bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convening Expert Panels to Identify Mental Capacity Assessment Items
Authors: Naglie Gary , Silberfeld Michel , O'Rourke Keith , Fried Bruce , Durham Nancy , Bombardier Claire , Detsky Allan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to attempt to develop an index of assessment items important to most, if not all, mental capacity determinations. A group process, judgmental method was used. Three separate panels of multidisciplinary experts were assembled to define relevant assessment items and to assign importance weights to the items. All three panels generated a list of assessment items, but panelists refused to assign importance weights. Four items were identified by all three panels, six were identified by two panels, and three were identified by one panel only. A composite list of mental capacity assessment items was generated, but the study failed to generate a standardized assessment instrument.
Déterminants de la valeur accordée à l'autonomie dans les activités de la vie quotidienne par les aînés en perte d'autonomie
Authors: Quénec'hdu Suzanne , Hébert Réjean 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe value that the elderly put on being autonomous is an intrinsic characteristic of the aging population that can have a decisive influence on their motivation to maintain or recover their autonomy. This study was designed to examine the importance that elderly people who have lost their autonomy put on the ability to perform themselves five activities of daily living: eating, washing, dressing, eliminating and moving around. It also explores the influence of age, sex, place of residence, level of physical autonomy, feeling of well-being and socio-economic status on the value put on autonomy. A non-probabilistic sample of 68 elderly subjects was interviewed and the value put on autonomy was evaluated using two instruments: Osgood, Suci and Tannenbaum's differential semantic, and Torrance's time trade-off technique. The results suggest that the subjects consider physical autonomy very important. Educational level and the degree of physical autonomy were the main factors linked to importance. However, no link with age or place of residence (institution vs. home) was found.
Grandparent-Grandchild Contact Loss: Findings from a Study of “Grandparent Rights” Members
Authors: Kruk Edward 
Published: November 2010

RésuméL'interruption des relations entre les grands-parents et les petits-enfants n'a pas suscité beaucoup d'attention dans le cadre des recherches en sciences sociales et ce, en dépit du fait que l'importance évidente des liens d'attachement entre le grand-parent et le petit-enfant fasse l'objet de nombreuses discussions. Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude exploratoire sur la perte du contact entre grands-parents et petits-enfants réalisée au moyen d'un sondage mené à travers le Canada aupès des principaux membres de cinq groupes préconisant les droits des grands-parents. Comme les préoccupations de ces groupes de grands-parents l'indiquent, il existe quatre principales séries de circonstances associées à la rupture du contact avec les petits-enfants, soit le divorce des parents, un conflit avec les deux parents, la mort d'un enfant adulte et l'adoption de beaux-parents à la suite d'un remariage. Les grands-parents dont les enfants adultes sont des parents sans la garde de leurs enfants (dans la plupart des cas il s'agit des grands-parents paternels) risquent le plus de perdre le contact avec leurs petits-enfants, et les beaux-enfants adultes semblent être les principaux médiateurs dans la relation continue entre les grands-parents et les petits-enfants. L'interruption de l'accès aux petits-enfants est perçu comme ayant de graves conséquences pour les grands-parents, et cette situation influence grandement les politiques socio-juridiques et la pratique thérapeutique.
Alcohol and Drug Use by Older Women: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Graham Kathryn , Carver Virginia , Brett Pamela J. 
Published: November 2010

RésuméL'utilisation et la prédiction de la consommation de drogues et d'alcool chez les femmes de 65 ans et plus ont été étudies au moyen de données tirées de l'Enquête nationale sur l'alcool et les autres drogues (1989). L'utilisation est la même que celles obtenues d'enquêtes antérieures; c'est-à-dire que les femmes plus âgées consomment moins d'alcool, fument moins et utilisent moins de drogues illégales que les autres groupes d'âge et de sexe. Également concordants avec d'autres études, le taux de consommation de médicaments psycholeptiques avec prescription médicale est plus élevé chez les femmes âgées qu'au sein de tout autre groupe. Des analyses bivariées ont démontré une relation significative entre certaines variables sociales et démographiques, et la consommation de drogues et d'alcool. La consommation d'alcool était le fait de personnes célibataires, jeunes, non pratiquantes, en bonne santé et fumant. La consommation de tabac est plus importante chez les personnes plus jeunes, non pratiquantes, en moins bonne santé, bénéficiant moins de soutiens sociaux, consommant de l'alcool et utilisant des médicaments psycholeptiques sous prescription médicale. L'utilisation de ces médicaments (partitulièrement les somnifères) était plutôt le fait de femmes veuves, plus âgées, devotes, en moins bonne santé, ayant un niveau de scolarité moins élevé et un revenu moins élevé, devant faire face à des situations très stressantes, bénéficiant moins de soutien social, fumant et consommant d'autres médicaments psycholeptiques sous prescription médicale. L'analyse des données, réalisée au moyen d'une analyse de composantes principales, a révélé deux dimensions concordantes de la consommation de drogues et d'alcool chez les femmes âgées: une plus grande religiosité associée à une moindre consommation de tabac et d'alcool d'une part et, d'autre part, la consommation de médicaments psycholeptiques de prescription médicale de toutes sortes. Ces résultats sont discutés en fonction de l'utilisation prévue des femmes âgées de demain et du besoin de mieux comprendre le contexte social de la consommation de drogues et d'alcool chez les femmes âgées, où la consommationm d'alcool va de légère à modéreé, mais où le taux de consommation de médicaments psycholeptiques sous prescription medicale est plus élevé qu'au sein de tout autre groupe d'âge et de sexe.
A. Evers and G. Van der Zanden (eds.). Better Care for Dependent People Living at Home. Bunnick: Netherlands Institute of Gerontology, 1993.
Authors: Neysmith Sheila 
Published: November 2010

RésuméCe recueil de travaux étudie les politiques de soins à domicile en Europe. Chaque chapitre a été rédigé par un expert réputé dans ce domaine qui devait considérer l'état actuel des programmes à l'échelle des pays formant la communauté européenne. Les chapitres prennent la forme d'études comparatives dans le cadre desquelles l'auteur était souvent le chercheur principal. Ces questions en matière de politique que la communauté européenne doit traiter aujourd'hui sont les mêmes auxquelles le Canada devra faire face demain. Les lecteurs canadiens s'intéresseront particulièrement aux questions soulevées quant à l'économie mixte du modèle de bien-être et le manque de pouvoir de l'usager.
Changes in the Perception of Health Care Policy and Delivery Among Manitoba Elders During the Downsizing of the Hospital Sector
Authors: Shapiro Evelyn , Tate Robert B. , Wright Brock , Plohman Joy 
Published: November 2010

RésuméDans un monde où l'assurance des soins de santé est universelle, la fermeture de lits d'hôpitaux se transforme inévitablement en un dossier politique chaud et les médias deviennent le véhicule du débat et des pressions exercées par certains groupes d'intérêt. Cette étude repose sur les données d'une interview d'aîné(e)s du Manitoba avant, puis un an après, la diminution substantielle du secteur hospitalier à Winnipeg. Nous comparons les réponses des résidents de Winnipeg à celles de résidents de l'extérieur de Winnipeg à des questions sur leurs opinions concernant la qualité générale des soins de santé et l'aecès aux soins hospitaliers. Nous comparons également les réponses aux mêmes questions données par des aîné(e)s qui ont été hospitalisés avant la première interview, par d'autres qui ont été hospitalisés avant la seconde interview et enfin par des aîné(e)s qui n'ont pas été hospitalisés. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas eu de fermeture de lits d'hôpitaux à l'extérieur de Winnipeg, l'opinion sur la qualité des soins chez les citoyens de Winnipeg et ceux de l'extérieur était moins positive après la réduction de Winnipeg et la publicité négative dont l'événement a été entouré. Cependant, les opinions sur la qualité et l'accès de ceux qui avaient été hospitalisés alors que les lits se fermaient étaient sensiblement plus positives que celles des ainé(e)s qui avaient été hospitalisés avant la fermeture ou qui n'avaient pas été hospitalisés.AbstractIn a universally-insured health care system, closing hospital beds inevitably becomes a hot political issue and the media often become the vehicle for debate and pressure from special interest groups. This study uses data from a representative sample of Manitoba older persons, interviewed before and again one year after the substantial downsizing of the hospital sector in Winnipeg. We compare the responses of Winnipeg residents with those of non-Winnipeg residents to questions about their opinion regarding the overall quality of health care and access to hospital care. Also compared were the responses to the same questions by older persons who were hospitalized before the first interview, those hospitalized before the second interview and those who were not hospitalized. Despite experiencing no bed closures outside Winnipeg, the opinions about the overall quality of care among both non-Winnipeggers and Winnipeggers were less favourable after the Winnipeg downsizing and the accompanying negative publicity. However, the opinions about quality and access among those who were actually hospitalized when most of the beds were being closed were significantly more favourable than among those hospitalized before the bed closures or not hospitalized at all.
Senior and Health-Professionals' Perceptions and Communication about Prescriptions and Alternative Therapies
Authors: Montbriand Muriel J. 
Published: November 2010

RésuméLes patients et les professionnels éprouvent de la difficulté à communiquer entre eux en ce qui concerne les ordonnances et les médecines parallèles. Cette recherche visait à étudier et à rapprocher les perceptions et les échanges de 714 aîné(e)s et professionnels de la santé sur ces produits de santé. D'abord, on a effectué des entretiens personnels et ethnographiques avec des professionnels de la santé et des aîné(e)s pour déceler les questions de préoccupation pertinentes. Ensuite, on a utilisé des groupes de discussion pour évaluer les questions et la formulation des éléments initialement développées. Troisièmement, une étude a permis d'établir des associations et la validité prédictive des variables des deux premières étapes. Parmi les grandes lignes des thèmes, on note des perceptions différentes sur (a) la valeur et l'utilisation des médecines parallèles, (b) la précision de l'information sur les ordonnances et les médecines parallèles et (c) la communication sur la mauvaise utilisation des ordonnances et l'utilisation des médecines parallèles. Les aîné(e)set les professionnels ont présenté des recommandations d'amélioration de la pratique clinique.
Caring Sons: Exploring Men's Involvement in Filial Care
Authors: Campbell Lori D. , Martin-Matthews Anne 
Published: November 2010

RésuméCette étude examine la structure familiale et socio-démographique et d'autres facteurs permettant de prédire l'engagement des hommes dans les soins à leurs parents. Les concepts qui ont guidé l'étude sont reliégitimes, soins forcés. Les données de la recherche sont tirées des travaux d'un groupe de recherche sur les soins aux aîné(e)s (Work and Eldercare Research Group) du Réseau canadien de la recherche sur le vieillissement (CARNET). Les travaux reposent sur un échantillon de 772 hommes qui fournissent de l'aide à leurs parents ou leurs beaux-parents âgés. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats démontrent la valeur du cadre conceptuel de l'explication des variables dans les soins accordés par les hommes. Ainsi, les contraintes de distance et les obligations envers de jeunes enfants semblent des raisons légitimes pour réduire son engagement. De plus, le fait d'habiter près et d'être fils unique peut «obliger» les hommes à s'engager dans les soins. Cette recherche fait ressortir la plus grande complexité de la question des soins filiaux accordés par les hommes par rapport à l'examen de la question dans une perspective de «différence entre les sexes».
L'orientation et le contenu des relations réciproques des personnes âgées
Authors: Martel Laurent , Légaré Jacques 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIf many efforts have been undertaken by the scientific community in the last years to better understand the interactions between seniors and their informal support network, understanding of their reciprocal relations remain incomplete. In a context of “young” and “old,” where the later group is becoming larger, coexist longer because of increased life expectancy, and where the redistribution of public resources seems to favour seniors, the private inter-generation solidarity takes on considerable importance. These solidarities are especially expressed by helping each other, and this varies depending on the actors involved. This article attempts to describe the orientation and the content of the reciprocal relationships of seniors and to identify the principal determinants of such relations in Quebec. The data come from the Survey of Aging and Independence study undertaken by Statistics Canada in 1991. The results show that about two out of five seniors have this type of relationship and most often with their spouse. For individuals who no longer have a spouse, children, and particularly a daughter become privileged partners. This study also shows that exchanges of help with friends and/or neighbours prove to be essential when seniors live alone. These actors could even become essential in the future for the upholding of the autonomy of these “grandpa-boomers” who are less well surrounded in later life in terms of descendants than the seniors of today. Finally, very old men with small incomes, living alone in an urban setting and with few or no surviving children are the least likely to experience reciprocity with their entourage.
Occurrence of killer whales (Orcinus orca) and other cetaceans in Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Lauriano Giancarlo , Fortuna Caterina Maria , Vacchi Marino 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDuring January and February 2004, data on presence and distribution of killer whales (Orcinus orca) and other cetaceans were collected by helicopter surveys along the coastline of Terra Nova Bay and adjacent localities (western Ross Sea, Antarctica). A total of 37 sightings of killer whale, of both B and C types, were recorded as well as 17 sightings of Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), nine ofBalaenopteraspp., two of Arnoux’s beaked whale (Berardius arnuxii) and four of undetermined species. The type C killer whale was the most abundant, with 23 sightings, whereas we recorded type B only twice. Group size ranged between 1 and 30 animals, with an average of eight individuals. Seventeen killer whales were photo-identified and 13 resightings occurred during the study period. Killer whales showed a differential pattern in partitioning the study area. Their encounter rate was significantly higher (t-test = 2.6045,P< 0.05) in the northern area extending from Edmonson Point to the Campbell Glacier Tongue (encounter rate, ER = 0.031), compared to the southern area from Mario Zucchelli Station to the Drygalski Ice Tongue (ER = 0.003).
Influence of field margin type on weed species richness and abundance in conventional crop fields
Authors: Reberg-Horton S.C. , Mueller J.P. , Mellage S.J. , Creamer N.G. , Brownie C. , Bell M. , Burton M.G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNatural vegetation occurring on farms in field margins, fallow fields, ditch systems and neighboring forests, provides increased biodiversity, structural diversity, habitat for wildlife and beneficial insects, and can act as a protective buffer against agrochemical drift. Nevertheless, farmers frequently view these areas as non-productive and as potential sources of weeds, insect pests and diseases. Weed species richness and abundance were examined in crop fields in 2002–2003 at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems near Goldsboro, NC to determine if crop field weed infestation was associated with field margin management (managed versus unmanaged). Weed species abundance and richness were measured over two growing seasons on four occasions in crop fields along permanent transects that extended from the field edge toward the center of the field. The presence/absence of data for all plant species in the field margin was also recorded. For both margin types, managed and unmanaged, more weeds were found near the field edge than in the center of the field. Weed species richness was slightly higher in cropland bordering managed margins than in cropland along unmanaged margins. Several significant interactions led to an examination of nine dominant weed species in each field margin type and their distribution in crop fields. When all sampling dates were pooled, only 42 (40%) of 105 species identified in the field margins were observed in the crop field. Managed margins had lower species richness than unmanaged field margins—less than half the mean number of species (15 versus 6 species, respectively). Contingency table analysis did not reveal any association between plant species occurring in the margin and those found in the crop field. Furthermore, margin type and weed presence in the field margin were not effective predictors of weed occurrence in the crop field as determined by logistic regression.
Beyond ‘dangerous’ climate change: emission scenarios for a new world
Authors: Anderson Kevin , Bows Alice 
Published: November 2010

The Copenhagen Accord reiterates the international community’s commitment to ‘hold the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius’. Yet its preferred focus on global emission peak dates and longer-term reduction targets, without recourse to cumulative emission budgets, belies seriously the scale and scope of mitigation necessary to meet such a commitment. Moreover, the pivotal importance of emissions from non-Annex 1 nations in shaping available space for Annex 1 emission pathways received, and continues to receive, little attention. Building on previous studies, this paper uses a cumulative emissions framing, broken down to Annex 1 and non-Annex 1 nations, to understand the implications of rapid emission growth in nations such as China and India, for mitigation rates elsewhere. The analysis suggests that despite high-level statements to the contrary, there is now little to no chance of maintaining the global mean surface temperature at or below 2
°
C. Moreover, the impacts associated with 2
°
C have been revised upwards, sufficiently so that 2
°
C now more appropriately represents the threshold between ‘dangerous’ and ‘extremely dangerous’ climate change. Ultimately, the science of climate change allied with the emission scenarios for Annex 1 and non-Annex 1 nations suggests a radically different framing of the mitigation and adaptation challenge from that accompanying many other analyses, particularly those directly informing policy.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of three cases of squamous cell carcinoma presenting as a thyroid mass: cytological findings and differential diagnosis
Authors: Rosa M. , Toronczyk K. 
Published: November 2010

M. Rosa and K. ToronczykFine needle aspiration biopsy of three cases of squamous cell carcinoma presenting as a thyroid mass: cytological findings and differential diagnosisObjective:  Primary squamous cell carcinomas of the thyroid gland are extremely rare, comprising about 1% of thyroid malignancies. Although squamous cell carcinomas are readily identified as such on aspiration cytology in the majority of cases, the differentiation of primary versus metastatic tumour might not always be easy. Herein, we report three cases of squamous cell carcinomas involving the thyroid gland.Methods:  Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed in three patients with a thyroid mass using standard guidelines. Smears were stained with Diff‐Quik and Papanicolaou stains.Results:  Two patients were male and one was female, aged 59, 45 and 35 years, respectively. In all three patients a thyroid mass was present. FNAC smears in all cases showed cytological features of squamous cell carcinoma including keratinization and necrosis. After clinical and cytological correlation, one case appeared to be primary, one case metastatic, and in the third case no additional clinical information or biopsy follow‐up was available for further characterization.Conclusions:  Because primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is a rare finding, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma should always be excluded first. Metastatic disease usually presents in the setting of widespread malignancy, therefore a dedicated clinical and radiological investigation is necessary in these cases. In both clinical scenarios the patient’s prognosis is poor.
Improving focus measurements using logarithmic image processing
Authors: FERNANDES M. , GAVET Y. , PINOLI J.‐C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe logarithmic image processing (LIP) model is a mathematical framework which provides algebraic and functional operations for the processing of intensity images valued in a bounded range. The LIP model has been proved to be physically consistent, most notably with some image formation models and several laws and characteristics of human brightness perception. This paper addresses the image focus measurement problem using the LIP model. The three most classical image focus measurements: the sum‐modified‐Laplacian, the tenengrad and the variance, which aim at estimating the degree of focus of an acquired image by emphasizing and quantifying its sharpness information, are considered and reinterpreted using the LIP framework. These reinterpretations notably make attempts at evaluating degrees of focus in terms of human brightness (sensation) from physical light stimuli. Their potential is illustrated and validated on shape‐from‐focus issues on both simulated data and real acquisitions in digital optical microscopy. The concept of shape‐from‐focus involves recovering the shape of an observed thick sample by locally maximizing a focus measurement throughout a sequence of differently focused images. Finally, it is shown that the LIP‐based focus measurements clearly outperform their respective classical ones.