bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic-Fracture Propagation in a Naturally Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Chuprakov D. A. , Akulich A. V. , Siebrits E.. , Thiercelin M.. 
Published: February 2011

Summary
We present the results of numerical modeling that quantify the physical mechanisms of mechanical activation of a natural fault because of contact with a pressurized hydraulic fracture (HF). We focus on three stages of interactions: HF approaching, contact, and subsequent infiltration of the fault. Fracture interaction at the contact is shown to depend on four dimensionless parameters: net pressure in the HF, in-situ differential stress, relative angle between the natural fault and the HF, and friction angle of the natural fault. A numerical model based on the displacement discontinuity method (DDM) allowing for fracture closure and Mohr-Coulomb friction was used to calculate the displacements and stresses along the natural fracture as a result of the interaction with the pressurized HF. The analysis of the total stress state along the fault during the HF coalescence stage makes it possible to define a criterion for reinitiation of a secondary tensile crack from the natural fault. We show that the most probable location for tensile-crack initiation is the end of the open zone of the fault where the highest tension peak is generated by the HF contact. In our numerical analysis, we study the magnitude of maximum tensile stress and its position along the fault for a wide range of key dimensionless parameters. Given real reservoir properties, these measurements can be used to detect the possible fracturing scenarios in naturally fractured reservoirs. Using simplified uncoupled modeling of fluid penetration into the fault after the contact with the HF, we demonstrate that either an increase or a decrease of the tensile stress at the opposite side of the fault can be realized depending on the ratio of increments of net pressure and the fluid front as it penetrates the natural fault.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of In-Situ Combustion in a Fractured Core
Authors: Fadaei H.. , Castanier L.. , Kamp A.M.. M. , Debenest G.. , Quintard M.. , Renard G.. 
Published: February 2011

Summary
Approximately one-third of global heavy-oil resources can be found in fractured reservoirs. In spite of its strategic importance, recovery of heavy crudes from fractured reservoirs has found few applications because of the complexity of such reservoirs. In-situ combustion (ISC) is a candidate process for such reservoirs, especially for those where steam injection is not feasible. Experimental studies reported in the literature on this topic mentioned a cone-shaped combustion front, indicating that the process was governed by diffusion of oxygen into the matrix. The main oil-production mechanisms were found to be thermal expansion of oil and evaporation of light components (Schulte and de Vries 1985; Greaves et al. 1991).
In order to confirm these results, we carried out reservoir-simulation studies presented in Fadaei et al. (2010). We have shown that the front has the shape of a cone, and we have performed a combustion/extinction analysis representing the results in a diagram of cumulative production vs. diffusion coefficient and matrix permeability.
Before obtaining quantitative and qualitative comparisons, we need to characterize the systems we want to study. Therefore, we also carried out laboratory experiments using kinetic cells and combustion tubes. The kinetic-cell studies showed that the presence of carbonates has a significant effect on combustion kinetics. Our combustion-tube studies confirmed the previously observed coneshaped front. Previous studies reported in literature used heating elements along the combustion tube to regulate the temperature, which may have caused some undue heating of the core. To avoid that, we chose to use efficient insulation to minimize heat losses. Combustion advanced faster in nonconsolidated matrix, in which the permeability was higher than in consolidated matrix. The results showed that the presence of severe heterogeneities may prevent the combustion front from propagating. Several runs were performed for different air-injection rates and pressures and for different permeability contrasts between the matrix and the fracture.
The next step of our work is the upscaling of ISC in the fractured reservoir at interwell scale on the basis of knowledge provided by simulation and experimental studies.
Diet and Gastrointestinal Bypass–Induced Weight Loss
Authors: Chandarana Keval , Gelegen Cigdem , Karra Efthimia , Choudhury Agharul I. , Drew Megan E. , Fauveau Veronique , Viollet Benoit , Andreelli Fabrizio , Withers Dominic J. , Batterham Rachel L. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Bariatric surgery causes durable weight loss. Gut hormones are implicated in obesity pathogenesis, dietary failure, and mediating gastrointestinal bypass (GIBP) surgery weight loss. In mice, we determined the effects of diet-induced obesity (DIO), subsequent dieting, and GIBP surgery on ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). To evaluate PYY’s role in mediating weight loss post-GIBP, we undertook GIBP surgery in PyyKO mice.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Male C57BL/6 mice randomized to a high-fat diet or control diet were killed at 4-week intervals. DIO mice underwent switch to ad libitum low-fat diet (DIO-switch) or caloric restriction (CR) for 4 weeks before being killed. PyyKO mice and their DIO wild-type (WT) littermates underwent GIBP or sham surgery and were culled 10 days postoperatively. Fasting acyl-ghrelin, total PYY, active GLP-1 concentrations, stomach ghrelin expression, and colonic Pyy and glucagon expression were determined. Fasting and postprandial PYY and GLP-1 concentrations were assessed 30 days postsurgery in GIBP and sham pair-fed (sham.PF) groups.

RESULTS
DIO progressively reduced circulating fasting acyl-ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 levels. CR and DIO-switch caused weight loss but failed to restore circulating PYY to weight-appropriate levels. After GIBP, WT mice lost weight and exhibited increased circulating fasting PYY and colonic Pyy and glucagon expression. In contrast, the acute effects of GIBP on body weight were lost in PyyKO mice. Fasting PYY and postprandial PYY and GLP-1 levels were increased in GIBP mice compared with sham.PF mice.

CONCLUSIONS
PYY plays a key role in mediating the early weight loss observed post-GIBP, whereas relative PYY deficiency during dieting may compromise weight-loss attempts.
Glucose and Inflammation Control Islet Vascular Density and β-Cell Function in NOD Mice
Authors: Akirav Eitan M. , Baquero Maria-Teresa , Opare-Addo Lynn W. , Akirav Michael , Galvan Eva , Kushner Jake A. , Rimm David L. , Herold Kevan C. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
β-Cell and islet endothelial cell destruction occurs during the progression of type 1 diabetes, but, paradoxically, β-cell proliferation is increased during this period. Altered glucose tolerance may affect β-cell mass and its association with endothelial cells. Our objective was to study the effects of glucose and inflammation on islet vascularity and on β function, mass, and insulin in immunologically tolerant anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-treated and prediabetic NOD mice.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The effects of phloridzin or glucose injections on β-cells and endothelial cells were tested in prediabetic and previously diabetic NOD mice treated with anti-CD3 mAbs. Glucose tolerance, immunofluorescence staining, and examination of islet cultures ex vivo were evaluated.

RESULTS
Islet endothelial cell density decreased in NOD mice and failed to recover after anti-CD3 mAb treatment despite baseline euglycemia. Glucose treatment of anti-CD3 mAb–treated mice showed increased islet vascular density and increased insulin content, which was associated with improved glucose tolerance. The increase in the vascular area was dependent on islet inflammation. Increased islet endothelial cell density was associated with increased production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by islets from NOD mice. This response was recapitulated ex vivo by the transfer of supernatants from NOD islets cultured in high-glucose levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results demonstrate a novel role for glucose and inflammation in the control of islet vasculature and insulin content of β-cells in prediabetic and anti-CD3–treated NOD mice. VEGF production by the islets is affected by glucose levels and is imparted by soluble factors released by inflamed islets.
Stepwise or Linear Decrease in Penetrance of Type 1 Diabetes With Lower-Risk HLA Genotypes Over the Past 40 Years
Authors: Steck Andrea K. , Armstrong Taylor K. , Babu Sunanda R. , Eisenbarth George S. ,   the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to test if the proportion of new-onset diabetic subjects with the HLA-DR3/4-DQB1*0302 genotype is decreasing over time.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed HLA class II genotype frequencies over time in two large populations with type 1 diabetes diagnosed at ≤18 years of age. There were 4,075 subjects from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) and 1,675 subjects from the Barbara Davis Center (BDC).

RESULTS
Both T1DGC and BDC cohorts showed a decrease of the highest-risk HLA-DR3/4-DQB1*0302 genotype over time. This decrease was greatest over time in T1DGC subjects with age of onset ≤5 years (P = 0.004) and onset between ages 6 and 10 years (P = 0.002). The overall percent of HLA-DR3/4-DQB1*0302 was greater in the T1DGC population compared with the BDC population. There was an increased percent over time of other HLA genotypes without HLA-DR3 or -DR4 in T1DGC new onsets (P = 0.003), and the trend was similar in BDC subjects (P = 0.08). Analyzing time trend, there appears to be a large stepwise decrease in percent DR3/4 in the 1980s in T1DGC subjects with onset age &lt;5 years (P = 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
The change in frequency of multiple different genotypes and a possible stepwise decrease in percent DR3/4 suggest a change in genetic risk factors and environmental determinants of type 1 diabetes. Larger studies are needed to confirm the changing pattern of genetic risk because a stepwise change may have direct bearing on defining critical environmental determinants of type 1 diabetes.
Glomerular and Tubular Damage Markers Are Elevated in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Nauta Ferdau L. , Boertien Wendy E. , Bakker Stephan J.L. , van Goor Harry , van Oeveren Wim , de Jong Paul E. , Bilo Henk , Gansevoort Ron T. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
We investigated in a cross-sectional study the levels of serum and urinary damage markers in diabetic patients (n = 94) and nondiabetic control subjects (n = 45) to study the association of glomerular (IgG), proximal tubular (kidney injury molecule [KIM]-1, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase [NAG], neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin [NGAL], and cystatin C), and distal tubular (heart fatty acid–binding protein [H-FABP]) damage markers with kidney disease severity, as assessed by albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Damage markers were measured in triplicate in fresh morning urine samples and in plasma.

RESULTS
Of the diabetic patients, 41 were normoalbuminuric, 41 were microalbuminuric, and 12 were macroalbuminuric. Urinary NAG (ninefold), NGAL (1.5-fold), and H-FABP (3.5-fold) were significantly elevated in normoalbuminuric diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic control subjects. Urinary concentrations of all markers increased per albuminuria stratum, except KIM-1. All urinary damage markers, except KIM-1, were significantly associated with albuminuria, independent of age, sex, and plasma concentrations of the corresponding biomarker (standard βs between 0.35 and 0.87; all P ≤ 0.001). All urinary damage markers, except KIM-1, were significantly associated with the eGFR in univariate models (standard βs between −0.38 and −0.21; all P &lt; 0.04). After adjusting for age, sex, plasma concentration of the corresponding damage marker, and albuminuria, only the association of H-FABP with eGFR remained significant (standard β −0.26; P = 0.037).

CONCLUSIONS
Glomerular and tubular markers are associated with albuminuria, independently of eGFR, suggesting that albuminuria reflects both glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage. Only urinary H-FABP is associated with eGFR independently of albuminuria and, therefore, may be a promising urinary damage marker to assess diabetic kidney disease.
New morphostratigraphic and chronological constraints for the Quaternary paleosurfaces of the Molise Apennine (southern Italy)
Authors: Aucelli Pietro , Amato Vincenzo , Cesarano Massimo , Pappone Gerardo , Rosskopf Carmen , Ermolli Elda , Scarciglia Fabio 
Published: February 2011

New morphostratigraphic and chronological constraints for the Quaternary paleosurfaces of the Molise Apennine (southern Italy)The Molise Apennines feature numerous relicts of paleosurfaces, mostly of erosional origin, which represent the remnants of gently-rolling ancient landscapes now hanging at different altitudes above the local base-levels of erosion. Their genesis can be related to prolonged periods of relative tectonic stability alternating with periods of uplift, or to the interplay between steady tectonic uplift and climatic fluctuations. Four orders of paleosurfaces were recognized: I (> 1,100 m a.s.l.), II (900-1,000 m a.s.l.), III (750-850 m a.s.l.), IV (600-720 m a.s.l.). The most ancient orders (I and II) are cut into the bedrock and are located at the top of the Matese and Montagnola di Frosolone massifs. The youngest paleosurfaces (III—IV), partially cut into Quaternary deposits, are found along the valley flanks of the main river systems and within the Boiano, Carpino, Isernia and Sessano intramontane basins. The present study deals with the dating of the Sessano Basin Paleosurface (SBP) which is related to the IV order and is cut into the basin infill. The40Ar/39Ar age of a tephra layer (437 ± 1.9 ka), intercalated at the top of the succession, supported by archaeo-stratigraphic, palynological and paleopedological data, allowed the SBP surface to be constrained to 350-300 ka. The SBP chronological position represents an important morphostratigraphic marker: it is the firstante quemandpost quemdate that allows the chronological position of the other orders of paleosurfaces to be better constrained.
A new Middle Miocene Niveria Jousseaume, 1884 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Trivioidea) from Hungary
Authors: Fehse Dirk 
Published: February 2011

A new Middle Miocene Niveria Jousseaume, 1884 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Trivioidea) from Hungary
A new species of Niveria from the Middle Miocene (Badenian) of the Paratethys of Borsodbóta, Hungary is described. This species is characterized by its callused dorsum and dorsal depression. Niveria jozefgregoi sp. nov. is discussed with comparative species from the Badenian of Hungary, the Pliocene of the Mediterranean region, Florida and Recent species from Madeira and the Islas Galápagos.
Spinal ependymomas in neurofibromatosis Type 2: a retrospective analysis of 55 patients
Authors: Plotkin Scott R. , O'Donnell Caroline C. , Curry William T. , Bove Catherine M. , MacCollin Mia , Nunes Fabio P. 
Published: February 2011

Object
The aim of this paper was to define the clinical characteristics of spinal ependymomas associated with neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2).

Methods
The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients with NF2 who had imaging findings consistent with ependymomas and were seen at Massachusetts General Hospital between 1994 and 2007. Clinical characteristics of these patients were obtained from hospital records, imaging studies, surgical reports, and pathology reports. Mutational analysis of the NF2 gene was performed in 37 of 44 unrelated patients.

Results
Fifty-five patients met inclusion criteria for the study. The median age at diagnosis of NF2 was 21 years; the median time after diagnosis until identification of ependymomas was 5 years. Multiple ependymomas were present in 58% of patients. The most common site of involvement was the cervical cord or cervicomedullary junction (86% of imaging studies), followed by the thoracic and lumbar cords (62% and 8%, respectively). The majority of patients had no symptoms related to their tumors (42 patients [76%]). After a median follow-up of 50 months, surgery was performed in 11 patients (20%) for symptomatic progression (indications for surgery). Mutational analysis of the NF2 gene detected alterations in 28 (76%) of 37 unrelated patients, with nonsense and frameshift mutations accounting for 64% of detected mutations. The high rate of truncating mutations may help explain the high tumor burden in these patients.

Conclusions
Neurofibromatosis Type 2–related ependymomas exhibit an indolent growth pattern with tumor progression limited to a minority of patients. The authors believe that surveillance is reasonable for asymptomatic ependymomas, including those with cystic areas that expand the cord. For symptomatic tumors, resection may be warranted depending on age, overall clinical status, and ease of resectability.
Une industrie rurale régionale : la distillation charentaise
Authors: Beteille René 
Published: February 2011

La distillation des vins blancs charentais, qui aboutit à l'obtention des eaux-de-vie de Cognac, est aux mains de trois types d'opérateurs, d'importance et de statut très dissemblables: les bouilleurs de cru- récoltants, les coopératives et les distillateurs de profession.
C'est une industrie typiquement rurale, car étroitement liée aux rythmes de la production viticole. En outre, de nombreux établissements se dispersent dans les villages charentais. Mais c'est aussi une industrie très dépendante des performances des grandes sociétés de vente de spiritueux et des importateurs de cognac.
Caravaniers et résidents secondaires en week-end
Authors: Tauveron Albert 
Published: February 2011

Caravaners and second home residents and their weekend activities.
An analysis of weekend leisure activities can be made through habitat which is an important element in the lives of individuals and groups. Rather than looking at tourism and hotels, which are only the icing on the cake as far as leisure activities and even holidays are concerned, leisure activities can be tackled through lodging. Principal residences and secondary ones, after all, are a veritable factor in space occupation : a comparison between weekend caravanning and caravaneige (ski-resort caravanning) shows the differentiation between daily and weekend life styles, and that of the corresponding groups. Lived as a way of extension, compensation or frustration, leisure activities are both a break and a continuity in daily life, and can be understood only with reference to diverse factors : family group, position as regards revenue and production, inheritance, age : that constitute and condition this daily life, and which housing is part of.
Recherche sur l'indigénat des pins dans les forêts du Centre-Ouest de la France
Authors: Couderc Jean-Marie 
Published: February 2011

Depuis une quinzaine d'années, nous avons rassemblé un certain nombre d'éléments palynologiques, toponymiques et historiques tendant à prouver que le pin sylvestre n'a jamais déserté nos contrées depuis la fin du Tardiglaciaire. Cette idée est confortée par deux publications récentes, l'une sur le massif de Fontainebleau, l'autre sur la Champagne.
C'est un problème beaucoup plus difficile d'envisager quels ont pu être les biotopes reliques : sables acides ou pelouses calcaires ? Il existe enfin un problème pour le pin maritime : nous avons certains indices montrant qu'il pourrait être indigène depuis l'Atlantique en certains secteurs occidentaux ; quoi qu'il en soit, il a été introduit et planté depuis fort longtemps, sans doute depuis l'époque romaine.
L'évolution du chômage dans l'Ouest, 1974-1984
Authors: Renard Jean 
Published: February 2011

This article analyses the evolution of unemployment rates per job center between 1974 and 1984 in the western part of France.
A significant worseming of the rates can be noted, with different rythmes of increasing according to time and job center. One can also observe persistence of deep geographical disparities.
Industrialized urban areas and coastal regions are the most affected. The rural areas with scattered industries have, as yet, better withstood the crisis.
Frontière idéologique ou nationale
Authors: Blaive Muriel 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Après avoir explicité le contexte historique, cet article montre que l’existence même de Ceské Velenice, ville tchèque à la frontière du rideau de fer avec l’Autriche, est le fruit du nationalisme tchèque anti-autrichien. Il déconstruit la stratégie du régime communiste pour construire sa légitimité à la frontière du bloc de l’Est, stratégie qui a consisté à créer et tirer bénéfice d’un certain malentendu historique : l’idéologie communiste, qui justifiait la garde de la frontière avant tout pour des raisons idéologiques (empêcher les citoyens de s’enfuir), a réussi à se faire largement accepter en jouant sur le fait qu’elle était également perçue comme une mission patriotique visant à empêcher l’ennemi autrichien d’entrer. En somme, l’appartenance au bloc socialiste n’a pas été le déclencheur d’une solidarité intra-socialiste parmi les habitants de Ceské Velenice, mais l’habit provisoire d’un patriotisme anti-autrichien consubstantiel à l’identité nationale tchèque et qui a transcendé tous les régimes au 20e siècle.
Par-delà la guerre froide
Authors: Kott Sandrine 
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’article s’interroge sur la permanence ou l’émergence de la circulation des savoirs et d’experts entre les deux Europe durant la guerre froide (de 1947 à 1973) en utilisant les organisations internationales saisies comme des espaces de circulation, des espaces sociaux transnationaux. L’Organisation internationale du travail et, secondairement, la Commission économique pour l’Europe sont au centre de la démonstration. La cristallisation de l’opposition Est-Ouest encouragée par le fonctionnement officiel des organisations internationales n’empêche pas la circulation des savoirs et savoir-faire dont la sérénité apparaît souvent en décalage avec la rhétorique des déclarations publiques. La permanence voire l’intensification de ces échanges s’enracine d’abord dans la nécessité de faire face aux même types de difficultés : reconstruction d’abord, modernisation de l’appareil productif ensuite. Elle est également l’héritage d’une acculturation croisée durant l’entre-deux-guerres dont les réseaux perdurent après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
Inspirées par le Sud ?
Authors: Christiaens Kim , Goddeeris Idesbald , Goedertier Wouter 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Dans les premières décennies après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la réaction sociale de l’Europe occidentale à la situation derrière le rideau de fer resta modeste. Malgré les efforts des exilés est-européens, les protestations à grande échelle ne firent leur apparition qu’après l’invasion soviétique de la Hongrie en 1956. Même dans ce cas-là, la constellation de pouvoir de la guerre froide mit des limites à l’idéalisme occidental et fit que le mouvement demeura éphémère. Après les accords de Helsinki en 1975, la question des droits de l’Homme dans l’Europe de l’Est gagna cependant peu à peu en importance. Dans les années 1980, la lutte de Solidarność en Pologne suscita un ralliement massif à travers toute l’Europe occidentale. Les caractères hétérogène et durable de ce mouvement s’expliquent par une « inspiration du Sud ». Les formes d’action, les réseaux et les idéologies des mouvements Est-Ouest s’inspiraient en effet de ceux des activistes Nord-Sud et des mouvements anticoloniaux.