bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of comb polymers with semirigid mesogen‐jacketed polymers as side chains
Authors: Ma Ziyue , Zheng Cui , Shen Zhihao , Liang Dehai , Fan Xinghe 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA series of novel comb polymers, poly{2,5‐bis[(4‐methoxyphenyl)oxycarbonyl]styrene}‐g‐polystyrene (PMPCS‐g‐PS), with mesogen‐jacketed rigid side chains were synthesized by the “grafting onto” method from α‐yne‐terminated PMPCS (side chain) and poly(vinylbenzyl azide) (backbone) by Cu(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition click reaction. The α‐yne‐terminated PMPCS was synthesized by Cu(I)‐catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization initiated by a yne‐functional initiator. Poly(vinylbenzyl azide) was prepared by polymerizing vinylbenzyl chloride using nitroxide mediated radical polymerization to obtain poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) as the precursor which was then converted to the azide derivative. The chemical structure and architectures of PMPCS comb polymers were confirmed by 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and multiangle laser light scattering. Both surface morphologies and solution behaviors were investigated. Surface morphologies of PMPCS combs on different surfaces were investigated by scanning probe microscopy. PMPCS combs showed different aggregation morphologies when depositing on silicon wafers with/without chemical modification. The PMPCS comb polymers transferred to polymer‐modified silicon wafers using the Langmuir‐Blodgett technique showed a worm‐like chain conformation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Acute diarrhoea: causes and recommended management
Authors: Clark Andrew , Ede Roland 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAcute diarrhoea is a common presentation and usually self‐limiting; severe cases, however, may prompt hospital referral and further investigation. In our Drug review, the authors discuss the causes and management options, followed by a review of the prescription data and sources of further information. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Optimum design of steel frames using Cuckoo Search algorithm with Lévy flights
Authors: Kaveh A. , Bakhshpoori T. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYIn the last two decades, many researchers have implemented various kinds of meta‐heuristic algorithms in order to overcome the complex nature of the optimum design of structures. In this paper, the optimum design of two‐dimensional steel frames for discrete variables based on the Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm is developed. The CS is one of the recently developed population‐based algorithms inspired by the behavior of some cuckoo species in combination with the Lévy flight behavior of some birds and insects. The design algorithm is supposed to obtain minimum weight frame through suitable selection of sections from a standard set of steel sections such as the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) wide‐flange (W) shapes. Strength constraints of AISC load and resistance factor design specification and displacement constraints are imposed on frames. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the CS, low‐weight design and performance comparisons are made between the CS and other algorithms for some benchmark frames. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite dispatching rule design for dynamic scheduling with customer‐oriented production priority control
Authors: Chen Xili , Wen Lin Hao , Murata Tomohiro 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn practice, the criteria considered for production scheduling objectives are generally derived from some desired production performance factors of a manufacturing system. On the other hand, customer‐oriented production priority management focuses on the analysis of operational production management policies that cannot be readily measured in a quantitative manner. This paper presents an approach for multiobjective composite dispatching rule design, which simultaneously considers scheduling criteria and the customer‐oriented production priority management policies. The correctness of elementary dispatching rule selection is a critical aspect of composite dispatching rule design. Data envelopment analysis is adopted to select a set of corresponding elementary rules that appropriately convey the scheduling criteria. The selected elementary rules are composed with weighted aggregation to optimize the scheduling criteria of interest. Analytic hierarchy process is used for overall job prioritization by combining the different schedules derived from the composite dispatching rule and the customer‐oriented production priority rules. The implementation of the presented approach on single‐machine, multiobjective, dynamic scheduling is demonstrated by a case study. The production performance of composite dispatching rules that would be subsequently achieved by the presented approach is compared with some conventional dispatching rules, and the results are found to be satisfactory. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
From genes to function: theC.elegansgenetic toolbox
Authors: Boulin Thomas , Hobert Oliver 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis review aims to provide an overview of the technologies which make the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansan attractive genetic model system. We describe transgenesis techniques and forward and reverse genetic approaches to isolate mutants and clone genes. In addition, we discuss the new possibilities offered by genome engineering strategies and next‐generation genome analysis tools.WIREsDev Biol2012, 1:114–137. doi: 10.1002/wdev.1This article is categorized under:Technologies > Perturbing Genes and Generating Modified Animals
ISO AND CODEX STANDARDS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW: WHAT GETS SAID IS NOT WHAT'S HEARD
Authors: Fontanelli Filippo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article challenges the rhetoric of hardening, according to which international standards become binding through WTO endorsement. The analysis of the system of presumptions set up in the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement and Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Agreement reveals that international standards are actually used as a ‘ceiling’ rather than a ‘floor’ benchmark of protection, contrary to their original spirit. They represent a codified and agreed yardstick for least trade-restrictive measures, a minimum compromise between the regulatory regime and the trade litigation machinery. It follows that their nature—at least within the WTO system—is irreversibly distorted; they are treated as facts rather than as safety or quality devices.
Developmental Memory Capacity Resources of Typical Children Retrieving Picture Communication Symbols Using Direct Selection and Visual Linear Scanning With Fixed Communication Displays
Authors: Wagner Barry T. , Jackson Heather M. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
This study examined the cognitive demands of 2 selection techniques in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), direct selection, and visual linear scanning, by determining the memory retrieval abilities of typically developing children when presented with fixed communication displays.

Method

One hundred twenty typical children from kindergarten, 1st, and 3rd grades were randomly assigned to either a direct selection or visual linear scanning group. Memory retrieval was assessed through word span using Picture Communication Symbols (PCSs
1
). Participants were presented various numbers and arrays of PCSs and asked to retrieve them by placing identical graphic symbols on fixed communication displays with grid layouts.

Results
The results revealed that participants were able to retrieve more PCSs during direct selection than scanning. Additionally, 3rd-grade children retrieved more PCSs than kindergarten and 1st-grade children. An analysis on the type of errors during retrieval indicated that children were more successful at retrieving the correct PCSs than the designated location of those symbols on fixed communication displays.

Conclusions
AAC practitioners should consider using direct selection over scanning whenever possible and account for anticipatory monitoring and pulses when scanning is used in the service delivery of children with little or no functional speech. Also, researchers should continue to investigate AAC selection techniques in relationship to working memory resources.
Reforming Handel: John Brown and The Cure of Saul (1763)
Authors: Chrissochoidis Ilias 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article explores the first attempt to reform Handelian oratorio, by the Revd John Brown, in 1763. Concerned about the waning popularity and literary flaws of Handel's works, Brown launched a reform campaign through his own oratorio The Cure of Saul, performed at Covent Garden Theatre, and the publication of A Dissertation on […] Poetry and Music. He also produced the first monograph of oratorio criticism, An Examination of the Oratorios which have been performed this Season, at Covent-Garden Theatre (1763). Published within weeks of one another, the three works shaped an intellectual offensive with aesthetic and moral goals mounted on an educational platform. Although a failure, Brown's attempt reflected Britain's national anxiety in the wake of the Seven Years War.
Henri Drayton, English Opera and Anglo-American Relations, 1850–72
Authors: Thompson Brian C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article explores aspects of transatlantic culture through the career and works of the baritone, librettist and impresario Henri Drayton (1822–72). Using the published operas as well as reviews from period newspapers, the author retraces the events of the Philadelphia-born Drayton's professional life. Concentrating on the creative works, the author shows how Drayton went from playing stock roles at London's Drury Lane Theatre to collaborating with composers such as Joseph Duggan and Edward James Loder. With his wife, the soprano Susanna Lowe, Drayton performed in what he termed ‘drawing-room’ operas. Their popularity attracted the attention of visiting US impresario P. T. Barnum, who brought Drayton to New York in 1859. When his success in the USA was cut short by the outbreak of the Civil War, Drayton returned to London and created a one-man ‘entertainment’, Federals and Confederates. Spending what would be his final years as a member of the Richings English Opera Company, Drayton returned to New York in 1869.
Setting the trap: cleaning behaviour of Camponotus schmitzi ants increases long‐term capture efficiency of their pitcher plant host, Nepenthes bicalcarata
Authors: Thornham Daniel G. , Smith Joanna M. , Ulmar Grafe T. , Federle Walter 
Published: November 2011

Summary1. Beneficial ‘services’ in mutualistic interactions have often not evolved de novo, but from ancestral traits that had a function before the emergence of the association. These traits can then acquire novel functions in a mutualism. Even in many close insect–plant relationships, the services provided by each partner are still unclear.2. In the well‐known association between the carnivorous pitcher plant, Nepenthes bicalcarata, and Camponotus schmitzi ants in Borneo, the ants benefit by receiving food and nesting space in swollen, hollow pitcher tendrils, but the benefits to the plant are less clear. Previous studies have suggested that the ants protect against herbivory, prevent putrefaction of pitchers by removing prey items from them or increase the pitcher’s prey retention rate by attacking pitcher visitors.3. Field observations showed that C. schmitzi ants regularly clean the pitcher rim (peristome), which is the main surface responsible for prey capture. We found that this behaviour increases the carnivorous plant’s prey capture efficiency and helps to maintain it over the pitcher’s life span. Running tests with Oecophylla smaragdina ants on colonised and ant‐free older pitchers demonstrated 45·8% higher capture efficiency in pitchers inhabited by C. schmitzi. Head counts of trapped ants showed that C. schmitzi‐colonised pitchers indeed captured significantly (45·2%) more prey than uncolonised pitchers of the same age.4. The peristomes of ant‐free older pitchers were strongly contaminated by fungal hyphae and other particles. Experimental contamination of clean pitcher peristomes with starch also strongly reduced capture efficiency. While the peristome was cleaned rapidly in ant‐colonised pitchers and capture efficiency returned to the previous level within approximately 1 week, no cleaning and recovery were observed in ant‐free pitchers.5. Within the genus Nepenthes, N. bicalcarata has exceptionally long‐lived pitchers. We propose that C. schmitzi ants benefit N. bicalcarata by keeping the pitchers effective over long periods of time, likely allowing the plant to acquire more nutrients per pitcher and thereby minimise pitcher construction costs.6. Our findings demonstrate that the cleaning behaviour typical of many plant–ants has acquired a novel function in this ant–plant association, giving rise to a new type of myrmecotrophic mutualism.
Boundary work and the introduction of acute care nurse practitioners in healthcare teams
Authors: Kilpatrick Kelley , Lavoie‐Tremblay Mélanie , Ritchie Judith A. , Lamothe Lise , Doran Diane 
Published: November 2011

kilpatrick k., lavoie‐tremblay m., ritchie j.a., lamothe l. & doran d. (2012) Boundary work and the introduction of acute care nurse practitioners in healthcare teams. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(7), 1504–1515.AbstractAim.  This article is a report of a study of boundary work following the introduction of an acute care nurse practitioner role in healthcare teams.Background.  Acute care nurse practitioners enacting their roles in healthcare teams have faced a number of challenges including a mix of positive and negative views of the acute care nurse practitioner role from healthcare team members and acute care nurse practitioner roles crossing the boundaries between the medical and nursing professions. Understanding the process by which the boundaries between professions changed following the introduction of an acute care nurse practitioner role was important since this could affect scope of practice and the team’s ability to give patient care.Methods.  The study was conducted in two university‐affiliated teaching hospitals in Canada. A descriptive multiple case study design was used. Data were collected from March to May 2009.Results.  Participants (N = 59) described boundary work as a process that included: (1) creating space; (2) loss of a valued function; (3) trust; (4) interpersonal dynamics; and (5) time. The development of trust among team members was essential. The co‐location of team members working on common projects, and medical and nursing leadership facilitated boundary work.Conclusion.  The micro‐level processes of boundary work in healthcare teams have important implications for the development of full scope of practice for acute care nurse practitioners, effective inter‐professional teamwork and the integration of new roles in healthcare systems. Future research needs to be undertaken in different contexts, and with patients and families.
Marine incursions, cryptic species and ecological diversification in Amazonia: the biogeographic history of the croaker genusPlagioscion(Sciaenidae)
Authors: Cooke Georgina M. , Chao Ning L. , Beheregaray Luciano B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim We propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for the marine‐derived sciaenid genusPlagioscionin the context of geomorphology and adaptation to freshwaters of South America, and assess the extent to which contemporary freshwater hydrochemical gradients influence diversification within a widely distributedPlagioscionspecies,Plagioscion squamosissimus.Location Amazon Basin and South America.Methods Using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data, phylogenetic analyses were conducted on the five nominalPlagioscionspecies, together with representatives fromPachyurusandPachypops, using character and model‐based methods. Genealogical relationships and population genetic structure of 152P. squamosissimusspecimens sampled from the five major rivers and three hydrochemical settings/‘colours’ (i.e. white, black and clear water) of the Amazon Basin were assessed.Results Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly ofPlagioscionin South America and identify two putative cryptic species ofPlagioscion. Divergence estimates suggest that thePlagioscionancestor invaded South America via a northern route during the late Oligocene to early Miocene. WithinP. squamosissimusa strong association of haplotype and water colour was observed, together with significant population structure detected between water colours.Main conclusions Our analyses ofPlagioscionare consistent with a biogeographic scenario of early Miocene marine incursions into South America. Based on our phylogenetic results, the fossil record, geomorphological history and distributional data of extantPlagioscionspecies, we propose that marine incursions into western Venezuela between the late Oligocene and early Miocene were responsible for the adaptation to freshwaters inPlagioscionspecies. Following the termination of the marine incursions during the late Miocene and the establishment of the modern Amazon River,Plagioscionexperienced a rapid diversification.Plagioscion squamosissimusarose during that time. The formation of the Amazon River probably facilitated population and range expansions for this species. Further, the large‐scale hydrochemical gradients within the Amazon Basin appear to be acting as ecological barriers maintaining population discontinuities inP. squamosissimuseven in the face of gene flow. Our results highlight the importance of divergent natural selection through time in the generation and maintenance of sciaenid diversity in Amazonia.
Driving factors behind the eutrophication signal in understorey plant communities of deciduous temperate forests
Authors: Verheyen Kris , Baeten Lander , De Frenne Pieter , Bernhardt‐Römermann Markus , Brunet Jörg , Cornelis Johnny , Decocq Guillaume , Dierschke Hartmut , Eriksson Ove , Hédl Radim , Heinken Thilo , Hermy Martin , Hommel Patrick , Kirby Keith , Naaf Tobias , Peterken George , Petřík Petr , Pfadenhauer Jörg , Van Calster Hans , Walther Gian‐Reto , Wulf Monika , Verstraeten Gorik 
Published: November 2011

Summary1. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is expected to change forest understorey plant community composition and diversity, but results of experimental addition studies and observational studies are not yet conclusive. A shortcoming of observational studies, which are generally based on resurveys or sampling along large deposition gradients, is the occurrence of temporal or spatial confounding factors.2. We were able to assess the contribution of N deposition versus other ecological drivers on forest understorey plant communities by combining a temporal and spatial approach. Data from 1205 (semi‐)permanent vegetation plots taken from 23 rigorously selected understorey resurvey studies along a large deposition gradient across deciduous temperate forest in Europe were compiled and related to various local and regional driving factors, including the rate of atmospheric N deposition, the change in large herbivore densities and the change in canopy cover and composition.3. Although no directional change in species richness occurred, there was considerable floristic turnover in the understorey plant community and a shift in species composition towards more shade‐tolerant and nutrient‐demanding species. However, atmospheric N deposition was not important in explaining the observed eutrophication signal. This signal seemed mainly related to a shift towards a denser canopy cover and a changed canopy species composition with a higher share of species with more easily decomposed litter.4. Synthesis. Our multi‐site approach clearly demonstrates that one should be cautious when drawing conclusions about the impact of atmospheric N deposition based on the interpretation of plant community shifts in single sites or regions due to other, concurrent, ecological changes. Even though the effects of chronically increased N deposition on the forest plant communities are apparently obscured by the effects of canopy changes, the accumulated N might still have a significant impact. However, more research is needed to assess whether this N time bomb will indeed explode when canopies will open up again.
Exploration of community traits as ecological markers in microbial metagenomes
Authors: BARBERÁN ALBERT , FERNÁNDEZ‐GUERRA ANTONI , BOHANNAN BRENDAN J. M. , CASAMAYOR EMILIO O. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe rate of information collection generated by metagenomics is uncoupled with its meaningful ecological interpretation. New analytical approaches based on functional trait‐based ecology may help to bridge this gap and extend the trait approach to the community level in vast and complex environmental genetic data sets. Here, we explored a set of community traits that range from nucleotidic to genomic properties in 53 metagenomic aquatic samples from the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) expedition. We found significant differences between the community profile derived from the commonly used 16S rRNA gene and from the functional trait set. The traits proved to be valuable ecological markers by discriminating between marine ecosystems (coastal vs. open ocean) and between oceans (Atlantic vs. Indian vs. Pacific). Intertrait relationships were also assessed, and we propose some that could be further used as habitat descriptors or indicators of artefacts during sample processing. Overall, the approach presented here may help to interpret metagenomics data to gain a full understanding of microbial community patterns in a rigorous ecological framework.
Persistent Breeding‐Induced Endometritis after Hysteroscopic Insemination in the Mare
Authors: Ferrer MS , Lyle SK , Paccamonti DL , Eilts BE , Hosgood G , Godke RA 
Published: November 2011

ContentsLow‐dose insemination has been proposed to reduce persistent breeding‐induced endometritis (PBIE) in mares with delayed uterine clearance (DUC). Others proposed that hysteroscopic insemination induces an exaggerated inflammatory response and should be avoided in DUC mares. The objectives here were to evaluate presence and severity of PBIE in normal and DUC mares after hysteroscopic insemination with fresh semen, and to determine if hysteroscopy could be used in DUC mares without inducing excessive inflammation. Reproductively normal (n = 4) and DUC (n = 5) mares received four treatments in random order: uterine body insemination (UB, 1 × 109 spermatozoa, 20 ml), hysteroscopic insemination (HYST, 5 × 106 spermatozoa, 0.5 ml), sham hysteroscopic insemination (SHAM, semen extender, 0.5 ml) and hysteroscopic infusion of seminal plasma (SP, 0.5 ml). Significantly more DUC (50%) mares than normal (14%) mares accumulated intrauterine fluid 24 h post‐treatment. The difference in fluid accumulation between DUC (40%) mares and normal (7%) mares was also significant 48 h post‐treatment. Fluid scores were not significantly different between treatments in normal mares. However, treatments HYST and SHAM resulted in significantly higher fluid scores 24 h but not 48 h post‐treatment in DUC mares. There was no effect of treatment or mare group on the percentage and total number of neutrophils in uterine fluid 48 h post‐treatment. Percentage of neutrophils was correlated with duration of hysteroscopy in normal mares, with procedures lasting ≥9 min associated with PBIE. There was no effect of mare group, treatment or duration of hysteroscopy on pregnancy rate. Hysteroscopy induces a transient inflammation that is not more severe than that after conventional artificial insemination, suggesting no contraindication to its use in DUC mares.