bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vanishing Testis
Authors: Antic Tatjana , Hyjek Elizabeth M. , Taxy Jerome B. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Of patients with cryptorchidism, 5% have no palpable gonad. Physical examination or scrotal exploration demonstrates tissue nubbins or small nodules that constitute the vanishing testis syndrome. At the University of Chicago Hospitals (Chicago, IL; 2004–2008), 30 surgical pathology specimens from 29 patients with this clinical diagnosis underwent scrotal exploration. Histologic and immunohistochemical comparison was done with 7 fetal testes, 8 surgically removed nonneoplastic testes, and 2 cryptorchid testes. Routine histologic studies showed no seminiferous tubules in 18 cases (60%), fibrosis in all (100%), calcifications in 16 (53%), and hemosiderin deposits in 9 (30%). In 12 cases with seminiferous tubules (40%), there were Sertoli cells only. Scrotal exploration in such cases is clinically driven and results in the removal of any tissue present. Although published studies suggest the risk for future tumor development is low, possibly absent, the definitive removal of a testicle is established by an awareness of the histologic spectrum exhibited by testicular remnants.
Reproductive biology of a natural mangrove hybrid Rhizophora annamalayana and its parent species (R. apiculata and R. mucronata) (Rhizophoraceae)
Authors: Seetharaman Kavitha , Kandasamy Kathiresan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Rhizophora annamalayana is a natural mangrove hybrid with a rare seed set; the species is fast disappearing. We investigated possible causes of rare fruit set and explored ways of overcoming reproductive difficulties in this mangrove. Flowers open in the early morning in the hybrid and its parent species. Anthers dehisced after flower opening only in Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata. Anthesis and anther dehiscence took up to 5 days in all three species. Stigma receptivity peaked during anthesis; receptivity was lost within 8 h in R. annamalayana and R. mucronata. In R. apiculata, anthesis occurred inside the flowers, confirming that cleiostogamy occurred. Pollen of R. mucronata was 100% viable. Viability was 53% in R. apiculata. In R. annamalayana, only 3% of pollen was viable. R. mucronata flowers offered pollen and nectar to visitors, which were mainly Lucilia caesar (flies, bees, ants, etc.). Pollinators of R. annamalayana were restricted to Monobia quadridens, Vespa tropica and Ocybadistes walkeri. R. annamalayana reproduced by cross-pollination.
The effects of combining guaiacol and syringol on their pyrolysis
Authors: Asmadi, Mohd , Kawamoto Haruo , Saka Shiro 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Pyrolysis of guaiacol/syringol mixtures was studied in an ampoule reactor (N2/600°C/40–600 s) to understand the reactivities of the aromatic nuclei in hardwood lignins. By comparing the results with those of pure guaiacol or syringol, significant effects of their combination were observed during early stage pyrolysis: charring and gas formation were markedly suppressed. Yields for the tar fractions (MeOH-soluble) were increased by combination but the contents of GC/MS-detectable products with low molecular weight were dramatically decreased in these fractions, especially catechol-type compounds diminished, which are formed through the O-CH3 homolysis reaction and subsequent donation of hydrogen atoms. These observations are discussed at the molecular level. Inhibition of the charring reaction, which can act as a strong hydrogen donor, would increase the probability of radical coupling reactions of the O-CH3 homolysis products instead of the formation of catechol and pyrogallol and their derivatives. The latter compounds are important intermediates for gas formation, especially for CO. Based on these lines of evidence, a hypothesis is proposed according to which poly\xadaromatization during carbonization activates the pyrolytic reactions of guaiacol and syringol.
Mobility and Contact Mechanics of a Rotating Platform Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Otto Jason K. , Callaghan John J. , Brown Thomas D. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Despite their increasing clinical usage, mobile-bearing total knee replacements have not been well characterized biomechanically. An experimental and finite element analysis was done to asses the mobility and contact mechanics of a widely used rotating platform total knee replacement. Parameters that varied were axial load, condylar load allocation, flexion angle, and static versus dynamic loading. Similar results from the physical model and finite element model lend credence to the validity of the findings. The torque required to initiate rotation (static torque) was greater than that to sustain rotation (dynamic torque). At four times body weight axial load, peak resisting torque measured was 9.47 ± 0.61 and 5.51 ± 0.38 N-m, for static and dynamic torque, respectively. A 60–40 condylar load allocation produced slightly less resisting torque than the 50-50 load. For all practical purposes, the polyethylene insert rotated simultaneously with the femoral component, leading to maintenance of high contact area, desirable behavior clinically. Walking cycle simulations produced a total axial rotation range of motion of 6°. The high frictional torques observed at the mobile interface may explain why a percentage of these mobile-bearings fail to rotate under routine functional load.
Growth and transport properties of p-type GaNBi alloys
Authors: Levander Alejandro X. , Novikov Sergei V. , Liliental-Weber Zuzanna , dos Reis Roberto , Denlinger Jonathan D. , Wu Junqiao , Dubon Oscar D. , Foxon C.T. , Yu Kin M. , Walukiewicz Wladek 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Approval Summary: Letrozole (Femara® Tablets) for Adjuvant and Extended Adjuvant Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Treatment: Conversion of Accelerated to Full Approval
Authors: Cohen Martin H. , Johnson John R. , Justice Robert , Pazdur Richard 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare the efficacy of letrozole and tamoxifen.Contrast the adverse effect profile of letrozole with those of tamoxifen and placebo.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
On April 30, 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration converted letrozole (Femara®; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ) from accelerated to full approval for adjuvant and extended adjuvant (following 5 years of tamoxifen) treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor–positive early breast cancer.
The initial accelerated approvals of letrozole for adjuvant and extended adjuvant treatment on December 28, 2005 and October 29, 2004, respectively, were based on an analysis of the disease-free survival (DFS) outcome of patients followed for medians of 26 months and 28 months, respectively. Both trials were double-blind, multicenter studies. Both trials were unblinded early when an interim analysis showed a favorable letrozole effect on DFS.
In updated intention-to-treat analyses of both trials, the risk for a DFS event was lower with letrozole than with tamoxifen (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77–0.99; p = .03) in the adjuvant trial and was lower than with placebo (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.76–1.03; p = .12) in the extended adjuvant trial. The latter analysis ignores the interim switch of 60% of placebo-treated patients to letrozole.
Bone fractures and osteoporosis were reported more frequently following treatment with letrozole whereas tamoxifen was associated with a higher risk for endometrial proliferation and endometrial cancer. Myocardial infarction was more frequently reported with letrozole than with tamoxifen, but the incidence of thromboembolic events was higher with tamoxifen than with letrozole. Lipid-lowering medications were required for 25% of patients on letrozole and 16% of patients on tamoxifen.
Periodontal Disease Decreases Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Signaling
Authors: Colombo Natalia H. , Shirakashi Daisy J. , Chiba Fernando Y. , Sara de Lima Coutinho Maria , Ervolino Edilson , Saliba Garbin Cléa Adas , Machado Ubiratan Fabres , Sumida Doris H. 
Published: November 2011

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether local inflammatory events, such as periodontal disease, are able to increase tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) plasmatic concentration and decrease insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling in non‐diabetic rats.Methods: Forty‐eight male Wistar rats (2 months old) were divided into two groups, with either ligature‐induced periodontal disease (LPD) or control conditions (CN). Experiments were performed in both groups 28 days after ligature placement. Plasmatic concentration of glycemia and TNF‐α (n = 10) were analyzed by the glucose oxidase and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method, respectively. Insulin sensitivity (n = 7) was measured using the insulin tolerance test. Insulin signal transduction (n = 7) was measured by pp185 tyrosine phosphorylation status in insulin‐sensitive tissues using the Western blotting method.Results: The LPD group showed decreased insulin sensitivity (P <0.05), although no glycemic alterations were noted (P >0.05). TNF‐α plasmatic concentration was higher in LPD rats compared to CN rats. In addition, a decrease in the pp185 tyrosine phosphorylation status was observed after insulin stimulus in both white adipose and skeletal muscle tissues of the LPD group compared with the CN group.Conclusions: LPD is able to cause alterations to both insulin signaling and insulin sensitivity, probably because of the elevation of TNF‐α plasmatic concentration. Thus, the present results emphasize the importance of the prevention of local inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis, to prevent diabetes mellitus.
Dr. Livingroom, I Presume
Authors: Fessler Nicholas J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
This case places students in the context of personal negotiations with a health care provider regarding the price of offered services. This short but rich case is intended to be administered and discussed in a single hour-and-fifteen-minute class session, and enables instruction and discussion on important accounting concepts such as relevance, opportunity cost, breakeven, pricing, and fairness—in a personal-services setting.
The Personal Financial Reporting Project: A Student-Based Comprehensive Learning Project
Authors: Arel Barbara M. , Hughes Susan B. , Sander James F. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
The Personal Financial Reporting Project is designed to help students better understand the basics of financial reporting by applying class concepts to their own financial situations. Through a series of monthly assignments, completed over a two- or three-month period, students identify their personal assets and liabilities, determine which of these are included within a balance sheet, develop an accounting system to track changes to their assets and liabilities and recognize revenue and expenses, prepare financial statements, and develop significant accounting policies. After the second assignment, each subsequent assignment builds on the prior part. As such, students must correct errors in the earlier parts to accurately finish the next assignment. The complete project is made up of five parts; however, during some semesters, the project was condensed to include only Parts 2 through 4. The latter approach may be very appropriate for programs on the quarter system. Students report the project enhances their understanding of accounting concepts, improves their ability to prepare accounting reports, helps them understand the articulation concept, and provides them with additional insight into their personal financial situation. The project motivates both top-tier students and those who do not perform as well on exams and quizzes.
Encouraging the Development of Critical Thinking Skills in the Introductory Accounting Courses Using the Challenge Problem Approach
Authors: Young Marilyn , Warren D. Lee 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThere are many obstacles to including critical thinking as a learning objective in Introductory Accounting courses. However, the presence of these obstacles does not change the collective conclusion from the accounting profession that critical thinking skills are a prerequisite for a successful accounting career and that accounting educators should assist students in the development of these skills. The purpose of this paper is to present a learning strategy, entitled the Challenge Problem approach, to encourage the development of critical thinking skills in Introductory Accounting courses. Under this approach, the development of critical thinking skills is a primary learning objective of Introductory Accounting courses that is fostered by an active learning environment in the classroom and supported by an experiential learning pedagogy. In addition, critical thinking skills are tested on each exam with a Challenge Problem. This paper presents two examples of Challenge Problems, along with rubrics to evaluate the students' performance. The rubrics identify the strengths and weaknesses in the students' critical thinking abilities and can improve the design of future critical thinking exercises in principles courses.
Teaching Inventory Accounting: A Simple Learning Strategy to Achieve Student Understanding
Authors: Greenberg Rochelle K. , Wilner Neil A. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
This learning strategy offers an efficient and effective technique for teaching inventory in the introductory financial accounting course. It is motivated by the belief that many students memorize how to calculate the cost of goods sold and ending inventory under different cost flow assumptions, but that few understand the subject. This fundamental lack of understanding prohibits them from fully appreciating other issues, such as the difference between the physical flow and the cost flow assumption, the relevance of the cost flow assumption when computing cost of goods sold and income, and the irrelevance of the cost flow assumption when computing cash flow unless taxes are considered. Our learning strategy involves a convenience store selling three bottles of water. Inventory flow, cash flow, and the calculations of cost of goods sold, income, and ending inventory are illustrated under the first-in, first-out method; the last-in, first-out method; the weighted-average method; and specific identification.
Phenylpropanolamine toxicosis in dogs: 170 cases (2004–2009)
Authors: Peterson Katherine L. , Lee Justine A. , Hovda Lynn R. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate signalment, clinical signs, dose ingested, treatment requirements, duration of hospitalization, and outcome of dogs exposed to phenylpropanolamine.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—170 dogs with potential PPA toxicosis evaluated between 2004 and 2009.
Procedures—Dogs with potential PPA toxicosis were identified by reviewing the electronic database of an animal poison control center.
Results—66 of the 170 (39%) dogs reportedly did not develop any clinical signs. Clinical signs reported in the remaining 104 (61%) dogs included agitation (n = 40), vomiting (27), mydriasis (19), lethargy (17), tremor or twitching (16), panting (15), bradycardia (13), tachycardia (12), hypertension (11), and erythema (8). Median dose ingested for all dogs was 29 mg/kg (13.2 mg/lb). Dogs developing clinical signs had a significantly higher median dose ingested (373 mg/kg [170 mg/lb]) than did dogs that did not develop clinical signs (18 mg/kg [8.2 mg/lb]). Likewise, median dose ingested for the 123 dogs treated as inpatients (36.9 mg/kg [16.8 mg/lb]) was significantly higher than the median dose for the 14 dogs treated as outpatients (20.5 mg/kg [9.3 mg/lb]). Median duration of hospitalization was 18 hours (range, 4 to 72 hours), and hospitalization time increased as the dose ingested increased. Survival rate was 99.4% (169/170); the dog that died had ingested a dose of 145 mg/kg (65.9 mg/lb).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that with supportive care, the prognosis for dogs that had ingested an overdose of phenylpropanolamine was excellent.
Computation of the fundamental solution of electrodynamics for anisotropic materials
Authors: Yakhno Valery , Yaslan Handan , Yakhno Tatiana 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A new method for computation of the fundamental solution of electrodynamics for general anisotropic nondispersive materials is suggested. It consists of several steps: equations for each column of the fundamental matrix are reduced to a symmetric hyperbolic system; using the Fourier transform with respect to space variables and matrix transformations, formulae for Fourier images of the fundamental matrix columns are obtained; finally, the fundamental solution is computed by the inverse Fourier transform. Applying the suggested approach, the fundamental solution components are computed in general anisotropic media. Computational examples confirm robustness of the suggested method.
Prescribers’ perspectives of the socioeconomic status and important indicators affecting prescribing behavior in a developing country
Authors: Shawahna Ramzi , Nisar-ur-Rahman  , Ahmad Mahmood , Debray Marcel , Declèves Xavier , Yliperttula Marjo , Blom Marja 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Patients suffer differential prescribing behavior as a function of their socioeconomic status. The current study was conducted in a qualitative and two observational phases in Lahore metropolitan area to investigate physician’s perspectives of patients’ socioeconomic status and the important indicators influencing prescribing behavior. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with physicians (N=20) from 2 hospitals, 2 diabetes care centers and 2 private clinics and scripts were analyzed for socioeconomic indicators. In the second phase, the opinions of a panel of prescribers (N=43) on the influence socioeconomic indicators on prescribing behavior were elicited. In the third phase a bipolar 5-point Likert rating scale was used to elicit the importance of indicators for physicians (N=100) originated from urban and rural areas. In the interviews physicians gave 15 potential socioeconomic indicators. Following the two Delphi rounds, consensus was reached on 11 (73.3%) of the indicators, the remaining 4 (26.7%) were highly disputable. Bivariate analysis showed that literacy, educational background, compliance, dress and appearance were important indicators at the time of clinical decision making for physicians originating from urban areas than for physicians originating from rural areas. Physicians originating from urban and rural areas perceived the socioeconomic status differently.
‘Lonely, tragic, but legally necessary pilgrimages’: Transnational Abortion Travel in the 1970s
Authors: Palmer Beth 
Published: November 2011

Abstract: This article explores the work of the Calgary Birth Control Association with a particular focus on their referral service to help Albertan women obtain abortions in Seattle. The fact that Canadian women were travelling to the United States for abortions highlights the shortcomings of the Canadian health-care system and the legal changes in the 1969 omnibus bill. Cross-border travel is also compelling evidence for the argument that reproductive rights are an international issue. More particularly, this study demonstrates the tensions that reproductive-rights activists faced in addressing the needs of individual women vs the long-term objective of changing the laws and improving accessibility.
Identifying Factors Associated with Regular Physical Activity in Leisure Time among Canadian Adolescents
Authors: Godin Gaston , Anderson Donna , Lambert Léo-Daniel , Desharnais Raymond 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors explaining regular physical activity among Canadian adolescents. Design. A cohort study conducted over a period of 2 years. Setting. A French-language high school located near Québec City. Subjects. A cohort of 740 students (352 girls; 388 boys) aged 13.3 ± 1.0 years at baseline. Measures. Psychosocial, life context, profile, and sociodemographic variables were assessed at baseline and 1 and 2 years after baseline. Exercising almost every day during leisure time at each measurement time was the dependent variable. Results. The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis indicated that exercising almost every day was significantly associated with a high intention to exercise (odds ratio [OR]: 8.33, confidence interval [CI]95%: 5.26, 13.18), being satisfied with the activity practiced (OR: 2.07, CI95%: 1.27, 3.38), perceived descriptive norm (OR: 1.82, CI95%: 1.41, 2.35), being a boy (OR:1.83, CI95%: 1.37, 2.46), practicing “competitive” activities (OR: 1.80, CI95%: 1.37, 2.36), eating a healthy breakfast (OR: 1.68, CI95%: 1.09, 2.60), and normative beliefs (OR: 1.48, CI95%: 1.14, 1.90). Specific GEE analysis for gender indicated slight but significant differences. Conclusions. This study provides evidence for the need to design interventions that are gender specific and that focus on increasing intention to exercise regularly.
Evaluating a Yogic Breathing and Meditation Intervention for Individuals Living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Brazier Alison , Mulkins Andrea , Verhoef Marja 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To assess the effectiveness of a group program aimed at improving well-being among individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Methods. A randomized controlled trial was used to evaluate a residential program designed to teach breathing, movement, and meditation techniques. Sixty-two participants were recruited from community HIV/AIDS organizations. Fifteen withdrawals from the study left 47 study participants. Standardized measures used were the Mental Health Index (MHI), the MOS-HIV Health Survey (MOS), and the Daily Stress Inventory (DSI), along with qualitative interviews. Results. A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated positive changes in well-being on the MHI and the MOS, where the effect was primarily seen immediately following the program and disappeared at later data points. The DSI indicated an increase in experience and impact of stress over time for the intervention group postprogram. Alternatively, the qualitative interviews described positive changes in how participants were living their day-to-day lives. Conclusion. In order to capture the outcomes of this program properly, both qualitative and quantitative measures are needed.