bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encapsulation of hemoglobin inside liposomes surface conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) attenuates their reactions with gaseous ligands and regulates nitric oxide dependent vasodilation
Authors: Rameez Shahid , Guzman Nicole , Banerjee Uddyalok , Fontes Jorge , Paulaitis Michael E. , Palmer Andre F. , Patel Rakesh P. , Honavar Jaideep 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAcellular hemoglobin (Hb)‐based O2 carriers (HBOCs) are being investigated as red blood cell (RBC) substitutes for use in transfusion medicine. However, commercial acellular HBOCs elicit both vasoconstriction and systemic hypertension which hampers their clinical use. In this study, it is hypothesized that encapsulation of Hb inside the aqueous core of liposomes should regulate the rates of NO dioxygenation and O2 release, which should in turn regulate its vasoactivity. To test this hypothesis, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugated liposome‐encapsulated Hb (PEG‐LEHs) dispersions were prepared using human and bovine Hb. In this study, the rate constants for O2 dissociation, CO association, and NO dioxygenation were measured for free Hb and PEG‐LEH dispersions using stopped‐flow UV–visible spectroscopy, while vasoactivity was assessed in rat aortic ring strips using both endogenous and exogenous sources of NO. It was observed that PEG‐LEH dispersions had lower O2 release and NO dioxygenation rate constants compared with acellular Hbs. However, no difference was observed in the CO association rate constants between free Hb and PEG‐LEH dispersions. Furthermore, it was observed that Hb encapsulation inside vesicles prevented Hb dependent inhibition of NO‐mediated vasodilation. In addition, the magnitude of the vasoconstrictive effects of Hb and PEG‐LEH dispersions correlated with their respective rates of NO dioxygenation and O2 release. Overall, this study emphasizes the pivotal role Hb encapsulation plays in regulating gaseous ligand binding/release kinetics and the vasoactivity of Hb. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
High‐throughput methods for miniaturization and automation of monoclonal antibody purification processes
Authors: Treier Katrin , Hansen Sigrid , Richter Carolin , Diederich Patrick , Hubbuch Jürgen , Lester Philip 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn the last decade, high‐throughput downstream process development techniques have entered the biopharmaceutical industry. As chromatography is the standard downstream purification method, several high‐throughput chromatographic methods have been developed and applied including miniaturized chromatographic columns for utilization on liquid handling stations. These columns were used to setup a complete downstream process on a liquid handling station for the first time. In this article, a monoclonal antibody process was established in lab‐scale and miniaturized afterwards. The scale‐down methodology is presented and discussed. Liquid handling in miniaturized single and multicolumn processes was improved and applicability was demonstrated by volume balances. The challenges of absorption measurement are discussed and strategies were shown to improve volume balances and mass balances in 96‐well microtiter plates. The feasibility of miniaturizing a complete downstream process was shown. In the future, analytical bottlenecks should be addressed to gain the full benefit from miniaturized complete process development. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Acid‐Catalyzed Decomposition of the Benzyl Nitrite Intermediate in HNO3‐Mediated Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol
Authors: Aellig Christof , Neuenschwander Ulrich , Hermans Ive 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBenzyl nitrite (PhCH2ONO) was previously identified as the pivotal intermediate in the HNO3‐mediated oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Its acid‐catalyzed decomposition yields benzaldehyde and HNO, the precursor of undesirable N2O. Most likely, an analogous mechanism is responsible for the formation of N2O during the oxidation of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone to adipic acid, the largest industrial source of this important greenhouse gas. In this paper, the decomposition of benzyl nitrite is studied in more detail, allowing the kinetic isotope effect and the influence of substituents to be determined. A linear Evans–Polanyi correlation between the measured Arrhenius activation energies and the computed reaction energies was established. Furthermore, the differences in the reactivities of the substituted benzyl nitrites are reflected in the oxidation of the corresponding alcohols, and also affect the rate‐determining step in the overall mechanism. The results of this study corroborate the importance of the nitrite intermediate in HNO3‐based oxidation technology.
Highly Efficient Extraction and Oxidative Desulfurization System Using Na7H2LaW10O36⋅32 H2O in [bmim]BF4 at Room Temperature
Authors: Xu Junhua , Zhao Shen , Chen Wei , Wang Miao , Song Yu‐Fei 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHighly efficient, deep desulfurization of model oil containing dibenzothiophene (DBT), benzothiophene (BT), or 4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6‐DMDBT) has been achieved under mild conditions by using an extraction and catalytic oxidative desulfurization system (ECODS) in which a lanthanide‐containing polyoxometalate Na7H2LnW10O36⋅32 H2O (LnW10; Ln=Eu, La) acts as catalyst, [bmim]BF4 (bmim=1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) as extractant, and H2O2 as oxidant. Sulfur removal follows the order DBT>4,6‐DMDBT>BT at 30 °C. DBT can be completely oxidized to the corresponding sulfone in 25 min under mild conditions, and the LaW10/[bmim]BF4 system could be recycled for ten times with only slight decrease in activity. Thus, LaW10 in [bmim]BF4 is one of the most efficient systems for desulfurization using ionic liquids as extractant reported so far.
Solvation of Na+, K+, and Their Dimers in Helium
Authors: An der Lan Lukas , Bartl Peter , Leidlmair Christian , Jochum Roland , Denifl Stephan , Echt Olof , Scheier Paul 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHelium atoms bind strongly to alkali cations which, when embedded in liquid helium, form so‐called snowballs. Calculations suggest that helium atoms in the first solvation layer of these snowballs form rigid structures and that their number (n) is well defined, especially for the lighter alkalis. However, experiments have so far failed to accurately determine values of n. We present high‐resolution mass spectra of Na+Hen, K+Hen, Na2+Hen and K2+Hen, formed by electron ionization of doped helium droplets; the data allow for a critical comparison with several theoretical studies. For sodium and potassium monomers the spectra indicate that the value of n is slightly smaller than calculated. Na2+Hen displays two distinct anomalies at n=2 and n=6, in agreement with theory; dissociation energies derived from experiment closely track theoretical values. K2+Hen distributions are fairly featureless, which also agrees with predictions.
π‐Electron‐System‐Layered Polymer: Through‐Space Conjugation and Properties as a Single Molecular Wire
Authors: Morisaki Yasuhiro , Ueno Shizue , Saeki Akinori , Asano Atsushi , Seki Shu , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: February 2012

Abstract[2.2]Paracyclophane‐based through‐space conjugated oligomers and polymers were prepared, in which poly(p‐arylene–ethynylene) (PAE) units were partially π‐stacked and layered, and their properties in the ground state and excited state were investigated in detail. Electronic interactions among PAE units were effective through at least ten units in the ground state. Photoexcited energy transfer occurred from the stacked PAE units to the end‐capping PAE moieties. The electrical conductivity of the polymers was estimated using the flash‐photolysis time‐resolved microwave conductivity (FP‐TRMC) method and investigated together with time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations, showing that intramolecular charge carrier mobility through the stacked PAE units was a few tens of percentage larger than through the twisted PAE units.
Velocity Distribution and Variations in Gas Pressure in Crosswise Flow through Tanks
Authors: Surek Dominik 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn der verfahrenstechnischen Industrie werden vielfach Behälter mit großem Volumen von 250 – 1000 m3 benötigt, die von großen Gasvolumenströmen bis zu 150 000 m3h–1 bei Geschwindigkeiten von 0,347 – 1,0 m s–1 durchströmt werden. Die Gaszu‐ und ‐abströmung muss dabei über je ein bis zwei Ein‐ und Austrittsstutzen mit Durchmessern von 1,20 – 2,0 m erfolgen. Im Behälter soll mit Rücksicht auf eine chemische oder katalytische Reaktion eine konstante Strömungsgeschwindigkeit herrschen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie eine Gasverteilerplatte für einen quer angeströmten Behälter oder Katalysator mit einer differentiellen Querschnittsverteilung für die Durchströmfläche entworfen und berechnet werden kann, die eine nahezu konstante Strömungsgeschwindigkeit im Behälter gewährleistet, ohne den Durchströmwiderstand zu erhöhen.
Orthotropic active strain models for the numerical simulation of cardiac biomechanics
Authors: Rossi Simone , Ruiz‐Baier Ricardo , Pavarino Luca F. , Quarteroni Alfio 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYA model for the active deformation of cardiac tissue considering orthotropic constitutive laws is introduced and studied. In particular, the passive mechanical properties of the myocardium are described by the Holzapfel‐Ogden relation, whereas the activation model is based on the concept of active strain. There, an incompatible intermediate configuration is considered, which entails a multiplicative decomposition between active and passive deformation gradients. The underlying Euler–Lagrange equations for minimizing the total energy are written in terms of these deformation factors, where the active part is assumed to depend, at the cell level, on the electrodynamics and on the specific orientation of the cardiomyocytes. The active strain formulation is compared with the classical active stress model from both numerical and modeling perspectives. The well‐posedness of the linear system derived from a generic Newton iteration of the original problem is analyzed, and different mechanical activation functions are considered. Taylor–Hood and MINI finite elements are used in the discretization of the overall mechanical problem. The results of several numerical experiments show that the proposed formulation is mathematically consistent and is able to represent the main features of the phenomenon, while allowing savings in computational costs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
STED Microscopy and its Applications: New Insights into Cellular Processes on the Nanoscale
Authors: Müller Tobias , Schumann Christian , Kraegeloh Annette 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFor about a decade, superresolution fluorescence microscopy has been advancing steadily, maturing from the proof‐of‐principle stage to routine application. Of the various techniques, STED (stimulated emission depletion) microscopy was the first to break the diffraction barrier. Today, it is a prominent and versatile form of superresolution light microscopy. STED microscopy has shed a sharper light on numerous topics in cell biology, but also in material sciences. Both disciplines extend into the nanometer range, making detailed studies of structural and functional relationships difficult or even impossible to achieve using diffraction‐limited microscopy. With recent advancements like spectral multiplexing or live‐cell imaging, STED microscopy makes nanoscale materials and components of the cell accessible for fluorescence‐based investigations. With multicolor superresolution imaging, even the interactions between biological and engineered nanostructures can be studied in detail. This review gives an introduction into the working principle of STED microscopy, provides a detailed overview of recent advancements and new techniques implemented for use with STED microscopy and shows how these have been applied in the life sciences and nanotechnologies.
Social Relationships and Social Roles
Authors: Champion Lorna 
Published: February 2012

This review draws attention to the broad and diverse theoretical underpinnings of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). A plea is made for greater attention to the theoretical influences on IPT in forming our understanding of the techniques and processes and to establish indicators of successful outcome as well as for whom the treatment is most suitable. The paper takes a lifespan perspective that considers the implications of social factors for the different age groups to which IPT has been shown to be effective in the treatment of depression. The main thrust of the paper considers the potential importance of social theory, particularly the research on life events and social support. It is argued that it is these social aspects and particularly a focus on the use of the patient's wider social network that distinguishes IPT from other evidence‐based short‐term therapies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Interpersonal psychotherapy draws on a broad and diverse range of theoretical influences.
The study of the theory underpinning IPT can inform assessment, technique and process in the practice of IPT.
Knowledge of aspects of the research on life events and social support is particularly relevant not only for the assessment phase but also for the middle and termination phases.
Attention to the theory behind IPT can usefully inform future research on IPT particularly what may determine successful or unsuccessful outcome of this short‐term treatment.
The influence of crystallization conditions on the onset of dendritic growth of calcium carbonate
Authors: Beck R. , Andreassen J.‐P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractUnderstanding the crystallization of calcium carbonate is relevant in numerous fields like biomineralization, geology and industrial applications where calcium carbonate forms. In order to enhance the knowledge about the formation of calcium carbonate with focus on the vaterite polymorph, in this work calcium carbonate has been crystallized in aqueous solutions at temperatures from 5 °C to 90 °C. Special attention has been directed to higher temperatures for which the effect of the initial supersaturation on the resulting crystal morphologies and the onset of dendritic growth have been studied. In analogy to snow crystal formation, it has been found that in a certain temperature range hexagonal plate‐like crystals form at low supersaturation whereas dendritic patterns start to appear at higher supersaturation. The symmetrical branches characteristic for dendritic growth get less pronounced as the temperature is decreased. The results reported here related to the interdependence between supersaturation, crystal morphology and growth mechanisms, can be used in future works to predict particle formation and to design crystal architectures. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of optical parameters of Ga0.75In0.25Se layered crystals
Authors: Isik M. , Gasanly N. M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe optical properties of the Ga0.75In0.25Se crystals have been investigated by means of transmission and reflection measurements in the wavelength range of 380–1100 nm. The analysis of the results performed at room temperature revealed the presence of optical indirect transtions with band gap energy of 1.89 eV. The variation of the band gap energy as a function of temperature was also studied in the temperature range of 10–300 K. The rate of change of band gap energy (γ = –6.2 × 10–4 eV/K) and absolute zero value of the band gap (Egi(0) = 2.01 eV) were reported. The wavelength dependence of the refractive index was analyzed using Wemple and DiDomenico, Sellmeier and Cauchy models to find the oscillator energy, dispersion energy, oscillator strength and zero‐frequency refractive index values. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Behavior of Dust Particles Near Langmuir Probe
Authors: Ramazanov T. S. , Bastykova N. Kh. , Ussenov Y. A. , Kodanova S. K. , Dzhumagulova K. N. , Dosbolayev M. K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn the present work the dynamics of dust particles near electric probe in gas discharge at different pressures was studied. Trajectories of dust particles near electric probe with taking into account of the ion drag force and neutral friction force were calculated numerically. The comparisons between experimental and calculated results showed the good agreement (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generalized Linear Mixing Rule for Classical Coulomb Mixtures
Authors: Chugunov A. I. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIt is shown that the Coulomb energy U of fully ionized ionic mixture can be written as a sum over partial contributions of ion species j: U = T Σj Nju (Γj, yj) (generalized linear mixing rule). In contrast to the traditional linear mixing rule ULM = T Σj NjuOCP(Γj), applicable for strong coupling, the partial contribution function u depends not only on Γj, but on an additional parameter yj = (rD/rDOCP)2 also. Here rD and rDOCP are Debye radiuses in the mixture and in the one component plasma at coupling parameter Γj, correspondingly. The parameter yj does not depend on a specific composition of the mixture, but on the Debye radius rD only, making function u (Γj, yj) universal. The generalized linear mixing rule can be applied at any coupling parameter, if ionic mixture is not crystallized. It reproduces results of the Debye‐Hückel theory at weak coupling and traditional linear mixing rule at strong coupling. It can be easily applied to the complicated mixtures, composed of a large number of ion species. Since yj is temperature independent, the Coulomb contribution to Helmholtz free energy of the mixture can also be presented in a form of generalized linear mixing rule (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Collective Excitations of Finite‐Temperature Nano Plasmas
Authors: Raitza T. , Broda I. , Reinholz H. , Röpke G. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractElectron density fluctuations as well as current density correlations are considered for excited nano plasmas. Calculations are performed by classical MD simulations at high temperatures for expanding nearly spherical clusters of laser irradiated sodium atoms. The resonance structures observed in the frequency spectrum of the bi‐local correlation functions are analyzed. Mie modes and volume plasmon type excitations are observed as well as breathing modes. We investigate the relation between the bi‐local correlation functions of the electron density fluctuations and current density via the equation of continuity.The collective excitations are of significance for the dielectric function and further properties such as the photo absorption coefficients. Results are presented for an exemplarily taken set of parameter values of the nano plasma (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum Monte Carlo Simulations of Strongly Coupled Quark‐Gluon Plasma
Authors: Filinov V. S. , Bonitz M. , Ivanov Y.B. , Levashov P.R. , Fortov V.E. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA strongly coupled quark‐gluon plasma (QGP) of constituent quasiparticles is studied by a path‐integral Monte‐Carlo method. This approach is a quantum generalization of the model developed by Gelman, Shuryak and Zahed. It is shown that this method is able to reproduce the QCD lattice equation of state, internal energy, entropy and trace anomaly (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Practical Equation of State for the Sun and Sun‐like Stars
Authors: Lin H‐H. , Däppen W. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFor models of the Sun and Sun‐like stars, a high‐quality equation of state is crucial. Conversely, helio‐ and asteroseismological observations put constraints on the physical formalisms. They effectively turn the Sun and stars into laboratories for dense plasmas. For models of the Sun and Sun‐like stars, the most accurate equation of state so far has been the one developed as part of OPAL opacity project of Livermore. However, the OPAL equation of state is limited in two important respects. First, it is only available in the form of pre‐computed tables that are provided from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Applications to stellar modeling require therefore interpolation, with unavoidable loss of accuracy. Second, the OPAL equation of state is proprietary and not freely available. Varying its underlying physical parameters is therefore no option for the community. We report on the most recent progress with the development of a high‐precision emulation of the OPAL equation of state that will lead to an in‐line tool for modelers (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low‐temperature Extensions of the Virial Equation of State for Solar Modeling
Authors: Liang Y.‐C. , Mussack K. , Däppen W. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractLow‐order density expansions cannot adequately describe recombination reactions. Therefore, the usefulness of an exact quantum virial expansion truncated at the order of ϱ5/2 is limited to the deeper interior of the Sun, where the plasma is nearly fully ionized. Here, intermediate steps towards full‐fledged solar modeling are presented. They are (i) a smooth numerical representation of the quantum virial expansion and (ii) the construction of a smooth transition to the low‐temperature regime (below 50,000 K), where the virial expansions breaks down due to H recombination. These technical steps are realized for a simplified H‐only plasma; the extension to He and heavier elements will be dealt with later. Ultimately, the outcome will be that solar observations can be used to test the accuracy of the virial equation of state and to compare it with current more phenomenological formalisms (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimal power control for wireless cooperative relay networks: a cooperative game theoretic approach
Authors: Zhang Guopeng , Li Ping , Zhou Dongdai , Yang Kun , Ding Enjie 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYWireless nodes operating on batteries are always assumed to be selfish to consume their energy solely to maximize their own benefits. Thus, the two network objectives, that is, system efficiency and user fairness should be considered simultaneously. To this end, we propose two game theoretic mechanisms, that is, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) game and the data‐rate game to stimulate cooperation among selfish user nodes for cooperative relaying. Considering one node could trade its transmission power for its partner's relaying directly, the strategy of a node is defined as the amount of power that it is willing to contribute for relaying purpose. In the SNR game, selfish nodes are willing to achieve SNR increases at their receivers, while in the data‐rate game the nodes are willing to achieve data‐rate gains. We prove that each of the games has a unique Nash bargaining solution. Simulation results show that the Nash bargaining solution lead to fair and efficient resource allocation for both the cooperative partner nodes in the Pareto optimal sense, that is, both the nodes could experience better performance than they work independently and the degree of cooperation of a node only depends on how much contribution its partner can make to improve its own performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.