bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of Naive CD8+ T Cells by a Variant Viral Epitope Induces Activation and Enhanced Apoptosis
Authors: Ream Rebecca M. , Sun Jie , Braciale Thomas J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Classically, naive T cells recognize a specific peptide-MHC complex resulting in their activation and differentiation. However, it is known that T cells also have the ability to interact productively with variant ligands, indicating a flexibility in TCR Ag recognition. These altered peptide ligands have been shown to trigger responses ranging from complete activation to full inhibition of T cell responses, and thus may play an important role in initiating or sustaining T cell-mediated immunity. We have found that influenza virus-specific CD8+ TCR transgenic T cells differentially respond to a native (agonist) and variant viral epitope, differing in two amino acids that are thought to alter TCR recognition. In response to stimulation with the agonist epitope, these cells activate, proliferate, and differentiate into effector CTLs. Conversely, stimulation with the variant epitope results in activation, proliferation, and development of effector activity followed by rapid and extensive apoptotic cell death. Stimulation of the T cells with the altered ligand results in an inability to sustain the expression of the prosurvival molecules, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. These data suggest that the response to the agonist and variant epitopes may reflect TCR avidity-dependent differential signaling through the TCR, resulting either in activation-dependent T cell proliferative expansion and survival or in the accelerated death of acutely activated differentiating T cells. This process of CD8+ T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation followed by rapid cell death may represent a novel mechanism of altered peptide ligand-induced apoptosis programmed by initial Ag receptor engagement.
IL-33 Exacerbates Autoantibody-Induced Arthritis
Authors: Xu Damo , Jiang Hui-Rong , Li Yubin , Pushparaj Peter N. , Kurowska-Stolarska Mariola , Leung Bernard P. , Mu Rong , Tay Hwee Kee , McKenzie Andrew N. J. , McInnes Iain B. , Melendez Alirio J. , Liew Foo Y. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis comprises dysregulation in both innate and adaptive immunity. There is therefore intense interest in the factors that integrate these immunologic pathways in rheumatoid arthritis. In this paper, we report that IL-33, a novel member of the IL-1 family, can exacerbate anti–glucose-6-phosphate isomerase autoantibody-induced arthritis (AIA). Mice lacking ST2 (ST2−/−), the IL-33 receptor α-chain, developed attenuated AIA and reduced expression of articular proinflammatory cytokines. Conversely, treatment of wild-type mice with rIL-33 significantly exacerbated AIA and markedly enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production. However, IL-33 failed to increase the severity of the disease in mast cell-deficient or ST2−/− mice. Furthermore, mast cells from wild-type, but not ST2−/−, mice restored the ability of ST2−/− recipients to mount an IL-33–mediated exacerbation of AIA. IL-33 also enhanced autoantibody-mediated mast cell degranulation in vitro and in synovial tissue in vivo. Together these results demonstrate that IL-33 can enhance autoantibody-mediated articular inflammation via promoting mast cell degranulation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Because IL-33 is derived predominantly from synovial fibroblasts, this finding provides a novel mechanism whereby a host tissue-derived cytokine can regulate effector adaptive immune response via enhancing innate cellular activation in inflammatory arthritis.
NK Cell Patrolling and Elimination of Donor-Derived Dendritic Cells Favor Indirect Alloreactivity
Authors: Garrod Kym R. , Liu Feng-Chun , Forrest Luette E. , Parker Ian , Kang Sang-Mo , Cahalan Michael D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Direct presentation of foreign MHC molecules expressed by donor-derived dendritic cells (DCs) has generally been considered the dominant pathway of allorecognition in acute transplant rejection. However, recent studies implicate preferential activation of the indirect pathway by host DCs. The respective importance of each pathway and the mechanisms that determine their relative contributions remain to be clearly established. In this study, using two-photon microscopy, we visualized host NK cell interactions with syngeneic and allogeneic DCs within intact lymph nodes of mice. Upon contact with allogeneic DCs, NK cells formed prolonged interactions that led directly to target cell lysis. This rapid elimination limited the ability of allogeneic DCs to stimulate primary and recall T cell responses. To discriminate whether donor or host DCs are principally involved in presenting Ag derived from allografts, we used CD11c-diphtheria toxoid receptor mice to conditionally ablate CD11c+ DCs and to show that direct presentation by donor DCs is alone insufficient to elicit acute allograft rejection. We thus propose that rapid elimination of allogeneic DCs limits direct Ag presentation and thereby favors the indirect pathway of alloreactivity.
Complement Component C3 Binds to Activated Normal Platelets without Preceding Proteolytic Activation and Promotes Binding to Complement Receptor 1
Authors: Hamad Osama A. , Nilsson Per H. , Wouters Diana , Lambris John D. , Ekdahl Kristina N. , Nilsson Bo 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
It has been reported that complement is activated on the surface of activated platelets, despite the presence of multiple regulators of complement activation. To reinvestigate the mechanisms by which activated platelets bind to complement components, the presence of complement proteins on the surfaces of nonactivated and thrombin receptor-activating peptide-activated platelets was analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. C1q, C4, C3, and C9 were found to bind to thrombin receptor-activating peptide-activated platelets in lepirudin-anticoagulated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and whole blood. However, inhibiting complement activation at the C1q or C3 level did not block the binding of C3 to activated platelets. Diluting PRP and chelating divalent cations also had no effect, further indicating that the deposition of complement components was independent of complement activation. Furthermore, washed, activated platelets bound added C1q and C3 to the same extent as platelets in PRP. The use of mAbs against different forms of C3 demonstrated that the bound C3 consisted of C3(H2O). Furthermore, exogenously added soluble complement receptor 1 was shown to bind to this form of platelet-bound C3. These observations indicate that there is no complement activation on the surface of platelets under physiological conditions. This situation is in direct contrast to a number of pathological conditions in which regulators of complement activation are lacking and thrombocytopenia and thrombotic disease are the ultimate result. However, the generation of C3(H2O) represents nonproteolytic activation of C3 and after factor I cleavage may act as a ligand for receptor binding.
Therapeutic Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor-Mediated Amplification of CD4+ T Cell Responses Enhances Antiparasitic Immunity
Authors: Haque Ashraful , Stanley Amanda C. , Amante Fiona H. , Rivera Fabian de Labastida , Zhou YongHong , Kuns Rachel D. , Yardley Vanessa , Sakaguchi Shimon , Hill Geoffrey R. , Engwerda Christian R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Chronic infectious diseases and cancers are often associated with suboptimal effector T cell responses. Enhancement of T cell costimulatory signals has been extensively studied for cancer immunotherapy but not so for the treatment of infectious disease. The few previous attempts at this strategy using infection models have lacked cellular specificity, with major immunoregulatory mechanisms or innate immune cells also being targeted. In this study, we examined the potential of promoting T cell responses via the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR) family-related protein in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. GITR stimulation during established infection markedly improved antiparasitic immunity. This required CD4+ T cells, TNF, and IFN-γ, but crucially, was independent of regulatory T (Treg) cells. GITR stimulation enhanced CD4+ T cell expansion without modulating Treg cell function or protecting conventional CD4+ T cells from Treg cell suppression. GITR stimulation substantially improved the efficacy of a first-line visceral leishmaniasis drug against both acute hepatic infection and chronic infection in the spleen, demonstrating its potential to improve clinical outcomes. This study identifies a novel strategy to therapeutically enhance CD4+ T cell-mediated antiparasitic immunity and, importantly, achieves this goal without impairment of Treg cell function.
IL-17 Activates the Canonical NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Autoimmune B Cells of BXD2 Mice To Upregulate the Expression of Regulators of G-Protein Signaling 16
Authors: Xie Shutao , Li Jun , Wang John H. , Wu Qi , Yang PingAr , Hsu Hui-Chen , Smythies Lesley E. , Mountz John D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
We previously identified that autoreactive B cells from BXD2 mice can be targeted by IL-17, leading to upregulation of the expression of regulators of G-protein signaling (Rgs) genes that facilitated the development of spontaneous germinal centers. Little is known about the signaling pathway used by IL-17 to upregulate RGS. In the current study, we found that IL-17 rapidly activates the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway and that BXD2 B cells exhibit higher basal and activated phosphorylated p65 levels than B6 or BXD2-Il17ra−/− B cells. Inhibition of p65 phosphorylation downregulated RGS16 expression and abrogated the IL-17‑induced chemotactic arrest of B cells in response to CXCL12. Knockdown of TNFR-associated factor 6 or NF-κB activator 1 in 70Z/3 pre-B cells led to decreased Rgs16 expression, indicating that both of these two genes are involved in IL-17‑mediated activation of NF-κB signaling in B cells. These findings identify the signaling pathway regulated by IL-17 to contribute to the development of spontaneous germinal centers in autoimmune BXD2 mice.
Public TCR Use by Herpes Simplex Virus-2–Specific Human CD8 CTLs
Authors: Dong Lichun , Li Penny , Oenema Tjitske , McClurkan Christopher L. , Koelle David M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Recombination of germline TCR α and β genes generates polypeptide receptors for MHC peptide. Ag exposure during long-term herpes simplex infections may shape the T cell repertoire over time. We investigated the CD8 T cell response to HSV-2 in chronically infected individuals by sequencing the hypervariable regions encoding TCR α and β polypeptides from T cell clones recognizing virion protein 22 aa 49–57, an immunodominant epitope. The most commonly detected TCRBV gene segment, found in four of five subjects and in 12 of 50 independently derived T cell clones, was TCRBV12-4. Nineteen to seventy-two percent of tetramer-binding cells in PBMCs were stained ex vivo with a TCRBV12 mAb. Three α-chain and three β-chain public TCR sequences were shared between individuals. Public heterodimers were also detected. Promiscuous pairing of a specific TCRVA1-1 sequence with several different TCRB polypeptides was observed, implying a dominant structural role for the TCRA chain for these clonotypes. Functional avidity for cytotoxicity and IFN-γ release was relatively invariant, except for one subject with both high avidity and unique TCR sequences and lower HSV-2 shedding. These data indicate that the CD8 response to a dominant α-herpesvirus epitope converges on preferred TCR sequences with relatively constant functional avidity.
Five HLA-DP Molecules Frequently Expressed in the Worldwide Human Population Share a Common HLA Supertypic Binding Specificity
Authors: Sidney John , Steen Amiyah , Moore Carrie , Ngo Sandy , Chung Jolan , Peters Bjoern , Sette Alessandro 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCompared with DR and DQ, knowledge of the binding repertoires and specificities of HLA-DP alleles is somewhat limited. However, a growing body of literature has indicated the importance of DP-restricted responses in the context of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease. In the current study, we developed high-throughput binding assays for the five most common HLA-DPB1 alleles in the general worldwide population. Using these assays on a comprehensive panel of single-substitution analogs and large peptide libraries, we derived novel detailed binding motifs for DPB1*0101 and DPB1*0501. We also derived more detailed quantitative motifs for DPB1*0201, DPB1*0401, and DPB1*0402, which were previously characterized on the basis of sets of eluted ligands and/or limited sets of substituted peptides. Unexpectedly, all five DP molecules, originally selected only on the basis of their frequency in human populations, were found to share largely overlapping peptide motifs. Testing panels of known DP epitopes and a panel of peptides spanning a set of Phleum pratense Ags revealed that these molecules also share largely overlapping peptide-binding repertoires. This demonstrates that a previously hypothesized DP supertype extends far beyond what was originally envisioned and includes at least three additional very common DP specificities. Taken together, these DP supertype molecules are found in &gt;90% of the human population. Thus, these findings have important implications for epitope-identification studies and monitoring of human class II-restricted immune responses.
Practical issues in picture archiving and communication system and networking
Authors: Kalyanpur Arjun , Singh Jasbir , Bedi Ricky 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPicture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) is a key workflow tool in the functioning of radiology departments worldwide, today, and its utilization is rapidly growing in India. The key challenges in PACS implementation are related to vendor and feature selection, integration with the existing HIS, user training, maintenance and scalability to meet increasing demands. Additionally, the networking requirements that PACS imposes on hospital networks are not insignificant. This article attempts to review these issues from the standpoint of what a prospective or new user needs to know.
Pictorial essay: Orbital tuberculosis
Authors: Narula Mahender K , Chaudhary Vikas , Baruah Dhiraj , Kathuria Manoj , Anand Rama 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTuberculosis of the orbit is rare, even in places where tuberculosis is endemic. The disease may involve soft tissue, the lacrimal gland, or the periosteum or bones of the orbital wall. Intracranial extension, in the form of extradural abscess, and infratemporal fossa extension has been described. This pictorial essay illustrates the imaging findings of nine histopathologically confirmed cases of orbital tuberculosis. All these patients responded to antituberculous treatment.
Primary laryngeal tuberculosis mimicking laryngeal carcinoma: CT scan features
Authors: El Kettani N Ech-Cherif , El Hassani MR , Chakir N , Jiddane M 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLaryngeal tuberculosis is a rare disease. It is almost always associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. It occurs generally in adults without BCG vaccination or in cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. On laryngoscopy and imaging, it often simulates laryngeal carcinoma, and confirmation is always histological. We report the case of a 36-year-old man who presented to our hospital with dysphonia and dysphagia. Laryngoscopy revealed a lesion of the left vocal cord and the ventricular strip. CT scan found focal, regular thickening of the left vocal cord, associated with irregular thickening of the posterior laryngeal wall. A biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
Color doppler evaluation of cerebral-umbilical pulsatility ratio and its usefulness in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation and prediction of adverse perinatal outcome
Authors: Bano Shahina , Chaudhary Vikas , Pande Sanjay , Mehta VL , Sharma AK 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of the pulsatility index (PI) of the umbilical artery (UA) and that of the fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA), as well as the ratio of the MCA PI to the UA PI (C/U ratio), in the diagnosis of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses and in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. Materials and Methods: The study population comprised 90 pregnancies of 30-41 weeks gestation that had been diagnosed clinically as intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) over a period of 1 year. The UA PI and the MCA PI as well as the C/U ratio were calculated. Results: Of the 90 pregnancies in the study, 24 showed abnormal UA PI. Among these, 21 (87.5%) were SGA and 19 (79.2%) had adverse perinatal outcome. Of the four of the 90 pregnancies that showed abnormal MCA PI, all were SGA and had adverse perinatal outcome. Similarly, of the 20 out of 90 pregnancies that showed abnormal C/U ratio (< 1.08), all 20 (100%) were SGA and had adverse perinatal outcome. The results were correlated with parameters of fetal outcome. Conclusion: Inferences drawn from the study were: (1) The C/U ratio is a better predictor of SGA fetuses and adverse perinatal outcome than the MCA PI or the UA PI used alone, (2) The UA PI can be used to identify IUGR per se and (3) The MCA PI alone is not a reliable indicator for predicting fetal distress.
Embolization of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae with ONYX: Indications, techniques, and outcomes
Authors: Saraf Rashmi , Shrivastava Manish , Kumar Nishant , Limaye Uday 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish the role of the liquid embolic agent, ONYX, in the treatment of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVFs) and to redefine the indications, techniques and outcomes of treatment with ONYX. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 25 DAVF patients who underwent endovascular treatment with ONYX between February 2006 and July 2008. All patients of DAVF presenting in this period were treated with ONYX. Results: Anatomic cure (i.e., complete angiographic closure of the fistula) was achieved in a single session and through a single arterial pedicle injection in 21 out of 25 patients (cure rate of 84%). Out of four patients with residual fistulae, one achieved cure that was evident on a control angiogram obtained at 3 months while three had no vascular access for further embolization and so were referred for radiosurgery. There was only one recurrence seen in angiograms obtained at the end of one year and this patient was re-embolized successfully with ONYX. Complications were seen in two patients. Conclusion: ONYX embolization of DAVFs has revolutionized the endovascular treatment of DAVFs, achieving high cure rates in a single session with minimal complications. Transarterial ONYX embolization should be the first option for all locations, except cavernous DAVFs.
Visualization of gastric varices using angiographic C-arm CT during retrograde transvenous sclerotherapy
Authors: Iwazawa Jin , Ohue Shoichi , Abe Hisashi , Mitani Takashi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDuring retrograde transvenous sclerotherapy for gastric varices, sufficient opacification of the target varices on venography is essential for successful treatment. However, venography sometimes cannot identify target varices due to overlapping adjacent collateral vessels or leakage of contrast medium to other outflow veins. We report how C-arm CT images acquired using a flat-panel detector angiography system helped to identify target varices and predict the distribution of a sclerosant, which resulted in safer sclerotherapy and increased operator confidence.
Metaphyseal bands in osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Suresh SS , Thomas John K 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAn increasing number of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta are undergoing pamidronate therapy to prevent the incidence of fragility fractures. The authors herein report a child aged 3 years who received five cycles of pamidronate, resulting in metaphyseal bands, known as "zebra lines."
Case report: Fibromatosis colli in a neonate
Authors: Smiti S , Kulkarni Naveen M , Singh Jyoti 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFibromatosis colli or pseudotumor of infancy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is a rare cause of a benign neck mass in neonates and infants. If diagnosed correctly, it can be managed conservatively, and unnecessary investigations can be avoided.
Ribbing disease
Authors: Mukkada Philson J , Franklin Teenu , Rajeswaran Rangasami , Joseph Santhosh 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRibbing disease is a rare sclerosing dysplasia that involves long tubular bones, especially the tibia and femur. It occurs after puberty and is reported to be more common in women. In this article we describe how Ribbing disease can be differentiated from diseases like Engelmann-Camurati disease, van Buchem disease, Erdheim-Chester disease, osteoid osteoma, chronic osteomyelitis, stress fracture, etc.
Lipoma arborescens of the elbow
Authors: Ranganath K , Rao Ganesh ,   Namitha
Published: February 2010

AbstractLipoma arborescens (LA) is a rare non-neoplastic intra-articular lesion that most commonly affects the knee joint, especially the suprapatellar bursa. It rarely affects the elbow joint. There are a few reports of involvement of the bicipital radial bursa. We report a case of LA, with characteristic MRI features, affecting the elbow joint in a young male.
MRI in perianal fistulae
Authors: Khera Pushpinder S , Badawi Hesham A , Afifi Ahmed H 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMRI has become the method of choice for evaluating perianal fistulae due to its ability to display the anatomy of the sphincter muscles orthogonally, with good contrast resolution. In this article we give an outline of the classification of perianal fistulae and present a pictorial assay of sphincter anatomy and the MRI findings in perianal fistulae. This study is based on a retrospective analysis of 43 patients with a clinical diagnosis of perianal fistula. MRI revealed a total of 44 fistulae in 35 patients; eight patients had only perianal sinuses.
Mesoaortic entrapment of a left inferior vena cava
Authors: Gupta Ashish , Naik Nitish , Gulati Gurpreet Singh 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA persistent left inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare anomaly, with a reported incidence of only 0.2-0.5%. When present, it courses between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta to continue as the right IVC, similar to the course of a left renal vein (LRV). This anomaly is usually asymptomatic, but there may be vague abdominal complaints if the IVC is compressed in the mesoaortic angle. Although symptomatic compression of the LRV (anterior nutcracker syndrome) is well recognized, there has been only one report in the literature of a similar compression of a persistent left IVC. Because of its rarity, this anomaly may be missed or mistaken for other conditions on imaging. An accurate diagnosis is crucial as the presence of this anomaly may have implications for surgical treatment of aortic lesions or placement of an IVC filter. Magnetic resonance angiography and, more recently, multidetector computed tomography scan, can provide an exquisite three-dimensional demonstration of vascular abnormalities.
Paradoxical hepatic tumor: Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver
Authors: Sodhi Kushaljit Singh , Bekhitt Elhamy , Rickert Christian 
Published: February 2010

AbstractUndifferentiated embryonal sarcoma (UES) is a rare primary malignant tumor of the liver that typically presents in late childhood. We report a case of primary UES, which had a typical paradoxical appearance on different imaging modalities.