bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horton Grantee gets AAG Award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Jeffrey McDonnell, an assistant professor of forest hydrology at Utah State University, Logan, received the J. Warren Nystrom Award from the Association of American Geographers for his doctoral dissertation, “The Age, Origin and Pathway of Subsurface Stormflow in a Steep Humid Headwater Catchment.” In 1987, McDonnell was awarded AGU's Horton Research Grant for his thesis proposal.McDonnell received his Ph.D. in 1989 from the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. His dissertation was supervised by I. F. Owens, Department of Geography, University of Canterbury and A. J. Pearce, New Zealand Forest Research Institute.
Science funding bills reach critical stage
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Several House and Senate subcommittees are working on science‐related appropriations bills providing funding for federal departments and agencies for the 1991 fiscal year, which starts October 1. Although final work on these bills will probably not be completed until September, the appropriations made to various science agencies in the next few weeks are likely to be close to the final numbers. These weeks will be critical for science.Funding for the National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Environmental Protection Agency is included in the Fiscal 1991 VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Bill. Although the Administration's request for these agencies is up significantly, both House and Senate Committee members have repeatedly commented on the difficulty they will have in providing funding for science programs as well as veterans and housing needs. The Senate has started “marking‐up” (drafting) this legislation, although the House must vote on its own bill first.
Dyfrig Jones 1940”1989
Authors: Horne Richard 
Published: October 2011

Dyfrig Jones, Head of the Space Plasma Physics Group at the British Antarctic Survey, died August 6, 1989.Dyfrig was born August 16, 1940, in the fishing village of Crwbin, Pembrokeshire, South Wales. He attended Cardigan Grammar School and went on to read physics at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, completing a Ph.D. in experimental physics in 1964 on interpreting ionospheric drift data. The skills he learned during his Ph.D. work, which entailed the design of radio and signal processing equipment and the development of new computer methods for signal correlation and spectral analysis, laid the foundation for his career.
Magellan begins radar tests at Venus
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Magellan spacecraft was set to conduct the first tests of its synthetic aperture radar system on August 16 after settling into a near‐perfect orbit upon its arrival at Venus on August 10. If the tests are successful, Magellan project scientists could see their first images of the planet's surface before the end of August.“Everything went very well at Venus orbit insertion,” said project scientist Stephen Saunders of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. “We got into a very good orbit.” Magellan went into Venus orbit at 9:46 A.M. Pacific Time, nearly matching the specifications of the target orbit. The target distance of the orbit's closest approach to the surface was 275 km; a distance of 294 km was achieved. The orbit's target period was 3.18 hours; 3.26 hours was achieved.
Hydrogeological Regimes and Their Subsurface Thermal Effects
Authors: Beck Alan , Garven Grant , Stegena Lajos 
Published: October 2011

The symposium on which this monograph is based was organized for the purposes of bringing together two bodies of experts from the hydrological and geothermal communities to tackle the problem of the coupled thermalhydrological processes in the subsurface.For many years, workers interested in the measurement and interpretation of terrestrial heat flow have been well aware of more efficient modes of heat transport than conduction but assumed that if the temperature‐depth, or total thermal resistance‐depth (Bullard) plots obtained using borehole data were linear, then perturbing influences were insignificant. In other words, linearity of such plots was implicitly used as a test of reliability—so much so that in some cases where the data appeared to have systematic deviation, due to perturbing sources of unknown form and strength, the data were massaged until linear plots were obtained, thus allowing inferences to be made about the perturbing source and the conductive heat flow densities [Allis and Garland, 1976; Francheteau et al., 1984; Jaupart et al., 1985].
Eastern Pacific Ocean Conference
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The promotion of interaction among investigators of all oceanographic disciplines studying the eastern Pacific Ocean was the goal of the 1990 Eastern Pacific Ocean Conference (EPOC), held October 17–19 on the snow‐covered slopes of Mt. Hood, Oreg. Thirty oceanographers representing all disciplines attended.Dick Barber, Duke University Marine Lab, Beaufort, N.C., chaired a session on the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, emphasizing issues related to biological activity. Steve Ramp of the Naval Postgraduate School in Montery, Calif., chaired a session on recent results from northern and central California experiments. On October 19, following an early morning earthquake, a business meeting and discussions regarding a collaboration in future experiments were held.
Obsolete pesticides
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Several hundred tons of obsolete pesticide stocks worldwide will pose a threat to humans and the environment until the year 2030 in some regions, unless funding for waste disposal is significantly increased, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said in a message directed to donor governments and industry on May 24.“Deadly chemicals are contaminating the soils, groundwater, irrigation, and drinking water,” said Amemayehu Wodageneh, senior expert on obsolete pesticides for FAO. “These ‘forgotten’ stocks are a serious risk, [and] they could cause an environmental tragedy in rural areas and big cities. There is hardly any developing country that is not affected by the hazards of obsolete pesticides.”
Little‐studied arc‐backarc system in the spotlight
Authors: Stoffers P. , Wright I. C. , de Ronde C. , Hannington M. , Villinger H. , Herzig P. ,   Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2011

A research cruise has documented changes in rift tectonics, volcanism, and hydrothermalism along the least studied and most enigmatic sector of a crustal complex in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Results from the longitudinal transect are expected to provide insight into processes involving the Kermadec arc‐Havre backarc (KAHB) system, a continuum from oceanic spreading to continental rifting at a convergent plate boundary KAHB forms the central sector of an active, 2000‐km arc‐backarc complex between Tonga and New Zealand (Figure 1).The expedition also engaged in the first comprehensive survey of submarine vents in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) at the south end of the KAHB system. Identified in the off‐shore segment of TVZ were three major hydrothermal vent areas associated with late Quaternary fault structures. Data from the expedition and from other recent research in the same area addressed questions concerning the type of hydrothermal venting, magmatic heterogeneity along and across KAHB, the style of backarc rifting, and tectonic and magmatic consequences of anomalous terranes colliding with the subduction margin.
Atmospheric organic nitrogen deposition explored at workshop
Authors: Church Thomas M. 
Published: October 2011

Atmospheric organic nitrogen (AON) is an important nitrogen component with significant deposition in many natural waters. The range and quality of the data are varied, but deposited organic nitrogen (DON) is ubiquitous globally, both in extent and magnitude.The Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) sponsored a workshop last year to determine what is known about organic nitrogen in atmospheric deposition and to establish research priorities needed to obtain an adequate database for coastal waters such as Chesapeake Bay Working groups at the meeting concluded that AON represents a poorly quantified array of broadly reactive natural and pollutant species; that because of compromises in collection, preservation, and analysis, wet deposition of total organic nitrogen is inadequately quantified and dry deposition is not quantified at all; and that because of a lack of data on bioactive species, the effect of AON and DON on ecosystems is largely unknown.
Ice thickness derived from high‐resolution radar imagery
Authors: Kwok Ron , Cunningham Glenn F. , LaBelle‐Hamer Nettie , Holt Benjamin , Rothrock Drew 
Published: October 2011

A new analysis makes it possible to produce basin‐scale estimates of sea ice age and thickness from observations of ice motion in radar images of the Arctic Ocean. Anticipated from sequential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery over a series of winters are Arcticwide fields of ice motion and estimates of ice age and thickness. This analysis technique is implemented in the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System (RGPS),a data processing system dedicated to analyzing large volumes of SAR imagery of sea ice [Kwok, 1998].Currently, we have only crude estimates on how much ice there is, how it varies in space and time, where ice is produced and where it melts, and how rapidly it is transported from place to place. SAR provides an amazingly detailed look at sea ice, but the level of detail is so great that it is not at first apparent how to utilize the data for improving sea ice data sets and models.
Research in Great Australian Bight yields exciting early results
Authors: Hine Albert C. , Feary David A. , Malone Mitchell J. ,   Leg 182 Shipboard Party
Published: October 2011

Confirmation that Pleistocene mound features underlying the outer shelf and shelf edge are bryozoan buildups—effectively coolwater reefs—was one of several exciting discoveries during recent research earlier this year on the Great Australian Bight. Also found on Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 182 was startling evidence of high salinity fluid circulation within the shelf substrate, producing extremely high methane and hydrogen sulfide gas levels and accelerated diagenesis.In addition, an expanded middle Eocene to early Oligocene record of Southern Ocean initiation was recovered by the shipboard scientific party, aboard the JOIDES Resolution. The group also calculated unexpectedly high rates of shelf edge cool‐water carbonate accumulation (up to 40 cm/kyr).
Origin, effects of Masaya Volcano's continued unrest probed in Nicaragua
Authors: Delmelle Pierre , Baxter Peter , Beaulieu Alex , Burton Mike , Francis Peter , Garcia‐Alvarez Julios , Horrocks Lisa , Navarro Martha , Oppenheimer Clive , Rothery Dave , Rymer Hazel , St. Amand Katie , Stix John , Strauch Wilfried , Williams‐Jones Glyn 
Published: October 2011

An international team of researchers is hoping to pin down the origin and determine the effects of 6 years of continued unrest at Nicaragua's Masaya volcano. With the country's capital, Managua, close by, several million people are at risk if a large, explosive eruption were to occur.Masaya is distinctive not only for its explosive basaltic eruptions of the past, but also for its postcaldera activity. Combined geophysical and geochemical surveys are improving understanding of volcanic activity there, and new techniques are providing exciting inroads into deciphering the atmospheric chemistry in its plume dispersal, addressing the nature of relatively rapid variations in its gas emission rates, and monitoring its gas hazards. Many issues remain to be resolved, however.
Alaskan Glacier beats a dramatic retreat
Authors: Pfeffer W.T. , Cohn J. , Meier M. , Krimmel R. M. 
Published: October 2011

The spectacular fjords of the south‐central and southeast coasts of Alaska are, in addition to being popular tourist attractions, testimonials to the power of glacial erosion and the speed of calving glacier retreat.Within the past 100 to 400 years, most of the present‐day fjords of Alaska were occupied by tidewater glaciers at extended coastal positions. But elevated iceberg calving rates forced glacier termini back dramatically in the late 19th century One example is the Grand Pacific glacier, which retreated 33 km in just 20 years through Tarr Inlet in Glacier Bay
Shuttle radar topography mission produces a wealth of data
Authors: Farr Tom G. , Kobrick Mike 
Published: October 2011

On February 22, 2000, the Space Shuttle Endeavour landed at Kennedy Space Center, completing the highly successful 11‐day flight of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Onboard were over 300 high‐density tapes containing data for the highest resolution digital topographic map of Earth ever made.SRTM is a cooperative project between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) of the U.S. Department of Defense. The mission was designed to use a single‐pass radar interferometer to produce a digital elevation model (DEM) of the Earth's land surface between about 60 north and 56 south latitude. When completed, the DEM will have 30‐m pixel spacing and about 15‐m vertical accuracy. Two ortho‐rectified image mosaics, one from the ascending passes with illumination from the southeast, and one from descending passes with illumination from the southwest, will also be produced (Figure 1).
Bak Foong Pills induce an analgesic effect by inhibiting nociception via the somatostatin pathway in mice
Authors: Rowlands Dewi Kenneth , Cui Yu Gui , So Siu Cheung , Tsang Lai Ling , Chung Yiu Wa , Chan Hsiao Chang 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDysmenorrhoea, defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring before or during menstruation, affects, to varying degrees, up to 90% of women of child‐bearing age. We investigated whether BFP (Bak Foong Pills), a traditional Chinese medicine treatment for dysmenorrhoea, possesses analgesic properties. Results showed that BFP was able to significantly reduce pain responses following subchronic treatment for 3 days, but not following acute (1 h) treatment in response to acetic acid‐induced writhing in C57/B6 mice. The analgesic effect was not due to inhibition of COX (cyclo‐oxygenase) activity, evidenced by the lack of inhibition of prostacyclin and PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) production. Molecular analysis revealed that BFP treatment modulated the expression of a number of genes in the spinal cord of mice subjected to acetic acid writhing. RT—PCR (reverse transcription—PCR) analysis of spinal cord samples showed that both sst4 (somatostatin receptor 4) and sst2 receptor mRNA, but not μOR (μ‐opiate receptor) and NK1 (neurokinin‐1) receptor mRNA, were down‐regulated following BFP treatment, thus implicating somatostatin involvement in BFP‐induced analgesia. Administration of c‐som (cyclo‐somatostatin), a somatostatin antagonist, prior to acetic acid‐induced writhing inhibited the analgesic effect. Thus subchronic treatment with BFP has anti‐nociceptive qualities mediated via the somatostatin pathway.
Perforin is recaptured by natural killer cells following target cells stimulation for cytotoxicity
Authors: Wang Lei , Sun Rulin , Li Pan , Han Yang , Xiong Ping , Xu Yong , Fang Min , Tan Zheng , Zheng Fang , Gong Feili 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhen encountering target cells, NK (natural killer) cells exocytose Pfn (perforin) and granzyme B to kill challengers. We previously reported that granzyme B is recycled and reused by NK cells via clathrin‐dependent endocytosis. However, whether Pfn, a main secretory vesicle content, indispensible to granzyme B killing, undergoes endocytosis remains unknown. We demonstrate that Pfn is recaptured by early endosomes of NK cells via a clathrin‐dependent endocytosis after target cell stimulation. Inhibition of clathrin‐dependent endocytosis significantly attenuated the cytotoxicity of NK cells. The data suggest that the recovery of Pfn contributes to the cytotoxicity of NK cells. The assay of endocytosis of lytic molecule presents a particular focus for exploring the mechanism of abnormal cytotoxicity of NK cells.
Effects of SIRT6 silencing on collagen metabolism in human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Baohua Yang , Li Li 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSIRT6 (sirtuin 6) has been identified as an anti‐aging protein, and SIRT6‐deficient mice display numerous progeroid and aging‐like phenotypes. However, there are no reports correlating skin aging with SIRT6. To explore how SIRT6 affects collagen metabolism and determine its role in skin aging, the levels of COL1A1 (type I collagen), COL3A1 (type III collagen) and TGFβ1 (transforming growth factor β1) mRNA expression were detected by RT‐Q‐PCR (real‐time quantitative PCR), and MMP1 (matrix metalloproteinase 1) concentration in HDF (human dermal fibroblast) supernatants was determined by ELISA after blocking SIRT6 using siRNA (small interefering RNA). Compared with the control group, blocking SIRT6 significantly decreased the HC (hydroxyproline content). SIRT6 knockdown in HDFs inhibited the transcription of COL1A1 and prompted MMP1 secretion, but had no effect on COL3A1 and TGFβ1. Furthermore, NF‐κB p65 (nuclear factor κB p65) protein in the nucleus was increased after blocking SIRT6. The results suggest that SIRT6 knockdown in HDFs influence the synthesis and degradation of collagen by hyperactive NF‐κB signalling, which leads to a decrease in dermal collagen fibrils. SIRT6 may therefore play an important role in the process of skin anti‐aging.
Rapid expansion of oceanic anoxia immediately before the end-Permian mass extinction
Authors: Brennecka Gregory A. , Herrmann Achim D. , Algeo Thomas J. , Anbar Ariel D. 
Published: October 2011

Periods of oceanic anoxia have had a major influence on the evolutionary history of Earth and are often contemporaneous with mass extinction events. Changes in global (as opposed to local) redox conditions can be potentially evaluated using U system proxies. The intensity and timing of oceanic redox changes associated with the end-Permian extinction horizon (EH) were assessed from variations in
238
U/
235
U (
δ
238
U) and Th/U ratios in a carbonate section at Dawen in southern China. The EH is characterized by shifts toward lower
δ
238
U values (from -0.37‰ to -0.65‰), indicative of an expansion of oceanic anoxia, and higher Th/U ratios (from 0.06 to 0.42), indicative of drawdown of U concentrations in seawater. Using a mass balance model, we estimate that this isotopic shift represents a sixfold increase in the flux of U to anoxic facies, implying a corresponding increase in the extent of oceanic anoxia. The intensification of oceanic anoxia coincided with, or slightly preceded, the EH and persisted for an interval of at least 40,000 to 50,000 y following the EH. These findings challenge previous hypotheses of an extended period of whole-ocean anoxia prior to the end-Permian extinction.
The Central Committee's Ninth Plenum
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the Ninth Plenum of the CCP's Central Committee held in Beidaihe, China on January 18, 1961. The objective of the meeting was to consider the diplomatic disasters suffered by China in the 17 months after the previous plenum at Lushan and to endorse the measures adopted to alleviate the economic crisis and food shortage. These measures, adopted on the eve of the plenum, included raising agricultural procurement prices and payment for peasants negatively affected by the GLF egalitarianism.
A New Course in the Countryside
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the Sixty Articles on Agriculture launched by the Chinese government to relieve the famine, establish an incentive system in the commune system, and reinvigorate agriculture. Immediately after the Ninth Plenum, Chairman Mao gave detailed instructions for the immediate organization and dispatch of three seven-man teams to investigate communes in Guangdong, Hunan, and Zhejiang. After receiving the reports on the investigating teams, Mao already appeared to be willing to consider drastic reform of the communes.
Woman Warrior
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong's wife, on the Cultural Revolution in China. Mao's marriage to Jiang had caused considerable consternation among his colleagues because of her sexual mores and her possible Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) connections in Shanghai. Jiang's most significant political involvement during the 1950s was in the performing arts, where she held a number of different positions, including as chief of the secretariat of the Central Committee's General Office.
Logic and Punctuation
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes logic and the significance of punctuation to ‘or’ in a sentence. Axioms are primitive theorems. This is what is meant by ‘logic’, and in particular, a propositional logic is one that can be specified. Deontic logicians are by no means unanimous about their point of formal departure: whether it is the language of ‘ought’ and ‘may’ or the language of ‘obligation’ and ‘permissibility’. The punctuationist account takes ‘or’ as providing punctuation for lists and asks why we should punctuate a list with ‘or’ in certain contexts when we want it to receive a conjunctive reading. ‘Or’ can be replaced by ‘else’ or ‘otherwise’, ‘or’ is a relative adverb as well. ‘Or’ can be regarded as a modifier of a whole sentence.
General Noun Phrases
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks at ‘any’ as a quantifier. If noun phrases with ‘any’ are to be construed quantificationally, they must sometimes be represented by a universal quantifier, and sometimes by an existential. Earlier philosophers, notably Quine and Geach, hoped that the existentially representable cases might, when considerations of scope are taken into account, prove to be universal after all. Nevertheless, there are ineluctably ‘existential’ uses. In addition, if there are cases that must be represented existentially, then it is useless to insist that all those cases that can be represented universally must be, even those for which a short-scope existential representation is available. However, the larger conclusion is that we should question the view that ‘any’ is essentially a quantifier in anything like the first-order logical understanding of that notion.
Country and Town
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the plights of a regular Southern farmer and his climb up the “agricultural ladder”. Merchants were of equal importance in the Southern agricultural scene and had even been blamed for the South's debilitating addiction to cotton for they served as links that tie isolated farms to commercial agriculture. This chapter also touches on the problems connected with cotton production such as more tenancy among races, fewer livestock, and less grain. It also looks at social issues like family planning, women's labor, and mobility. Teaching was one of the few professions that women were employed in. This chapter also touches on political battles regarding laws requiring livestock to be fenced leaving landless farmers no way of keeping their animals. Other issues regarding tenantry and landownership are also tackled in this chapter.