bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apples to Origins: Identifying Brain Tumor Stem Cell Genes by Comparing Transcriptomes of Normal and Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Wortham Matthew , Yan Hai 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The mechanisms whereby medulloblastoma stem cells coordinate tumor propagation are poorly understood. Using microarray analysis, Corno and colleagues draw parallels and distinctions between medulloblastoma stem cells from the Ptch+/− mouse and normal neural stem cells, identifying Ebf3 as a cancer stem cell–specific transcript critical for tumor growth. Cancer Discov; 2(6); 492–4. ©2012 AACR.
Commentary on Corno et al., p. 554.
Effect of Pregnancy on the Course of Heart Disease
Authors: MILLER MARY M. , METCALFE JAMES 
Published: June 2012

One hundred and six patients have been restudied three and one-half to 5 years (average 4.1 years) after they were observed with pregnancy and heart disease at the Boston Lying-in Hospital.
This re-evaluation indicated that the altered circulatory dynamics of pregnancy may temporarily decrease functional capacity. However, no permanent change in degree of heart disease could be directly attributed to the pregnancy for which these patients were followed in 1950 and 1951.
XIII. Prognostic Significance of Negative U Waves in the Electrocardiogram in Hypertension
Authors: KEMP ROBERT L. , SURAWICZ BORYS , BETTINGER JOHN C. , GOTTLIEB HARRY , BELLET SAMUEL 
Published: June 2012

Negative U waves were found in 23 per cent of 287 electrocardiograms of hypertensive patients. The group of patients with negative U waves showed higher average diastolic and mean blood pressures, more advanced congestive heart failure, a higher incidence of marked cardiomegaly and uremia, more serious cerebrovascular complications, and a higher mortality than the group with positive U waves.
Normal heart size, normal electrocardiographic patterns, and absence of evidence of renal impairment or congestive heart failure occurred more commonly in the group with positive U waves. Negative U waves were found in 43 per cent of 114 cases of "left ventricular strain" pattern in hypertensive patients.
In the presence of "left ventricular strain" pattern, the patients with negative U waves had more advanced congestive heart failure, a higher incidence of marked cardiomegaly and uremia, and a higher mortality than the patients with positive or isoelectric U waves.
A concept has been advanced that in the evolution of the "left ventricular strain" pattern, the inversion of the U wave is a late event that follows the inversion of the T wave by a certain time lag. In the few cases in which an inverted U wave followed a positive T wave, the morbidity and mortality were very high.
A negative U wave constituted the only abnormal finding in 1 case.
Stimulation of Interarterial Coronary Anastomoses by Experimental Acute Coronary Occlusion
Authors: PAUL MILTON H. , NORMAN LEONA R. , ZOLL PAUL M. , BLUMGART HERRMAN L. 
Published: June 2012

"Hence it sometimes happens that, when the lumen of some artery has been too long obstructed or ligated, the blood busies itself in opening a wider channel for its passage in this vessel, must drive and buffet all the more into the next ones, until it has considerably dilated them to give itself room."
The development of interarterial coronary anastomoses may exert a profound influence on the clinical course of angina pectoris, coronary failure, and acute myocardial infarction. Earlier studies have shown that marked narrowing of a coronary artery produces rich intercoronary anastomotic communications. The present study is designed to determine whether acute occlusion of a coronary artery in a previously normal heart also leads to the development of a collateral circulation and what length of time is necessary to establish such a collateral circulation.
Effect of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System of Man
Authors: ROTH GRACE M. , SHICK RICHARD M. 
Published: June 2012

In normal subjects smoking or the injection of nicotine produces transient vascular effects on the heart and blood vessels. Apparently tobacco angina or tobacco heart is a clinical entity. Abnormal vascular responses after smoking in normal subjects may be due to hypersensitivity to nicotine, such as occurs in tobacco heart, or to the effect of nicotine on a vascular system demonstrated to be hyperreactive by the cold pressor test.
Tobacco is one of the most prominent contributing factors in thromboangiitis obliterans, as thromboangiitis is rarely found in nonsmokers.
The question as to whether the effects of smoking are due to sudden increased work of the heart or constriction of the coronary artery has stimulated a great amount of research. There is evidence to support both theories.
The findings of abnormal ballistocardiograms before and after smoking in the offspring of hypertensive parents and after smoking in the offspring of parents with coronary heart disease are highly important.
Statistically coronary artery disease seems to occur more frequently and at an earlier age in the person who smokes much than in the nonsmoker. Likewise, the mortality rate is higher among younger persons with coronary disease who are smokers than among those who are nonsmokers.
Theory and Practice in Acute Venous Thrombosis
Authors: WESSLER STANFORD , DEYKIN DANIEL 
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this review has been to outline the basis for proposing, and the details for implementing, a rational and consistent plan of therapy for the management of acute venous thrombosis. We have interpreted the entity of venous thrombosis as representing a common, frequently systemic disease, clinically manifest by focal intravascular coagulation. Concerning this disease, the specific etiology is unknown, the diagnostic criteria are crude and unsatisfactory, and although the clinical course is usually benign and self limited it may be unpredictably recurrent and fatal. We have also inferred that the difficulties in statistically validating any specific therapeutic measure are, for the present, extremely great, and that this problem will not be significantly lessened until an accurate test for thrombosis is devised.
To construct a workable frame of reference for the clinical management of venous thrombosis within the limits of our present knowledge, we have formulated the concept of the temporary thrombotic state. Treatment is based upon the neutralization of hypercoagulability by anticoagulant drugs and upon a reduction of venous stasis by the removal of immobilization and a decrease in the size of the peripheral venous pool by elastic support. Various aspects of this therapeutic approach are described in detail and illustrated by selected case studies.
Arteriovenous Fistula of the Kidney
Authors: SCHEIFLEY CHARLES H. , DAUGHERTY GUY W. , GREENE LAURENCE F. , PRIESTLEY JAMES T. 
Published: June 2012

Only 5 reports of cases of renal arteriovenous fistula appeared before or in 1953. Subsequently, 7 isolated reports brought the total to 12, and the 3 that we are reporting make 15.
In reviewing the subject, the classification, incidence, causation, clinical features, diagnostic procedures, and pathophysiologic features were considered. Good evidence supports the thesis that in cases of congenital arteriovenous fistula an eroding renal arterial aneurysm is etiologic.
Outstanding clinical features were hypertension (to group 4) and myocardial insufficiency; these contrast markedly with features of the usual peripheral arteriovenous fistula. Dramatic relief of heart failure and lowered reserve followed corrective operation in every case in which these features were recorded; relief of hypertension followed corrective operation in 11 of 12 cases in which this feature was mentioned. A loud, diffuse, continuous bruit invariably was present.
Preoperative and postoperative catheterization and indicator-dilution studies, angiograms and aortograms are diagnostic measures emphasized in our 3 cases. Arterialization of blood in the vena cava, greatly increased cardiac output, and markedly shortened recirculation times of the dye were found. Excretory urograms were abnormal in 11 of the 12 cases in which they were made.
The mechanism producing hypertension appears related to loss of pressure, decrease in flow, and loss of pulsatile character in the renal artery distal to the fistula, giving a Goldblatt-kidney type of end result. A vicious cycle of increasing hypertension followed by increasing flow through the shunt makes heart failure inevitable.
Since 10 of the 15 cases were reported in the last 4 years, indicating that the lesion is commoner than previously supposed, we advise auscultation over the renal regions in patients with cardiac enlargement or failure of unknown causation, unexplained deformities in urograms, and renal tumors.
Lipoproteins Quantitated by Paper Electrophoresis as an Index of Atherosclerosis
Authors: WURM MOSES , KOSITCHEK ROBERT , STRAUS REUBEN 
Published: June 2012

Data dealing with cholesterol, phospholipid, their ratios, and total lipids in a group of 40 "normal" and 40 individuals with manifest coronary artery disease have been evaluated and have been found to have a low order of significance in determining the atherosclerotic status for both individuals and for groups.
Serum lipoproteins separated by paper electrophoresis and visualized with Fat Red 7B have been shown to occur in 5 fractions. Of these, lipalbumin and beta lipoproteins as well as beta/alpha and beta/lipalbumin ratios reveal a high level of significance for distinguishing normal from abnormal individuals and groups.
Transient Complete Heart Block Occurring during Nasal Irrigation
Authors: MURPHY GERALD M. , WILMER J. G. , CLAIBORNE T. S. 
Published: June 2012

Cardiac standstill associated with surgical work about the eyes, nose, and throat occurs but is not frequent.
A case is reported in which the patient collapsed while receiving a treatment with a jet spray in the sphenoid sinus area. There developed heart block and cerebral and myocardial damage. Vagal stimulation with inhibition of the heart beat is suggested as the probable cause.
High Serum Transaminase Activity in Heart Disease
Authors: KILLIP THOMAS , PAYNE MARY ANN 
Published: June 2012

A survey of all patients with very high serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity encountered during a 30-month period at The New York Hospital revealed 17 patients with cardiac disease who had 1 or more serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) determinations exceeding 500 units. None had clinical evidence of primary liver or gallbladder disease. Eleven were admitted with acute myocardial infarction, 6 with severe heart failure. All 17 developed hypotension or shock and all but 1 right heart failure prior to high SGOT activity.
Several patients had abnormalities of liver function when SGOT activity was very high. In 4 there was an excessive increase in prothrombin time following administration of anticoagulants.
In the 8 patients who came to autopsy there was histologic evidence of acute hepatic central necrosis. In 4 there was necrosis of both heart and liver, in 4 necrosis of liver alone.
Clinical and autopsy data from a control series of patients with heart disease selected without regard for the level of SGOT activity corroborate the association between hypotension, central necrosis of the liver, and increased SGOT activity. Increase in venous pressure in the absence of hypotension was not associated with acute central necrosis or elevated SGOT activity.
It is concluded that very high SGOT activity (>500 units) in patients with heart disease is at least in part caused by acute hepatic central necrosis secondary to a drop in cardiac output and reduced hepatic blood flow. Caution is urged in the interpretation of increased blood activity of intracellular enzyme systems as evidence for myocardial necrosis. Acute circulatory changes may result in hepatic necrosis and increased blood enzyme activity without myocardial infarction.
Ventricular Septal Defect with Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: SASAHARA ARTHUR A. , NADAS ALEXANDER S. , RUDOLPH ABRAHAM M. , WITTENBORG MARTIN H. , GROSS ROBERT E. 
Published: June 2012

Twenty-two patients with the combined lesions of ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, proved at cardiac catheterization, are reviewed in detail in regard to their clinical profile, hemodynamic data, and indications for, and results of, surgical repair.
The incidence of this combination of lesions is not so uncommon as would be anticipated by the paucity of the reports in the medical literature. The diagnosis of both lesions is important for management and surgical technic.
The striking findings by physical examination are the gross undernourishment and the wide pulse pressure in the great majority. Almost all have harsh systolic murmurs along the mid left sternal border and only 2 had continuous Gibson murmurs. Consequently, auscultation is of little help in delineating the presence of an associated patent ductus arteriosus.
The electrocardiogram is of minor importance in the diagnosis of this combination of lesions. Roentgenograms in the majority show features common to either lesion alone although the frequency with which left atrial enlargement is found appears to be greater in this combination of lesions.
Careful hemodynamic studies are crucial in the diagnosis of these 2 lesions. At the ductal level passage of the catheter establishes the diagnosis, or an increase in oxygen saturation greater than 5 per cent in comparison to the right ventricular blood strongly suggests the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus. The great majority of the ventricular septal defects were diagnosed by an increase in the oxygen saturation of 10 per cent or greater at the ventricular level. Almost all had pulmonary artery hypertension.
Thirteen patients had surgical intervention; 9 had only closure of the patent ductus arteriosus alone and 4 had complete repair of the lesions. In the former group there were 2 deaths and 2 improved significantly. In the latter group there were 2 surgical deaths and 2 were markedly improved. The 2 surgical deaths appear to be directly related to the massive hemorrhage through the unsuspected patent ductus arteriosus while on cardiac bypass and the subsequent technical difficulty of closing both defects from an anterior thoracotomy.
The relationship of calculated pulmonary vascular resistance to surgical closure of the defects is discussed.
It is suggested that if the patent ductus arteriosus is diagnosed on the basis of a typical machinery murmur, correction of this lesion is indicated, irrespective of the associated ventricular defect. If, on the other hand, the clinical picture is suggestive of a ventricular defect alone and the presence of the combination of lesions is discovered only at catheterization, then simultaneous correction of the 2 lesions is recommended. In small infants in whom the combined operation is particularly difficult at the present time, a preliminary trial of medical management is recommended; only if this fails to accomplish the expected result should division of the ductus be undertaken.
Physiologic Differentiation of Pulmonic Stenosis with and without an Intact Ventricular Septum
Authors: HOFFMAN J. I. E. , RUDOLPH ABRAHAM M. , NADAS ALEXANDER S. , PAUL MILTON H. 
Published: June 2012

Since May 1957 cardiac catheterization has been carried out in 46 patients with pulmonic stenosis and an intact ventricular septum (pulmonic stenosis) and 42 patients with pulmonic stenosis and a right-to-left shunt through a septal defect (tetralogy of Fallot).
Right atrial pressures were usually higher in pulmonic stenosis. Average pulmonary arterial and left atrial mean pressures were similar in the 2 groups, as were the pulmonary blood flows.
Although significant differences between right ventricular and systemic arterial systolic pressures may be demonstrated in tetralogy of Fallot, simultaneous right ventricular and left ventricular or aortic systolic pressures were always within a few mm. Hg of each other.
The postectopic right ventricular systolic pressure was always at least 10 mm. Hg above its previous level in pulmonic stenosis, whereas in tetralogy of Fallot it almost never exceeded its previous level by more than 10 mm. Hg.
All patients with tetralogy of Fallot had flat-topped right ventricular pressure curves, whereas 31 of 46 patients with pulmonic stenosis had triangular right ventricular pressure curves.
The phonocardiogram was found to be among the most useful tools in differentiating the 2 groups. Auscultatory phenomena of severe pulmonic stenosis with a widely split second heart sound, late crescendic diamond-shaped systolic murmur, and persistence of this murmur beyond the sound of aortic closure differed strongly from tetralogy of Fallot of equal severity.
At cardiac catheterization proof of the presence of a ventricular septal defect may be gained by passing the catheter through it. If this is not done, the presence of a ventricular septal defect may be strongly inferred if the right ventricular pressure curve has almost parallel sides and a flat or rounded top, if the right ventricular systolic pressure is near that in the systemic circulation, and if it does not rise after ectopic beats more than 10 mm. Hg above its previous level. For greater certainty in diagnosis indicator-dilution curves or angiocardiography should be done.
The accurate preoperative diagnosis of the presence or absence of a ventricular septal defect is extremely important, for at open-heart operation it is essential not to miss the ventricular septal defect after completely relieving the obstruction to right ventricular outflow; it is just as important not to do unnecessary right ventriculotomies.
Separated Renal Functions in Patients with Renal Arterial Disease, Pyelonephritis, and Essential Hypertension
Authors: DUSTAN HARRIET P. , POUTASSE EUGENE F. , CORCORAN A. C. , PAGE IRVINE H. 
Published: June 2012

Function tests of the individual kidneys have been performed during mannitol diuresis and vasopressin infusion in hypertensive patients with essential hypertension, pyelonephritis, and occlusive lesions of one or both main renal arteries or their primary branches.
In patients with essential hypertension, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow on the two sides, though depressed, were practically equal, as were urine flow, water, solute, and sodium excretions.
Pyelonephritis and branch arterial lesions alike depressed urine flow, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow in the affected or more-affected kidneys; water, total solute, and sodium excretions were in proportion to glomerular filtration rate. These findings indicate a decrease in numbers of functioning nephrons without a qualitative change in function of those remaining.
Occlusive lesion of one main renal artery decreased glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow on the affected side; urine flow was relatively more depressed than filtration rate, urinary osmolality was higher, and urinary sodium concentration was sharply decreased, as was the excreted fraction of the filtered sodium load.
Bilateral occlusive main arterial lesions sometimes had effects similar to those of unilateral lesions in the sense of greater functional deficits on the more-affected sides. However their functional patterns were not consistent.
The enhanced renal sodium reabsorption observed in patients with unilateral and bilateral main renal artery diseases could not be explained solely by decreases in filtered sodium load; this suggests that decreases in intrarenal arterial pressure also affect sodium excretion.
Changes in renal functions caused by arterial disease depend on the site of the lesion and not on the pressor mechanism it may evoke.
Atrial Flutter with Irregular Ventricular Response as a Contraindication to Digitalis
Authors: LONDON SEYMOUR B. , LONDON ROSE E. 
Published: June 2012

Digitalis may have an additive effect on impaired atrioventricular conduction, so that atrial flutter with variable ventricular response may progress to complete heart block with ventricular asystole.
Two cases are presented of atrial flutter with. variable ventricular response in whom ventricular standstill occurred during digitalis therapy.
External electric stimulation of the heart can maintain the circulation in digitalis-induced ventricular standstill.
Blood Capillaries of the Heart and Other Organs
Authors: Kossmann Charles E. , PALADE GEORGE E. 
Published: June 2012

The article is a review of work recently carried out on blood capillaries by the author in collaboration with Drs. M. G. Farquhar, G. Majno, and S. L. Wissig.
It reviews the morphology of these vessels at the electron-microscope level and confirms the existence of at least 3 distinct types of blood capillaries in small laboratory mammals. It shows that the capillary wall consists of 3 concentric layers (endothelium, basement membrane, and adventitia), and indicates that the basement membrane forms a continuous layer in all capillaries so far studied.
Experiments in which colloidal gold particles were used as a tracer have shown that, in capillaries with a continuous endothelium (muscle capillaries), the particles are transported across it by "pinocytic" vesicles. At the end of this step they must still transverse the basement membrane.
Experiments on glomerular capillaries, which typically have a discontinuous s endothelium, were carried out on normal and nephrotic rats using ferritin as a tracer. By its accumulation on the luminal side of the basement membrane, the ferritin has identified this layer as the main filtration barrier.
A similar function of the basement membrane was demonstrated in muscle venules and venous capillaries by experiments in which the endothelium was rendered discontinuous by local treatment with histamine and serotonin.
Myocardial Infarction and Atrial Arrhythmias
Authors: JAMES THOMAS N. 
Published: June 2012

In each of 11 necropsied patients with myocardial infarction and atrial arrhythmias, a coronary occlusion was found proximal to the origin of the sinus node artery and there was infarction of the sinus node.
The multiple factors influencing the onset of atrial arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction are discussed. Infarction of the sinus node is only one of these factors. Other important ones are ischemia of the AV node, vagal and vagomimetic reflexes, atrial distention, and circulating chronotropic substances.
By combination of a knowledge of the anatomy and pathology of the human coronary arteries with the observation of atrial arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction, an accurate diagnosis of the point of coronary occlusion can often be made.
A Clinical Appraisal of the Vectorcardiogram in Myocardial Infarction
Authors: HUGENHOLTZ PAUL G. , FORKNER CLAUDE E. , LEVINE HAROLD D. 
Published: June 2012

Two-hundred six patients with myocardial infarction were studied with the Frank vectorcardiographic lead system and the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram in common use. Distinctive and statistically significant measurements separated these individuals from normal controls, similarly studied.
Of 125 patients with convincing evidence of past myocardial infarction all showed abnormal vectorcardiograms. Only 76 of these presented electrocardiograms, diagnostic of infarction at the time of the diagnostic vectorcardiogram. Eleven (9.6 per cent) showed no evidence of infarction in their electrocardiographic tracings.
The theory is held by some that modern vectorcardiography should be superior to conventional electrocardiography. The present observations in suspected myocardial infarction suggest that this method may yield confirmatory evidence in most cases, additional and complementary data in some, and decisive information not otherwise available, in a few.