bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing of concrete specimens for permeability at cryogenic temperatures
Authors: Hanaor Ariel 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis The permeability of concrete to cryogenicfluids, in the context of the use of concrete for storage of liquefied gases, has received very scant attention, in comparison with mechanical properties. A series of preliminary tests on concrete specimens, employing liquid nitrogen as the permeating fluid, is presented here. The tests were carried out by means of a rig specially developed for the purpose, a major feature of which is an effective method of sealing the specimen under cryogenic conditions. Results obtained indicate that mechanismsgoverning the permeability of concrete at cryogenic temperatures differ substantially from those prevailing at ambient conditions. Aggregate and aggregate-paste interaction, in particular, play a major role.
Superplasticized high-workability concrete: some properties in the fresh and hardened states
Authors: Dhir Ravindra K. , Yap Andrew W. F. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis The paper describes the first stage of a wide-ranging investigation into superplasticized high-workability concrete. The properties studied were, in the fresh state, flow characteristics, stability (bleeding and segregation) und air content and, in the hardened, compressive strength (both early and subsequent up to 90 days) and drying shrinkage. A ranking order of the superplasticizers used was obtained, together with proposals on the flow and segregation behaviour in response to variations in cement content and sand grading. The bleeding of the superplasticized highworkability concrete was found to be higher, and the air content generally lower, than for the corresponding normul concrete. Compressive strength was found to be generally of the same order as that of normal concrete, whilst drying shrinkage was higher for the superplasticized high-workability concrete.
Accuracy of estimating long-term strains in concrete
Authors: Brooks J. J. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis A method developed earlier for estimating long-term creep and shrinkage from short-term measured test data is shown to be satisfactory for predicting ten-year values. For water-stored concrete, swelling at ten years is appreciable, and therefore the method is extended to predict long-term swelling. Using thirty-year strain (extrapolated from experimentally determined ten-year strain), five standard methods of prediction are compared in performance. When applied in their basic form, all methods are unsatisfactory and it is recommended that, depending on the required accuracy, the secant modulus of elasticity be determined and used with the Concrete Society/Cement and Concrete Association method to predict thirty-year strain. For improved accuracy, short-term test data are necessary for use with either the author's method or the Bažant and Panula model II method.
The use of beams with a single edge notch to study the sulphate resistance of OPC and OPC/pfa pastes
Authors: Hughes D. C. , Grounds T. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis The diffusion of the sulphate ion into hardened cement paste is relatively slow and a gradient of degradation is observed. The stress distribution at the tip of a notch is sufficiently concentrated for changes in physical properties at the surface of a specimen to be monitored. The use of beams with a single edge notch is described and shown to be more sensitive to sulphate ingress than the conventional expansion test, The earlier indication of sulphate attack from the notched beams highlights the mechanical restraint imposed by the relatively unaffected core of an expansion prism. The enhanced sulphate resistance of OPC/pfa pastes is shown to be strongly dependent upon the degree of curing prior to immersion in sulphate solution.
Influence of frequency of cyclic load on creep of concrete
Authors: Brooks J. J. , Forsyth P. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis Short-term creep of sealed and drying concrete under a sinusoidal compressive load has been determined at various frequencies ranging from 1 cycle per day to 1 Hz, Under cyclic loading, creep has to be dejined carefully because of the changing shape of the stress-strain curve. When compared with static creep under a stress equal to the mean cyclic stress, creep under a cyclic stress is greater by an amount which decreases with time under load. Between frequencies of 1 cycle per day and 30 cycles per hour, the increase in creep under a cyclic load is approximately equal but, at higher frequencies, there is a further increase in creep. Compared with drying static creep under a stress equal to the mean cyclic stress, drying creep measured at the mean cyclic stress is similar and unaflected by frequency of loading. Expressions are given which give estimates of the full strain cycle when the static creep is known.
Setting behaviour of cement pastes containing admixtures determined from shear modulus tests
Authors: Hannant D. J. , Dunn T. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis The rates of development of shear modulus of three fresh Portland cement pastes, two containing accelerating admixtures and one containing a retarding admixture, were compared with the shear modulus of a control mix during the, first few hours after mixing. It was found that the shear modulus equipment used was sensitive enough to detect differences in structure development between the mixes. The initial setting times were determined using the Vicat apparatus and it was observed that the mixes had diferent shear modulus values at their Vicat initial setting time. However, average shear moduli of at least 1970 k Pa had been reached in all cases by the Vicat initial setting time, with the maximum shear modulus of 3270 k Pa being measured for the control mix without additives.
Research on long-term properties of high alumina cement concrete
Authors: Collins R. J. , Gutt W. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis This paper describes in detail the, final results of a research programme started in 1964 to study the longterm characteristics of high alumina cement (HAC) concrete and reported briefly in a recent Building Research Establishment Information Paper. Current guidelines, for assessing the condition of buildings containing HAC concrete are discussed in the light of these and other laboratory results which have recently become availahle. The main conclusions relate to wet HAC concrete which is shown to continue reducing in strength even when highly converted and to reach lower minimum strength than concrete under dry conditions. This effect of wet storage is additional to the known vulnerability of HAC concrete, when wet, to chemical attack.
Theoretical model of high temperature effects on uniaxial concrete member under elastic restraint
Authors: Nielsen C. V. , Pearce C. J. , Bićanić N. 
Published: October 2009

An analytical solution to a uniaxial benchmark problem of a concrete member restrained by an elastic spring and subject to heating and subsequent cooling is given. The model demonstrates the effect of load-induced thermal strain, which has so far only been described through experiments. Heating a concrete specimen under constant compressive load shows a significant contraction rather than expansion, which would be the case if the specimen were heated without any constraints. The magnitude of this contraction is beyond that of conventional creep and mechanical strain even though the stiffness degradation from high temperature exposure is taken into account. Thus, it is attributed to a special thermo-mechanical coupling, taking place during the first transient heating process. Furthermore, the analytical model describes the tensile stresses, developing during cooling, including non-linear material behaviour arising from fictitious cracking. Through several examples the effect of the various parameters is evaluated.
Calibration of DFN Model with Well Test Data – A Case Study of the North Kuwait Jurassic Complex
Authors: Limsukhon Manoch , Ghorayeb Kassem , Aziz Rafi Mohammad , Narhari Srinivasan Rao , Chakraborty Subrata 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The North Kuwait Jurassic Complex (NKJC) consists of six green fields with four identified reservoirs in the naturally fractured Jurassic carbonate formation. An integrated model has been constructed by incorporating seismic, geological, petrophysical, and engineering data to estimate the hydrocarbon pore volumes and to provide multiscenario production forecasts under various assumptions.
A discrete fracture network (DFN) model was also incorporated using image logs, core data, and volume curvature attributes. The DFN model is further upscaled into a dual-porosity dynamic simulation model. Fracture characterization in the dynamic model requires translating the DFN attributes into three-directional permeability, aperture, and matrix-fracture transfer functions.
Because of the inherent uncertainty of the fracture properties (fracture length, aperture, permeability, intensity, and connectivity) and the uncertainty involved in translating the "forest" of fractures into a dual-porosity model, calibration of the resulting model with well test and production data is essential to ensuring a dynamic model with acceptable predictive capabilities. There is a higher degree of uncertainty in the fracture geometry than in the matrix properties in the NKJC. This led to the decision to modify the fracture properties rather than the matrix properties for the purpose of calibrating/history matching the dynamic model.
The following data was used for the purpose of calibrating the fracture network model: Short-duration production tests from 31 wellsLong-term production data (48 months) from a testing facility (9 wells)Sixteen pressure transient datasets (drawdown + buildup) from 12 wellsEight months of production history from 20 wells
Use of C-Arm Fluoroscopy by Nurses for Placement of PICC Lines
Authors: Royce Barry 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The Minnesota Department of Health Ionizing Radiation Rules “prohibits the use of fluoroscopy by a person other than a licensed practitioner of the healing arts... when the licensed practitioner of the healing arts is not physically present in the room” (Minnesota Administrative Rules, 2007). Getting a licensed practitioner into the room caused delays in completing PICC line insertion procedures. To minimize these delays we considered multiple options; one of the options was to have PICC nurses licensed to operate the fluoroscopy machine. This article will explain the process the Vascular Access Department at the University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview went through to make this option a reality.
Our team has demonstrated that with proper training, education, machine maintenance and completion of competencies, nurses can operate fluoroscopy independently and clear PICC lines for use with a high degree of safety, efficiency and accuracy.
Accuracy and Timeliness of RN vs. MD Radiological Interpretation of PICC Tips
Authors: Pocius Stacey , Miley Kristine , Rockwood Judy 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Traditionally, nurses placing peripherally inserted central catheters, (PICCs) must obtain radiological clearance before utilizing the catheter. At West Virginia University Hospitals, this clearance is performed by a radiologist. The PICC team at WVUH felt strongly that this process could be expedited if they were able to interpret the PICC placements themselves. They took a proactive approach and attended specialized training in the radiological interpretation of PICC tips. They then utilized the West Virginia State Board of Examiners for Registered Nurses decision making algorithm to determine that this practice would be within their scope of practice. The team chose to conduct a retrospective study of cross-sectional data to determine if their radiological interpretations were as accurate as the radiologists. A two-tailed t-test was done to determine if they could clear the PICCs in a more timely fashion than awaiting clearance from the radiologists. The premise of reviewing this data was to ensure that their accuracy and timeliness would have a positive impact on patient care delivery.
Visceral Fat Area and Markers of Insulin Resistance in Relation to Colorectal Neoplasia
Authors: Yamamoto Shuichiro , Nakagawa Toru , Matsushita Yumi , Kusano Suzushi , Hayashi Takeshi , Irokawa Masataka , Aoki Takatoshi , Korogi Yukunori , Mizoue Tetsuya 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
Although abdominal obesity and related metabolic abnormalities are hypothesized to promote colorectal carcinogenesis, direct confirmation of this effect is required. Here, we examined the relation of early-stage colorectal neoplasia to visceral fat area and markers of insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subjects were participants in a comprehensive health screening conducted at the Hitachi Health Care Center, Ibaraki, Japan. During a 3-year period (2004–2007), a total of 108 patients with early-stage colorectal neoplasia, including 22 with early cancer, were identified among individuals who received both colorectal cancer screening and abdominal computed tomography scanning. Three control subjects matched to each case subject were randomly selected from those whose screening results were negative. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of measures of obesity and markers of insulin resistance with colorectal neoplasia, with adjustment for smoking and alcohol drinking.

RESULTS
Visceral fat area, but not subcutaneous fat area, was significantly positively associated with colorectal cancer, with odds ratios (95% CI) for the lowest to highest tertile of visceral fat area of 1 (reference), 2.17 (0.45–10.46), and 5.92 (1.22–28.65), respectively (Ptrend = 0.02). Markers of insulin resistance, particularly fasting glucose, were also positively associated with colorectal cancer risk. In contrast, no associations were observed for colorectal adenomas.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that visceral adipose tissue accumulation and insulin resistance may promote the development of early-stage cancer but not adenoma in the colorectum.
Capture of Type 1 Diabetes–Susceptible HLA DR-DQ Haplotypes in Japanese Subjects Using a Tag Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Authors: Nakanishi Koji , Shima Yukio 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To identify type 1 diabetes–susceptible HLA DR-DQ haplotypes using tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and to estimate the disease risk using these tag SNPs.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Five tag SNPs were typed in a total of 211 Japanese subjects including 201 patients with type 1 diabetes who had already been typed for HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 alleles and 300 control subjects.

RESULTS
Tag SNP rs2395185 captured haplotypes involving all DR4 specificities and DR9 specificity with a sensitivity of 98.5% and specificity of 94.9%. Using the T allele of rs2395185, we obtained an odds ratio (95% CI) of 2.87 (2.21–3.74) for type 1 diabetes. In addition, rs3129888 captured haplotypes involving HLA-DRB1*0802 with a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 98.9%.

CONCLUSIONS
Typing of two tag SNPs (rs2395185 and rs3129888) may be useful for the screening of Japanese subjects at genetic risk of type 1 diabetes.
Metabolic Syndrome Over 10 Years and Cognitive Functioning in Late Midlife
Authors: Akbaraly Tasnime N. , Kivimaki Mika , Shipley Martin J. , Tabak Adam G. , Jokela Markus , Virtanen Marianna , Marmot Michael G. , Ferrie Jane E. , Singh-Manoux Archana 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
Evidence that the metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for poor cognition is mixed and is focused mainly on the elderly population; rarely is an adjustment made for socioeconomic factors. We examined this association in late midlife, with particular focus on cumulative effects and the role of socioeconomic circumstances.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Analyses were performed for 4,150 white participants from the Whitehall II study. Metabolic syndrome, using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, was assessed three times over the 10-year follow-up (1991–2001). Cognitive function was assessed using a battery of six tests at the end of the follow-up.

RESULTS
After adjustment for demographic variables, health behaviors, and health status, participants with persistent metabolic syndrome (at least two of the three screenings) over the 10-year follow-up had lower cognitive performance than participants who never had metabolic syndrome. No significant differences in cognitive function were observed between participants with nonpersistent metabolic syndrome (one of the three screenings) and those who never had metabolic syndrome during the follow-up. Adjustment for adult occupational position attenuated this association by between 41 and 86%, depending on the measure of cognitive function. Adjustment for education had little effect.

CONCLUSIONS
Only persistent metabolic syndrome was associated with lower cognitive performance in late midlife. Adult occupational position but not education had a substantial impact on this association; these results highlight the importance of adult socioeconomic circumstances in identifying and targeting risk factors for cognitive aging.
Diabetes Distress but Not Clinical Depression or Depressive Symptoms Is Associated With Glycemic Control in Both Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses
Authors: Fisher Lawrence , Mullan Joseph T. , Arean Patricia , Glasgow Russell E. , Hessler Danielle , Masharani Umesh 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine the concurrent, prospective, and time-concordant relationships among major depressive disorder (MDD), depressive symptoms, and diabetes distress with glycemic control.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a noninterventional study, we assessed 506 type 2 diabetic patients for MDD (Composite International Diagnostic Interview), for depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression), and for diabetes distress (Diabetes Distress Scale), along with self-management, stress, demographics, and diabetes status, at baseline and 9 and 18 months later. Using multilevel modeling (MLM), we explored the cross-sectional relationships of the three affective variables with A1C, the prospective relationships of baseline variables with change in A1C over time, and the time-concordant relationships with A1C.

RESULTS
All three affective variables were moderately intercorrelated, although the relationship between depressive symptoms and diabetes distress was greater than the relationship of either with MDD. In the cross-sectional MLM, only diabetes distress but not MDD or depressive symptoms was significantly associated with A1C. None of the three affective variables were linked with A1C in prospective analyses. Only diabetes distress displayed significant time-concordant relationships with A1C.

CONCLUSIONS
We found no concurrent or longitudinal association between MDD or depressive symptoms with A1C, whereas both concurrent and time-concordant relationships were found between diabetes distress and A1C. What has been called “depression” among type 2 diabetic patients may really be two conditions, MDD and diabetes distress, with only the latter displaying significant associations with A1C. Ongoing evaluation of both diabetes distress and MDD may be helpful in clinical settings.
Pro12Ala Polymorphism in thePPARGGene Contributes to the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy in Chinese Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Liu Limei , Zheng Taishan , Wang Feng , Wang Niansong , Song Yanyan , Li Ming , Li Lifang , Jiang Jiamei , Zhao Weijing 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVEOxidative stress is a major contributing factor in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ heterozygous mice and Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARG exhibited increased resistance to oxidative stress. Smoking increases the production of reactive oxygen species, which accelerates oxidative stress under hyperglycemia. To determine whether the Pro12Ala polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking, contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy, a case-control study was performed in 760 Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSAmong patients, 532 had diabetic nephropathy with microalbuminuria (n = 245) or overt albuminuria (n = 287), and 228 did not show either of these symptoms but had had diabetes for ≥10 years and were not undergoing antihypertension treatment.RESULTSAfter adjustment for confounders, the Pro/Pro genotype was significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy (odds ratio 2.30 [95% CI 1.18–4.45], P = 0.014); smoking was also an independent risk factor for diabetic nephropathy (1.99 [1.08–3.68], P = 0.029). In addition, we identified possible synergistic effects; i.e., the high-risk group (smokers with the Pro/Pro genotype) showed 4.52 times higher risk (1.78–11.48, P = 0.002) of diabetic nephropathy than the low-risk group (nonsmokers with the Pro/Ala genotype) in a multiple logistic regression analysis controlled for the confounders.CONCLUSIONSOur results indicated that the Pro/Pro genotype and smoking were significant independent risk factors for diabetic nephropathy. The possible synergistic effects of genotype and smoking may aggravate oxidative stress and contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy.
A1C and Diabetes Diagnosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study
Authors: Kramer Caroline K. , Araneta Maria Rosario G. , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To examine the sensitivity and specificity of A1C as a diagnostic test for type 2 diabetes in older adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cross-sectional study of community-dwelling adults without known diabetes who had an oral glucose tolerance test and A1C measured on the same day.

RESULTS
Mean age of the 2,107 participants was 69.4 ± 11.1 years; 43% were men. Based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, 198 had previously undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. The sensitivity/specificity of A1C cut point of 6.5% was 44/79%. Results were similar in age- and sex-stratified analyses. Given the A1C cut point of 6.5%, 85% of participants were classified as nondiabetic by ADA criteria.

CONCLUSIONS
The limited sensitivity of the A1C test may result in delayed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, while the strict use of ADA criteria may fail to identify a high proportion of individuals with diabetes by A1C ≥6.5% or retinopathy.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: NICE for the U.S.?
Authors: Simmons David , McElduff Aidan , McIntyre Harold David , Elrishi Mohamed 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To compare recent U.S. and U.K. guidelines on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The guidelines from the American Diabetes Association, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the U.K. were collated and compared using a general inductive approach.

RESULTS
There are substantial differences in the recommendations between the U.K. and the U.S. guidelines. Of particular note are the reduced sensitivities of the early and later antenatal and postnatal screening and diagnostic criteria. NICE undertook a cost-effectiveness analysis using lower prevalence estimates and limited outcomes and still showed screening for GDM to be cost-effective.

CONCLUSIONS
The latest NICE recommendations appear to reduce access to proven, cost-effective management of GDM, an issue relevant in the current U.S. health care policy debate.