bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A unique association between cognitive inhibition and pain sensitivity in healthy participants
Authors: Oosterman Joukje M. , Dijkerman H. Chris , Kessels Roy P.C. , Scherder Erik J.A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe experience of pain constitutes a complex phenomenon that is determined by and reflects the interplay of many factors, including cognitive functions. Little is known, however, about the precise role of executive functions in pain sensitivity. Importantly, these functions may be directly related to the ability to control pain. The present study evaluated the relationship between pain sensitivity and executive functions in a sample of healthy volunteers. Pain sensitivity was assessed with the cold pressor test. The immersion time, here defined as the time until substantial pain was reported, was measured. Additional pain intensity and pain unpleasantness ratings were obtained as an indication of pain experience. The results revealed a unique association between cognitive inhibition (i.e. the Stroop interference score), but not other executive functions, and immersion time, pain intensity, and pain unpleasantness. Specifically, better cognitive inhibition was related to a reduction in pain sensitivity as evident by an increased immersion time and decreased pain intensity and pain unpleasantness ratings. As such, cognitive inhibition may be an important determinant of pain sensitivity.
Sucht ist ein Public Health-Problem
Authors: Hanewinkel Reiner , Morgenstern Matthis 
Published: May 2010

„Einleitung“
Die negativen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen, die der Konsum von Tabak und Alkohol nach sich ziehen kann, sind bereits seit längerer Zeit bekannt. Aber erst die Entwicklung moderner epidemiologischer Methoden ermöglichte die Abschätzung der Folgen von Suchterkrankungen auf die Volksgesundheit. Weltweit steht der Tabakkonsum an zweiter Stelle der Todesursachenstatistik stand, gefolgt von dem Alkoholkonsum auf neunter und dem Missbrauch illegaler Drogen an 17. Position.
Genetische Disposition für die Entwicklung von Sucht
Authors: Heimann Hannah , Puls Imke , Heinz Andreas 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Abhängigkeitserkrankungen sind psychische Erkrankungen, die für die Betroffenen weitreichende Konsequenzen haben. Das Ziel der Erforschung möglicher genetischer Faktoren für die Entwicklung einer Sucht ist es, Erkenntnisse über die Ätiologie dieser Erkrankungen zu gewinnen und zielgenauere Therapieformen zu entwickeln. Zur Untersuchung der Rolle genetischer Faktoren stehen verschiedene Strategien zur Verfügung, welche in diesem Artikel vorgestellt werden.
Lerntheoretische Erklärungsansätze zur Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Suchtverhalten
Authors: Beck Anne , Heinz Andreas 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Alkoholabhängigkeit ist eine der schwerwiegendsten psychischen Erkrankungen bei Männern in westlichen Industrienationen (WHO, 2008), wobei in Deutschland ca. 1,3 Millionen Menschen als abhängig gelten (DHS, 2009). Die Rückfallraten sind auch nach Abklingen der körperlichen Entzugssymptome mit ca. 85% sehr hoch (Boothby und Doering, 2005). Seit Jahrzehnten beschäftigt sich die lerntheoretische Suchtforschung damit, die auslösenden und aufrechterhaltenden Faktoren dieser Suchterkrankung zu analysieren.
Gender Mainstreaming in der Suchthilfe
Authors: Ernst Marie-Louise 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Neben dem Alter, der sozialen Herkunft und dem Migrationshintergrund ist Gender auch im Suchtbereich ein wesentlicher Einflussfaktor in Bezug auf Konsummuster, Ursachen einer Suchtentwicklung, Suchtverläufen und Ausstiegsszenarien bei Frauen und Männern.
Suchtprobleme im höheren Lebensalter
Authors: Weyerer Siegfried 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Dem Thema Sucht im höheren Alter wurde lange Zeit wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt (Havemann-Reinecke et al., 1998, Weyerer und Bickel, 2007). Mit der sich ändernden Bevölkerungsstruktur nimmt jedoch die Bedeutung von Suchterkrankungen im Alter zu. In dieser Arbeit sollen - bezogen auf ältere Menschen - der Gebrauch und Missbrauch von drei quantitativ bedeutsamen Substanzgruppen skizziert werden: Medikamente (vor allem Benzodiazepine), Alkohol und Tabak.
Medienabhängigkeit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen - neue vielseitige Herausforderungen
Authors: Putzig Inken , Wedegärtner Felix , Wildt Bert Theodor te 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Jede neue technologische Entwicklung scheint anfänglich die Frage nach einem vermeintlichen Abhängigkeitspotenzial aufzuwerfen, welches sich rückblickend zumeist nicht bestätigen ließ. Die Konvergenz aller analogen Vorläufermedien in einem digitalen Großmedium sowie die neuartige Interaktivität im Cyberspace und in Computerspielen bieten eine Erklärung dafür, warum die Mediennutzung im klinischen Sinne erstmals in eine Abhängigkeit führen kann.
Sucht und Werbung – Hat Werbung einen Einfluss auf den Konsum von Suchtmitteln?
Authors: Morgenstern Matthis , Isensee Barbara , Hanewinkel Reiner 
Published: May 2010

Einleitung
Die Frage danach, ob Werbung für legale Suchtmittel den Konsum von Suchtmitteln befördert, wird nach wie vor diskutiert. Befunde bisheriger empirischer Studien sprechen konsistent für eine solche Wirkung. Der Beitrag erörtert mögliche Gründe für ein Anhalten der Diskussion.
Erythrina variegata extract exerts osteoprotective effects by suppression of the process of bone resorption
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Qi , Li Xiaoli , Wan Hoi-Ying , Wong Man-Sau 
Published: May 2010

Our previous study showed that Erythrina variegata L. (EV) inhibited bone loss and improved bone properties in ovariectomised rats. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the potential mechanism involved in mediating the osteoprotective actions of EV. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a phyto-oestrogen-free diet and subjected to either ovariectomy or a sham operation. Ovariectomised rats were treated with genistein (40 mg/kg) as well as low (200 mg/kg), medium (500 mg/kg) or high (1000 mg/kg) doses of EV extract. Bone properties and mRNA expressions were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264·7 cells was studied by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. High doses of EV could decrease urinary Ca and P excretion, maintain serum Ca and P level, and exert beneficial effects on the micro-structure and morphology of trabecular bone and cortical bone in ovariectomised rats. EV suppressed the up-regulation of cathepsin K mRNA and the down-regulation of osteoprotegrin mRNA in the tibia of ovariectomised rats. TRAP-positive cell numbers were significantly decreased in receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced RAW 264·7 cells when co-cultured with EV extracts. The present study indicated that the protective effects of EV on bone properties in ovariectomised rats are likely to be mediated by its inhibitory actions on the process of bone resorption via the suppression of osteoclast differentiation and maturation.
Dietary zinc intake is inversely related to subclinical atherosclerosis measured by carotid intima-media thickness
Authors: Yang Yoon Jung , Choi Bo Youl , Chun Byung-Yeol , Kweon Sun-Seog , Lee Young-Hoon , Park Phil Sook , Kim Mi Kyung 
Published: May 2010

The relationship between dietary Zn intake and the risk of atherosclerosis remains unclear, and no epidemiological studies have been reported on the effects of dietary Zn intake on morphological changes in the vascular wall. We examined the relationship between dietary Zn intake and common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis among the middle-aged and elderly populations. A cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort baseline study was performed with 4564 adults aged 40–89 years and free of clinical CVD. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using an FFQ. Common carotid IMT was measured using a B-mode ultrasound imaging technique. Subclinical atherosclerosis was determined using carotid IMT, and defined as >80th percentile of carotid IMT or ≥ 1 mm of carotid IMT. After adjustment for potential confounders, the mean carotid IMT in the low Zn intake group was higher than that in the high Zn intake group. When subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as >80th percentile value of IMT or ≥ 1 mm of carotid IMT, after adjustment for potential confounders, Zn intake was inversely related to subclinical atherosclerosis (5thv.1st quintile, OR 0·64, 95 % CI 0·45, 0·90,Pfor trend = 0·069; 5thv.1st quintile, OR 0·34, 95 % CI 0·16, 0·70,Pfor trend = 0·005, respectively). In persons free of clinical CVD, dietary Zn intake was inversely correlated with subclinical atherosclerosis. The present findings suggest a putative protective role of dietary Zn intake against the development of atherosclerosis.
Dietary DHA: time course of tissue uptake and effects on cytokine secretion in mice
Authors: Lefils Jennifer , Géloën Alain , Vidal Hubert , Lagarde Michel , Bernoud-Hubac Nathalie 
Published: May 2010

Consumption of DHA has numerous beneficial effects, but little is known about these effects during the first few days of the DHA dietary intake. The main objectives of the present study were to determine the time course of DHA incorporation into phospholipids in different mouse tissues and the effects of DHA supplementation on adiponectin and leptin secretion. Mice were fed either a control diet or a DHA-rich diet, and some were killed on days 0, 4, 8, 16 and 32. Some mice were fed the DHA-rich diet for 16 d, and were then maintained on the control diet for sixteen more days (washout period). DHA supplementation increased plasma adiponectin secretion by 2·4-fold as early as 4 d after the initiation of the DHA-rich diet feeding. The adiponectin concentration remained 1·6-fold higher after the 16 d washout period. Plasma leptin levels were significantly lower after 4 d of feeding with DHA. These effects were associated with a significant increase in DHA incorporation in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of all analysed tissues (liver, heart and white adipose tissues). DHA mainly got incorporated at the expense ofn-6 arachidonic acid. The present data show that DHA rapidly improved the profile of secreted adipokines, and that these protective effects were long lasting.
‘RESOURCEFUL AND PROGRESSIVE BLACKMEN’: MODERNITY AND RACE IN BIAFRA, 1967–70
Authors: ANTHONY DOUGLAS 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTPropaganda from Biafra and pro-Biafran rhetoric generated by its supporters drew heavily on ideas of modernity. This continued a pattern of associations rooted in colonial-era policies and ethnic stereotypes, and also represented a deliberate rhetorical strategy aimed at both internal and external audiences. During the second half of the Nigeria–Biafra War, the concept of race assumed an increasingly prominent role in both Biafran and pro-Biafran discourse, in part because of the diminished persuasiveness of Biafran claims about Nigeria's genocidal intentions. Arguments about race dovetailed with established claims about modernity in ways that persist today.
DISTANCE ASSOCIATED WITH MARRIAGE MIGRATION IN A NORTHERN AND A SOUTHERN REGION OF BANGLADESH: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
Authors: RAHMAN MD. MIZANUR , AKTER SHAMIMA , RAHMAN ATAUR 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis paper investigates the distribution of distance associated with marriage migration in the northern region of Rajshahi and the southern region of Khulna in Bangladesh. The study was conducted in 2007 on 2250 respondents who had migrated due to marriage. Of the wide variety of curves that fitted the distance–marriage/contact data, three are discussed: Pareto, exponential, and Pareto-exponential. Logistic regression models were used to identify the covariates of marriage distance migration. In general, the three functions work better for marriages, whereas Pareto-exponential functions are a superior fit for migrations and marriage distance. The models disclose that the distribution of distance is significantly associated with marriage migration (p<0.001). The Pareto-exponential model was 100% stable and its shrinkage was 0.000000125. The main covariates associated with short-distance marriage migration were respondent's education, father's education and religion, whereas age at the time of marriage did not play a significant role in marriage migration. The risk of short-distance migration was greater in higher- than lower-educated Muslim families.
An experimental investigation of cloud cavitation about a sphere
Authors: BRANDNER P. A. , WALKER G. J. , NIEKAMP P. N. , ANDERSON B. 
Published: May 2010

Cloud cavitation occurrence about a sphere is investigated in a variable-pressure water tunnel using low- and high-speed photography. The model sphere, 0.15 m in diameter, was sting-mounted within a 0.6 m square test section and tested at a constant Reynolds number of 1.5 × 106with cavitation numbers varying between 0.36 and 1.0. High-speed photographic recordings were made at 6 kHz for several cavitation numbers providing insight into cavity shedding and nucleation physics. Shedding phenomena and frequency content were investigated by means of pixel intensity time series data using wavelet analysis. Instantaneous cavity leading edge location was investigated using image processing and edge detection.The boundary layer at cavity separation is shown to be laminar for all cavitation numbers, with Kelvin–Helmholtz instability and transition to turbulence in the separated shear layer the main mechanism for cavity breakup and cloud formation at high cavitation numbers. At intermediate cavitation numbers, cavity lengths allow the development of re-entrant jet phenomena, providing a mechanism for shedding of large-scale Kármán-type vortices similar to those for low-mode shedding in single-phase subcritical flow. This shedding mode, which exists at supercritical Reynolds numbers for single-phase flow, is eliminated at low cavitation numbers with the onset of supercavitation.Complex interactions between the separating laminar boundary layer and the cavity were observed. In all cases the cavity leading edge was structured in laminar cells separated by well-known ‘divots’. The initial laminar length and divot density were modulated by the unsteady cavity shedding process. At cavitation numbers where shedding was most energetic, with large portions of leading edge extinction, re-nucleation was seen to be circumferentially periodic and to consist of stretched streak-like bubbles that subsequently became fleck-like. This process appeared to be associated with laminar–turbulent transition of the attached boundary layer. Nucleation occurred periodically in time at these preferred sites and formed the characteristic cavity leading edge structure after sufficient accumulation of vapour had occurred. These observations suggest that three-dimensional instability of the decelerating boundary layer flow may have significantly influenced the developing structure of the cavity leading edge.
The limits of tolerance: Islam as counter-hegemony?
Authors: EVANS TONY 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFollowing recent acts of terrorism in many parts of the world, Islam has become an object of fear. While the threat of violence is undoubtedly an element that inspires this fear, Islam's counter-hegemonic threat is not limited to violence alone. Given its 1.2 billion following, Islam also offers a challenge to the central values that describe the dominant neo-liberal world order, particularly those values that legitimate the global political economy. Although tolerance is an important value in liberal thought, tolerance cannot be exercised where counter-hegemonic threats include challenges to the central tenets of liberalism. This article argues that the current fear of Islam is motivated by just such a challenge. By looking at four central concepts where liberal and Islamic thought diverge – reason and revelation, private property, rights and duties, and government and state – this article seeks to gain a more nuanced insight into current attitudes towards Islam and the fear of counter-hegemony.
The hegemon's choice between power and security: explaining US policy toward Asia after the Cold War
Authors: HE KAI 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAfter the Cold War, US strategists have suggested four strategies for the hegemon: hegemonic dominion, selective engagement, offshore balancing, and multilateralism. Rather than debating which strategy is the best for the US at all times, this article focuses on examining which policy is more likely to be chosen by the hegemon – the US – under different strategic conditions. Through a neoclassical realist argument – the power-perception hegemonic model, I argue that US foreign policy depends on how US policymakers perceive US hegemonic status in the international system. Under rising and stable hegemony, selective engagement and hegemonic dominion are two possible power-maximisation strategies given the weak security constraints from the system. Under declining hegemony, offshore balancing and multilateralism are more likely to be chosen by US policymakers to pursue security because of a resumed security imperative from anarchy. US policy toward Asia after the Cold War is a case study to test the validity of the power-perception hegemonic model. I conclude that US policymakers should prepare for life after Pax-Americana, and early implementation of offshore balancing and multilateralism may facilitate the soft-landing of declining US hegemony.
Beck and beyond: selling security in the world risk society
Authors: KRAHMANN ELKE 
Published: May 2010

AbstractExpanding on the works of Beck and others on the growing business of risk, this article examines the role of the private security industry in the creation, management and perpetuation of the world risk society. It observes that the replacement of the concept of security with risk over the past decades has permitted private firms to identify a growing range of unknown and unknown-unknown dangers which cannot be eliminated, but require permanent risk management. Using the discourse of risk and its strategies of commercialised, individualised and reactive risk management, the private risk industry thus has contributed to the rise of a world risk society in which the demand for security can never be satisfied and guarantees continuous profits.
Self and other in critical international theory: assimilation, incommensurability and the paradox of critique
Authors: PAIPAIS VASSILIOS 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article is principally concerned with the way some sophisticated critical approaches in International Relations (IR) tend to compromise their critical edge in their engagement with the self/other problematique. Critical approaches that understand critique as total non-violence towards, or unreflective affirmation of, alterity risk falling back into precritical paths. That is, either a particularistic, assimilative universalism with pretensions of true universality or a radical incommensurability and the impossibility of communication with the other. This is what this article understands as the paradox of the politics of critique. Instead, what is more important than seeking a final overcoming or dismissal of the self/other opposition is to gain the insight that it is the perpetual striving to preserve the tension and ambivalence between self and other that rescues both critique's authority and function.
Southern Africa's response(s) to international HIV/AIDS norms: the politics of assimilation
Authors: VIEIRA MARCO ANTONIO 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article is interested in the impact of a singular international phenomenon, namely the global securitisation of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, on the domestic structure of three Southern African states: Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa. These countries are geographically located in the epicenter of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, Southern Africa. However, notwithstanding their common HIV/AIDS burden, Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa present quite different political cultures and institutions which reflected upon the distinctive way they responded to the influence of international HIV/AIDS actors and norms. So, by investigating the latter's impact in these rather diverse settings, the present analysis aims to empirically demonstrate and compare variations in the effects of norm adaptation across states. To carry out this evaluation, the study provides a framework for understanding the securitisation of HIV/AIDS as an international norm defined and promoted mainly by the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the US government and transnational HIV/AIDS advocacy networks. The HIV/AIDS securitisation norm (HASN) is an intellectual attempt of the present work to synthesise in a single analytical concept myriad of ideas and international prescriptions about HIV/AIDS interventions.
Multiple positive solutions for singular elliptic equations with weighted Hardy terms and critical Sobolev–Hardy exponents
Authors: Hsu Tsing-San , Lin Huei-Li 
Published: May 2010

Variational methods are used to prove the multiplicity of positive solutions for the following singular elliptic equation:where 0 ∈ Ω ⊂ ℝN, N ≥ 3, is a bounded domain with smooth boundary ∂ Ω, λ > 0 , $1\le q<2$, $0\le\mu<\bar{\mu}=(N-2)^2/4$, 0 ≤ s < 2, 2*(s)=2(N−s)/(N−2) and f and g are continuous functions on $\bar{\varOmega}$, that change sign on Ω.
Same-sex marriage: the irrelevance of the economic approach to law
Authors: White Mark D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSeveral noted legal scholars, most prominently Richard Posner, have applied the economic analysis of law to the debate over same-sex marriage. In this note, I argue that the economic approach to law is ill-equipped to deal with the issues of principle, dignity and rights that are at the core of the debate, regardless of the position taken on the issue. Other scholars, such as Darren Bush, acknowledge the shortcomings of the economic approach, such as the importance of the assumptions on which cost-benefit analysis is made, but they do not appreciate that this is symptomatic of the economic approach as a whole, not merely the application of it by some scholars in some cases. My contention is that the economic approach to law is appropriate regarding issues of policy, where trade-offs are essential and necessary, but not regarding issues of principle, with which trade-offs are not so easily made.
Closing the gate: family lawyers as gatekeepers to a holistic service
Authors: Melville Angela , Laing Karen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn 2001, the Legal Services Commission (LSC) introduced a new pilot, the Family Advice and Information Network (FAInS), which recognised that family law clients typically face a cluster of legal and non-legal issues. Family lawyers involved in FAInS were encouraged to address a client’s legal problems, and then refer the client to other services for assistance with non-legal issues. In this way, family law clients were to be offered a holistic service, with the lawyer acting as a ‘case manager’ who helped match services to their client’s individual needs. This article presents data drawn from an evaluation of FAInS, and shows that lawyers did not regularly refer their clients to other services, with referrals largely being limited to mediation. We conclude that family lawyers are not necessarily the most appropriate gatekeepers, and propose a number of alternatives for providing a multi-agency approach to resolving family law issues.