bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions of O‐aryl S‐aryl dithiocarbonates with secondary alicyclic amines in aqueous ethanol. Kinetics and mechanism
Authors: Castro Enrique A. , Gazitúa Marcela , Santos José G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe reactions of O‐(4‐methylphenyl) S‐(4‐nitrophenyl), O‐(4‐chlorophenyl) (4‐nitrophenyl), O‐(4‐chlorophenyl) S‐phenyl, and O‐(4‐methylphenyl) S‐phenyl dithiocarbonates (1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively) with a series of secondary alicyclic (SA) amines are subjected to a kinetic investigation in 44 wt% ethanol‐water, at 25.0 °C and an ionic strength of 0.2 M. The reactions are followed spectrophotometrically. Under amine excess, pseudo‐first‐order rate coefficients (kobs) are found. For some of the reactions, plots of kobs vs. free amine concentration at constant pH are linear but others are nonlinear upwards. This kinetic behavior is in accordance with a stepwise mechanism with two tetrahedral intermediates, one zwitterionic (T±) and the other anionic (T−). In some cases, there is a kinetically significant proton transfer from T± to an amine to yield T−. Values of the rate micro constants k1 (amine attack to form T±), k−1 (its back step), k2 (nucleofuge expulsion from T±), and k3 (proton transfer from T± to the amine) are determined for some reactions. The Brønsted plots for k1 are linear with slopes β1 = 0.2–0.4 in accordance with the slope values found when T± formation is the rate‐determining step. The sensitivity of log k1 and log k−1 to the pKa of the amine, leaving and non‐leaving groups are determined by a multiparametric equation. For the reactions of 1–4 with 1‐formylpiperazine and those of 3 and 4 with morpholine the k2 and k3 steps are rate determining. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of Paste Explosives (PEX)
Authors: Akhavan Jacqueline , Andrews Matthew R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn the early 1970s PEX were being developed in order to produce energetic compounds with a toothpaste‐like consistency so that the PEX could be moved into position when arming the warhead. In the late 1990s development work was conducted on PEX for the filling of small‐volume microdevices such as microactuators. More recently Cranfield University has just begun research into the development of SPEX. This review outlines the developments in high explosive pastes and concludes with future developments in PEX.
A phase I study of personalized peptide vaccination using 14 kinds of vaccine in combination with low‐dose estramustine in HLA‐A24‐positive patients with castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Noguchi Masanori , Uemura Hirotsugu , Naito Seiji , Akaza Hideyuki , Yamada Akira , Itoh Kyogo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo evaluate the safety, tolerability, immune response, and antitumor activity of a combination of personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) and estramustine phosphate (EMP) in patients with castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).METHODSIn a phase I dose‐escalation study, four peptides showing the highest levels of peptide‐specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) to 14 vaccine candidates (ITK‐1) were subcutaneously injected every week in three different dose settings (1, 3, and 5 mg per peptide) for 6 weeks with a low dose of EMP, and the patients were followed by maximum 2 years extension study either weekly or bi‐weekly six times PPV as one course with a low dose of EMP.RESULTSFifteen patients were enrolled in the phase I study. No serious treatment‐related adverse events were observed. The most common adverse events were grade 2 skin reactions at the injection sites. The maximum acceptable dose of ITK‐1 was 8.643 mg. There were no treatment‐related systemic adverse events of grade 3 or more, and maximum tolerated dose could not be determined. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses measured by interferon‐γ release assay were boosted in 10 of 15 (67%) patients, and IgG responses were boosted in 7 of 15 (47%) patients. Twelve patients proceeded to the extension study, and the median survival time was 23.8 months during a median follow‐up of 23.8 months.CONCLUSIONSPPV treatment for HLA‐A24 positive patients with CRPC could be recommended for further stages of clinical trials because of its safety and the higher frequency of boosting immune responses. Prostate 77:470–479, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drug safety is a barrier to the discovery and development of new androgen receptor antagonists
Authors: Foster William R. , Car Bruce D. , Shi Hong , Levesque Paul C. , Obermeier Mary T. , Gan Jinping , Arezzo Joseph C. , Powlin Stephanie S. , Dinchuk Joseph E. , Balog Aaron , Salvati Mark E. , Attar Ricardo M. , Gottardis Marco M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDAndrogen receptor (AR) antagonists are part of the standard of care for prostate cancer. Despite the almost inevitable development of resistance in prostate tumors to AR antagonists, no new AR antagonists have been approved for over a decade. Treatment failure is due in part to mutations that increase activity of AR in response to lower ligand concentrations as well as to mutations that result in AR response to a broader range of ligands. The failure to discover new AR antagonists has occurred in the face of continued research; to enable progress, a clear understanding of the reasons for failure is required.METHODSNon‐clinical drug safety studies and safety pharmacology assays were performed on previously approved AR antagonists (bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide), next generation antagonists in clinical testing (MDV3100, BMS‐641988), and a pre‐clinical drug candidate (BMS‐501949). In addition, non‐clinical studies with AR mutant mice, and EEG recordings in rats were performed. Non‐clinical findings are compared to disclosures of clinical trial results.RESULTSAs a drug class, AR antagonists cause seizure in animals by an off‐target mechanism and are found in vitro to inhibit GABA‐A currents. Clinical trials of candidate next generation AR antagonists identify seizure as a clinical safety risk.CONCLUSIONSNon‐clinical drug safety profiles of the AR antagonist drug class create a significant barrier to the identification of next generation AR antagonists. GABA‐A inhibition is a common off‐target activity of approved and next generation AR antagonists potentially explaining some side effects and safety hazards of this class of drugs. Prostate 77:480–488, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human prostate cancer xenografts in lit/lit mice exhibit reduced growth and androgen‐independent progression
Authors: Takahara Kiyoshi , Tearle Howard , Ghaffari Mazyar , Gleave Martin E. , Pollak Michael , Cox Michael E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe growth hormone/insulin‐like growth factor I (GH/IGF‐I) axis has been linked to prostate cancer (PCa) risk. Although previous studies indicate that human breast cancers and a murine PCa model develop more slowly in murine hosts homozygous for a missense mutation in the GH‐releasing hormone receptor (lit/lit) whose “little” dwarfed phenotype is caused by suppressed GH and IGF‐I production, the role of these two hormones remains controversial.METHODSTo assess how the GH/IGF‐I axis influences androgen‐responsive, castration‐resistant (CR), and androgen‐independent (AI) growth of human PCa, we compared xenograft growth of the androgen‐responsive human PCa cells, LNCaP, and AI human PCa cells, PC3, in intact and castrate Nod/SCID lit/lit and lit/+ mice, and in vitro growth of these cell lines in lit/lit and lit/+ serum‐containing media supplemented with GH or IGF‐I.RESULTSTumor growth and PSA accumulation rates were suppressed in LNCaP tumor‐bearing lit/lit mice pre‐ and post‐castration. Growth of PC3 xenografts in lit/lit mice was also suppressed. In vitro proliferation of LNCaP and PC3 cells cultured in media containing lit/lit mouse serum was decreased as compared to growth in media containing lit/+ serum. Suppressed growth in lit/lit serum could be restored by the addition of IGF‐I, and to a lesser extent, GH. Differences in growth correlated with differences in steady‐state AKT and ERK1/2 activation.CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrates that circulating GH and IGF‐I can promote androgen‐responsive growth, CR progression, and AI expansion of PTEN‐deficient human PCa cell xenografts and indicates that IGF‐I can promote PCa growth in a suppressed GH environment. Prostate 77:525–537, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Down‐regulation of microRNA 106b is involved in p21‐mediated cell cycle arrest in response to radiation in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Li Baoqing , Shi Xu‐Bao , Nori Dattatreyudu , Chao Clifford K.S. , Chen Allen M. , Valicenti Richard , de Vere White Ralph 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDmicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non‐coding RNAs, and play a pivotal role in regulating of a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation and apoptosis, both of which are cellular responses to radiation treatment. The purpose of this study is to identify candidate miRNAs whose levels are altered in response to radiation in prostate cancer cells and to investigate the molecular pathway of such miRNAs in the regulation of radiation‐induced cellular response.METHODSUsing a miRNA microarray assay, we screened 132 cancerous miRNAs in LNCaP cells in response to radiation treatment. The function of one candidate miRNA was investigated for checkpoint protein expression, cell cycle arrest, cell proliferation, and cell survival in cells transfected with precursor or antisense miRNA.RESULTSIn response to radiation, multiple miRNAs, including mi‐106b, showed altered expression. Cells transfected with precursor miR‐106b were able to suppress radiation‐induced p21 activation. Functionally, exogenous addition of precursor miR‐106b overrode the G2/M arrest in response to radiation and resulted in a transient diminishment of radiation‐induced growth inhibition.CONCLUSIONWe have shown a novel role of miR‐106b, in the setting of radiation treatment, in regulating the p21‐activated cell cycle arrest. Our finding that miR‐106b is able to override radiation‐induced cell cycle arrest and cell growth inhibition points to a potential therapeutic target in certain prostate cancer cells whose radiation resistance is likely due to consistently elevated level of miR‐106b. Prostate 71:567–574, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐range charge transfer in donor‐peptide bridge‐acceptor model systems—A theoretical study
Authors: Santhanamoorthi N. , Senthilkumar K. , Kolandaivel P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe quantum mechanical calculations were performed to study the effect of geometrical fluctuations of peptide on charge transfer in model oligopeptides linked between donor and acceptor molecules. The charge transfer parameters have been calculated based on the density functional theory method. Results show that the overall charge transfer in peptide mediated donor–acceptor complexes is determined by the conformations and chain length of the intermediate peptide bridge. The analysis of excess charge distribution show that the localization of an excess positive and negative charge are strongly depend on the conformations and chain length of the donor–bridge‐acceptor system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Alternative control methods for DC–DC converters: An application to a four‐level three‐cell DC–DC converter
Authors: Patino Diego , Bâja Mihai , Riedinger Pierre , Cormerais Hervé , Buisson Jean , Iung Claude 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes three synthesis methods for controlling power converters. The three control strategies yield state feedback control laws that are easy to implement. The first method is a stabilization approach, based on energetic principles and the notion of Lyapunov function. The second is an optimal control approach based on the minimum principle. The third is a neural predictive approach which uses model predictive control to track a given optimal stable limit cycle. This method allows a proper control of the waveform. Except for the predictive approach, system stability for the methods is guaranteed by construction. The four‐level three‐cell DC–DC converter is used as a benchmark to test these strategies. Simulation and experimental results show that the methods have a good performance even with load perturbations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved approach to robust stability analysis and controller synthesis for LPV systems
Authors: Song Lei , Yang Jianying 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper revisits the problem of robust stability analysis and synthesis for linear parameter varying (LPV) systems. By introducing two new slack variables, new conditions for the polyquadratic stability and for the affine quadratic stability of LPV systems are presented in terms of linear matrix inequalities. These results are then applied for robust controller synthesis. Owing to the extra freedom degree introduced by the real slack variable, this proposed approach could lead to less conservative results than that of from the literature, especially for robust controller synthesis. The effectiveness and superiority are demonstrated by the comparison between this proposed approach and the existing results on a well‐known numerical example. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iterative learning control for uncertain systems: Noncausal finite time interval robust control design
Authors: van de Wijdeven J. J. M. , Donkers M. C. F. , Bosgra O. H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we present a novel robust Iterative Learning Control (ILC) control strategy that is robust against model uncertainty as given by an additive uncertainty model. The design methodology hinges on ℋ︁∞optimization, but formulated such that the obtained ILC controller is not restricted to be causal, and inherently operates on a finite time interval. Optimization of the robust ILC (R‐ILC) solution is accomplished for the situation where any information about structure in the uncertainty is discarded, and for the situation where the information about the structure in the uncertainty is explicitly taken into account. Subsequently, the convergence and performance properties of resulting R‐ILC controlled system are analyzed. On an experimental set‐up, we show that the presented R‐ILC control strategy can outperform an existing linear‐quadratic norm‐optimal ILC approach and an existing causal R‐ILC approach based on frequency domain ℋ︁∞synthesis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyelectrolyte Multilayer‐Mediated Gene Delivery for Semaphorin Signaling Pathway Control
Authors: Richard Doriane , Nguyen Isabelle , Affolter Christine , Meyer Florent , Schaaf Pierre , Voegel Jean‐Claude , Bagnard Dominique , Ogier Joelle 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe capability of multilayered polyelectrolyte films (MPFs) to control the sequential expression of two genes encoding cell receptors involved in a common cell signalling activity is shown, while achieving a fully functional signal transduction. As a functional model system representative of a cell signalling process that proceeds in a top‐down manner, cell collapse induced by semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) was chosen as the target. Polyelectrolyte multilayers were sequentially functionalized with two plasmids encoding Neuropilin–1 (NRP–1) and Plexin‐A1 (Plx‐A1), respectively, acting as co‐receptors for Sema3A. By using hyaluronan and chitosan as structural components for the incorporation of plasmid DNA layers onto precursor films made of poly‐allylamine hydrochloride and poly‐sodium‐4‐styrenesulfonate, the polyelectrolyte system is established; this systems is capable of delivering both plasmids to Cos–1 cells in a manner that permits control over the timing and the respective order in which the two plasmid DNA constructs are expressed. Importantly, it was observed that, following Sema3A stimulation, COS–1 cells co‐expressing Plx‐A1 and NRP–1 display a collapse phenotype, which is determined by the multilayer build‐up scheme, and that the expression products of both transgenes embedded in MPFs are temporally functional over several days while acting their role of co‐receptors for Sema3A.
Process‐product studies on starch acetylation reactions in pressurised carbon dioxide
Authors: Muljana Henky , Picchioni Francesco , Heeres Hero J. , Janssen Leon P. B. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn in‐depth study on the effect of process conditions (pressure, temperature and type of catalyst) on the acetylation of starch with acetic anhydride in pressurised carbon dioxide is described. A total of 22 experiments were performed and the experimental data were analysed using non‐linear multivariable regression. The highest degree of substitution (DS) value (0.46) was obtained using K2CO3 as the catalyst at 90°C, 15 MPa pressure, and a catalyst to starch ratio of 0.5 mol/mol anhydroglucose units (AGUs). Important product properties of the acetylated starch prepared in CO2 like viscosity in water and relevant thermal properties were determined and compared with typical products prepared in an aqueous system.
Starch characterization of different blue maize varieties
Authors: de la Rosa‐Millán Julián , Agama‐Acevedo Edith , Jimenez‐Aparicio Antonio R. , Bello‐Pérez Luis A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMaize shows a significant genetic diversity, giving origin to a great number of varieties, hybrids, and genotypes. Recently, the pigmented corn varieties have received increased interest because of their anthocyanin contents. Although starch is the major component of the pigmented corn, only a few studies have been conducted on this constituent. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of starch isolated from six blue maize varieties grown in Mexico. The apparent amylose content ranged between 23.3 and 33.9%. The blue maize starches had an A‐type X‐ray diffraction pattern with similar crystallinity levels. Different gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy values were recorded, exhibiting different retrogradation tendencies (between 36.9 and 60.1%). The pasting parameters showed that the pasting temperature varied between 74.7 and 84.1°C, the maximum peak viscosity between 83.2 and 111.2 RVU units, and the setback viscosity between 26 and 38 RVU units. Structural differences were observed in the degree of branching, molar mass, and gyration radius. In view of their different physicochemical and structural characteristics, each of the blue maize starch varieties studied could have their own specific applications.
Mediators and dynamics of DNA methylation
Authors: Shoemaker Robert , Wang Wei , Zhang Kun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAs an inherited epigenetic marker occurring mainly on cytosines at CpG dinucleotides, DNA methylation occurs across many higher eukaryotic organisms. Looking at methylation patterns genome‐wide classifies cell types uniquely and in several cases discriminates between healthy and cancerous cell types. DNA methylation can occur allele‐specifically, which allows the cellular regulatory machinery to recognize each allele separately. Although only a small number of allele specifically methylated (ASM) regions are known, genome‐wide experiments show that ASM is prevalent throughout the human genome. These DNA methylation patterns can be modified via DNA demethylation, which is important for induced pluripotent stem reprogramming and primordial germ cells. Recent evidence shows that the protein activation‐induced cytidine deaminase plays a critical role in these demethylation events. Many transcription factors mediate DNA methylation patterns. Some transcription factors bind specifically to methylated or unmethylated sequences and other transcription factors protect genomic regions (e.g., promoter regions) from nearby DNA methylation encroachment. Possibly acting as another epigenetic regulatory layer, methylated cytosines are also converted to 5‐hydroxyethylcyotines, which is a new modification type whose biological significance has yet been defined. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 281–298 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.124This article is categorized under:

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Genetic/Genomic Methods
Biological Mechanisms > Regulatory Biology
Wolverines and declining snowpack: response to comments
Authors: Brodie Jedediah F. , Post Eric 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe critiques by DeVink et al. (2010) and McKelvey et al. (2010) are flawed for several reasons. We show here that, contrary to what DeVink et al. claim, the influence of annual pelt price on wolverine harvest returns is essentially negligible. DeVink et al. also suggest that our results show the influence of snowpack on trapper success, rather than on actual wolverine population dynamics. This is unlikely, since most of the snowpack terms in our models are at 1‐ or 2‐year time lags, whereas the impact of snow conditions on trapper success can only manifest in the current year. Both DeVink et al. and McKelvey et al. claim that wolverine populations across Canada are actually increasing, but provide no quantitative data to support this claim. Both sets of authors present alternative explanations for the declines in harvest returns, but none of those explanations are mutually exclusive with our own, and none can explain the significance of time‐lagged snowpack on annual harvest returns. McKelvey et al.'s claim that our results represent a spurious correlation, as well as other points that they raise, suggests either a superficial understanding or deliberate misrepresentation of our methods and can simply reflect their underlying philosophical biases.
Dose–response effect of a whey protein preload on within-day energy intake in lean subjects
Authors: Astbury Nerys M. , Stevenson Emma J. , Morris Penelope , Taylor Moira A. , Macdonald Ian A. 
Published: September 2010

The effect of consuming different amounts of whey protein on appetite and energy intake was investigated in two separate studies using randomised, crossover designs. Healthy-weight men and women (range: BMI 19·0–25·0 kg/m2, age 19·4–40·4 years) consumed one of four 400 ml liquid preloads, followed by an ad libitum test meal 90 min later. In study 1, preloads were 1675 kJ with 12·5, 25 or 50 % of energy from protein, and in study 2, preloads were 1047 kJ with 10, 20 or 40 % energy from protein. Flavoured water was used as the control in both the studies. Appetite ratings were collected immediately before 30, 60 and 90 min after consuming the preloads; and immediately, 30 and 60 min after consuming the test meal. In study 1, energy intake following the control preload (4136 (sem 337) kJ) was significantly higher than each of the 12·5 % (3520 (sem 296) kJ), 25 % (3384 (sem 265) kJ) and 50 % (2853 (sem 244) kJ) protein preloads (P < 0·05). Intake after the 12·5 % preload was significantly higher than following 25 and 50 % preloads (P < 0·05). In study 2, energy intake following the control preload (4801 (sem 325) kJ) was higher than following the 10 % (4205 (sem 310) kJ), 20 % (3988 (sem 250) kJ) and 40 % (3801 (sem 245) kJ) protein preloads (P < 0·05). There were no differences in subjective appetite ratings between preloads in either study. These findings indicate a dose–response effect of protein content of the preload on energy intake at a subsequent meal.