bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANGULAR SIZE TEST ON THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE
Authors: LÓPEZ-CORREDOIRA MARTÍN 
Published: April 2010

Assuming the standard cosmological model to be correct, the average linear size of the galaxies with the same luminosity is six times smaller at z = 3.2 than at z = 0; and their average angular size for a given luminosity is approximately proportional to z-1. Neither the hypothesis that galaxies which formed earlier have much higher densities nor their luminosity evolution, merger ratio, and massive outflows due to a quasar feedback mechanism are enough to justify such a strong size evolution. Also, at high redshift, the intrinsic ultraviolet surface brightness would be prohibitively high with this evolution, and the velocity dispersion much higher than observed. We explore here another possibility of overcoming this problem: considering different cosmological scenarios, which might make the observed angular sizes compatible with a weaker evolution. One of the explored models, a very simple phenomenological extrapolation of the linear Hubble law in a Euclidean static universe, fits quite well the angular size versus redshift dependence, also approximately proportional to z-1 with this cosmological model. There are no free parameters derived ad hoc, although the error bars allow a slight size/luminosity evolution. The supernova Ia Hubble diagram can also be explained in terms of this model without any ad-hoc-fitted parameter. NB: I do not argue here that the true universe is static. My intention is just to discuss which intellectual theoretical models fit better some data of the observational cosmology.
MULTIPLE MARKOV GENERALIZED GAUSSIAN PROCESSES AND THEIR DUALITIES
Authors: SI SI 
Published: April 2010

A stochastic process describes evolutional random phenomena towards future. Corresponding with this direction, there will be a process describing, as it were, backward evolution from future to present. The dual process is a realization of this fact. We restrict our attention to Gaussian processes for which multiple Markov property is well investigated. This property expresses way of dependence of involved randomness as time goes by. We can therefore expect that such a process with multiple Markov property would present an exact form of the dual process. We shall show that having defined generalized Gaussian process with multiple Markov property, we can construct the dual process satisfying the properties that we claim. The analysis for this can be done in the space of Hida distributions.
3D seismic evidence of internal structure within Tampen Slide deposits on the North Sea Fan: are chaotic deposits that chaotic?
Authors: Gafeira J. , Long D. , Scrutton R. , Evans D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract:
The seismic character of slide deposits is typically described as structureless or chaotic. However, 3D seismic data from the northern flank of the North Sea Fan reveal recognizable internal, penetrative structures within the Tampen Slide deposits. The study of its seismic attributes allowed an integrated characterization of the slide deposits and has shown distinctive acoustic fabrics, both at the top and base of the slide deposit, which are interpreted to be the expression of internal deformation structures. Based on their geometry, four main seismic fabric types have been defined: anastomosing, curvilinear, rectilinear and wispy. The spatial distribution of the fabric was mainly controlled by a topographic high present on the sea-bed at the time of the gravitational collapse, which influenced the transport of material. Areas of distinct fabrics are thought to reflect different flow behaviour during the latest stages of the mass movement and could be considered kinematic indicators. The results give new insights into the transport and deformation processes of submarine mass movements and highlight the potential of detailed analysis of 3D seismic data.
Zircon dating ties NE Atlantic sill emplacement to initial Eocene global warming
Authors: Svensen Henrik , Planke Sverre , Corfu Fernando 
Published: April 2010

Abstract:
The Earth experienced rapid greenhouse gas induced global warming during the Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). The source of the gas is, however, debated. We have, for the first time, determined the ages of magmatic sills in the Vøring Basin offshore Norway. Zircon U–Pb ages of 55.6 ± 0.3 and 56.3 ± 0.4 Ma demonstrate that sill emplacement was synchronous with the PETM within small errors. This discovery strengthens the hypothesis that global warming was triggered by rapid release of greenhouse gases generated by heating of organic-rich sediments around intrusions in the NE Atlantic rather than from dissociation of gas hydrates.

Supplementary material:

U–Pb data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18392
.
Geodynamic evolution of the Aegean: constraints from the Plio-Pleistocene volcanism of the Volos–Evia area
Authors: Innocenti F. , Agostini S. , Doglioni C. , Manetti P. , Tonarini S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract:
The Plio-Pleistocene lava flows and domes of the Volos–Evia area were erupted between 3.4 and 0.5 Ma ago on the western continuation of the North Anatolian Fault, in a back-arc position with respect to the active arc. They are mainly high-K calc-alkaline trachyandesites. Based on their Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions, the mantle source of the Volos–Evia area lavas is similar to that of a large volcanic belt that developed north of the Pelagonian–Attic–Cycladic–Menderes massifs, encompassing a 35 Ma timespan and widespread over a large area from NW Greece–Macedonia to the Aegean–western Anatolia. In contrast, southern Aegean arc rocks have a similar subduction fingerprint but distinctly lower Sr and higher Nd isotopic compositions. The geochemical and isotopic differences between southern and northern Aegean rocks may be ascribed to the different nature of the mantle wedge: depleted asthenosphere under the the southern Aegean, and lithosphere northward. The lack of an asthenospheric mantle wedge below the northern Aegean fits with the hypothesis of an almost horizontal subduction of the African slab. In the mantle reference frame the African slab is moving out of the mantle, and a slab-driven suction flow of the underlying mantle may be responsible for the recent development of a thin asthenospheric layer in the southern Aegean mantle wedge.
Candidate Gene Association Resource (CARe)
Authors: Musunuru Kiran , Lettre Guillaume , Young Taylor , Farlow Deborah N. , Pirruccello James P. , Ejebe Kenechi G. , Keating Brendan J. , Yang Qiong , Chen Ming-Huei , Lapchyk Nina , Crenshaw Andrew , Ziaugra Liuda , Rachupka Anthony , Benjamin Emelia J. , Cupples L. Adrienne , Fornage Myriam , Fox Ervin R. , Heckbert Susan R. , Hirschhorn Joel N. , Newton-Cheh Christopher , Nizzari Marcia M. , Paltoo Dina N. , Papanicolaou George J. , Patel Sanjay R. , Psaty Bruce M. , Rader Daniel J. , Redline Susan , Rich Stephen S. , Rotter Jerome I. , Taylor Herman A. , Tracy Russell P. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Wilson James G. , Kathiresan Sekar , Fabsitz Richard R. , Boerwinkle Eric , Gabriel Stacey B. ,   for the NHLBI Candidate Gene Association Resource
Published: April 2010

Background—
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Candidate Gene Association Resource (CARe), a planned cross-cohort analysis of genetic variation in cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematologic, and sleep-related traits, comprises >40 000 participants representing 4 ethnic groups in 9 community-based cohorts. The goals of CARe include the discovery of new variants associated with traits using a candidate gene approach and the discovery of new variants using the genome-wide association mapping approach specifically in African Americans.

Methods and Results—

CARe has assembled DNA samples for >40 000 individuals self-identified as European American, African American, Hispanic, or Chinese American, with accompanying data on hundreds of phenotypes that have been standardized and deposited in the CARe Phenotype Database. All participants were genotyped for 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected based on prior association evidence. We performed association analyses relating each of these SNPs to lipid traits, stratified by sex and ethnicity, and adjusted for age and age squared. In at least 2 of the ethnic groups, SNPs near
CETP
,
LIPC
, and
LPL
strongly replicated for association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations,
PCSK9
with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and
LPL
and
APOA5
with serum triglycerides. Notably, some SNPs showed varying effect sizes and significance of association in different ethnic groups.

Conclusions—
The CARe Pilot Study validates the operational framework for phenotype collection, SNP genotyping, and analytic pipeline of the CARe project and validates the planned candidate gene study of ≈2000 biological candidate loci in all participants and genome-wide association study in ≈8000 African American participants. CARe will serve as a valuable resource for the scientific community.
A Common Variant at Chromosome 9P21.3 Is Associated With Age of Onset of Coronary Disease but Not Subsequent Mortality
Authors: Ellis Katrina L. , Pilbrow Anna P. , Frampton Chris M. , Doughty Rob N. , Whalley Gillian A. , Ellis Chris J. , Palmer Barry R. , Skelton Lorraine , Yandle Tim G. , Palmer Suetonia C. , Troughton Richard W. , Richards A. Mark , Cameron Vicky A. 
Published: April 2010

Background—
Chromosome 9p21.3 (chr9p21.3) recently was identified by several genome-wide association studies as the genomic region most strongly associated with the risk of coronary artery disease. Within the chr9p21.3 locus, the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1333049 has been demonstrated to be most strongly associated with susceptibility to developing coronary artery disease. However, the effect of rs1333049 on clinical outcomes in patients with established coronary disease has yet to be determined.

Methods and Results—

Coronary Disease Cohort Study (CDCS) (n=1054) and Post-Myocardial Infarction (PMI) (n=816) study participants were genotyped for rs1333049. Clinical history, circulating lipids, neurohormones, cardiac function, and discharge medications were documented. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospital readmissions were recorded over a median follow-up period of 4.0 years for the CDCS cohort and 9.1 years for the PMI cohort. The CDCS patients homozygous for the high-risk C allele had an age of onset 2 to 5 years earlier for coronary disease (
P
=.005), angina (
P
=.025), myocardial infarction (
P
=.022), and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (
P
=.009). Patients with the CC genotype also had higher levels of total cholesterol (
P
=.033) and triglycerides (
P
=.003). The PMI participants with the CC genotype were 3 years younger on admission (
P
=.009). Cox proportional hazards analysis adjusting for established predictors of increased risk showed no significant association between rs1333049 genotype and mortality in either the CDCS (
P
=.214) or the PMI (
P
=.696) cohorts.

Conclusions—
The chr9p21.3 polymorphism rs1333049 was associated with an earlier age of disease onset in 2 coronary disease cohorts but not with poorer clinical outcome in either cohort.
The Role of Nonnormality in Overreflection Theory
Authors: Bakas Nikolaos A. , Farrell Brian F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The role of nonnormality in the overreflection of gravity waves is investigated. In the limit of weak stratification, wave packets having a critical level inside a shear layer of finite depth are reflected with amplified energy. This process, which exhibits the characteristics of stimulated emission, occurs in three stages: first, the incoming wave enters the shear layer and excites nonpropagating perturbations leaning with and against the shear. Subsequently, the energy of perturbations leaning against the shear grows in a manner similar to energy growth of perturbations in constant shear flows, indicating that the Orr mechanism that is slightly modified by stratification underlies the observed growth. Finally, the amplified perturbations excite propagating waves originating from the vicinity of the shear layer boundary. The role of nonnormality in this process is also investigated from the perspective of the associated nonorthogonality of the modes of the dynamical system. It is found that the incident wave packet projects on nonorthogonal analytic modes having the structure of a downward propagating wave in the far field below the shear layer and overreflection expressed by the interaction among these nonorthogonal modes.
Improving the Noah Land Surface Model in Arid Regions with an Appropriate Parameterization of the Thermal Roughness Length
Authors: Chen Yingying , Yang Kun , Zhou Degang , Qin Jun , Guo Xiaofeng 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDaytime land surface temperatures in arid and semiarid regions are typically not well simulated in current land surface models (LSMs). This study first evaluates the importance of parameterizing the thermal roughness length (z0h) to model the surface temperature (Tsfc) and turbulent sensible heat flux (H) in arid regions. Six schemes for z0h are implemented into the Noah LSM, revealing the high sensitivity of the simulations to its parameterization. Comparisons are then performed between the original Noah LSM and a revised version with a novel z0h scheme against observations at four arid or semiarid sites, including one in Arizona and three in western China. The land they cover is sparse grass or bare soil. The results indicate that the original Noah LSM significantly underestimates Tsfc and overestimates H in the daytime, whereas the revised model can simulate well both Tsfc and H simultaneously. The improved version benefits from the successful modeling of the diurnal variation of z0h, which the original model cannot produce.
Modeling and Forecasting the Onset and Duration of Severe Radiation Fog under Frost Conditions
Authors: van der Velde I. R. , Steeneveld G. J. , Wichers Schreur B. G. J. , Holtslag A. A. M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA case of a severe radiation fog during frost conditions is analyzed as a benchmark for the development of a very high-resolution NWP model. Results by the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and the High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM) are evaluated against detailed observations to determine the state-of-the-art in fog forecasting and to derive requirements for further research and development. For this particular difficult case, WRF is unable to correctly simulate the fog for any of the parameterizations and model configurations utilized. Contrary, HIRLAM does model the onset of fog, but is unable to represent it beyond the lowest model layer, which leads to an early dispersal of fog in the morning transition. The sensitivity of fog forecasts to model formulation is further analyzed with a high-resolution single-column version of HIRLAM, and with the Duynkerke single-column model as a reference. The single-column results are found to be sensitive to the proper specification of the external forcings. It is reconfirmed that high vertical resolution is essential for modeling the fog formation, the growth of the fog layer, and when the fog lifts for the maintenance of a stratus deck. The properly configured column models are able to accurately model the onset of fog and its maturation, but fail in the simulation of fog persistence and subsequent dispersal. Details of the turbulence parameterization appear to be important in this process. It is concluded that, despite all of the advances in numerical weather prediction, fog forecasting is still a major challenge.
Pre-Napoleonic centralization in a decentralized polity: the case of the Dutch Republic
Authors: Groenveld Simon , Wagenaar Pieter , van der Meer Frits 
Published: April 2010

The interest in the origins of present-day government is often derived from the thought that its current functioning and problems can be at least partially explained by the institutional choices made at the moment of origin. The institutional reforms made during the so-called French (or Napoleonic) era divert attention from the at least equally relevant Ancien Régime reform origins. For a thorough understanding of the origins of a ‘modern’ governmental system we have to examine the Ancien Régime period more closely. This is highly relevant in the Dutch case. Contrary to popular opinion, during the Republic a more centralized system of government did gradually develop from the two power centers (Stadtholders and Estates-General). Points for practitioners The importance of the Dutch case is that it highlights, due to the very absence of monarchical absolutism, the deeper mechanisms working towards centralizing (the system of) governance.
Identifying and assessing valuable resources and core capabilities in public organizations
Authors: Melián-González Arturo , Batista-Canino Rosa M. , Sánchez-Medina Agustín 
Published: April 2010

The resource-based view has been one of the most relevant theoretical approaches in Strategic Management. However, its use has not been widespread in public management practice and research. This work aims to apply its premises to public organizations to support strategy formulation. To that end, a set of deductive procedures has been designed to identify the organization’s valuable resources and its core capabilities. These procedures seek to reinforce the coherence between the internal diagnosis and the organization’s objectives and to make that diagnosis more systematic and exhaustive. They have been applied to a Spanish University to illustrate its utility. Points for practitioners This work applies the prescriptions of the resource-based view to public organizations. The practical implications of this work are straightforward, since it consists of some procedures for internal diagnosis in public organizations. This internal analysis enables the identification of the valuable resources and core capabilities of public administrations, these being the basic units of the internal environment. The determination of these resources and capabilities forms the groundwork to build up the strategy of the organization.
To what extent does deprivation affect the performance of English local authorities?
Authors: Gutiérrez Romero Roxana , Haubrich Dirk , McLean Iain 
Published: April 2010

The UK Government has placed increasing emphasis on the use of performance assessment schemes with the aim of improving the delivery of public services. An example of such schemes is the Comprehensive Performance Assessment (CPA). The CPA subjects English local authorities to annual audits and the collection of hundreds of performance indicators to arrive at final ratings that lead to corresponding rewards and sanctions. This article shows that the CPA does not provide a reliable measure of performance given that it does not consider the external constraints that authorities face in improving their performance. Using panel data analysis we find that deprivation affects authorities’ performance in all the core services they provide such as education, housing, libraries, environment and social care. Evidence that suggests sanctioning authorities that perform badly, without considering their local circumstances, risks the danger of perpetuating the delivery of poor services particularly in deprived areas. To avoid this ‘unintended consequence’, the article offers three options by which the CPA scheme could be improved. Points for practitioners With the aim of improving the delivery of public services, a wide range of performance metrics have been devised. In particular the UK uses the Comprehensive Performance Assessment (CPA) scheme, which audits and collects performance indicators on local governments to arrive at ratings used to reward and sanction. This article finds that sanctioning authorities that perform badly, without considering their local circumstances, risks perpetuating the delivery of poor services particularly in deprived areas. The article advances the understanding of the extent to which deprivation affects performance and provides practitioners with strategies to improve performance assessment schemes.
Local government citizen participation and rural development: reflections on Uganda’s decentralization system
Authors: Kakumba Umar 
Published: April 2010

The governance and development discourse continues to embrace citizen participation as a fundamental mechanism of building local capacity towards poverty reduction and rural development. This article presents a review of the decentralization system of local governance in Uganda and evaluates its participatory mechanisms to establish how far they have enhanced the process of rural development. The review acknowledges achievements in human development, arising from citizen participation and representation, but these are yet to be translated into empowerment and shared benefits for the rural poor. Whereas some powers and functions have been devolved to local governments, the cardinal goals of decentralization seem to be elusive, whereby there is less support of the community’s role in raising resources for local development, demanding accountability from their leaders, participating in planning, and choosing their leaders without manipulation from the local ‘elite’ at the time of elections. The unfolding central government (CG) control rekindles the ‘recentralization’ of decentralization. It is argued that tackling rural development in predominantly agricultural economies like that of Uganda requires participation to link to mechanisms that can boost agricultural production, increased employment and household incomes. Likewise, the central government’s conceived development strategies should enlist participation in order to attain strong local ownership and empowerment. Points for practictioners The greatest challenge of local democratic representation is the failure of its associated human development elements to translate into production and improvement in household incomes. To realize the cardinal goals of decentralization and community participation in rural development requires invigoration of the local community’s role in resource mobilization, demanding accountability from local leaders, participating in planning, and choosing leaders without manipulation from the local elite and central government. Thus, participation must translate into effective representation and empowerment before benefits for all can be realized to spearhead poverty reduction. Likewise, tackling rural development in predominantly agricultural economies requires participation to link to agricultural production, increased employment and household incomes.