bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and metabolites O-desmethyltramadol and N-desmethyltramadol in adult horses
Authors: Stewart Allison J. , Boothe Dawn M. , Cruz-Espindola Crisanta , Mitchum Emily J. , Springfield Jenny 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its metabolites O-desmethyltramadol (ODT) and N-desmethyltramadol (NDT) in adult horses.
Animals—12 mixed-breed horses.
Procedures—Horses received tramadol IV (5 mg/kg, over 3 minutes) and orally (10 mg/kg) with a 6-day washout period in a randomized crossover design. Serum samples were collected over 48 hours. Serum tramadol, ODT, and NDT concentrations were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed via noncompartmental analysis.
Results—Maximum mean ± SEM serum concentrations after IV administration for tramadol, ODT, and NDT were 5,027 ± 638 ng/mL, 0 ng/mL, and 73.7 ± 12.9 ng/mL, respectively. For tramadol, half-life, volume of distribution, area under the curve, and total body clearance after IV administration were 2.55 ± 0.88 hours, 4.02 ± 1.35 L/kg, 2,701 ± 275 h•ng/mL, and 30.1 ± 2.56 mL/min/kg, respectively. Maximal serum concentrations after oral administration for tramadol, ODT, and NDT were 238 ± 41.3 ng/mL, 86.8 ± 17.8 ng/mL, and 159 ± 20.4 ng/mL, respectively. After oral administration, half-life for tramadol, ODT, and NDT was 2.14 ± 0.50 hours, 1.01 ± 0.15 hours, and 2.62 ± 0.49 hours, respectively. Bioavailability of tramadol was 9.50 ± 1.28%. After oral administration, concentrations achieved minimum therapeutic ranges for humans for tramadol (> 100 ng/mL) and ODT (> 10 ng/mL) for 2.2 ± 0.46 hours and 2.04 ± 0.30 hours, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Duration of analgesia after oral administration of tramadol might be < 3 hours in horses, with ODT and the parent compound contributing equally.
Coach Mid-Season Replacement and Team Performance in Professional Soccer
Authors: Lago-Peñas Carlos 
Published: July 2011

Coach Mid-Season Replacement and Team Performance in Professional Soccer
The coaching carousel or turnover is an extreme but frequently occurring phenomenon in soccer. Among the reasons for firing a coach, the most common is the existence of a shock-effect: a new coach would be able to motivate the players better and therefore to improve results. Using data from the Spanish Soccer League during the seasons from 1997-1998 to 2006-2007, this paper investigates the relationship between team performance and coach change over time. The empirical analysis shows that the shock effect of a turnover has a positive impact on team performance in the short term. Results reveal no impact of coach turnover in the long term. The favourable short-term impact on team performance of a coach turnover is followed by continued gradual worsening of results. The turnover effect is non-existent when the comparison between the new coach and the old coach is done over 10, 15 or 20 matches before and after termination.
Gierałtów versus Śnieżnik gneisses - what is the real difference?
Authors: Redlińska-Marczyńska Aleksandra 
Published: July 2011

Gierałtów versus Śnieżnik gneisses - what is the real difference?Structural and petrographic study applied to the gneisses from the eastern part of the Orlica-Śnieżnik Dome, indicate that two different types of gneiss are present. The Śnieżnik gneisses are porphyrithic granites, constricted and sheared into L-S tectonites, most commonly with augens; the Gierałtów gneisses are sheared migmatites, porphyroblastic gneisses and banded gneisses, with two sets of metamorphic foliation, intrafolial folds and lensoid leucosome aggregates or metamorphic porphyroblasts. Both lithologies were later zonally sheared and transformed into more or less deformationally advanced mylonites, difficult to be distinguished from one of the two types. Identification of the Śnieżnik and Gierałtów gneisses is possible only between zones of the late (Variscan) shearing, in which the original, pre-kinematic structures are preserved.
Remarks on Statistical Design Centering
Authors: Opalski Leszek 
Published: July 2011

Remarks on Statistical Design CenteringThe paper overviews optimization based statistical design centering techniques for analog circuits. Emphasis is placed on dependence between formulation of quality indices, problem formulation, and computational complexity of design centering algorithms, executed in single- or multiple-processor environments. For characterization of solution techniques a standard CMOS op-amp design case and a simplified computational complexity analysis are used.
La pratique du vergobret : le témoignage de César confronté aux inscriptions
Authors: Lamoine Laurent 
Published: July 2011

Le vergobret est un magistrat suprême gaulois, attesté entre le Ier siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle apr. J.-C. par le témoignage de César chez les Éduens et par l’épigraphie monétaire et sur pierre chez les Lixoviens, les Santons, les Bituriges, les Lémovices et les Vellaves. La confrontation des sources permet de caractériser la pratique du vergobret aussi bien dans les affaires civiles que dans la conduite de la guerre. Inventée au cours des IIIe, IIe et Ier siècles av. J.-C., influencée par des modèles grecs puis romains, cette magistrature connut une ultime transformation dans le contexte troublé du Ier siècle av. J.-C. dominé par l’intervention de César dans la Gaule Comata.
Les magistrats gaulois cherchèrent alors à maîtriser encore plus étroitement le temps, l’espace et les médias culturels (écriture, parole, autocélébration, mémoire) de leurs compatriotes d’alors, en prenant leurs distances avec les anciens cadres hérités de la koinè celtique, druides, bardes, tandis que l’imperator romain leur contestait le droit d’apparaître sur le champ de bataille. C’est d’ailleurs cet environnement qui permit sans doute le passage en douceur vers les magistratures municipales de type romain après la conquête.
Il privilegio di Laelia : Locus sepulturae in praefectura (CIL, V, 2174)
Authors: Nicolini Sara , Pistellato Antonio 
Published: July 2011

Si esamina l’iscrizione lacunosa CIL, V, 2174, recante la concessione di un locus sepulturae da parte dell’ordine decurionale a beneficio di una donna e da attribuire al territorio di Taruisium.
Il testo viene affrontato sotto due punti di vista: si studia il protagonismo femminile nell’epigrafia della Regio X e si propone una nuova interpretazione dell’evoluzione amministrativa del centro tarvisano.
Les modes de rémunération et le rapport salarial
Authors: Reynaud Bénédicte 
Published: July 2011

Les modes de rémunération et le rapport salarial,
par Bénédicte Reynaud.

Pour susciter à la fois intensité et qualité du travail, deux dispositifs relativement concurrents existent: les incitations monétaires et l'organisation hiérarchique de l'entreprise. A partir de l'enquête de 1986 sur la structure des salaires pour les ouvriers de l'industrie et des services, on montre que cette position théorique n'est vérifiée que pour les formes de salaire incitatives (salaire au rendement individuel ou collectif). Certaines formes de salaire non incitatives (sans prime) sont associées à une organisation hiérarchique faible. A l'aide de la notion de contrôle du travail, développée par l'école radicale américaine (R. Edwards), on peut définir cinq configurations du rapport salarial : le contrôle simple d'une main-d'œuvre non qualifiée ou d'une main-d'oœvre qualifiée, les contrôles techniques taylorien et fordien et le contrôle bureaucratique. La taille des entreprises, l'organisation du travail, le secteur, sont les principaux facteurs qui les structurent.
La théorie des négociations salariales : une revue de la littérature
Authors: Cahuc Pierre 
Published: July 2011

La teoría de las negociaciones salariales :un examen de lo publicado,
por Pierre Cahuc.

En el présente artículo se exponen los desarrollos recientes de lateoría de las negociaciones salariales, que explica la determinación del salario y del empleo tomando en cuenta las interacciones estratégicas entre asalariados y empresas. Se muestra que a pesar de las insuficiencias de la microeconomía de las negociaciones, esta teoría renueva en profundidad numerosos campos del análisis macroeconómico.
Le dualisme du marché du travail : enjeux et fondements théoriques
Authors: Zajdela Hélène 
Published: July 2011

Le dualisme du marché du travail: enjeux et fondements théoriques,
par Hélène Zajdela.

Depuis les travaux de Doeringer et Piore, la segmentation du marché du travail se schématise souvent par la coexistence de deux secteurs : un secteur primaire caractérisé par de hauts salaires, la stabilité de l'emploi et des possibilités de promotion, et un secteur secondaire où les salaires sont faibles, le risque de chômage important, et les promotions inexistantes. Cet article s'attache à expliquer comment les théories récentes du marché du travail, en particulier les théories du salaire d'efficience et des négociations salariales, ont suscité un renouveau théorique dans ce domaine, en donnant des fondements au rationnement de l'emploi dans le secteur primaire, au différentiel de salaire entre les deux secteurs et à la persistance du chômage.
Externalités et contrats salariaux
Authors: Kempf Hubert 
Published: July 2011

Externalities and Wage Agreements,
by Hubert Kempf.

Much work has recently been done on examining wage agreements from the purely macroeconomic standpoint. The purpose of this paper is to give a survey of this approach. It emphasizes its underlying problematics: wage agreements are the results of a lack of coordination bringing about externalities. In this respect, research on wage agreements is connected with today's revival of macroeconomics, which deals more and more with lack of coordination.
Le test de fonctions de gains : résultats pour cinq pays
Authors: Wagner Joachim 
Published: July 2011

More on the Earnings Function under Test: Evidence from five countries,
by Joachim Wagner.

Identically specified human capital earnings functions are estimated and tested for male full-time workers from five countries (Australia, Canada, Germany, Israel, Netherlands). The hypotheses of normally distributed, homoscedastic errors and a correctly specified functional form are nearly always rejected.
L'hystérésis du taux de chômage en Europe
Authors: Cotis Jean-Philippe , Mihoubi Ferhat 
Published: July 2011

The Unemployment Rate Hysterisis in Europe,
by Jean-Philippe Cotis, Ferhat Mihoubi.

The unemployment rate in most of the European countries is still quite high when considered in the light of the improvement in basic macroeconomic conditions registered over recent years (drop in oil prices, wage moderation, more profitability...) On the whole, the unemployment rate in Europe seems to be characterized by the fact that it is here to stay, i.e. a hysterisis phenomenon. After having introduced both this concept and the theories which aim at studying the phenomenon, the study examines the empirical tests which have been undertaken for several European countries (France, West Germany, United Kingdom) to corroborate or invalidate the existence of such a phenomenon and to single out the mechanisms by which it might operate.
Salaires et emploi dans une économie de partage
Authors: Zylberberg André 
Published: July 2011

Wages and Employment in a Share-Economy,
by André Zylberberg.

In a wage-economy labour is rewarded by a fixed wage which does not vary with the firm's results. In a share-economy, this reward is linked to the actual profits of the firm. This article presents the main macroeconomic properties of a share-economy and compares them with those of a wage-economy. Its main objective is to determine the conditions under which such a profit-sharing scheme could increase the overall employment level.
La participation des salariés aux résultats de l'entreprise : une étude fondée sur la centrale de bilans (1982-1986)
Authors: Girard Philippe 
Published: July 2011

Participation of Employers in Company Profits: A Study based on Data from the Balance Sheet Data File (1982-1986),
by Philippe Girard.

Wage-earners' participation in company profits has become more and more popular these past few years. Company profitability, and not company size, is the determining factor in the actual decision to opt for employee participation. The purpose of employee participation is not to replace wage increase, nor favoring wage moderation which can be the case with profit-sharing. Companies may however negotiate agreements providing for benefits for wage earners over and above the legal scheme. The more a company's profits are in the growing stage, the more advantageous it is for it to go beyond the legal threshold. The attributed sums are entirely tax-free and remain available for the company during eight years, thereby providing an unexpensive means of increasing the company's equity.
Les échanges extérieurs de la France durant les années quatre-vingt
Authors: Francq Thierry , Lamiot Dominique 
Published: July 2011

France's foreign trade over the last decade,
by Thierry Francq, Dominique Lamiot.

The degree of openness of the French economy has increased during the last decade, as a confirmation of France's integration into world economy. The geographical specialization of its foreign trade has changed. Services have done much to keep our trade balance close to equilibrium. As a result, our current account position has constantly been maintained at appropriate levels. But the
external constraint remains and encourages France to strenghten its supply capacities in the manufacturing sector, in order to boost
our trade performances. This task will be eased by the recent rise of industrial investment. This paper aims at presenting these various
aspects of French foreign trade over the last decade. The French performance in export is compared to the German one.
Effets d'hystérésis sur le commerce extérieur américain
Authors: Ducos Philippe , Lecointe François 
Published: July 2011

Hysteresis effects on US external trade,
by Philippe Ducos, François Lecointe.

In spite of a declining dollar and a return to its 1980 parity in 1987, the US trade deficit has not been eliminated yet. This paper surveys recent trade models which explain hysteresis effects on external trade and presents empirical evidence. It is shown that the use of disaggregated data is crucial to validate the models. It seems that the dollar appreciation has changed the market structure of both the consumer durable goods sector and the capital goods sector. The corresponding theoretical models would be the sunk cost model and demand dynamics model respectively.
Un modèle économétrique en déséquilibre de l'économie française à deux secteurs, avec des prix et un investissement endogènes
Authors: Artus Patrick , Avouyi-Dovi Sanvi , Laffargue Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2011

Ein zwei Sektoren umfassendes ökonometrisches Ungleichgewichtsmodell der französischen Wirtschaft mit endogenen Preisen und lnvestitionen,
von Patrick Artus, Sanvi Avouyi-Dovi, Jean-Pierre Laffargue.

Ein Ungleichgewichtsmodell der französischen Wirtschaft, das zwei Sektoren, einen geschützten und einen gefährdeten, unterscheidet, wird geschätzt, wobei die Investitionstätigkeit eine endogene Grösse ist. Die geschützte Branche befindet sich wettbewerbsmässig im Gleichgewicht. Die Unternehmen des gefährdeten Sektors befinden sich in einer monopolistischen Wettbewerbssituation, tragen jedoch die Kosten der Anpassung, wenn sie ihre Verkaufspreise modifizieren. Also sind zwei Fälle möglich : das monopolistische Gleichgewicht, wenn die "theoretische Nachfrage befriedigt ist, das klassische Gleichgewicht, wenn einem Teil dieser Nachfrage nicht entsprochen wird und sie sich den Aussenmärkten zuwendet. Wir ziehen die Schlussfolgerung, dass das System des klassischen Ungleichgewichts sich von 1978 an klar erkennbar durchsetzt. Dazu stimuliert die Einschränkung der Lohnansprüche die Beschäftigung und die Investitionstätigkeit. Dagegen hat ein Verbrauchsanstieg in der Verwaltung nur eine schwache Auswirkung auf die Produktion und verschlechtert sogar die Handelsbilanz.
Diversité intra-sectorielle des performances individuelles à l'exportation
Authors: Gagey Frédéric 
Published: July 2011

Dispersion of individual exportation performances of firms within sectors,
by Frédéric Gagey.

This paper analyses the performances of french manufacturing firms on the external markets between 1984 and 1986, using panel data, provided by the annual inquiry about firms (Eae). Even during this period, characterised, at the macroeconomic level, by huge losses of market shares, an important share of industrial firms has shown dynamism in terms of foreign sales. These performances are partially hidden at the aggregate level by the retreat of firms that have lost their external markets. This analysis appear to be quite widespread within sectors, including those which faced deep crisis. An exclusively sectorial approach of external exchanges then appears to be insufficient. The ability of some firms to play a successful part in international exchanges suggests the importance of microeconomic factors that explain their success.
Estimation des flux du commerce extérieur : nouvelles approches et implications pour la politique économique
Authors: Oliveira Martins Joaquim 
Published: July 2011

Modelling external trade flows : new approaches and their implications for economic
policy,
by Joaquim Oliveira Martins.

This article is a survey of the recent approaches on modelling trade flows and their implications for economic policy. First, the main results of the usual models for estimating price and income elasticities of external trade will be recalled. To take essential they were based on perfect competition assumptions and their policy recommendations were largely used for managing exchange rates or choosing strategies for developing countries insertion in international trade. That make interesting to compare those models with the new theoretical tools which aim at introducing imperfect competition conditions in the explanation of trade flows. We then set out the main models of the new trade theory and we also try to draw their empirical implications. Namely, taking into account product differentiation strategies or increasing returns to scale bring about a set of new variables among the determinants of trade flows. Among others, the links between growth, exchange rates and the external balance constraint can be enlarged. The last part of the paper tackles with competitiveness analysis.
Chocs pétroliers et industrie : apports récents de l'économétrie de la production
Authors: Devezeaux de Lavergne Jean-Guy 
Published: July 2011

Crisis petroleras e industria : aportaciones recientes de la econometría de la producción,
Jean-Guy Devezeaux de Lavergne.

El presente artículo tiene por objeto brindar al planificador una síntesis de los trabajos recientes en el campo del análisis de la demanda de energía, centrándose en el sector industrial francés según un método de inspiración neoclásica e identificando, en la medida de lo posible, las consecuencias complejas de un aumento del precio del crudo sobre la producción y la demanda de energía. Entre estas conclusiones cabe destacar la afirmación de que los efectos de una crisis petrolera de la misma importancia serían, actualmente, menos graves que después de las que se produjeron en1973 y 1979.
Ralentissement de l'activité mondiale et crise du Golfe : quels ajustements pour l'économie française ?
Authors: Assouline Mireille , Epaulard Anne , Fève Patrick , Vielle Marc 
Published: July 2011

Ralentissement de l'activité mondiale et crise du Golfe : quels ajustements pour l'économie française ?
par Mireille Assouline, Anne Epaulard, Patrick Fève, Marc Vielle.

Le ralentissement marqué de la croissance des économies occidentales associé aux événements récents de la crise du Golfe (incertitude sur le prix du pétrole ) a pu laisser présager une nouvelle phase de récession pour l'économie mondiale. L'analyse effectuée à l'aide du modèle Hermès-France cherche non seulement à chiffrer l'impact de ces chocs externes sur l'économie française, mais aussi à évaluer les conséquences des modifications possibles de comportement des agents économiques dans un tel contexte : répercussion immédiate des hausses de coûts dans les prix, anticipations à la baisse des entrepreneurs et modifications des règles d'indexation des salaires. Enfin différentes politiques d'ajustement (diminution des cotisations sociales employeurs et restriction budgétaire) sont envisagées dans le cas d'un choc externe de grande ampleur.
Les déterminants individuels de la durée du chômage
Authors: Bonnal Liliane , Fougère Denis 
Published: July 2011

Individual determinants of unemployment durations,
by Liliane Bonnal, Denis Fougère.

From a statistical standpoint, this paper analyzes the effects of individual characteristics on average unemployment durations and the types of duration with competing risks. The results show that time-profiles of specific hazard rates or exit rates from unemployment depend on the destination state [the two options basically being: finding a job, and being removed from the ANPE (National Agency for Employment) lists for not checking in]. Furthermore, the individual factors determining these rates differ from one destination state to another. Variables which influence the instantaneous probability to be hired are demographic (sex, age, citizenship, marital status) and socio-economic (education, job qualifications, socio-professional categories) individual characteristics.
L'âge au moment de l'accession à la propriété : une application des méthodes statistiques de l'analyse des durées
Authors: Guillot Olivier 
Published: July 2011

Das Alter zum Zeitpunkt des Erwerbs von Immobilienbesitz: eine Anwendung der statistischen Methoden der Zeitdatenanalyse,
von Olivier Guillot.

Auf der Grundlage retrospektiver Inforrnationen über den Wohnsitzwechsel von 893 Haushaltsvorständen, die im Rahmen der zweiten Welle (1986) des Panels lothringischer Haushalte gesammelt wurden, beschäftigt sich dieser Artikel mit der Frage des Alters zum Zeitpunkt des Erwerbs von Immobilienbesitz. Die Untersuchung wurde mit Hilfe der Zeitdatenanalyse durchgeführt. Zunächst wird zur Beschreibung dieses Phänomens die Méthode der Abgangsordnung verwandt. Aus dieser beschreibenden (oder nicht parametrischen) Analyse geht hervor, daß die größten Chancen für den Erwerb von Immobilienbesitz im Alter von 35 Jahren bestehen. Anschließend werden die Auswirkungen der demo-ökonomischen Variablen auf das Alter beim Erwerb von Immobilienbesitz anhand eines Zeitdatenmodells "mit Akzelerationskoeffizient" gemessen.
L'arbitrage qualité-prix dans les procédures d'appels d'offres
Authors: Naegelen Florence 
Published: July 2011

The quality-price factor in procedures for invitations to tender,
by Florence Naegelen.

The awarding of public contracts frequently involves comparing firms' submissions on the basis of a critérium where both quality and price appear. This paper makes a comparison between the optimal policy setting forth price and quality concomitantly on the basis of firms' cost submissions, and a two-step policy in which firms quote prices in response to the optimal quality level determined by the purchaser. The policy according to which price and quality are set forth concomitantly proves to be a better alternative than the two-step policy when the public purchasing officials make their choice known.
Saisonnalité et comportements de consommation
Authors: Bourguignon François , Gagey Frédéric 
Published: July 2011

Seasonality and Consumption Behaviour,
by François Bourguignon, Frédéric Gagey.

This article uses a sample by monthly waves of a survey on household budgets taken in Tunisia in 1980 to determine how seasonal the consumption of different goods can be. Deseasonalization is carried out by using a consumption model common to all the waves of the survey, based on latent variables of "permanent" income and consumption. The correction resulting therefrom for income-elasticities of various goods and for assessing household's welfare is important.