bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proposing a Computational Modeling Framework for Generating Masonry Wall Units, Enhancing the Information Within a BIM
Authors: McClymonds Austin D. , Asadi Somayeh , Leicht Robert M. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn recent decades, the construction industry has undergone a technological shift incorporating innovative technologies, such as robotics. However, information requirements must be met to integrate robotics further. Currently, building information models (BIM) contain substantial project information that can be leveraged for robots to create construction tasks, but for some building systems, the level of development (LOD) is inadequate to support these new requirements. Therefore, this study proposes a framework to increase the LOD of building systems by considering location information (X, Y, Z), orientation, material type, and component I.D. The computational modeler, Dynamo, is leveraged to increase the model’s LOD, extract information, and facilitate robotic task execution in the future. A case study is presented for multiple masonry room configurations developed in Autodesk Revit, where masonry units are generated and placed into design locations based on the geometry of the wall system. The case study used concrete masonry units (CMU) and standard brick. The number of partial-sized and full-sized blocks for each configuration was recorded, along with the computational time required to generate the units. It was observed that room configurations with more openings had longer computational times when compared to rooms constructed from the same material. After running the script, the model is reviewed to ensure accuracy and prevent overlaps or gaps in the model. The workflow provides insight into the methods used to interpret model geometry and extract information.
Satellite Geodesy Unveils a Decade of Summit Subsidence at Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano, Tanzania
Authors: Wauthier Christelle , Ho Cristy 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe processing of hundreds of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired by two satellite systems: Sentinel‐1 and COSMO‐SkyMed reveals a decade of ground deformation for a ∼0.5 km diameter area around the summit crater of the only active carbonatitic volcano on Earth: Ol Doinyo Lengai in Tanzania. Further decomposing ascending and descending orbits when the appropriate SAR data sets overlap allow us to interpret the imaged deformation as ground subsidence with a significant rate of ∼3.6 cm/yr for the pixels located just north of the summit crater. Using geodetic modeling and inverting the highest spatial resolution COSMO‐SkyMed data set, we show that the mechanism explaining this subsidence is most likely a deflating very shallow (≤1 km depth below the summit crater at the 95% confidence level) magma reservoir, consistent with geochemical‐petrological and seismo‐acoustic studies.
Boreal Winter Extratropical Weather Regime Changes During 1979–2019 and Their Weather Impacts and Possible Linkages to Sea‐Ice in the Nordic Seas
Authors: Fan Songmiao , Chen Xiaodan , Cohen Judah 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested possible connections between the decreasing Arctic sea‐ice and long‐duration (>5 days, LD) cold weather events in Eurasia and North America. Here we document the occurrences of weather regimes in winter by their durations, based on the empirical orthogonal function analyses of the daily geopotential height fields at 500 hPa (z500) for the months of November–March 1979–2019. Significant changes in the occurrence frequency and persistence of Ural ridge (UR) and weak stratospheric polar vortex (PV) were found between winters following high and low autumn sea‐ice covers (SIC) in the Barents and Kara seas. It is shown that a strengthening of the UR is accompanied with a weakening of the PV, and a weak PV favors Greenland ridge (GR). Cold spells in East Asia persist for 5 more days after an LDUR. Cold spells from Canada to the U.S. occur 2–5 days after an LD Ural trough (UT) and are associated with a z500 anomaly dipole centered over Alaska (+) and Hudson Bay (−). Cold spells in the eastern U.S. occur 1–4 days after an LDGR due to circulations resembling the Pacific‐North America pattern. Increased occurrences of UR in winter are associated with a decreased eastward propagation of synoptic waves from the North Atlantic to Japan and the North Pacific.
Generative Convective Parametrization of a Dry Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Heyder Florian , Mellado Juan Pedro , Schumacher Jörg 
Published: June 2024

AbstractTurbulence parametrizations will remain a necessary building block in kilometer‐scale Earth system models. In convective boundary layers, where the mean vertical gradients of conserved properties such as potential temperature and moisture are approximately zero, the standard ansatz which relates turbulent fluxes to mean vertical gradients via an eddy diffusivity has to be extended by mass‐flux parametrizations for the typically asymmetric up‐ and downdrafts in the atmospheric boundary layer. We present a parametrization for a dry and transiently growing convective boundary layer based on a generative adversarial network. The training and test data are obtained from three‐dimensional high‐resolution direct numerical simulations. The model incorporates the physics of self‐similar layer growth following from the classical mixed layer theory of Deardorff by a renormalization. This enhances the training data base of the generative machine learning algorithm and thus significantly improves the predicted statistics of the synthetically generated turbulence fields at different heights inside the boundary layer, above the surface layer. Differently to stochastic parametrizations, our model is able to predict the highly non‐Gaussian and transient statistics of buoyancy fluctuations, vertical velocity, and buoyancy flux at different heights thus also capturing the fastest thermals penetrating into the stabilized top region. The results of our generative algorithm agree with standard two‐equation mass‐flux schemes. The present parametrization provides additionally the granule‐type horizontal organization of the turbulent convection which cannot be obtained in any of the other model closures. Our proof of concept‐study also paves the way to efficient data‐driven convective parametrizations in other natural flows.
Stepwise Calibration of Age‐Dependent Biomass in the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) Model
Authors: Ma Rui , Zhang Yuan , Ciais Philippe , Xiao Jingfeng , Xu Yidi , Goll Daniel , Liang Shunlin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMany land surface models (LSMs) assume a steady‐state assumption (SS) for forest growth, leading to an overestimation of biomass in young forests. Parameters inversion under SS will potentially result in biased carbon fluxes and stocks in a transient simulation. Incorporating age‐dependent biomass into LSMs can simulate real disequilibrium states, enabling the model to simulate forest growth from planting to its current age, and improving the biased post‐calibration parameters. In this study, we developed a stepwise optimization framework that first calibrates “fast” light‐controlled CO2 fluxes (gross primary productivity, GPP), then leaf area index (LAI), and finally “slow” growth‐controlled biomass using the Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) GPP and LAI products, and age‐dependent biomass curves for the 25 forests. To reduce the computation time, we used a machine learning‐based model to surrogate the complex integrated biosphere simulator LSM during calibration. Our calibrated model led to an error reduction in GPP, LAI, and biomass by 28.5%, 35.3% and 74.6%, respectively. When compared with net biome productivity (NBP) using no‐age‐calibrated parameters, our age‐calibrated parameters increased NBP by an average of 50 gC m−2 yr−1 across all forests, especially in the boreal needleleaf evergreen forests, the NBP increased by 118 gC m−2 yr−1 on average, increasing the estimate of the carbon sink in young forests. Our work highlights the importance of including forest age in LSMs, and provides a novel framework for better calibrating LSMs using constraints from multiple satellite products at a global scale.
Structures and Backscattering Characteristics of CUSAT 205 MHz Stratosphere‐Troposphere Radar at Cochin (10.04°N, 76.3°E)—First Results
Authors: Poddar Nabarun , Das Siddarth Shankar , Venugopal Veenus , Abhilash S. , Rakesh V. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis paper presents the first ever observations on aspect‐sensitive characteristics of 205 MHz stratosphere–troposphere (ST) radar located at a tropical station Cochin (10.04°N, 76.3°E) using volume scanning. The most significant and new observation is that the signal‐to‐noise ratio in zenith and off‐zenith beams are nearly equal in some height region, indicating the presence of isotropic turbulence. Signal strength decreases by 0.75 dB per degree from 0 to 10 degree off‐zenith, 0.9 dB per degree from 10 to 20 degree off‐zenith and 0.3 dB per degree beyond 20 degree off‐zenith. Different causative mechanisms are discussed on the basis of various estimated parameters associated with aspect sensitivity. Maximum aspect sensitivity is observed between 12 and 17 km, indicating the presence of dynamic instability arising due to strong wind shear and atmospheric stability. When both the square of wind shear and stability parameters are above 0.25 × 10−3 s−2, the scatterers become mostly isotropic. The study also shows a power difference in the symmetric beams as well as azimuth angle dependency. Analysis suggests that this asymmetry is due to the tilting of layers by the action of atmospheric gravity waves generated through Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability. The present configuration of radar can provide a better understanding of three‐dimensional structures of turbulence and instabilities.
Transition From Late‐Miocene Syn‐Orogenic Extension to Plio‐Pleistocene Corinth Rifting in the Southern Hellenides, Northern Peloponnese, Greece
Authors: Wicker Vincent , Ford Mary , Gawthorpe Rob L. , Skourtsos Emmanuel , Kranis Haralambos D. , Kerouédan Léa , Muravchik Martin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis study investigates the Late Miocene to Pliocene transition from contractional to extensional tectonics in the upper plate of the Western Aegean retreating subduction system focusing on the Northern Peloponnese area, Greece. A new 3D tectonic model based on field data and cross‐sections clarifies the relationship between Corinth Rift (CR) normal faulting and inherited structures of the Hellenides belt. The tectonic history is divided into five stages: (a) Late Oligocene to Early Miocene ductile high‐pressure, low‐temperature metamorphism of the Phyllite‐Quartzite (PQ) Unit in the Hellenic subduction channel, synchronous with emplacement of overlying Hellenides nappes, (b) syn‐orogenic ductile exhumation of the PQ Unit at the subduction interface below the Cretan detachment (24–14 Ma), (c) Late Miocene underplating and vertical exhumation of the PQ Unit accommodated by thinning of the Hellenides nappe stack on low‐angle normal faults (LANFs) rooting into the Cretan detachment, followed by (d) NW‐SE‐trending high‐angle normal faulting, and (e) initiation of Corinth rifting by N‐S extension at 4–3.5 Ma. New results show that the LANFs all pre‐date Corinth rifting, forming above and around the NNW‐SSE‐trending, N‐plunging PQ dome, so that their strike varies from E‐W in the north to NE‐SW further south. Alluvial sediments deposited above E‐W‐striking LANFs are crosscut by early high‐angle CR faults. The northern termination of the PQ dome partially controls the location and segmentation of the CR. The transition from regional contraction to extension is attributed to changes in subduction dynamics at 8–5 Ma and to the SW propagation of the North Anatolian fault.
Reservoir Mud Releasing May Suboptimize Fluvial Sand Supply to Coastal Sediment Budget: Modeling the Impact of Shihmen Reservoir Case on Tamsui River Estuary
Authors: Hsueh Yu‐Ta , Wu Fu‐Chun , Ye Qinghua , Lai Steven Y. J. , Tsang Yinphan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractRegular release of sediment from reservoir has been increasingly adopted as a strategy for sustainable management. Here, we use a process‐based morphodynamic model to simulate the estuarine sediment dynamics impacted by turbidity current venting implemented by the Shihmen Reservoir during three typhoon events in 2008. Upon validation with the post‐event bathymetries, the model hindcasts reveal that mud releasing can be effective in mitigating reservoir siltation, yet may be a suboptimal strategy for alleviating coastal sediment deficit. A vast majority of the released muds were delivered through the estuary and exported to offshore by flood advection, wave dispersion, and tidal flushing. The flood‐driven sands, sourced mainly from downstream tributaries, were instead the major contributor to coastal sediment budget. However, mud mantling (covering and immobilizing sand deposits by the reservoir‐released muds) reduced sand availability and thus sand delivery to the coast. For the present case, 25% of the released muds were deposited along the way, presence of these mud covers reduced sand delivery by 15%, compared to a hypothetical scenario of clear‐water flood releases. The relative sand transport deficit is found to increase linearly with the degree of bed mud saturation, 1–D/R, with D/R the ratio of single‐event mud deposit to release. Given broad relevance to global reservoirs encountering the problems of siltation and coastal sediment deficit, our findings highlight that sustainable management needs to look beyond just a bulk amount of sediment, but it is critical to consider how different sediment fractions are interacting and impacted by human activities.
Fifteen Years of Integrated Terrestrial Environmental Observatories (TERENO) in Germany: Functions, Services, and Lessons Learned
Authors: Zacharias Steffen , Loescher Henry W. , Bogena Heye , Kiese Ralf , Schrön Martin , Attinger Sabine , Blume Theresa , Borchardt Dietrich , Borg Erik , Bumberger Jan , Chwala Christian , Dietrich Peter , Fersch Benjamin , Frenzel Mark , Gaillardet Jérôme , Groh Jannis , Hajnsek Irena , Itzerott Sibylle , Kunkel Ralf , Kunstmann Harald , Kunz Matthias , Liebner Susanne , Mirtl Michael , Montzka Carsten , Musolff Andreas , Pütz Thomas , Rebmann Corinna , Rinke Karsten , Rode Michael , Sachs Torsten , Samaniego Luis , Schmid Hans Peter , Vogel Hans‐Jörg , Weber Ute , Wollschläger Ute , Vereecken Harry 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe need to develop and provide integrated observation systems to better understand and manage global and regional environmental change is one of the major challenges facing Earth system science today. In 2008, the German Helmholtz Association took up this challenge and launched the German research infrastructure TERrestrial ENvironmental Observatories (TERENO). The aim of TERENO is the establishment and maintenance of a network of observatories as a basis for an interdisciplinary and long‐term research program to investigate the effects of global environmental change on terrestrial ecosystems and their socio‐economic consequences. State‐of‐the‐art methods from the field of environmental monitoring, geophysics, remote sensing, and modeling are used to record and analyze states and fluxes in different environmental disciplines from groundwater through the vadose zone, surface water, and biosphere, up to the lower atmosphere. Over the past 15 years we have collectively gained experience in operating a long‐term observing network, thereby overcoming unexpected operational and institutional challenges, exceeding expectations, and facilitating new research. Today, the TERENO network is a key pillar for environmental modeling and forecasting in Germany, an information hub for practitioners and policy stakeholders in agriculture, forestry, and water management at regional to national levels, a nucleus for international collaboration, academic training and scientific outreach, an important anchor for large‐scale experiments, and a trigger for methodological innovation and technological progress. This article describes TERENO's key services and functions, presents the main lessons learned from this 15‐year effort, and emphasizes the need to continue long‐term integrated environmental monitoring programmes in the future.
On the Cluster Scales of Hydrometeors in Mixed‐Phase Stratiform Clouds
Authors: Yang Jing , Qin Zhizhi , Deng Yuting , Chen Meilian , Jing Xiaoqin , Yin Yan , Lu Chunsong , Chen Baojun , Zhang Bo , Bao Xinghua 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMixed‐phase stratiform clouds contain numerous liquid, mixed‐phase, and ice clusters, quantifying the cluster scales is potentially helpful to improve the parameterizations of microphysics and radiation models. However, the scales of hydrometeor clusters at different levels of stratiform clouds are not well understood. In this study, using airborne measurements and a large eddy simulation, we show that turbulence plays an important role in controlling the clusters with length of a few hundred meters, while the scales of larger clusters have stronger vertical variations from cloud base to top. The liquid clusters are the largest near the cloud top, while the lengths of ice clusters decrease from cloud base to top. The lengths of mixed‐phase clusters depend on the glaciation process, a faster glaciation results in smaller mixed‐phase clusters. The results improve our understanding on how the liquid and ice are mixed at different levels in stratiform clouds.
Mechanisms and Seismological Signatures of Rupture Complexity Induced by Fault Damage Zones in Fully‐Dynamic Earthquake Cycle Models
Authors: Flores‐Cuba J. , Oral E. , Idini B. , Liang C. , Ampuero J. P. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractDamage zones are common around faults, but their effects on earthquake mechanics are still incompletely understood. Here, we investigate how damage affects rupture patterns, source time functions (STF) and ground motions in 2D fully‐dynamic cycle models. We find that back‐propagating rupture fronts emerge in large faults and can be triggered by residual stresses left by previous ruptures or by damage‐induced pulse‐to‐crack transitions. Damage‐induced back‐propagating fronts are modulated by slip rate oscillations, amplify high‐frequency radiation, and sharpen the multiple peaks in STF even in the absence of frictional heterogeneity or fault segmentation. Near‐field ground motion is predominantly controlled by stress heterogeneity left by prior seismicity, and further amplified within the damage zone by trapped waves and outside it by secondary rupture fronts. This study refines our knowledge on damage zone effects on earthquake rupture and identifies their potentially observable signatures in the near and far field.
Effects of Applied Voltage on Branching of Positive Leaders in Laboratory Long Sparks
Authors: Peng Changzhi , Li Zhijun , Pei Xuekai , Zhao Xiangen , Lu Gaopeng , Liu Feifan , Wang Yongping , Zhu Baoyou , Zheng Yu , Dong Xuzhu 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPositive leaders branch less frequently than negative counterpart, and the physical processes and properties of positive leader branching remain a mystery. We investigated 10 m laboratory discharges under four positive voltages using a high‐speed video camera. Positive leaders differ from negative leaders by either directly splitting or connecting with floating bidirectional leaders to form branching, and the number of leader branches shows a positive correlation with the applied voltage, that is, the branched channels increased from 1 to 4 when the voltage increased by a factor of 1.5. Grounding points are positioned beneath the electrode and are more concentrated with lower voltage. During the stable progression of the leader, there is a slight increase in its development speed as the applied voltage rises. When the voltage is increased by 70%, the average breakdown time decreases by 40%. These characteristics provide insights into the branching mechanism of positive leaders.
Peak Flow Event Durations in the Mississippi River Basin and Implications for Temporal Sampling of Rivers
Authors: Cerbelaud Arnaud , David Cédric H. , Biancamaria Sylvain , Wade Jeffrey , Tom Manu , Prata de Moraes Frasson Renato , Blumstein Denis 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe impact of an episodic river flood is intimately linked to its duration. Yet it is still unclear how often should a river be observed to accurately determine the occurrence and duration of extreme events. Here we assess flow statistics along with peak flow event detection and duration as a function of the discharge sampling period for large tributaries of the Mississippi basin using hourly gages over 2010–2022. Median event durations above high quantiles spatially vary from around 2 days upstream to 30 days downstream. Discharge mean, standard deviation, and quantiles can all be estimated within 2.5% error for sampling periods up to 8 days. A minimum temporal sampling 4× (2×) finer than peak flow event median duration is required to detect 95 ± 3% (85 ± 5%) of events and to estimate their duration within 90 ± 5% (75 ± 10%) median accuracy. Our findings have direct implications for future satellite missions concerned with capturing flood events.
A Multiplex Rupture Sequence Under Complex Fault Network Due To Preceding Earthquake Swarms During the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula, Japan, Earthquake
Authors: Okuwaki Ryo , Yagi Yuji , Murakami Asuka , Fukahata Yukitoshi 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA devastating earthquake with moment magnitude 7.5 occurred in the Noto Peninsula in central Japan on 1 January 2024. We estimate the rupture evolution of this earthquake from teleseismic P‐wave data using the potency‐density tensor inversion method, which provides information on the spatiotemporal slip distribution including fault orientations. The results show a long and quiet initial rupture phase that overlaps with regions of preceding earthquake swarms and associated aseismic deformation. The following three major rupture episodes evolve on segmented, differently oriented faults bounded by the initial rupture region. The irregular initial rupture process followed by the multi‐scale rupture growth is considered to be controlled by the preceding seismic and aseismic processes and the geometric complexity of the fault system. Such a discrete rupture scenario, including the triggering of an isolated fault rupture, adds critical inputs on the assessment of strong ground motion and associated damages for future earthquakes.
Depth Dependent Deformation and Anisotropy of Pyrolite in the Earth's Lower Mantle
Authors: Gay Jeffrey P. , Ledoux Estelle E. , Krug Matthias , Chantel Julien , Pakhomova Anna , Sanchez‐Valle Carmen , Speziale Sergio , Merkel Sébastien 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSeismic anisotropy is a powerful tool to map deformation processes in the deep Earth. Below 660 km, however, observations are scarce and conflicting. In addition, the underlying crystal scale mechanisms, leading to microstructures and crystal orientations, remain poorly constrained. Here, we use multigrain X‐ray diffraction in the laser‐heated diamond anvil cell to investigate the orientations of hundreds of grains in pyrolite, a model composition of the Earth's mantle, at in situ pressure and temperature. Bridgmanite in pyrolite exhibits three regimes of microstructures, due to transformation and deformation at low and high pressure. These microstructures result in predictions of 1.5%–2% shear wave splitting between 660 and 2,000 km with reversals in fast S‐wave polarization direction at about 1,300 km depth. Anisotropy can develop in pyrolite at lower mantle conditions, but pressure has a significant impact on the plastic behavior of bridgmanite, and hence seismic observations, which may explain conflicting anisotropy observations.