bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Extrusion Processing Conditions on the Properties of Blown and Cast Polyolefin Packaging Films
Authors: Billham M. , Clarke A.H. , Garrett G. , Mcnally G.M. , Murphy W.R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThin mono‐layer films of metallocene catalysed polyethylene, linear low density and conventional low density polyethylene, as well as polypropylene, were produced from a 38mm extruder through a 75mm diameter blown film die and a 600mm cast film die. By using the same die gap on each die to achieve equal draw‐down ratios, the influence of orientation from the two processes on the mechanical properties of each firm was investigated. Tensile strength at break, Young's Modulus, percentage elongation at break, tear propagation resistance, in both machine and transverse direction all gave significant differences in properties with cast film when compared to different blow‐up ratios for blown film. Differential Scanning Calorimetry was used to measure the percentage of crystallinity in each film. Differences were found to show that the cooling process as the melt exits the die has a significant effect on the percentage of crystallinity.
The Effect of Cooling Processing Conditions on the Crystallinity and Mechanical Performance of Pigmented Polypropylene Extruded Film
Authors: Marks A.F. , Leathern M. , Mcnally G.M. , Murphy W.R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe mechanical properties of semi‐crystalline polymers will be dependant to a great extent on the overall crystalline morphology of these materials. These morphological structures are developed during cooling of the polymer melt during plastic fabrication processes such as extrusion. Control of this crystalline development is therefore a very important processing requirement in order to ensure optimum mechanical performance of products manufactured by extrusion processes. The nucleating effect of phthalocyanine‐based pigments on the processing and properties of semi‐crystalline polymers has also been a challenge to polymer processors for many years. These effects are ever more pronounced during in‐line, post extrusion processes such as elevated temperature drawing of polypropylene slit film tapes, for rope and twine applications. A range of polypropylene films containing levels of 2% phthalocyanine based pigments and inorganic iron (II) oxide based pigments were manufactured using the chill roll cast extrusion process, using a range of quench temperatures and die to chill roll gaps. Analysis of the tensile properties of the films showed significant increase in modulus for the phthalocyanine pigmented films by up to 25% in comparison to the iron (II) oxide pigmented and non‐pigmented films. DSC analysis showed the crystallinity of phthalocyanine‐pigmented films to be less affected by quench roll temperatures than the iron (II) oxide pigmented and non‐pigmented films. However polarized light microscopy analysis of the films showed the spherulite sizes for the phthalocyanine pigmented films to be significantly smaller than the iron (II) oxide pigmented films and non‐pigmented films.
The London Communiqué May be the Answer, but What was the Question?
Authors: Peet J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHow to achieve Sustainable Development (SD) is probably the most important policy question facing us. Most conventional approaches, however, fail to get to grips with the totality of the issue. In this paper I propose that SD be addressed from a wider perspective that acknowledges systemic complexity as the central issue. To address complexity properly requires that policymakers acknowledge that no single tool can answer the question — and also that the question should never be simplified in order to fit with the tools on offer. In order to integrate approaches from a number of disciplines, it is critically important to enunciate an ethic that will guide the process. Such an ethic should come out of a process involving stakeholders from all sectors of the community.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Open Channel Flow with Buoyancy
Authors: Honda Itsuro , Kanagawa Naotaka , Kawashima Yosuke 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFree surface flow is important in chemical reactions, heat exchange, atmospheric science and industrial technology. In terms of fundamental research, turbulence near a free surface is important in transport phenomenon. However, free surface effects exhibit some nonlinear behavior, so that numerical methods are usually employed instead of analytical approaches. In this investigation, direct numerical simulation is applied to turbulent channel flow with a free surface. The Navier‐Stokes equations are solved using a finite difference method, and an interpolation scheme is applied to the convective term. Grid resolution is 128x65x128 and Reynolds number based on the friction velocity and channel elevation is 150. Slip wall approximations have been used extensively. This means that the free surface has no stress, velocity or deformation. In order to solve such problems, low Froude number approximations have recently been presented and these are used to calculate the free surface flow. In turbulent flow, dissipation and production are essential qualities, Reynolds‐stresses balances and pressure‐strain correlations are examined numerically. It is shown that the main difference between free surface and slip wall approximations is in pressure‐strain correlations near the surface.
Solvent Extraction of Metal Picrates with Oligoethylene Glycol Glyme Derivatives
Authors: Ouchi Mikio , Konda Makoto , Nagamune Satoshi , Yoneda Akio , Hakushi Tadao , Mishima Kenji 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe cation‐binding by a series of oligoethylene glycol glyme derivatives has been performed by the solvent extraction of alkali metal picrates between water and dichloromethane. The effect of the length of the oligoethylene unit and the substituents at the terminal group on the cation binding ability is discussed. The results are compared with those of commercially available crown ethers and it was found that the compounds have lower cation binding ability.
The Processing and Performance of PVC Blends
Authors: Mcconnell D.C. , Mcnally G.M. , Murphy W.R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwo grades of ethyl‐vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), containing 26% vinyl acetate (VAc) (unmodified with 1.2% methacrylic acid), and 27% VAc (unmodified) respectively, and an ethylene‐vinyl acetate‐carbon monoxide terpolymer (EVA‐CO), were independently blended with two grades of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The performance of these blends were also compared to several conventional plasticised PVCs (pPVCs), to determine the advantages of using these polymer‐modified PVCs as potential alternatives to the traditional plasticized PVCs for medical device and healthcare applications. Mechanical analysis of the EVA and EVA‐CO blends showed that the tensile and flexural modulus decreased significantly and impact strength greatly improved, with increasing copolymer and terpolymer content respectively. DMTA showed a shift in glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the PVC and EVA components for the PVC/EVA blends, suggesting partial miscibility over the range of concentrations studied. DMTA for the PVC/EVA‐CO blends showed a single Tg between that of the PVC and EVA‐CO components indicating complete miscibility. Rheological analysis gave only slight changes in shear viscosity with increasing copolymer and terpolymer content. The properties of most of the PVC/EVA‐CO blends were similar to those of commercially available plasticised PVCs suggesting these blends may be suitable alternatives to pPVCs, where improved impact strength is required particularly in medical film applications.
Effect of Coupling Agents and Weathering on the Mechanical Properties of Wood‐Polymer Composites
Authors: Douglas P. , Murphy W. R. , Billham M. , Mcnally G. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPolyvinylchloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and low density polyethylene (LDPE) were used to prepare a range of wood‐polymer blends containing 20, 40, and 60% w/w medium density fibreboard sawdust (90–150 microns and 212–850 microns). The blends were melt compounded using a Killion single‐screw extruder with a barriertype screw design. Two couplings agents (maleic anhydride and a titanate‐based compound) were incorporated into the blends during compounding at levels of 1 and 2 wt%. Mechanical analysis illustrated improved impact and break strength and tensile modulus for blends containing PP and LDPE with 1% maleic anhydride. During a weathering time of 49 days, the mechanical properties decreased in all composites with water retention evident when the composites were “dry.”
Leachability of Lead and Cadmium from Cementitious Wastes
Authors: Halim C. E. , Amal R. , Beydoun D. , Scott J. A. , Low Gary K.‐C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the leachability of lead and cadmium from cementitious waste was investigated to determine the leaching mechanism of these heavy metals from a cement matrix so that a more appropriate leaching test can be designed. The leaching studies were carried out using a modified Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and variations in leaching parameters such as leachate pH, the duration of agitation, the particle size, and the liquid to solid ratio were investigated. The main finding of these studies was that the leachability of Pb and Cd in cementitious waste was highly dependent on the pH of the leachate. Other findings included: (i) the leachability of metals initially decreased with increasing leaching duration but increased after the leachate pH reached equilibrium; (ii) the particle size of the cementitious waste affected the rate of leaching of alkalinity from cement and hence the leachability of the heavy metal ions; and (iii) the total metals in the leachate, increased with increasing liquid to solid ratio. Overall, the TCLP was found to be inappropriate for assessing the leachability of heavy metals from cementitious waste due to the high buffering capacity of the calcium ions in the cement. This maintained the pH of the leachate at a value where heavy metals are insoluble. The test was found to underestimate the concentration of heavy metal ions leached from cementitious waste relative to the concentration in the actual landfill environment.
Optimization of the Reaction Rate in the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sodium Lignosulfonate in a TiO2 Slurry Reactor: A Multivariate Study with Response Surface Analysis
Authors: Shoko E. , Diniz Costa J. C. Da , White E. T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis report used a 23‐factorial design to investigate the dependence of the reaction rate in the photocatalytic degradation of sodium lignosulfonate on solution pH, substrate concentration and TiO2 catalyst dosage in a slurry reactor. The objective was to locate an optimum for the combination of these variables by using a suitable multiple‐linear regression model and to identify any interaction effects among the variables. The region of exploration selected for this study was: substrate concentration, 40 mg/L ‐ 60 mg/L; catalyst dosage, 15 mg/L ‐ 35 mg/L and pH, 4‐8. A first‐order linear regression model could not adequately be fitted to the rate data, and the analysis of variance revealed significant interaction effects between pH and substrate concentration as well as pH and catalyst concentration. The nature of these interaction effects is discussed in detail. When a second‐order model was fitted to the data, an adequate description of the empirical relationship between the reaction rate and the three input variables was obtained. Analysis of the stationary point on the second‐order response surface revealed the existence of a saddle point within the region of exploration from where two near‐symmetric regions of high reaction rate were identified. The implications of these findings for practical reactor design are discussed.
A Simple Mathematical Model of Batch Growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus in Various Dairy Fluids
Authors: Chen X. D. , Yoo J. A. , Nguang S. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a simple mathematical model describing the entire process of batch growth of bacteria has been proposed. The essence of this model is a proposal of the use of the growth‐history‐dependent ‘carrying capacity’ or ‘stagnation’ live cell population in the conventional logistic growth model. The rationale of this model has been summarised, and the model has been tested using the new experimental data on B. stearothermophilus growing in three different liquids with dairy ingredients. Reasonable agreements between the predicted and the experimental results have been obtained.
Cost Optical Sensor for Online Measurement of Biomass
Authors: He M. , Nguang S. K. , Li X. M. , Qin G. F. , Chen X. D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA low cost optical on‐line biomass sensing system for fermentation processes is presented in this paper. The calibration curve of the sensor obtained by using cell cultures in tap water revealed a linear profile in the range 0.1–4.0 g/L. The sensor was shown to have a fast response time and was insensitive to the natural light. A good reproducibility was obtained between the optical sensor and cell dry‐weight method values.
Membrane Processing of Echinacea purpurea Herb Juice Extract
Authors: Hossain M. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn investigation was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using an ultrafiltration membrane technique to concentrate polyphenolic acids in the juice of Echinacea herb plant materials. The processing was conducted using a commercially available ultrafiltration membrane of 5kD MWCO (Pellicon XL50, Millipore, U.S.A and Sartocon Micro, Sartorius, Germany). Initial trials with the Echinacea herb extracts obtained from an industrial extracts company in New Zealand, showed that the permeate flux was low with the undiluted feed, and only 10–20% increase in concentration was possible. Several dilutions of the feed were needed to achieve an enrichment of more than two times. The dilution also resulted in a significant increase in flux and percentage recovery of the desired components, e.g. polyphenolics. The processing was done with freshly squeezed juice of Echinacea herb plant material (tops and stalk) harvested from Rewa Herb, Rangitaiki, New Zealand. With this feed in undiluted form, the permeate flux was higher but the percentage recovery of the polyphenolics was lower.
Removal of Ferriccyanide using Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF)
Authors: Baek K. , Yang J.‐W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCyanides are used in a number of chemical synthesis and metallurgical processes (as simple salts or cyanide complexes). As a class, cyanides are highly toxic and must be destroyed or removed from wastewaters prior to being discharged. Micellarenhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) involves the addition of a surfactant above the critical micellar concentration in order to entrap small solutes in solution. The increased hydrodynamic size of the solutes enables their rejection by polymeric ultrafiltration membranes. Solute rejection and permeate flux depend on solute and membrane characteristics. MEUF‐based separation of Fe(CN)36‐ using regenerated cellular acetate membranes was studied in order to assess the potential of MEUF for the remediation of wastewater polluted with ferriccyanide. The solute rejection coeflcient of ferriccyanide increasedfiom 59 % to 81% and to 99.9% as the molar ratio of cetylpyridinium chloride to ferriccyanide increased from 1 to 2. and 2 to 3, respectively, at a ferriccyanide concentration of 1 mM. The rejection coefficient of ferriccyanide increasedfiom 78 % to 99.9 % as the molar ratio increasedfrom I to 3 at a ferriccyanide concentration of 5 mM. The permeation flux and permeation of surfactant molecules across the membrane were evaluated in relation to the experimental conditions.
Real‐Time Control and Identification of a Thermal Process Based on Multiple‐Modeling Approach
Authors: Aminzadeh A. , Safavi A. A. , Khayatian A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article presents implementation of Real‐Time Control and Identification algorithms based on a Multiple‐Modeling approach for an experimental thermal process. The thermal process is a nonlinear plant; therefore, based on variations of the input and disturbance, four local operating regimes are defined. The linear local ARMAX models are identified for different regimes and integrated into a NARMAX model by combining them via proper validity and interpolation functions. Results of modeling the plant with a single model and multiple models show superior performance of the Multiple‐Modeling technique which is also more flexible. Moreover, the Real‐Time Control of the plant with four locally designed controllers is addressed. The platform used for the Real‐Time implementation is Matlab/Simulink/Real‐Time‐Workshop with Visual C++ and Watcom compilers using a DAQ interface. The Real‐Time application of the global controller based on the Multiple‐Model approach demonstrates excellent performance for this design when compared to a single PID controller.
Latency Reduction for Telerobotic Applications
Authors: Stemmer Ralf , Nagel Dirk , Drüe Siegbert 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper tackles the problem of reducing the latency in telerobotic applications. The time delay between an action of the human operator and the corresponding reaction of the system has a negative impact on the synchrony, disturbs the operator's immersion, and yields adverse effects like simulator sickness or kinetoses. In this context we present an application to control a stereo camera system by measuring the operator's head motion. To decrease the latency, the head motion is described as Gauss‐Markov model and predicted with a Kalman filter. This estimation provides a reduction of the mean orientation error by 70% and the maximum error by 50% in contrast to an unpredicted control of the vision system. Experiments with subjects showed an improved compatibility due to the reduced latency.
Robustness of Model Predictive Control for Ill‐Conditioned Distillation Process
Authors: Minh Vu Trieu , Afzulpurkar Nitin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper briefly reviews controlling an ill‐conditioned distillation process and some basic computational algorithms of model predictive control (MPC). A modified MPC for ill‐conditioned distillation process with output regions is developed to improve the robustness of the controller for holding input and output constraints and rejecting disturbances. Compared with the traditional method of MPC for an ill‐conditioned process that deletes some controlled variables, the modified method with output regions proves its superiority because it still maintains penalty on the output deviation from the desired region into its controlled objective function.
Robust H∞ Non‐Fragile Controller Design for Uncertain Descriptor Systems with Time‐Varying Discrete and Distributed Delays
Authors: Yue Dong , Han Qing‐Long 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the design problem of non‐fragile H∞ controller for uncertain descriptor systems with time‐varying discrete and distributed delays and controller gain variations. The designed controller is shown to be robust not only to parameter uncertainties, but also to errors in the controller coefficients. The obtained criterion to derive an efficient non‐fragile H∞ control design is expressed as a set of nonconvex matrix inequalities, which can be solved by combining both linear matrix inequalities technique and come complementarity method. A numerical example is given to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed methods.
LMI Approach to Guaranteed Cost Control for Networked Control Systems
Authors: Li Shanbin , Wang Zhi , Sun Youxian , Yu Li 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses the time‐varying but bounded delay issue of networked control systems (NCS) within the framework of a discrete‐time linear state‐delayed system with norm‐bounded uncertainty. A delay‐dependent sufficient condition for the existence of a guaranteed cost controller for NCS is presented by a new Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional. The condition is formulated as a set linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The resulting controller can not only asymptotically stabilize the system but also guarantee an adequate level of performance. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the control strategy presented in this paper is effective and feasible.
The Importance of the Heterogeneous Reactions in the Formation and Destruction of NOx from Char Combustion
Authors: Feng B. , Zheng C. G. , Zhou Y. B. , Okazaki K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a theoretical study of the NOx behavior in a char‐NO‐N2‐O2 system in order to assess the importance of the gas‐solid reactions on NOx emission using a model described by Feng et al. (1997). The results show that gas‐solid reactions can be important in the NO destruction in the cases of both fuel‐lean and fuel‐rich conditions, depending on the heterogeneous reaction rates. The reaction of NO with char does not appear to be important if Levy's rate is applied. However, the reaction becomes important if Chan 's reaction rate is applied. Levy's rate has been used frequently in CFD codes and the heterogeneous reactions have been thought to be unimportant when using Levy's rate. This study shows that the heterogeneous reactions may be important if the reaction rate of NO with char increases.
Mechanisms of Submicron and Residual Ash Particle Formation during Pulverised Coal Combustion: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Yu D. , Xu M.H. , Liu X. , Huang J. , Li G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCoal fly ash has been a traditional concern of utilities since coal was used to generate electricity because it may bring about a number of technical and economic problems such as slagging, fouling, corrosion, erosion, waste disposal and overall boiler efficiency reduction. Moreover, fine particulates that escape the combustion system are recognized to have a negative impact on health and the environment due to the enrichment of the toxic trace elements and being readily inhaled. This work gives a brief review of the studies carried out in the past decades and tries to elucidate those processes that contribute to ash formation. They include the mechanisms that control submicron ash formation and those that are related to residual ash formation. The mechanism of vaporization and condensation is believed to be the major source of submicron ash particles and is discussed in detail in this review. Residual ash formation is the consequence of the competition between ash coalescence and char fragmentation. Moreover, fragmentation of excluded minerals and rotationally induced shedding may also contribute to the residual ash formation. Our literature review has provided a number of experimental and theoretical results describing how the submicron ash and residual ash are formed, Finally we present some recommendations for possible future research topics, including sampling techniques, measurement techniques, experimental studies and modelling efforts.