bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entropy and Mutual Information
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the neuroscience literature, significant use has been made of entropy as a measure of variability, and mutual information as a measure of association. Part of the attraction of these measures arises from their use in statistical physics and in communication theory. The idea is that they are free of distributional assumptions and have elevated theoretical status compared with second-moment measures that may be associated with Gaussian distributions. However, while these measures are theoretically elegant and have desirable invariance properties, apart from difficulties of estimation, they are by construction not informative about the shape of the distributions or the nature of the functional relationships between variables. This chapter presents a brief review of the relevant information theoretic approaches, including links to Gaussian processes and inhomogeneous Poisson processes.
The Developing Brain and Adolescent-Typical Behavior Patterns
Authors: Spear Linda 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews current knowledge about the adolescent period from the perspective of evolutionary biology and the study of mammals, including humans. It highlights the universal characteristics of adolescence that make it both an exciting as well as potentially trying period in development, and presents hypotheses about the role of specific areas of the brain that might influence adolescent development. It shows that during adolescence, the brain is sculpted to transform the brain of the child into a more energy efficient brain of the adult. Some of these alterations are regressive, with a loss of a notable proportion of excitatory (glutaminergic) synapses and binding sites for both glutamate (NMDA-R) and dopamine (DA) in certain sites within the mesocorticolimbic system. Other alterations may involve possible ontogenetic shifts in the balance of activity among various cortical vs. subcortical forebrain regions.
Competence, Resilience, and Development in Adolescence
Authors: Masten Ann S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers ways of preventing adolescent psychopathology deduced from research on risk, competence, and resilience in developmental psychopathology. The first section focuses on competence and the developmental tasks of adolescence. The second describes theory and evidence linking competence and symptoms of psychopathology in adolescence. The third draws on findings from studies of risk and resilience to identify clues about what matters for adolescents at risk and the implications of these clues for resilience-focused theory and intervention. The concluding section highlights the transitions into and out of adolescence as windows of opportunity for prevention and strategic intervention, with some hints at future directions integrating the study of brain and behavioral development.
Mapping Adolescent Brain Maturation Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Sowell Elizabeth R. , Thompson Paul M. , Toga Arthur W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews new studies of normative brain development during childhood and adolescence that have been performed with sophisticated new brain mapping techniques, including cortical pattern matching (CPM). These studies have enabled the mapping of structural changes over the entire cortical surface, advancing the understanding of the timing and localization of the alterations that occur as part of the sculpting of the human brain at various ages. Changes in cortical thickness and brain volume from childhood to adulthood are described using these new methods. Variations in brain maturation are also related to language development and to the effects of fetal alcohol exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The Metamorphosis
Authors: Tucker Don M. , Moller Lyda 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter outlines a neuropsychological theory that views human adolescence as a fundamental reorganization of the self. It begins with a psychological analysis of the individuation of the self in adolescence, drawing on the modern psychoanalytic theory of object relations, emphasizing the importance of self-regulation in an interpersonal context. It then presents a theoretical model of the neural mechanisms of self-regulation, emphasizing the limbic influences on motivation, and memory and differences in hemispheric function that may influence these functions during adolescent development. It is argued that the motivational control of memory consolidation may be the central factor in the ongoing process of neuropsychological self-regulation. The chapter attempts a new theoretical integration of neural mechanisms of motivation with the psychoanalytic theory of self-regulation. In this approach, the motivations that awaken during the adolescent phase support not only autonomy and interpersonal individuation, but the capacity for critical thinking that underlies abstract thought. It is argued that the cognitive negotiation of interpersonal relations is achieved with the same mechanisms of neural and conceptual self-regulation that are required for intellectual differentiation and critical thought.
Transcriptional Regulation in Schizophrenia
Authors: Hemby Scott E. , O’Connor Joann A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders are generally considered to be neurodevelopmental in origin. Dysregulated gene and/or protein expression in the brain of adult schizophrenic patients must be understood in the context of a developmental model. This chapter discusses the basic mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and current knowledge of altered gene expression in schizophrenia focusing on glutamatergic and synaptic mechanisms. The relevance of these gene expression changes to neurodevelopment and other potential mechanisms of regulation in schizophrenia, and ideas about intervention to readjust dysregulated expression are considered.
Neuropeptides and the Development of Social Behaviors
Authors: Bales Karen L. , Carter C. Sue 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the role of two mammalian neuropeptide hormones, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), in the development and expression of social behaviors, including selective behaviors that are indicative of social bonds. It begins by giving a general background on social behavior in monogamous species, as well as the previously studied physiological and behavioral effects of OT and vasopressin. This is followed by a description of animal studies describing the role of OT and AVP during development. It then discusses current knowledge of possible developmental actions of OT and AVP, especially as these may be related to psychopathologies in later life.
Social Stress, Affect, and Neural Function in Adolescence
Authors: McClure Erin B. , Pine Daniel S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the literature on mechanisms that underlie the onset and evolution of adolescent anxiety disorders as they relate to the development of anxiety in youth. It begins by examining adolescents' increased risk for anxiety disorders and the roles that social and biological, particularly neural, changes may play in its onset. Particular attention is given to the Social Information Processing Network (SIPN) which has both early (emotional) and later maturing (cognitive control) components. It then considers alterations in patterns of cognition that are associated with adolescent anxiety disorders, as well as their putative underlying neural mechanisms. The chapter describes an approach to studying the intersections among adolescent psychopathology, emotion and cognition, and underlying neural substrates. Finally, possible prevention approaches that integrate neuroscience and clinical research are presented.
Stress-Induced Pathophysiology Within the Schizophrenia Patient Brain
Authors: Grace Anthony A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter proposes that the genetic predisposition may lead to deficits in the manner by which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is capable of modulating responses to stressors, causing the individual to be particularly vulnerable to the pathological changes that eventually culminate in psychosis in adulthood. It presents a potential means to circumvent the transition to psychosis in predisposed individuals by pharmacotherapy of an already-present abnormal response to stress.
The Adolescent Surge in Depression and Emergence of Gender Differences
Authors: Alloy Lauren B. , Abramson Lyn Y. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes a model for the emergence of depression in adolescence. The application of the cognitive vulnerability-stress model to the adolescent surge in depression suggests that identifying youth with negative cognitive styles and teaching them more adaptive ways to interpret negative events may be an effective way to short-circuit the rise in depression during adolescence. Given adolescents' increased brain maturation and cognitive competence (e.g., selective attention), negative cognitive styles may become especially depressogenic during adolescence because they are likely to lead to ever-escalating rumination in the face of negative events. Thus, it also may be helpful to teach cognitively vulnerable youth how to exit from a ruminative cycle (e.g., better problem solving, distraction from the problem, decrease in the importance of the problem).
Early Identification and Prevention of Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Chang Kiki , Gallelli Kim , Howe Meghan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the work that has been undertaken to explore the brain mechanisms involved in the development of bipolar disorder. It focuses on the important role of kindling experiences and their effects on the amygdala that might play a role in the development of this disorder. Early identification of biological markers of the disorder may help to prevent the deleterious effects that kindling produces. The chapter presents an overview of the wide range of interventions that the new science of brain development presents for the eventual prevention of this and other disorders.
Brain Development as a Vulnerability Factor in the Etiology of Substance Abuse and Addiction
Authors: O’Brien Charles P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the deleterious effects of addictive drugs on brain development and what is known about ways to reverse these effects. It shows that adolescence is a vulnerable period for initiating substance abuse. Progression from use to abuse to addiction is influenced by multiple, simultaneous variables categorized in the medical model as agent, host, and environment. However, the majority of adolescents who experiment with drugs do not progress to addiction, although they could experience harm or fatalities from acute effects and accidents. Those beginning at a younger age have the highest risk of developing an addiction and the poorest results when they later seek treatment as adults.
Modifying Brain Networks Underlying Self-Regulation
Authors: Rueda M. Rosario , Rothbart Mary K. , Saccomanno Lisa , Posner Michael I. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a review of the anatomy and function of attentional networks, with special emphasis on the executive network, the one most clearly related to self-regulation. It shows that deficits in the executive attention system are a critical part of a number of mental disorders in children and adults. A specific educational intervention is described that improves the executive attention of children. The data provide support for the idea that training of executive attention during its development can improve performance and generalize to cognitive challenges far removed from the training. Attention training moves the underlying network toward adult levels and that differences in genes related to dopamine function might help us choose which children are most likely to benefit from attention training.
The BrainWise Curriculum
Authors: Barry Patricia Gorman , Welsh Marilyn 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes a program for grades K-12 that teaches emotional and cognitive control of behavior and general problem solving skills. The program, called BrainWise, uses metaphors taken from neuroscience to help children understand how their brains work and how they can control stressful situations in which they might otherwise make hasty and maladaptive choices.
The Role of Preventive Interventions in Enhancing Neurocognitive Functioning and Promoting Competence in Adolescence
Authors: Greenberg Mark T. , Riggs Nathaniel R. , Blair Clancy 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by considering aspects of the developing adolescent for understanding the development of competence, risk, and psychopathology. It then reviews research on the potential influence of neurocognitive abilities and changes in neurobiological systems on social and emotional competence. It reviews research indicating the potential mediating role of changes in neurocognitive function in the prevention of problem behaviors in childhood. Finally, it discusses the implications and future directions of research for the linkage of prevention science and developmental neuroscience during adolescence.
Evangelical Christianity and Democratic Pluralism in Asia: An Introduction
Authors: David H. Lumsdaine 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter seeks to highlight both the importance of the individual case studies included in this volume and of their common themes and implications. It discusses the design of the studies, the distinctiveness of the Asian context, and definitions of the terms “evangelicanism” and “democracy”. An analysis of the six case studies is presented.
Emulating Azariah: Evangelicals and Social Change in the Dangs
Authors: Sushil J. Aaron 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the effects of evangelical Christianity on Indian politics, and democracy in particular. It focuses on one underdeveloped area of Gujarat state: the Dangs, a largely inaccessible forest area inhabited by adivasis, or tribal peoples, where a substantial fraction of the inhabitants have reportedly embraced evangelical Christianity to a greater or lesser degree since Christian teaching first came to the region about thirty years ago. The chapter traces the trajectory of a particular Christian organization's involvement with tribal communities since 1976.
Ethnicity, Civil Society, and the Church: The Politics of Evangelical Christianity in Northeast India
Authors: Sujatha Fernandes 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the contemporary relationship between politics and evangelical activity. Focusing on the northeast Indian state of Manipur, it makes comparisons with Mizoram, Nagaland, and Meghalaya and draws out the implications of the historical data for the contemporary political climate. The first section explores the interaction among Christian missionaries, tribals, and the British state in the colonial context, showing how the attempt of missionaries to build an autonomous tribal leadership was hampered by the diversity of tribal groupings and the ties of the missionaries to the colonial state. The second section focuses on two themes: how evangelical practices of congregationalism have given expression to diversity, but also how, in a context of ethnic violence and rivalry, this decentralized organization leaves the church unable to overcome fragmentation. The final section explores a third theme, suggesting that the evangelicals' desire for stability in the region has impeded their ability to foster social movements for justice and equality, leaving the space open for insurgent and terrorist organizations.
Evangelicals and the Democratization of South Korea Since 1987
Authors: Rev. Dr. Joshua Young‐gi Hong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines how evangelicals affected South Korean democratization. After two-and-a-half decades of military-dominated authoritarianism, Korea had a rapidly growing economy but no democracy, until mass protests led to electoral democracy and civil and political rights in 1987. Scholars have given scant attention to the role of the evangelicals in Korea's democratization and democratic consolidation. The chapter reviews the useful though sparse scholarly literature, but relies principally on observation, interviews, documents, and the writings of pastors, theologians, and civil society activists. It argues that Korean Christians have significantly boosted democratization.
Consolidating Democracy: Filipino Evangelicals between People Power Events, 1986–2001
Authors: David S. Lim 
Published: May 2009

Abstract“People Power” events in the Philippines were a significant model in the “third wave” of democratization in that region the 1970s and 1980s. This chapter discusses evangelicals' role in People Power events from February 1986 to May 2001. The first section sketches the political landscape and the role of religion in recent Philippine history and defines Filipino evangelicalism. It then examines three kinds of evangelical involvement: participation in electoral processes, People Power uprisings, and civil society. It argues that Filipino evangelicals have grown in political maturity and have helped develop democracy.
CHAPTER 3 On the Automaticity of Nationalist Ideology: The Case of the USA
Authors: Ferguson Melissa J. , Carter Travis J. , Hassin Ran R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHow do people typically form opinions and make choices about national matters? What factors influence how people behave in the political realm? The majority of work on these questions in psychology and political science has emphasized the role of consciously accessible influences on political behavior, such as political party affiliation and an assortment of principles and values. Although there is no doubt that people consciously consult their nationalist ideologies in order to make decisions in the political arena, the focus of this chapter is on the possibility that nationalist ideological knowledge also operates automatically to guide and influence opinions and actions. Much work in social, cognitive, and political psychology would suggest that stored representations of nationalist-relevant knowledge, attitudes, goals, and behaviors can be activated by nationalist symbols and cues outside of people’s awareness and intention, and then shape and influence their behavior. This possibility is considered in detail, and recent empirical findings in support of it are also summarized.
CHAPTER 6 Disentangling Reasons and Rationalizations: Exploring Perceived Fairness in Hypothetical Societies
Authors: Mitchell Gregory , Tetlock Philip E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPolitical psychologists often treat explicit explanations for political views as rationalizations rather than reasons, and favor unconscious motives and cognitive processes as the key determinants of political ideology. This chapter argues that "transparent motive" theories are often dismissed too quickly in favor of "subterranean motive" theories. The chapter is devoted to finding common methodological ground for clarifying, testing, and circumscribing the claims of both the transparent-motivational theorists and the subterranean-motivational theorists, by posing a series of empirical questions designed to explore predictions that might provide evidence that justifications are not mere by-products of the functional imperative to defend the status quo, but rather functionally autonomous constellations of ideas capable of independently influencing policy.
CHAPTER 7 A Contextual Analysis of the System Justification Motive and Its Societal Consequences
Authors: Kay Aaron C. , Zanna Mark P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews recent theory and empirical evidence demonstrating the effects of the system justification motive on consequential social and psychological phenomena, as well as the conditions under which these effects are likely to be most pronounced. A review is presented of the theory and evidence demonstrating three conditions that increase the activation of the system justification motive: system threat, perceived system inevitability, and perceptions of personal and system control. A description is made of how, in these conditions, the system justification motive manifests itself in processes of explicit system defense, interpersonal and intergroup perception, and resistance to social change. Throughout, the emphasis is on the contextual nature of these effects, as well as their consequences for the maintenance of social inequality.
CHAPTER 11 Motivated Social Cognition and Ideology: Is Attention to Elite Discourse a Prerequisite for Epistemically Motivated Political Affinities?
Authors: Federico Christopher M. , Goren Paul 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPolitical psychologists have long searched for links between citizens' personality characteristics and their political worldviews. In particular, much research has examined the relationship between epistemic motivation-the needs or motives that lead individuals to acquire and use information in order to construct a view of reality—and ideological self—placement. Most notably, this line of work suggests that the need for closure, or the need for "any firm belief on a given topic, as opposed to confusion and uncertainty" is associated with greater political conservatism. Extending and qualifying this argument, the chapter argues that the connection between epistemic motivation and ideology may depend on the extent to which citizens are familiar enough with key political ideas and debates, as propounded by political elites, to "correctly" select the orientation that satisfies their epistemic needs. Using data from a student and an adult sample, support is found for this hypothesis, demonstrating that the relationship between the need for closure and ideological orientation is stronger among those high in political expertise.
CHAPTER 12 A Dual Process Motivational Model of Ideological Attitudes and System Justification
Authors: Duckitt John , Sibley Chris G. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews recent theory and research on the dual-process cognitive-motivational model of ideology and prejudice. Consistent with a dual-process model perspective, the chapter argues that social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) assess dual ideological attitude dimensions that are made salient for the individual by competitive and dangerous worldviews respectively, which in turn result from the combination of socio-structural factors (resource scarcity, danger, and threat) and individual differences in personality (primarily low agreeableness and low openness to experience). Finally, the chapter extends the model by arguing that SDO and RWA elicit dual ideologies that stratify and position groups based on qualitatively different stereotypic characteristics. A competitively driven motivation (indexed by SDO) should cause the individual to endorse legitimizing myths or ideologies that are explicitly tailored toward maintaining hierarchical relations between groups. A threat-driven security-cohesion motivation (indexed by RWA) should, in contrast, cause the individual to endorse legitimizing myths that emphasize the maintenance of ingroup norms and values. Recent experimental and longitudinal research supporting the model is described.