bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating cold‐frontal gradients in surface parameters using operationally‐available minute‐resolution data
Authors: Clark M. R. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTLarge gradients in surface parameters are often observed across cold fronts exhibiting line convection. Such gradients may constitute a hazard to aviation, owing to the associated strong horizontal wind shear and abrupt pressure surges. Significant along‐front variability in the magnitude of cross‐frontal gradients is usually observed, making quantitative forecasting of expected parameter changes and anticipation of future locations of associated hazards challenging. In this paper, operationally available minute resolution data are analysed for three recent cases of strong cold fronts, in order to explore the magnitude and along‐frontal distribution of parameter changes. Cross‐frontal temperature fall, sea level pressure rise and wind veer were calculated and mapped. In two of the cases, coherent regions of larger parameter changes were resolved, which could be traced for several hours. This raises the possibility of providing more quantitative short term forecasts of expected parameter changes at downstream locations by extrapolation. Swathes of larger parameter changes usually corresponded to tracks of intense line convection segments. However, significant variability in the relationship between radar reflectivity and the magnitude of parameter changes was found, both within individual cases and between cases. In the third case, the typically small scale of line convection segments precluded the resolution of coherent areas of larger parameter changes, though the general areas in which parameter changes were locally large could still be delineated. Generally, cross‐frontal temperature falls exceeding 1.25 °C, pressure surges exceeding 0.4 hPa, and wind veers exceeding 30° could be confidently (>90%) identified by the analysis.
MUAP values of two facial muscles in normal subjects and comparison of two methods for data analysis
Authors: Papagianni Aikaterini E. , Kokotis Panagiotis , Zambelis Thomas , Karandreas Nikos 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIntroduction: This study aimed to obtain normal MUAP values in 2 facial muscles and to compare the results of different analysis methods. Methods: The frontalis muscle of 36 and the mentalis muscle of 28 normal subjects were examined, and mean and outlier values of all MUAP parameters were calculated with the automatic method. Next, manual editing of the recorded raw data provided new sets of values for comparison. Results: The frontalis muscle MUAPs have significantly shorter duration, smaller amplitude and a lower number of turns and phases compared with those of mentalis. Higher MUAP duration values in the frontalis were the only significant difference after the comparison of the different analysis methods. Conclusions: The set of normal values for frontalis and mentalis in this study could be useful in routine practice. Careful manual editing of the frontalis MUAPs is recommended for more accurate determination of their duration. Muscle Nerve 46: 346–350, 2012
Prediction of the shaft resistance of nondisplacement piles in sand
Authors: Lashkari Ali 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYUsing pile segment analysis, the mobilized shaft resistance of axially loaded nondisplacement piles in sand is investigated here. It is accepted that the shaft capacity of piles constructed in granular soils is highly influenced by the mechanical behavior of soil–structure interfaces forming adjacent the piles skin. Adopting the thin interface layer as a load transfer mechanism, a simple but accurate critical state compatible interface constitutive model is introduced. After evaluation, the interface model in conjunction with the pile segment analysis is applied for the prediction of the shaft resistance mobilized in nondisplacement piles. The proposed approach takes into account the influences of pile diameter and surface roughness together with the effects of the surrounding soil density and stiffness on the mobilized shaft resistance. The performance of the proposed method is verified by comparing its predictions with the experimental data of various model piles covering wide ranges of length, diameter, roughness, and surrounding soil properties. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft nanoconfinement effects on the crystallization behavior of asymmetric poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(ε‐ caprolactone) diblock copolymers
Authors: Xue Feifei , Chen Xuesi , An Lijia , Funari Sergio S , Jiang Shichun 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe time‐ and temperature‐related crystallization process for the structure transitions of asymmetric crystalline‐crystalline diblock copolymers from the melt to crystallites was investigated with synchrotron simultaneous small‐angle/wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. Two asymmetric poly(ethylene oxide)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) diblock copolymers were chosen. It is found in the course of the copolymer crystallization that the shorter blocks are uncrystallizable in both of the asymmetric diblock copolymers and final lamellar structures are formed in both of them. The final lamellar structure was confirmed from atomic force microscopy observations. The small‐angle X‐ray scattering data collected were analyzed with different methods for the early stage of crystallization. Guinier and Debye‐Bueche plots indicate that there are neither isolated domains nor correlated domains formed before the formation of lamellae in the asymmetric diblock copolymers during the crystallization process. The structure evolution was calculated according to the correlation function, and the soft nanoconfined crystallization behavior is discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The HUPO initiative on Model Organism Proteomes, iMOP
Authors: Jones Alexandra M. E. , Aebersold Ruedi , Ahrens Christian H. , Apweiler Rolf , Baerenfaller Katja , Baker Mark , Bendixen Emøke , Briggs Steve , Brownridge Philip , Brunner Erich , Daube Michael , Deutsch Eric W. , Grossniklaus Ueli , Heazlewood Joshua , Hengartner Michael O. , Hermjakob Henning , Jovanovic Marko , Lawless Craig , Lochnit Günter , Martens Lennart , Ravnsborg Christian , Schrimpf Sabine P. , Shim Yhong‐Hee , Subasic Deni , Tholey Andreas , van Wijk Klaas , von Mering Christian , Weiss Manuel , Zheng Xue 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe community working on model organisms is growing steadily and the number of model organisms for which proteome data are being generated is continuously increasing. To standardize efforts and to make optimal use of proteomics data acquired from model organisms, a new Human Proteome Organisation (HUPO) initiative on model organism proteomes (iMOP) was approved at the HUPO Ninth Annual World Congress in Sydney, 2010. iMOP will seek to stimulate scientific exchange and disseminate HUPO best practices. The needs of model organism researchers for central databases will be better represented, catalyzing the integration of proteomics and organism‐specific databases. Full details of iMOP activities, members, tools and resources can be found at our website http://www.imop.uzh.ch/ and new members are invited to join us.
Structural modeling of TAL effector–DNA interactions
Authors: Bradley Philip 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTAL (transcriptional activator‐like) effectors are DNA‐binding repeat proteins recently shown to recognize their target sites by an unprecedented, 1:1 mapping between repeat residues and DNA bases. The structural basis for this recognition is not known; in particular, it is not clear whether such 1:1 recognition can be accommodated by standard major‐groove readout of B‐form DNA. Here we describe a structure prediction protocol tailored to the TAL–DNA system, and report simulation results that shed light on observed repeat‐base associations and overall TAL structure. Our models demonstrate that TAL–DNA interactions can be explained by a model in which the TAL repeat domain forms a superhelical repeat structure that wraps around undistorted B‐form DNA, paralleling the geometry of the major groove, with contacts between position 13 of each repeat and its associated base pair on the sense strand determining the specificity of DNA recognition.
“Combi‐targeting” mitozolomide: Conferring novel signaling inhibitory properties to an abandoned DNA alkylating agent in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Fang Youqiang , Qiu Qiyu , Domarkas Juozas , Larroque‐Lombard Anne‐Laure , Rao Suman , Rachid Zakaria , Gibbs Bernard F. , Gao Xin , Jean‐Claude Bertrand J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPURPOSEAt the preclinical stage, mitozolomide (MTZ) showed exciting preclinical activity but failed later in clinical trial due to toxic side effects. We surmised that by targeting MTZ to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), we may not only alter its toxicity profile, but also enhance its potency in EGFR‐overexpressing tumors. To test this hypothesis, we designed JDF12, studied its mechanism of action in human prostate cancer (PCa) cells and determined its potency in vivo.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNTo analyze its mixed EGFR‐DNA targeting potential, we performed an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting analysis of EGFR phosphorylation in cells stimulated with EGF. DNA damage was analyzed using the comet assay, and apoptosis quantitated by annexin V binding assay. Growth inhibition in vitro was determined by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and in vivo efficacy analyzed in male CD‐1 nude mice.RESULTSThe results showed that: Under physiological conditions, JDF12 was hydrolyzed to JDF04R and both agents were capable of inhibiting isolated EGFR tyrosine kinase (TK) and EGFR phosphorylation in EGF‐stimulated cells. JDF12 significantly damaged DNA, induced apoptosis in DU145 cells and was up to 2–10‐fold more potent than equieffective combinations of MTZ and JDF04R or Iressa in a panel that also included LNCaP and its EGFR and ErbB2 transfectants. In vivo, it induced significant antitumor activity in a DU145 xenograft model.CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that the superior cytotoxicity of JDF12 when compared with MTZ and JDF04R may be imputed to its potent EGFR‐DNA targeting properties and confirm the ability of this novel strategy to confer EGFR targeting properties to a classical alkylator. Prostate 72:1273–1285, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial and temporal distribution of trunk‐injected 14C‐imidacloprid in Fraxinus trees
Authors: Tanis Sara R , Cregg Bert M , Mota‐Sanchez David , McCullough Deborah G , Poland Therese M 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Since the discovery of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (emerald ash borer) in 2002, researchers have tested several methods of chemical control. Soil drench or trunk injection products containing imidacloprid are commonly used to control adults. However, efficacy can be highly variable and may be due to uneven translocation of systemic insecticides. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sectored xylem anatomy might influence imidacloprid distribution in tree crowns.RESULTS: Imidacloprid equivalent concentrations were higher in leaves from branches in the plane of the injection point (0°) than in leaves from branches on the opposite side of the injection point (180°). Leaves from branches 90° to the right of injection points had higher imidacloprid equivalent concentrations than leaves from branches 90° to the left of injection points. Leaves and shoots had higher imidacloprid equivalent concentrations than roots and trunk cores, indicating that imidacloprid moves primarily through the xylem.CONCLUSION: Imidacloprid equivalent concentration in leaves varied over time and in relation to injection points. It is concluded that ash trees have sectored ‘zigzag’ xylem architecture patterns consistent with sectored flow distribution. This could lead to variable distribution of imidacloprid in tree crowns and therefore to variable control of A. planipennis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards
Authors: Van Timmeren Steven , Wise John C , Isaacs Rufus 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Soil application of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides can provide opportunities for long‐term control of insect pests in vineyards, with minimal risk of pesticide drift or worker exposure. This study compared the effectiveness of neonicotinoid insecticides applied via irrigation injection on key early‐season and mid‐season insect pests of vineyards in the eastern United States.RESULTS: On vines trained to grow on drip irrigation, early‐season application of imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran provided high levels of control against the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae. Protection of vines against Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, and grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana, was also observed after mid‐season applications. Efficacy was poor in commercial vineyards when treatments were applied to the soil before irrigation or rain, indicating that vines must be grown with an irrigation system for efficient uptake of the insecticide.CONCLUSIONS: In drip‐irrigated vineyards, soil‐applied neonicotinoids can be used to provide long residual control of either early‐season or mid‐ to late‐season foliage pests of vineyards. This approach can reduce the dependence on foliar‐applied insecticides, with associated benefits for non‐target exposure to workers and natural enemies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Ground‐layer snow clouds
Authors: Vali G. , Leon D. , Snider J. R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSnow clouds forming directly over the ground and reaching depths of up to a kilometre have been observed with a W‐band airborne radar. The phenomenon is referred to here as ‘ground‐layer snow cloud’ (GSC). Most of the cases were observed over mountainous terrain but some were seen over nearly flat terrain. These snow clouds occurred over snow‐covered ground. The temperature at their point of first appearance on rising slopes was in the range 0 to −10°C with humidity close to water saturation. GSCs form within windy and highly turbulent surface layers, with specific features linked to sudden rises or dips in terrain. The most plausible explanation for the formation of the GSC is that snow particles lofted from the surface grow in the ice‐supersaturated environment and mix throughout the turbulent layer. Sufficiently high humidity for crystal growth distinguishes these clouds from blowing snow in dry air. On the downwind sides of mountains, the snow clouds precipitate and evaporate. As for blowing snow, visibility within GSCs is greatly reduced. The GSC represents a form of horizontal water mass transport. When a GSC forms with other clouds present above it, as is frequently the case, there is a clear potential for those clouds to be seeded from below, thereby altering their evolution, precipitation distribution, and other impacts. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Surface characterisation of PET modified using a p‐DC or HIPIMS reactive sputter pre‐treatment
Authors: Hinder S. J. , Audronis M. , Bellido‐Gonzalez V. , Mack P. , Baker M. A. 
Published: January 2012

Surface‐sensitive techniques have been employed to characterise a model polymer substrate surface, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), after a reactive sputter pre‐treatment using magnetically enhanced Cu or Ti sputter targets in a mixed Ar‐O2 glow discharge plasma. The plasmas are produced using either medium‐frequency pulsed direct current (p‐DC) or low‐frequency high power impulse (HIPIMS) sources. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and sessile drop water contact angles were employed to investigate changes in PET surface chemistry and properties following surface modification using different p‐DC and HIPIMS process parameters.The XPS results indicate that the chemical composition of plasma‐treated PET surfaces (p‐DC or HIPIMS) depends strongly on the processing parameters employed such as sputter target material, magnetic array type and power supply technology. XPS results demonstrate that the sputter target material employed is of primary importance as it dictates the quantity of metal deposited/implanted into the PET surface. XPS results show that the use of a Cu target resulted in ~ 31–35 at.% of Cu incorporated into the PET surface (as CuO), while the use of a Ti target resulted in only 1–4 at. % incorporation (as TiO2). The SIMS spectra and XPS depth profiles of Cu‐treated PET indicate that the CuO has formed a discrete film at the surface, offering predominant or total coverage of the underlying PET. However, for Ti‐treated PET, both PET and Ti SIMS peaks are observed, and the XPS C1s peak shape is characteristic of PET, indicating that Ti has not formed a discrete film, but instead TiO2 species have been incorporated, probably as an island‐like distribution into the surface of the PET. The formation of CuO and TiO2 on the PET surface leads to a reduction in the contact angle compared to native PET. Hence, both p‐DC and HIPIMS reactive plasma pre‐treatments result in a more hydrophilic surface, promoting adhesion and offering a flexible means to introduce a wide range of surface chemistries and properties to polymeric surfaces. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing OSGi with real‐time Java support
Authors: Basanta‐Val P. , García‐Valls M. , Estévez‐Ayres I. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYOSGi was designed with embedded systems in mind, its current support is insufficient for coping with one main characteristic of many embedded systems: real‐time performance. This article analyzes different key issues in providing OSGi with real‐time Java performance covering motivational issues, and different integration ways and challenges stemming from the integration. It also contributes a general framework for introducing real‐time performance in OSGi, which is called the real‐time for OSGi framework. The framework uses real‐time Java virtual machines and the real‐time specification for Java. The adoption of this framework allows cyber‐physical systems to experience real‐time Java performance in their applications. The framework introduces several integration levels for OSGi and real‐time specification for Java, and specific real‐time OSGi services. An empirical implementation was carried out using standard software, which was extended with the new defined services. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrocatalysis in proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates
Authors: Paleček Emil , Bartošík Martin , Ostatná Veronika , Trefulka Mojmír 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe ability of proteins to catalyze hydrogen evolution has been known for more than 80 years, but the poorly developed d.c. polarographic “pre‐sodium wave” was of little analytical use. Recently, we have shown that by using constant current chronopotentiometric stripping analysis, proteins produce a well‐developed peak H at hanging mercury drop and solid amalgam electrodes. Peak H sensitively reflects changes in protein structures due to protein denaturation, single amino acid exchange, etc. at the picomole level. Unmodified DNA and RNA do not yield such a peak, but they produce electrocatalytic voltammetric signals after modification with osmium tetroxide complexes with nitrogen ligands [Os(VIII)L], binding covalently to pyrimidine bases in nucleic acids. Recently, it has been shown that six‐valent [Os(VI)L] complexes bind to 1,2‐diols in polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, producing voltammetric responses similar to those of DNA‐Os(VIII)L adducts. Electrocatalytic peaks produced by Os‐modified nucleic acids, proteins (reaction with tryptophan residues) and carbohydrates are due to the catalytic hydrogen evolution, allowing determination of oligomers at the picomolar level. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100029
Using Higher Order Questioning to Accelerate Students’ Growth in Reading
Authors: Peterson Debra S. , Taylor Barbara M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to describe the changes in reading instruction that teachers made that contributed to students’ growth in reading. Teachers made the transition from instruction that was primarily teacher‐directed and focused on lower‐level questions to instruction that supported students in their higher order talk and writing about texts. These teachers worked with diverse student populations in schools that had previously struggled to make adequate yearly progress, yet across three years of reading reform their students continued to make important gains in their reading achievement. These findings and examples may stimulate reflection and challenge other reading professionals to consider important research‐validated elements of effective reading instruction.
Combining Traditional And New Literacies In A 21st‐Century Writing Workshop
Authors: Bogard Jennifer M. , McMackin Mary C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article describes how third graders combine traditional literacy practices, including writer's notebooks and graphic organizers, with new literacies, such as video editing software, to create digital personal narratives. The authors emphasize the role of planning in the recursive writing process and describe how technology‐based audio recordings, usingiPods and LiveScribe pens, allow students to narrate, critically evaluate, and revise their stories before writing first drafts. The authors discuss the benefits of integrating recorded oral rehearsals into the writing process and explain how, with peer conferencing and teacher support, the audio drafts evolve into multiple written drafts, storyboards, andiMovies. Creating digital stories that are shared with proximate audiences (e.g, classmates and families) and distant, sometimes unknown audiences through a class blog, provide students with meaningful, engaging, 21st‐century opportunities to communicate ideas through the use of multimodal resources.
Hand‐Clap Songs Across the Curriculum
Authors: Batchelor Katherine E. , Bintz William P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis teaching tip focuses on using hand‐clapping to teach content area material across the curriculum. We begin with a brief history of hand‐clap songs, followed by a rationale for using them in content area literacy. Then, we describe the instructional lesson, share samples that resulted, and discuss lesson extensions. Our goal is to have participating teachers engage in and learn from activities like the one instructional lesson provides. Our hope is that other teachers across grade levels and content areas will adopt or adapt this lesson to help their own students use hand‐clap songs to learn content material across the curriculum.