bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical education teachers' attitudes towards children with intellectual disability: the impact of time in service, gender, and previous acquaintance
Authors: Özer D. , Nalbant S. , Aǧlamıș E. , Baran F. , Kaya Samut P. , Aktop A. , Hutzler Y. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground  This study investigated attitudes towards teaching students with intellectual disability (ID) within a representative sample of secondary school physical education (PE) teachers, and to determine the effects of age, gender, teaching experience, and having acquaintance with ID and students with ID on their attitudes.Methods  Participants were 729 secondary school PE teachers who worked in 81 major cities of Turkey. The Teachers Attitudes towards Children with Intellectual Disability Scale was administered.Results  The statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant effect on factors and total attitudes scores of gender and having students with ID. Significant effects on factors and total attitudes score were found in teaching experiences and having acquaintance with ID.Conclusions  It is encouraged to maintain and further develop in‐service education programmes of adapted physical activity for PE teachers.
A case of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in a fennec fox (Vulpes zerda)
Authors: Pressanti Charline , Delverdier Maxence , Iriart Xavier , Morcel Frédérique , Cadiergues Marie‐Christine 
Published: July 2012

A 2‐year‐old male fennec fox presented with a 4 month history of nonpruritic, crusty skin lesions on the forehead, the pinnae and the tail tip.Initial investigations, including routine haematology, biochemistry profile, multiple skin scrapings, trichoscopic examination, Wood’s lamp examination and fungal culture, failed to reveal any abnormalities. Histopathological examination of a first set of skin biopsies showed an interface dermatitis pattern, with lymphocyte infiltration in the basal layer, a significant lymphocytic exocytosis and occasional apoptotic basal epidermal keratinocytes; periodic acid Schiff stain did not reveal any fungal elements. On further biopsies, there was a pustular neutrophilic dermatitis, with numerous crusts containing high numbers of arthrospores and fungal hyphae. Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection was confirmed on fungal culture and PCR.The fennec fox received oral itraconazole (5 mg/kg once daily for 6 weeks) combined with a miconazole and chlorhexidine shampoo applied on affected areas once weekly, followed with an enilconazole dip. The fox improved dramatically, and a fungal culture performed at 6 weeks was negative. Unfortunately, a few days later the fennec fox developed anorexia, icterus and died.To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of Trichophyton infection in a fennec fox and, although a postmortem examination was not performed, this is possibly the first report of fatal acute liver failure associated with itraconazole in a canid.
Staphylococcal skin disease in livestock
Authors: Foster Aiden P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis review covers cutaneous manifestations of staphylococcal infection in livestock species.Cattle –  In cattle, staphylococcal infections may present as folliculitis or as impetigo. Both may present as mild forms of a group of conditions loosely termed udder dermatitis, which has various clinical presentations and does not always involve staphylococci.Goats –  In goats, staphylococcal infection may be secondary to chorioptic mange or contagious pustular dermatitis (parapox virus infection). While Staphylococcus aureus is usually implicated, infection with Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus hyicus have also been reported.Sheep –  Ovine staphylococcal dermatitis typically involves the head. Trauma due to the close contact of heads over feeding troughs and abrasive plants at pasture may be predisposing factors.Pigs –  In pigs, the most common cause of staphylococcal skin disease is S. hyicus, although other bacteria, including Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus chromogenes and meticillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA), have also been isolated from some cases of greasy pig disease (exudative epidermitis).Diagnosis –  Routine culture methods are increasingly supplemented by molecular methods to characterize staphylococci.Management –  As commensal bacteria, staphylococcal skin infection is presumed to develop because of predisposing factors. While topical and systemic therapies can be effective, it is important to control for predisposing factors so that recurrences can be prevented.Livestock‐associated MRSA –  In recent years, MRSA strains have emerged, particularly in pigs and cattle. While they rarely cause skin disease, they do pose a significant concern for public health authorities. Studies on livestock‐associated MRSA may help to progress our understanding of staphylococci in livestock, especially how they spread between animals and humans.
Reduced ethanol consumption and preference in cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) knockout mice
Authors: Salinas Armando G. , Nguyen Chinh T. Q. , Ahmadi‐Tehrani Dara , Morrisett Richard A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) is a neuropeptide implicated in addiction to drugs of abuse. Several studies have characterized the role of CART in addiction to psychostimulants, but few have examined the role of CART in alcohol use disorders including alcoholism. The current study utilized a CART knockout (KO) mouse model to investigate the role of CART in ethanol appetitive behaviors. A two‐bottle choice, unlimited‐access paradigm was used to compare ethanol appetitive behaviors between CART wild type (WT) and KO mice. The mice were presented with an ethanol solution (3%–21%) and water, each concentration for 4 days, and their consumption was measured daily. Consumption of quinine (bitter) and saccharin (sweet) solutions was measured following the ethanol preference tests. In addition, ethanol metabolism rates and ethanol sensitivity were compared between genotypes. CART KO mice consumed and preferred ethanol less than their WT counterparts in both sexes. This genotype effect could not be attributed to differences in bitter or sweet taste perception or ethanol metabolism rates. There was also no difference in ethanol sensitivity in male mice; however, CART KO female mice showed a greater ethanol sensitivity than the WT females. Taken together, these data demonstrate a role for CART in ethanol appetitive behaviors and as a possible therapeutic drug target for alcoholism and abstinence enhancement.
Comparison of the QuantiFERON‐TB Gold In‐Tube test with the tuberculin skin test for detecting latent tuberculosis infection prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Moon S.M. , Lee S.‐O. , Choi S.‐H. , Kim Y.S. , Woo J.H. , Yoon D.H. , Suh C. , Kim D.‐Y. , Lee J.‐H. , Lee Je‐H. , Lee K.‐H. , Kim S.‐H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA total of 244 patients including 100 (41%) autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) recipients and 144 (59%) allogeneic HCT recipients were enrolled over a 28‐month period. During the study period, no prophylaxis for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection was administrated. Of these, 201 (82%) had Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) scars or prior histories of BCG vaccination. The tuberculin skin test (TST) and the QuantiFERON‐TB Gold In‐Tube (QFT‐GIT) test were performed simultaneously in all 244 patients. TST indurations were ≥ 5 mm in 39 of these patients (15%), and in 25 (10%) indurations were ≥ 10 mm. In addition, 40 (16%) had positive QFT‐GIT outcomes, and 34 (14%) indeterminate outcomes. If the 34 patients with indeterminate QFT‐GIT results were excluded from the overall agreement analysis, the agreement between the TST results (induration size ≥ 5 mm) and the QFT‐GIT results in the 210 patients with clear QFT results was poor (κ = 0.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.06 to 0.24), as it was for the patients with indurations ≥ 10 mm (κ = 0.15, 95% CI −0.004 to 0.31). During follow up, 2 patients developed TB after HCT. The incidence of TB in the patients with positive QFT‐GIT outcomes was 2.80 per 100 person‐years (95% CI 0.07–15.81), whereas among those with positive TST (≥ 5 mm) results, it was 0 per 100 person‐years (95% CI 0–8.00). However, this finding should be cautiously interpreted because of the relatively short follow up and the fact that the sample size of the study cohort did not have adequate power. In conclusion, our data show that, although the frequencies of positive outcomes in the 2 TB screening tests were similar, the overall agreement between the TST and the QFT‐GIT test was poor, regardless of BCG vaccination history.
Use of different statistical models to predict direct genomic values for productive and functional traits in Italian Holsteins
Authors: Pintus M.A. , Nicolazzi E.L. , Van Kaam J.B.C.H.M. , Biffani S. , Stella A. , Gaspa G. , Dimauro C. , Macciotta N.P.P. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryOne of the main issues in genomic selection was the huge unbalance between number of markers and phenotypes available. In this work, principal component analysis is used to reduce the number of predictors for calculating direct genomic breeding values (DGV) for production and functional traits. 2093 Italian Holstein bulls were genotyped with the 54 K Illumina beadchip, and 39 555 SNP markers were retained after data editing. Principal Components (PC) were extracted from SNP matrix, and 15 207 PC explaining 99% of the original variance were retained and used as predictors. Bulls born before 2001 were included in the reference population, younger animals in the test population. A BLUP model was used to estimate the effect of principal component on deregressed proof (DRPF) for 35 traits and results were compared to those obtained by using SNP genotypes as predictors either with BLUP or with Bayes_A models. Correlations between DGV and DRPF did not substantially differ among the three methods except for milk fat content. The lowest prediction bias was obtained for the method based on the use of principal component. Regression coefficients of DRPF on DGV were lower than one for the approach based on the use of PC and higher than one for the other two methods. The use of PC as predictors resulted in a large reduction of number of predictors (approximately 38%) and of computational time that was approximately 2% of the time needed to estimate SNP effects with the other two methods. Accuracies of genomic predictions were in most of cases only slightly higher than those of the traditional pedigree index, probably due to the limited size of the considered population.
Serum nitric oxide synthase activity is a novel predictor of impaired vasorelaxation in rats
Authors: Chan Enoch , Chan Janet Yuen‐Yan , Wu Jian‐Hong , Wan Chun‐Wai , Leung George Pak‐Heng , Lee Simon Ming‐Yuen , Kwan Yiu‐Wa , Chan Shun‐Wan 
Published: July 2012

Summary
It is well documented that both acetylcholine (ACh)‐evoked arterial relaxation and brachial artery flow‐mediated vasodilatation are blunted in hypercholesterolaemic patients. However, there are no simple diagnostic methods to detect the pathology of blood vessels of patients.
To establish the use of serum nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity as a diagnostic parameter for impaired vasorelaxation, animals with different levels of vascular healthiness were made by feeding Sprague–Dawley rats a normal diet, a high‐cholesterol diet (HCD) or an HCD supplemented with 10 mg/kg per day, p.o., simvastatin, a cholesterol‐lowering drug, for 30 days. Serum total cholesterol levels, serum NOS activity and ACh‐induced vasorelaxation of the isolated aorta were determined at the end of the experiment.
Consumption of HCD for 30 days resulted in an increase in serum total cholesterol, attenuated ACh‐induced nitric oxide/endothelium‐dependent aortic relaxation and decreased NOS activity. Concomitant administration of simvastatin lowered the elevated blood cholesterol levels with complete reversal of the attenuated ACh‐induced aortic relaxation and serum NOS activity. An attempt was made to correlate serum NOS activity and the magnitude of ACh‐elicited vascular relaxation among the different groups. A positive correlation (r = 0.8329; P < 0.001; n = 30) was found between serum NOS activity and vascular relaxation.
This finding is a good foundation for the development of a simple and low‐cost alternative for diagnosing vascular diseases and evaluating the effectiveness of drugs on the vascular system in patients.
Impact of the WTO on Agricultural and Food Policies
Authors: Swinnen Johan , Olper Alessandro , Vandemoortele Thijs 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMost studies on the impact of WTO agreements on policies are ex ante simulations or focus on trade effects. We estimate ex post the impact of the WTO on agricultural policies, including both the total transfers by the policies and the policy instruments used, in particular their market distortions. We use OECD data on total support and instrument choice in agricultural policy. Our empirical analysis provides evidence that the WTO did not cause a significant reduction in the total amount of support to agriculture but that it caused a significant shift from distortionary to less distortionary instruments.
Finitely Repeated Voluntary Provision of a Public Good
Authors: KLUMPP TILMAN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper theoretically explores the voluntary provision of a public good when either one of the following holds: (i) agents’ utility is the sum of their monetary earnings and a nonmaterial component, or (ii) agents’ exhibit satisficing behavior. We show that a small degree of either nonmaterial payoffs or satisficing behavior can generate large contributions in a finitely repeated game, even if the incentive to free‐ride on others’ contributions calls for negligible public good provision in the static game. The equilibrium is characterized by a sharp decline in contributions toward the end of the game. Several comparative results regarding group size and technology are consistent with laboratory data obtained in experimental studies. The model also predicts the restart effect observed in previous experiments.
Fundraising and Optimal Policy Rules
Authors: MUNGAN MURAT C. , YÖRÜK BARIŞ K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis  paper develops a simple spatial model of fundraising, in which charities select a target population to solicit donations. First, we show that in a competitive charity market without any intervention, the number of charities in the market and/or the overall net funds raised by charities may be suboptimal. Next, we analyze whether a social planner can prevent such shortcomings and show that a regulatory mechanism can be designed to achieve socially desirable outcomes. In contrast to the previous literature, our model does not necessarily produce monopoly as the optimal market structure. We show that if fixed costs associated with establishing charities are sufficiently low, then the optimal market structure is not a monopoly. Given the importance of the trade‐off between the volume and variety of charitable services, we argue that this result may be of particular interest to policy makers.
Coalitional Colonel Blotto Games with Application to the Economics of Alliances
Authors: KOVENOCK DAN , ROBERSON BRIAN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn Borel’s Colonel Blotto game two players simultaneously allocate their respective endowments of a resource acrossnbattlefields, the higher allocation wins each battlefield, and players maximize the number of battlefields won. Here we examine two players who may form an alliance before separately competing in two disjoint Colonel Blotto games against a common adversary. Despite a lack of common interests, unilateral transfers—in a direction consistent with the exploitation hypothesis—arise for a range of parameter configurations. Such transfers alter the adversary’s strategy and the combination of the direct and strategic effects benefits both allies.
Reputation, Social Identity and Social Conflict
Authors: SMITH JOHN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe interpret the psychology literature on social identity and examine its implications. We model a population of agents from two exogenous and well defined social groups. Agents are randomly matched to play a reduced‐form bargaining game. We show that this struggle for resources drives a conflict through the rational destruction of surplus. We assume that the population contains both rational players and behavioral players. Behavioral players aggressively discriminate against members of the other social group. The existence and specification of the behavioral player is motivated by the social identity literature. For rational players, group membership has no payoff‐relevant consequences. We show that rational players can contribute to the conflict by aggressively discriminating and that this behavior is consistent with existing empirical evidence. Our paper relates to the empirical literature which finds that social heterogeneity tends to be increasing in economic variables which we interpret as indicating inefficiency. We provide an explanation that, as social groups compete for surplus, disagreement and inefficiency can result. Our work also relates to the social conflict literature, which examines the relationship between macro level factors such as unemployment and civil disturbances. This literature finds that the amount of social conflict tends to be increasing in the inequitability of the environment.
THE CLASSICAL CONFUCIAN POSITION ON THE LEGITIMATE USE OF MILITARY FORCE
Authors: Twiss Sumner B. , Chan Jonathan 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTFocusing on the thought of Mencius and Xunzi, this essay reconstructs and examines the classical Confucian position on the legitimate use of military force. It begins by sketching historically important political concepts, such as types of political leaders, politics of the kingly way versus politics of the hegemonic way, and the controversial role of lords‐protector. It then moves on to explore Confucian criteria for justifying resort to the use of force, giving special attention to undertaking punitive expeditions to interdict and punish aggression and tyranny. Following this discussion, the essay then attends to important Confucian moral constraints on how military force is properly employed, including prohibitions on attacking the defenseless, indiscriminate slaughter of enemy forces, destruction of civilian infrastructure, prisoner abuse, and non‐consensual annexation of territory. The essay concludes by first discussing an illustrative case from Mencius and then comparing its reconstruction of the Confucian position to those offered by other scholars.
WEAPONS ARE NOTHING BUT OMINOUS INSTRUMENTS: The Daodejing's View on War and Peace
Authors: Zhang Ellen Y. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe Daodejing (DDJ) is an ancient Chinese text traditionally taken as a representative Daoist classic expressing a distinctive philosophy from the Warring States Period (403–221 BCE). This essay explicates the ethical dimensions of the DDJ paying attention to issues related to war and peace. The discussion consists of four parts: (1) “naturalness” as an onto‐cosmological argument for a philosophy of harmony, balance, and peace; (2) war as a sign of the disruption of the natural pattern of things initiated by the proliferation of desire; (3) defensive war and appropriate war conduct required when one has to be involved in warfare; and (4) the natural and spontaneous way of living that would prevent war from happening in the first place. This essay attempts to show that what makes the DDJ different from other military texts, or what is called the “art of war corpus” in China is that the discourse of war and warfare in the DDJ is presented via its unique understanding of peace at the personal and social levels. The DDJ is meant to be an inquiry into an effective method to prevent war from happening amid a world full of selfish interests and excessive desires. It proposes that peace is not only a condition in which there is freedom from war and overt violence, but a state of harmony that marks human life and its betterment.
FORGIVENESS WITHOUT GOD?
Authors: Pettigrove Glen 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTOf the many forgiveness‐related questions that she takes up in her novels, the one with which Iris Murdoch wrestles most often is the question, “Is forgiveness possible without God?” The aim of this essay is to show, in the first instance, why the question Murdoch persistently raises is a question worth asking. Alongside this primary aim stands a secondary one, which is to consider how one might glean moral insights from the Christian tradition even if one does not (any longer) endorse its theological commitments.
‘Cosmeceuticals’. Of men, science and laws…
Authors: Saint‐Leger D. 
Published: July 2012

SynopsisThrough the hybrid term ‘Cosmeceuticals’, the present paper aims at reviewing some scientific and legal sources of ambiguities or uncertainties that, in many regulatory cases, added confusions to the respective roles of drugs and cosmetics. The origins of such questions, likely arose from new anti‐ageing claims from the cosmetic industry in the late 80s which faced a rather old regulatory backdrop. Based on the analysis of some legal statements and scientific facts from a 2012 vision, this review tentatively aims at re‐defining the respective roles of these two branches that both fill the two vital needs of humans, ‘being’ and ‘well‐being’.
Differences between objective efficacy and perceived efficacy in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis treated with either botulinum toxin or endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy
Authors: Álvarez M.A. , Ruano J. , Gómez F.J. , Casas E. , Baamonde C. , Salvatierra A. , Moreno J.C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground  Moderate to severe palmar hyperhidrosis can disturb people’s work and social and emotional lives. Botulinum toxin and sympathectomy are currently considered the most effective treatment options but few studies have analysed the concordance between efficacy and patient satisfaction in comparisons of these two types of treatments.Objective  To assess the relation between efficacy and the satisfaction of patients with palmar hyperhidrosis treated with either botulinum toxin or endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.Material and methods  This retrospective, observational study included all patients treated with either botulinum toxin or endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy in a single reference hospital in 2005–2010. Information was obtained from computerized medical records and a telephone survey about patients’ educational and socio‐economic level, awareness of treatment options, pre‐ and post‐treatment severity of palmar hyperhidrosis, satisfaction and associated side effects. Predictors of efficacy and patient satisfaction with each treatment were analysed with ordinal and multinomial logistic regression models.Results  Patients who underwent sympathectomy had more severe palmar hyperhidrosis but efficacy and patient satisfaction were greater compared with patients given botulinum toxin. The severity of the compensatory palmar hyperhidrosis was predictive of less satisfaction after sympathectomy. In the group treated with botulinum toxin, low socio‐economic status, lack of information about treatment options, fewer sessions and a shorter anhidrotic effect were associated with less satisfaction.Conclusion  In studies of expectations regarding the outcome of palmar hyperhidrosis treatment, doctors should consider the factors that determine patient satisfaction in relation to the treatment options.