bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of drying models of apple (var. McIntosh) dried in a convective dryer
Authors: Kaleta Agnieszka , Górnicki Krzysztof 
Published: August 2010

SummaryDrying behaviour of apple particles was investigated in a laboratory type dryer. The effect of drying air temperature, airflow velocity, initial height of layer, particles shape and size on the dehydration characteristics of apples was investigated. Increase in drying air temperature and increase in the airflow velocity caused a decrease in the drying time and an increase in drying rate. Increase in initial height of layer and increase in the sample thickness caused an increase in the drying time and decrease in drying rate. Drying time of the cubes was shorter and their drying rate was higher than for slices. The experimental dehydration data of apple particles obtained were fitted to the semi‐theoretical, empirical and theoretical models. The accuracies of the models were measured using the correlation coefficient (R), mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE), reduced chi‐square (χ2), and t‐statistic method. All models described the drying characteristics of apple particles satisfactorily (R > 0.9792). The Logarythmic model can be considered as the most appropriate (R > 0.9976, MBE = −10−11−4.5 × 10−6, RMSE = 0.00287–0.01746, χ2 = 8.5 × 10−6−3.1 × 10−4, t‐stat  = 7.3 × 10−9−1.2 × 10−3). The effect of drying air temperature, airflow velocity, characteristic dimension of the particle and initial height of layer on the drying models parameters were also determined.
Nutritional composition and flavonoids content of flour from different buckwheat cultivars
Authors: Qin Peiyou , Wang Qiang , Shan Fang , Hou Zhaohua , Ren Guixing 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThirty nine buckwheat cultivars were collected from China, of which twenty one were tartary buckwheat and others were common buckwheat. Flour samples from these cultivars were analysed for colour properties, nutritional composition and flavonoid content. Buckwheat cultivars exhibited high variations for each of these parameters. The flour of common buckwheat showed a higher whiteness index than that of tartary buckwheat and contained very low levels of flavonoids. On average, the tartary buckwheat flour contained a higher level of ash (2.38%) and lower levels of total starch (70.22%), amylose (22.32%), resistant starch (17.66%) than the common buckwheat flour (2.17%, 73.69%, 23.01%, 18.69% respectively) (P < 0.05) whereas the contents of proteins, fats and crude fibres of the tartary buckwheat flour were similar to those of common buckwheat flour. The Mei‐Hua‐Shan tartary buckwheat flour contained the highest level of total flavonoids and quercetin (22.74 mg g−1 and 2.38 mg g−1, respectively).
Synchronous work: myth or reality? A critical study of teams in health and medical care
Authors: Berlin Johan M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  In this article, ideal conceptions about teamwork are tested. The research question posed is: How are teams in psychiatry formed? Three theoretical concepts that distinguish groups from teams are presented: sequentiality, parallelism and synchronicity. The presumption is that groups cooperate sequentially and teams synchronously, while the parallel work mode is a transitional form between group and team.Methods  Three psychiatric outpatient teams at a university hospital specialist clinic were studied. Data were collected through 25 personal interviews and 82 hours of observations. The data collection was carried out over 18 months (2008–2009).Results  Results show: (1) that the three theoretical distinctions between group and team need to be supplemented with two intermediate forms, semiparallel and semisynchronous teamwork; and (2) that teamwork is not characterized by striving towards a synchronous ideal but instead is marked by an adaptive interaction between sequential, parallel and synchronous working modes.Conclusions  The article points to a new intermediate stage between group and team. This intermediate stage is called semiparallel teamwork. The study shows that practical teamwork is not characterized by a synchronous ideal, but rather is about how to adaptively find acceptable solutions to a series of practical problems. The study emphasizes the importance of the team varying between different working modes, so‐called semisystematics.
METABOLIC TRAITS IN MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN AS COMPARED WITH NORMAL POPULATIONS: PHENYLALANINE AND TYROSINE IN SERUM AND URINE
Authors: HIRSCH W. , MEX ANNEMARIE , VOGEL F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA large sample of mentally subnormal patients aged 2 to 14 years admitted to Wiesengrand Children's Psychiatric Hospital, Berlin were investigated and subjected to detailed physical and mental examination. Those children without definite evidence of organic disease and in the IQ range of 60 to 90 were selected for biochemical studies and comparison with controls and relatives, using paper and column chromatography.There was a distinct increase in the serum and urinary phenylalanine of the patient sample and a less pronounced decrease in urinary tyrosine level.Patients with a phenylalanine, tyrosine ratio greater than or equal to 1 demonstrated slight but definite evidence of neurological disturbance compared with those with a P/T ratio less than 1. A daily variation in the P/T quotient was found.Evidence is produced to suggest that these anomalies, which are not of the metabolic block type, are of genetical origin and not determined by environmental factors.
The social validity of an argument supporting a ban on aversive procedures
Authors: GOZA A. B. , RICKETTS R. W. , PERKINS T. S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThere is currently a controversy regarding the use of non‐aversive and aversive procedures in the treatment of severe behaviour problems in individuals with mental retardation. One specific criticism directed at professionals who support the non‐aversive position is that they have taken quotations from scientific articles out of context in order to give the impression of empirical support for their position. The present authors addressed this issue by assessing the social validity of references made to selected scientific articles in support of a specific argument in a monograph by Guess et al. (1987). Three groups of individuals were surveyed in this study: (1) psychologists working with individuals with mental retardation at six state schools in Texas (Group I); (2) selected professionals with expertise in the area of self‐injurious behaviour and in the use of behaviour modification techniques with individuals who are mentally retarded (Group II); and (3) the authors of the six journal articles that were selected for the present study (Group III). The study focused on references made to journal articles in support of the‘depersonalization hypothesis’that aversive therapies serve to depersonalize the recipients of these treatments. Results indicate that the authors of the monograph were not completely accurate in their references to the six articles. Sixty per cent of the respondents from Group I, 71 % of respondents from Group II, and two out of the three respondents from Group III rated the citations made in the monograph as inaccurate. In addition, the respondents rated the articles as not supportive of the depersonalization hypothesis for which they were cited. Over half of Group I respondents, and all respondents from Groups II and III rated the articles as non‐supportive of the depersonalization hypothesis. These findings suggest that the authors of the monograph have used references selectively and incorrectly in support of their views in at least some instances. This emphasizes the importance of critical reading and hypotheses based on bodies of knowledge rather than selected sources. Furthermore, this study indicates the need for operationally defined hypotheses which may be examined empirically.
Growth and developmental patterns in Prader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: EHARA H. , OHNO K. , TAKESHITA K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEleven Japanese patients with Prader‐Willi syndrome were studied from infancy, and examined with respect to their growth and development. The chromosomal aberration was observed in 40% ofthe patients using a high‐resolution chromosome banding technique. The birth weight in 10 out of the 11 patients was below the mean and the rate of body weight gain was severely retarded by 6 months in all cases, which suggested an insufficient utilization of nutrients in uterine life and in early infancy. The rate of height increase as well as that of body weight increase were also transiently retarded from 10 to 18 months of age in eight cases, and the body weight gain increased dramatically after 10–18 months due to hyperphagia. The patients' mean milestones of development were delayed (the mean developmental quotient was 50) in comparison with those of control patients; there was no difference between the developmental milestones of the two groups with and without the chromosomal aberration.
West syndrome with cerebellar porencephalus
Authors: KOIDE H. , SHIME H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe authors report six very low birth weight newborn infants who had RDS, IVH and cerebellar porencephalus and later suffered from West syndrome. Four of them have been followed up to the present time and have had MRI scans performed. Their present clinico‐neurological features and MRI findings are described. The authors also raise the possibility of prevention of mental deterioration if anticipatory treatment is started early. Very low birth weight newborn infants with cerebellar porencephalus should be observed more carefully with clinical and EEG examinations to detect Infantile spasms earlier and to protect them from further mental deterioration.
Mental and physical health and ageing in mental handicap: a review
Authors: DAY K. , JANGAR J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.With some exceptions, the mental and physical health problems of elderly mentally handicapped people are similar to those of the elderly population as a whole. Psychiatric disorder is more common due to a higher frequency of behaviour disorders. Increased longevity has been accompanied by a progressive increase in deaths from age‐related conditions and in individuals with Down's syndrome exposed a predisposition to premature senility and dementia. Service issues include general health care, preventive measures, provision for those with psychiatric and age‐related problems, and staff training.
Employment, retirement and elderly persons with an intellectual disability
Authors: Ashman A. F. , Suttie J. N. , Bramley J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA national Australian study of people with an intellectual disability of 55 years of age and over investigated their employment and retirement patterns, attitudes to work and retirement, and the degree to which they were involved in leistire or recreational programmes. Two cohorts were recruited: one included all known members of the target group who agreed to participate in the study in the states of Queensland and Western Australia; and the second was a proportional, random sample drawn from a national database on a state population basis. A large number of the participants had never been involved in full‐ or part‐time employment, either in a competitive or supported environment, or in workshops. The majority of those who had worked expressed strong positive attitudes toward employment and concern about retirement, suggesting the need for pre‐retirement programmes including transition and choice‐making skills to prepare participants for the future.
Electron microscopic observations of human hair medulla
Authors: DE CÁSSIA COMIS WAGNER RITA , KIYOHARA PEDRO KUNIHIKO , SILVEIRA MARINA , JOEKES INÉS 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn the study of human hair, medulla is the less studied structure because it is believed that it has no influence on the fibre properties. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the better understanding of medulla morphology. Using reproducible methods for hair samples preparations allowed observing the inner fibre by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three medulla subunits were observed in cryofractured samples. In addition, the application of plasma etching on samples allowed accessing chemical differences between them. Two kinds of medulla were identified using stereomicroscopy: thin and thick medulla. They were morphologically differentiated using TEM. These methods can be used to study systematically the effects of medulla on hair properties and to evaluate the efficiency of cosmetic products.
Modelling the application of adaptive optics to wide‐field microscope live imaging
Authors: KAM ZVI , KNER PETER , AGARD DAVID , SEDAT JOHN W. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWide‐field fluorescence microscopy is an essential tool in modern cell biology. Unfortunately the image quality of fluorescence microscopes is often significantly degraded due to aberrations that occur under normal imaging conditions. In this article, we examine the use of adaptive optics technology to dynamically correct these problems to achieve close to ideal diffraction limited performance. Simultaneously, this technology also allows ultra‐rapid focusing without having to move either the stage or the objective lens. We perform optical simulations to demonstrate the degree of correction that can be achieved.
Chlamydia trachomatis Mip‐like protein
Authors: Lundemose Anker G. , Rouch Duncan A. , Birkelund Svend , Christiansen Gunna , Pearce John H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA 27 kDa Chlamydia trachomatis Mip‐like protein with homology of a 175‐amino‐acid C‐terminal fragment to the surface‐exposed Legionella pneumophila mip‐ gene product has previously been described. In this paper the entire chlamydia Mip‐like sequence of C. trachomatis serovar L2 (lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) biovar) is presented. The sequence shows high similarity to the legionella Mip protein and its C‐terminal region, like that of the legionella Mip, has high amino acid similarity to eukaryotic and prokaryotic FK506‐binding proteins. The chlamydial mip‐like gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in other C. trachomatis serovars and by sequencing of the mip‐like genes of serovars B and E (trachoma biovar) was shown to be highly conserved within the two major biovars of C. trachomatis. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant Mip‐like protein failed to demonstrate surface‐exposed epitopes on infectious elementary bodies or reproductive reticulate body forms either by immunofluorescence or immuno‐gold electron microscopy. However, a complement‐dependent inhibition of up to 91% of infectivity for cell cultures was observed with antibodies to the N‐terminal fragment of the Mip‐like protein suggesting that antibody‐accessible epitopes are present on infectious EBs.
Proteolytic processing of CmPP36, a protein from the cytochrome b5 reductase family, is required for entry into the phloem translocation pathway
Authors: Xoconostle‐Cázares Beatriz , Ruiz‐Medrano Roberto , Lucas William J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) phloem sap contains a 31 kDa protein that cross‐reacts with antibodies directed against the red clover necrotic mosaic virus movement protein (RCNMV MP). Microsequence data from phloem‐purified 31 kDa protein were used to isolate a complementary DNA: the open reading frame encodes a 36 kDa protein belonging to the cytochrome b5 reductase (Cb5R) family; the gene was termed CmPP36. Western analyses established that CmPP36, RCNMV MP and CmPP16 (Xoconostle‐Cázares et al., 1999, Science 283, 94–98) are immunologically related, probably due to a common epitope, represented by the NADH+‐binding domain of CmPP36. An N‐terminal 5 kDa membrane‐targeting domain is cleaved to produce the 31 kDa ΔN‐CmPP36 detected in the phloem sap. Microinjection experiments established that ΔN‐CmPP36, but not CmPP36, is able to interact with plasmodesmata to mediate its cell‐to‐cell transport. Thus, intercellular movement of CmPP36 requires proteolytic processing in the companion cell to produce a soluble, movement‐competent, protein. In contrast to RCNMV and CmPP16, ΔN‐CmPP36 interacts with but does not mediate the trafficking of RNA. Northern and in situ RT–PCR studies established that CmPP36 mRNA is present in all plant organs, being highly abundant within vascular tissues. In roots of hydroponically grown pumpkin plants, CmPP36 mRNA levels respond to changes in available iron in the culture solution. Finally, enzymatic assays established that both CmPP36 and ΔN‐CmPP36 could reduce Fe3+‐citrate and Fe3+‐EDTA in the presence of NADH+. These findings are discussed in terms of the possible roles played by CmPP36 in phloem function.
Residence time and potential range: crucial considerations in modelling plant invasions
Authors: Wilson John R. U. , Richardson David M. , Rouget Mathieu , Procheş Şerban , Amis Mao A. , Henderson Lesley , Thuiller Wilfried 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA prime aim of invasion biology is to predict which species will become invasive, but retrospective analyses have so far failed to develop robust generalizations. This is because many biological, environmental, and anthropogenic factors interact to determine the distribution of invasive species. However, in this paper we also argue that many analyses of invasiveness have been flawed by not considering several fundamental issues: (1) the range size of an invasive species depends on how much time it has had to spread (its residence time); (2) the range size and spread rate are mediated by the total extent of suitable (i.e. potentially invasible) habitat; and (3) the range size and spread rate depend on the frequency and intensity of introductions (propagule pressure), the position of founder populations in relation to the potential range, and the spatial distribution of the potential range. We explored these considerations using a large set of invasive alien plant species in South Africa for which accurate distribution data and other relevant information were available. Species introduced earlier and those with larger potential ranges had larger current range sizes, but we found no significant effect of the spatial distribution of potential ranges on current range sizes, and data on propagule pressure were largely unavailable. However, crucially, we showed that: (1) including residence time and potential range always significantly increases the explanatory power of the models; and (2) residence time and potential range can affect which factors emerge as significant determinants of invasiveness. Therefore, analyses not including potential range and residence time can come to misleading conclusions. When these factors were taken into account, we found that nitrogen‐fixing plants and plants invading arid regions have spread faster than other species, but these results were phylogenetically constrained. We also show that, when analysed in the context of residence time and potential range, variation in range size among invasive species is implicitly due to variation in spread rates, and, that by explicitly assuming a particular model of spread, it is possible to estimate changes in the rates of plant invasions through time. We believe that invasion biology can develop generalizations that are useful for management, but only in the context of a suitable null model.
Invasive species ofHeracleumin Europe: an insight into genetic relationships and invasion history
Authors: Jahodová Šárka , Trybush Sviatlana , Pyšek Petr , Wade Max , Karp Angela 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSeveral species of the genusHeracleum(Umbelliferae) were introduced into Europe from south‐west Asia in the 19th century and are now widespread in many countries. At least three invasive taxa with unresolved relationships to one another are thought to occur in Europe:Heracleum mantegazzianumSommier & Levier,H. sosnowskyiManden, andH. persicumDesf. ex Fischer. They are tall plants forming extensive stands with a high cover. To elucidate genetic relationships between the species, and gain insight into their invasion history, samples were collected from native ranges in Asia and invaded ranges of the three species in Europe and analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Five otherHeracleumspecies were also studied and in total, 189 samples from 72 populations were analysed. The results confirmed that there are three distinct tallHeracleumspecies invading in Europe. Within each of the three species, plants collected in the invaded range are genetically close to those from their native ranges. A close genetic relationship between the three invasiveHeracleumspecies in Europe was also found. A high overall genetic variability detected in the invaded range suggests that the majority of invading populations were not affected by a genetic bottleneck and that rapid evolution, drift, or hybridization played a role in genetic structuring of invading populations. ForH. mantegazzianum, genetic distance of populations in the native range significantly decreased with geographical distance, but not in the invaded range. It is likely that the current pattern of genetic diversity in Europe resulted from multiple introductions of all three species.
Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment in isolated chronic graft‐vs.‐host disease of the liver
Authors: Arat Mutlu , Idilman Ramazan , Soydan Ender Akcaglayan , Soykan Irfan , Erden Esra , Karayalçın Selim , Akan Hamdi 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Objectives:  Data regarding the long‐term treatment of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in individuals of chronic graft‐vs.‐host disease (cGVHD) of the liver are limited. The aims of this prospective study were to determine whether, (i) UDCA treatment is useful as a long‐term treatment for individuals with limited cGVHD of the liver following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, and (ii) the tolerability of UDCA treatment in such individuals.Methods:  Fifteen consecutive patients with de novo isolated cGVHD of the liver were included. All individuals were treated with UDCA at a dose of 13 mg/kg/d for 1 yr. Clinical evaluation and laboratory testing were assessed at 30‐d intervals during UDCA therapy and every 30 d after discontinuation of UDCA for a total of 3 months.Results:  At the end of the treatment, 60% of patients with cGVHD of the liver had normal liver tests, the remaining 40% of patients demonstrated improvement in their abnormal liver tests (partial responders), whereas none of the patients had worsening of the liver tests. When compared with baseline, there was a significant decrease in the serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase levels after completion of the UDCA treatment at 12 months (p < 0.01). No significant increase in serum liver enzyme tests was observed at the third month after the completion of therapy. Pruritus in seven of nine patients resolved after UDCA treatment. All patients completed their assigned treatment with no major adverse event.Conclusion:  Long‐term UDCA therapy appears to be effective, safe and tolerable in individuals with cGVHD presenting with isolated liver involvement.