bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Focusing of intense laser pulse by a hollow cone
Authors: Yu Wei , Cao Lihua , Yu M.Y. , Lei A.L. , Sheng Z.M. , Cai H.B. , Mima K. , He X.T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt is shown that an intense laser pulse can be focused by a conical channel. This anomalous light focusing can be attributed to a hitherto ignored effect in nonlinear optics, namely that the boundary response depends on the light intensity: the inner cone surface is ionized and the laser pulse is in turn modified by the resulting boundary plasma. The interaction creates a new self-consistently evolving light-plasma boundary, which greatly reduces reflection and enhances forward propagation of the light pulse. The hollow cone can thus be used for attaining extremely high light intensities for applications in strong-field and high energy-density physics and other areas.
Nipah virus outbreak with person-to-person transmission in a district of Bangladesh, 2007
Authors: HOMAIRA N. , RAHMAN M. , HOSSAIN M. J. , EPSTEIN J. H. , SULTANA R. , KHAN M. S. U. , PODDER G. , NAHAR K. , AHMED B. , GURLEY E. S. , DASZAK P. , LIPKIN W. I. , ROLLIN P. E. , COMER J. A. , KSIAZEK T. G. , LUBY S. P. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYIn February 2007 an outbreak of Nipah virus (NiV) encephalitis in Thakurgaon District of northwest Bangladesh affected seven people, three of whom died. All subsequent cases developed illness 7–14 days after close physical contact with the index case while he was ill. Cases were more likely than controls to have been in the same room (100% vs. 9·5%, OR undefined, P<0·001) and to have touched him (83% vs. 0%, OR undefined, P<0·001). Although the source of infection for the index case was not identified, 50% of Pteropus bats sampled from near the outbreak area 1 month after the outbreak had antibodies to NiV confirming the presence of the virus in the area. The outbreak was spread by person-to-person transmission. Risk of NiV infection in family caregivers highlights the need for infection control practices to limit transmission of potentially infectious body secretions.
On Stages, Worms, and Relativity
Authors: Balashov Yuri 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFour–dimensionalism, or perdurantism, the view that temporally extended objects persist through time by having (spatio-)temporal parts or stages, includes two varieties, the worm theory and the stage theory. According to the worm theory, perduring objects are four–dimensional wholes occupying determinate regions of space–time and having temporal parts, or stages, each of them confined to a particular time. The stage theorist, however, claims, not that perduring objects have stages, but that the fundamental entities of the perdurantist ontologyarestages. I argue that considerations of special relativity favor the worm theory over the stage theory.
Orthodoxy, Islam, and the Desecularization of Russia's State Schools
Authors: Lisovskaya Elena , Karpov Vyacheslav 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article explores the social origins and consequences of Orthodox-Muslim tensions surrounding the attempts to find a place for religion in Russia's state schools. It demonstrates that the Orthodox-Muslim tensions are an inevitable outcome of what we define as Russia's pattern of “desecularization from above.” The attempts to restore religious education are carried out by alliances of top religious and political elites, which almost by default focus on the state-run schools. These attempts run into serious social and institutional constraints, and generate considerable Orthodox-Muslim tensions and controversies spilling over to public opinion. On the surface, the Orthodox-Muslim tensions often appear in the form ironically resembling “culture wars” between religious traditionalists and secularists in the West. Our survey data indicate that public support for religious instruction in state-run schools has reached high levels and is infused with a noticeable element of religious intolerance. We predict that further attempts to desecularize Russia's state schools “from above” may have destabilizing effects in society and fuel ethno-religious tensions.
From helplessness to agency: examining the plurality of women's experiences in armed conflict
Authors: Haeri Medina , Puechguirbal Nadine 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAlthough women routinely display remarkable resilience and fortitude by adopting new roles and taking on new responsibilities when confronted by the ravages of war, they continue to be depicted by many humanitarian actors as being intrinsically weak and vulnerable – a depiction that results in the perceptible absence of women from decision-making bodies both during and in the wake of conflict. This article argues for the need to consider the plurality of women's experiences in war, including as female heads of households, as victims (and survivors) of sexual violence, as community leaders, and as armed combatants.
Women, armed conflict and language – Gender, violence and discourse
Authors: Shepherd Laura J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFacilitating critical reflection on the words and concepts used to write policy enables practitioners to avoid unconsciously reproducing the different forms of oppression and exclusion that their policies seek to overcome. In this article, the author provides an analysis of Chapter 5.10 of the United Nations Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards, arguing that policy makers, scholars, students and practitioners cannot avoid making and/or changing meaning through their well-meaning interventions, but that this need not lead to political or practical inertia.
One Nation, Underprivileged
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDespite its enormous wealth, the United States leads the industrialized world in poverty. One Nation, Underprivileged unravels this disturbing paradox by offering a different understanding of American poverty. It debunks many of Americans' most common myths about the poor, while at the same time providing a new framework for addressing this enormous social and economic problem. The author shows that the fundamental causes of poverty are to be found in America's economic structure and political policy failures, rather than individual shortcomings or attitudes. He establishes for the first time that a significant percentage of Americans will experience poverty during their adult lifetimes, and firmly demonstrates that poverty is an issue of vital national concern. Ultimately, the author provides the reader with a new paradigm for understanding poverty, and outlines a set of strategies that will reduce the phenomenon in America. One Nation, Underprivileged represents a starting point for rekindling a national focus upon America's most vexing social and economic problem.
Making Hay Out of Straw? Real and Imagined Controversies in Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Kurzban Robert , Haselton Martie G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Debates should move past mischaracterizations and toward a discussion of genuine issues of contention. In order for fruitful debates to occur, all parties will need to agree that evolutionary psychologists already argue the following: (i) the environment is extremely important to any organism's development; (ii) organisms have parts that are not adaptations, but by-products or noise; (iii) hypotheses that do not yield new insights are not useful; (iv) there are multiple levels of explanation for any given phenomenon; and that (v) claims for adaptation require support, usually in the form of evidence of special design.
Evolutionary Psychology and Criminal Behavior
Authors: Walsh Anthony 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Criminological theories may be complemented and extended by incorporating biosocial concepts into them. Evolutionary psychology emphasizes that individuals pursue their self-interest in a variety of ways that are dependent upon environmental contingencies. It agrees with mainstream sociology that we are social beings who desire to follow social rules, but it does not romanticize us as inherently good beings who only commit bad acts when forced into them by evil social institutions. We are nepotistic reciprocal altruists who know that we can realize our self-interests more often by cooperating (following rules) than by not cooperating, but our very desire to cooperate generates deviance by providing opportunities for non-cooperators. For both evolutionary psychologists and most mainstream criminological theories, the individuals most likely to commit antisocial acts are those who are disadvantaged in the competition for wealth, power, and status, the evolutionary precursors of reproductive success.
The Welfare of Children
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
According to the United Nations' latest data, the United States has more children living in poverty than any other industrialized nation in the world. More than a fifth of all children grow up in poverty. The poverty rates for African American and Latino children often exceed 40 percent. Furthermore, the United States — a country that once pioneered strategies to prevent child abuse and which now spends more money fighting child abuse than any other industrialized country — also has the highest rate of child abuse in the industrialized world. Against this background, the author, an authority on child welfare, takes a critical look at the current welfare system. He traces the transformation of child welfare into child protective services, arguing that the current focus on abuse has produced a system which is designed to protect children from physical and sexual abuse, and therefore functions as a last resort for only the worst and most dramatic cases in child welfare. In a close analysis of the process of investigating child abuse, the author finds that there is no evidence that the transformation into protective services has reduced child abuse fatalities or that it has provided a safer environment for children. He makes an argument for the criminal justice system to assume responsibility for the problem of child abuse in order for the child welfare system to be able to adequately address the wellbeing of a much larger number of children now growing up in poverty. This new edition of The Welfare of Children takes into account a major legislative change since the publication of the first edition: the welfare reform legislation of 1996. This legislation has fundamentally altered the public child welfare system as broadly understood, and the author of this book examines its implications on policy and practice, refuting the claim that welfare reform has actually reduced child poverty. The Welfare of Children, 2nd Edition is a blueprint for the comprehensive reform of the current child welfare system to one that administers to the economic security of the larger number of disadvantaged and impoverished children.
3 Child Welfare Reform through Demonstration Research: Permanency Planning
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The previous chapter examined the effectiveness of casework intervention to bring about change by reforming the individual client using case management, counseling, and therapeutic approaches. Although these approaches have failed to produce evidence of systematic change among clients, this should not lead to the conclusion that research has failed to identify effective methods of intervention. This chapter reviews demonstration research that examines the operation of the child welfare system from an organizational level. The interventions of this research were meant to change the operation of the system altogether in order to meet the needs of clients and to achieve policy goals.
10 The Fading Promise of Welfare Reform to End Child Poverty
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of the most important event affecting poor children in the last several decades: the welfare reform of 1996. It is now possible to examine the consequences of this reform for children. Proponents of the reform herald the dramatic drop in the welfare caseload. In most states, the number of children receiving welfare has been cut in half. Several states have achieved a more than three-quarters reduction. What has been the consequence of this dramatic end of welfare as we know it? The chapter looks at the economic circumstance of poor children post-welfare reform.
A Red Bird in a Brown Bag
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis chapter introduces the House Finch as a study bird. A bird that was introduced to the eastern U.S. in the mid-20th century, it is most abundant in urbanized areas where it nests in nooks on buildings and can be attracted to nest boxes. It can be captured in traps and kept in captivity, making it an ideal study bird.
Studs, Duds, and Studly Duds
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between male plumage color and social status. Experiments show that red feather coloration does not function as a signal of status in either the breeding or non-breeding season. Drabber males are actually socially dominant to brighter red males. Testosterone implants increase male dominance but reduce male feather coloration, perhaps explaining why drabber males are socially dominant.
The Shape of a Discipline
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of the case study approach in the investigation into flying fantasies. One of the premises of a case study approach is that if one is to understand the inner workings of personality and the various ways they manifest themselves, in-depth studies of individuals, one at a time, from multiple perspectives, is the most prudent path to follow. The antithesis to that position is that case studies, by their very nature, delve into the subjective qualities of a person's life and questions are posed to which no objective answers can be given.
Henry Murray’s Personology
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Hermeneutics is defined as the art and science of interpreting texts. It is used, for example, to describe the activities of priests, rabbis, and others in ministerial professions, whose jobs require them to decipher the meaning of religious texts. Normally, when one thinks about texts, the thought of words written on a page comes to mind. But there is a branch of hermeneutics that, taken to its extreme, considers the person to be a text. We all tell stories and in doing so provide bits and pieces, paragraphs and even chapters of our life sagas in progress. In some respects, one can say that we are our stories. Dan McAdams suggests we are carriers of a grand text that, as Bertram Cohler has convincingly shown, is periodically revised and updated. The application of hermeneutics to that text (read person) involves a subjective dialogue between the author and the interpreter who seeks to gain insight into the multilayered meanings of the text. This strategy for studying lives was featured in the work of Henry Murray, who promoted the idea that there are no more fertile grounds than in-depth case studies for making progress in meeting the challenge of understanding the operation of the human psyche. This chapter describes how Murray became an early spokesman for person-centered, idiographic research and presents some of the premises and guidelines for case study work.
Poor Peter
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. It credits Barrie with discovering the third reason why it is necessary to weigh an infant as soon as possible, aside from weight providing medical information and giving parents the answer to the question often asked by friends and family about the newborn. The third reason why babies are weighed at birth is because they have ability to fly until they have been weighed. The law of gravity does not kick in until the moment that it is physically demonstrated that the dial on a weighing instrument moves when the infant is placed on it.
Dumbo
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter continues the author's habit of illustrating a set of ideas by applying them to a story: a modern fairy tale called Dumbo, the Flying Elephant. The notations on some of the main elements in this well-known story reiterate observations made earlier about the coincidence of imaginary flight and maternal separation. This analysis of the story is not offered as “proof” of anything that has been said. Instead, is should be regarded as an exercise, a way to consolidate some gains, or as a vehicle of transition from the realm of theory to the realm of application.
A Lawn Chair and a Phantom Flying Saucer
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes two men — Larry Walters and Marshall Herff Applewhite — who took elaborate steps in efforts to fly. Little is known about the childhoods of either of them, and that places us in the precarious position that Freud was in when he transformed his speculations about Leonardo's early experiences into facts and proceeded to use these “facts” to support his “looking for sex” theory of flying. The total absence of early childhood information about Walters and Applewhite precludes any opportunity to play a connect-the-dots game. However, by now, there is a premise about flying fantasies that can be informed and elaborated on by considering the actions of Walters and Applewhite. That premise is that the ambition to rise into the air is a product of latent desires to restore ineffable body sensations that once, a long time ago, before the dawn of consciousness, had been associated with the pleasures of intersubjective union with the mother.
A Communal Perspective for the Relational Therapies
Authors: Hoffman Lynn 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter proposes a framework for the relational therapies that focus on the communal creation of meaning. The therapist is both the knitter and the yarns: singular, yet one of many. Just as family therapists took advantage of a newly seen unit, and the family, to enlarge their range of choices, so can postmodern therapists take advantage of the shift to the nonessentialist position of social construction theory. However, even that theory takes a backseat to a heightened interest in practice. Instead of asking, “What are the philosophical underpinnings of our work?”, we now ask “What is the knit one, purl two, of the kind of social knitting preferred by effective therapists of any school?” The nature of these more communal practices is considered within the historical context of the family therapy field.
Pathways to Reforming Children’s Mental Health Service Systems
Authors: Meyers Judith C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter weaves together reflections on two journeys, one quite public and the other more private. The public journey is the evolution of services for children with serious mental health problems in America over the past century and how the experience of one state — Connecticut — provides a more in-depth look at what has and has not occurred. The private journey is the evolution of the author's own thinking about children's mental health service systems, informed by her education as a clinical and community psychologist, her training in the world of public policy, her experience working in leadership positions in federal, state, and local settings over the past 20 years, and her most recent work in Connecticut. The chapter explores how these journeys have intertwined and what might be learned from each.
The Development of a Community-Based System of Care
Authors: Ayers Susan C. , Lyman D. Russell 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Shirley, a 33-year-old African-American mother of seven children, became involved with agency clinicians in 1988, after all the children had been removed from her care multiple times by the state's child protective agency. Shirley, who had become a mother at 16, was about to lose them permanently. More than a decade later, in 2003, Shirley remains involved with the Guidance Center, Inc., a community agency serving the comprehensive developmental, mental health, and family support needs of children and families in Somerville and Cambridge, Massachusetts. Today, Shirley is a psychologically stronger woman who has developed more effective parenting skills. The Guidance Center's community-based clinical practice model evolved in response to the needs of parents like Shirley. The model and practice were crafted through the creative mix of visionary leadership and active, experienced, flexible staff, who worked with Shirley and other courageous families and children needing mental health intervention. This chapter uses Shirley's story throughout to put the Guidance Center's model and the development of its integrated service continuum into a historical context. It also illustrates how a combination of descriptive clinical research, knowledge of best practice, and dynamic advocacy can be used to secure resources, facilitate change, and ultimately create a comprehensive continuum of care for troubled children and families.
School-Based Clinical Practice and School Reform
Authors: Corbin Joanne 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
School settings offer a wealth of opportunities for social workers to learn, practice, and enhance their social work knowledge and skills. Clinical practice in schools has generally focused on providing services to individual students related to behavioral, social, and academic issues, often involving collaboration with parents, caregivers, and teaching staff. Clinical social work practice may also involve group sessions with students around behavioral and social interaction issues. Working with site-based decision-making teams, taking an active role in leadership activities, or engaging in school reform are areas that generally have not been attended to by social workers. This chapter looks at the role of social work in the context of school leadership and systemic reform through the involvement of one school reform program. Recommendations are offered to support those desiring to work in this manner.
Action Meets Word
Authors: Hirsh-Pasek Kathryn A. , Golinkoff Roberta M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Words are the building blocks of language. An understanding of how words are learned is thus central to any theory of language acquisition. Although there has been a surge in our understanding of children's vocabulary growth, theories of word learning focus primarily on object nouns. Word learning theories must explain not only the learning of object nouns, but also the learning of other, major classes of words — verbs and adjectives. Verbs form the hub of the sentence because they determine the sentence's argument structure. Researchers throughout the world recognize how our understanding of language acquisition can be at best partial if we cannot comprehend how verbs are learned. This book enters the relatively uncharted waters of early verb learning, focusing on the universal, conceptual foundations for verb learning, and how these foundations intersect with the burgeoning language system.
Discovering Verbs Through Multiple-Cue Integration
Authors: Christiansen Morten H. , Monaghan Padraic 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses how children may accomplish the difficult task of verb learning, focusing on the integration of multiple language-internal cues to verb forms. It first reviews previous work on multiple-cue integration. It then reports results from novel analyses of corpora of English child-directed speech, pointing to different roles for distributional and phonological cues in the learning of nouns and verbs. Finally, the chapter relates the differential roles of cues to differences in semantic support for nouns and verbs in language-external information, and discusses the possible implications of the results for the understanding of word learning more generally.