bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weltanschauung und ihre soziale Basis im Spiegel eidgenössischer Volksabstimmungen
Authors: Hermann Michael , Leuthold Heinrich 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungDank regelmässigen Volksbefragungen sind in der Schweiz detaillierte Rückschlüsse auf die Wertkonflikte in der Gesellschaft und die diesen Wertkonflikten zu Grunde liegenden Weltanschauungen möglich. Das Aufdecken der weltanschaulichen Differenzierung und ihrer sozialen Hintergründe ist das Ziel dieses Beitrags. Der hierzu neu entwickelte induktive Ansatz besteht aus der Verbindung einer quantitativen Aggregatanalyse auf Gemeindebasis mit einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse aller 158 eidgenössischen Abstimmungsvorlagen zwischen 1981 und 1999. Die aufgedeckte Struktur der Weltanschauung setzt sich aus den drei Komponenten Links gegen Rechts, Liberal gegen Konservativ und Ökologisch gegen Technokratisch zusammen. Durch die konsequente mehrdimensionale Betrachtung sind wichtige aktuelle politische Auseinandersetzungen als Zusammenspiel dieser drei Komponenten erkennbar. Der so gebildete Raum der Weltanschauungen dient als geschlossenes Modell zur Analyse der Entwicklungen und Interdependenzen von sozialen Gräben und politischen Konflikten. Die analytische Trennung der materiellen gesellschaftlichen Ebene von der ideellen weltanschaulichen Ebene, lässt Schlüsse von politischem Wandel auf sozialen Wandel und umgekehrt von sozialem Wandel auf politischen Wandel zu.
Constitutional Barriers as Limitations to State Activity
Authors: Wagschal Uwe 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungThe study deals with constitutional constraints and examines which constitutional limits or barriers set by ordinary law are effective against too much public policy. Are these limits useful to block the level and the growth of expenditures, taxation and public debt? Starting points of the analysis are historical considerations on past experiences with constitutional constraints. In a second step a typology of constitutional and legislative barriers will be presented and discussed. These barriers can be distinguished between quantitative and procedural constraints. Empirical findings for different countries as well as for the European Union will be presented. Finally, empirical results will be derived from a pooled cross sectional regression, where several factors are regressed on the annual deficit. It turns out that limits on taxation and expenditure limitations (TEL) as well as limits on public debt have pros and cons. These will be assessed on the basis of the empirical findings. A clear result of the comparative research points to the efficiency in blocking public policy, i.e. spending, taxation and the public debt. This entails that the main target of such rules is usually achieved.
Swiss Federalism from a Comparative Perspective –Dealing with Reform Obstacles
Authors: Vatter Adrian , Wälti Sonja 
Published: January 2011

Swiss Federalism from a Comparative Perspective ‐ Dealing with Reform ObstaclesIn the first part of this introductory contribution, the authors present the content of this special edition as well as the individual articles and their main findings. The contributions are organized along three main comparative themes: the international and inter‐temporal comparison of Swiss federalism, the comparison of the constituent units from an institutional point of view, and the comparative analysis of their functioning in specific policy areas. In the second part of this article, the authors develop three theses concerning reform obstacles and opportunities of Swiss federalism related to polity, politics, and policy. They argue that federalism reforms are difficult to undertake given the conjunction of both centrifugal and centripetal dynamics. However, reforms are facilitated in Switzerland because institutions of federalism hardly ever turn into a politically contended issue and because federal conflicts and reform obstacles can be avoided by means of informal coordination.
Finanzpolitik als Nachahmungswettbewerb: Empirische Ergebnisse zu Budgetinterdependenzen unter den Schweizer Kantonen
Authors: Schaltegger Christoph A. 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungThis article examines whether spending decisions in Swiss cantons are interdependent, that is, whether the spending decisions of a canton are influenced by those of other cantons. Theoretically, fiscal policy imitation among cantons can be interpreted as a process of policy and innovation diffusion, as a result of tax competition or as a consequence of federalism as a policy laboratory. The panel analysis presented in this article provides evidence of the existence of budget spillovers among neighbouring cantons. Cantonal governments do not take spending decisions in isolation, but by systematically comparing the fiscal policies in neighbouring cantons.
Whither the Liberal Democratic Model? Immigration Politics in Switzerland and Japan
Authors: Lavenex Sandra 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA comparison of Japan's and Switzerland's immigration policies disclaims both globalist and public choice explanations that would predict a similar increase in immigrant numbers and an expansion of immigrant rights in liberal democracies. Although both countries have traditionally espoused a rather exclusionary approach towards immigration, Japan is unique in having hitherto succeeded in preempting large numbers of immigrants from entering the country and in having avoided the legal and societal integration of those migrants already present in its territory. In seeking to explain the different trajectories followed by immigration politics in Japan and Switzerland, despite their similar internal and external economic constellations, this article highlights the role of domestic institutions and norms in filtering economic pressure for immigration. Whereas these internal determinants explain to a large degree why Switzerland has become a country of immigration while Japan has not, the central factor explaining the recent expansion of foreign residents’ rights in Switzerland lies not so much in internal determinants but in the country‘s progressing approximation to the European Union and its single market. Notwithstanding these differences, the article concludes that Japan‘s greater resistance to change might now have reached a critical juncture, where demographic pressure and economic demand will make an opening up to increased labor migration unavoidable.
Social policies in Switzerland and Japan: Managing Change in Liberal‐Conservative Welfare States
Authors: Bonoli Giuliano , Kato Junko 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBoth the Swiss and the Japanese welfare states are difficult to classify in any one of the most widespread typologies, as each of the two countries combines features that are typical of the liberal model, such as a large private sector role in the delivery of welfare, with aspects that are more reminiscent of the conservative model. These include a social insurance system geared toward status preservation and low employment rates for mothers. In this article, Japan and Switzerland are characterised as liberal conservative welfare states. After pointing out the key features of this hybrid welfare state model, the article puts forward some hypothesis with regard to the reform trajectory that this model is likely to follow. In particular, it is argued that retrenchment in these two countries is likely to be more substantial than in conservative welfare states, because the private schemes that are going to be curtailed are less accountable to public scrutiny and do not automatically expose retrenchment‐oriented governments to the risk of electoral punishment. The hypothesis is only partially confirmed by the empirical analysis of reform, as Swiss direct democracy institutions are proving a formidable obstacle to a generalised dismantling of welfare programmes. In Japan, uncovered needs resulting from retrenchment and social change are being picked up by families.
Typologien und Wandel: Die kantonalen Parteiensysteme im letzten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Ladner Andreas 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungDie bisherigen Versuche die kantonalen Parteiensysteme zu typologisieren kommen zu ganz unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen. Der Grund dafür liegt darin, dass sie sich auf nur wenige und unterschiedliche Parteiensystemmerkmale abstützten. Vernachlässigt wird dabei zudem der Aspekt eines allfälligen Wandels der Parteiensysteme. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, ausgehend von einer Typologisierung, welche möglichst alle wichtigen Eigenheiten der kantonalen Parteiensysteme berücksichtigt, den Wandel der Parteiensysteme zu analysieren und mögliche Entwicklungen aufzuzeigen. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass bei gewissen Systemmerkmalen trotz einer Annäherung in nächster Zeit nicht davon auszugehen ist, dass die kantonalen Parteiensysteme auf das nationale Parteiensystem hin konvergieren.
Psychopharmacology training in clinical psychology: a renewed call for action
Authors: Julien Robert M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractKnowledge of psychopharmacology is essential for a clinical psychologist to practice his/her profession, regardless of whether one desires to become licensed to prescribe psychoactive medications. This commentary reiterates a call made almost 20 years ago for all practitioners to gain and utilize this knowledge. Without psychopharmacology knowledge, one is extremely limited in the ability to interact with medical prescribers and to optimally serve their patients as a valued member of the health care team. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–4, 2011.
Synthese des Benzylethers von Virginiamycin S1
Authors: Kessler Horst , Kühn Manfred , Löschner Thomas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDie Synthese des Benzylethers von Virginiamycin S1 (1) wird beschrieben. Hierzu wird das Dipeptid Boc‐MePhe‐4Kps‐OH (22) mit dem Depsipeptid Pic(3‐OBzl)‐Thr(H‐Phg‐)‐D‐Abu‐Pro‐OBut (19, 20) durch EDCI/DMAP gekuppelt. Nach Abspaltung der Schutzgruppen wird mit dem gleichen Reagenz cyclisiert. Die Synthese der Depsipeptidfragmente 12, 18 ist optimiert worden. Trotzdem racemisieren 20% des Phenylglycins bei der Veresterung. Eine Abtrennung des Epimeren gelingt nicht.
Synthese von (−)‐Detoxin D1
Authors: Häusler Johannes 
Published: January 2011

AbstractUntersuchungen an den Oxylactonen 3–8 zeigen, daß sich mit wäßriger Alkalilauge lediglich bei den Hydroxylactonen 3 und 4 sowie beim Tetrahydropyranylether 8 der Lactonring ohne β‐Eliminierung des 7‐Oxydrests öffnen läßt, nicht jedoch bei den empfindlicheren Acyloxylactonen 5–7. Die bei der Lactonringöffnung von 4, 8 und 14 anfallenden Alkalicarboxylate werden mit Benzylbromid verestert und gegebenenfalls acetyliert (Produkte 9, 12, 13 und 23). Abspaltung der Schutzgruppe von 13 liefert neben wenig Umacylierungsprodukt 11 den Hydroxyester 10. – Acylierung von racemischem Detoxininlacton 3 mit (S)‐Valin ergibt das Diastereomerengemisch der Valyldetoxininlactone 15a und b, das aufgetrennt wird. Das natürlich konfigurierte 15a wird analog zur Darstellung von 10 aus 4 zum Valyldetoxinin 19 umgesetzt. Diese Syntheseschritte verlaufen jedoch uneinheitlicher (Eliminierungsprodukte 22a und 24). Der Aufbau der Seitenkette führt schließlich über 20 und 21 zur Titelverbindung 1.
Pilzfarbstoffe, 501) Synthese von Terphenylchinonen durch Methoxid‐katalysierte Umlagerung von Grevillin‐Derivaten
Authors: Lohrisch Hans‐Joachim , Schmidt Holger , Steglich Wolfgang 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDie Methoxid‐katalysierte Umlagerung von Grevillin‐Derivaten 2 liefert Terphenylchinone 1 in hohen Ausbeuten. Die Flexibilität dieser Methode wird an der Synthese von Polyporsäure (1a), Ascocorynin (1b) und Leucomelon (1m) demonstriert, sowie von Terphenylchinonen und Terphenylchinon‐Analogen, die 2,4,5‐Trihydroxyphyenyl‐, 4‐Nitrophenyl‐, 2,4‐Dichlorphenyl‐, Naphthyl‐, Indolyl‐ und Styryl‐Reste enthalten. Die so dargestellten Verbindungen 1 lassen sich nach Wikholm und Moore(20) in Pulvinsäurelactone 6 umwandeln.
Pheromone Synthesis, LXXXI1) New Synthesis of the Enantiomers of exo‐Brevicomin, the Pheromone of Dendroctonus brevicomis Le Conte
Authors: Mori Kenji , Seu Young‐Bae 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA new synthesis of the title compounds (1R,5S,7R)‐1 and (1S,5R,7S)‐1 from the enantiomers of tartaric acid is described.
Preparation and chromatographic performance of calix[4]crown‐5 macrocycle‐bonded silica stationary phase
Authors: Erdemir Serkan , Yilmaz Mustafa 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA new calix[4]crown‐5 macrocycle‐bonded silica stationary phase (CL‐CIMS) was prepared and applied at the same time to develop a chromatographic procedure to separate aromatic amines, phenols and drugs in this study. The chromatographic behaviors of the prepared stationary phase for these analytes were studied and compared with those of ODS (octadecylsilane). The effect of organic modifier content and pH of the mobile phase on retention and selectivity of these compounds were investigated. Some aromatic amines, phenols or drugs on CL‐CIMS were successfully separated. The results show that CL‐CIMS exhibits high selectivities for the above analytes in high aqueous mobile phases and a bright prospect in routine, fast separation of aromatic amines, phenols and drug compounds. From chromatographic data, it can be concluded that hydrophobic interaction is mainly responsible for the retention behavior as well as hydrogen‐bonding interaction, π–π and dipole–dipole interaction.
Extraction, thermal cleanup, and GC/MS quantification with disposable solid extractants: Application to hydrophobic analytes in aqueous surfactant solutions
Authors: Begnaud Frédéric , Debonneville Christian , Chaintreau Alain 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFragranced consumer products are generally formulated together with surfactants. In application, these products are often highly diluted with water. Analyzing trace amounts of fragrance ingredients in such mixtures is challenging and usually requires either time‐consuming sample cleanup or extensive cleaning of the trapping device to avoid memory effect and cross‐contamination between samples. To overcome these limitations, a new disposable extraction device has been developed to be used in combination with a thermodesorption–GC–MS unit. Made of PDMS foam cylinders, it efficiently extracts trace amounts of hydrophobic compounds from complex aqueous solutions and provides an online sample cleanup, thanks to the controlled desorption temperature, which allows retaining the low volatile constituents of the matrix within the absorptive foam. Combined with a stable isotope dilution assay, accurate quantifications of Cetalox®, Muscenone™, Helvetolide®, Polysantol®, Dartanol, and Myrrhone® from aqueous solution containing surfactant and from water from the aeration tank of a sewage plant were successfully conducted. LOQ varied between 1 and 25 ppb (20% confidence interval, α=0.1).
Reactivity of dpph• in the oxidation of catechol and catechin
Authors: Chen Wei‐Lin , Li Wei‐Shuen , Fu Ping‐Jou , Yeh Andrew 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA kinetic study of the reduction of pyrocatechol and catechin by dpph• radical has been carried out in various ratios of CH3OH/H2O mixed solvent at pH 5.5–7.5, μ = 0.10 M [(n‐Bu)4N]ClO4, and T = 25°C. The rate constants of oxidation in aqueous solvent, k, were obtained from the extrapolation of the linear plots of the specific rate constants k vs. % H2O plots at each pH value. A linear relationship between k and 1/[H+] was observed for both flavonoids with k = k1Ka1/[H+], where Ka1 was the first acid dissociation constant on the catechol ring and k1 is the rate constant of the oxidation of the mononegative species HX−. The values of k1 obtained from the slopes of the plots are (8.2 ± 0.2) × 105 and (6.1 ± 0.1) × 105 M−1 s−1 for pyrocatechol and catechin, respectively. The analysis of the reaction on the basis of Marcus theory for an outer‐sphere electron transfer reaction yielded a value of 3.7 × 103 M−1 s−1 for the self‐exchange rate constant of dpph•/dpphH couple. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 147–153, 2011
Chain Length Dependence in Diketopyrrolopyrrole/Thiophene Oligomers
Authors: Karsten Bram P. , Janssen René A. J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDiketopyrrolopyrrole‐based polymers have shown good performance in polymer solar cells. Monodisperse short oligomers, monomer up to tetramer, of one of these polymers, pBBTDPP1, have been prepared and the chain length dependence of their optical and electrochemical properties has been investigated. The optical and electrochemical data obtained in solution lead to the conclusion that conjugation in this system is very limited. The most probable reason for this is a twist in the backbone, caused by steric hindrance of the dodecyl side chains with the sulfur atoms. In thin films, the chain length dependence of the optical properties is much stronger, due to planarization of the oligomer chains upon aggregation. magnified image
Actuation of Electro‐Active Artificial Muscle at Ultralow Frequency
Authors: Lu Jun , Kim Sang‐Gyun , Lee Sunwoo , Oh Il‐Kwon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe electromechanical properties of an electro‐active artificial muscle of poly(styrene‐alt‐maleimide)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) with glycerol as a solvent at ultralow frequencies were investigated. Actuated at higher potentials and in the open air, the artificial muscle showed no back‐relaxation, and the deformation increased steadily as long as the voltage was applied quasi‐statically. Under a simple stimulus with such low frequency as 0.005 Hz, the artificial muscle displayed excellent harmonic responses, and its actuation performance was observed to be improved continuously by a self‐activating process along with the time increased. This is attributed to a combination effect resulting from the unique nanochannels of the ionic network polymer and the large inertia mass of the viscous glycerol. magnified image
Lab‐on‐a‐plate: Extending the functionality of MALDI‐MS and LDI‐MS targets
Authors: Urban Pawel L. , Amantonico Andrea , Zenobi Renato 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe review the literature that describes how (matrix‐assisted) laser desorption/ionization (MA)LDI target plates can be used not only as sample supports, but beyond that: as functional parts of analytical protocols that incorporate detection by MALDI‐MS or matrix‐free LDI‐MS. Numerous steps of analytical procedures can be performed directly on the (MA)LDI target plates prior to the ionization of analytes in the ion source of a mass spectrometer. These include homogenization, preconcentration, amplification, purification, extraction, digestion, derivatization, synthesis, separation, detection with complementary techniques, data storage, or other steps. Therefore, we consider it helpful to define the “lab‐on‐a‐plate” as a format for carrying out extensive sample treatment as well as bioassays directly on (MA)LDI target plates. This review introduces the lab‐on‐plate approach and illustrates it with the aid of relevant examples from the scientific and patent literature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:435–478, 2011
Urothelium‐dependent and urothelium‐independent detrusor contractility mediated by nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibition
Authors: Santoso Aneira Gracia Hidayat , Lo Wan Ning , Liang Willmann 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAimsThe urothelium has been implicated in regulating detrusor smooth muscle contractility but the identity of the putative urothelium‐derived inhibitory factor remains unconfirmed. There was inconclusive evidence on the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) in mediating detrusor contractions. This study examined varying regulation by NOS and COX in transverse and longitudinal carbachol (CCh)‐induced and unstimulated phasic contractions.MethodsRat detrusor strips with the urothelium‐intact (+UE) and urothelium‐denuded (−UE) were isolated in both transverse and longitudinal directions. Isometric tension of the detrusor strips was recorded both during stimulation with CCh and at the unstimulated state. In the unstimulated state, phasic contractile activity was measured. Tension recordings were made with and without the NOS inhibitorNω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) and COX inhibitor indomethacin (Indo).ResultsOnly transverse +UE strips responded convincingly toL‐NAME and Indo treatment, generating larger CCh‐induced contractions. In unstimulated tissues,L‐NAME treatment increased phasic amplitude in −UE strips only. Indo treatment failed to elicit any change in the amplitude but suppressed frequency of the phasic activity in transverse +UE strips. There was no significant Indo‐mediated change in other strips.ConclusionsThe data suggested heterogeneity in the regulation of directional detrusor contractility via NOS‐ and COX‐associated mechanisms. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:619–625, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical irritation of the prostate sensitizes P2X3receptor‐mediated responses in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons
Authors: Zhang Heng , Liu Limei , Lu Gensheng , Chen Zhiwen , Fang Qiang , Yang Zhong , Li Longkun , Li Weibing , Song Bo , Zhou Zhansong 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAimsP2X3(ATP‐gated receptors) in nociceptive neurons of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) participate in transmission of pain signals from the periphery to the spinal cord. However, the role of P2X3receptors in chronic prostate pain and continued intractable pain remains unclear.Materials and MethodsWe examined ATP‐evoked responses and P2X3expression in DRG neurons isolated from rats with prostatic inflammation induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the prostate. Neurons were dissociated from the L6–S1DRG. The effect of ATP on the excitability of DRG neurons was determined using whole‐cell patch clamp. P2X3receptor expression was determined with Western blot on the 3rd and 10th days after irritation of the prostate.ResultsAlthough application of ATP induced both fast‐ and slow‐inactivating currents and caused depolarization in control and inflamed neurons, compared to the control group, the increase in ATP responses gave rise to large depolarization that exceeded the threshold of action potentials in inflamed DRG neurons. The affinity of P2X3receptor for ATP increased significantly and inflammation enhanced the expression of P2X3receptor in inflamed neurons.ConclusionsP2X3receptor upregulation could account for neuronal hypersensitivity and contribute to abnormal pain responses associated with chronic prostatitis. These results suggest that P2X3receptors are useful targets for the treatment of pain in chronic prostatitis. 30:612–618, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.