significant impact on cognitive function and represents another important morphological alteration. It is important to recognize that distinguishing between Alzheimer's disease, especially in its early stages, and normal aging may be very difficult, particularly if one is examining the brains of patients who died at an advanced old age. It is also noted that instances of pure forms of Alzheimer's disease, in the absence of other coexistent brain disease processes, such as infarctions or Parkinson's disease–related lesions, are relatively uncommon, and this must be taken into account by researchers who employ postmortem brain tissues for research. Mt Sinai J Med 77:32&&ndash;42, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Amyloid‐β Oligomers: Possible Roles as Key Neurotoxins in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Lublin Alex L. , Gandy Sam 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is the most common form of senile dementia. Although the amyloid‐β peptide was identified in 1984 as the major constituent of the senile plaques that characterize the disease, accumulating evidence indicates that the plaque density does not correspond well to the concurrent disease state. In order to resolve this disconnect, a number of recent studies have shifted away from the senile plaque and classical fibrillar forms of amyloid toward a less well structured species as the proximate neurotoxic factor underlying cognitive failure in Alzheimer's disease: soluble amyloid‐β peptide oligomer (also known as the amyloid‐β peptide–derived diffusible ligand). Paradoxically, several studies in the last 2 years have shown that picomolar levels of amyloid‐β peptide have neutral activity or perhaps even an essential role in learning and memory. Here we highlight some of the key observations underlying the growing focus on the amyloid‐β peptide oligomer. Mt Sinai J Med 77:43&&ndash;49, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine