bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial Research in the European Region: a Long‐Term Assessment (1990–2008)
Authors: Chan Kam C. , Chang Chih‐Hsiang , Chen Carl R. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract We provide a long‐term comprehensive assessment of financial research in the European region. As with earlier findings in Chan et al. (2004), the European academic institutions, as a group, perform very well during the 1990–2008 period. Specifically, European institutions exhibit a steady increase in the share of global financial research. During the sample period, the top five institutions were London Business School, INSEAD, Sir John Cass Business School, London School of Economics, and Erasmus University Rotterdam. Subperiod analysis shows that some universities, such as Oxford University, increased their research output substantially. Many of the leading European scholars received their training and had prior experience in North American institutions. We find that a high ranking of the scholars’ affiliated and doctoral granting institutions is correlated with finance research productivity.
One World, Two Cultures? Alfred Zimmern, Julian Huxley and the Ideological Origins of UNESCO
Authors: TOYE JOHN , TOYE RICHARD 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAgainst the background of revival of interest in the ‘two cultures’ controversy of the 1960s, this article examines an earlier episode in the struggle between literary intellectuals and scientists for cultural leadership – the choice of a British candidate for the leadership of UNESCO. Why was Sir Alfred Zimmern, the obvious choice for the post of founding Director‐General, not selected? This article argues that Zimmern was ousted as front‐runner because he had failed to gather the support of the burgeoning British scientific establishment, which had mounted its own successful agitation to have science included explicitly in the new organization's remit. It examines the actions and motivations of Ellen Wilkinson and John Maud, whose joint decision it was to replace the classicist Zimmern with the biologist Julian Huxley. It concludes that the main factor behind the replacement of Zimmern was his failure to bridge the two cultures of arts and science. Nevertheless, these events should not be viewed merely as a prologue to the two cultures debate as Huxley and Zimmern's attitudes to science and culture cannot easily be separated from their respective approaches to broader international political questions.
Orientalism and the Failure of British Policy in the Middle East: The Case of Aden
Authors: MAWBY SPENCER 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHistorical writing on the end of the British empire has been dominated by two traditions: diplomatic history and post‐colonial theory. The critique of Orientalism provided by Edward Said has generated a markedly different approach from the older tradition of diplomatic history and there are theoretical obstacles to any reconciliation. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify historiographical precedents for applying some Orientalist ideas to diplomatic source material in the study of the end of the British empire. One territory to which this approach has not been applied is Britain's only formal colony in the Middle East, Aden. The last twenty years of British rule in Aden provide evidence of intelligence being interpreted in a way which underestimated the potency of local agents and exaggerated the influence of external manipulation. There is also corroboration for the notion that British military strategy at the end of empire was characterized by a punitive policy designed to discipline the subject population. Lastly, British political strategy was predicated on a series of stereotypes about the role of leadership in Arab society and the overestimation of the effectiveness of the local rulers as agents of British influence. This evidence suggests that a study of the diplomatic record can substantiate many of the propositions presented in Said's original work.
Synchronous monitoring of vulture movements with satellite telemetry and avian radar
Authors: Beason R. C. , Humphrey J. S. , Myers N. E. , Avery M. L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRadar and satellite global positioning system‐platform transmitter terminal (GPS‐PTT) transmitters provide complementary information on the movements and behaviors of individual birds. The GPS‐PTT tag provides a snapshot of altitude and location of a specific individual of an identified species at predefined intervals. The history of the individual is known because each transmitter has a unique identification code. The radar cannot identify individuals or even species but it provides continuous position reports (altitude and location) of birds within its detection range. By integrating data from the two sources, the behavior and movements of identified individuals (not possible with radar) can be continuously monitored (not possible with satellite tags). In this study the radar detected 40% of the locations of vultures carrying GPS‐PTT tags that were within 5 km of the radar. Most (75%) of the locations that were not detected were calculated to be above or below the radar's antenna beam. Speed and direction values recorded by the GPS‐PTT tags and the radar were poorly correlated because the vultures were soaring and circling, which produced rapid changes in both azimuth and ground speed of the targets. Nevertheless, our findings show that combining these two techniques can allow monitoring of species that are of conservation concern where it is otherwise difficult to follow identified individual birds.
Suppression of antibody‐mediated arthritis in mice by Fab fragments of the mediating antibodies
Authors: Yoshino S , Sasahara M , Hutamekalin Pilaiwanwadee , Yamaki K , Mizutani N , Kuramoto H 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fab fragments (Fabs) of antibodies maintain the ability to bind specific antigens, but lack the binding site for complement as well as the site for binding to receptors on effector cells, such as macrophages that play an important role in inflammation. In the present study, we investigated whether Fabs specific for ovalbumin (OVA) were specifically able to suppress anti‐OVA antibody‐mediated arthritis (AOA‐MA) in mice.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH AOA‐MA was induced by i.v. injection of purified anti‐OVA antibodies into naïve mice followed by intra‐articular (left ankle) challenge with the antigen. Anti‐OVA Fabs prepared by digestion of anti‐OVA antibodies with papain were injected i.v. immediately after administration of the intact antibodies. Normal Fabs were used as a control. Arthritis was assessed by thickness of the joints (caliper) and by histology of paw sections, stained with haematoxylin and eosin.KEY RESULTS AOA‐MA was markedly suppressed by anti‐OVA Fabs, but not by control Fabs. Histologically, mice treated with control Fabs showed marked oedema of synovial tissues with a large number of inflammatory cells including neutrophils, whereas animals given anti‐OVA Fabs had mild oedema of the synovium and sparse infiltration of such cells. The antigen‐specific suppression of joint inflammation by anti‐OVA Fabs was associated with reduced consumption of complement. In vitro studies showed that anti‐OVA Fabs significantly blocked the binding of intact anti‐OVA antibodies to OVA.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Antibody‐mediated arthritis appears to be specifically down‐regulated by Fabs that competitively inhibit the binding of antibodies to antigens.
Creative Destruction, Economic Insecurity, Stress, and Epidemic Obesity
Authors: Wisman Jon D. , Capehart Kevin W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe percentage of Americans who are obese has doubled since 1980. Most attempts to explain this “obesity epidemic” have been found inadequate, including the “Big Two” (the increased availability of inexpensive food and the decline of physical exertion). This article explores the possibility that the obesity epidemic is substantially due to growing insecurity, stress, and a sense of powerlessness in modern society where high‐sugar and high‐fat foods are increasingly omnipresent. Those suffering these conditions may suffer less control over other domains of their lives. Insecurity and stress have been found to increase the desire for high‐fat and high‐sugar foods. After exploring the evidence of a link between stress and obesity, the increasing pace of capitalism's creative destruction and its generation of greater insecurity and stress are addressed. The article ends with reflections on how epidemic obesity is symptomatic of a social mistake—the seeking of maximum efficiency and economic growth even in societies where the fundamental problem of material security has been solved.
I confess I am not charmed with the ideal of life held out by those who think that the normal state of human beings is that of struggling to get on; that the trampling, crushing, elbowing, and treading on each other's heels, which form the existing type of social life, are the most desirable lot of humankind, or anything but the disagreeable symptoms of one of the phases of industrial progress. (Mill 1848: 748)Thus we have been expressly evolved by nature—with all our impulses and deepest instincts—for the purpose of solving the economic problem [“the struggle for subsistence”]. If the economic problem is solved, mankind will be deprived of its traditional purpose . . . Will this be a benefit? If one believes at all in the real values of life, the prospect at least opens up the possibility of benefit. Yet I think with dread of the readjustment of the habits and instincts of the ordinary man, bred into him for countless generations, which he may be asked to discard within a few decades. (Keynes 1932: 366)
Charitable Donations and the Estate Tax: A Tale of Two Hypotheses
Authors: Beranek William , Kamerschen David R. , Timberlake Richard H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRegression studies have suggested that reducing estate‐tax rates would lead to a net reduction in total charitable donations distributed at death. Not only is this notion counterintuitive, our empirical analysis yields the contrary conclusion: overall donations would increase. In rationalizing this donation‐decline outcome, investigators have pointed to the tax deductibility of donations in assessing estate‐tax liability. These efforts, we show, are dubious. The view that donations will decline is also shown to be inconsistent with axioms of generally accepted economic theory. Two distinct sets of indifference curves that imply these two antithetical views are suggested, their observable predictions derived and compared to the relevant evidence, showing that the increasing‐donation hypothesis is confirmed, offering overall a clear challenge to the decline‐in‐donation position. Our empirical results suggest that most estate‐tax payers possess indifference curves consistent with those that embody the increasing‐donation hypothesis.
The Effect of Income Distribution on the Ability of Growth to Reduce Poverty: Evidence from Rural and Urban African Economies
Authors: Fosu Augustin Kwasi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe present study examines the extent to which income distribution affects the ability of economic growth to reduce poverty, based on 1990s data for a sample of rural and urban sectors of African economies. Using the basic‐needs approach, an analysis‐of‐covariance model is derived and estimated, with the headcount, gap, and squared gap poverty ratios serving as the respective dependent variables, and the Gini coefficient and PPP‐adjusted incomes as explanatory variables. The study finds that the responsiveness of poverty to income growth is a decreasing function of inequality, albeit at varying rates for the three poverty measures: lowest for the headcount, followed by the gap and fastest for the squared gap. The ranges for the income elasticity in the sample are estimated at: 0.02–0.68, 0.11–1.05, and 0.10–1.35, respectively, for these poverty measures. Furthermore while, on average, the responsiveness of poverty to income growth appears to be the same between the rural and urban sectors, there are substantial sectoral differences across countries. The results suggest the need for country‐specific emphases on growth relative to inequality.
Elastofibromatous change of the oral mucosa: case report and literature review
Authors: Nonaka Cassiano Francisco Weege , Rêgo Delane Maria , Miguel Márcia Cristina da Costa , De Souza Lélia Batista , Pinto Leão Pereira 
Published: June 2010

Elastofibroma is an uncommon fibrous pseudotumor that usually occurs in the subscapular region of middle‐aged and older adults. Since its seminal description, cases of elastofibroma or elastofibroma‐like proliferations have been identified at several anatomic locations, including the foot, hand, thigh, olecranon, gastrointestinal tract, trachea, dorsal spine and eye. Involvement of the oral cavity is rare, with only four cases reported to date. Herein, we report a case of elastofibromatous change in the soft palate of a 55‐year‐old man and review the literature regarding pathogenesis, clinicopathologic features, differential diagnosis and management.Nonaka CFW, Rêgo DM, Miguel MCC, de Souza LB, Pinto LP. Elastofibromatous change of the oral mucosa: case report and literature review.
Isolation of the left subclavian artery from the pulmonary artery in a patient with CHARGE association
Authors: Bech Anneke P. , Op Den Akker Jeroen , Matthijsse Pieter R. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTA male infant diagnosed with CHARGE association presented with respiratory insufficiency and a cardiac murmur. Diagnostic evaluation showed a right sided aortic arch with an isolation of the left subclavian artery arising from the pulmonary artery through a left patent arterial duct. This is a rare cardiac disorder not previously described in patients with CHARGE association, detected with a 3D computed tomography scan, which emphasizes the importance of a thorough cardiac screening in patients with CHARGE association.
Analysis of the harmonized growth pattern of fetal organs by multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering
Authors: Udagawa Jun , Yasuda Akira , Naito Kanta , Otani Hiroki 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe development of an organ may be affected by various growth and differentiation factors released from other organs. These factors are believed to have important effects on the development of multiple organs. To detect and analyze harmonized development among multiple organs, similarities in growth patterns among fetal organs were examined using multivariate analysis. Ninety human fetuses obtained from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos were dissected. Harmonized development of organs was evaluated by multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis using measurements (length, width, height, and weight) of the fetal organs. Similar growth patterns were observed between the brain, including cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain (cerebrum‐to‐midbrain [Cer‐Mid]), and pituitary (crown‐rump length [CRL] 95–155 mm). Further, similar growth patterns were observed between the liver and Cer‐Mid and cerebellum (Cb; CRL 156–202 mm), and between Cer‐Mid and Cb (CRL 203–253 mm). Similarities in growth patterns were also observed between right and left lungs (CRL 99–235 mm) and between the aorta and heart (CRL 139–187 mm), but not between the lung and pulmonary trunk. These findings revealed synchronized development among fetal organs and suggested a functional and structural relationship among different organs in the prenatal period. These relationships include the existence of common factors in organ development, such as cross‐talk mediated by humoral factors, and the presence of an anatomical and functional relationship in the fetal circulatory system.
The quantification of spermatozoa by real‐time quantitative PCR, spectrophotometry, and spermatophore cap size
Authors: DOYLE JACQUELINE M. , McCORMICK CORY R. , DeWOODY J. ANDREW 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMany animals, such as crustaceans, insects, and salamanders, package their sperm into spermatophores, and the number of spermatozoa contained in a spermatophore is relevant to studies of sexual selection and sperm competition. We used two molecular methods, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and spectrophotometry, to estimate sperm numbers from spermatophores. First, we designed gene‐specific primers that produced a single amplicon in four species of ambystomatid salamanders. A standard curve generated from cloned amplicons revealed a strong positive relationship between template DNA quantity and cycle threshold, suggesting that RT‐qPCR could be used to quantify sperm in a given sample. We then extracted DNA from multiple Ambystoma maculatum spermatophores, performed RT‐qPCR on each sample, and estimated template copy numbers (i.e. sperm number) using the standard curve. Second, we used spectrophotometry to determine the number of sperm per spermatophore by measuring DNA concentration relative to the genome size. We documented a significant positive relationship between the estimates of sperm number based on RT‐qPCR and those based on spectrophotometry. When these molecular estimates were compared to spermatophore cap size, which in principle could predict the number of sperm contained in the spermatophore, we also found a significant positive relationship between sperm number and spermatophore cap size. This linear model allows estimates of sperm number strictly from cap size, an approach which could greatly simplify the estimation of sperm number in future studies. These methods may help explain variation in fertilization success where sperm competition is mediated by sperm quantity.
The eye of Vesalius
Authors: De Laey Jean J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract.In the time of Vesalius, knowledge of ocular anatomy was limited. The first description of the anatomy of the eye comes from Democrites, for whom the eye was surrounded by two ‘coats’, filled with a homogenous fluid. The optic nerve was hollow and the lens was considered to be a postmortem artefact. Until the 15th century AD, medicine was influenced by the writings of Galenus and the model of the eye he proposed was still considered valid, even after Vesalius. According to the Alexandrian tradition, the lens was considered as the seat of visual perception. Although Vesalius rightly deserves the title of father of modern anatomy, his description of ocular anatomy was rudimentary and often incorrect. He described a musculus retractorius bulbi, which is found only in lower mammals, not in primates. The lens, the role of which as an optical device he recognized correctly, was placed too centrally in the eye. The optic nerve was not correctly placed and, following Galenus, Vesalius described only seven cranial nerves. The Galenian concept of ocular anatomy was to endure until the development of the microscope by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Modern ocular anatomy, in fact, can be dated from the works of Zinn.
Modeling and Analysis
of Flow, Thermal, and Energy Fields Within Stacks of Thermoacoustic Engines Filled With Porous
Media: A Conjugate Problem
Authors: Tasnim Syeda
Humaira , Fraser Roydon
Andrew 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In this paper, an analytical study has been conducted on the flow and energy transfer of an unsteady compressible oscillating flow through channels filled with porous media representing stacks in thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators. The flow in the porous material is described by the Darcy momentum equation. The thickness of the channel wall is considered to be nonzero, and the entire problem is treated as a conjugate heat transfer problem, i.e., by considering conduction heat transfer inside the channel walls. Analytical expressions for the oscillating temperature, complex Nusselt number, and energy flux density are obtained after linearizing and solving the governing differential equations with long wave, short stack, and small amplitude oscillation approximations. To verify the present study, the energy flux density expression derived in this paper is compared with the expression available in the existing thermoacoustic literature. The two expressions match quantitatively for the limiting case of infinitely large pores. For infinitely large pore limits, the Nusselt number (nondimensional heat transfer between the porous media and the channel wall) obtained in the present study also agrees quantitatively with the nonporous medium expression reported in the literature. The present study indicates that refrigeration performance comparable to that of a traditional plastic parallel plate stack is achievable using reticulated vitreous carbon foam (ϕ=0.95, Lck=2.11) as a porous medium, which is also supported by other researchers. The system of equations developed in the present study is a helpful tool for thermal engineers and physicists to design porous stacks for thermoacoustic devices.
Characterization of Anti-
Salmonella enterica
Serotype Typhi Antibody Responses in Bacteremic Bangladeshi Patients by an Immunoaffinity Proteomics-Based Technology
Authors: Charles Richelle C. , Sheikh Alaullah , Krastins Bryan , Harris Jason B. , Bhuiyan M. Saruar , LaRocque Regina C. , Logvinenko Tanya , Sarracino David A. , Kudva Indira T. , Eisenstein Jana , Podolsky Michael J. , Kalsy Anuj , Brooks W. Abdullah , Ludwig Albrecht , John Manohar , Calderwood Stephen B. , Qadri Firdausi , Ryan Edward T. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
serotype Typhi is the cause of typhoid fever and a human-restricted pathogen. Currently available typhoid vaccines provide 50 to 90% protection for 2 to 5 years, and available practical diagnostic assays to identify individuals with typhoid fever lack sensitivity and/or specificity. Identifying immunogenic
S
. Typhi antigens expressed during human infection could lead to improved diagnostic assays and vaccines. Here we describe a platform
i
mmunoaffinity
p
roteomics-based
t
echnology (IPT) that involves the use of columns charged with IgG, IgM, or IgA antibody fractions recovered from humans bacteremic with
S
. Typhi to capture
S
. Typhi proteins that were subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. This screening tool identifies immunogenic proteins recognized by antibodies from infected hosts. Using this technology and the plasma of patients with
S
. Typhi bacteremia in Bangladesh, we identified 57 proteins of
S.
Typhi, including proteins known to be immunogenic (PagC, HlyE, OmpA, and GroEL) and a number of proteins present in the human-restricted serotypes
S
. Typhi and
S
. Paratyphi A but rarely found in broader-host-range
Salmonella
spp. (HlyE, CdtB, PltA, and STY1364). We categorized identified proteins into a number of major groupings, including those involved in energy metabolism, protein synthesis, iron homeostasis, and biosynthetic and metabolic functions and those predicted to localize to the outer membrane. We assessed systemic and mucosal anti-HlyE responses in
S
. Typhi-infected patients and detected anti-HlyE responses at the time of clinical presentation in patients but not in controls. These findings could assist in the development of improved diagnostic assays.
Evaluation of the Integrated Database Network System (IDNS) SmartGene Software for Analysis of 16S rRNA Gene Sequences for Identification of
Nocardia
Species
Authors: Conville Patricia S. , Murray Patrick R. , Zelazny Adrian M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

16S rRNA gene sequences of 102
Nocardia
isolates were analyzed using the Integrated Database Network System (IDNS) SmartGene centroid database. A total of 76% of the isolates were correctly identified. Discordant identifications were due to inadequate centroid length (3 species), inaccurate or insufficient entries in the public databases (5 species), and heterogeneous sequences among members of a species (1 species).