bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrete Choice Methods
Authors: Glasgow Garrett , Alvarez R. Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the statistical models commonly used to study discrete choices. It concentrates on the ‘basic’ discrete choice models, and the theoretical choice situations that lead to these models. Specifically the choice situation addressed include: the ordered choice situation and the unordered choice situation. In addition, the article discusses two extensions of the basic discrete choice models commonly seen in political science research — models allowing for heteroskedasticity in the choices made across political agents (such as the heteroskedastic probit), and models that estimate substitution patterns across choice alternatives (such as the multinomial probit and mixed logit). Suggestions for further reading are also given.
Survival Analysis
Authors: Golub Jonathan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a discussion of survival analysis that presents another way to incorporate temporal information into analysis in ways that give advantages similar to those from using time series. It describes the main choices researchers face when conducting survival analysis and offers a set of methodological steps that should become standard practice. After introducing the basic terminology, it shows that there is little to lose and much to gain by employing Cox models instead of parametric models. Cox models are superior to parametric models in three main respects: they provide more reliable treatment of the baseline hazard and superior handling of the proportional hazards assumption, and they are the best for handling tied data. Moreover, the illusory benefits of parametric models are presented. The greater use of Cox models enables researchers to elicit more useful information from their data, and allows for more reliable substantive inferences about important political processes.
Case Selection for Case‐Study Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques
Authors: Gerring John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article presents some guidance by cataloging nine different techniques for case selection: typical, diverse, extreme, deviant, influential, crucial, pathway, most similar, and most different. It also indicates that if the researcher is starting from a quantitative database, then methods for finding influential outliers can be used. In particular, the article clarifies the general principles that might guide the process of case selection in case-study research. Cases are more or less representative of some broader phenomenon and, on that score, may be considered better or worse subjects for intensive analysis. The article then draws attention to two ambiguities in case-selection strategies in case-study research. The first concerns the admixture of several case-selection strategies. The second concerns the changing status of a case as a study proceeds. Some case studies follow only one strategy of case selection.
Process Tracing: a Bayesian Perspective
Authors: Bennett Andrew 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides an overview of process tracing, concentrating on the dimensions of this method that are relevant to Bayesian logic. It also briefly outlines the logic of Bayesian inference, emphasizing parallels with the logic of process tracing. The article shows these points with examples from the historical explanation of political events, including the 1898 Fashoda crisis, the end of the First World War, and the end of the Cold War. It concludes that Bayesianism helps in understanding the strengths of case-study methods, including their potential to develop and test explanations even with limited evidence drawn from one or a few cases, and their limits, including the provisional nature of historical explanations and the challenges of generalizing from small numbers of cases. The ‘Degrees of Freedom’ problem is inapplicable to process tracing, even though the more fundamental problem of underdetermination remains.
The Eitm Approach: Origins and Interpretations
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Alt James E. , Lupia Arthur 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the National Science Foundation (NSF)'s initiative to close the gap between theory and methods. It also deals with the Empirical Implications of Theoretical Models (EITM) as currently understood as a way of thinking about causal inference in service to causal reasoning. Additionally, it explores the approach's origins and various ways in which NSF's call to EITM action has been interpreted. It makes a brief attempt to explain why the EITM approach emerged, why it is valuable, and how it is currently understood. It then contends that EITM has been interpreted in multiple ways. It emphasizes a subset of extant interpretations and, in the process, offers views about the most constructive way forward. The idea of EITM is to bring deduction and induction, hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing, close together.
Organizational Decision Making: Mapping Terrains on Different Planets
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. , Starbuck William H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article outlines major historical developments that have shaped organizational decision research and highlights themes focusing on organizational decision making. Several of the themes have been visible for many years; these raise questions about decision makers' rationality, their heuristics and simplifications, their political behaviors, and their interpretations of experience. Other themes, however, are nascent ones that promise to become more visible in the future; these deal with decision makers' expertise, intuitions, and emotions.
Boom and Bust Behavior: On the Persistence of Strategic Decision Biases
Authors: Gary Michael Shayne , Dosi Giovanni , Lovallo Dan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the underlying cognitive and behavioral factors responsible for strategic decisions driving B&B dynamics, discusses the reasons firms do not learn to avoid boom and bust, and identifies tentative strategies for mitigating B&B (Boom and Bust) behavior. At the same time, it conjecturally concludes, there might be a positive collective side to B&B behavior fostering accumulation of knowledge and physical infrastructure, especially regarding new technological paradigms. The next section discusses a number of real world cases of B&B dynamics. The examples illustrate quite common dynamic behaviors and highlight the crucial role of capacity investment decisions in B&B outcomes. Subsequent sections review the findings from prior experimental research on B&B dynamics and discuss some key decision biases and heuristics that play important roles in B&B decision making. The final section outlines some tentative strategies for moderating B&B decision making. The conclusion highlights some of the collectively positive aspects of booms and busts.
Information Overload Revisited
Authors: Sutcliffe Kathleen M. , Weick Karl E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Individuals typically describe information overload as the situation of receiving too much information. Organizational scholars define overload as a state induced when the amount of input to a system exceeds its processing capacity or when information processing capabilities and the information loads encountered are mismatched. Perception plays a key role in overload as in this definition: overload is the “perceived inability to maintain a one to one relationship between input and output within a realizable future with an existing repertoire of practices and desires”. Prevailing treatments of overload posit that when a system (individual or organization) is no longer able to process information and becomes overloaded, primary and secondary symptoms are manifested.
Facing the Threat of Disaster: Decision Making When the Stakes are High
Authors: Tamuz Michal , Lewis Eleanor T. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The first part of this review examines decision making under the threat of disaster; the second part concentrates on decision making in the midst of disaster; and the third focuses on the choices made during post-disaster investigations. For ease of presentation, the article considers these disaster-related phases separately, but in practice, they circle back and interlink in a mesh of feedback loops. Often only a post-disaster investigation, for example, clarifies what occurred in the midst of disaster. The article concludes with a discussion of several decision-making practices that organizations have developed to help address some of the challenges for decision makers identified throughout the review.
Employing Adaptive Structuring as a Cognitive Decision Aid in High Reliability Organizations
Authors: Roberts Karlene H. , Yu Kuo Frank , Desai Vinit M. , Madsen Peter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The article begins by discussing processes contributing to high and low reliability decision making. It then discusses three cases, covering similar processes used in the three situations and notes what managers can take from this. Finally, the article argues for research that does not concentrate on a single organization but examines interactions among geographically distributed units addressing the same problem.
Expertise and Naturalistic Decision Making in Organizations: Mechanisms of Effective Decision Making
Authors: Rosen Michael A. , Salas Eduardo , Lyons Rebecca , Fiore Stephen M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to address various issues as seen through the naturalistic decision making (NDM) perspective, a relatively nascent yet vibrant research tradition that seeks to understand how professionals are able to translate their experience into quality decisions within complex “real-world” environments. It documents the types of adaptations that experts make within organizations that enable decision-making effectiveness in the face of complexity. To this end, the article first provides an overview of the NDM movement. Secondly, it explores the role of individual expertise in decision making in NDM environments. Thirdly, it explores the issue of expert teams. This article draws from NDM investigations of individual and team decision making within organizations from a variety of domains as well as basic research on the nature of expertise.
Cognitively Skilled Organizational Decision Making: Making Sense of Deciding
Authors: Balogun Julia , Pye Annie , Hodgkinson Gerard P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to bring the organizational cognition approach to decision making together with a sensemaking perspective on deciding, in an endeavor to bring real people and processes into the picture to develop a more integrative understanding of how people “do decision making”—an enterprise which has both academic and practical relevance. The article begins by positioning this approach within decision-making research. It then explains the concepts of sensemaking and deciding, and sensereading and sensewrighting; explores why such skills are critical to the processes of organizational decision making; and finally, why this is an important area for future research.
What Lies Behind Organizational Façades and How Organizational Façades Lie: An Untold Story of Organizational Decision Making
Authors: Abrahamson Eric , Baumard Philippe 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The article's first section describes the case. Then, the second section discusses the conclusions drawn from the case. As becomes apparent, this case study undermined many aspects of the orienting framework. The study suggested that façades, far from being unitary, have different facets serving very different roles with respect to stakeholders' decision making. Moreover, the case study revealed that not only entire organizations, but also headquarters, departments, small units, even individuals decide to display façades. Finally, the case study demonstrated that façades do not only serve to legitimize organizations—they serve many other functions. Some of these functions do in fact deceive stakeholders, but this deception, as well as façades other functions, can also benefit stakeholders.
Do Activities of Consultants and Management Scientists Affect Decision Making by Managers?
Authors: Kieser Alfred , Wellstein Benjamin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In order to assess what kind of knowledge consultants and management researchers can contribute to support managers' decisions, one first has to find out how managers make decisions. Hence, this article starts by discussing some results on decision making by managers. It then analyzes what kind of knowledge consultants produce and how they produce it. The article also asks why there has been such an enormous growth in the demand for consulting. This growth seems to indicate that managers appreciate the consultants' contributions to their decision making. Then the article argues that the system of science follows its own logic and dynamics and thus necessarily produces a rigor relevance gap: the problems that management researchers analyze are not the problems that managers experience.
Risk Communication in Organizations
Authors: Maule A. John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article primarily aims to review theory and research on risk communication and identify gaps and limitations in this body of knowledge; to identify current trends and findings in this area; and to determine whether there are any general principles that organizational decision makers can use to improve their own communications. To achieve theses objectives the article contains short reviews of the primary areas of research on how people perceive and act in the face of risk. Following each of these reviews is a brief discussion of the implications of this work for the development of effective communication about risk. The recurrent theme running throughout the article is that effective communication depends upon taking account of a range of social factors that are not included in formal risk assessments.
Introduction
Authors: Adler Paul 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The field of organization studies has become well established in both sociology departments and professional schools, most notably in business schools. However, in the course of this institutionalization, the field has progressively lost contact with its founding writers. The classics, this volume argues, serve both as a source of specific insights and also as encouragement for broader aspirations. This Introduction first explains why organization studies should reconnect with these classics, and then provides a sketch of the discussions in this book.
The Value of the Classics
Authors: Thornton Patricia H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Exemplary research begins by identifying an empirical observation and examining extant theories that might best explain the empirical observation. It is possible that there is no extant explanation or theory and so such empirical observations are seeds for the development of new theory. This article suggests that whatever form new theorizing will take, a good way to conduct such research and for organization and management studies to remain a vital segment of the social sciences is to examine and consider building on the foundations of the classics. To support this argument, the article sketches three mini-cases to illustrate how the classics have been used to develop cumulative research programs.
Tocqueville as a Pioneer In Organization Theory
Authors: Swedberg Richard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
That Tocqueville wrote so much about topics that are central to organization theory is perhaps not so peculiar, since he considered ‘the science of associations’ to be absolutely central to modern society. But even if one can easily show that Tocqueville for some reason has been passed over in organization theory, it is more difficult to decide what constitutes the best way to show the merits of his case and why he should be regarded as a classic. One possibility is simply to go through Tocqueville's work, extract everything he has to say about organizations, and discuss this. While this is a reasonable (and economic) way of proceeding, it also builds on some silent assumptions, which need to be discussed. This article makes an attempt both to provide a straightforward account of which parts of Tocqueville's work are relevant for a discussion of ‘Tocqueville as a pioneer in organization theory’ and to show what Tocqueville meant with the terms he used and the problems he addressed. The same goes for paying attention to the general context of his work and the state of social science in Tocqueville's day.
Weber: Sintering the Iron Cage Translation, Domination, and Rationality Stewart Clegg
Authors: Clegg Stewart , Lounsbury Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article emphasizes how Weber's approach to bureaucracy was first and foremost a cultural theory. In addition, it shows how the very notion of rationality for Weber was multiplex and culturally embedded. Conceptualizing organizational environments as comprised of multiple modes of rationality and forms of domination can lead to an understanding of the ‘iron cage’ as more porous than is traditionally thought, thus opening up new lines of multilevel analysis. This article therefore aims to sinter the iron cage. Sintering is a method to make metal porous, and the porosity allows lubricants to flow through the medium of the metal. The article briefly highlights some of Weber's key works and reviews scholarly developments in organizational theory that have stemmed from his scholarship. It then discusses how some lines of inquiry have been eschewed in favor of others, and how a reengagement with some core foundational ideas can spur new lines of theoretical development.
On Organizations and Oligarchies
Authors: Tolbert Pamela S. , Hiatt Shon R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article argues that Michels's core arguments about the nature of oligarchies in organizations, and research generated in response to his work, are not only relevant to understanding the dynamics of political organizations but can be extended as a useful framework for thinking about important aspects of contemporary economic corporations as well. In making this argument, the article highlights the parallels between Berle and Means's analysis of modern, publicly held corporations and that of Michels. Both analyses address the general organizational problem of ensuring representation of members' interests. In political organizations, it is the rank-and-file members' interests that leaders are charged with representing; in publicly held organizations, leaders are primarily responsible for representing the interests of stockholders, as the nominal ‘owners’ of the firm. In this context, the article considers evidence and research on problematic corporate behavior to show how Michels's work provides a useful framework for understanding these problems and for formulating ways of addressing them.
Gabriel Tarde and Organization Theory
Authors: Czarniawska Barbara 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In his lifetime, Gabriel Tarde (1843–1904) was a competitor of Émile Durkheim and, judging from many contemporary accounts, a victorious one. Although his works were translated into many languages and were well-known in social psychology and the sociology of law, they were forgotten by the early 1970s. At present, there is a strong renewed interest in Tarde's work, to the point of some critics talking of a ‘Tardomania’. This wave has not yet reached organization studies; however, this article claims that it should. In the text, it first offers differing interpretations of Tarde's work that might explain the changing fate of his reputation. This article scrutinizes several Tardean concepts, illustrating their potential relevance for understanding organizations.
Georg Simmel
Authors: Scott Alan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article has two basic tasks: firstly, to extract from Simmel's sociology those strands of potential significance for the analysis of organizations; and secondly, to locate those elements within, and identify their significance for, his wider analysis. These are potentially conflicting aims. The former treats Simmel as a resource for contemporary analysis; the latter seeks to relocate those arguments in the context of authorial intentions. While the former risks the danger of presentism, the latter can lead to undue deference towards the texts. The article seeks to avoid either extreme. In order to avoid presentism it should be noted in the first place that it was not Simmel's intention to contribute to, or assist the emergence of, the (sub- or trans-)discipline we now call organization studies. Anything in his work of relevance to understanding organizations is the by-product of an analysis with wider, or at least other, aims, namely understanding types of ‘sociation’ (Vergesellschafung).
Schumpeter and the Organization of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Becker Markus C. , Knudsen Thorbjørn 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article first briefly introduces Schumpeter, the issues he tackled in his work, and the contributions he is best known for. It then offers a concise guide to Schumpeter's works and the secondary literature and discusses the evolving pattern of citations to Schumpeter's work in the social sciences. It then provides a comprehensive assessment of Schumpeter's works on entrepreneurship in order to identify insights of practical and theoretical relevance to contemporary research. It draws on sources that are little known, rarely referenced, and in most cases only published in German, in order to distill Schumpeter's insights on entrepreneurship. The article concludes with an assessment of why, even today, Schumpeter's insights can help to further our understanding of entrepreneurship and its organization.
Thorstein Veblen And The Organization of the Capitalist Economy
Authors: Hamilton Gary G. , Petrovic Misha 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article emphasizes three of Veblen's most important observations about early twentieth-century capitalism: an interpretation of economic development as the evolution of economic institutions; the importance of consumption, and of factors that drive consumption, for capitalist growth; and the recurring organizational (and ideological) tension between ‘industrial arts and craftsmanship’, on the one hand, and ‘business strategies and salesmanship’, on the other hand. The article then shows how Veblen's insights of a century ago are, if anything, more useful today than they were when he first wrote them. Here the article stresses, in reverse order: the importance of analyzing firms as both producers of goods and services (industrial arts and craftsmanship) and market makers (business strategies and salesmanship); the significance of consumer goods markets for driving contemporary capitalism; and the need to revise economic and sociological theories of capitalism and business enterprise towards Veblen's developmental conception of cumulative causation and away from approaches having equilibrium or productionist biases.
After James on Identity
Authors: Carlsen Arne 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The article has four main parts. First, it introduces some context on James and his work, points to strands of influence on organization studies, and discusses how his conceptions of self were shaped by historical circumstances and personal experiences. Second, it briefly overviews key tenets of organizational identity theory and argues that it has been predominantly focused on the equivalence of what James called ‘self-as-object’. Third, it gives a treatment of what James meant by ‘self-as-subject’ and how that may be understood as collective processes of authoring, rooted in practice. Finally, it discusses two sets of the implications that follow from James's view of self: bringing identity into organizational practice and into social change.