bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Film Cooling
Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Near Deposit-Laden Film
Holes
Authors: Lewis Scott , Barker Brett , Bons Jeffrey P. , Ai Weiguo , Fletcher Thomas H. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine the impact of synfuel deposits on film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer. Scaled up models were made of synfuel deposits formed on film-cooled turbine blade coupons exposed to accelerated deposition. Three distinct deposition patterns were modeled: a large deposition pattern (maximum deposit peak≅2 hole diameters) located exclusively upstream of the holes, a large deposition pattern (maximum deposit peak≅1.25 hole diameters) extending downstream between the cooling holes, and a small deposition pattern (maximum deposit peak≅0.75 hole diameter) also extending downstream between the cooling holes. The models featured cylindrical holes inclined at 30 deg to the surface and aligned with the primary flow direction. The spacing of the holes were 3, 3.35, and 4.5 hole diameters, respectively. Flat models with the same film cooling hole geometry and spacing were used for comparison. The models were tested using blowing ratios of 0.5–2 with a turbulent approach boundary layer and 0.5% freestream turbulence. The density ratio was approximately 1.1 and the primary flow Reynolds number at the film cooling row location was 300,000. An infrared camera was used to obtain the film cooling effectiveness from steady state tests and surface convective heat transfer coefficients using transient tests. The model with upstream deposition caused the primary flow to lift off the surface over the roughness peaks and allowed the coolant to stay attached to the model. Increasing the blowing ratio from 0.5 to 2 only expanded the region that the coolant could reach and improved the cooling effectiveness. Though the heat transfer coefficient also increased at high blowing ratios, the net heat flux ratio was still less than unity, indicating film cooling benefit. For the two models with deposition between the cooling holes, the freestream air was forced into the valleys in line with the coolant holes and degraded area-averaged coolant performance at lower blowing ratios. It is concluded that the film cooling effectiveness is highest when deposition is limited to upstream of the cooling holes. When accounting for the insulating effect of the deposits between the film holes, even the panels with deposits downstream of the film holes can yield a net decrease in heat flux for some cases.
A Method for Evaluating the Aerodynamic Stability of Multistage
Axial-Flow Compressors
Authors: Nakano Tsuguji , Breeze-Stringfellow Andy 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
A new simple engineering parameter to evaluate the stability of multistage axial compressors has been derived. It is based on the stability analysis for a small circumferential disturbance imposed on the steady-state flow field. The analytical model assumes that the flow field is two dimensional and incompressible in the ducts between blade rows although the steady-state density is permitted to change across the blade rows. The resulting stall parameter contains terms that relate to the slope of the pressure rise characteristic of the blade rows and the inertia effects of the fluid in the blade rows and ducts. The parameter leads to the classical stability criteria based on the slope of the overall total to static pressure rise coefficient in the limit where constant density and constant blade rotational speed are assumed across the compressor. The proposed stall parameter has been calculated for three different multistage axial flow compressors, and the results indicate that the parameter has a strong correlation with the measured stability of the compressors. The good correlation with the test data demonstrates that the newly derived stall parameter captures much of the fundamental physics of instability inception in multistage compressors, and that it can be a good guideline for designers and engineers needing to evaluate the stability boundary of multistage machines.
Pharmacodynamic Modeling of
In Vitro
Activity of Marbofloxacin against
Escherichia coli
Strains
Authors: Andraud M. , Chauvin C. , Sanders P. , Laurentie M. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

A mathematical pharmacodynamic model was developed to describe the bactericidal activity of marbofloxacin against
Escherichia coli
strains with reduced susceptibility levels (determined using MICs) under optimal and intestinal growth conditions. Model parameters were estimated using nonlinear least-square curve-fitting procedures for each
E. coli
strain. Parameters related to bactericidal activity were subsequently analyzed using a maximum-effect (
E
max
) model adapted to account for a direct and a delayed effect. While net growth rates did not vary significantly with strain susceptibility, culture medium had a major effect. The bactericidal activity of marbofloxacin was closely associated with the concentration and the duration of exposure of the bacteria to the antimicrobial agent. The value of the concentration inducing a half-maximum effect (
C
50
) was highly correlated with MIC values (
R
2
= 0.87 and
R
2
= 0.94 under intestinal and optimal conditions, respectively). Our model reproduced the time-kill kinetics with good accuracy (
R
2
of >0.90) and helped explain observed regrowth.
MyD88 Deficiency Leads to Decreased NK Cell Gamma Interferon Production and T Cell Recruitment duringChlamydia muridarumGenital Tract Infection, but a Predominant Th1 Response and Enhanced Monocytic Inflammation Are Associated with Infection Resolution
Authors: Nagarajan Uma M. , Sikes James , Prantner Daniel , Andrews Charles W. , Frazer Lauren , Goodwin Anna , Snowden Jessica N. , Darville Toni 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTWe have previously shown that MyD88 knockout (KO) mice exhibit delayed clearance ofChlamydia muridarumgenital infection compared to wild-type (WT) mice. A blunted Th1 response and ineffective suppression of the Th2 response were also observed in MyD88 KO mice. The goal of the present study was to investigate specific mechanisms whereby absence of MyD88 leads to these effects and address the compensatory mechanisms in the genital tract that ultimately clear infection in the absence of MyD88. It was observed that NK cells recruited to the genital tract in MyD88 KO mice failed to produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) mRNA and protein. This defect was associated with decreased local production of interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) but normal levels of IL-12p70. Additionally, recruitment of CD4 T cells to the genital tract was reduced in MyD88 KO mice compared to that in WT mice. Although chronic infection in MyD88 KO mice resulted in oviduct pathology comparable to that of WT mice, increased histiocytic inflammation was observed in the uterine horns. This was associated with increased CCL2 levels and recruitment of macrophages as a potential compensatory mechanism. Further deletion of TLR4-TRIF signaling in MyD88 KO mice, using TLR4/MyD88 double-KO mice, did not further compromise host defense against chlamydiae, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms are Toll-like receptor (TLR) independent. Despite some polarization toward a Th2 response, a Th1 response remained predominant in the absence of MyD88, and it provided equivalent protection against a secondary infection as observed in WT mice.
Rodent dispersal of fungal spores promotes seedling establishment away from mycorrhizal networks on Quercus garryana
Authors: Frank J. L. , Anglin S. , Carrington E. M. , Taylor D. S. , Viratos B. , Southworth D. 
Published: November 2010

With global warming and the possible decline of conifers, more habitat may be available to oaks, particularly at higher elevations and more northerly latitudes. Whether oaks expand into new habitats will depend on their ability to disperse and establish at the margins of existing woodlands. Because oaks have a symbiotic relationship with ectomycorrhizal fungi, range expansion requires dispersal of both symbionts: the acorns and the mycorrhizal inoculum. Little is known of this dual dispersal. Here we assess the availability of ectomycorrhizal inoculum as a function of the distance from mature oaks. We examined soil cores for ectomycorrhizal roots and rodent fecal pellets for fungal spores along transects away from mature trees of Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook., and planted acorns as bioprobes. We identified spores by microscopy, and mycorrhizas by DNA sequences of the ITS region. Mycorrhizas were present in soil cores 5 m from parent trees, but not beyond. Spores of hypogeous fungi were found in rodent fecal pellets at distances up to 35 m from mature trees. Hypogeous fungi formed ectomycorrhizas with first-year seedlings within the root zone of mature trees and with second-year seedlings beyond the root zone. These data indicate that for seedlings near mature trees, the source of fungal inoculum was the mycorrhizal network of mature trees, and for seedlings beyond that, rodents dispersed the inoculum. We conclude that rodent dispersal of fungal spores promotes seedling establishment away from mycorrhizal networks in Q. garryana.
Hybridization and the reproductive pathways mediating gene flow between nativeMalus coronariaand domestic apple,M. domestica
Authors: Kron Paul , Husband Brian C. 
Published: November 2010

Gene flow from crops to wild populations is of increasing scientific and public interest, but the potential effects are not well understood when taxa differ in ploidy. We examined the potential for hybridization and gene flow between the introduced diploid domestic apple, Malus domestica Borkh., and the tetraploid crabapple, Malus coronaria (L.) Miller. Using ploidy and isozyme markers, we inferred the incidence of hybrids in natural populations (adults and open-pollinated seed) and in controlled crosses. Geographic range and flowering time overlapped sufficiently for cross-pollination between domestic apple and M. coronaria. Heterospecific crosses produced as many fruit and seeds as conspecific pollinations on M. coronaria mothers. Some seeds from heterospecific pollinations were hybrids, while others were apomictic in origin. In a natural population, all adult trees tested were tetraploid, but open-pollinated seeds varied in ploidy: 57% tetraploid (sexual or apomictic); 7.7% diploid (apomictic); 7.4% hexaploid or octaploid (sexual); and 27.5% triploid or pentaploid hybrids. Despite previous reports showing that the native and introduced gene pools remain distinct, the high proportion of hybrid seeds suggests there is significant potential for gene flow from domestic apples into native M. coronaria populations.
Neocampanella, a new corticioid fungal genus, and a note onDendrothele bispora
Authors: Nakasone Karen K. , Hibbett David S. , Goranova Greta 
Published: November 2010

The new genus Neocampanella (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) is established for Dentocorticium blastanos Boidin & Gilles, a crustose species, and the new combination, Neocampanella blastanos , is proposed. Morphological and molecular studies support the recognition of the new genus and its close ties to Campanella , a pleurotoid agaric. The recently described Brunneocorticium is a monotypic, corticioid genus closely related to Campanella also. Brunneocorticium pyriforme S.H. Wu is conspecific with Dendrothele bispora Burds. & Nakasone, and the new combination, Brunneocorticium bisporum , is proposed.
Classification of trichome types within species of the water fern Salvinia, and ontogeny of the egg-beater trichomes
Authors: Barthlott Wilhelm , Wiersch Sabine , Čolić Zdravko , Koch Kerstin 
Published: November 2010

Species of the water fern Salvinia are well known for their extremely water-repellent floating leaves. The architecture of Salvinia surfaces is of great interest for biomimetic applications, because submersed in water, they retain air films for a long period. Knowledge of these surfaces is also important for pest control, since one species ( Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch.) is a pantropic invasive aquatic weed. The micromorphology of the leaf surfaces of six representative species has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Based on their morphology, the trichomes are classified in four types, named after the typical species. Among the species examined, numbers, distribution, and sizes of the trichome types vary significantly. The simplest types, the Cucullata trichomes, are multicellular, uniseriate, and up to 800 µm high. Groups of two multicellular, uniseriate trichomes are described as the Oblongifolia trichomes. The Natans trichomes are grouped as four multicellular, uniseriate trichomes. The Molesta trichomes are composed of four trichomes, which are connected by the second last apical cells of the trichome. The ontogeny of the Molesta trichome groups was puzzling and resulted in various names being applied to them (“Krönchenhaare,” “egg-beater,” or “coroniform” hairs). Their unique development from four solitary uniseriate trichomes to groups of four connected trichomes is described in detail.
Delayed flowering as a potential benefit-decreasing cost of compensatory regrowth
Authors: Piippo Sari , Hellström Kalle , Huhta Ari-Pekka , Rautio Pasi , Tuomi Juha 
Published: November 2010

Some monocarpic plants show surprising variation in response to natural and simulated grazing. In favourable conditions, injured plants may grow larger and produce more fruits and viable seeds compared with their uninjured counterparts. Such overcompensation, however, is associated with potential costs, particularly delays in flowering and fruit maturation. These delays may further increase a risk of frost injury before seed maturation in the early autumn. We tested the effects of artificially advanced night frosts on the compensatory capacity (i.e., the capacity to compensate the lost biomass by regrowth) of the monocarpic herb Erysimum strictum P. Gaertn., B. Mey., and Scherb. in a common garden experiment. Two simulated herbivory treatments were applied: 25% apical clipping in early vs. late June. Frost treatment was applied in a climate chamber in late August – early September, about 3 weeks before the first natural frost period. Apically damaged plants not exposed to frost treatment produced 1.9–2.6 times more total biomass and 2.5 times more fruit than intact plants. Frost treatment reduced plant performance by 35%–48%, but in contrast to our expectation, there was no significant difference between intact and apically damaged plants in response to early frost. In spite of the delay in phenology, compensatory regrowth did not increase the risk of frost injury. We conclude that while early night frosts imply a potential risk to monocarpic herbs recovering from herbivory, possibly other suboptimal conditions, such as drought in late summer, may provide a greater threat for early-flowering meadow and grassland plants recovering from grazing. Possibly multiple selective forces and environmental risk factors operate together in the evolution of grazing tolerance associated with flowering phenology, plant growth strategy, and architecture.
Genesis of Phase 3 Early Afterdepolarizations and Triggered Activity in Acquired Long-QT Syndrome
Authors: Maruyama Mitsunori , Lin Shien-Fong , Xie Yuanfang , Chua Su-Kiat , Joung Boyoung , Han Seongwook , Shinohara Tetsuji , Shen Mark J. , Qu Zhilin , Weiss James N. , Chen Peng-Sheng 
Published: November 2010

Background—
Both phase 2 and phase 3 early afterdepolarizations (EADs) occur in long-QT syndromes, but their respective roles in generating arrhythmias in intact cardiac tissue are incompletely understood.

Methods and Results—

Intracellular Ca (Ca
i
) and membrane voltage (V
m
) were optically mapped in a quasi 2-dimensional model of cryoablated Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles (n=16). E-4031 (an
I
Kr
blocker) combined with reduced extracellular K ([K
+
]
o
) and Mg ([Mg
2+
]
o
) prolonged action potential duration heterogeneously and induced phase 2 and phase 3 EADs. Whereas phase 2 EADs were Ca
i
-dependent, phase 3 EADs were not. The origins of 47 triggered activity episodes were attributed to phase 2 EADs in 12 episodes (26%) and phase 3 EADs in 35 episodes (74%). When phase 2 EADs accompanied phase 3 EADs, they accentuated action potential duration heterogeneity, creating a large V
m
gradient across the boundary between long and short action potential duration regions from which triggered activity emerged. The amplitude of phase 3 EADs correlated with the V
m
gradient (
r
=0.898,
P
<0.001). Computer simulation studies showed that coupling of cells with heterogeneous repolarization could extrinsically generate phase 3 EADs via electrotonic current flow. Alternatively, reduced
I
K1
caused by low [K
+
]
o
could generate intrinsic phase 3 EADs capable of inducing triggered activity at the boundary zone.

Conclusions—

Phase 3 EADs can be extrinsic as the result of electrotonic current across steep repolarization gradients or intrinsic as the result of low
I
K1
and do not require spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release. Reduction of
I
K1
by low [K
+
]
o
strongly promotes ventricular arrhythmias mediated by phase 3 EADs in acquired long-QT syndrome caused by
I
Kr
blockade.
MiroSurge—Advanced User Interaction Modalities in Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgery
Authors: Tobergte Andreas 
Published: November 2010

This paper presents MiroSurge, a telepresence system for minimally invasive surgery developed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), and introduces MiroSurge's new user interaction modalities: (1) haptic feedback with software-based preservation of the fulcrum point, (2) an ultrasound-based approach to the quasi-tactile detection of pulsating vessels, and (3) a contact-free interface between surgeon and telesurgery system, where stereo vision is augmented with force vectors at the tool tip. All interaction modalities aim to increase the user's perception beyond stereo imaging by either augmenting the images or by using haptic interfaces. MiroSurge currently provides surgeons with two different interfaces. The first option, bimanual haptic interaction with force and partial tactile feedback, allows for direct perception of the remote environment. Alternatively, users can choose to control the surgical instruments by optically tracked forceps held in their hands. Force feedback is then provided in augmented stereo images by constantly updated force vectors displayed at the centers of the teleoperated instruments, regardless of the instruments' position within the video image. To determine the centerpoints of the instruments, artificial markers are attached and optically tracked. A new approach to detecting pulsating vessels beneath covering tissue with an omnidirectional ultrasound Doppler sensor is presented. The measurement results are computed and can be provided acoustically (by displaying the typical Doppler sound), optically (by augmenting the endoscopic video stream), or kinesthetically (by a gentle twitching of the haptic input devices). The control structure preserves the fulcrum point in minimally invasive surgery and user commands are followed by the surgical instrument. Haptic feedback allows the user to distinguish between interaction with soft and hard environments. The paper includes technical evaluations of the features presented, as well as an overview of the system integration of MiroSurge.
Efficacy and tolerability of rizatriptan for the treatment of acute migraine in sumatriptan non-responders
Authors: Seeburger Jeffrey L , Taylor Frederick R , Friedman Deborah , Newman Lawrence , Ge Yang , Zhang Ying , Hustad Carolyn M , LaSorda Jeanne , Fan Xiaoyin , Hewitt David , Ho Tony , Connor Kathryn M 
Published: November 2010

Objective: The study was carried out to assess the efficacy and tolerability of rizatriptan orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) for treating acute migraine in patients who are non-responders to sumatriptan. Background: Many migraineurs report dissatisfaction with sumatriptan efficacy. It is unclear whether sumatriptan 100 mg non-responders will respond to other triptans. Methods: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in adults with >1-year history of ICHD-II (International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition) migraine who reported that they generally do not respond to sumatriptan (≥50% unsatisfactory response). In the baseline phase, participants treated a single moderate/severe migraine attack with open-label generic sumatriptan 100 mg. Those who continued to experience moderate/severe pain at two hours post-dose were eligible to enter the double-blind treatment phase, during which participants treated three migraine attacks in crossover fashion (two with rizatriptan 10-mg ODT, one with placebo) after being randomly assigned to one of three treatment sequences (1 : 1 : 1 ratio). The primary endpoint was two-hour pain relief. Results: A total of 102 (94%) participants treated at least one study migraine. Pain relief at two hours was significantly greater with rizatriptan compared with placebo (51% vs. 20%, p < .001). Response rates also favored rizatriptan on two-hour pain freedom (22% vs. 12%, p = .013) as well as 24-hour sustained pain relief (38% vs. 14%, p < .001) and sustained pain freedom (20% vs. 11%, p = .036). Treatment was generally well tolerated. Conclusion: Rizatriptan 10-mg ODT was superior to placebo at providing two-hour pain relief and two-hour pain freedom in the treatment of acute migraine in those who do not respond to sumatriptan 100 mg. Rizatriptan was generally well tolerated in this population.
BEACOPP chemotherapy is a highly effective regimen in children and adolescents with high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Kelly Kara M. , Sposto Richard , Hutchinson Raymond , Massey Vickie , McCarten Kathleen , Perkins Sherrie , Lones Mark , Villaluna Doojduen , Weiner Michael 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDose-intensified treatment strategies for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) have demonstrated improvements in cure but may increase risk for acute and long-term toxicities, particularly in children. The Children's Oncology Group assessed the feasibility of a dose-intensive regimen, BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) in children with high-risk HL (stage IIB or IIIB with bulk disease, stage IV). Rapidity of response was assessed after 4 cycles of BEACOPP. Rapid responders received consolidation therapy with guidelines to reduce the risk of sex-specific long-term toxicities of therapy. Females received 4 cycles of COPP/ABV (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone, doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine) without involved field radiation therapy (IFRT). Males received 2 cycles of ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) with IFRT. Slow responders received 4 cycles of BEACOPP and IFRT. Ninety-nine patients were enrolled. Myelosuppression was frequent. Rapid response was achieved by 74% of patients. Five-year event-free-survival is 94%, IFRT with median follow-up of 6.3 years. There were no disease progressions on study therapy. Secondary leukemias occurred in 2 patients. Overall survival is 97%. Early intensification followed by less intense response-based therapy for rapidly responding patients is an effective strategy for achieving high event-free survival in children with high-risk HL. This trial is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00004010.