bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclodextrin‐overhanging hyperbranched core‐double‐shell miktoarm architectures: Synthesis and gradient stimuli‐responsive properties
Authors: Tian Wei , Lv Xiaoyan , Mu Chengguang , Zhang Weihong , Kong Jie , Liu Yuyang , Fan Xiaodong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe report the synthesis and gradient stimuli‐responsive properties of cyclodextrin‐overhanging hyperbranched core‐double‐shell miktoarm architectures. A ionic hyperbranched poly(β‐cyclodextrin) (β‐CD) core was firstly synthesized via a convenient “A2+B3” approach. Double‐layered shell architectures, composed of poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAm) and poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) miktoarms as the outermost shell linked to poly(N,N‐diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) homoarms which form the inner shell, were obtained by a sequential atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and parallel click chemistry from the modified hyperbranched poly(β‐CD) macroinitiator. The combined characterization by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H‐29Si heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation (HMBC), FTIR and size exclusion chromatography/multiangle laser light scattering (SEC/MALLS) confirms the remarkable hyperbranched poly(β‐CD) core and double‐shell miktoarm architectures. The gradient triple‐stimuli‐responsive properties of hyperbranched core‐double‐shell miktoarm architectures and the corresponding mechanisms were investigated by UV–vis spectrophotometer and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results show that this polymer possesses three‐stage phase transition behaviors. The first‐stage phase transition comes from the deprotonation of PDEAEMA segments at pH 9–10 aqueous solution under room temperature. The confined coil‐globule conformation transition of PNIPAm and PDMAEMA arms gives rise to the second‐stage hysteretic cophase transition between 38 and 44 °C at pH 10. The third‐stage phase transition occurs above 44 °C at pH = 10 attributed to the confined secondary conformation transition of partial PDMAEMA segments. This cyclodextrin‐overhanging hyperbranched core‐double‐shell miktoarm architectures are expected to solve the problems of inadequate functionalities from core layer and lacking multiresponsiveness for shell layers existing in the dendritic core‐multishell architectures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Peaking free output‐feedback exact tracking of uncertain nonlinear systems via dwell‐time and norm observers
Authors: Oliveira Tiago Roux , Peixoto Alessandro Jacoud , Hsu Liu 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe control of uncertain nonlinear systems by high‐gain observer based output feedback is addressed. Two tracking sliding mode controllers are designed for a broad class of uncertain nonlinear systems with arbitrary relative degree and unmatched polynomial nonlinearities in the unmeasured states. The proposed strategies are based either on dwell‐time for control activation or on simple norm state observers to remove the peaking phenomenon related with high‐gain observers, depending on the nonlinearity growth conditions. In contrast with previous works, exact tracking is also achieved by means of a switching strategy based on locally exact differentiators. Global or semi‐global stability is proved by using Lyapunov theory and on small‐gain analysis. Simulations show that the proposed methodologies provide better and uniform transient behavior, larger regions of attraction, performance recovery with significantly smaller observer gains and good robustness properties with respect to exogenous disturbances and measurement noise. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Midwives, Women and the State: (De)Constructing Midwives and Pregnant Women in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Paterson Stephanie 
Published: November 2011

Abstract.Ontario'sMidwifery Actcame into effect on January 1, 1994, at a time of radical health care restructuring, marked by hospital closures and staffing cuts. In addition, feminist backlash was rampant in the popular media. Given these conditions, some have suggested that midwifery legislation was implemented because it aligned with the government's cost-cutting initiatives, while others have suggested that the government was responding to the dissatisfaction with obstetric practice outlined by a well-organized lobby. While these factors were no doubt important in the passing of the legislation, I offer a more critical reading of the policy texts, suggesting that the legislation and its enabling regulations problematize not only costs or client satisfaction but also the knowledge of midwives and the women they serve. In framing the issue as one of public safety, the policy ensemble introduced a new form of birthing expert—the expert midwife—reimposing a hierarchical relationship in the birthing process, serving to reify medical science and to objectify birthing women. In so doing, the legislation potentially silences claims for both professional and reproductive autonomy.Résumé.LaLoi sur les sages-femmesde l'Ontario est entrée en vigueur le premier janvier 1994 au cours d'une période houleuse dans le domaine de la santé qui fut marquée par des fermetures d'hôpitaux et des réductions de la main-d'œuvre. De plus, à cette époque, les médias populaires avaient clairement adopté une position antiféministe. Étant donné cette conjoncture, on proposa dans quelques articles que cette loi fut adoptée parce qu'elle cadrait bien avec les priorités gouvernementales de coupures budgétaires, tandis que d'autres insistèrent que le gouvernement ne faisait que réagir au mécontentement à l'endroit de la pratique obstétricale exprimé par un groupe d'intérêts puissant. Ces facteurs ont sans doute joué un rôle important dans l'adoption de la loi, mais je propose, en contrepartie, une interprétation plus critique des textes de politiques publiques. J'avance que la loi et sa réglementation soulignent une problématique qui va au delà des coûts et de la satisfaction de la clientèle, englobant aussi le savoir des sages-femmes et celui de leurs clientes. En formulant le débat en termes de sécurité publique, la législation a instauré une nouvelle forme d'expertise – l'experte sage-femme – qui réimpose une hiérarchie professionnelle dans le domaine de l'accouchement, ce qui a pour effet de solidifier la position de la médecine traditionnelle et d'objectiver les femmes. Ce faisant, la loi risque de négliger les revendications d'autonomie des professionnelles et des partisanes de l'accouchement naturel.
Le vote économique en contexte de crise financière : l'élection provinciale de 2008 au Québec
Authors: Bélanger Éric , Gélineau François 
Published: November 2011

Résumé.En déclenchant une élection provinciale anticipée à l'automne 2008 en pleine crise financière, le premier ministre du Québec, Jean Charest, fit le pari que la population réélirait son gouvernement en raison de sa compétence à gérer la «tempête économique» qui s'annonçait. Cet article cherche à déterminer le poids de la variable économique dans les choix électoraux lors de ce scrutin en exploitant les données d'une enquête d'opinion menée en décembre 2008. Ces données permettent notamment de vérifier à quel point le «vote économique» lors de cette élection en fut un de nature traditionnelle, c'est-à-dire s'appuyant sur les évaluations rétrospectives de l'économie de la part des votants, ou plutôt un de nature prospective, reposant sur les perceptions de la compétence des partis à gérer la crise économique annoncée. Nous analysons également l'effet particulier exercé sur le vote par l'enjeu des pertes de la Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec.Abstract.By calling an early election in the fall of 2008 in the midst of a financial crisis, Quebec Premier Jean Charest hoped that the population would re-elect his government on the basis of its competence at dealing with the upcoming “economic storm.” This article attempts to determine the actual influence that the economy had on Quebeckers' vote choice in that election, with the use of survey data collected in December 2008. The data allows us to verify whether “economic voting” in that election was of a traditional nature, that is based on retrospective assessments of economic conditions, or was more prospective in nature, that is based on perceptions of the parties' competence at managing the economic crisis that would soon follow. The impact on the vote of the issue of the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec's losses is also analyzed.
Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in children and environmental contamination of urban areas in Paraná State, Brazil
Authors: Mattia S. , Colli C.M. , Adami C.M. , Guilherme G.F. , Nishi L. , Rubinsky-Elefant G. , Marchioro A.A. , Gomes M.L. , Falavigna-Guilherme A.L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the contamination by eggs of Toxocara in sandy areas or grass lawns of outdoor recreation areas that are used by children, and the frequency of seroprevalence in children, from three cities of fewer than 45,000 inhabitants in Paraná, Brazil. From May 2005 to December 2007, five samples were taken from each of 13 sandy sites and 18 grass lawns, all from plazas and public schools. Blood samples from children aged 0–12 years were analysed by immunoassay for anti-Toxocara IgG. The soil samples were processed by floatation and sedimentation. Eggs of Toxocara spp. were present in 44.7% (38/85) of the samples from grassed areas and in 21.4% (15/70) of the sand samples. The lawns were 2.16 times more contaminated than the sand (P = 0.0009). However, the epidemiological variables showed no statistically significant difference between seropositive (36.8%; 130/353), and seronegative children. The rate of seropositivity was higher in children aged 0–5 years (P = 0.03), who were 1.94 times more likely to develop persistent wheezing (P = 0.02).
Violent behaviour in UK military personnel returning home after deployment
Authors: MacManus D. , Dean K. , Al Bakir M. , Iversen A. C. , Hull L. , Fahy T. , Wessely S. , Fear N. T. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundThere is growing concern about an alleged rise in violent behaviour amongst military personnel returning from deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of violence in a sample of UK military personnel following homecoming from deployment in Iraq and to examine the impact of deployment-related experiences, such as combat trauma, on violence, and the role of sociodemographics and pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour.MethodThis study used baseline data from a cohort study of a large randomly selected sample of UK Armed Forces personnel in service at the time of the Iraq war (2003). Regular personnel (n=4928) who had been deployed to Iraq were included. Data, collected by questionnaire, included information on deployment experiences, sociodemographic and military characteristics, pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour, post-deployment health outcomes and a self-report measure of physical violence in the weeks following return from deployment.ResultsPrevalence of violence was 12.6%. This was strongly associated with pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9–4.4]. After controlling for pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour, sociodemographics and military factors, violence was still strongly associated with holding a combat role (aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6–2.5) and having experienced multiple traumatic events on deployment (aOR for four or more traumatic events 3.7, 95% CI 2.5–5.5). Violence on homecoming was also associated with mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (aOR 4.8, 95% CI 3.2–7.2) and alcohol misuse (aOR 3.1, 95% CI 2.5–3.9).ConclusionsExperiences of combat and trauma during deployment were significantly associated with violent behaviour following homecoming in UK military personnel. Post-deployment mental health problems and alcohol misuse are also associated with increased violence.
Lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders and delay in treatment following initial onset: evidence from the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress
Authors: Bunting B. P. , Murphy S. D. , O'Neill S. M. , Ferry F. R. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundThe current study provides the first epidemiological estimates of lifetime mental disorders across NI based on DSM-IV criteria. Risk factors, delays in treatment and the experience of conflict are also examined.MethodNationally representative face-to-face household survey of 4340 individuals aged ⩾18 years in NI using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Analyses were implemented using SAS and STATA software.ResultsLifetime prevalence of any disorder was 39.1% while projected lifetime risk was 48.6%. Individuals who experienced conflict were more likely to have had an anxiety, mood or impulse-control disorder. Treatment delays were substantial for anxiety and substance disorders.ConclusionsResults from this study show that mental disorders are highly prevalent in Northern Ireland. The elevated rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to other countries and the association of living ‘in a region of terror’ disorders suggests that civil conflict has had an additional impact on mental health. Given substantial delays in treatment, further research is required to investigate the factors associated with failure and delay in treatment seeking.
Integrity Monitoring for Carrier Phase Ambiguities
Authors: Feng Shaojun , Ochieng Washington , Samson Jaron , Tossaint Michel , Hernandez-Pajares Manuel , Juan J. Miguel , Sanz Jaume , Aragón-Àngel Àngela , Ramos-Bosch Pere , Jofre Marti 
Published: November 2011

The determination of the correct integer number of carrier cycles (integer ambiguity) is the key to high accuracy positioning with carrier phase measurements from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). There are a number of current methods for resolving ambiguities including the Least-squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA) method, which is a combination of least-squares and a transformation to reduce the search space. The current techniques to determine the level of confidence (integrity) of the resolved ambiguities (i.e. ambiguity validation), usually involve the construction of test statistics, characterisation of their distribution and definition of thresholds. Example tests applied include ratio, F-distribution, t-distribution and Chi-square distribution. However, the assumptions that underpin these tests have weaknesses. These include the application of a fixed threshold for all scenarios, and therefore, not always able to provide an acceptable integrity level in the computed ambiguities. A relatively recent technique referred to as Integer Aperture (IA) based on the ratio test with a large number of simulated samples of float ambiguities requires significant computational resources. This precludes the application of IA in real time.This paper proposes and demonstrates the power of an integrity monitoring technique that is applied at the ambiguity resolution and positioning stages. The technique has the important benefit of facilitating early detection of any potential threat to the position solution, originating in the ambiguity space, while at the same time giving overall protection in the position domain based on the required navigation performance. The proposed method uses the conventional test statistic for ratio testing together with a doubly non-central F distribution to compute the level of confidence (integrity) of the ambiguities. Specifically, this is determined as a function of geometry and the ambiguity residuals from least squares based ambiguity resolution algorithms including LAMBDA. A numerical method is implemented to compute the level of confidence in real time.The results for Precise Point Positioning (PPP) with simulated and real data demonstrate the power and efficiency of the proposed method in monitoring both the integrity of the ambiguity computation and position solution processes. Furthermore, due to the fact that the method only requires information from least squares based ambiguity resolution algorithms, it is easily transferable to conventional Real Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning.
Opportunistic MMR vaccination for unimmunized children at the time of routine teenage booster vaccination in secondary schools: implications for policy
Authors: PARANTHAMAN K. , BUNCE A. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYWith the aim of minimizing adverse health outcomes and reducing the risk of outbreaks, we offered one dose of MMR vaccine to children known to be incompletely immunized at the time of teenage booster vaccination in secondary schools in Swindon in 2011. The Child Health Department database was queried to identify Year 10 children who had had zero or one dose of MMR vaccine previously. Of the 316 children offered vaccination, 60 received a first dose and 87 received a second dose of MMR vaccine. Fourteen children had two documented doses in the past and two had contraindications to the vaccine. Overall uptake of two doses of MMR vaccine increased from 86·3% to 90·6%. The valuable uptake achieved demonstrates that an opportunistic offer of MMR vaccine for unimmunized children at schools is feasible and beneficial. MMR vaccine should be offered routinely to unimmunized children at the time of school vaccination programmes, especially in areas with sub-optimal coverage.
Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleoprotein gene of measles viruses prevalent in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, during 2010
Authors: LI H. , SPENCER S. D. , LIAN L. , ZHANG Z. , LU P. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYMeasles control in China is monitored in part by surveillance of circulating wild-type viruses. The objective of this study was genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of measles strains in the Nantong City region of Jiangsu province, China, during 2010. Sera from suspected cases were tested for IgM antibodies and measles virus isolated by inoculation of transport medium onto Vero/SLAM cells. Isolated strains were phylogenetically analysed according to the nucleotide sequence of the C-terminal region of the nucleoprotein gene amplified by RT–PCR. The results revealed 34 cases confirmed by positive IgM, for an incidence of 0·45/100 000. Six isolates identified were all clustered within genotype H1. The findings reported here support continued endemic transmission of measles virus in China.
Asset liability management for individual households
Authors: Dempster M. A. H. , Medova E. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPersonal finance is a challenging topic which can benefit from a scientific approach to individual financial planning. This paper presents an individual asset liability management (iALM) model for life cycle planning which uses the methodology of dynamic stochastic optimisation and incorporates ideas from both classical and behavioural finance. Its implementation is in the form of a decision support tool for use by financial advisers or wealth managers. The investment universe is given by a set of indices for major asset classes and their returns are simulated forward over the lifetime of a household. On the liability side the foreseen cash flows of incomes and outgoings are simulated and punctuated by life events such as illness and death. The household's utility function is constructed for each time period over a range of monetary values in terms of household financial goals and preferences. Taxes and pension savings are treated using the tax shielded saving accounts specific to a national jurisdiction in terms of constraints in the optimisation sub-models. The paper goes on to present an analysis ofiALM model recommendations for a representative UK household, together with an evaluation of the sensitivity of the financial plan generated to changes in market environments such as the 2007–9 crisis. The promise of this new technology is to bring modern decision support tools to individual investors in order to facilitate custom designed consumption, savings and investment policies.
Mapping of nutrition teaching and training initiatives in India: the need for Public Health Nutrition
Authors: Khandelwal Shweta , Dayal Radhika , Jha Meenakshi , Zodpey Sanjay , Reddy K Srinath 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveIndia spans the spectrum of under- and overnutrition disorders and does so in generous proportions. India also tops the charts globally in the prevalence of risk factors for several chronic diseases. Although Public Health Nutrition (PHN) – both as an academic field as well as a means to improved health – has been around for two centuries in developed countries, it is only now coming to the fore as a conduit for tackling nutrition-related disorders in developing countries. In the light of these issues, we undertook an exercise to map the existing educational initiatives for nutrition, and in particular PHN, in India.DesignThis situational analysis of PHN across India was conducted using a combination of Internet search, telephone calls as well as interviews with experts. Information collected was pooled and tabulated using a snowball approach.SettingIndia.SubjectsNot applicable.ResultsCurrently, there are nearly 190 institutes in India that offer one or more nutrition courses, with the majority offering full-time courses. Of these, PHN was offered in less than five institutes across India and opportunities were confined to specialization options/modules.ConclusionsThis situational analysis reveals the huge gap in existing nutrition ventures and points towards the urgent need to undertake newer academic initiatives especially in the field of PHN in India. Reforms in the education and employment sector need to be brought in which may include working towards making the field of nutrition attractive for career pursuit. The focus of this discipline needs to be broadened to, but not limited to, span the entire spectrum from dietetics to research and teaching. Strong synergistic collaborations and academic partnerships with other developed countries should be encouraged to catalyse finding solutions to emerging and/or existing threats to public health problems.
Epidemiology and diagnosis of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: rationale and design of the study
Authors: Mahadevan Gnanadevan , Dwivedi Girish , Williams Lynne , Steeds Richard P. , Frenneaux Michael 
Published: November 2011

AimsDespite major advances in our understanding of ‘systolic’ heart failure, at present the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF) is poorly understood, in large part because of the lack of robust and widely accepted diagnostic criteria. Although there is a good evidence base for the treatment of systolic heart failure, similar data are lacking for the treatment of HFpEF.MethodsIn our study, we will screen a consecutive series of 5000 subjects aged ≥60 from the community. Following symptom questionnaire and echocardiography, metabolic exercise testing will be used to confirm whether or not patients thought clinically to have HFpEF are in fact exercise limited and that this limitation is cardiac in origin. Blood samples for plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) will be taken at rest and following exercise in symptomatic patients and matching controls.ConclusionsAt the end of our study we will establish community prevalence and population characteristics of HFpEF, and also evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of current echocardiography parameters and BNP for the diagnosis of the condition.