bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental factors affecting the levels of legacy pesticides in the airshed of Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, USA
Authors: Goel Anubha , McConnell Laura L. , Torrents Alba , Kuang Zhihua , Hapeman Cathleen J. , Meritt Donald W. , Alexander Stephanie T. , Scudlark Joseph R. , Scarborough Robert 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOrganochlorine insecticides and their degradation products contribute to toxicity in Chesapeake Bay, USA, sediments and affect the reproductive health of avian species in the region; however, little is known of atmospheric sources or temporal trends in concentrations of these chemicals. Weekly air (n = 265) and daily rain samples (n = 494) were collected over 2000 to 2003 from three locations in the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Pesticides were consistently present in the gas phase with infrequent detection in the particle phase. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and cis- and trans-chlordane were detected most frequently (95–100%), and cis- and trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, and 1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene (4,4′-DDE) were also detected frequently. The highest mean air concentrations were for dieldrin (60–84 pg/m3), γ-HCH (37–83 pg/m3), and 4,4′-DDE (16–80 pg/m3). Multiple regression analyses of air concentrations with temperature and wind conditions using modified Clausius-Clapeyron equations explained only 30 to 60% of the variability in concentration for most chemicals. Comparison of the air concentrations and enthalpy of air–surface exchange values at the three sites indicate sources of chlordanes and α-HCH sources are primarily from long-range transport. However, examination of chlordane isomer ratios indicates some local and regional contributions, and γ-HCH, 4,4′-DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane also have local or regional sources, possibly from contaminated soils. Median rain sample volumes of 1 to 3 L led to infrequent detections in rain; however, average measured concentrations were 2 to 10 times higher than in the Great Lakes. Dissipation half-lives in air were well below 10 years for all chemicals and below published values for the Great Lakes except dieldrin, which did not decline during the sample period. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1893–1906. © 2010 SETAC
Toxic hazard and chemical analysis of leachates from furfurylated wood
Authors: Pilgård Annica , Treu Andreas , van Zeeland Albert N.T. , Gosselink Richard J.A. , Westin Mats 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The furfurylation process is an extensively investigated wood modification process. Furfuryl alcohol molecules penetrate into the wood cell wall and polymerize in situ. This results in a permanent swelling of the wood cell walls. It is unclear whether or not chemical bonds exist between the furfuryl alcohol polymer and the wood. In the present study, five different wood species were used, both hardwoods and softwoods. They were treated with three different furfurylation procedures and leached according to three different leaching methods. The present study shows that, in general, the leachates from furfurylated wood have low toxicity. It also shows that the choice of leaching method is decisive for the outcome of the toxicity results. Earlier studies have shown that leachates from wood treated with furfuryl alcohol prepolymers have higher toxicity to Vibrio fischeri than leachates from wood treated with furfuryl alcohol monomers. This is probably attributable to differences in leaching of chemical compounds. The present study shows that this difference in the toxicity most likely cannot be attributed to maleic acid, furan, furfural, furfuryl alcohol, or 2-furoic acid. However, the difference might be caused by the two substances 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 2,5-furandimethanol. The present study found no difference in the amount of leached furfuryl alcohol between leachates from furfurylated softwood and furfurylated hardwood species. Earlier studies have indicated differences in grafting of furfuryl alcohol to lignin. However, nothing was found in the present study that could support this. The leachates of furfurylated wood still need to be investigated further to identify the chemical differences between wood furfurylated with furfuryl alcohol monomers and furfuryl alcohol prepolymers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1918–1924. © 2010 SETAC
Hepatic gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to different hydrocarbon mixtures
Authors: Hook Sharon E. , Lampi Mark A. , Febbo Eric J. , Ward Jeff A. , Parkerton Thomas F. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Traditional biomarkers for hydrocarbon exposure are not induced by all petroleum substances. The objective of this study was to determine if exposure to a crude oil and different refined oils would generate a common hydrocarbon-specific response in gene expression profiles that could be used as generic biomarkers of hydrocarbon exposure. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of either kerosene, gas oil, heavy fuel oil, or crude oil for 96 h. Tissue was collected for RNA extraction and microarray analysis. Exposure to each WAF resulted in a different list of differentially regulated genes, with few genes in common across treatments. Exposure to crude oil WAF changed the expression of genes including cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) with known roles in detoxification pathways. These gene expression profiles were compared to others from previous experiments that used a diverse suite of toxicants. Clustering algorithms successfully identified gene expression profiles resulting from hydrocarbon exposure. These preliminary analyses highlight the difficulties of using single genes as diagnostic of petroleum hydrocarbon exposures. Further work is needed to determine if multivariate transcriptomic-based biomarkers may be a more effective tool than single gene studies for exposure monitoring of different oils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2034–2043. © 2010 SETAC
Environmental impact of insecticides applied on biotech soybean crops in relation to the distance from aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Di Marzio Walter D. , Sáenz María E. , Alberdi José L. , Fortunato Nicolás , Cappello Verónica , Montivero Clarisa , Ambrini Gabriela 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAquatic environments located in areas cultivated with biotech soybean were studied. Water and sediment samples were analyzed for insecticides, acute toxicity, genotoxicity, detoxification biomarkers, and fish diversity. Samples were taken in the core area of soybean cultivation in Argentina; all measures were related to the distance between the crops and the streams sampled. Endosulfan (α + β) concentrations as high as 553.33 µg/kg were found in sediments from environments located at 0.15 m from treated fields. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) gene expression in fish showed the highest correlation with the environmental concentration of endosulfan. These biomarkers and mortality of amphipods significantly correlated with the concentration of endosulfan in water and sediment, which correlates inversely with the distance between the crop and streams. The differences with respective controls disappear at distances greater than 5 m. The fish diversity was significantly lower from distances between the margin of the stream and soybean crops, not exceeding 2 m. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1907–1917. © 2010 SETAC
Toxicity of short-term copper exposure to early life stages of red sea bream,Pagrus major
Authors: Cao Liang , Huang Wei , Liu Jinhu , Ye Zhenjiang , Dou Shuozeng 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAcute (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 mg Cu/L) and chronic (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 mg Cu/L) toxicity tests of Cu with embryonic and larval red sea bream, Pagrus major, were carried out to investigate their biological responses to Cu exposure in static water at 18 ± 1°C (dissolved organic carbon, 1.8 ± 0.65 mg C/L; hardness, 6,183 ± 360 mg CaCO3/L; salinity, 33 ± 1‰). The 24- and 48-h LC50 (median lethal concentration) values of Cu for embryos were 0.23 and 0.15 mg/L, whereas the 48-, 72-, and 96-h LC50 values for larvae were 0.52, 0.19, and 0.13 mg/L, respectively, suggesting that embryos were more sensitive to Cu toxicity than larvae. Copper exposures at ≥0.06 mg concentrations caused low hatching success, a delay in the time to hatching of embryos, and reductions in the growth and yolk absorption of the larvae, whereas high mortality and morphological malformations occurred in the embryos and larvae at ≥0.08 mg/L concentrations. Copper concentration did not significantly affect the heart rate of the embryos, but it significantly decreased the heart rate of the newly hatched larvae when the Cu concentration was ≥0.08 mg/L, suggesting that Cu at high concentrations could induce heartbeat disturbances in red sea bream more easily at the larval stage than at the embryonic stage. Hatching success, time to hatching, growth rate, morphological abnormality, yolk absorption, and heart rate were Cu concentration-dependent and could be effective endpoints for evaluating Cu toxicity to the early life stages of red sea bream in nature. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2044–2052. © 2010 SETAC
Tetracycline sorption to coal and soil humic acids: An examination of humic structural heterogeneity
Authors: Sun Huiyu , Shi Xin , Mao Jingdong , Zhu Dongqiang 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The sorption properties of tetracycline were compared between a coal humic acid (CHA) and a soil humic acid (SHA) under various solution chemistry conditions. Structural characteristics of the two humic acids were quantified in detail by elemental analysis, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), acid-base titration, and Zeta potential measurement. The CHA consists primarily of poly(methylene)-rich aliphatics with more aromatic CO and higher negative surface charge, while SHA is mainly composed of young material residues of lignin, carbohydrates and peptides, and oxidized charcoal. At pH 5 the sorption affinities of tetracycline to SHA and CHA were very close, but remarkably stronger than that to functionality-free model polymeric sorbents (polyethylene and polystyrene). Meanwhile, despite the much lower hydrophobicity, tetracycline displayed stronger sorption to the humic acids than nonpolar, nonionic 1,3,5-trichlorobezene. It is thus concluded that specific complexation (Hbonding and cation exchange) with the humic functionality overwhelmed hydrophobic effect in sorption when tetracycline was dominated by the zwitterion. Furthermore, modifying solution chemistry conditions (pH, ionic strength of NaCl and CaCl2, and the presence of Zn2+) generally caused more prominent effects on tetracycline sorption to CHA than to SHA, which was attributed to the higher surface charge of CHA. Results of this research demonstrate the importance of the structural nature of humic acids in antibiotic sorption. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1934–1942. © 2010 SETAC
Evaluation of sorbent amendments for in situ remediation of metal-contaminated sediments
Authors: Kwon Seokjoon , Thomas Jeff , Reed Brian E. , Levine Laura , Magar Victor S. , Farrar Daniel , Bridges Todd S. , Ghosh Upal 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The present study evaluated sorbent amendments for in situ remediation of sediments contaminated with two divalent metals. A literature review screening was performed to identify low-cost natural mineral-based metal sorbents and high-performance commercial sorbents that were carried forward into laboratory experiments. Aqueous phase metal sorptivity of the selected sorbents was evaluated because dissolved metals in sediment porewater constitute an important route of exposure to benthic organisms. Based on pH-edge sorption test results, natural sorbents were eliminated due to inferior performance. The potential as in situ sediment amendment was explored by comparing the sorption properties of the engineered amendments in freshwater and saltwater (10 PPT salinity estuarine water) matrices. Self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports with thiols (Thiol-SAMMS™) and a titanosilicate mineral (ATS™) demonstrated the highest sorption capacity for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), respectively. Sequential extraction tests conducted after mixing engineered sorbents with contaminated sediment demonstrated transfer of metal contaminants from a weakly bound state to a more strongly bound state. Biouptake of Cd in a freshwater oligochaete was reduced by 98% after 5-d contact of sediment with 4% Thiol-SAMMS and sorbed Cd was not bioavailable. While treatment with ATS reduced the small easily extractable portion of Pb in the sediment, the change in biouptake of Pb was not significant because most of the native lead was strongly bound. The selected sorbents added to sediments at a dose of 5% were mostly nontoxic to a range of sensitive freshwater and estuarine benthic organisms. Metal sorbent amendments in conjunction with activated carbon have the potential to simultaneously reduce metal and hydrophobic contaminant bioavailability in sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1883–1892. © 2010 SETAC
Sensitivity of early life stages of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) to acute and chronic toxicity of lead, cadmium, and zinc in water
Authors: Wang Ning , Ingersoll Christopher G. , Ivey Christopher D. , Hardesty Douglas K. , May Thomas W. , Augspurger Tom , Roberts Andy D. , van Genderen Eric , Barnhart M. Chris 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Toxicity of lead, cadmium, or zinc to early life stages of freshwater mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea; Neosho mucket, L. rafinesqueana) was evaluated in 48-h exposures with mussel larvae (glochidia), in 96-h exposures with newly transformed (5-d-old) and two- or six-month-old juvenile mussels, or in 28-d exposures with two- or four-month-old mussels in reconstituted soft water. The 24-h median effect concentrations (EC50s) for fatmucket glochidia (&gt;299 µg Pb/L, &gt;227 µg Cd/L, 2,685 µg Zn/L) and 96-h EC50s for two- or six-month-old fatmucket (&gt;426 µg Pb/L, 199 µg Cd/L, 1,700 µg Zn/L) were much higher than 96-h EC50s for newly transformed fatmucket (142 and 298 µg Pb/L, 16 µg Cd/L, 151 and 175 µg Zn/L) and Neosho mucket (188 µg Pb/L, 20 µg Cd/L, 145 µg Zn/L). Chronic values for fatmucket were 10 µg Pb/L, 6.0 µg Cd/L, and 63 and 68 µg Zn/L. When mussel data from the present study and the literature were included in updated databases for deriving U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality criteria, mussel genus mean acute values were in the lower percentiles of the sensitivity distribution of all freshwater species for Pb (the 26th percentile), Cd (the 15th to 29th percentile), or Zn (the 12th to 21st percentile). The mussel (Lampsilis) genus mean chronic value was the lowest value ever reported for Pb (the 9th percentile) but was near the middle of the sensitivity distribution for Cd (the 61st percentile) or Zn (the 44th percentile). These results indicate that mussels were relatively sensitive to the acute toxicity of these three metals and to the chronic toxicity of Pb, but were moderately sensitive to the chronic toxicity of Cd or Zn compared to other freshwater species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2053–2063. © 2010 SETAC
Retention-release characteristics of triclocarban and triclosan in biosolids, soils, and biosolids-amended soils
Authors: Agyin-Birikorang Sampson , Miller Matt , O'Connor George A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Transport models that incorporate retention/release characteristics of organic compounds in soils and sediments typically assume that organic-carbon normalized partition coefficients (KOC) apply to all solid matrices and that the partitioning process is completely reversible. Partition coefficients (Kd) (from which the KOC was calculated), and retention/release characteristics of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in biosolids, soils, and biosolids-amended soils were determined. Four soils of different physicochemical properties amended with biosolids at 10 g/kg, together with unamended soils, and several biosolids were separately spiked with either [14C]TCC or [14C]TCS for the various determinations. The hysteresis coefficient values of the two compounds were consistently &lt;1 in all three solid matrices, suggesting strong hysteresis. Multiple desorption steps (24 h each) over several days revealed incomplete desorption of the two compounds from all three solid matrices. The Kd values determined in biosolids (log Kd 3.34 ± 0.13 for TCC and 3.76 ± 0.39 for TCS) were greater than those determined in soils (log Kd 1.71 ± 0.09 for TCC and 2.25 ± 0.26 for TCS) and biosolids-amended soils (log Kd1.90 ± 0.16 for TCC and 2.31 ± 0.19 for TCS), however, the KOC values of all three solid matrices were similar (log KOC of 3.82 ± 0.16 for TCC and 4.26 ± 0.31 for TCS). Thus, it was concluded that a single or a narrow range of KOC values for TCC and TCS may be appropriate to describe retention of the compounds in soils and sediments. However, models that assume complete reversibility of the retention/release processes of the compounds in soils and sediments may not adequately describe the retention/release characteristics of the compounds in soils and sediments, especially when the chemicals are biosolids borne. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1925–1933. © 2010 SETAC
Steroid determination in fish plasma using capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Bykova Liliya , Archer-Hartmann Stephanie A. , Holland Lisa A. , Iwanowicz Luke R. , Blazer Vicki S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA capillary separation method that incorporates pH-mediated stacking is employed for the simultaneous determination of circulating steroid hormones in plasma from Perca flavescens (yellow perch) collected from natural aquatic environments. The method can be applied to separate eight steroid standards: progesterone, 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, estrone, 11-ketotestosterone, ethynyl estradiol, and 17β-estradiol. Based on screening of plasma, the performance of the analytical method was determined for 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, and 17β-estradiol. The within-day reproducibility in migration time for these four steroids in aqueous samples was ≤2%. Steroid quantification was accomplished using a calibration curve obtained with external standards. Plasma samples from fish collected from the Choptank and Severn Rivers, Maryland, USA, stored for up to one year were extracted with ethyl acetate and then further processed with anion exchange and hydrophobic solid phase extraction cartridges. The recovery of testosterone and 17β-estradiol from yellow perch plasma was 84 and 85%, respectively. Endogenous levels of testosterone ranged from 0.9 to 44 ng/ml, and when detected 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one ranged from 5 to 34 ng/ml. The reported values for testosterone correlated well with the immunoassay technique. Endogenous concentrations of 17β-estradiol were ≤1.7 ng/ml. 11-Ketotestosterone was not quantified because of a suspected interferant. Higher levels of 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one were found in male and female fish in which 17β-estradiol was not detected. Monitoring multiple steroids can provide insight into hormonal fluctuations in fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1950–1956. © 2010 SETAC
Modelling thermal performance of gypsum plasterboard‐lined light timber frame walls using SAFIR and TASEF
Authors: Thomas G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGypsum plasterboard is commonly used as a lining material on lightweight timber or steel framing. Gypsum contains moisture, both free and chemically bound in its crystal structure. The dehydration of the gypsum and decomposition of calcium carbonate absorb heat giving gypsum plasterboard fire resistant qualities. This paper discusses the suitability of the finite element heat transfer program SAFIR for modelling plasterboard‐lined light timber frame assemblies and its limitations. The default material properties in SAFIR for gypsum plasterboard do not give good results and ‘smoothing’ of enthalpy curves has insignificant effects on the results but substantially reduces processing time. Modelling with SAFIR gives similar results to prior modelling using the program TASEF with slight differences. Both programs give better overall results for slower developing fires and furnace tests than more rapidly growing fires. Reasonable, slightly conservative results for thermal analysis of heat transfer through the walls and into timber studs can be achieved using the parameters suggested in this paper. More sophisticated and detailed models incorporating mass transfer, effect of fasteners, gaps between lining sheets and ablation are required to achieve better comparisons. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic effects of ZrO2 or B2O3 on flame‐retarded poly (butyl methacrylate) with tricresylphosphate
Authors: Wang Xinlong , Song Ye , Bao Jianchun 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe synergistic flame retarded systems consisting of ZrO2 or B2O3 and tricresylphosphate(TCP) for poly(butyl methacrylate)(PBMA) are reported. The synergistic effects were studied by limited oxygen index (LOI) test, UL‐94, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectra and digital photos. The synergistic effect of ZrO2 or B2O3 with TCP could be clearly observed by LOI. The TGA results show that ZrO2 or B2O3 increases the char yields of the systems at 500∘C. The Raman spectra, IR and digital photos results provide evidence that ZrO2 or B2O3 can efficiently promote the formation of charred layers composed of varying amounts of graphite and amorphous carbon. The possible mechanisms for synergy are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of novolac‐based char former: Silicon‐containing phenolic resin and its synergistic action with magnesium hydroxide in polyamide‐6
Authors: Fei Guoxia , Wang Qi , Liu Yuan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNovel novolac‐based char former silicon‐containing phenolic resin (SCPR) was synthesized by the reaction of novolac with γ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane in ethanol via a dehydration reaction, and the synthesized SCPR was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Serving as a synergist of magnesium hydroxide (MH) for the flame retardancy of polyamide 6 (PA6), it shows that the introduction of silicon in the structure of novolac molecule can greatly increase the charring performance of phenolic resin, and effectively eliminate the melt drips of PA6, thus improving the flame retardancy of the PA6. Compared with conventional novolac, the thermal oxidative stability of SCPR was obviously enhanced in the presence of MH due to the decrease of phenol hydroxide groups sensitive to oxidation, as well as the high energy Si–O bond introduced in the molecular structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flame spread over porous sand beds wetted with propenol
Authors: Zanganeh Jafar , Moghtaderi Behdad 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA comprehensive set of experiments was carried out to investigate the spread of flames over porous sand beds wetted with finite quantities of propenol. The aim was to examine the key characteristics of flame propagation over porous beds when a limited supply of liquid fuel to the flame zone was available. Experiments were conducted over beds with depths ranging from 13.3 to 39.9 mm and average particle diameters between 0.5 and 5 mm under quiescent, assisted and opposed airflow configurations. It was found that the flame spread rate for both assisted and opposed airflow configurations dramatically decreased as the air speed was increased although the extent of decay in the flame spread rate was more pronounced in the case of the opposed airflow configuration. The experimental observations were explained by correlating the flame spread rate with the Damköhler number and fuel consumption flux. The practical implications of the findings are briefly discussed in this paper. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.