bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work Interruptions and Their Contribution to Medication Administration Errors: An Evidence Review
Authors: Biron Alain D. , Loiselle Carmen G. , Lavoie‐Tremblay Mélanie 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT Background: In many surveys, nurses cite work interruptions as a significant contributor to medication administration errors. Objectives: To review the evidence on (1) nurses' interruption rates, (2) characteristics of such work interruptions, and (3) contribution of work interruptions to medication administration errors. Approach: Search strategy: CINHAL (1982–2008), MEDLINE (1980–2008), EMBASE (1980–2008), and PSYCINFO (1980–2008) were searched using a combination of keywords and reference lists. Selection criteria: Original studies published in English using nurses as participants and for which work interruption frequencies are reported. Data collection and analysis: Studies were identified and selected by two reviewers. Once selected, a single reviewer extracted data and assessed quality based on established criteria. Data on nurses' work interruption rates were synthesized to produce a pooled estimate. Results: Twenty‐three studies were considered for analysis. A rate of 6.7 work interruptions per hour was obtained, based on 14 studies that reported both an observation time and work interruption frequency. Work interruptions are mostly initiated by nurses themselves through face‐to‐face interactions and are of short duration. A lower proportion of interruptions resulted from work system failures such as missing medication. One nonexperimental study documented the contribution of work interruptions to medication administration errors with evidence of a significant association (p = 0.01) when errors related to time of administration are excluded from the analysis. Conceptual shortcomings were noted in a majority of reviewed studies, which included the absence of theoretical underpinnings and a diversity of definitions of work interruptions. Conclusions: Future studies should demonstrate improved methodological rigor through a precise definition of work interruptions and reliability reporting to document work interruption characteristics and their potential contribution to medication administration errors, considering the limited evidence found. Meanwhile, efforts should be made to reduce the number of work interruptions experienced by nurses.
Is the Milky Way ringing? The hunt for high-velocity streams
Authors: Minchev I. , Quillen A. C. , Williams M. , Freeman K. C. , Nordhaus J. , Siebert A. , Bienaymé O. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
We perform numerical simulations of a stellar galactic disc with initial conditions chosen to represent an unrelaxed population which might have been left following a merger. Stars are unevenly distributed in radial action angle, though the disc is axisymmetric. The velocity distribution in the simulated solar neighbourhood exhibits waves travelling in the direction of positive v, where u, v are the radial and tangential velocity components. As the system relaxes and structure wraps in phase space, the features seen in the u–v plane move closer together. We show that these results can be obtained also by a semi-analytical method. We propose that this model could provide an explanation for the high-velocity streams seen in the solar neighbourhood at approximate v in kms−1, of −60 (HR1614), −80, −100 (Arcturus) and −160. In addition, we predict four new features at v≈−140, −120, 40 and 60kms−1. By matching the number and positions of the observed streams, we estimate that the Milky Way disc was strongly perturbed ∼1.9Gyr ago. This event could have been associated with Galactic bar formation.
The merger-driven evolution of warm infrared luminous galaxies
Authors: Younger Joshua D. , Hayward Christopher C. , Narayanan Desika , Cox T. J. , Hernquist Lars , Jonsson Patrik 
Published: April 2009

AbstracT
We present a merger-driven evolutionary model for the production of luminous (LIRGs) and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) with warm infrared (IR) colours. Our results show that simulations of gas-rich major mergers including star formation, black hole growth and feedback can produce warm (U)LIRGs. We also find that while the warm evolutionary phase is associated with increased active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity, star formation alone may be sufficient to produce warm IR colours. However, the transition can be suppressed entirely – even when there is a significant AGN contribution – when we assume a single-phase interstellar medium, which maximizes the attenuation. Finally, our evolutionary models are consistent with the 25-to-60 µm flux density ratio versus LHX/LIR relation for local LIRGs and ULIRGs, and predict the observed scatter in IR colour at fixed LHX/LIR. Therefore, our models suggest a cautionary note in the interpretation of warm IR colours: while associated with periods of active black hole growth, they are probably produced by a complex mix of star formation and AGN activity intermediate between the cold star formation dominated phase and the birth of a bright, unobscured quasar.
EFFECT OF PRICKLY PEAR (OPUNTIA FICUS‐INDICA) AND ALGARROBO (PROSOPIS SPP.) POD SYRUP COATINGS ON THE SENSORY AND CHEMICAL STABILITY IN ROASTED PEANUT PRODUCTS
Authors: MESTRALLET MARTA G. , NEPOTE VALERIA , QUIROGA PATRICIA R. , GROSSO NELSON R. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work was to determine the oxidative stability of roasted peanuts coated with prickly pear and algarrobo pod syrups. General composition, total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity were determined on prickly pear and algarrobo pod syrups. Chemical (peroxide value) and descriptive analyses were performed on samples of roasted peanuts, roasted peanuts with prickly pear syrup and roasted peanuts with algarrobo pod syrup stored at 23C for 112 days to determine protective effect of the syrup coating on the product stability. Prickly pear syrup showed higher moisture, protein, ash, lipid, phenolic compound content and lower carbohydrate content than algarrobo pod syrup. Prickly pear syrup also showed higher antioxidant activity (diphenyl picryl hydrazyl inhibition). Peroxide value, oxidized and cardboard intensity flavors increased and roasted peanutty intensity attribute decreased across the storage time for all studied products. Therefore, the addition of syrup coating provided protection against lipid oxidation. Peroxide value reached 10 meqO2/kg after 8.5 days in roasted peanuts, 20.7 days in roasted peanuts coated with prickly pear syrup and 29.5 days in roasted peanuts coated with algarrobo pod syrup at 23C. In consequence, algarrobo pod syrup had the highest protective effect in the roasted peanut product stored at room temperature. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe results of this work show advantages for using coatings that improve the stability of peanut products by making it more resistant to lipid oxidation and the development of rancid flavor. In this case, the edible coatings are elaborated using prickly pear and algarrobo pod syrups. These syrups could be applied on other similar food products with high lipid content to increase their shelf life and improve their stability, thus preventing loss of their sensory and nutritional quality.
The adaptive responses in several mediators linked with hypertrophy and atrophy of skeletal muscle after lower limb unloading in humans
Authors: Sakuma K. , Watanabe K. , Hotta N. , Koike T. , Ishida K. , Katayama K. , Akima H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim:  To determine the adaptive changes in several molecules regulating muscle hypertrophy and atrophy after unloading, we examined whether unilateral lower limb suspension changes the mRNA and protein levels of SRF‐linked (RhoA, RhoGDI, STARS and SRF), myostatin‐linked (myostatin, Smad2, Smad3 and FLRG) and Foxo‐linked (P‐Akt, Foxo1, Foxo3a and Atrogin‐1) mediators.Methods:  A single lower limb of each of eight healthy men was suspended for 20 days. Biopsy specimens were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle pre‐ and post‐suspension.Results:  The volume of the vastus lateralis muscle was significantly decreased after unloading. The amount of RhoA, RhoGDI or SRF protein in the muscle was not significantly changed post‐suspension. An RT‐PCR semiquantitative analysis showed increased levels of myostatin mRNA but not Smad2, Smad3 or FLRG mRNA. Unloading did not elicit significant changes in the amount of p‐Smad3 or myostatin protein in the muscle. The amount of p‐Akt protein was markedly reduced in the unloaded muscle. Lower limb suspension did not influence the expression pattern of Foxo1, Foxo3a or Atrogin‐1.Conclusion:  Unloading inducing a mild degree of muscle atrophy may decrease p‐Akt and increase myostatin but not SRF‐linked mediators.
Can we see a cohort effect on survival of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) at Kozlova Cape rookery (eastern Kamchatka, Russia)?
Authors: Burdin Alexander M. , Hennen Daniel R. , Calkins Donald G. , Burkanov Vladimir N. , Nikulin Victor S. , Lisitsina Tatiana Yu. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSteller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) have experienced a decline in Russia as well as the United States. The causes for the decline of the Russian population may or may not overlap the causes of the decline in Alaska. The demographics of the Russian population are not well understood and are an area of interest for scientists wishing to compare and contrast the Alaskan and Russian stocks. This study uses a unique observational system to assess survival by age at a small rookery on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kozlova Cape. We proceeded under the hypothesis that changes in environmental conditions between years would produce noticeable differences in survival of pups born in those years. We found no evidence to support our hypothesis, but did find some differences from the Alaskan population in estimated survival for the juvenile stage class. This study also provides some of the history of Steller sea lions in Russia for context.
Assessment of inhaled corticosteroid treatment response in asthma using hypertonic histamine challenge‐induced cough
Authors: Purokivi Minna , Koskela Heikki , Koistinen Tiina , Peuhkurinen Keijo , Kontra Kirsi Maarit 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Bronchial provocation tests may be utilised to monitor the efficacy of the corticosteroid treatment. Unfortunately, these measurements necessitate good patient cooperation during the spirometry. Coughing during such tests is related to the degree of the bronchoconstriction and occurs involuntarily, i.e. independent of patient cooperation. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of a hypertonic histamine challenge‐induced cough in assessing the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroid treatment.Methods:  A total of 16 steroid‐naïve asthmatics and 10 non‐asthmatic, symptomatic controls received 800‐µg beclomethasone (Beclomet Easyhaler®, Orion Ltd., Orion Pharma, Helsinki, Finland) via powder inhaler per day for 8 weeks. Videoed inhalation challenge with hypertonic histamine solution was performed before and after the treatment. Symptom questionnaire was completed before both challenges. The airway responsiveness to hypertonic histamine was expressed as the cumulative number of coughs divided by the final histamine concentration administered [coughs/concentration ratio (CCR)] and as the provocative concentration of histamine to induce a 20% fall in FEV1(PC20).Results:  CCR [geometric mean; 95% confidence interval (CI)] of the asthmatic subjects decreased from 494 (209–1168) to 73.6 (29.8–182) coughs per mg/mL (P = 0.002). Their PC20 levels were 1.31 (1.07–1.60) and 1.91 (1.33–2.74) mg/mL over the treatment period (P = 0.01). The symptom frequency also decreased significantly in the asthmatics (P = 0.039). There were no significant changes in PC20 level, in CCR level or in symptom frequency in non‐asthmatic subjects during the treatment.Conclusions:  Hypertonic histamine challenge‐induced cough and PC20 are sensitive measures in assessing the treatment effect in asthma. The cough response may be especially useful in subjects who cannot perform spirometry reliably.Please cite this paper as: Purokivi M, Koskela H, Koistinen T, Peuhkurinen K and Kontra KM. Assessment of inhaled corticosteroid treatment response in asthma using hypertonic histamine challenge‐induced cough. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2010; 4: 67–73.
Enalaprilat and enalapril maleate eyedrops lower intraocular pressure in rabbits
Authors: Loftsson Thorsteinn , Thorisdóttir Sigridur , Fridriksdóttir Hafrun , Stefánsson Einar 
Published: April 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  This study aimed to develop low‐viscosity aqueous eyedrops containing enalaprilat and its prodrug enalapril maleate in solution, and to evaluate the eyedrops in rabbits.Methods:  Aqueous eyedrops with hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin containing 0.01–2.9% (w/v) enalaprilat, 1.0% (w/v) enalapril maleate with cyclodextrin or 0.5% (w/v) timolol were prepared. The eyedrops were administered to rabbits and intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured at various time intervals after the administration and the results (mean of 10 experiments ± standard error of the mean) are expressed as the change from baseline (24.7 ± 3.3 mmHg).Results:  Enalaprilat possessed sufficient stability to be formulated as an aqueous eyedrop solution with a shelf‐life of several years at room temperature. The maximum decline in IOP after topical administration of one drop of 2.9% enalaprilat solution was 6.2 ± 0.7 mmHg at 4 hours after administration. Duration of activity exceeded 10 hours. A 1% enalaprilat solution lowered IOP by 4.4 ± 0.8 mmHg at 4 hours after administration and had similar duration, and was more potent than 0.5% timolol. The enalapril maleate eyedrops resulted in delayed action, showing maximum potency at 10–22 hours after administration and duration of up to 32 hours.Conclusions:  Enalaprilat eyedrops lower IOP in rabbits. The decline in IOP is proportional to the concentration of dissolved enalaprilat in low‐viscosity aqueous eyedrop formulations.
Clinical Features That Affect Indirect-Hemagglutination-Assay Responses to
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Harris Patrick N. A. , Ketheesan Natkunam , Owens Leigh , Norton Robert E. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Melioidosis, a disease endemic to northern Australia and Southeast Asia, is caused by the soil saprophyte
Burkholderia pseudomallei
. The indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) is the most frequently used serological test to help confirm exposure to the causative organism. However, despite culture-confirmed disease, patients often have a negative IHA result at presentation and occasionally fail to seroconvert in serial testing. We retrospectively examined results for all patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis from our laboratory between January 1996 and August 2008. One hundred forty patients had a recorded IHA titer at presentation, 71 of which were positive at a titer of 1:40 or greater. Fifty-three patients went on to have subsequent IHAs 1 month or more after presentation. The relationships between IHA responses and clinical features were examined. The presence of bacteremia was significantly associated with a negative IHA at presentation. The coexistence of diabetes was associated with the presence of a positive IHA at presentation. In total, 14 patients (26%) demonstrated persistently negative IHA titers upon serial testing. No clinical factors were found to be significantly associated with this phenomenon. Supplementary testing using melioidosis-specific immunoglobulin G by EIA demonstrated different effects, with only Aboriginal or Torres Straits Islander ethnicity being significantly associated with a positive EIA at presentation. Reasons for these findings are examined, and directions for future research are discussed.
Towards a New Reference Test for Surra in Camels
Authors: Tran Thao , Claes Filip , Verloo Didier , De Greve Henri , Büscher Philippe 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Current serological diagnosis of
Trypanosoma evansi
infection in camels is based on the native variable antigen type RoTat 1.2. The goal of this study was to develop a novel serological diagnostic test based on a nonvariable protein and freed from the use of rats or mice for its production. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a recombinant extracellular domain of invariant surface glycoprotein 75 (ELISA/rISG75) was developed and tested on a collection of 184 camel sera. The results were compared to those obtained from three established antibody detection tests based on variable surface glycoprotein RoTat 1.2: an ELISA for
T. evansi
(ELISA/
T. evansi
), a card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT/
T. evansi
), and an immune trypanolysis (TL) assay. The ELISA/rISG75 and the ELISA/
T. evansi
showed a sensitivity of 94.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.8 to 98.2%, at 19% positivity cutoff value) and 98.9% (95% CI, 94.1 to 99.8, at 12% positivity cutoff value), respectively. The ELISA/rISG75 had 100% specificity (CI, 95.9 to 100%), while the ELISA/
T. evansi
showed 98.9% specificity (CI, 95.9 to 100%). The ELISA/rISG75 demonstrated an almost perfect agreement with the TL assay, the CATT/
T. evansi
, and the ELISA/
T. evansi
, with kappa scores of at least 0.94. The ELISA/rISG75, having a performance comparable to that of the gold standard (the TL assay) and being independent of antigenic variation, may become a new reference test for surra in camels. It opens avenues for the diagnosis of
T. evansi
infections in other hosts as well as for the development of a pan-
Trypanozoon
test for detection of
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
,
T. b. gambiense
,
T. b. rhodesiense
,
T. evansi
, and
T. equiperdum
.
Epidemic of Postsurgical Infections Caused by
Mycobacterium massiliense
Authors: Duarte Rafael Silva , Lourenço Maria Cristina Silva , Fonseca Leila de Souza , Leão Sylvia Cardoso , Amorim Efigenia de Lourdes T. , Rocha Ingrid L. L. , Coelho Fabrice Santana , Viana-Niero Cristina , Gomes Karen Machado , da Silva Marlei Gomes , de Oliveira Lorena Nádia Suely , Pitombo Marcos Bettini , Ferreira Rosa M. C. , de Oliveira Garcia Márcio Henrique , de Oliveira Gisele Pinto , Lupi Otilia , Vilaça Bruno Rios , Serradas Lúcia Rodrigues , Chebabo Alberto , Marques Elizabeth Andrade , Teixeira Lúcia Martins , Dalcolmo Margareth , Senna Simone Gonçalves , Sampaio Jorge Luiz Mello 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

An epidemic of infections after video-assisted surgery (1,051 possible cases) caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) and involving 63 hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, occurred between August 2006 and July 2007. One hundred ninety-seven cases were confirmed by positive acid-fast staining and/or culture techniques. Thirty-eight hospitals had cases confirmed by mycobacterial culture, with a total of 148 available isolates recovered from 146 patients. Most (
n
= 144; 97.2%) isolates presented a PRA-
hsp65
restriction pattern suggestive of
Mycobacterium bolletii
or
Mycobacterium massiliense
. Seventy-four of these isolates were further identified by
hsp65
or
rpoB
partial sequencing, confirming the species identification as
M. massiliense
. Epidemic isolates showed susceptibility to amikacin (MIC at which 90% of the tested isolates are inhibited [MIC
90
], 8 μg/ml) and clarithromycin (MIC
90
, 0.25 μg/ml) but resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC
90
, ≥32 μg/ml), cefoxitin (MIC
90
, 128 μg/ml), and doxycycline (MIC
90
, ≥64 μg/ml). Representative epidemic
M. massiliense
isolates that were randomly selected, including at least one isolate from each hospital where confirmed cases were detected, belonged to a single clone, as indicated by the analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. They also had the same PFGE pattern as that previously observed in two outbreaks that occurred in other Brazilian cities; we designated this clone BRA100. All five BRA100
M. massiliense
isolates tested presented consistent tolerance to 2% glutaraldehyde. This is the largest epidemic of postsurgical infections caused by RGM reported in the literature to date in Brazil.
Shiga Toxin, Cytolethal Distending Toxin, and Hemolysin Repertoires in Clinical
Escherichia coli
O91 Isolates
Authors: Bielaszewska Martina , Stoewe Franziska , Fruth Angelika , Zhang Wenlan , Prager Rita , Brockmeyer Jens , Mellmann Alexander , Karch Helge , Friedrich Alexander W. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) strains of serogroup O91 are the most common human pathogenic
eae
-negative STEC strains. To facilitate diagnosis and subtyping of these pathogens, we genotypically and phenotypically characterized 100 clinical STEC O91 isolates. Motile strains expressed flagellar antigens H8 (1 strain), H10 (2 strains), H14 (52 strains), and H21 (20 strains) or were H nontypeable (Hnt) (10 strains); 15 strains were nonmotile. All nonmotile and Hnt strains possessed the
fliC
gene encoding the flagellin subunit of the H14 antigen (
fliC
H14
). Most STEC O91 strains possessed enterohemorrhagic
E. coli
hlyA
and expressed an enterohemolytic phenotype. Among seven
stx
alleles identified,
stx
2dact
, encoding mucus- and elastase-activatable Stx2d, was present solely in STEC O91:H21, whereas most strains of the other serotypes possessed
stx
1
. Moreover, only STEC O91:H21 possessed the
cdt-
V cluster, encoding cytolethal distending toxin V; the toxin was regularly expressed and was lethal to human microvascular endothelial cells. Infection with STEC O91:H21 was associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (
P
= 0.0015), whereas strains of the other serotypes originated mostly in patients with nonbloody diarrhea. We conclude that STEC O91 clinical isolates belong to at least four lineages that differ by H antigens/
fliC
types,
stx
genotypes, and non-
stx
putative virulence factors, with accumulation of virulence determinants in the O91:H21 lineage. Isolation of STEC O91 from patients' stools on enterohemolysin agar and the rapid initial subtyping of these isolates using
fliC
genotyping facilitate the identification of these emerging pathogens in clinical and epidemiological studies and enable prediction of the risk of a severe clinical outcome.
Pyrosequencing Analysis of 20 Nucleotides of Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 Discriminates
Candida parapsilosis
,
Candida metapsilosis
, and
Candida orthopsilosis
Authors: Borman Andrew M. , Linton Christopher J. , Oliver Debra , Palmer Michael D. , Szekely Adrien , Odds Frank C. , Johnson Elizabeth M. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Two new cryptic sister species,
Candida orthopsilosis
and
Candida metapsilosis
, were recently identified by consistent DNA sequence differences among several genes within the genetically heterogeneous
Candida parapsilosis
complex. Here, we present data demonstrating that Pyrosequencing analysis of 20 nucleotides of internal transcribed spacer region 2 rapidly and robustly distinguishes between these three closely related
Candida
species.
Evaluation of Five Commercial Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
in Respiratory Tract Specimens
Authors: Touati A. , Benard A. , Hassen A. Ben , Bébéar C. M. , Pereyre S. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

The performances of five commercial TaqMan real-time PCR assays for the detection of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
in respiratory tract specimens were evaluated in comparison with an in-house real-time PCR. All kits allowed prompt and specific results, validated by the use of an internal control. The Nanogen kit showed the best clinical sensitivity.