bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environment in Open‐top Field Chambers Utilized for Air Pollution Studies
Authors: Olszyk D. M. , Tibbitts T. W. , Hertzberg W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCylindrical open‐top chambers were established in an alfalfa field (Medicago sativa L.) 50 km north of Madison, Wis. Chambers were set up with and without activated charcoal filters. Environmental measurements were made at different times during the summer growing season. The environment of open‐top chambers was found to differ somewhat from open areas. Light intensity was as much as 20% lower, temperature increases as great as 2°C were measured, and evaporative water loss was 10% less in the chambers than open areas. The filtered and nonfiltered chambers had slightly different environments as a result of variations in air flow rates and dust accumulation in the plenums of the two types of chambers. Across the chambers, there was a gradient in light intensity and evaporative water loss, but no significant gradient in temperature or air velocity. There was no evidence of pollution injury to alfalfa in this study.The environmental changes in chambers were shown to cause differences in plant growth which likely caused changes in pollution sensitivity of plants within the chambers. However, it is postulated that this altered plant growth would likely not result in either a consistent increase or decrease in sensitivity at different times during the growing season or in different years. Thus, when open‐top chambers are utilized for the determination of crop yield losses, assessments should be based on studies conducted over several different growing periods.
Effectiveness of Land Application for Phosphorus Removal from Municipal Waste Water at Manteca, California
Authors: Iskandar I. K. , Syers J. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) in soil solution collected at 0.8 and 1.6 m in soils which had received municipal waste water for 4 and 13 years ranged from 7.3 to 13.9 µg P/ml. In some cases, these concentrations were higher than that in the added waste water. Sorption studies Indicated that the ability of soils from the control site to remove added P from solution was low. Waste water addition caused a substantial decrease in the P sorption capacity of surface soils and a marked change in isotherm shape from a curvilinear to an essentially linear isotherm. Sorption capacity generally increased down the profile to 60 cm on the treated sites. Only a small proportion of the total P accumulated from waste water addition was in the organic form. Large amounts of P were extractable by 10−2M CaCl2, particularly in the upper 45 cm of the profiles receiving waste water. Although lack of crop removal of P and a high infiltration rate may be partly responsible for the poor performance of the Manteca system in terms of P removal from waste water, the very low P sorption capacity of the soil is regarded as the major factor.
The Effect of Soil on the Renovation of Acid Coal Mine Drainage Water
Authors: Cronce Richard C. , Kardos Louis T. , Ciolkosz Edward J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was initiated to determine under field conditions the feasibility of using soil as a medium for the renovation of acid mine drainage water. Acid water from a stream was applied weekly at three levels (0, 12.5, and 25 cm/week) to an unlimed and a limed (20 metric tons/ha) floodplain soil. Soil water samples were collected weekly at soil depths of 25, 75, and 130 cm. The soil water samples and the acid water were analyzed for pH, total acidity, Al, Fe, Mn, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and SO4. The effect of liming, levels of acid water irrigation, and depth in the soil profile on the soil water quality were determined.Initially both the unlimed and limed areas had considerable capacity for renovating the applied acid water. However, with time, lower pH values and higher levels of acidity, Al, Fe, and Mn were found at the 25‐ and 75‐cm soil depths in the unlimed areas. When the soil was limed, the soil water at the 25‐cm depth was nearly neutral or alkaline throughout the study and practically devoid of Al, Fe, and Mn. At the 130‐cm depth on both unlimed and limed areas the pH, total acidity, Al, Fe, and Mn of the soil water remained relatively unchanged even after 525 cm of acid water had been applied. Growth of ryegrass and tall fescue was not adversely affected by irrigation with the acid water, but was significantly increased by liming. Only the tall fescue yielded significantly more with increased levels of acid water irrigation.
Differences Among Some North American Soils in the Rate of Reaction with Phosphate
Authors: Barrow N. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe results of C. G. Enfield and B. E. Bledsoe for the reaction between phosphate solutions and 25 North American soils were re‐examined by plotting log concentration against log‐time. This showed that the soils fell into two distinct groups. For most calcareous soils, widely differing initial concentrations of phosphate all tended to slowly decrease to a common concentration. This suggested that concentration was controlled by a solubility product. The second group was mostly noncalcareous. For these, the changes in concentration were closely described by an equation in which the effects on adsorption of both concentration and time were described by exponent terms. In contrast to previously studied Australian soils, there were large differences between the soils in the values of the two exponent terms. These reflect differences between the soils in the way they respond to increases in concentration of phosphate and to increases in period of reaction. These differences would be important in determining the amount of phosphate that could be stored by these soils. Values for the two exponents, over the range of soils, were correlated. The correlation appeared consistent with other published values.
Effects of Topsoil Thickness and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Revegetation of Coal Mine Spoils
Authors: Mc Ginnies William J. , Nicholas Paula J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field study was established at a coal mine site in northwest Colorado to measure the effects of 0‐, 10‐, 20‐, 30‐, and 46‐cm depths of topsoil (a fine, montmorillonitic Typic Argiboroll) on establishment, percent stand, and species composition of a seeded stand. Percentage stand increased linearly from 16.4% on the 0‐cm topsoil treatment to 49.1% on the 46‐cm treatment by the second growing season. A greenhouse study using topsoil and spoil from the same area evaluated the same topsoil depths with respect to their effects on herbage and root production of intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Herbage and root production of both species increased linearly with increasing topsoil thickness. Herbage production of wheat was, on the average, 32% greater than that of intermediate wheatgrass; however, root production of intermediate wheatgrass was 78% greater than wheat when grown in topsoil and 145% greater when grown without topsoil in spoil alone. A 112 kg N/ha fertilizer treatment increased biomass (herbage and roots) of intermediate wheatgrass by 74% over similar unfertilized treatments. When 15 cm of topsoil was mixed with 15 cm of spoil (total thickness of the topsoil mixture was 30 cm) in the greenhouse, herbage and root production of intermediate wheatgrass were the same as when grown in 15 cm of topsoil alone.
The Oxidation of Arsenite by Aquatic Sediments
Authors: Oscarson D. W. , Huang P. M. , Liaw W. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSediments from five lakes in southern Saskatchewan, Canada, oxidize As(III) (arsenite) to As(V) (arsenate). The oxidation is not affected by flushing N2 or air through the sediment suspensions, nor does the addition of HgCl2 to the system eliminate the conversion of As(III) to As(V). The oxidation is an abiotic process with microorganisms playing a relatively minor role in this system. Because As(III) is more toxic and sorbed to a lesser extent by sediments than As(V), the suspended and bottom sediments may potentially alleviate the toxicity of As(III) through abiotic oxidation in aquatic environments.
The Potential for Ground Water Contamination from Septic Effluents
Authors: Hagedorn C. , Mc Coy E. L. , Rahe T. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLarge populations in both rural and urban areas rely on septic tank soil‐absorption treatment systems as the principal disposer of domestic waste materials. Potential ground water pollutants, including pathogens, are removed from percolating drainfield effluents by microbial activity, soil filtration, and adsorption, preventing their entry into ground water. There is accumulating evidence, however, that water supplies in many areas of the United States are receiving increased pollution loads, and the source has frequently been traced to contaminated recharge waters. This paper reviews literature on both the conditions present where conventional disposal systems malfunction, and the mechanisms by which incompletely treated septic wastes may come into contact with various water resources. Current information regarding the function of a drainfield system and an examination of data from recent microbiological investigations on conditions necessary for the removal of enteric organisms from effluent waters is also included. Research needs are addressed with emphasis on problem areas which need further investigation in order to develop safe guidelines for determining the suitability of septic tank systems in relation to regional soil‐water conditions.
The Effect of Beef Feedlot Runoff on the Nitrate‐Nitrogen Content of a Shallow Aquifer
Authors: Terry R. V. , Powers W. L. , Olson R. V. , Murphy L. S. , Rubison R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was performed to determine effects various application rates of beef feedlot runoff had on the NO3‐N concentration of a shallow aquifer. A randomized complete block design with 3 blocks and 5 application rates (0.0, 2.5, 5.1, 7.6, 10.2 cm) was used each irrigation. Treatments were applied after precipitation had produced sufficient runoff. A dual well system (shallow and deep wells in each plot) was sampled every month for 3 years and the collected water was analyzed for NO3‐N. Graphical and statistical examinations of the data indicated shallow well NO3‐N concentrations in block 3 were high (up to 46 mg/liter) and extremely variable. Statistical analyses performed on means from 12 quarters showed only one significant treatment effect in the seventh quarter. However, during most quarters the highest application rate showed the lowest concentration of NO3‐N in the ground water. The dual well system revealed parallel fluctuations in shallow and deep wells, indicating that some changes in NO3‐N resulted from a regional phenomenon rather than from applied treatments.
Chemical Treatments of Soil to Decrease Radiostrontium Leachability
Authors: Spalding Brian P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe leachability of radiostrontium from radioactive waste and through soil is one of the most salient problems with shallow‐land burial as a disposal method. The continuous leaching of buried waste at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), for periods up to 30 years, by lateral ground water flow has led to the contamination of surrounding soils and streams with 90Sr. The goal of the present investigation was to evaluate methods to effect either the in situ fixation or reduced leachability of 90Sr in soil. Small columns of three soils, collected from the solid waste disposal areas at ORNL, were labeled with 85Sr as a convenient tracer for 90Sr. After this labeling, but prior to leaching, the soil columns were percolated with equivalent amounts of sodium salt solutions of hydroxide, fluoride, carbonate, phosphate, silicate, or aluminate. Leaching was then initiated with 0.1N CaCl2 which was selected to qualitatively simulate ground water which contains Ca as the dominant dissolved cation. With two soils, high in indigenous exchangeable Ca2+, only 30–35% of the 85Sr could be leached from the carbonate‐treated columns. Presumably, the 85Sr was coprecipitated with the nascent CaCO3 formed during this treatment. In contrast, >98% of the 85Sr was readily leached from all untreated soils. Other anions fixed variable but generally less 85Sr than the carbonate treatment. Thus, sodium carbonate appears to have a potential application to immobilize 90Sr in situ in contaminated soil.
Effects of Municipal Waste Water on the Yield and Quality of Cotton
Authors: Day A. D. , Mc Fadyen J. A. , Tucker T. C. , Cluff C. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 1974 and 1975, experiments were conducted near Buckeye, Arizona to study the influence of municipal waste water on the growth and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Two sources of irrigation water were used: (i) pump water from local wells (control treatment) and (ii) municipal waste water and pump water in a 50:50 mixture.Cotton irrigated with the waste water and pump water mixture grew taller with more vegetative growth than did cotton that was irrigated with pump water alone. When cotton was irrigated with the waste water and pump water mixture, the yields of seed cotton and lint cotton were higher than the yields from cotton irrigated with pump water. Cotton irrigated with waste water and pump water produced lint of the same quality as did cotton irrigated with only pump water.Municipal waste water can be used effectively as a source of irrigation water and plant nutrients in the commercial production of cotton in Arizona and, possibly, in similar environments throughout the world. When municipal waste water is mixed with pump water that is high in total soluble salts, the salt content of the mixture is lowered and the quality of the irrigation water in the study area is improved.
Modeling Sewage Sludge Decomposition in Soil: II. Nitrogen Transformations
Authors: Hsieh Y. P. , Douglas Lowell A. , Motto Harry L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory incubations were conducted to study N transformations in two sewage sludge‐soil systems. The duration of the lag phase of nitrification was related to the active organic C content and moisture level of the system. The N mineralization potential was found to be 30% and 38% of the organic N in the activated sludge and digested sludge respectively. The mineralization rate constant was 0.026 day−1 at 21°C which corresponded to a half life of 27 days. Moisture levels of 0.06 and 0.33 bars had no significant effect on the N mineralization rate. Denitrification might be an important pathway of N transformation in sewage sludge‐soil systems. Denitrification and nitrification could proceed either simultaneously or alternatively in the systems in an unsaturated condition. The N transformations of the sewage sludge‐soil systems were described in a model assuming either first or zero order kinetics. The model can predict the amount of NH4+, NO3−, NO1−, organic N, and their rate of production. The values from the model usually fit the observed values.
The Response of a Southern Appalachian Forest to Waste Water Irrigation
Authors: Brister G. H. , Schultz R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe operational land treatment system at Unicoi State Park near Helen, Georgia was used for a period of 3 years to study the role of a mature Appalachian forest in renovating municipal waste water. Uptake of some of the nutrients in the waste water was occurring in the vegetation, but no systematic nutrient uptake by any one component of the stand was observed. Overstory trees failed to show any growth response to the irrigation in height or diameter at breast height (dbh), but did show increased stem diameter growth within the canopy. The irrigation was causing significant increases in diameter at 0.3 m and height of understory trees. A detailed stem analysis of 5 treated and 5 control white pine trees (Pinus strobus L.) from the mature overstory showed that upper stem diameter growth was increased significantly as a result of the irrigation. This stem volume response to waste water irrigation would not be detected had breast height diameter and total height been the only stem measurements taken. The irrigation is decreasing the biomass, the diversity, and the number of individuals of the ground vegetation.
Plant Growth and Trace‐Element Uptake on Acidic Coal Refuse Amended with Lime or Fly Ash
Authors: Jastrow J. D. , Zimmerman C. A. , Dvorak A. J. , Hinchman R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo commonly used revegetation species, ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and ‘Lincoln’ smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.), were grown for 60 days in pots containing coarse coal mine refuse (referred to as gob, pH = 3.5) amended with either lime or alkaline powerplant fly ash. Both species were also grown in pots containing a silt loam surface soil as a control. Morphological growth parameters were measured over time; dry weights and shoot/root ratios were determined at harvest. Concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, and Zn in the plant shoots were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plant growth of both species was not as good on either lime‐ or fly ash‐amended gob as it was on surface soil; however, more vigorous growth occurred on lime‐amended gob than on fly ash‐amended gob. Significant differences (p <0.05) in the tissue concentrations of Cd, Co, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, V, and Zn were found among the plants grown on the three substrates. Except for Hg and Pb, these elements were higher in plants grown on at least one of the amended‐gob substrates than in plants grown on surface soil. Significant substrate differences were not observed for Al, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Se. The tissue concentrations of some elements—notably Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, V, and Zn—were high enough in plants from one or more of tbe substrates to either approach or exceed concentrations which have been reported to be associated with toxic effects in some plant species.
Fertilizer Flux into Two Florida Lakes via Seepage
Authors: Fellows Charles R. , Brezonik Patrick L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExcessive fertilization of a 4.8‐ha citrus grove with 900 kg N/ha resulted in leaching of nitrate through the soil and seepage of ground water with high nitrate levels into Lake Conway, Florida. A total of about 270 kg of N seeped into the lake from the single fertilization event, representing about 6% of the total applied fertilizer N. In comparison, seepage measurements at five other lake sites had much lower concentrations and fluxes of nitrate, even though three of the sites were located adjacent to fertilized agricultural or urban areas. Normal fertilization practices did not appear to enhance seepage fluxes of nutrients to lakes.
Joint Action of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide on Foliar Injury and Stomatal Behavior in Soybean
Authors: Amundson R. G. , Weinstein L. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix cultivars of soybeans [Clycine max (L.) Merr.] were screened for susceptibility with respect to foliar necrosis after exposure to short‐term, relatively high concentrations of SO2 or SO2 in combination with NO2. In all screening trials (three), the combination of SO2 and NO2 produced less foliar injury than did the same concentration of SO2 singly.Three of the six cultivars with differing susceptibilities to SO2, ‘Beeson’ (most sensitive), ‘Amsoy’ (intermediate), and ‘Hark’ (least sensitive), were grown to the 10‐trifoliate stage and were exposed for 4 hours to charcoal‐filtered air (control), 5,200 µg m−3 SO2 (2 ppm), 950 µg m−3 NO2 (0.5 ppm) or 5,200 µg m−3 SO2 plus 950 µg m−3 NO2. Again, necrotic lesions developed only on those plants exposed to 5,200 µg m−3 SO2 singly. The youngest fully expanded trifoliates on all three cultivars had the most leaf area damaged. Leaf resistance measurements were made on the upper and lower leaf surfaces of the eighth and ninth trifoliates on two of the six plants per cultivar exposed to each treatment. No changes in leaf resistances of the control plants or those exposed to 950 µg m−3 NO2 were measured. Leaf resistances increased somewhat during exposure to SO2, but they increased dramatically in plants exposed to the combination of SO2 and NO2. The antagonistic effects of SO2 and NO2 on the development of necrotic lesions reported in this paper can be explained at least partially by pollutant avoidance due to stomatal closure caused by the combination of the two pollutants.
Adsorption of Cadmium on Soil Constituents in the Presence of Complexing Ligands
Authors: Chubin R. G. , Street J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of natural and synthetic complexing agents on Cd2+ adsorption characteristics of metal hydroxides and silicate clay minerals. The solution pH at which 50% of the initial solution Cd2+ was adsorbed was 5.40, 7.00, 7.80, and 8.30 for Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, montmorillonite, and kaolinite, respectively. The presence of citrate (C6H5O73‐) depressed Cd adsorption on Al(OH)3, by approximately 25% in acidic solutions. The addition of EDTA (C10H16O8N2) depressed the Cd adsorption on both Al and Fe hydroxides, montmorillonite, and kaolinite in acidic and alkaline solutions. The water‐soluble organic fraction from sewage sludge enhanced Cd adsorption by both kaolinite and montmorillonite in alkaline solutions. The water‐soluble organic fraction from an organic soil (Terra Ceia muck) increased Cd adsorption by Fe(OH)3 only under acidic conditions.Preliminary results indicated that considerations of Cd retention by soil constituents should include not only the aqueous chemistry of Cd and the surface chemistry of the adsorbent, but also the chemistry of natural and synthetic complexing agents. The interaction of Cd and various complexing agents can play an important part in determining the fate of this metal in the soil‐water‐plant environment.
Behavior and Transport of Microbial Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Soils Treated with Organic Wastes
Authors: Reddy K. R. , Khaleel R. , Overcash M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a critical review of pathogen and indicator‐organism transformations and transport from land areas receiving organic wastes, microbial die‐off was described assuming first‐order kinetics. First‐order die‐off rate constants (k) were calculated from the literature data for various pathogens and indicator organisms. For indicator organisms average die‐off rates were 1.14 day−1 (0.08–9.1) for fecal coliforms, and 0.41 day−1 (0.05–3.87 day−1) for fecal streptococci. For pathogens, the average die‐off rates were 1.33 day−1 (0.21–6.93) for Salmonella, 0.68 day−1 (0.62–0.74 day–1) for Shigella sp., and 1.45 day−1 (0.04–3.69 day−1) for viruses, respectively. Die‐off rates increased approximately two times with a 10°C rise in temperature (5–30°C). Microbial die‐off increased with decrease in soil moisture and was minimum in a pH range of 6–7. Correction factors were presented to adjust the k values for the changes in temperature, moisture, and pH. Retention of pathogens and indicator organisms by soil particles was described assuming a linear isotherm. Retention of microorganisms increased with an increase in clay content of the soil.Major transport processes reviewed were leaching and surface runoff for land areas receiving animal wastes, and pastures and rangeland watersheds where animals distribute waste directly on the land. Some of the important research needs identified include (i) mechanisms involved in the retention of bacteria and viruses by the soil; (ii) measurement of retention coefficients for some important pathogens and indicator organisms, as a function of physico‐chemical properties of soil; (iii) processes involved in the transport of bacteria and viruses along with the percolating water or in runoff water; and (iv) extensive testing of available models.