bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Captive Breeding of Endangered Mohave Tui Chub
Authors: Archdeacon Thomas P , Bonar Scott A 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The endangered Mohave tui chub Gila bicolor mohavensis, which occurs only in three populations in southern California, has not been previously spawned in captivity. Captive breeding of imperiled fishes can be important to conserve biodiversity and aid in native fish conservation efforts by reducing the collection of wild fish for translocations, providing individuals for experimental studies, and ensuring species survival. To spawn Mohave tui chub, we lowered water temperature to 10°C, held this temperature constant for 30 d, and then warmed the tank at a rate of 1°C per day to reach ambient air temperature (20–22°C). We used a photoperiod of 10 h light : 14 h dark and adjusted the photoperiod to 14 h light : 10 h dark when the tank reached 15°C. These photoperiod and water temperature regimes were designed to simulate Mojave Desert springtime conditions. Artificial plants were provided as spawning substrate. Three spawning events produced over 1,700 larval fish. Fish not subjected to this photoperiod and water temperature regime did not spawn. Simulation of a spring photoperiod and temperature regime was associated with successful spawning of Mohave tui chub in captivity and may be effective for spawning other endangered cyprinids with similar requirements.
Saturated Lipid Sources in Feeds for Sunshine Bass: Alterations in Production Performance and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFeeds rich in saturated (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) appear to maximize the retention of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in the fillets of sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis). To determine whether different sources of SFA and MUFA have equivalent effects on tissue fatty acid (FA) profile change, coconut (CO) and palm oils(PO) were evaluated as partial and complete substitutes for fish oil (FO) in feeds for juvenile sunshine bass. After 8 weeks of culture, the production performance of all groups was within the acceptable range for sunshine bass; however, weight gain was significantly reduced within the 100%-CO group. Partial replacement of FO with CO or PO resulted in significant alteration of fillet FA profiles, and these changes were exacerbated in the complete-FO-replacement groups. The LC-PUFA were disproportionately enriched in the fillets of fish fed the reduced or FO-free feeds, whereas dietary surpluses of 12:0 and 14:0 (CO-based feeds) and 16:0 (PO-based feeds) were not reflected in any of the tissues analyzed. Rather, the levels of the SFA elongation–desaturation products (i.e., 18:0 and 18:1[n-9]) were elevated, particularly within liver lipid, suggesting enhanced FA biotransformation activity among fish fed higher levels of either alternative lipid source. Based on tissue FA composition, PO and CO appear to be approximately equivalent in terms of fillet LC-PUFA retention. However, the digestibility and utilization of these feedstuffs must be further investigated to maximize the ability of PO and CO to (partially or completely) replace FO in sunshine bass feeds.
One-Year Retention of Passive Integrated Transponders in Adult Muskellunge, and Applications to Broodstock Management
Authors: Jennings Martin J , Hatzenbeler Gene R , Kampa Jeffrey M 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Muskellunge Esox masquinongy are long-lived fish that typically occur at low densities. Tracking the history of individuals used as broodstock allows accurate determination of the effective population size and is essential to meeting genetic objectives for management-oriented hatchery propagation programs. We tested the utility of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags for tracking individual muskellunge. We placed PIT tags in the cheeks of 291 adult muskellunge netted during the spring spawning season in two Wisconsin lakes. Partial fin clips were used as a secondary mark. The lakes were sampled during the following year, and 73 fish with fin clips were recovered in a sample of 271 fish. The one-year tag retention rate was 90.4% in the two lakes. Six fish without functional tags were examined for the presence of broken or malfunctioning tags, and all were missing tags. The use of PIT tags is feasible for adult muskellunge and is useful for maintaining individually based broodstock records.
Isolated Superficial Temporal Artery Dissection Masquerading as Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: Delis Aristidis , Pollard Claire M. , Prasad Anil , Sobonya Richard E. , León Luis R. 
Published: October 2009

A 79-year-old male presented with symptoms suggesting giant cell arteritis (GCA) and elevation of acute-phase reactants. Bilateral superficial temporal artery (STA) biopsies were negative for GCA. However, the right-sided biopsy showed a STA dissection. Spontaneous isolated STA dissection has never been reported previously. The pertinent available literature is also discussed.
Review of Current Theories for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Pathogenesis
Authors: Nordon Ian M. , Hinchliffe Robert J. , Holt Peter J. , Loftus Ian M. , Thompson Matthew M. 
Published: October 2009

Atherosclerotic plaques are a feature of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Atherosclerosis and AAA appear to share similar risk factors. These observations have led to the conclusion that AAAs are a consequence of advanced atherosclerosis. This review explores current theories regarding the pathogenesis of AAA and their implications for treatment. A systematic literature search was conducted using the search terms abdominal aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, pathogenesis, and systemic disease. Articles were categorized according to the association of AAAs with atherosclerosis, arteriomegaly, peripheral aneurysm, systemic expression, genetics, autoimmunity, oxidative stress, and systemic disease. Twenty-nine articles reporting changes in the systemic vasculature associated with AAA and 12 articles examining the shared risk factor hypothesis were identified. There is insufficient evidence to confirm that AAAs are the result of advanced atherosclerosis. The bulk of evidence points to AAA disease being a systemic disease of the vasculature, with a predetermined genetic susceptibility leading to a phenotype governed by environmental factors.
Social segregation in male, but not female yearling rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Hassett Janice M. , Rupp Heather A. , Wallen Kim 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMales and females of many species sex‐segregate, ranging from complete separation of habitats to social segregation within the same space, sometimes varying across seasons and lifespan development. Mechanisms for such segregation are not well understood, though some have suggested that sex differences in preferred juvenile behaviors lead to greater behavioral compatibility within than between sexes. This within‐sex behavioral compatibility may be the source of sex‐segregation. As juvenile behavioral sex differences are well‐documented in rhesus monkeys, we examined sex‐segregation patterns of yearling rhesus monkeys engaged in three different types of behavior: rough play, parallel play, and grooming. We observed male and female rhesus yearlings from five stable long‐term age‐graded social groups of 67–183 animals. Behavioral observations were designed to collect equal numbers of rough play, grooming, and parallel play bouts. In addition, sex composition and proximity to adults was recorded for each bout. Across all behaviors, more all‐male groups and fewer mixed sex‐groups were observed than expected by chance. All‐female groups occurred at the level expected by chance. Thus, males sex‐segregated regardless of type of behavior, while females did not sex‐segregate. Female groups were observed in proximity to adults more often than expected by chance. These results suggest that behavioral compatibility may produce sex‐segregation in male yearling rhesus monkeys, possibly preparing males and females for different social roles and segregation as adults. Am. J. Primatol. 72:87–92, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated Epstein–Barr virus‐encoded nuclear antigen‐1 immune responses predict conversion to multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lünemann Jan D. , Tintoré Mar , Messmer Brady , Strowig Till , Rovira Álex , Perkal Héctor , Caballero Estrella , Münz Christian , Montalban Xavier , Comabella Manuel 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe aims of the study were to determine the immune responses to candidate viral triggers of multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients with clinically isolated syndromes (CISs), and to evaluate their potential value in predicting conversion to MS.MethodsImmune responses to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6, cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and measles were determined in a cohort of 147 CIS patients with a mean follow‐up of 7 years and compared with 50 demographically matched controls.ResultsCompared with controls, CIS patients showed increased humoral (p < 0.0001) and cellular (p = 0.007) immune responses to the EBV‐encoded nuclear antigen‐1 (EBNA1), but not to other EBV‐derived proteins. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to other virus antigens and frequencies of T cells specific for HCMV and influenza virus gene products were unchanged in CIS patients. EBNA1 was the only viral antigen with which immune responses correlated with number of T2 lesions (p = 0.006) and number of Barkhof criteria (p=0.001) at baseline, and with number of T2 lesions (p = 0.012 at both 1 and 5 years), presence of new T2 lesions (p = 0.003 and p = 0.028 at 1 and 5 years), and Expanded Disability Status Scale score (p = 0.015 and p = 0.010 at 1 and 5 years) during follow‐up. In a univariate Cox regression model, increased EBNA1‐specific IgG responses predicted conversion to MS based on McDonald criteria (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.2 [1.2‐4.3]; p = 0.003).InterpretationOur results indicate that elevated immune responses toward EBNA1 are selectively increased in CIS patients and suggest that EBNA1‐specific IgG titers could be used as a prognostic marker for disease conversion and disability progression. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:159–169
A sodium channel gene SCN9A polymorphism that increases nociceptor excitability
Authors: Estacion Mark , Harty T. Patrick , Choi Jin‐Sung , Tyrrell Lynda , Dib‐Hajj Sulayman D. , Waxman Stephen G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSodium channel NaV1.7, encoded by the SCN9A gene, is preferentially expressed in nociceptive primary sensory neurons, where it amplifies small depolarizations. In studies on a family with inherited erythromelalgia associated with NaV1.7 gain‐of‐function mutation A863P, we identified a nonsynonymous single‐nucleotide polymorphism within SCN9A in the affected proband and several unaffected family members; this polymorphism (c. 3448C&T, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms database rs6746030, which produces the amino acid substitution R1150W in human NaV1.7 [hNaV1.7]) is present in 1.1 to 12.7% of control chromosomes, depending on ethnicity. In this study, we examined the effect of the R1150W substitution on function of the hNaV1.7 channel, and on the firing of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in which this channel is normally expressed. We show that this polymorphism depolarizes activation (7.9–11mV in different assays). Current‐clamp analysis shows that the 1150W allele depolarizes (6mV) resting membrane potential and increases (∼2‐fold) the firing frequency in response to depolarization in DRG neurons in which it is present. Our results suggest that polymorphisms in the NaV1.7 channel may influence susceptibility to pain. Ann Neurol 2009;66:862–866
Hippocampal interictal spikes disrupt cognition in rats
Authors: Kleen Jonathan K. , Scott Rod C. , Holmes Gregory L. , Lenck‐Santini Pierre Pascal 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveCognitive impairment is common in epilepsy, particularly in memory function. Interictal spikes (IISs) are thought to disrupt cognition, but it is difficult to delineate their contribution from general impairments in memory produced by etiology and seizures. We investigated the transient impact of focal IISs on the hippocampus, a structure crucial for learning and memory and yet highly prone to IISs in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).MethodsBilateral hippocampal depth electrodes were implanted into 14 Sprague‐Dawley rats, followed by intrahippocampal pilocarpine or saline infusion unilaterally. Rats that developed chronic spikes were trained in a hippocampal‐dependent operant behavior task, delayed‐match‐to‐sample. Depth‐electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during 5,562 trials among five rats, and within‐subject analyses evaluated the impact of hippocampal spikes on short‐term memory operations.ResultsHippocampal spikes that occurred during memory retrieval strongly impaired performance (p < 0.001). However, spikes that occurred during memory encoding or memory maintenance did not affect performance in those trials. Hippocampal spikes also affected response latency, adding approximately 0.48 seconds to the time taken to respond (p < 0.001).InterpretationWe found that focal IIS‐related interference in cognition extends to structures in the limbic system, which required intrahippocampal recordings. Hippocampal spikes seem most harmful if they occur when hippocampal function is critical, extending human studies showing that cortical spikes are most disruptive during active cortical functioning. The cumulative effects of spikes could therefore impact general cognitive functioning. These results strengthen the argument that suppression of IISs may improve memory and cognitive performance in patients with epilepsy. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:250–257
Triptan‐induced latent sensitization: A possible basis for medication overuse headache
Authors: De Felice Milena , Ossipov Michael H. , Wang Ruizhong , Lai Josephine , Chichorro Juliana , Meng Ian , Dodick David W. , Vanderah Todd W. , Dussor Gregory , Porreca Frank 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveIdentification of the neural mechanisms underlying medication overuse headache resulting from triptans.MethodsTriptans were administered systemically to rats by repeated intermittent injections or by continuous infusion over 6 days. Periorbital and hind paw sensory thresholds were measured to detect cutaneous allodynia. Immunofluorescent histochemistry was employed to detect changes in peptidic neurotransmitter expression in identified dural afferents. Enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay was used to measure calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) levels in blood.ResultsSustained or repeated administration of triptans to rats elicited time‐dependent and reversible cutaneous tactile allodynia that was maintained throughout and transiently after drug delivery. Triptan administration increased labeling for CGRP in identified trigeminal dural afferents that persisted long after discontinuation of triptan exposure. Two weeks after triptan exposure, when sensory thresholds returned to baseline levels, rats showed enhanced cutaneous allodynia and increased CGRP in the blood following challenge with a nitric oxide donor. Triptan treatment thus induces a state of latent sensitization characterized by persistent pronociceptive neural adaptations in dural afferents and enhanced responses to an established trigger of migraine headache in humans.InterpretationTriptans represent the treatment of choice for moderate and severe migraine headaches. However, triptan overuse can lead to an increased frequency of migraine headache. Overuse of these medications could induce neural adaptations that result in a state of latent sensitization, which might increase sensitivity to migraine triggers. The latent sensitization could provide a mechanistic basis for the transformation of migraine to medication overuse headache. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:325–337
Boron: Elementary Challenge for Experimenters and Theoreticians
Authors: Albert Barbara , Hillebrecht Harald 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMany of the fundamental questions regarding the solid‐state chemistry of boron are still unsolved, more than 200 years after its discovery. Recently, theoretical work on the existence and stability of known and new modifications of the element combined with high‐pressure and high‐temperature experiments have revealed new aspects. A lot has also happened over the last few years in the field of reactions between boron and main group elements. Binary compounds such as B6O, MgB2, LiB1−x, Na3B20, and CaB6 have caused much excitement, but the electron‐precise, colorless boride carbides Li2B12C2, LiB13C2, and MgB12C2 as well as the graphite analogue BeB2C2 also deserve special attention. Physical properties such as hardness, superconductivity, neutron scattering length, and thermoelectricity have also made boron‐rich compounds attractive to materials research and for applications. The greatest challenges to boron chemistry, however, are still the synthesis of monophasic products in macroscopic quantities and in the form of single crystals, the unequivocal identification and determination of crystal structures, and a thorough understanding of their electronic situation. Linked polyhedra are the dominating structural elements of the boron‐rich compounds of the main group elements. In many cases, their structures can be derived from those that have been assigned to modifications of the element. Again, even these require a critical revision and discussion.
Effects of encapsulation process parameters of calcium alginate beads on Vitamin B12 drug release kinetics
Authors: Abubakr Nada , Jayemanne Amanthi , Audrey Niken , Lin Sean Xuqi , Chen Xiao Dong 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCalcium alginate beads were prepared by ionotropic gelation of droplet of an alginate solution containing Vitamin B12, followed by oven air drying at 70° C. The beads were characterized by a light microscope and in vitro drug release in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (pH 7.4) maintained at 37° C in order to simulate intestinal fluid conditions. The effect of drug configuration within a bead, various process factors on the bead morphology and drug release properties was investigated. The experimental results indicated that altering the polymer to drug loading ratio, alginate, Vitamin B12 concentration and flow rates affected the Vitamin B12 release rates. The addition of chitosan to the polymer matrix was found to have a significant impact on the rate of release, as it slowed down the release of Vitamin B12. It has also been found that some combinations of the parameters mentioned above, thermal effects in particular, were able to create the clear wall‐core structures, and it is envisaged that one can apply those combinations or at least adopt the overall trend in a more advanced equipment to achieve controlled releasing drug micro‐capsules. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal degradation kinetics of the copolymer poly(4‐methoxybenzyl methacrylate‐co‐isobornyl methacrylate)
Authors: Kurt Adnan , Kaya Esin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA copolymer of 4‐methoxybenzyl methacrylate and isobornyl methacrylate was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. The structure of poly(4‐methoxybenzyl methacrylate‐co‐isobornyl methacrylate) was confirmed by means of Fourier transform infrared, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR techniques. The molecular weight distribution values of the copolymer were determined with gel permeation chromatography. The number‐average molecular weight and polydispersity index values of poly(4‐methoxybenzyl methacrylate‐co‐isobornyl methacrylate) were found to be 12,500 and 1.5, respectively. The kinetics of the thermal degradation of the copolymer was investigated with thermogravimetric analysis at different heating rates. The activation energy values obtained with the Kissinger, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, and Tang methods were determined to be 166.38, 167.54, and 167.47 kJ/mol, respectively. Different integral and differential methods were used, and the results were compared with these values. Doyle approximation was also used for comparing the experimental results to master plots. An analysis of the experimental results suggested that the reaction mechanism was an R1 deceleration type in the conversion range studied. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and flocculation behavior of cationic konjac glucomannan containing quaternary ammonium substituents
Authors: Tian Dating , Wu Xiong , Liu Chengmei , Xie Hong‐Quan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA quaternary ammonium derivative of konjac glucomannan (KGM) was prepared by a dry process from KGM and 2,3‐epoxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride. We determined the optimization of the experimental conditions by studying on the effects of the water amount, alkaline catalyst amount, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the degree of substitution. In addition, the flocculation characteristics of the cationic derivative of KGM were evaluated in a 1.0% kaolin suspension with spectrophotometry via investigation of the influence of the flocculant amount, pH, salt concentration, temperature, and settling time on the flocculation. The results show that the synthesized cationic KGM could potentially be used as a high‐performance flocculating agent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of the rubber crosslinking density of a core–shell structure modifier on the properties of toughened poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Gui Y. , Sun S. L. , Han Y. , Zhang H. X. , Zhang B. Y. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFour kinds of core–shell structure acrylic impact modifiers (AIMs) with different rubber crosslinking densities were synthesized. The effects of the rubber crosslinking density of the AIMs on the crack initiation and propagation resistance and the mechanical properties of the AIM/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends were investigated, and we found that the maximum stress intensity factor, crack propagation energy, and Izod impact strength reached maximums when the appropriate rubber crosslinking density of AIM, 2.51 × 1025 crosslinks/m3, was adopted. Transmission electron microscopy photographs of the AIM/PMMA blends showed that the AIMs dispersed uniformly in the PMMA matrix. Meanwhile, through the analysis of optical photos and scanning electron microscopy of the impact fracture surface, we found that the deformation mechanism of the AIM/PMMA blends was local matrix shear yielding initiated by rubber particle cavitation of the AIM. The rubber of the AIM, whose crosslinking density was 2.51 × 1025 crosslinks/m3, was beneficial to the formation of intensive voids and initiated the local shear yielding of nearby modifiers of the PMMA matrix effectively in impact tests, which led to higher Izod impact strengths. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010