bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opposite effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rabøl R. , Boushel R. , Almdal T. , Hansen C. N. , Ploug T. , Haugaard S. B. , Prats C. , Madsbad S. , Dela F. 
Published: May 2010

Aim: Skeletal muscle insulin resistance has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. We examined how improvements in muscular insulin sensitivity following rosiglitazone (ROSI) or pioglitazone (PIO) treatment would affect muscle mitochondrial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Muscle biopsies were obtained from 21 patients with T2DM before and after 12 weeks on either ROSI (4 mg once daily) [n = 12; age, 59.2 ± 2.2 years; body mass index (BMI), 29.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2] or PIO (30 mg once daily) (n = 9; age, 56.3 ± 2.4 years; BMI, 29.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2). An age‐ and BMI‐matched control group was also included (n = 8; age, 61.8 ± 2.3 years; BMI, 28.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2). Insulin sensitivity, citrate synthase‐ and β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase (HAD) activity, intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) and protein content of complexes I–IV were measured, while mitochondrial respiration per milligram muscle was measured in saponin‐treated skinned muscle fibres using high‐resolution respirometry. Results: Mitochondrial respiration per milligram muscle was lower in T2DM compared to controls at baseline and decreased during ROSI treatment but increased during PIO treatment. Citrate synthase activity and average protein content of complexes I–IV were unchanged in the ROSI group, but protein content of complexes II and III increased during PIO treatment. Insulin sensitivity improved in all patients, but IMTG levels were unchanged. Conclusions: We show opposite effects of ROSI and PIO on mitochondrial respiration, and also show that insulin sensitivity can be improved independently of changes in mitochondrial respiration. We confirm that mitochondrial respiration is reduced in T2DM compared to age‐ and BMI‐matched control subjects.
The second World Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Conference 2009: ‘Psoriasis – skin and beyond’
Authors: Molin S , Jonckheere CL , Coates LC 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe high disease burden in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis by the loss of healthy years attributable to disability and the loss of years of life caused by premature death justify the interdisciplinary efforts to join forces for the benefit of affected patients. The initial meeting in 2006 had been a great success that was supposed to be continued. For the second time IFPA, the International Federation of Psoriasis Organisations, has organized a world conference on psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in Stockholm, Sweden, 24th to 28th June 2009. In a joint effort by dermatologists and rheumatologists, these issues were translated into a scientific programme. Promoting interdisciplinary exchange, the disease‐defined rather than discipline‐specific approach of the second world psoriasis conference dealing with psoriasis revealed that the borders between medical specialities like dermatology and rheumatology or internal medicine not as fixed as traditionally believed.
New reasons for histopathological nail‐clipping examination in the diagnosis of onychomycosis
Authors: Wilsmann‐Theis D , Sareika F , Bieber T , Schmid‐Wendtner M‐H , Wenzel J 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground  Onychomycosis is a common problem. Today, the gold standard in the diagnosis of onychomycosis is the direct microscopy and fungal culture. But direct microscopy is regarded as having a low sensitivity and fungal culture takes long time. In addition, in cases of controlling the antifungal treatment course, the present gold standard is often not a reliable tool because of the inhibition of the fungal growth in the culture.Objective  The purpose of this study was to compare the present gold standard with histological examination with periodic acid‐Schiff staining (PAS) of nail clippings in the diagnosis of onychomycosis in a large cohort.Materials and methods  We prospectively evaluated 1146 nail samples from 851 patients with clinical signs of onychomycosis using direct microscopy and fungal culture in comparison with PAS‐stain.Results  A total of 631 nail samples revealed a positive result in at least one test. The most sensitive single test for the diagnosis of onychomycosis was PAS with 82%, followed by culture (53%) and direct microscopy (48%). In 64 cases, in which a prediagnostic antimycotic treatment has been initiated, PAS showed to have by far the highest sensitivity (88%) in comparison with culture (33%) or direct microscopy (50%).Conclusions  Periodic acid‐Schiff staining is the single method with the highest sensitivity in terms of detection of fungal elements (hyphae) in nail specimens. Especially in cases with prior antifungal treatment, histological analysis of PAS‐stained nail clippings should be considered as an appropriate diagnostic tool.
On the rare Abyssal Octopod Melanoteuthis beebei (sp. n.): a Contribution to the Phytogeny of the Octopoda.
Authors: Robson G. C. 
Published: May 2010

Summary

The abyssal Octopod Xelanoteubhis beebei from the Eastern Pacific is a new species differing in several important featnres from 111. lzcceias (N. Atlantic), the only other speeies of the genus.
It possesses certain characters not found in the Octopoda but characteristic of the Decapodn; and i t also displays certain features which ally it with the Cirrate and Iiicirrate Octopods.
Melwnoteuthis (and probably the other members of the Vampyromorphze) is the most primitive Octopod. Though referable to the Octopoda, it exhibik very clearly‐marker1 affinity with the Decapoda and can be associated with neither the Cirromorphn nor the, Incirrate Octopods.
It is propxed to subdivide the Octopodn. into three suborders ‐the Vampyrornorphn, Cirromorpha, and Tnciri. ata, whicli seem to represent three markedly divergent evolutionary tendencies.
The structure of Melanotetcthis renders it highly probable that the Octopoda diverged from the Decqoda after the latter had acquired pedunculate suckers and a funnel‐valve, but before t h e central nervous system underwent condensation and (See footnote, p. 469.)
The Modification of the Testes of the Mouse with Age, with special reference to Interstitial Tissue.
Authors: Groome J. R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn the mouse spermatogenesis appears to begin at the time of weaning.The volume of the interstitial cell nuclei remains fairly constant until the age of 15 months, when there is a remarkable increase.The absolute number of interstitial cells increases up to the age of 6 months, after which there is a slight decrease.As the number of interstitial cells relative to the tubules is ten times greater about the time of birth than at any other age, criticism of the iterstitial cell theory based on purely relative figures may be dismissed.
The Structure and Affinities of Tarrasius probhmaticus Traquair.
Authors: Moy‐Thomas J. A. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.(1) Tarraskis problematicus Traquair is shown to be a Palæoniscid having the bones of the head, axial skeleton, median fin supports, and “palæniscoid” scales characteristic of the group.(2) Tarrasius is specialized in that it has become an eel‐like swimmer, and on account of this has continuous dorsal and ventral fins, a diphycercal tail, lobed vertically held pectoral fins, and no pelvic fins.(3) Tarrasius shows how a somewhat eel‐like Palæoniscid may exist, and in consequence supports the view of Goodrich that Polypterus is a Palæoniscid.List of Literature cited.
The accidental importation of three species of Torania into Great Britain, with observations on live specimens (Araneae: Sparassidae)
Authors: Browning Ernest 
Published: May 2010

Summary

Records are given of the accidental importation of three species of Torania Simon, occidentalis, scutata and variata into Great Britain.
The epigynes of the females of scutata and variata are figured.
Observations are given on two live females of variata, including the emergence of a worm, Mermis sp., from one of them.
Age changes in some bodily dimensions of Apes
Authors: Ashton E. H. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.

Basic statistical data are given for four overall bodily measurements and two derived indices of seventy‐three wild chimpanzees and eighty‐eight gorillas of all ages.
Sexual differences are established shortly after the first permanent molars have erupted.
Each measurement increases rapidly as the remaining permanent teeth erupt and some growth continues after the third permanent molars are in place.
The overall shape of the ape's body and limbs remains practically constant as the permanent teeth erupt, and there is little evidence that growth in these parts follows an allometric pattern.
The growth relationship between the face and cranium is, however, strongly allometric.
The vesicula seminalis of the rabbit
Authors: Carr Edna B. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.

The development of the so‐called uterus masculinus is described from sections of 19‐to 32‐day post‐coitum embryos.
It was found that the structure is formed from the joining of the swollen bases of the Wolffian canals and is connected to the urethra by a short projection from the dorsal wall of the sinus. Since it is formed predominantly from Wolffian tissue it is renamed vesicula seminalis as suggested by Jost (1943, 1947), who first described the role of the Wolffian and sinus tissues in the formation of the vesicula seminalis.
The external ear in Crocodilia
Authors: Shute C. C. D. , Bellairs A. d'A. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.

Crocodilians possess a slit‐like external auditory meatus, bounded above by a large superior ear‐flap, and below and in front by a small inferior ear‐flap. The anterior part of the meatus in living animals is usually open when the top of the head is out of water and closed when it is submerged. The posterior part of the meatus is nearly always closed, even when the head is above the surface.
The superior ear‐flap is operated by two muscles of the hyoidean group, the more superficial one being the M. levator and the deeper one being the M. depressor. Both muscles are attached to the skull and to the auricular plate, a mass of dense connective tissue which reinforces the upper ear‐flap. These muscles act in an indirect fashion by rotating the auricular plate around a longitudinal axis, and both are related to the deep aspect of the plate.
The anterior part of the meatus is opened as a result of downward movement of the inferior ear‐flap. This is effected by means of a Y‐shaped structure composed of dense connective tissue and here termed the ypsilon. The lateral arm of the ypsilon is attached to the lower ear‐flap, the medial arm to the postorbital bone, and the stem, which projects forwards into the orbit, to the depressor auriculae inferior muscle. This muscle runs transversely across the floor of the orbit and is probably a derivative of the levator bulbi muscle.
The functional significance of the ear‐flap in protecting the tympanic membrane from mechanical injury is discussed, and some points of contrast between the external ear in crocodiles and that in mammals are noted.
Colour polymorphism in the males of an African cichlid fish
Authors: Heiligenberg Walter 
Published: May 2010

A species of the cichlid genus Pelmatochromis recently imported from West Africa has been observed in captivity and was bred several times. Whereas the females of the imported species all looked alike the males differed in respect of two colour patterns:

the number of eye spots in the tail fin is constant throughout the individual's life but varies between 0 and 5 among different individuals;
some males always become red on the whole underside of the belly when courting (type 1) others become red on the hind part of the belly only (type 2).

There is strong evidence that these differences in coloration are genetically determined.
The morphology and histology of the digestive systems of two freshwater teleosts, Poecilia reticulata and Gasterosteus aculeatus
Authors: Hale Patricia A. 
Published: May 2010

The morphological and histological structure of the post‐pharyngeal gut, liver and exocrine pancreas are described. In Poecilia the gut comprises only oesophagus and intestine and lies folded in the body cavity, while in Gasterosteus the straight gut also includes a true stomach.In both species the oesophagus is lined by a stratified epithelium containing many saccular mucus cells. The oesophageal musculature consists of bundles of striated fibres.The wall of the post‐oesophageal gut comprises the following layers: simple epithelium, sub‐epithelial connective tissue, circular and longitudinal smooth muscle, and serosa. A muscularis mucosae is not present in any part of the digestive tract in either species.The stickleback stomach is lined by a simple columnar superficial epithelium. Gastric tubules, present only in the anterior half, are lined by pyramidal secretory cells of a single type, presumed to secrete both acid and pepsin.In both species columnar absorbing cells possessing a striated border and mucussecreting goblet cells are the most numerous cell types in the intestinal epithelium.The liver of each species is made up of tightly packed polyhedral hepatic cells with blood sinusoids running at random between them.Both species have a diffuse pancreas. Acini sheath the mesenteric blood vessels. The choledochal and pancreatic ducts open together into the anterior intestine.
The SPECTRAL project: a training needs analysis for providers of clinical question answering services
Authors: Booth Andrew , Beecroft Claire 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To characterise the training needs of those providing clinical question answering services (CQAS).Participants:  Seventeen specialist UK staff working in CQAS, 21 from general health library UK staff and eight international respondents.Methodology:  A literature review examined documented training needs for CQAS staff. A follow‐up questionnaire examined prior training and experience and identified training needs for the surveyed staff.Results/outcomes:  Ninety per cent of CQAS staff had worked in health services for 3 years or longer. Training received in preparation for the CQAS role comprised literature searching (including the PRECEPT/ADEPT and cochrane library courses) and critical appraisal. Skills considered ‘essential’ for clinical question answering were ‘literature searching’ (100%), ‘understanding the context of clinical questions’, ‘bibliographic databases’, ‘evidence‐based sources’ and ‘the Internet’ (all 93%). Main training needs for specialist CQAS staff include management and organisation of CQAS and technical skills in interpretation and presentation.Discussion/conclusion:  CQAS staff require a formal training programme. Most CQAS staff considered that this should be a mandatory requirement.
Implication of TAp73 in the p53‐independent pathway of Puma induction and Puma‐dependent apoptosis in primary cortical neurons
Authors: Fricker Michael , Papadia Sofia , Hardingham Giles E. , Tolkovsky Aviva M. 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 772–783.AbstractPuma (p53 up‐regulated modulator of apoptosis) is a BH3‐only protein member of the Bcl‐2 family that controls apoptosis by regulating the release of pro‐apoptotic factors from mitochondria. Previously, we reported that sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) induces Puma‐dependent apoptosis in cortical neurons in a p53‐independent manner. The following evidence shows that p53‐independent Puma activation by NaAsO2 is mediated by the p53‐related protein TAp73: (i) NaAsO2 causes TAp73α accumulation and increases p53‐independent expression of p73 target genes; (ii) two p53 response elements in the Puma promoter are required for NaAsO2‐mediated activation of a Puma reporter construct; (iii) expression of the inhibitory ΔNp73α and ΔNp73β isoforms decreases NaAsO2‐mediated induction of Puma and other p53‐family target genes in a p53‐null background; (iv) ΔNp73α and ΔNp73β expression protects the neurons from NaAsO2‐dependent apoptosis. Interestingly, although ER stressors also induce p53‐independent, Puma‐dependent apoptosis, they do not increase TAp73 expression while NaAsO2 does not induce notable endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In contrast, DNA damaging agents, okadaic acid, and H2O2 all induce apoptosis in a strictly Puma‐ and p53‐dependent manner. Hence, the pivotal position of Puma as mediator of apoptosis in cortical neurons is because of the availability of at least three independent signalling pathways that ensure its activation.
Disruption of gap junctions attenuates aminoglycoside‐elicited renal tubular cell injury
Authors: Yao Jian , Huang Tao , Fang Xin , Chi Yuan , Zhu Ying , Wan Yigang , Matsue Hiroyuki , Kitamura Masanori 
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEGap junctions play important roles in the regulation of cell phenotype and in determining cell survival after various insults. Here, we investigated the role of gap junctions in aminoglycoside‐induced injury to renal tubular cells.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHTwo tubular epithelial cell lines NRK‐E52 and LLC‐PK1 were compared for gap junction protein expression and function by immunofluorescent staining, Western blot and dye transfer assay. Cell viability after exposure to aminoglycosides was evaluated by WST assay. Gap junctions were modulated by transfection of the gap junction protein, connexin 43 (Cx43), use of Cx43 siRNA and gap junction inhibitors.KEY RESULTSNRK‐E52 cells expressed abundant Cx43 and were functionally coupled by gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Exposure of NRK‐E52 cells to aminoglycosides, G418 and hygromycin, increased Cx43 phosphorylation and GJIC. The aminoglycosides also decreased cell viability that was prevented by gap junction inhibitors and Cx43 siRNA. LLC‐PK1 cells were gap junction‐deficient and resistant to aminoglycoside‐induced cytotoxicity. Over‐expression of a wild‐type Cx43 converted LLC‐PK1 cells to a drug‐sensitive phenotype. The gap junction inhibitor α‐glycyrrhetinic acid (α‐GA) activated Akt in NRK‐E52 cells. Inhibition of the Akt pathway enhanced cell toxicity to G418 and abolished the protective effects of α‐GA. In addition, gentamycin‐elicited cytotoxicity in NRK‐E52 cells was also significantly attenuated by α‐GA.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONSGap junctions contributed to the cytotoxic effects of aminoglycosides. Modulation of gap junctions could be a promising approach for prevention and treatment of aminoglycoside‐induced renal tubular cell injury.
Possible involvement of GLP‐1(9–36) in the regional haemodynamic effects of GLP‐1(7–36) in conscious rats
Authors: Gardiner SM , March JE , Kemp PA , Bennett T , Baker DJ 
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The incretin hormone, glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1(7–36), is rapidly cleaved by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP‐4) into GLP‐1(9–36), and although it is agreed that most, if not all, of the metabolic effects are attributable to the intact peptide, the degree to which the cardiovascular effects are due to the cleavage product is unclear. The purpose of this study was to measure the regional haemodynamic effects of GLP‐1(7–36), and determine the extent to which the cardiovascular effects of GLP‐1(7–36) were influenced by DPP‐4 inhibition and reproduced by GLP‐1(9–36). Additional experiments investigated the involvement of autonomic mechanisms in the cardiovascular effects of GLP‐1(7–36).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Regional haemodynamic effects of bolus doses and 4 h infusions of GLP‐1(7–36) amide and GLP‐1(9–36) amide were measured in conscious, chronically instrumented rats; the influence of DPP‐4 inhibition and autonomic blockade on responses to GLP‐1(7–36) were also assessed.KEY RESULTS Glucagon‐like peptide‐1(7–36) had clear regional haemodynamic effects comprising tachycardia, a rise in blood pressure, renal and mesenteric vasoconstriction and hindquarters vasodilatation, whereas GLP‐1(9–36) was devoid of any cardiovascular actions. The effects of GLP‐1(7–36) were enhanced by DPP‐4 inhibition, and the tachycardia and hindquarters vasodilatation were β‐adrenoceptor‐mediated.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In conscious rats, the cardiovascular effects of GLP‐1(7–36) resemble those of the GLP analogue, exendin‐4, and are attributable to the intact peptide rather than the cleavage product, GLP‐1(9–36).
Role of Immune Serum in the Killing of Helicobacter pylori by Macrophages
Authors: Keep Stacey , Borlace Glenn , Butler Ross , Brooks Doug 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground:  Helicobacter pylori infection can lead to the development of gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, which makes this bacterium an important concern for human health. Despite evoking a strong immune response in the host, H. pylori persists, requiring complex antibiotic therapy for eradication. Here we have studied the impact of a patient’s immune serum on H. pylori in relation to macrophage uptake, phagosome maturation, and bacterial killing.Materials and Methods:  Primary human macrophages were infected in vitro with both immune serum‐treated and control H. pylori. The ability of primary human macrophages to kill H. pylori was characterized at various time points after infection. H. pylori phagosome maturation was analyzed by confocal immune fluorescence microscopy using markers specific for H. pylori, early endosomes (EEA1), late endosomes (CD63) and lysosomes (LAMP‐1).Results:  Immune serum enhanced H. pylori uptake into macrophages when compared to control bacteria. However, a sufficient inoculum remained for recovery of viable H. pylori from macrophages, at 8 hours after infection, for both the serum‐treated and control groups. Both serum‐treated and control H. pylori phagosomes acquired EEA1 (15 minutes), CD63 and LAMP‐1 (30 minutes). These markers were then retained for the rest of an 8 hour time course.Conclusions:  While immune sera appeared to have a slight positive effect on bacterial uptake, both serum‐treated and control H. pylori were not eliminated by macrophages. Furthermore, the same disruptions to phagosome maturation were observed for both serum‐treated and control H. pylori. We conclude that to eliminate H. pylori, a strategy is required to restore the normal process of phagosome maturation and enable effective macrophage killing of H. pylori, following a host immune response.
The Effect of Probiotics and Mucoprotective Agents on PPI‐Based Triple Therapy for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Song Min Jun , Park Dong Il , Park Jung Ho , Kim Hong Joo , Cho Yong Kyun , Sohn Chong Il , Jeon Woo Kyu , Kim Byung Ik 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground/Aims:  Recent studies have found that probiotics have anti‐Helicobacter pylori (HP) properties. We evaluated the additive effects of (i) Saccharomyces boulardii combined with proton pump inhibitor (PPI)‐based triple therapy and (ii) S. boulardii and a mucoprotective agent (DA‐9601) coupled with PPI‐based triple therapy for HP eradication.Methods:  We recruited 991 HP infected patients and randomized them into one of three groups, (A) PPI‐based 7‐day triple therapy, (B) the same triple therapy plus S. boulardii for 4 weeks, and (C) the same 7‐day triple therapy plus S. boulardii and mucoprotective agent for 4 weeks. All patients in the three groups were tested via 13C‐urea breath test 4 weeks after the completion of the therapy.Results:  According to the results of an intention‐to‐treat analysis, HP eradication rates for the groups A, B, and C were 71.6% (237/331), 80.0% (264/330), and 82.1% (271/330), respectively (p = .003). According to the results of a per protocol analysis, the eradication rates were 80.0% (237/296), 85.4% (264/309) and, 84.9% (271/319), respectively (p = .144). The frequency of side effects in group B (48/330) and C (30/330) was lower than that in group A (63/331) (p < .05).Conclusion:  This study suggests that supplementation with S. boulardii could be effective for improving HP eradication rates by reducing side effects thus helping completion of eradication therapy. However, there were no significant effects on HP eradication rates associated with the addition of mucoprotective agents to probiotics and triple therapy.