bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Intervention in Progress: Pursuing Precision in School Race Talk
Authors: Pollock Mica 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the problem of avoidance of race talk, as well as shortcomings of race talk, and potential intervention approaches to improve the ability of educators to talk about race in ways that can help and not harm students of color. Educators all too often avoid discussing race entirely, or discuss it reductively, too quickly, or with insufficient information. Three avenues to address this problem are presented. First, educators can pursue more precise talk about student subpopulations and their needs. Second, educators can pursue more precise talk about the causes of racial disparities. Third, educators can engage in more precise talk about the everyday educator-acts that can assist or harm students of color. Examples of each of these solutions provide direction to educators who wish to improve the capacity of their schools and districts to engage with racial issues productively.
Chapter 1 Using Well-Being to Inform Public Policy
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis chapter introduces the idea that measures of well-being provide information that can be useful to policy makers in enhancing quality of life by creating more astute policies and regulations. The themes of the chapters in the book, including the shortcomings of existing measures and how surveys of well-being can complement these limitations, are introduced. The chapters provide insights into why well-being measures are needed, and answer common objections to the measures. Policy issue examples are described, and the nature of the surveys that are needed is outlined.
Chapter 4 Contributions of Well-Being Measures
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSubjective measures of well-being are important because they capture not simply objective circumstances, but people’s reactions to them. Thus, subjective measures provide information that is complementary to the objective ones. An advantage of subjective measures is that they reflect people’s desires and values, not just the judgments of the policy elites, and they are therefore inherently democratic in nature. Furthermore, subjective measures solve certain problems facing objective measures, such as how to make a complete list of them and how to weight them into an aggregate indicator of quality of life. Subjective measures can help policy makers when difficult trade-offs between policies exist. Subjective measures are essential when it is realized that societal well-being is not just an outcome of good conditions, but can also act as a causal factor in creating the conditions for peace and prosperity. Evidence for the positive effects of well-being on society in areas such as health, work performance, and cooperation are reviewed.
Chapter 8 Health and Well-Being: Policy Examples
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHealth is now thought of as more than absence of disease, with positive health including feelings of well-being. Thus, subjective well-being is an inherent part of the health of societies. Importantly, research has now shown that high well-being can foster health and longevity, and that low well-being can impair the immune and cardiovascular systems, and have other deleterious effects on physical health. Another intersection between health and well-being is mental illness, which is a major cause of ill-being in industrialized societies. Thus, well-being is integral to disease prevention and health promotion, especially in the economically developed nations where epidemic diseases have been greatly reduced. Specific health policy issues are described, and how well-being can inform debates about policies directed at these issues is discussed. For example, the well-being of people with various diseases can be used to help more fairly allocate money to research on various medical conditions.
Chapter 12 Existing Surveys
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAlthough a disproportionate number of measures are used to assess the objective conditions of societies through social indicators, and ignore subjective well-being, there has been some progress in implementing subjective surveys of well-being. The chapter reviews instances where well-being is tracked on a broad basis. For example, the German Socio-Economic Panel Study assesses life satisfaction for a large and representative panel of Germans on an annual basis, as well as many other factors. Similar surveys in Australia and the United Kingdom reveal the potential implications that the initial attempts at assessing societal well-being can have for policy questions. The well-being measures allow a more in-depth understanding of how factors such as income and crime influence quality of life. The limitations of the existing surveys are reviewed, and recommendations for creating more sophisticated national accounts of well-being are advanced.
Chapter 6 The Role of Persuasion Strategies in Motivating Individual and Collective Action
Authors: Snyder Mark , Omoto Allen M. , Smith Dylan M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Voluntary citizen participation is often viewed as a meaningful solution to a wide range of societal problems. However, while volunteerism is widely endorsed by individuals from across the political spectrum, citizens' behaviors often fall short of their civically-minded attitudes. Beginning with these premises, this chapter develops a conceptual model to explain voluntary civic behavior, and identifies persuasion strategies that can effectively initiate and sustain voluntary citizen participation. Research suggests that there is great practical potential in employing persuasion strategies that focus on both promoting participation and on overcoming barriers to involvement. These findings have implications above and beyond volunteerism, informing our understanding of persuasion and voting behavior, as well as social movement participation.
Chapter 12 Collective Identity and the Mass Media
Authors: Gamson William A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between media practices in the United States and normative conceptualizations of a healthy democracy. While a media system that discourages participation meets the normative standards of representative democracy, democratic theorizations that call for an active and engaged citizenry require a media that can develop and articulate a sense of collective identity. From this normative perspective, the chapter explores the personalization of news and the media's use of adversarial frames. Each of these media trajectories presents a double-edged sword for advocates of participation-oriented democratic theory. Personalization tends to discourage the development of a collective identity, yet it also provides the opportunity for grassroots constituencies to mobilize around particular issues. Likewise, adversarial framing encourages individuals to actively participate on behalf of one side of a conflict. At the same time, adversarial frames can create unnecessary and misleading oppositions, and impede the development of cooperation and coalition formation.
Chapter 13 Social Identity and Representations of Society and Politics in the News
Authors: Bennett W. Lance 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that a model of communication based on demographic-targeted marketing and strategic political communication has become a dominant force in the United States, and that this development has profound consequences for the patterns of social identification in late modern society. In particular, over the past twenty years television news content has trended toward fewer displays of collective representations, fewer positive portrayals of government, and fewer stories about policy issues. The move toward a more personalized and consumer-oriented news format, charged with negative emotional images, has numerous political implications. The chapter argues that changes in the media have engendered a sense of isolation, failing to connect citizens who might share a collective sense of concern and need for action. The implications of this dynamic are explored, as well as the potential for internet communication to correct for the shortcomings of mainstream news.
Chapter 14 Experimental Social Psychology, Broader Contexts, and the Politics of Multiculturalism
Authors: Sears David O 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter contends that experimental social psychology — particularly that dealing with intergroup relations — is shaped by multicultural political sensibilities. Multiculturalism is based on the expectation of intergroup conflict, and as such is incompatible with individual-centered social psychological theories that emphasize individualism, integration, and assimilation. Given that political psychology uses experimental investigations based largely on college student samples, the field is not well situated to assess the external validity of multicultural- and individual-centered approaches. As an illustration, the chapter presents evidence indicating it is problematic to make universal claims of an “incompatibility” between ethnic and national identities, instead suggesting that the relationship between these identities is highly nuanced and contextualized. In conclusion, the chapter suggests that cross-talk between psychology and political science may be helpful in overcoming these difficulties, providing a healthy, generative stimulus for the development of the field as a whole.
Chapter 15 Political Psychology: The Promise of (and Impediments to) Synergistic Interdisciplinary Scholarship
Authors: Levitan Lindsey C. , Visser Penny S. , Fiske Susan T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The field of political psychology is currently flourishing, owing by and large to the strength it draws from its interdisciplinary nature. Interdisciplinary connections can generally be characterized as exportation: borrowing a principle from the other discipline while remaining steadfastly within one's own disciplinary paradigm. While exportation has yielded numerous important findings, political psychology stands to benefit the most from synergistic interdisciplinary connections. This chapter explores why genuine synergy has been so rare, and provides guidance for developing a synergistic interdisciplinary research agenda.
Chapter 16 What Has Political Psychology to Offer Regarding Democratic Citizenship?
Authors: Marcus George E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A large body of psychological research on citizen competence has resoundingly suggested that citizens are ill-equipped to meet the demands of sound democratic decision making. This chapter challenges this view, arguing that democratic politics presents a wide array of challenges, each demanding different civic skills. In particular, it contends that it is necessary to embrace a more agonistic view of democratic politics — one that places citizens at the center of a conflict over power and resources. Drawing broadly on interdisciplinary evidence, the chapter argues that citizens are actually quite adept at meeting the challenges of self-governance in the democratic polity.
“Still Talking About My Generation!”
Authors: Bennett Andy 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Rock and Roll became an important form of popular music, entering mainstream youth culture by white translators of black music such as Elvis Presley. Youth readily identified with the themes of Rock and Roll, such as rebelling against parents, having fun, and earlier themes of love and romance. Succeeding generations expressed the concerns of youth at the moment. Disenchantment with the war in Vietnam produced the Hippy movement. The economic downturn of the 1970s led to Punk as a voice for the disempowered that later emerged in the form of Grunge. Gender bending and challenges to conventional interpretations of sexuality were expressed in Glam. Soul and Reggae music represented the voices of non-white youth, with Rap emerging in the 1980s and becoming a global influence. Each of these expressions of youth concerns has had a lasting effect on each generation as well as on culture at large.
Music Videos
Authors: Rich Michael 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Music Video Television (MTV), launched in August 1981, became increasingly prominent in the 1980s. Although music videos had been pioneered before MTV, the cable channel afforded a dedicated platform to promote sales of recorded music, a function previously assumed by radio. Earlier “concept videos” using narration and abstraction had been employed by such artists as Bob Dylan, The Beatles, and The Rolling Stones. MTV grew and reached 27 million homes by 1986, and 52 million by 1990. Expressions of gender and race/ethnicity are critical factors in interpreting music videos, many of which prominently portrayed risk behaviors — such as the use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and violence — as well as relationships between racial/ethnic groups, genders, and romantic partners. Youth now have ample access to music videos on the Internet, and can easily create and disseminate their own music video content.
The Changing Portrayal of Alcohol Use in Television Advertising
Authors: Horner Jennifer , Jamieson Patrick E. , Romer Daniel 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Beer has long been heavily advertised on television. Sales to youth under age 21 (primarily males) are estimated to represent 16% of alcohol sales. Early initiation of drinking is linked to alcohol disorders throughout life, and irresponsible use increases risks of motor vehicle accidents and a range of other injuries. In the mid-1980s, the national legal drinking age was raised to 21. As a result, adolescents had far greater legal and social barriers to obtaining beer. A content analysis of beer advertising over time indicates that this change was accompanied by a change in advertising themes, with more ads presenting beer as valuable, rare, and sought after — a message absent prior to this time. Alcohol advertising uses narratives that speak directly to adolescents, reinforcing the idea that beer is a precious commodity. More recently, new products such as “alcopops” — sweet alcohol beverages — are being marketed to attract adolescent female users.
Adolescents and the Internet
Authors: Jackson Linda A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAlthough access to the Internet in U.S. and U.K. schools is almost universal, home Internet access is not. Large proportions of U.S. adolescents still do not use the Internet at all, and while there is no longer a gender gap, men use it more for commercial transactions, and women for social connections. The digital divide between those who do and do not have access could exacerbate inequalities and further divide people by education, race, and class. Concerns have also arisen about the dangers of excessive Internet use on youth. Although there is little evidence of the Internet benefiting adolescents' cognitive development, many of the negative social effects (e.g. cyberbullying) may be limited to those who are already depressed, anxious, or withdrawn. Nevertheless, many of the fears associated with increased Internet use have not materialized.
Conclusions
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E. , Jordan Amy , Romer Daniel 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter underscores the conclusion that mass media can promote both positive and risky development. Advertising and other content encourages a culture of youthful hedonism that directly contradicts the persistence needed to complete increasingly extended educational requirements and transition to adulthood. The distinction between adulthood and adolescence has become blurred, as in advertising that promotes sexy clothing to pre-teen girls but at the same time sells adult women baby-doll outfits. Media literacy training may protect young people from adverse effects, but this approach has not been rigorously tested. Nevertheless, youth with serious impulse-control problems may be vulnerable to problematic media content. As a result, further restrictions on tobacco and alcohol advertising are warranted along with more effective warnings about violence in the media. Media reflect not only who we are, but who we want to be. Problematic media will have costs for us all.
The Effects of Wartime Violence on Young Bosnians’ Postwar Behaviors
Authors: McCouch Robert J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Given that there has been very little explicit attention to policy concerns in the research literatures on youth and political violence, this chapter uses a policy lens to focus on existing empirical data in an attempt to understand the relationship between young Bosnians' wartime experiences and their post-conflict behaviors. It also documents some of the socioemotional or psychosocial characteristics whereby the effect of violence exposure was transmitted to these negative outcomes. Important policy implications are evident.
Understanding the Social Security Act
Authors: Dobelstein Andrew 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
America's social welfare commitments, including retirement and disability payments, unemployment insurance, Medicare and Medicaid, the State Child Health Insurance Program, Supplemental Security Income, and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, face mounting pressures as economic and social challenges escalate. It was originally created in 1935 to mitigate the personal economic hardships of the Great Depression on future cohorts of Americans. Many social welfare policy experts fail to grasp the intricacy and complexity of America's obligations as they are woven together under the authority of the Social Security Act. While frequently examined for their separate distinguishing characteristics, the many programs of the Act are linked to one another so that modification to one program creates the need for change in other programs. An incremental development of America's social welfare commitments through the Social Security Act over the past 75 years has produced a confusing manifestation of social welfare undertakings, often making it difficult to comprehend and/or modify any single program without a comprehensive overview of the policy and program dynamics of America's complete social welfare commitments. The present economic recession highlights the necessity of the Social Security Act on the one hand, but also uncovers 21st century social welfare issues that cry for changes in those programs authorized by the Act. Still, the Social Security Act provides the only coherent policy framework for understanding America's effort to meet her social welfare commitments, and provides guidance for the changes in America's social welfare programs necessary in today's unique social and economic environment.
Title XVI: Supplemental Security Income
Authors: Dobelstein Andrew W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Title XVI of the Social Security Act, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), evolved as a hybrid form of assistance with a mixed pedigree. Daniel Patrick Moynihan sought to convince President Nixon to make all the assistance programs that existed under the original Social Security Act into a single assistance program administered by the Federal government, similar to the insurance programs. The complexity of blending the original assistance programs — Aid for the Aged (AA, Title I), Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC, Title IV), Aid for the Blind (AB, Title X) and Aid for the Disabled (AD, Title XIV) — into a single federally administered assistance program proved too ambitious. Not only were the programs poorly matched, but also the policy objectives of assistance clashed with President Nixon's efforts to reduce the social welfare responsibility of the Federal government. SSI was finally created when Aid to Families with Dependent Children was left to stand alone as a state administered program.
Titles XIX and XXI: Medicaid and the State Child Health Insurance Program
Authors: Dobelstein Andrew W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Both Medicaid and the State Child Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) are medical assistance programs. Federal funds are granted to states to help defray the costs of providing medical services to financially needy children and adults. State financial participation is required like it is in all grants in aid programs. While the Federal government insists that states provide specific services under their programs, states are free to provide more than required services. In most cases, states set conditions for eligibility for these programs. Medicaid is provided to all persons who can not afford their own medical care, and SCHIP is reserved for children; in practice, however, there is considerable overlap in the programs. Different Federal funding for these programs has produced a state-by-state patchwork pattern of health services for the poor.
Title XX: Social Services
Authors: Dobelstein Andrew W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Including social services as part of the foundation of America's social welfare obligation recognized a long-standing tradition that, rather than providing money, economic need could be mitigated by helping individuals become more independent and socially stable, thus achieving financial independence. Yet in spite of years of struggle to achieve a “service strategy”, the exact nature of social services and their application remained unclear. Provision of specific products like day care (“hard services”) and counseling (“soft services”) are provided at the discretion of the states, funded by several block grants.
The Social Security Act for America′s Twenty-First Century
Authors: Dobelstein Andrew W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The story of the Social Security Act documents the growth and development of America's social welfare commitments within the framework of a monumental social, economic and political document. The 75-year debate over the proper social welfare role of the Federal government enters the 21st century with a well-institutionalized policy certificate, but the incremental tinkering with the Act's social programs over the years has left a bewildering array of policies and programs, many unsuited to today's social welfare needs. Unemployment insurance offers a striking example of the need for renovation. Yet the need for overhaul remains a reluctance that, once opened for debate, some of the social welfare advances assured by the Social Security Act may be lost.
Ways of Seeing
Authors: Jacob Pierre , Jeannerod Marc 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This book is about human vision. It results from the collaboration between a world famous cognitive neuroscientist and an eminent philosopher. In the past forty years, cognitive neuroscience has made many startling discoveries about the human brain and about the human visual system in particular. This book brings many recent empirical findings, from electrophysiological recordings in animals, the neuropsychological examination of human patients, psychophysics, and developmental cognitive psychology, to bear on questions traditionally addressed by philosophers. What is the meaning of the English verb ‘to see’? How does visual perception yield knowledge of the world? How does visual perception relate to thought? What is the role of conscious visual experience in visually guided actions? How does seeing actions relate to seeing objects? In the process the book provides a new assessment of the ‘two visual systems’ hypothesis, according to which the human visual system comprises two anatomical pathways with separable visual functions.