bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fate of dyes in aquatic systems II. solubility and octanol/water partition coefficients of disperse dyes
Authors: Yen Chi-Ping C. , Perenich Theresa A. , Baughman George L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Water solubilities have been measured for 10 disperse dyes that are mostly of recent vintage. The solubilities and octanol/water partition coefficients are used to predict expected concentration factors for sediment and biota. The results show that these newer disperse dyes are likely to have greater potential toward sediment sorption and bioconcentration than older dyes. The data also confirm a previous conclusion that methods for estimating the octanol/water partition coefficient of these dyes give results that are significantly different from measured values. Possible explanations for the difference are discussed.
Photocatalytic degradation of DDT mediated in aqueous semiconductor slurries by simulated sunlight
Authors: Borello Roberta , Minero Claudio , Pramauro Edmondo , Pelizzetti Ezio , Serpone Nick , Hidaka Hisao 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The degradation of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) by simulated sunlight ( &gt; 340 nm) has been investigated in the presence of aqueous suspensions of semiconductor particulates (TiO2, ZnO, CdS, WO3, α-Fe2O3 and TiO2/5 wt.% Pt). Titanium dioxide appears to be the most effective catalyst; the half-life for the processes is −40 min (at initial DDT concentration 1 mg L−1 and 2 g L−1 TiO2, photon flux 3 × 10−5 einstein/min, over a cell cross-section of 4 cm2).
The near quantitative recovery of chloride ions after long irradiation periods suggests that the end products of the degradative process are CO2 and HCl. To the extent that neither DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene) nor DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) were observed by gas chromatographic techniques, the reaction proceeds through hydroxyl radical attack on the aromatic moieties with subsequent ring opening.
Bioavailability of sediment-sorbed and aqueous surfactants toChironomus riparius(midge)
Authors: Pittinger Charles A. , Woltering Daniel M. , Masters Julie A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe bioavailability of sediment-sorbed and soluble fractions of three surfactants were compared in egg hatchability and partial life cycle chronic bioassays with the midge Chironomus riparius. The chemicals tested were linear alkyl (dodecyl) benzene sulfonate (LAS), dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC) and distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC). Midge eggs exposed to ranges of surfactant concentrations in water were monitored for hatching success and posthatch survival. No significant reductions in egg hatching were observed at the highest concentrations tested: 18.9 mg/L LAS, 21.5 mg/L DSDMAC and 15.4 mg/L TMAC. Newly hatched larvae were more sensitive than eggs; respective 72-h LC50 concentrations (48-h for TMAC) were 2.2, 11.3 and 14.6 mg/L. In partial life cycle chronic bioassays in sediment/water test systems, percentages of winged adults emerging after continuous exposure of larvae and pupae to doses of each surfactant were determined. Exposure concentrations in sediment, interstitial water and overlying water were monitored by 14C liquid scintillation counting. Lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) of sediment-spiked surfactants were 319 to 993 μg/g (dry weight) LAS, 876 to 2,708 μg/g DSDMAC and &gt;3,084 μg/g TMAC (highest concentration tested). Corresponding no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) were 319 μg/g LAS, 876 μg/g DSDMAC and 3,084 μg/g TMAC. The NOECs are approximately 100, 1,000 and 10,000 times greater than respective NOECs of the solubilized materials, and exceed levels of these materials measured in the environment. The results indicated that adsorption onto sediment significantly mitigates surfactant bioavailability to Chironomus.
Measuring the acute toxicity of estuarine sediments
Authors: Dewitt Theodore H. , Swartz Richard C. , Lamberson Janet O. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEstuarine sediments frequently are repositories and sources of anthropogenic contaminants. Toxicity is one method of assessing the environmental quality of sediments, yet because of the extreme range of salinities that characterize estuaries few infaunal organisms have both the physiological tolerance and sensitivity to chemical contaminants to serve in estuarine sediment toxicity tests. We describe research on the estuarine burrowing amphipod, Eohaustorius estuarius Bosworth, 1973, whose survival was ≥95% in control sediments across a 2 to 28% salinity range over 10-d periods. E. estuarius also was acutely sensitive to low sediment concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, fluoranthene (LC50 ≈︁ 10.6 mg/kg), and its sensitivity to fluoranthene was not affected by salinity. E. estuarius was almost as sensitive as Rhepoxynius abronius to fluoranthene and to field-collected sediments from Puget Sound urban and industrial bays. E. estuarius was also more tolerant of very fine, uncontaminated sediments than R. abronius. Furthermore, E. estuarius was more sensitive to sediments spiked with fluoranthene than the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca. E. estuarius, and possibly other estuarine haustoriid species, appears to be an excellent candidate for testing the acute toxicity of estuarine and marine sediments.
Use of mixed-function oxygenases to monitor contaminant exposure in wildlife
Authors: Rattner Barnett A. , Hoffman David J. , Marn Carolyn M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This overview examines the utility of mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) enzymes as a bio-effects monitor for wildlife (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) in view of their widespread use as indicators of contaminant exposure in aquatic invertebrates and fish. Phylogenetic trends in MFO activity, toxicological implications of induction and the relationship between contaminant exposure and MFO activity are discussed. Field studies using avian embryos and hatchlings suggest that MFO induction has utility for documenting contaminant exposure; however, findings in adult birds and mammals are equivocal. Age, sex and season are sources of variation that require consideration when undertaking field trials. Further understanding of MFO inducibility among species and application of recently developed analytical techniques including quantification of specific cytochrome P-450 isozymes are warranted.
Flavin-sensitized photodecomposition of anilines and phenols
Authors: Larson Richard A. , Ellis David D. , Ju Hui-Lin , Marley Karen A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Riboflavin, a known photosensitizer, when initially added at 5 m̈m to solutions of added phenols or anilines (structurally related to common environmental contaminants) greatly accelerated the rate of their loss in the presence of light. The sensitized photolysis rates increased in the absence of oxygen, suggesting a mechanism involving direct energy or electron transfer between flavin excited states and acceptor molecules. A preliminary kinetic model was developed to calculate loss rates. Riboflavin itself was rapidly converted in aqueous solution by Pyrex-filtered mercury arc light to products that had variable efficiencies as sensitizers.
A method for determining gut uptake efficiencies of hydrophobic pollutants in a deposit-feeding clam
Authors: Lee Ii Henry , Boese Bruce L. , Randall Robert C. , Pelletier Judy 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDeposit-feeding invertebrates select particles for ingestion that are richer in organic carbon, and thus higher in pollutant concentration, than the mean values of bedded sediment. To estimate the ingested pollutant dose, a method was developed that uses the enrichment of the total organic carbon concentration (TOC) of the feces compared to the TOC of the bedded sediment as a measure of pollutant enrichment in the ingested particles. The deposit-feeding clam Macoma nasuta (Conrad) was exposed for 7 d in clamboxes to either bulk or fine sediment fractions that varied in TOC. Feces were collected and the TOC of sediment and feces estimated. The TOC of the feces was corrected for the carbon lost during digestion. The selectivity index (SI), the ratio between the corrected TOC of the feces and TOC of the bedded sediment, was determined to be 4.36 and 1.72 for the bulk and fine sediment fractions, respectively. The SI was then applied to data from a companion study in which M. nasuta was exposed to hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dosed sediment. The efficiency of gut uptake of HCB sorbed on ingested sediment ranged from 38 to 56%, with the lower value the more reliable. The effects of selection by deposit feeders for organically rich, high pollutant particles needs to be considered in experiments measuring the bioavailability of sediment-sorbed pollutants or in experiments attempting to determine the routes of pollutant uptake.
Risks of toxic contaminants to exploited fish populations: Influence of life history, data uncertainty and exploitation intensity
Authors: Barnthouse Lawrence W. , Suter Glenn W. , Rosen Aaron E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We investigated three aspects of the use of toxicity test data for population-level risk assessment: (a) the influence of life history characteristics on vulnerability to contaminant-induced stress, (b) the importance of test data availability and (c) the influence of exploitation intensity. We quantified population-level effects of chronic contaminant exposure by coupling standard toxicity test data to matrix-type population models derived from long-term field studies of the Gulf of Mexico menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) and Chesapeake Bay striped bass (Morone saxatilis) populations. We used statistical regressions to quantify the uncertainty inherent in using test data ranging from life cycle tests to quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) to estimate effects of contaminants on the survival and reproduction parameters of the population models.
We found that because of differences in life history, menhaden and striped bass differ in terms of their capacity to sustain the same level of contaminant-induced mortality. Changes in exploitation intensity affect the responses of both populations to the same level of additional contaminant-induced mortality. However, the quantitative effects of both factors are negligible compared to the uncertainty introduced by estimating long-term effects from short-term tests or QSARs. Our results suggest that consideration of life history may be important primarily for site-specific assessments. For screening-level assessments, the substantial differences in uncertainty associated with different types of test data are of much greater concern.
Toxicity of organic selenium in the diet to chinook salmon
Authors: Hamilton Steven J. , Buhl Kevin J. , Faerber Neil L. , Bullard Fern A. , Wiedmeyer Raymond H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The toxicity of two organoselenium diets was evaluated in 90- to 120-d partial life cycle tests with two life stages of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum). One of the diets contained fish meal made from high-selenium mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard) collected from the selenium-laden San Luis Drain, California (here termed SLD diet) and the other contained meal made from low-selenium mosquitofish (collected from a reference site) fortified with selenomethionine. A 90-d study was conducted with swim-up larvae in a water-simulating dilution of San Luis Drain water in a standardized fresh water; and a 120-d study was conducted with fingerlings 70-mm long in a water of similar quality but prepared with a standardized brackish water. After 90 d of exposure in the freshwater study, survival was reduced in fish fed ≥9.6 μg Se/g of either diet, and growth was reduced in fish fed ≥5.3 μg Se/g of SLD diet or ≥18.2 μg Se/g of selenomethionine diet. Reduced fish growth, whole-body concentrations of selenium and survival were strongly correlated to concentrations of selenium in both diets. After 120 d of exposure in the brackish-water study, survival was unaffected but growth was reduced in fish fed ≥18.2 μg Se/g of SLD diet or 35.4 μg Se/g of selenomethionine diet. After 120 d of dietary exposure, survival during a 10-d seawater challenge test was reduced in fish fed 35.4 μg Se/g of either diet. In this second dietary study, concentration—response relations were observed in both dietary treatments between the dietary concentrations of selenium and all three characteristics — fish growth, whole-body concentrations of selenium and survival in seawater.
Mobility and persistence of alachlor, atrazine and metolachlor in plainfield sand, and atrazine and isazofos in honeywood silt loam, using field lysimeters
Authors: Bowman Bruce T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Mobility and persistence of commercial formulations of alachlor, metolachlor and isazofos were studied under two moisture regimes using 75 × 15 cm field lysimeters. Formulated atrazine was also applied to each lysimeter for reference purposes. Alachlor- and metolachlor-treated lysimeters were packed with Plainfield sand, while Honeywood silt loam was used to pack isazofos-treated lysimeters. Effluent was monitored for each chemical, and selected cores were sectioned (7 × 10 cm) and analyzed to determine mobility profiles and persistence at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 21. The 50% disappearance times (DT50) for alachlor, atrazine, isazofos and metolachlor were: &lt;1.5, 4, 1.5 and 3 to 4 weeks, respectively. Water application during week 1, following pesticide application, created ponding on Honeywood soil cores, transporting atrazine and isazofos to a maximum 50-cm depth. While isazofos moved no further after week 1, atrazine and desethylatrazine (Des-Atr.) exhibited considerable mobility throughout the study. Ponding on Honeywood silt loam cores produced greater atrazine and Des-Atr. movement than in Plainfield sand cores. Des-Atr. production increased with soil moisture content. Relative mobilities in Plainfield sand were: Des-Atr. ≥ atrazine &gt; metolachlor &gt; alachlor; in Honeywood silt loam: Des-Atr. &gt; atrazine &gt; isazofos.
Effect of fenitrothion on the foraging behavior of juvenile atlantic salmon
Authors: Morgan M.J. , Kiceniuk J. W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed for 7 d to sublethal concentrations of technical grade fenitrothion and an operational formulation containing 11% fenitrothion Foraging behavior of the salmon was then tested in a stream tank Concentrations of 0 02 and 0 16 μl/L of technical grade fenitrothion and the operational formulation containing 0 08 and 0 16 μl/L of fenitrothion caused a significant decrease in the efficiency of the salmon's attack sequence These concentrations, and a concentration of 0 005 μl/L technical grade fenitrothion and 0 004 μl/L fenitrothion in the operational spray, produced a significant decrease in the salmon's reaction distance to prey All concentrations except for 0 004 μl/L fenitrothion in the operational formulation caused a significant decrease in the number of ingestions of prey made by the fish These results suggest that foraging behavior in salmon is impaired by exposure to very low levels of fenitrothion
Comparisons between sediment bioassays and alterations of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages at a marine superfund site: Commencement bay, Washington
Authors: Becker D. Scott , Ginn Thomas C. , Bilyard Gordon R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Laboratory sediment bioassays and alterations of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were evaluated at 43 stations in Commencement Bay, Washington, and at 4 stations in Carr Inlet, Washington (a reference embayment). Three bioassays were evaluated: the amphipod mortality test using Rhepoxynius abronius, the oyster larvae abnormality test using Crassostrea gigas and the Microtox® test using Photobacterium phosphoreum. Alterations of benthic assemblages were determined using numerical classification analysis.
Bioassay responses and alterations of benthic assemblages were closely related to chemical contamination, suggesting that most biological effects resulted from chemical toxicity. Although all three bioassays were reasonably successful in predicting the presence or absence of moderately to severely altered benthic assemblages, considerable differences were found in the ability of the tests to identify only the altered assemblages. The Microtox bioassay successfully identified the highest percentage of altered benthic assemblages. By contrast, the oyster larvae abnormality bioassay falsely predicted the lowest percentage of altered assemblages. Tiered application of results of both the Microtox and oyster larvae tests improved the accuracy with which altered assemblages were identified.
Short Communication: Contribution of the 5-hydroxyl group to the mutagenicity of mucochloric acid
Authors: LaLonde Robert T. , Perakyla Hannu , Cook Gary P. , Dence Carlton W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The sodium borohydride reduction of 3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (mucochloric acid) resulted in the formation of 3,4-dichloro-2(5H)-furanone and 4-chloro-2(5H)-furanone formed in relative amounts of 98 and 2%, respectively. Mucochloric acid and 3,4-dichloro-2(5H)-furanone were assayed together against Salmonella typhimurium (TA100). Mucochloric acid was consistently more mutagenic than 3,4-dichloro-2(5H)-furanone by a factor ranging from 36 to 49 times as established from three determinations of relative mutagenicity. Thus, the hydroxyl group substituted at the 5 position is concluded to have a marked influence on the mutagenicity of a chlorinated 2(5H)-furanone.
Acute toxicity of a complex mixture of synthetic hexachloroethane (HC) smoke combustion products: I. Comparative toxicity to freshwater aquatic organisms
Authors: Fisher Daniel J. , Burton Dennis T. , Paulson Robert L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The acute toxicity of a synthetic hexachloroethane (HC) smoke combustion products mixture to nine freshwater aquatic organisms was determined. Synthetic HC smoke combustion products are a complex mixture containing Zn, Cd, As, Pb, Al, CCl4, C2Cl4, C2Cl6, C6Cl6 and HCl. Juvenile fish exposed to this mixture for 96 h included the fathead minnow, bluegill, channel catfish and rainbow trout. Invertebrates tested for 48 h included the neonate water flea, early young amphipod, midge larva and the mayfly larva. The effect of the mixture on the growth of the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum was also studied.
The dissolved components of the synthetic HC smoke combustion products mixture were found to be quite toxic to a number of freshwater species, especially the algae, rainbow trout and water flea. A test solution containing only 5.6% of a stock mixture of these components caused both an algistatic and algicidal effect on the alga. The rainbow trout and the water flea had 96- and 48-h LC50s of 2.2 and 9.3% of the stock solution, respectively.
Aqueous inputs of mercury to precambrian shield lakes in ontario
Authors: Mierle Greg 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The concentration of mercury in precipitation and in streams of a central Ontario lake were measured over a one year period. The concentrations in streams were generally very low (&lt;5 ng/L), but during warm periods with low discharge, concentrations often exceeded 20 ng/L in a headwater stream draining a wetland. The concentration in precipitation varied from about 2 to nearly 30 ng/L and exhibited no seasonal pattern. By combining the concentration data with discharge and precipitation depth the inputs of mercury from runoff and direct deposition were estimated. Direct wet deposition accounted for over half of the supply of mercury to the lake. The watersheds retained most of the mercury deposited on them. The presence of wetlands appeared to decrease retention efficiency.
Copper toxicity to Paratya australiensis: I. Influence of nitrilotriacetic acid and glycine
Authors: Daly Helen R. , Campbell Ian C. , Hart Barry T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The relationship between copper speciation and acute toxicity to the Australian freshwater shrimp, Paratya australiensis was determined using a combination of copper ion selective electrode measurements, complexing resins and computer calculations to measure the speciation in test solutions. A number of problems were encountered with the use of the copper ion selective electrode in waters containing added complexing agents.
In solutions containing nitrilotriacetic acid or glycine, uncomplexed copper(II) ions were found to be the most acutely toxic form of copper to the shrimp. However, at least one other species, the singly charged complex (Cu-Glycine)+, also appears to be mildly toxic. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of considering metal speciation when assessing the impact of heavy metals on aquatic organisms.
Acute toxicities of five synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia
Authors: Mokry Loretta E. , Hoagland Kyle D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The acute toxicities of four recently developed pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, lambda cyhalothrin and tralomethrin) were experimentally compared to the acute toxicity of a first generation pyrethroid (permethrin), in static-flow, 48-h bioassays with Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia. The four new generation pyrethroids exhibited greater toxicity, with LC50s ranging from 0.15 to 1.04 μg/L for D. magna and 0.07 to 0.30 μg/L for C. dubia, in comparison to permethrin with LC50s of 1.25 μg/L for D. magna and 0.55 μg/L for C. dubia. Tralomethrin and cyfluthrin were most toxic to D. magna, with LC50s of 0.15 and 0.17 μg/L, respectively. C. dubia exhibited the greatest sensitivity to the pyrethroids, with an LC50 of 0.07 μg/L for bifenthrin. C. dubia was equally or more sensitive than D. magna to all of the insecticides.
Dicofol (kelthane®)-induced eggshell thinning in captive american kestrels
Authors: Clark Donald R. , Spann James W. , Bunck Christine M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Reproductive parameters of American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were measured through two breeding seasons. Exposure to Kelthane® (containing no DDT-related compounds) at dietary concentrations of 0 (control), 1,3, 10 and 30 μg/g (wet weight) began in late November before, and continued through, the second season. Kelthane thinned eggshells and lowered the thickness index at dietary concentrations ≥3 μg/g and it reduced shell weight at ≥10μg/g when comparisons were to concurrent controls. Kelthane reduced the thickness index at ≥3 μg/g and it reduced shell thickness and weight at ≥10 μg/g when comparisons were to the same birds during the previous season. All changes were dose-related. It was not previously known that as little as 3 μg/g dicofol could cause these effects. Kestrels resembled previously studied eastern screech-owls (Otus asio) in that 10 μg/g reduced hatchability of eggs. Both these raptors showed eggshell changes without serious effects on production of young. Available data show dicofol only equal to or less effective than DDE as a shell-thinning agent. Also, DDE may have more impact than dicofol on such critical aspects of reproduction as egg hatchability and survivability of hatchlings. Field studies of dicofol residues in food chains and of residue concentrations in eggs vs. nesting success from areas of heavy dicofol use are needed to judge this chemical's ecological impact.