bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeat prostate biopsies predict location of index cancer in an active surveillance cohort
Authors: Tseng Kenneth S. , Landis Patricia , Brimo Fadi , Partin Alan W. , Epstein Jonathan I. , Carter H. Ballentine 
Published: March 2011

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort)Level of Evidence 2bWhat’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?The accuracy of TRUS‐guided biopsies in identifying the location of an index cancer at surgery is low. When two biopsies show cancer in the same location, the concordance between the biopsy and surgical location of the cancer increases.OBJECTIVE• To evaluate the ability of repeat prostate biopsies to determine the location of the index cancer for men on prostate cancer surveillance.PATIENTS AND METHODS• Forty‐five men on active surveillance had a record of the locations of their positive diagnostic biopsy, repeat surveillance biopsy and index cancer (i.e. largest cancer) from prostatectomy specimens.• Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between two consecutive needle biopsies showing cancer in an identical location and the outcome of finding the index cancer at the same location as the initial diagnostic biopsy.RESULTS• Eighteen of 45 (40%) men ultimately had an index cancer at the same location as their diagnostic biopsy.• Thirteen men had two consecutive biopsies that showed cancer at the same location each time; nine of these men ultimately had an index cancer at that same location.• In multivariable logistic regression analysis of men with at least two biopsies, having two initial consecutive biopsies with the same location increased the odds (odds ratio 5.9; 95% CI 1.1–31, P= 0.037) of having an index cancer at the same location as the initial biopsy in a cohort of men on active surveillance.CONCLUSIONS• A substantial proportion of men in an active surveillance cohort who undergo prostatectomy ultimately have evidence of an index cancer at the same location as their initial biopsy.• This is more likely to be the case when a repeat biopsy shows evidence of cancer at the same location.
Birth weight and subsequent risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yu Z. B. , Han S. P. , Zhu G. Z. , Zhu C. , Wang X. J. , Cao X. G. , Guo X. R. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThis report describes the association between birth weight (BW) and obesity. Screening of 478 citations from five electronic databases resulted in the inclusion of 33 studies, most of medium quality. The meta‐analysis included 20 of these published studies. The 13 remaining articles did not provide sufficient dichotomous data and were systematically reviewed, revealing results consistent with the meta‐analysis. Our results revealed that high BW (>4000 g) was associated with increased risk of obesity (odds ratio [OR], 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91–2.24) compared with subjects with BW ≤ 4000 g. Low BW (<2500 g) was associated with decreased risk of obesity (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.46–0.80) compared with subjects with BW ≥ 2500 g. However, when two studies exhibited selection bias were removed, the results indicated no significant association between low BW and obesity (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.58–1.04). Sensitivity analyses showed that differences in the study design, sample size and quality grade of the study had an effect on the low BW/obesity association, which low BW was not associated with the risk of obesity in cohort studies, studies with large sample sizes and studies with high quality grades. Pooled results were similar when normal birth weight (2500–4000 g) was used as the reference category. Subgroup analyses based on different growth and developmental stages (pre‐school children, school children and adolescents) also revealed that high BW was associated with increased risk of obesity from childhood to early adulthood. No significant evidence of publication bias was present. These results suggest that high BW is associated with increased risk of obesity and may serve as a mediator between prenatal influences and later disease risk.
Amphetamine augments action potential‐dependent dopaminergic signaling in the striatum in vivo
Authors: Ramsson Eric S. , Covey Daniel P. , Daberkow David P. , Litherland Melissa T. , Juliano Steven A. , Garris Paul A. 
Published: March 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 937–948.AbstractAmphetamine (AMPH) is thought to disrupt normal patterns of action potential‐dependent dopaminergic signaling by depleting dopamine (DA) vesicular stores and promoting non‐exocytotic DA efflux. Voltammetry in brain slices concurrently demonstrates these key drug effects, along with competitive inhibition of neuronal DA uptake. Here, we perform comparable kinetic and voltammetric analyses in vivo to determine whether AMPH acts qualitatively and quantitatively similar in the intact brain. Fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry measured extracellular DA in dorsal and ventral striata of urethane‐anesthetized rats. Electrically evoked recordings were analyzed to determine Km and Vmax for DA uptake and vesicular DA release, while background voltammetric current indexed basal DA concentration. AMPH (0.5, 3, and 10 mg/kg i.p.) robustly increased evoked DA responses in both striatal subregions. The predominant contributor to these elevated levels was competitive uptake inhibition, as exocytotic release was unchanged in the ventral striatum and only modestly decreased in the dorsal striatum. Increases in basal DA levels were not detected. These results are consistent with AMPH augmenting action potential‐dependent dopaminergic signaling in vivo across a wide, behaviorally relevant dose range. Future work should be directed at possible causes for the distinct in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of AMPH.
Role of superoxide–nitric oxide interactions in the accelerated age‐related loss of muscle mass in mice lacking Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase
Authors: Sakellariou Giorgos K. , Pye Deborah , Vasilaki Aphrodite , Zibrik Lea , Palomero Jesus , Kabayo Tabitha , McArdle Francis , Van Remmen Holly , Richardson Arlan , Tidball James G. , McArdle Anne , Jackson Malcolm J. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryMice lacking Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) show accelerated, age‐related loss of muscle mass. Lack of SOD1 may lead to increased superoxide, reduced nitric oxide (NO), and increased peroxynitrite, each of which could initiate muscle fiber loss. Single muscle fibers from flexor digitorum brevis of wild‐type (WT) and Sod1−/− mice were loaded with NO‐sensitive (4‐amino‐5‐methylamino‐2′,7′‐difluorofluorescein diacetate, DAF‐FM) and superoxide‐sensitive (dihydroethidium, DHE) probes. Gastrocnemius muscles were analyzed for SOD enzymes, nitric oxide synthases (NOS), and 3‐nitrotyrosine (3‐NT) content. A lack of SOD1 did not increase superoxide availability at rest because no increase in ethidium or 2‐hydroxyethidium (2‐HE) formation from DHE was seen in fibers from Sod1−/− mice compared with those from WT mice. Fibers from Sod1−/− mice had decreased NO availability (decreased DAF‐FM fluorescence), increased 3‐NT in muscle proteins indicating increased peroxynitrite formation and increased content of peroxiredoxin V (a peroxynitrite reductase), compared with WT mice. Muscle fibers from Sod1−/− mice showed substantially reduced generation of superoxide in response to contractions compared with fibers from WT mice. Inhibition of NOS did not affect DHE oxidation in fibers from WT or Sod1−/− mice at rest or during contractions, but transgenic mice overexpressing nNOS showed increased DAF‐FM fluorescence and reduced DHE oxidation in resting muscle fibers. It is concluded that formation of peroxynitrite in muscle fibers is a major effect of lack of SOD1 in Sod1−/− mice and may contribute to fiber loss in this model, and that NO regulates superoxide availability and peroxynitrite formation in muscle.
Barriers for Nurses to Safe Medication Management in Nursing Homes
Authors: Dilles Tinne , Elseviers Monique M. , Van Rompaey Bart , Van Bortel Lucas M. , Stichele Robert R. Vander 
Published: March 2011

Abstract Purpose: This study aims to identify and compare the relevance of barriers that nurses in nursing homes experience in medication management in Belgium. Design: The mixed‐method study started with an expert meeting in November 2008 and was followed by a cross‐sectional survey in February–March 2009, questioning 246 nurses and 270 nurse assistants in 20 nursing homes. Methods: Twelve nurses represented nursing homes in an expert meeting and listed all barriers that might cause suboptimal medication management. Based on the results, a survey was developed in which respondents could indicate whether they were involved in a particular stage of the medication process and if yes, rate the relevance of the barriers in that stage on a continuous scale, varying from 1 =no barrier to 10 =strong barrier. Barriers scored 7 or more were defined as strong. Findings: Nurses experienced a large number of barriers to safe medication management related to the nurse, organization, interdisciplinary cooperation, or to the patient and family. In preparing medication, medication administration and monitoring, being interrupted, not knowing enough on interactions, and barriers in interdisciplinary cooperation caused the most hindrance. In general, barriers in medication monitoring scored the strongest. Conclusions: In order to improve safe medication management by tailored interventions in nursing homes, through the use of a standard questionnaire, nurses and nurse assistants can give an overview of barriers they experience and rate their relevance. Nurses and nurse assistants had different opinions on the relevance of barriers, especially in the stage of medication monitoring. Job expectations in medication management were not always clear, creating additional barriers in medication safety. Clinical Relevance: This study provides an overview of potential barriers to safe medication management in nursing homes, which can be addressed in practice. The relevance scoring of the barriers enables prioritization.
Variation in thrips species composition in field crops and implications for tomato spotted wilt epidemiology in North Carolina
Authors: Eckel Craig S. , Cho Kijong , Walgenbach James F. , Kennedy George G. , Moyer James W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThrips were surveyed in tomato spotted wilt‐susceptible crops in five areas across North Carolina. Tomato, pepper, and tobacco plants in commercial fields were sampled and 30 species of thrips were collected over a 3‐year period. The most common species overall was Frankliniella tritici (Fitch). The most common thrips species that are known to vector Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) were F. fusca (Hinds), and F. occidentalis (Pergande). Relatively low numbers of Thrips tabaci Lindeman, another reported vector, were collected. The spatial and temporal occurrence of vectors varied with sampling method, crop species, region of North Carolina, and localized areas within each region. In a laboratory experiment, no difference was detected between the ability of F. fusca and F. occidentalis to acquire and transmit a local isolate of TSWV. Based on vector efficiency and occurrence, F. fusca is considered the most important vector of TSWV in tobacco, whereas both F. fusca and F. occidentalis are important vectors of TSWV in tomato and pepper.
Influence of temperature and vapor pressure deficit on the rate of predation by the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris, on Frankliniella occidentalis
Authors: Shipp J. L. , Ward K. I. , Gillespie T. J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe influence of temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the rate of predation by the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) was determined under controlled laboratory conditions. The survival of first instars of F. occidentalis was initially determined by themselves. Then the number of first instars that were killed by a single female adult of A. cucumeris was determined for the same density of thrips. The differences in the mortality between the two experiments were used to calculate the rate of predation by A. cucumeris under a range of temperature and VPD regimes. Rate of predation was expressed as the number of thrips killed per h to account for the different time periods that the trials lasted. A quadratic model was fitted to the data. At a constant temperature, the rate of predation decreased with increasing VPD for VPDs ≤ 1.24 to 1.44 kPa. Above these VPDs, the rate of predation started to increase again. At a constant VPD, the rate of predation decreased slightly at the lower temperatures and increased at the higher temperatures. The rate of change was dependent upon the VPD. By using the quadratic model, the rate of predation can be predicted for the range of hygrothermal conditions that would be encountered in the greenhouse. The optimal condition for maximum rate of predation by A. cucumeris on first instars of F. occidentalis in the greenhouse is a VPD ≤ 0.75 kPa at the recommended production temperatures and VPDs (17 to 25°C and ≤ 1.5 kPa).
A matrix model for studying tsetse fly populations
Authors: Jarry M. , Khaladi M. , Gouteux J.‐P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSome characteristics of tsetse fly population dynamics were investigated using a matrix model. To take into account the peculiarities of the tsetse fly life cycle, the classic Leslie model was modified. Our model integrated the physiological age group of Glossina females, the pupal and adult survival rate and the pupal life span. The limit of the growth rate was studied and the results were satisfactory when compared with data of tsetse fly mass rearing. The effect of adult and pupal survival rates on the growth rate was examined and confirmed the importance of adult survival. The sensitivity analysis showed that the growth rate was particularly sensitive to change in the survival rate of young nulliparous females. This matrix model, directly accessible to the experimenter, enhanced our understanding of tsetse population dynamics.
The inhibitory effects of the cysteine protease inhibitor, oryzacystatin, on digestive proteases and on larval survival and development of the southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi)
Authors: Edmonds Heather S. , Gatehouse Laurence N. , Hilder Vaughan A. , Gatehouse John A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAt least eight proteolytic activities have been identified in the midgut contents of larval Southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi). Around 70% of protease activity could be arrested by the cysteine protease inhibitors E‐64 and chicken egg‐white cystatin, while the aspartic acid protease inhibitor pepstatin caused 30% inhibition. The cysteine protease activity was found to be highly sensitive to inhibition by both chicken egg‐white cystatin and the rice cystatin, oryzacystatin I. Oryzacystatin I, expressed as a fully functional fusion protein inE. coli, was found to strongly inhibit larval gut protease activity. This recombinant oryzacystatin, incorporated into artificial diet at concentrations of 10 mM and above, caused significant decreases in larval survival and weight gain. E‐64 was also shown to cause a significant antimetabolicin vivoeffect. These results demonstrate the great potential for cysteine protease inhibitors, such as oryzacystatin, as tools for exploitation in the control of the Southern corn rootworm.
The effect of nitrogen fertilizer applied to Euphorbia pulcherrima on the parasitization of Bemisia argentifolii by the parasitoid Encarsia formosa
Authors: Bentz Jo‐Ann , Reeves James , Barbosa Pedro , Francis Barry 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMore wasps of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were found on fertilized poinsettias, Euphorbia pulcherrima (Willd.) (Euphorbiaceae), than on non‐fertilized plants. Parasitization of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by E. formosa was higher on plants treated with calcium nitrate than with ammonium nitrate or on control plants. In a no‐choice test, host feeding by E. formosa was higher when hosts were on fertilized plants than when hosts were on control plants. The nitrogen content of whitefly pupae reared on plants treated with ammonium nitrate was higher than those on calcium nitrate‐treated plants.Variability in the parasitization of B. argentifolii by E. formosa appears to be due to host plant‐mediated differences in the whiteflies. E. formosa may be influenced by the nutritional suitability of the host, which influences whether wasps continue to oviposit, feed, or disperse.
The perception of genetic similarity by the solitary parthenogenetic parasitoid Venturia canescens, and its effects on the occurrence of superparasitism
Authors: Marris Gay C. , Hubbard Stephen F. , Scrimgeour Charles 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObservations of oviposition patterns adopted by uniparental lines of the solitary parthenogenetic endoparasitoid Venturia canescens Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) reveal that the occurrence of superparasitism is influenced by the genealogical relationship between adult wasps and conspecific progeny which they encounter within parasitized hosts (larvae of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)): the closer the relationship, the lower the occurrence of superparasitism. This behaviour has an adaptive interpretation because it allows Venturia to avoid selective penalties incurred when larval offspring compete with genetically similar progeny. Venturia's ability to discriminate between her own eggs, those of her relatives, and those of other conspecifics is mediated by a chemical marker produced by Dufour's gland, an accessory of the adult female's reproductive system. This conclusion is supported by chemical analyses which reveal that, while Dufour's glands from unrelated females show highly significant variation between the spectra of volatile hydrocarbons contained in their respective secretions, closely‐related females show negligible differences in their chemical constitutions. These findings lend further weight to current theory that superparasitism can be deliberately deployed as an adaptive part of a wasp's behavioural repertoire, and also identify the physiological mechanism by which such an oviposition response may be achieved.
The distribution of the vetch aphid on bean stems in relation to stylet length and phloem depth
Authors: Elliott Daphne I. , Hodgson Chris J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPhloem depth in Vicia faba (L.) (Leguminosae) and stylet length in apterous Megoura viciae Buckt. (Homoptera, Aphididae) were both found to increase with age, so that phloem in the late mature stem and corner ridges of the whole stem were not accessible to young nymphs. The aphids of all ages used 75% of their total stylet length to reach the phloem by routes which were shown, by scale drawings and graphs, to be circuitous, curved, extracellular and sometimes intramural. After prolonged infestation, a dense network of stylet tracks was found in the stem cortex. Phloem accessibility determined the distribution of aphids, which preferred the mature stem and the narrow channels either side of the corner ridges. The results are discussed as the aphids' response to a dynamic resource system in the maturing stem.
Behavioral and physiological responses of Diaeretiella rapae to semiochemicals
Authors: Vaughn T. T. , Antolin M. F. , Bjostad L. B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDiaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizes many aphid species, including cabbage aphids on cruciferous crops and Russian wheat aphids on cereal crops. We investigated the olfactory perception of D. rapae to semiochemicals that may be encountered in these two environments while searching for hosts or for mates. We conducted electroantennogram and flight‐tunnel experiments on male and female D. rapae and found marked differences between sexes. Cruciferous volatiles elicited physiological and behavioral responses by females but not by males. Males and females responded similarly to (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, a component of green‐leaf volatiles, in both electroantennogram and flight‐tunnel assays. Female wasps responded similarly regardless of prior oviposition experience or population origin. Likewise, mating history and aphid presence did not increase responsiveness toward these semiochemicals.
The effect of wilting on the selection of leaves by the leaf‐cutting ant Atta laevigata
Authors: Vasconcelos H. L. , Cherrett J. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUsing field assays of leaf preference, we tested the hypothesis that wilting affects the selection of leaves by the leaf‐cutting ant Atta laevigata (Fr. Smith). Detached leaves were left to air‐dry until noticeably wilted. The area removed by the ants from wilted leaves was significantly greater than the area removed from fresh leaves, this effect being observed in several plant species, in leaves of different age, and in assays with different ant colonies. Leaves collected from water‐stressed plants were also preferred to leaves from non‐stressed plants.A. laevigata was found to employ a two‐stage, size‐related, strategy when cutting plants. Larger workers climbed the plant stem and dropped whole leaves to the ground by severing their petioles; smaller workers cut the lamina of the dropped leaves. The ants frequently left dropped leaves on the ground, until the next foraging day or even later, when they were harvested in a wilted condition in preference to newly‐dropped leaves.It is possible that during wilting some repellent substances evaporate or become less effective, thus enhancing leaf palatability. Alternatively or in addition, changes in nutrient and water content may have rendered wilted leaves more palatable to leaf‐cutting ants.
Interspecific interference betweenApoanagyrus lopeziandA. diversicornis, parasitoids of the cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihoti
Authors: Pijls Janine W. A. M. , Poleij Leo M. , van Alphen Jacques J. M. , Meelis Evert 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe parasitoidsApoanagyrus lopeziDe Santis andA. diversicornis(Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) have been introduced into Africa for the biological control of the cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihotiMatile‐Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). We have studied competition between these species to investigate if they can coexist. Here we report on the influence of the simultaneous presence of non‐conspecific adult females on searching efficiency on patches. Wasps of either species foraged on discs of cassava leaf with mealybugs, while at the same time different numbers of non‐conspecifics were also depleting the patch. Patch area per parasitoid and number of hosts available to each parasitoid were equal in all treatments.In both species, the presence of other foragers clearly affected several aspects of the parasitoids' behaviour. Patch residence time increased with the number of non‐conspecifics inA. diversicornis.In both parasitoid species, the proportion of hosts left unparasitized after the patch visit decreased with increasing numbers of females on the patch. The proportions of super‐ and multiparasitism did not change with the number of females. Both species produced more offspring during a patch visit in the presence of more non‐conspecifics. These behavioural changes did not, however, lead to a change in the offspring production rate on patches.A. diversicornisproduced offspring at a rate three times that ofA. lopeziwhen oneA. lopeziand oneA. diversicornisforaged simultaneously. This is the first report of an aspect of interspecific competition whereA. diversicornishas an advantage overA. lopezi.Interference between adult females thus promotes coexistence of the two species onP. manihoti.