bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Challenge for Large-scale Vapor-phase Growths of Not-catalyzed ZnO Nanostructures: Purity vs. Yield
Authors: Calestani Davide , Zha Ming Zheng , Mosca Roberto , Lazzarini Laura , Salviati Giancarlo , Zappettini Andrea , Zanotti Lucio 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLarge-scale growth capability is a general requirement for any reliable and cost-effective device application. Catalyst-free vapor-phase growth techniques generally let obtain high purity materials, but their application in large-scale growths of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures is not trivial, because the lack of catalysts makes the control of these process rather difficult. Three different optimizations of the basic vapor phase growth have been studied and performed to obtain selected and reproducible growths of three different ZnO nanostructures with improved yield, i.e. nanotetrapods, nanowires and nanorods. No precursor or catalyst has been used in order to reduce contamination sources as more as possible.
Ordered Nanoparticle Arrays Synthesized from Self-Assembled Diblock Copolymer Templates
Authors: Lu Jennifer , Fu Qiang , Ghia Anita , Chen Chi-shuo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe present a comprehensive study of using diblock copolymer micelle templates to synthesize ordered nanoparticle arrays. Ionic and coordination bonds have been exploited to incorporate nanoparticle precursors into cores of block copolymer micelles. Polystyrene-b-poly (4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) has been shown to be able to localize anions via electrostatic attraction with protonated pyridine cations while transitional metals can be sequestered through coordination bonds. Polystyrene-b-poly (acrylic acid) (PS-PAA) can localize a variety of cations via ionic bonds with acrylic anions. We have demonstrated that the size of nanoparticles can be tuned by controlling the solution concentration of an ionic precursor. By mixing these two distinct block copolymers which can selectively interact with different precursor species, complex nanoparticle architectures can be generated thus paving a path for new applications.
Electrical Single Spin Manipulation in Gated Quantum Dots via Closed Loop Trajectories
Authors: Fearn Michael , Jefferson John H 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRotations of a single spin-qubit are demonstrated using only electrical gates. The results of simulations are presented for a typical gated quantum-well structure based on the strong spin-orbit semiconductor InSb, showing typical length and time scales for Hadamard and NOT operations. Approximate analytic expressions are derived for the spin transformations that give excellent agreement with the numerical results and demonstrate the generality of the method.
Structure of Cleaved (001) USb2 Single Crystal Surface
Authors: Chen Shao-Ping , Hawley Marilyn , Van Stockum Phil B. , Manoharan Hari C. , Bauer Eric 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe have achieved what we believe to be the first atomic resolution STM images for a uranium compound taken at room temperature. The a, b, and c lattice parameters in the images confirm that the USb2 crystals cleave on the (001) basal plane as expected. The a and b dimensions were equal, with the atoms arranged in a cubic pattern. Our calculations indicate a symmetric cut between Sb planes to be the most favorable cleavage plane and U atoms to be responsible for most of the DOS measured by STM. Some strange features observed in the STM will be discussed in conjunction with ab initio calculations.
3D Quantitative Characterization of Local Structure and Properties of Contact Materials
Authors: Velichko Alexandra , Engstler Michael , Selzner Christian , Mücklich Frank 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe characterization of spatial distribution of different phases in materials provides understanding of structural influence on the properties and allows making physically well-grounded correlations. The FIB/SEM nanotomography opens new possibilities for the target microstructure characterization on the scales from 10 nm to 100 μm. It is based on the automatic serial sectioning by the focused ion beam (FIB). Scanning electron microscope in high resolution mode can be used for the imaging of nanostructured materials. Afterwards a detailed three dimensional (3D) image analysis enables the comprehensive quantitative evaluation of local microstructure. The possibilities of these techniques will be presented on the example of silver-composite contact materials which were analyzed using FIB nanotomography before and after exposure to plasma discharge. Significant changes in the spatial distribution of the oxide particles within the switched zone induce among other effects the changes in the local electric and thermal properties. These cause eventually the failure of the contact material. Advanced methods of image analysis allow characterization of inhomogeneous distribution of oxide particles in silver contact materials. Quantitative parameters characterizing the agglomeration of oxide inclusions and accumulation of pores can be derived from the results of distance transformations and morphological operations. The additional consideration of the connectivity allows the quantification of homogeneous and inhomogeneous states with high sensitivity and confidence level. Local thermal and electrical properties were estimated using simulation software on the real tomographic data. The combination of FIB microstructure tomography with modern 3D analysis and simulation techniques provides new prospects for targeted characterization and thus understanding of the microstructure formation and local effect associated with e.g. electro-erosion phenomena [1], [2]. First correlations between 3D microstructure parameters and resulting properties will be discussed.
Metal/Metal Nanocrystalline Cellular Composites
Authors: Bouwhuis Brandon A , Bele Eral , Hibbard Glenn D 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNanocrystalline electrodeposition can be used to reinforce conventional metallic micro-truss materials and conventional metal foams, creating new types of metal/metal cellular hybrids in which the mechanical performance is controlled by an interconnected network of nanocrystalline tubes. This approach takes advantage of the large strength increase that can be obtained by grain size reduction to the nm-scale and the fact that the electrodeposited material is optimally positioned away from the neutral bending axis of the composite cellular struts or ligaments. This article presents an overview of the potential for structural reinforcement of bending-dominated and stretching-dominated cellular architectures by nanocrystalline electrodeposition.
Heat Transfer Performance of Porous Copper Fabricated by Lost Carbonate Sintering Process
Authors: Zhang Liping , Mullen David , Lynn Kevin , Zhao Yuyuan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe heat transfer coefficients of porous copper fabricated by the lost carbonate sintering (LCS) process with porosity range from 57% to 82% and pore size from 150 to 1500 μm have been experimentally determined in this study. The sample was attached to the heat plate and assembled into a forced convection system using water as the coolant. The effectiveness of the heat removal from the heat plate through the porous copper-water system was tested under different water flow rates from 0.3 to 2.0 L/min and an input heat flux of 1.3 MW/m2. Porosity has a large effect on the heat transfer performance and the optimum porosity was found to be around 62%. Pore size has a much less effect on the heat transfer performance compared to porosity. High water flow rates enhanced the heat transfer performance for all the samples.
Color Switchable Goggle Lens Based on Electrochromic Polymer Devices
Authors: Ma Chao , Xu Chunye 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe have developed a set of new electrochromic devices (ECDs) for special application goggles, whose color can be switched between transparent and a specific color mode, i.e. blue (B). This paper will discuss the design, film deposition, device assembly and characterizations of the color switchable lens. The ECD is composed of a layer of thin film conducting polymer poly (3,4-(2,2-dimethylpropylenedioxy)thiophene) (PProDOT-Me2), a layer of thin film inorganic oxide V2O5-TiO2, and a layer of ionic conductive electrolyte. The thin films are electrochemically deposited on ITO coated flexible plastic substrate. The whole device is packaged with an UV cured flexible film sealant. The goggle lens exhibit tuneable shade in visible light wave length (380-800nm), with a maximum contrast ratio at 580nm. Meanwhile, other unique properties include fast switching speed, low driving voltage, memory function (no power needed after switching, bistable), great durability, high flexibility, light weight, and inexpensiveness.
Direct FIB fabrication and integration of “single nanopore devices” for the manipulation of macromolecules
Authors: Schiedt Birgitta , Auvray Loic , Bacri Laurent , Biance Anne-Laure , Madouri Ali , Bourhis Eric , Patriarche Gilles , Pelta Juan , Jede Ralf , Gierak Jacques 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHere we propose to detail an innovative FIB instrumental approach and processing methodologies we have developed for sub-10 nm nanopore fabrication. The main advantage of our method is first to allow direct fabrication of nanopores in relatively large quantities with an excellent reproducibility. Second our approach offers the possibility to further process or functionalize the vicinity of each pore on the same scale keeping the required deep sub-10 nm scale positioning and patterning accuracy.
We will summarise the optimisation efforts we have conducted aiming at fabricating thin (10-100 nm thick) and high quality dielectric films to be used as a template for the nanopore fabrication, and at performing efficient and controlled FIB nanoengraving of such a delicate media.
Finally, we will describe the method we have developed for integrating these “single nanopore devices” in electrophoresis experiments and our preliminary measurements.
Mercury concentrations and loads in a large river system tributary to San Francisco Bay, California, USA
Authors: David Nicole , McKee Lester J. , BLACK FRANK J. , Flegal A. Russell , Conaway Christopher H. , Schoellhamer David H. , Ganju Neil K. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In order to estimate total mercury (HgT) loads entering San Francisco Bay, USA, via the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system, unfiltered water samples were collected between January 2002 and January 2006 during high flow events and analyzed for HgT. Unfiltered HgT concentrations ranged from 3.2 to 75 ng/L and showed a strong correlation (r2 = 0.8, p &lt; 0.001, n = 78) to suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). During infrequent large floods, HgT concentrations relative to SSC were approximately twice as high as observed during smaller floods. This difference indicates the transport of more Hg-contaminated particles during high discharge events. Daily HgT loads in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River at Mallard Island ranged from below the limit of detection to 35 kg. Annual HgT loads varied from 61 ± 22 kg (n = 5) in water year (WY) 2002 to 470 ± 170 kg (n = 25) in WY 2006. The data collected will assist in understanding the long-term recovery of San Francisco Bay from Hg contamination and in implementing the Hg total maximum daily load, the long-term cleanup plan for Hg in the Bay.
Impacts of heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides on freeze tolerance of the earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra
Authors: Bindesbøl Anne-Mette , Bayley Mark , Damgaard Christian , Holmstrup Martin 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the interactions between chemicals and climatic stressors can lead to synergistically increased mortality. In the present study, we investigated the effect of seven common environmental contaminants on survival at −6 and 15°C as well as on reproduction at 15°C in the earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra. Three classes of chemicals were considered: Heavy metals (nickel, lead, and mercury), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrene and phenanthrene), and pesticides (abamectin and carbendazim). Phenanthrene interacted antagonistically with freezing temperatures, whereas no interaction was observed with any of the tested pesticides. Two of the three tested metals (nickel and mercury) reduced the freeze tolerance synergistically (mercury was especially potent). This suggests that traditional laboratory studies, in which organisms are exposed to increasing concentrations of a single compound under otherwise optimal conditions, may underestimate the toxicity of some metals to field populations living in cold areas.
Radiation dose and incidence of new metastasis in the anterior temporal lobe structures of radiosurgically treated patients
Authors: Basina Bhuvaneswara R. , Olson Claire , Roy Dibyendu Kumar , Yen Chun-Po , Schlesinger David , Nagayama Kazuki , Sheehan Jason P. 
Published: June 2009

Object
Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) is frequently used to treat patients with metastasis to the brain. Radiosurgery seeks to limit radiation to the brain tissue surrounding the metastatic deposits. In patients with such lesions, a low radiation dose to the eloquent brain may help to prevent adverse effects. In this study the authors aimed to quantify the radiosurgical dose delivered to the anterior temporal structures in cases of metastatic brain lesions. They also evaluated the incidence and timing of new metastases in the anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) in patient cohorts that underwent GKS with or without whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT).

Methods
The authors retrospectively analyzed 100 patients with metastatic brain lesions treated with GKS at the University of Virginia Health System. The anterior 5 cm of the temporal lobes and the hippocampi within the ATLs were contoured on the Gamma Knife planning station. Using the dose-volume histogram function in GammaPlan, treatment parameters for the metastases as well as radiation doses to the contoured ATLs and hippocampi were measured. Patients had clinical and MR imaging follow-ups at 3-month intervals. The ATLs and hippocampal regions were evaluated for the formation of new metastases on follow-up imaging.

Results
The demographic data—age, sex, Karnofsky Performance Scale score, number of temporal metastases at the time of GKS, total volume of metastatic tumors per patient, and number of intracranial metastatic deposits—were similar in the 2 cohorts. In patients without an ATL metastasis at the time of GKS, the mean maximum, 50% volume, and integral doses of radiation to the anterior temporal structures were very low: 2.6 Gy, 0.6 Gy, and 36.3 mJ in the GKS cohort and 2.1 Gy, 0.6 Gy, and 40.9 mJ in the GKS+WBRT cohort, respectively. Among the ATLs that had not shown a brain metastasis at the time of GKS, 8 of 92 temporal lobes in the GKS cohort and 10 of 89 in the GKS+WBRT cohort demonstrated a new anterior temporal lesion on follow-up MR imaging.

Conclusions
Gamma Knife surgery delivered a low dose of background radiation to the ATLs and hippocampi. The incidence of a new ATL metastasis in the GKS cohort was not higher than in the GKS+WBRT cohort. Gamma Knife surgery in the management of brain metastases limits the delivery of radiation to eloquent brain tissue without evidence of an appreciable propensity to develop new metastatic disease in the ATLs or hippocampi. This therapeutic approach may help to avoid unintended neurological dysfunction due to nonspecific delivery of radiation to eloquent brain tissues.
Continued Multidisciplinary Project-based Learning – Implementation in Health Informatics
Authors: Spreckelsen C. , Weßel C. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Objectives: Problem- and project-based learning are approved methods to train students, graduates and post-graduates in scientific and other professional skills. The students are trained on realistic scenarios in a broader context. For students specializing in health informatics we introduced continued multidisciplinary project-based learning (CM-PBL) at a department of medical informatics. The training approach addresses both students of medicine and students of computer science.
Methods: The students are full members of an ongoing research project and develop a project-related application or module, or explore or evaluate a sub-project. Two teachers guide and review the students’ work. The training on scientific work follows a workflow with defined milestones. The team acts as peer group. By participating in the research team’s work the students are trained on professional skills.
Results: A research project on a web-based information system on hospitals built the scenario for the realistic context. The research team consisted of up to 14 active members at a time, who were scientists and students of computer science and medicine. The well communicated educational approach and team policy fostered the participation of the students. Formative assessment and evaluation showed a considerable improvement of the students’ skills and a high participant satisfaction.
Conclusions: Alternative education approaches such as project-based learning empower students to acquire scientific knowledge and professional skills, especially the ability of life-long learning, multidisciplinary team work and social responsibility.
Germanium(II) Dications Stabilized by Azamacrocycles and Crown Ethers
Authors: Cheng Fei , Hector Andrew L. , Levason William , Reid Gillian , Webster Michael , Zhang Wenjian 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA crown for germanium: Neutral aza‐ and oxamacrocycles enable stabilization of halide‐free germanium(II) dications (see structure, Ge teal, N blue, C gray). The resulting structures show a marked dependence upon the denticity, donor type, and ring size of the macrocycle.magnified image
Application of time‐temperature superposition to energy limit of linear viscoelastic behavior
Authors: Starkova O. , Aniskevich A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe energy approach for evaluation of the limits of linear viscoelastic (LVE) behavior is considered. The approach of Foux and Bruller based on the Reiner‐Weissenberg dynamic theory of strength is developed for the temperature effect. Value of the stored energy at the limit of LVE is considered as the material characteristic independent on loading conditions and temperature. Time–temperature superposition principle is extended for the energy calculations. Curves of the stored energy calculated for different temperatures are shifted to each other in the logarithmic time axes similarly as creep compliance and relaxation modulus curves in creep and tension tests, respectively. Temperature is considered as a factor that accelerates transition form linear to non‐LVE at the same stored energy threshold. This is proved by example of polyvinylchloride by comparing temperature dependences of the stress limits of LVE determined in two independent test series: tensile creep and constant strain rate tests. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Nanoparticles of [Fe(NH2‐trz)3]Br2⋅3 H2O (NH2‐trz=2‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazole) Prepared by the Reverse Micelle Technique: Influence of Particle and Coherent Domain Sizes on Spin‐Crossover Properties
Authors: Forestier Thibaut , Kaiba Abdellah , Pechev Stanislav , Denux Dominique , Guionneau Philippe , Etrillard Céline , Daro Nathalie , Freysz Eric , Létard Jean‐François 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBy changing the surfactant/water ratio, nanoparticles of the iron(II) spin crossover material, [Fe(NH2‐trz)3]Br2⋅3 H2O (with NH2‐trz=4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole), have been synthesised from 1 μm down to 30 nm (see figure). Magnetic and reflectivity experiments indicate that the critical size for observing a thermal hysteresis in this 1D polymer family is around 50 nm, and powder X‐ray diffraction shows that particles of about 30 nm are constituted by about one coherent domain.magnified imageThis paper describes the synthesis of iron(II) spin‐crossover nanoparticles prepared by the reverse micelle technique by using the non‐ionic surfactant Lauropal (Ifralan D0205) from the polyoxyethylenic family. By changing the surfactant/water ratio, the size of the particles of [Fe(NH2‐trz)3]Br2⋅3H2O (with NH2trz=4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole) can be controlled. On the macroscopic scale this complex exhibits cooperative thermal spin crossovers at 305 and 320 K. We find that when the size is reduced down to 50 nm, the spin transition becomes gradual and no hysteresis can be detected. For our data it seems that the critical size, for which the existence of a thermal hysteresis can be detected, is around 50 nm. Interestingly, the change of the particle size induces almost no change in the temperature of the thermal spin transition. A systematic determination of coherent domain size carried out on the nanoparticles by powder X‐ray diffraction indicates that at approximately 30 nm individual particles consist of one coherent domain.
Transcriptome analysis of the zebrafish pineal gland
Authors: Toyama Reiko , Chen Xiongfong , Jhawar Nupur , Aamar Emil , Epstein Jonathan , Reany Nir , Alon Shahar , Gothilf Yoav , Klein David C. , Dawid Igor B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe zebrafish pineal gland (epiphysis) is a site of melatonin production, contains photoreceptor cells, and functions as a circadian clock pace maker. Here, we have used microarray technology to study the zebrafish pineal transcriptome. Analysis of gene expression at three larval and two adult stages revealed a highly dynamic transcriptional profile, revealing many genes that are highly expressed in the zebrafish pineal gland. Statistical analysis of the data based on Gene Ontology annotation indicates that many transcription factors are highly expressed during larval stages, whereas genes dedicated to phototransduction are preferentially expressed in the adult. Furthermore, several genes were identified that exhibit day/night differences in expression. Among the multiple candidate genes suggested by these data, we note the identification of a tissue‐specific form of the unc119 gene with a possible role in pineal development. Developmental Dynamics 238:1813–1826, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flame retardant finishing of cotton fleece fabric: Part V. Phosphorus‐containing maleic acid oligomers
Authors: Cheng Xinying , Yang Charles Q. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe high flammability of cotton fleece makes it necessary to apply a flame retardant system on cotton fleece so that it can meet the federal regulation ‘Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles’ (16 CFR 1610). The objective of this research was to reduce the flammability of cotton fleece using the phosphorus‐containing maleic acid oligomers (PMAO) synthesized by aqueous free radical polymerization of maleic acid. We found that PMAO can be bound to cotton fleece by esterifying with cotton cellulose with sodium hypophosphite as the catalyst. Both the 45∘ flammability and limiting oxygen index data indicated that the treatment of cotton using PMAO reduced the flammability of cotton fleece. The micro‐scale combustion calorimetric data revealed that PMAO reduced the peak heat release rate and heat release capacity of the treated cotton woven fabric. The cotton fleece treated with PMAO/NaH2PO2 passed the federal flammability test (16 CFR Part 1610) and achieved ‘Class 1’ flammability. The PMAO bound to cotton was durable to multiple home laundering cycles. The treated fleece also showed high strength retention with little change in fabric whiteness. The use of triethanolamine as an additive modestly enhanced the performance of PMAO with no significant changes in fabric physical properties. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.