bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skulptøren som rytmeanalytiker
Authors: Fyrileiv Errol , Østern Anna-Lena 
Published: June 2024

En skulptør er en praktiker, og i denne studien er skulptørens praksis som prosess i fokus. Gjennom studien blir praktikeren som rytmeanalytiker også forsker på sin egen praksis. Arbeidsprosessen er knyttet til en skulptur av fotballtreneren Nils Arne Eggen. Studiens analytiske spørsmål er: Hvordan kan en skulptørs prosess med form, bevegelse, materiale, og tidrom forstås i et rytmeanalytisk perspektiv? Begrepet rytme er forstått slik filosofen Henri Lefebvre har beskrevet begrepet som verktøy i rytmeanalyse. Analysen er gjennomført ved å flette sammen utdrag av skulptørens tanketekster, samtaler, bildecollage og teoretisk-filosofisk lesning av begreper knyttet til rytme og agentisk realisme. Det er rytme i form, bevegelse og materiale, det er rytme i skulptørens kroppslige intra-aksjon med skulpturen, samt (i) den stedsspesifikke rytme og det tidrom som skapes gjennom plassering av skulpturen på en sokkel utendørs. Gjennom å lese de rytmiske aspektene i skulptørens tanketekster, og i samtale med ham gjennom begreper fra agentisk realisme, analyseres valg i arbeidsprosessen. De analytiske poengene samles i fire flettverk. Rytme som ‘meta-sense’ synliggjør performative potensial artikulert som sammenflettinger omfattende skulptørens tenkning, kroppslige affekter og energi, samt materialiteten i arbeidsprosessens tidrom.
Forsidebilde: Ole Martin Wold/ NTB.
Hepatitis B Knowledge, Risk Perception, Behavioral Skills, and Infection Burden among Students and Staff at Victoria University, Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Afolabi Ismail Bamidele , Aremu Abdulmujeeb Babatunde , Mborifue Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Background: The global efforts concertedly endorsed towards eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health challenge necessitate the provision of adequate and pertinent information related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infectivity, which will help in tackling the lingering chronicity of HBV infection in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the burden of HBV infection and the underlying predictors of HBV infection risk among students and staff of Victoria University, Uganda.
Methods: We captured data from 164 conveniently selected participants. Surface antigen for HBV (HBsAg) was detected using rapid tests. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis, and chi- square tests were performed to ascertain the study hypotheses at a cut-off of (p<0.05).
Results: The respondents’ mean age was 24.25 ± 25.64 years. Relatively half (56.1%) were males. Students (85.4%) were predominant. Regarding the burden of hepatitis B virus infection, HBsAg prevalence was 4.3%, observed among unmarried, first-year students, and residents of Central Uganda. Students’ year of study (χ2 = 10.323, p =<0.035) was significantly associated with HBsAg status. Furthermore, the respondents obtained mean scores of 3.45±4.10, 3.71±4.44, and 10.90±11.80 for knowledge, risk perception, and behavioral skills, respectively. Similarly, inadequate HBV-specific knowledge (F = 13.85, p<0.001), low risk perception (F = 13.22, p<0.001), and bad behavioral skills (F = 64.05, p<0.001) all predicted the risk of HBV infection.
Conclusion: The findings affirm the lingering high endemicity of HBV infection in Uganda and imply an immediate need for targeted university-based hepatitis-B-related education and relevant vaccination policies such as mass vaccination in academic institutions to prevent HBV infection effectively in Uganda.
Transforming Fruit Crop Development: Advances in Transgenic Methods
Authors: Gautam Dharmendra Kumar , Prakash Om , Srivastava A. K. , Singh Subhash Chandra , Gangwar Vaishali , Kumar Siddharth 
Published: June 2024

India is second in the world after China in production fruits around the world and these crops play one important role in human diet because they provide Vitamins, minerals, diet fiber and phytochemicals. Flower cultivation in India is considered one of the products for which the demand is constantly increasing, and the export potential of these crops is very high in the global market, but there are problems in the gardening process due to pathogens, pests and weeds, and it requires a large amount of plant protection products per hectare. Genetically modified/GM), Crops enable breeders to bring favorable genes, often already inaccessible, already in elite farming, improving their value significantly and providing unique opportunities to control insects and other pathogens. This novel "molecular farming" provides a very large Possibility, but stringent rules will be required and Control mechanisms to avoid new, potentially serious risks to human health, although possible contamination of food supply. The seed-ambed technology has the potential to reduce pesticide use by increasing plants' resistance to insects. Food security improves by reducing pesticides remain. In addition, Herbicide-Toller Transgenic Crop can help reduce the plow in the fields, so that Save fuel trust for the use of less tractor, whatever it is It reduces the soil structure by reducing its Eater. Transgenic horticulture crops could make important contributions to sustainable horticulture production.
Structure and Biomechanics of Biological Composites
Authors: Screen Hazel R. C. , Tanner K. Elizabeth 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Human movement depends on the muscloskeletal system. Three major structural elements in the skeleton, namely, bones, tendons, and ligament, are all composite materials and are of biological origin. In this chapter, the behavior of tendon and ligament is considered, materials are composites at multiple levels, from the individual fibril level up to the entire structures. Both consist of collagen and elastin, but the amounts of each varied, producing different materials responses to both quasi static and dynamic loading. In addition, they are smart, materials reacting to their mechanical environment. Furthermore, both are crimped giving four phases within the stress–strain curves. The major load bearing tendons are stiffer and store more energy during loading, while ligaments control the relative motion of joints and have a higher strain to failure.
CeramicMatrixComposites: Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Authors: Samal Subhranshu S. , Lanka Manoj 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCeramic matrix composites today are being developed for applications in thermal structures, heat exchangers, and a number of applications involving extreme conditions. Nanofibers have great potential for enhancing the properties of ceramic composites. In the recent years, there has been a growing interest in carbon nanofiber (CNF) because of its excellent chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Therefore, CNFs are being applied as composite reinforcement fiber within polymer and ceramic matrices to take advantage of these characteristics. This work describes the production of CNFs and their use as reinforcements for ceramic matrix composites.
Creep
Authors: DiBenedetto Anthony T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCreep is a measure of the dimensional instability of materials and is usually designated experimentally as the time‐dependent component of the strain that occurs as a result of the application of a constant stress at constant temperature. Since laboratory data are taken over a short period of time relative to the required life expectancy of a product in service, one must use judicious extrapolation techniques based on realistic phenomenological modeling of material behavior to estimate realistic values for the useful lifetime of a product in service. A summary of the theoretical models based on linear and nonlinear viscoelasticity of organic matrix‐based composites and the plasticity of metal and ceramic‐based composites are presented. Empirical methods of combining analytical models with extrapolation techniques for characterization of long‐term creep in composites are described.
Environmental Resistance of High Performance Polymeric Matrices and Composites
Authors: Mensitieri Giuseppe , Scherillo Giuseppe 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe issue of environmental resistance of polymer matrix composites (PMC) is addressed focusing on the effects of low molecular weight (m.w.) compounds, including moisture. Sorption thermodynamics and mass transport of low m.w. compounds is first reviewed with reference to neat polymer matrices, illustrating Fickian and anomalous diffusion and describing the role of stresses that develop within the polymer in association with mass transport. The cases of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers, both in the glassy and rubbery states, are treated under the theoretical and experimental viewpoints. The effect of penetrant sorption in glassy polymers is then analyzed in terms of depression of glass transition temperature. Theoretical approaches are reviewed, aimed at the quantitative prediction of plasticization of glassy polymers. Subsequently, the specific case of PMCs is addressed, highlighting the role of the geometric effect and of the mechanical constraint effect of reinforcing elements on mass transport and associated stress development. The role of damage development, in terms of microcracking, debonding, and macrocracking, which occur as a consequence of penetrant ingress into the composite, is analyzed evidencing its contribution to mass transport mechanism.
Flammability of Polymer Composites
Authors: Bellucci Federica , Camino Giovanni 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe most pressing requirements in the present and future predictable scenarios for materials and technologies, concern energy saving, natural resources preservation, and minimization of environmental impact. Composite polymer materials can play a major role in energy saving in the transport sector which is of primary strategic importance for industrial, commercial, and leisure activities. However, one of the main concerns in using polymer composites is their flammability. In order to harvest all the remarkable economic and environmental savings connected with the use of the advanced polymer composites already available or under development, the flammability issue has to be addressed properly. Flame retardants are intended to slow down or to stop the polymer combustion process.This article intends to give a wide overview of polymer flammability, from the fire‐retardant action to the latest strategies developed to meet the fire regulation requirements.
Fracture: Toughness
Authors: Yang Qingda , Giancaspro James W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article begins by reviewing the analytical solutions that have been used to interpret fracture toughness from composite fracture testing using beam‐like geometries. It has been demonstrated that the crack length corrections needed for estimation of mode I and mode II energy release rates (ERRs)cannotbe used as simple additions to physical crack lengths for analytical specimen compliance calculations (which have been used in the literature). Improved analytical expressions for ERR, specimen compliance, and load versus load‐point displacement relationships have been rederived for generally orthotropic double cantilever beam (DCB) (mode I), end‐loaded split (ELS) and end‐notched flexure (ENF) (mode II), and MMB (mixed‐mode bending) specimens based on the framework of Andrews and Massabo 1. These new solutions account for the effects of transverse shear and crack‐tip rotations and are accurate for both short and long beams within 2% as long as the length‐to‐thickness ratio of each subbeam is > 2λ−1/4. The crack‐tip rotation effects on an indeterminate single cantilever beam (SCB) specimen with varying mixed‐mode ratio have also been investigated. This investigation was facilitated by establishing a solving procedure with explicit consideration of crack‐tip rotations. It has been found that the crack‐tip rotation not only changes the specimen compliance but also affects the distribution of end reaction forces and moments at the specimen boundaries. Consequently, these influence the crack‐tip ERR and phase angle. Through direct comparisons with the benchmark results obtained using rigorous two‐dimensional finite‐element analysis, it has been shown that the analytical solutions can accurately capture the convoluted crack‐tip rotation effects and can offer excellent predictions on the end reaction forces and moments, fracture loads, and crack‐tip phase angles (as functions of crack length). However, if crack‐tip rotations are not considered, the beam theory results can have significant error, especially for short beams with high degree of material orthotropy.
In SituComposites
Authors: Amendola Eugenio , Nobile Maria Rossella , Carfagna Cosimo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBlending of thermotropic liquid‐crystalline polymers (TLCP) with thermoplastic matrices resulted in a complex biphasic morphology. Thein situformation of reinforcing phase constituted by TLCP inclusion affected the processing parameters of blends and their mechanical and physical–chemical properties. A dramatic decrease in the melt viscosity and the formation and elongation of the liquid‐crystal polymer droplets were observed under proper processing conditions when a limited amount (5–10% by weight) of TLCP was added. The extent of reinforcing effect was controlled by the amount of TLCP, its morphology (i.e., elongated fibrils vs round‐shaped particles) and the interphase adhesion between matrix and liquid‐crystalline inclusions. Fiber spinning experiments showed that opportune drawing conditions were necessary to improve the composite modulus. The viscosity ratio between the two phases is the main parameter controlling the ability to transfer the elongational stress from the matrix to molten TLCP inclusions. The morphology of the blends was correlated with the rheological and mechanical properties.
Laminates: Static Strength
Authors: Kant Tarun , Swaminathan K. , Jha Dhirendra Kumar 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGeneral analytical formulations for statics of composites and sandwiches based on several plate models including higher order ones are presented. A detailed presentation is given for two higher order models, one for symmetric and another for unsymmetric laminate, which incorporate the effects of transverse shear deformation, transverse normal strain/stress, and a nonlinear variation of in‐plane displacements with respect to thickness coordinate—thus modeling the warping of transverse cross sections more accurately and eliminating the need for shear correction coefficients. A few higher order theories and the first‐order theory developed by other investigators are also described briefly.
Mechanical Behavior of Composites for Construction
Authors: Ascione Luigi , Feo Luciano 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article deals with the mechanical behavior of so‐called FRP (fiber‐reinforced polymers), which are materials composed of long continuous fibers embedded in a polymeric matrix. The emphasis is mainly placed on the aspects that are of interest to civil engineering.In the first section, the constitutive behavior of such materials is examined. From a macroscopic point of view, FRPs can be considered linear elastic orthotropic materials up to failure and elastically homogeneous.Composites for construction are frequently made of thin sheets bonded together to form a laminate; thus, plane‐stress conditions often occur. The simplified expression of the relationship between stresses and strains for such case is specifically examined.In the same section, the main failure criteria are also analyzed.The second section deals with the mechanical behavior of composite plates. They are widely used in technical applications due to the possibility to assemble layers with various thicknesses and different fiber inclinations, which can be opportunely chosen by the designer in order to obtain the required strength and stiffness.The model examined is known asFirst‐order Shear Deformation Theory(FSDT). It is widely adopted by the majority of the calculation codes currently available.The third and final section deals with the mechanical behavior of FRP pultruded thin‐walled beams. From a constitutive point of view, they can be supposed to be linear elastic, homogeneous, and transversely isotropic with the isotropic plane perpendicular to the axis of the beam and parallel to the direction of the fibers. Pultruded beams are now being used in civil engineering both as principal and secondary members. The kinematic model here presented is a generalization of the classical Vlasov one. It is able to take into account the contribution of the shear deformability.The lateral buckling problem of such beams is also analyzed. In particular, some numerical results are presented for the case of an “I” beam constrained by torsional supports at the ends and subjected to a uniform distributed load applied to the upper flange of the beam. Various ratios between the values of the normal and the tangential elasticity moduli of the beam are considered. Comparisons with the less conservative results obtained through Vlasov theory are also presented.
Natural Fibers
Authors: Kozlowski Ryszard , Muzyczek Malgorzata , Kregielczak Agnieszka 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

The natural fibers, lignocellulosic and protein, are well known to mankind from more than 7000 years BC. They are renewable and sustainable and are characterized by important properties such as good air permeability, hydroscopicity, and giving up moisture, no release of substances harmful to health, no allergic effect, biodegradability, and safer behavior in fire conditions, in comparison to man‐made fibers. Most of the lignocellulosic fibrous plants' raw materials such as cotton, flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, sisal, ramie, curava, pinaple, bambo, coir, and also protein—wool and silk, can be extracted, processed, modified—functionalized, and used in production of textiles (woven, knittings, nonwoven, technical, and 3D textiles as reinforcement of more friendly composites, in the field of pulp and paper, agro‐fine chemicals, and woody core as a source of energy). Special treatment and functionalization such as enzymatic, ultrasound, plasma, corona, liquid ammonia, flame retardancy, and protection against biodeterioration provide new promising features and properties of these fibers and semiproducts such as roving, yarns, and special knittings and fabrics. The production of these fibers is expected at the level of 35‐40 million tonnes/year in the middle of twenty‐first century. The new emerging potential of genetically modified (GM) natural fibers provides them better performance, including yield of major products such as fiber cellulose (in case of lignocellulosic plants) and carbohydrates and to obtain,
in statu nascendi
, in plants, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) such as polyhydroxy butyrate (PBA) (natural polyester). Also interesting is the idea of novel fibrous plants containing the nano‐fibers, GM—plants with controlled level of lignin and pectin substances. Attractive is also biosilk—like spider silk for future production, not only as apparel but also for special composites used in extreme working conditions. Summing up, twenty‐first century is the century of coexistence and competition of natural fibers with man‐made fibers, especially in the area of quality, sustainability, and economy of their production.
Needlepunched Composite Structures
Authors: Seyam Abdel‐Fattah 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
This article describes the formation of preforms using needlepunching technology, which is a mechanical bonding technique, and the prior processes (carding, carding and crosslapping, and air lay) that may be used to form fiberwebs. The impact of processing variables and needle parameters on the needled preform properties, which influence the final composite performance, is reviewed. Methods of resin infusion that are required to convert needled preforms to final composites are given along with their features. Finally, applications of needlepunched composites are provided with their constituent and competitive approaches.
Osmotic Effects
Authors: Larobina Domenico , Sanguigno Luigi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWhen a solvent, usually water, is allowed to diffuse into a composite structure and a soluble solute is present therein, an osmotic pressure sets in at the composite interface drawing more solvent into the structure. The phenomenon is of particular importance in composite materials since dramatic structural effects can develop. In this article, after a brief description of the osmotic phenomenon and the thermodynamic variables affecting it (e.g., concentration and pressure), we turn our attention to the more practical problem of how osmosis occurs inside a composite, particularly in glass‐reinforced polymers. Then, we continue our description exploring the consequence of osmosis in a composite: this is a well‐known technological problem referred to in the literature asblistering. We conclude the article by giving some hints on how to prevent blistering inside a composite.
Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Kamal Musa R. , Uribe‐Calderon Jorge 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe incorporation of nanoparticles in polymer matrices leads to improvements in several physical properties. As a result, nanocomposites have the potential to be used in various fields such as medical devices, automotive and aerospace applications, packaging, and building materials. This article attempts to describe the various types of nanoparticles and polymeric systems that have been involved in nanocomposite production. Particular emphasis is placed on polymer‐clay nanocomposites, their properties, and the issues related to their production. Thermoplastic, thermoset, biopolymer, and rubber matrices are considered. The effects of nanoclay particles on the physical properties is reported, with due consideration to rheology, mechanical, thermal, barrier and electrical properties, and crystalline morphology. Thermodynamic aspects influencing nanocomposite synthesis, deagglomeration‐delamination of nanoclay and surface energy considerations are discussed. Successful nanocomposite synthesis leading to desirable performance characteristics requires uniform nanoparticle distribution and acceptable levels of exfoliation and/or intercalation of clay, in addition to good interfacial adhesion at the polymer‐clay interface.
Polymer–Polymer Composites
Authors: Yu Long , Liu Hongsheng 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
This article discusses the development of polymer–polymer composites, including the fundamental sciences such as the design principles and mechanisms, as well as their preparation techniques and potential application areas. The advantages of such self‐reinforced composite (SRC) systems include the achievement of perfect interfaces between components, their pure chemical functionality, and their higher value as recyclable products due to their relative homogeneity compared to composites composed of different classes of components. The key challenge in developing SRCs is increasing the difference between the thermal processing temperatures of the matrix and the reinforcement (particles or fibers), which are essentially the same material. This article focuses mainly on the most reported systems, that is, those based on polyolefin and polyester.