bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between education and levels of trust and tolerance in Europe1
Authors: Borgonovi Francesca 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this article we explore the relationship between education and levels of trust and tolerance in Europe. More specifically we assess whether the relationship between years of schooling and the extent to which individuals trust others in their communities and are tolerant towards immigrants varies across European countries and attempt to identify possible sources of these variations. Findings based on data from the first three rounds of the European Social Survey indicate that the association between education and levels of trust and tolerance varies significantly across countries and that a major source of this variation lies in the way in which individuals react to the level of diversity in the country where they live.
Contemporary Anglo‐Jewish community leadership: coping with multiculturalism1
Authors: Gidley Ben , Kahn‐Harris Keith 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this article, drawing on qualitative interviews and documentary analysis, we argue that the Jewish community in Britain has undergone a fundamental shift since 1990 from a ‘strategy of security’, a strategy of communal leadership based on emphasizing the secure British citizenship and belonging of the UK's Jews, to a ‘strategy of insecurity’, where the communal leadership instead stresses an excess of security among Anglo‐Jewry. We demonstrate this based on two case studies: of the Jewish renewal movement in the 1990s and the ‘new antisemitism’ phenomenon of the 2000s. We conclude that this shift is tied to the shift from a monocultural Britain to an officially multicultural one, and that therefore there are lessons that can be taken from it for the study of British and other multiculturalisms.
Citizenship, immigration, and the European social project: rights and obligations of individuality
Authors: Soysal Yasemin Nuhoğlu 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAs envisioned by T.H. Marshall, social citizenship was a corrective to the injustices caused by the capitalist market. Entitlements and protections guaranteed by the welfare state would prevent social and economic exclusions that civil and political rights, on their own, simply could not. Such protections consequently would ensure social cohesion and solidarity, as well as a productive economy and market. European welfare states successfully followed this formula for the most part of the post‐World War II period, however the last couple of decades witnessed significant changes. For one, the very meaning of ‘work’ and ‘worker’ on which the welfare state is based has changed – flexibility, risk, and precariousness have become defining elements of working life. The welfare state itself has gone through a transformation as well, increasingly moving away from a system of ‘passive benefits’ to ‘social investment’ in human capital. These developments are coupled with an emphasis on education in ‘active citizenship’, which envisions participatory individuals who are adaptable in an increasingly globalized society, and ready to contribute at local, national and transnational levels. The emergent European social project draws on a re‐alignment between these strands: work, social investment, and active participation. In this article, I consider the implications of this project for immigrant populations in Europe in particular and for the conceptions of citizenship and human rights in general. In contrast to the recent commentary on the neoliberal turn and the return of nation‐state centered citizenship projects in Europe, I emphasize the broader trends in the post‐World War II period that indicate a significant shift in the very foundations of good citizenship and social justice. The new social project transpires a citizenship model that privileges individuality and its transformative capacity as a collective good. Thus, while expanding the boundaries and forms of participation in society, this project at the same time burdens the individual, rather than the state, with the obligation of ensuring social cohesion and solidarity, disadvantaging not only non‐European migrants but also the ‘lesser’ Europeans. The new social project brings into focus the relationship between universalistic individual rights and their effective exercise. I conclude that rather than treating human rights and citizenship as a dichotomy we should pay attention to their entangled practice in order to understand the contingent accomplishments and possible expansions of citizenship in Europe.
The mammalian bony labyrinth reconsidered, introducing a comprehensive geometric morphometric approach
Authors: Gunz Philipp , Ramsier Marissa , Kuhrig Melanie , Hublin Jean‐Jacques , Spoor Fred 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe bony labyrinth in the temporal bone houses the sensory systems of balance and hearing. While the overall structure of the semicircular canals and cochlea is similar across therian mammals, their detailed morphology varies even among closely related groups. As such, the shape of the labyrinth carries valuable functional and phylogenetic information. Here we introduce a new, semilandmark‐based three‐dimensional geometric morphometric approach to shape analysis of the labyrinth, as a major improvement upon previous metric studies based on linear measurements and angles. We first provide a detailed, step‐by‐step description of the measurement protocol. Subsequently, we test our approach using a geographically diverse sample of 50 recent modern humans and 30 chimpanzee specimens belonging toPan troglodytes troglodytesandP. t. verus. Our measurement protocol can be applied to CT scans of different spatial resolutions because it primarily quantifies the midline skeleton of the bony labyrinth. Accurately locating the lumen centre of the semicircular canals and the cochlea is not affected by the partial volume and thresholding effects that can make the comparison of the outer border problematic. After virtually extracting the bony labyrinth from CT scans of the temporal bone, we computed its midline skeleton by thinning the encased volume. On the resulting medial axes of the semicircular canals and cochlea we placed a sequence of semilandmarks. After Procrustes superimposition, the shape coordinates were analysed using multivariate statistics. We found statistically significant shape differences between humans and chimpanzees which corroborate previous analyses of the labyrinth based on traditional measurements. As the geometric relationship among the semilandmark coordinates was preserved throughout the analysis, we were able to quantify and visualize even small‐scale shape differences. Notably, our approach made it possible to detect and visualize subtle, yet statistically significant (P = 0.009), differences between two chimpanzee subspecies in the shape of their semicircular canals. The ability to discriminate labyrinth shape at the subspecies level demonstrates that the approach presented here has great potential in future taxonomic studies of fossil specimens.
Female condition, egg shape and hatchability: a study on the grey partridge
Authors: Cucco M. , Grenna M. , Malacarne G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEgg features are key components of egg quality that can influence future prospects of survival. Past studies have outlined the importance of egg size, but little is known about egg shape variation, differences among females, influence of external factors on shape and the importance of shape for hatchability. In this study of the grey partridge Perdix perdix, we examined shape characteristics (elongation and three indices derived from photographs). There was a significant individual difference in egg shape among females, and shape was influenced by the position in the laying order, with last‐laid eggs being less elongated. Egg shape indices were not influenced by food quality (experiment with two diets differing in β‐carotene content), nor by an immune challenge (experiment with two groups differing in Newcastle disease virus vaccine treatment). Eggs laid by females in poorer health conditions were more asymmetric and more pointed. Egg hatchability was higher for intermediate egg elongation values.
Simultaneous measurement of soil water and soil hardness using a modified time domain reflectometry probe and a conventional cone penetrometer
Authors: Miyamoto T. , Fukami K. , Chikushi J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSoil strength and water content are important indices for assessing soil resistance to root growth and soil compaction both of which affect other soil properties. Therefore, simultaneous measurement of soil penetration resistance (PR) and soil water content can aid agricultural land management. We measuredPRwith a conventional cone penetrometer, followed immediately by determining water content using a modified TDR probe inserted into the penetrometer hole. From the results of a field feasibility test, soil water content was measured satisfactorily and correlated well with data obtained by the gravimetric method, except for those data from near the surface owing to soil disturbance when the cone penetrometer was extracted after thePRmeasurements. Field results demonstrate thatPRand soil water content have three‐dimensional variability, with a markedly different distribution pattern between cultivated and subsoil layers at the field scale. Overall, the variability in thePRand soil water data is similar to that reported in previous studies. We conclude that our method produces results helpful to field management of soil and water because it is based on a simple and easy technique for the simultaneous measurement of soil water content andPR.
Pharmacological profile of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinases and related phosphatidylinositols mediating endothelinA receptor‐operated native TRPC channels in rabbit coronary artery myocytes
Authors: Shi J , Ju M , Large WA , Albert AP 
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE EndothelinA (ETA) receptor‐operated canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels mediate Ca2+ influx pathways, which are important in coronary artery function. Biochemical pathways linking ETA receptor stimulation to TRPC channel opening are unknown. We investigated the involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinases (PI3K) in ETA receptor activation of native heteromeric TRPC1/C5/C6 and TRPC3/C7 channels in rabbit coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A pharmacological profile of PI3K was created by studying the effect of pan‐PI3K, pan‐Class I PI3K and Class I PI3K isoform‐selective inhibitors on ETA receptor‐evoked single TRPC1/C5/C6 and TRPC3/C7 channel activities in cell‐attached patches from rabbit freshly isolated coronary artery VSMCs. The action of phosphatidylinositol 3‐phosphate‐ [PI(3)P], 4‐phosphate‐ [PI(4)P] and 5‐phosphate‐ [PI(5)P] containing molecules involved in PI3K‐mediated reactions were studied in inside‐out patches. Expression of PI3K family members in coronary artery tissue lysates were analysed using quantitative PCR.KEY RESULTS ETA receptor‐operated TRPC1/C5/C6 and TRPC3/C7 channel activities were inhibited by wortmannin. However, ZSTK474 and AS252424 reduced ETA receptor‐evoked TRPC1/C5/C6 channel activity but potentiated TRPC3/C7 channel activity. All the PI(3)P‐, PI(4)P‐ and PI(5)P‐containing molecules tested induced TRPC1/C5/C6 channel activation, whereas only PI(3)P stimulated TRPC3/C7 channels.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ETA receptor‐operated native TRPC1/C5/C6 and TRPC3/C7 channel activities are likely to be mediated by Class I PI3Kγ and Class II/III PI3K isoforms, respectively. ETA receptor‐evoked and constitutively active PI3Kγ‐mediated pathways inhibit TRPC3/C7 channel activation. PI3K‐mediated pathways are novel regulators of native TRPC channels in VSMCs, and these signalling cascades are potential pharmacological targets for coronary artery disease.
Predictive Factors for Improvement of Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia After Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: A Three‐Year Follow‐Up Study in Korea
Authors: Kang Jung Mook , Kim Nayoung , Shin Cheol Min , Lee Hye Seung , Lee Dong Ho , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground and Aims:  To date, data on the effects of anti‐Helicobacter therapy on the improvement of atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) have been conflicting. This study was performed to investigate whether eradication of H. pylori could lead to the improvement of AG and IM, and the prognostic factors associated with the improvement of AG and IM.Methods:  Four hundred patients consisting of H. pylori‐negative (n = 116) and H. pylori‐positive (n = 284) groups were followed up 1 and 3 years after initial H. pylori tests. Serum levels of pepsinogen (PG), bacteria, environmental factors, and genetic polymorphisms were determined.Results:  The grade of corpus atrophy decreased at 1 and 3 years after successful eradication (p < .001 and p = .033, respectively). However, there was no significant change in the IM in the antrum and in the corpus. Prediction factors for the improvement of corpus AG by H. pylori eradication were baseline low PG I/II ratio (≤3), high salt intake, and corpus‐predominant gastritis. IM improvement was also associated with spicy food intake and high baseline grade of IM, in addition to these factors. In addition, IL‐1B‐511 C/T and IL‐6‐572 C/G alleles were found to inhibit IM improvement. However, H. pylori‐negative and noneradicated group did not show any significant change in AG or IM.Conclusion:  Corpus AG was reversed by H. pylori eradication, and improvement of IM by H. pylori eradiation was more definite in patients with severe IM, low PG I/II ratio, and corpus‐predominant gastritis, suggesting that H. pylori eradication is valuable even in severe cases.
Effects of Alpha Tocopherol and Ascorbic Acid on Helicobacter pylori Colonization and the Severity of Gastric Inflammation
Authors: Sezikli Mesut , Çetinkaya Züleyha Akkan , Güzelbulut Fatih , Çimen Burak , Özcan Ömer , Özkara Selvinaz , Yeşil Atakan , Gümrükçü Gülistan , İpçioğlu Osman Metin , Sezikli Hayrünnisa , Övünç Ayşe Oya Kurdaş 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground and Aim:  We aimed to evaluate the changes in histopathologic features, concentrations of vitamins C and E in gastric mucosa, and total antioxidant capacity of the body after ingestion of ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol in patients with Helicobacter pylori.Material and Method:  Patients with H. pylori‐positive nonulcer dyspepsia were included in this study. Tissue samples were taken from the lesser and greater curvature in both prepyloric antrum and corpus for histopathologic examination and measurement of vitamins C and E concentrations. Blood samples were obtained for measurement of the total antioxidant capacity of the body. The patients were given vitamin C 500 mg BID and vitamin E 200 IU BID for 4 weeks orally. At the end of the 4th week, the initial procedures were repeated. Histopathologic examination of the tissue samples were carried out by two pathologists.Results:  The mean vitamins C and E concentrations in gastric mucosa at the 4th week were higher than those at the beginning (p = .000 and p = .006, respectively). Mean total antioxidant capacity of the body at the beginning and that at the 4th week were similar (p = .689). H. pylori intensity in the antrum at the beginning was higher than that at the 4th week for both pathologists (p = .007 and p = .039). Neutrophilic activity in the antrum at the beginning was higher than that at the 4th week for both pathologists (p = .000 and p = .025). Neutrophilic activity in the corpus at the beginning was higher than that at the 4th week for pathologist 1 (p = .033), and they were similar for pathologist 2 (p = .763).Conclusion:  The findings that H. pylori intensity and neutrophilic activity decrease through increasing gastric ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol concentrations suggest that supplementation with vitamins C and E increases the eradication rates via impairing the microenvironment created by the bacteria and facilitating the diffusion of antibiotics into gastric mucosa.
Relation Over Time Between Facial Measurements and Cognitive Outcomes in Fetal Alcohol‐Exposed Children
Authors: Foroud Tatiana , Wetherill Leah , Vinci‐Booher Sophia , Moore Elizabeth S. , Ward Richard E. , Hoyme H. Eugene , Robinson Luther K. , Rogers Jeffrey , Meintjes Ernesta M. , Molteno Christopher D. , Jacobson Joseph L. , Jacobson Sandra W. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundThe identification of individuals exposed prenatally to alcohol can be challenging, with only those having the characteristic pattern of facial features, central nervous system abnormality, and growth retardation receiving a clinical diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).MethodsSeventeen anthropometric measurements were obtained at 5 and 9 years from 125 Cape Town, South African children, studied since birth. The children were divided into 3 groups: FAS or partial FAS (PFAS), heavily exposed nonsyndromal (HE), and non‐alcohol‐exposed controls (C). Anthropometric measurements were evaluated for mean group differences. Logistic regression models were used to identify the subset of anthropometric measures that best predicted group membership. Anthropometric measurements were examined at the 2 ages in relation to prenatal alcohol exposure obtained prospectively from the mothers during pregnancy. Correlation of these facial measurements with key neurobehavioral outcomes including Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children‐IV IQ and eyeblink conditioning was used to assess their utility as indicators of alcohol‐related central nervous system impairment.ResultsSignificant group differences were found for the majority of the anthropometric measures, with means of these measures smaller in the FAS/PFAS compared with HE or C. Upper facial widths, ear length, lower facial depth, and eye widths were consistent predictors distinguishing those exposed to alcohol from those who were not. Using longitudinal data, unique measures were identified that predicted facial anomalies at one age but not the other, suggesting the face changes as the individual matures. And 41% of the FAS/PFAS group met criteria for microtia at both ages. Three of the predictive anthropometric measures were negatively related to measures of prenatal alcohol consumption, and all were positively related to at least 1 neurobehavioral outcome.ConclusionsThe analysis of longitudinal data identified a common set of predictors, as well as some that are unique at each age. Prenatal alcohol exposure appears to have its primary effect on brain growth, reflected by smaller forehead widths, and may suppress neural crest migration to the branchial arches, reflected by deficits in ear length and mandibular dimensions. These results may improve diagnostic resolution and enhance our understanding of the relation between the face and the neuropsychological deficits that occur.
Institutionalization of Brief Alcohol Intervention in Primary Health Care—The Finnish Case
Authors: Seppänen Kati K. , Aalto Mauri , Seppä Kaija 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundThere have been several research and practical projects to promote alcohol brief interventions (BIs) in healthcare settings, but no reports of nationwide outcome have so far been published. In Finland, these activities started in the early 1990s, and in the past years, the focus has been mainly on primary and occupational health care. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether the extensive and long‐lasting implementation efforts have led to the institutionalization of this activity among primary healthcare physicians and to the identification of factors that may be associated with it.MethodsThe data were gathered by a questionnaire sent to all Finnish primary healthcare physicians in 2002 and 2007. In both years, the questionnaire contained questions on demographics, professional background and the physicians' own BI activity (regular, occasional, or none). In 2007, a question eliciting information about the change in BI activity during the past 5 years was added. The response rate was 67.1% (95% CI 65.4 to 68.8) (2,001/2,980) in 2002 and 50.9% (95% CI 49.2 to 52.6) (1,610/3,163) in 2007.ResultsThe number of physicians offering BI had increased during the study years from 59.2 to 78.5%. Regular activity was reported in 2002 by 9.3% of physicians and in 2007 by 17.2% and occasional activity correspondingly by 49.9 and 61.3%. Of the physicians who offered BI in 2007, 52.4% reported increased activity and 42.6% similar activity to that reported 5 years earlier. Having a specialist's license in general practice or occupational health care or long experience as a primary healthcare physician predicted high activity.ConclusionsThe BI activity of Finnish primary healthcare physicians is reasonably high and rising. Training and motivating those with low BI activity remains future challenge.
Variation in Documented Care for Unhealthy Alcohol Consumption Across Race/Ethnicity in the Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System
Authors: Williams Emily C. , Lapham Gwen T. , Hawkins Eric J. , Rubinsky Anna D. , Morales Leo S. , Young Bessie A. , Bradley Katharine A. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundThe VA Healthcare System has made progress implementing evidence‐based care for unhealthy alcohol use, but whether there are differences in care across race/ethnicity is unclear. We describe alcohol‐related care for 3 racial/ethnic groups among VA outpatients with unhealthy alcohol use.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study utilized secondary quality improvement data collected for the VA Office of Quality and Performance (July 2006 to June 2007) to identify a sample of 9,194 black (n = 1,436), Hispanic (n = 500), and white (n = 7,258) VA outpatients who screened positive for unhealthy alcohol use (AUDIT‐C score ≥4 men; ≥3 women). Alcohol‐related care was defined as medical record documentation of brief intervention (advice or feedback) and/or referral (discussion of or scheduled). Logistic regression models estimated the prevalence of alcohol‐related care among black, Hispanic, and white patients after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, alcohol use severity, other substance use, and mental health comorbidity.ResultsAmong all eligible patients, 2,903 (32%) had documented alcohol‐related care. Adjusted prevalences were 35.3% (95% CI 30.0 to 40.5) for black, 27.3% (95% CI 21.1 to 33.5) for Hispanic, and 28.9% (95% CI 25.5 to 32.3) for white patients. Differences in documented alcohol‐related care between all racial/ethnic groups were significant (p‐values all < 0.05).ConclusionsAmong VA patients with unhealthy alcohol use, black patients had the highest, and Hispanic the lowest, prevalence of documented alcohol‐related care. Future research should evaluate contextual and system‐, provider‐, or patient‐level factors that may attenuate racial/ethnic differences in documented alcohol‐related care, as well as whether differences in documented care are associated with differences in outcomes.