bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving Policies Upstream to Mitigate the Social Determinants of Early Childbearing
Authors: SmithBattle Lee 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe teen birth rate in the United States is one of the highest in the post‐industrialized world. International comparisons suggest that U.S. rates reflect high levels of social disadvantage and misguided policies that frame teen parenting as costly for mothers, children, and taxpayers. Studies that control for background factors that predispose teens to become parents highlight the social inequities that contribute to early childbearing and unfavorable maternal‐child outcomes, regardless of maternal age. After reviewing these studies, federal policies that target and scrutinize teenage and single mothers are described and critiqued for the ways they disregard the social determinants of early childbearing and further the marginalization and social exclusion of low‐income families. This review calls for public health nurses to challenge the ideological assumptions driving downstream policies and to advocate for comprehensive reforms that reduce the wide and growing inequities in education, income, and health among U.S. citizens. Building the public support and political will to move upstream will remain daunting in light of the pervasive stereotypes of teen parents and the ideological assumptions that early childbearing and poor maternal‐child outcomes stem more from individual choices and lifestyles than from social inequities.
Migraine Headaches and Suicide Attempt
Authors: Breslau Naomi , Schultz Lonni , Lipton Richard , Peterson Edward , Welch K.M.A. 
Published: March 2012

(Headache 2012;52:723‐731)Background.— Previous cross‐sectional studies reported an increased risk of suicide attempt in persons with migraine headache, which was sustained when psychiatric comorbidity was statistically controlled.Objective.— To estimate the risk of suicide attempt in persons with migraine vs controls with no history of severe headache, using prospective data and validated diagnostic assessment. To examine the specificity of the migraine‐suicide attempt risk by comparing it to the risk associated with non‐migraine headache of comparable severity and disability.Methods.— A cohort of persons with migraine (n = 496), non‐migraine severe headaches (n = 151), and controls with no history of severe headache (n = 539) was randomly selected from the general community, assessed in 1997 and reassessed 2 years later.Results.— Persons with migraine had an increased risk of suicide attempt during the 2‐year follow‐up period, compared with controls. Odds ratio, adjusted for sex, psychiatric disorder, and previous history of suicide attempt at baseline was 4.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.93, 10.2). Persons with non‐migraine headache of comparable intensity and disability also had an increased risk of suicide attempt, compared to controls: odds ratio, adjusted for the same covariates, was 6.20 (95% CI 2.40, 16.0). The difference between the 2 estimates was not significant. In the entire sample, headache severity at baseline predicted suicide attempt: a difference of 1 standard deviation (SD) in pain score increased the risk of suicide attempt by 79%, adjusting for sex and psychiatric disorders.Conclusions.— The results suggest the possibility that pain severity might account in part for the increased risk of suicide attempt associated with migraine.
Genetic polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor‐α gene and the risk of endometrial cancer: a meta‐analysis
Authors: WANG YUMEI , CUI MENG , ZHENG LIQIANG 
Published: March 2012

Abstract Estrogen receptor‐α is a key mediator of the estrogen response in endometrial tissue. The most‐studied gene variants are the PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms, which may be associated with altered sensitivity to estrogen. However, studies evaluating the associations between these polymorphisms and endometrial cancer risk have produced controversial conclusions. To explore a more robust estimate of the role of estrogen receptor‐α polymorphisms in endometrial carcinogenesis, we searched all published articles indexed in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Highwire and the CNKI database from 1995 to 2010. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers using a standardized data extraction form. Overall, the meta‐analysis included 1944 cases and 3075 controls for PvuII polymorphisms, and 1831 cases and 2875 controls for XbaI polymorphisms. Our results did not show any statistically significant association between endometrial cancer risk and either PvuII or XbaI polymorphisms. However, PvuII polymorphisms, both the CT and the CC genotypes, significantly increased the risk of endometrial cancer in an Asian‐Australian population (pooled OR = 1.50, 95%CI 1.09‐2.08 and pooled OR = 1.55, 95%CI 1.08‐2.22, respectively). The CC genotype significantly decreased the risk of endometrial cancer (pooled odds ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.64–0.94) in a European population. In contrast, the stratified analysis suggested that the XbaI polymorphism was not significantly associated with endometrial cancer between different populations. This meta‐analysis provides evidence that PvuII polymorphisms in the ESR1 gene, which encodes for estrogen receptor‐α, could modify the susceptibility to endometrial cancer. However, the genetic effect varied between different geographical regions for unknown reasons.
Pelvic organ prolapse contributes to sexual dysfunction: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: ATHANASIOU STAVROS , GRIGORIADIS THEMOS , CHALABALAKI ANTONIA , PROTOPAPAS ATHANASIOS , ANTSAKLIS ARIS 
Published: March 2012

Abstract Objective. To evaluate the effect of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) on female sexual dysfunction. Design. Cross‐sectional, observational study. Setting. Gynecological outpatient and urogynecological university clinics in Greece. Population. One hundred and one women with POP seen in the urogynecology clinic (study group) and 70 women without POP seen in the gynecology outpatient department (control group). Methods. Women with and without POP completed a condition‐specific sexual dysfunction questionnaire (DYSQ) comprising four domains: sexual behavior; physical problems other than urinary incontinence; urinary incontinence problems; and satisfaction. Pelvic organ prolapse was assessed by the International Continence Society Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System grading system. The primary outcome of the study was the assessment of sexual function by DYSQ in women with and without POP. Main outcome measures. We compared sexual function in women with and without POP and evaluated the extent of the effect of various grades of POP on sexual function. Results. One hundred and seventy‐one women were recruited, 101 in the POP group and 70 in the control group. The total and factor‐specific DYSQ scores in the POP group were worse than those in the control group (p < 0.001) but did not seem to worsen with an increasing grade of prolapse. Linear regression showed that the best model to describe the DYSQ score includes the presence of POP and years of menopause. These variables explain 15.6% of the total variability in DYSQ scores. Conclusions. The presence of prolapse only partly explains impaired sexual functioning in women with POP. Sexual dysfunction is related to the presence of POP and not the grade of POP.
A comparison of Er:YAG laser and mechanical debridement for the non‐surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: A randomized, prospective clinical study
Authors: Soo Lingfeng , Leichter Jonathan W. , Windle Judith , Monteith Brian , Williams Sheila M. , Seymour Gregory J. , Cullinan Mary P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAimsTo compare a monotherapy of Er:YAG laser debridement (ERL), wavelength 2940 nm, with mechanical scaling and root planing (SRP) for the treatment of chronic periodontitis using clinical and patient‐centred outcomes.MethodsTwenty‐eight participants had two randomly assigned quadrants treated with ERL and two with SRP. Full‐mouth plaque index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level and gingival recession were recorded at baseline and 6‐ and 12‐weeks post therapy. A questionnaire was used to assess pain, discomfort and satisfaction during and after treatment.ResultsTwenty‐two participants completed treatment and had 6‐ and 12‐week clinical re‐evaluations. SRP provided greater mean pocket depth reduction at 6‐ and 12‐weeks (p = 0.01 and p = 0.003 respectively), and a greater reduction in pockets ≥ 4 mm at 6 weeks only (p = 0.03) compared with ERL. SRP also resulted in a significant reduction in bleeding on probing (BOP) sites at 12 weeks compared with ERL and a statistically significant greater reduction in mean clinical attachment level (CAL) at 6‐ (p = 0.02) and 12‐weeks (p = 0.03). Patients expressed greater satisfaction with SRP on the day of treatment but were equally satisfied subsequently.ConclusionSRP resulted in a statistically significant greater short‐term improvement in clinical parameters and patient satisfaction compared with ERL.
International peer review in undergraduate dentistry: enhancing reflective practice in an online community of practice
Authors: Gardner K. , Bridges S. , Walmsley D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTo stimulate and enhance student learning in the areas of global citizenship, critical reflection and e‐learning, an online international peer review using a purpose‐built web platform, has been developed between international dental schools. Since its inception in 2007, n = 6 dental schools from six different countries have participated with n = 384 dental students engaged in online peer review. Project development was conceptually analysed utilising Lave and Wenger’s notion of a community of practice (CoP). Analysis drew on the three core components within the CoP organising framework: domain, community and practice. All three components were evident in building project identity. The domain focused on both curriculum and institutional co‐operation. The community was evident for both educators and students. Finally, analysis of practice was found to be significant in terms of sustained interaction and collaboration. Empirical evaluation is recommended as the next phase of project design.
Undergraduate students’ experiences of outreach placements in dental secondary care settings
Authors: Johnson I. , Hunter L. M. , Chestnutt I. G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroduction:  Outreach teaching is delivered as part of the undergraduate curricula of many dental schools. Evaluations of outreach in primary care settings have found learning opportunities beyond those available in the dental school setting, but less is known about secondary care placements. The aim of this evaluation was to assess dental students’ experiences of an undergraduate outreach placement in secondary care.Materials and methods:  Questionnaire survey based on a single cohort of final‐year undergraduate dental students at Cardiff University who had completed a 1‐week outreach secondment to a District General Hospital.Results:  Fifty‐five of the 57 eligible students completed the questionnaire. Outreach placements in secondary care were experienced to provide positive additional educational benefit and were considered to be worthwhile by many (but not all) students. Clinical opportunities and staff teaching varied by site.Discussion:  In the current programme, the variability of student experience during secondments to secondary care means that some students report more benefit than others. However, even apparently negative experiences, such as cancelled operating lists, can contribute to the overall outcome in that they accurately reflect the reality of hospital practice.Conclusion:  Careful management of secondary care undergraduate secondments is needed to ensure worthwhile learning experiences.
Evaluation of cytotoxic T‐cell activation, chemokine receptors, and adhesion molecules in blood and serum in patients with oral lichen planus
Authors: Namdar Pekiner Filiz , Demirel Gulderen Y. , Borahan Mehmet O. , Özbayrak Semih 
Published: March 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 484–489Background:  Our purpose is to study cytotoxic T‐cell activation (through evaluation of CD8+CD40+ and CD8+CD154+ cells), chemokine receptors (through evaluation of CD8+CD184+ and CD8+CD195+ cells), and adhesion molecules (through evaluation of CD8+CD152+ cells) which play a part in cell activation in blood and serum samples of patients with OLP and then to compare them with healthy controls.Methods:  Thirty patients with OLP, and 30 matched healthy controls participated. The mean ages of OLP patients and controls were 51,10 ± 12,25 and 48,09 ± 11,92, respectively. Percentage of apoptotic cells, granzyme‐B+, CD8+, CD8+CD40+, CD8+CD152+ (CTLA‐4), CD8+CD154+(CD40L), CD8+CD184+(CXCR‐4) and CD8+CD195+(CCR‐5) were detected by immunophenotyping on flow cytometry. Apoptosis measurements were accomplished with Annexin V/Propidium Iodide kit.Results:  A higher percentage of CD8+CD154+ and granzyme‐B+ and a lower percentage of CD8+, CD8+CD184+ and apoptotic cells were found in OLP patients than in controls. No statistical differences were observed in the percentages of the other markers between groups.Conclusions:  It is observed that because of increase in granzyme B+ and CD154 which is the activation marker, CD8+ cells present efforts to sustain their activity even though decrease in their cell number. Lower levels of CD8+CD184+ cells in OLP than control is evaluated as a factor that makes OLP to be localised in our study. In addition, our findings lead us to think that there may be some changes in apoptosis pathways of the cells. But this needs to be clarified by further studies exploring the mechanisms of the apoptosis in OLP patients.
Mining for liquid gold: midwifery language and practices associated with early breastfeeding support
Authors: Burns Elaine , Fenwick Jenny , Sheehan Athena , Schmied Virginia 
Published: March 2012

AbstractInternationally, women give mixed reports regarding professional support during the early establishment of breastfeeding. Little is known about the components of midwifery language and the support practices, which assist or interfere with the early establishment of breastfeeding. In this study, critical discourse analysis has been used to describe the language and practices used by midwives when supporting breastfeeding women during the first week after birth. Participant observation at two geographically distant Australian health care settings facilitated the collection of 85 observed audio‐recorded dyadic interactions between breastfeeding women and midwives during 2008–2009. Additionally, 23 interviews with women post discharge, 11 interviews with midwives and four focus groups (40 midwives) have also been analysed. Analysis revealed three discourses shaping the beliefs and practices of participating midwives. In the dominant discourse, labelled ‘Mining for Liquid Gold’, midwives held great reverence for breast milk as ‘liquid gold’ and prioritised breastfeeding as the mechanism for transfer of this superior nutrition. In the second discourse, labelled ‘Not Rocket Science’, midwives constructed breastfeeding as ‘natural’ or ‘easy’ and something which all women could do if sufficiently committed. The least well‐represented discourse constructed breastfeeding as a relationship between mother and infant. In this minority discourse, women were considered to be knowledgeable about their needs and those of their infant. The language and practices of midwives in this approach facilitated communication and built confidence. These study findings suggest the need for models of midwifery care, which facilitate relationship building between mother and infant and mother and midwife.
Ectomycorrhizal Associations of the Dipterocarpaceae
Authors: Brearley Francis Q. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDipterocarps are one of the most important tree families in the lowland forests of Southeast Asia and are somewhat unusual among tropical trees in that they form ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiotic root‐inhabiting fungal associations. It has been hypothesized that dipterocarps have been partnered in this mutualistic association prior to the separation of Gondwana. Under many conditions EcMs form rapidly on dipterocarp seedlings through inocula present in the soil, although few studies have been conducted to provide evidence that they improve seedling establishment and performance. There are hundreds of EcM species associated with dipterocarps. Fungal fruit body surveys suggest that the most important families are Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, and Russulaceae, although Thelephoraceae also become numerically important when root tips are examined. EcM communities are affected by various biotic and abiotic factors, as well as anthropogenic perturbations, and the importance of these in structuring EcM communities is examined herein.
Feasibility of mindfulness‐based therapy in patients recovering from a first psychotic episode: a pilot study
Authors: van der Valk Renate , van de Waerdt Susanna , Meijer Carin J. , van den Hout Ingrid , de Haan Lieuwe 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim: Recently, a mindfulness therapy for people with psychotic disorders was developed. However, clinicians and researchers are cautious given case reports in which extensive meditation provoked psychotic symptoms in people with a psychotic disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility, adverse effects and possible favourable effects of mindfulness‐based therapy (MBT) in people recently recovering from a first episode of psychosis.Method: A nonrandomized, non‐controlled prospective follow‐up study. Patients were offered an MBT that consisted of eight 1‐hour sessions within a 4‐week time span. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Symptoms Checklist 90 and the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire were assessed before and after the therapy.Results: Of the 16 persons who started MBT, 13 completed (81.5%) the therapy. No significant increase in psychotic symptoms was found. Between two meetings, one participant initially misunderstood the mindfulness instructions, which led to an increase in distress. No increased awareness of intrusive thoughts or visual or auditory hallucinations was reported by participants. We found a decrease in agoraphobic symptoms (p < 0.028) and in psychoneuroticism (P < 0.025).Conclusion: The MBT had no significant adverse effect on psychotic symptoms in patients in this small pilot study, neither did it raise the level of mindfulness in the participants. A decrease in psychological symptoms was found, although one patient experienced an increase in symptoms of distress. Our study demonstrates that therapists should be cautious that therapy and practice instructions are understood properly. Future studies are feasible and needed, in larger samples with an RCT design, in order to draw conclusions regarding the effects of the MBT.
Exposure Times to the Spring Atrazine Flush Along a Stream‐Reservoir System1
Authors: Stoeckel James A. , Morris Jade , Ames Elizabeth , Glover David C. , Vanni Michael J. , Renwick William , González María J. 
Published: March 2012

Stoeckel, James A., Jade Morris, Elizabeth Ames, David C. Glover, Michael J. Vanni, William Renwick, and María J. González, 2012. Exposure Times to the Spring Atrazine Flush Along a Stream‐Reservoir System. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 616‐634. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00633.xAbstract:  We used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay to examine reservoir‐mediated shifts in spring to fall exposure of aquatic organisms to the spring atrazine pulse over four years in a Midwestern stream‐reservoir system. Peak atrazine concentrations in the major inflowing stream exceeded 10 μg/l in all four years. The reservoir had a beneficial effect in two of four years by diluting atrazine below the 10 μg/l threshold. However, during the other two years, exposure times above 10 μg/l were approximately doubled in the reservoir compared to the major inflowing stream. Thresholds of 3 and 5 μg/l were exceeded during all four years in the reservoir. The uplake and downlake reservoir sites were four to five times more likely to exceed these thresholds and aquatic organisms were subjected to longer exposure times above these thresholds compared to the inflowing stream. Release of elevated atrazine concentrations from the reservoir extended exposure times in the outflowing stream. This effect was most pronounced just below the dam. Aquatic organisms upstream of the reservoir were most likely to experience acute exposures whereas organisms within and immediately downstream of the reservoir were more likely to experience chronic exposures. The ubiquity of reservoirs and the annual spring herbicide flush highlight the importance of considering the presence and relative location of reservoirs when assessing risk to aquatic communities as well as locations of drinking water intakes.
A 3‐year follow‐up study on the risk of stroke among patients with conjunctival haemorrhage
Authors: Wang Tsung‐Jen , Keller Joseph J. , Sheu Jau‐Jiuan , Lin Herng‐Ching 
Published: March 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To the best of our knowledge, no large population‐based studies on the relationship between conjunctival haemorrhage and stroke have been conducted to date. Using a nationwide population‐based data set, this study investigated the relationship between conjunctival haemorrhage and the subsequent risk of stroke within a 3‐year period following diagnosis.Methods:  We analysed data sourced from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. The study cohort consisted of 17 349 patients with conjunctival haemorrhage and 86 745 comparison subjects. Each patient was individually tracked for a 3‐year period from their index date to identify all those who had subsequently received a diagnosis of stroke.Results:  The incidence rate of stroke was 2.44 (95% CI = 2.31–2.55) per 100 person‐years in patients with conjunctival haemorrhage and 1.63 (95% CI = 1.59–1.68) per 100 person‐years in comparison patients. After adjusting for patients’ monthly income and geographic location, as well as for hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and coronary heart disease, stratified Cox proportional hazards regressions revealed a statistically significant hazard ratio for stroke in patients with conjunctival haemorrhage (HR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.24–1.42, p < 0.001).Conclusions:  In this study, patients with conjunctival haemorrhage were found to be at a significant risk of stroke during a 3‐year follow‐up period after diagnosis.
Intracameral mydriatics in phacoemulsification cataract surgery – a 6‐year follow‐up
Authors: Lundberg Björn , Behndig Anders 
Published: March 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the long‐term safety of intracameral mydriatics (ICM) in phacoemulsification cataract surgery compared with conventional topical mydriatics (TM).Methods:  A total of 45 patients were examined 6 years after phacoemulsification cataract surgery. The patients had previously participated in a prospective randomized double‐blind study including 60 patients, operated with either ICM or TM. The follow‐up included best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), grade of posterior capsule opacification (PCO), YAG laser capsulotomy rate, pupil size, corneal thickness and endothelial morphology.Results:  No differences in postoperative BCVA, IOP, pupil size, PCO or YAG rate were observed between the groups. Endothelial cell loss, endothelial morphology and corneal thickness were also equivalent.Conclusions:  Intracameral mydriatics is a safe alternative to topical mydriatics in phacoemulsification cataract surgery with no long‐term disadvantages at 6‐year follow‐up.