bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesoproterozoic sulphidic ocean, delayed oxygenation and evolution of early life: sulphur isotope clues from Indian Proterozoic basins
Authors: SARKAR A. , CHAKRABORTY P. P. , MISHRA B. , BERA M. K. , SANYAL P. , PAUL S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAnalyses of sulphur isotope compositions in sedimentary pyrites from the Vindhyan, Chattisgarh and Cuddapah basins show heavy δ34S (> +25 ‰) values during the Mesoproterozoic. The data provide evidence in support of a hypothesized global Proterozoic sulphidic anoxic ocean where very low concentrations of marine sulphate, bacterially reduced in closed systems, produced δ34S values in pyrites similar to or even heavier than marine sulphate. The extreme environmental conditions induced by these anoxic oceans could have been responsible for the delayed oxygenation of the biosphere and retarded evolution of multicellular life.
A bioclimatic model for forecasting olive yield
Authors: RIBEIRO H. , CUNHA M. , ABREU I. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYThe aim of the present study was to develop a hierarchical bioclimatic model for forecasting olive crop yields in the Alentejo region of south-eastern Portugal. The model was estimated for three different developmental stages: (1) at flowering, using only the regional pollen index (RPI); (2) at fruit growth using RPI and a plant water requirements index (PWRI) and (3) at fruit maturing using RPI plus a water requirements index plus a phytopathological index (PPI). Olive airborne pollen was sampled from 1999 to 2007, using a Cour trap installed in Reguengos de Monsaraz. The meteorological parameters used in the calculation of the post-flowering indices corresponded to data from a meteorological station located near the airborne sampling point. At the flowering stage, 0·66 of the regional olive yield can be explained by the RPI with an average deviation between observed and predicted production of 0·15 for the forecast model internal validation and of 0·19 for the cross-validation. The addition of the variable PWRI to the forecasting model explained an additional 0·26 of the variation, while the PPI explained an additional 0·05. The final bioclimatic model, with all the three variables tested, explained 0·97 of the regional olive fruit yield being the average deviation between observed and predicted production of 0·04 for the internal validation of the model and of 0·07 for the external validation. The hierarchical nature of this bioclimatic model, along three different development stages, enabled the prediction to be updated as the growing season progressed.
A spatial analysis of the spread of mumps: the importance of college students and their spring-break-associated travel
Authors: POLGREEN P. M. , BOHNETT L. C. , YANG M. , PENTELLA M. A. , CAVANAUGH J. E. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYTo characterize the association between county-level risk factors and the incidence of mumps in the 2006 Iowa outbreak, we used generalized linear mixed models with the number of mumps cases per county as the dependent variable. To assess the impact of spring-break travel, we tested for differences in the proportions of mumps cases in three different age groups. In the final multivariable model, the proportion of Iowa's college students per county was positively associated (P<0·0001) with mumps cases, but the number of colleges was negatively associated with cases (P=0·0002). Thus, if the college students in a county were spread among more campuses, this was associated with fewer mumps cases. Finally, we found the proportion of mumps cases in both older and younger persons increased after 1 April (P=0·0029), suggesting that spring-break college travel was associated with the spread of mumps to other age groups.
Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai Longitudinal Study
Authors: Werner Emmy E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article summarizes the major findings of a longitudinal study that traced the developmental paths of a multiracial cohort of children who had been exposed to perinatal stress, chronic poverty, and a family environment troubled by chronic discord and parental psychopathology. Individuals are members of the Kauai Longitudinal Study, which followed all children born in 1955 on a Hawaiian island from the perinatal period to ages 1, 2, 10, 18, and 32 years. Several clusters of protective factors and processes were identified that enabled most of these high-risk individuals to become competent and caring adults. Implications of the findings for developmental theory and social action programs are discussed, and issues for future research are identified.
Families at risk for psychopathology: Who becomes affected and why?
Authors: Rende Richard , Plomin Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe examine resilience in relation to one type of risk — familial risk — from a genetic perspective. Specifically, we ask why only some children growing up with the same familial risk develop psychopathology. Unlike environmental theories, genetics predicts that children in the same family will differ in their outcomes. That is, some children in a family at risk are unaffected not because they are resilient but because they are not at risk genetically. Eventually, some of the genes responsible for genetic risk will be identified, making it possible to predict which children in a family will be affected. Resilience from a genetic perspective can be viewed as the extent to which children at genetic risk are not affected. In addition, there may be genetic contributions to resilience that protect some individuals in high-risk families. Finally, genetic research has shown that salient environment influences often operate in a nonshared manner, making children in the same family different. Research on nonshared environmental factors will advance our understanding of environmental origins of resilience by focusing on environmental reasons why children growing up in high-risk families have such different outcomes.
Resilience and levels of reserve capacity in later adulthood: Perspectives from life-span theory
Authors: Staudinger Ursula M. , Marsiske Michael , Baltes Paul B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe goal of this article is to explore the utility of integrating two lines of research on questions of modifiability or plasticity of human development. The first line, dealing with the notion of resilience, originated within the field of clinical developmental research. The second line, concerned with developmental reserve capacity, evolved primarily within the field of life-span developmental psychology. Resilience addresses questions of maintenance and recovery of adaptation in the face of stress. In addition, ideas about levels of reserve capacity, rooted in life-span developmental psychology, emphasize the potential for growth. A review of research in the areas of cognitive and self-related functioning provides evidence for resilience as well as developmental reserve capacity in adulthood and old age. It is argued that across the life span reserve capacity is increasingly allocated to resilience-related processes (maintenance of functioning and recovery from dysfunction) rather than growth. A model of successful aging is discussed which suggests that, by means of selective optimization with compensation, old age nevertheless continues to hold the potential for selective growth.
Protective and resource factors in highand low-risk children: A comparison of children with unipolar, bipolar, medically ill, and normal mothers
Authors: Conrad Marilyn , Hammen Constance 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study distinguished between factors that were protective for children at high risk and those that were resources for children regardless of risk level and determined the generality of these factors across three different risk definitions: school-age children of mothers with (a) unipolar depression (n = 22), (b) bipolar disorder (n = 18), and (c) medical illness (n = 18), each compared to a low-risk control group (n = 38). Results were verified at a 1-year follow-up. Positive self-concept, academic success, social competence, and positive perceptions of the mothers were resource factors associated with lower diagnostic ratings for children in all risk groups. Maternal social competence and having a healthy father in the home were resource factors for maternal unipolar risk but, unexpectedly, were vulnerability factors for maternal bipolar risk. Children's friendships were protective for children of medically ill mothers; however, frequent contact with an adult friend was a risk factor for unipolar offspring. The latter finding suggests that such contact might be a consequence of poor parent-child relationships. Findings are discussed in terms of possible interventions for children at risk, and suggestions for additional research are offered.
Parenting quality, adversity, and conduct problems in adolescence: Testing process-oriented models of resilience
Authors: Gest Scott D. , Neemann Jennifer , Hubbard Jon J. , Masten Ann S. , Tellegen Auke 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStructural equation modeling was used (a) to determine the extent to which parent-related and non-parent-related adversity were associated with increases in conduct problems between childhood and adolescence and (b) to evaluate the possible preventive, compensatory, and moderating effects of parenting quality in this regard. Subjects were 180 boys and girls from the Project Competence longitudinal study of adversity, competence, and resilience (Garmezy & Tellegen, 1984). Conduct problems, parenting quality, and socioeconomic status were assessed when subjects were in the third through sixth grades, and adversity and conduct problems were assessed again 7 years later. Results were consistent with the view that parentrelated adversity experienced between the two assessment times was associated with a small increase in conduct problems. Adversity involving siblings, extended family, and friends was not associated with changes in conduct. Effective parenting was associated with less parent-related adversity during adolescence. Effective parenting, however, did not directly compensate for the negative effects of adversity; nor did it moderate the effects of adversity. Structural equation modeling was helpful in testing for several of these effects simultaneously. Short-term longitudinal studies with baseline measures, more frequent assessments, and adequate sample size are necessary to clarify the processes suggested by these results.
Acute myocardial infarction as the first manifestation of the incomplete Kawasaki disease in a young male
Authors: Javadzadegan Hassan , Mehdizadeh Baghbani Jafar , Farhang Sara 
Published: September 2009

AbstractKawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis occurring in children of all ages. Coronary arterial aneurysms are one of the main fatal complications of the disease, and are usually observed with the onset of coronary arterial disease in adults. We report a young male presenting with myocardial infarction due to coronary arterial aneurysms, but in the absence of previous symptoms of Kawasaki disease.
Wisdom of crowds versus wisdom of linguists – measuring the semantic relatedness of words
Authors: ZESCH TORSTEN , GUREVYCH IRYNA 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this article, we present a comprehensive study aimed at computing semantic relatedness of word pairs. We analyze the performance of a large number of semantic relatedness measures proposed in the literature with respect to different experimental conditions, such as (i) the datasets employed, (ii) the language (English or German), (iii) the underlying knowledge source, and (iv) the evaluation task (computing scores of semantic relatedness, ranking word pairs, solving word choice problems). To our knowledge, this study is the first to systematically analyze semantic relatedness on a large number of datasets with different properties, while emphasizing the role of the knowledge source compiled either by the ‘wisdom of linguists’ (i.e., classical wordnets) or by the ‘wisdom of crowds’ (i.e., collaboratively constructed knowledge sources like Wikipedia).The article discusses benefits and drawbacks of different approaches to evaluating semantic relatedness. We show that results should be interpreted carefully to evaluate particular aspects of semantic relatedness. For the first time, we employ a vector based measure of semantic relatedness, relying on a concept space built from documents, to the first paragraph of Wikipedia articles, to English WordNet glosses, and to GermaNet based pseudo glosses. Contrary to previous research (Strube and Ponzetto 2006; Gabrilovich and Markovitch 2007; Zeschet al. 2007), we find that ‘wisdom of crowds’ based resources are not superior to ‘wisdom of linguists’ based resources. We also find that using the first paragraph of a Wikipedia article as opposed to the whole article leads to better precision, but decreases recall. Finally, we present two systems that were developed to aid the experiments presented herein and are freely available1for research purposes: (i) DEXTRACT, a software to semi-automatically construct corpus-driven semantic relatedness datasets, and (ii) JWPL, a Java-based high-performance Wikipedia Application Programming Interface (API) for building natural language processing (NLP) applications.
The Decline and Fall of the Mongol Empire
Authors: MORGAN DAVID 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWhen historians explain the end of empires, they often follow a ‘decline and fall’ paradigm which owes its fame to Edward Gibbon's great book on the Roman Empire. Recent historians of Late Antiquity, however, have tended to doubt its validity. This article considers the reasons for the end of the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It examines the division of the empire into four khanates, the eventual collapse of each of which is then studied. It suggests that the khanates which retained more of their original nomadic ethos – the Golden Horde in the Pontic steppes and the Chaghatai Khanate in Central Asia – were able to survive longer than those – in the Ilkhanate in Persia and the Great Khanate in China and Mongolia – which had their centres in sedentary lands. It concludes that in all cases, ‘fall’ was the result of internal factors, about which there was nothing that was inevitable, and that there is little evidence of a long ‘decline’. Hence the ‘decline and fall’ paradigm does not seem to provide an adequate explanatory framework.
Annual General Meeting 7th May 2009, President's Address
Authors: Stockwell Anthony 
Published: September 2009

Fellows of the Society and guests. At each Anniversary General Meeting we commemorate the inauguration of the Society in 1823 and reaffirm our founders’ commitment to the encouragement of research and the dissemination of learning in relation to Asia. In his address at the first meeting, Henry Colebrooke declared that Britain owed a “debt of gratitude” to Asia and had a duty to repay its “obligation” by “promoting an interchange of benefits”. It was a time of vigorous British expansion in Asia; but it was also a time of woeful indifference in Britain to Asian societies and cultures. In those days universities did little to make good such neglect. Indeed, lamenting the ignorance of Asia in British public life, another founder-member of the Society, Sir George Staunton, would later emphasise its educational function. It was, he said “the province of the Royal Asiatic Society . . . to bring together into one focus those who are able to impart this knowledge, and those who are desirous to receive it”. Clearly the RAS was established to meet a national need, as were other learned societies of the same era, such as the Royal Astronomical Society formed three years earlier, the Zoological Society of London formed three years later and the Royal Geographical Society which came into being in 1830.
Cryopreservation of cell/hydrogel constructs based on a new cell-assembling technique
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Xu Huirong , Yan Yongnian , Zhang Renji 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOrgan manufacturing products hold the promise to be used widely in the future for complex organ failings. The cryopreservation of the product is a very important step in the commercialization activities. In this article, a new cell cryopreservation technique, whereby, cryoprotectants were directly incorporated into the cell/hydrogel constructs, prototyped according to the predesigned structure and then subjected to a special freezing/thawing process. The rheological and hydration properties of the cryopreservation systems indicated that the hydratabilities of the gelatin/alginate hydrogels were greatly increased while the eutectic temperatures were greatly decreased by the addition of glycerol. Dextran-40 was found to be effective to improve the cell survival when incorporated with glycerol. The optimal volume concentration of the cryopretectans was 2.5% (v/v) glycerol and 5% (g/mL) dextran-40 in the gelatin/alginate hydrogel. Under these conditions, the cell viability in the construct was 96.3 ± 3.4%. Microscopic, thiazolyl blue (MTT) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining results all indicated that the cells began to proliferate after thawing. The cells in the gelatin/alginate hydrogel with both glycerol and dextran-40 had greater proliferations than with only glycerol or dextran-40. This approach holds promise for a variety of applications in cell assembly for high-throughput drug screening and complex organ manufacturing areas.
Exploring the Importance of Emotional Competence in Children With Complex Communication Needs
Authors: Blackstone Sarah W. , Wilkins David P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Research has shown that children with significant language impairments lag behind their typically developing peers in communicative and emotional competence. This article explores the importance of emotional competence in children with complex communication needs (CCN) and provides tools and strategies for individuals working with children with CCN.
Cochlear Implant Outcomes for Children With Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Leigh Jaime , Rance Gary , Dettman Shani , Dowell Richard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCochlear implantation is currently the intervention option of choice for many children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) who are unable to obtain benefit from conventional amplification. The aim of this study was to review the speech perception and language outcomes for children with ANSD who had received a cochlear implant and highlight specific clinical considerations for working with this population of children with hearing impairment who are being considered for implantation. Finds for the group of 17 children with ANSD using cochlear implants were compared to previously reported outcomes for children with sensori-neural (SN) type hearing loss using cochlear implants.Two children, identified with cochlear nerve deficiency pre-operatively, received no useful auditory percepts from their cochlear implant and discontinued device use. The remaining children demonstrated speech perception and language outcomes comparable to those observed for SN hearing loss peers using cochlear implants.This paper highlights a number of considerations for clinicians to be aware of and the importance of careful counseling pre-operatively regarding the potential for less-than-optimal outcomes, particularly for those children identified with cochlear nerve deficiency.
Intervention for Children With Cochlear Implants: Maximizing Auditory Benefits of Bilateral Hearing
Authors: MacIver-Lux Karen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Bilateral cochlear implantation has become the standard of care for children with bilateral profound hearing loss. To achieve optimal benefit from bilateral cochlear implants, an intensive rehabilitation program focusing on auditory skills development is necessary. There are several aspects of rehabilitative intervention that are unique when serving children with bilateral cochlear implants. The following article highlights these aspects with specific focus on neuromaturation of the central auditory nervous system, effects of maturation on auditory processes, characteristics of therapy sessions for children with bilateral cochlear implants, research with children with bilateral cochlear implants and implications for therapy, and case studies describing auditory verbal therapy and auditory skills training for children with bilateral cochlear implants.
Cell Replacement Therapy in the Inner Ear: Implications for Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Belzner Katherine A. , Ryals Brenda M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides an overview of recent advances in inner ear cell replacement therapy. Current strategies designed both to initiate hair cell regeneration and maintain or regenerate neural cells are reviewed. Using animal models, investigators have shown that hearing loss from hair cell and neural degeneration can be reversed through molecular and genetic manipulation. Successful strategies in animal models have included the use of growth factors, stem cells, and gene therapy. One significant challenge for the use of these strategies in humans is the development of safe, efficient, and targeted drug delivery systems. Using animal models investigators have shown that cochlear implants can be used to deliver growth factors, such as neurotrophins to the inner ear. Targeting the appropriate neural elements will be important for future application of this technique in humans. Finally, the prognosis for hearing restoration through cell replacement or maintenance therapy will certainly be influenced by the underlying etiology of the hearing loss. Audiologists will play a critical role in the future determination of candidacy for these therapeutic approaches.
Association of Legionnaires Disease with Construction: Contamination of Potable Water?
Authors: Mermel Leonard A. , Josephson Stephen L. , Giorgio Christina H. , Dempsey Jane , Parenteau Stephen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To describe two cases of nosocomial legionellosis and discuss the epidemiology of this infection.Design:Potable water was collected from multiple sites. Patient and environmental isolates were characterized by the Legionella slide agglutination test and monoclonal antibody subtyping. Concordance among isolates was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).Setting:A 713-bed university-affiliated hospital.Results:There was widespread contamination of potable water with Legionella pneumophila during a period of major construction; cooling towers were without growth of Legionella. One patient's isolate was the same by PFGE as the environmental isolate collected from the water faucet in his room. Control measures included superheating water used in all patient care areas to 75°C for 72 hours and flushing superheated water through faucets and showers; cleaning shower heads with a sonicator washer; and raising the hot water storage tank temperature from 43°C to 52°C. After these interventions, repeat environmental cultures over the next 6 months were without growth of Legionella, and no further cases of nosocomial legionnaires' disease were documented. An association between legionnaires' disease and construction is postulated. Heightened surveillance and preventive measures may be warranted during periods of excavation on hospital grounds or when potable water supplies are otherwise shut down and later repressurized.