bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Zone of Nephrite in Alamas, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Liu Yan , Deng Jun , Shi Guanghai , Lu Taijin , He Huaiyu , Ng Yi‐Nok , Shen Chonghui , Yang Liqiang , Wang Qingfei 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Hetian deposit, located south of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, China, is one of the world's largest dolomite‐related nephrite deposits. In the Alamas orebody of the deposit, nephrite occurs as veins or lenses along faults or fissures of the adjacent dolomitic marble. Chemical analyses using electronic microscope probe analysis and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscope were carried out on nephrite and dolomitic marble samples collected from a cross section in Alamas to investigate zonal structure of the orebody. The nephrite in Alamas is predominately composed of tremolite with minor calcite, titanite and phlogopite, and that dolomitic marble is relatively pure with a FeO content less than 0.20 wt. %. Contents of color‐inducing elements, such as Fe, Mn, and Cr, increase gradually as color changes from white through white‐green and then to green, resulting in the formation of color‐distinctive zones. Tremolite grain size increases as color changes from white through white‐green to green. The trend may be consistent with temperature changes from dolomitic marble to granodiorite, which, in turn, suggests that both change in color from white to green and variations of grain size with increasing temperature resulting in formation of the nephrite zonal structure. Both nephrite zonal structure and minor minerals, such as calcite, titanite and phlogopite found in the contact, indicate that this dolomite‐related nephrite orebody is of a metasomatic origin under assumed pressure of 100–200 MPa and temperature <550°C.
Wastewater‐fed aquaculture in the East Kolkata Wetlands, India: anachronism or archetype for resilient ecocultures?
Authors: Bunting Stuart W. , Pretty Jules , Edwards Peter 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWastewater‐fed aquaculture is generally in decline. The 12 500 ha East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW) Ramsar site in peri‐urban Kolkata, India, is the only large‐scale formal system still operating and appears to demonstrate a high degree of resilience. This paper identifies aspects of wastewater‐fed aquaculture in the EKW that contribute to its sustained operation. The Driving Forces, Pressures, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) framework was used to structure the assessment. Resilience within the EKW can be attributed to the scale of operation, adaptive production strategies that optimise resource utilisation while minimising risks, self‐organisation among stakeholders and timely legislation and institutional interventions to preserve the natural character of the wetlands. The introduction of externalising technologies, erosion of social capital and loss of traditional ecological knowledge threaten to undermine this resilience. Outcomes from this analysis should inform future management of the EKW to ensure that resilience is retained and enhanced.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a novel regulator of human melanogenesis
Authors: Luecke Sandra , Backlund Maria , Jux Bettina , Esser Charlotte , Krutmann Jean , Rannug Agneta 
Published: September 2010

SummarySkin cancer, chloracne and hyperpigmentation have been associated with the exposure to environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These compounds are xenobiotic high‐affinity ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand‐activated transcription factor with important physiological roles in, for example, the control of cell proliferation and inflammation. We show here that exposure of normal human melanocytes to the most potent dioxin, 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD), results in activation of the AHR signaling pathway and an AHR‐dependent induction of tyrosinase activity, the key enzyme of the melanogenic pathway. In accordance with the upregulation of tyrosinase enzyme activity, total melanin content was also elevated in TCDD‐exposed melanocytes. Neither the induction of tyrosinase enzyme activity or of total melanin could be attributed to enhanced cell proliferation, but was rather due to the induction of tyrosinase and tyrosinase‐related protein 2 gene expression. Thus, the AHR is able to modulate melanogenesis by controlling the expression of melanogenic genes.
PLX4032, a potent inhibitor of the B‐Raf V600E oncogene, selectively inhibits V600E‐positive melanomas
Authors: Lee John T. , Li Ling , Brafford Patricia A. , van den Eijnden Marcia , Halloran Molly B. , Sproesser Katrin , Haass Nikolas K. , Smalley Keiran S.M. , Tsai James , Bollag Gideon , Herlyn Meenhard 
Published: September 2010

SummaryTargeted intervention of the B‐Raf V600E gene product that is prominent in melanoma has been met with modest success. Here, we characterize the pharmacological properties of PLX4032, a next‐generation inhibitor with exquisite specificity against the V600E oncogene and striking anti‐melanoma activity. PLX4032 induces potent cell cycle arrest, inhibits proliferation, and initiates apoptosis exclusively in V600E‐positive cells in a variety of in vitro experimental systems; follow‐up xenograft studies demonstrate extreme selectivity and efficacy against melanoma tumors bearing the V600E oncoproduct. The collective data support further exploration of PLX4032 as a candidate drug for patients with metastatic melanoma; accordingly, validation of PLX4032 as a therapeutic tool for patients with melanoma is now underway in advanced human (Phase III) clinical trials.
Two New “Notostracans”, Chenops gen. nov. and Jeholops gen. nov. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: ?Notostraca) from the Yixian Formation, Northeastern China
Authors: HEGNA Thomas A. , Dong REN 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:The Early Cretaceous Jehol biota of northeastern China contains a diverse group of notostracans, including two genera, Chenops and Jeholops, described here. Chenops is characterized by a combination of an ovate carapace, narrow anal plate, equant distal endites and endopod on the anterior thoracic limbs. In addition to the new species, Chenops yixianensis, the genus also provisionally includes Prolepidurus oblongus Oleynikov, 1968. Jeholops, however, is monotypic, represented by the new species Jeholops hongi. It is characterized by a combination of kazacharthran and notostracan features unique to this taxon. Both new genera are provisionally placed in the taxon Notostraca. More detailed work exploring the morphology of exceptionally‐preserved branchiopod crustaceans is needed. The difficulties in placing fossil notostracans into a phylogenetic framework are discussed.
Fossil Hydrophilid Beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) of the Late Oligocene Rott Formation (Germany)
Authors: FIKÁČEK Martin , SCHMIED Heiko , PROKOP Jakub 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:Fossil water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) of the latest Oligocene Rott Formation are revised, based on the examination of the type specimens, as well as numerous additional material from Statz (Los Angeles) and Kastenholz (Bonn) collections. Seven hydrophilid species are recognized, five of which are reliably attributed to the following genera: Berosus morticinus (von Heyden and von Heyden, 1866), Paracymus excitatus (von Heyden and von Heyden, 1866), Paracymus sp., Hydrobiomorpha fraterna (von Heyden, 1859), and Hydrophüus rottensis (Statz, 1939). Coccinella? protogaeae Germar 1837 is attributed to the subtribe Hydrophilina, and Cymbiodyta? austera Statz 1939 to the subfamily Hydrophilinae. Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 and Paracymus excitatus (form 3) are excluded from the Hydrophiloidea. Berosus capitatus Statz 1939 is synonymized with Berosus morticinus, and Hydrous neptunus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 with Hydrobiomorpha fraterna. Lectotypes of Philydrus morticinus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 and Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 are designated. The significance of the hydrophilid fossils for paleoecological reconstructions of the former Rott Lake is briefly discussed.
A New Subfamily of Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidomorpha) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese Amber with a Description of the Oldest Apterous Morphs
Authors: WEGIEREK Piotr , GRIMALDI David A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:Aphids are marked by their high polymorphism, but species reported from the Early Cretaceous are known only from alate morphs. The discovery of an apterous adult morph in Lebanese amber and a larva of the same species are very important for the understanding of both the morphological and biological evolution of this insect group at the very early stage of development. Gondvanoaphis estephani new subfamily, new genus and species of the recent aphids family Thelaxidae is described. The characters of the new genus in respect to other genera placed in Thelaxidae are reviewed. The palaeoecological and palaeogeographical data concerning Gondvanoaphis new genus are also discussed.
An Undercover Angiosperm from the Jurassic of China
Authors: Shaolin ZHENG , Xin WANG 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:Searching for early angiosperms is a riveting activity in botany because it helps to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among seed plants and among angiosperms themselves. One of the challenges for this job is what the target fossils look like. Most possibly early angiosperms may elude our scrutiny with gymnospermous appearances. This possibility becomes a reality in a Jurassic plant, Solaranthus gen. nov, which bears a peltaspermalean appearance and enclosed ovules. According to knowledge available hitherto, the latter feature makes it an angiosperm. However, such a feature is more likely to be eclipsed by its gymnospermous appearance. The early age and unexpected character assemblage of Solaranthus urge for a fresh look on the assumed‐simple relationship between angiosperms and gymnosperms. Its resemblance to the order Peltaspermales favors the Mostly Male Theory.
Current Knowledge of Mesozoic Coleoptera from Daohugou and Liaoning (Northeast China)
Authors: KIREJTSHUK Alexander G. , PONOMARENKO Alexander G. , PROKIN Alexander A. , Huali CHANG , NIKOLAJEV Georgy V. , Dong REN 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:The present paper is devoted to an overview on fossil Coleoptera studied from Inner Mongolia, Daohugou (Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan Formation) and Liaoning (Upper Jurassic‐Lower Cretaceous, Yixian Formation) deposited in Chinese collections. As a result, species of the tribe Sperchopsini and Hydrophilini from Hydrophilidae, families and subfamilies Silphidae, Syndesinae from Lucanidae, Pleocomidae, Trogidae, Trogissitidae, Pyrochroidae, Diaperinae from Tenebrionidae, and Cerambycidae were first registered in the Mesozoic and some families were defined as new. It was shown that many superfamilies represented in the Recent Fauna were formed within the Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The materials examined confirm the hypothesis that Cucujiformian beetles are a younger group than other infraordera of Polyphaga (Staphyliniformia and Elateriformia) and, therefore, they appeared in the fossil record only in the late Mesozoic. It was shown and confirmed that most superfamilies appeared in the fossil records before Cucujoidea. The synonymy of Notocupes Ponomarenko, 1964; Sinocupes Lin, 1976, syn. nov.; Amblomma Tan, Ren et Liu 2005, syn. nov.; Euryomma Tan, Ren et Shih, 2006, syn. nov., non Stein, 1899 and Ovatocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov.; synonymy of Tetraphalerus Waterhouse, 1901 and Odontomma Tan, Ren et Ge 2006, syn. nov.; and synonymy of Priacmopsis Ponomarenko, 1966 and Latocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov. are proposed. Sinorhombocoleus papposus Tan et Ren, 2009 is transferred from the family Rhombocoleidae to Schizophoridae. Cervicatinius complanus Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 and Forticatinius elegans Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 are transferred from the family Catiniidae (suborder Archostemata) to superfamily Cleroidea (suborder Polyphaga: first among the family Peltidae and second as a closely related group to the latter family). The family Parandrexidae is transferred from the superfamily Cucujoidea to Cleroidea. The ecological circumstances of the past ecosystems and hypotheses of historical development of the order Coleoptera are discussed. The age of faunas examined is considered. The list of the taxa described from Daohugou and Liaoning is compiled.
First Psocodean (Psocodea, Empheriidae) from the Cretaceous Amber of New Jersey
Authors: AZAR Dany , NEL André , PETRULEVIČIUS Julian F. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:Representatives of the extinct psocid family Empheriidae are known from Eocene Baltic amber, Lowermost Eocene French amber (Oise), and Lower Cretaceous Spanish amber (Alava). We report herein the first discovery of an empheriid psocid from the Cretaceous amber of New Jersey as Jerseyempheria grimaldii gen. et sp. nov. The fossil is figured and described. The new species is distinguished from related taxa. A discussion and checklist of Empheriidae are provided.
Mesozoic Evaniidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in Spanish Amber: Reanalysis of the Phylogeny of the Evanioidea
Authors: PEÑALVER Enrique , ORTEGA‐BLANCO Jaime , NEL André , DELCLÒS Xavier 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:One new genus and five new species of the family Evaniidae are described from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) Spanish amber of Peñacerrada‐I (Province of Burgos), San Just and Arroyo de la Pascueta (both in the Province of Teruel):Cretevania alonsoisp. nov.,C. montoyaisp. nov.,C. alcalaisp. no v.,C. rubusensissp. nov., andIberoevania roblesigen. and sp. nov. Taxonomic changes includeCretevania pristina(Zhang and Zhang, 2000) comb. nov.,C. exquisita(Zhang, Rasnitsyn, Wang and Zhang, 2007) comb. nov.,C. vesca(Zhang, Rasnitsyn, Wang and Zhang, 2007) comb. nov., andC. cyrtocerca(Deans, 2004) comb. nov., as a result of the reinterpretation of the generaProcretevaniaandEovernevania. The new well preserved specimens of the genusCretevania, together with the characters shown by the type specimens of the synonymized genera, give new information about their anatomical characters of taxonomical importance, and the genusCretevaniaRasnitsyn, 1975 is re‐diagnosed. The holotypes of the Russian species in amber have been revised. A cladistic analysis of fossil and extant groups of the superfamily Evanioidea is included.Cretevaniahad a wide palaeogeographic distribution, with the highest diversity known from Spain. The 13 knownCretevaniaspecies show a high interspecific variation mainly in wing characteristics, and a wide range of body and wing size.
A New Species of Dactylolabis (Eobothrophorus) from Baltic Amber (Diptera: Limoniidae)
Authors: KRZEMINSKI Wieslaw , KAMA Iwona , KRZEMINSKA Ewa 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:A new species, Dactylolabis (Eobothrophorus) hoffeinsorum sp. nov. from the Baltic amber is described, based on one male. The distinctive characters are the shape of the discal cell in the wing and the shape of the process on tergite IX. The description of Dactylolabis (Eobothrophorus) lauryni Podenas, 2003 is amended, based on an additional specimen. With the new species added herein, the number of species of this subgenus totals four. The wing venation, antennae, and tergal processes of all four species of the subgenus described from the Baltic amber are compared.
DIE KÜNFTIGE GENERATION: HELENE STÖCKER'S FUTURE (FROM MALTHUS TO NIETZSCHE)
Authors: Deutscher Penelope 
Published: September 2010

abstractAn avid reader of Nietzsche, the German radical feminist Helene Stöcker referred in 1893 to the Verfrühung of the modern woman, her prematurity. She used references to Mill, Bebel, Darwin, Galton, and Nietzsche among others to develop a concept of women's untimely modernity. This paper considers how a number of concepts of time, transformation, biological futurity, and putative agency over nature became, for Stöcker, the basis for a feminist claim to autonomy, agency, and reproductive rights. The paper goes on to ask how some of these concepts and their context could also have provided the implicit resources to resist their conversion by Stöcker.
BIOTIC COMPETITION AND PROGRESS IN THE WORKS OF CHARLES DARWIN
Authors: Nale John 
Published: September 2010

abstractDeutscher's reading of Darwin states that future generations are conditioned by the work of natural selection over long periods of time, whereby the random variations that are most favorable to the local conditions prevail over those organisms that are less well adapted. The work of this selection of the favorable varieties is not a human responsibility; rather, it lies in the hands of “chance.” However, I believe that, by prioritizing competition between organisms in the process of natural selection, Darwin in fact ends up subscribing to a kind of evolutionary progress. Because Darwin subscribes to a kind of evolutionary progress whereby the “better” varieties push the lower forms into extinction, one cannot say that natural selection is random but, rather, that it follows a general trajectory of improvement. The fact that nature proceeds slowly in this fashion must be read alongside Darwin's comments on race as well as the numerous times he explicitly advocates Galton's eugenic program in The Descent of Man.
NEOLIBERALISM, BIODISCIPLINE, AND CULTURAL CRITIQUE
Authors: Wilkerson William 
Published: September 2010

abstractMy response to Ladelle McWhorter's essay covers two main points. First, I argue that Foucault fleshed out the relation between biopower and neoliberalism more fully than McWhorter claims and that this enables us to take McWhorter's analysis further than she does. Second, even though this Foucault‐inspired analysis is revealing, a full criticism of reprogenetic technologies requires us to attend to racial and sexual dimensions of social experience and domination that may not be captured simply by following Foucault.
THE LIMITS OF LIBERAL CHOICE:RACIAL SELECTION AND REPROGENETICS
Authors: Russell Camisha 
Published: September 2010

abstractServing as a commentary on Kelly Oliver's essay, “Enhancing Evolution: Whose Body? Whose Choice?” this essay picks up on its themes of mastery, choice, the man‐made, and the natural in order to further Oliver's critique of a particular liberal debate over the ethical permissibility of reprogenetics. The specific focus of the commentary is the hidden centrality of race to the reprogenetics debate, within which, I suggest, race serves as an implicit limit of acceptability in two important ways. First, on the societal level, an explicitly racial focus marks the point at which a eugenic project becomes immoral, such that it is the refusal to mention race that renders the new eugenics acceptable. Second, in the realm of personal reproductive “choice,” race is portrayed as that which is naturally transmitted rather than deliberately chosen and, thus, serves as a limit on what are considered morally correct or even viable personal reproductive choices. The effect of this limiting and its naturalization is to obscure both the ways in which race has always been policed in reproduction and the social consequences of that policing and, thereby, to uphold the status quo of social inequality.
EVENT AND EVOLUTION
Authors: Parisi Luciana 
Published: September 2010

abstractWhy have theories of evolution become now (and again) a matter of concern for critically rethinking sex and sexual difference? Why after years of deconstructing the ontologies of sex rooted in biological discourses and metaphysics of identity has critical thought turned to biology, physics, and mathematics? One way to tackle this new turn toward scientific thought may be derived from the reaction against an overused method of textual critique, which has come short of engaging with the reality of matter. If sexuality and sex are material forms of irreducible difference, then one needs a window into the material processes that lead to such forms.
LOVE AND HISTORY
Authors: Grau Christopher 
Published: September 2010

abstractIn this essay, I argue that a proper understanding of the historicity of love requires an appreciation of the irreplaceability of the beloved. I do this through a consideration of ideas that were first put forward by Robert Kraut in “LoveDe Re” (1986). I also evaluate Amelie Rorty's criticisms of Kraut's thesis in “The Historicity of Psychological Attitudes: Love is Not Love Which Alters Not When It Alteration Finds” (1986). I argue that Rorty fundamentally misunderstands Kraut's Kripkean analogy, and I go on to criticize her claim that concern over the proper object of love should be best understood as a concern over constancy. This leads me to an elaboration of the distinct senses in which love can be seen as historical. I end with a further defense of the irreplaceability of the beloved and a discussion of the relevance of recent debates over the importance of personal identity for an adequate account of the historical dimension of love.
Hexadecyloxypropyl-Cidofovir (CMX001) Suppresses JC Virus Replication in Human Fetal Brain SVG Cell Cultures
Authors: Jiang Zhi-Gang , Cohen Jeffrey , Marshall Leslie J. , Major Eugene O. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTJC virus (JCV) is a polyomavirus that infects human oligodendrocytes, leading to development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often fatal demyelinating disease occurring in immunocompromised individuals. Currently there are no effective therapies for the treatment of PML that result in clearance of JCV from the brain. Cidofovir (CDV) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that inhibits DNA polymerases and has been used for the treatment of PML. However, CDV demonstrated little efficacy as a treatment for PML and causes substantial side effects to patients. To improve efficacy and reduce the toxicity of CDV, a lipid-ester derivative, CMX001, was generated by Chimerix and is currently in multicenter phase II clinical trials for the prevention or control of cytomegalovirus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and of BK virus in the urine of stem cell or renal allograft recipients. CMX001 caused minimal cytotoxic effects in human fetal brain SVG cells when used at concentrations between 0.01 μM and 0.1 μM. CMX001 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the number of JCV-infected cells during initial infection and nearly eliminated JCV-infected cells during an established infection. In addition, CMX001 treatment resulted in a 60% reduction in JCV DNA copy number during initial infection, which suggests that suppression of JCV infection by CMX001 is likely due to inhibition of virus DNA replication. This study demonstrates that CMX001 suppresses JCV infection at concentrations that have limited toxicity to human brain cells, indicating its potential use to limit JCV replication in infected patients.