bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helmet Use and Self-Reported Risk Taking in Skiing and Snowboarding
Authors: Bianchi Giannina , Brügger Othmar , Niemann Steffen , Cavegn Mario 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between helmet use and on-slope ski conduct. During the months of February and March 2009, eight trained interviewers asked 1550 skiers and snowboarders at 20 ski resorts in the German and French speaking parts of Switzerland a series of questions. The skiers and snowboarders were asked about their reasons for wearing or not wearing a helmet and about their behavior and conduct on the slopes. Three categories of people were identified: (1) Helmet wearers, (2) those who do not wear a helmet but intend to buy one, and (3) those who do not wear a helmet and have no intention of buying one. After assessing the outcome of the survey by performing a variance analysis, significant differences were found between the self-reported on-slope conduct of the helmet wearers and those who choose not to wear a helmet. No difference in self-rated ski conduct was found between the two categories of people not wearing a helmet. A stepwise multivariate logistic regression was used to compare the different control factors on self-reported risk behavior. To summarize, by becoming a helmet wearer, skiers and snowboarders tend to demonstrate a greater degree of willingness to take risks on the slopes. For this reason, the theory of risk compensation cannot be entirely ruled out. More importantly, however, independent variables such as age, gender, number of falls per day, or years of experience were found to make a far greater contribution toward helping us understand a person’s willingness to take risks while skiing or snowboarding.
Effect of Hydrides on Mechanical Properties and Failure Morphology of BWR Fuel Cladding at Very High Strain Rate
Authors: Nakatsuka Masafumi , Yagnik Suresh 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The data on the cladding mechanical response under rapid deformation are crucial for the safety assessment of LWR fuel rods for reactivity initiated accident (RIA) and for spent fuel shipping and storage cask-drop accidents. The reported data on the mechanical properties of the irradiated cladding under high strain rates, however, are very limited, and conventional axial tensile data measured at slow strain rates may not be directly applicable to RIA or drop impact analyses. The objective of this work was to obtain basic mechanical properties such as the stress-strain relationship, ductility, and the critical strain energy density (SED) of fuel cladding with various hydride morphologies at high deformation rate. A unique rapid burst test method was employed on open-end tube specimens, achieving a strain rate of ∼1 s−1 and specimen rupture in ∼10 ms. Unirradiated and irradiated Zry-2 fuel cladding specimens were tested from room temperature up to 350°C. The mechanical properties data were assessed in terms of SED and failure strain, and failure morphologies were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The tests performed at room temperature on unirradiated cladding with circumferential hydrides revealed that the failure elongation was unchanged or increased slightly with an increase the in hydrogen content up to ∼100 wt ppm but decreased drastically at ∼400 wt ppm to values approaching 0 %. A drastic reduction in failure strain occurred at a lower hydrogen concentration of ∼100 wt ppm for radial hydrides, compared to ∼200–400 wt ppm for the circumferential hydride distribution. The fraction of specimen thickness occupied by the accumulated length of hydrides in radial direction was a better predictive indicator of specimen failure and ductility reduction than the total hydrogen content. In addition, the high strain rates did not seem to seriously impact stress-strain behavior when hydrogen content is&gt;400 wt ppm. The data analyses revealed smaller values of the strain hardening exponent (n) compared to those from the conventional data for the slow strain rates, indicating that the plastic instability theory simply is not appropriate to evaluate the failure strain under RIA conditions.
Effects of Two Anesthetics on Water Quality during Simulated Transport of a Tropical Ornamental Fish, the Indian tiger barb Puntius filamentosus
Authors: Pramod P K , Sajeevan T P , Ramachandran A , Thampy Sunesh , Pai S Somnath 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Trade in the Indian tiger barb Puntius filamentosus as an ornamental fish is gaining popularity, but growth of this trade is hindered by mortalities during transport. We studied the capability of two anesthetics, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) at 40 mg/L and benzocaine at 20 mg/L, to reduce stress in fish during transport and thereby maintain water quality. Both anesthetics significantly (P &lt; 0.05) slowed the deterioration in dissolved oxygen, total ammonia, carbon dioxide, and pH in the transport water. This was reflected in the cumulative mortality during simulated transportation, wherein the anesthetic-treated groups showed a significantly lower mortality rate (MS-222 group: 8.4%; benzocaine group: 9%) compared with the control group without anesthetic (15.3%). The study showed that the use of MS-222 and benzocaine in ornamental fish transportation reduces the deterioration in water quality and ensures a better transport environment and reduced stress for the fish, resulting in improved survival during transport.
A Survey of Bacteria in the Ovarian Fluid of Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon and their Relationship with Egg Survival
Authors: Barnes Michael E , Bergmann David , Kelley Rebekah L , Cordes Rick J , Nero Patrick A , Durben Dan J 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
A survey of the bacteria in the ovarian fluid of landlocked fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from Lake Oahe, South Dakota, was conducted to investigate possible effects on egg mortality. Bacteria were isolated from the ovarian fluid of 15 out of 19 spawning females. A number of bacteria, including known and potentially pathogenic species, were identified: Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii, Arthrobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. (including P. putida), Moraxella spp., and Microbacterium spp. With the exception of Aeromonas hydrophila, none of these bacteria had previously been isolated from Chinook salmon ovarian fluid. There was no observable association between the aeromonads or pseudomonads and egg survival. However, there was a weak but significant positive correlation between bacterial density (colony-forming units/mL of ovarian fluid) and egg survival; the significance of this correlation is uncertain.
Development of a Practical Soy-Based Diet for White Seabass
Authors: Jirsa Dave , Davis D Allen , Drawbridge Mark 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Two feeding trials were conducted to begin development of a practical soy-based diet for white seabass Atractoscion nobilis. The first trial was designed to provide initial data on the efficacy of practical soy-based diets. Three diets and a commercial reference diet were evaluated. Research diets were 42% protein and 12% lipid, with varying protein sources: fish meal (FM), FM plus solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM), or FM plus soy protein concentrate (SPC). Final weight (14.1–17.2 g), percent weight gain (307.2–401.8%), and feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.0–1.2) followed similar trends, with fish offered the FM-based diet significantly outperforming the other dietary treatment groups. There was no significant difference between soy-based diets and the commercial reference diet, and no significant differences in survival due to dietary treatments were observed. The second trial was designed to evaluate varying levels of FM replacement with SPC in a series of four diets containing 42% protein and 12% lipid. The basal diet contained 40% FM and 24.6% SBM as primary protein sources. The FM was then reduced to 30, 20, and 15% of the diet using SPC as the replacement protein. Final weight (27.1–36.5 g), percent weight gain (69.0–116.6%), and FCR (1.5–2.4) followed similar trends, with performance decreasing as FM level was reduced. In general, each incremental reduction in FM resulted in significant reductions in final weight and percent weight gain and significant increases in FCR. Results from these initial trials on white seabass are encouraging because the poor response was most likely due to a nutrient imbalance or palatability problem, which can be corrected, as opposed to an allergic response. Given that the open formulations performed similarly to the commercial feed, these simple formulations can be used as a starting point for the development of practical diets for white seabass.
Amino Acid Availability of Soybean Meal for Florida Pompano
Authors: Gothreaux Craig T , Reigh Robert C , Williams Millie B , Chesney Edward J 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Availability of amino acids in soybean meal was determined in a feeding trial with Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus by using a standard digestibility marker method. Fecal samples were manually stripped from anesthetized fish to avoid contact with water and resultant leaching losses. Apparent amino acid availability coefficients (mean ± SD) for dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal ranged from 78.4 ± 2.2% to 96.5 ± 1.0%. Apparent energy digestibility was 67.4 ± 0.8%. Apparent crude protein digestibility was 84.3 ± 0.5%.
Partial Replacement of Fish Meal with Soy Protein Concentrate in Diets of Atlantic Cod
Authors: Walker Abigail B , Sidor Inga F , O'Keefe Timothy , Cremer Michael , Berlinsky David L 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In two feeding trials conducted with juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (initial mean weight = 87.9 or 15.92 g), soy protein concentrate (SPC) was used to replace fish meal in isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets. In the first trial, five experimental diets (47% protein, 15% fat; calculated gross energy = 5,059 kcal/kg) were formulated to replace 28, 60, 80, and 100% of dietary fish meal. In the second trial, three diets were formulated with SPC to replace 0, 25, and 50% of the fish meal in a modified commercial diet for marine finfish (50% protein, 15% fat; calculated gross energy = 4,900 kcal/kg; calculated digestible energy = 3,570 kcal/kg). Upon conclusion of the studies, no differences in survival, growth, hepatosomatic index, or viscerosomatic index were found among the treatment groups. The fish attained mean weights of 162.7 and 39.1 g in the first and second trials, respectively, with specific growth rates of 0.76% and 1.12% and feed conversion ratios of 1.28 and 1.29, respectively. No consistent pattern of enteritis was observed in the histological sections taken from fish in either study. These results indicate that SPC can entirely replace fish meal in diets of juvenile Atlantic cod or can be combined with other common feed ingredients to replace up to 50% of dietary fish meal.
Reproductive Output of Gulf Killifish at Different Stocking Densities in Static Outdoor Tanks
Authors: Green C C , Gothreaux C T , Lutz C G 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Broodstock of Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis (initial mean [±SD] weight = 8.2 ± 1.6 g) were held in static outdoor tanks at a 2:1 (female:male) sex ratio and at densities of 15, 30, or 45 fish/m3. Eggs were collected twice per week from spawning mats suspended 8 cm below the water surface. Collected eggs were measured volumetrically and assessed for total number, egg size, and embryo viability. Significantly more eggs were collected from tanks with manufactured (Spawntex) spawning mats than from tanks with cured Spanish moss spawning mats. Significant differences in the mean number of eggs collected were present among density treatments in April, June, and July. Stocking density was also associated with mortality; the greatest mortality was observed in tanks at the highest density (45 fish/m3). There was a clear pattern in egg production in relation to lunar phase, with egg production peaks occurring between full and new moon phases for all three stocking densities. Mean gonadosomatic index values differed significantly among sampling months for both females and males. Analysis of ovaries via histological sections indicated trends in oocyte stages that correlated to continued egg production for this fractionally spawning species. Peak egg production occurred between April and mid-May, when mean (±SD) weekly water temperatures ranged from 23.8 ± 1.7°C to 28.2 ± 1.2°C. During April, the mean daily number of eggs collected translated to a reproductive output of approximately 0.90, 0.72, and 0.76 eggs/g of female for stocking densities of 15, 30, and 45 fish/m3, respectively. Based on egg output and mortality over the 5-month spawning period, the intermediate density (30 fish/m3) appeared to provide the optimum number of eggs per individual over time for Gulf killifish broodstock held in static outdoor tanks at a 2:1 female:male sex ratio.
Gas Bladder Inflation in Walleye Fry Cultured in Turbid Water with and without a Surface Spray
Authors: Clayton Richard D , Summerfelt Robert C 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
It has been demonstrated that a surface spray is needed to obtain a high percentage of gas bladder inflation (GBI) in intensively cultured larval walleyes Sander vitreus fed dry diets and that turbid-water culture substantially enhances larval survival and growth. It was not previously known whether a surface spray is needed to obtain GBI when larvae are cultured in turbid water, which is produced by intermittently adding clay slurry to the culture tank. The present study was undertaken to test whether turbid water alone would enhance GBI without need for a surface spray. Larval walleyes were cultured with formulated feed from 2 to 28 d posthatch (dph) in tanks containing turbid water (∼55 nephelometric turbidity units) with surface spray (WS tanks) or without surface spray (WOS tanks). Larvae were stocked at a density of 20 fish/L and were given formulated feed every 5 min for 22 h/d. All husbandry and water quality conditions were similar between experimental treatments. Gas bladder inflation was 100% in fish surviving to 28 dph in WS tanks, but GBI was only 3.3% in WOS tanks. Fry survival (50% WS; 34% WOS), final length, and final weight were not significantly different between treatments. The results conclusively show that surface spray is essential for GBI in walleyes.
Reexamining the Pooled Sampling Approach for Estimating Prevalence of Infected Insect Vectors
Authors: Ebert T A , Brlansky R , Rogers M 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOur goal was to estimate seasonal changes in the proportion of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), carrying Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Our approach was to test Asian citrus psyllid by using pooled samples. The initial question was about pool size and the consequences of choosing poorly. Assuming no loss in sensitivity when diluting one infected individual with many healthy individuals, then it is recommend that a combination of all the published limits be used: keep the number of pools (n) above 20, the pool size (k) below 100, and the number of infected pools less than half the total number of pools. The most conservative approach to achieving the latter is to optimize pool size given an infection rate (p) such that k = ln(0.5)/ln(1 p). Exceeding these limits increases the probability that all the pools will be infected. If this occurs, then that particular sample will be discarded. Use of multiple pool sizes can be used to manage this risk, but this approach may not always be practical. PooledInfRate is a good program for estimating prevalence, and it is available for free from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The program provides corrected confidence intervals for prevalence estimates using one or multiple pool sizes. We used a randomization test approach as a contrasting methodology. The bias corrected CDC 95% confidence interval is an upper bound to the “true” 95% confidence interval, and we provide an estimate of the magnitude of the remaining bias in the estimate.
Sensory Scales Along the Wing Margin ofPieris rapae(Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: Yoshida Akihiro , Emoto Jun 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe morphology, number, and arrangement of sensory scales along wing margins of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), were examined by scanning electron and light microscopy, after applying a microscopic operation to the margins. The sensory scales were much more slender than the noninnervated scales, which completely covered the former. The total number of sensory scales was ≈190 and ≈60 in the forewing and hindwing, respectively, and the patterns of sensory scale arrangement differed between the forewing and hindwing and varied from region to region in each wing margin. Sensory scales were densely distributed along the proximal half of the anterior forewing margin and along a fairly small region of the anterior hindwing margin, immediate to the wing base; they were sparsely distributed or absent along other regions of the wing margin. Sensory scale morphology and arrangement were compared with those of the sensory bristle, another kind of hair-like sensilla, and are discussed in terms of wing movement regulation.
Nature of Predation Risk Cues in Container Systems: Mosquito Responses to Solid Residues from Predation
Authors: Kesavaraju Banugopan , Juliano Steven A 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In aquatic systems, prey animals associate predation risk with cues that originate either from the predator or from injured conspecifics. Sources and benefits of these cues have received considerable attention in river, lake, and pond ecosystems but are less well understood in small container ecosystems that can hold less than a liter of water. Mosquitoes Aedes triseriatus (Say) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) encounter predatory Corethrella appendiculata (Grabham) and Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett) in small containers and show antipredatory behavioral responses. We investigated the sources of the predation cues to which these prey larvae respond. We tested whether Ae. albopictus larvae show behavioral responses to cues emanating from the predator or from damage to prey caused by the act of predation. We also tested whether Ae. triseriatus respond to cues present in fluid or solid residues from predator activity. Ae. albopictus showed behavioral modifications only in response to waterborne cues from a feeding predator and not to cues from a starving predator, indicating that Ae. albopictus respond to cues created by the act of predation, which could include substances derived from damaged prey or substances in predator feces. Ae. triseriatus showed behavioral responses to solid residues from predation but not to fluid without those solids, indicating that the cues to which they respond originate in predator feces or uneaten prey body parts. Our results suggest that cues in this system may be primarily chemicals that are detected upon contact with solid residues that are products of the feeding processes of these predators.
Geographic and Ecological Overlap of Parasitoid Wasps Associated with the Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species Complex
Authors: Forbes A A , Hood G R , Feder J L 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
One of the fundamental questions in evolutionary ecology seeks to understand how new biodiversity is created and structured into communities. The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a model for rapid ecological speciation via host plant shifting for phytophagous insects, and its parasitoid community can offer insight into answering this and other related questions. Speciation of Rhagoletis also seems to be driving sequential speciation in a host specific parasitoid wasp Diachasma alloeum (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). However, biological and geographic information regarding D. alloeum and other parasitoids attacking flies in the genus Rhagoletis is sorely lacking, a problem that complicates the study of their evolution. Here, we present a synthesis of the geographic ranges and extended host associations of Rhagoletis-attacking parasitoids and test whether parasitoids can overlap in host use. In particular, we ask whether 1) wasps that co-occur in sympatry attack different life stages of the fly, 2) locally co-occurring wasps share some fly species in common but not others, 3) wasps differ in local abundance on those fly hosts they share in common, and 4) wasps vary on a regional scale in their geographic distributions. We use both collections and published records to answer the above-mentioned questions. A strong understanding of the Rhagoletis-attacking parasitoid distributions will facilitate future study of sequential radiation in this system.
Spatiotemporal Variation of Scarab Beetle Assemblages (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae, Melolonthinae, Rutelinae) in the Premontane Rain Forest in Costa Rica: A Question of Scale
Authors: García-López Alejandra , Micó Estefanía , Numa Catherine , Galante Eduardo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBiodiversity of tropical forests varies at spatial and temporal scales, but at what scale and how the assemblages differ when we consider the same kind of forest and the same altitude has been poorly documented. We examined the variation in species richness and composition of three subfamilies of scarab beetles (Dynastinae, Rutelinae, and Melolonthinae) along a northwest-southeast (NW-SE) transect of premontane rain forests in Costa Rica. Sampling was carried out at six sampling sites comprising three mountain ranges. Two forest sites were selected in each mountain range at the same altitudinal strip and same life zone. We conducted eight field surveys from June 2007 to January 2008. UV light traps were used to catch the beetles. We studied beetle diversity at three spatiotemporal levels: mountain range, forest site, and monthly trap. Species composition and richness varied at the three levels studied, and this variation was not necessarily related with geographic distance. Forest site and monthly trap levels showed higher variation in similarity indices than the mountain range level did. Additive partitioning of diversity showed values of diversity higher than expected only at the spatial levels with the mountain ranges showing the highest contribution to gamma diversity. Our results show high spatiotemporal variation in scarab beetle assemblages across Costa Rican premontane rain forests and underline that the analysis of a variety of spatiotemporal scales within a single kind of forest is crucial to understand scarab beetle biodiversity patterns in forest ecosystems.