bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Activated Carbonyl Groups Using Alkylphosphanes as Reducing Agents: A Mechanistic Study
Authors: Wei Yin , Liu Xu‐Guang , Shi Min 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA comprehensive mechanistic investigation on the reduction of activated carbonyl groups using alkylphosphanes as reducing agents has been conducted through a combination of experimental as well as computational studies. Both approaches show that this kind of reduction proceeds either through proton transfer from alkylphosphanes and cleavage by water during work‐up or through another reaction pathway involving the participation of water at the initial stage and a two‐fold proton transfer to afford the product.
Dopamine Detection Using the Selective and Spontaneous Formation of Electrocatalytic Poly(dopamine) Films on IndiumTin Oxide Electrodes
Authors: Kim Byung‐Kwon , Son Seonhye , Lee Kwangyeol , Yang Haesik , Kwak Juhyoun 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this study, we report the simple and sensitive electrochemical detection of dopamine in the presence of excess ascorbic acid. The detection is based on the spontaneous formation of electrocatalytic poly(dopamine) films on bare indiumtin oxide (ITO) electrodes. The poly(dopamine) films are formed by immersing ITO electrodes in a solution of dopamine and ascorbic acid for 10 min. Afterwards, the electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine is measured using modified electrodes. The electrooxidation current of hydrazine increases with increasing dopamine concentration. This method allows a detection limit of 1 nM for dopamine in the presence of 100 µM of ascorbic acid.
Residual‐based artificial viscosity for simulation of turbulent compressible flow using adaptive finite element methods
Authors: Nazarov Murtazo , Hoffman Johan 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, we present a finite element method with a residual‐based artificial viscosity for simulation of turbulent compressible flow, with adaptive mesh refinement based on a posteriori error estimation with sensitivity information from an associated dual problem. The artificial viscosity acts as a numerical stabilization, as shock capturing, and as turbulence capturing for large eddy simulation of turbulent flow. The adaptive method resolves parts of the flow indicated by the a posteriori error estimates but leaves shocks and turbulence under‐resolved in a large eddy simulation. The method is tested for examples in 2D and 3D and is validated against experimental data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcohol consumption in mild cognitive impairment and dementia: harmful or neuroprotective?
Authors: Panza Francesco , Frisardi Vincenza , Seripa Davide , Logroscino Giancarlo , Santamato Andrea , Imbimbo Bruno P. , Scafato Emanuele , Pilotto Alberto , Solfrizzi Vincenzo 
Published: March 2012

Objective: In several longitudinal studies, light‐to‐moderate drinking of alcoholic beverages has been proposed as being protective against the development of age‐related changes in cognitive function, predementia syndromes, and cognitive decline of degenerative (Alzheimer's disease, AD) or vascular origin (vascular dementia). However, contrasting findings also exist.Method: The English literature published in this area before September 2011 was evaluated, and information relating to the various factors that may impact upon the relationship between alcohol consumption and dementia or predementia syndromes is presented in the succeeding texts.Results: Light‐to‐moderate alcohol consumption may be associated with a reduced risk of incident overall dementia and AD; however, protective benefits afforded to vascular dementia, cognitive decline, and predementia syndromes are less clear. The equivocal findings may relate to many of the studies being limited to cross‐sectional designs, restrictions by age or gender, or incomplete ascertainment. Different outcomes, beverages, drinking patterns, and study follow‐up periods or possible interactions with other lifestyle‐related (e.g., smoking) or genetic factors (e.g., apolipoprotein E gene variation) may all contribute to the variability of findings.Conclusion: Protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption against cognitive decline are suggested to be more likely in the absence of the AD‐associated apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and where wine is the beverage. At present, there is no indication that light‐to‐moderate alcohol drinking would be harmful to cognition and dementia, and attempts to define what might be deemed beneficial levels of alcohol intake in terms of cognitive performance would be highly problematic and contentious. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surveillance and survival among adolescents and young adults with cancer in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Furlong William , Rae Charlene , Greenberg Mark L. , Barr Ronald D 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGains in survival rates among adolescents and young adults (AYA) are reported from the USA to be lower than in both younger and older patients. Limiting factors include low accrual to clinical trials related to the type of institutional care. This study aimed to determine the incidence of cancer in the 15–29 age group in Ontario, and the 5‐year survival of these cases by disease class, age at diagnosis group and highest level of institutional complexity of care. The primary data source was Cancer Care Ontario (CCO). Diseases were classified according to an AYA‐specific system. Age at diagnosis was grouped as 15–19, 20–24 and 25–29 years; and institutional site of care was categorized as pediatric oncology group of Ontario (POGO) centers, regional cancer centers (RCC—tertiary care centers associated with CCO), RCC affiliate and satellite institutions and other institutions having no specialized cancer services. More than 10,000 incident cases were identified during 1990–2001. Carcinomas and lymphomas each accounted for >20% of the total. Overall 5‐year survival rate was 83%; significantly higher for lymphomas at POGO centers and RCC than elsewhere. About 40% of eligible AYA cases were treated at a POGO center and 25% of those were accrued to clinical trials. The low proportion of adolescents referred to pediatric cancer centers may result in a survival disadvantage for this group. All AYA, especially with lymphomas, should be referred to specialized centers. Accrual of AYA to clinical trials must be improved substantially.
Runt‐related transcription factor 2 in human colon carcinoma: A potent prognostic factor associated with estrogen receptor
Authors: Sase Tomohiko , Suzuki Takashi , Miura Koh , Shiiba Kenichi , Sato Ikuro , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Takagi Kiyoshi , Onodera Yoshiaki , Miki Yasuhiro , Watanabe Mika , Ishida Kazuyuki , Ohnuma Shinobu , Sasaki Hiroyuki , Sato Ryuichiro , Karasawa Hideaki , Shibata Chikashi , Unno Michiaki , Sasaki Iwao , Sasano Hironobu 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRunt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) belongs to the RUNX family of heterodimeric transcription factors, and is mainly associated with osteogenesis. Previous in vitro studies demonstrated that RUNX2 increased the cell proliferation of mouse and rat colon carcinoma cells but the status of RUNX2 has remained unknown in human colon carcinoma. Therefore, we examined clinical significance and biological functions of RUNX2 in colon carcinoma. RUNX2 immunoreactivity was examined in 157 colon carcinoma tissues using immunohistochemistry. RUNX2 immunoreactivity was evaluated as percentage of positive carcinoma cells [i.e., labeling index (LI)]. We used SW480 and DLD‐1 human colon carcinoma cells, expressing estrogen receptor‐β (ER) in subsequent in vitro studies. RUNX2 immunoreactivity was detected in colon carcinoma cells, and the median value of RUNX2 LI was 67%. RUNX2 LI was significantly associated with Dukes' stage, liver metastasis and ERβ status. In addition, RUNX2 LI was significantly associated with adverse clinical outcome of the colon carcinoma patients, and turned out an independent prognostic factor following multivariate analysis. Results of in vitro studies demonstrated that both SW480 and DLD‐1 cells transfected with small interfering RNA against RUNX2 significantly decreased their cell proliferation, migration and invasive properties. In addition, RUNX2 mRNA level was significantly decreased by ER antagonist in these two cells. These findings all suggest that RUNX2 is a potent prognostic factor in human colon carcinoma patients through the promotion of cell proliferation and invasion properties, and is at least partly upregulated by estrogen signals through ERβ of carcinoma cells.
Multiculturalisme et démocratie: quelques implications pour la théorie de la citoyenneté
Authors: Gianni Matteo 
Published: March 2012

RésuméLa dynamique sociale et politique du multiculturalisme constitue un défi pour la conception libérale traditionnelle de la citoyenneté. L'article part du constat que ce phénomène se caractérise essentiellement par une dispersion des identités et par la coexistence d'une multiplicité d'allégeances culturelles. Sa spécificité tient au fait qu'un nombre croissant d'individus ou de groupes sociaux ressentent leur caractérisation identitaire comme étant “non‐négociable”. Dès lors, la citoyenneté n'est plus en mesure de constituer le ferment de l'identité politique, ce qui représente une menace importante pour le fonctionnement et la légitimité des démocraties libérales. En tentant de surmonter les impasses auxquelles se heurtent les perspectives libérale et communautarienne de la citoyenneté, l'auteur propose un modèle fondé sur une articulation de la citoyenneté en tant que “règle” et en tant que “contenu”. Ce modèle a pour finalité d'assurer une plus grande intégration des minorités culturelles, au travers d'un processus égalitaire d'élaboration des principes susceptibles d'orienter la politique de la communauté.
Wahlforschung in der Schweiz: Der Neubeginn
Authors: Farago Peter 
Published: March 2012

ZusammenfassungDie schweizerische Wahlforschung ist im internationalen Vergleich entwicklungsbedürftig. Im Hinblick auf die Empirie dominieren Ag‐gregatdaten‐Analysen einerseits und Studien auf der Basis von Befragungsdaten andererseits. Kombinationsformen fehlen weitgehend. Es fehlt auch an Grundlagenstudien, welche die Basis für eine kontinuierliche, international vernetzte Wahlforschung bilden könnten. In dieser Situation kommt die Nachbefragung zu den eidgenössischen Wahlen 1995 einem Neubeginn gleich: Zum ersten Mal wird die Tatsache, dass nationale Wahlen in der Schweiz primär kantonsbezogen sind, in ein empirisch handhabbares Forschungsdesign umgesetzt. Die rund 7200 Interviews sowie die damit verknüpften Datenbanken über Kantone und kantonale Parteien eröffnen neue und vielfältige Analyseperspektiven.
Social Dimensions of Resource Use: The Freshwater Case
Authors: Luterbacher Urs , Wiegandt Ellen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis research note describes an integrated regional model of the interactions between water resources and society. It examines the relations between rural and urban sectors of society and the effect on resource use of changes in supply and demand due to climate change, population movements, and other natural and social processes. This modeling effort is part of a larger project conducted at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research to study the regional evolution of water resources in three different geographical areas. This larger project is in turn linked to the research focus on global water resources within the international Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme.
Synthesis of Triazolyl‐Substituted Quinolizidine Imides
Authors: Chou Shang‐Shing P. , Lu Chang‐Lin , Hsu Yen‐Hao 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSome bicyclic imides and triazole compounds have separately shown biological activities. We now combine these two structural features into the synthesis of triazolyl‐substituted quinolizidine imides 21. Dihydro‐2‐pyridone compound 15, obtained previously from the aza‐Diels‐Alder reaction, was first oxidized to the sulfone 16 which was effectively converted to the azide 17. Further click chemistry of compound 17 with terminal alkynes provided regiospecifically the 1,4‐disubstituted triazoles 18a‐c. Sequential detosylation with Bu3SnH/AIBN, N‐allylation and ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reaction then provided the bicyclic imides 21a‐b.
Development of the Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement of Allyl‐2‐alkoxyacetate Bearing an Allylic Amine and the Transformation to 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐hydroxymethylpyrrolidine
Authors: Hon Yung‐Son , Luo Ching‐Zong , Hong Bor‐Cherng , Liao Ju‐Hsiou 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn unprecedented Ireland–Claisen rearrangement of allylglycolate bearing an allylic amine was realized, affording the corresponding product with excellent diastereoselectivity and in high yield. The product was analyzed by X‐ray crystallography, and demonstrated the transformation to the 4‐hydroxymethylpyrrolidin‐3‐ol.
Synthesis of Triptycene and Pentiptycene Halides via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Triflate Precursors
Authors: Tan Wei Shyang , Kao Chen‐Yi , Yang Jye‐Shane 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of a series of new pre‐functionalized triptycene and pentiptycene building blocks is reported. The key reaction is the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of the cyano‐substituted iptycene triflates with halide salts to afford the corresponding iptycene halides. Among the various halide salts investigated, LiI and LiBr provide the best yield of the SNAr products, namely, cyano‐substituted iptycene iodide and bromide, respectively. Despite the different iptycene scaffold, the triptycene and pentiptycene substrates display similar SNAr reactivities under the reaction conditions.
Effect of Metal Salen Complex in the Base Catalyzed Catalytic Reaction between Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides
Authors: Shyu Shin‐Guang , Tseng Chia‐Kai , Chang Chun‐Kai , Chen Hung‐Po , Liu Hsin‐Chih , Twu Jen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractLewis bases, 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), triethylamine (Et3N) and 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) can catalyze the reaction between carbon dioxide and epoxide to produce cyclic carbonate. The activity of the catalysts reduces as the pressure of carbon dioxide increases. Most of the metal salen complexes N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐cyclohexanediamine M(III) X (M = Cr, Mn, X = Cl; M = Co, X = OAc) and N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐cyclohexanediamine M(II) (M = Cu, Co, Ni) can promote the catalytic activity of the catalyst and the ability of promotion varies depending on the types of metal used in the metal salen complex and on the Lewis base catalyst.
Nystrom‐type techniques for solving electromagnetics integral equations with smooth and singular kernels
Authors: Balaban M. V. , Smotrova E. I. , Shapoval O. V. , Bulygin V. S. , Nosich A. I. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYConsidered are the problems of electromagnetic wave scattering, absorption and emission by several types of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional dielectric and metallic objects: arbitrary dielectric cylinder, thin material strip and disk, and arbitrary perfectly electrically conducting surface of rotation. In each case, the problem is rigorously formulated and reduced to a set of boundary integral equations with smooth, singular and hyper‐singular kernel functions. These equations are further discretized using Nystrom‐type quadrature formulas adapted to the type of kernel singularity and the edge behavior of unknown function. Convergence of discrete models to exact solutions is guaranteed by general theorems. Practical accuracy is achieved by inverting the matrices of the size that is only slightly greater than the maximum electrical dimension of corresponding scatterer. Sample numerical results are presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transforming growth factor‐alpha induces endothelin receptor A expression in osteoarthritis
Authors: Usmani Shirine E. , Appleton C. Thomas G. , Beier Frank 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPreviously, our lab identified transforming growth factor‐alpha (TGFα) as a novel factor involved in osteoarthritis (OA) in a surgical model of the disease. In the same study, we also observed increased transcript levels for endothelin receptor A (ET(A)R), a known contributor to cartilage pathology. To investigate the connection between TGFα and endothelin signaling in OA, primary articular chondrocytes and osteochondral explants were isolated from Sprague–Dawley rats and treated with vehicle or TGFα. Expression of ET(A)R protein and its encoding gene Ednra was assessed. Chondrocytes and cartilage explants were also treated with the endothelin receptor A/B antagonist Bosentan, in order to determine whether TGFα effects could be blocked. TGFα induced expression of ET(A)R protein and its encoding gene Ednra. In primary chondrocyte cultures, Bosentan did not block TGFα responses of the anabolic genes Sox9, Agc1, and Col2a1, but reduced the induction of Mmp13 and Ednra transcripts by TGFα. In osteochondral explants, the inhibitor partially blocked TGFα reduction of type II collagen, as well as induction of MMP‐13 and type II collagen neoepitopes. TGFα induces ET(A)R expression in articular chondrocytes and receptor antagonism appears to block some TGFα‐induced catabolic effects in a three‐dimensional organ culture system. Thus, TGFα may be a therapeutic target upstream of ET(A)R in OA. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1391–1397, 2012
Assessing and predicting granular‐materials hydrophobicity by parametrizing a general equation of state§
Authors: Ramírez‐Flores Juan Carlos , Bachmann Jörg 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWettability is related to forces or surface tensions (σ) acting at the solid–liquid–vapor interface. Given that surface tensions are difficult to assess directly, contact angles (CA) are used as indicators of the balance of forces acting in the system. In this context, the ES theory was developed as an alternative to assess the σ parameters of the Young's equation. This research evaluates the applicability of a proposed equation of state (ES), which is in theory also able to predict the CA of a sample when two σ parameters of the Young's equation and two fitting parameters (β and α) of the function Φ = (σSL) are known (Φ: molecular interaction parameter, σSL: solid–liquid surface tension). These parameters were determined by different experimental methods assessing the CA, in order to determine which method is more suitable to validate the ES theory: Capillary Rise Method (CRM) and Wilhelmy Plate Method (WPM). For WPM, two modes (advancing and equilibrium CA) were applied. Finally, results of CA between the experimental measurements obtained by WPM and those predicted by the ES were compared. Samples of coarse silt, fine sand, and nonporous glass beads with different levels of water repellency were used as test materials. In line with previous research, all methods showed lower values of σ for samples with increasing hydrophobicity. At the same time, Φ reduces consistently with higher hydrophobicity, up to ≈ 0.5–0.6 based on CRM and WPM‐ECA data, and even lower (≈ 0.1–0.2) in WPM‐ACA. α increased with higher hydrophobicity, having relatively stable values in samples having σSV > 40 mN m–1. β showed stable values for samples having σSV > 35–40 mN m–1. In hydrophobic samples (σSV < 35 mN m–1), β decreased in calculations based on WPM‐ACA data, and to a minor degree in WPM‐ECA. The agreement between the CA directly measured (WPM) and those predicted by the ES was low, although better for the WPM‐ECA, suggesting that this last approach can be considered more suitable to evaluate the ES theory.
Estimation of clay content from easily measurable water content of air‐dried soil
Authors: Wäldchen Jana , Schöning Ingo , Mund Martina , Schrumpf Marion , Bock Susanne , Herold Nadine , Totsche Kai Uwe , Schulze Ernst Detlef 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSoil texture is one of the main factors controlling soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. Accurate soil‐texture analysis is costly and time‐consuming. Therefore, the clay content is frequently not determined within the scope of regional and plot‐scale studies with high sample numbers. Yet it is well known that the clay content strongly affects soil water content. The objective of our study was to evaluate if the clay content can be estimated by a simple and fast measure like the water content of air‐dried soil. The soil samples used for this study originated from four different European regions (Hainich‐Dün, Germany; Schwäbische Alb, Germany; Hesse, France; Bugac, Hungary) and were collected from topsoils and subsoils in forests, grasslands, and croplands. Clay content, water content of air‐dried soil, and SOC content were measured. Clay content was determined either by the Pipette method or by the Sedigraph method. The water content of air‐dried soil samples ranged from 2.8 g kg–1 to 63.3 g kg–1 and the corresponding clay contents from 60.0 g kg–1 to 815.7 g kg–1. A significant linear relationship was found between clay content and water content. The scaled mean absolute error (SMAE) of the clay estimation from the water content of air‐dried soil was 20% for the dataset using the Pipette method and 28% for the Sedigraph method. The estimation of the clay content was more accurate in fine‐textured than in coarse‐textured soils. In this study, organic‐C content played a subordinate role next to the clay content in explaining the variance of the water content. The water retention of coarse‐textured soils was more sensitive to the amount of organic C than that of fine‐textured soils. The results indicate that in our study the water content of air‐dried soil samples was a good quantitative proxy of clay contents, especially useful for fine‐textured soils.
Genotypic variation of potassium uptake and use efficiency in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Wang Li , Chen Fang 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPotassium (K) deficiency is one of the main limiting factors in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. To study the mechanism of high K‐use efficiency of cotton, a pot experiment was conducted. The experiment consisted of two cotton genotypes differing in K‐use efficiency (H103 and L122) and two K‐application levels (K0: 0 g (kg soil)–1; K1: 0.40 g (kg soil)–1). Root‐hair density and length, partitioning of biomass and K in various organs, as well as K‐use efficiency of the two cotton genotypes were examined. The results show that there was no significant difference in K uptake between the two genotypes at both treatments, although the genotype H103 (high K‐use efficiency) exhibited markedly higher root‐hair density than genotype L122 in the K1 treatment. Correlation analysis indicates that neither root‐hair density nor root‐hair length was correlated with plant K uptake. Furthermore, the boll biomass of genotype H103 was significantly higher than that of genotype L122 in both treatments, and the K accumulation in bolls of genotype H103 was 39%–48% higher than that of genotype L122. On the other hand, the litter index (LI) and the litter K‐partitioning index (LKPI) of genotype H103 were 14%–21% and 22%–27% lower than that of genotype L122. Lastly, the K‐use efficiency of total plant (KUE‐P) of genotype H103 was comparable with that of genotype L122 in both treatments, but the K‐use efficiency in boll yield (KUE‐B) of genotype H103 was 24% and 41% higher than that of genotype L122 in K0 and K1 treatments. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that KUE‐P was positively correlated with BKPI and negatively correlated with LKPI, while KUE‐B was positively correlated with BKPI and boll‐harvest index (HIB), and negatively correlated with LKPI. It is concluded that there were no pronounced effects of root‐hair traits on plant K uptake of the two genotypes. The difference in K‐use efficiency was attributed to different patterns of biomass and K partitioning rather than difference in K uptake of the two genotypes.