bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Damage to the glycoshield activates PMT‐directed O‐mannosylation via the Msb2–Cek1 pathway in Candida albicans
Authors: Cantero Pilar D. , Ernst Joachim F. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryProtein‐O‐mannosyltransferases (Pmt) transfer mannosyl residues to secretory proteins. Five isoforms of Pmt proteins in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans have distinct functions in growth, morphogenesis and antifungal resistance. We found that PMT genes encoding the major isoforms Pmt1, Pmt2, Pmt4 are regulated differently in response to impaired glycostructures. While the PMT1 transcript level increased in cell wall mutants and under inhibition of N‐glycosylation by tunicamycin, PMT2 and PMT4 transcripts were upregulated only by inhibition of Pmt1 activity. Reporter fusions revealed specific promoter sequences to be required for PMT1 repression in undamaged cells, which was de‐repressed by tunicamycin. Constitutive PMT1 de‐repression was observed in mutants lacking the Cek1 MAP kinase and its upstream sensor Msb2. In contrast, in msb2 and cek1 mutants, upregulation of PMT2/PMT4 by Pmt1 inhibition did not occur and basal expression of both transcripts were decreased. We identified Ace2 as a novel transcription factor, which upregulates PMT basal expression and induction in response to glycostructure damage. Mutants lacking Msb2, Cek1 and Ace2 were supersensitive to glycosylation and cell wall inhibitors. We propose that a Msb2, Cek1 and Ace2 signalling pathway addresses PMT genes as downstream targets and that different modes of regulation have evolved for PMT1 and PMT2/PMT4 genes.
How does the oxidative burst of macrophages kill bacteria? Still an open question
Authors: Slauch James M. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryReactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical components of the antimicrobial repertoire of macrophages, yet the mechanisms by which ROS damage bacteria in the phagosome are unclear. The NADH‐dependent phagocytic oxidase produces superoxide, which dismutes to form H2O2. The Barras and Méresse labs use a GFP fusion to an OxyR regulated gene to show that phagocyte‐derived H2O2 is gaining access to the Salmonella cytoplasm. However, they have also shown previously that Salmonella has redundant systems to detoxify this H2O2. Although Salmonella propagate in a unique vacuole, their data suggest that ROS are not diminished in this modified phagosome. These recent results are put into the context of our overall understanding of potential oxidative bacterial damage occurring in macrophages.
Getting the balance right: thick and thin approaches to harmonizing state particularism and the human right to health
Authors: Buetow Stephen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractContext  The right to health requires States to achieve the highest standard of health attainable for all. A culturally sensitive approach is needed to respect States’ interpretation and implementation of the universal right to health, and document their progress.Objective  This viewpoint suggests how to harmonize the (i) human right to health and (ii) the particularism of State values and interests.Strategy  I describe the ‘thickness’ with which individual States recognize the right to health, as a dimension of universality, and then implement that recognition, as a dimension of particularism. Recognition and implementation by States need to be thick to demonstrate ‘glocal’ rationality, as characterizes the right to health as a Webberian ideal type. Examples of variation in the thickness of States’ interpretation and implementation of the right to health are discussed.Conclusion  It is possible to work towards harmonizing the right to health, and State particularism, by maximizing the thickness with which individual States recognize this right and progressively implement it.
The effects of high levels of rumen degradable protein on rumen pH and histamine concentrations in dairy cows
Authors: Pilachai R. , Schonewille J. Th. , Thamrongyoswittayakul C. , Aiumlamai S. , Wachirapakorn C. , Everts H. , Hendriks W. H. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryAn experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the supplementation of crude protein (CP) results in rumen acidosis and increased histamine concentrations in dairy cows. Six ruminally fistulated, non‐pregnant dry cows were fed three experimental rations in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The CP contents in the low‐CP, the high rumen undegradable protein (high‐RUP) and the high rumen degradable protein (high‐RDP) rations were 112, 259 and 266 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. The cows were fed 7.7 kg DM of the concentrates and 2.7 kg DM of rice straw. High levels of RDP in the ration significantly increased the ammonia, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and histamine concentrations in the rumen fluid. However, supplemental CP, whether degradable or undegradable, did not significantly affect the pH of rumen fluid. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was higher in both high‐RDP and high‐RUP in relation to cows fed the low‐CP ration. The rise in ruminal histamine concentrations was physiologically non‐relevant, most likely because rumen pH was not affected by supplemental CP at the installed level of DM intake. Therefore, it can be concluded that the issue of supplemental CP, rumen pH and ruminal histamine concentrations has not yet been settled. Further research is warranted to understand these relationships.
Term angular pregnancy: Successful expectant management
Authors: Alves Júlio Augusto Gurgel , Alves Nádia Gurgel , Alencar Júnior Carlos Augusto , Feitosa Francisco Edson Lucena , da Silva Costa Fabrício 
Published: March 2011

AbstractInterstitial pregnancy sometimes is mistakenly referred to as cornual pregnancy and is frequently confused with angular pregnancy. A strict distinction among these three conditions is clinically important because their findings, management and outcomes are different. We report an unusual case of pregnancy where interstitial pregnancy was diagnosed at 6 weeks of pregnancy, located close to the right cornual portion of the uterus. Prenatal monitoring was carried out until birth at 36 weeks' gestation with uterine conservation. Ultrasound scan and magnetic resonance imaging were realized to confirm the diagnosis and to monitor the evolution.
Sickle cell, habitual dys‐positions and fragile dispositions: young people with sickle cell at school
Authors: Dyson Simon M. , Atkin Karl , Culley Lorraine A. , Dyson Sue E. , Evans Hala 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe experiences of young people living with a sickle cell disorder in schools in England are reported through a thematic analysis of forty interviews, using Bourdieu’s notions of field, capital and habitus. Young people with sickle cell are found to be habitually dys‐positioned between the demands of the clinic for health maintenance through self‐care and the field of the school, with its emphases on routines, consistent attendance and contextual demands for active and passive pupil behaviour. The tactics or dispositions that young people living with sickle cell can then employ, during strategy and struggle at school, are therefore fragile: they work only contingently, transiently or have the unintended consequences of displacing other valued social relations. The dispositions of the young people with sickle cell are framed by other social struggles: innovations in school procedures merely address aspects of sickle cell in isolation and are not consolidated into comprehensive policies; mothers inform, liaise, negotiate and advocate in support of a child with sickle cell but with limited success. Reactions of teachers and peers to sickle cell have the enduring potential to drain the somatic, cultural and social capital of young people living with sickle cell.
Riemann Manifold Langevin and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Girolami Mark , Calderhead Ben 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe paper proposes Metropolis adjusted Langevin and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling methods defined on the Riemann manifold to resolve the shortcomings of existing Monte Carlo algorithms when sampling from target densities that may be high dimensional and exhibit strong correlations. The methods provide fully automated adaptation mechanisms that circumvent the costly pilot runs that are required to tune proposal densities for Metropolis–Hastings or indeed Hamiltonian Monte Carlo and Metropolis adjusted Langevin algorithms. This allows for highly efficient sampling even in very high dimensions where different scalings may be required for the transient and stationary phases of the Markov chain. The methodology proposed exploits the Riemann geometry of the parameter space of statistical models and thus automatically adapts to the local structure when simulating paths across this manifold, providing highly efficient convergence and exploration of the target density. The performance of these Riemann manifold Monte Carlo methods is rigorously assessed by performing inference on logistic regression models, log-Gaussian Cox point processes, stochastic volatility models and Bayesian estimation of dynamic systems described by non-linear differential equations. Substantial improvements in the time-normalized effective sample size are reported when compared with alternative sampling approaches. MATLAB code that is available from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/statistics/research/rmhmc allows replication of all the results reported.
REVOLTING PASSIONS
Authors: DIXON THOMAS 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article looks again at the significance of the shift from theories of passions and affections to a new scientific psychology of “emotions” in the nineteenth century. It recovers religious, moral, medical and political ideas about the pathology of the passions, and situates those ideas among the more differentiated affective typologies of earlier periods, with reference to both secular and theological writers including Seneca, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Francis Hutcheson, Jonathan Edwards, and Edmund Burke. The place of the emotions in the writings of nineteenth‐century figures from Thomas Brown and Charles Darwin to Oscar Wilde and G. E. Moore is explored with particular reference to transformations in ethical thought, in which emotions could be thought of as providing either a moral compass or the very goal of life. The article concludes by emphasising the reflexive relationships between social history, psychological language and emotional experience, and by asking, with reference to Martha Nussbaum's work, whether there is any place today for the ancient ideals of philosophical detachment and dispassion.
Paraprofessionals and caring practice: negotiating the use of self
Authors: Kubiak Chris , Sandberg Fredrik 
Published: March 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 653–660Paraprofessionals and caring practice: negotiating the use of selfResponding to increasing concerns with the quality of care in both Sweden and England, this paper explores the way in which caring practice emerges out of the interplay between personal and social agency. Working from a socio‐cultural perspective, results from an English and a Swedish study conducted independently of each other were used to explore the construction of caring practice. The English study drew on practice observations and four interviews conducted at monthly intervals collecting data on life history and critical incidents. The Swedish study drew on group interviews and two interviews with each participant – one at the beginning of an in‐service recognition of prior learning process and one at the end. Interview data was transcribed and thematic analysis identified common themes. The findings from both studies suggest that caring practice involves the intentional use of self to build relationships, understand users and provide personalised interventions. Although practice presented as personal and individualistic, it took place within an organisational context requiring co‐configured activity. The practitioners' negotiations with work teams were often conflictual or contested. It is argued that workplaces may enhance caring practice by enabling affordances for the use of self through the design of in‐house training programmes, supervision and the organisation of teams. Reflexive practice may also be an important part of the effective use of self.
Donor understanding and attitudes about current and potential deferral criteria for high‐risk sexual behavior
Authors: Goldman Mindy , Yi Qi‐Long , Ye Xibiao , Tessier Lorna , O'Brien Sheila F. 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Few donor criteria are as contentious as the deferral of men who have had sex with men (MSM). We performed an anonymous donor survey to determine attitudes toward current screening and the feasibility and acceptability of adoption of alternate donor criteria for MSM.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Donors who had successfully donated to Canadian Blood Services were randomly mailed an anonymous questionnaire several weeks after donation; there were 40,000 donors sampled, evenly split between first‐time and repeat donors.RESULTS: The response rate was 45.5%. The vast majority of donors found the current screening questions and clinic environment acceptable. Attention to clinic educational materials was poor. A total of 53% felt that the MSM criteria should be changed; many were supportive of criteria based on specific behaviors rather than a period of abstinence. Gender‐neutral questions such as number of sexual partners would result in deferral of large numbers of donors.CONCLUSION: Many donors would support a change in MSM deferral policy. Implementation of strategies based on donor attention to additional material would be challenging. Universal use of simple gender‐neutral questions would result in very high donor loss and are therefore not an acceptable option. The acceptability and feasibility of various screening approaches should be explored further with both donors and advocacy groups.
Analysis of αv integrin protein expression in human eyelid and periorbital squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Hsu Adam , Esmaeli Bita , Hayek Brent , Hossain Mohammad G. , Shinder Roman , Lazar Alexander J. , McCarty Joseph H. 
Published: March 2011

Background: Alpha v integrins are receptors for many extracellular matrix (ECM) protein ligands, including latent transforming growth factor betas (TGFβs). Various studies in mice have shown that ablation of genes encoding αv integrin or TGFβ signaling pathway components leads to spontaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in the conjunctiva and periocular skin. Here, we have analyzed patterns of αv integrin protein expression and TGFβ signaling in human eyelid and periorbital SCC samples. Methods: An anti‐αv integrin antibody was used to immunostain 19 eyelid and periorbital SCC samples. Additionally, tissue lysates from resected normal eyelid and SCC samples were analyzed by immunoblotting for αv integrin protein. Tumor sections were also immunostained with an antibody directed against Smad2, an intracellular signaling protein that is phosphorylated by TGFβ receptors. Results: Alpha v integrin protein was highly expressed in the invasive and less‐differentiated components of human SCCs. Lower levels of αv integrin protein were detected in more differentiated components of tumors, as well as in SCC in situ. Patterns of phosphorylated Smad2 immunoreactivity correlated with levels αv integrin expression. Conclusions: Alpha v integrin was expressed at robust levels in tumor cells representing less differentiated, more invasive components of SCC; by contrast, well‐differentiated cells as well as SCC in situ expressed low levels of αv integrin protein.Hsu A, Esmaeli B, Hayek B, Hossain MG, Shinder R, Lazar AJ, McCarty JH. Analysis of αv integrin protein expression in human eyelid and periorbital squamous cell carcinomas.
Effect of calcitonin on adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion stimulated by corticotropin‐releasing hormone in the hen anterior pituitary
Authors: NAKAYAMA Hiroyuki , TAKAHASHI Tetsuya , NAKAGAWA‐MIZUYACHI Kaori , KAWASHIMA Mitsuo 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe presence of a receptor for calcitonin (CT) and the effect of chicken CT (cCT) on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion stimulated by rat/human corticotropin‐releasing hormone (rhCRH) in the hen anterior pituitary were studied. The specific [125I]cCT binding component was present in the plasma membrane of hen anterior pituitary and this binding component had properties of a receptor which has binding specificity to cCT, reversibility, saturable binding, high affinity and limited capacity. When anterior pituitary cells were incubated in vitro, cCT increased the maximal secretion of chicken ACTH stimulated by rhCRH. These results suggest that CT may act directly on the anterior pituitary via its receptor binding and enhances the ACTH secretion by CRH.
North—south asymmetry in the solar coronal rotation
Authors: Vats Hari Om , Chandra Satish 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The solar images at 17 GHz by the Nobeyama Radio Heliograph and in X-rays by the soft X-ray telescope (SXT) on board the Yohkoh satellite have been of particular interest for the estimation of solar coronal rotation using the flux modulation approach. These studies established that the solar corona rotates differentially. The radio images estimate an equatorial rotation period lower than those estimated by the X-ray images. The latitude profiles of the coronal rotation have temporal variability. It is very interesting that the space–time plots of sidereal rotation period clearly reveal north–south (NS) asymmetry. The asymmetry appears to change its sign in odd and even activity cycles of the Sun.
Transit timing variations in the HAT-P-13 planetary system
Authors: Pál András , Sárneczky Krisztián , Szabó Gyula M. , Szing Attila , Kiss László L. , Mező György , Regály Zsolt 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In this Letter we present observations of recent HAT-P-13b transits. The combined analysis of published and newly obtained transit epochs shows evidence for significant transit timing variations (TTVs) since the last publicly available ephemerides. Variation of transit timings results in a sudden switch of transit times. The detected full range of TTV spans≈0.015d, which is significantly more than the known TTV events exhibited by hot Jupiter. If we have detected a periodic process, its period should be at least≈3yr because there are no signs of variations in the previous observations. This argument makes unlikely that the measured TTV is due to perturbations by HAT-P-13c.
Glucose intolerance in the West African Diaspora: a skeletal muscle fibre type distribution hypothesis
Authors: Nielsen J. , Christensen D. L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the United States, Black Americans are largely descendants of West African slaves; they have a higher relative proportion of obesity and experience a higher prevalence of diabetes than White Americans. However, obesity rates alone cannot explain the higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and beta‐cell dysfunction. We hypothesize that the higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in African Americans (as compared to White Americans) is facilitated by an inherited higher percentage of skeletal muscle fibre type II and a lower percentage of skeletal muscle fibre type I. Skeletal muscle fibre type II is less oxidative and more glycolytic than skeletal muscle fibre type I. Lower oxidative capacity is associated with lower fat oxidation and a higher disposal of lipids, which are stored as muscular adipose tissue in higher amounts in Black compared to White Americans. In physically active individuals, the influence of muscle fibre composition will not be as detrimental as in physically inactive individuals. This discrepancy is caused by the plasticity in the skeletal muscle fibre characteristics towards a higher activity of oxidative enzymes as a consequence of physical activity. We suggest that a higher percentage of skeletal muscle fibre type II combined with physical inactivity has an impact on insulin sensitivity and high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Blacks of West African ancestry.
Crustacean parasites associated with hermit crabs from the western Mediterranean Sea, with first documentation of egg predation by the burrowing barnacle Trypetesa lampas (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica: Trypetesidae)
Authors: WILLIAMS Jason D. , GALLARDO Alejandra , MURPHY Angela E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractParasitic isopods (family Bopyridae) and burrowing barnacles (family Trypetesidae) infesting hermit crabs were investigated from shallow subtidal collections made along the southeastern coast of Spain in 2009. A total of 713 specimens of Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818) and 82 Calcinus tubularis (L., 1767) were examined. Gastropod shells and worm tubes inhabited by hermit crabs were collected by hand while snorkeling and were cracked to determine host species, size, sex and presence of eggs. Two species of bopyrid isopods were found on C. erythropus: the branchial parasite Bopyrissa fraiseii (Carayon, 1943) and the abdominal parasite Parathelges cardonae Codreanu and Codreanu in Codreanu, 1968. Among all C. erythropus examined, Bopyrissa fraiseii was found on 0.6% of hermit crabs and P. cardonae was found on 0.3%. A redescription of P. cardonae is provided and the species is documented with light and scanning electron microscopy for the first time. No Calcinus tubularis harbored parasitic isopods, but one specimen was parasitized by an unidentified rhizocephalan barnacle of the genus Septosaccus (1.2%). The burrowing barnacle Trypetesa lampas (Hancock, 1849) was found associated with both hermit crab species and evidence of predation on host eggs by this barnacle is shown for the first time. Trypetesa lampas was found in 4.2% of the shells collected. The present study expands our knowledge of the parasite fauna of hermit crabs from the Mediterranean Sea and indicates that additional research is needed to determine the impact of trypetesid egg predators on hermit crab populations.
Online monitoring of flu in Belgium
Authors: Devroey Dirk , Semaille Pascal , Vansintejan Johan , Vandevoorde Jan , Van De Vijver Erwin 
Published: March 2011

Please cite this paper as: Devroey et al. (2011) Online monitoring of flu in Belgium. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(5), 351–356.Background  The diagnosis and treatment of patients with the A(H1N1) pandemic flu caused some serious burden for general practitioners (GPs) in the summer and autumn of 2009.Objective  The aim of this study was to track the incidence of influenza and influenza‐like illness (ILI) in Belgium and to describe the characteristics of the affected patients.Methods  In July 2009, the Belgian online influenza surveillance system (BOISS) was set up to monitor the spread of influenza and ILI. Registrations were made by 93 GPs from all 10 Belgian provinces who participated at least 1 week during the first 12 months of the registration. Only patients who met the WHO criteria for flu were recorded.Results  In total, 1254 patients (53% men) with influenza or ILI were included. Mainly younger persons were affected: 43% was under the age of 20 years. A risk factor for influenza‐related complications was determined in 19% of cases, mainly patients with chronic respiratory problems. A treatment with oseltamivir or zanamivir was prescribed in 13%, and 3% of the patients was admitted to a hospital. The time of the peak incidence (44th week) and the magnitude (623 cases per week per 100 000 inhabitants) corresponded with the figures of the existing paper‐based registration network. The small sample size and possible reporting biases may have influenced the findings of the study.Conclusions  The BOISS provides a good alternative to conduct surveillance activities for influenza and ILI in Belgium. It provides complementary information regarding ILI compared to the existing data capturing.